Tårup–Kvols–Nørre Borris Sognekommune i Fjends Herred var en kommune i Viborg Amt fra 1842 til 1970. Indtil 1950 hed kommunen Taarup–Kvols–Borris Kommune.

Tre sogne
Kommunen bestod af de tre sogne Tårup, Kvols og Borris.

I 1950 skiftede Borris Sogn navn til Nørre Borris Sogn, og fra 2007 er navnet Sparkær Sogn.

Der er tre kirker i den tidligere kommune. Taarup Kirke og Kvols Kirke er fra Middelalderen, mens Sparkær Kirke afløste den gamle Borris Kirke i 1905.

Dalsgård i Knudby i Tårup Sogn blev præstegård i 1422. I nutiden er området delt mellem to pastorater.

Sparkær som hovedby
I de seneste årtier inden kommunesammenlægningen i 1970 var Sparkær kommunens hovedby. Sparkær ligger ved Viborg-Skive-Struer Jernbanen, og byen var en stationsby indtil 1979.

Kommunens nedlæggelse
I 1970 blev kommunen delt, så Tårup–Kvols kom til Viborg Kommune, mens Nørre Borris Sogn (med Sparkær) kom til Fjends Kommune.

I 2007 blev området forenet i Viborg Kommune.

Kommuner i Viborg Amt (før 1970)

Tårup–Kvols–Nørre Borris Sognekommune


Pierre Louis Dulong FRS (n. 12 februarie 1785 – d. 19 iulie 1838) a fost un fizician și chimist francez. Este cunoscut pentru publicarea legii Dulong-Petit, însă sunt recunoscute și contribuțiile sale referitoare la conducția termică și la căldura specifică a gazelor. Majoritatea contribuțiilor aduse se încadrează în domeniul capacității termice specifice și a conceptului de indice de refracție aplicat gazelor.

Biografie
Pierre Louis Dulong s-a născut în Rouen, Franța.

Note

Lectură suplimentară
  în engleză:  "Research on some important aspects of the theory of heat" ("Studii asupra unor aspecte importante despre teoria căldurii") din Annals of Philosophy 14, 189 – 198 (1819).

Nașteri în 1785
Nașteri pe 12 februarie
Decese în 1838
Decese pe 19 iulie
Oameni din Rouen
Fizicieni francezi
Chimiști francezi
Membri străini ai Royal Society
Membri ai Academiei Regale Suedeze
Membri ai Academiei Franceze de Științe

Pierre Louis Dulong


Djisr-broen er en dansk kortfilm fra 2001, der er skrevet og instrueret af Katrine Dirckinck-Holmfeld.

Handling
I et øde og ubrugt sceneri af utopiarkitektur tegnet af den brasilianske arkitekt Oscar Niemeyer i Libanon, udspiller en duel sig med en ung mand, der vender tilbage for at udfordre familiens overhoved.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2008

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Djisr-broen


Der Gerichtsbezirk Krems an der Donau ist einer von 24 Gerichtsbezirken in Niederösterreich und umfasst die Statutarstadt Krems an der Donau sowie den Bezirk Krems. Der übergeordnete Gerichtshof ist das Landesgericht Krems an der Donau.

Gemeinden
Einwohner: Stand

Statutarstadt
 Krems an der Donau ()

Städte
 Dürnstein ()
 Gföhl ()
 Langenlois ()
 Mautern an der Donau ()

Marktgemeinden
 Aggsbach ()
 Albrechtsberg an der Großen Krems ()
 Furth bei Göttweig ()
 Grafenegg ()
 Hadersdorf-Kammern ()
 Krumau am Kamp ()
 Lengenfeld ()
 Lichtenau im Waldviertel ()
 Maria Laach am Jauerling ()
 Mühldorf ()
 Paudorf ()
 Rastenfeld ()
 Rossatz-Arnsdorf ()
 Schönberg am Kamp ()
 Senftenberg ()
 Spitz ()
 St. Leonhard am Hornerwald ()
 Straß im Straßertale ()
 Stratzing ()
 Weißenkirchen in der Wachau ()

Gemeinden
 Bergern im Dunkelsteinerwald ()
 Droß ()
 Gedersdorf ()
 Jaidhof ()
 Rohrendorf bei Krems ()
 Weinzierl am Walde ()

Geschichte
1923 wurde der Gerichtsbezirk Mautern aufgelassen, die Gemeinden wurden dem Gerichtsbezirk Krems an der Donau zugeschlagen.

1992 wurden die Gerichtsbezirke Spitz (Gemeinden Spitz, Aggsbach, Maria Laach am Jauerling und Mühldorf) und Gföhl (Gemeinden Gföhl, Jaidhof, Krumau am Kamp, Lichtenau im Waldviertel, Rastenfeld und St. Leonhard am Hornerwald) aufgelassen, die Gemeinden wurden dem Gerichtsbezirk Krems an der Donau zugeschlagen.

Mit dem 1. Juli 2002 wurde der Gerichtsbezirk Langenlois aufgelöst und die Gemeinden Etsdorf-Haitzendorf (seit 2003 Grafenegg), Hadersdorf-Kammern, Langenlois, Lengenfeld, Schönberg am Kamp und Straß im Straßertale wurden dem Gerichtsbezirk Krems an der Donau zugeschlagen.

Siehe auch
 Gerichtsorganisation in Österreich
 Liste österreichischer Gerichte

Weblinks

 Gerichtssuche in der Gerichtsdatenbank des Bundesministeriums für Justiz

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Krems an der Donau)
Bezirk Krems-Land
Krems an der Donau

Gerichtsbezirk Krems an der Donau


Mugilidae, Mugiliformes takımına bağlı bir hayvan familyasıdır.

Taksonomi
Mugilidae familyasına bağlı cinsler (2022):

 Agonostomus - Bennett, 1832
 Aldrichetta - Whitley, 1945
 Cestraeus - Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1836
 Chaenomugil - Gill, 1863
 Chelon - Artedi in Röse, 1793
 Crenimugil - Schultz, 1946
 Joturus - Poey, 1860
 Liza - Jordan and Swain, 1884
 Mugil - Linnaeus, 1758
 Myxus - Günther, 1861
 Neomyxus - Steindachner, 1878
 Oedalechilus - Fowler, 1903
 Paramugil - Ghasemzadeh, Ivantsoff and Aarn, 2004
 Rhinomugil - Gill, 1863
 Sicamugil - Fowler, 1939
 Valamugil - Smith, 1948

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar
 J.S. Nelson, Fishes of the World. .

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Mugiliformes
1822'de tanımlanan taksonlar

Mugilidae


Stearatul de magneziu, denumit și sare de magneziu a acidului octadecanoic, este o substanță albă, pudră care devine solidă la temperatura camerei.  Are formula chimică . Este o sare care are în componența sa doi echivalenți ai stearatului (anionul acidului stearic) și un cation de  magneziu (Mg2+).  Stearatul de magneziu se topește la aproximativ  88 °C, nu este solubil în apă, și este în general considerat sigur pentru consumul uman la un nivel mai mic de 2500 mg/kg pe zi. În 1979, SCOGSSubcommittee on GRAS (generally recognized as safe) Substances al FDA a raportat că "nu există dovezi în informațiile disponibile pentru ... stearatul de magneziu ... care demonstrează, sau sugerează motive bune pentru suspectarea unui pericol pentru public atunci când este folosit la nivelurile care sunt acum actuale și în modul practicat acum, sau care ar putea fi de așteptat în mod rezonabil în viitor."

Mod de obținere
Stearatul de magneziu este creat prin reacția stearatului de sodiu cu sulfatul de magneziu.

Utilizare
Stearatul de magneziu este adesea folosit ca antiaderent în fabricarea tabletelor medicale, capsulelor și pudrelor.  În această privință, substanța este de asemenea utilă, pentru că are proprietăți lubrifiante, prevenind lipirea ingredientelor de echipmentele de producție în timpul comprimării prafurilor chimice în tablete solide; stearatul de magneziu este lubrifiantul cel mai frecvent utilizat pentru tablete.  Stearatul de magneziu poate fi de asemenea utilizat în mod eficient în procesele de acoperire uscate.
Studiile au arătat că stearatul de magneziu poate afecta timpul de eliberare a ingredientelor active din tablete, etc., dar nu că acesta reduce biodisponibilitatea generală a acestor ingrediente.  Ca aditiv alimentar sau excipient farmaceutic, numărul său E este E470b.

Stearatul de magneziu este de asemenea folosit la legarea zahărului în bomboanele tari, cum ar fi cele mentolate, și este un ingredient comun în laptele praf pentru bebeluși. Sub formă de pulbere pură, substanța poate fi un pericol de explozie de praf, deși această problemă este efectiv nesemnificativă în afara fabricilor care o utilizează.

Stearatul de magneziu este fabricat atât din uleiuri vegetale cât și animale.  Unele suplimente nutritive precizează faptul că stearatul de magneziu folosit provine din surse vegetale.

Stearatul de magneziu este o componentă importantă a "inelelor de cadă". Atunci când este produs de către apa dură și săpun, atât stearatul de magneziu cât și stearatul de calciu formează un solid alb insolubil în apă, și sunt cunoscute în general sub numele de "gunoi de săpun".

Referințe

Aditivi alimentari
Săruri
Compuși ai magneziului
Excipienți

Stearat de magneziu


NGC 5649 est une galaxie spirale située dans la constellation du Bouvier. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5649 a été découverte par l'astronome britannique John Herschel en 1831. Cette galaxie a aussi été observée par l'astronome français Guillaume Bigourdan le  et elle a été inscrite au New General Catalogue sous la cote NGC 5648. Par ailleurs, certains soutiennent, à tort semble-t-il, qu'elle a été découverte par William Herschel le .

NGC 5649 présente une large raie HI. La base de données NASA/IPAC indique aussi qu'il s'agit possiblement d'une galaxie du champ, c'est-à-dire qu'elle n'appartient pas à un amas ou un groupe, ce qui est sans doute erroné car elle fait partie d'un trio de galaxies

Les bases de données Simbad, qui contient par ailleurs plusieurs erreurs d'identification, et HyperLeda associent respectivement les galaxies NGC 5648 et NGC 5649 aux galaxies PGC 51840 et PGC 51857. NGC 5648 et NGC 5649 sont considérés comme doublon et il s'agit de la galaxie PGC 51840. Quant à la galaxie PGC 51857, il s'agit de NGC 5655.

À ce jour, une mesure non basée sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donne une distance d'. Cette valeur est à l'extérieur des valeurs de la distance de Hubble. Notons que c'est avec la valeur moyenne des mesures indépendantes, lorsqu'elles existent, que la base de données NASA/IPAC calcule le diamètre d'une galaxie et qu'en conséquence le diamètre de NGC 5649 pourrait être d' si on utilisait la distance de Hubble pour le calculer.

Groupe de NGC 5655
NGC 5649 fait partie du groupe de NGC 5655, un trio de galaxies. L'autre galaxie du trio est UGC 9288. Ce trio est mentionné par A. M. Garcia et par Abraham Mahtessian, mais la liste de Garcia les mêmes erreurs d'identification que les bases de données Simbad et HyperLeda. La galaxie PGC 51857 y est identifié à NGC 5649 et PGC 51840 est identifié à NGC 5648. Mahtessian ne donne pas de correspondance avec d'autres catalogues, mais il est logique de penser que les mêmes erreurs sont répétées. De plus, il emploie une malheureuse abréviation non conventionnelle qui rend difficile, voire impossible, l'identification des galaxies. La galaxie PGC 9288 y est désignée comme 1426+1405 alors qu'il s'agit de CGCG 1426.6+1405.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5649 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5649
Constellation du Bouvier
Galaxie spirale
Objet céleste découvert en 1831
Objet céleste découvert par John Herschel

NGC 5649


U sezoni 2014./15. drugi rang nogometnog prvestva Bosne i Hercegovine su činile Prva liga Federacije BiH i Prva liga Republike Srpske. Prvaci ovih liga ostvaruju plasman u Premijer ligu BiH.

Prva liga Federacije BiH

Prva liga Republike Srpske

Poveznice

Izvori
 rsssf.com, Bosna i Hercegovina 2014./15., Prva liga F BiH i Prva liga RS
 sportsport.ba, Prva liga F BiH 2014./15., ljestvica, pristupljeno 5. ožujka 2017.
 sportsport.ba, Prva liga F BiH 2014./15., rezultati po kolima , pristupljeno 5. ožujka 2017.
 posavinasport.com, Prva liga F BiH 2014./15., pristupljeno 5. ožujka 2017.
 posavinasport.com, Prva liga F BiH 2014./15., verzija za ispis, preuzeto 5. ožujka 2017.
 futbol24.com, Prva liga F BiH 2014./15.,  pristupljeno 5. ožujka 2017.
 posavinasport.com, Prva liga RS 2014./15., pristupljeno 5. ožujka 2017.
 posavinasport.com, Prva liga RS 2014./15., verzija za ispis, preuzeto 5. ožujka 2017.
 futbol24.com, Prva liga RS 2014./15., pristupljeno 5. ožujka 2017.
 sportsport.ba, Prva liga RS 2014./15., ljestvica, pristupljeno 5. ožujka 2017.
 sportsport.ba, Prva liga RS 2014./15., rezultati po kolima , pristupljeno 5. ožujka 2017.

2014-15
 2

Nogometno prvenstvo Bosne i Hercegovine – 2. ligaški rang 2014./15.


