ශ්‍රීමත් රාසික් ෆරීඩ්, OBE, JP, UM (29 දෙසැම්බර් 1893 - 23 අගෝස්තු 1984), නොහොත් ඒ. ආර්. ඒ. රාසික්, ලංකා (ශ්‍රී ලාංකික) ඉඩම් හිමියෙක්, දේශපාලනඥයෙක් සහ දානපතියෙක් විය. ඔහු හිටපු කැබිනට් වෙළඳ අමාත්‍ය, සෙනෙට් සභික, පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රී සහ රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාව විය. ඔහු පකිස්ථානයේ ලංකා මහ කොමසාරිස් ලෙසද කටයුතු කර ඇත.

මුල් ජීවිතය සහ අධ්‍යාපනය
වප්චි මරිකාර් අබ්දුල් රහුමාන් සහ හජාරා උම්මාට දාව කොළඹ ලේයාර්ඩ්ස් බ්‍රෝඩ්වේ හි අබ්දුල් රහ්මාන් අබ්දුල් රාසික් උපත ලැබූ අතර ඔහුගේ මව ඔහුට වයස අවුරුදු තුනේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුගේ සීයා ප්‍රමුඛ ගොඩනැගිලි කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවෙකු වන අරසි මරිකාර් වප්පිචි මරිකාර් ය. ඔහුගේ පියා වප්චි මරිකාර් අබ්දුල් රහ්මාන් 1900 දී ලංකාවේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ මුවර් මන්ත්‍රීවරයා ලෙස පත් කර 1915 දක්වා සේවය කළේය. රසීක් අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබුවේ බම්බලපිටියේ බර්නඩෙට් පාසලෙන්; මද්‍රසතුල් සහිරා, මරදාන සහ කොළඹ රාජකීය විද්‍යාලයේදී . ඔහුගේ පාසල් අධ්‍යාපනයෙන් පසු ඔහු ඉඩම් හිමියෙකු බවට පත් විය. 1915 දී, ඔහු කෝප්‍රල්වරයෙකු ලෙස කොළඹ නගර ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ මුරිෂ් අංශයට සම්බන්ධ වූ අතර 1915 කැරලි සමයේදී සේවය කර 1916 දී ලුතිනන් නිලයට උසස් කරන ලදී.

දේශපාලන ජීවිතය
1930 දී දේශපාලනයට පිවිසි ඒ. ආර්. ඒ රාසික් කොළඹ මහ නගර සභාවට නව බසාර් වාට්ටුවෙන් නාගරික මන්ත්‍රීවරයකු ලෙස තේරී පත් විය. ඔහු මුවර්ස් (මුස්ලිම්වරුන්) නියෝජනය කරමින් 1936 මාර්තු 12 වැනි දින ලංකා රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාවට පත් කරන ලදී. රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාවේදී ඔහු 1936 සිට 1942 දක්වා එස්.ඩබ්ලිව්.ආර්.ඩී. බණ්ඩාරනායකගේ සභාපතිත්වයෙන් යුත් ප්‍රාදේශීය පරිපාලන කමිටුවේ සේවය කළ අතර 1942 දී සී.ඩබ්ලිව්.ඩබ්ලිව් කන්නන්ගරගේ සභාපතිත්වයෙන් යුත් අධ්‍යාපන කමිටුවට පත් කරන ලදී.

1947 දී, ලංකාව ස්වයං පාලනයක් ලබා ගැනීමත් සමඟ, ඒ. ආර්. ඒ රාසික් එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂයේ ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙකු විය. ඔහුට එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂයෙන් මැද කොළඹ ආසනයෙන් නාමයෝජනා දීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප වූ අතර ඒ වෙනුවට 1947 මහ මැතිවරණයේදී රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාව වෙනුවට පත් වූ ලංකා නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලයට පොතුවිල් ආසනයෙන් තරග කළ අතර එහිදී ඔහු මුදලියාර් එම් එම් ඊබ්‍රාහිම්ට පරාජය විය. ඉන්පසු ඔහු එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය විසින් නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය විසින් ලංකා සෙනෙට් සභාවට තේරී පත් විය. 1952 දී සෙනෙට් සභාවෙන් ඉල්ලා අස් වූ ඔහු 1952 මහ මැතිවරණයට ඉදිරිපත් වී මැද කොළඹ මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසයෙන් නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලයට තේරී පත් වූ අතර 1956 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් නැවත තේරී පත් විය. ඔහු 1959 අගමැති ඩබ්ලිව් දහනායක මහතාගේ භාරකාර රජයේ වෙළඳ කැබිනට් අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙස කටයුතු කළේය. 1960 මාර්තු මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් ඔහුට සිය ආසනය අහිමි වූ නමුත් 1960 ජූලි මහ මැතිවරණයේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකා නිදහස් පක්ෂයෙන් තරඟ කර එය නැවත ලබා ගත්තේය. ඔහු 1964 දෙසැම්බර් 3 වන දින අගමැතිනි සිරිමා බණ්ඩාරනායක යටතේ ශ්‍රීලනිප රජය පරාජයට පත් කරමින් CP ද සිල්වා සමඟ විපක්ෂයට ගිය ශ්‍රීලනිප පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් දහතුන් දෙනාගෙන් කෙනෙකි. 1965 දී, ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් පත් කරන ලද සාමාජිකයින් හය දෙනාගෙන් කෙනෙකු ලෙස මුවර් ප්‍රජාව නියෝජනය කිරීම සඳහා ඔහු නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලයට පත් කරන ලදී. 1967 මැයි සිට 1967 සැප්තැම්බර් දක්වා ඔහු නියෝජ්‍ය කාරක සභා සභාපති ලෙසත් 1967 සැප්තැම්බර් සිට 1968 පෙබරවාරි දක්වා පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ නියෝජ්‍ය කථානායක සහ කාරක සභා සභාපති ලෙසත් කටයුතු කළේය. 1968 දී පාර්ලිමේන්තුවෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගත් ඔහු පකිස්ථානයේ ලංකා මහ කොමසාරිස් ලෙසත් ඉරාකයේ සහ ඉරානයේ අතිවිශේෂ සහ පූර්ණ බලැති තානාපති ලෙසත් පත් කරන ලදී. ඔහු 1970 දක්වා සේවය කළේය.

දානපතිකම
මුස්ලිම් ප්‍රජාව අතර අධ්‍යාපන මට්ටම ඉහළ නැංවීම සඳහා ටී.බී. ජයා සමඟ කළ සේවය නිසා රාසික් සිහිපත් කරනු ලැබේ, ඔහු තමාගේම ඉඩමක් සමඟ මුස්ලිම් කාන්තා විද්‍යාලය ආරම්භ කළේය. දෙමළ භාෂා ගුරුවරුන් පුහුණු කිරීම සඳහා ඔහු අලුත්ගම සහ අඩ්ඩාලච්චේන ගුරු විද්‍යාල ආරම්භ කළේය. ඔහු සමස්ත ලංකා මුවර්ස් සංගමය සහ මුවර්ස් ඉස්ලාමීය සංස්කෘතික නිවහන පිහිටුවා එහි සභාපතිවරයා ලෙස කටයුතු කළේය.

ගෞරව
ඔහු 1932 දී සාම විනිසුරු සහ නිල නොවන මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී. ඔහු 1948 නව වසර ගෞරව සම්මාන උළෙලේ දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අධිරාජ්‍යයේ නිලධාරියෙකු බවට පත් කරන ලද අතර 1951 උපන්දින ගෞරව සම්මානයෙන් නයිට් පදවියට පත් විය. කොළඹ බ්‍රිස්ටල් වීදිය ශ්‍රීමත් රාසික් ෆරීඩ් මාවත ලෙසත් බෙන්තර ශ්‍රීමත් රාසික් ෆරීඩ් මුස්ලිම් මහා විද්‍යාලය ඔහුගේ නමින් නම් කර තිබෙනවා. ශ්‍රී ලංකාව 1988 මැයි 22 දින තැපැල් මුද්දරයක් සමඟින් ඔහුව අනුස්මරණය කළේය

යොමු කිරීම්

1984 මරණ
1893 උපත්

රාසික් ෆරීඩ්


Ren besked om snavs er en film instrueret af Henning Carlsen, Flemming la Cour.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1962

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Ren besked om snavs


Eric Frank Russell () a fost un autor britanic cel mai cunoscut pentru romanele sale science fiction și povestiri scurte. O mare parte din lucrarea sa a fost publicată pentru prima dată în Statele Unite, în revista lui John W. Campbell Astounding Science Fiction și în alte reviste pulp. De asemenea, Russell a scris ficțiune de groază pentru Povestiri ciudate și articole de non-ficțiune pe teme forteane. Până în 1955, mai multe dintre poveștile sale au fost publicate sub pseudonime, ca Duncan H. Munro și Niall(e) Wilde.

Biografie
Russell s-a născut în 1905 lângă Sandhurst, în Berkshire, unde tatăl său era instructor la Colegiul Militar Regal.   Russell a devenit un fan science fiction și în 1934, în timp ce locuia în apropiere de Liverpool, a văzut o scrisoare în Amazing Stories  de la Leslie J. Johnson, un alt cititor din aceeași zonă. Russell s-a întâlnit cu Johnson, care l-a încurajat să înceapă o carieră ca scriitor. Împreună, cei doi bărbați au scris o nuvelă, "Seeker of Tomorrow", care a fost publicată de F. Orlin Tremaine în numărul din iulie 1937 al Astounding Stories. Atât Russell cât și Johnson au devenit membri ai Societății Interplanetare Britanice.

Primul roman al lui Russell a fost Sinister Barrier - Sinistra Barieră, povestea de pe coperta primei ediții din mai 1939 a revistei Unknown - revista soră a revistei Astounding, dedicată fanteziei. Este explicit o poveste forteană. O legendă des repetată spune că John W. Campbell, la primirea manuscrisului Sinister Barrier, a creat revista Unknown în primul rând ca vehicul pentru romanul scurt (pag. 9 - 94). Nu există nicio dovadă reală pentru acest lucru, în ciuda unei declarații în acest sens în primul volum al autobiografiei lui Isaac Asimov, In Memory Yet Green.

Cel de-al doilea roman al său, Dreadful Sanctuary (serializat în Astounding în 1948) este un exemplu timpuriu de ficțiune conspirativă, în care un delir paranoic de proporții globale este perpetuat de o mică societate secretă, dar puternică.

Există două relatări diferite și reciproc incompatibile privind serviciul militar al lui Russell în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial. Versiunea oficială, bine documentată, este aceea că a servit în Royal Air Force, cu care a avut un serviciu activ în Europa ca membru al unei unități de semnalizare mobilă. Cu toate acestea, în introducerea din ediția din 1986 a Del Rey Books a romanului Wasp al lui Russell, Jack L. Chalker afirmă că Russell era prea bătrân pentru serviciu activ și, în schimb, a lucrat pentru serviciile de informații militare din Londra, unde "a petrecut războiul visând ce trucuri urâte să facă împotriva germanilor și japonezilor ", inclusiv Operațiunea Mincemeat. Biograful lui Russell, John L. Ingham, afirmă însă că "nu există nimic, absolut nimic, în arhivele RAF care să arate că el a fost altceva decât un mecanic și un operator radio".

Russell a început să scrie full-time la sfârșitul anilor 1940. A devenit un membru activ al fandom-ului science-fiction britanic și reprezentantul britanic al Fortean Society. A câștigat primul premiu Hugo anual pentru cea mai bună povestire scurtă în 1955, pentru povestirea umoristică "Allamagoosa".

Romanul din 1962 The Great Explosion a co-câștigat Prometheus Hall of Fame Award în 1985. Romanul Vasp din 1957 a fost la un pas de a primi acest premiu,  care este acum limitat la o lucrare pe an.

Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame l-a adăugat pe Russell în 2000.

Into Your Tent, o biografie detaliată și detaliată a lui Russell de John L. Ingham, a fost publicată în 2010 de Plantech (în Marea Britanie).

scrieri
Ficțiunea completă a lui Russell include următoarele:

 Sinister Barrier (1939)
 Dreadful Sanctuary (1948)
 Sentinels From Space (1953), bazat pe o povestire anterioară The Star Watchers (1951)
 Three to Conquer (1956), bazat pe un foileton anterior denumit Call Him Dead (1955)
 Men, Martians and Machines (1955), conține patru nuvele conexe
 Wasp (1958)
 Next of Kin (1959), publicat anterior ca The Space Willies (1958)
 The Great Explosion (1962)
 With a Strange Device (1964), publicat și ca The Mindwarpers.

De asemenea, Russell a scris un număr mare de lucrări mai scurte, multe dintre ele fiind reeditate în colecții precum Deep Space (1954), Six Worlds Yonder (1958), Far Stars (1961), Dark Tides (1962) și Somewhere a Voice (1965). Povestea sa " Allamagoosa " (1955), care este în esență o repovestire SF a unei povești tradiționale denumită "The Shovewood", a câștigat premiul Hugo pentru cea mai bună povestire scurtă.

