The (American) five-lined skink (Plestiodon fasciatus) is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to North America. It is one of the most common lizards in the eastern U.S. and one of the seven native species of lizards in Canada.

Common names
Other common names for P. fasciatus include blue-tailed skink (for juveniles) and red-headed skink (for adults). It is technically appropriate to call it the American five-lined skink to distinguish it from the African skink Trachylepis quinquetaeniata (otherwise known as five-lined mabuya) or the eastern red-headed skink to distinguish it from its western relative Plestiodon skiltonianus (otherwise known as the western skink). The blue-tailed skink proper is Cryptoblepharus egeriae from Christmas Island, but in North America the juveniles of any Eumeces or Plestiodon species may be called this.

Description
The American five-lined skink is small to medium-sized, growing to about  total length (including tail). Young American five-lined skinks are dark brown to black with five distinctive white to yellowish stripes running along the body and a bright blue tail. The blue color fades to light blue with age, and the stripes also may slowly disappear. Females however, are more likely to retain the blue tail color as they age. The dark brown color fades, too, and older individuals are often uniformly brownish. The southeastern five-lined skink, P. inexpectatus, of the Southeastern United States is very similar to this species and there is some overlap in range. The two species can be distinguished by their scales. The broad-headed skink, P. laticeps, is similar, and may be difficult to distinguish from P. fasciatus. The former species usually lacks the two enlarged postlabial scales characteristic of P. fasciatus. Adult male broad-headed skinks, with their large size and swollen red head, are readily distinguished from P. fasciatus. Research suggests that are sexually dimorphic in terms of size. The males are often larger than the females, but this depends on the area they live. Their claws are short and curved downward; they make a right angle at the axis of each toe.

Geographic range

The range of the American five-lined skink extends in the north to southern Ontario, Michigan and eastern New York. The western border is in Minnesota, Missouri and eastern Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Tennessee and Texas. P. fasciatus tends to be most abundant on the coastal plain in the southeastern United States and along the Gulf Coast. It has now been seen in increasing numbers in the northern Chesapeake Bay Region of Maryland particularly along the shores of the Elk River, and northern Virginia.It has also been seen in northern South America, such as Colombia.

Habitat
The American five-lined skink is a ground-dwelling animal. It prefers moist, hardwood areas with a permanent water source such as rivers or streams, as well as sites to bask in the sun. It can also be found in broken, rocky areas at the northern edge of its habitat. While little is known about any hibernation patterns, P.fasciatus is rarely seen throughout winter and the surrounding months. It is assumed by scientists that they are sheltered and dormant under rocks, logs, or leaves provided by the hardwood areas it inhabits. They are resistant to minor disturbances, but can be affected by the removal of debris.

Reproduction
Fertilization in the American five-lined skink is internal, with eggs laid by the female between the middle of May and July, at least one month after mating. Males will mate with multiple females. The mating season begins in May. The female Plestiodon will lay its eggs in June, and four to six weeks after the incubation, the young hatch.  Thus the birthing process consists of laying eggs and external incubation. Fertilization occur shortly after copulation, unlike many other lizard species Plestiodon fasciatus females are unable to store sperm between successive clutches. One study found that most clutches had multiple sires, but within those clutches, there was unequal sharing of paternity.

Females lay fifteen to eighteen eggs in a small cavity cleared beneath a rotting log, stump, board, loose bark, a rock, or an abandoned rodent burrow. Females prefer secluded nest sites in large, moderately decayed logs. Soil moisture is also an important factor in nest selection. Females often place nests in regions where soil moisture is higher than in adjacent areas. Vertical position of the nest also varies with moisture, with nests located deeper in a soil cavity at dry sites. Even when nesting sites are not limited, a significant amount of aggregation occurs.

The parchment-like eggs of the American five-lined skink, similar to many other reptiles, are thin and easily punctured. Freshly laid eggs range from spherical to oval in shape averaging  in length. Absorption of water from the soil leads to increased egg size. Egg coloration also changes over time, from white to mottled tan, after contact with the nest burrow. The incubation period ranges from 24 to 55 days, and varies due to fluctuations in temperature. Females typically brood their eggs during this time, exhibiting defensive behavior against smaller predators. Parental care ends a day or two after hatching when hatchlings leave the nest. Young American five-lined skinks, with a potential life span of up to six years, attain sexual maturity and begin reproducing within two to three years of hatching.

Behavior

Adult male American five-lined skinks exhibit complex courtship and aggressive behavior. Although males tolerate juveniles and females in their territories, they actively defend these areas against other males. It has been proposed that one of the functions of their blue tails is intraspecific communication with the purpose of preventing attacks by more aggressive males because the blue tail signifies that they are juveniles or females.  Vomeronasal analysis of chemical cues and recognition of sex-specific visual stimuli, including tail and body coloration, aid in the identification of sex. Evidence suggests that males may rely more on contact pheromones than volatile airborne molecules in the identification of conspecifics. Courting males grasp the necks of receptive females in their jaws after approaching them from the side. Using the tail to align cloacal openings, males initiate copulation by inserting one of the two hemipenes into the female's cloaca. Copulation events typically last four to eight minutes.

Female American five-lined skinks demonstrate high levels of parental care which reduces egg mortality. Females exhibit several brooding positions of variant contact levels with the body placed beside, over, through, or in a coil around the eggs. Brooding position varies according to soil moisture. Maternal body contact increases at lower moisture levels potentially reducing the transpirational loss of the eggs. In communal nests, females may alternate foraging and guarding of the nests, leaving eggs protected at all times. Females may also urinate in the nests and turn eggs to maintain humidity. In addition, females transfer heat from basking through body contact. Any eggs displaced from the nest are retrieved by head or snout rolling, and rotten eggs are eaten.

American five-lined skinks also exhibit antipredation behavior. In evasion of various predators including snakes, crows, hawks, shrews, moles, opossums, skunks, raccoons, and domestic cats, skinks may disconnect their entire tail or a small segment. Skinks run to shelter to escape their death as the disconnected tail continues to twitch. Skinks may also utilize biting as a defensive strategy.

Diet
The common five-lined skink's diet consists primarily of a variety of arthropods, particularly spiders, crickets, beetles and other insects. However, they have been reported to also eat newborn mice, frogs, and other lizards. Those who own a pet skink are advised to supplement the skink's diet with fruits and vegetables. In addition to eating insects, skinks enjoy a variety of fruits and vegetables. Fruits that skinks enjoy include blueberries, mangos, raspberries, papayas, cantaloupes, strawberries, and figs. Studies have indicated that the majority of the five-lined skink's diet is mostly invertebrates, which for some of the many prey species the effect is negligible, but because of its voracious diet, its predation may be a major ecological factor.

Conservation status
The Great Lakes - St. Lawrence population of P. fasciatus is listed as "special concern" in Ontario and Canada by COSSARO and COSEWIC. It is illegal to remove any of the three species of skinks found in Canada from their habitats. Skinks are at the extreme edge of their habitat range in Canada, which makes it an area of special interest to ecologists, as extreme conditions place unique evolutionary pressures upon species. The American five-lined skink has split into two phylogenetically-distinct populations in this edge habitat; the Carolinian population, also present in the United States, ends around Point Pelee National Park in southern Ontario. The Carolinian population is listed as "endangered" in Ontario and Canada by COSSARO, COSEWIC, The St. Lawrence / Great Lakes population resides in the Ottawa Valley in eastern Ontario and tends to be more tolerant to sparse or rocky conditions than its sister subspecies.

Captive care
American five-lined skinks can be maintained in captivity with minimal care. Some U.S. states impose general restrictions on taking reptiles including native American five-lined skinks from the wild without a permit or hunting license, for example Maryland (no more than 4 may be possessed without a permit), Indiana and Ohio.

A pair of skinks may live in a 25-30 US gallon terrarium, and may live for 5–10 years with adequate care.

Photo gallery

References

Further reading
Behler, J.L., and F.W. King (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. . (Eumeces fasciatus, pp. 570–571 + Plates 427, 437, 443).
Conant, R. (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48.  (hardcover),  (paperback). (Eumeces fasciatus, pp. 122–123, Figure 26 + Plate 19 + Map 75).
Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata. Stockholm: L. Salvius. 824 pp. (Lacerta fasciatus, new species, p. 209). (in Latin).
Martof, Bernard S., et al. (1980). Amphibians and Reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. .
Powell, R., R. Conant and J.T. Collins (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 plates, 207 figures. . (Plestiodon fasciatus, pp. 307–308 + Plate 29 + Figures 113, 147, 148 + photo on p. 493).
Smith, H.M., and E.D. Brodie, Jr. (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. . (Eumeces fasciatus, pp. 76–77).
Jensen, John B., Carlos D. Camp, Whit Gibbons and Matt J. Elliott (editors) (2008). Amphibians and Reptiles of Georgia. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 579 pp. (Five-lined Skink, p. 308). .

External links

Five-lined Skink, Canadian Biodiversity.
Five-lined Skink, Reptiles and Amphibians of Iowa.

Plestiodon
Lizards of North America
Reptiles of Canada
Reptiles of the United States
Fauna of the Eastern United States
Reptiles of Ontario
Reptiles described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Plestiodon fasciatus


Archegosauroidea es una superfamilia extinta de temnospóndilos del Pérmico. La familia es asignada al clado Stereospondylomorpha y su taxón hermano al suborden Stereospondyli. Entre los arquegosauroideos se incluyen las familias Actinodontidae y Archegosauridae, y posiblemente el género Intasuchus, el cual es situado en la familia monotípica Intasuchidae.

Referencias

Temnospondyli
Fósiles del Pérmico

Archegosauroidea


An Rodriguezia pardina in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Rodriguezia pardina in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rodriguezia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Rodriguezia (Orchidaceae)

Rodriguezia pardina


Bilen (također transkribirano kao Blin, a prethodno poznat i kao Bogo, Bogos ili Sjeverni Agaw ), je kušitska etnička skupina na Afričkom rogu. Koncentrirani su uglavnom u središnjoj Eritreji, u gradu Keren i oko njega, te južnije prema Asmari, glavnom gradu države.

Pregled
Prema lokalnoj usmenoj predaji, Bilen su migrirali na eritrejsku visoravan s juga oko desetog ili jedanaestog stoljeća. Zatim su se pomiješali s prethodnom populacijom Tigre.  Neki od Bilena ušli su u Eritreju iz Etiopije tijekom 16. stoljeća. Uglavnom su poljoprivrednici, ima ih oko 96 000 i predstavljaju oko 2,1% atanovništva Eritreje.

Religija

Bileni prakticiraju i islam i kršćanstvo. Muslimani uglavnom naseljavaju ruralna područja i miješaju se sa susjednim narodom Tigrom, dok kršćani više borave u urbanim područjima i miješaju se s Biher-Tigrinya. Sunitski islam je najprihvaćenija religija među Bilenima (oko 65% ih je muslimana), a slijedi ih kršćanstvo raznih denominacija, a nekolicina njih prakticira svoju tradicionalnu vjeru. Vjerska raznolikost Bilena postoji i trenutno mirno koegzistira već dugo vremena s vrlo malo sukoba zbog vjerskih razlika.

Jezik
Bileni govore Bilenski jezik kao materinski jezik, koji pripada kušitskoj grani afro-azijske jezične obitelji. Mnogi govore i druge afro-azijske jezike poput Tigre i Tigrinya. Osim toga, mlađi Bileni često koristi arapske riječi i izraze u svom svakodnevnom govoru.

