Gotlar sütunu (Yunanca: Στήλη των Γότθων Stíli ton Gótthon), Topkapı Sarayı dış bahçesinde, Gülhane Parkı Sarayburnu girişinde bulunan ve Roma devrinden günümüze hiç değişikliğe uğramadan gelen en eski abidedir. Etrafını saran yüksek ağaçlar arasına saklanmış gibi durmaktadır.

Tarihi
Yüksekliği 18.5 metredir. Prokonnessos mermerinden tek bir blok halinde yapılmıştır. Sütun başı korint uslubunda kartal arması ile süslüdür. Sütunun ismi kaidesinde bulunan kısaltılmış, Latince bir yazıttan gelmektedir.
FORTUNAE REDUCI OB DEVICTUS GOTHOS
Bu kısa kısım "Gotların yenilgisi sebebi ile geri dönen Fortuna'ya" anlamında gelmektedır. Genel inanışa göre bugünkü kitabe II. Claudius'un Gotlara karşı kazandığı zaferi anmaktadır. Fakat I. Konstantin'in, 331-332 tarihlerinde Got kabilelerine karşı kazandığı galibiyetleri zikretmesi de muhtemeldir.

6. yüzyıl tarih yazarı Lidyalı İonnes, sütun başlığının aslen Yunan Şans ve Baht Tanrıçası olan Tike'nin bir heykelini taşıdığını söyler. Tike'nin pagan tanrıçası olması nedeniyle, Hristiyanlığın resmi din olmasından sonra kaldırılmış olabilir. Nikiforos Grigoras'a göre sütun Byzantion'a adını veren Megaralı Byzas'ın bir heykelini taşımaktaydı. Bu iddianın nedenlerinden biri de şehrin kurucularının karaya çıktığı yerin, kolonun çok yakınlarında olmasıdır.

Galeri

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.istanbul.gov.tr*

Kaynakça
 Istanbul'un Bizans Anıtları, John Freely - Ahmet S. Çakmak Yapı Kredi Yayınları

Konstantinopolis
İstanbul'daki dikilitaşlar
Zafer anıtları
Fatih'teki anıtlar
Cankurtaran, Fatih

Gotlar Sütunu


Downton se poate referi la,

Locuri
 Downton, Hampshire, ,
 Downton, Herefordshire, Anglia,
 Downton, Powys, ,
 Downton, Shropshire, Anglia,
 Downton, Wiltshire, Anglia,
 Downton (Parlamentul Marii Britanii), fostă circumscripție electorală din Wiltshire,
 Downton, Devon, Anglia,
 Mount Downton, vârf vulcanic din , ,
 Downton Lake, lac de acumulare în provincia British Columbia, Canada.

Alte utilizări
 Downton (nume de familie)
 Downton F.C., club de fotbal din Wiltshire,

A se vedea și
 Downton Abbey, serial de televiziune britanic
 Downton Castle, un castel (o casă-conac de la țară) din secolul al 18-lea din Downton on the Rock, Herefordshire
 Downton pump

Nume similare
 Downtown
 Uptown

Nume proprii

Downton


Frank Devine () a fost un jurnalist și editor de ziar australian, născut în Noua Zeelandă.

Biografie
Devine s-a născut în orașul Blenheim de pe Insula de Sud și și-a început acolo, la vârsta de 17 ani, cariera de jurnalist la Marlborough Express. În 1953 Devine lucra pentru West Australian Newspapers din Perth, colaborând și la Western Mail. Mai târziu, el a lucrat pe post de corespondent extern la New York, Londra și Tokyo înainte de a reveni la Perth, în calitate de redactor al Weekend News în 1970.

În 1971 a fost numit redactor-șef al ediției australiene a revistei Reader's Digest. După zece ani, s-a transferat pe poziția de senior editor al Digest din New York.

A rămas în Statele Unite ale Americii, unde a fost numit de Rupert Murdoch în postul de redactor la Chicago Sun-Times. În 1986 a părăsit orașul Chicago ca să preia postul de redactor al ziarului New York Post. Ulterior, Devine a fost editorialist și redactor al ziarului The Australian. El a contribuit cu un articol lunar pentru Quadrant din 2002 până în 2009; a pregătit o colecție din aceste articole intitulată  Older and Wiser, înainte de a muri.

S-a căsătorit cu Jacqueline Magee în aprilie 1959, cu care va avea trei copii. Cel mai mare, Miranda Devine, a fost editorialist pentru Sydney Morning Herald și Daily Telegraph.

Referințe

Legături externe
 David Banks, Beloved mentor and mate skips the Ashes , The Australian, 11 July 2009.
 Peter Coleman, 'My Friend Frank'
 Christopher Pearson, Frank conviviality of a Devine fellow soul , The Australian, 11 July 2009.

Nașteri în 1931
Decese în 2009
Jurnaliști australieni
Cioturi Biografii Australieni

Frank Devine


USS Sculpin (SS-191), a Sargo-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the sculpin.

Construction and commissioning
Sculpin′s keel was laid down on 7 September 1937 at the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine. She was launched on 27 July 1938, sponsored by Mrs.  Bernice F. Defrees, wife of Rear Admiral Joseph R. Defrees, Sr, Chief of Staff to the Commander, Scouting Force, United States Fleet; their son would later lose his life aboard Sculpin.  Sculpin was commissioned on 16 January 1939, Lieutenant Warren D. Wilkin in command.

Service history

Inter-war period
While on her initial shakedown cruise on 23 May 1939, Sculpin was diverted to search for , which had gone missing during a test dive. Sighting a red smoke bomb and a rescue buoy from Squalus, she established communications, first by underwater telephone and then by signals tapped in Morse code on the hull. Sculpin stood by while  rescued the survivors, and rendered further assistance by familiarizing the divers with the configuration of her sister ship. Sculpin aided in the salvage of the sunken vessel by sounding out the approaches to Portsmouth, New Hampshire and preparing supplementary charts of the area where Squalus was refloated.

Following the assistance given in the recovery of Squalus, Sculpin engaged in type training off the Atlantic coast until transferred to the Pacific Fleet. Departing Portsmouth on 28 January 1940, she arrived at San Diego, California on 6 March. She sailed west on 1 April, arriving at Pearl Harbor on 9 March, where she was based for the next 18 months. Departing Pearl Harbor on 23 October 1941 as part of Submarine Division 22, she arrived at Manila on 8 November. From Cavite, she engaged in local operations and type training until war broke out.

First war patrol
Departing Cavite on the night of 8–9 December 1941, Sculpin – commanded by Lucius H. Chappell –  escorted  and  as far as San Bernardino Strait. She then took station off Lamon Bay in the Philippine Sea north of Luzon on 10 December. "The weather was foul, the visibility abysmal." When Frederick W. Warder's Seawolf was moved, Sculpin took up her station off Aparri, departing 21 December. Three days later, a Japanese task force came ashore at the unguarded Lamon Bay. Off Aparri, Sculpin detected a target, but was unable to gain firing position. After  was twice "pooped" by heavy seas, Sculpin requested she be moved back to Lamon Bay, where she found weather so bad, she proved unable to attack Japanese shipping going in or out. Her first patrol terminated (after a duration of 45 days) at Surabaya, Java, on 22 January.

Second war patrol
Her second patrol, from 30 January-28 February, was in the Molucca Sea, east of Sulawesi. On 4 February off Kendari, Java, she fired three torpedoes at a Japanese destroyer. Two hits inflicted heavy damage. After the war, Japanese records revealed  had beached herself, and was later salvaged. Three nights later, Sculpin detected a Japanese task force (bound for Makassar City, Celebes) made up of destroyers, cruisers, and an aircraft carrier (a startling sight, as it remained for the duration). She fired on a cruiser, missed and was detected and forced to dive. She escaped four hours later after a heavy depth charge attack by six destroyers. When she got loose, she radioed a contact report, which was not received. On the night of 17 February, she was detected while making a surface attack, firing two torpedoes each at a freighter and a destroyer, all of which missed, and she was forced to dive. During the ensuing depth charge attack, she sustained damage to her starboard main controller and starboard shaft. On 28 February, after 28 days at sea, she arrived at Fremantle for refit, falling under the command of Admiral Charles A. Lockwood.

Third war patrol
Her third patrol, from 13 March-27 April out of Fremantle, was in the Banda Sea, again off Kendari. Codebreakers got word a Japanese carrier force, Carrier Division Five, had arrived on 24 March. Two days later, this force departed Kendari; Sculpin failed to spot them, but did fire three torpedoes at a freighter, all of which missed. The torpedoes were last seen running straight for the target, but apparently ran deeper than set. A similar incident occurred on 1 April in a night attack, and within a week, a third attack with three more torpedoes had also failed. Sculpin, like many of her sister submarines in the early days of the Pacific War, was plagued by malfunctions of the Mark 14 torpedo, which ran erratically or too deep, or of the Mark VI exploder, which failed to detonate them correctly. The frustrated Sculpin returned to Fremantle on 27 April, after forty-five unproductive days on patrol.

Fourth war patrol
Sculpins fourth war patrol, from 29 May – 17 June, was in the South China Sea. On 8 June, she was unsuccessful in an attack on a cargo ship, again due to torpedo malfunction. A vigorous depth charge attack kept Sculpin down while the cargo ship escaped. On 13 June, near Balabac Strait, she torpedoed a cargo ship which returned fire with her deck gun and commenced to limp away. Turning on two accompanying tankers astern of the cargo ship, Sculpin made an attack but was forced to dive to prevent being rammed by one of the tankers. Surfacing at dusk, Sculpin pursued the cargo ship, but was again driven away by accurate gunfire from the maru. She shifted her attack to a tanker, leaving the ship listing and making heavy smoke. However, no sinking was confirmed. Off Cape Varella, Indochina, early on the morning of 19 June, she torpedoed a cargo ship, making a hit forward of the stack. A heavy secondary explosion was heard, and the damaged vessel was last seen headed for the shore to beach, smoke pouring from her forward hatch. Sculpin returned to Australia on 17 July. She moved to Brisbane, under Ralph Waldo Christie (part of Admiral Arthur S. Carpender's 7th Fleet, and ultimately General Douglas MacArthur's South West Pacific Area command), along with the rest of Submarine Squadron Two (SubRon 2), in August.

Fifth war patrol
The waters of the Bismarck Archipelago were the theater of her fifth patrol, from 8 September-26 October. After reconnaissance off Thilenius and Montagu harbors of New Ireland, Sculpin commenced her search for Japanese shipping. On 28 September, she scored two hits on a cargo ship, but was forced to dive as a Japanese destroyer raced to the scene. Sculpin was under depth charge attack for three hours, during which she sustained minor damage. On 7 October, she made her first confirmed kill, Naminoue Maru, off New Ireland. Escaping the Japanese escorts' countermeasures, she remained in the general area where, a week later, she intercepted a three-ship convoy in the shipping lane between Rabaul and Kavieng. Waiting until the escorting destroyer had made a patrol sweep to the opposite side of the convoy, Sculpin fired a spread of four torpedoes at Sumoyoshi Maru. While the blazing ship lay dead in the water and sinking, Sculpin slipped away. Four days later, she inflicted minor damage on , with a hit forward of the bridge, but was driven off by the cruiser's gunfire. For the 54-day duration of her patrol, she was credited with three ships for 24,100 tons; postwar, only two for 6,652 tons were confirmed.

Sixth war patrol
Departing Brisbane on her sixth war patrol, from 18 November 1942 – 8 January 1943, Sculpin worked her way past New Britain to the rich hunting grounds off Truk. After escaping a Japanese aerial attack on 11 December, she was put on the scent of a Japanese aircraft carrier by codebreakers. On the night of 17–18 December, she closed to . One illuminated Sculpin with a searchlight as both commenced heavy fire with deck guns. The submarine went deep as the enemy depth charge attack and prolonged sonar search continued. The following night, she scored two hits on a tanker, with no sinking credited, and none confirmed postwar. For her 52-day patrol, Sculpin had nothing to show.

Refurbishment and seventh war patrol
Sculpin arrived at Pearl Harbor on 8 January 1943, and sailed east to San Francisco, California, spending three months in overhaul at Mare Island. Returning to Pearl Harbor on 9 May, she departed Hawaii for her seventh war patrol on 24 May and operated off the northwest coast of Honshū. Around midnight on 9 June, three days after arriving on station off Sofu Gan (also called Lot's Wife), she detected a Japanese task force consisting of two aircraft carriers with a cruiser escort. Sculpin rang up flank speed to close, but was outdistanced. She made a desperate shot, four torpedoes from 7,000 yd (6,400 m); one exploded prematurely, giving her away, and she was unable to make a stern tube shot. Two heavy underwater explosions were heard as the submarine submerged. On 14 June, she damaged a cargo ship but was forced to dive and run silent to avoid the vigorous countermeasures of the marus escorts. On 19 June, she destroyed two sampans by gunfire, leaving them aflame, with decks awash. During the remainder of the patrol, she spotted other possible targets, but they all hugged the shore some running inside the 10 fathom (18 m) line. The patrol terminated at Midway Island on 4 July after 41 days; she was credited with no damage.

