تنسخ الفيروس هو المصطلح المستخدم من قبل علماء الفيروسات لوصف التشكل البيولوجي للفيروسات أثناء العدوى داخل الخلية المضيفة. يجب على الفيروس أولا أن يدخل إلى الخلية المضيفة وبعدها يمكن أن تحدث عملية التنسخ. من منظور الفيروس، التنسخ هو التكاثر وإنتاج أفراد جديدة من أجل الحفاض على نوعه، وذلك من خلال توليد نسخ وفيرة من جينومه وتعبئتها وتغليفها لتصبح فيروسات. يمكن للفيروس المواصلة بعدوى خلية جديدة. يختلف التنسخ بشكل كبير بين الفيروسات ويعتمد على نوع الجينات المسؤولة.

إنتاج الفيروس/ تنسخه
تتضاعف الفيروسات فقط في الخلايا الحية. يتوجب على الخلايا المضيفة أن تؤمّن الطاقة والآليات الاصطناعية والأسلاف منخفضة الوزن الجزيئي من أجل اصطناع البروتينات الفيروسية والأحماض النووية.

يحدث تنسخ الفيروس خلال سبع مراحل هي:

 الامتزاز
 الدخول
 حل الغلاف
 الانتساخ/ إنتاج الحمض النووي الريبوزي الرسول
 اصطناع مكونات الفيروس
 تجميع الفريون أو الفيروس المعدي
 إطلاق الفيروس (مرحلة التحرر)

الامتزاز
يُعد الامتزاز الخطوة الأولى من تنسخ الفيروس. يرتبط الفيروس إلى غشاء الخلية المضيفة. يحقن بعد ذلك الحمض النووي سواء كان الريبوزي (RNA) أو الريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين (DNA) إلى الخلية المضيفة للبدء بعملية الإعداء. في الخلايا الحيوانية، تصل الفيروسات إلى داخل الخلية من خلال عملية «الإدخال الخلوي» أو البلعمة التي تحدث بدمج الفيروس والغلاف الفيروسي مع غشاء الخلية الحيوانية، أما في الخلايا النباتية، فيدخل الجرثوم إلى الخلية من خلال عملية «الشرب الخلوي» أو الاحتساء، فتمتص الخلية المضيفة الفيروس.

الدخول
يغزو غشاء الخلية المضيفة في هذه المرحلة جزيئات الفيروس، ويغلق عليها بفجوة احتسائية. يحمي ذلك الخلية من الأجسام المضادة كما في حالة فيروس الإيدز.

حل الغلاف
تحل الأنزيمات الخلوية (من الليزوزومات) بروتين غلاف الفيروس، وبذلك يتحرر الحمض النووي الفيروسي أو الجينوم ويستطيع الدخول إلى الخلية.

الانتساخ/ إنتاج الرنا الرسول
بالنسبة لبعض الفيروسات ذات الحمض النووي الريبوزي، يتنج الرنا الرسول إثر إعداء الرنا الفيروسي. تمثل هذه المرحلة ترجمة الجينوم إلى منتجات بروتينية. بالنسبة للفيروسات الأخرى ذات اتجاه الرنا أو الدنا السلبي، تُنتج الفيروسات من الانتساخ ثم الترجمة.

يُستخدم الرنا الرسول بهدف توجيه الخلية المضيفة إلى اصطناع مكونات الفيروس. يستغل الفيروس بنية الخلية المضيفة في قيامه بالتضاعف.

اصطناع مكونات الفيروس
يصطنع الفيروس المكونات التالية من خلال عضيات الخلية المضيفة:

 اصطناع البروتين الفيروسي: يُترجم الرنا الرسول الفيروسي في ريبوزوم الخلية إلى نمطين من البروتينات الفيروسية.
 المكونات البنيوية: تصنّع وتجمع البروتينات التي تشكل الجزيء الفيروسي
 المكونات غير البنيوية: لا توجد ضمن الجزيء، غالبًا ما تكون أنزيمات لازمة لتضاعف الجينوم الفيروسي.
 اصطناع الحمض النووي الفيروسي (تنسخ الجينوم) يُصطنع جينوم فيروسي جديد، وتكون القوالب إما الجينوم الأبوي أو الجينومات ذات حمض نووي وحيد الطاق، الطوق المتممة المشكلة حديثًا.

تجميع الفيروس
الفيروس المعدي هو ببساطة عبارة عن أجزاء الفيروس السليمة أو الفعالة. في هذه المرحلة، يُجمّع الجينوم المصطنع حديثّا (الحمض النووي) بالإضافة إلى البروتينات لتشكيل الأجزاء الفيروسية الجديدة.

قد تحدث هذه المرحلة في نواة الخلية المضيفة أو السيتوبلاوم أو في الغشاء الخلوي بالنسبة لمعظم الفيروسات المتطورة.

إطلاق الفيروس (التحرر)
تتحرر الفيروسات بعد نضجها إما من خلال التمزق المفاجئ للخلية المضيفة أو عن طريق اللفظ التدريجي للفيروسات المغلفة من خلال الغشاء الخلوي.

قد تغزو الفيروسات الجديدة أو تهاجم خلايا أخرى، أو تبقى مستوطنة في الخلية. في حالة العاثيات، يحدث تحرر ذراري الفيروسات المعدية من خلال حل الجراثيم المعدية. من ناحية أخرى، في حالة الفيروسات الحيوانية، يحدث تحرر الفيروسات عادة دون حل الخلايا.

المراجع

دورة حياة الفيروسات
علم الفيروسات
فيروسات

تنسخ الفيروس


Vi hænger i en tråd er en dansk propagandafilm fra 1962 instrueret af Jørgen Roos og efter manuskript af Viggo Claussen.

Handling
Filmen forsøger at advare mennesker i et "overflodssamfund" mod at lukke øjnene for, hvad der sker ude i verden. Motto: "De kan være sikker på, at politik interesserer sig for Dem." En kritik af velfærdssamfundet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Propagandafilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1962

Vi hænger i en tråd


est une série télévisée canadienne créée par Bilal Baig et Fab Filippo. La série a d'abord été mise en ligne le  sur CBC Gem avant sa première télévisée le  sur le réseau CBC.

Aux États-Unis, la série est disponible sur le service HBO Max depuis le .

Elle reste inédite dans tous les pays francophones.

Synopsis

Distribution
 Bilal Baig : Sabi Mehboob
 Gray Powell : Paul
 Kaya Kanashiro : Violet
 Aden Bedard : Henry
 Amanda Cordner : 7ven
 Grace Lynn Kung : Bessy
 Ellora Patnaik : Raffo Mehboob
 Supinder Wraich : Aqsa Mehboob
 Gregory Ambrose Calderone : Lewis

Production

Épisodes

Première saison (2021)

Deuxième saison (2022)

Troisième saison (2023)
Elle est prévue pour l'automne 2023.