Izvori

Kušiti
Etničke grupe Eritreje

Bilen


Broadly speaking, modularity is the degree to which a system's components may be separated and recombined, often with the benefit of flexibility and variety in use. The concept of modularity is used primarily to reduce complexity by breaking a system into varying degrees of interdependence and independence across and "hide the complexity of each part behind an abstraction and interface". However, the concept of modularity can be extended to multiple disciplines, each with their own nuances. Despite these nuances, consistent themes concerning modular systems can be identified.

Contextual nuances
The meaning of the word "modularity" can vary somewhat based on context. The following are contextual examples of modularity across several fields of science, technology, industry, and culture:

Science
In biology, modularity recognizes that organisms or metabolic pathways are composed of modules.
In ecology, modularity is considered a key factor—along with diversity and feedback—in supporting resilience.
In nature, modularity may refer to the construction of a cellular organism by joining together standardized units to form larger compositions, as for example, the hexagonal cells in a honeycomb.
In cognitive science, the idea of modularity of mind holds that the mind is composed of independent, closed, domain-specific processing modules.
Visual modularity, the various putative visual modules.
Language module, the putative language module.
In the study of complex networks, modularity is a benefit function that measures the quality of a division of a network into groups or communities.

Technology
In modular programming, modularity refers to the compartmentalization and interrelation of the parts of a software package.
In software design, modularity refers to a logical partitioning of the "software design" that allows complex software to be manageable for the purpose of implementation and maintenance. The logic of partitioning may be based on related functions, implementation considerations, data links, or other criteria.
In self-reconfiguring modular robotics, modularity refers to the ability of the robotic system to automatically achieve different morphologies to execute the task at hand.

Industry
In modular construction, modules are a bundle of redundant project components that are produced en masse prior to installation.Building components are often arranged into modules in the industrialization of construction.
In industrial design, modularity refers to an engineering technique that builds larger systems by combining smaller subsystems.
In manufacturing, modularity typically refers to modular design, either as the use of exchangeable parts or options in the fabrication of an object or the design and manufacture of modular components.
In organizational design, Richard L. Daft and Arie Y. Lewin (1993) identified a paradigm called "modular organization" that had as its ground the need for flexible learning organizations in constant change and the need to solve their problems through coordinated self-organizing processes. This modular organization is characterized by decentralized decision-making, flatter hierarchies, self-organization of units.

Culture
In The Language of New Media, author Lev Manovich discusses the principle that new media is composed of modules or self-sufficient parts of the overall media object.
In contemporary art and architecture, modularity can refer to the construction of an object by joining together standardized units to form larger compositions, and/or to the use of a module as a standardized unit of measurement and proportion.
In modular art, modularity refers to the ability to alter the work by reconfiguring, adding to, and/or removing its parts.

Modularity in different research areas

Modularity in technology and management

The term  is widely used in studies of technological and organizational systems. Product systems are deemed "modular", for example, when they can be decomposed into a number of components that may be mixed and matched in a variety of configurations. The components are able to connect, interact, or exchange resources (such as energy or data) in some way, by adhering to a standardized interface. Unlike a tightly integrated product whereby each component is designed to work specifically (and often exclusively) with other particular components in a tightly coupled system, modular products are systems of components that are "loosely coupled."

In The Language of New Media, Lev Manovich proposes five "principles of new media"—to be understood "not as absolute laws but rather as general tendencies of a culture undergoing computerization." The five principles are numerical representation, modularity, automation, variability, and transcoding. Modularity within new media represents new media as being composed of several separate self-sufficient modules that can act independently or together in synchronisation to complete the new media object. In Photoshop, modularity is most evident in layers; a single image can be composed of many layers, each of which can be treated as an entirely independent and separate entity. Websites can be defined as being modular, their structure is formed in a format that allows their contents to be changed, removed or edited whilst still retaining the structure of the website. This is because the website's content operates separately to the website and does not define the structure of the site. The entire Web, Manovich notes, has a modular structure, composed of independent sites and pages, and each webpage itself is composed of elements and code that can be independently modified.

Organizational systems are said to become increasingly modular when they begin to substitute loosely coupled forms for tightly integrated, hierarchical structures. For instance, when the firm utilizes contract manufacturing rather than in-house manufacturing, it is using an organizational component that is more independent than building such capabilities in-house: the firm can switch between contract manufacturers that perform different functions, and the contract manufacturer can similarly work for different firms. As firms in a given industry begin to substitute loose coupling with organizational components that lie outside of firm boundaries for activities that were once conducted in-house, the entire production system (which may encompass many firms) becomes increasingly modular. The firms themselves become more specialized components. Using loosely coupled structures enables firms to achieve greater flexibility in both scope and scale. This is in line with modularity in the processes of production, which relates to the way that technological artifacts are produced. This consists of the artifact's entire value chain, from the designing of the artifact to the manufacturing and distribution stages. In production, modularity is often due to increased design modularity. The firm can switch easily between different providers of these activities (e.g., between different contract manufacturers or alliance partners) compared to building the capabilities for all activities in house, thus responding to different market needs more quickly. However, these flexibility gains come with a price. Therefore, the organization must assess the flexibility gains achievable, and any accompanying loss of performance, with each of these forms.

Modularization within firms leads to the disaggregation of the traditional form of hierarchical governance. The firm is decomposed into relatively small autonomous organizational units (modules) to reduce complexity. Modularization leads to a structure, in which the modules integrate strongly interdependent tasks, while the interdependencies between the modules are weak. In this connection the dissemination of modular organizational forms has been facilitated by the widespread efforts of the majority of large firms to re-engineer, refocus and restructure. These efforts usually involve a strong process-orientation: the complete service-provision process of the business is split up into partial processes, which can then be handled autonomously by cross-functional teams within organizational units (modules). The co-ordination of the modules is often carried out by using internal market mechanisms, in particular by the implementation of profit centers. Overall, modularization enables more flexible and quicker reaction to changing general or market conditions. Building on the above principles, many alternative forms of modularization of organizations (for-profit or non-profit) are possible. However, it is crucial to note that modularization is not an independent and self-contained organizational concept, but rather consists of several basic ideas, which are integral parts of other organizational concepts. These central ideas can be found in every firm. Accordingly, it is not sensible to characterize a firm as "modular" or as "not modular", because firms are always modular to a some degree.

Input systems, or "domain specific computational mechanisms" (such as the ability to perceive spoken language) are termed vertical faculties, and according to Jerry Fodor they are modular in that they possess a number of characteristics Fodor argues constitute modularity. Fodor's list of features characterizing modules includes the following:
 Domain specific (modules only respond to inputs of a specific class, and thus a "species of vertical faculty" (Fodor, 1996 [1983]:37)
 Innately specified (the structure is inherent and is not formed by a learning process)
 Not assembled (modules are not put together from a stock of more elementary subprocesses but rather their virtual architecture maps directly onto their neural implementation)
 Neurologically hardwired (modules are associated with specific, localized, and elaborately structured neural systems rather than fungible neural mechanisms)
 Autonomous (modules independent of other modules)

Fodor does not argue that this is formal definition or an all-inclusive list of features necessary for modularity. He argues only that cognitive systems characterized by some of the features above are likely to be characterized by them all, and that such systems can be considered modular. He also notes that the characteristics are not an all-or-nothing proposition, but rather each of the characteristics may be manifest in some degree, and that modularity itself is also not a dichotomous construct—something may be more or less modular: "One would thus expect—what anyhow seems to be desirable—that the notion of modularity ought to admit of degrees" (Fodor, 1996 [1983]:37).

Notably, Fodor's "not assembled" feature contrasts sharply with the use of modularity in other fields in which modular systems are seen to be hierarchically nested (that is, modules are themselves composed of modules, which in turn are composed of modules, etc.) However, Max Coltheart notes that Fodor's commitment to the non-assembled feature appears weak, and other scholars (e.g., Block) have proposed that Fodor's modules could be decomposed into finer modules. For instance, while Fodor distinguishes between separate modules for spoken and written language, Block might further decompose the spoken language module into modules for phonetic analysis and lexical forms: "Decomposition stops when all the components are primitive processors—because the operation of a primitive processor cannot be further decomposed into suboperations"

Though Fodor's work on modularity is one of the most extensive, there is other work in psychology on modularity worth noting for its symmetry with modularity in other disciplines. For instance, while Fodor focused on cognitive input systems as modules, Coltheart proposes that there may be many different kinds of cognitive modules, and distinguishes between, for example, knowledge modules and processing modules. The former is a body of knowledge that is independent of other bodies of knowledge, while the latter is a mental information-processing system independent from other such systems.

However, the data neuroscientists have accumulated have not pointed to an organization system as neat and precise as the modularity theory originally proposed originally by Jerry Fodor. It has been shown to be much messier and different from person to person, even though general patterns exist; through a mixture of neuroimaging and lesion studies, it has been shown that there are certain regions that perform certain functions and other regions that do not perform those functions.

Modularity in biology
As in some of the other disciplines, the term modularity may be used in multiple ways in biology. For example, it may refer to organisms that have an indeterminate structure wherein modules of various complexity (e.g., leaves, twigs) may be assembled without strict limits on their number or placement. Many plants and sessile (immobile) invertebrates of the benthic zones  demonstrate this type of modularity (by contrast, many other organisms have a determinate structure that is predefined in embryogenesis). The term has also been used in a broader sense in biology to refer to the reuse of homologous structures across individuals and species. Even within this latter category, there may be differences in how a module is perceived. For instance, evolutionary biologists may focus on the module as a morphological component (subunit) of a whole organism, while developmental biologists may use the term module to refer to some combination of lower-level components (e.g., genes) that are able to act in a unified way to perform a function. In the former, the module is perceived a basic component, while in the latter the emphasis is on the module as a collective.

Biology scholars have provided a list of features that should characterize a module (much as Fodor did in The Modularity of Mind). For instance, Rudy Raff provides the following list of characteristics that developmental modules should possess:
 discrete genetic specification
 hierarchical organization
 interactions with other modules
 a particular physical location within a developing organism
 the ability to undergo transformations on both developmental and evolutionary time scales

To Raff's mind, developmental modules are "dynamic entities representing localized processes (as in morphogenetic fields) rather than simply incipient structures ... (... such as organ rudiments)". Bolker, however, attempts to construct a definitional list of characteristics that is more abstract, and thus more suited to multiple levels of study in biology. She argues that:
 A module is a biological entity (a structure, a process, or a pathway) characterized by more internal than external integration
 Modules are biological individuals that can be delineated from their surroundings or context, and whose behavior or function reflects the integration of their parts, not simply the arithmetical sum. That is, as a whole, the module can perform tasks that its constituent parts could not perform if dissociated.
 In addition to their internal integration, modules have external connectivity, yet they can also be delineated from the other entities with which they interact in some way.

Another stream of research on modularity in biology that should be of particular interest to scholars in other disciplines is that of Günter Wagner and Lee Altenberg. Altenberg's work, Wagner's work, and their joint writing explores how natural selection may have resulted in modular organisms, and the roles modularity plays in evolution. Altenberg's and Wagner's work suggests that modularity is both the result of evolution, and facilitates evolution—an idea that shares a marked resemblance to work on modularity in technological and organizational domains.

