Frederick Burr Opper (Madison, Ohio, 2 de enero de 1857 - New Rochelle, Nueva York, 28 de agosto de 1937) fue un historietista estadounidense célebre por su tira Happy Hooligan. Fue uno de los primeros en crear tiras cómicas para los periódicos estadounidenses. Los personajes de sus historietas fueron incluidos en revistas, portadas, caricaturas políticas y en otras tiras cómicas durante seis décadas.

Primeros años

Hijo de los inmigrantes austríacos Lewis y Aurelia Burr Opper, Opper nació en Madison, Ohio, como el mayor de tres niños. A los catorce años de edad, abandonó la escuela pública para trabajar como aprendiz de imprentero en el periódico local, Madison Gazette, y a los dieciséis se mudó a la ciudad de Nueva York donde trabajó en una tienda y siguió dibujando. Durante un breve período estudió en la universidad privada Cooper Union, y más tarde fue alumno y asistente del artista Frank Beard.

La primera caricatura de Opper fue publicada en Wild Oats en 1876, y le siguieron otras caricaturas y dibujos en Scribner's Monthly y St. Nicholas Magazine. Trabajó como artista en Frank Leslie's Weekly entre 1877 y 1880. Más tarde fue contratado por la revista Puck, en ese momento dirigida por los editores Joseph Keppler y Adolph Schwarzmann; trabajó para Puck durante dieciocho años, en los que dibujó de todo, desde ilustraciones para publicidades hasta portadas cromolitógraficas.

Opper se casó con Nellie Barnett el 18 de mayo de 1881. Tuvieron tres hijos, Lawrence, Anna y Sophia.

Carrera

Happy Hooligan
En 1899, Opper aceptó una oferta de William Randolph Hearst para trabajar en el New York Journal. Su tira, Happy Hooligan, apareció por primera vez en el periódico en 1900, y se publicó hasta 1932. Hooligan era un vagabundo con un pequeño sombrero de lata de conserva, cuya simplicidad y buen carácter lo volvió un éxito. En el trigésimo cumpleaños de Happy, Opper organizó una fiesta a la que asistieron el presidente Hoover, el expresidente Coolidge, Charles Schwab y Alfred E. Smith, entre otros.

Otras tiras populares de Opper fueron Alphonse and Gaston, And Her Name Was Maud, Howsan Lott y Our Antediluvian Ancestors. Desde 1904, Opper convirtió And Her Name Was Maud, historieta sobre una mula llamada Maud, en tiras cómicas, libros y animaciones. El 23 de mayo de 1926, eligió esta historieta como la acompañante de Happy Hooligan en su página del periódico, donde sería incluida hasta que ambas historietas dejaron de publicarse, el 14 de octubre de 1932.

Caricaturas políticas
Opper creó varias caricaturas políticas influyentes para apoyar la campaña de Hearst contra los "trusts" con personajes como "Willie y Teddy" en representación de William McKinley y Theodore Roosevelt, "Willie and his Papa", satirizando a McKinley y a los "Papa Trusts", y a "Nursie", una caracterización del industrialista de Cleveland Mark Hanna. Otros personajes de Opper incluyen a Mr. Common Man, que se cree que fue el origen de John Q. Public. Sus obras aparecieron en los periódicos New York Journal, Boston American, Chicago Examiner, San Francisco Examiner y Los Angeles Examiner.

Opper también ilustró libros para Edgar Wilson Nye, Mark Twain y Finley Peter Dunne, y publicó sus propios libros, entre los que destacan Puck's Opper Book (1888), The Folks in Funnyville (1900) y Happy Hooligan Home Again (1907).

Fue miembro de varios clubes neoyorquinos, y era pintor aficionado. Se retiró en 1934 debido a problemas en la visión. Falleció el 28 de agosto de 1937 en su casa de New Rochelle, Nueva York y fue cremado. Los caricaturistas Russ Westover y Alex Raymond, entre otros, asistieron a un servicio en su memoria el 29 de agosto de 1937, emitido por la WNEW de Nueva York.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Caricaturas de Opper para las elecciones de 1990 , donde ridiculizó a Roosevelt y McKinley como peones de Trusts y del Senador Hanna
Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library - breve biografía

Graphic Witness: ensayo biográfico
Billy Ireland Cartoon Museum & Library
Lambiek: Opper
Andy's Early Comics Archive (pre-1893)
Fred Opper
Happy Hooligan (1905)
Adolph from Hamburg
Herr Professor Schuetzenfest
Otras obras 1 2 *3 *4  *5
Willie and His Papa - Caricaturas sobre Theodore Roosevelt y William McKinley, Grosset & Dunlap, 1900.

Historietistas de Estados Unidos

Frederick Burr Opper


Wladimir Artjomowitsch Passetschnik;  (* 12. Oktober 1937 in Stalingrad; † 21. November 2001 in Wiltshire) war ein sowjetischer Biologe.

Leben
Er studierte Physik und Biologie am Polytechnischen Institut Leningrad. Danach arbeitete er auf dem Gebiet der biologischen Waffen.

Passetschnik flüchtete 1989 in den Westen, wo er über das Ausmaß der sowjetischen Rüstung auf diesem Gebiet berichtete. In Großbritannien arbeitete er zehn Jahre lang für das Gesundheitsministerium und gründete danach sein eigenes Unternehmen, Regma Biotechnologies.

Werke
 mit Andrei Nikolajewitsch Tscherkassow: Мембраны и сорбенты в биотехнологии. Chimija, Leningrad 1991.

Weblinks
 Nekrolog (The Guardian)

Mikrobiologe
Sowjetbürger
Geboren 1937
Gestorben 2001
Mann

Wladimir Artjomowitsch Passetschnik


L'équipe de Slovaquie féminine de water-polo est la sélection nationale représentant la Slovaquie dans les compétitions internationales féminines de water-polo.

La sélection termine  du Championnat d'Europe féminin de water-polo 1993 et  du Championnat d'Europe féminin de water-polo 2020.

Notes et références

Slovaquie
Équipe de Slovaquie
Water-polo en Slovaquie

Équipe de Slovaquie féminine de water-polo


Dragutin Čermak, en serbio: Дрaгутин Чермaк, (Belgrado,12 de octubre de 1944-Belgrado, 12 de octubre de 2021) fue un jugador y entrenador de baloncesto serbio. Consiguió 4 medallas en competiciones internacionales con Yugoslavia.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Perfil en sports reference

Baloncestistas de Yugoslavia
Baloncestistas de Serbia
Baloncestistas de la selección de Yugoslavia
Baloncestistas del Partizan de Belgrado
Baloncestistas del Radnicki Belgrado
Baloncestistas del Donar Groningen
Nacidos en Belgrado
Fallecidos en Belgrado

Dragutin Čermak


Horatio Greenough (født 6. september 1805 i Boston, Massachusetts, død 18. december 1852 i Somerville) var en amerikansk billedhugger.

Han studerede først på Harvard-universitetet i Cambridge, drogs særlig ved Allstons initiativ mod kunsten, uddannede sig i skulptur i sin fødeby under den franske billedhugger Binon og modnedes i Italien under Thorvaldsen og Tenerani. Hans værker har også disse sidstes stilrenhed og formskønhed. Bekendtest er hans kolossale rytterstatue af Washington (1843) for de forenede staters Kapitol, for hvilket han blandt andet også har modeleret The Rescue (strid mellem kolonistfamilie og indianer). Blandt idealfigurer må nævnes Medora, Engelen Abdiel og Venus.

Kilder

Personer fra Boston
Billedhuggere fra USA
Amerikanere i 1800-tallet

Horatio Greenough


V est le quatrième album studio du rappeur français Vald. Sorti le , sur son propre label Echelon Records, l'album est le premier album studio de l'artiste produit sans Universal Music France.

Trois jours après sa sortie, V est certifié disque d'or par la SNEP.

Genèse
Après un projet avec Heuss l'Enfoiré à la fin de 2020 et une année 2021 marquée par de nombreux featuring, une apparition à l'émission The Voice et la sortie d'un single intitulé Footballeur, le quatrième album de Vald est une étape importante dans le développement de son label Echelon Records.

Pour promouvoir son nouvel album, l'artiste publie le  une vidéo intitulée « Le retour du V » regroupant cinq chansons inédites, un court métrage évoluant dans un univers galactique et néo-futuriste. Le , le rappeur dévoile le clip du son Anunnaki et la date de sortie de l'album : le . Le clip est censuré par YouTube en quelques heures, placé sous limite d'âge.

Puis le 12 novembre 2022, lors de son concert à Bercy (Accor Arena), il annonce une réédition intitulé VV5. Elle sort le 16 décembre de la même année.

Références
Sur le premier titre de l'album, Pandémie, Vald reprend un extrait de l'allocation du Président de la République française Emmanuel Macron lorsqu'il déclare « Nous sommes en guerre » le  pour annoncer le premier confinement en réponse à la Pandémie de Covid-19.

Lors de ses interviews sur France Inter ou Skyrock dans le cadre de la promotion de l'album, Vald déclare que péon est une référence à la première unité du jeu vidéo Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos.

Le clip de Laisse tomber, sorti en novembre 2022, voit la chanson de Vald interprétée en playback par BigFlo de Bigflo et Oli.

Réception
L'album sort en quatre versions différentes, chacune des versions contient deux titres exclusifs en bonus (portant le nombre de titres à 25). L'album atteint les  en deux jours. À la veille de sa sortie, l'album compte . Avec cet album, Vald réalise le meilleur démarrage de sa carrière avec  en physique et en équivalent streaming sur la première semaine. De plus, il fait le  meilleur démarrage pour un projet de rap français depuis 2013.

Pour Télérama, Vald laisse de côté la provocation dans ce quatrième album pour aborder avec sincérité les thèmes de l'amour, la pandémie, la concurrence avec les autres rappeurs, l'exploitation et l'injustice. Pour Le Monde, il « élimine ce qu'il y avait de toxique dans son discours, les tacles méchants à ses collègues rappeurs destinés à faire le buzz sur Internet » et « séduit par la variété de ses flows ».

Une fois l'engouement de la sortie de l'album passée, les critiques négatives se multiplient, V en devient même à être considéré comme son pire album, ce qui entrainera en fin d'année, la sortie de la deuxième partie de ce disque, titré VV5. Une réédition qui sera encore plus décriée que l'oeuvre originale, certains auditeurs annonçant une fin de carrière pour Vald.

Liste des titres

Clips vidéo

Titres certifiés en France
Anunnaki
Péon

Classements et certifications

Classements

Certifications

Notes et références

Liens externes

Album de hip-hop français
Album de Vald
Album musical sorti en 2022
Œuvre dont le titre est formé d'une seule lettre

V (album de Vald)


Bray Island ist eine Insel im Kanadisch-arktischen Archipel in der Qikiqtaaluk-Region des kanadischen Territoriums Nunavut.

Sie liegt im Foxe Basin vor der Südküste von Baffin Island.
Die Insel hat eine Fläche von 689 km².

Bray Island war Standort von FOX-A, einer Station der Distant Early Warning Line.
Heute befindet sich auf der Insel eine Einrichtung des North Warning System.

Einzelnachweise

Insel (Arktischer Ozean)
Insel (Nordamerika)
Insel (Nunavut)

Bray Island


In Slovene folklore, Goldhorn or Goldenhorn () is a legendary white chamois buck, or alternatively, an Alpine ibex, that had his realm in the heights of Mount Triglav. The legend is well known throughout Slovenia (specifically Carinthia), as well as in Austrian Carinthia, and Italian Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

The story about Zlatorog was first written down, adapted to the late Romantic style and published by Karl Deschmann (Karel Dežman) in the Laibacher Zeitung, no. 43, on 21 February 1868.