Russell a scris numeroase eseuri de non-ficțiune pe teme forteane, unele fiind colectate într-un compendiu intitulat Great World Mysteries - Marile mistere ale lumii (1957). A doua sa carte de non-ficțiune a fost The Rabble Rousers (1963), o privire sardonică asupra nebuniei umane, incluzând afacerea Dreyfus și boom-ul din Florida. A mai scris Lern Yerself Scouse: The ABZ of Scouse (1966) sub pseudonimul "Linacre Lane".

Două colecții omnibus science fiction ale lui Russell sunt disponibile la NESFA Press : Major Ingredients - Ingrediente majore (2000), conținând 30 din povestirile sale și Entities  - Entități (2001) care conține cinci romane. Editura lui John Pelan Midnight House a publicat Darker Tides, o colecție de groază și ficțiune ciudată a lui Russell, în 2006.

Romanul Design for Great-Day din 1995, publicat de Alan Dean Foster și Eric Frank Russell, este o extindere de către Foster a unei nuvele din 1953 cu același nume scrisă de Russell.

Note

Referințe

Lectură suplimentară

Legături externe

 Eric Frank Russell at The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
 Review of Major Ingredients
 "Shadow Man" fan site by Narrelle Harris
 Past Masters: Let Me Be Frank, or Welcome to the Allamagoosa Russell-Palooza by Bud Webster, at Galactic Central
 And then there were none (1951)—the internet host notes "Anarchy in action—an excellent model of an anarchist or free society

Nașteri în 1905
Decese în 1978
Science Fiction Hall of Fame
Autori câștigători ai Premiului Hugo
Scriitori englezi de literatură științifico-fantastică
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Scriitori din secolul al XX-lea

Eric Frank Russell


Chiranthodendreae, tribus iz porodice sljezovki, dio potporodice Malvoideae. Opisan je 1872.

Postoje dva priznata roda s ukupno 3 vrste grmova i drveća iz Srednje Amerike, Meksika, Kalifornije i Arizone

Rodovi
 Chiranthodendron Larreat.
 Fremontodendron Coville

Sinonimi
 Fremontodendreae Airy Shaw, 1965

Izvori

Malvoideae

Chiranthodendreae


جوائز ويبي  هي جوائز عالمية شرفية للامتياز على شبكة الإنترنت.

لمحة تاريخية

مقدمة من الأكاديمية الدولية للفنون والعلوم الرقمية منذ عام 1996.

الجوائز الممنوحة

تتضمن مواقع الوب، الإعلانات التفاعلية، أفلام الفيديو على الشبكة، ومواقع الوب للهواتف المحمولة. ويتم اختيار فائزين اثنين من كل فئة .. واحدة من الأكاديمية الدولية للفنون والعلوم الرقمية .. والثانية من تصويت الجمهور.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي

تطوير الويب
جوائز أسست في 1996
جوائز علوم وتقنية أمريكية
جوائز فنون
جوائز متعلقة بالحاسوب
جوائز ويب

جوائز ويبي


Satanik je glavni lik istoimenog stripa, pravog imena Marny Bannister. Satanik je kemičarka koja je izumila napitak (a kasnije i laser) za pomlađivanje, te postala prelijepa crvenokosa žena, željna novca, slave i užitka. Izuzetno je lukava i sposobna, te ju je policija uhvatila samo jednom a i tad je pobjegla.

Biografija
Marny Bannister najmlađa je kći u siromašnoj obitelji Bannister. Njezin otac je alkoholičar, njezina majka kućanica a njezine sestre ljepotice koje ne misle na ništa osim da se druže s momcima. Marny nije te sreće, jer na licu ima veliki ožiljak koji je čini ružnom. No jednog dana naiđe na zabilješke ludog kemičara koji joj pomognu otkriti napitak mladosti.

Junaci stripa

Satanik (lik)


Georg Charlotte von Hinüber (auch: George Charlotte Hinüber und George Charles von Hinüber; geboren 19. April 1764 in London; gestorben 10. April 1828 in Hannover) war ein deutscher Generalpostdirektor, Kabinetts- und Geheimrat, Major, Diplomat, Kanzlei-Auditor und Kunsthistoriker.

Leben
Die Familie von Hinüber gehörte im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert zu den sogenannten Hübschen Familien. Georg Charlotte von Hinüber entstammte der Wildeshäuser Linie derer von Hinüber. Er war der Sohn von Carl Heinrich von Hinüber (1723–1792), der ab 1760 als wirklicher Geheimer Sekretär bei der Deutschen Kanzlei in London tätig war, später als Geheimer Justizrat. Seine ungewöhnlichen Vornamen erhielt Georg Charlotte über seine beiden Taufpaten, König Georg III. von Großbritannien und Irland, Kurfürst von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, und dessen Ehefrau, Königin Charlotte.

Am 26. Oktober 1781 immatrikulierte sich von Hinüber für das Jurastudium an der Georg-August-Universität in Göttingen und wurde im Sommersemester 1782 Hörer bei Georg Christoph Lichtenberg. In dieser Zeit wohnt er in der Jüdenstraße bei dem Obercommissarius Friedrichs, ab dem Sommersemester 1784 bei Madame Friedrichs.

1785 erhielt von Hinüber die Stellung des Auditors in der Justizkanzlei in Hannover, wechselte jedoch schon im Jahr darauf 1785 nach Mainz, als Legationssekretär an der hannoverschen Gesandtschaft gegenüber dem kurmainzischen und kurtrierschen Höfen. 1790 stieg er dort zum Legationsrat auf, und wurde später Gesandter und bevollmächtigter Minister am niederländischen Hof in Den Haag sowie Diplomat am kaiserlichen Hof in Wien.

Zurück in Hannover, wurde von Hinüber zunächst Direktor des dortigen Archivs und erhielt in kurzer Folge Titel und Stellungen als Geheimer Kabinettrat, Oberpostdirektor und Leiter des General-Postdirektoriums in Hannover.

Von Hinüber stand in einem umfangreichen, überlieferten Briefwechsel.

Georg Charlotte von Hinüber war nicht verheiratet. Er wurde auf dem Gartenfriedhof bestattet, wo sich noch heute sein denkmalgeschütztes Grabmal findet.

Literatur
 Hans-Joachim Heerde: Hinüber, Georg Charlotte von (1764–1828). In: Das Publikum der Physik. Lichtenbergs Hörer, in der Reihe Lichtenberg-Studien, Band 14, Göttingen: Wallstein-Verlag, 2006, ISBN 978-3-8353-0015-6, S. 301f., online über Google-Bücher
 Das Archiv. Magazin für Kommunikationsgeschichte, hrsg. von der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Post- und Telekommunikationsgeschichte in Zusammenarbeit mit der Museumsstiftung Post und Telekommunikation, Ausgaben 1–4, 2008, S. 78, online als Snippet

Weblinks
 Geschichtliche Kurzdarstellung auf der "Webseite des v. Hinüber'schen Familienverbandes"

Einzelnachweise

Hannoverscher Diplomat
Minister (Deutschland)
Kunsthistoriker
Person (Postwesen)
Geheimrat
Person (London)
Person (Göttingen)
Person (Hannover)
Person (Mainz)
Botschafter in den Niederlanden
Person (Den Haag)
Person (Wien)
Georg Charlotte
Geboren 1764
Gestorben 1828
Mann

Georg Charlotte von Hinüber


Georg Wittig (; 16 June 1897 – 26 August 1987) was a German chemist who reported a method for synthesis of alkenes from aldehydes and ketones using compounds called phosphonium ylides in the Wittig reaction. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Herbert C. Brown in 1979.

Biography
Wittig was born in Berlin, Germany and shortly after his birth moved with his family to Kassel, where his father was professor at the applied arts high school. He attended school in Kassel and started studying chemistry at the University of Tübingen 1916. He was drafted and became a lieutenant in the cavalry of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel). After being an Allied prisoner of war from 1918 until 1919, Wittig found it hard to restart his chemistry studies owing to overcrowding at the universities. By a direct plea to Karl von Auwers, who was professor for organic chemistry at the University of Marburg at the time, he was able to resume university study and after 3 years was awarded the Ph.D. in organic chemistry.

Karl von Auwers was able to convince him to start an academic career, leading to his habilitation in 1926. He became a close friend of Karl Ziegler, who was also doing his habilitation with Auwers during that time. The successor of Karl von Auwers, Hans Meerwein, accepted Wittig as lecturer, partly because he was impressed by the new 400-page book on stereochemistry that Wittig had written. In 1931 Wittig married Waltraud Ernst, a colleague from the Auwers working group. The invitation of Karl Fries brought him as professor to the TU Braunschweig in 1932. The time in Braunschweig became more and more problematic as the Nazis tried to get rid of Karl Fries and Wittig showed solidarity with him. After the forced retirement of Fries, in 1937 Hermann Staudinger offered Wittig a position at the University of Freiburg, partly because he knew Wittig from his book on stereochemistry in which he supported Staudinger's highly criticized theory of macromolecules. The foundations of carbanion chemistry were laid during Wittig's time in Freiburg.

In 1944 he succeeded the head of the organic chemistry department Wilhelm Schlenk at the University of Tübingen. Most of his scientific work, including the development of the Wittig reaction, was performed during this time in Tübingen. The 1956 appointment of the nearly sixty-year-old Wittig as head of the organic chemistry department at the University of Heidelberg as successor of Karl Freudenberg was exceptional even at that time. The newly built department and the close connection to the BASF convinced Wittig to take this opportunity. He worked at the University of Heidelberg even after his retirement in 1967 and published papers until 1980. Most of his awards were presented during this time at Heidelberg, such as the honorary doctorate of the Sorbonne in 1956 and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1979.

Work
Wittig's contributions also include the preparation of phenyllithium and the discovery of the 1,2-Wittig rearrangement and the 2,3-Wittig rearrangement.

Wittig was well known in the chemistry community for being a consummate experimenter and observer of chemical transformations, while caring very little for the theoretical and mechanistic underpinnings of the work he produced.

Georg also has his name on a literature work titled on a compound labelled Colopidalol.

References

External links
.

1897 births
1987 deaths
20th-century German chemists
Organic chemists
German Nobel laureates
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Scientists from Berlin
Academic staff of the University of Marburg
Academic staff of the Technical University of Braunschweig
Academic staff of the University of Freiburg
Academic staff of the University of Tübingen
University of Marburg alumni
University of Tübingen alumni
Stereochemists
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Nazi Party members

Georg Wittig


Au cours de son histoire, la ville de Blois a compris différents ponts, essentiellement au-dessus de la Loire, mais également au-dessus du Cosson, un de ses affluents.

Ponts sur la Loire

Le pont à duits
Dès le Haut-Empire romain, entre 20 et 300 après J.-C., un système de franchissement permanent du fleuve est construit en aval du pont médiéval et de l'actuel pont Jacques-Gabriel. Ce système plutôt rudimentaire constituait en différents îlots artificiels alignés en diagonale et alternés de passages inondés : il s'agit de duits. Un pont à duits semble avoir été construit et utilisé à Blois à cette période, permettant déjà de relier les deux rives sur lesquelles se sont développées deux villages indépendants : Castrum Blesense sur la rive droite et Vienna sur l'île fluviale.

Le pont antique
Entre le  et le , un premier pont est aussi construit pour joindre les deux rives. Également qualifié de pont gallo-romain, celui-ci se trouvait plus en aval de l'actuel pont Jacques-Gabriel, entre l'ancienne halle Louis XII (actuelle Maison de la BD, sur la rive droite) et la rue Munier (en Vienne). Il s'agissait d'un pont principalement en bois, dont les fondations sont visibles lorsque la Loire est à l'étiage. Les pieux, tous équarris, proviennent de chênes et forment 9 « nuages », témoignant ainsi d'un pont à 9 piliers.

La datation des vestiges a été estimée par des analyses au carbone 14 et des techniques de dendrochronologie.

Le pont médiéval
Les fondations en pierre visibles lorsque le niveau de la Loire est bas laissent facilement imaginer qu'un pont a précédé l'actuel pont Jacques-Gabriel. Néanmoins, de nouveaux pieux découverts en 2018 ont mis au bout du jour que, si Blois était doté d'un pont sur la Loire durant tout le Moyen Âge, ce pont a drastiquement évolué au fil des siècles.

Le pont du

Le pont du
Un second pont, de bois et de pierre, est mentionné à partir de 1089 sur un document sur lequel le nouveau comte Étienne II atteste la propriété de deux moulins construits sur le pont et détenus par l'abbé de Pontlevoy, qui possède également le prieuré Saint-Jean-en-Grève. En 2003, l'INRAP a confirmé par datation au radiocarbone que les chênes utilisés pour les fondations de cette structure datent d'entre 998 et 1159. Il semblerait ainsi que sa construction fut ordonnée et financée par les grands-parents d'Étienne II, le comte Eudes II et la comtesse Ermengarde, qui furent par ailleurs à l'initiative de la construction entre 1034 et 1037 du vieux pont de Tours.