Eighth war patrol
Sculpins eighth war patrol, from 25 July–17 September, was off the Chinese coast, in the East China Sea and Formosa Strait. On 9 August, she torpedoed and sank Sekko Maru off the coast of Formosa. She evaded ASW patrol craft in the Taiwan Strait on 16–17 August. On 21 August, she intercepted an armed cargo ship and fired a spread of three torpedoes which ran "hot, straight, and normal" but did not explode. Sculpin was immediately pounced upon by escorting destroyers and was forced to dive. The cargo ship escaped in the ensuing depth charge attack. A similar torpedo malfunction occurred on 1 September, when the splash of water resulting from the torpedo striking the target's hull could be seen, but no detonation occurred. The submarine escaped the immediate counterattack of the escorts, and after reconnaissance of Marcus Island, she returned to Midway Atoll after 54 days on patrol, earning credit for one ship of 4,500 tons (reduced to 3,183 tons postwar).

Ninth war patrol and loss
Following a brief overhaul period at Pearl Harbor, Sculpin – commanded by Fred Connaway – departed Hawaii on 5 November 1943. Ordered to patrol north of Truk, she was to intercept and attack Japanese forces leaving Truk to oppose the forthcoming invasion of Tarawa in the Gilbert Islands. Sculpin and two other submarines were to form a wolf pack to make coordinated attacks on the enemy, with either  or . Captain John P. Cromwell, who had been fully briefed on the Tarawa operation and was in the picture on ULTRA, was on board Sculpin to coordinate wolf pack operations.

After refueling at Johnston Island on 7 November, Sculpin proceeded to her assigned station. On 29 November, Captain Cromwell was ordered to activate the wolf pack. When the submarine failed to acknowledge, the message was repeated 48 hours later. The submarine was presumed lost on 30 December and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 25 March 1944.

The account of Sculpins final patrol was given by the surviving members of her crew, who were liberated from Japanese prisoner of war camps after V-J Day. On 16 November, she had arrived on station and had made radar contact with a large, high-speed convoy on the night of 18 November. Making a fast end run on the surface to attack on the morning of 19 November, she was in firing position but was forced to dive when the convoy and its escorts zigged toward her. When the Japanese task force changed course, Sculpin surfaced to make another run, but was discovered by , which the convoy commander had left behind for just this eventuality, only  away. Diving fast, the submarine escaped the first salvo of depth charges. A second string of "ash cans" knocked out her depth gauge and caused other minor damage. She evaded the destroyer in a rain squall and around 1200 attempted to come to periscope depth. The damaged depth gauge stuck at , so the submarine broached and was again detected. She immediately submerged and the destroyer attacked with a pattern of 18 depth charges. There was considerable damage, including temporary loss of depth control. As a result, Sculpin ran beyond safe depth so that many leaks developed in the hull. So much water entered that the submarine was forced to run at high speed to maintain depth. This made tracking easy for the Japanese sonar. A second depth charge attack knocked out Sculpins sonar.

The submarine's commanding officer, Commander Fred Connaway, decided to surface and give the crew of the doomed vessel a chance for survival. With her decks still awash, Sculpins gunners manned the deck guns but were no match for the destroyer's main battery. A shell hit the conning tower and killed the bridge watch, including Connaway, and flying fragments killed the gun crew, including gunnery officer Lieutenant Joseph Defrees, the ship's sponsor's son. The ship's senior surviving officer, Lieutenant George E. Brown, ordered Sculpin abandoned and scuttled. Before he opened the vents, he informed Captain Cromwell. Fearing he might reveal the plans for the Tarawa invasion under the influence of torture or drugs, Cromwell refused to leave the stricken submarine, giving his life to escape capture. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his act of heroism and devotion to country. Sculpins diving officer, Ensign W. M. Fiedler (who failed to notice the depth gauge had stuck), along with ten others, some doubtless already dead, joined him.

Forty-two of Sculpins crew were picked up by Yamagumo. One badly wounded sailor (William Henry Welsh) was thrown back in the sea because of his condition. The survivors were questioned for about ten days at the Japanese naval base at Truk, then were embarked on two aircraft carriers returning to Japan.  carried 21 of the survivors in her hold. On 4 December, the carrier was torpedoed and sunk by  and twenty of the American prisoners perished; one man, George Rocek, was saved when he was able to grab hold of a ladder on the side of a passing Japanese destroyer and hauled himself on board. (Ironically, Sailfish – at the time named Squalus – was the same submarine Sculpin had helped to locate and raise some four-and-a-half years before.) The other 21 survivors arrived at Ōfuna Camp, Japan, on 5 December and, after further questioning, were sent to the Ashio copper mines for the duration of the war.

Awards
 Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with eight battle stars for World War II service
 Philippine Presidential Unit Citation (Republic of the Philippines)

Sculpin ended World War II with a total of three confirmed ships sunk for 9,835 tons.

In media
Sculpin is the subject of an episode of the syndicated television anthology series, The Silent Service, which aired during the 1957–1958 season.

Notes

References

External links
On Eternal Patrol: USS Sculpin
Kill record: USS Sculpin

Sargo-class submarines
World War II submarines of the United States
Lost submarines of the United States
World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
Ships built in Kittery, Maine
1938 ships
Maritime incidents in November 1943
Submarines sunk by Japanese warships

USS Sculpin (SS-191)


MetaFilter, known as MeFi to its members, is a general-interest community weblog, founded in 1999 and based in the United States, featuring links to content that users have discovered on the web. Since 2003, it has included the popular question-and-answer subsite Ask MetaFilter. The site has eight paid staff members as of December 2021, including the owner. MetaFilter has about 12,000 active members as of early 2011.

Community
MetaFilter was founded by Matthew Haughey in 1999. Haughey wrote the software for the site himself, using Macromedia ColdFusion and Microsoft SQL Server. The earliest Front Page Post (FPP), concerning cats in scanners and the resulting pictures, debuted on July 14, 1999.

From its early beginnings as a small community of webloggers who traded links, the weblog now enjoys international popularity. Members are permitted to make one post to the front page per day, which must feature at least one link. Members may then comment on these posts.

Although membership was initially free and unrestricted, growing membership forced frequent extended closures of new-member signup. On November 18, 2004, Haughey reopened signups, but with a US$5 life-time membership fee. According to Time magazine in 2009, this fee had kept the site "remarkably free of trolls, griefers and other anonymous jerks", yielding a "public-spirited flavor of a small town or good university". Although the number of registrations has topped 100,000, a design flaw in the counting process means that it counts users who abandoned the signup process mid-way; the actual number of posters is smaller, at around 38,700 as of October 2008.

MetaFilter has developed a fairly stable community with a variety of in-jokes. Members regularly gather for meetups in cities around the world, and there are numerous websites with strong connections to MetaFilter members and subgroups, including MetaChat and MonkeyFilter, the latter getting its start during the period when MetaFilter memberships were closed.  Readers can mark other users' comments as a favorite, and commenters derive pride from how many times they have been "favorited".

MetaFilter was included in Times 50 Best Websites 2009 feature.

At SXSW 2011, Haughey gave a talk in which he noted that MetaFilter had about 125,000 user accounts, of which 12,000 are active.

In November 2012, MetaFilter experienced a huge drop of traffic due to the Google Panda search update; specifically, the Ask MetaFilter page lost 40% of its traffic. This made MetaFilter overnight lose money and led to the letting go of multiple paid moderators.

In July 2017, the ownership of MetaFilter was transferred from Matthew Haughey to long-time moderator Josh Millard.

In June 2018 the site was losing US$8,000 per month but rebounded with new sources of ad revenue and increased member contributions.

In May 2022, the ownership of MetaFilter was transferred to Jessamyn West, who had been MetaFilter's first volunteer and first employee. Additionally, a Steering Committee of community members was proposed in March and elected in August.

Content
MetaFilter's name derives from the idea that weblogs "filter" the "best of the web", and MetaFilter posts would be the best of the best. Posters are presumed responsible for selecting only the most interesting or novel websites to link, and users' reputations are largely determined by overall posting quality. Half-baked posts, self-promotion, open-ended questions, and other fare common on other community sites and internet forums are strongly discouraged at MetaFilter. Posts must contain a link, and the site linked must be of high quality.

Best of the Web
What gets posted is diverse. Online art, award-winning web design, photography galleries, and the like fit into a cool site of the day theme that is highly prized but often generates scant discussion. Flash games and funny online movies also appear. Net and blog culture discussions also percolate through MetaFilter, reflecting its early connections with Blogger, but this is becoming less common as membership expands.

NewsFilter
Open posting permits less rigorous items as well. The derisive term for this on MetaFilter is NewsFilter (or similar -Filter names for specific news topics, e.g. IraqFilter). Nevertheless, it is accepted that some discussion of current events and politics in particular is inevitable, and a certain level is tolerated. If more than one post is made about a news topic, the extras are often deleted and discussion is redirected to the "canonical" post about the topic, usually the first one made. Important news items or political arguments can turn into very long discussions, such as 9/11 (2001), the London Bombings (2005), and Hurricane Katrina (2005)—which generated over 80 front page posts in about a week. The first example of this was arguably the 2001 Nisqually earthquake.

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Because MetaFilter bans "selflinks" or posts by a person with a significant conflict of interest, posts tend to be closely scrutinized. Members of the site also have, several times, worked closely together to root out deception and scams. In May 2001, MetaFilter played a key role in uncovering the Kaycee Nicole hoax, in which a woman made up a fake online persona of a teenage daughter who was dying of cancer, fooling many bloggers and garnering sympathy and gifts. In October 2004, MetaFilter members uncovered the identities of the writers of the hoax Website Nick Nolte's Diary. An astroturfing campaign by Holden Karnofsky, the co-founder of the online charity GiveWell, was detected in January 2008 through a sockpuppet posting to Ask MetaFilter, leading to Karnofsky's resignation. In 2009, a user detected photoshopping by photographer Edgar Martins in a New York Times Magazine gallery, which was subsequently withdrawn.

Moderation
One of MetaFilter's founding tenets and an important factor in the "feel" of the site is the idea that the bulk of moderation is done through social norms and peer pressure, referred to as "self-policing" in a site tagline. Posts that do not meet the community's standards for quality are often "called out" to MetaTalk, an administrative area of the site, and interested members discuss how the post could have been improved, or, in some cases, ruthlessly mock the offender. (The community occasionally concludes, after discussion, that the call-out was unwarranted.) Moderators may step in and temporarily suspend an offending user's account, but this is rare; permanent bans are rarer still, and are generally reserved for spammers and other egregious abusers of the site. MetaTalk also sees particularly excellent posts called out for praise, and moderators regularly feature superlative contributions on the main page's sidebar.

For the site's first few years, this practice of self-policing ensured a high level of quality and allowed Haughey to use a light touch in moderating the site; however, as the community has grown, Haughey has expanded the site's staff and taken a more active role. In 2004, Jessamyn West began assisting him with moderation duties; in 2007, user Josh Millard ("cortex") was appointed as an additional moderator. In 2008, London user Ricardo Vacapinta assumed off-hours moderator duties, and in April 2011 Jeremy Preacher (restless_nomad) came on to keep an eye on things over the weekend. A flagging feature allows members to call moderator attention to substandard, offensive, or outstanding posts, allowing users continued input towards shaping the site while quickly alerting site staff to potential trouble spots.

Haughey has long resisted adding killfiles and Slashdot-style scoring systems to MetaFilter, as he feels the former would fragment the community and the latter would result in users trying to "game" the system.

On May 19, 2014, Haughey announced that effective June 1, 2014, moderators West, LobsterMitten and goodnewsfortheinsane would be laid off from their positions due to a sudden and unexpected slump in traffic caused by updates to Google's Panda search algorithm, which reduced ad revenue generated by Ask MetaFilter by more than 40%.

Subsites
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In 2003, Ask MetaFilter was launched. This forum allows members to post questions to the community, without the link requirement. AskMe quickly grew to a strong side community with slightly different etiquette requirements and many daily threads that cover a broad spectrum of topics. Users are limited to asking one question per week and are allowed to ask questions anonymously.

At the end of 2005, MetaFilter Projects was launched. This area of the site is for members to announce web projects they have been working on—the one place on the site where so-called "self-linking" is permitted. Members can vote on projects, and often post interesting projects to the main site following the same guidelines as any other post.

In 2006, MetaFilter Music launched. This area of the site allows users to upload their own musical creations, which others can listen to directly on the website, along with playlist and favorites features.

Later on August 24, 2006, MetaFilter Jobs was added. This section was created for members to post job openings.

In 2007, MetaFilter launched a podcast, which lives at the Podcast subsite.

in June 2010, the IRL subsite was launched as a place to share community meetups and other events.

In 2014, FanFare was created to give the community a place to discuss entertainment media such as TV shows, Movies, Podcasts, Books, and Special Events.

References

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1999 establishments in the United States

MetaFilter


An Eragrostis parviflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Robert Brown, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Bernhard von Trinius. An Eragrostis parviflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eragrostis

Eragrostis parviflora


Kosmos 2263, ruski ELINT satelit (radioelektronsko izviđanje) iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Celina-2.
Lansiran je 16. rujna 1993. godine u 07:36 s kozmodroma Bajkonura (Tjuratam) u Kazahstanu. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Zenit-2 11K77. Orbita mu je 817 km u perigeju i 855 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija bila je 71°. COSPARova oznaka je 1993-059-A. Zemlju je obilazio u 101,9 minuta. Pri lansiranju bio je mase 6000 kg.