Accueil critique

Notes et références

Liens externes

Série télévisée créée en 2021
Série télévisée canadienne des années 2020
Série télévisée de CBC
Série télévisée centrée sur l'homosexualité, la bisexualité ou la transidentité
Série télévisée de comédie dramatique
Série télévisée en anglais

Sort Of


Gaziemir şu anlamlara gelebilir:

 Gaziemir, İzmir ili ilçesi
 Gaziemir, Güzelyurt, Aksaray ili Güzelyurt ilçesine bağlı köy
 Gaziemir Tren İstasyonu, İzmir'de bir tren istasyonu

Gaziemir (anlam ayrımı)


Marie Sochor, née en 1975 à Prague, est une réalisatrice, plasticienne et éditrice française d'origine tchèque. Elle vit et travaille à Paris.

Biographie
En 1999, Marie Sochor commence ses études à l'Université Panthéon-Sorbonne où elle effectue un master et un master 2 en arts plastiques et sciences de l'art.

Lors de sa licence, elle participe à sa première exposition collective en 2001 au château de Plaisir dans les Yvelines et, alors qu'elle termine ses études, elle est sélectionnée au  Salon de Montrouge, en 2003.

En 2004, elle participe au  Festival des Cinémas différents et expérimentaux de Paris avec l'exposition Tapis Rouge où elle présente sa première Performance bibliophage. Elle propose au public des textes à manger qui sont imprimés sur des feuilles azymes avec de l'encre alimentaire.

En 2005, elle est invitée au Marché de la poésie à Paris. La même année, elle signe et mange ses éditions comestibles à la librairie Images modernes.

En 2006, dans le cadre de la manifestation Le Tas d'esprit, organisé par l'artiste Ben, elle participe à l'exposition présentée par la galerie Lara Vincy : Après Dada, la part belle entre discontinuité et continuité.

En 2009, elle est en résidence à Mains d'œuvres à Saint-Ouen.

En 2007, Marie Sochor crée les éditions du Bas Parleur consacrées au livre d'artiste et au multiple.

Depuis 5 ans, Marie Sochor organise des ateliers et des workshops sur la pratique du livre d'artiste ainsi que sur les liens entre art et nourriture à l'Université Paris-VIII, dans des centres d'art, mais aussi pour des publics scolaires.

Travaux

Films, installations vidéos

 2020: Se mettre à table, triptyque vidéo, 13min49
 2020: Cracher le morceau, installation vidéo, boules de papier
 2020: Masque de pâté, masque de beauté, vidéo, 2min09
 2009 : La Religieuse au chocolat, installation vidéo, Festival Côté court de Pantin
 2008 : Le Repas, projection vidéo sur table blanche, 48min
 2002 : La Femme rouge, film super8, 7min
 2002:  Le Gommage du livre, film super8, 3min30
 2002 : Écrire sur un autre, film super8, 3min30

Créations plastiques
 2020 : Pour un art comestible
 2020 : Ultima Cena
 2018 : Le Ver luisant, sérigraphie
 2017 : Termites Life
 2014 : Post-it, blocs de post-it imprimés
 2014 : Le Poisson d'argent, sérigraphie
 2012 : Les Termites, sérigraphie
 2008 : Série noire
 2006 : Livre gommé. La Folie du jour de Maurice Blanchot, Coll blanche, Gallimard, nouvelle édition

Publications
 Une petite tranche de pâté ?, 2002
 Texte à chier, 2004

 M'aimes-tu autant que ton ventre, 2005
 Un intestin me pousse, 2005
 Elle écarte la langue, 2005
 Un reste de langue coincé entre les dents, 2005

 Parcours intestinal, 2007
 Histoires de cul, 2007
 Film intestin, 2007

 Animaux bioluminescents, portfolio imprimé à 25 exemplaires, Les éditions du Bas Parleur, Paris, 2016
 Les larves de vers de livres, galerie]s[mortier - hors les mur[s]ur les murs / série Aff. #33,2020
 On The Walls, Thirty Six Posters,Walls Book, galerie]s[mortier, 2021
 Collection Joseph Kouli, catalogue conçu par Aurélien Mole, Paris, 2014
 Les artistes face aux livres, Barbara Denis-Morel (dir.), Paris, Tombolo Presses, mars 2015

Expositions et Projections (sélection)
 Les convives, une proposition de Marie Sochor – Avec les oeuvres de Corine Borgnet, Francine FLandrin, Marie Losier, Marie-Amélie Porcher, Marie Sochor, Hélèna Villovitch, Galerie Satellite, Paris, 2022
 La Cité sous le ciel,Cité universitaire de Paris, CNEAI, commissariat Sylvie Boulanger, Paris
 Image Mouvement,Galerie Subotica, commissariat Julie Dalouche, Subotica, Serbie
 Cracher le morceau, Galerie Satellite, Paris, 2021
 On The Walls, Galerie Stéphane Mortier, Paris, 2021
 Matière à curiosité, Galerie La Ferronerie, Paris, 2020
 Ding / Unding. The Artist's Book Unbound, Graphische Sammlung ETH, Zürich, 2019
 Even Smaller, Even Better !, hon/books, Les grands voisins, Paris, 2019. Curator : A. Lefebvre
 Les artistes face aux livres, Commissariat Barbara Denis-Morel, Scriptorial d'Avranches, Avranches, 2015
 Héritiers de Warhol, CJC et Musée d'art moderne de la Ville de Paris, Cinéma Le Grand Action, Paris, 2015

Références

Liens externes

Artiste contemporain français
Plasticienne française
Performeuse
Éditrice française du XXIe siècle
Vidéaste
Naissance en 1975

Marie Sochor


O vexilație (în latină vexillatio, plural vexillationes) era un detașament în legiunea romană format ca o forță armată  cu misiuni temporare creată de către armata romană a Principatului. Numele îi vine de la stindardul purtat de către detașamentele legionare numit vexillum (plural vexilla), pe care era emblema și numele legiunii din care făceau parte.

Scopul
Pentru că Armata Romană nu era suficient de mare pentru a avea garnizoane în interioriul imperiului (în jur de 400.000 de soldați la începutul secolului al 3-lea), cea mai mare parte a ei era staționată de-a lungul frontierelor. Acest lucru plasa imperiul într-o poziție precară atunci când amenințări grave apăreau în interior sau de-a lungul unei frontiere îndepărtate. Nu exista nicio rezervă centrală și rareori era posibil să se ia o legiune întreagă, sau măcar o mare parte, pentru o zonă tulbure, fără a lăsa un spațiu periculos pentru apărarea frontierei. Singura soluție logică a fost să se ia detașamente din diferite legiuni și să se formeze forțe cu misiunea temporară de a rezolva amenințarea. De îndată ce amenințarea era rezolvată, aceste vexillationes erau dizolvate, iar detașamentele se întorceau în legiunile din care proveneau.