Le pont médiéval de Blois, également connu sous le nom de « pont Saint-Louis », se situait à 70 m en aval de l'actuel pont Jacques-Gabriel. Decouvertes en 1995 après l'interdiction des extractions de sable qui a fait baisser le niveau de la Loire d', les fondations de la plupart de ses 19 piliers de pierre sont également visibles lorsque le fleuve est à l'étiage. De nos jours, ces vestiges sont en partie responsables des remous du fleuve en aval du pont moderne.

Très tôt, les comtes de Blois ont compris l'importance géostratégique que représentait ce pont, d'où la présence d'une tour-porte à l'entrée de la ville, instaurant ainsi un impôt de péage à tout nouvel devant passer par la cité, comme à tout bateau transitant sur le fleuve. Il s'agissait alors de l'unique pont sur la Loire sur quelques dizaines de kilomètres, ce qui explique pourquoi autant d'activités étaient concentrées en son sein.

Le pont du
À cette époque, le fleuve est plus lourdement aménagé : sur le pont, qui ressemblait davantage à rue, on trouvait des habitations, des tours (dont une tour-porte à pont-levis sur la rive droite fortifiée), des moulins, une chapelle Saint-Fiacre (dépendante de l'église Saint-Martin) ainsi que des escaliers pour accéder à un duit (digue submersible), sur lequel il y avait 5 moulins à eau, des pêcheries et même un petit embarcadère. Ce duits, aussi visible lorsque le niveau de l'eau est bas, traversait à l'origine la Loire depuis le pont jusqu'à l'ancien Hôtel-Dieu, puis il a été renforcé et prolongé au  jusqu'au niveau de la Creusille afin de dévier le courant du fleuve vers la rive droite.

Le , alors que la guerre de Cent Ans fait rage dans le comté, Jeanne d'Arc et l'armée fidèle à Charles VII empruntèrent le pont pour libérer Orléans des Anglais.

Le , le pont est traversé par trois petits-fils de Louis XIV, à savoir les princes Louis, Charles, et Philippe justement en route pour monter sur le trône d'Espagne sous le nom de Philippe V ou plutôt, Felipe V.

Finalement, dans la nuit du 6 au , le pont céda sous la pression d'une violente débâcle de la Loire. L'année suivante débuta la construction du pont Jacques-Gabriel ; ce-dernier fut inauguré le .

Le viaduc des Noëls
Le chemin de fer arrive à Blois en 1846, avec l'inauguration de l'embarcadère et de la ligne de Paris à Bordeaux, qui suit le lit la Loire entre Orléans et Tours.

Quarante ans plus tard, le rail est amené à traverser la Loire pour atteindre Villefranche-sur-Cher, au sud du département. Les rails originels étant construits en haut du val du fleuve, la ligne de Villefranche à Blois nécessite donc de le traverser à la hauteur maximale du val. Un viaduc ferroviaire est ainsi érigé en 1884 de part et d'autre de la vallée, entre La Chaussée-Saint-Victor et le hameau des Noëls à Vineuil.

À l'origine long de plus de 2 km, le pont fut bombardé le , lors de la libération de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, et ainsi amputé de sa partie traversant le fleuve. Contrairement au pont Jacques-Gabriel, le viaduc des Nöels se fut pas reconstruit mais laissé à l'abandon. Depuis, la ligne ferroviaire est déclassée.

Aujourd'hui, les piliers subsistent au milieu de l'eau et sur la rive droite, mais il reste 1,3 km de viaduc à travers les champs des Noëls. Cet espace fait actuellement l'objet d'une revalorisation dans le cadre de l'application du Plan Paysage d'Agglopolys, la communauté d'agglomérations de Blois.

Les passerelles temporaires de franchissement
À chaque destruction complète ou partielle d'un pont, en particulier au niveau de l'actuel pont Jacques-Gabriel, les Blésois ont construit une passerelle temporaire, le plus souvent en bois, afin de continuer à pouvoir franchir le fleuve, en attendant la complétion de travaux.

Ce fut le cas au moins à deux reprises :

 entre  et 1724, après que le pont médiéval se soit effondré,
 entre le  et le , après la Seconde Guerre mondiale et la Libération.

Les traces de ces passerelles, dont les pieux sont toujours visibles lorsque le niveau de la Loire est bas, sont sources de confusion avec l'identification des anciens ponts.

Ponts sur le Cosson

Les ponts Chartrains
Les ponts Chartrains permettaient de traverser une zone humide et inondable dans le lit de la Loire et le Cosson, entre l'île de Vienne et Vineuil, sur la rive gauche. De leur construction en 1201 jusqu'au , la route reliant Chartres à Bourges passait par ces pont, mais ils sont vraisemblablement appelés « chartrains » à tort, puisqu'ils furent initialement qualifiés de « ponts chastrés », c'est-à-dire de ponts entrecoupés de chaussées surélevées.

En effet, jusqu'à la construction en 1717 d'une digue dans le prolongement de la Creusille, le secteur de la Bouillie était une zone humide et inondable en cas de crue, parfois considéré comme un bras de la Loire. Après cette date, la zone a été asséchée, des routes furent construites pour connecter l'ancienne île fluviale aux villages de la rive gauche, et les ponts tombèrent en désuétude. Les ponts Chartrains subsistent sous la forme d'une petite route goudronnée.

Depuis 2006, l'infrastructure est classée en tant que monument historique.

Les ponts Saint-Michel
À l'instar des ponts Chartrains qui relient le sud de Blois à la rive gauche du Cosson par l'est, les ponts Saint-Michel permettaient de la rejoindre par l'ouest. Construite et utilisée sur la même période, et partant de l'actuelle rue des Métairies, cette route surélevée donnait accès au bas de Saint-Gervais-la-Forêt.

Cependant, contrairement aux précédents, il existe peu de vestiges des ponts Saint-Michel. Après les crues centennales du , les ponts furent très endommagés et nécessitaient de lourds travaux. La presque totalité de la structure fut rasée en 1867 puis détruite en 1885 pour permettre la construction de l'actuel prolongement de la rue des Métairies. L'actuel pont-barrage à moulin sur le Cosson fut construit en 1868 sur des vestiges des anciens ponts. Aujourd'hui, ne reste des ponts Saint-Michel que 6 piles de pierre au milieu d'un étang, localisées entre la digue et l'auberge espagnole.

Dans ses recherches, Louis de La Saussaye mentionne des « ponts de Mercure », qui auraient similairement existé à l'emplacement des ponts Saint-Michel lors de l'ère romaine. Leur emplacement est stratégique au moins depuis le début de la christianisation de la Gaule, car ils se situent sur la Via Turonensis qui relie Paris à Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle.

Articles connexes
 Liste de ponts de Loir-et-Cher
 Blois

Notes et références

Notes

Bibliographie

 Annie Cospérec, Blois, la forme d'une ville, Imprimerie Nationale, 1994,  (ISBN 9782110813220, lire en ligne) :

  :

Autres sources

Liste de ponts
Histoire de Blois
Transport à Blois

Anciens ponts de Blois


La Torre del Cantal es una de las torres de defensa de origen árabe de La Axarquía.

Se encuentra, como su propio nombre indica, en El Cantal, que está en un monte, y es la unión entre La Cala del Moral y el Rincón de la Victoria. Sobre la prolongación de dicho monte mar adentro, es decir, en el acantilado, se encuentra la torre, que se puede apreciar desde la playa del Rincón de la Victoria, pero no desde la de la Cala (Calaflores), ya que está orientada hacia la zona del Rincón. Se encuentra rodeada de casas, que se han establecido ahí por las fantásticas vistas y por la cercanía a la torre.

Historia

La torre fue construida por los árabes, que ocuparon la zona después de que lo hicieran fenicios y romanos. Con la conquista del territorio por parte de los Reyes Católicos, la torre, al igual que las otras, cayó en desuso; sin embargo, el rey Carlos III, por su situación estratégica, la recuperaría junto con las demás.

Referencias

Bienes de interés cultural de la provincia de Málaga
Cantal, el
Rincón de la Victoria
Fortificaciones de al-Ándalus
Torres de vigilancia costera de la provincia de Málaga

Torre del Cantal


Donald George 'Don' Bradman (født 27. august 1908, død 25. februar 2001), ofte kaldet "The Don" var en australsk cricketspiller, der i brede kredse er kendt for at være den bedste batter nogensinde. Hans karrieregennemsnit i test cricket i batting på 99,94 er mange steder betegnet som den største bedrift af en sportsmand på tværs af sportsgrene.

Historien om, at Bradman som barn øvede sig med en stump (en pind, der er den del af gærdet) og en golfbold, indgår i australsk folklore. Bradmans bratte opstigning fra cricket i bushen til det australske test cricket-hold fandt sted i løbet af blot to år. Inden sin 22-års fødselsdag havde hans sat en række scoringsrekorder, hvoraf nogle fortsat er gældende, og han blev et australsk sportsidol, da depressionen var på sit højeste i 1930'erne.

Gennem en tyve år lang karriere scorede Bradman så stabilt højt, at han med den tidligere australske holdkaptajn Bill Woodfulls ord var "lige så meget værd som tre andre battere." Englænderne udviklede en taktik kaldet "Bodyline" udelukkende med henblik på at begrænse hans scoring. Som holdkaptajn og holdleder havde Bradman altid fokus på offensivt, underholdende spil, hvilket tiltrak tilskuere i hobetal. Han hadede den konstante opmærksomhed og beundring, og de havde betydning for hans omgang med andre mennesker. Fokusset på hans individuelle præstationer belastede hans forhold til nogle holdkammerater, holdledere og journalister, der opfattede ham som indelukket og på vagt. Efter en tvungen pause på grund af anden verdenskrig gjorde han på dramatisk vis comeback som kaptajn på det australske landshold, der på en turné til England i 1948 blev kendt som "De uovervindelige" med en række rekorder til følge.

Bradman var en kompleks natur og meget determineret, og han havde ikke nogle nære menneskelige relationer. Han fastholdt en position som en fremtrædende holdleder, udtagelsesleder og forfatter gennem tre årtier efter sin pensionering som aktiv spiller. Selv efter at han som ældre trak sig tilbage og blev noget af en eneboer, blev hans mening fortsat værdsat, og hans position som nationalhelt i Australien blev fastholdt, mere end 50 år efter han stoppede som som test-cricketspiller, kaldte Australiens premierminister John Howard i 2001 ham for "den største nulevende australier." Hans portræt findes på flere frimærker og mønter, og der åbnede et museum om ham, mens han stadig levede. På 100-årsdagen for hans fødsel, 27. august 2008, udgav den Kongelige Australske Mønt en $5-erindringsmønt med hans portræt. I 2009 blev han optaget i Cricket Hall of Fame.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Cricketspillere fra Australien

Don Bradman


Philip Kunia Pahinui (; April 22, 1921 – October 13, 1980), known as Gabby Pahinui, was a slack-key guitarist and singer of Hawaiian music.

Born into a struggling family, Gabby was born Charles Kapono Kahahawai Jr. and later hānaied with his brother and one of his sisters to Philip and Emily Pahinui and raised in the impoverished district of Kaka'ako in  Honolulu in the 1920s ("all tin roofs and kinda falling apart"). He took the name Philip Kunia Pahinui. He spent his childhood supporting his family by selling newspapers and shining shoes. He dropped out of school after 5th grade at the Pohukaina School.

Marriage
Gabby married Emily Pulipuli Pahinui in 1938. He was 17 and she was 19. They remained married until his death. They had 12 children, six boys and six girls.

Early career

Gabby landed a gig as a back-up guitarist for Charley "Tiny" Brown.  He quickly mastered the steel guitar (kīkā kila) even learning to read music.  Because most musicians of the time only played in bars, Gabby also formed a drinking habit that stuck with him throughout his life.

At the 1st Annual Seattle Slack Key Guitar Festival, his son, Cyril Pahinui, related a story about how Gabby got his name. In his early career, he played steel guitar with an orchestra. The standard costume for the gig was gabardine pants—hence his name.

Cyril told another story, from when Gabby was diving for coins thrown from ships coming to the piers (a common youth activity in Kakaako) : "His hair was kinky, so after swimming and diving for coins, the water would just roll off. So everyone started calling him 'Gabardine Hair.' He also took to wearing gabardine pants, reinforcing Gabby as a nickname."

Though a skilled player of the steel guitar (invented in Hawaii before Blues slide guitar), Gabby is most known for his mastery of traditional Hawaiian slack-key guitar (Kī Hō'alu -"key slackened"- downtuned, usually to an open-string chord with low bass notes, then finger-picked) and his beautiful, expressive vocals. Gabby learned slack-key from Herman Keawe whom Gabby acknowledges as being "the greatest slack-key player of all time." Herman, like Gabby, lived in the Kaka'ako area.