Izvori
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2263


Puro veya sigar; silindir şeklinde sarılmış tütün yapraklarından oluşan bir tütün mamulüdür. Ortasında, içinde tütün parçacıkları bulunduran bir "tutucu yaprak" ve bunun etrafında spiral şeklinde sarılmış "sarıcı yaprak" bulunur. Puronun en pahalı kısmını oluşturan sarıcı yaprak; sağlam, esnek ve ipeksi yapıda olmalı; güzel bir aromaya ve düzenli yanmayı sağlayacak yanıcı özelliğe sahip olmalıdır. Kısa puro genel olarak "cigarillo" terimi ile de bilinir.

Daha çok Küba, Dominik Cumhuriyeti gibi ülkelerin bulunduğu iklim kuşağında yetişen ve fermente edilmiş tütünlerin elde veya makinede sarılmasıyla yapılan bir tütün ürünüdür.

Etimoloji
Puro sözcüğü Türkçeye İspanyolcadan geçmiştir. Bu dile de Latince "pūrus" (saf, temiz, katıksız) sözcüğünden girmiştir. Burada "saf tütünden yapılmış" anlamında kullanılmıştır. Puro sözcüğüne Türkçede ilk kez, 1955 yılında basılan TDK sözlüğünde rastlanmıştır.

Türkçeye Fransızcadan geçen sigar sözcüğünün kökeni ise Maya dilindeki "sik'ar" (tütün dumanı çekmek) fiilidir. Sözcük puronun çekirgeye benzerliği nedeniyle, İspanyolca "cigarra" (çekirge) sözcüğünden de etkilenmiş olabilir.

Tarihçe

Kristof Kolomb ve onunla birliktee Küba, Meksika, Orta Amerika ve Brezilya'ya giden diğer kaşifler bu bölgelerdeki yerlilerin kurutulmuş palmiye yaprakları veya mısır koçanları içinde tütün yaprakları içtiklerinden bahsederler. Guatemala'da bulunmuş en geç 10. yüzyıla ait bir çömlek üzerinde, iple sarılmış tütün yaprakları içen bir Maya yerlisinin resmi vardır. 1600'lü yıllara gelindiğinde puro İspanya'ya ulaştı ve burada bir zenginlik simgesi hâline geldi. Diğer Avrupalı devletlerde yaygınlaşması ise yaklaşık iki yüzyıl sürdü.

Üretim
Puro tütünü Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Brezilya, Dominik Cumhuriyeti, Endonezya, Honduras, Kamerun, Küba, Meksika ve Nikaragua gibi ülkelerde oldukça yüksek miktarlarda üretilmektedir. Küba'da üretilen purolar dünya çapında emsalsiz olarak nitelendirilseler de birçok uzman Honduras ve Nikaragua purolarının Küba purolarına rakip olduğuna inanmaktadır. Puro sınıflandırmaları arasında bir diğer ayırım da "el sarımı" ve "makine üretimi" olarak gerçekleştirilmektedir. El sarımı olan purolar "yüksek kaliteli puro" olarak, makine üretimi olanlar için "makine işi" nitelendirilmeleri kullanılmaktadır. Aşılı (infused) ürünler genel anlamda hem yapısı hem de içeriği nedeniyle puro olarak kabul edilmemektedir.

Tüketim

Saklama ve yıllandırma
Yüksek kaliteli puroların saklanmasına yönelik ortamların günümüzde elektronik veya klasik ayrımı yapılmaksızın puro tüketicileri tarafından saklanmasına yönelik "Humidor" olarak adlandırılan saklama ortamları kullanılmaktadır. Puro ve puro kültürü ile özdeşleşen Humidor kavramı günümüzde stabil saklama ortamlarını sağlamak için geliştirilen yeni teknolojiler sayesinde yıllandırmadan ziyade aksesuar ve daha çok kozmetik kaygılar nedeniyle tercih edilmektedir. Birçok kaynak içerisinde Humidor konusu gündeme geldiğinde genelde Davidoff vurgusu yapılır ancak bu saklama ortamına ilişkin resmi anlamda ilk patent alımı 22 eylül 1882'de William W. Wentzell ve John B. Wentzell tarafından yapılmış ve 27 Şubat 1883'te onaylanmıştır. Humidoru 11 Mart 1906 yılında Novhorod-Siversky'de doğan Zino Davidoff doğmadan 8413 gün önce yani 23 yıl ve 12 gün öncesinde keşfi mümkün olmayacağından bu yöndeki vurgular birer yanılgıdır.
Saklama koşuları konusunda da birçok yanılgı bulunmaktadır. Örneğin puronun ideal nemlenmesi puronun mevcut ağırlığının %13'ü oranında nemlenmesi durumunda gerçekleşmiştir. Bu nemlenme oranı yakalandığında puro eşit bir şekilde yanar, sürekli sönmez, acı tatlar vermez, tüm aromaları rahatlıkla oluşur, dış sargı yaprağı kurumuş bir his vermez ve puro ideal bir elastik yapıdadır. Amaç ideal saklama ortamında tutulmuştur yani yapılması gereken puronuzun %13 oranından nemlenmesini sağlamaktır. Bu nem oranı için temel şartlar ve ısı da dikkate alındığında %60-%70 aralığında nem ve bu nemin oluşması için de 18-22°C derece ısıya sahip bir saklama ortamında purolar ideal olarak saklanırlar. Türkçe içerikli en büyü puro ve puro kültürü forumu kullanıcılarının önerdikleri çözümler dikkate alındığında puroseverler ısıyı ve nem için muhtelif çözümlerin yanında günümüzde artık nemlendirme için distile edilmiş su ve nem kartuşlarının kullanılması tek yönlü ve kontrolsüz olması anlamında demode yöntemler olarak görülmektedir.

Kesme ve delme
Puronun kesilmesi ve delinmesi için çeşitli araç gereçler bulunmaktadır. Temel olarak dört çeşit kesme ve delme yöntemi bulunmaktadır.

Punch haricindekiler için önemli nokta doğru yerden kesmektir. Bu konudaki referans kesme yöntemi puroyu kapatmakta kullanılan Cap' a paralel bir kesimdir. "Casquillo" olarak tabir edilen yuvarlak bir tütün parçası ile kapatılan yüksek kaliteli purolarda, bu parçanın ek kısmına yakın veya biraz derine kaçmış kesikler, dış sarım yaprağının içim sırasında açılmasına sebep olacak hatalı bir kesim şekilleridir.

V-Cutt, Punch ve Cutter\Makas kesme biçimi etkilediğinden puronun yanma biçimini de etkilemektedir. Puronun kesimi yanmayı etkilediği gibi puronun tadına da etki etmektedir. Punch puroya merkezi bir delik açtığından puronun merkezindeki bu küçük bir delik içerisinden hızla hava akımı geçer ve hızlı bir yanma gerçekleşir. Buna bağlı olarak bir tat gelişimi yaşanır.

Makas ile klasik cutter arasındaki fark puronun ring gauge/çapı ile alakalıdır. Cutter 54 milimetre çapa kadar kesim işlemini destekler. Makas ise daha büyük çaplı purolar için uygundur. Günümüzde Xikar, Colibri ve Palio gibi üreticiler 56-60 milimetre çaplarına kadar kesimi destekleyen cutterlar üretmektedirler.

Yakılma ve yanma
Puronun ucunun her tarafından eşit ve düzgün yanması gerekmektedir. Gevşek sarılan puro hızlı yandığı için puronun ısısı hızla yükseleceğinden ortaya acı tat bırakan kimyasallar ve katran çıkacaktır.

Çok sıkı sarılmış bir puronun ise hava kanalcıkları iyice kapalı olacağından duman çekimi zorlaşacak ve ısı yükselecektir. Kapalı olan kanallar sebebiyle puronun koru hızlı bir şekilde sönecektir. Kötü yapılmış bir puro iyi yanmayacaktır. Burada başka önemli bir özellik ise, puro kokusunun içilen mekanda uzun süre kalmamasıdır. Havalandırılan bir odada iki saat sonra bile puro kokusu kalıyorsa bu puronun kalitesinin düşük olduğuna işarettir.

Puroyu baştan sona acılaşmadan içilmelidir. Puro içildikçe oluşan katran birikimi puroyu acı ve sert yapar. Çoğu puroda bu özellik ortaya çıktığından birçok puro içicisi purosunu yarısından veya dörtte üçünden sonra içmeyi bırakır. Bir puroyu yüzde sekseni bitmeden atmaya mecbur kalmak büyük puan indirimini gerektirir. Bu safhada önemli bir başka nokta ise puronun içimi bittikten sonra damakta kalan "tat uzunluğudur." Kaliteli bir şarabın aksine kaliteli bir puroyu içtikten sonra damağınızda kalan iyi veya kötü tat çok çabuk kaybolmalıdır.

Puro yakarken dikkat edilmesi gereken en önemli husus kükürtlü kibrit veya gazlı çakmak kullanılmaması gerektiğidir. Gazlı çakmak veya kibritle yakılan bir puroda tütünün aroması gazın veya kibritin kokusuyla birleşip gerçek aromasını kaybedebilir ve içim zevkini azaltabilir. Dolayısıyla "torch" diye nitelendirilen ve yandığında gaz kokusu bırakmayan özel çakmak kullanılması tavsiye edilir.

Kaynakça

6.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Puro markaları listesi
 Ligero

Puro


Pink BH (prije Pink Media BH) je kabelski TV kanal u Bosni i Hercegovini.

Izvori

Bosanskohercegovačke televizijske postaje

Pink BH


Paskuyruk jakamar, (Galbula ruficauda) Galbulidae familyasından bir kuş türüdür.

Paskuyruk jakamar, en iyi bilinen türlerden biridir. Yaklaşık 25 cm uzunluğundadır. Meksika'nın güneyinden Arjantin'e kadar uzanan bölgelerde yaşar.

Ağaçkakansılar

Paskuyruk jakamar


An Costularia hornei in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Charles Baron Clarke, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Georg Kükenthal. An Costularia hornei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Costularia, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an.

Mabibilngan ini ha Seychelles. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Costularia

Costularia hornei


An Aloe capitata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Gilbert Baker. An Aloe capitata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Madagascar.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 A. c. capitata
 A. c. quartzicola
 A. c. silvicola

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Aloe

Aloe capitata


Vesania (latinski: "ludilo") je poljski simfonijski black/blackened death metal sastav. Grupu su 1997. godine osnovali pjevač i gitarist Orion, bubnjar Daray i basist Heinrich. Postava sastava često je pogrešno opisivana kao supergrupa zbog sudjelovanja njenih članova u poznatim sastavima kao što su Behemoth, Decapitated i Dimmu Borgir.

Povijest

Demo uradci i Wrath ov the Gods / Moonastray (1997. – 2002.)

Sastav su 1997. godine u Varšavi osnovali bubnjar Dariusz "Daray" Brzozowski, gitarist i pjevač Tomasz "Orion" Wróblewski i basist Filip "Heinrich" Hałucha. Ubrzo nakon toga sastavu su se pridružili klavijaturist Hatrah i gitarist Filip "Annahvahr" Żołyński. Iste je godine sastav u studiju Selani u Olsztynu snimio svoj prvi demouradak Rehearsal, koji je objavljen 1998. godine. Nakon snimanja svojeg drugog demouratka CD Promo 1999 1999. godine Hatrah je napustio sastav te ga je 2000. godine zamijenio Krzysztof "Siegmar" Oloś.

Nova je postava sastava uskoro počela nastupati na koncertima u Poljskoj te je sastav 2002. godine objavio split album Wrath ov the Gods / Moonastray zajedno s grupom Black Altar; album su činili Black Altarov EP Wrath of the Gods te Vesanijin demouradak CD Promo 1999, ovaj put noseći ime Moonastray. Split album objavila je diskografska kuća Odium Records.

Firefrost Arcanum, God the Lux i Distractive Killusions (2003. – 2007.)
U vremenskom periodu između 2001. i 2002. godine sastav je ponovno otišao u studio Selani kako bi snimio svoj prvi studijski album Firefrost Arcanum. Album je u siječnju 2003. godine u Poljskoj objavila diskografska kuća Empire Records dok ga je u ožujku u ostatku Europe objavio Crash Music. U pogledu tekstova na albumu Orion je komentirao:

 Nakon objave albuma sastav je nastupio na festivalu Metalmania zajedno sa sastavima kao što su Samael, Marduk i Malevolent Creation, nakon čega je grupa otišla na turneju Blitzkrieg Tour 2003 zajedno s grupom Vader. Orion se iste godine kao basist pridružio sastavu Behemoth, no Vesaniu je iste godine napustio Annahvahr koji se želio usredotočiti na svoj posao fotografa.