Unități
Mai târziu, sub Domina, vexillatio se referă la o unitate de cavalerie a armatei romane. Din timpul lui Dioclețian și a Tetrarhiei, și, eventual, chiar mai devreme, în timpul domniei lui Gallienus, vexillationes erau cel mai adesea unități de cavalerie. În secolul 4, Vexillationes palatinae și Vexilationes comitatenses numărau de la 300 până la 600 de bărbați. Notitia Dignitatum dă o listă de 88 vexillationes.

Note

Surse
R.E. Dupuy and T.N. Dupuy, The Encyclopedia Of Military History: From 3500 B.C. To The Present. (2nd Revised Edition 1986), pp 147-148.Pat Southern and Karen Dixon, The Late Roman Army (1996), chapter 2. ISBN 0-415-22296-6
Legiuni

Vexilație


Anaphase-promoting complex (also called the cyclosome or APC/C) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that marks target cell cycle proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome.  The APC/C is a large complex of 11–13 subunit proteins, including a cullin (Apc2) and RING (Apc11) subunit much like SCF.  Other parts of the APC/C have unknown functions but are highly conserved.

It was the discovery of the APC/C (and SCF) and their key role in eukaryotic cell-cycle regulation that established the importance of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in cell biology. Once perceived as a system exclusively involved in removing damaged protein from the cell, ubiquitination and subsequent protein degradation by the proteasome is now perceived as a universal regulatory mechanism for signal transduction whose importance approaches that of protein phosphorylation.

In 2014, the APC/C was mapped in 3D at a resolution of less than a nanometre, which also uncovered its secondary structure. This finding could improve understanding of cancer and reveal new binding sites for future cancer drugs.

Function

The APC/C's main function is to trigger the transition from metaphase to anaphase by tagging specific proteins for degradation.  The three major targets for degradation by the APC/C are securin and S and M cyclins. Securin releases separase, a protease, when degraded. Separase then triggers the cleavage of cohesin, the protein complex that binds sister chromatids together.  During metaphase, sister chromatids are linked by intact cohesin complexes.  When securin undergoes ubiquitination by the APC/C and releases separase, which degrades cohesin, sister chromatids become free to move to opposite poles for anaphase.  The APC/C also targets the mitotic cyclins for degradation, resulting in the inactivation of M-CDK (mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase) complexes, promoting exit from mitosis and cytokinesis

Unlike the SCF, activator subunits control the APC/C.  Cdc20 and Cdh1 are the two activators of particular importance to the cell cycle.  These proteins target the APC/C to specific sets of substrates at different times in the cell cycle, thus driving it forward.  The APC/C also plays an integral role in the maintenance of chromatin metabolism, particularly in G1 and G0, and plays a key role in phosphorylation of H3 through destruction of the aurora A kinase.

The critical substrates of the APC/C appear to be securin and the B type cyclins. This is conserved between mammals and yeast. In fact, yeast are viable in the absence of the APC/C if the requirement for targeting these two substrates is eliminated.

Subunits
There is not a vast amount of extensive investigation on APC/C subunits, which serve mostly as adaptors. Studies of APC subunits are mainly conducted in yeast, and studies show that the majority of yeast APC subunits are also present in vertebrates, this suggests conservation across eukaryotes. Eleven core APC subunits have been found in vertebrates versus thirteen in yeast. Activator subunits bind to APC at varying stages of the cell cycle to control its ubiquitination activity, often by directing APC to target substrates destined for ubiquitination. The specificity of APC ligases is proposed to be controlled by the incorporation of specificity factors into the ligase complex, instead of substrate phosphorylation. i.e.: The subunit, CDC20 allows APC to degrade substrates such as anaphase inhibitors (Pdsp1) at the beginning of anaphase, on the other hand when CDC20 is substituted for specificity factor Hct1, APC degrades a different set of substrates, particularly mitosis cyclins in late anaphase. Activators CDC20 and Cdh1 are of particular significance and are the most widely studied and familiar of the APC/C subunits.

The catalytic core of the APC/C consists of the cullin subunit Apc2 and RING H2 domain subunit Apc11. These two subunits catalyze ubiquitination of substrates when the C-terminal domain of Apc2 forms a tight complex with Apc11. RING/APc11 binds to the E2-ubiquitin conjugate that  catalyzes the transfer of ubiquitin to an active site in E2.
In addition to the catalytic functionality, other core proteins of the APC are composed multiple repeat motifs with the main purpose of providing molecular scaffold support. These include Apc1, the largest subunit which contains 11 tandem repeats of 35–40 amino acid sequences, and Apc2, which contains three cullin repeats of approximately 130 amino acids total. The major motifs in APC subunits include tetratricopeptide (TPR) motifs and WD40 repeats 1. C-termini regions of CDC20 and Cdh1 have a WD40 domain that is suggested to form a binding platform that binds APC substrates, thus contributing to APCs ability to target these substrates, although the exact mechanism through which they increase APC activity is unknown. It is also suggested that variations in these WD40 domains result in varying substrate specificity, which is confirmed by recent results suggesting  that different APC substrates can directly and specifically bind to Cdc20 and Cdh1/Hct1  Ultimately, the specificity differences are responsible for the timing of the destruction of several APC targets during mitosis. With CDC20 targeting a few major substrates at metaphase and Cdh1 targeting a broader range of substrates towards late mitosis and G1.

Most notably, 4 subunits of yeast APC/C consist almost entirely of multiple repeats of the 34 amino acid tetratricopeptide residue (TPR) motif. These TPR subunits, Cdc16, Cdc27, Cdc23, and Apc5, mainly provide scaffolding and support to mediate other protein-protein interactions. Cdc27 and Cdc23 have been shown to support the binding of Cdc20 and Cdh1, as mutations in key residues of these subunits led to increased dissociation of the activators. Apc10/Doc1, has been shown to promote substrate binding by mediating their interactions with Cdh1 and Cdc20.

In particular, CDC20 (also known as p55CDC, Fizzy, or Slp1) inactivates CDK1 via ubiquitination of B-type cyclins. This results in activation of Cdh1(a.k.a. Fizzy-related, Hct1, Ste9, or Srw1), which interacts with APC during late mitosis and G1/G0. Cdh1 is inactivated via phosphorylation during S, G2 and early M phase. During these points in the cycle, it is not able to be assembled.