A Sede da FIFA (em alemão: FIFA-Hauptquartier) é um complexo distinto em Zurique, Suiça. O complexo tem servido como sede oficial da FIFA desde a sua conclusão em 2006. Está localizado em Zürichberg, uma colina arborizada no Distrito 7.

Além dos escritórios, o complexo inclui um centro fitness, uma sala de meditação, parques geograficamente temáticos, um campo de futebol internacional em tamanho real e um campo de futebol de praia em tamanho real.

O edifício principal tem apenas dois níveis superiores, mas cinco níveis subterrâneos, resultando em dois terços da sede no subsolo. "Lugares onde as pessoas tomam decisões devem conter apenas luz indireta", disse Sepp Blatter, "porque a luz deve vir das próprias pessoas que estão reunidas ali."

Construções de Zurique
Edifícios e estruturas terminadas em 2007
FIFA

Sede da FIFA


Eminent Domain may refer to:

 Eminent domain, the power of a state to take private property for public use
Eminent domain in the United States
 Eminent Domain (film), 1990
 "Eminent Domain" (Hell on Wheels), a 2013 episode of the TV drama
 "Eminent Domain" (The Killing), a 2013 episode of the TV drama
 Pax Imperia: Eminent Domain, a video game

Eminent Domain


In chemistry, colligative properties are those properties of solutions that depend on the ratio of the number of solute particles to the number of solvent particles in a solution, and not on the nature of the chemical species present.<ref>McQuarrie, Donald, et al. Colligative properties of Solutions" General Chemistry Mill Valley: Library of Congress, 2011. .</ref> The number ratio can be related to the various units for concentration of a solution such as molarity, molality, normality (chemistry), etc. The assumption that solution properties are independent of nature of solute particles is exact only for ideal solutions, which are solutions that exhibit thermodynamic properties analogous to those of an ideal gas, and is approximate for dilute real solutions. In other words, colligative properties are a set of solution properties that can be reasonably approximated by the assumption that the solution is ideal.

Only properties which result from the dissolution of a nonvolatile solute in a volatile liquid solvent are considered. They are essentially solvent properties which are changed by the presence of the solute. The solute particles displace some solvent molecules in the liquid phase and thereby reduce the concentration of solvent and increase its entropy, so that the colligative properties are independent of the nature of the solute. The word colligative is derived from the Latin colligatus meaning bound together. This indicates that all colligative properties have a common feature, namely that they are related only to the number of solute molecules relative to the number of solvent molecules and not to the nature of the solute.

Colligative properties include:
 Relative lowering of vapor pressure (Raoult's law)
 Elevation of boiling point
 Depression of freezing point
 Osmotic pressure
For a given solute-solvent mass ratio, all colligative properties are inversely proportional to solute molar mass.

Measurement of colligative properties for a dilute solution of a non-ionized solute such as urea or glucose in water or another solvent can lead to determinations of relative molar masses, both for small molecules and for polymers which cannot be studied by other means. Alternatively, measurements for ionized solutes can lead to an estimation of the percentage of dissociation taking place.

Colligative properties are studied mostly for dilute solutions, whose behavior may be approximated as that of an ideal solution. In fact, all of the properties listed above are colligative only in the dilute limit: at higher concentrations, the freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, vapor pressure elevation or depression, and osmotic pressure are all dependent on the chemical nature of the solvent and the solute.

Relative lowering of vapor pressure
A vapor is a substance in a gaseous state at a temperature lower than its critical point. Vapor Pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its solid or liquid state. The vapor pressure of a solvent is lowered when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in it to form a solution.

For an ideal solution, the equilibrium vapor pressure is given by Raoult's law as

where  is the vapor pressure of the pure component (i= A, B, ...) and  is the mole fraction of the component in the solution

For a solution with a solvent (A) and one non-volatile solute (B),   and

The vapor pressure lowering relative to pure solvent is , which is proportional to the mole fraction of solute.

If the solute dissociates in solution, then the number of moles of solute is increased by the van 't Hoff factor , which represents the true number of solute particles for each formula unit. For example, the strong electrolyte MgCl2 dissociates into one Mg2+ ion and two Cl− ions, so that if ionization is complete, i = 3 and , where  is calculated with moles of solute i times initial moles and moles of solvent same as initial moles of solvent before dissociation. The measured colligative properties show that i is somewhat less than 3 due to  ion association.

 Boiling point and freezing point

Addition of solute to form a solution stabilizes the solvent in the liquid phase, and lowers the solvent's chemical potential so that solvent molecules have less tendency to move to the gas or solid phases. As a result, liquid solutions slightly above the solvent boiling point at a given pressure become stable, which means that the boiling point increases. Similarly, liquid solutions slightly below the solvent freezing point become stable meaning that the freezing point decreases. Both the boiling point elevation and the freezing point depression are proportional to the lowering of vapor pressure in a dilute solution.

These properties are colligative in systems where the solute is essentially confined to the liquid phase. Boiling point elevation (like vapor pressure lowering) is colligative for non-volatile solutes where the solute presence in the gas phase is negligible. Freezing point depression is colligative for most solutes since very few solutes dissolve appreciably in solid solvents.

 Boiling point elevation (ebullioscopy)

The boiling point of a liquid at a given external pressure is the temperature () at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the external pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at a pressure equal to 1 atm.

The boiling point of a pure solvent is increased by the addition of a non-volatile solute, and the elevation can be measured by ebullioscopy. It is found that

Here i is the van 't Hoff factor as above, Kb is the ebullioscopic constant of the solvent (equal to 0.512 °C kg/mol for water), and m is the molality of the solution.

The boiling point is the temperature at which there is equilibrium between liquid and gas phases.  At the boiling point, the number of gas molecules condensing to liquid equals the number of liquid molecules evaporating to gas. Adding a solute dilutes the concentration of the liquid molecules and reduces the rate of evaporation. To compensate for this and re-attain equilibrium, the boiling point occurs at a higher temperature.

If the solution is assumed to be an ideal solution, Kb can be evaluated from the thermodynamic condition for liquid-vapor equilibrium. At the boiling point the chemical potential μA of the solvent in the solution phase equals the chemical potential in the pure vapor phase above the solution.

where the asterisks indicate pure phases. This leads to the result , where R is the molar gas constant, M is the solvent molar mass and ΔHvap is the solvent molar enthalpy of vaporization.

 Freezing point depression (cryoscopy)

The freezing point () of a pure solvent is lowered by the addition of a solute which is insoluble in the solid solvent, and the measurement of this difference is called cryoscopy. It is found that

  (which can also be written as )

Here Kf is the cryoscopic constant (equal to 1.86 °C kg/mol for the freezing point of water), i is the van 't Hoff factor, and m the molality (in mol/kg). This predicts the melting of ice by road salt.

In the liquid solution, the solvent is diluted by the addition of a solute, so that fewer molecules are available to freeze. Re-establishment of equilibrium is achieved at a lower temperature at which the rate of freezing becomes equal to the rate of liquefying. At the lower freezing point, the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the vapor pressure of the corresponding solid, and the chemical potentials of the two phases are equal as well. The equality of chemical potentials permits the evaluation of the cryoscopic constant as ,  where ΔfusH is the solvent molar enthalpy of fusion.

 Osmotic pressure

The osmotic pressure of a solution is the difference in pressure between the solution and the pure liquid solvent when the two are in equilibrium across a semipermeable membrane, which allows the passage of solvent molecules but not of solute particles. If the two phases are at the same initial pressure, there is a net transfer of solvent across the membrane into the solution known as osmosis. The process stops and equilibrium is attained when the pressure difference equals the osmotic pressure.

Two laws governing the osmotic pressure of a dilute solution were discovered by the German botanist W. F. P. Pfeffer and the Dutch chemist J. H. van't Hoff:

 The osmotic pressure of a dilute solution at constant temperature is directly proportional to its concentration.
 The osmotic pressure of a solution is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.

These are analogous to Boyle's law and Charles's law for gases. Similarly, the combined ideal gas law, , has as an analogue for ideal solutions , where  is osmotic pressure; V is the volume; n is the number of moles of solute; R is the molar gas constant 8.314 J K−1 mol−1; T is absolute temperature; and i is the Van 't Hoff factor.

The osmotic pressure is then proportional to the molar concentration , since

The osmotic pressure is proportional to the concentration of solute particles ci and is therefore a colligative property.

As with the other colligative properties, this equation is a consequence of the equality of solvent chemical potentials of the two phases in equilibrium. In this case the phases are the pure solvent at pressure P and the solution at total pressure (P + ).

History
The word colligative (Latin: co, ligare) was introduced in 1891 by Wilhelm Ostwald. Ostwald classified solute properties in three categories:H.W. Smith, Circulation 21, 808 (1960) Theory of Solutions: A Knowledge of the Laws of Solutions ...
 colligative properties, which depend only on solute concentration and temperature and are independent of the nature of the solute particles
 additive properties such as mass, which are the sums of properties of the constituent particles and therefore depend also on the composition (or molecular formula) of the solute, and
 constitutional'' properties, which depend further on the molecular structure of the given solute.

References

Solutions
Physical chemistry
Amount of substance

Colligative properties


La ligne 4 du tramway de Nice est une ligne de tramway en construction dans les Alpes-Maritimes, en France. Longue de , cette quatrième ligne du tramway de Nice reliera Nice à Cagnes-sur-Mer en dix-huit stations à compter de début 2026

Historique

Chronologie
 2026 : mise en service prévue entre Grand Arénas et Institut Arnault Tzanck
 2028 : mise en service prévue entre Institut Arnault Tzanck et Lycées

Naissance du projet

Premier projet
La ligne est présentée en 2009 comme une extension de la ligne 2.

Second projet
Puis, en 2011, elle est présentée comme une ligne à part entière.

Troisième projet
Le planning des travaux pour un coût de 328 millions d'euros hors taxes est estimé pour une première mise en service en 2026 :
 2019-2020 : études préalables de faisabilité du projet ;
 2020 : le conseil métropolitain approuve le bilan à mi-parcours du schéma directeur du réseau de transport urbain 2030 et confirme la ligne 4 comme axe majeur du réseau à l'horizon 2040 ;
 du 15 février au 31 mars 2021 : concertation publique préalable à la réalisation de la ligne 4 de tramway ;
 du 12 juin au 21 juillet 2023 : enquête publique préalable à la déclaration d'utilité publique ;
 fin 2023 : déviation des réseaux ;
 entre 2024-2025 : travaux d'infrastructure de transport et d'aménagements urbains ;
 2026 : mise en service du tronçon Grand Arénas – Institut Arnault Tzanck à Saint-Laurent-du-Var ;
 2028 : desserte de Cagnes-sur-Mer.

En , la métropole Nice Côte d'Azur présente un tracé prévisionnel et un calendrier portant une mise en service entre la fin 2025 et début 2026.

Le projet présente un tracé avec trois alternatives sur les secteurs de Saint-Laurent-du-Var et Cagnes-sur-Mer pour une mise en service début 2026. Le coût est estimé à 247 millions d'euros (valeur de mars 2019).

Du 15 février au 31 mars 2021, s'est tenue la concertation publique de la ligne 4.

Une enquête publique sur la création de la ligne 4 du tramway de Nice, préalable à la déclaration d'utilité publique, est menée du 12 juin au 21 juillet 2023.

Présentation

Général
La ligne 4 est une ligne directe depuis le centre administratif situé à l'ouest de Nice jusqu'au centre-ville de Cagnes-sur-Mer en passant par Saint-Laurent-du-Var.

La ligne circule tous les jours du lundi au dimanche y compris les jours fériés excepté le  mai. Elle doit suivre une fréquence horaire de huit minutes entre chaque tram.

Tracé

La ligne débute son trajet à l'ouest de Nice à proximité du centre administratif, là où se trouve également le dépôt qui sert de remisage aux lignes 2 et 3 du tramway.

Ses quatre premiers arrêts se font conjointement aux lignes 2 et 3 avec CADAM Centre administratif, Digue des Français, Paul Montel / Les Moulins et Grand Arénas. À cette dernière station, la ligne bifurque vers l'ouest tandis que les lignes 2 et 3 bifurquent respectivement à l'est vers le port et au sud vers l'aéroport. Ces trois lignes font également l'interconnexion avec la nouvelle gare de Nice-Saint-Augustin.

La ligne rejoint la promenade des Anglais pour effectuer son premier arrêt séparément des autres lignes et dernier arrêt sur la ville de Nice intitulé Parc des expositions et des congrès à proximité du futur parc en cours de réalisation sur l'ancien marché d'intérêt national dans le but de remplacer l'ancien parc Acropolis.

La ligne va alors traverser le pont Napoléon- au-dessus du Var pour arriver sur la commune de Saint-Laurent-du-Var et desservir les arrêts Gare de Saint-Laurent-du-Var (gare de Saint-Laurent-du-Var à proximité), Institut Arnault Tzanck, Chaillon et Vauban.

Elle passe désormais sur le commune de Cagnes-sur-Mer pour desservir Val Fleuri, Le Cros (gare du Cros-de-Cagnes à proximité), Besset, La Pinède, Hippodrome (hippodrome de la Côte d'Azur à proximité), puis remonte en direction du centre-ville à Maréchal Juin (gare de Cagnes-sur-Mer à proximité), Villette, Square Bourdet et son terminus Lycées.

Stations

Aménagement
Les stations sont équipées deux quais d'une part et d'autre de la voie, d'abribus avec sièges, de distributeurs automatiques de titres de transport et de défibrillateurs automatiques externes.

L'aménagement pour les personnes à mobilité réduite est constitué de quais spécialement construits à la même hauteur que le plancher du tramway.