Modularity in the arts
The use of modules in the fine arts has a long pedigree among diverse cultures. In the classical architecture of Greco-Roman antiquity, the module was utilized as a standardized unit of measurement for proportioning the elements of a building. Typically the module was established as one-half the diameter of the lower shaft of a classical column; all the other components in the syntax of the classical system were expressed as a fraction or multiple of that module. In traditional Japanese construction, room sizes were often determined by combinations of standard rice mats called tatami; the standard dimension of a mat was around 3 feet by 6 feet, which approximate the overall proportions of a reclining human figure. The module thus becomes not only a proportional device for use with three-dimensional vertical elements but a two-dimensional planning tool as well.

Modularity as a means of measurement is intrinsic to certain types of building; for example, brick construction is by its nature modular insofar as the fixed dimensions of a brick necessarily yield dimensions that are multiples of the original unit. Attaching bricks to one another to form walls and surfaces also reflects a second definition of modularity: namely, the use of standardized units that physically connect to each other to form larger compositions.

With the advent of modernism and advanced construction techniques in the 20th century this latter definition transforms modularity from a compositional attribute to a thematic concern in its own right. A school of modular constructivism develops in the 1950s among a circle of sculptors who create sculpture and architectural features out of repetitive units cast in concrete. A decade later modularity becomes an autonomous artistic concern of its own, as several important Minimalist artists adopt it as their central theme. Modular building as both an industrial production model and an object of advanced architectural investigation develops from this same period.

Modularity has found renewed interest among proponents of ModulArt, a form of modular art in which the constituent parts can be physically reconfigured, removed and/or added to. After a few isolated experiments in ModulArt starting in the 1950s, several artists since the 1990s have explored this flexible, customizable and co-creative form of art.

Modularity in fashion
Modularity in fashion is the ability to customise garments through adding and removing elements or altering the silhouette, usually via zips, hook and eye closures or other fastenings. Throughout history it has been used to tailor garments, existing even in the 17th century. In recent years, an increasing number of fashion designers – especially those focused on slow or sustainable fashion – are experimenting with this concept. Within the realm of Haute Couture, Yohji Yamamoto and Hussein Chalayan are notable examples, the latter especially for his use of technology to create modular garments.

Studies carried out in Finland and the US show favourable attitudes of consumers to modular fashion, despite this the concept has not yet made it into mainstream fashion. The current emphasis within modular fashion is on the co-designing and customisation factors for consumers, with a goal to combat the swift changes to customers needs and wants, while also tackling sustainability by increasing the life-cycle of garments.

Modularity in interior design
Modularity is a concept that has been thoroughly used in architecture and industry. In interior design modularity is used in order to achieve customizable products that are economically viable. Examples include some of the customizable creations of IKEA and mostly high-end high-cost concepts. Modularity in interior design, or "modularity in use", refers to the opportunities of combinations and reconfigurations of the modules in order to create an artefact that suits the specific needs of the user and simultaneously grows with them. The evolution of 3D printing technology has enabled customizable furniture to become feasible. Objects can be prototyped, changed depending on the space and customized dependent on the users needs. Designers can prototype showcase their modules over the internet just by using 3D printing technology. Sofas are a common piece that have modular utilities ranging from ottoman to a bed, as well as fabrics and textiles that are swappable. This originated in the 1940s after being invented by Harvey Probber, was refined in the 1970s, and reaching mass scale consumerism in the 2010s and 2020s.

Modularity in American studies
In John Blair's Modular America, he argues that as Americans began to replace social structures inherited from Europe (predominantly England and France), they evolved a uniquely American tendency towards modularity in fields as diverse as education, music, and architecture.

Blair observes that when the word module first emerged in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, it meant something very close to model. It implied a small-scale representation or example. By the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the word had come to imply a standard measure of fixed ratios and proportions. For example, in architecture, the proportions of a column could be stated in modules (i.e., "a height of fourteen modules equaled seven times the diameter measured at the base") and thus multiplied to any size while still retaining the desired proportions.

However, in America, the meaning and usage of the word shifted considerably: "Starting with architectural terminology in the 1930s, the new emphasis was on any entity or system designed in terms of modules as subcomponents. As applications broadened after World War II to furniture, hi-fi equipment, computer programs and beyond, modular construction came to refer to any whole made up of self-contained units designed to be equivalent parts of a system, hence, we might say, "systemically equivalent." Modular parts are implicitly interchangeable and/or recombinable in one or another of several senses".

Blair defines a modular system as "one that gives more importance to parts than to wholes. Parts are conceived as equivalent and hence, in one or more senses, interchangeable and/or cumulative and/or recombinable" (p. 125). Blair describes the emergence of modular structures in education (the college curriculum), industry (modular product assembly), architecture (skyscrapers), music (blues and jazz), and more. In his concluding chapter, Blair does not commit to a firm view of what causes Americans to pursue more modular structures in the diverse domains in which it has appeared; but he does suggest that it may in some way be related to the American ideology of liberal individualism and a preference for anti-hierarchical organization.

Consistent themes
Comparing the use of modularity across disciplines reveals several themes:

One theme that shows up in psychology and biology study is innately specified. Innately specified (as used here) implies that the purpose or structure of the module is predetermined by some biological mandate.

Domain specificity, that modules respond only to inputs of a specific class (or perform functions only of a specific class) is a theme that clearly spans psychology and biology, and it can be argued that it also spans technological and organizational systems. Domain specificity would be seen in the latter disciplines as specialization of function.

Hierarchically nested is a theme that recurs in most disciplines. Though originally disavowed by Jerry Fodor, other psychologists have embraced it, and it is readily apparent in the use of modularity in biology (e.g., each module of an organism can be decomposed into finer modules), social processes and artifacts (e.g., we can think of a skyscraper in terms of blocks of floors, a single floor, elements of a floor, etc.), mathematics (e.g., the modulus 6 may be further divided into the moduli 1, 2 and 3), and technological and organizational systems (e.g., an organization may be composed of divisions, which are composed of teams, which are composed of individuals).

Greater internal than external integration is a theme that showed up in every discipline but mathematics. Often referred to as autonomy, this theme acknowledged that there may be interaction or integration between modules, but the greater interaction and integration occurs within the module. This theme is very closely related to information encapsulation, which shows up explicitly in both the psychology and technology research.

Near decomposability (as termed by Simon, 1962) shows up in all of the disciplines, but is manifest in a matter of degrees. For instance, in psychology and biology it may refer merely to the ability to delineate one module from another (recognizing the boundaries of the module). In several of the social artifacts, mathematics, and technological or organizational systems, however, it refers to the ability to actually separate components from one another. In several of the disciplines this decomposability also enables the complexity of a system (or process) to be reduced. This is aptly captured in a quote from David Marr about psychological processes where he notes that, "any large computation should be split up into a collection of small, nearly independent, specialized subprocesses." Reducing complexity is also the express purpose of casting out nines in mathematics.

Substitutability and recombinability are closely related constructs. The former refers to the ability to substitute one component for another as in John Blair's "systemic equivalence" while the latter may refer both to the indeterminate form of the system and the indeterminate use of the component. In US college curricula, for example, each course is designed with a credit system that ensures a uniform number of contact hours, and approximately uniform educational content, yielding substitutability. By virtue of their substitutability, each student may create their own curricula (recombinability of the curriculum as a system) and each course may be said to be recombinable with a variety of students' curricula (recombinability of the component within multiple systems). Both substitutability and recombinability are immediately recognizable in Blair's social processes and artifacts, and are also well captured in Garud and Kumaraswamy's discussion of economies of substitution in technological systems.

Blair's systemic equivalence also demonstrates the relationship between substitutability and the module as a homologue. Blair's systemic equivalence refers to the ability for multiple modules to perform approximately the same function within a system, while in biology a module as a homologue refers to different modules sharing approximately the same form or function in different organisms. The extreme of the module as homologue is found in mathematics, where (in the simplest case) the modules refer to the reuse of a particular number and thus each module is exactly alike.

In all but mathematics, there has been an emphasis that modules may be different in kind. In Fodor's discussion of modular cognitive system, each module performs a unique task. In biology, even modules that are considered homologous may be somewhat different in form and function (e.g., a whale's fin versus a human's hand). In Blair's book, he points out that while jazz music may be composed of structural units that conform to the same underlying rules, those components vary significantly. Similarly in studies of technology and organization, modular systems may be composed of modules that are very similar (as in shelving units that may be piled one atop the other) or very different (as in a stereo system where each component performs unique functions) or any combination in between.

See also
Configuration design
Object-oriented programming
Pattern language

References
Research articles

 R. Phukan, D. Nam, D. Dong and R. Burgos, "Design Considerations for a Modular 2-Stage LCLC Filter for Three Phase AC-DC Interleaved Converters," 2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC), Anaheim, CA, USA, 2022, pp. 517-522. doi: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813883
 S. Ohn et al., "A Scalable Filter Topology for $N$-Parallel Modular Three-Phase AC–DC Converters by an Arrangement of Coupled Inductors," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 13358-13367, Nov. 2022. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2022.3179396
 R. Phukan et al., "Design of an Indirectly Coupled Filter Building Block for Modular Interleaved AC–DC Converters," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 13343-13357, Nov. 2022. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2022.3179346
 R. Phukan, S. Ohn, D. Dong, R. Burgos, G. Mondal and S. Nielebock, "Evaluation of Modular AC Filter Building Blocks for Full SiC based Grid-Tied Three Phase Converters," 2020 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Detroit, MI, USA, 2020, pp. 1835-1841. doi: 10.1109/ECCE44975.2020.9236265
 S. Ohn et al., "Modular Filter Building Block for Modular full-SiC AC-DC Converters by an Arrangement of Coupled Inductors," 2020 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Detroit, MI, USA, 2020, pp. 4130-4136. doi: 10.1109/ECCE44975.2020.9236309
 R. Phukan, S. Ohn, D. Dong, R. Burgos, G. Mondal and S. Nielebock, "Design and Optimization of a Highly Integrated Modular Filter Building Block for Three-Level Grid Tied Converters," 2020 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Detroit, MI, USA, 2020, pp. 4949-4956. doi: 10.1109/ECCE44975.2020.9235895

Modularity
Operations management
Abstraction
Systems
Design

ko:모듈성

Modularity


Der türkische Reisepass (Originaltitel: Türk Pasaportu) ist ein türkischer Dokumentarfilm von Regisseur Burak Arliel. Der Film wurde von der Interfilm Istanbul produziert und am 18. Mai 2011 erstmals im Rahmen der Filmfestspiele in Cannes gezeigt.

Inhalt
Der Film spielt während der Shoa und beschreibt, wie über 18.000 sephardische Juden durch Diplomaten wie Behiç Erkin, Namık Kemal Yolga und Necdet Kent vor der Deportation in die Konzentrationslager bewahrt wurden. Dazu stellten sie für die von Ermordung bedrohten Juden türkische Reisepässe aus und organisierten Zugtransporte in die Türkei.

Der Film erinnert auch an Raoul Wallenberg, den schwedischen Diplomaten, der ungarische Juden vor der Deportation bewahrte.

Auszeichnungen
 2011 Moondance International Film Festival, Gewinner Best Feature Documentary Award in der Kategorie ausländischer Film
  2011 Yosemite Film Festival, Gewinner des John Muir Award

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website des Films

 "Der türkische Reisepass" auf www.euronews.net

Einzelnachweise

Dokumentarfilm
Holocaust-Film
Historienfilm
Filmdrama
Türkischer Film
Filmtitel 2011

Der türkische Reisepass


Maxine (eigentl.: Gonny Buurmeester, * 14. Oktober 1970 in Rotterdam) ist eine niederländische Sängerin.