Evidence shows that APC3 and APC7 serve to recruit Cdh1 to the anaphase-promoting complex. This further supports  that Cdh1 is responsible for maintaining APC activity during G1. Cdh1 does not require APC to be phosphorylated in order to bind, in fact, phosphorylation of Cdh1 by Cdks prevents it from binding to APC from S to M phase. With destruction of M-Cdk, release of CDC20 from the APC and binding of Cdh1 can now occur, allowing APC activity to continue on during G1 entry.  While Cdh1 recognizes M and S cyclins, allowing for their destruction until the entire cell commits to proceed to a new cycle, it does not recognize G1/S cyclins, and during G1/S phase, their cyclin activity can rise unhindered and phosphorylate and thus inactivating Cdh1 and therefore APC.

The subunit Apc15 plays an important role in APC/CCdc20 activation following the bi-orientation of sister chromatids across the metaphase plate. When kinetochores are unattached to spindles, mitotic checkpoint complexes (MCC) and inhibit APC. In the absence of Apc15, MCCs and Cdc20 remain locked on the APC/C preventing its activity once the spindle checkpoint requirements are met. Apc15 mediates the turnover of Cdc20 and MCCs to provide information on the attachment state of kinetochores.

CDC27/APC3

One of the subunits that exhibit the TPR motif, CDC27 has been identified to interact with mitotic checkpoint proteins such as Mad2, p55CDC and BUBR1, suggesting that it may have involvement in the timing of M phase.  Evidence shows that CDC27 is involved in a ternary complex with SMAD2/3 and Cdh1, which is created in response to TGFβ signalling. Because of its interaction with Cdh1 in particular, it has a potential role in determining affinity between APC and its activators Cdc20 and Cdh1. A study suggests that TGF-β-induced Cdc27 phosphorylation enhances interaction between cdc27 and Cdh1–which is directly involved in activating APC. CDC27 can serve as  a vehicle through which TGFβ signalling can activate APC. Induced CDC27 hyperphosphorylation by TGFβ showed elevated APC activity.

CDC23, CDC16, CDC27

CDC23, another TPR subunit interacts with SWM1, binding to the D-box of CLB2. Based upon hybrid assays in vivo and co-immunoprecipitation in vitro, it is suggested that Cdc16p, Cdc23p and Cdc27p (analogs in Sacchyromyces cerevisiae) interact and form a macromolecular complex. Their common theme of TPR is suggested to mediate these interactions.  As for Cdc27 and Cdc16 in drosophila, their functions have been tested via RNA interference (RNAi). Results suggest that they may mediate activity of the entire complex via different mechanisms at different sites. In further drosophila studies, Cdk16 and cdk23 appear to be activated via phosphorylation by Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) and its fission yeast counterpart, appear to bind particularly to Cdc23.

The complex is understood to be regulated by activators CDC20 and Cdh1 during mitosis. Their role in degradation for cyclin B is demonstrated by a screen of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants defective for cyclin B degradation, which were found to have mutations in CDC16 and CDC23 genes. Mutants for CDC27, CDC23 and CDC 27 all resulted in a cell-cycle arrest at metaphase.

Substrate recognition
APC/C substrates have recognition amino acid sequences that enable the APC/C to identify them.  The most common sequence is known as the destruction box or D-box. APC/C brings together an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and the D-box rather than being an intermediate covalent carrier.  The D-box should have a version of the following amino acid sequence: RXXLXXXXN, where R is arginine, X is any amino acid, L is Leucine, and N is asparagine.  The Ken-box is another motif of importance.  Its sequence should resemble the one that follows: KENXXXN, where K is lysine and E is glutamate.  The last amino acid position in the Ken-box is highly variable. Though it has been shown that mutations in the sequences do inhibit destruction of the proteins "in vivo", there is still much to learn about how proteins are targeted by the APC/C.

Once bound to APC/C, Cdc20 and Cdh1 serve as D and KEN box receptors for various APC substrates. Kraft et al. have shown that the substrates' D boxes bind directly to the highly conserved WD40 repeat propeller region on the APC activators. It is important to note that the conserved area of the propeller of Cdh1 is much larger than that of Cdc20, allowing Cdh1 to have a broader substrate specificity, consistent with the fact that APC/CCdh1 also activates APC-mediated destruction of KEN box containing substrates. The D box further enhances protein degradation, for Lysine residues in close proximity to the D box serve as targets of ubiquitylation. It has been found that a Lys residue immediately C-terminal to the D box can function as a ubiquitin acceptor.

Many APC substrates contain both D and KEN boxes, with their ubiquitylation by either APC/CCdc20 or APC/CCdh1 dependent on both sequences, yet some substrates contain only either a D box or a KEN box, in one or multiple copies. Having two distinct degradation sequences creates a high level of substrate specificity on the APC/C, with APC/CCdc20 being more dependent on the D box and APC/CCdh1 more dependent on the KEN box. For example, APC/CCdh1 is capable of ubiquitylating KEN box-only-containing substrates like Tome-1 and Sororin.

Although Cdc20 and Cdh1 may serve as D and KEN box receptors, the low affinity of these co-activator–substrate interactions suggests that it is unlikely that the co-activators alone are sufficient to confer high-affinity substrate binding to the APC/CCdc20 and APC/CCdh1. Consequently, core APC/C subunits, like Apc10, contribute towards substrate association as well. In APC/C constructs lacking the Apc10/Doc1 subunit, substrates like Clb2 are unable to associate with APCΔdoc1–Cdh1, while addition of purified Doc1 to the APCΔdoc1–Cdh1 construct restores the substrate binding ability.

Metaphase to anaphase transition

As metaphase begins, the spindle checkpoint inhibits the APC/C until all sister-kinetochores are attached to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle, a process known as chromosome biorientation.  When all kinetochores are properly attached, the spindle checkpoint is silenced and the APC/C can become active. M-Cdks phosphorylate subunits on the APC/C that promote binding to Cdc20.  Securin and M cyclins (cyclin A and cyclin B) are then targeted by APC/CCdc20 for degradation.  Once degraded, separin is released, cohesin is degraded and sister chromatids are prepared to move to their respective poles for anaphase.

It is likely that, in animal cells, at least some of the activation of APC/CCdc20 occurs early in the cell cycle (prophase or prometaphase) based on the timing of the degradation of its substrates.  Cyclin A is degraded early in mitosis, supporting the theory, but cyclin B and securin are not degraded until metaphase.  The molecular basis of the delay is unknown, but is believed to involve the key to the correct timing of anaphase initiation.  In animal cells the spindle checkpoint system contributes to the delay if it needs to correct the bi-orientation of chromosomes.  Though how the spindle checkpoint system inhibits cyclin B and securin destruction while allowing cyclin A to be degraded is unknown.  The delay may also be explained by unknown interactions with regulators, localization and phosphorylation changes.