Exploitation

Matériel roulant

Infrastructure

Information voyageurs

Dépôt

Tarification

Trafic

Fréquentation
La fréquentation attendue est estimée à quarante mille voyageurs par jour.

Parc relais
Quatre nouveaux parcs relais de mille deux cents places dont vingt-sept PMR et cent soixante-deux places électriques sont situés à Gare de Saint-Laurent-du-Var, Val Fleuri, Hippodrome et Lycées.

Projets d'extension

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Tramway de Nice

Liens externes

Nice, 4
Nice, 4
Tramway de Nice
Saint-Laurent-du-Var
Cagnes-sur-Mer

Ligne 4 du tramway de Nice


Wangels er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Oldenburg-Land under Kreis Østholsten. Kreis Østholsten ligger i den østlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Wangels grænser til Amt Lensahn og Kreis Plön og er beliggende i nærheden af Bungsberg på halvøen Wagrien. Fra det 8. århundrede var området beboet af Venderne hvilket navnet afspejler

I kommunen ligger 19 landsbyer og bebyggelser Barensdorf, Hansühn, Karlshof, Kükelühn, Meischenstorf, Neutestorf, Testorf (ehemals Gutsbezirk Testorf), Charlottenhof, Ehlerstorf, Farve, Grammdorf, Hohenstein, Wangels (ehemals Gutsbezirk Farve), Döhnsdorf, Friederikenhof, Groß-Wessek, Testorferfelde, Wasbuck og Weißenhaus. Hansühn er centrum i kommunen. Mod nord ligger Østersøen og badestedet Weißenhäuser Strand ved Hohwachter Bucht.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Byens side   på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Østholsten

Wangels


Sholom Aleichem (2 Mart 1859 - 13 Mayıs 1916), Ukrayna doğumlu Yahudi yazar. Gerçek adı Solomon Rabinoviçtir. Takma adı İbranicede 'Tanrı'nın selamı üzerine olsun' anlamındadır. Peretz gibi o da önce İbranice yazmaya başladı. Toplam kırk ciltlik roman, kısa öykü ve oyunları vardır. Fakat daha sonraları halkın kullandığı Yidiş dili ile yazdı. I. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra New York'a yerleşti ve orada öldü. Scholom Aleichmen, Doğu Avrupa Yahudilerinin komedi, merhametlilik ve trajik ironi üzerine kurulu yaşamlarını işlemiştir.

Kaynakça
 Yahudi Öyküleri, Scholom Aleichmen, çeviren Hakan Güneş, İstanbul: Arion Yayınevi, 1994. 27.

1859 doğumlular
Kiev Oblastı doğumlular
1916 yılında ölenler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri vatandaşlığına kabul edilenler
Ukrayna Yahudileri
Ukrayna Yahudisi asıllı Amerikalılar
Yahudi yazarlar
Amerikalı oyun yazarları
Siyonistler
İbranice
Rus İmparatorluğu'ndan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ne göç edenler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde veremden ölenler
Yidiş dilinde eser veren yazarlar
Yidiş edebiyatı
Yahudi asıllı Ukraynalılar
Yahudi oyun yazarları
Amerikalı Yahudi yazarlar
Diyabetten ölenler
Amerikalı Siyonistler
20. yüzyıl erkek yazarları
19. yüzyıl erkek yazarları

Sholom Aleichem


Roberto Brusati (Milano, 3. srpnja 1850. – Santa Margherita Ligure, 23. studenog 1935.) je bio talijanski general i vojni zapovjednik. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata zapovijedao je 1. armijom na Talijanskom bojištu.

Vojna karijera
Roberto Brusati je rođen 3. srpnja 1850. godine u Milanu. Sin je Giuseppea i Terese Aman. I Robertov stariji brat Ugo odabrao je vojni poziv, te je tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata obnašao dužnost pobočnika kralja Viktora Emanuela III. Roberto vojno školovanje započinje pohađajući od 1863. vojnu školu, najprije u Firenzi, te potom u Milanu. Od 1866. pohađa Kraljevsku vojnu akademiju u Torinu koju završava 1869. godine. Priključen je Glavnom stožeru, te pohađa dodatno školovanje u Ratnoj školi u Torinu. Promaknut je u poručnika, te je raspoređen na službu u 3. topničku pukovniju, a nakon toga u vojno zapovjedništvo u Rimu i Milanu. Godine 1876. dodijeljen je Topografskom institutu u Firenzi gdje se nalazi na službi idućih šest godina. Tijekom navedene službe, 1877. godine, unaprijeđen je u čin satnika. Godine 1881. sklapa brak s Emmom Ferguson, bogatom Amerikankom koja je živjela u Firenzi. Nakon toga od 1884. služi u 64. pješačkoj pukovniji smještenoj najprije u Milanu, te potom u Foggiji. Te iste godine unaprijeđen je u čin bojnika. Potom je 1888. promaknut u čin potpukovnika, dok čin pukovnika dostiže u prosincu 1892. kada je imenovan zapovjednikom 22. pješačke pukovnije sa sjedištem stožera u Messini.

Godine 1896. postaje načelnikom stožera IX. korpusa u Rimu, da bi u prosincu 1898. bio promaknut u čin general bojnika. Te iste godine imenovan je zapovjednikom Brigade Messina smještene u Cataniji, te potom u Rimu i Catanzaru. U kolovozu 1905. promaknut je u čin general poručnika, te je postao zapovjednikom Divizije Ravenna. Godine 1910. imenovan je zapovjednikom I. korpusa sa sjedištem stožera u Torinu. U svibnju 1914. određen je za zapovjednika armije u slučaju izbijanja rata. Te iste godine 30. prosinca 1914. imenovan je senatorom na koju dužnost je prisegnuo 22. ožujka 1915. godine

Prvi svjetski rat
Nakon ulaska Italije u rat na strani Antante Brusati je, kako je bilo predviđeno, imenovan zapovjednikom 1. armije. Navedena armija, koja se sastojala od šest divizija i imala sjedište stožera u Veroni, držala je liniju između švicarske granice i Gardskog jezera, te je prema talijanskom ratnom planu imala defenzivnu zadaću s obzirom na to da je trebala sprječavati eventualni austrougarski prodor kroz Tirol. U navedenom je bila uspješna, iako je na početku rata armija izvela i neke ofenzivne operacije ograničenog dosega.

U ožujku 1916. do talijanske vojske doprijele su prve informacije da austrougarska vojska priprema veliku ofenzivu na tirolskom dijelu bojišta koji je držala 1. armija. Načelnik Glavnog stožera talijanske vojske Luigi Cadorna je stoga 1. armiji uputio pojačanje od pet divizija, te naredio da prijeđe o strogu defenzivu i da glavnina ljudstva ne bude na prednjim položajima. Brusati je učinio upravo suprotno. Pojačanja je rasporedio u prednje položaje tako da su bili laka meta austrougarskom topništvu, a 1. travnja 1915. započeo je i ograničeni ofenzivni napad koji je imao samo djelomičan uspjeh. U drugoj polovici travnja 1916. Cadorna je obišao položaje 1. armije, te je utvrdio da je i dalje previše vojnika raspoređeno na prednje položaje, da defenzivni položaji nisu izgrađeni, te da njegove naredbe nisu provedene. Odlučio je smijeniti Brustija, te je Brusati 8. svibnja 1916. smijenjen. Na mjestu zapovjednika 1. armije zamijenio ga je Guglielmo Pecori Giraldi. Idućeg tjedna, 15. svibnja 1916. započela je austrougarska Tirolska ofenziva koja je snažno uzdržala talijanske položaje u Tirolu tako da su hitno upućena pojačanja sa Soče. Tražio se krivac za tešku situaciju, te je talijanska Vlada javno objavila 28. svibnja da je Brusati umirovljen, dok je Cadorna protiv njega pokrenuo postupak pred vojnim sudom zbog izdaje, koji vojni sud se nikada nije povodom toga sastao. Javnost, koja je smatrala Brustaija glavnim krivcem za talijanske neuspjehe, bila je ogorčena, tako da policija više nije mogla garantirati njegovu sigurnost, pa je jedno vrijeme Brusati stanovao na tajnoj lokaciji. Do kraja rata nije davao izjave, a niti je dobio novo zapovjedništvo.

Poslije rata
Nakon završetka rata Brusati je rehabilitiran. Komisija koja je vodila istragu o uzrocima talijanskog poraza kod Kobarida poništila je odluku o njegovom umirovljenju, te je ponovno vraćen u vojnu službu s retroaktivnim učinkom. Dana 3. studenog 1922. ministar rata Armando Diaz odlikovao ga je Vojnim križem za ratne zasluge, te promaknuo u čin generala armije. Konačno je umirovljen 1926. godine.

Preminuo je 23. studenog 1935. godine u 86. godini u Santa Margheriti Ligure.

Vanjske poveznice
     Roberto Brusati na stranici Treccani.it
   Roberto Brusati na stranici Senato.it
     Roberto Brusati na stranici Notiziedalfronte.it
   Roberto Brusati na stranici Hrono.ru

Talijanski vojni zapovjednici u Prvom svjetskom ratu
Životopisi, Milano

Roberto Brusati


Laura Miller (born November 18, 1958) is an American journalist and politician who served as the 58th mayor of Dallas, Texas from 2002 through 2007. She decided not to run for re-election in 2007. She was the third woman to serve as mayor of Dallas.

Early life
Laura Miller was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Career

Journalism
Miller spent the early part of her career as a journalist working as a staff writer for The Miami Herald and The Dallas Morning News and then as a columnist for the New York Daily News and the now-defunct Dallas Times Herald. In 1991, Miller became an investigative reporter for the Dallas Observer and then a columnist for D Magazine.

Politics
In 1998, Miller was elected to the Dallas City Council representing Oak Cliff and southwest Dallas. In 2002, Miller was elected as Mayor of Dallas, replacing Ron Kirk who left the post to run for the United States Senate position vacated by retiring Texas Senator Phil Gramm.

She fought for and won approval of a strengthened smoking ban, an ordinance prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, a revamped public housing system, a $23 million homeless assistance center, major changes to the city's Trinity River Corridor improvement plan and a taxpayer-funded downtown redevelopment effort.

She participated in an agreement between American Airlines, the City of Fort Worth, DFW Airport and Southwest Airlines to revise the federal flight restrictions at Love Field Airport, which involved: replacing geographic limitations on Love Field service with: flight caps determined by a limitation on the number of gates allowed at Love Field, restrictions on the rights of any new air carrier to service North Texas via any airport other than DFW Airport, and banning international commercial air travel at Love Field.  The unique agreement and resulting oligopoly required an exemption from federal antitrust laws, which Miller also successfully helped obtain.

David Levey, executive vice president for Forest City Enterprises, credited Miller for reviving a $250 million deal to renovate downtown's long vacant Mercantile National Bank Building.

During her term, the Dallas Cowboys announced plans to build Cowboys Stadium and many citizens hoped it would be built in Dallas. The city and the Dallas Cowboys, however, failed to reach a deal and the stadium was built in Arlington.

She announced parade plans for the Dallas Mavericks championship in 2006, prior to the Mavericks losing four straight games and ultimately the NBA championship to the Miami Heat in six games.

Miller was succeeded in office by Republican Tom Leppert.

In May 2019. Miller made an unsuccessful run for Dallas City Council to represent District 13.

Environmental efforts
Laura Miller serves as Director of Projects, Texas, for Summit Power Group, a Seattle-based developer of wind, solar and gas-fired power plants. Summit was recently selected by the U.S. Department of Energy to receive a $350 million cost-sharing award to build the world's first IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) clean-coal power plant located near Odessa, Texas. The low-emissions project, called the Texas Clean Energy Project, is projected to capture just under 3 million tons a year of carbon dioxide, which will be used for enhanced oil recovery in the West Texas Permian Basin.

Miller's other environmental accomplishments included the formation and co-leading (with former Houston mayor Bill White) of the Texas Clean Air Cities Coalition, made up of 36 cities, counties and school districts in Texas that opposed the construction of 11 coal plants (which would have used older technology) by TXU, a Dallas-based energy company. Ultimately, TXU (now called Energy Future Holdings) officially suspended its plans to build eight of the eleven plants.  As a result of these efforts, Miller won a 2008 Climate Protection Award from the Environmental Protection Agency for this nationally-recognized effort, which has been memorialized in a documentary film, produced and narrated by Robert Redford, and entitled Fighting Goliath: The Texas Coal Wars.

Personal life
Miller is married to Dallas attorney and former Texas State Representative Steven D. Wolens. They have three children.

In 1998, Miller was diagnosed with breast cancer. She underwent chemotherapy and radiation treatments which effectively eradicated the cancer.

See also
2002 Dallas mayoral special election
2003 Dallas mayoral election

References

External links
Summit Power Group, Inc website
Fighting Goliath: Texas Coal Wars
 Texas Clean Energy Project website

1958 births
American women journalists
Women mayors of places in Texas
Living people
Mayors of Dallas
Politicians from Baltimore
Dallas City Council members
Texas Democrats
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Women city councillors in Texas
21st-century American women

Laura Miller (politician)


Ernesto Ángel Quesada Medina(Buenos Aires, 1 de junho de 1858 - Spiez, Suíça, 7 de fevereiro de 1934) foi um advogado, sociólogo, historiador, escritor, catedrático e magistrado argentino. Fez parte da geração do 80, ainda que suas preferências intelectuais, políticas e sociais façam dele uma personalidade singular. Quanto a sua ampla produção jurídica, histórica, política e literária, Juan Canter contabilizou 564 títulos pertencentes a Quesada. Pensador polifacético, Quesado é considerado figura inaugural do revisionismo histórico Argentino, e um dos fundadores das ciências sociais nesse país.