In 1946, Gabby made his first recording, "Hi'ilawe," for the Bell Records label. This may be the first record of a Hawaiian song with slack-key guitar and it inspired many local musicians. The following year came "Hula Medley," the first record of a slack-key guitar instrumental. During this period he made two other influential sides for Bell, the vocal "Wai O Ke Aniani" and the instrumental "Key Koalu" (a misspelling of "Kī Hō'alu"), plus another version of "Hi'ilawe" for Aloha Records.

Pahinui's "Hula Medley," recorded in 1947, was inducted into the U.S. National Recording Registry (2011 group of 25) for cultural, historical or aesthetical significance.

Gabby played with many of the great bands and musicians of his time, including Lena Machado and Ray Kinney.  He appeared on Hawaii Calls, a popular international radio show that began in the 1930s.  Eventually, Gabby moved his wife Emily and their children to Waimānalo, Oahu, which had become a popular second home location for many musicians. The all-weekend jam sessions at the Pahinui home were legendary.

Examples of his session work from the late 1950s through the 1960s can be found on the two volumes of Hawaiian Slack Key Guitar (Waikiki Records 319 and 320) and two more LPs titled Kani Ka Pila! Let's Play Music! Volumes 1 and 2 (Hula Records 517, 1966; Hula 531, 1969). These are combo recordings (steel guitar, slack key guitar, uke, bass, vocals, sometimes percussion) made with bandmates such as Atta, Barney, and Norman Isaacs, Charles Kaipo Miller, and a young Peter Moon, and they reflect the style of nightclub music popular around Waikīkī at the time.

A 1961 solo session organized by Hawaii-raised Dave Guard of the Kingston Trio features just Gabby, with bass and 'ukulele backing, doing some of his classic material, including new versions of three of his four 1946–47 tracks. No record company was interested in the material, however, and it was not released until 1978. The final package was Pure Gabby (Hula 567), a two-record set, one LP consisting of the music and the second of an interview conducted by Guard.

Despite his success, Gabby still had financial trouble.  He made ends meet by working for City and County of Honolulu road crews, doing pick and shovel work alongside fellow Hawaiian musician Eddie Kamae.

Later career

The Hawaiian Renaissance of the 1970s launched a cultural reawakening of all things Hawaiian. Gabby played a very important part in the rise of this Hawaiian Cultural Renaissance. First there were the albums recorded through the 1960s with the enormously popular and influential Sons of Hawaii, which he started with 'ukulele virtuoso Eddie Kamae: their self-titled debut album (Hula HS 503, 1961); Music of Old Hawai'i (Hula HS 506, 1964); and Folk Music of Hawai'i (Panini 1001, 1971).

Then, starting in 1972, he made four albums with what came to be called the "Gabby Band." The first album featured Gabby backed by four of his sons plus old friends Leland "Atta" Isaacs and bassist Manuel "Joe Gang" Kupahu, but the group eventually expanded to include Sonny Chillingworth, younger-generation players Peter Moon and Randy Lorenzo, and mainland admirer Ry Cooder. The albums are:

 Gabby (1972; often called "Brown Gabby" or "The Brown Album" because of its sepia cover photo)
 Rabbit Island Music Festival (1973)
 Gabby Pahinui Hawaiian Band, Vol 1 (1975)
 Gabby Pahinui Hawaiian Band, Vol 2 (1976)

Death and legacy

Gabby Pahinui died of a heart attack on October 13, 1980, aged 59.

The Honolulu Star Bulletin Newspaper reported after Pahinui's death that, "The thing about Gabby Pahinui ... was not only that he was an outstanding musician and entertainer, and a central figure – maybe THE central figure – of the Hawaiian Renaissance in the '70s, but that he was an inspiration to others. Thousands of Hawaiian kids learned that they were worthy as a people because of Gabby's example."

Gabby was mentioned in Israel Kamakawiwoʻole's famous performance of "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World" on his 1993 Facing Future album. In the opening moments of the song, Kamakawiwo'ole can be heard saying, "'Kay, this one's for Gabby."

Pahinui received the Hawai'i Academy of Recording Artists Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997. He received a second Hawai'i Academy of Recording Arts Lifetime Achievement Award in 2009 for his work as a member of the Sons of Hawaii.

Pahinui was inducted into the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame in 2002.

Gabby's children are active in the Hawaiian music scene, notably Cyril Pahinui, James "Bla" Pahinui and Martin Pahinui, all of whom played on the Gabby Band recordings and have since become professional musicians. (Philip, who played on the first two "Gabby Band" albums, chose not to pursue music professionally.)

Further reading
"Gabby Pahinui" [interview] in Da Kine Sound: Conversations with People who Create Hawaiian Music, ed. Burl Burlingame and Robert Kamohalu Kasher (1978, Press Pacifica)
Hawaiian Son, James D. Houston with Eddie Kamae (2004, `Ai Pōhaku Press)
The History of the Slack Key Guitar, CD booklet notes by Jay Junker, Harry B. Soria, Jr., and George Winston (1997, Hana Ola Records)

References

External links

1921 births
1980 deaths
Musicians from Honolulu
Native Hawaiian musicians
Slack-key guitarists
Hawaiian adoptees (hānai)
20th-century American guitarists
Steel guitarists
Guitarists from Hawaii
American male guitarists
20th-century American male musicians

Gabby Pahinui


Eli Danker (12 de octubre de 1948) es un actor Israelí que ha aparecido en numerosas películas y series de televisión. Eli Danker es padre del cantante, modelo y actor Ran Danker.

Hizo su debut profesional en la televisión en el programa de comedia Nikui Rosh, mientras que en el cine interpretó a Judas Iscariot en la película Jesús (1979). También participó en películas israelíes como Gabi Ben Yakar (1982) y B'Yom Bahir Ro'im et Dameshek (1983).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actores de Israel

Eli Danker


The small seal script (), or Qin script (, Qínzhuàn), is an archaic form of Chinese calligraphy. It was standardized and promulgated as a national standard by the government of Qin Shi Huang, founder of the Chinese Qin dynasty.

Name
Xiaozhuan, formerly romanized as Hsiao-chuan, is also known as the seal script or lesser seal script.

History
Before the Qin conquest of the six other major warring states of Zhou China, local styles of characters had evolved independently of one another for centuries, producing "Scripts of the Six States" (), all of which were included under the general term "great seal script."

However, under one unified government, the diversity was deemed undesirable as it hindered timely communication, trade, taxation, and transportation, and as independent scripts might be used to represent dissenting political ideas.

Hence, Emperor Qin Shi Huang mandated the systematic unification of weights, measures, currencies, etc., and the use of a standard writing script. Characters which were different from those found in Qin were discarded, and Qin's small seal characters became the standard for all regions within the empire. This policy became effective in around 220 BC, the year after Qin's unification of the Chinese states.

Standardization
The standardized use of small seal characters was promulgated via the Cangjiepian, a primer compiled by Qin Shi Huang's ministers. This compilation, stated to contain 3,300 characters, is no longer extant, and is known only through Chinese commentaries over the centuries. Several hundred characters from fragmented commentaries were collected during the Qing period, and recent archeological excavations in Anhui, China, have uncovered several hundred more on bamboo strips, showing the order of the characters. However, the script found was not the small seal script, as the discovery dates back to the Han period.

Unicode

The small seal script has been proposed for inclusion in Unicode. The 723-page proposal from 2015 lists much of the then-known examples of Qing dynasty commentary images. This topic remains under discussion by Unicode's working group as of April 2020.

See also
 Seal script
 Large seal script

References

External links
 Topical Document List: Seal Script, Unicode
 Lookup of seal script is available through some online dictionaries. See the KU libraries guide for examples.

Qin dynasty culture
Obsolete writing systems
Chinese script style
History of the Chinese script

Small seal script


Evil Never Dies es el álbum debut de la banda estadounidense de thrash metal Toxic Holocaust.

Lista de canciones

Álbumes debut de 2003
Álbumes de thrash metal
Álbumes en inglés

Evil Never Dies


Micii proiectanți este un film românesc din 1988 regizat de Tatiana Apahidean.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1988 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1988

Micii proiectanți


SETG ist die Abkürzung:
 Salzburger Eisenbahn- und Tramway-Gesellschaft, ehemalige österreichische Bahngesellschaft
 Salzburger Eisenbahn Transportlogistik, österreichisches Logistikunternehmen

Abkürzung

SETG


Lagardère may refer to:

 Lagardère Group, a French media group
 Jean-Luc Lagardère (1928–2003), French engineer and businessman and CEO of the Lagardère Group
 Arnaud Lagardère (born 1961), French businessman and son of Jean-Luc Lagardère
 Lagardère, Gers, a commune of the Gers département, France
Henri de Lagardère, a character created by Paul Féval
 Lagardère (film), a 2003 TV movie featuring the Paul Féval character

Lagardère


An Typhonium laoticum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni François Gagnepain. An Typhonium laoticum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Typhonium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Typhonium

Typhonium laoticum


ماورو إسبوزيتو  (مواليد 13 يونيو 1979 في توري دل غريكو - إيطاليا) لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى روما الإيطالي منذ 2007 في مركز الجناح .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أجنحة كرة قدم
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من توري دل غريكو
لاعبو أودينيزي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو بسكارا 1936
لاعبو روما
لاعبو كالياري
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم من كامبانيا
لاعبو كييفو فيرونا
لاعبو منتخب إيطاليا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي غروسيتو
مواليد 1979
مواليد في توري دل غريكو

ماورو إسبوزيتو


Jezgrin antigen proliferirajućih stanica odnosno proliferirajući stanični jezgreni antigen (eng. proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA) je bjelančevina koja je smještena u jezgri stanica u proliferaciji.

Jezgrin antigen proliferirajućih stanica je DNK stezaljka koja djeluje kao čimbenik procesivnosti DNK polimeraze δ u eukariotskim stanicama. Bitan je za replikaciju. PCNA je homotrimer i procesivnost doseže okruživanjem DNK, gdje radi kao skela radi novačenja bjelančevina uključenih u udvostručavanje DNK, popravak DNK, remodeliranje kromatina i epigenetskim zbivanjima.

Proliferirajući stanični jezgreni antigen se ne detektira u fazi staničnog ciklusa G0, raste kroz fazu G1 i najveću koncentraciju doseže u njenoj kasnoj fazi i u fazi sinteze, a tijekom faze G2 i mitozi (M) opada.

Na 20. kromosomu je gen za PCNA. Funkcija u jezgri mu je biti kofaktor za DNK-polimerazu-delta. Kod sisavaca PCNA održava točnost udvostručavanja DNK.

Meningeome se može grupirati prema udjelu PCNA+ stanica. Histološki stupanj i kliničkopatološke skupine meningeoma se može statistički povezati s izražajem PCNA. Izražaj PCNA nije povezan s povećanom celularnošću. Izraženost PCNA statistički je značajno povezana s brojem mitoza.

Na PCNA djeluje gen p53. Gen p53 je čuvar genoma. Ovo je gen supresije tumora. Bjelančevinski proizvod gena p53 je fosfoprotein. Veže se za jezgrinu DNK te potiče prepisivanje ciljnih gena, aktivira gene p21, GADD45, Ciklin G1, MDM2, Bax, Fas, a ostale gene nužne za staničnu diobu koči, poput proliferirajućeg staničnog jezgrenog gena, Rb, MDR (gena za višestruku otpornost stanica), Bcl2 i dr.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
8. Hrvatski biološki kongres, Zbornik sažetaka, Hrvatsko biološko društvo

Stanična biologija


Rune Arnold Georg "Bom-Bom" Johansson (* 23. August 1920 in Stockholm; † 30. Dezember 1998 ebenda) war ein schwedischer Eishockeyspieler.

Karriere
Rune Johansson begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler beim AIK Solna, für dessen Profimannschaft er zwischen 1940 und 1945 in der Division 1, der damals höchsten schwedischen Spielklasse, aktiv war. Anschließend spielte er von 1945 bis 1954 für dessen Ligarivalen Hammarby IF. Mit Hammarby gewann er 1951 den nationalen Meistertitel.

International
Für Schweden nahm Johansson an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1948 in St. Moritz und 1952 in Oslo teil. Bei den Winterspielen 1952 gewann er mit seiner Mannschaft die Bronzemedaille. Als bestes europäisches Team wurde Schweden zudem Europameister. Zudem stand er im Aufgebot seines Landes bei der Weltmeisterschaft 1953. Bei der WM 1953 gewann er mit Schweden die Goldmedaille und wurde ebenfalls mit seinem Land Europameister.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1951 Schwedischer Meister mit Hammarby IF
 1952 Bronzemedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen
 1953 Goldmedaille bei der Weltmeisterschaft

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Schweden)
Eishockeyspieler (AIK Solna)
Eishockeyspieler (Hammarby IF)
Olympiateilnehmer (Schweden)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1948
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1952
Weltmeister (Eishockey)
Europameister (Eishockey)
Schwedischer Meister (Eishockey)
Geboren 1920
Gestorben 1998
Mann
Schwede

Rune Johansson


Instinkt er en dansk kortfilm fra 2006 instrueret af Roni Ezra.