Story

Summary of the story as written by Karl Deschmann
Goldhorn's golden horns were the key to a treasure hidden in the mountains around Triglav. A young and brave hunter from the Trenta Valley fell in love with a beautiful girl and managed to win her heart by bringing her beautiful flowers. However, one day, a rich merchant from Venice came by and tried to gain her attention by giving her golden jewelry and dancing with her. As the hunter approached the girl, she mocked him. The hunter was desperate and left. Persuaded by another hunter, called the green hunter, who was said to have brought about the fate of several honest boys, he decided to go that very night to find Goldhorn and claim his treasure. In the morning, they found the animal, shot it, and pursued it. The dying animal dragged itself onto a narrow, rocky ledge. Suddenly the boy saw on a dangerous trail the most beautiful and healing flowers. The green hunter forced him on to catch the Goldhorn before it ate the magic Triglav flowers that grew from its blood, but it was too late. The Goldhorn had already eaten one and the flower gave it tremendous life power. It ran towards the hunter, who being blinded by the bliss of its golden horns, lost balance and fell from the mountain. The river Soča brought his corpse to the vale.

Recasts
The story of Goldhorn was put into verses by Rudolf Baumbach and published in 1877, becoming his most popular work. It was turned into an opera by Camilla and Eduard Lucerna.

Cultural references
The first Slovene-language, full-length film, recorded in 1931 by Janko Ravnik, was titled In the Kingdom of the Goldhorn.

Zlatorog is also a brand of beer produced by the Laško Brewery.

See also
 Heathen Maiden

References

External links
 Baumbach, Rudolf. Zlatorog. Eine Alpensage. Der Spiegel. Verlag von A.G. Liebeskind. 1882. (German)

Mythological caprids
Slovene mythology
Slovenian literature
Triglav
Folklore of Upper Carniola
Slavic legendary creatures
Mythological deer

Goldhorn


Europski pravac E71 (ukratko: E71) je europski pravac koji vodi od Košica u Slovačkoj preko Budimpešte, Varaždina, Zagreba i Zadra prema Splitu. Ukupna dužina iznosi 989 kilometara.

Tijek

 Slovačka
 Jihlava (  ) - Haniska
 Haniska - Milhosť

 Mađarska
 Tornyosnémeti - Miskolc ()
 Miskolc - Igrici
 Igrici - Gödöllő
 Gödöllő - Budimpešta
 Budimpešta ( )
 Budimpešta ( ) - Székesfehérvár () - Keszthely () - Nagykanizsa - Letenye ()

 Hrvatska
 Goričan - Zagreb ()
 Zagreb ( )
 Zagreb - Karlovac - Bosiljevo () - Josipdol - Žuta Lokva - Zadar - Split
 Split ()

Vanjske poveznice

Europski pravci
Ceste u Slovačkoj
Autoceste u Mađarskoj
Autoceste u Hrvatskoj

Europski pravac E71


Mücadele Suresi (Arapça: سورة المجادلة) Kur'an'ın 58. suresidir. Sure 22 ayetten oluşur.

Medine'de Münafikun Suresi'nden sonra indirildiğine inanılmaktadır. Sure ismini ilk ayette geçen ''tucadilu'' kelimesinden alır. Ve ''Hakkını arayan kadın", ''Hakkını almak için mücadele eden kadın'' anlamına gelir. "Mücâdele"nin kelime anlamı münakaşa etmek, tartışmaktır.

Mücadele Suresi'nde aile hayatından zıhar denen eski geleneğin yanlışlığından, Allah'ın yapılan her şeyden haberdar olduğundan, topluluk içinde gizli gizli fısıltı ile konuşulmaması gereğinden, bir meclise yeni gelenlere yer açılması gereğinden, Allah'a iman edenlerin ebediyen cennette kalacaklarından bahsedilir.

Kaynakça

Sureler

Mücadele Suresi


Löyöp (løjøp) (anteriormente conhecido como Lehalurup) é uma língua Oceânica falada por cerca de somente 240 pessoas, na costa leste da ilha Ureparapara nas Ilhas Banks de Vanuatu. É diferente de lehali, a língua falada na costa oeste da mesma ilha.

A língua era originalmente nativa das Ilhas Rowa, tendo sido trazida para Urepapapara por volta da década de 1930, quando um tsunâmi atingiu as Ilhas Reef e forçou os falantes a se mudarem..

Nome
O nome Löyöp refere-se à área chamada "Baía dos Mergulhadores", na parte leste de Ureparapara. Deriva de uma forma das línguas Proto-Torres–Banks , loroβi. O nome Lehalurup uma vez usado por certos autores (por exemplo, Tryon) é de etimologia desconhecida: pode resultar de um erro de transcrição, possivelmente sob a influência da vizinha língua lehali (também de origem incerta).

Fonologia
Löyöp apresenta fonemicamente contrasta 16 consoantes e 11 vogais.

Consoantes

Vogais
São dez os monotongos curtos  -  e um ditongo .

Escrita
A forma do alfabeto latino usada pela língua não apresentas a consoantes B, C, F, H, R, X, Z. Usam-se as formas M e N com barra superior.

Gramática
O sistema de pronomes pessoais em Löyöp contrasta em clusividade da 1.ª pessoa do plural, e distingue quatro  números gramaticais (singular, dual, trial, plural).

A referência espacial em löyöp é baseada em um sistema de direcionais geocêntricos absoluto, que é em parte típico das línguas oceânicas, e ainda inovador.

Classes de palavras

Substantivos
Substantivos são usados para descrever uma pessoa, lugar ou coisa. Substantivos em Äiwoo podem ser combinados com um sufixo para mostrar um caso possessivo. Um exemplo disso é tumo 'meu pai'. Outros substantivos em Äiwoo podem ser seguidos por uma partícula possessiva, como em kuli nou 'meu cachorro'.

Substantivos ligados
Um subtipo de substantivos são os substantivos vinculados. Substantivos vinculados agem como substantivos, mas não podem ser usados sozinhos, mas precisam ser emparelhados com um verbo, caso possessivo ou outro substantivo.

Substantivos locais
Outro subtipo de substantivos é chamado de substantivos locais. Substantivos locais não são como substantivos regulares porque podem ser usados para indicar um local sem a preposição

|ngä: ikuwä ngââgu
|'Vou para o mato.'}}

Verbos
Os verbos em Äiwoo são divididos em três classes diferentes: verbos intransitivos, verbos A e verbos O.

Verbos intransitivos
Estes combinam apenas com o substantivo ou pronome one para formar uma frase, mas também recebem um prefixo para indicar uma ação.

|ikuwä
|'Eu vou'}}

Verbos A
Da mesma forma que os verbos intransitivos, os verbos A recebem um prefixo para indicar uma ação; no entanto, eles combinam com outro substantivo ou pronome.

|ikiläke nate
|'Estou cortando lenha.'}}

Verbos O
Diferente dos verbos intransitivos, os verbos O levam sufixos para dizer quem está realizando a ação com o substantivo e o pronome.

|nyenaa eângâ kiläkino
|'Eu derrubo a árvore.'}}

Estrutura fonológica dos verbos
Não há verbos que comecem com os sons a, ä, â ou o. A maioria dos verbos em Äiwoo começa com o fonema /e/ seguido por uma vogal, como por exemplo eâmoli 'olhar'.

Derivação verbal
Os verbos que começam com os fonemas /v/ e /w/ são definidos como verbos causativos. Os verbos causativos são formados pela combinação de um prefixo causativo com as letras /v/ e /w/. Na língua Äiwoo, os dois prefixos causativos são wâ- e vä-.

|wanubo
|'matar'}}

Preposições
Na língua Äiwoo, ngä e go são duas preposições importantes. ngä se traduz em 'em, em, em, para, de', enquanto go corresponde a 'para, com, por causa de'.

Pronomes
Os pronomes são palavras que substituem os substantivos. Um exemplo de pronome é iu 'eu'.

Marcadores possessivos
Marcadores possessivos são usados após um substantivo para mostrar o possuidor de uma pessoa, lugar ou coisa.

|nenu numo
|'meu coco'}}

Marcadores relacionais
Da mesma forma que os marcadores possessivos, os marcadores relacionais são usados para mostrar relações entre um substantivo e outra coisa.

|sim lä nuumä
|'uma pessoa da aldeia'}}

Demonstrativos
O demonstrativo Äiwoo pode cobrir várias funções sintáticas, mas todas compartilham a propriedade de distinguir entre uma forma 'aqui, perto' e uma forma 'lá, longe'.

Conjunções
As conjunções são usadas para ligar frases ou orações.

|eä
|'e'}}

Quantificadores
Quantificadores são palavras que são usadas para mostrar quantidade.

|du
|'todos'}}

Interjeições
Interjeições são adjetivos que são usados sozinhos sem a necessidade de outras palavras descritivas.

|sikai
|'Ah!'}}

Morfologia

Formas de sujeito intransitivo
Na língua Äiwoo, lu- e li- estão intimamente relacionados ao radical do verbo e são, portanto, os prefixos de sujeito mais antigos ainda usados. Os outros prefixos de sujeito que seguem depois de lu- e li- são mais novos, criaram outros papéis sintáticos. No entanto, uma exclusão da lista de novos prefixos de assunto é com i.

Formas de sujeito transitivo
As formas de sujeito transitivo são sufixadas. Além disso, as formas de sujeito transitivo têm formas do tipo possessivo

Nominalizar prefixos
Existem oito prefixos nominalizadores diferentes que são combinados com um verbo para criar um substantivo que descreve uma pessoa, coisa ou lugar. Esses prefixos são:

Prefixos de classe
Na língua Äiwoo, os prefixos de classe são combinados com um substantivo ou verbo.

Prefixos de marcação de gênero
Os prefixos de marcação de gênero Äiwoo podem ser rastreados até sua origem oceânica. Para criar um prefixo de marcação de gênero, gi- e si- dos prefixos nominalizadores são combinados com substantivos.

Sintaxe
A linguagem Äiwoo segue a ordem das palavras OVS ou Objeto-Verbo-Assunto.

Transitividade
Em Äiwoo, três orações verbais diferentes são distinguidas: intransitiva, transitiva e semitransitiva. A principal diferença entre essas três orações verbais é que os intransitivos dizem respeito a apenas uma pessoa, enquanto os transitivos e semitransitivos dizem respeito a mais de uma pessoa.

Nas línguas oceânicas, as orações intransitivas seguem o formato do sujeito e do verbo. As orações transitivas seguem a ordem objeto, verbo, sujeito. As orações semitransitivas usam verbos intransitivos com sujeito e objeto, resultando em uma ordem frasal estruturada de sujeito, verbo e objeto

Notas

Bibliografia

 .

Ligações externas
 Audio recordings in the Löyöp language (Pangloss Collection)
Löyöp em Ethnologue
Löyöp em language archives
Löyöp em Omniglot.com

 Löyöp
 Löyöp
 Löyöp

Língua löyöp


Selenicereus megalanthus ou pitaia amarela é uma espécie de cacto pertencente ao gênero Selenicereus, nativo do norte da América do Sul. Ele é conhecido, principalmente por seus frutos, os quais recebem o nome de pitaia amarela. Essas cactáceas são cultivadas comercialmente em função da produção destes frutos, mas também é considerada uma planta ornamental, devido a sua bela floração, a maior dentre todas as espécies de cactos.