Godine 2004. Daray se pridružio sastavu Vader, zamjenjujući bivšeg bubnjara sastava Krzysztofa "Doca" Raczkowskog. Krajem iste godine sastav je započeo rad na svojem drugom studijskom albumu God the Lux; album je bio snimljen u studiju Hendrix u gradu Lubin te su mastering i miksanje albuma izvršila braća Wojciech i Sławomir Wiesławski, dok je Arkadiusz "Malta" Malczewski služio kao inženjer. Album je u travnju 2005. godine u Poljskoj objavila diskografska kuća Empire Records dok ga je u ostalim zemljama objavio Napalm Records. U ljeto 2005. godine sastavu se pridružio gitarist Marcin "Valeo" Walenczykowski.

Početkom 2006. godine sastav odlazi na europsku turneju s grupama Cryptopsy, Grave, Dew-Scented, Hurtlocker i Aborted. Sastav je naknadno otišao i na poljsku turneju Blitzkrieg Tour 4 zajedno s Vaderom, Azarathom i Traumom.

Sastav krajem 2007. godine objavljuje svoj treći studijski album Distractive Killusions; sastav je snimio album u studiju X u Olsztynu zajedno s producentom Szymonom Czechom. U pogledu objave albuma Orion je komentirao:

Pauza u radu i Deus Ex Machina (2008. – danas)
Godine 2009. Daray je izjavio kako je sastav pauzirao svoj rad. Iste se godine Heinrich pridružio grupi Decapitated.

U ljeto 2010. godine sastav je ponovno započeo s radom. U travnju 2011. godine sastav je zajedno s grupom Christ Agony održao nekoliko koncerata u Bjelorusiji i Rusiji. Istog mjeseca sastav je otišao na poljsku turneju Unholy Carnival Tour zajedno sa sastavima Nomad i Lost Soul. Drugi dio turneje održan je u svibnju. U rujnu iste godine sastav je otišao na europsku turneju s grupama Hate, Negură Bunget i Inferni.

Godine 2014. sastav je objavio svoj četvrti studijski album Deus Ex Machina.

Članovi sastava

Vremenska crta

Diskografija
Studijski albumi
 Firefrost Arcanum (2003.)
 God the Lux (2005.)
 Distractive Killusions (2007.)
 Deus Ex Machina (2014.)
Split albumi
 Wrath ov the Gods / Moonastray (2002.)
Demo uradci
 Rehearsal (1998.)
 CD Promo 1999 (1999.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Sestrinski projekti

Mrežna mjesta
Službene stranice sastava
Vesania na Facebooku

Sastavi black metala
Sastavi death metala
Poljski sastavi heavy metala

Vesania


අනිත්ත ගණය හෙවත් Rhinacanthus ගණය is a genus of plant in family Acanthaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete):

 Rhinacanthus albus Roxb.) Voigt
 Rhinacanthus angulicaulis  I.Darbysh.
 Rhinacanthus beesianus  Diels
 Rhinacanthus breviflorus  Benoist
 Rhinacanthus calcaratus  Nees
 Rhinacanthus chiovendae
 Rhinacanthus communis  Nees
 Rhinacanthus dewevrei  De Wild. & T.Durand
 Rhinacanthus dichotomus  (Lindau) I.Darbysh.
 Rhinacanthus gracilis  Klotzsch
 Rhinacanthus grandiflorus  Dunn
 Rhinacanthus humilis  Benoist
 Rhinacanthus kaokoensis  K.Balkwill & S.Williamson
 Rhinacanthus latilabiatus  (K.Balkwill) I.Darbysh.
 Rhinacanthus macilentus  C.Presl
 Rhinacanthus minimus  S.Moore
 Rhinacanthus mucronatus  Ensermu
 Rhinacanthus nasuta  Kurz
 Rhinacanthus nasutus  Kuntze
 Rhinacanthus ndorensis  Schweinf. & Mildbr.
 Rhinacanthus oblongus  Nees
 Rhinacanthus obtusifolius  (Heine) I.Darbysh.
 Rhinacanthus osmospermus  T.Anderson
 hinacanthus parviflorus  T.Anderson ex De Wild. & T.Durand
 Rhinacanthus perrieri  Benoist
 හීං අනිත්ත Rhinacanthus polonnaruwensis  L.H.Cramer
 Rhinacanthus pulcher  Milne-Redh.
 Rhinacanthus rottlerianus  Nees
 Rhinacanthus rotundifolius  C.B.Clarke
 Rhinacanthus scoparius  Balf.f.
 Rhinacanthus selousensis
 Rhinacanthus subcaudatus  C.B.Clarke
 Rhinacanthus submontanus  T.Harris & I.Darbysh.
 Rhinacanthus tenuipes  (S.Moore) Aké Assi
 Rhinacanthus tubulosus  C.Presl
 Rhinacanthus virens  (Nees) Milne-Redh.
 Rhinacanthus xerophilus  A.Meeuse

Acanthaceae

අනිත්ත ගණය


Álex López Morón (* 28. November 1970 in Barcelona) ist ein ehemaliger spanischer Tennisspieler.

Karriere
López Morón gewann zweimal die Doppelkonkurrenz beim ATP-Turnier im kroatischen Umag: 2000 mit Albert Portas und 2003 mit Rafael Nadal. Darüber hinaus gelangen ihm auf der ATP Challenger Tour zwei Turniersiege im Einzel sowie weitere 16 im Doppel. Bei Grand-Slam-Turnieren kam er allerdings nie über die zweite Runde im Doppel bzw. die erste Runde im Einzel hinaus. Seine höchste Platzierung im Doppel war Rang 63 am 24. Juli 2000, während er im Einzel am 9. Oktober 1995 knapp den Sprung in die Top 100 schaffte.

Erfolge

Doppel

Turniersiege

Weblinks

Tennisspieler (Spanien)
Geboren 1970
Spanier
Mann

Álex López Morón


Lucian steht für:

 Lucian, männlicher Vorname (mit Namensträgern)
 Lucian (Mondkrater), benannt nach Lukian von Samosata

Siehe auch:
 Lucien
 Lukian

Lucian (Begriffsklärung)


مولاي عبد الله قرية مغربية وجماعة قروية بإقليم الجديدة جنوبي الدار البيضاء.

يناهز عدد سكان الجماعة القروية مولاي عبد الله 74.671 نسمة، حسب إحصاء سنة 2014.

تضم جماعة مولاي عبد الله عدة قرى، من بين أهمها مركز مولاي عبد الله (12.456 نسمة)، مركز أولاد الغضبان (دوار أولاد الغضبان، دوار الحاج علي، وتجزئة أفريقيا غاز) (6.152 نسمة)، ومركز سيدي بوزيد (6.174 نسمة).

التاريخ
يرجع اسم قرية مولاي عبد الله إلى الشيخ مولاي عبد الله أمغار، الذي يوجد ضريحه بها. كانت هذه القرية في الماضي مركزا هاما في المنطقة، وكانت تسمى رباط أو مدينة تيط أو تيطنفطر (بمعنى "العين الجارية").

الموارد الاقتصادية
تعتبر جماعة مولاي عبد الله من بين أغنى الجماعات بالمغرب. فهي تضم على ترابها ميناء الجرف الأصفر بمركبه الصناعي، مما يوفر أهم مداخيلها. لكن في المقابل، لازال ذلك لم ينعكس إيجابيا على تنمية شاملة، إذ لا تزال المنطقة والسكان يعانون من التهميش وضعف المرافق الأساسية ومشاكل التلوث.

موسم مولاي عبد الله
تشتهر جماعة مولاي عبد الله بمهرجان سنوي عريق، يعرف بموسم مولاي عبد الله أمغار. من بين أنشطة هذا الموسم هناك تراث التبوريدة (ركوب الخيل وإطلاق البارود). ويجذب هذا الموسم أزيد من مليوني زائر.

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للجماعة القروية مولاي عبد الله

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في إقليم الجديدة
جماعات قروية في المغرب
جماعات قروية في إقليم الجديدة
جماعات قروية في جهة الدار البيضاء سطات

مولاي عبد الله (قرية)


Olaylar
 Saruhanoğulları Beyliği yıkıldı (kuruluşu 1313).

Doğumlar
 6 Ocak - Jeanne d'Arc - Yüz Yıl Savaşları boyunca İngiltere'ye karşı ülkesi Fransa'ya manevi anlamda büyük destek olan ve sonradan ünü Fransa'nın dört bir yanına yayılmış bir Fransız Katolik azizesi (ö. 1431)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Ebü'l-Hayr Han, Özbek hükümdar (ö. 1468)
 Orhan Çelebi, ya da Şehzade Orhan, Şehzade Kasım Çelebi'nin oğlu (ö. 1453)

Ölümler
 28 Ekim - I. Margaret, Danimarka, Norveç, İsveç Kraliçesi ve bir yüzyılı aşkın süre boyunca İskandinav ülkelerini bir araya getiren Kalmar Birliği'nin kurucusu (d. 1353)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Celaleddin Han, Altın Orda Hanı Toktamış Han'ın oğlu (d. 1380)
 Nasır Ferec, Mısır Memlûk Sultanı (d. 1389)
 Ruy González de Clavijo, Papalık özel emri ile Timur'un sarayına elçi olarak gönderilen bir İspanyol asilzadesi

1412


Tapeinidium, rod papratnica iz porodice Lindsaeaceae, dio je reda osladolike. Raširena po Aziji i zapadnom Pacifiku, uključujući južnu Indiju, Ryukyu, Samou. Postoji 19 priznath vrsta

Vrste
 Tapeinidium acuminatum K. U. Kramer
 Tapeinidium atratum K. U. Kramer
 Tapeinidium biserratum (Blume) Alderw.
 Tapeinidium buniifolium K. U. Kramer
 Tapeinidium calomelanos K. U. Kramer
 Tapeinidium carolinense K. U. Kramer
 Tapeinidium denhamii (Hook.) C. Chr.
 Tapeinidium gracile (Blume) Alderw.
 Tapeinidium longipinnulum (Ces.) C. Chr.
 Tapeinidium luzonicum (Hook.) K. U. Kramer
 Tapeinidium melanesicum K. U. Kramer
 Tapeinidium moluccanum (Blume) C. Chr.
 Tapeinidium moorei (Hook.) Hieron.
 Tapeinidium novoguineense K. U. Kramer
 Tapeinidium obtusatum Alderw.
 Tapeinidium oligophlebium (Baker) C. Chr.
 Tapeinidium pinnatum (Cav.) C. Chr.
 Tapeinidium prionoides K. U. Kramer
 Tapeinidium stenocarpum Alderw.

Izvori

Lindsaeaceae

Tapeinidium


Wi-Fi (İngilizce: Wireless Fidelity, Türkçe: Kablosuz Bağlantı Alanı) kişisel bilgisayar, video oyunu konsolları, dijital ses oynatıcıları ve akıllı telefonlar gibi cihazların kablosuz olarak birbirlerine bağlanmasını sağlayan teknolojidir.

Wi-Fi, ürünlerin kablosuz bağlantı sağlayabildiğini gösteren bir uyumluluk göstergesidir ve IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n ve IEEE 802.11ac standartlarına göre belirlenir.

Wi-Fi dizüstü bilgisayarlar, PDA'lar ve diğer taşınabilir cihazların yakınlarındaki kablosuz erişim noktaları aracılığıyla yerel alan ağına bağlanabilmesini sağlar. Bağlantı, kablosuz erişim noktaları ve cihazın ortak desteklediği, IEEE 802.11 protokolüne bağlı olarak 2,4 GHz veya 5 GHz radyo frekansında gerçekleştirilir. Veri, CSMA/CA (Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance) protokolüne uygun gönderilip alınır ve böylece paketlerin iletimi sırasında hata oluşması sorunu çözülür.

Wi-Fi; kişisel bilgisayar, akıllı telefon, oyun konsolu ve dijital işitsel cihazların kablosuz ağ sahası içerisinde internete bağlanmasını sağlayan bir teknolojidir. Wi-Fi'ın erişim noktaları, bir oda gibi küçük alanlardan, birkaç milkarelik geniş alanlara kadar etki edebilir, buralarda internet erişimini sağlayabilirler. Ev ve ofislerdeki özel kullanımının yanında kamuya ait alanlarda da ücretsiz olarak veya diğer ticari şekillerde kullanılmaktadır. Havaalanları, otel ve restoran gibi yerlerde genel olarak bu hizmet ücretsiz olarak sağlanmaktadır. 2008'den bu yana 300 metropolite Wi-Fi (Muni-Fi) projesi başlamıştır.

Özellikleri
 Lisans gerektirmeyen frekanslarda çalışır
 Ağ için kablolama gereksinimi yoktur, böylece kablo çekilemeyecek binalarda veya binalar arası bağlantılarda kolaylık sağlar.
 Diğer kablosuz çözümlere göre çok daha ucuz ve kolay alınıp kurulabilir.
 Birden çok kablosuz erişim noktası kullanılan ağlarda kablosuz dolaşım ile kablosuz iletişim kesilmeden bir erişim noktasından diğerine geçiş yapılabilir.
 WEP, WPA ve benzeri kablosuz şifreleme yöntemleri veya IEEE 802.1x gibi yetkilendirme yöntemleriyle çeşitli güvenlik seçenekleri sunar.
 Wi-Fi Global bir standart kümesidir, dünyanın her yerinde aynı şekilde çalışır.