Zusammen mit dem Sänger Franklin Brown gewann sie die niederländische Vorauswahl zum Eurovision Song Contest 1996. Beim Contest in Oslo erreichte das Duo mit ihrem Schlager De Eerste Keer (dt.: Die erste Wahl) dann den siebten Platz. Das Duo trennte sich nach dem Wettbewerb und beide wurden als Solo-Künstler aktiv. Maxine veröffentlichte einige Singles in den nächsten Jahren, die sich in den niederländischen Charts platzieren konnten. Im Jahr 2000 zog sie kurzzeitig in das niederländische Big Brother-Haus ein. 2003 erschienen mit Free (let it be) und Fuel to fire zwei House-Produktionen, die sie für DJ Stuart eingesungen hat.

Weblinks
 Maxine bei Discogs (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Sänger
Musiker (Niederlande)
Interpret eines niederländischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest
Niederländer
Geboren 1970
Frau

Maxine (Sängerin)


Alfred Hefter (cu numele de familie scris și Hefter-Hidalgo; ) a fost un scriitor, poet și jurnalist român de origine evreiască. În 1935 el a fondat ziarul de limba franceză Le Moment, care a fost publicat în București (plus la Geneva) până în 1940.

Prima lui scriere a fost un pamflet de influență marxistă pe care l-a scris în 1908 împreună cu fratele său, Jean (1887-1974), care era tot jurnalist. A publicat poezii în revista literară Simbolul. A fost redactorul revistei simboliste Versuri și Proză (1912-1914) și a două ziare, iar după 1924 a lucrat la București ca redactor, făcând parte dintr-un grup de intelectuali evrei care l-au influențat pe poetul, criticul și filosoful Benjamin Fondane. Intrând în conflict cu cenzura guvernamentală, s-a mutat la Geneva în 1931 și a redactat ziarul cotidian în limba franceză Le Moment, apoi a revenit la București pentru a continua publicarea lui acolo. El a părăsit Bucureștiul în 1941 și s-a îndreptat către Ierusalim, apoi s-a mutat în Franța în 1948 și în cele din urmă la Roma, unde a devenit om de afaceri și a murit în 1957.

Scrieri
 Cuvinte despre oameni (1913)
 Din umbră (1913)
 Ariana (dramă, 1915)
 Miros de iarbă (dramă, 1915)

Referințe

Nașteri în 1892
Decese în 1951
Scriitori evrei
Ieșeni
Editori de ziare români
Scriitori români din secolul al XX-lea

Alfred Hefter


كفر مليج إحدى قرى مركز بركة السبع التابع لمحافظة المنوفية بجمهورية مصر العربية، ويجاورها قرى مليج وميت موسى.

السكان
بلغ عدد سكان كفر مليج 3,218 نسمة، حسب الإحصاء الرسمي لعام 2006.

انظر أيضاً
قائمة قرى محافظة المنوفية

مصادر

قرى بركة السبع

كفر مليج


The KSShch (; tr.:Korabelny snaryad Shchuka (KSShch); ) was a Soviet anti-ship cruise missile design that carried a nuclear warhead. Its GRAU designation is 4K32. It was sometimes referred to as P-1 Strela (П-1 «Стрела», "Arrow"). It was used in the 1950s and 1960s. The missile's NATO reporting name was SS-N-1 Scrubber. It was tested in 1953–1954 on the destroyer Bedovyy (Kildin-class) and entered service in 1955, being deployed on Kildin- and Krupnyy (later converted to Kanin)-class ships. It was fired from a heavy rail launcher SM-59, with an armoured hangar. As those ships were retrofitted and modernized between 1966 and 1977, the missiles were removed (in favor of the SS-N-2 on the Kildin class and an anti-aircraft/anti-submarine weapons suite on the Kanin class).

Specifications
Total length: 7.6 m (25 ft)
Diameter: 900 mm (3 ft)
Wingspan: 4.6 m (15 ft)
Weight: 3,100 kg (6830 lb)
Warhead: nuclear warhead or High Explosive
Propulsion: liquid-fuel rocket
Range:
Guidance: inertial guidance
Contractor: NPO Mashinostroenia
Entered service: 1955

Operators

 The Soviet Navy employed the KSShch on Kildin and Kanin class ships.  The missile was withdrawn by 1977.

See also
 KS-1 Komet
 Saab Rb 08
 P-20 Sokol
 P-40

References

Anti-ship cruise missiles of the Soviet Union
Cold War anti-ship missiles of the Soviet Union
Nuclear cruise missiles of the Soviet Union
Cruise missiles of the Cold War
Cold War nuclear missiles of the Soviet Union
Surface-to-surface missiles
Military equipment introduced in the 1950s

KSShch


Cornville may refer to a place in the United States:

Cornville, Arizona
Cornville, Maine

Cornville


Cornelius Bernard Colbert (; 19 October 1888 – 8 May 1916) was an Irish rebel and pioneer of Fianna Éireann. For his part in the Easter Rising of 1916, he was shot by firing squad in Kilmainham Gaol, Dublin, on 8 May 1916.

Early life
Born in the townland of Moanleana, Castlemahon, County Limerick, he was the fourth youngest of thirteen children of Michael Colbert, a farmer, and Honora McDermott.

His family moved to the village of Athea when Con was three years old. He was educated at the local national school. In 1901, his family were living in the townland of Templeathea West. A younger brother, James, and a cousin, Michael Colbert, would later serve as TDs.

He left Athea at the age of 16 and went to live with his sister Catherine in Ranelagh, County Dublin. Colbert continued his education at a Christian Brothers school in North Richmond street. He was employed as a clerk in the offices of Kennedy's Bakery in Dublin. In 1911, he was living with Catherine, two other siblings and two boarders at a house on Clifton Terrace, Rathmines.

Colbert was a deeply religious Catholic, and refrained from smoking or drinking.

Fianna and Volunteers

Colbert was sworn into the IRB by his cousin Art O'Donnell in Art's home in 1908. He joined Fianna Éireann at its inaugural meeting in 1909, and rose to Chief Scout. The following year he became a drill instructor at St. Enda's School, founded by Patrick Pearse. In 1912 he became head of an Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) circle within the Fianna started by Bulmer Hobson. During 1913 he was one of a number of Fianna who conducted military training at the Forester's Hall in Rutland Square (now Parnell Square), and in November that year he joined the Provisional Committee of the newly formed Irish Volunteers.

Easter Rising
In the weeks leading up to the Rising, he acted as bodyguard for Thomas Clarke.
Before the Rising, because he lived out of the city he stayed with the Cooney family in the city centre. During Easter Week, he fought at Watkin's Brewery, Jameson's Distillery and Marrowbone Lane. Thomas MacDonagh at 3.15 p.m. Sunday, 30 April surrendered to Brigadier-General Lowe. MacDonagh then went around the garrisons under his command to arrange for their surrender.

Colbert surrendered with the Marrowbone Lane Garrison along with the South Dublin Union Garrison, which had been led by Éamonn Ceannt. When the order to surrender was issued, he assumed the command of his unit to save the life of his superior officer, who was a married man.

They were marched to Richmond Barracks, where Colbert would later be court-martialled. Transferred to Kilmainham Gaol, he was told on Sunday 7 May that he was to be shot the following morning. He wrote no fewer than ten letters during his time in prison. During this time in detention, he did not allow any visits from his family; writing to his sister, he said a visit "would grieve us both too much".

Execution
The night before his execution he sent for Mrs. Ó Murchadha who was also being held prisoner. He told her he was "proud to die for such a cause. I will be passing away at the dawning of the day." Holding his bible, he told her he was leaving it to his sister. He handed her three buttons from his volunteer uniform, telling her "They left me nothing else,"  before asking her when she heard the volleys of shots in the morning for Éamonn Ceannt, Michael Mallin and himself would she say a Hail Mary for the souls of the departed. The soldier who was guarding the prisoner began crying according to Mrs. Ó Murchadha, and recorded him saying "If only we could die such deaths."

Colbert was shot by firing squad the next morning on 8 May 1916.

Legacy
 Colbert Railway Station in Limerick city is named after him.
 Con Colbert Road in Dublin is named in his honour.
 Fianna Fáil Cumann in the University of Limerick is named after him.
 Colbert Street in his native Athea, County Limerick is named after him, as is the local community hall.
 Colbert Avenue and Colbert Park Janesboro, Limerick City are also named after him.

On 4 May 1958 a plaque was erected over a bed in Barringtons Hospital, County Limerick. The plaque has since disappeared.

In May, one hundred years after his execution a full-scale limestone sculpture of him was unveiled at the gable of his one-time house in Moanlena, County Limerick.

References

External links
 O'Callaghan, John, Con Colbert, Dublin: O'Brien Press, 2015.

1888 births
1916 deaths
People from County Limerick
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood
Executed participants in the Easter Rising
Executed people from County Limerick

Con Colbert


Ljubić (Vitez, BiH), naselje u općini Vitez, BiH
 Ljubić (Čačak, Srbija), naselje u općini Čačak, Srbija

Ljubić


بلدية إيريتشوا ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة لا كرونيا إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، و التي تقع في منطقة جليقية شمال غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 1.673 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

بلديات قرجيطة

إيريتشوا


Jo Ann Hackett (née le 14 août 1949 à Louisville (Kentucky)) est une orientaliste américaine. Ses travaux concernent la constitution du corpus de la Bible hébraïque (l'Ancien Testament), ainsi que la grammaire de l'hébreu biblique et des autres langues sémitiques du Proche-Orient : le phénicien, le punique et l'araméen.

Années de formation
Hackett a grandi à Jeffersonville (Indiana) où elle a achevé ses études secondaires en 1966. Licenciée en mathématiques de l'université DePauw (1970) elle s'est ensuite orientée vers la philosophie chrétienne, à l'université de l'Indiana (1975) puis les études bibliques, avec une thèse de l'université Harvard (1980).

Carrière
Hackett a d'abord été assistante en littérature ancienne d'Occidental College, à Los Angeles, puis a travaillé à l'Université de l'Indiana, où elle n'a été titularisée qu'en 1990. Elle accepta alors le poste de directrice du cursus d'hébreu biblique que lui proposait l'Université Harvard, doublé de la charge d'assistante en  hébreu biblique et d'épigraphie sémitique. En 2009, elle est nommée professeur titulaire d'Études bibliques, au sein du Départment d'Etudes du Moyen-Orient de l'Université du Texas à Austin. Elle prend sa retraite en 2018 avec la gratification de Professeur émérite. Au cours de sa carrière, elle a enseigné à l'Université Johns Hopkins de Baltimore ainsi qu'au séminaire de théologie de Weston à Cambridge (Massachusetts).