Frutificação

Suas flores são auto-polinizáveis, não precisando de polinização cruzada para gerar frutificações.

Os seus frutos apresentam forma alongada e uma espessa casca de coloração amarelada, com a presença de espinhos. O interior é composto por uma polpa branco-acinzentada repleta de minúsculas sementes pretas. Seu sabor é adocicado, com presença de notas florais.

Seu fruto é considerado o mais doce e saboroso dentre todas as espécies de pitaias cultivadas comercialmente.

Cactaceae
Selenicereus
Plantas ornamentais
Flora da América do Sul
Frutos

Selenicereus megalanthus


Le Scole sind eine unbewohnte Felsgruppe vor der Ostküste der italienischen Insel Giglio im Toskanischen Archipel. Sie liegen zwischen dem Hafen von Giglio und der Cala delle Cannelle. Die Felsen ragen nur wenige Meter aus dem Wasser und weisen an der Oberfläche keine nennenswerte Vegetation auf. Der größte der Felsen ist etwa 100 Meter lang und 50 Meter breit.

Biologie
Die Felsgruppe ist bei Tauchern für ihr breites Artenspektrum bekannt. Allein 70 verschiedene Fischarten, davon viele Schwarmfische, leben an den Felsen.

Nach Angaben des NABU wurde die Fauna und Flora des Felsens durch das Schiffsunglück der Costa Concordia 2012 in Mitleidenschaft gezogen, wobei die genauen Folgen noch unerforscht sind. Der Felsbrocken, den man im Schiffsrumpf der Costa Concordia sehen konnte, wurde nach der Bergung an seinen ursprüngliche Platz zurückgebracht. Taucher erkennen ihn an einer kleinen Erinnerungstafel.

Einzelnachweise

Inselgruppe (Italien)
Inselgruppe (Europa)
Inselgruppe (Tyrrhenisches Meer)
Unbewohnte Inselgruppe
Toskanischer Archipel
Isola del Giglio
Geographie (Toskana)

Le Scole


Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Üniversitesi'ne bağlı 31 kolejden biridir.

İngiltere'nin Cambridge şehrinde bulunur. Dekanı Sir Christopher Hum'dır. Kolej, Cambridge'de genellikle sadece Caius olarak belirtilir ve kiiz olarak okunur. 1348 yılında Edmund Gonville tarafından Gonville Hall ismiyle kurulmuş, 1557 yılında John Caius tarafından yapılan yardımlar sayesinde maddi sıkıntılarını aşabilmiş ve Gonville and Caius College ismi ile tekrar yapılanmıştır. Kanın dolaşımını ilk fark eden kişi William Harvey ile venn Şemasını geliştiren filozof John Venn kolejin tanınmış eski üyelerinden ikisidir. Toplamda 81 Nobel ödülü kazanan Cambridge Üniversitesi'nde, 31 ödülü toplayan Trinity College'dan sonra Max Born, Francis Crick gibi kolej üyeleri ile günümüze kadar 9 nobel ödülüne layık görülerek Saint John's College ile beraber en çok Nobel ödülü alan ikinci kolej durumundadır. Evren'in oluşumu üzerine ilgi çekici teorileri bulunan Stephen Hawking ise kolejin en ünlü üyesidir.

Gonville and Caius College


An Spartina spartinae in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Bernhard von Trinius, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Elmer Drew Merrill. An Spartina spartinae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Spartina, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Spartina

Spartina spartinae


Elimination Chamber (2023) (conhecido como No Escape na Alemanha) foi o 13º pay-per-view (PPV) de luta profissional do Elimination Chamber e evento de transmissão ao vivo produzido pela WWE. Foi realizado para lutadores das divisões de marca Raw e SmackDown da promoção. O evento aconteceu no sábado, 18 de fevereiro de 2023, no Bell Centre em Montreal, Quebec, Canadá. Este marcou o primeiro evento Elimination Chamber a ser realizado no Canadá e o segundo fora dos Estados Unidos, após o evento de 2022. Também marcou o primeiro grande evento da WWE a ser realizado em Montreal desde Breaking Point em setembro de 2009. Isso também marcou o primeiro evento Elimination Chamber a não apresentar um campeonato mundial sendo defendido dentro da câmara desde a edição de 2020.

Cinco partidas foram disputadas no evento. No evento principal, Roman Reigns derrotou Sami Zayn para reter o Campeonato Indiscutível Universal da WWE. Para as partidas Elimination Chamber do evento, houve uma masculino e uma feminino. No masculino, que era exclusivo do Raw, Austin Theory manteve o Campeonato dos Estados Unidos, que foi a primeira vez que o título foi disputado na estrutura, enquanto no feminino, que foi a luta de abertura e contou com lutadores do Raw e do SmackDown, Asuka do Raw venceu para ganhar uma luta pelo Campeonato Feminino do Raw na WrestleMania 39. Isso também fez de Asuka a primeira mulher a vencer as lutas Royal Rumble, Money in the Bank e Elimination Chamber.

O evento continuou a onda de aclamação da crítica da WWE, com os críticos elogiando unanimemente a execução do evento principal, com muitos considerando-o um candidato ao combate do ano da WWE. Os críticos também elogiaram as lutas Elimination Chamber e a luta mista de duplas Edge e Beth Phoenix vs. The Judgment Day (Finn Bálor e Rhea Ripley), mas alguns criticaram o final da partida Brock Lesnar vs. Bobby Lashley. Dave Meltzer do Wrestling Observer Newsletter avaliou todas as lutas, exceto uma, com quatro estrelas ou mais, com a classificação mais alta indo para o evento principal (4,75 estrelas) e a mais baixa para a luta Lesnar-Lashley (2,25 estrelas).

Produção

Introdução

Elimination Chamber é um evento gimmick produzido pela primeira vez pela promoção americana WWE em 2010. Tem sido realizado todos os anos desde então, exceto em 2016, geralmente em fevereiro. O conceito do evento é que uma ou duas partidas do evento principal sejam disputadas dentro da Câmara de Eliminação, seja com campeonatos ou oportunidades futuras de campeonatos em jogo. Anunciado em 24 de outubro de 2022, o 13º evento Elimination Chamber está programado para acontecer no sábado, 18 de fevereiro de 2023, no Bell Centre em Montreal, Quebec, Canadá. Isso marca o primeiro evento Elimination Chamber a ser realizado no Canadá e o segundo a ser realizado fora dos Estados Unidos, após o evento 2022, que foi realizado na Arábia Saudita. Isso também marca o primeiro grande evento da WWE a ser realizado em Montreal desde Breaking Point em setembro de 2009. O evento irá ao ar em pay-per-view em todo o mundo e estará disponível para transmissão ao vivo no Peacock nos Estados Unidos e na WWE Network nos mercados internacionais. Também será a primeira Elimination Chamber a transmitir ao vivo no Binge na Austrália, depois que a versão australiana da WWE Network se fundiu com o canal Binge da Foxtel em janeiro. O evento contará com lutadores das marcas Raw e SmackDown. Também foi anunciado que o episódio de 17 de fevereiro do Friday Night SmackDown irá ao ar ao vivo no mesmo local. Os pacotes premium de hospitalidade começaram a ser vendidos em 28 de outubro, antes que os ingressos para o público em geral fossem disponibilizados em 18 de novembro.

Em 2011 e desde 2013, o show foi promovido como "No Escape" na Alemanha, pois temia-se que o nome "Câmara de Eliminação" pudesse lembrar as pessoas das câmaras de gás usadas durante o Holocausto.

Rivalidades
Elimination Chamber incluirá lutas que resultam de histórias roteirizadas, onde lutadores retratam heróis, vilões ou personagens menos distinguíveis em eventos roteirizados que criam tensão e culminam em uma luta livre ou uma série de lutas. Os resultados são predeterminados pelos escritores da WWE nas marcas Raw e SmackDown. enquanto as histórias são produzidas nos programas de televisão semanais da WWE, Monday Night Raw e Friday Night SmackDown.

No dia 30 de janeiro, foi anunciado que Austin Theory defenderia o Campeonato dos Estados Unidos em uma luta Elimination Chamber, marcando a primeira vez que o título seria disputado na estrutura. As partidas de qualificação começaram no episódio daquela noite do Raw, com Seth "Freakin" Rollins, Johnny Gargano e Bronson Reed ganhando suas vagas na luta ao derrotar Chad Gable, Baron Corbin e Dolph Ziggler, respectivamente. As duas últimas partidas classificatórias aconteceram no episódio da semana seguinte, onde Damian Priest e Montez Ford conquistaram suas vagas ao derrotar Angelo Dawkins e Elias, respectivamente.

No episódio de 30 de janeiro do Raw, o oficial da WWE, Adam Pearce, anunciou que, devido à escolha da vencedora da luta Royal Rumble feminina para disputar o Campeonato Feminino do SmackDown na WrestleMania 39, a desafiante de Bianca Belair pelo Campeonato Feminino do Raw na WrestleMania seria determinada em uma luta Elimination Chamber, composta por lutadores do Raw e do SmackDown. As primeiras classificadas foram confirmadas como as quatro vice-campeãs na luta feminina do Royal Rumble: Asuka e Nikki Cross do Raw e Liv Morgan e Raquel Rodriguez do SmackDown. O quinto e o sexto lugares foram decididos em duas partidas fatais de quatro vias. A primeira luta aconteceu no episódio de 3 de fevereiro do SmackDown, com Natalya derrotando Shayna Baszler, Shotzi e Zelina Vega. enquanto a segunda ocorreu no Raw de 6 de fevereiro, onde o retorno de Carmella derrotou Candice LeRae, "Michin" Mia Yim, Piper Niven.

Depois que Roman Reigns reteve o Campeonato Indiscutível Universal da WWE no Royal Rumble, The Usos (Jey Uso e Jimmy Uso) e Solo Sikoa atacaram o oponente de Reigns, Kevin Owens, enquanto o membro honorário da Bloodline Sami Zayn assistia com incerteza, já que Owens era o ex-melhor amigo de Zayn. Como Reigns estava prestes a atacar um Owens indefeso com uma cadeira de aço, Zayn implorou a Reigns para parar. Reigns então ordenou que Zayn atacasse Owens com a cadeira e depois de ser repreendido por Reigns, Zayn se voltou e atacou Reigns com a cadeira. Zayn se desculpou com Jey e então Jimmy, Sikoa e Reigns atacaram Zayn enquanto um Jey emocionalmente perturbado assistia antes de deixar o ringue enquanto o resto do The Bloodline continuava derrotando Zayn e Owens. No episódio seguinte do SmackDown, Reigns abordou a situação antes de ser atacado pelas costas por Zayn, que disse que inicialmente não queria nada de Reigns, mas agora queria o Campeonato Indiscutível Universal da WWE. Jimmy e Sikoa então atacaram Zayn (Jey estava ausente no episódio) e Reigns aceitou seu desafio, afirmando que desde que Zayn machucou sua família, ele machucaria Zayn na frente de sua própria família em Montreal no Elimination Chamber.