En son, yeni bir güvenlik standardı, Wi-Fi Protected Setup, kolaylıkla Internet'e bağlanmak için sınırlı grafiksel kullanıcı arayüzüne sahip cihazlar gömülü sağlar. Wi-Fi Protected Setup 2 tip yapılandırmaya sahiptir: Düğme aracılığı ile yapılandırma ve PIN ile yapılandırma. Bu gömülü cihazlar da Şeylerin Internet denir ve düşük-güç, pille çalışan gömülü sistemler vardır. GainSpan gibi gömülü Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi üreticilerin tasarım yongaları ve modülleri bir dizi.

Menzili
Wi-Fi ağlarının menzili kullanılan ortama göre oldukça değişik mesafelere ulaşmaktadır. Bu, sinyal kalitesinin çevredeki yapılara bağlı olarak düşmesiyle alakalı bir durumdur. Sinyal seviyesindeki düşüş ile hız kaybı da oluşmaktadır. Teorik olarak 300 mbit olarak ifade edilen hız çevresel faktörlere göre 0 mbit'e kadar düşmekte,  bu durum da bağlantıda kopmalara neden olmaktadır. Teorik olarak 1,5 km ile ifade edilen menzil, kapalı alanlarda ve mevcut engellere bağlı olarak 300 metreye kadar düşmektedir.

Wi-fi ismi

Wi-Fi ismi bilinenin aksine "Wireless Fidelity"den türetilmemiştir, Wi-Fi ismi, ilk defa Ağustos 1999'da reklam amaçlı kullanıldı. Interbrand Corporation denilen bir marka danışmanlık şirketi tarafından bulunduğu söylendi. Belanger ayrıca Interbrand'in Hi-Fi'dan ilham alarak bir kelime oyunuyla Wi-Fi'ı icat ettiğini ve yin-yang tarzı bir  Wi-Fi logosu hazırlandığını da belirtti.
Wi-Fi şirketi önceleri Wi-Fi için "Kablosuz Bağlantı için Standart" sloganını kullandı fakat daha sonra ifadeyi piyasadan kaldırdı.

Olumsuzlukları
 Lisans gerektirmeyen frekans aralıklarında çalıştığı için, Wi-Fi cihazlar diğer kablosuz cihazlarla çakışabilir veya birbirlerinin iletişimini engelleyebilirler.
 2,4 GHz frekans aralığında çalışan 802.11b ve 802.11g uyumlu cihazların iletişim kalitesi ve hızı, diğer Wi-Fi cihazlar dışında, Bluetooth, mikrodalga fırın, telsiz telefon, bazı telsizler ve benzeri radyo sinyalleriyle çalışan cihazlar tarafından düşürülebilir veya tamamen engellenebilir.
 Wi-Fi için yapılan uluslararası düzenlemelerin tümü aynı olmadığı için değişik ülkeler için üretilen cihazların bazı kanallarda uyumsuzluk çıkarması olasıdır.
 Diğer standartlara göre güç tüketimi oldukça yüksektir.
 Kablosuz olsa dahi gereksinimleri çoktur.
En yaygın kablosuz şifreleme standardı, WEP'in, düzgün yapılandırıldığında bile kolaylıkla kırılabildiği görülmüştür. 2003'te cihazlarda kullanılmaya başlanan WPA ve WPA2 şifreleme standartları ise bu sorunu çözmeyi amaçlamıştır.
Wi-Fi kullanıcılarının küçük bir kısmı, Wi-Fi kullandıktan sonra bazı sağlık sorunlarıyla karşılaştıklarını bildirmişlerdir. Wi-Fi hastalığı veya Wi-Fi duyarlılığının, olağan dışı baş ağrısıyla birlikte şu belirtileri gösterdiği bildirilmiştir: mide bulantısı, kalpte ritim düzensizliği, denge kaybı ve baş dönmesi, göğüs ağrısı, aşırı stres, panik atak ve idrak ile ilgili sorunlar. Bazı sağlık uzmanları, bu sağlık sorunlarını nörolojik unsurlarla açıklamıştır.

Frekanslar

Kanal genişliği tüm standartlarda 10 ila 30 MHz arasındadır.

Veri hızı

Veri hızında dikkat edilecek unsur, Upload ve Download için paylaştırılıyor. Sadece Download için bu max. hızı beklememek gerekir. Ayrıca alıcı ile verici cihaz arasındaki mesafe ve cihazların arasında bir engel olup olmaması, hızı o oranda olumsuz yönde etkiliyor.

Güvenlik
Kablosuz iletişimde radyo sinyalleri kullanıldığı için, kullanıcı ile kablosuz erişim noktası arasındaki iletişim dinlenebilir. Bunu engellemek için WEP, WPA ve WPA2 gibi şifreleme yöntemleri kullanılsa da, bu şifreleme yöntemleri hâlen yeterince güvenli görülmemektedir. Yeterli sayıda şifrelenmiş paket toplandıktan sonra birçok şifreli kablosuz iletişim çözülebilir. Bu yüzden, çeşitli şirketlerde, okullarda vb yerlerde kablosuz bağlantı yapan kullanıcıların ağa erişmeleri için VPN ve benzeri, üst katmanlarda çalışan şifreli iletişim yöntemleri kullanılmaktadır. Protokolü 802.1x dir.

Yardımcı Yazılımlar

 wipeer (ücretsiz)

Kaynakça

Bağ protokolleri
Kablosuz erişim
İnternet teknolojileri
Bilişim terimleri

Wi-Fi


La caja espejo es una caja con dos espejos en el centro (uno en cada sentido), inventado por Vilayanur S. Ramachandran para ayudar a aliviar el dolor del miembro fantasma, en el que los pacientes sienten que tienen un miembro está presente a pesar de estar amputado.

Basado en la observación de que los pacientes con miembro fantasma eran más propensos a sentir dolor y parálisis en el miembro fantasma si este había sido paralizado antes de la amputación (por ejemplo, debido a una avulsión del plexo braquial), Ramachandran y Rogers-Ramachandran propusieron la hipótesis de la "parálisis aprendida" del dolor de miembros fantasmas . Su hipótesis era que cada vez que el paciente intentaba mover el miembro paralizado, recibía una realimentación sensorial (a través de la visión y la propiocepción) de que el miembro no se movía. Esta realimentación se quedaba grabada en los circuitos cerebrales a través de un proceso de aprendizaje Hebbiano, por lo que, incluso cuando el miembro no estuviera presente, el cerebro había aprendido que el miembro (y su fantasma) estaba paralizado. A veces el miembro fantasma es doloroso porque siente estar en una posición incómoda o poco natural, y el paciente siente que no puede moverlo.

Para entrenar al cerebro, y por tanto eliminar la parálisis, Ramachandran y Rogers-Ramachandran  crearon la caja espejo. El paciente introduce el miembro sano en un lado, y el amputado en el otro. entonces mira en el lado donde está el miembro sano. Entonces moverá el miembro sano, que se verá reflejado en el espejo, haciendo como si el miembro fantasma también se moviera.

A través del uso de la retroalimentación visual, hace posible al paciente "mover" el miembro fantasma, y eliminar las posiciones potencialmente dolorosas. La caja espejo ha sido también usado para la rehabilitación en hemiparesia o parálisis de un lado del cuerpo debido a un derrame cerebral  y rehabilitación de la negligencia hemiespacial  .

Aunque el uso de la terapia se ha mostrado efectiva en algunos casos aunque no hay ninguna teoría aceptada de cómo funciona. En un estudio del 2010 sobre el dolor del miembro fantasma, Martin Diers y sus compañeros descubrieron que "En un ensayo controlado y aleatorio que usaba imágenes motoras graduadas...y el entrenamiento con el espejo, los pacientes con síndrome de dolor regional complejos o dolor de miembro fantasma mostraron una disminución del dolor así como una mejora de la función post-tratamiento en el seguimiento de 6 meses. Este estudio descubrió que las imágenes especulares no producían actividad cortical significativa en pacientes con el miembro fantasma y concluyó que "El método óptimo para alterar el dolor y la representación cerebral, y los mecanismos cerebrales que subyacen los efectos del entrenamiento con espejos o las imágenes motoras graduadas, aún no están claros".

Efectividad

Una serie de pequeños estudios de investigación han mostrado resultados alentadores, sin embargo, no hay un consenso sobre la efectividad de la terapia con espejo. Las revisiones de las investigaciones publicadas por Moseley  y Ezendam  concluyen que gran parte de las pruebas que apoyan la terapia con espejo es anecdótica o viene de estudios con una calidad metodológica débil. En el 2011, una revisión a gran escala de la literatura espejo por terapia con Rothgangel  resumió la investigación de la siguiente manera:

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 V.S. Ramachandran's website
 WNYC - Radio Lab: Where Am I? (May 5, 2006) downloadable segment of radio program looks at historical examples and a present-day case of phantom limbs
 Ramachandran's Reith Lecture on Phantom Limbs
 Mirror box therapy web site
 The Itch a The New Yorker article that discusses mirror therapy and its current, and possible future, uses.
 Mirror therapy aiding US amputees

Tratamientos en medicina
Espejos

Caja espejo


The Morgan Bible (mostly Morgan Library & Museum, New York, Ms M. 638), also called the Morgan Picture Bible, Crusader Bible, Shah Abbas Bible or Maciejowski Bible, is a unique medieval illuminated manuscript. It is a picture book Bible consisting of 46 surviving folios. The book consists of miniature paintings of events from the Hebrew Bible, set in the scenery and costumes of thirteenth-century France, and depicted from a Christian perspective. It is not a complete Bible, as it consists largely of illustrations of stories of kings, especially King David. The illustrations are now surrounded by text in three scripts and five languages: Latin, Persian, Arabic, Judeo-Persian, and Hebrew. The level of detail in the images and the remarkable state of preservation of the work make it particularly valuable to scholars.

Forty-three folios are in the Morgan Library & Museum in New York City, with two folios in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (MS nouv. acq. lat. 2294). A single folio is now in the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles (MS 16). Two folios are thought to be missing from the original work.

Description
The Morgan Bible is part of Morgan Library & Museum in New York (Ms M. 638). It is a medieval picture Bible. The Morgan Bible originally contained 48 folios; of these, 43 still reside in the Morgan Museum, two are in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, one is in the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, and two have been lost. The cover that once bound the manuscript has also been lost over time. The surviving leaves measure at 32.5 × 29.1 cm (12 13/16 × 11 7/16 in.) In full, the manuscript contained over 380 scenes. It was the work of at least six different artists. The book consists of paintings of events from Hebrew scripture but are given a setting in the customs and costumes of thirteenth-century France, concentrating on stories of kings, especially David.

The Morgan bible is not a complete bible. It includes portions of "Genesis, Exodus, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, and Samuel" with a particular emphasis on early Israelite heroes who are presented as models of kingship to learn from.

Originally, the bible contained only miniatures, organized in a consistent visual rhythm from page to page.  Within 100 years, the book acquired marginal inscriptions in Latin describing the scenes illustrated. Cardinal Bernard Maciejowski, Bishop of Kraków, had the book given as a gift to Abbas I of Persia in 1608. Abbas ordered inscriptions in Persian to be added, mostly translating the Latin ones already there. Later, in the eighteenth century, inscriptions were added in Judeo-Persian. The Latin text allowed art historians to identify the subjects of the miniatures.

The manuscript is of particular interest to scholars because of the quality and preservation of the illuminations. The level of detail included, from architecture to siege engines to haircuts, provides historians with valuable clues as to what life was like at the time, while the stylistic changes and subtle variations in the story-lines give some insight into one of the most powerful men in Europe.

Provenance

The book has traditionally been thought to have been created in Paris in the mid-1240s for Louis IX of France.  A suggestion by Allison Stones, expanding on conclusions by others such as François Avril, that it was instead illuminated in northern France around 1250 has not won general acceptance.

The modern imagery may have been a political statement because the Franks, especially during the reign of Louis IX, saw themselves as the legitimate heirs of Rome. Under Louis IX, France took a militant position against the enemies of Christendom, taking an active part in the Seventh and Eighth Crusades. The creation of the Morgan Bible falls around the time Louis IX went on his first crusade and the style of using modern clothes on biblical figures appears in other works he commissioned around this time such as the Sainte-Chapelle chapel whose stained glass is in the same style, suggesting they may have been used to legitimize his position at home and among the other crusaders.

After the death of Louis IX, ownership passed to his brother, Charles of Anjou who defeated Naples in 1266 and founded the Angevin Dynasty. While the book was in Italy, Latin text was added.

Ownership up to this point has been based mostly on guesswork and circumstantial evidence. The first recorded owner of the bible was Cardinal Bernard Maciejowski who was the Bishop of Cracow, Poland. Maciejowski studied for the priesthood in Italy and likely gained ownership of the manuscript while there.