Biografia

Família e estudos
Filho do diplomata argentino Vicente Gaspar Quesada (1830-1913) e de Elvira Lorenza Medina (1840-data desconhecida), Ernesto Quesada nasceu o 1 de junho de 1858 na cidade de Buenos Aires. Seu ambiente familiar teve uma influência decisiva em seu desenvolvimento intelectual. Entre 1869 e 1872, atendeu ao Colégio San José. Em 1872, seu pai pediu licença de seu cargo de diretor da Biblioteca Pública de Buenos Aires e viajou para a Europa, pensando na educação de seu filho. Entre 1873 e 1874, Quesada estudou em Vitzthum-Gymnasium de Dresde, Sajonia. Durante sua primeira viagem pela Europa, Quesada visitou a Juan Manuel de Rosas em sua chacra em Swathling, e a filha de José de San Martín em Paris. Regressou para Buenos Aires em 1875, onde finalizou seu bacharelado no Colégio Nacional de Buenos Aires, onde compartilhou seus estudos com Rodolfo Rivarola.

Em 1877 e 1878 Quesada serviu como assistente de bibliotecário na Biblioteca Nacional. Em 1878 participou do Círculo Científico-Literário responsável pela publicação da Revista Literária, círculo ao que pertenciam várias das figuras jovens mais notáveis da geração, como o poeta Julio E. Mitre, o jornalista e defensor do naturalismo Benigno B. Lugones, Carlos Monsalve, o futuro jurista Luis María Drago, Adolfo Mitre (filho menor de Bartolomé Mitre), Rodolfo Rivarola, entre outros. Nesse círculo polemista, Ernesto Quesada era porta-voz dos clássicos.

Em 1878 Quesada publicou seu primeiro livro, A sociedade romana no primeiro século de nossa era. Já em 1879, regressou a Alemanha a estudar em duas das universidades mais prestigiosas, a de Leipzig e a de Berlim, centros de renovação das ciências sociais. Após, continuou brevemente seus estudos em Paris, onde teve por mestres a Ernest Renan, Paul Janet e Fustel de Coulanges. Retornou a Argentina para graduar-se em advocacia em 1882, com uma tese sobre o regime de quebras.

Professor, escritor, historiador e magistrado
Em 1880, Ernesto Quesada foi designado como professor de Literatura estrangeira e estética no Colégio Nacional de Buenos Aires, durante o reitorado de José Manuel Estrada, onde lecionou até 1884. Em 1882, foi secretário da delegação diplomática no Rio de Janeiro, sendo após promovido à delegação diplomática em Washington. Em 1883 casou-se com Eleonora Pacheco (1861-1927), neta do general Ángel Pacheco, com quem teve cinco filhos. Su nombre completo es Eleonora Juliana Genara Dolores Pacheco Bunge. Sus hijos fueron Fernando Vicente Quesada Pacheco (1885-1950), Rodolfo Ernesto Quesada Pacheco (1886-1952), Ernestina Beatriz Quesada Pacheco, Vicente Quesada Pacheco (1891-1968) y Eduardo Ángel Quesada Pacheco (1893-1919). Continuou suas viagens pelo mundo com sua visita a Rússia, tema sobre o que escreveu sua extensa obra Um inverno em Rússia.

Ao retornar à Argentina, iniciou sua etapa mais prolífica como escritor, abordando campos diversos como as finanças, a crítica literária e a história. Entre suas obras nesse período, As finanças municipais (1889), Duas novelas sociológicas (1892), e O imposto sobre a renda (1894). Do general Ángel Pacheco herdou um arquivo historiográfico volumoso sobre esta família, e sobre as atividades de Juan Lavalle e de Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid,  fonte que seria de grande utilidade para suas investigações históricas que deram origem, entre outros, a seu livro A época de Rosas: seu verdadeiro carácter histórico (1898).

Em dezembro de 1892 foi eleito Intendente do Partido de General Sarmiento, ocupando o posto por oito meses de primeiro de janeiro de 1893 a o 11 de agosto de 1893 . Anos mais tarde, Quesada ocupou alguns cargos municipais de menor faixa, sendo também vereador na cidade de Buenos Aires

Começou sua carreira como magistrado em 1899. Foi juiz no foro penal e civil, sendo elevado à câmara de apelações em 1910. Algumas de suas interpretações jurídicas fixaram rumos à jurisprudência. Em 1900, Quesada iniciou uma saga referida ao idioma dos argentinos, com sua obra O problema do idioma nacional (Buenos Aires: Revista Nacional, 1900) que continuaria com O criollismo na literatura argentina (1902) e finalizaria vinte anos mais tarde com A evolução do idioma nacional (Buenos Aires: Mercatali, 1922).

Desde 1903, Quesada foi professor de Economia Política na Faculdade de Ciências Jurídicas e Sociais da Universidade Nacional da Prata. Em 1904, na Faculdade de Filosofia e Letras (UBA), Quesada ocupou a cátedra de Sociologia, a primeira de sua espécie na Argentina. Quesada foi o responsável pela programação da matéria, expondo um aspecto diferente da mesma - doutrinário, histórico ou de aplicação - a cada ano, exercendo a sua titularidade até 1924, quando é sucedido por Ricardo Levene.

Em 1910, Quesada foi um dos cofundadores da Academia Argentina da Língua, correspondente da Real Academia Espanhola, junto a seu pai Vicente e a outras personalidades como Calixto Oyuela, Rafael Obrigado, Joaquín V. González, Estanislao S. Zeballos, Pastor S. Obrigado e Belisario Roldán (filho). A morte de seu pai em 1913 impactou fortemente Quesada, potencializando seus problemas de saúde. Ainda assim, presidiu a delegação que participou no Congresso Científico Pan-americano de Washington, integrada também por seu amigo José Engenheiros.

Seus últimos anos
Os últimos anos de Quesada estiveram marcados pela exaustão fruto de sua vida de sacrifício e desencanto, a desilusão pelo rumo que tomava a investigação científica, solidão e um profundo desencanto pessoal.

Divorciou-se de Eleonora Pacheco em 1912. Em 1914, Quesada conheceu à jornalista e escritora alemã Leonore Niessen-Deiters (1879-1939), então em viagem pela América Latina, com quem manteve intercâmbios epistolares durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918). Leonore divorciou-se de seu marido J. Niessen em 1919 e mudou-se para a Argentina, onde se casou com Quesada.

Participou na Reforma Universitária de 1918 como interventor na Faculdade de Direito e Ciências Sociais. Em 1919, aos 61 anos, recebeu a cátedra de "Política e Tratados Pan-americanos" na Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Buenos Aires.). Em suas classes, defendia a profissionalização, a investigação, a especialização, e o papel do advogado dentro da sociedade. Em 1921, Quesada pediu uma licença médica, renunciou ao cargo no ano seguinte, viajando então a Berlim, onde foi nomeado professor emérito com renda vitalícia.

Entre 1928 e 1929, Quesada instalou-se com Leonore Deiters em Spiez, no Cantón de Berna (Suíça). Seu lugar de retiro e última residência foi uma casa à que batizou de "Villa Esqueço", nome que sugere seu estado de ânimo nessa etapa de sua vida. Faleceu em 7 de fevereiro de 1934.

Legado individual bibliográfico
Ernesto Quesada teve intenção de vender sua biblioteca ao Estado argentino, ambicionando que essa se tornasse patrimônio estudantil. Em concordância com o pensamento de seu pai, Quesada pensava que sua família tinha realizado um grande esforço intelectual e econômico e que por isso o Estado devia gratificar esse serviço.

Finalmente, doou sua biblioteca privada, de aproximadamente 80 000 livros e manuscritos, ao Estado de Prusia, em 1928. Tal doação foi a origem da fundação do Instituto Ibero-Americano, em Berlim (IAI) em 1930. Parte de seus livros e manuscritos se perdeu durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O legado de Quesada compõe-se de documentos que levou consigo a Suíça em 1929, e que passaram ao Instituto Ibero-Americano logo após sua morte.

Distinções
Ao longo se sua vida, Ernesto Quesada foi honrado com numerosas distinções, tanto na Argentina quanto internacionalmente. Foi membro da Academia Argentina de Ciências e Letras, academico de número da Academia Nacional de Direito e Ciências Sociais de Buenos Aires, e membro da American Academy of Political and Social Science.

Referências

Bibliografia

Professores da Universidade de Buenos Aires
Juízes da Argentina
Historiadores da Argentina
Sociólogos da Argentina
Advogados da Argentina

Ernesto Quesada


Le Rotvatnet ou Nervatnet (en norvégien) ou Ruohtsajávrre (en Same de Lule) est un lac situé dans la municipalité de Hamarøy, dans le comté de Nordland, en Norvège. Le lac se trouve juste à l'ouest du village de Tømmerneset. La route européenne 6 longe la rive est du lac. Le lac Strindvatnet se trouve au sud de ce lac.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 .
 .

Lac en Norvège

Rotvatnet


Papa, Macaristan'da (Veszprem idare bölgesi) 32.900 nüfusa sahip olan bir şehirdir. Esterhazy'lerin eski şatosu; 18. yüzyıldan kalma evler ve dokuma sanayi bulunur.

Macaristan'daki şehirler
Veszprém ili

Pápa


Ö3 Austria Top 40 este clasamentul oficial în Austria. Clasamentul este dedicat fie pentru discuri single, fie pentru albume muzicale, și are 75 poziții.

Legături externe
Ö3 Austria Top40 la oe3.orf.at

Clasamente muzicale

Ö3 Austria Top 40


Mot (Movimientos orgánicos telúricos) es una serie de historietas infantiles creadas en 1988 por el guionista Nacho y el dibujante Alfonso Azpiri para "El Pequeño País", adaptada a videojuego y serie de animación.

Trayectoria editorial
Mot se publicó por primera vez el 10 de abril de 1988. Se recopiló en cinco volúmenes editados por el propio El país , cuyas ventas conjuntas superaron los 200.000 ejemplares:.
 1989 Mot (seriado en El Pequeño País, nºs 332-348, 1988)
 1989 Mot y el coleccionista (seriado en El Pequeño País, nºs 353-373, 1988-89)
 1990 Mot y el castillo maldito (seriado en El Pequeño País, nºs 379-400, 1989)
 1990 Mot, New York, New York (seriado en El Pequeño País, nºs 407-329, 1989-90)
 1990 Mot, ¿Nunca Jamás? (seriado en El Pequeño País, nºs 435-356, 1990)
Estos primeros cinco álbumes en tapa dura se promocionaron en el interior de las páginas de El Pequeño País. Los números 389 a 391 (mayo de 1989) anunciaron la llegada del primer álbum con un anuncio en el que aparecía una caja de quesitos (o de dulce de membrillo), cada uno de ellos con una etiqueta con la efigie del monstruo, junto al mensaje: "Si te gustó en porciones...¡imagínatelo en álbum!". En los números 395 a 400 apareció un anuncio de Mot en bañador publicitando la llegada del segundo álbum ("Mot y el coleccionista"). El eslogan en dicha ocasión fue un simple "Veranéatelo", ya que dichos números aparecieron en los meses veraniegos (junio/julio de 1989). El tercero de los álbumes de la serie se anunció en las últimas semanas de ese mismo año, en los números 420 a 422 de El Pequeño País (diciembre de 1989), y para ello Azpiri dibujó una preciosa ilustración: Mot aparecía, por triplicado, emulando a los "Tres Reyes Majos", que fue la consigna del anuncio en aquella ocasión. Aunque los álbumes cuarto y quinto también se anunciaron en las páginas interiores de El Pequeño País a lo largo de 1990 (en los números 452-453 y 458-469 respectivamente), lamentablemente no contaron con ningún dibujo exclusivo del dibujante.

Entre el 2008 y el 2009 Planeta DeAgostini reeditó la obra en dos integrales (con portadas inéditas). En el segundo volumen se incluyó la sexta aventura del personaje, El aprendiz de brujo (1996), seriado en El Pequeño País, nºs 757-767 (1996).

Adaptaciones a otros medios
Opera Soft la adaptó a videojuego para ordenadores en 1989 y L'Studio-Canal Plus Internacional produjo una serie de 26 capítulos de 30 minutos cada uno en 1996.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Historieta de ciencia ficción de España
Historieta infantil

Mot


عصا أسكليبيوس هي رمز يوناني قديم متعلق بعلم التنجيم وبشفاء المرضى في الطب. يتألف من أفعى ملتفة حول عصا. في الأساطير الإغريقية، فإن أسكليبيوس هو ابن الإله أبولو وكان اختصاصه التطبيب والشفاء من الأمراض. كما أن العصا يرمز إلى مجموعة نجوم تسمى «أوفيكوس» (Ophiuchus) وهي الرمز الثالث عشر في الأبراج التي تعتمد على زمن النجوم (Sidereal astrology) وبخاصة الأبراج الهندية.

الرمز
ترمز الأفعى، التي عادة تتخلص من جلدها القديم بأخر جديد موسميا، ترمز إلى الولادة من جديد والإنجاب. بينما ترمز العصا إلى السلطة والسطوى وهي تلائم اله الطب. فإذاً يرمز عصا أسكليبيوس إلى فن التطبيب والشفاء.