Recherches
Son premier essai était consacré à l'étude d'une inscription découverte sur le site de Deir-Alla en Jordanie, qui fournit d'abondants détails sur la geste de Balaam. Elle a ensuite surtout écrit sur les langues et dialectes sémitiques : outre l'hébreu, le phénicien et l'ougaritique, elle a co-édité un recueil d'épigraphie sémitique dédié à son maître, Frank Moore Cross<ref>An Eye for Form: Paleographic Essays in Honor of Frank Moore Cross. Co-editor with Walter Aufrecht (Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2014).</ref>. Sa Basic Introduction to Biblical Hebrew a connu une grande diffusion. Hackett a été l'une des premières à éclairer la condition des femmes  dans l'Orient ancien, avec ses articles In the Days of Jael: Reclaiming the History of Women in Ancient Israel, Rehabilitating Hagar: Fragments of an Epic Pattern et Can a Sexist Model Liberate Us?. Outre ses nombreuses publications consacrées à l'hébreu biblique, elle a rédigée les notes et l'introduction au Livre des Nombres pour la Bible publiée par HarperCollins, celles des Livres de Samuel pour la Women's Bible Commentary''. Elle a longtemps été membre du conseil executif de la Society of Biblical Literature, du bureau des American Schools of Oriental Research, et directrice de collection pour les Harvard Semitic Studies et plusieurs revues spécialisées.

Notes

Naissance en août 1949
Naissance à Louisville (Kentucky)
Professeur à l'université de l'Indiana à Bloomington
Professeur à l'université du Texas à Austin
Bibliste
Philologue hébraïsant
Orientaliste américain
Historienne des femmes
Docteur en philosophie de l'université Harvard
Professeur émérite

Jo Ann Hackett


José María Dávila Condemarín (Trujillo, 1799 – Lima, 1882), escritor, político y diplomático peruano. Fue Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores o Canciller del Perú en varios periodos, y Ministro de Gobierno del Perú, además de rector de la Universidad de San Marcos.

Biografía
Establecido en Lima, cursó estudios en el Seminario de Santo Toribio y los continuó en la Universidad de San Marcos, pero los interrumpió cuando llegó a Pisco la Expedición Libertadora, presentándose allí para ofrecer sus servicios, siendo adscrito a la secretaría de San Martín (1820). Siguiendo a la Expedición, se trasladó a Huaura, participó en la marcha hacia Lima y suscribió el Acta de Declaración de Independencia del Perú (1821). Concurrió a la batalla de Junín como Oficial Mayor del Ministerio de Gobierno y es nombrado Oficial Mayor del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (1843). Durante el gobierno de Ramón Castilla se le otorga el cargo de Ministro de Gobierno, Instrucción Pública y Beneficencia (1847), es elegido decano del Colegio de Abogados de Lima y, posteriormente asume la Administración General de Correos (1849). Elegido rector de la Universidad de San Marcos (1854).

A partir de 1858 se establece en Turín como encargado de negocios y Ministro Plenipotenciario ante el Reino de Cerdeña.

Coleccionista de antigüedades, organizó en su casa un museo y franqueó al público su visita.

Obras
 Bosquejo histórico de la fundación, progreso y actual estado de la Universidad Mayor de San Marcos (1854).
 Narración de la fiesta con que el monasterio de Monjas Concebidas de Lima solemnizó la definición dogmática de la Inmaculada Concepción (Turín, 1858).
 Cenni storici, geografici e statistici dei Perú (Turín, 1860).
 La semana santa en Roma (1869).

Bibliografía
 Basadre, Jorge: Historia de la República del Perú. 1822 - 1933, Octava Edición, corregida y aumentada. Editada por el Diario "La República" de Lima y la Universidad "Ricardo Palma". Impreso en Santiago de Chile, 1998.
 Tauro del Pino, Alberto: Enciclopedia Ilustrada del Perú. Lima, PEISA, 2001. ISBN 9972-40-161-7
 Vargas Ugarte, Rubén: Historia General del Perú. Editor Carlos Milla Batres. Lima, Perú, 1971.

Trujillanos (Perú)
Sanmarquinos (siglo XIX)
Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores de Perú
Ministros del Interior de Perú
Rectores de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
Diplomáticos de Perú
Alumnado del Colegio Seminario San Carlos y San Marcelo
Fallecidos en Lima
Alumnado de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos

José Dávila Condemarín


Flajeolet se poate referi la:
 Flajeolet - un instrument muzical de suflat din lemn, asemănător cu flautul
 Flajeolet (sau flageolet) - o tehnică interpretativă folosită pe instrumentele muzicale cu corzi

Flajeolet (dezambiguizare)


Tritonal is a mixture of 80% TNT and 20% aluminium powder, used in several types of ordnance such as air-dropped bombs. The aluminium increases the total heat output and hence impulse of the TNT — the length of time during which the blast wave is positive. Tritonal is approximately 18% more powerful than TNT alone.

The 87 kg of tritonal in a Mark 82 bomb has the potential to produce approximately 863 MJ of energy when detonated. This implies a specific energy of approximately 9 MJ/kg, compared to ~4 MJ/kg for TNT.

See also
Torpex
Composition H6
Minol
Relative effectiveness factor (RE)

References

Explosives

Tritonal


Turmalina, Kike Santander tarafından prodüktörlüğü yapılan, Natalia Oreiro'nun 'süper kahraman' tasarımı ile dinleyicilerinin karşısında çıktığı üçüncü albümüdür. Natalia bu albüm için gerekli seslendirmeleri  Amerika, Rusya, Uruguay ve Arjantin'de gerçekleştirdi. Pop-rock karışımı olan albümde  Natalia Oreiro ilk defa şarkı sözü yazdı.
"Que Diga Lo Que Quieran (Ne Söylemek İsterlerse Onu Söylesinler)" albümden çıkan ilk single çalışmasıdır. Natalia'nın ilk şarkı sözü denemesini gerçekleştirdiği "A Las De Libertad' (Özgürlüğün Kanatları)", bir denizcinin Natalia'nın yakın bir arkadaşına duyduğu aşkı anlatan gerçek yaşamdan alınma "Mar (Deniz)", Natalia'nın söz yazımına yardım ettiği "Cayendo (Düşüş)",Kachorra adlı popüler TV dizisinin jenerik müziği "Cuesta Arriba, Cuesta Abajo", Natalia'nın Fredy Bessio ile söylediği 2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda Uruguay'ın millî şarkısı olan "Pasión Celeste" şarkıları albümde öne çıkan diğer şarkılardır.
Natalia, bu albümü ile Polonya, İsrail, Macaristan, Romanya ve Rusya gibi birçok ülkede konser verdi.

Şarkı listesi

Singlelar

Satış
  Arjantin - 200.000 kopya
  İspanya -  150.000  kopya
  Avrupa - 450.000  kopya
 Asya - 1.000.000 kopya
 Latin Amerika -  50.000  kopya
 Toplam :  1.850.000  (10 x Platin ödül)

Bazı Şehirlerde Yapılan Konserler
 20.09 2003  Buenos Aires *27.09 2003  Irkutsk
 28.09 2003 Krasnoyarsk
 30.09 2003  Achinks
 31.09 2003  Kansk
 02.09 2003  Noril´sk
 04.09 2003   Tomsk
 06.09 2003   Novosibirsk
 08.09 2003   Barnaul
 10.09 2003  Novokuzneck
 11.09 2003   Kemerovo
 13.09 2003   Omsk
 15.09 2003   Tiumen
 17.09 2003   Jekaterinburg
 19.09 2003  Çelyabinsk
 21.09 2003   Orsk
 22.09 2003   Orenburg
 24.09 2003   Ufa
 26.09 2003   Kazan
 01.10 2003   Samara
 02.10 2003   Toljatti
 04.10 2003  Saratov
 06.10 2003   Volgograd
 08.10 2003 Rostov na Donu
 10.10 2003   Novgorod
 12.10 2003   Sankt Peterburk
 21.11 2003  Rosario

2002 albümleri
Natalia Oreiro albümleri

Turmalina (albüm)


is a town located in Tagata District, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. ,  the town had an estimated population of 37,782 in 16,401 households  and a population density of 580 persons per km². The total area of the town was .

Geography
Kannami is located in an inland area in far eastern Shizuoka Prefecture, and the "root" of the Izu Peninsula, and in the southern foothills of the Hakone Mountains and the Tanzawa Mountains. The Kano River passes through the town.

Neighboring municipalities
Shizuoka Prefecture
Mishima
Atami
Numazu
Izunokuni
Kanagawa Prefecture
Hakone
Yugawara

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kannami has been increasing over the past 50 years.

Climate
The city has a climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and relatively mild winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa).  The average annual temperature in Kannami is 14.4 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1999 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.4 °C.

History
During the Edo period, all of Izu Province was tenryō territory under direct control of the Tokugawa shogunate. During the cadastral reform of the early Meiji period in 1889, the village of Kannami was created within Tagata District, Shizuoka Prefecture. On April 1, 1962, it was elevated to town status.

Economy
The economy of Kannami is primarily based on agriculture. Major products include strawberries, cucumbers and dairy products. The town is also a bedroom community for neighboring Mishima.

Education
Kannami has five public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government. The town has one public high school operated by the Shizuoka Prefectural Board of Education.

Transportation

Railway
 Central Japan Railway Company -  Tōkaidō Main Line

  Izuhakone Railway  Sunzu Line

Highway
  Izu-Jūkan Expressway
 Izu Chuodo

Sister city relations
 – Kerman, California, United States – since October 12, 1985

Notable people from Kannami
Atsuto Uchida – professional soccer player

References

External links
Kannami official website (Japanese)

Towns in Shizuoka Prefecture
Kannami, Shizuoka

Kannami


Hoți de biciclete (titlu original: Ladri di biciclette, apărut inițial în SUA ca The Bicycle Thief) este un film italian din 1948 regizat și co-scris de Vittorio De Sica după un roman de Luigi Bartolini. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Lamberto Maggiorani, Enzo Staiola, Lianella Carell și Sergio Leone.

Conținut

Filmul prezintă povestea unui tată sărac care își caută bicicleta furată în Roma de după al doilea război mondial, bicicletă fără de care își va pierde locul de muncă care urma să fie salvarea familiei sale.

Distribuție
 Lamberto Maggiorani - Antonio Ricci
 Enzo Staiola - Bruno Ricci, fiul lui Antonio
 Lianella Carell - Maria Ricci, soția lui Antonio
 Gino Saltamerenda - Baiocco, prietenul lui Antonio
 Vittorio Antonucci - Alfredo Catelli, hoțul de biciclete
 Giulio Chiari - un cerșetor
 Elena Altieri - doamna binevoitoare
 Carlo Jachino - un cerșetor
 Michele Sakara - secretar la Charity Organization
 Emma Druetti
 Fausto Guerzoni - un actor amator
 Giulio Battiferri - un cetățean protector al hoțului real
 Ida Bracci Dorati - La Santona
 Nando Bruno
 Eolo Capritti
 Memmo Carotenuto
 Giovanni Corporale
 Sergio Leone - un student de seminar
 Mario Meniconi - Meniconi, măturător
 Massimo Randisi - un copil bogat în restaurant
 Checco Rissone - un gardian din piața Vittorio
 Peppino Spadaro - un polițist
 Umberto Spadaro

Premii și nominalizări
A câștigat Premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun film străin în 1950 și Premiul BAFTA pentru cel mai bun film. A fost desemnat ca fiind cel mai bun film din toate timpurile de către un clasament realizat de criticii și producătorii de film pentru revista Sight & Sound.

Filmul a fost inclus în lista celor 100 de filme italiene de salvat (100 film italiani da salvare).