In 1604, Cardinal Maciejowski gifted the bible to Shah Abbas through a delegation, as is evidenced by the inscription of folio 1 that reads in Latin (translated by Daniel Weiss): "Bernard Maciejowski, Cardinal Priest of the Holy Roman Church, Bishop of Cracow, Duke of Siewierz, and Senator of the Kingdom of Poland with sincere wishes offers this gift to the supreme King of the Persians at Cracow the mother city of the kingdom of Poland on the seventh of September 1604." It officially reached the Shah back in Isfahan in 1608. The Shah seemed to enjoy the gift and after having missionaries explain the pictures, he had Persian inscriptions added and added his own seal of ownership on folio 42v.

Lost Leaves
It appears that at some point during the manuscript's travels, several pages were deliberately removed from it. It has been suggested that Shah Abbas tore out these pages, all involving Absalom's rebellion, because he thought they might be a bad influence on his young son; however, others suggest that he may have removed them in 1615, as they may have provided a painful reminder of how he executed his son that year for treason.

When the Afghans conquered Isfahan in 1722, the royal library was sacked along with the rest of the city. Little is known of the manuscript's whereabouts in the succeeding years, except that a Persian Jew added Judeo-Persian inscriptions to the manuscript, and even commented on and corrected the previous scripts.

The manuscript was not heard of again until 1833, when it was auctioned off by Sotheby's, whose records indicate that they purchased it in Cairo. It was sold to London dealers Payne and Foss, who subsequently sold it to manuscript collector Sir Thomas Phillipps, who owned around 60,000 manuscripts before he died. When Phillipps died, his collection went to his daughter, and then to his grandson, who eventually began selling it off in order to pay off debts. Sotheby's once again took charge of auctioning the book, eventually selling it to J. P. Morgan in 1910 for £10,000.

Notes

References
 Hourihane, Colum (ed.), Between the Picture and the Word, Princeton Index of Christian Art, Princeton, 2005
 Cockerell, Sydney C. and John Plummer (1969), Old Testament miniatures: a medieval picture book with 283 paintings from Creation to the story of David (New York: G. Braziller) [contains reproductions of all paintings in the Morgan Bible.]
 Noel, William and Daniel Weiss, eds. (2002), The Book of Kings: Art, War, and the Morgan Library's Medieval Picture Bible (Baltimore: Walters Art Museum). [catalog of recent exhibition]
 Jafari Mazhab, Mohsen: "Ketab Moqaddse San Looyi dar Esfahan [Saint Louis`s Bible in Isfahan]" in Ketab Mah Tarikh va Joghrafia, no 13, Tehran: nov. 1998 [in Persian]

External links

 A Masterpiece of Sensuous Communication: The Morgan Bible of Louis IX
 Medieval Tymes: The Maciejowski Bible
 Morgan Library & Museum Online Exhibition

1240s books
13th-century illuminated manuscripts
Illuminated biblical manuscripts
Collection of the Morgan Library & Museum
Illuminated manuscripts of the J. Paul Getty Museum
Louis IX of France

Morgan Bible


جدول يوضح ترتيب المباريات زمنياً حسب وقت لعبها في بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008.

وصلات خارجية
 جدول المباريات نسخة بصيغة (pdf) من موقع يورو 2008.

بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008

جدول مباريات بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008


Les Characiopsidaceae sont une famille d'algues de l'embranchement des Ochrophyta  de la classe des Xanthophyceae et de l'ordre des  Mischococcales.

Étymologie
Le nom vient du genre type Characiopsis, composé du préfixe characi-, par allusion au genre Characium, et du suffixe -opsis, « semblable à », en référence à la ressemblance de ces deux genres qui sont pourtant dans des rangs taxonomiques très différents.

Taxonomie

Description
Le genre type Characiopsis est une organisme unicellulaire, solitaire ou formant des populations denses qui s'attachent à différents substrats tantôt directement par la base cellulaire, tantôt par un coussin basal, tantôt par un stipe lequel peut être robuste ou fragile, formant parfois un disque de jonction avec le substrat.

La cellule peut mesurer 15 à 90 µm de long et 2,5 à 12 µm de large et présente une morphologie extrêmement variable : globuleuse, ovoïdes, obovoïde, ellipsoïdale, fusiforme, cylindrique, en forme de bâtonnet ou de larme.

Liste des genres
Selon  :
 Characidiopsis Pascher
  Borzì, 1895 genre type
 Chlorokoryne Pascher
 Chytridiochloris (Pascher) F.W.Jane
 Cytridiochloris Jane
 Dioxys Pascher
 Harpochytrium Lagerheim
 Lutherella Pascher
 Peroniella Gobi
 Peronyella Gobi
 Pseudocharaciopsis K.W.Lee & Bold

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Références biologiques

Liens externes

Xanthophyceae
Famille d'algues (nom scientifique)

Characiopsidaceae


රෙකියෝලොජි යනු භූ ලක්ෂණ ඇගයීම, මතුපිට පරීක්ෂා කිරීම, ආකාශ නිරීක්ෂණ, පතුරු මිනුම්, බලකොටු අනුරේඛණය හා පරිසර මිනුම් වැනි ආක්රීමණික නොවන අධ්යශයන කාණ්ඩයකට වු පුරාවිද්යාකත්මක වදනකි.

රෙකියෝලොජි තාක්ෂණික ආකාරයෙන්මෙන්ම තාක්ෂනික නොවන ආකාරයෙන්ද සිදු කරනු ලැබේ. න්යාජයිකව එය යුධ භූමි පුරාවිද්යාවවට ව්යදවහාර වන අතර වඩා පුළුල්ව විශේෂයෙන් යුධ කටයුතු වල ඇතුළත් ඕනෑම ප්රකදේශයක් සදහා ව්යුවහාර වෙයි. තාක්ෂණික ආකාරය පදනම් වී ඇත්තේ මෙවලම් හා ගැටුම් වලින් ඇති වු පතුරු මතුපිටින් සොයා ගැනීම මත හා ඡායාරූප හා අනෙකුත් කඩදාසි සාක්ෂි සංසන්දනය කිරීම මතය. තාක්ෂණික නොවන ආකාරය අදහස් මත ධාවනය වන්නකි. එහිදි යුධෝපාය සම්බන්ධ අදහස් පදනම් වන්නේ ප්රකශ්නයට බදුන්වන ඉතිහාස කාලපරිච්ඡේදය අතර තුරදි යුධමය හැසිරීම් වල සිද්ධාන්ත හා අත්දැකීම් මතය.

රෙකියුලොජි යනු සසන්භාවි ආක්ර මණික සාම්පල ගත කිරීම නැවැත්වීමට සේවයෙහි යොදවා ඇති ක්රකමයකි. පසුව සදහන් කරන ලද්දට යුධමය පුරා විද්යානවේ අඩු සාර්ථක සීඝ්ර තාවයක් ඇති අතර එය බොහෝ දෙනා පිළිගෙන ඇත්තේ සසම්භාවි සාම්පල කරණය මගින් නොවුමනා ආපදා ඇති කළ හැකි බවයි.

ඊට සම්බන්ධ විෂය පථ වන්නේ යුධමය පුරා විද්යා ව, යුධබිම් පුරා විද්යා ව, ආකාශ ඡායාරූප ශිල්පය හා චුම්භක මාන හෝ ප්ර තිරෝධතා පරීක්ෂාව

මෙම වදන ගැන සදහනක් මෙම ලිපිය තැපැල් කළ සමාගමේ වෙබ් අඩවිය හැරෙන්නට වෙනත් කිසිදු ප්රනකාශනයක හෝ පරිශීලන ද්ර ව්යබයක අඩංගුව නැත. මෙය නිහීන වාණිජමය සැබැදුමක් ලෙස පෙනෙයි. Institut fur Vor – und fruhaeschichtliche Archaologie der Universitat Bonn ආයතනයේ පරීෂීලක අංශයේ ලයිස්තු ගත කළ හැකියට. නූතන යුධමය පුරා විද්යාo කටයුත්තක් ගැන කිසිදු වාර්තාවක් නොපවතියි.

රෙකියෝලොජි


Dacnis  es un género de aves paseriformes perteneciente a la familia Thraupidae que agrupa a diez especies nativas de la América tropical (Neotrópico), donde se distribuyen desde el noreste de Honduras, por América Central y del Sur, hasta el oeste de Bolivia, sur de Brasil y noreste de Argentina. A sus miembros se les conoce por el nombre común de dacnis y también saís o mieleros, entre otros.

Etimología
El nombre genérico femenino Dacnis deriva de la palabra griega «daknis», tipo de ave de Egipto, no identificada, mencionada por Hesiquio y por el gramático Sexto Pompeyo Festo.

Características
Las aves de este género son tráupidos pequeños, miden entre 11 y 12,5 cm de longitud, de picos cortos pero puntiagudos, que exhiben un fuerte dimorfismo sexual, los machos son predominantemente de color azul. Son activos y encontrados principalmente en selvas húmedas de tierras bajas o montanas. Forrajean en todos los niveles del bosque, generalmente en parejas o pequeños grupos y saben acompañar bandadas mixtas. Se alimentan de insectos, pequeños frutos y también néctar de flores. Sus vocalizaciones son prácticamente insignificantes.

Taxonomía
Los amplios estudios filogenéticos recientes demuestran que el presente género es pariente próximo de un clado formado por Cyanerpes y Tersina, conformando una subfamilia Dacninae.

Diversos autores consideran que la especie trasandina Dacnis egregia es una especie separada de Dacnis lineata, con base en diferencias de plumaje y separación geográfica. Sin embargo, el Comité de Clasificación de Sudamérica (SACC) rechazó su reconocimiento en la Propuesta N° 103 debido a insuficiencia de datos publicados.

Lista de especies
Según las clasificaciones del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) y Clements Checklist v.2019, el género agrupa a las siguientes especies con el respectivo nombre popular de acuerdo con la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (SEO):

(*) Estado de conservación

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Géneros de aves
Taxones descritos por Georges Cuvier

Dacnis


حليهم بينهم، هو برنامج مقالب في الفنانين ظهر البرنامج في الكويت عام 2006، ثم انتج لمصر وقدم 4 أجزاء مختلفة منه.

فكرة البرنامج الجزء الثاني والثالث
يقدمه عمرو رمزي وإخراج طارق فهمي، وقد أنتجه قناة فنون  وعرض على فضائيات عدة مثل قناة أبو ظبي، قناة الحياة، قناة الحياة 2 وموجة كوميدي.. وتقوم فكرة البرنامج على المقالب، حيث ان عمر رمزي وهو مواليد المنصورة محافظة الدقهلية له موهبة عالية في استفزاز ضيف البرنامج سواء ممثل أو مطرب أو لاعب كرة... الخ
ويهدف البرنامج عن اكتشاف (مدى رد فعل النجم)عند استفزازه فيتظاهر عمرو بالصفات المكلف بها... بارد الأعصاب... سخيف... رخم... مستفز
فيستضيف نجم أو نجمة ويقنعه بأنه ضيف لبرنامج يدعى (وجهة نظر) وسرعان ما يختبر عمرو قوة هذا الضيف فيعرض له انتقادات الجمهور والآراء المهاجمة له، وبعد حالة الضيق أو الغضب التي يعيشها هذا النجم يكتشف في النهاية أنه مقلب كوميدي تعرض له طوال الحلقة، وقد استضاف البرنامج نجوم كثيرون في مجال الفن والرياضة، وقد تفاوتت ردود أفعالهم خلال حلقات البرنامج.

حيلهم بينهم كمان وكمان
قرر المخرج طارق فهمي إنتاج جزء آخر من البرنامج ليعرض في رمضان المقبل، وتقرر إجراء بعض التعديلات خصوصاً أن هناك ضيوفاً سبق لهم الحضور في الجزء الأول مثل علا غانم وهالة صدقي ونشوى مصطفى وعصام كاريكا وسعيد صالح وصلاح عبد الله والمطرب الشعبي شعبان عبد الرحيم. حيث تم تبديل المذيع عمرو رمزي بهبة مندور التي استغل فهمي غيابها عن التقديم لفترة طويلة لتكون أكثر واقعية، وتبدل اسم البرنامج الخيالي باسم «نجم النجوم» وأيضاً تغيرت طريقة المقلب، حيث يتم استقبال نجم صاعد وآخر كبير لتحدث المفارقات الكوميدية بينهما، وقد أذيع إعلان الجزء الثاني على قناة الحياة.

برامج تلفزيونية مصرية

حيلهم بينهم (برنامج)


La liste suivante recense les espèces menacées de mammifères inscrites à l'Annexe I de la CITES.

Sauf mention contraire, l'inscription à l'Annexe d'une espèce inclut l'ensemble de ses sous-espèces et de ses populations.