وقيل أن سم الأفعى هو من البروتينات التي لها مفعول الشفاء ان تناولت بالفم كما لها مفعول مسم ان دخلت إلى مجرى الدماء بشكل مباشر عن طريق العض مثلا. والأفعى المستعملة في الرمز هي من نوع أفاعي الجرذان وتسمى الحفث الطويل المنتشرة في جنوب شرق أوروبا.
وقيل في رواية أخرى أن أسكليبيوس كان يبحث عن العشبة التي تعيد الحياة للموتى مخالفًا بذلك القوانين التي وضعت من قبل الكبار الثلاثة زيوس وبوسيدون وهاديس بأن الموتى لايعودون إلا بامر هاديس الذي كان لايسمح بذلك ولكن أسكليبيوس سافر باحثًا عن تلك العشبة وفي سفره كان يتكئ على العصا، التي هي جزء من الرمز عن السفر للمعرفة، وفي الطريق تراءى له ثعبان ميت ورأى آخر يخرج له وفي فمه عشبة ووضعها في فمه وعادت الحياة للثعبان الأول وبذلك أصبح أسكليبيوس يعرف سر إعادة الحياة بسبب ذلك الثعبان وصار رمزًا مع العصا.

الغموض مع عصا هرمس

هناك بعض الاختلاف بين عصا أسكليبيوس وعصا هرمس (caduceus) المستعمل في شمال أميركا الذي يرمز للطب. فعصا هرمس مشكل من ثعبانين ملتويين على شكل لولبي مع جناحين.

اقرأ أيضاً

 خفث طويل
 الصولجان المجنح

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 روبرت ولكوكس وآخرون «رمز الطب الحديث: لماذا أفعى أكثر من اثنتين». حوليات الطب الباطني

أسقليبيوس
أشكال درعية
الفيلق الطبي بالجيش الملكي البريطاني
حمولات درعية
رموز

عصا أسكليبيوس


Karate er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1983 instrueret af Claus Alfred Jørgensen.

Handling
En film om karate.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1983

Karate (dokumentarfilm)


De Vico ist ein Einschlagkrater auf der Mondvorderseite, westlich des Mare Humorum, nordwestlich des Kraters Henry Frères und südöstlich von Crüger. Der schüsselförmige Krater ist nur wenig erodiert.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem italienischen Astronomen Francesco de Vico offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 De Vico auf The-Moon Wiki

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

De Vico (Mondkrater)


Aniceto Sela Sampil (Santullano de Mieres, 13 de septiembre de 1863- Oviedo, 1935) Jurista asturiano, rector de la Universidad de Oviedo, miembro del Grupo de Oviedo, y padre del también jurista Luis Sela Sampil.

Biografía
Estudió Derecho en la Universidad de Oviedo, doctorándose en Internacional en la Central de Madrid. Fue designado profesor de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza. En 1888 obtuvo plaza de catedrático de Derecho Internacional Público y Privado, en la Universidad de Valencia. Se trasladó a la de Oviedo, en la que se jubiló en 1933. Fue rector de la misma en 1900, secretario de su Junta de Extensión Universitaria desde 1898. Representó a la universidad asturiana en el Congreso Pedagógico Hispanoamericano de Madrid y en las asambleas universitarias de Valencia, octubre de 1902, y presidió la de Barcelona, en 1905. Fue director general de Enseñanza Primaria en 1919. En 1911 fue elegido asociado del Instituto de Derecho Internacional, y en 1921 miembro del mismo. Presidió desde 1929 la Asociación Francisco de Vitoria. Colaboró en la Enciclopedia jurídica Seix y en el Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza. En 1919 pronunció en Burdeos la conferencia: Concepción Arenal et le droit de la guerre, en Madrid: La Sociedad de las Naciones, y en 1929: Vitoria y los medios de adquirir la soberanía territorial. Realizó unos brillantes comentarios al Rapport sur les mandats internationaux, de Henri Rolin. También tradujo del alemán el manual de Neumann Derecho Internacional Público Moderno. Fue maestro de notables discípulos, como Camilo Barcia Trelles, Adolfo Miaja de la Muela, su hijo Luis Sela Sampil o César G.F. Castañón. En el Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza publicó: Los procedimientos de enseñanza en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Oviedo, Derecho Internacional Público y Derecho Internacional Privado, La misión moral de la Universidad, etc. Algunos de sus postulados fueron revolucionarios para su época. Su pacifismo estuvo muy influido por el pensamiento de Concepción Arenal. Tiene calle en Oviedo. Fue hermano del escritor Inocencio Sela Sampil.

Obras
 Curso popular de Derecho Internacional (1912)
 Manual de Derecho Internacional (1911)
 La Educación Nacional: hechos e ideas

Referencias
 El Tesoro de Oviedo, Aniceto Sela Sampil

Enlaces externos

Alumnos de Derecho de la Universidad de Oviedo
Nacidos en el concejo de Mieres
Juristas de España del siglo XIX
Profesores de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza
Juristas de España del siglo XX
Catedráticos de la Universidad de Valencia
Krausistas

Aniceto Sela


Ünlem (dil bilgisi) → Sevinç, üzüntü, kızma, korku, şaşkınlık gibi duyguları belirten, doğa seslerini yansıtan veya bir kimseyi çağırmak için kullanılan sözcüklere verilen ad.
 Ünlem işareti

Ünlem (anlam ayrımı)


Simone Padoin (* 18. März 1984 in Gemona del Friuli) ist ein ehemaliger italienischer Fußballspieler. Der Mittelfeldspieler, der auch auf der Außenverteidigerposition eingesetzt werden konnte, stand zuletzt beim Zweitligisten Ascoli Calcio unter Vertrag.

Karriere
Padoin entstammt der Jugendakademie des italienischen Erstligisten Atalanta Bergamo. Im Jahr 2003 wechselte er zu Vicenza Calcio, wobei Davide Brivio in die entgegengesetzte Richtung transferiert wurde und Bergamo, wie in Italien üblich, die Hälfte der Transferrechte Padoins behielt. Beim Zweitligisten Vicenza gab er sein Profidebüt. Der Mittelfeldspieler wurde hier des Öfteren als Linksverteidiger eingesetzt, sodass er auch in der Lage ist, diese Position zu bespielen. Während seiner Zeit in Vicenza kam er außerdem zu diversen Einsätzen in Jugendnationalmannschaften Italiens, unter anderem in der U-21. Eine Nominierung für die A-Nationalmannschaft blieb ihm bisher verwehrt.

Nach vier Jahren und 122 Ligaspielen in Vicenza kaufte Bergamo 2007 die Transferrechte wieder und Padoin kehrte zu seinem Jugendverein zurück, wo er wieder vermehrt im Mittelfeld eingesetzt wurde. Mit Bergamo spielte Padoin nun erstmals erstklassig und konnte sich im Verein in die Stammformation spielen. Seinen Vertrag verlängerte er darüber hinaus im Mai 2009 bis zum Ende der Saison 2012/13. In der Saison 2009/10 stieg er mit Bergamo in die Serie B ab, schaffte jedoch den direkten Wiederaufstieg.

Nachdem es, aufgrund des Abstiegs Bergamos, in der Vorbereitung auf die Saison 2010/11 bereits zu ersten Kontakten zwischen Padoin und Vertretern des Traditionsklubs Juventus Turin gekommen war, wechselte er schließlich im Januar 2012 zu den Bianconeri und unterschrieb einen Fünfjahresvertrag.

Im Sommer 2016 wechselte Padoin nach fünf italienischen Meisterschaften in Folge für eine Ablösesumme von 600.000 Euro zum Serie-A-Aufsteiger Cagliari Calcio nach Sardinien.

Nach drei Saisons auf Sardinien wurde sein auslaufenden Vertrag im Sommer 2019 trotz seiner konstant starken Leistungen nicht verlängert und er wechselte dann ablösefrei zu Ascoli Calcio in die Serie B, wo er nach einer Saison seine Karriere beendete.

Erfolge
 Italienischer Serie-B-Meister: 2010/11
 Italienischer Meister: 2011/12, 2012/13, 2013/14, 2014/15, 2015/16
 Italienischer Supercupsieger: 2012, 2013, 2015
 Italienischer Pokalsieger: 2014/15, 2015/16

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Atalanta Bergamo)
Fußballspieler (Cagliari Calcio)
Fußballspieler (Juventus Turin)
Fußballspieler (Vicenza Calcio)
Italienischer Meister (Fußball)
Coppa-Italia-Sieger
Italiener
Geboren 1984
Mann

Simone Padoin


Nunsdorf ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Zossen im Landkreis Teltow-Fläming (Brandenburg). Es gehörte im Mittelalter zur Herrschaft Zossen, später zum älteren Amt Zossen. Bis zur Eingemeindung nach Zossen war Nunsdorf eine selbständige Gemeinde. Sie wurde von 1992 bis 2003 vom Amt Zossen mit Sitz in Zossen verwaltet.

Geographische Lage
Nunsdorf liegt im westlichen Teil des Stadtgebietes von Zossen. Es grenzt im Norden an Wietstock (Stadt Ludwigsfelde), im Nordosten an Glienick, im Osten an Schünow, beides Ortsteile der Stadt Zossen, im Süden zu einem sehr kleinen Teil an Gadsdorf (Gem. Am Mellensee), im Südwesten an Christinendorf und im Westen an Märkisch Wilmersdorf (beides Ortsteile der Stadt Trebbin). Die Gemarkung umfasst 868 ha. Die höchsten Erhebungen sind der nördlich gelegene,  Meter hohe Nunsdorfer Berg sowie der südöstlich gelegene,  Meter hohe Teerutenberg.

Geschichte
Die urkundliche Ersterwähnung Nunsdorfs ("Nunstorff") datiert aus dem Jahr 1492. Der Name lässt sich wegen der späten urkundlichen Nennung nicht mehr sicher deuten. Gerhard Schlimpert erwägt einen deutsch-slawischen Mischnamen, von slaw. nun/nuno, mit den Nebenformen *nin/nyn = heftig, feurig, mutig, das in Personen- und Ortsnamen enthalten ist. Etwa den Personennamen Ninoslav oder Ninko sowie in Ortsnamen wie Nunitz und Neunitz. Eine Herkunft von den deutschen mittelalterlichen Lallnamen Nunni/Nunno lehnt er mit der Begründung ab, dass das u in Nunsdorf lang gesprochen wird.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung von 1583 bis 2006 (bis 1971 aus dem Historischen Ortslexikon, ab 1981 aus dem Historischen Gemeindeverzeichnis)

Nach der Dorfstruktur ist Nunsdorf ein Angerdorf (vgl. Schmettausches Kartenwerk, Urmesstischblatt). Nach dem Erbregister des Amtes Zossen von 1583 hatte das Dorf "seit alters" 43 Hufen, die von 15 Bauern bewirtschaftet wurden. Der Lehnschulze hatte vier Hufen unter dem Pflug. Acht Bauern bebauten je drei Hufen, sechs Bauern hatten je zwei Hufen. Die Hufe maß 10 Mg 251 QR oder etwa 4,6 ha. Außerdem gab es acht Kossäten im Dorf, inklusive eines Windmüllers. 1624 (und später) werden nur noch 40 Hufen aufgezählt. Die Oberherrschaft hatte das Amt Zossen, allerdings gingen die Abgaben von einigen Höfen auch an einige Adelige der Umgebung. So hatten die v. Zicker genannt Guntzke zu Genshagen bereits vor 1518 die Abgaben von zwei Zweihufenbauern und die Abgaben und Dienste eines Kossäten erworben, einen Besitztitel den sie bis 1539 behaupten konnten. Danach ging dieser Besitz an die v. Thümen zu Trebbin, 1553 an die Rathenow und um 1583 an die v. Treskow. 1609 war dieser Besitz an die Wernicke gekommen, die ihn an die von Wilmersdorff zu Dahlem verkauften, zunächst auf Wiederkauf, ab 1710 bis nach 1801 war der Besitz erblich. Ein weiterer Teil der bäuerlichen Abgaben, die Abgaben eines Vierhufenbauern war bereits vor 1530 bis 1683 im Besitz der Familie Lietzen zu Wendisch Wilmersdorf (heute Märkisch Wilmersdorf). Von 1683 bis nach 1801 gingen die Abgaben an die Grafen v. Schwerin, die den Besitz zusammen mit Wendisch Wilmersdorf erworben hatten. 1492 wird bereits der Dorfkrug erwähnt, den die v. Glaubitz in Zossen innehatten. 1583 wird erstmals die Windmühle genannt. 1711 erscheint erstmals ein Schmied in den Urkunden. Für 1858 werden auch ein Schuhmacher, ein Schneider und ein Zimmermann genannt. 1771 gab es 22 Häuser in Nunsdorf, 1840 bereits 33 Wohnhäuser. Für 1860 werden drei öffentliche Gebäude, 45 Wohngebäude und 81 Wirtschaftsgebäude einschließlich einer Getreidemühle verzeichnet. 1931 zählte der Ort 31 Wohnhäuser. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurden im Zuge der Bodenreform 12 ha enteignet und aufgeteilt.

1954 wurde in Nunsdorf die Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft (LPG) Typ III "Florian Geyer" gegründet. Florian Geyer (* um 1490–1525) war ein fränkischer Reichsritter, der im Bauernkrieg 1525 die Führung des Tauberhaufens übernahm. 1964 bewirtschaftete die LPG mit 109 Mitgliedern 614 ha Nutzfläche, davon 396 ha Ackerland. 1961 wurde eine zweite LPG (Typ I) in Nunsdorf gegründet. Sie hatte 33 Mitglieder und bewirtschaftete 206 ha Nutzfläche. Die beiden LPGs wurden 1966 vereinigt.