Note

Legături externe

  (German dialogue)
 Bicycle Thieves essay at Criterion Collection by Godfrey Cheshire ("Bicycle Thieves: A Passionate Commitment to the Real")
 Bicycle Thieves essay at Criterion Collection by Charles Burnett ("Bicycle Thieves: Ode to the Common Man")
  by A. O. Scott (The New York Times) at YouTube

Vezi și
 Lista Vaticanului cu cele mai bune filme

Filme din 1948
Filme italiene
Filme în limba italiană
Filme regizate de Vittorio De Sica
Ecranizări de opere literare
Filme dramatice
Filme neorealiste
Filme Umbrella Entertainment
Filme alb-negru
Premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun film străin
Globul de Aur pentru cel mai bun film străin

Hoți de biciclete


The Battle of the Yser (, ) was a battle of the First World War that took place in October 1914 between the towns of Nieuwpoort and Diksmuide, along a   stretch of the Yser River and the Yperlee Canal, in Belgium. The front line was held by a large Belgian force, which halted the German advance in a costly defensive battle.

The victory at the Yser allowed Belgium to retain a small strip of territory,  with Germany in control of 95 per cent of Belgian territory, which made King Albert a Belgian national hero, sustained national pride and provided a venue for commemorations of heroic sacrifice for the next hundred years.

Background

German invasion of Belgium

On 2 August 1914, the Belgian government refused passage through Belgium to German troops and on the night of  the Belgian General Staff ordered the Third Division to Liège to obstruct a German advance. The German army invaded Belgium on the morning of 4 August. Covered by the Third Division, the Liège fortress garrison, a screen of the Cavalry Division and detachments from Liège and Namur, the Belgian field army closed up to the river Gete and by 4 August, the First Division had assembled at Tienen, the Fifth Division at Perwez, the Second Division at Leuven and the Sixth Division at Wavre, covering central and western Belgium and communications towards Antwerp. German cavalry appeared at Visé early on 4 August, to find the bridge down and Belgian troops on the west bank; the Germans crossed at a ford and forced the Belgians to retire towards Liège. By evening, it was clear to the Belgian High Command that the Third Division and the Liège garrison were in the path of a very large invasion force.

With information that five German corps and six reserve corps were in Belgium and with no immediate support available from the French army and British Expeditionary Force (BEF), the Belgian field army was ordered to withdraw towards the National Redoubt on the evening of 18 August and arrived on 20 August. At an engagement between the First Division and the German IX Corps near Tienen, the Belgians suffered  The Belgian government of Charles de Broqueville left Brussels for Antwerp and the Belgian capital was occupied unopposed on 20 August, as the Belgian field army completed its retreat to Antwerp. The German Siege of Namur ended with a Belgian capitulation on 24 August, as the field army made a sortie from Antwerp towards Brussels. The Germans detached the III Reserve Corps from the 1st Army to mask the city and a division of the IV Reserve Corps to occupy Brussels.

On 1 October, General Hans Hartwig von Beseler ordered an attack on the Antwerp forts Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Walem and the Bosbeek and Dorpveld redoubts by the 5th Reserve and Marine divisions. By  Fort Walem was severely damaged, Fort Lier had been hit by a  shell, Fort Koningshooikt and the Tallabert and Bosbeek redoubts were mostly intact and the intervening ground between Fort Sint-Katelijne-Waver and Dorpveld redoubt had been captured. A counter-attack failed and the Fourth Division was reduced to  The Belgian commanders ordered the left flank of the army to withdraw to a line north of the Nete, which covered the gap in the outer defences and kept the city out of range of German super-heavy artillery. Proclamations warning the inhabitants that King Albert I and the government would leave Antwerp were put up during the day. Early on 9 October, German troops found some forts of the inner ring empty; Beseler ended the bombardment and summoned the military governor, General Victor Deguise, to surrender. About 30,000 men of the Antwerp garrison surrendered and the city was occupied by German troops. About  of the garrison ( of the Belgian Army) fled north to the Netherlands, where they were interned for the duration.

During the siege of Antwerp, the German and French armies fought the Battle of the Frontiers  and then the German armies in the north pursued the French and the BEF southwards into France in the Great Retreat, which culminated in the First Battle of the Marne  followed by the First Battle of the Aisne  Reciprocal attempts by the Franco-British and German armies to envelop the northern flank of the opposing army, the Race to the Sea took place through Picardy, Artois and Flanders  The "race" ended on the North Sea coast of Belgium, when the last open area from Diksmuide to the North Sea was occupied by Belgian troops from Antwerp.

Allied retreat to the Yser

British and French forces in Belgium covered the withdrawal of the Belgians and British from Antwerp. The First, Third and Fourth divisions reached Ostend, the Fifth and Sixth divisions arrived at Torhout and Diksmuide and the Antwerp garrison troops moved to an area north-west of Ghent. The Germans 4th Ersatz Division and  troops at Lokeren and Moerbeke turned east towards Ghent before the withdrawal was discovered. The III Reserve Corps and the 4th  Division were then ordered to turn west and advance on Kortrijk, to prolong the main German front, before being sent towards Ghent and Bruges, with orders to reach Blankenberge and Ostend on the coast. On 11 October, German troops were detected advancing on Ghent, by which time the Belgian fortress troops had joined the field army. A retreat from Ghent from  began, after which German troops entered the city. Several bridges were demolished during the retirement, although crowds of civilians on the main road and rail bridges led to them being left intact.

By 18 October, the Belgian, British and French troops in northern France and Belgium had formed a defensive line, the British II Corps assembled with the 5th Division from La Bassée Canal north to Beau Puits, the 3rd Division from Illies to Aubers and three divisions of the French Cavalry Corps (General Louis Conneau) deployed from Fromelles to Le Maisnil. The British III Corps had the 6th Division from Radinghem to Epinette and the 4th Division from Epinette to Pont Rouge, the BEF Cavalry Corps with the 1st and 2nd Cavalry divisions, from Deûlémont to Tenbrielen. The British IV Corps with the 7th Division and 3rd Cavalry Division from Zandvoorde to Oostnieuwkerke; the French  and the de Mitry Cavalry Corps covered the ground from Roeselare (Roulers) to Kortemark (Cortemarck), the 87th and 89th Territorial divisions from Passendale (Passchendaele) to Boezinge (Boesinghe) and then the Belgian field army and fortress troops from Boezinge to Nieuwpoort. The  (Rear-Admiral Pierre Alexis Ronarc'h were sent from Pierrefitte, near Paris, on 7 October, to Flanders and by 18 October were at Diksmuide (Dixmude). The  comprised six battalions of mostly reservists, with 6,670 men of whom 1,450 were fusiliers, a machine-gun company (16 guns) and four machine-guns in each battalion.

Flanders terrain

Part of northern France and north Belgium from the Pas-de-Calais to the Scheldt estuary had been known as Flanders since the eleventh century. West of a line between Arras and Calais in the north of France lie chalk downlands covered with soil sufficient for arable farming, and east of the line the land declines in a series of spurs into the Flanders plain. By 1914, the plain was bounded by canals linking Douai, Béthune, Saint-Omer and Calais. To the south-east, canals run between Lens, Lille, Roubaix and Kortrijk, the Lys river from Kortrijk to Ghent and to the north-west lies the sea. The plain is almost flat, apart from a line of low hills from Cassel, east to Mont des Cats (Katsberg), Zwarteberg (Mont Noir), Rodeberg (Mont Rouge), Scherpenberg and Kemmelberg (Mount Kemmel). From Kemmel, a low ridge lies to the north-east, declining in elevation past Ypres through Wijtschate (Wytschaete), Geluveld (Gheluvelt) and Passendale (Passchendaele), curving north then north-west to Diksmuide where it merges with the plain. A coastal strip about  wide is near sea level and fringed by sand dunes. Inland the ground is mainly meadow, cut by canals, dykes, drainage ditches and roads built up on causeways. The Lys, Yser and the upper Scheldt have been canalised and between them the water level underground is close to the surface, rises further in the autumn and fills any dip, the sides of which then collapse. The ground surface quickly turns to a consistency of cream cheese and on the coast troop movements were confined to roads, except during frosts.

The rest of the Flanders Plain is woods and small fields, divided by hedgerows planted with trees and cultivated from small villages and farms. The terrain was difficult for infantry operations because of the lack of observation, impossible for mounted action because of the many obstructions and difficult for artillery because of the limited view. South of La Bassée Canal around Lens and Béthune was a coal-mining district full of slag heaps, pit heads () and miners' houses (). North of the canal, the cities of Lille, Tourcoing and Roubaix form a manufacturing complex, with outlying industries at Armentières, Comines, Halluin and Menen, along the Lys river, with isolated sugar beet and alcohol refineries and a steel works near Aire-sur-la-Lys. Intervening areas are agricultural, with wide roads on shallow foundations, unpaved mud tracks in France and narrow pavé roads along the frontier and in Belgium. In France, the roads were closed by the local authorities during thaws to preserve the surface and marked by , which in 1914 were ignored by British lorry drivers. The difficulty of movement after the end of summer absorbed much of the civilian labour available on road maintenance, leaving field defences to be built by front-line soldiers.

Prelude

The Belgian retreat continued on  covered by cavalry, cyclists and motor machine-gun sections. On 14 October, the Belgian army began to dig in along the Yser, the Sixth and Fifth divisions to the north of French territorial divisions, assembled at Boezinge, then northwards along the Yser canal to the  at Diksmuide (Dixmude). The Fourth, First and Second divisions prolonged the line north, with advanced posts at Beerst, Keiem (Keyem), Schoore and Mannekensvere, about  forward on the east bank. A bridgehead was also held near the coast around Lombartzyde and Westende, to cover Nieuwpoort (Nieuport), with the 2nd Cavalry Division in reserve. On 18 October, the French 87th and 89th Territorial divisions took over the defence of the front line south of Fort Knokke from the Sixth Division, which was moved to the Yser Front. On 21 October, the hard-pressed Belgian Army was reinforced by the French 42nd Division (Major-General Paul François Grossetti).

The Allies assembled a naval force under the British Admiral Horace Hood with three monitors, , ,  and assorted craft to provide heavy artillery support to the defenders of the seaward flank. The German forces comprised the new 4th Army (Albrecht Duke of Württemberg), with the III Reserve Corps from Antwerp and four new reserve corps from Germany, along with cavalry and heavy artillery units. It moved southwards from Bruges and Ostend in the direction of the Yser river, to take the line from Nieuwpoort to Ypres (Ieper).

Battle
On 16 October Diksmuide, garrisoned by Belgian and French troops under Colonel Alphonse Jacques, was attacked. Despite many casualties, the Belgians and French held the town. The press, politicians, literary figures and the military manipulated public opinion, making out that the defence of the town was strategically-important and heroic.

On 18 October, the German offensive began and overran Allied troops from Nieuwpoort southwards to Arras. The objective was to defeat the Belgian and French armies and to deprive the British of access to Calais, Boulogne and Dunkirk. The III Reserve Corps attacked Belgian defences from Diksmuide to the sea, regardless of loss. The Germans captured advanced posts at Keiem, Schoore and part of Mannekensvere and reached the Yser, despite bombardments from the Anglo-French flotilla, which engaged German troops along the coast as far as Middelkerke. The 4th Ersatz Division was forbidden to cross the Yser at Nieuwpoort because of the shell-fire from the Allied ships.