No Extreme Rules em outubro de 2022, o membro do Judgment Day, Finn Bálor, derrotou Edge em uma luta "I Quit" depois que Rhea Ripley o forçou a desistir após ameaçar atacar a esposa de Edge, Beth Phoenix, com um con-chair-to. Apesar de Edge ter desistido, Ripley ainda atacou Phoenix com o con-chair-to. No Royal Rumble, Edge voltou como participante da luta masculina Royal Rumble, onde eliminou os membros do Judgment Day Bálor e Damian Priest, mas enquanto tentava eliminar Dominik Mysterio, Bálor e Priest o eliminaram. Depois disso, Edge brigou com The Judgment Day no corredor de entrada, e Ripley se envolveu, apenas para Phoenix derrubá-la. No episódio de 6 de fevereiro do Raw, Edge e Phoenix desafiaram Bálor e Ripley para uma luta de duplas mistas no Elimination Chamber, que Bálor aceitou.

No Raw is XXX em 23 de janeiro, Brock Lesnar voltou e custou a Bobby Lashley sua luta pelo Campeonato dos Estados Unidos. Lesnar apareceu pela última vez no Crown Jewel em novembro de 2022, onde derrotou Lashley, embora Lashley tenha dominado a partida. Os dois então competiram no Royal Rumble masculino, onde Lashley eliminou Lesnar. No Raw de 6 de fevereiro, Lesnar apareceu com um contrato de luta e desafiou Lashley para outra luta no Elimination Chamber. Lashley apareceu e disse que lhe daria uma resposta mais tarde, após revisar o contrato. Lesnar então atacou Lashley com dois F-5s. A assinatura do contrato oficial para uma partida no Elimination Chamber ocorrerá no episódio da semana seguinte.

Resultados

Luta Elimination Chamber feminina

Luta Elimination Chamber do Campeonato dos Estados Unidos

Referências

Ligações externas
 Elimination Chamber Site Oficial

Elimination Chamber
Eventos pay-per-view da WWE em 2023

Elimination Chamber (2023)


Emmanuel Coulange-Lautrec est un peintre français né le  à Nîmes et mort dans la même ville le .

Biographie
Après des études d'architecture et de décoration à l'Académie de Marseille sous la direction de François Pierre Barry, Emmanuel Coulange-Lautrec expose dans le Sud de la France puis se rend à Paris où il expose au Salon de 1869 à 1876. Il voyage en Algérie et Tunisie. Sa monumentale Vue de la ville et des ports d'Alger, présentée au Salon de 1869, est acquise par l'État français. De retour à Marseille en 1877, il y enseigne la perspective, les arts industriels et décoratifs à l'École des beaux-arts. Il aura notamment pour élève le peintre Jean Roch Isnard.

Emmanuel Coulange-Lautrec est le père du peintre et affichiste Jules Coulange-Lautrec (1861-1950).

Il meurt d'une attaque d'apoplexie le  à l'hôtel du Petit Saint-Jean de Nîmes.

Œuvre
Représentant de l'École provençale, Emmanuel Coulange-Lautrec est également associé au courant orientaliste. Il réalise des compositions murales dans des églises, des hôtels particuliers et des châteaux du Midi, ainsi que de nombreux paysages de Provence et des natures mortes qui témoignent de son admiration pour les maîtres hollandais des .

Œuvres dans les collections publiques

 États-Unis
 New York, Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum : Un fumoir Maure, 1856, aquarelle et gouache sur papier.

 France
 Marseille :
 musée de la Marine : Marseille, vue de Saint-Barthélemy, 1894, huile sur toile, .
 musée Regards de Provence: Pêcheurs dans les calanques, huile sur toile.
 Église Saint-Mauron,  trois fresques du chœur illustrant  la vie de saint Mauront

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie
  (14 volumes).
 , Volume II, .

Liens externes

Peintre français du XIXe siècle
Peintre orientaliste français
Naissance en janvier 1823
Naissance à Nîmes
Décès en août 1898
Décès à Nîmes
Décès à 75 ans

Emmanuel Coulange-Lautrec


The 2004 Madrid train bombings (also known in Spain as 11M) were a series of coordinated, nearly simultaneous bombings against the Cercanías commuter train system of Madrid, Spain, on the morning of 11 March 2004—three days before Spain's general elections. The explosions killed 193 people and injured around 2,050. The bombings constituted the deadliest terrorist attack carried out in the history of Spain and the deadliest in Europe since 1988. The official investigation by the Spanish judiciary found that the attacks were directed by al-Qaeda, allegedly as a reaction to Spain's involvement in the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq.

Controversy regarding the handling and representation of the bombings by the government arose, with Spain's two main political parties—Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Partido Popular (PP)—accusing each other of concealing or distorting evidence for electoral reasons. The bombings occurred three days before general elections in which incumbent José María Aznar's PP was defeated. Immediately after the bombing, leaders of the PP claimed evidence indicating the Basque separatist organization ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) was responsible for the bombings, while the opposition claimed that the PP was trying to prevent the public from knowing it had been an Islamist attack, which would be interpreted as the direct result of Spain's involvement in Iraq, an unpopular war which the government had entered without the approval of the Spanish Parliament.

Following the attacks, there were nationwide demonstrations and protests demanding that the government "tell the truth." The prevailing opinion of political analysts is that the Aznar administration lost the general elections as a result of the handling and representation of the terrorist attacks, rather than because of the bombings per se. Results published in The Review of Economics and Statistics by economist José García Montalvo seem to suggest that indeed the bombings had important electoral impact (turning the electoral outcome against the incumbent People's Party and handing government over to the Socialist Party, PSOE).

After 21 months of investigation, judge Juan del Olmo tried Moroccan national Jamal Zougam, among several others, for his participation carrying out the attack. The September 2007 sentence established no known mastermind nor direct al-Qaeda link.

Description

During the peak of Madrid rush hour on the morning of Thursday, 11 March 2004, ten explosions occurred aboard four commuter trains (cercanías). The date, 11th of March, led to the abbreviation of the incident as "11-M". All the affected trains were traveling on the same line and in the same direction between Alcalá de Henares and the Atocha station in Madrid. It was later reported that thirteen improvised explosive devices (IEDs) had been placed on the trains. Bomb disposal teams (TEDAX) arriving at the scenes of the explosions detonated two of the remaining three IEDs in controlled explosions, but the third was not found until later in the evening, having been stored inadvertently with luggage taken from one of the trains. The following timeline of events comes from the judicial investigation.

All four trains had departed the Alcalá de Henares station between 07:01 and 07:14. The explosions took place between 07:37 and 07:40, as described below (all times given are in local time CET, UTC +1):
 Atocha Station (train number 21431) – Three bombs exploded. Based on the video recording from the station security system, the first bomb exploded at 07:37, and two others exploded within 4 seconds of each other at 07:38. The train cars affected were the sixth, fifth and fourth. A fourth device was found by the TEDAX team two hours later in the first car, which was scheduled to explode when emergency services arrived. Two hours after the first explosions, the bomb was detonated by the bomb disposal team in the first car in a controlled manner.
 El Pozo del Tío Raimundo Station (train number 21435) – At approximately 07:38, just as the train (six cars and double-decker) was starting to leave the station, two bombs exploded in different carriages. The carriages affected were the fourth and fifth. Another bomb was found in the third wagon and was detonated hours later by the TEDAX team on the platform, slightly damaging the third wagon. Yet another bomb was found in the second carriage; it was disabled hours later in the nearby Parque Azorín, and allowed the police to find several suspects.
 Santa Eugenia Station (train number 21713) – One bomb exploded at approximately 07:38. The only wagon affected was the fourth.
 Calle Téllez (train number 17305), approximately 800 meters from Atocha Station – Four bombs exploded in different carriages of the train at approximately 07:39. The wagons affected were the first, the fourth, the fifth and sixth. The train was slowing down to stop and wait for train 21431 to vacate platform 2 in Atocha.

At 08:00, emergency relief workers began arriving at the scenes of the bombings. The police reported numerous victims and spoke of 50 wounded and several dead. By 08:30 the emergency ambulance service, SAMUR (Servicio de Asistencia Municipal de Urgencia y Rescate), had set up a field hospital at the Daoiz y Velarde sports facility. Bystanders and local residents helped relief workers, as hospitals were told to expect the arrival of many casualties. At 08:43, firefighters reported 15 dead at El Pozo. By 09:00, the police had confirmed the death of at least 30 people – 20 at El Pozo and about 10 in Santa Eugenia and Atocha. People combed the city's major hospitals in search of family members who they thought were aboard the trains. There were 193 confirmed dead victims, the last victim dying in 2014 after having been in a coma for 10 years due to one of the Atocha explosions and not having been able to recover from their injuries.

The total number of victims was higher than in any other terrorist attack in Spain, far surpassing the 21 killed and 40 wounded from a 1987 bombing at a Hipercor chain supermarket in Barcelona. On that occasion, responsibility was claimed by ETA. It was Europe's worst terror attack since the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, in December 1988.

Further bombings spur investigation

A device composed of 12 kilograms of Goma-2 ECO with a detonator and 136 meters of wire (connected to nothing) was found on the track of a high-speed railway line (AVE) on 2 April. The Spanish judiciary chose not to investigate that incident and the perpetrators remain unknown. The device used in the AVE incident was unable to explode because it lacked an initiation system.

Shortly after the AVE incident, police identified an apartment in Leganés, south of Madrid, as the base of operations for the individuals suspected of being the perpetrators of the Madrid and AVE attacks. The suspected militants, Sarhane Abdelmaji "the Tunisian" and Jamal Ahmidan "the Chinese", were trapped inside the apartment by a police raid on the evening of Saturday 3 April. At 9:03 pm, when the police attempted to breach the premises, the militants committed suicide by setting off explosives, killing themselves and one of the police officers.
Investigators subsequently found that the explosives used in the Leganés explosion were of the same type as those used in the 11 March attacks (though it had not been possible to identify a brand of dynamite from samples taken from the trains) and in the thwarted bombing of the AVE line.

Based on the assumption that the militants killed at Leganés were indeed the individuals responsible for the train bombings, the ensuing investigation focused on how they obtained their estimated 200 kg of explosives. The investigation revealed that they had been bought from a retired miner who still had access to blasting equipment.

Five to eight suspects believed to be involved in the 11 March attacks managed to escape.

In December 2006, the newspaper ABC reported that ETA reminded Spanish Prime Minister Rodríguez Zapatero about 11 March 2004 as an example of what could happen unless the government considered their petitions (in reference to the 2004 electoral swing), although the source also makes it clear that ETA 'had nothing to do' with the attack itself.

Aftermath

In France, the Vigipirate plan was upgraded to orange level. In Italy, the government declared a state of high alert.

In December 2004, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero claimed that the PP government erased all of the computer files related to the Madrid bombings, leaving only the documents on paper.

On 25 March 2005, prosecutor Olga Sánchez asserted that the bombings happened 911 days (exactly 2 and a half years) after the 11 September attacks due to the "highly symbolic and qabbalistic charge for local Al-Qaida groups" of choosing that day. Because 2004 was a leap year, 912 days had elapsed between 11 September 2001 and 11 March 2004.

On 27 May 2005, the Prüm Convention, implementing inter alia the principle of availability which began to be discussed after the Madrid bombings, was signed by Germany, Spain, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Austria, and Belgium.

On 4 January 2007, El País reported that Algerian Ouhnane Daoud, who is considered to be the mastermind of the 11-M bombings, has been searching for ways to return to Spain to prepare further attacks, though this has not been confirmed.

On 17 March 2008, Basel Ghalyoun, Mohamed Almallah Dabas, Abdelillah El-Fadual El-Akil and Raúl González Peña, having been found guilty by the Audiencia Nacional, were released after a Higher Court ruling. This court also verified the release of the Egyptian Rabei Osman al-Sayed.