Handling
Drevet af sine instinkter vender Morten tilbage til stedet, hvor alt blev ændret.

Medvirkende
 Ken Vedsegaard, Morten
 Kaya Brüel, Anna
 Kurt Ravn, Albert

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2006

Instinkt (film)


فيركني بيتريفتسي (Верхні Петрівці) هي مدينة في مقاطعة تشيرنيفيتسكا في أوكرانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 3669   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا

فيركني بيتريفتسي (تشيرنيفيتسكا)


Chris Sean Robinson (nacido el  en Columbus, Georgia) es un exjugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó dos temporadas en la NBA, además de jugar en Venezuela, en Bélgica y en diversas ligas menores de su país. Con 1,96 metros de estatura, lo hacía en la posición de escolta.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante cuatro temporadas con los Hilltoppers de la Universidad de Kentucky Occidental, en las que promedió 13,8 puntos, 5,5 rebotes y 1,9 asistencias por partido. Fue incluido en el mejor quinteto de la Sun Belt Conference en sus tres últimas temporadas, y elegido Jugador del Año en 1995.

Profesional
Fue elegido en la quincuagésimo primera posición del Draft de la NBA de 1996 por Vancouver Grizzlies, donde en su primera temporada promedió 4,6 puntos y 1,7 rebotes por partido. Mediada la temporada siguiente fue traspasado junto con Otis Thorpe a Sacramento Kings a cambio de Bobby Hurley y  Michael Smith.

En los Kings jugó 19 partidos, en los que promedió 5,7 puntos y 1,7 rebotes. Al término de la temporada, el equipo renunció a sus derechos, marchándose a jugar a la CBA, donde militó en los Sioux Falls Skyforce y los La Crosse Bobcats, para posteriormente jugar en los Gaiteros del Zulia de la liga venezolana.

En 2001 fichó por los North Charleston Lowgators de la recién creada NBA D-League, donde promedió 9,2 puntos y 2,8 rebotes por partido, para posteriormente pasar a las filas de los Huntsville Flight. En 2002 jugó una temporada en el RBC Verviers-Pepinster de la liga belga, regreando al año siguiente a su país, terminando su carrera deportiba en la ABA.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de Robinson en NBA.com
 Ficha de Chris Robinson en ultimatenba.com
 Estadísticas en la NCAA

Baloncestistas de Georgia (Estados Unidos)
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Western Kentucky Hilltoppers
Baloncestistas de los Vancouver Grizzlies
Baloncestistas de los Sacramento Kings
Baloncestistas de los Sioux Falls Skyforce
Baloncestistas de los La Crosse Bobcats
Baloncestistas de los Charleston Lowgators
Baloncestistas de los Huntsville Flight
Baloncestistas del RBC Verviers-Pepinster
Baloncestistas de los Gaiteros del Zulia
Nacidos en Columbus (Georgia)

Chris Robinson (baloncestista)


Istarski mozaik je bio puljski časopis Matice hrvatske za kulturu, književnost i društv. pitanja Istre.

Povijest

Naziv je dobio prema programu da se Istra prikaže mozaično, tj. sa svim njezinim duhovnim i materijalnim vrijednostima.

Izlazio je od 1963. do 1974. godine. Iako je ideja o njegovu pokretanju postojala još 1951 (Tone Peruško, Josip Bratulić i Vinko Antić), pokrenut je 1963. na inicijativu Kulturno-prosvjetne zajednice i Društva za književnost i umjetnost Istre u Puli, tj. kult. i javnih djelatnika Pule. Jedan od osnivača je Stjepan Ivezić.

Do 1964. izdavalo ga je Društvo za književnost i umjetnost Istre, 1965–71. Ogranak Matice hrvatske u Puli, potom od 1972. NIP »Glas Istre« u Puli. Izašao je 41 svezak (58 brojeva) na 4798 str. Nije izlazio redovito, a godišnje je varirao između 4 i 6 svezaka, osim 1974., kada je tiskan samo jedan broj. Tijekom izlaženja mijenjali su se visina naklade te grafičke i tehničke opreme. Od br. 3/1974. nastavio je izlaziti pod novim naslovom Istra, za koji se vezuje godinom i brojem.

Prilozi, teme, jezik

Priloge su objavljivali mnogi istaknuti književnici, povjesničari, lik. umjetnici te kulturno-prosvj. i javni djelatnici. Tiskane su bile i studije i rasprave iz demografije, politike, regionalnoga gospodarstva, javne uprave, odgoja i obrazovanja, etnologije i etnografije, medicine, rudarstva i prometa, poljodjelstva, stočarstva i šumarstva, industrije, trgovine i prometa, prostornoga planiranja i arhitekture, lik. umjetnosti, filma, glazbe, kazališta i športa, hrvatskog jezika, arheologije i povijesti te mnogobrojni osvrti i prikazi, dokumenti, ankete, razgovori, bilješke i informacije. Premda je temeljno opredjeljenje časopisa bilo objavljivanje priloga o Istri iz pera autora iz Istre, odnosno Hrvatske, s manjim su udjelom bile zastupljene i srpska, slovenska i makedonska te njemačka, talijanka, talijanska književnost u Istri, te češke, bugarska, i albanska književnost. Istarski mozaik potaknuo je stvaranje i objavljivanje istarske čakavske dijalektalne književnosti. Zaživio je na prostoru na kojem prije njega i osim njega nije bilo srodnoga časopisa, tj. bez tradicije, konkurencije i znatne potpore. Iz anonimnosti je izvukao kulturu toga dijela Hrvatske i kontinuirano pratio stanje u kulturi Istre, održavši razinu kvalitete tadašnjih istovrsnih hrvatskih časopisa.

Urednici i uredništvo

Preko godina izlaženja Istarski mozaik imao je sljedeće urednike:
 Marijan Grakalić 1963–66.
 Miroslav Bertoša 1967–68.
 Miroslav Sinčić 1969–74.

U sjeni odgovornih djelovao je T. Peruško, iskusan publicist, čije su stavove i mišljenja svi uvažavali.

Članovi uredništva bili su:

 J. Percan
 Tatjana Arambašin Slišković
 V. Božac
 B. Barjaktarević
 Ljubica Ivezić
 M. Bizjak
 Miroslav Bertoša
 I. Borovečki
 Herman Buršić
 A. Crnobori
 V. Jurcan
 T. Peruško
 Milan Šebelić
 Stjepan Vukušić
 Tugomil Ujčić
 M. Sinčić
 V. Krizmanić
 Ive Siljan
 K. Grgić
 A. Debeljuh
 E. Matikio
 Mario Mikolić
 R. Percan
 M. Racan
 Ivan Rudan

Vrela

Tiskani mediji Matice hrvatske
Puljski tisak
Hrvatski književni časopisi

Istarski mozaik


Paul Marie Alfred Lebeau () a fost un chimist francez. A studiat la Școala municipală de fizică și de chimie industrială a orașului Paris (ESPCI). Împreună cu directorul farmacist Henri Moissan a lucrat la chimia fluorului descoperind mai mulți compuși noi, cum ar fi trifluorura de brom, difluorura de oxigen, tetrafluorura de seleniu și hexafluorura de sulf.

În 1899 a reușit să obțină beriliul pur prin electroliza fluoroberilatului de sodiu (Na2[BeF2]).

În Primul Război Mondial a îmbunătățit masca de gaze folosită de către Armata Franceză.

Cărți
 Traité de pharmacie chimique, Masson, 1954
 Les hautes températures et leurs utilisations en chimie, Masson, 1950

Referințe

Nașteri în 1868
Decese în 1959
Comandori ai Legiunii de onoare
Chimiști francezi
Membri ai Academiei Franceze de Științe

Paul Lebeau


An Ampelocalamus saxatilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Chi Ju Hsueh ngan Tong Pei Yi, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Chi Ju Hsueh och Tong Pei Yi. An Ampelocalamus saxatilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ampelocalamus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ampelocalamus

Ampelocalamus saxatilis


The aldol reaction (aldol addition) is a reaction that combines two carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) to form a new β-hydroxy carbonyl compound.

These products are known as aldols, from the aldehyde + alcohol, a structural motif seen in many of the products. The use of aldehyde in the name comes from its discovery history, where aldehydes were first used in the reaction and not ketones.

Aldol structural units are found in many important molecules, whether naturally occurring or synthetic. The aldol reaction is a common means of forming carbon–carbon bonds in organic chemistry.

The reaction is used in several industrial syntheses, notably of pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, the plasticizer 2-ethylhexanol, and the drug Lipitor (atorvastatin, calcium salt).  For many of the commodity applications, the stereochemistry of the aldol reaction is unimportant, but the topic is of intense interest for the synthesis of many specialty chemicals.

Stereochemistry
The aldol reaction unites two relatively simple molecules into a more complex one. Increased complexity arises because up to two new stereogenic centers (on the α- and β-carbon of the aldol adduct, marked with asterisks in the scheme below) are formed. Modern methodology is capable of not only allowing aldol reactions to proceed in high yield but also controlling both the relative and absolute configuration of these stereocenters.  This ability to selectively synthesize a particular stereoisomer is significant because stereoisomers can have distinctive chemical and biological properties.

For example, stereogenic aldol units are especially common in polyketides, a class of molecules found in biological organisms. In nature, polyketides are synthesized by enzymes that effect iterative Claisen condensations. The 1,3-dicarbonyl products of these reactions can then be variously derivatized to produce a wide variety of interesting structures. Often, such derivitization involves the reduction of one of the carbonyl groups, producing the aldol subunit. Some of these structures have potent biological properties: the immunosuppressant FK506, the anti-tumor agent discodermolide, or the antifungal agent amphotericin B, for example. Although the synthesis of many such compounds was once considered nearly impossible, aldol methodology has allowed their efficient synthesis in many cases.

A typical modern aldol addition reaction, shown above at the top, might involve the nucleophilic addition of a ketone enolate to an aldehyde. Once formed, the aldol product can sometimes lose a molecule of water to form an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound. This is called aldol condensation. A variety of nucleophiles may be employed in the aldol reaction, including the enols, enolates, and enol ethers of ketones, aldehydes, and many other carbonyl compounds. The electrophilic partner is usually an aldehyde or ketone (many variations, such as the Mannich reaction, exist). When the nucleophile and electrophile are different, the reaction is called a crossed aldol reaction; on the converse, when the nucleophile and electrophile are the same, the reaction is called an aldol dimerization.

Mechanisms
The aldol reaction may proceed by two distinct mechanisms. Carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes and ketones, can be converted to enols or enol ethers. These species, being nucleophilic at the α-carbon, can attack especially reactive protonated carbonyls such as protonated aldehydes. This is the 'enol mechanism'. Carbonyl compounds, being carbon acids, can also be deprotonated to form enolates, which are much more nucleophilic than enols or enol ethers and can attack electrophiles directly. The usual electrophile is an aldehyde, since ketones are much less reactive. This is the 'enolate mechanism'.

Despite the attractiveness of the aldol manifold, there are several problems that need to be addressed to render the process catalytic and effective. The first problem is a thermodynamic one: most aldol reactions are reversible. Furthermore, the equilibrium is also just barely on the side of the products in the case of simple aldehyde–ketone aldol reactions. If the conditions are particularly harsh (e.g.: NaOMe/MeOH/reflux), condensation may occur, but this can usually be avoided with mild reagents and low temperatures (e.g., LDA (a strong base), THF, −78 °C). Although the aldol addition usually proceeds to near completion under irreversible conditions, the isolated aldol adducts are sensitive to base-induced retro-aldol cleavage to return starting materials. In contrast, retro-aldol condensations are rare, but possible. This is the basis of the catalytic strategy of class I aldolases in nature, as well as numerous small-molecule amine catalysts.

Enolate mechanism
If the catalyst is a moderate base such as hydroxide ion or an alkoxide, the aldol reaction occurs via nucleophilic attack by the resonance-stabilized enolate on the carbonyl group of another molecule. The product is the alkoxide salt of the aldol product. The aldol itself is then formed, and it may then undergo dehydration to give the unsaturated carbonyl compound. The scheme shows a simple mechanism for the base-catalyzed aldol reaction of an aldehyde with itself.

Base-catalyzed aldol reaction

Although only a catalytic amount of base is required in some cases, the more usual procedure is to use a stoichiometric amount of a strong base such as LDA or NaHMDS. In this case, enolate formation is irreversible, and the aldol product is not formed until the metal alkoxide of the aldol product is protonated in a separate workup step.