On 21 October, the Germans established a small bridgehead on the west bank, despite a counter-attack by the French 42nd Division, which had just arrived and the last bridge was blown on 23 October. Diksmuide was constantly bombarded and attacked but the defenders managed to hold on. , the French high command, planned to flood the land to obstruct the Germans, which would trap the Belgian army between the flood and the Germans or force them to abandon the last part of unoccupied Belgium. The plan was postponed because the Belgian army was preparing to flood the area between the Yser and its tributary canals.

On 25 October, the German pressure on the Belgians was so great that a decision was taken to inundate the Belgian front line. After an abortive attempt on 21 October, the Belgians managed to open the sluices at Nieuwpoort during the nights of 26–30 October, during high tides, steadily raising the water level until an impassable flooded area was created of about  wide, stretching as far south as Diksmuide.

The Germans attacked again on the Yser front on 30 October, overran the Belgian second line and reached Ramskapelle and Pervijze. Belgian and French counter-attacks recovered Ramskapelle and the final attack, planned for the next day was called off when the Germans realised that the land behind them was flooding. The Germans withdrew in the night of 30/31 October. On 10 November, Diksmuide fell and the fighting continued further south until 22 November, in the First Battle of Ypres.

Aftermath
The Belgian Army and its allies had managed to hold the last corner of Belgium, ending the Race to the Sea and the period of open warfare. The front line along the Yser River became known as the Yser Front and was held by the Belgian Army until 1918. The British official historian, James Edmonds, wrote in 1925, in the second 1914 volume of the History of the Great War, that from 18 October to 30 November 1914, between Gheluvelt and the coast, the Germans suffered an estimated 76,250 casualties.

In 2010, Jack Sheldon wrote that from 18 to 30 October, the Belgian army suffered 20,000 casualties and that German casualties may have been much greater. The struggle of the Belgian army to hold on to its territory during the remainder of the war and the experiences of ordinary Flemish infantrymen, led to an increase in Flemish national sentiment and the foundation of the , the first party of the Flemish Movement, in 1917.

Legacy
The Dodengang, a Belgian trench from the battle, was preserved after the war as a tourist attraction and war memorial.

"The Man Who Won the War", a 1936 short story by Robert Buckner, is set during the battle and details a fictional alternate account of the Belgian victory, where the Belgians are supported by HMS Firedrake and disguise themselves as members of the Cameron Highlanders to deceive the Germans into believing the British Army is supporting the Belgians. In reality, HMS Firedrake did not take part in the battle, and British involvement was limited to naval support.

See also

 Belgium in World War I
 German occupation of Belgium during World War I

Notes

References

Bibliography

Books

Journals

Websites

Further reading

External links

 IJzerfront 14-18
 German Official History situation map, November 1914
 Flanders Fields tourism information site
 Battle of the Yser, fww.com

Yser
Yser
Yser
Yser
Yser
Yser
Yser
Yser
October 1914 events
Battle

Battle of the Yser


Petica je sportska emisija o europskom nogometu, emitirala se na HTV-u od 1995. do 2006. (više od 300 emisija). Donosila je cjelovit pregled pet najjačih europskih nogometnih liga (Engleska, Italija, Španjolska, Njemačka, Francuska).

Bila je vrlo popularna i gledana, pa se i danas u žargonu za najjače nogometne lige upotrebljava izraz "liga petica". U nekim sezonama imala i dodatke Šesti element (zanimljivosti ostalih europskih liga) te Hrvati u Europi. Autor koncepta i prvi urednik bio je Božo Sušec.

Izvori

Televizijske emisije na HTV-u

Petica


Vasile Florea () a fost un traducător și istoric și critic de artă român. A fost membru al Secției de critică al Uniunii Artiștilor Plastici din România. A avut studii universitare de istorie a artei și a fost un editor activ la E.S.P.L.A, Editura Meridiane și Artemis. A fost autorul a numeroase studii, articole, prefețe de carte și cărți privitoare la arta românească și universală. Pe lângă lucrările de sinteză pe care le-a realizat a fost colaborator la altele ca Arta românească modernă și contemporană, Istoria artei românești, O istorie a artei ruse, Mica enciclopedie de artă universală, Enciclopedia artiștilor români contemporani. A fost autorul monografiilor unor artiști: Rafael, Goya, Gheorghe Petrașcu, Theodor Aman, Baltazar, M. Sterian, V. Blendea și Ciucurencu.

Note

Nașteri în 1931
Decese în 2019
Critici de artă

Vasile Florea


Velingrad (Bulgarca: Велинград), Bulgaristan'ın bir şehridir.

 Velingrad Fotoğraf oteller

Bulgaristan'daki kaplıcalar
Bulgaristan'daki şehirler
Pazarcık ili
Rodop Dağları

Velingrad


සිංහල බසෙහි වදනක් නොවේ. නමුත් සිංහලයාට මෙන්ම සියළු ලාංකිකයන්ටම ඉතා වැදගත් වදනකි.
1815 මාර්තු මසදී එතෙක් සිංහලේ නම්වූ රාජ්‍ය්‍ය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ කොටසක් බවට පත්කරගන්නා ලදී. යටත් විජිතයේ එකම නිල බස ඉංග්‍රීසි වූ අතර රටේ නිල නාමය "බ්‍රිට්ශ් සිලෝන්" නම්විය. සිලෝන් යන්න සිංහලේ යන වදන ඉංග්‍රීස් උරුවට යොදාගනුලැබූවක් විය.
1948දී බ්‍රිට්ශ් සිලෝන් යටත්විජිතය එක්සත් රාජධානියෙන් පූර්ණ නිදහස ලබා ස්වෛරීය රාජ්‍යයක් බවට පත්විය. එනමුත් රාජ්‍යයේ  එකම නිල බස තවදුරටත් ඉංග්‍රීසි පමනක්ම වූ අතර රටේ නිල නාමය "සිලෝන්" නම්විය. නිල නොවන ලෙස ලංකා වදන සිංහලයන් අතර භාවිතා වන්නට විය. මෙම තත්වය 1956 දක්වා පැවති අතර 1956 දී පනතක් මගින් සිංහල භාෂාව රාජ්‍ය භාෂාව බවට පත්වූ අතර රටේ නිල නාමය ලංකා බවට පත්විය. එනමුත් ඉංග්‍රීසි බස කථාකරන්නන් දිගටම සිලෝන් වදන භාවිතා කරන ලදී.
1972 දී ජනරජ ව්‍යවස්ථාවෙන් රටෙහි නම ශ්‍රී ලංකා ලෙස වෙනස්කරන ලදී.

ඔබට අවශ්‍ය ලිපිය තෝරාගන්න

 බ්‍රිට්ශ් සිලෝන් යටත්විජිතය - 1815 සිට 1948 පෙබරවාරි 4 දක්වා
 සිලෝන් රාජධානියහෙවත් ලංකා රාජධානිය  - 1948 පෙබරවාරි 4 සිට 1972 මැයි 22

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉතිහාසය
ඉතිහාසය - ලංකා

සිලෝන්


Juan Matto González (n. Itá, Paraguay, 14 de septiembre de 1977) es un futbolista paraguayo. Juega de defensa central y su equipo actual es Sol de América (Formosa) del Torneo Argentino A en Argentina. Tuvo pasos por clubes de su país Paraguay, Argentina, Chile y Perú.

Clubes

Enlaces externos
  Ficha en BDFA.

Futbolistas de Paraguay
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Colegiales (Paraguay)
Futbolistas del Sport Colombia

Futbolistas del Club Sportivo Luqueño
Futbolistas del Club de Deportes La Serena en los años 2000

Futbolistas del Club Atlético Unión (Sunchales)

Futbolistas del 12 de Octubre Football Club
Futbolistas del Club Mutual Crucero del Norte
Futbolistas del Club Sport Huancayo
Futbolistas del Club Sol de América (Formosa)

Referencias

Juan Matto González


An Micropera pallida in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni William Roxburgh, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni John Lindley. An Micropera pallida in nahilalakip ha genus nga Micropera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Micropera

Micropera pallida


Rêve d'usine est un documentaire français réalisé par Luc Decaster, sorti en 2003.

Synopsis
Le documentaire suit des ouvriers d'une usine Épéda dont la fermeture a été annoncée à Mer dans le Loir-et-Cher.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Rêve d'usine
 Réalisation : Luc Decaster
 Scénario : Luc Decaster
 Musique : Serge Adam
 Photographie : Patrice Guillou
 Montage : Claire Atherton
 Production : Philippe Bouychou et Farid Rezkallah
 Société de production : 24 Images, Canal 8 Le Mans et Corto Pacific
 Pays :
 Genre : documentaire
 Durée : 98 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Accueil
Jean-Sébastien Chauvin pour les Cahiers du cinéma qualifie le documentaire de « beau film ». Jacques Mandelbaum pour Le Monde évoque un film « résolument filmée du côté des ouvriers - sans complaisance ni pathos pour autant ».

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film français sorti en 2003
Film documentaire français
Film documentaire sur le monde du travail
Film se déroulant en Loir-et-Cher

Rêve d'usine


Beat Me Daddy, Eight to the Bar ou Beat Me Daddy, To a Boogie-Woogie Beat  (joue moi le rythme boogie-woogie de 8 notes à la barre, en argot jazz hipster américain) est un standard de jazz swing boogie-woogie, écrit et composé par Don Raye, Ray McKinley, et , et enregistré en 1940 par Ray McKinley Trio chez Columbia Records. Sa reprise par The Andrews Sisters et en V-Disc de l'armée américaine en fait un des grands succès mondial de l'ère de big band jazz américains de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Historique
Ce tube de jazz boogie-woogie est précurseur de l'ère du rock 'n' roll américain des années 1950. Le jazzman Ray McKinley (du Freddie Slack &  Trio) lançait certaines de ses chansons de swing jazz boogie-woogie en demandant à son pianiste Freddie Slack (surnommé « Daddy Slack ») de lui jouer un rythme de boogie-woogie « huit notes à la barre » (en argot hipster américain des années 1940). Alors qu'ils interprètent leur tube Down the Road a Piece en demandant au pianiste « Oh, Beat Me, Daddy, Eight to the Bar » un soir au club de jazz The  de la 52e Rue (The street of jazz, la rue du Jazz) de Manhattan à New York, Don Raye et  entendent cette chanson et proposent à Ray McKinley de la reprendre-adaptée avec des nouvelles paroles « Dans un petit honky tonk d'un village du Texas, il y a un gars qui joue le meilleur piano du coin, il peut jouer du piano comme vous aimez, mais la façon dont il aime jouer est huit à la barre, quand il joue, il est le père de tous, les gens se rassemblent autour, mais quand il joue avec la contrebasse et la guitare, ils hurlent « Beat Me Daddy, Eight to the Bar » a-plink, a-plank, a-plink plank, a-riff, a-raff, a-riff raff, il joue un boogie, il joue huit à la barre, et nous savons tous, que quand il joue, il les met tous en transe... »

La chanson a été enregistrée pour la première fois en 1940 par le  Trio, avec Ray McKinley au chant, et Freddie Slack au piano. Ce titre inspire entre autres leurs tubes boogie-woogie suivants Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy, et Bounce Me Brother With a Solid Four (de 1941)...

Classement
 1940 : V-Disc de l'armée américaine de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
 1941 : single classé 10e des « Leading Music Box Records of 1941 » du Billboard américain.