Responsibility

On 14 March 2004, Abu Dujana al-Afghani, a purported spokesman for al-Qaeda in Europe, appeared in a videotape claiming responsibility for the attacks.

The Spanish judiciary stated that a loose group of Moroccan, Syrian, and Algerian Muslims and two Guardia Civil and Spanish police informants were suspected of having carried out the attacks. On 11 April 2006, Judge Juan del Olmo charged 29 suspects for their involvement in the train bombings.

No evidence has been found of al-Qaeda involvement, although an al-Qaeda claim was made the day of the attacks by the Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades. U.S. officials note that this group is "notoriously unreliable". In August 2007, al-Qaeda claimed to be "proud" about the Madrid 2004 bombings.

The Independent reported that "Those who invented the new kind of rucksack bomb used in the attacks are said to have been taught in training camps in Jalalabad, Afghanistan, under instruction from members of Morocco's radical Islamist Combat Group."

Mohamed Darif, a professor of political science at Hassan II University in Mohammedia, stated in 2004 that the history of the Moroccan Combat Group is directly tied to the rise of al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. According to Darif, "Since its inception at the end of the 1990s and until 2001, the role of the organisation was restricted to giving logistic support to al-Qaeda in Morocco, finding its members places to live, providing them with false papers, with the opportunity of marrying Moroccans and with false identities to allow them to travel to Europe. Since 11 September, however, which brought the Kingdom of Morocco in on the side of the fight against terrorism, the organisation switched strategies and opted for terrorist attacks within Morocco itself."

Scholar Rogelio Alonso said in 2007, "the investigation had uncovered a link between the Madrid suspects and the wider world of al-Qaida". Scott Atran said "There isn't the slightest bit of evidence of any relationship with al-Qaida. We've been looking at it closely for years and we've been briefed by everybody under the sun... and nothing connects them." He provides a detailed timeline that lends credence to this view.

According to the European Strategic Intelligence and Security Center, this is the only extremist terrorist act in the history of Europe where international Islamic extremists collaborated with non-Muslims.

Former Spanish Prime Minister José María Aznar said in 2011 that Abdelhakim Belhadj, leader of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group and current head of the Tripoli Military Council, was suspected of complicity in the bombings.

Allegations of ETA involvement

Immediate reactions to the attacks in Madrid were the several press conferences held by the Spanish prime minister José María Aznar involving ETA. The Spanish government maintained this theory for two days. Because the bombs were detonated three days before the general elections in Spain, the situation had many political interpretations. The United States also initially believed ETA was responsible, then questioning if Islamic extremists were responsible. Spain's third-largest newspaper, ABC, immediately labelled the attacks as "ETA's bloodiest attack."

Due to the government theory, statements issued shortly after the Madrid attacks, including from lehendakari Juan José Ibarretxe identified ETA as the prime suspect, but the group, which usually claims responsibility for its actions, denied any involvement. Later evidence strongly pointed to the involvement of extremist Islamist groups, with the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group named as a focus of investigations.

Although ETA has a history of mounting bomb attacks in Madrid, the 11 March attacks exceeded any attack previously attempted by a European organisation. This led some experts to point out that the tactics used were more typical of militant Islamic extremist groups, perhaps with a certain link to al-Qaeda, or maybe to a new generation of ETA activists using al-Qaeda as a role model. Observers also noted that ETA customarily, but not always, issues warnings before its mass bombings and that there had been no warning for this attack. Europol director Jürgen Storbeck commented that the bombings "could have been ETA... But we're dealing with an attack that doesn't correspond to the modus operandi they have adopted up to now".

Political analysts believe ETA's guilt would have strengthened the PP's chances of being re-elected, as this would have been regarded as the death throes of a terrorist organisation reduced to desperate measures by the strong anti-terrorist policy of the Aznar administration. On the other hand, an Islamic extremist attack would have been perceived as the direct result of Spain's involvement in Iraq, an unpopular war that had not been approved by the Spanish Parliament.

Investigation
All of the devices are thought to have been hidden inside backpacks. The police investigated reports of three people in ski masks getting on and off the trains several times at Alcalá de Henares between 7:00 and 7:10. A Renault Kangoo van was found parked outside the station at Alcalá de Henares containing detonators, audio tapes with Qur'anic verses, and cell phones.

The provincial chief of TEDAX (the bomb disposal experts of the Spanish police) declared on 12 July 2004 that damage in the trains could not be caused by dynamite, but by some type of military explosive, like C3 or C4. An unnamed source from the Aznar administration claimed that the explosive used in the attacks had been Titadine (used by ETA, and intercepted on its way to Madrid 11 days before).

In March 2007, the TEDAX chief claimed that they knew that the unexploded explosive found in the Kangoo van was Goma-2 ECO the very day of the bombings. He also asserted that "it is impossible to know" the components of the explosives that went off in the trains – though he later asserted that it was dynamite. The Judge Javier Gómez Bermúdez replied "I cannot understand" to these assertions.

Examination of unexploded devices
A radio report mentioned a plastic explosive called "Special C". However, the government said that the explosive found in an unexploded device, discovered among bags thought to be victims' lost luggage, was the Spanish made Goma-2 ECO. The unexploded device contained  of explosive with  of nails and screws packed around it as shrapnel. In the aftermath of the attacks, however, the chief coroner alleged that no shrapnel was found in any of the victims.

Goma-2 ECO was never before used by al-Qaeda, but the explosive and the modus operandi were described by The Independent as ETA trademarks, although the Daily Telegraph came to the opposite conclusion.

Two bombs, one in Atocha and another in El Pozo stations, numbers 11 and 12, were detonated accidentally by the TEDAX. According to the provincial chief of the TEDAX, deactivated rucksacks contained some other type of explosive. The 13th bomb, which was transferred to a police station, contained dynamite, although it did not explode because it was missing two wires connecting the explosives to the detonator. That bomb used a mobile phone (Mitsubishi Trium) as a timer, requiring a SIM card to activate the alarm and thereby detonate. The analysis of the SIM card allowed the police to arrest an alleged perpetrator. On Saturday, 13 March, when three Moroccans and two Pakistani Muslims were arrested for the attacks, it was confirmed that the attacks came from an Islamic group. Only one of the five persons (the Moroccan Jamal Zougam) detained that day was finally prosecuted.

The Guardia Civil developed an extensive action plan to monitor records corresponding with the use of weapons and explosives. There were 166,000 inspections conducted throughout the country between March 2004 and November 2004. About 2,500 violations were discovered and over 3 tons of explosives, 11 kilometers of detonating cord, and over 15,000 detonators were seized.

Suicide of suspects

On 3 April 2004, in Leganés, south Madrid, four terrorists died in an apparent suicide explosion, killing one Grupo Especial de Operaciones (GEO) (Spanish special police assault unit) police officer and wounding eleven policemen. According to witnesses and media, between five and eight suspects escaped that day.

Security forces carried out a controlled explosion of a suspicious package found near the Atocha station and subsequently deactivated the two undetonated devices on the Téllez train. A third unexploded device was later brought from the station at El Pozo to a police station in Vallecas, and became a central piece of evidence for the investigation. It appears that the El Pozo bomb failed to detonate because a cell-phone alarm used to trigger the bomb was set 12 hours late.

Conspiracy theories
Sectors of the People's Party (PP), and certain media, such as El Mundo newspaper and the COPE radio station, continue to support theories relating the attack to a vast conspiracy to remove the governing party from power. Support for the conspiracy was also given by the Asociación de Víctimas del Terrorismo (AVT), Spain's largest association of victims of terrorism.

These theories speculate that ETA and members of the security forces and national and foreign (Morocco) secret services were involved in the bombings. Defenders of the claims that ETA participated in some form in the 11 March attacks have affirmed that there is circumstantial evidence linking the Islamic extremists with two ETA members who were detained while driving the outskirts of Madrid in a van containing 500 kg of explosives 11 days before the train bombings. The Madrid judge Coro Cillán is continuing to hear conspiracy theory cases, including one accusing government officials of ordering the scrapping of the bombed train cars in order to destroy evidence.

Invasion of Iraq policy
The public seemed convinced that the Madrid Bombings were a result of the Aznar government's alignment with the U.S. and its invasion of Iraq. The terrorists behind the 11-M attack were somewhat successful because of the election outcome. Before the attack, the incumbent Popular Party led the polls by 5 percent. It is believed that the Popular Party would have won the election if it had not been for the terrorist attack. The Socialist Party, led by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, ended up winning the election by 5%. The Socialist Party had called for the removal of Spanish troops from Iraq during its campaigning. Rodríguez Zapatero promised to remove Spanish troops by 30 June 2004, and the troops were withdrawn a month earlier than expected. Twenty-eight percent of voters said that the bombings influenced their opinions and vote. An estimated 1 million voters switched their vote to the Socialist Party after the Madrid bombings. These voters who switched their votes were no longer willing to support the Popular Party's stance on war policy. The bombings also influenced 1,700,000 citizens to vote who did not plan on originally voting. On the other hand, the terrorist attacks discouraged 300,000 people from voting. Overall, there was a net 4 percent increase in voter turnout.

Trial
Judge Juan del Olmo found "local cells of Islamic extremists inspired through the Internet" guilty for the 11 March attacks, not Armed Islamic Group or Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group. These local cells consist of hashish traffickers of Moroccan origin, remotely linked to an al-Qaeda cell that had been already captured. These groups bought the explosives (dynamite Goma-2 ECO) from low-level thieves, police and Guardia Civil informers in Asturias using money from the small-scale drug trafficking.

According to El Mundo, "the notes found on the Moroccan informer 'Cartagena' prove that the Police had the leaders of the cell responsible for the 11 March attacks under surveillance." However, none of the notes refer to the preparation of any terrorist attack.

The trial of 29 defendants began on 15 February 2007. According to El País, "the Court dismantled one by one all conspiracy theories" and demonstrated that any link with or involvement in the bombings by ETA was either misleading or groundless. During the trial the defendants retracted their previous statements and denied any involvement. According to El Mundo the questions of "by whom, why, when and where the Madrid train attacks were planned" are still "unanswered", because the alleged masterminds of the attacks were acquitted. El Mundo also claimed -among other misgivings- that the Spanish judiciary reached "scientifically unsound" conclusions about the kind of explosives used in the trains, and that no direct al-Qaeda link was found, thus "debunking the key argument of the official version". Anthropologist Scott Atran described the Madrid trial as "a complete farce" pointing out the fact that "There isn't the slightest bit of evidence of any operational relationship with al-Qaida". Instead, "The overwhelming majority of [terrorist cells] in Europe have nothing to do with al-Qaida other than a vague relationship of ideology."

Though the trial proceeded smoothly in its opening months, 14 of the 29 defendants began a hunger strike in May, protesting against the allegedly "unfair" role of political parties and media in the legal proceedings. Judge Javier Gómez Bermúdez refused to suspend the trial despite the strike, and the hunger strikers ended their fast on 21 May.

The last hearing of the trial was held on 2 July 2007.
Transcripts and videos of the hearings can be seen on datadiar.tv.

On 31 October 2007, the Audiencia Nacional of Spain handed down its judgements. Of the 28 defendants in the trial, 21 were found guilty on a range of charges from forgery to murder. Two of the defendants were sentenced each to more than 40,000 years in prison.