This initiates a negative feedback loop.  While activation of APC/CCdc20 requires M-Cdk, the complex is also responsible for breaking the cyclin to deactivate M-CdK.  This means that APC/CCdc20 fosters its own deactivation.  It is possible that this negative feedback is the backbone of Cdk activity controlled by M and S cyclin concentration oscillations.

M to G1 transition

Upon completion of mitosis, it is important that cells (except for embryonic ones) go through a growth period, known as G1 phase, to grow and produce factors necessary for the next cell cycle.  Entry into another round of mitosis is prevented by inhibiting Cdk activity.  While different processes are responsible for this inhibition, an important one is activation of the APC/C by Cdh1.  This continued activation prevents the accumulation of cyclin that would trigger another round of mitosis and instead drives exit from mitosis.

In the beginning of the cell cycle Cdh1 is phosphorylated by M-Cdk, preventing it from attaching to APC/C.  APC/C is then free to attach to Cdc20 and usher the transition from metaphase to anaphase.  As M-Cdk gets degraded later in mitosis, Cdc20 gets released and Cdh1 can bind to APC/C, keeping it activated through the M/G1 transition. A key difference to note is that while binding of Cdc20 to APC/C is dependent on phosphorylation of APC/C by mitotic Cdks, binding of Cdh1 is not. Thus, as APCCdc20 becomes inactivated during metaphase due to dephosphorylation resulting from inactive mitotic Cdks, Cdh1 is able to immediately bind to APC/C, taking Cdc20's place. Cdc20 is also a target of APC/CCdh1, ensuring that APC/CCdc20 is shut down.  APC/CCdh1 then continues working in G1 to tag S and M cyclins for destruction.  However, G1/S cyclins are not substrates of APC/CCdh1 and therefore accumulate throughout this phase and phosphorylate Cdh1.  By late G1, enough of the G1/S cyclins have accumulated and phosphorylated Cdh1 to inactivate the APC/C until the next metaphase.

Once in G1, APCCdh1 is responsible for the degradation of various proteins that promote proper cell cycle progression. Geminin is a protein that binds to Cdt1 which prevents its binding to the origin recognition complex (ORC). APCCdh1 targets geminin for ubiquitination throughout G1, keeping its levels low. This allows Cdt1 to carry out its function during pre-RC assembly. When APCCdh1 becomes inactive due to phosphorylation of Cdh1 by G1/S cyclins, geminin activity is increased again. Additionally, Dbf4 stimulates Cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase (Cdc7) activity, which promotes activation of replication origins. APCCdh1 is thought to target Dbf4 for destruction. This could provide an answer as to how Cdc7 is activated at the beginning of a new cell cycle. Its activity likely corresponds to the inactivation of APC/CCdh1 by G/S cyclins.

Additional regulation

APC/CCdc20 inactivation during early stages of the cell cycle is partially achieved by the protein Emi1. Initial experiments have shown that addition of Emi1 to Xenopus cycling extracts can prevent the destruction of endogenous cyclin A, cyclin B, and mitotic exit, suggesting that Emi1 is able to counteract the activity of the APC. Furthermore, depletion of Emi1 in somatic cells leads to the lack of accumulation of cyclin B. The lack of Emi1 likely leads to a lack of inhibition of the APC preventing cyclin B from accumulating.

From these early observations, it has been confirmed that in G2 and early mitosis, Emi1 binds and inhibits Cdc20 by preventing its association with APC substrates. Cdc20 can still be phosphorylated and bind to APC/C, but bound Emi1 blocks Cdc20's interaction with APC targets. Emi1 association with Cdc20 allows for the stabilization of various cyclins throughout S and G2 phase, but Emi1's removal is essential for progression through mitosis. Thus, in late prophase, Emi1 is phosphorylated by Polo-like kinase, Plk. Plk is activated during early mitosis by Cdk1 activity, and its phosphorylation of Emi1's BTRC (gene) βTrCP binding site makes it a target for SCF, leading to its subsequent destruction in prometaphase. Emi1's destruction leads APC/CCdc20 activation, allowing for the destruction of cyclin A in early mitosis. Emi1 levels begin to rise again in G, which help inhibit APC/CCdh1.

Regulation of APC/CCdc20 activity towards metaphase substrates like securin and cyclin B may be a result of intracellular localization. It is hypothesized that spindle checkpoint proteins that inhibit APC/CCdc20 only associate with a subset of the Cdc20 population localized near the mitotic spindle. In this manner, cyclin A can be degraded while cyclin B and securin are degraded only once sister chromatids have achieved bi-orientation.

See also
Motifs Targeted by APC/C

References

Further reading

External links

 3D electron microscopy structures of Anaphase-promoting complex at the EM Data Bank(EMDB)

Mitosis
Proteins

Anaphase-promoting complex


Un loc sub soare (titlu original: A Place in the Sun) este un film american din 1951 produs și regizat de George Stevens. Este creat în genurile dramatic, de dragoste. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Montgomery Clift, Elizabeth Taylor și Shelley Winters, cu Anne Revere și Raymond Burr în rolurile secundare. Scenariul este scris de Michael Wilson și Harry Brown după romanul din 1925 O tragedie americană (An American Tragedy) de Theodore Dreiser și după piesa de teatru din 1926 cu același nume ca romanul de Patrick Kearney. Romanul a mai fost ecranizat ca An American Tragedy în 1931. Un loc sub soare a câștigat șase premii Oscar și primul Premiu Globul de Aur pentru cel mai bun film dramatic. În 1991, Un loc sub soare a fost selectat pentru păstrat în Registrul Național de Film  de către Biblioteca Congresului Statelor Unite ale Americii ca fiind "cultural, istoric sau semnificativ din punct de vedere estetic".

Prezentare

Distribuție

Producție
Cheltuielile de producție s-au ridicat la 2,29 milioane $.

Lansare și primire
A avut încasări de 7 milioane $.