Enol mechanism
When an acid catalyst is used, the initial step in the reaction mechanism involves acid-catalyzed tautomerization of the carbonyl compound to the enol. The acid also serves to activate the carbonyl group of another molecule by protonation, rendering it highly electrophilic. The enol is nucleophilic at the α-carbon, allowing it to attack the protonated carbonyl compound, leading to the aldol after deprotonation. Some may also dehydrate past the intended product to give the unsaturated carbonyl compound through aldol condensation.

Acid-catalyzed aldol mechanism

Zimmerman–Traxler model
More refined forms of the mechanism are known. In 1957, Howard Zimmerman and Marjorie D. Traxler proposed that some aldol reactions have "six-membered transition states having a chair conformation." This is now known as the Zimmerman–Traxler model. E-enolates give rise to anti products, whereas Z-enolates give rise to syn products. The factors that control selectivity are the preference for placing substituents equatorially in six-membered transition states and the avoidance of syn-pentane interactions, respectively. E and Z refer to the cis-trans stereochemical relationship between the enolate oxygen bearing the positive counterion and the highest priority group on the alpha carbon. In reality, only some metals such as lithium reliably follow the Zimmerman–Traxler model. Thus, in some cases, the stereochemical outcome of the reaction may be unpredictable.

Crossed-aldol reactant control

When a mixture of unsymmetrical ketones are reacted, four crossed-aldol (addition) products can be anticipated:

Thus, if one wishes to obtain only one of the cross-products, one must control which carbonyl becomes the nucleophilic enol/enolate and which remains in its electrophilic carbonyl form. The simplest control is if only one of the reactants has acidic protons, and only this molecule forms the enolate. For example, the addition of diethyl malonate into benzaldehyde produces only one product:

If one group is considerably more acidic than the other, the most acidic proton is abstracted by the base and an enolate is formed at that carbonyl while the carbonyl that is less acidic is not affected by the base. This type of control works only if the difference in acidity is large enough and no excess of base is used for the reaction. A typical substrate for this situation is when the deprotonatable position is activated by more than one carbonyl-like group. Common examples include a CH2 group flanked by two carbonyls or nitriles (see for example the Knoevenagel condensation and the first steps of the malonic ester synthesis and acetoacetic ester synthesis).

One common solution is to form the enolate of one partner first, and then add the other partner under kinetic control. Kinetic control means that the forward aldol addition reaction must be significantly faster than the reverse retro-aldol reaction. For this approach to succeed, two other conditions must also be satisfied; it must be possible to quantitatively form the enolate of one partner, and the forward aldol reaction must be significantly faster than the transfer of the enolate from one partner to another. Common kinetic control conditions involve the formation of the enolate of a ketone with LDA at −78 °C, followed by the slow addition of an aldehyde.

Stereoselectivity
The aldol reaction is particularly useful because two new stereogenic centers are generated in one reaction.  The syn/anti convention is commonly used to denote the relative stereochemistry at the α- and β-carbon.

The convention applies when propionate (or higher order) nucleophiles are added to aldehydes. The R group of the ketone and the R group of the aldehyde are aligned in a "zig zag" pattern in the plane of the paper (or screen), and the disposition of the formed stereocenters is deemed syn or anti, depending if they are on the same or opposite sides of the main chain.

Older papers use the erythro/threo nomenclature familiar from saccharide chemistry.

Enolate geometry
There is no significant difference between the level of stereoinduction observed with E and Z enolates. Each alkene geometry leads primarily to one specific relative stereochemistry in the product, E giving anti and Z giving syn:

Metal ion
The enolate metal cation may play a large role in determining the level of stereoselectivity in the aldol reaction. Boron is often used because its bond lengths are significantly shorter than that of metals such as lithium, aluminium, or magnesium.

For example, boron–carbon and boron–oxygen bonds are 1.4–1.5 Å and 1.5–1.6 Å in length, respectively, whereas typical metal-carbon and metal-oxygen bonds are 1.9–2.2 Å and 2.0–2.2 Å in length, respectively. The use of boron rather than a metal "tightens" the transition state and gives greater stereoselectivity in the reaction. Thus the above reaction gives a syn:anti ratio of 80:20 using a lithium enolate compared to 97:3 using a bibutylboron enolate.

Alpha stereocenter on the enolate
The aldol reaction may exhibit "substrate-based stereocontrol", in which existing chirality on either reactant influences the stereochemical outcome of the reaction. This has been extensively studied, and in many cases, one can predict the sense of asymmetric induction, if not the absolute level of diastereoselectivity. If the enolate contains a stereocenter in the alpha position, excellent stereocontrol may be realized.

In the case of an E enolate, the dominant control element is allylic 1,3-strain whereas in the case of a Z enolate, the dominant control element is the avoidance of 1,3-diaxial interactions. The general model is presented below:

For clarity, the stereocenter on the enolate has been epimerized; in reality, the opposite diastereoface of the aldehyde would have been attacked. In both cases, the 1,3-syn diastereomer is favored. There are many examples of this type of stereocontrol:

Alpha stereocenter on the electrophile
When enolates attacks aldehydes with an alpha stereocenter, excellent stereocontrol is also possible. The general observation is that E enolates exhibit Felkin diastereoface selection, while Z enolates exhibit anti-Felkin selectivity. The general model is presented below:

Since Z enolates must react through a transition state that contains either a destabilizing syn-pentane interaction or an anti-Felkin rotamer, Z-enolates exhibit lower levels of diastereoselectivity in this case. Some examples are presented below:

Unified model of stereoinduction
If both the enolate and the aldehyde contain pre-existing chirality, then the outcome of the "double stereodifferentiating" aldol reaction may be predicted using a merged stereochemical model that takes into account the enolate facial bias, enolate geometry, and aldehyde facial bias. Several examples of the application of this model are given below:

Evans' oxazolidinone chemistry
A widely used method is the Evans' acyl oxazolidinone method.Gage J. R.; Evans D. A., Diastereoselective Aldol Condensation Using A Chiral Oxazolidinone Auxiliary: (2S*,3S*)-3-Hydroxy-3-Phenyl-2-Methylpropanoic Acid , Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 8, p.339 (1993); Vol. 68, p.83 (1990). Developed in the late 1970s and 1980s by David A. Evans and coworkers, the method works by temporarily creating a chiral enolate by appending a chiral auxiliary. The pre-existing chirality from the auxiliary is then transferred to the aldol adduct by performing a diastereoselective aldol reaction. Upon subsequent removal of the auxiliary, the desired aldol stereoisomer is revealed.

In the case of the Evans' method, the chiral auxiliary appended is an oxazolidinone, and the resulting carbonyl compound is an imide. A number of oxazolidinones are now readily available in both enantiomeric forms. They are relatively expensive. However, enantiopure oxazolidinones are derived in 2 synthetic steps from comparatively inexpensive amino acids, which means that large-scale syntheses can be made more economical by in-house preparation. This usually involves borohydride mediated reduction of the acid moiety, followed by condensation/cyclisation of the resulting amino alcohol with a simple carbonate ester such as diethylcarbonate.

The acylation of an oxazolidinone is a convenient procedure, and is informally referred to as "loading done". Z-enolates, leading to syn-aldol adducts, can be reliably formed using boron-mediated soft enolization:

Often, a single diastereomer may be obtained by one crystallization of the aldol adduct. However, anti-aldol adducts cannot be obtained reliably with the Evans method. Despite the cost and the limitation to give only syn adducts, the method's superior reliability, ease of use, and versatility render it the method of choice in many situations. Many methods are available for the cleavage of the auxiliary:

Upon construction of the imide, both syn- and anti-selective aldol addition reactions may be performed, allowing the assemblage of three of the four possible stereoarrays: syn selective: and anti selective:

In the syn-selective reactions, both enolization methods give the Z enolate, as expected; however, the stereochemical outcome of the reaction is controlled by the methyl stereocenter, rather than the chirality of the oxazolidinone. The methods described allow the stereoselective assembly of polyketides, a class of natural products that often feature the aldol retron.

Variations and methods
Acetate aldol reactions
A key limitation to the chiral auxiliary approach described previously is the failure of N-acetyl imides to react selectively. An early approach was to use a temporary thioether group:In this reaction the nucleophile is a boron enolate derived from reaction with dibutylboron triflate (nBu2BOTf), the base is N,N-diisopropylethylamine. The thioether is removed in step 2 by Raney Nickel / hydrogen reduction

Mukaiyama aldol reaction

The Mukaiyama aldol reaction is the nucleophilic addition of silyl enol ethers to aldehydes catalyzed by a Lewis acid such as boron trifluoride (as boron trifluoride etherate) or titanium tetrachloride.3-Hydroxy-3-Methyl-1-Phenyl-1-Butanone by Crossed Aldol Reaction Teruaki Mukaiyama and Koichi Narasaka Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 8, p.323 (1993); Vol. 65, p.6 (1987) The Mukaiyama aldol reaction does not follow the Zimmerman-Traxler model. Carreira has described particularly useful asymmetric methodology with silyl ketene acetals, noteworthy for its high levels of enantioselectivity and wide substrate scope.

The method works on unbranched aliphatic aldehydes, which are often poor electrophiles for catalytic, asymmetric processes. This may be due to poor electronic and steric differentiation between their enantiofaces.

The analogous vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol process can also be rendered catalytic and asymmetric. The example shown below works efficiently for aromatic (but not aliphatic) aldehydes and the mechanism is believed to involve a chiral, metal-bound dienolate.

Crimmins thiazolidinethione aldol
In the Crimmins thiazolidinethione''' approach
a thiazolidinethione performs acetate aldol reactions. and can produce the "Evans syn" or "non-Evans syn" adducts by simply varying the amount of (−)-sparteine. The reaction is believed to proceed via six-membered, titanium-bound transition states, analogous to the proposed transition states for the Evans auxiliary. NOTE: the structure of sparteine shown below is missing a N atom.

Organocatalysis
Chiral secondary amine catalysts catalyze some aldol reactions. These secondary amines form transient enamines when exposed to ketones, which may react enantioselectively with suitable aldehyde electrophiles. The amine reacts with the carbonyl to form an enamine, the enamine acts as an enol-like nucleophile, and then the amine is released from the product all—the amine itself is a catalyst. This enamine catalysis method is a type of organocatalysis, since the catalyst is entirely based on a small organic molecule. In a seminal example, proline efficiently catalyzed the cyclization of a triketone:

This reaction is known as the Hajos-Parrish reaction (also known as the Hajos-Parrish-Eder-Sauer-Wiechert reaction, referring to a contemporaneous report from Schering of the reaction under harsher conditions). Under the Hajos-Parrish conditions only a catalytic amount of proline is necessary (3 mol%). There is no danger of an achiral background reaction because the transient enamine intermediates are much more nucleophilic than their parent ketone enols. This strategy offers a simple way of generating enantioselectivity in reactions without using transition metals, which have the possible disadvantages of being toxic or expensive.

Proline-catalyzed aldol reactions do not show any non-linear effects (the enantioselectivity of the products is directly proportional to the enantiopurity of the catalyst). Combined with isotopic labelling evidence and computational studies, the proposed reaction mechanism for proline-catalyzed aldol reactions is as follows:

This strategy allows the otherwise challenging cross-aldol reaction between two aldehydes. In general, cross-aldol reactions between aldehydes are typically challenging because they can polymerize easily or react unselectively to give a statistical mixture of products. The first example is shown below:

In contrast to the preference for syn adducts typically observed in enolate-based aldol additions, these organocatalyzed aldol additions are anti-selective. In many cases, the organocatalytic conditions are mild enough to avoid polymerization. However, selectivity requires the slow syringe-pump controlled addition of the desired electrophilic partner because both reacting partners typically have enolizable protons. If one aldehyde has no enolizable protons or alpha- or beta-branching, additional control can be achieved.

An elegant demonstration of the power of asymmetric organocatalytic aldol reactions was disclosed by MacMillan and coworkers in 2004 in their synthesis of differentially protected carbohydrates. While traditional synthetic methods accomplish the synthesis of hexoses using variations of iterative protection-deprotection strategies, requiring 8–14 steps, organocatalysis can access many of the same substrates using an efficient two-step protocol involving the proline-catalyzed dimerization of alpha-oxyaldehydes followed by tandem Mukaiyama aldol cyclization.

The aldol dimerization of alpha-oxyaldehydes requires that the aldol adduct, itself an aldehyde, be inert to further aldol reactions.
Earlier studies revealed that aldehydes bearing alpha-alkyloxy or alpha-silyloxy substituents were suitable for this reaction, while aldehydes bearing Electron-withdrawing groups such as acetoxy were unreactive. The protected erythrose product could then be converted to four possible sugars via Mukaiyama aldol addition followed by lactol formation. This requires appropriate diastereocontrol in the Mukaiyama aldol addition and the product silyloxycarbenium ion to preferentially cyclize, rather than undergo further aldol reaction. In the end, glucose, mannose, and allose were synthesized:

"Direct" aldol additions
In the usual aldol addition, a carbonyl compound is deprotonated to form the enolate. The enolate is added to an aldehyde or ketone, which forms an alkoxide, which is then protonated on workup. A superior method, in principle, would avoid the requirement for a multistep sequence in favor of a "direct" reaction that could be done in a single process step. One idea is to generate the enolate using a metal catalyst that is released after the aldol addition mechanism. The general problem is that the addition generates an alkoxide, which is much more basic than the starting materials. This product binds tightly to the metal, preventing it from reacting with additional carbonyl reactants.