Police surveillance and informants
In the investigations carried out to find out what went wrong in the security services, many individual negligences and miscoordinations between different branches of the police were found. The group dealing with Islamist extremists was very small and in spite of having carried out some surveillances, they were unable to stop the bombings. Also, some of the criminals involved in the "Little Mafia" who provided the explosives were police informants and had leaked to their case officers some tips that were not followed up on.

Some of the alleged perpetrators of the bombing were reportedly under surveillance by the Spanish police since 2001.

At the time of the Madrid bombings, Spain was well equipped with internal security structures that were, for the most part, effective in the fight against terrorism. It became evident that there were coordination issues between police forces as well as within each of them. The Interior Ministry focused on correcting these weaknesses. It was Spain's goal to strengthen its police intelligence in order to deal with the risks and threats of international terrorism. This decision for the National Police and the Guardia Civil to strengthen their counter-terrorism services, led to an increase in jobs aimed at preventing and fighting global terrorism. Counter-terrorism services increased its employment by nearly 35% during the legislature. Human resources in external information services, dealing with international terrorism, grew by 72% in the National Police force and 22% in the Guardia Civil.

Controversies

The authorship of the bombings remains a controversial issue in Spain. Sectors of the Partido Popular (PP) and some of the PP-friendly media outlets (primarily El Mundo and the Libertad Digital radio station) claim that there are inconsistencies and contradictions in the Spanish judicial investigation.

As Spanish and international investigations continue to claim the unlikeliness of ETA's active implication, these claims have shifted from direct accusations involving the Basque separatist organisation to less specific insinuations and general scepticism.
Additionally, there is controversy over the events that took place between the bombings and the general elections held three days later.

Reactions

In the aftermath of the bombings, there were massive street demonstrations across Spain to protest against the train bombings. The international reaction was also notable, as the scale of the attack became clearer.

Memorial service for victims
A memorial service for the victims of this incident was held on 25 March 2004 at the Almudena Cathedral. It was attended by King Juan Carlos I, Queen Sofía, the victims' families, and representatives from numerous other countries, including British prime minister Tony Blair, French president Jacques Chirac, German chancellor Gerhard Schröder, and U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell.

See also

Specifically about the 2004 Madrid bombings
 Atocha station memorial
 Brandon Mayfield, wrongfully identified via fingerprints
 Casualties of the 2004 Madrid bombings
 Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings
 Forest of Remembrance
 Reactions to the 2004 Madrid train bombings
 José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
 2004 Madrid train bombings suspects
 Rabei Osman

Other
 List of terrorist incidents involving railway systems
 2000 Madrid bombing
 February 2004 Moscow Metro bombing, a very similar attack barely five weeks before.
 2006 Madrid–Barajas Airport bombing
 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings
 7 July 2005 London bombings
 2006 German train bombing attempts

References

External links

 BBC News In Depth
 Was the attempt plotted in Mohammed VI's Château?
 U.N. Security Council Resolution 1530

2004 in rail transport
2004 murders in Spain
2004 train bombings
21st-century mass murder in Europe
Al-Qaeda attacks
2004 train bombings
Attacks on railway stations in Europe
Filmed improvised explosive device bombings
Improvised explosive device bombings in 2004
2004 train bombings
Islamic terrorism in Spain
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2004
March 2004 crimes
March 2004 events in Europe
Mass murder in 2004
2004 train bombings
Massacres in Spain
2004 train bombings
Train bombings in Europe
2004 disasters in Spain
Terrorist incidents in Europe in 2004
Terrorist incidents in Spain in the 2000s

2004 Madrid train bombings


Haig est un établissement humain situé dans la province de la Colombie-Britannique, dans le sud-ouest.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Municipalité en Colombie-Britannique
District régional de Fraser Valley

Haig (Colombie-Britannique)


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Nová Bašta enthält das eine nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützte Objekt in der Gemeinde Nová Bašta im Okres Rimavská Sobota.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Nova Basta


කොළඹ පිහිටි කොළඹ කොටුව දුම්රිය ස්ථානය, ව්‍යවහාරයේ කොටුව දුම්රියපළ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රධානතම දුම්රිය ස්ථානය වේ. මෙම දුම්රිය ස්ථානය ශ්‍රී ලංකා දුම්රිය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව යටතේ නඩත්තු වේ. කොටුව දුම්රිය ස්ථානය, මධ්‍යම කොළඹ පිහිටි ප්‍රධානතම දුම්රිය පිවිසුම වේ.

ඉතිහාසය

ක්‍රි.ව.1864 දී ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුම්රිය ප්‍රවාහනය ආරම්භ වීමත් සමග මරදාන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් දුම්රිය මාර්ගය අවසන් කරන ලදි. එය එවකට කොළඹ දුම්රිය ගමනාන්තය විය. කොටුව දුම්රිය ස්ථානය එවකට මුහුදුබඩ දුම්රිය මාර්ගය 1877 වසරේ දී ඉදිකරන විට ඉදිකළ කුඩා දුම්රිය ස්ථානයකි. වර්තමානයේ එය කොටුව දුම්රිය ස්ථානයට බටහිරින් මහලේකම් කාර්යාල දුම්රිය ස්ථානය ලෙස නම් කෙරිණි.

වර්තමානයේ පවතින කොටුව දුම්රියපල 1917 වසරේ දී කොළඹ කේන්ද්‍ර කොටගත් දුම්රියපළ ලෙස ඉදිකරනු ලැබිය. මෙය මැන්චෙස්ටර් වික්ටෝරියා දුම්රිය ස්ථානයට සමානව ඉදිකර ඇත. මෙම ස්ථානය ඉදිකර ඇත්තේ බේරේ ඇළ ගොඩකර තැනු භූමියක ය. මෙම ව්‍යාපෘතිය 1906 දී කොළඹ දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ප්‍රතිසංවිධානය කිරීම සඳහා ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, කොළඹ ටර්මිනස් දුම්රිය ස්ථානය වසා දමා නව මරදාන දුම්රිය ස්ථානයට ආදේශ කරන ලදී. මෙය චාරිත්‍රානුකූලව විවෘත කරන ලද්දේ ජී.පී. සී.ජී.ආර් හි සාමාන්‍යාධිකාරී ලෙස කටයුතු කළ සී.පී. ග්‍රීන් මහතා විසින් 1917 දී ජනතාව සඳහා විවෘත කරනු ලැබිය.

2008 වසරේ දී මෙම දුම්රිය ස්ථානය එල්.ටී.ටී.ඊ. බෝම්බ ප්‍රහාරයකට ද ලක්විය.

පවතින ස්ථානය
කොළඹ කොටුව දුම්රිය ස්ථානය කොළඹ නගරයේ මධ්‍යයේ කොටුව හා පිටකොටුව යන ප්‍රදේශ අතර පිහිටා ඇත. මෙම ස්ථානයේ ම ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රධාන මාර්ගයන් ගෙන් දෙකක් වන A1 හා A4 යන මහ මාර්ගවල ආරම්භය ද සනිටුහන් කරයි.

මෙම දුම්රිය ස්ථානයට 2km වන්නට ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දෙවන ප්‍රධාන දුම්රිය ස්ථානය වන මරදාන ද පිහිටා ඇත.

ප්‍රවාහන සබඳතා
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව පුරා දිවෙන සියලුම දුම්රිය වල මගීන්ට හුවමාරු වීමේ හා අගනගරයට පිවිසීමේ කාර්යය  මූලිකව පවතින අතර කොළඹ පිටකොටුවේ ප්‍රධාන බස්නැවතුම්පළේ බස් රථ ප්‍රවාහනයට ද සම්බන්ධ වේ. එමෙන්ම ගුවන්තොටුපළ සිට පැමිණෙන මගීන්ගේ කොළඹ පර්යන්තය වන මහලේකම් කාර්යාලය පිහිටා ඇත්තේ බටහිරින් නිසා ඍජු පදික සම්බන්ධතාවක් නොමැත.

දුම්රිය ප්‍රවාහනය හා සේවා
මෙම දුම්රිය ස්ථානය නැගෙනහිර දෙසට දිවෙන ප්‍රධාන මාර්ගය ඔස්සේ සේවය කරන අතර, එමඟින් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුම්රිය ජාලයේ තවත් ප්‍රධාන දුම්රිය මාර්ග කිහිපයකට මග පාදයි. මෙම දුම්රිය බොහෝමයක් කොටුව දුම්රිය ස්ථානයෙන් අවසන් වේ. එමෙන්ම මෙම දුම්රිය ස්ථානය නිරිත දෙසින් මුහුදුබඩ දුම්රිය මාර්ගයටද සේවය කරන අතර එය ගාල්ල, මාතර හරහා වර්තමානයේ කතරගම දක්වා දිව යයි.

කොටුව දුම්රිය ස්ථානය කොළඹ අගනගරය තුළ මගී දුම්රිය සඳහා ද කේන්ද්‍රස්ථානයකි.

නගරාන්තර දුම්රියවල්
මෙම කොටස අසම්පූර්ණ ය. උදව්වක් ලෙස ඔබට එය විහිදුවා ලිය හැක.

Inter-city trains

මගී හා කෙටි දුර දුම්රිය

අඛණ්ඩව දිවෙන්නා වූ

දුම්රිය ස්ථාන පිරිසැලසුම
බොහෝ සේවාවන් සඳහා පර්යන්තය වීම නිසා මෙම දුම්රිය ස්ථානයට දුම්රිය ස්ථාන සැලැස්මක් ඇත. මෙය බොහෝ වේදිකාවලට සේවය අවසන් කිරීමට සහ දුම්රිය හරහා ගමන් කිරීමට ඉඩ සලසයි. වේදිකා නැගෙනහිර-බටහිර දෙසට නැඹුරු වේ. ටිකට් කවුන්ටරය වේදිකාවලට උතුරින් පිහිටා ඇත.

නවතම තොරතුරු
2013 වසරේ චන්ද්‍රන් රත්නම් විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද බෙන් ක්‍රොස් සහ බෙන් කිංස්ලි රඟපෑ A Common Man චිත්‍රපටයේ රූගත් කිරීම් සඳහා මෙම ස්ථානය ද භාවිතා කරන ලදී.

මේවා ද බලන්න

 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුම්රිය ස්ථාන
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුම්රිය ප්‍රවාහනය

මූලාශ්‍ර

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුම්රිය ස්ථාන
කොළඹ පිහිටි දුම්රිය ස්ථාන
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ දුම්රිය ස්ථාන

කොටුව දුම්රිය ස්ථානය


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| izvorno          			= The Fast and the Furious (2001)
| vlasnik          	 		= Universal Pictures
| godine          			= 2001. - još uvijek| filmovi          			= • Glavna saga  (10 filmova; 2001.–danas)  • Spin-off filmovi  (1 film; 2019.)
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| stranica         			= http://www.thefastsaga.com/
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}}Brzi i žestoki je filmski serijal koji sadrži četiri pustolovno-akcijska filma u produkciji kompanije Universal Pictures.

Prvi film objavljen je 2001., čime je započela originalna trilogija filmova usredotočenih na ilegalne ulične utrke, a kulminirala je filmom Brzi i žestoki: Tokio drift (2006.). Serija je prošla kroz promjenu s Brzi i žestoki: Povratak (2009.), koji je seriju preusmjerio prema pljačkama i špijuniranju, a uslijedila su četiri nastavka. Brzi i žestoki 9 bi trebao biti objavljen 2021., a planiran je deseti i konačni film. Glavni filmovi zajedno su poznati pod nazivom The Fast Saga.