Politische Zugehörigkeit
Zur Zeit seiner ersten urkundlichen Nennung gehörte Nunsdorf bereits zum kurfürstlich-brandenburgischen Amt Zossen. Dieses war aus der Umwandlung der Herrschaft Zossen hervorgegangen. Die Herrschaft Zossen war ursprünglich eine kleine Adelsherrschaft, die 1490 vom brandenburgischen Kurfürsten Johann Cicero erworben wurde. Es kann als sicher angenommen werden, dass Nunsdorf vor 1490 zur Herrschaft Zossen gehört hatte, trotz fehlender urkundlicher Nachweise. Mit dem Amt Zossen kam Nunsdorf um 1600 zum Kreis Teltow. Mit der Kreisreform von 1952 wurde der alte Kreis Teltow aufgelöst und im Wesentlichen in drei kleinere Kreise unterteilt. Nunsdorf kam zum Kreis Zossen. Mit der Ämterbildung 1992 in Brandung wurde Nunsdorf dem Amt Zossen zugeordnet. Mit der Kreisreform von 1993 und der Zusammenlegung der Kreise Zossen, Luckenwalde und Jüterbog kam Nunsdorf zum Landkreis Teltow-Fläming. Das Amt Zossen wurde 2003 wieder aufgelöst, Nunsdorf wurde in Stadt Zossen eingegliedert und ist seitdem Ortsteil der Stadt Zossen.

Kirchliche Zugehörigkeit
Die Dorfkirche Nunsdorf in Nunsdorf war 1583 Tochterkirche der Kirche in Schünow, vermutlich bis 1755. 1900 war sie Tochterkirche der Kirche in Glienick.

Denkmale

Baudenkmale

Im Ort sind nur zwei Gebäude als Baudenkmale ausgewiesen:
 die Dorfkirche, von 1765 mit im Westen aufgesetzten Fachwerkturm, zwei Glocken: eine aus dem 14. Jahrhundert und eine Glocke von 1480.
 das Mittelflurhaus Dorfstraße 12

Bodendenkmale
Die Denkmalliste des Landes Brandenburg für den Landkreis Teltow-Fläming (Stand: 31. Dezember 2011) verzeichnet sechs Bodendenkmale
 Flur 2 (auf der Gemarkung von Nunsdorf und Christinendorf): Siedlung der Urgeschichte
 Flur 1 und 2 (auf der Gemarkung von Nunsdorf und Märkisch Wilmersdorf): Siedlung Urgeschichte
 Flur 1: Siedlung der Eisenzeit, Dorfkern Neuzeit und Mittelalter
 Flur 1: Siedlung der römischen Kaiserzeit und eine Siedlung der Völkerwanderungszeit
 Flur 1 und 2: Siedlung der Urgeschichte und eine Siedlung der Neuzeit
 Flur 1: ein Acker aus dem deutschen Mittelalter und eine Siedlung der Urgeschichte

Naturdenkmale
Für die Gemarkung Nunsdorf verzeichnet die Denkmalliste des Landes Brandenburg (Stand: 31. Dezember 2011) zwei Naturdenkmale

 eine Ulme in der östlichen Hälfte der Dorfaue, vor dem Gebäude Dorfstr. Nr. 12. Die Unterschutzstellung erfolgte wegen ihres Alters und ihrer Größe sowie wegen ihrer das Landschaftsbild prägenden Schönheit und Seltenheit.
 eine Eiche, in der Dorfaue nördlich der Kirche; wegen ihrer das Landschaftsbild prägenden Schönheit.

Anmerkung

Literatur
 Lieselott Enders, Margot Beck: Historisches Ortslexikon für Brandenburg. Teil 4: Teltow. Böhlau, Weimar 1976 (= Veröffentlichungen des Staatsarchivs Potsdam, Band 13).
 Gerhard Schlimpert (Bearb.): Brandenburgisches Namenbuch. Teil 3: Die Ortsnamen des Teltow. Böhlau, Weimar 1972, ISBN 3-7400-0575-0 (= Berliner Beiträge zur Namenforschung. Arbeitsgruppe Namen und Reliktforschung, Band 3).
 Wilhelm Spatz: Der Teltow. Teil 3: Geschichte der Ortschaften des Kreises Teltow. Rohde, Berlin 1912.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Teltow-Fläming
Geographie (Zossen)
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Teltow-Fläming)
Ersterwähnung 1492
Gemeindeauflösung 2003

Nunsdorf


(, pl. ) was the position title for a female guard in Nazi concentration camps. Of the 50,000 guards who served in the concentration camps, approximately 5,000 were women. In 1942, the first female guards arrived at Auschwitz and Majdanek from Ravensbrück. The year after, the Nazis began conscripting women because of a shortage of male guards. In the context of these camps, the German position title of  translates to (female) "overseer" or "attendant". Later female guards were dispersed to Bolzano (1944–1945), Kaiserwald-Riga (1943–44), Mauthausen (March – May 1945), Stutthof (1942–1945), Vaivara (1943–1944), Vught (1943–1944), and at Nazi concentration camps, subcamps, work camps, detention camps and other posts.

Recruitment

Female guards were generally from the lower to middle class and had no relevant work experience; their occupational background varied: one source mentions former matrons, hairdressers, tramcar-conductresses, opera singers or retired teachers. Volunteers were recruited via advertisements in German newspapers asking for women to show their love for the Reich and join the SS-Gefolge ("SS-Retinue", a Schutzstaffel (SS) support and service organisation for women). Additionally, some were conscripted based on data in their SS files. Adolescent enrollment in the League of German Girls acted as a vehicle of indoctrination for many of the women. At one of the post-war hearings,  Herta Haase-Breitmann-Schmidt, head female overseer, claimed that her female guards were not full-fledged SS women. Consequently, at some tribunals it was disputed whether SS-Helferinnen employed at the camps were official members of the SS, thus leading to conflicting court decisions. Many of them belonged to the Waffen-SS and to the SS-Helferinnen Corps.

Supervision levels and ranks
Female guards were collectively known as SS-Helferin (German: "SS Helper women"). The supervisory levels within the SS-Helferin were as follows:
Chef Oberaufseherin, "Chief Senior Overseer" [Ravensbrück]
Lagerführerin, "Camp Leader"
Oberaufseherin, "Senior Overseer"
Erstaufseherin, "First Guard" [Senior Overseer in some satellite camps]
Rapportführerin, "Report Leader"
Arbeitsdienstführerin, "Work Recording Leader"
Arbeitseinsatzführerin, "Work Input Overseers"
Blockführerin, "Block Leader"
Kommandoführerin, "Work Squad Leader" [Senior Overseer in some satellite camps]
Hundeführerin, "Dog Guide Overseer"
Aufseherin, "Overseer"
Arrestführerin, "Arrested Overseer"

Daily life
Relations between SS men and female guards are said to have existed in many of the camps, and Heinrich Himmler had told the SS men to regard the female guards as equals and comrades. At the relatively small Helmbrechts subcamp near Hof, Germany, the camp commandant, Wilhelm Dörr, openly pursued a sexual relationship with the head female overseer Herta Haase-Breitmann-Schmidt.

Corruption was another aspect of the female guard culture. Ilse Koch, known as "The Witch of Buchenwald", was married to the camp commandant, Karl Koch. Both were rumored to have embezzled millions of Reichsmark, for which Karl Koch was convicted and executed by the Nazis a few weeks before Buchenwald was liberated by the U.S. Army; however, Ilse was cleared of the charge. Convicted of war crimes, she was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1951.

One apparent exception to the brutal female overseer prototype was Klara Kunig, a camp guard in 1944 who served at Ravensbrück and its subcamp at Dresden-Universelle. The head wardress at the camp pointed out that she was too polite and too kind towards the inmates, resulting in her subsequent dismissal from camp duty in January 1945. Her fate has been unknown since 13 February 1945, the date of the allied firebombing of Dresden.

Camps, names and ranks

Near the end of the war, women were forced from factories in the German Labour Exchange and sent to training centres. Women were also trained on a smaller scale at the camps of Neuengamme; Auschwitz I, II, and III; Flossenbürg (as well as Dresden-Goehle, Holleischen and Zwodau); Gross Rosen (as well as its satellites in Langenbielau, Ober Hohenelbe and Parschnitz); Stutthof, as well as a few at Mauthausen. Most of these women came from the regions around the camps. In 1944, the first female overseers were stationed at the satellite camps belonging to Neuengamme, Dachau, Mauthausen, a very few at Natzweiler-Struthof, and none at the Mittelbau-Dora complex until March 1945.

Twenty-eight  served in Vught, some at Buchenwald, 60 in Bergen-Belsen, one at Dachau overseeing the brothel, more than 30 in Mauthausen (January 1945–May 1945), 30 at Majdanek, around 200 at Auschwitz and its subcamps, 140 at Sachsenhausen and its subcamps, 158 trained at Neuengamme, 47 trained at Stutthof, compared to 958 who served in Ravensbrück, 561 in the Flossenbürg complex, and over 800 in the Gross Rosen. Many female supervisors were trained and/or worked at subcamps in Germany, Poland, France, Austria, and Czechoslovakia.