One approach, demonstrated by Evans, is to silylate the aldol adduct. A silicon reagent such as TMSCl is added in the reaction, which replaces the metal on the alkoxide, allowing turnover of the metal catalyst. Minimizing the number of reaction steps and amount of reactive chemicals used leads to a cost-effective and industrially useful reaction.

Biological aldol reactions
Examples of aldol reactions in biochemistry include the splitting of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the fourth stage of glycolysis, which is an example of a reverse ("retro") aldol reaction catalyzed by the enzyme aldolase A (also known as fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase).

In the glyoxylate cycle of plants and some prokaryotes, isocitrate lyase produces glyoxylate and succinate from isocitrate.  Following deprotonation of the OH group, isocitrate lyase cleaves isocitrate into the four-carbon succinate and the two-carbon glyoxylate by an aldol cleavage reaction. This cleavage is similar mechanistically to the aldolase A reaction of glycolysis.

History
The aldol reaction was discovered independently by the Russian chemist (and Romantic composer) Alexander Borodin in 1869 and by the French chemist Charles-Adolphe Wurtz in 1872, which originally used aldehydes to perform the reaction.

See also

 Aldol–Tishchenko reaction
 Baylis–Hillman reaction
 Ivanov reaction
 Reformatsky reaction
 Claisen-Schmidt condensation

 Notes

References

External links
 Chem 206, 215 Lecture Notes (2003, 2006) by D. A. Evans, A. G. Myers, et al.'', Harvard University (pp. 345, 936)

Addition reactions
Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions

Aldol reaction


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මූලික සංකේත
මුල් කාලීන කරිස  ස්තියානි පල්ලිය විසින් මූලික සංකේත බහුල ලෙස භාවිත කරන ලදී. ජලය කිතුනුවන්ට විශේෂ සංකේතාත්මක වැදගත්කමක් දැරීය. බෞතීස්මයට අමතරව ජලය යනු පිරිසිදු කිරීම හෝ පාරිශුද්ධභාවය හඟවන්නක් විය. ගින්න, විශේෂයෙන්ම ඉටිපහන් දැල්ල, ශුද්ධාත්මය සහ ආලෝකය සංකේතවත් කළේය. මෙම සංකේත වල මූලයෝ බයිබලයෙන් පැමිණි ඒවාය. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස අග්නි ජිහ්ව යන්න පෙන්තකොස්ත ශුද්ධාත්මයන් වහන්සේව සංකේතවත් කරන අතර අනුගාමිකයෝ ආලෝකය පසුපස යන්නෝ ලෙස සැලකීම් හෝ දෙවියන් ගින්න අනුභව කරයි වැනි වදන් පෙළ හෙබ්රෙතව් 12 හි හමුවේ.
මත්ස්යතයා
Main article: Ichthys
මුල් කාලීන කරින  ස්තියානි සංකේත අතර මත්ස්යියා ට වැදගත් තැනක් හිමිවේ. සොහොන්කොත් වැනි ස්මාරක වල මුල් කාලීන කරි්  ස්තියානියට සමීප වූ මත්ස්යද සලකුනු දැකිය හැක. දෙවන සියවසේ පළමුවන දශකයේ පමණ මත්ස්යලයා කරිව  ස්තියානි සංකේතයක් ලෙස භාවිත විය. මත්ස්යකයා විසින් උත්ථානයෙන් පසු ගලීල මුහුදු වෙරළෙහි අනුගාමිකයෝ සත් දෙනාහට භෝජන පිණිස හාස්කමකින් පාන් සහ මසුන් ගුණනය වීම සංකේතවත් කරනු ලැබීයැයි සිතිය හැක.
සොහොන් පින්තාරු
මුල් කාලයේ සිටම කිතුනුවෝ තම උමං සොහොන් ජේසුස් වහන්සේ ගේ ශාන්තුවරයන්ගේ හා බයිබල් සිදුවීම් වල චිතර ෙම වලින් පින්තාරු කළෝය. උමං සොහොන් සියලූ කිතුනු කලාවන්ගේ තොටිල්ලයි. මුල් කිතුනුවන්ට පරරු තිමා හෝ රූප පිළිබඳ කිසිදු පරජන ශ්නයක් නොතිබුණු බව සෑම කිතුනු පුරාවිoHd සිසුවකුම පාහේ පරලය කාශ කරයි. පළමු සියවසේ සිට පැමිණෙන පරහො තිමා මේ මතය සනාථ කරයි පළමු සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේ සිට මහා කොන්ස්ටැන්ටින් දක්වා වූ කාලයේ ඔවුන් සිය මලවුන් වලදමා භුගත කුටීර වල චාරිතරන්  ඉටුකළෝ ය. කිතුනු සොහොන්බිම් පාම් ගස්, මොනරු, යහපත් එඬේරා ලෙස  හෝ ශාන්තුවර අතර හිඳගෙන සිටින යේසු තුමන් ගේ චිතරකාල වලින් අලංකරනය කර තිබේ. ඇතැම් විට නව තෙස්තමේන්තුවේ සිදුවීම් ද මේ අතර දැකිය හැක. අනෙකුත් කිතුනු සංකේත අතර ශුද්ධාත්මයන් සංකේතවත් කරන පරෙවියා, කිර් ්ස්තුස් වහන්සේ ගේ පරිත්යාිගය සංකේතවත් කරන බිලිදීමට නියමිත කොටළුවා, වයින් සහ තවත් බොහෝ දැ ඇත. මේ සියල්ල නව තෙස්තමේන්තුවෙන් උකහා ගත් සංකේත වේ.

කුරුසිය සහ කුරුසි සුරුවම

 කුරුසි සුරුවම හෙවත් සිරුරක් රැඳි කුරුසිය මෙය ඇන්ග්ලිකන් වාදයේ ලූතර්වාදයේ හා රෝමානු කතෝලsක සමයේ සංකේතයක් ලෙස භාවිත වුවද කුරුසය පමණක් භාවිත කරන ප්රො තෙස්තාන්තිකයන්ගෙන් වෙනස් වේ.
අද ලොව බහුලතම සංකේත වලින් එකක් වන කුරුසිය මුල් කාලයේ සිටම කිතුනුවෝ භාවිත කළෝය. තුන්වන සියවස අවසානයේ හෝ හතරවන සියවස මුල් භාගයේ පමණ මිනුෂියස් ෆිලික්ස් විසින් රචිත ඔක්ටේවියස් හි කිතුනු විරෝධී තර්ක වලින් මෙය සඳහන් වේ. එයට අනුව 211 ත් 216 ත් අතර මියගිය ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩිර ොවයායේ ක්ලෙමන්ට් කිසිදු චකිතයකින් හෝ බියකින් තොරව කුරුසිය හැඳින්වීමට දෙවියන්ගේ සංකේතය යන්න භාවිත කළ අතර එමගින් එය ජේසුස් වහන්සේ සමග එකල පවා සමීපව පැවති බව පැහැදිලි වේ.
යුදෙව් විශ්වකෝෂය මෙසේ සඳහන් කරයි.
"කිතුනු සංකේතය හෝ මුද්රාිව ලෙස කුරුසිය භාවිතය දෙවන සියවස තරම් ඈතකදී ආරම්භ විය. එසේම නලලේ සහ උරසේ කුරුසය සනිටුහන් කර ගැනීම යක්ෂබලවේගයන්ට එරෙහි ආරක්ෂාවක් ලෙස සැළකුණි. දෙවන සියවස තරම් ඉහතදී පවා කුරුසිය වන්දනාමාන කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා ලැබූ දේවගැතිවරු පිලිබඳව මිනුෂියස් ෆිලික්ස් ගේ ඔක්ටේවියා හා ටේටුලියන් ගේ ඇපොලොජියා වැනි කෘති වල සඳහන් වේ. කිතුණුවෝ කුරුසියේ බලය මත දිවුරීමට පුරුදුව සිටිති".
කුරුසිය මුල්කාලීන කිතුනුවෝ පටන් භාවිත කළද කුරුසි සුරුවම පස්වන සියවස දක්වාම භාවිත නොවුනි.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_symbolism#Early_Christian_symbols

ආදියෙහි ක්‍රිස්තියානි සංකේත


(« Étincelle » ou « Jeune fille » en français) est une chanson bretonne interprétée en breton sur une musique électro par le groupe Alvan & Ahez, écrite par Marine Lavigne et composée par Alexis Morvan-Rosius en 2021.

Elle est sélectionnée pour représenter la France au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022, à l'issue de l'émission Eurovision France, c'est vous qui décidez !, diffusée le .

Histoire

La chanson naît de la rencontre d'Ahez, un trio féminin chantant en breton et d'Alvan, un artiste électro rennais durant l'été 2021. Le mot breton  signifie à la fois « étincelle » et « jolie fille ». C'est un mot parfois perçu comme péjoratif et sexiste pour qualifier des femmes de « fille légère ».

Les paroles se veulent féministes et défendent l'émancipation des femmes. L'histoire s'inspire d'une légende bretonne, Katel Kollet, qui serait née près de Landerneau dans le pays de Léon (Finistère). La gwerz raconte l'histoire d'une jeune et belle fille, « Catherine la Perdue », qui s'émancipe du regard des autres en allant danser la nuit tombée à la lumière d'un feu de joie en forêt, plutôt que de songer au mariage comme le souhaite sa famille, . Mais un jour, Katel Kollet fait la rencontre d'un mystérieux jeune homme qui se trouve être le diable et qui l'entraîne dans une gigue infernale.

Sélection à l'Eurovision France
Début février 2022, les douze chansons sélectionnées parmi  sont présentées au public par la production de l'Eurovision France et France Télévisions. Le single sort le 18 février 2022.

Alvan & Ahez, avec cette chanson, font partie des douze participants à l'émission Eurovision France, c'est vous qui décidez !, diffusée le , destinée à choisir le représentant de la France au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022.

Avec  amassés au cours de la soirée, ils emportent cette pré-sélection et représenteront donc la France au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022. Elle est la seconde chanson en langue bretonne à représenter la France à l'Eurovision, après Diwanit Bugale de Dan Ar Braz et l'Héritage des Celtes en 1996.

Les mois qui suivent l'Eurovision, Fulenn cumule 12 millions de vues sur YouTube et 9 millions d'écoutes sur Spotify.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 France au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022
 France au Concours Eurovision de la chanson
 Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022

Liens externes

Chanson représentant la France au Concours Eurovision de la chanson
Chanson de l'Eurovision de 2022
Chanson bretonne

Fulenn


CGC may stand for:

Companies
 Computer generated character
 Co-operative Grocer Chain Japan, known as CGC Japan
 Cambridge Gliding Centre
 Canada Games Centre
 Canada Games Company
 Canopy Growth Corporation, medical marijuana company in Smiths Falls, Ontario
 Capital Group Companies, an investment management organization
 Certified Guaranty Company, a grading service for the comic book collecting industry
 CGCOC Group, a Chinese construction company
 China Geo-Engineering Corporation

Science
 Cerebellar granule cell
 Constrained geometry complex, a kind of catalyst
 Color-glass condensate, a type of matter theorized to exist in atomic nuclei traveling near the speed of light
 DARPA's Cyber Grand Challenge, a competition among completely-automatic hacking systems
 CGC, a codon for the amino acid arginine

Other
 Chen Guangcheng, also known as the "Blind Lawyer", is a Chinese civil rights activist
 Commonwealth Grants Commission
 Consumer generated content, also known as Consumer generated media
 Canine Good Citizen, certification
 Conspicuous Gallantry Cross, a military decoration of the British Armed Forces
 United States Coast Guard Cutter
 Certified general contractor, a type of unlimited contractor in Florida as opposed to registered (limited)
 Board-Certified Genetic Counselor
 Camparini Gioielli Cup, a professional tennis tournament
 CB Gran Canaria, professional basketball club based in Las Palmas, Spain

CGC


Demirli, Kaman - Kırşehir ili Kaman ilçesine bağlı köy
 Demirli, İhsaniye - Afyonkarahisar ili İhsaniye ilçesine bağlı köy
 Demirli, Bucak - Burdur ili Bucak ilçesine bağlı köy
 Demirli, Atkaracalar - Çankırı ili Atkaracalar ilçesine bağlı köy
 Demirli, Babadağ - Denizli ili Babadağ ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Demirli, Ergani - Diyarbakır ili Ergani ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Demirli, Kulp - Diyarbakır ili Kulp ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Demirli, Odunpazarı - Eskişehir ili Odunpazarı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Demirli, Eflani - Karabük ili Eflani ilçesine bağlı köy
 Demirli, Çiçekdağı - Kırşehir ili Çiçekdağı ilçesine bağlı köy
 Demirli, Derik - Mardin ili Derik ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Demirli, Köyceğiz - Muğla ili Köyceğiz ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Demirli, Çarşamba - Samsun ili Çarşamba ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Demirli, Harran - Şanlıurfa ili Harran ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Demirli, Süleymanpaşa - Tekirdağ ili Süleymanpaşa ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Demirli, Çaykara - Trabzon ili Çaykara ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Demirli


Amt Usedom-Nord består af fem kommuner og ligger i den nordøstlige del af Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald i den tyske delstat Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Amtet blev oprettet 1. januar 2005 da de fire kommuner Karlshagen, Mölschow, Peenemünde og Trassenheide fra det tidligere Amt An der Peenemündung blev forenet med den tidligere amtsfrie kommune Zinnowitz, til det nye Amt Usedom-Nord. Amtets forvaltning ligger i byen Zinnowitz.