Universal je seriju proširio i na spin-off film Brzi i žestoki: Hobbs i Shaw (2019.), dok je njezina podružnica DreamWorks Animation pratila to animiranom web televizijskom serijom Fast & Furious Spy Racers. Za sve filmove objavljeni su soundtrack albumi, kao i kompilacijski albumi koji sadrže postojeću glazbu koja se čuje u filmovima. Objavljena su i dva kratka filma koja se vežu u seriji.

Serija je komercijalno uspješna i najveća je Universal franšiza, a svrstava se kao deseta najnagrađivanija filmska serija ikad, s ukupnim bruto iznosom većim od 5,8 milijardi dolara. Kritična recepcija za prvi film bila je miješana, i uglavnom negativna sve do petog i kasnijeg filma, koji su bili pozitivnije primljeni. Izvan filmova, Brzi i žestoki bili su fokus drugih medija, uključujući atrakcije u Universal Studios Hollywood, emisije uživo, reklame, mnoge videoigre i igračke. Smatra se vozilom koje je glavne glumce Paul Walker i Vin Diesel potisnuo u zvijezdu.

 Produkcija
 The Fast Saga
U 2000. godini glumac Paul Walker radio je s redateljem Robom Cohenom na filmu Lubanje. Cohen je osigurao ugovor s producentom Nealom H. Moritzom za akcijski film bez naziva za "Universal Pictures", i prišao je Walkeru i zamolio ga da predloži njegov akcijski film iz snova; Walker je predložio miks filmova Days of Thunder (1990) i Donnie Brasco (1997). Ubrzo nakon toga, Cohen i Moritz donijeli su mu članak u časopisu Vibe objavljen u svibnju 1998. godine, u kojem su detaljno opisani skriveni ulični trkaći krug koji je djelovao u New Yorku, i predložili priču koja je trebala biti zamišljena verzija filma Point Break (1991 ), ali trebao je slijediti Walkera kao policajca u tajnosti sa zadatkom da se infiltrira u svijet podzemnih uličnih utrka u Los Angelesu. Čuvši to, Walker se odmah prijavio; pronalazak njegove suigračice pokazao se teškim. Studio se zagrijao za ideju Timothyja Olyphanta u ulozi Dominica Toretta, zbog uspjeha blockbustera Gone in 60 Seconds (2000.), ali on je to odbio. Moritz je ustrajao na Vin Dieselu nakon izvedbe u filmu Pitch Black (2000.), a Diesel je prihvatio nakon što je predložio nekoliko izmjena scenarija. Po izlasku u lipnju 2001., film je srušio očekivanja, a nastavak iz 2002. bio je zeleno osvijetljen do rujna.

Diesel se nije želio vratiti za nastavak, rekavši da je scenarij inferioran u odnosu na prethodnika. Cohen je također odbio nastavak, odlučivši razviti film xXx (2002), u kojem je Diesel glumio u glavnoj ulozi. Kako bi objasnio ove promjene, Universal je naručio scenaristima da stvore samostalni nastavak s Walkerom u glavnoj ulozi i doveo Johna Singletona kao novog redatelja. Snimanje je odgođeno za godinu dana, a mjesto proizvodnje premješteno je u Miami. Tyrese Gibson, koja je sa Singletonom radila na filmu Baby Boy (2001.), angažirana je kao Walkerova nova zvijezda i bio je prvi ulazak u seriju s dugogodišnjim članom glumačke ekipe Ludacrisom.

Universal je pokušao vratiti Diesela za treći dio, ali je opet odbio zbog drugih projekata i nesklonosti scenariju. Nakon što nije uspio osigurati povratak Walkera ili bilo kojeg drugog člana originalne glumačke ekipe, Universal je naložio ponovno pokretanje franšize. Scenarist Chris Morgan nakon toga je pokušao oživjeti seriju prvenstveno za automobilske entuzijaste, uvodeći nove likove, fokusirajući se na subkulturu povezanu s automobilom i premještajući seriju u Tokio; Japan sadrži jednu od najvećih svjetskih automobilskih industrija. To je prvi film iz serije koji je započeo svoju tradiciju snimanja na mjestima izvan Sjedinjenih Država. Moritz se vratio i angažirao redatelja Justina Lina, impresioniran Linovim radom za film Better Luck Tomorrow (2002), koji je slične elemente dijelio s Brzi i žestoki: Tokyo Driftom. Štoviše, serije su mogle dovesti Diesela u kamejski nastup, u zamjenu za dopuštanje glumčevoj produkcijskoj kući da stekne prava na lik Riddicka. Treći film bio je financijski najmanje uspješan u franšizi, primio je mlak prijem i ostavio budućnost franšize u neizvjesnosti.

Daleko od franšize, Diesel je stvorio niz dobrih, ali ikritičnih neuspjeha, uključujući The Chronicles of Riddick (2004), The Pacifier (2005) i Find Me Guilty (2006). Nakon razgovora s Universalom, par je dijelio interes za oživljavanjem serije. Nakon što je potpisao Diesel i potvrdio povratak Lina, Universal je radio na praćenju originalnih zvijezda prvog filma, a sredinom 2008. ponovno je potpisao Walkera, Michelle Rodriguez i Jordanu Brewster. Walker se isprva nije volio pridružiti franšizi nakon šest godina, ali Diesel ga je uvjeravao da će se film smatrati prvim "istinskim" nastavkom. Morgan se vratio pisati nakon kritičke pohvale za lik Han Lue. S obzirom na očitu smrt lika u trećem filmu, vremenska linija franšize promijenjena je kako bi se objasnio njegov izgled. Sa smanjenim naglaskom na kulturi automobila, četvrti film, Fast & Furious, postigao je komercijalni uspjeh. Iako je kritički prijem bio mješovit, to je ponovno ojačalo franšizu, kao i zvjezdane snage Diesela i Walkera.

2011. godine izašao je peti nastavak, Brzi i žestoki 5. Razvijajući film, Universal se potpuno udaljio od bilo kakvih elemenata uličnih utrka koji su prevladavali u prethodnim filmovima, pretvarajući franšizu u pljačkaški i akcijski serijal koja uključuje automobile. Čineći to, nadali su se privući širu publiku koja bi inače mogla biti odbijena velikim naglaskom na automobile i automobilsku kulturu. Brzi i žestoki 5 smatra se prijelaznim filmom u seriji, koji sadrži samo jednu utrku automobila i daje više pozornosti akcijskim dijelovima poput borbe s oružjem, tučnjave i pljačke. Fast Five u početku je zamišljen da zaključi franšizu, ali nakon snažnih performansi blagajni i visokih kritičkih pohvala, Universal je nastavio razvijati šesti dio. Nadalje, film je poznat po dodavanju Dwaynea Johnsona u glumačku postavu, čija je izvedba kritički pohvaljena.

Krajem 2011. godine "Los Angeles Times" izvijestio je da se Universal približavao šestom i sedmom dijelu s jednom pričom koja se provlačila kroz oba filma, s tim da je Morgan predviđao teme slobode i obitelji, ali kasnije prebačen na račun želje studija da se uključi elementi špijunaže. Lin je otkrio da je, nakon razgovora s Dieselom, snimio priču, unaprijed vizualizirao i počeo uređivati dvanaestominutnu završnicu za Brzi i žestoki 6, prije nego što je snimanje završeno na Brzi i žestoki 5. Razgovaralo se o prijedlogu da se filmovi snimaju unatrag, kako bi se smanjio tradicionalni dvogodišnji jaz između rata, ali taj je pojam na Linov zahtjev napušten. Po izlasku, šesti film postao je film s najvećom zaradom u seriji.

Universalu je nedostajao film velikog događaja za 2014. godinu, a Brzi i žestoki 7 sredinom 2013. gurnuo je u pretprodukciju, jer je imao status kreditne imovine. Lin se odlučio ne vraćati se režiji sedmog filma, jer je i dalje izvodio postprodukciju na Brzi i žestoki 6. James Wan, prvenstveno poznat po horor filmovima, preuzeo je redateljske dužnosti. 30. studenog 2013. Walker je smrtno stradao u nesreći s jednim vozilom, a snimanje je bilo tek napola dovršeno. Nakon Walkerove smrti, snimanje je odgođeno zbog prepravki scenarija, a njegova braća, Caleb i Cody, korišteni su kao dodaci za dovršavanje njegovih preostalih scena. Prepisi scenarija upotpunili su lukove priča i Walkera i Brewsterovih likova. Tvrtka za vizualne efekte Weta Digital angažirana je da ponovno stvori Walkerovu sličnost. Film je također predstavio Nathalie Emmanuel s glumačkom ekipom. Na kraju, zbog kašnjenja filma objavljen je u travnju 2015., gdje je postao film s najvećom zaradom u franšizi, zaradivši 1,5 milijardi dolara. Također je bio i kritički najuspješniji, s pohvalama usmjerenim prema akcijskim sekvencama filma i njegovom emotivnom priznanju Walkeru.

Naplata od više ponovnih snimanja odvratila je Wana od povratka u franšizu, a Universal je angažirao F. Garyja Greya da upravlja osmim filmom Brzi i žestoki 8. Ovaj film trebao je započeti novu trilogiju, koja će zaključiti franšizu. Diesel je najavio da će predstavljanje Kurta Russella i Charlize Theron kao likova u Brzi i žestoki 7 pomoći da se to postigne. Film je objavljen 2017. godine, a dobio je mješovite kritike kritičara, od kojih su mnogi hvalili izvedbe i akcijske sekvence, ali kritizirali su priču i dugotrajnost. Bio je to nesumnjiv komercijalni uspjeh, zaradivši preko 1,2 milijarde dolara širom svijeta. Universal je kasnije objavio da će posljednja dva filma biti objavljena u svibnju 2020. i travnju 2021., a Lin će se vratiti u režiju. Najavljeno je da će Brewster ponoviti ulogu Mie Toretto, dok je scenarist Daniel Casey angažiran za deveti film; Brzi i žestoki 9 je prvi film od Tokyo Drifta koji Morgan nije napisao. Predprodukcija je započela u veljači 2019. u Londonu, a snimanje je započelo u lipnju i završilo u studenom. John Cena glumljen je kao negativac filma, tumačeći Jakoba Toretta, Domova brata. Štoviše, Sung Kang vratio se kao Han, dok je u filmu prva glumila Helen Mirren, a Lucas Black je ponovio ulogu Seana Boswella iz Tokyo Drifta. Prvotno je predviđeno da Brzi i žestoki 9 bude pušten u kinematografsko prikazivanje 22. svibnja 2020., ali je godinu dana pomaknut na 2. travnja 2021., zbog pandemije COVID-19. Potom je gurnut natrag na 28. svibnja 2021. i konačno pušten u Sjedinjene Države 25. lipnja.

Filmovi

Popis likova u serijalu

†Tijekom produkcije filma Brzi i žestoki 7, Paul Walker je pogunio u automobilskoj nesreći 30. studenog 2013. Kao rezultat, njegov lik Brian O'Conner ispisan je iz serijala kao umirovljen. Walkerova braća, Caleb i Cody, korišteni su među drugima kao kameo glumci da završe njegove nedovršene scene, i film je njemu posvećen.

#Joshua Coombes, Meeshua Garbett i Harry Hickles prikazuju mlade verzije Deckarda, Hattie i Owena, u Hobbs i Shaw.