The head overseer at Allendorf was SS-Oberaufseherin/Erstaufseherin Kaethe Hoern (September 1944–March 1945) while her assistant was SS-Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin Hildegard K.; in Auschwitz Oberaufseherin Johanna Langefeld (March 1942–October 1942), Lagerfuehrerin Maria Mandl (October 1942–November 1944), Stellvertetende Oberaufseherin Emma Zimmer (1942–43), Stellvertretende Lagerfuehrerin Margot Dreschel (late 1943–November 1944), Arbeitsdienstfuehrerin Elisabeth Hasse, Oberaufseherin Elisabeth Volkenrath (November 1944–January 1945), and Rapportfuehrerin Irma Grese (1944–of Hungarian Jewish women's compound under Mandl, Dreschel and Hasse), Mandl herself commanded all the SS women within Auschwitz-Birkenau. Grese and Volkenrath were convicted of war crimes and hanged on 13 December 1945; Mandl was hanged on 24 January 1948.
At Barth Lagerfuehrerin Irmgard Reissner (1944-April 1945),  Ruth Neudeck, (March 1945–May 1945), Stellvertretende Lagerfuehrerin Gerda Langner, and Kommandoführerin Gertrud Herrmann, in Belzig head female guard was Hedwig Ullrich (Summer 1944–April 1945).
In Bergen-Belsen the three head overseers were Oberaufseherin Elisabeth Volkenrath (February 1945–April 1945), Rapportführerin Hildegard Gollasch, while Herta Ehlert served an additional deputy wardress and Irma Grese (January/February 1945–April 1945) was Kommandoführerin alongside Juana Bormann.  At the Gross-Rosen annex camp at Bernsdorf (Bernartice), Maria Mühl was Kommandofuehrerin under Lagerfuehrerin Else Hawlik, who commanded all of the Trautenau Ring labor camps.  At the Gross-Rosen annex camp at Breslau-Hundsfeld (Wroclaw Psie Pole) the Kommandofuehrerin was Emilie Kowa and another high female ranking officer-Margarete Schueller.
Johanna Wisotzki was Oberaufseherin in Bromberg-Ost (Bydgoszcz East) from June 1944 until January/February 1945 along with Gerda Steinhoff, while Ilse Koch was appointed (unofficially) head female guard at Buchenwald, even though the camp had very few female prisoners. Koch was convicted of war crimes; she committed suicide in Aichach women's prison on 1 September 1967.
At Christianstadt, a Gross-Rosen satellite in Silesia, Emilie Harms was in charge of the camp; her assistant was Stellvertretende Kommandofuehrerin Lina Pohl. In the Danzig Holm subcamp Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin Gerda Steinhoff was second-in-command of all the female overseers and prisoners (October 1944–December 1944); in the Dora Mittelbau satellite in Gross-Werther, this was handled by Lagerfuhrerin Erna Petermann.
At the Ravensbrück/Flossenbürg subcamp at Dresden Universelle, Erstaufseherin Ida Guhl and Erstaufseherin Charlotte Hanakam were chief wardresses (1944–April 1945), and in Flossenbürg subcamp at Dresden-Goehle, this rank was given to several women, including Erstaufseherin Gertrud Schaefer and Margarethe de Hueber (1944); Erstaufseherin Gertrud Becker oversaw the Flossenbürg satellite in Hainichen (October 1944–April 1945), Erstaufseherin Dora Lange and later Erstaufseherin Gertrud Weniger (1944–1945) commanded Oederan.
At the Gross-Rosen subcamp in Gabersdorf, Kommandoführerin Charlotte Ressel was chief, and at the main camp Oberaufseherin Jane Bernigau was chief among all of the subcamps women guard personnel (800); in the Grünberg (Zielona Góra) satellite, Lagerführerin Anna Fiebeg (June 1944–January 1945) served as chief overseer, while Stellvetretende Lagerführerinnen Anna Jahn and Hela Milefski Replacement Camp Overseers, Female.
At Gräben (Grabina/Strzegom (PL), Kommandofuehrerin Katharina Reimann was head woman guard and Margarete Hentschel was her assistant as a Rapportfuehrerin; in Graeflish-Roehrsdorf, Silesia, Kommandoführerin Gertrud Sauer was in charge of the women's camp; and at the Gruschwitz-Neusalz subcamp of Gross Rosen Helene Obuch (1943–June 1944), then Kommandoführerin Elisabeth Gersch (June 1944–January 1945) was in charge, and at Hamburg-Wandsbek, Oberaufseherin Annemie von der Huelst was in charge, followed by her second-in-command, Kommandoführerin Loni Gutzeit.  At Hamburg-Sasel, Kommandofuehrerin Ida Roemer was the head female guard.
Helmbrechts was a subcamp of Floßenbürg built near Hof, Germany. Originally, Erstaufseherin Martha Dell' Antonia (Summer 1944–?) served there as head female guard over 22 female guards. In late 1944 she was replaced by the Commandant's (Doerr's) mistress, Herta Haase-Breitmann, who was originally a Kommandofuehrerin.
 In Holleischen Anna Schmidt, Dora Lange was senior overseer along with Elfriede Tribus.
Kratzau II in Czechoslovakia were overseen by Kommandofuehrerin Elsa Hennrich while a certain Denner (or Dinner) commanded Kratzau I; Lenzing by Oberaufseherin Margarete Freinberg(er) (November 1944–May 1945).
Majdanek and Lublin-Alterflughafen camps were headed by Oberaufsherin Else Ehrich (October 1942–June 1944), her immediate assistant, Rapportführerin and Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin Hermine Braunsteiner, and further deputies Else Weber and Elisabeth Knoblich. Knoblich was nicknamed "Halt die Klappe!" ("Shut up!") and Hermine Braunsteiner was deported from the United States to Germany in 1973 and died in 1999.
At the Mittelsteine concentration camp the head overseer was Kommandoführerin Käthe Jenesch and SS-Aufseherinnen Philomena Locker (reportedly sentenced after the War to seven years' imprisonment), Charlotte Neugebauer, and a Fraulein Schneider, (first name unknown). At Merzdorf Erna Rinke was Chief Overseer (Oberaufseherin).
In Obernheide, Kommandoführerin Gertrud Heise was chief over seven (known) SS women (September 1944–April 1945), and in Plaszow, Oberaufseherin Elsa Ehrich, Anna Gerwing (as Rapportführerin) and Kommandoführerin Alice Orlowski among another unknown women.
Ravensbrück was the central and largest training ground for female guards. The first Oberaufseherin was Margarete Stollberg who organized construction operations at the camp in a very minor capacity until May 1939.  Immediately after the camp was opened Johanna Langefeld became SS-Oberaufseherin (May 1939–March 1942) and Emma Zimmer became her deputy, (SS-Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin) (May 1939–October 1942); Maria Mandl also served during this period as an SS-Kommandoführerin (1939–1940) and Ober-Arrestführerin. of the camp bunker (1940–March 1942) while Gertrud Rabestein served as SS-Blockführerin of the Punishment Barrack and SS-Leiterin of the SS-Hundeführerinnen (1939–1941) and Gertrud Ida Schreiter served as an SS-Hundeführerin and SS-Kommandoführerin.  After Langefeld was assigned to Auschwitz I during March 1942, Maria Mandl became SS-Oberaufseherin (March 1942–October 1942), followed by Johanna Langefeld, who once again served at Ravensbrück until the summer of 1943.  During this period SS-Rapportführerinnen included Else Ehrich (1942) and Margot Dreschel, and Ober-arrestführerin Dorothea Binz, while Erika Boeddeker (1942), Edith Fräde (1942), Sophie Gode, and Wilhelmine Pielen (1942–1943) served as Blockführerinnen and/or Stellvertretende Blockführerinnen.  With the creation of Abteilung IIIa, the Labor Department in Ravensbrück, several SS officers were placed in command there, along with SS-Arbeitsdienstführerin Rosel Laurenzen (later married Dürichen) and her assistant, SS-Arbeitseinsatzführerin Gertrud Schöber (later married Steisslinger); during 1943 Laurenzen was relieved from her post and Gertrud Ida Schreiter became SS-Arbeitsdienstführerin. After deputy Leader Emma Zimmer was called to Auschwitz II in October 1942, along with Mandl and Margot Dreschel, Margarete Gallinat became deputy Oberaufseherin under Langefeld. During the summer of 1943, Gallinat was moved as SS-Oberaufseherin to the Vught concentration camp in the Netherlands and Langefeld was arrested by the SS.  Camp authorities promoted longtime Aufseherin Anne Klein-Plaubel to Chief Senior Overseer (Chef Oberaufseherin) of Ravensbrck during August 1943, assisted by Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin Dorothea Binz and under them were SS-Scharführerin Christel Jankowsky, SS-Ober-arrestführerin Margarete Mewes, and SS-Blockführerinnen Henny Gottwitz (Block 3) and Ulla Jürß (1943–1944).  During March 1944 Wilhelmine Pielen returned to Ravensbrück from Neubrandenburg and became assistant to Leader Binz until her transfer to Konigsberg-Neumark during October 1944.  During this time, Arbeitsdienstführerin Gertrud Ida Schreiter (born Kaufmann) was the female Leader of the Labor Department, and her second-in-commands were Arbeitseinsatzführerinnen Greta Bösel (born Müller)–in 1944 and a certain Helevead (or Hollevaed) also served in Department IIIa; additionally, Helene Massar was a Kommandoführerin of the sewing shop at the camp until 1945.  In the late autumn of 1944, Auschwitz-Birkenau Aufseherin Luise Brunner was installed as Chef Oberaufseherin at Ravensbrück.  Under Brunner was Oberaufseherin Binz, Arbeitsdienstführerin Schreiter, Arbeitsdienstführerin Ilse Vettermann, Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin Else Krippner, SS-Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin Wilhelmine Pielen (after her return from Konigsberg-Neumark in February/March 1945-she replaced Krippner) and Arbeitseinsatzführerinnen Greta Bösel and Hollevaed-were around 144 SS-Aufseherinnen (SS-Overseers), including Report Overseers (Rapportführerinnen) Knack, Olga Nickel (who began service prior to the summer of 1942) and Hildegard Knop. The Kommandoführerinnen during 1944/1945 included Elisabeth Kammer, Emma Lankes, Helene Massar, and Hildegard Z while Blockfuhrerinnen were Ulla Jürß {until autumn 1944}, Ruth Neudeck (summer-autumn 1944), Elfriede Mohnecke (spring 1945), Martha Krüger (of Barrack 23), Rosalie Leimböck (until autumn 1944), Margarete Steigüber, Emmi Steinbeck, and Frieda Wötzel-Drehmann (1944).  Else Grabner was also the head of the female Ravensbrück subcamp as Oberaufseherin (Chief Wardress), then Lagerleiterin (Camp Leader).  Binz and Boesel were convicted of war crimes and hanged on 2 May 1947.
Rochlitz was headed by Erstaufseherin Marianne Essmann.
In St. Lambrecht it was Jane Bernigau (1942–1944), while at Stutthof there was Oberaufseherin Anna Scharbert promoted to chief female overseer after her time in Ravensbruck, Majdanek and Auschwitz, while at Theresienstadt this was given to Hildegard Neumann and Oberaufseherin Elisabeth Schmidt in the 'Small Fortress' camp.
Erstaufseherin Ruth Closius headed Uckermark along with her assistant, SS-Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin Elfriede Mohnecke (January 1945–March 1945); Oberaufseherin Margarete Gallinat (Maria) (1943–1944) and later Oberaufseherin Gertrud Weiniger (summer–autumn 1944) oversaw Vught, Kommandofehrerin Susanne Hille was head female guard at Unterluess (or Vuterluss) (September 1944–April 1945). Oberaufseherin Fraulein Schneider, and later Anneliese Unger oversaw the Flossenbürg subcamp at Zwodau (June 1944–May 1945).
Dzierżązna, Łódź Voivodeship SS Aufseherin Sydonia Bayer {b. 12 December 1903–tried 6 September 1945; executed Lodz Poland 12 November 1945]
In researching his maternal German kin, American historian James L. Cabot found that two of his distant relations were overseers – Maria Kleinschmidt, an operative at Neuengamme, and Charlotte Kleinschmidt (née Peters), whose exact camp service is unknown.

Prisoner Olga Lengyel, who in her memoir, Five Chimneys, wrote that selections in the women's camp were made by SS Aufseherin Elisabeth Hasse and Irma Grese.  Other survivors accused Juana Bormann, Elisabeth Volkenrath, Elisabeth Ruppert and Margot Dreschel for the same crimes.

Later events

In 1996, a story broke in Germany about Margot Pietzner (married name Kunz), a former Aufseherin from Ravensbrück, the Belzig subcamp and a subcamp at Wittenberg. She was originally sentenced to death by a Soviet court, but it was commuted to a life sentence, and she was released in 1956. In the early 1990s, at the age of 74, Pietzner was awarded the title "Stalinist victim" and given 64,350 Deutsche Marks (32,902 Euros). Many historians argued that she had lied and did not deserve the money. She had, in fact, served time in a German prison which was overseen by the Soviets, but she was imprisoned because she had served at three concentration camps.

The only female guard to tell her story to the public was Herta Bothe, who served as a guard at Ravensbrück in 1942, then at Stutthof, Bromberg-Ost subcamp, and finally in Bergen-Belsen. She received ten years' imprisonment and was released in the mid-1950s. In a rare interview recorded in 1999, Bothe was asked if she regretted being a guard in a concentration camp. Her response was, "What do you mean? ... I made a mistake, no... The mistake was that it was a concentration camp, but I had to go to it—otherwise I would have been put into it myself, that was my mistake." Though Bothe claimed that refusal of the position of guard would have seen her placed in the camp herself – an explanation given by many female ex-guards – it was unlikely to have been true, as records from the time showed some new recruits leaving their positions at Ravensbrück, facing no recorded negative consequences for doing so.

In 2006, 84-year-old San Francisco resident Elfriede Rinkel was deported by the US Justice Department to Germany; Rinkel had worked at Ravensbrück from June 1944 to April 1945, and had used an SS-trained dog in the camp. She had hidden her secret for more than 60 years from her family, friends and Jewish-German husband Fred. Rinkel immigrated to the US in 1959 seeking a better life, and had omitted Ravensbrück from the list of residences supplied on her visa application. In Germany, Rinkel did not face criminal charges, with the expiry of the statute of limitations meaning that only murder allegations could be tried after such a length of time. The case continued to be examined until Rinkel's death in 2018.

Notes

See also
SS-Totenkopfverbände#Concentration camp personnel

References
Aroneanu, Eugene, ed. Inside the Concentration Camps Trans. Thomas Whissen. New York: Praeger, 1996.
Brown, Daniel Patrick, The Camp Women. The Female Auxiliaries Who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System. Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 2002.
Hart, Kitty. Return to Auschwitz: The Remarkable Story of a Girl Who Survived the Holocaust. New York: Atheneum, 1983.
 G. Álvarez, Mónica. "Guardianas Nazis. El lado femenino del mal" (Spanish). Madrid: Grupo Edaf, 2012.
Mailänder, Elissa & Patricia Szobar, eds. Female SS Guards and Workaday Violence: The Majdanek Concentration Camp, 1942-1944. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2015.

External links
Article on female Nazi war criminals

Nazi concentration camp occupations

Female guards in Nazi concentration camps


Sho Kitano (født 20. november 1984) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Yokohama F. Marinos og Vissel Kobe.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Sho Kitano


Lista de opere a lui Pieter Bruegel cel Bătrân este o listă parțială de picturi a artistului olandez Pieter Bruegel cel Bătrân

Liste de lucrări după artist

Lista de opere ale lui Pieter Bruegel cel Bătrân


Mudanya Mütareke Evi, Mudanya'da, Türk Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'nı sonlandıran Mudanya Mütarekesi'nin imzalandığı tarihi evdir.

Rus asıllı tüccar Aleksandr Ganyanof'a ait olan ev, Mudanyalı iş insanı (şeker kralı) Hayri İpar tarafından satın alınarak onarılmış ve 1937 yılında Mudanya Belediyesi'ne bağlı bir müzeye dönüştürülmüştür. 1959 yılında Eski Eserler Genel Müdürlüğü'ne devredilmiştir.

Bodrum ve çatı katı dışında 2 katlı bir ahşap evdir. 19. yüzyıl sonlarının mimari yapısına sahiptir. Arsa alanı 800 meterekare, bina alanı 400 metrekaredir. 13 odası ve 2 büyük salonu vardır. Birinci katta mütarekenin imzalandığı salon ve görüşmelerde Türkiye'yi temsil eden İsmet İnönü'nün çalışma odası, üst katta İsmet Paşa ve yaverlerinin yatak odaları yer almaktadır. İsmet Paşa'nın çalışma odasında Paşa'nın savaştan sonra katıldığı bir antlaşmada şartlarının kabul edilmediğini görünce "Gerekirse savaşarız!" diyerek yumruğunu vurarak ikiye böldüğü mermer masa sergilenir. Mütareke dönemine ait eşyaların korunduğu evde o döneme ait fotoğraflar ve belgeler de sergilenmektedir.

Bursa'daki müzeler
Mudanya'daki yapılar
1937'de kurulan müzeler

Mudanya Mütareke Evi


Magnoliidae, podrazred u razredu Magnoliopsida kod Cronquista i Takhtajana.