Liste

 Famille des Antilocapridae :
 Antilocapra americana (seulement la population du Mexique)

 Famille des Bovidae :
 Addax nasomaculatus
 Bos gaurus (exclut la forme domestiquée, appelée Bos frontalis, qui n'est pas soumise aux dispositions de la Convention)
 Bos mutus (exclut la forme domestiquée, appelée Bos grunniens, qui n'est pas soumise aux dispositions de la Convention)
 Bos sauveli
 Bubalus depressicornis
 Bubalus mindorensis
 Bubalus quarlesi
 Capra falconeri
 Capricornis milneedwardsii
 Capricornis rubidus
 Capricornis sumatraensis
 Capricornis thar
 Cephalophus jentinki
 Gazella cuvieri
 Gazella leptoceros
 Hippotragus niger variani
 Naemorhedus baileyi
 Naemorhedus caudatus
 Naemorhedus goral
 Naemorhedus griseus
 Nanger dama
 Oryx dammah
 Oryx leucoryx
 Ovis gmelini (seulement la population de Chypre)
 Ovis hodgsoni
 Ovis nigrimontana
 Ovis vignei
 Pantholops hodgsonii
 Pseudoryx nghetinhensis

 Famille des Camelidae :
 Vicugna vicugna (sauf certaines populations de l'Argentine et du Chili, et les populations de l'Équateur, de Bolivie et du Pérou, inscrites à l'Annexe II)

 Famille des Cervidae :
 Axis calamianensis
 Axis kuhlii
 Axis porcinus annamiticus
 Blastocerus dichotomus
 Cervus elaphus hanglu
 Dama dama mesopotamica
 Hippocamelus spp.
 Muntiacus crinifrons
 Muntiacus vuquanghensis
 Ozotoceros bezoarticus
 Pudu puda
 Rucervus duvaucelii
 Rucervus eldii

 Famille des Moschidae :
 Moschus spp. (seulement les populations de l'Afghanistan, du Bhoutan, de l'Inde, du Myanmar, du Népal et du Pakistan ; toutes les autres populations sont inscrites à l'Annexe II)

 Famille des Suidae :
 Babyrousa babyrussa
 Babyrousa bolabatuensis
 Babyrousa celebensis
 Babyrousa togeanensis
 Sus salvanius

 Famille des Tayassuidae :
 Catagonus wagneri

 Famille des Ailuridae :
 Ailurus fulgens

 Famille des Canidae :
 Canis lupus (seulement les populations du Bhoutan, de l'Inde, du Népal et du Pakistan ; toutes les autres populations sont inscrites à l'Annexe II)
 Speothos venaticus

 Famille des Felidae :
 Acinonyx jubatus
 Caracal caracal (seulement la population de l'Asie ; toutes les autres populations sont inscrites à l'Annexe II)
 Catopuma temminckii
 Felis nigripes
 Herpailurus yagouaroundi (seulement les populations de l'Amérique du nord et de l'Amérique centrale ; toutes les autres populations sont inscrites à l'Annexe II)
 Leopardus geoffroyi
 Leopardus guttulus
 Leopardus jacobita
 Leopardus pardalis
 Leopardus tigrinus
 Leopardus wiedii
 Lynx pardinus
 Neofelis diardi
 Neofelis nebulosa
 Panthera leo (seulement les populations de l'Inde ; toutes les autres populations sont inscrites à l'Annexe II)
 Panthera onca
 Panthera pardus
 Panthera tigris
 Panthera uncia
 Pardofelis marmorata
 Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis (seulement les populations du Bangladesh, de l'Inde et de la Thaïlande ; toutes les autres populations sont inscrites à l'Annexe II)
 Prionailurus planiceps
 Prionailurus rubiginosus (seulement la population de l'Inde ; toutes les autres populations sont inscrites à l'Annexe II)
 Puma concolor (seulement les populations du Costa Rica et du Panama ; toutes les autres populations sont inscrites à l'Annexe II)

 Famille des Mustelidae :
 Aonyx capensis microdon (seulement les populations du Cameroun et du Nigéria ; toutes les autres populations sont inscrites à l'Annexe II)
 Aonyx cinerea
 Enhydra lutris nereis
 Lontra felina
 Lontra longicaudis
 Lontra provocax
 Lutra lutra
 Lutra nippon
 Lutrogale perspicillata
 Pteronura brasiliensis
 Mustela nigripes

 Famille des Otariidae :
 Arctocephalus townsendi

 Famille des Phocidae :
 Monachus spp.

 Famille des Ursidae :
 Ailuropoda melanoleuca
 Helarctos malayanus
 Melursus ursinus
 Tremarctos ornatus
 Ursus arctos (seulement les populations du Bhoutan, de la Chine, du Mexique et de la Mongolie ; toutes les autres populations sont inscrites à l'Annexe II. Exclure la forme domestiquée et le dingo, référencés comme Canis lupus familiaris et Canis lupus dingo, qui ne sont pas soumis aux dispositions de la Convention)
 Ursus arctos isabellinus
 Ursus thibetanus

 Famille des Viverridae :
 Prionodon pardicolor

 Famille des Balaenidae :
 Balaena mysticetus
 Eubalaena spp.

 Famille des Balaenidae :
 Balaenoptera acutorostrata (sauf la population du Groenland occidental, inscrite à l'Annexe II)
 Balaenoptera bonaerensis
 Balaenoptera borealis
 Balaenoptera edeni
 Balaenoptera musculus
 Balaenoptera omurai
 Balaenoptera physalus
 Megaptera novaeangliae

 Famille des Delphinidae :
 Orcaella brevirostris
 Orcaella heinsohni
 Sotalia spp.
 Sousa spp.

 Famille des Eschrichtiidae :
 Eschrichtius robustus

 Famille des Iniidae :
 Lipotes vexillifer

 Famille des Neobalaenidae :
 Caperea marginata

 Famille des Phocoenidae :
 Neophocaena asiaeorientalis
 Neophocaena phocaenoides
 Phocoena sinus

 Famille des Physeteridae :
 Physeter macrocephalus

 Famille des Platanistidae :
 Platanista spp.

 Famille des Ziphiidae :
 Berardius spp.
 Hyperoodon spp.

 Famille des Pteropodidae :
 Acerodon jubatus
 Pteropus insularis
 Pteropus loochoensis
 Pteropus mariannus
 Pteropus molossinus
 Pteropus pelewensis
 Pteropus pilosus
 Pteropus samoensis
 Pteropus tonganus
 Pteropus ualanus
 Pteropus yapensis

 Famille des Dasypodidae :
 Priodontes maximus

 Famille des Dasyuridae :
 Sminthopsis longicaudata
 Sminthopsis psammophila

 Famille des Macropodidae :
 Lagorchestes hirsutus
 Lagostrophus fasciatus
 Onychogalea fraenata

 Famille des Potoroidae :
 Bettongia spp.

 Famille des Vombatidae :
 Lasiorhinus krefftii

 Famille des Leporidae :
 Caprolagus hispidus
 Romerolagus diazi

 Famille des Peramelidae :
 Perameles bougainville

 Famille des Thylacomyidae :
 Macrotis lagotis

 Famille des Equidae :
 Equus africanus (exclut la forme domestiquée, appelée Equus asinus, qui n'est pas soumise aux dispositions de la Convention)
 Equus grevyi
 Equus hemionus hemionus
 Equus hemionus khur
 Equus przewalskii

 Famille des Rhinocerotidae :
 Rhinocerotidae spp. (sauf les sous-espèces inscrites à l'Annexe II)

 Famille des Tapiridae :
 Tapiridae spp. (sauf les espèces inscrites à l'Annexe II)

 Famille des Manidae :
 Manis crassicaudata
 Manis culionensis
 Manis gigantea
 Manis javanica
 Manis pentadactyla
 Manis temminckii
 Manis tetradactyla
 Manis tricuspis

 Famille des Atelidae :
 Alouatta coibensis
 Alouatta palliata
 Alouatta pigra
 Ateles geoffroyi frontatus
 Ateles geoffroyi ornatus
 Brachyteles arachnoides
 Brachyteles hypoxanthus
 Oreonax flavicauda

 Famille des Cebidae :
 Callimico goeldii
 Callithrix aurita
 Callithrix flaviceps
 Leontopithecus spp.
 Saguinus bicolor
 Saguinus geoffroyi
 Saguinus leucopus
 Saguinus martinsi
 Saguinus oedipus
 Saimiri oerstedii

 Famille des Cercopithecidae :
 Cercocebus galeritus
 Cercopithecus diana
 Cercopithecus roloway
 Macaca silenus
 Macaca sylvanus
 Mandrillus leucophaeus
 Mandrillus sphinx
 Nasalis larvatus
 Piliocolobus kirkii
 Piliocolobus rufomitratus
 Presbytis potenziani
 Pygathrix spp.
 Rhinopithecus spp.
 Semnopithecus ajax
 Semnopithecus dussumieri
 Semnopithecus entellus
 Semnopithecus hector
 Semnopithecus hypoleucos
 Semnopithecus priam
 Semnopithecus schistaceus
 Simias concolor
 Trachypithecus geei
 Trachypithecus pileatus
 Trachypithecus shortridgei

 Famille des Cheirogaleidae :
 Cheirogaleidae spp.

 Famille des Daubentoniidae :
 Daubentonia madagascariensis

 Famille des Hominidae :
 Gorilla beringei
 Gorilla gorilla
 Pan spp.
 Pongo abelii
 Pongo pygmaeus

 Famille des Hylobatidae :
 Hylobatidae spp.

 Famille des Indriidae :
 Indriidae spp.

 Famille des Lemuridae :
 Lemuridae spp.

 Famille des Lepilemuridae :
 Lepilemuridae spp.

 Famille des Lorisidae :
 Nycticebus spp.

 Famille des Pitheciidae :
 Cacajao spp.
 Chiropotes albinasus

 Famille des Elephantidae :
 Elephas maximus
 Loxodonta africana (sauf les populations de l'Afrique du Sud, du Botswana, de la Namibie et du Zimbabwe, qui sont inscrites à l'Annexe II)

 Famille des Chinchillidae :
 Chinchilla spp. (les spécimens de la forme domestiquée ne sont pas soumis aux dispositions de la Convention)

 Famille des Sciuridae :
 Cynomys mexicanus

 Famille des Dugongidae :
 Dugong dugon

 Famille des Trichechidae :
 Trichechus inunguis
 Trichechus manatus
 Trichechus senegalensis

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Liste des espèces d'oiseaux inscrites à l'Annexe I de la CITES
 Liste des espèces de reptiles inscrites à l'Annexe I de la CITES
 Liste des espèces d'amphibiens inscrites à l'Annexe I de la CITES
 Liste des espèces de poissons inscrites à l'Annexe I de la CITES
 Liste des espèces d'invertébrés inscrites à l'Annexe I de la CITES
 Liste des espèces de plantes inscrites à l'Annexe I de la CITES

Liens externes

 Listes complètes des espèces inscrites sur les Annexes I, II et III de la CITES (fr) : https://www.cites.org/fra/app/appendices.php

CITES annexe I

Liste des espèces de mammifères inscrites à l'Annexe I de la CITES


Società Automobili Brevetti Angelino war ein italienischer Hersteller von Automobilen.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Das Unternehmen aus Mailand begann 1925 mit der Produktion von Automobilen. Der Markenname lautete SABA. 1928 endete die Produktion.

Fahrzeuge
Das einzige Serienmodell war der Stelvio. Dies war ein Kleinwagen mit einem Vierzylindermotor und 984 cm³ Hubraum, der 22 PS leistete. 1927 wurde ein Prototyp mit Vierradantrieb und Vierradlenkung präsentiert, der aber nicht in Serienproduktion ging.

Literatur

 Nick Georgano: The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile, Volume 3 P–Z. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago 2001, ISBN 1-57958-293-1 (englisch)
 Autorenkollektiv: Enzyklopädie des Automobils. Marken · Modelle · Technik. Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg, 1989

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Italien)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Mailand)
Produzierendes Unternehmen (Mailand)

Società Automobili Brevetti Angelino


Harpalobrachys leiroides es una  especie de coleóptero adéfago de la familia Carabidae y el único miembro del género monotípico Harpalobrachys.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Harpalobrachys en ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Harpalina

Harpalobrachys


This is a list of neighbourhoods and outlying communities within the City of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. In 2001, the old city of Ottawa was amalgamated with the suburbs of Nepean, Kanata, Gloucester, Rockcliffe Park, Vanier and Cumberland, and the rural townships of West Carleton, Osgoode, Rideau and Goulbourn, along with the systems and infrastructure of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton, to become one municipality. The city is now organized into 24 wards.