Geografi
Amtets område strækker sig fra landtangen Mittelusedom til nordspidsen af øen Usedom. Det grænser mod nord og øst til Østersøen , til Peenestrom mod vest og Achterwasser mod syd. Hele amtets område ligger i Naturpark Insel Usedom.

Erhverv
Turisme er med Østesøbadestederne, især i Zinnowitz, hovederhvervet, men fiskeri og landbrug har også betydning. Kulkraftværket i Peenemünde blev nedlagt i 1990.

Trafik
Bundesstraße B 111 fra Wolgast over Zinnowitz til Mellenthin fører gennem Amt Usedom-Nord. Derudover er der jernbanerne Heringsdorf–Wolgaster Fähre og Zinnowitz–Peenemünde.

Kommuner i amtet

 Karlshagen
 Mölschow med Bannemin und Zecherin
 Peenemünde
 Trassenheide
 Zinnowitz

Eksterne henvisninger
 Amtets websted

Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald
Usedom

Amt Usedom-Nord


Biostatistik er en videnskab, som arbejder med levende organismer, blandt andet indenfor flora, zoologi og antropologi, for at udføre matematiske og statistiske undersøgelser og identifikationer. Biostatistik kaldes også biometri.

Se også
 Biometri

Naturvidenskab

Biostatistik


محمد هايف سلطان عريج المطيري (1964 - )؛ نائب في مجلس الأمة الكويتي.

سيرته البرلمانية
شارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1999 في الدائرة الخامسة عشر، وحصل على المركز الثالث برصيد 1243 صوت وخسر الانتخابات، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2003 في الدائرة الخامسة عشر، وحصل على المركز الثالث برصيد 2217 صوت وخسر الانتخابات، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2006 في الدائرة الخامسة عشر، وحصل على المركز الثالث برصيد 5512 صوت وخسر الانتخابات، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2008 في الدائرة الرابعة، وحصل على المركز الثالث برصيد 12106 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات.

المؤهلات العلمية
 حاصل علي بكالوريوس دراسات إسلامية.
 حاصل على ماجستير في الدراسات الإسلامية بعنوان (وسائل الأمر بالمعروف والنهى عن المنكر عند شيخ الإسلام ابن تيمية رحمه الله ).
عمل معلم في وزارة التربية والتعليم.
عمل إمام وخطيب في وزارة الأوقاف والشؤون الإسلامية.
رئيس لجنة الفردوس للزكاة والصدقات سابقاً.
رئيس اللجنة الشعبية لمنطقة الفردوس أثناء الغزو العراقي للكويت.
الأمين العام لتجمع ثوابت الأمة.

أبرز مواقفه في مجلس الأمة

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2008
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2009
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2016
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2022
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي فبراير 2012
كويتيون من أصل عربي
مواليد 1381 هـ
مواليد 1964
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2023

محمد هايف


Carlos Alberto Gamarra Pavón (født 17. februar 1971 i Ypacaraí, Paraguay) er en paraguayansk tidligere fodboldspiller (midterforsvarer). Han spillede 110 kampe for det paraguayanske landshold.

Karriere
Gamarra spillede over en periode på 14 år 110 kampe for Paraguays landshold. Han debuterede for holdet i marts 1993 i et opgør mod Bolivia, og spillede sin sidste landskamp i oktobber 2006, da paraguayanerne spillede uafgjort mod Australien i en venskabskamp. Han repræsenterede sit land ved to VM-slutrunder, VM 1998 i Frankrig og VM 2002 i Sydkorea/Japan. Ved førstnævnte markerede han sig som en dominerende spiller på det paraguayanske hold, der nåede 1/8-finalen, hvor man tabte til de senere mestre fra Frankrig efter forlænget spilletid. Gamarra blev efterfølgende udtaget til turneringens All-Star-hold af FIFA. Han var også med til at vinde sølv ved OL 2004 i Athen.

På klubplan spillede Gamarra for adskillige store klubber i både Sydamerika og Europa. Af hans hold kan blandt andet de brasilianske storhold Internacional og Corinthians, hvor han med sidstnævnte vandt to brasilianske mesterskaber. I Europa spillede han blandt andet ét år hos Atlético Madrid og efterfølgende tre sæsoner hos Inter i den italienske Serie A. Han vandt det paraguayanske mesterskab med både Nacional og Olimpia. Han havde også udlandsophold i både Argentina og Mexico. Han vandt også to paraguayanske mesterskaber med Asunción-holdet Cerro Porteño.

Gamarra blev to gange, i 1997 og 1998, kåret til Årets fodboldspiller i Paraguay.

Titler
Primera División de Paraguay
 1992 og 1994 med Cerro Porteño

Campeonato Gaúcho
 1997 med Internacional

Serie A (Brasilien)
 1998 med Corinthians

Campeonato Paulista
 1999 med Corinthians

Campeonato Carioca
 2001 med Flamengo

Copa dos Campeões
 2001 med Flamengo

Græsk pokal
 2002 med AEK Athen

Coppa Italia
 2005 med Inter

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Paraguay
Fodboldspillere fra Independiente
Fodboldspillere fra Palmeiras
Fodboldspillere fra Club Olimpia
Fodboldspillere fra Cerro Porteño
Fodboldspillere fra Clube de Regatas do Flamengo
Fodboldspillere fra Sport Club Corinthians Paulista
Fodboldspillere fra Sport Club Internacional
Fodboldspillere fra Atlético Madrid
Fodboldspillere fra S.L. Benfica
Fodboldspillere fra AEK Athen
Fodboldspillere fra FC Internazionale Milano
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1998
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2002

Carlos Gamarra


Barnaul (, ) is the largest city and administrative centre of Altai Krai, Russia, located at the confluence of the Barnaulka and Ob Rivers in the West Siberian Plain. As of the 2021 census, its population was 630,877, making it the 20th-largest city in Russia and the fourth-largest in the Siberian Federal District.

Located in the south of western Siberia on the left bank of the Ob River, Barnaul is a major transport, industrial, cultural, medical and educational hub of Siberia. Barnaul was founded by the wealthy Demidov family, who intended to develop the production of copper and silver, which continued after the factories were taken over by the Crown. Barnaul became a major centre of silver production in Russia. Barnaul was granted city status in 1771.

Administrative and municipal status
Barnaul is the administrative centre of the krai. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with the work settlement of Yuzhny and twenty-four rural localities, incorporated as the city of krai significance of Barnaul – an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Barnaul is incorporated as Barnaul Urban Okrug.

Geography
Barnaul is located in the forest steppe zone of the West Siberian Plain, on the left bank of the Ob River, at its confluence with the Barnaulka.

The border with Kazakhstan is  to the south, which makes Barnaul the closest major city to the Altai Mountains. The city is also situated relatively close to the Russian border with Mongolia and the border with China.

History

Ancient history
The area around the city has been inhabited by modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans, for hundreds of thousands of years. They settled here to take advantage of the confluence of the rivers, used for transportation and fishing. In the late BC millennia, the locality was a centre of activity for Scythian and various Turkic peoples.

Russian Empire
While 1730 is considered Barnaul's official establishment date, its first mention dates back to 1724. It was granted city status in 1771. Chosen for its proximity to the mineral-rich Altai Mountains and its location on a major river, it was founded by the wealthy Demidov family. The Demidovs wanted to develop the copper in the mountains, and soon found substantial deposits of silver as well. In 1747, the Demidovs' factories were taken over by the Crown. Barnaul became the centre of silver production of the Russian Empire.

In 1914, Barnaul was the site of the largest conscription riot in Russia during World War I. There were more than 100 casualties from the fighting.

Maria Stepanovna (née Zudilova) (1912–1996) was born and lived as a child in this city. She later became the mother of American actresses Natalie Wood (born Natalia Zakharenko) and Lana Wood (born Lana Gurdin). Her father Stepan was killed in the 1918 street fighting between the Whites and Reds following the Revolution. Afterward her mother took Maria and her siblings as refugees to Harbin, China. Maria married a Russian there, and they had a daughter Olga together. Maria eventually immigrated with Olga to the United States, where she married another Russian immigrant, from Vladivostok, and had two daughters with him.

World War II
Over half of the light ammunition used by the Soviet Union in World War II is estimated to have been manufactured in Barnaul.

Demographics
As of 2021, the ethnic composition of Barnaul was:

Economy
Barnaul is an important industrial centre of Western Siberia. There are more than 100 industrial enterprises in the city, employing approximately 120,000 people. Leading industries include diesel and carbon processing; as well as production of heavy machinery, tyres, furniture and footwear.

Transportation
Barnaul is located on the South Siberian, Turk–Sib and Omsk–Barnaul railway lines.

Barnaul has public transport of Buses, Minibuses, Trolleybuses, Trams and Taxies.
Intercity bus routes are operate to Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Biysk, Rubtsovsk and other cities. Also there are bus routes to Kazakhstan cities Oskemen, Pavlodar.

Barnaul International Airport is located 16 kilometres West of the city center. It is served by airlines such as Aeroflot, S7, Nordwind, Iraero and Ural Airlines. It has regular flights to Moscow, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg, Surgut etc.

Climate
The humid continental climate of Barnaul (Köppen Dfb) is defined by its geographical position at the southern end of the Siberian steppe: it is subject to long winters, with an average of  in January, but also enjoys a short warm season in the summer with an average temperature of  in July. Temperatures can vary in the extreme, from below  in the winter to above  in the summer.

The climate is relatively dry. The average precipitation in the area is  per year, 75% of which occurs during the region's warmer season. This means snow packs can be quite moderate in spite of the cold temperatures.

Notable people
 Alexander von Bunge, botanist, worked in Barnaul
 Maria Butina, alleged agent of the US, and member of the State Duma
 Aleksey Chuklin, racing driver
 Pyotr Kozmitch Frolov, scientist and inventor
 Tatyana Kotova, Olympic champion in long jump
 Kirill Marchenko, NHL professional ice hockey player
 Julia Neigel, singer, songwriter
 Ivan Nifontov, World champion and Olympic medalist in Judo
 Alexey Novikov-Priboy, writer
 Ivan Polzunov, inventor, creator of the first two-cylinder engine in the world
 Anastasiia Salos, European and world medalist rhythmic gymnast
 Konstantin Scherbakov, pianist
 Sergey Shubenkov, track and field athlete, 2015 world champion
 Nadezhda Shuvayeva-Olkhova, Olympic champion in basketball
 Alexey Smertin, former captain of the Russia national football team
 Rita Streich, coloratura soprano
 Andrei Svechnikov, professional NHL ice hockey player
 Evgeny Svechnikov, professional NHL and KHL ice hockey player
 Nikolai Yadrintsev, explorer and archeologist, discoveries include the Orkhon script, Genghis Khan's capital, Karakorum
 Mikhail Yakubov, NHL and KHL professional ice hockey player
 Mikhail Yevdokimov, comedian and former governor of Altai Krai
 Maxim Zimin, racing driver
 Maria Zudilova, mother of Natalie wood

Twin towns – sister cities

Barnaul is twinned with:

 Baicheng, China
 Changji, China
 Flagstaff, United States
 Öskemen, Kazakhstan
 Shumen, Bulgaria

See also
 Nagorny Park
 Tsentralny City District, Barnaul

References

Sources

External links

 Official website of Barnaul
 Directory of organizations in Barnaul

Populated places on the Ob River
Cities and towns in Altai Krai
Tomsk Governorate
Populated places established in 1730

Barnaul


ISO 7042 er en ISO-standard for Klemmøtrikker.

En møtrik ISO 7042 er en af de mest brugte møtrikker inden for befæstelse området.

ISO 7042 Overtager DIN 980

Kilde
 http://bolte.dk/klemmoetrikker-iso-7042

7042

ISO 7042