Premii Oscar
Câștigate
 Best Cinematography, Black-and-White (William C. Mellor)
 Best Costume Design, Black-and-White (Edith Head)
 Best Director (George Stevens)
 Best Film Editing (William Hornbeck)
 Best Original Score (Franz Waxman)
 Best Writing, Screenplay (Michael Wilson and Harry Brown)

Nominalizări
 Best Actor in a Leading Role (Montgomery Clift)
 Best Actress in a Leading Role (Shelley Winters)
 Best Picture

Alte premii
Golden Globe Award
 Best Picture (Drama)

Directors Guild of America Award
 Best Director

Cannes Film Festival
 În competiție (1951)

Note

Legături externe

 "A Place in the Sun"  at TV Guide
 A Place in the Sun (1951) at Filmsite.org

Vezi și

Filme din 1951
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de George Stevens
Filme dramatice americane
Filme de dragoste
Filme bazate pe piese de teatru
Ecranizări de romane americane
Filme Paramount Pictures
Coloane sonore de Franz Waxman
Filme din Registrul Național de Film (SUA)

Un loc sub soare (film)


Otpor je bila organizacija, odnosno pokret u Srbiji. Izrasla je iz studentskih gibanja i bila jednom od najaktivnijih snaga civilnog društva u Srbiji suprotstavljenog Miloševićevom režimu. Ideologija tog pokreta i danas je relevantna procesima uspostave identiteta srbijanskog civilnog društva. Osobito se ističu utjecaji ideologije neoliberalizma i orijentalističkog diskursa. Ideolozi Otpora su se neselektivno odnosili ka domaćim povijesno-kulturnim tradicijama (otomanskoj baštini, npr.). Ipak, gibanja u Srbiji nakon 5. listopada 2000. dosta su različita od mirnih procesa u Hrvatskoj nakon 3. siječnja 2000., ne samo zbog upotrebe nasilja i redoslijeda poteza. Prodemokratska oporba u Srbiji i ustanove civilnog društva su idejno, više negoli financijski bili ovisno od vodećih čimbenika razvijenog Zapada. Nasuprot tome, ista je strana bila okrenuta atavističkim porivima etničkog partikularizma s druge stran, zbog čega su se pojavile brojne neadekvatnosti u pokušajima artikulacije valjane alternative nedemokratskoj vlasti Srbije i njenoj imperijalnoj politici, pa se zato moralo toliko dugo čekati na promjenu političkog režima. U promjeni su bitnu ulogu su odigrale nevladine organizacije i druge građanske inicijative, manje izložene slabostima od službenih oporbenih stranaka. Široke skupine mladeži, te studentica i studenata bitnu su ulogu odigrale u tome. Studentski pokret, tj. studentska gibanja u Srbiji tokom devedesetih, karakterizira jak demokratski naboj. Taj pokret je kao jedan od primjera najizrazitije artikuliranih suprotstavljanja službenoj državnoj politici "difuzne fašizacije". Pokret nije imao hijerarhiju niti vodstva, zato što su htjeli izbjeći da vlasti potkupe ili zastraše čelnika/čelnike pokreta, a k tome je narod bio prezasićen mnoštvom velikih i malih čelnika.

Vidi
Beogradski krug
Druga Srbija

Izvori

Politika Srbije

Otpor (pokret u Srbiji)


Super Crooks é uma série de streaming de anime do gênero superaventura baseada na série de quadrinhos homônima do escritor Mark Millar e do artista Leinil Francis Yu. Foi escrita por Dai Satō a partir da história de Millar, e foi dirigida por Motonobu Hori em sua estreia solo como diretor. A série de 13 episódios estreou na Netflix em todo o mundo em 25 de novembro de 2021, e serve como um spin-off de Jupiter's Legacy.

Premissa
O vigarista Johnny Bolt recruta uma equipe de oito supervilões para realizar um grande assalto no Japão.

Elenco de voz

Episódios

Produção
A produção da série foi anunciada pela Netflix em conjunto com o Estúdio Bones em março de 2019, estando pronta para sua estreia mundial no Festival de Cinema de Animação de Annecy em junho de 2021. Em sua estreia, o diretor Motonobu Hori explicou porque a série se passa, em parte, antes da série de quadrinhos: Mark Millar forneceu uma história de fundo adicional para Dai Satō adaptar, e Leinil Francis Yu forneceu designs de personagens mais jovens para Takashi Mitani traduzir em animação. A série serviria como uma prequência para os quadrinhos e então se sobreporia ao enredo dos quadrinhos.

Música
As músicas da série foram compostas por Towa Tei.

Lançamento
No evento Tudum da Netflix em setembro de 2021, as vozes principais de Kenjiro Tsuda e Maaya Sakamoto foram reveladas junto com a data de lançamento de 25 de novembro de 2021.

Ligações externas

 Super Crooks na Netflix
 Super Crooks no IMDb
 Super Crooks no Anime News Network's encyclopedia

!Artigos novos
Animes de 2021
Bones (estúdio)
Netflix
Super-heróis
Mangá
Anime

Super Crooks


Hyginus ist ein Einschlagkrater auf der Mondvorderseite an der Grenze zwischen Sinus Medii und Mare Vaporum, nordöstlich des Kraters Triesnecker und nordwestlich von Agrippa.
Der relativ kleine Krater liegt in der ungefähren Mitte der Mondrille Rima Hyginus, die ansonsten weitgehend gerade verläuft.
Der Kraterboden ist eben.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem römischen Gelehrten Gaius Iulius Hyginus offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Hyginus auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Hyginus (Mondkrater)


An Peristeria lindenii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Allen Rolfe. An Peristeria lindenii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Peristeria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Peristeria

Peristeria lindenii


Multiple ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Vallejo in honor of Vallejo, California.

  was planned as a , but her construction was canceled 5 October 1944.
  was a  patrol gunboat, but was reclassified as patrol frigate  on 15 April 1943 and renamed  on 19 November 1943. Her contract was canceled 11 January 1944 before she was laid down.
  was laid down as a  on 16 July 1945; however, her construction was canceled on 8 December 1945, and her hulk was subsequently scrapped.

See also
  was a  fleet ballistic missile submarine.

United States Navy ship names

USS Vallejo


Parti japonais de l'innovation (2014)
 Parti japonais de l'innovation (2015)

Homonymie

Parti japonais de l'innovation


An Encyclia tuerckheimii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Encyclia tuerckheimii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Encyclia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Encyclia

Encyclia tuerckheimii


În matematică, un functor este o aplicație între categorii. Functorii au fost analizați pentru prima oară în , unde obiectele algebrice (cum ar fi ) sunt asociate spațiilor topologice, iar aplicațiile dintre aceste obiecte algebrice sunt asociate aplicațiilor continue între spații. În prezent, functorii sunt utilizați în întreaga matematică modernă cu referire la diferite categorii. Astfel, functorii sunt importanți în toate domeniile matematicii cărora li se aplică teoria categoriilor.

Cuvântul functor a fost împrumutat de matematicieni de la filozoful Rudolf Carnap, care îl folosea în contextul lingvisticii; vezi cuvânt gramatical.