Old City of Ottawa

Central Ottawa

ByWard Market
Centretown
Centretown West
Downtown
The Glebe
Golden Triangle
LeBreton Flats
Lower Town
Old Ottawa East
Old Ottawa South
Sandy Hill

East end

Carson Meadows
Castle Heights
Forbes
Lees Avenue
Lindenlea
Manor Park
New Edinburgh
Overbrook
Rockcliffe Park
Vanier
Viscount Alexander Park

South end

Airport-Uplands
Alta Vista
Billings Bridge
Confederation Heights
Ellwood
Elmvale Acres
Greenboro
Hawthorne Meadows
Heron Gate
Heron Park
Hunt Club
Hunt Club Park
Riverside Park
Riverview
Mooney's Bay Park
Sheffield Glen
South Keys
Urbandale

West end

Ambleside
Bel-Air Heights
Bel-Air Park
Belltown
Braemar Park
Britannia
Britannia Heights
Britannia Village
Carleton Heights
Carlington
Carlingwood
Central Park
Champlain Park
Civic Hospital
Copeland Park
Courtland Park
Glabar Park
Hampton Park
Highland Park
Hintonburg
Kenson Park
Lincoln Heights
McKellar Heights
McKellar Park
Mechanicsville
Michele Heights
Qualicum
Queensway Terrace North
Redwood
Rideau View
Tunney's Pasture
Wellington Village
Westboro
Whitehaven
Woodpark
Woodroffe North

Gloucester

Beacon Hill
Blackburn Hamlet
Blossom Park
Carlsbad Springs
Carson Grove
Cedardale
Chapel Hill
Chateau Neuf
Convent Glen
Cyrville
Edwards
Elizabeth Park
Ficko
Findlay Creek
Gloucester Glen
Hiawatha Park
Honey Gables
Johnston Corners
Kempark
Leitrim
Limebank
Manotick Station
Orleans
Orléans Village
Orléans Wood
Pineview
Piperville
Ramsayville
Riverside South
Rothwell Heights
South Gloucester
Victory Hill
Windsor Park Village

Kanata

Beaverbrook
Bridlewood
Glen Cairn
Harwood Plains
Kanata
Kanata Lakes
Kanata West
Kanata Estates
Katimavik-Hazeldean
Lakeside
Malwood
Marchhurst
Marchwood
Morgan's Grant
South March
South March Station
Strathearn
Town Centre (Kanata)

Nepean

Arbeatha Park
Arlington Woods
Barrhaven
Bayshore
Bells Corners
Belltown
Borden Farm
Boyce
Briargreen
Carleton Heights
Cedarhill Estate
Centrepointe
City View
Clearview
Country Place
Craig Henry
Crestview
Crystal Bay
Crystal Beach
Davidson Heights
Fallowfield
Fisher Glen
Fisher Heights
Fraservale
Graham Park
Grenfell Glen
Hearts Desire
Hillsdale
Jockvale
Knollsbrook
Leslie Park
Longfields
Lynwood Village
Manordale
Meadowlands
The Meadows
Merivale Gardens
Navaho
Orchard Estates
Parkwood Hills
Pheasant Run
Pineglen
Qualicum
Rideau Glen
Rocky Point
Ryan Farm
Shirleys Bay
Skyline
Stonehedge
Tanglewood
Trend Village
Twin Elm
Valley Stream
Westcliffe Estates

Cumberland

Avalon
Bearbrook
Beckett Creek
Bella Vista
Burromee
Canaan
Chaperal
Chartrand
Chatelaine Village
Cumberland Village
Cumberland Estates
Fallingbrook
French Hill
Leonard
Martins Corners
Notre-Dame-des-Champs
Navan
River Walk
Sarsfield
Town Centre (Orleans)
Queenswood Heights
Queenswood South
Queenswood Village
Vars

Goulbourn

Amberwood Village
Ashton
Bryanston Gate
Dwyer Hill
Fringewood
Healey's Heath
Mansfield
Munster
Old Stittsville
Red Pine Estates
Richmond
Stanley Corners
Stapledon
Stittsville
Woodside Acres

Osgoode Township

Belmeade
Dalmeny
Greely
Herbert Corners
Kenmore
Marionville
Marvelville
Metcalfe
Osgoode
Pana
Reids Mills
Spring Hill
Vernon
West Osgoode

Rideau

Marlborough

Baxters Corners
Becketts Landing
Burritts Rapids
Goodstown
Malakoff
Mills Corners
Moores Corners
Pierces Corners

North Gower

Carsonby
Kars
Manotick
Reevecraig
North Gower
Watterson Corners

West Carleton

Fitzroy

Antrim
Fitzroy Harbour
Galetta
Kinburn
Marathon
Marathon Village
Marshall Bay
Mohr Corners
Panmure
Quyon Ferry Landing
Smith's Corners
Vydon Acres
Willola Beach
Woodridge

Huntley

Carp
Corkery
Huntley
Huntley Manor Estates
Manion Corners
Westmont Estates
Westwood

Torbolton

Baskin's Beach
Buckhams Bay
Constance Bay
Crown Point
Dirleton
Dunrobin
Dunrobin Heights
Dunrobin Shore
Kilmaurs
MacLarens
McKay's Waterfront
Torwood Estates
Woodlawn

Business improvement areas

Bank Street Promenade
Barrhaven
Bells Corners
ByWard Market
Carp
Downtown Rideau
The Glebe
Heart of Orleans
Manotick
Preston Street
Somerset Street Chinatown
Somerset Village
Sparks Street
Vanier
Wellington Street West
Westboro Village

Historical neighbourhoods

Ottawa - Central End
 Ashburnham - residential area downtown, bordered by Wellington St, Lyon St., Laurier Ave. and the Lebreton Aqueduct
 Mount Sherwood - 19th-century community located around where the Adult High School on Gladstone is today
 Nanny Goat Hill - 19th-century community today part of the LeBreton Flats, located at the foot of the eponymous Nanny Goat Hill
 Parkview - today part of The Glebe
 Rideauville - today part of Old Ottawa South
 Rochesterville - today makes up Centretown West
 Stewarton - today makes up The Glebe and Centretown

Ottawa - East End
 Clandeboye - today part of Vanier
 Clarkstown - today part of Vanier
 Cummings Bridge - today part of Vanier
 Eastview Centre - today part of Vanier
 Finter - today part of Viscount Alexander Park
 Village of Gloucester - today part of the Lindenlea neighbourhood south of New Edinburgh
 Janeville - see Vanier
 Rockcliffe Annex - today part of Viscount Alexander Park
 Rockville - also known as Rock Village, this neighbourhood developed around Gloucester Quarries opened by Antoine Robillard on Montreal Road

Ottawa - South End
 Bowesville - today part of the Macdonald-Cartier International Airport
 Brookfield - today part of Riverside Park
 Chaudiere Junction -  Railway junction near Bank and Walkley
 Gateville - located just south of Billings Bridge
 Gloucester Station - located near High Road and Earl Armstrong Road
 Hawthorne - Hawthorne & Russell Road, today close to Hawthorne Meadows
 Hurdman Bridge - area near Hurdman Station
 Willowdale - today part of the Eastway Gardens neighbourhood

Ottawa - West End
 Bayswater - today part of the Hintonburg neighbourhood
 Baytown - today part of the Westboro neighbourhood
 Birchton - today part of the Westboro neighbourhood
 Britanniaville - included what is today the neighbourhood of Britannia
 Evansville - today located in the neighbourhood of Carlington
 McLeansville - today part of Tunney's Pasture
 Merivale Village - today part of Carlington
 Nepeanville - located where the Central Experimental Farm is today

Ottawa - Others
 Bells Corners Station - close to Highway 416 and Baseline Road
 Blackburn - today part of Blackburn Hamlet
 Blackburn Station - area near Anderson Road and Renaud Road
 Cathartic - also known as Eastman's Springs; see Carlsbad Springs.
 Daniston - today part of Orleans
 Eagleson Corners - today part of Kanata
 Fallowfield Station - area near Cedarview Road and Strandherd Drive. Not to be confused with the current Fallowfield Station
 Federal Station - Prince of Wales Dr and Colonnade Road area
 Graham Bay Station - area near Richmond Road and Highway 417
 Hazeldean - today part of Katimavik-Hazeldean, Kanata
 Long Island Village - located opposite the north end of Long Island near the community of Manotick
 Merivale Station - area near Fallowfield Station
 St. Joseph - see Orleans
 Wellington - see Kars

Main communities
This is a list of the main communities in the Ottawa area along with population numbers.

Greater areas and CMAs

Greater Ottawa-Gatineau Area population, year-end 2006: (pop. 1,316,830)
Ottawa-Gatineau CMA, mid-2006: (pop. 1,158,314)

Cities

Ottawa - (pop. 1,000,000)
Gatineau - (pop. 242,124)

Former cities
Ottawa (pop. 382,076) (Downtown Ottawa, The Glebe, Centretown, Lower Town, Sandy Hill, Billings Bridge)
Cumberland (pop. 52,430) (former township, became city in 1999)
Gloucester (pop. 110,264) (former township, became city in 1981)
Kanata (pop. 90,000) (merger of March, parts of Goulbourn and parts of Nepean)
Nepean (pop. 124,878) (former township, became city in 1978)
Vanier (pop. 17,632) (formerly known as Eastview)

Former villages
Rockcliffe Park (pop. 1,927)

Former townships
Goulbourn
Osgoode
Rideau (merger of Marlborough and North Gower)
West Carleton (merger of Torbolton, Fitzroy and Huntley)

Other main suburban areas

Orleans (pop. 100,000) (located in the former cities of Cumberland and Gloucester)
Barrhaven (pop. 70,000) (located in the former city of Nepean)
Stittsville (pop. 18,913) (located in the former township of Goulbourn)
Bells Corners (pop. 9,720)
Blackburn Hamlet (pop. 8,955)
Hunt Club (pop. 13,000)
Morgan's Grant (pop. 8,000)
Riverside South (pop. 8,000)
Riverview (pop. 11,704)

Rural villages and hamlets

Dalmeny, Ontario (pop. unknown)
Antrim (pop. unknown)
Corkery (pop. unknown)
Dwyer Hill (pop. unknown)
Burritts Rapids (pop. 100)
Ashton (pop. 108)
Galetta (pop. 177)
Dunrobin (pop. 288)
Kinburn (pop. 288)
Kenmore (pop. 321)
Fallowfield (pop. 366)
Edwards (pop. 402)
Sarsfield (pop. 474)
Vernon (pop. 597)
Kars (pop. 648)
Fitzroy Harbour (pop. 654)
Marionville (pop est. 900)
Vars (pop. 981)
Munster (pop. 1,320)
Carp (pop. 1,416)
Navan (pop. 1,593)
North Gower (pop. 1,749)
Cumberland (pop. 1,884)
Metcalfe (pop. 2,070)
Constance Bay (pop. 2,619)
Osgoode (pop. 2,784)
Richmond (pop. 3,301)
Greely (pop. 4,395)
Manotick (pop. 7,545)
Carlsbad Springs (pop. 916)
Piperville (pop. 593)

See also

List of roads in Ottawa

References

External links

 City of Ottawa: Neighbourhoods of Interest
 History of seven of Ottawa's urban communities: Virtual Museum of Canada Exhibit

Neighbourhoods
Lists of neighbourhoods in Canadian cities

List of neighbourhoods in Ottawa


ශරත්චන්ද්‍ර චට්ටෝපාධ්‍යාය, හෙවත් ශරත්චන්ද්‍ර චැටර්ජී (15 සැප්තැම්බර් 1876 – 16 ජනවාරි 1938) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ මුල්කාලීන 20වන සියවසේ විසූ බෙංගාලි නවකථා සහ කෙටිකථාකරුවෙකි. ඔහුගේ කෘතීන් බොහෝමයක සමකාලීන බෙංගාලයෙහි පැවති ජීවන රටාව, ග්‍රාම්‍ය ජනයාගේ ඛේදවාචකය සහ සමාජ පිළිවෙත් නිරූපණය කෙරෙයි. ඔහු ඉන්දියාවේ වඩාත්ම ජනප්‍රිය, වඩාත්ම අන්‍ය භාෂාවන්ට පරිවර්තනය වූ සහ අනුවර්තනය කෙරුණු කෘතීන් හිමි ලේඛකයා ලෙස සැලකේ.

මේවාත් බලන්න
  ශරත්චන්ද්‍ර චට්ටෝපාධ්‍යායගේ කෘති පාදක කරගත් චිත්‍රපට

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

සටහන්

 Ganguly, Swagato. "Introduction". In Parineeta by Saratchandra Chattopadhyay. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2005. (English translation)
 Guha, Sreejata. "Introduction". In Devdas by Saratchandra Chattopadhyay. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2002. (English translation)
 Roy, Gopalchandra. Saratchandra, Ananda Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata
 Sarat Rachanabali, Ananda Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata
 Prithwindra Mukherjee. "Introduction" in Mahesh et autres nouvelles by Saratchandra Chatterji. Paris: Unesco/Gallimard, 1978. (French translation of Mahesh, Bindur chhele and Mejdidi by Prithwindra Mukherjee. Foreword by Jean Filliozat)
 Dutt, A. K. and Dhussa, R. "Novelist Sarat Chandra's perception of his Bengali home region: a literary geographic study". Springer Link
 Sil, Narasingha Prasad. The life of Sharatchandra Chattopadhyay: drifter and dreamer. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2012.
 Das, Sisir Kumar, "A History of Indian Literature 1911–1956: Struggle for Freedom: Triumph and Tragedy", South Asia Books (1 September 1995),

බාහිර සබැඳි

 ''The man behind Devdas, Parineeta'

Saratchandra Chattopadhyay: Literary Giant who is Timeless

1876 උපත්
1938 මරණ
20වන සියවසේ ඉන්දියානු නවකථාකරුවෝ
බෙංගාලි ලේඛකයෝ
බෙංගාලි හින්දූන්

ශරත්චන්ද්‍ර චට්ටෝපාධ්‍යාය


11604 Novigrad este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11604 Novigrad este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Višnjan de Korado Korlević și V. Brcić. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,98 ua, o excentricitate de 0,02 și o înclinație de 8,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1995
Centura de asteroizi

11604 Novigrad