Cronquistov sustav

A. razred Magnoliopsida Brongn.
J Podrazred Magnoliidae Takht., 1966
J1 Red Aristolochiales Lindl., 1833
Porodica Aristolochiaceae Juss., 1789
Rod Asarum L.
Rod Aristolochia L.
Rod Saruma Oliv.
Rod Hexastylis Raf.
J2 Red Illiciales Hu, 1950
Porodica Illiciaceae A. C. Smith, 1947
Rod Illicium L.
Porodica Schisandraceae Blume, 1830
Rod Schisandra Michx.
Rod Kadsura Juss.
J3 Red Laurales Lindl., 1833
Porodica Amborellaceae Pichon, 1948
Rod Amborella Baill.
Porodica Calycanthaceae Lindl., 1819
Rod Chimonanthus Lindl.
Rod Calycanthus L.
Rod Sinocalycanthus (W.C.Cheng & S.Y.Chang) W.C.Cheng & S.Y.Chang
Porodica Gomortegaceae Reiche, 1896
Rod Gomortega Ruiz & Pav.
Porodica Hernandiaceae Blume, 1826
Rod Illigera Blume
Rod Sparattanthelium Mart.
Rod Hernandia L.
Rod Gyrocarpus Jacq.
Porodica Idiospermaceae S. T. Blake, 1972
Rod Idiospermum S.T.Blake
Porodica Lauraceae Juss., 1789
Rod Dicypellium Nees & Mart.
Rod Beilschmiedia Nees
Rod Cinnamomum Schaeff.
Rod Cryptocarya R.Br.
Rod Cassytha Mill., 1768
Rod Sassafras Nees
Rod Laurus L.
Rod Phyllostemonodaphne Kosterm.
Rod Litsea Lam.
Rod Umbellularia (Nees) Nutt.
Rod Persea Mill.
Rod Potameia Thouars
Rod Ocotea Aubl.
Rod Micropora Hook.f.
Rod Mezilaurus Kuntze ex Taub.
Rod Hypodaphnis Stapf
Porodica Monimiaceae Juss., 1809
Rod Xymalos Baill.
Rod Hedycarya J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Rod Wilkiea F.Muell.
Rod Steganthera Perkins
Rod Hennecartia Poiss.
Rod Siparuna Aubl.
Rod Mollinedia Ruiz & Pav.
Rod Monimia Thouars
Rod Palmeria F.Muell.
Rod Tambourissa Sonn.
Rod Kibara Endl.
Rod Hortonia Wight
Rod Peumus Molina
Porodica Trimeniaceae Gibbs, 1917
Rod Trimenia Seem.
Rod Piptocalyx Oliv. ex Benth.
J4 Red Magnoliales Bromhead, 1838
Porodica Annonaceae Juss., 1789
Rod Anaxagorea A.St.-Hil.
Rod Annona L.
Rod Isolona Engl.
Rod Guatteria Ruiz & Pav.
Rod Xylopia L.
Rod Asimina Adans.
Rod Uvaria L.
Rod Monodora Dunal
Rod Polyalthia Blume
Porodica Austrobaileyaceae Croizat, 1943
Rod Austrobaileya C.T.White
Porodica Canellaceae Martius, 1832
Rod Cinnamodendron Endl.
Rod Cinnamosma Baill.
Rod Canella P.Browne
Rod Warburgia Engl.
Rod Capsicodendron Hoehne
Rod Pleodendron Tiegh.
Porodica Degeneriaceae I. W. Bailey & A. C. Smith, 1942
Rod Degeneria I.W.Bailey & A.C.Sm.
Porodica Eupomatiaceae Endl., 1841
Rod Eupomatia R.Br.
Porodica Himantandraceae Diels, 1917
Rod Galbulimima F.M.Bailey
Porodica Lactoridaceae Engl., 1888
Rod Lactoris Phil.
Porodica Magnoliaceae Juss., 1789
Rod Magnolia L.
Rod Liriodendron L.
Rod Michelia L.
Rod Kmeria (Pierre) Dandy
Rod Talauma Juss.
Porodica Myristacaceae R. Br., 1810
Rod Virola Aubl.
Rod Brochoneura Warb.
Rod Knema Lour.
Rod Myristica Gronov.
Rod Horsfieldia Willd.
Porodica Winteraceae Lindl., 1830
Rod Drimys J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Rod Zygogynum Baill.
Rod Belliolum Tiegh.
Rod Tasmannia DC.
Rod Pseudowintera Dandy
Rod Bubbia Tiegh.
Rod Tetrathalamus Lauterb.
Rod Takhtajania Baranova & J.-F.Leroy
Rod Exospermum Tiegh.
J5 Red Nymphaeales J. H. Schaffner, 1929
Porodica Barclayaceae Kozo-Poljansky, 1922
Rod Barclaya Wall.
Porodica Cabombaceae A. Rich., 1828
Rod Brasenia Schreb.
Rod Cabomba Aubl.
Porodica Ceratophyllaceae S. F. Gray, 1821
Rod Ceratophyllum L.
Porodica Nelumbonaceae Dumort., 1828
Rod Nelumbo Adans.
Porodica Nymphaeaceae Salisbury, 1805
Rod Euryale Salisb.
Rod Victoria Lindl.
Rod Ondinea Hartog
Rod Nymphaea L.
Rod Nuphar Sm.
J6 Red Papaverales A. L. de Jussieu, 1789
Porodica Fumariaceae DC., 1821
Rod Corydalis DC.
Rod Dicentra Borkh. ex Bernh.
Rod Fumaria L.
Rod Hypecoum L.
Rod Pteridophyllum Siebold & Zucc.
Porodica Papaveraceae Juss., 1789
Rod Chelidonium L.
Rod Eschscholzia Cham.
Rod Dendromecon Benth.
Rod Meconella Nutt.
Rod Papaver L.
Rod Platystemon Benth.
Rod Macleaya R.Br.
J7 Red Piperales Lindl., 1833
Porodica Chloranthaceae R. Br. ex Lindley, 1821
Rod Ascarina J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Rod Hedyosmum Sw.
Rod Chloranthus Sw.
Rod Sarcandra Gardner
Rod Ascarinopsis Humbert & Capuron
Porodica Piperaceae C. A. Agardh, 1825
Rod Piper L.
Rod Peperomia Ruiz & Pav.
Porodica Saururaceae E. Meyer, 1827
Rod Anemopsis Hook. & Arn.
Rod Gymnotheca C.Presl
Rod Circaeocarpus C.Y.Wu
Rod Saururus L.
Rod Houttuynia Thunb.
J8 Red Ranunculales Lindl., 1833
Porodica Berberidaceae Juss., 1789
Rod Achlys DC.
Rod Berberis L.
Rod Diphylleia Michx.
Rod Podophyllum L.
Rod Mahonia Nutt.
Rod Leontice L.
Rod Nandina Thunb.
Porodica Circaeasteraceae Hutch., 1926
Rod Circaeaster Maxim.
Rod Kingdonia Balf.f. & W.W.Sm.
Porodica Coriariaceae DC., 1824
Rod Coriaria L.
Porodica Lardizabalaceae Decaisne, 1838
Rod Decaisnea Hook.f. & Thomson
Rod Akebia Decne.
Rod Boquila Decne.
Rod Stauntonia DC.
Rod Holboellia Wall.
Rod Lardizabala Ruiz & Pav.
Porodica Menispermaceae Juss., 1789
Rod Cyclea Arn. ex Wight
Rod Abuta Aubl.
Rod Disciphania Eichler
Rod Cissampelos L.
Rod Cocculus DC.
Rod Syntriandrum Engl., 1899
Rod Menispermum L.
Rod Tiliacora Colebr.
Rod Stephania Lour.
Rod Tinospora Miers
Porodica Ranunculaceae Juss., 1789
Rod Clematis L.
Rod Glaucidium Siebold & Zucc.
Rod Consolida Gray
Rod Eranthis Salisb.
Rod Delphinium L.
Rod Ranunculus L.
Rod Adonis L.
Rod Anemone L.
Rod Xanthorhiza Marshall
Rod Aquilegia L.
Rod Helleborus L.
Rod Thalictrum L.
Rod Nigella L.
Rod Hydrastis L.
Porodica Sabiaceae Blume, 1851
Rod Meliosma Blume
Rod Sabia Colebr.
Rod Ophiocaryon Endl.
Porodica Sargentodoxaceae Stapf ex Hutchinson, 1926
Rod Sargentodoxa Rehder & E.H.Wilson

Takhtajanov sustav
A. razred Magnoliopsida Brongn.
Podrazred Magnoliidae
Nadred Magnolianae
 Red Magnoliales
Porodica Degeneriaceae
Porodica Himantandraceae
Porodica Magnoliaceae
 Red Winterales
Porodica Winteraceae
 Red Canellales
Porodica Canellaceae
 Red Illiciales
Porodica Illiciaceae
Porodica Schisandraceae
 Red Austrobaileyales
Porodica Austrobaileyaceae
 Red Eupomatiales
Porodica Eupomatiaceae
 Red Annonales
Porodica Annonaceae
 Red Myristicales
Porodica Myristicaceae
 Red Aristolochiales
Porodica Aristolochiaceae
Nadred Lactoridanae
Red Lactoridales
Porodica Lactoridaceae
Nadred Piperanae
Red Piperales
Porodica Saururaceae
Porodica Piperaceae
Porodica Peperomiaceae
Nadred Lauranae
Red Laurales
Porodica Amborellaceae
Porodica Trimeniaceae
Porodica Monimiaceae
Porodica Gomortegaceae
Porodica Hernandiaceae
Porodica Lauraceae
Red Calycanthales
Porodica Calycanthaceae
Porodica Idiospermaceae
Red Chloranthales
Porodica Chloranthaceae
Nadred Rafflesianae
 Red Hydnorales
Porodica Hydnoraceae
Red Rafflesiales
Porodica Apodanthaceae
Porodica Mitrastemonaceae
Porodica Rafflesiaceae
Porodica Cytinaceae
Nadred Balanophoranae
Red Cynomoriales
Porodica Cynomoriaceae
Red Balanophorales
Porodica Mystropetalaceae
Porodica Dactylanthaceae
Porodica Lophophytaceae
Porodica Sarcophytaceae
Porodica Scybaliaceae
Porodica Heloseaceae
Porodica Langsdorffiaceae
Porodica Balanophoraceae

Izvori

Dvosupnice
Biljni podrazredi

Magnoliidae


The Messengers (Glasnici), hrvatski je vokalni gospel sastav iz Zagreba. Izvodi pretežito crnačku duhovnu, gospel i vokalnu jazz glazbu, njegujući a capella pjevanje.

Povijest
Sastav je osnovan na inicijativu Diane Krčmar i Matije Škvorca u studenome 2002. godine u Župi Blažene Djevice Marije Žalosne u Španskom. Među zapaženije ranije nastupe ubraja se nastup na Uskrsfestu 2008., u suradnji sa šibenskim Laudantesima, pri čemu osvajaju nagradu publike. Na Tonkafestu 2009. osvajaju drugu nagradu prosudbenoga povjerenstva festivala. Nastupili su i na Zagorje Blues Etno Festivalu u Mariji Bistrici (2015.), na zagrebačkom Floraartu (2018.), koncertnim večerima Festivala glazbe Zagreb te u nizu gradova (Đakovu, Kiseljaku, Koprivnici, Splitu, Šibeniku, Ogulinu). U suradnji s Rokom Blaževićem snimaju pjesmu »Krila«. Snimili su i glazbu za igrani film The Voice (Glas) redatelja Ognjena Sviličića.

Prvi nosač zvuka Messengersi objavljuju 2011. pod naslovom »Good News« (Radosna vijest), a koji predstavlja zbirku tradicijskih gospel i negro spiritual skladbi.
Četiri godine kasnije predstavljaju album »Total Praise«, a 2017. »S(w)ingin' with The Messengers« u nakladi Laudata.

Koncertom u ZGK-u »Komedija« 11. studenoga 2022., sastav je obilježio dvadesetu godišnjicu djelatnosti.

Nagrade
 2008. Nagrada publike na Uskrsfestu, zajedno sa sastavom Laudantes.
 2009. Druga nagrada prosudbenoga povjerenstva Tonkafesta.
 2016. Prvo mjesto i zlatna plaketa Festivala glazbe Zagreb u kategoriji slobodnoga višeglasja.
 2019. Prvo mjesto na međunarodnom natjecanju u Veroni u kategoriji jazza, bluesa, swinga i gospela.
 2020. Nominacija za  nagradu Porin u kategoriji najboljega albuma popularne duhovne glazbe.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice sastava
 Volite gospel i kvalitetnu glazbu? Poslušajte sastav "The Messengers"! zgexpress.net. Objavljeno 25. kolovoza 2014.

Zagrebački glazbeni sastavi
Kršćanski glazbeni sastavi
Gospel glazbenici

The Messengers (gospel-sastav)


Lucina, Roma mitolojisinde doğum tanrıçasıdır. Daha sonraları, evlilik, aile ve doğum tanrıçası olan Juno'ya (Yunan mitolojisinde Hera) hitaben kullanılan bir isim olmuştur.

Latince "lux", ışık kelimesinden türemiştir. Kullanılırken anlamı genelde "bebekleri ışığa getiren"dir. Zaman zaman bereket ve ay ile ilgili tanrıçalar (Diana vs.) için bir hitabet tarzı olarak kullanılmıştır.

Roma tanrıçaları
Roma mitolojisi taslakları
Bereket tanrıçaları

Lucina


Elsholtzieae, tribus biljaka iz porodica usnatica, dio potporodice Nepetoideae. Postoji 7 rodova. Prvi ga je opisao  Burnett

Tipični rod je elšolcija (Elsholtzia).

Rodovi
 Perillula Maxim. (1 sp.)
 Ombrocharis Hand.-Mazz. (1 sp.)
 Collinsonia L. (4 spp.)
 Keiskea Miq. (7 spp.)
 Perilla L. (2 spp.)
 Mosla (Benth.) Buch.-Ham. ex Maxim. (15 spp.)
 Elsholtzia Willd.  (45 spp.)

Izvori

Nepetoideae

Elsholtzieae