Definiție
Fie C și D categorii. Un functor F de la C la D este o aplicație care

 asociază fiecărui obiect  din C un obiect  din D,
 asociază fiecărui morfism  din C un morfism din D, astfel încât următoarele două condiții să fie valabile:
  pentru orice obiect  din C,
  pentru orice morfisme și din C.

Adică functorii trebuie să conserve morfismul identitate și  de morfisme.

Covarianță și contravarianță
Există multe construcții în matematică care ar fi functori, cu excepția faptului că "inversează morfismele" și "se compun invers". Atunci se definește un functor contravariant F de la C la D ca o aplicație care

 asociază fiecărui obiect  din C un obiect  din D,
 asociază fiecărui morfism din C un morfism  din D, astfel încât următoarele două condiții să fie valabile:
 pentru orice obiect  din C,
 pentru orice morfisme și din C.

Functorii contravarianți inversează direcția compoziției.

Functorii obișnuiți se numesc și functori covarianți pentru a-i distinge de cei contravarianți. Functorii contravarianți se pot defini și ca functori covarianți pe  . Unii autori preferă să scrie toate expresiile covariant. Adică, în loc să spună că  este un functor contravariant, ei scriu pur și simplu  (sau uneori ) și îl numesc functor.

Functorii contravarianți sunt numiți, uneori, și cofunctori.

Există o convenție referitoare la "vectori" adică câmpuri vectoriale, elemente ale spațiului secțiunilor  al unui   drept "contravariant" și la "covectori" adică , elemente ale spațiului secțiunilor  al unui fibrat cotangent  drept "covariant". Această terminologie își are originea în fizică, iar raționamentul său are legătură cu poziția indicilor ("sus" și "jos") în  precum  pentru  sau pentru  În acest formalism se observă că simbolul transformării de coordonate  (reprezentând matricea ) acționează asupra vectorilor din bază "în același mod" ca și pe "coordonatele covectorului": în vreme ce acționează "în sens invers" pe "coordonatele vectorului" (dar "în același mod" ca și pe covectorii din bază: ). Această terminologie este contrară celei utilizate în teoria categoriilor, deoarece covectorii sunt cei care au în general pullback, și sunt astfel contravarianți, în timp ce, în general, vectorii sunt covarianți, deoarece asupra acestora se poate face push forward.

Functorul opus
Orice functor induce functorul opus unde  și  sunt  ale lui , respectiv . Prin definitie,  mapează obiectele și morfismele identic cu . Întrucât  nu coincide drept categorie cu , și analog pentru ,  este distinct de . De exemplu, când se face compunerea lui cu , trebuie folosit fie , fie . Conform proprietății categoriilor opuse, .

Bifunctori și multifunctori
Un bifunctor (cunoscut și ca un functor binar) este un functor al cărui domeniu este o . De exemplu,  este de tipul  . Acesta poate fi văzut ca un functor cu două argumente.  este un exemplu natural; este contravariant într-un argument, covariant în celălalt.

Un multifunctor este o generalizare a conceptului de functor la n variabile. De exemplu, un bifunctor este un multifunctor cu .

Exemple
: pentru categoriile C și J, o diagramă de tip J în C este un functor covariant .

: Pentru categoriile C și J, un J-prefascicul pe C este un functor contravariant .

Prefascicul: Dacă X este un spațiu topologic, atunci mulțimile deschise din X formează o  Open(X) în raport cu incluziunea. Ca orice mulțime parțial ordonată, Open(X) formează o categorie mică prin adăugarea unei singure săgeți  dacă și numai dacă . Functorii contravarianți pe Open(X) se numesc  pe X. De exemplu, atribuind fiecărei mulțimi deschise U  a funcțiilor continue cu valori reale pe U, se obține un prefascicul de algebre pe X.

Functor constantă: functorul  care asociază fiecărui obiect din C un obiect fix X din D și oricărui morfism din C morfismul identitate pe X. Un astfel de functor se numește un functor constant sau de selecție.

Endofunctor: un functor care mapează o categorie la aceeași categorie; de exemplu, .

Functorul identitate: în categoria C, scrisă 1C sau idC, mapează un obiect la sine însuși și un morfism la sine însuși. Functorul identitate este un endofunctor.

Functor diagonal:  este definit ca functorul de la D la categoria functorilor DC care asociază fiecărui obiect din D functorul constant la acel obiect.

Functor limită: Pentru o  fixă J, dacă fiecare functor  are o  (de exemplu dacă C este completă), atunci functorul limită  atribuie fiecărui functor limita sa. Existența acestui functor poate fi demonstrată arătând că este  al  și invocând . Aceasta necesită o versiune adecvată a axiomei alegerii. Observații similare se aplică functorului colimită (care este covariant).

Mulțimi ale părților: Functorul mulțimii părților  asociază fiecărei mulțimi  ei, și fiecărei funcții aplicația care asociază lui imaginea sa . Se poate considera și functorul contravariant al mulțimii părților care asociază pe aplicației care asociază  imaginii sale inverse

: aplicația care atribuie fiecărui spațiu vectorial  său, și fiecărei aplicații liniare duala sau transpusa ei este un functor contravariant aplicat pe categoria tuturor spațiilor vectoriale pe un corp fix, către el însuși.

Grupul fundamental: Considerând categoria , adică spațiile topologice cu puncte distincte, obiectele sunt perechile , unde X este un spațiu topologic și x0 este un punct din X. Un morfism de la  la  este dat de o aplicație continuă  cu  .

Pe orice spațiu topologic X cu punct distinctiv x0, se poate defini  bazat în x0, notat . Acesta este grupul claselor de  a buclelor bazate în x0. Dacă  este un morfism al , atunci fiecare buclă din X cu punctul de bază x0 poate fi compusă cu f pentru a obține o buclă în Y cu punctul de bază y0. Această operație este compatibilă cu relația de echivalență a omotopiei și cu compoziția buclelor și se obține un omomorfism de grup de la  la  . Se obține astfel un functor de la categoria spațiilor topologice orientate la .

În categoria spațiilor topologice (fără punct distinctiv), se iau în considerare clasele de omotopie ale curbelor generice, dar ele nu pot fi compuse decât dacă drept capăt un punct comun. Astfel, una este groupoidul fundamental în locul grupului fundamental, iar această construcție este functorială.

Algebra funcțiilor continue: un functor contravariant de la categoria spațiilor topologice (cu aplicațiile continue ca morfisme) la categoria  reale este dat atribuind fiecărui spațiu topologic X algebra C(X) a tuturor funcțiilor continue definite pe acel spațiu. Orice aplicație continuă  induce un   prin regula  pentru orice φ din C(Y).