Reprises
Ce standard de jazz est enregistré et repris par de nombreux interprètes, dont :
 1940 :  Trio (V-Disc)
 1940 : The Andrews Sisters
 1940 : Glenn Miller
 1940 : Woody Herman
 1959 : Ella Fitzgerald, album Get Happy! (Verve)
 1971 : Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen, album
 1978 : , album Cincinnati Stomp
 1990 : Asleep at the Wheel, album
 1991 : , album Out to Get You.
 2001 :

Voir aussi
 Jazz
 Histoire du jazz
 Standard de jazz

Notes et références
 Traduction partielle de la version anglaise

Liens externes

Standard de jazz
Chanson interprétée par les Andrews Sisters
Chanson interprétée par Glenn Miller et son orchestre
Chanson interprétée par Ella Fitzgerald
Chanson de 1940

Beat Me Daddy, Eight to the Bar


تطلق على القراءة
 مطالعة (تصوف)
 مطالعة النفس

انظر أيضا
 مشاهدة

مطالعة (توضيح)


August Winter () a fost un ofițer de stat major german, ulterior general, care a deținut funcții de comandă în statele majore ale unor unități de rang înalt ale Wehrmacht-ului în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial.

Biografie
August Winter a urmat studii la Wilhelmsgymnasium din München. După absolvirea liceului s-a înrolat în Armata Bavareză Regală în ianuarie 1916 și a luptat în timpul Primului Război Mondial, mai întâi ca ofițer cadet (Fahnenjunker) în Batalionul 2 Telegrafie al Armatei Bavareze, iar apoi a fost avansat la gradul de locotenent (Leunant) la 1 februarie 1917 și decorat pentru faptele sale cu Ordinul Crucea de Fier cl. a II-a și cu Ordinul Meritul Militar al Bavariei cl. a IV-a cu spade.

După încheierea războiului a fost păstrat ca ofițer în Reichswehr, a servit în Secția 21 Transmisiuni și apoi a fost transferat în Secția 7 Transmisiuni din München. Aici a fost adjutant și ofițer de stat major. După ce a urmat cursurile de comandanți organizate în cadrul Diviziei 6 Infanterie de la Münster, Winter a fost transferat la München în statul major al Diviziei 7 Bavareze, unde a fost avansat la gradele de căpitan (1933) și maior (1936).

La 1 aprilie 1939 a fost promovat locotenent-colonel și, după mobilizarea în cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial în vara anului 1939, a fost numit în Marele Stat Major al Armatei de Uscat (Oberkommando des Heeres). În 1940 a devenit Erster Generalstabsoffizier în Grupul de Armate A (mai târziu în Grupul de Armate Sud și în Grupul de Armate B). Lt.col. Winter a fost decorat la 19 septembrie 1941 cu Ordinul "Steaua României" cu spade, în gradul de Comandor cu panglica de "Virtutea Militară" "pentru destoinicia și devotamentul de care au dat dovadă pe câmpul de luptă în operațiunile contra bolșevicilor în colaborare cu trupele române". A fost înaintat la 1 octombrie 1941 la gradul de colonel (Oberst). Pentru serviciile îndeplinite a fost decorat în 22 iunie 1942 cu Crucea Germană de aur.

În 1943 a fost numit șeful Statului Major al Armatei a 2-a Tancuri, fiind avansat la gradul de general-maior. Din august 1943 a fost șeful Statului Major al Grupului de Armate E, care avea cartierul general la Salonic, și din martie 1944 șef al Statului Major al  Grupului de Armate F, care avea cartierul general la Belgrad. Avansat la gradul de general-locotenent în 1 august 1944, a fost înlocuit din funcție la 15 octombrie 1944. După o scurtă perioadă în care s-a aflat în rezerva de comandanți (Führerreserve), generalul August Winter a fost numit la 1 decembrie 1944 în postul de șef adjunct al Marelui Stat Major al Înaltului Comandament al Wehrmacht-ului (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht), devenind astfel adjunctul generalului Alfred Jodl. La 1 mai 1945 a fost avansat la gradul de General der Gebirgstruppe (general al trupelor de munte). Astfel, Winter a fost unul dintre puținii generali cu trei stele ai Wehrmacht-ului care nu au condus niciodată direct o trupă.

În iunie 1946 generalul Winter a fost audiat ca martor în Procesele de la Nürnberg. Ulterior a făcut parte din Organizația Gehlen din Pullach și apoi, până când a fost pensionat, din Serviciul Federal de Informații.

Decorații
 Crucea de Fier cl. a II-a
 Ordinul Meritul Militar al Bavariei cl. a IV-a cu spade
  Ordinul "Steaua României" cu spade, în gradul de Comandor cu panglica de "Virtutea Militară" (19 septembrie 1941)
 Crucea Germană de aur (22 iunie 1942)

Note

Nașteri în 1897
Decese în 1979
Generali germani
Germani ai Primului Război Mondial
Germani ai celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial
Decorați cu Ordinul Steaua României

August Winter


Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar de Silva y Mendoza  o Rodrigo de Silva y Mendoza (Madrid; 1 de agosto de 1614-Madrid; 25 de diciembre de 1675), IV duque de Pastrana y de Estremera, V duque de Francavilla, príncipe de Éboli y Mélito y duque consorte del Infantado fue un aristócrata español que sirvió en la Real Casa.

Biografía

Vida y familia
Hijo de Ruy Gómez de Silva Mendoza y de la Cerda, III duque de Pastrana y de Leonor de Guzmán y Silva, hija de Alonso Pérez de Guzmán y Sotomayor, VII duque de Medina Sidonia.

Su padre había sido embajador en Francia y Roma y había muerto cuando él tenía 12 años. Se casa en 1630 con Catalina Gómez de Sandoval y Mendoza, VIII duquesa del Infantado.

Enorme derrochador, deberá dejar la Corte por problemas financieros lo que hará que el rey Felipe IV le castigue. A su muerte se mostrará partidario de Don Juan José de Austria y se le nombrará mayordomo mayor de Carlos II en 1671. Realizó la donación a la Colegiata de Pastrana de los famosos tapices portugueses de Alfonso V sobre la Conquista de Tánger y otras plazas africanas.

Bibliografía
 Archivo General de Palacio (AGP) [1]. Patrimonio Nacional. Sección Personal

Grandeza de España
Nobles de España del siglo XVII
Mayordomos mayores del rey
Nacidos en Madrid
Fallecidos en Madrid
Corte de Carlos II de España


Die Präsidentschaftswahl in Portugal 1976 fand am 27. Juni 1976 statt. Sie war die erste Wahl des Staatsoberhaupts nach der Nelkenrevolution vom 25. April 1974.

Kandidaten
Zur Direktwahl standen General António Ramalho Eanes (parteilos, jedoch mit Unterstützung der Parteien der gemäßigten Linken und der Rechts-Mitte-Parteien), Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho (parteilos, ehemaliger Leiter der Militärbehörde COPCON), Pinheiro de Azevedo (parteilos, ehemaliger Ministerpräsident) sowie Octávio Pato (mit Unterstützung der PCP).

Ramalho Eanes war im Jahr zuvor Chef einer Einheit, die am 25. November 1975 eine linksradikale Fraktion im MFA entmachtete, die sich im Wesentlichen um den Hauptmann Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho gesammelt hatte. Er gewann die Wahl mit über 60 Prozent der gültigen Stimmen und erzielte dabei in allen Distrikten (mit Ausnahme des Distrikts Setúbal) sowie in den beiden autonomen Regionen die Stimmenmehrheit.

Ergebnis

Weblinks
 Comissão Nacional de Eleições

Portugal Prasident
1976

Präsidentschaftswahl in Portugal 1976


Kim Cho-hee, née Kim Kyoung-hee, est une réalisatrice et productrice sud-coréenne.

Biographie
Elle a étudié le cinéma pendant six années en France, et c'est là qu'elle rencontra Hong Sang-soo, venu tourner Night and Day. Elle s'impliqua et contribua à façonner une volonté de sobriété dans la production. Sa collaboration avec Hong Sang-soo s'acheva brutalement, ce qui lui inspira le film semi-autobiographique  Lucky Chan-sil.

Filmographie sélective
 2011 : The Pianist in Winter
 2016 : Ladies of the Forest
 2019 : Lucky Chan-sil

Références

Liens externes

Producteur sud-coréen de cinéma
Naissance en 1975
Réalisateur sud-coréen
Naissance à Pusan

Kim Cho-hee


Die Norm ISO 5832 ist eine ISO-Normenreihe und legt Eigenschaften und Prüfverfahren für schmiedbare, kaltumformbare und nichtrostende metallische Werkstoffe fest, die zur Herstellung von chirurgischen Implantaten verwendet werden. So legen die einzelnen Normenteile auch Eigenschaften für geschmiedete Stäbe, Stangen und Drähte fest. Keiner der bekannten Werkstoffe ist frei von negativen Reaktionen im menschlichen Körper, die Teile der ISO 5832 zeigen jedoch, dass ein annehmbares Risiko an biologischen Reaktionen im menschlichen Organismus angenommen werden kann.

ISO 5832 ist in Deutschland als DIN-Norm DIN ISO 5832 veröffentlicht. Die ersten Entwürfe zur Europäischen Norm EN ISO 5832 liegen vor.

Die ISO 5832 besteht aus mehreren Teilen:

 ISO 5832-1 Nichtrostender Stahl
 ISO 5832-2 Unlegiertes Titan
 ISO 5832-3 Titan aluminium-6 Vanadium-4 Knetlegierung
 ISO 5832-4 Kobalt-Chrom-Molybdän-Gusslegierung
 ISO 5832-5 Kobalt-Chrom-Wolfram-Nickel-Schmiedelegierung
 ISO 5832-6 Kobalt-Nickel-Chrom-Molybdän-Schmiedelegierung
 ISO 5832-7 Schmiedbare und kaltumformbare Cobalt-Chrom-Nickel-Molybdän-Eisenlegierung
 ISO 5832-8 Kobalt-Nickel-Chrom-Molybdän-Wolfram-Eisen-Schmiedelegierung (wurde ersatzlos zurückgezogen)
 ISO 5832-9 Geschmiedeter hochaufgestickter nichtrostender Stahl
 ISO 5832-10 Titanknetlegierungen (Ti 5-Al 2,5-Fe) (wurde ersatzlos zurückgezogen)
 ISO 5832-11 Titan Aluminium-6 Niob-7 Knetlegierung
 ISO 5832-12 Kobalt-Chrom-Molybdän-Schmiedelegierung
 ISO 5832-13 unlegiertes Tantal (wurde ersatzlos zurückgezogen)
 ISO 5832-14 Titan Molybdän-15 Zirkonium-5 Aluminium-3 Knetlegierung

5832
ISO 05832
Medizintechnik

ISO 5832


Yazgeldi, Tunceli ilinin Nazımiye ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
1894 yılı kayıtlarında "Hodek" adıyla o dönemki Kalınkilise (Nazımiye) kazasına bağlı 7 haneden oluşan bir köy olarak görülmektedir. 1925 yılından itibaren Hodik adıyla bahsedilen yerleşimin ismi 1950'lerin sonuna doğru değiştirilmiş olup, 1960 yılı nüfus sayımından itibaren günümüzdeki adıyla kayıtlarda yer almaya başlamıştır.

Coğrafya
Köy; Tunceli il merkezine 43 km, Nazımiye ilçe merkezine 7 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Nazımiye belde ve köyleri

Yazgeldi, Nazımiye