*Vinnie Bennett, Finn Cole, Cered i Ozuna portretiraju mlade verzije Dominica, Jakoba, Lea i Santosa, u Brzi i žestoki 9.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica

Brzi i žestoki
Filmski serijali

Brzi i žestoki (filmski serijal)


Pam Gems (1 August 1925 – 13 May 2011) was an English playwright. The author of numerous original plays, as well as of adaptations of works by European playwrights of the past, Gems is best known for the 1978 musical play Piaf.

Personal life
Iris Pamela Price was born in Bransgore, Hampshire, and had her first play – a tale of goblins and elves – staged when she was eight by her fellow pupils at primary school.
She studied psychology at Manchester University from which she graduated in 1949. She was in her forties when she started to write professionally. She is best known for her 1978 musical play Piaf about French singer Édith Piaf.

She was nominated for two Tony Awards: for Stanley (Best Play) in 1997, and for Marlene (Best Book of a Musical), starring Siân Phillips as Marlene Dietrich, in 1999. Gems adapted works by dramatists ranging from Henrik Ibsen, Federico García Lorca and Anton Chekhov to Marguerite Duras.

Family
She married wax model manufacturer (the family firm, Gems Wax Models, established in 1885, has supplied models to Madame Tussauds) and former architect Keith Gems; the couple had four children.

Filmography

List of works

Early plays (1972–1976)

(work, year, place first produced)
 Betty's Wonderful Christmas (1972), Cockpit Theatre, London
 My Warren And After Birthday (1973), Almost Free Theatre, London
 Miz Venus and Wild Bill (1973), Almost Free Theatre, London
 After Birthday (1973)
 The Amiable Courtship Of Miz Venus And Wild Bill (1974), Almost Free Theatre, London
 Go West Young Woman (1974), The Roundhouse, London
 Up In Sweden (1975), Haymarket, Leicester
 My Name Is Rosa Luxembourg (adaptation), (1975)
 Up In Sweden (1975)
 Rivers and Forests (adaptation), (1976)
 Dead Fish (aka Dusa, Fish, Stas And Vi, 1976), Edinburgh Festival
 Guinevere (1976), Edinburgh Festival
 The Project (1976), Soho Poly, London

Middle plays (1977–2000)
 Franz Into April (1977), ICA, London
 Queen Christina (1977), Other Place, Stratford-on-Avon
 Piaf (1978), Other Place, Stratford-on-Avon
 Ladybird, Ladybird (1979), The King's Head, Islington, London
 Sandra (1979), London
 Aunt Mary (1982), Warehouse Theatre, London
 The Treat (1982), ICA, London
 The Cherry Orchard (adaptation) (1984)
 Variety Night (1982), London
 Camille (adaptation) (1984)
 Loving Women (1984)
 The Danton Affair (1986)
 Pasionaria (1985), Playhouse Theatre, Newcastle upon Tyne
 Arther and Guinevere (1990), Edinburgh
 The Seagull (adaptation) (1991)
 The Blue Angel (1991), Other Place, Stratford-on-Avon
 Deborah's Daughter (1994), Manchester
 Ghosts (adaptation) (1994)
 Marlene (1996), Oldham
 Stanley (1996), London
 At the Window (1997)
 The Snow Palace (1998)
 Ebba (1999)

Late plays (2000–2009)
 Girabaldi, Si! (2000)
 Linderhof (2001)
 Mrs Pat (2002), Theatre Royal, York
 Yerma  (adaptation) (2003), Royal Exchange Theatre Manchester
 Not Joan the Musical (2003)
 The Lady From The Sea (adaptation) (2003), Almeda Theatre London
 The Little Mermaid (adaptation) (2004), Greenwich Theatre, Riverside Theatre, London
 Nelson (2004), Nuffield Theatre, Southampton
 Broadway Lady (2007)
 Piaf (2008), Donmar Warehouse, London
 Winterlove (2009), The Drill Hall, London
 Despatches (2009), The Drill Hall, London

References

Further reading

External links

1925 births
2011 deaths
Alumni of the University of Manchester
People from New Forest District
Place of death missing
British women dramatists and playwrights
20th-century British dramatists and playwrights
20th-century British women writers

Pam Gems


Septimius (or Septiminus) was a Roman usurper who was proclaimed Emperor in either 271 or 272 AD, under the reign of Aurelian.

History
Septimius declared himself emperor in either 271 or 272 AD, in Dalmatia, during the reign of Aurelian. The reason for his rebellion is not strictly known, although the threat of Gothic invasion may have played a part. He was killed by his own troops soon afterward.

References

Books

External links
 S.v. "Aurelian", De Imperatoribus Romanis site

271 deaths
3rd-century Roman usurpers
3rd-century murdered monarchs
Year of birth unknown

Septimius (usurper)


Jurong Island er en kunstig ø, der ligger sydvest for hovedøen i Singapore. Øen blev formet af sammenlægningen af syv offshore øer: Pulau Ayer Chawan, Pulau Ayer Merbau, Pulau Merlimau, Pulau Pesek, Pulau Pesek Kechil (også kaldt Terumbu Pesek), Pulau Sakra (der var en tidligere sammenlægning af øerne Pulau Sakra og Pulau Bakau), Pulau Seraya, Pulau Meskol, Pulau Mesemut Laut, Pulau Mesemut Darat og Anak Pulau. Dette var gjort ved hjælp af landvinding. Denne landvinding af Jurong Island blev gennemført den 24. september 2009, 20 år tidligere end planlagt. Pulau Buaya blev lagt sammen med Jurong Island via landvinding i 2010. Jurong Island danner et landareal på 32 km², hvor det oprindelige areal var mindre end 10 km². Jurong Island er den største af Singapores fjerntliggende øer.

Historie

De fjerntliggende øer Pulau Ayer Chawan, Pulau Ayer Merbau, Pulau Merlimau og Pulau Seraya var oprindelig hjemsted for fiskerisamfund, der bestod af små landsbyer, helt op til 1960'erne. Landsbyboerne boede i træhuse, der var bygget i malaysisk stil på øer med palmer. I tidspunktet mellem slutningen af 1960'erne til starten af 1970'erne planlagde tre olieselskaber at bygge deres fasciliteter på Pulau Ayer Chawan for Esso, Pulau Merlimau for Singapore Refinery Company og Pulau Pesek for Mobil Oil.

Singapores regering udviklede derefter den petrokemiske industri, et valg der betød signifikant økonomisk vækst. Det var starten til olieindustrien, der startede i 1970'erne.

I løbet af 1980'erne, efter et årti med hurtigt voksende industialisering, blev der mangel på industiel jord på hovedøen. Det medførte, at idéen om at skabe en stor ø ved at forbinde øerne syd for Jurong, blev født, dette for at skabe mere jord til industrien.

I 1991 blev JTC Corporation (før: Jurong Town Corporation) udnævnt til agent for Jurong Island projektet. JTC planlagde og koordinerede sammen med forskellige regeringsmyndigheder i at skaffe den nødvendige infrastruktur og tjenester til øen.

Fysisk landvindning begyndte i 1995, og Jurong Island blev officielt åbnet den 14. oktober 2000 af premierminister Goh Chok Tong. Det oprindelige landområde bestod af syv småøer eller holme på i alt 9,91 km² landareal, men udgør efter landvindingsudvidelsen, der afsluttedes den 25. september 2009, nu 30 km². Penta-Ocean Construction var hovedentreprenøren og landvindingen blev gennemført 20 år tidligere end planlagt.

Sikkerhed
Jurong Island blev kategoriseret som et beskyttet sted efter terrorangrebet den 11. september 2001 (mest i oktober 2001). Et privat sikkerhedsselskab har fået kontrakt til at stå for sikkerheden angående hvem der får adgang til øen, mens Singapore Army hjælper med at beskytte øen.

Adgang til øen er begrænset til personale og besøgende, og de modtager sikkerhedspas. Andre sikkerheds restriktioner er bl.a. at ethvert fotografisk udstyr, der medbringes til øen skal deklareres. Uden tilladelse fra Island Security er det forbudt at tage billeder og video på Jurong Island. Enhver der pågribes i at tage billeder eller video pågribes og overlades til politiet, og derefter mister de deres adgangspas til Jurong Island.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Øer i Singapore

Jurong Island


Am 2. April 2012 verunglückte eine ATR-72 auf dem UTAir-Flug 120 (Flugnummer: UT120) kurz nach dem Start vom Flughafen Tjumen, wobei 29 Passagiere und 4 Besatzungsmitglieder ums Leben kamen. 10 Passagiere überlebten den Absturz schwer verletzt. Das Flugzeug der UTair befand sich auf dem Weg nach Surgut.

Fluggerät
Bei dem Flugzeug handelte es sich um eine ATR 72-200 mit dem Kennzeichen VP-BYZ. Das Alter der Maschine betrug 19 Jahre und 5 Monate.

Unfallhergang
Das Flugzeug erreichte eine Höhe von 210 Metern, rollte nach links in eine Querneigung von 35° und anschließend in 50° Querneigung rechts. Das Luftfahrzeug schlug um 7.35 Uhr Ortszeit circa 2,5 Kilometer hinter der Startbahn auf und ging in Flammen auf.

Ursachen

Der Flugdatenschreiber wurde in gutem Zustand gefunden. Nach offiziellen Aussagen der Ermittler arbeiteten beide Triebwerke noch bis zum Aufprall normal.

Das Flugzeug war vorher 8 Stunden im Freien geparkt gewesen, bei Schneefall und Temperaturen um und unter dem Gefrierpunkt. In den 90 Minuten vor dem Unfall starteten 9 Flugzeuge problemlos, die alle enteist worden waren.
Bei einem davon – ebenfalls einer ATR-72 – wurden vor seiner Enteisung auf Tragflächen und Höhenleitwerk 3 cm Eis und Schnee vorgefunden.

Die Unfallmaschine wurde vor ihrem Start nicht enteist; auch die Besatzung bestand nicht auf einer Enteisung, obwohl sie beim Rollen Schnee- und Eisablagerungen sah. Diese Ablagerungen sind auch auf Fotos nach dem Absturz noch gut zu erkennen.
Die aerodynamischen Eigenschaften der Maschine waren dadurch derart verschlechtert, dass es beim Steigflug zum Strömungsabriss kam, den die Piloten nicht als solchen erkannten.

Beitragende Faktoren:
 Schwere Mängel im Sicherheitsmanagement der UTAir, bezogen auf Dokumentation sowie Training von Besatzungen und Bodenpersonal.
 Das Bodenpersonal der UTAir in Tjumen war für die Abfertigung weder lizenziert noch qualifiziert. Es hatte lediglich eine 30-minütige Einweisung erhalten.
 Die Vorflugkontrolle durch das Bodenpersonal wurde ohne Nutzung von Leitern durchgeführt, so dass die Ablagerungen nicht gesehen werden konnten. Die Maschine wurde als "sauber" gemeldet.
 Die Vorflugkontrolle durch den Kapitän wurde nur äußerst flüchtig in wenigen Sekunden absolviert.
 Die Englischkenntnisse beider Piloten waren so schlecht, dass sie nicht in der Lage waren, den Inhalt der Betriebshandbücher und Trainingsunterlagen zu verstehen.
 Mögliche Übermüdung der Besatzung durch Verletzung der Vorschriften über Flugdienst- und Ruhezeiten.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Informationen des Zwischenstaatlichen Luftfahrtkomitees (MAK, russisch)

Flugunfall in Russland
Flugunfall 2012
Verkehr (Oblast Tjumen)
ATR 72
UTair

UTAir-Flug 120