Fibrate tangente și cotangente: Aplicațiile care asociază fiecărei  la  sa și la fiecărei  derivata sa este un functor covariant de la categoria varietăților diferențiabile la categoria .

Făcând aceste construcții punctual rezultă , un functor covariant de la categoria varietăților diferențiabile orientate la categoria spațiilor vectoriale reale. Analog,  este un functor contravariant, în esență, compoziția spațiului tangent cu spațiul dual de mai sus.

Produse tensoriale: Dacă cu C se notează categoria spațiilor vectoriale peste un corp fix, cu aplicațiile liniare ca morfisme, atunci  definește un functor  care este covariant în ambele argumente.

Două consecințe importante ale axiomelor functorilor sunt:

 F transformă orice  din C într-o diagramă comutativă din D;
 dacă f este un izomorfism în C, atunci F(f) este un izomorfism în D.

Se pot compune functori, adică dacă F este un functor de la A la B și G este un functor de la B la C, atunci se poate forma functorul compus  de la A la C. Compoziția functorilor este asociativă acolo unde este definită. Identitatea compoziției functorilor este functorul identitate. Aceasta arată că functorii pot fi considerați morfisme în categoriile de categorii, de exemplu în .

O categorie mică cu un singur obiect este același lucru ca un monoid: morfismele unei categorii cu un singur obiect pot fi considerate ca elemente ale monoidului, iar compoziția din categorie este considerată operația monoidului. Functorii între categoriile cu un singur obiect corespund omomorfismelor monoidului. Deci, într-un sens, functorii dintre categoriile arbitrare sunt un fel de generalizare a omomorfismelor de monoid la categorii cu mai mult de un obiect.

Relația cu alte concepte de categorii
Fie și  categorii. Colecția tuturor functorilor  formează obiectele unei categorii: . Morfismele din această categorie sunt  între functori.

Functorii sunt adesea definiți prin ; exemple sunt ,  și  al grupurilor sau spațiilor vectoriale, construcția grupurilor și modulelor libere, limitele  și . Conceptele de  generalizează mai multe dintre cele de mai sus.

Construcțiile universale dau adesea naștere unor perechi de .

Implementări pe calculator
Functorii apar uneori în programarea funcțională. De exemplu, limbajul de programare Haskell are o  Functor  unde fmap este o funcție politipică folosită pentru a mapa  (morfisme pe Hask, categoria tipurilor Haskell) între tipuri existente la funcții între unele tipuri noi.

Note

Bibliografie

 .

Legături externe

 André Joyal, CatLab, un proiect wiki dedicat expunerii matematicii categorice
   introducerea formală în teoria categoriilor.
 J. Adamek, H. Herrlich, G. Stecker, Abstract and Concrete Categories - The Joy of Cats
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Category Theory " - de Jean-Pierre Marquis. Bibliografie extensivă.
 Lista conferințelor academice de teoria categoriilor
 Baez, John, 1996, "The Tale of n-categories" . O introducere informală în categoriile de ordin superior.
 WildCats este un pachet de teoria categoriilor pentru . Manipularea și vizualizarea obiectelor, morfismelor, categoriilor, functorilor, , .
 Catsters, un canal YouTube despre teoria categoriilor.
 Arhivă video de discuții înregistrate referitoare la categorii, logică și fundamentele fizicii.
 Pagină interactivă care generează exemple de construcții categorice în categoria mulțimilor finite.
Matematică

Functor


Kosuke Ota (født 26. oktober 1982) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder FC Machida Zelvia og Zweigen Kanazawa.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kosuke Ota (fodboldspiller, født 1982)


Samuel Harsnett (or Harsnet) (June 1561 – May 1631), born Samuel Halsnoth, was an English writer on religion and Archbishop of York from 1629.

Early life

Born in St Botolph's parish, Colchester, Essex, the son of William Halsnoth, a baker, and his wife Agnes, Harsnett was probably educated at Colchester's free school, now Colchester Royal Grammar School. After leaving school, he was inducted into King's College, Cambridge on 8 September 1576 and removed into Pembroke College, Cambridge where he gained a BA in 1580/1 and was elected a Fellow on 27 November 1583. In 1583 he was ordained into the Church of England, where he was soon disciplined by Archbishop Whitgift for preaching against predestination at St Paul's Cross on 27 October 1584. As Hughson notes, "he was one of those divines who opposed the decrees of the synod of Dort and he wrote a very learned treatise against absolute predestination". In 1584 he proceeded Master of Arts by seniority.

Academic career
In March 1587 Harsnett became headmaster of Colchester Royal Grammar School. In recognition of his achievements, the school has had, since 1908, a school house bearing his name. Preferring his studies at Cambridge University to the position, he resigned his office in November 1588, disliking the "painful trade of teaching", and returned to Pembroke Hall where he studied divinity, gaining his BD c.1590.

He re-entered himself into Pembroke Hall, where he was first a fellow and was elected master on 1 November 1605, remaining in that position until 1616, when he resigned because accusations totalling fifty-seven articles were made against him, by the Fellows of Pembroke to King James I. He was also Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University for the years 1606, the same year he gained his Doctor of Divinity degree, and 1609.

Ministerial career

In 1592 he served the office of Junior Proctor and five years later became chaplain to Dr Bancroft, then Bishop of London and shortly to become Archbishop of Canterbury by whose favour he quickly rose through the ranks. On the authority of Bancroft, he obtained the rectory of St Margaret, New Fish Street, London which he resigned in 1604 and the vicarage of Chigwell in Essex on 14 June 1597 which he resigned in 1605. Whilst at Chigwell, his wife, Thomazine, died in 1601, having given birth in 1600 to a short-lived daughter. Even after 1605 he continued to reside at Chigwell, where he had purchased a house and estate. In 1619 he purchased land in the parish on which he founded both a Latin school (which survives as Chigwell School) and an English school in 1629.

In 1598 he was promoted, becoming the prebendary of Mapesbury on 5 August and on 17 January 1602 the archdeacon of Essex – both posts chosen for him by Bishop Bancroft. On 16 April 1604 Sir Thomas Lucas of Colchester, father of Charles Lucas, installed him in the rectory of Shenfield, Essex.

Having been Bishop of Chichester since 13 November 1609, on 8 August 1619, he became Bishop of Norwich, resigning the living of Stisted he had held since 1609. He spent most of his time when absent from his city at Ludham, where he built a chapel and consecrated it for divine worship. In May 1624 he was charged before Parliament with high-handedness by the citizens of Norwich and in that same year he also persecuted the Puritans in Great Yarmouth, leading to a complaint by them to King Charles I in 1627.

On 26 November 1628, he was elected Archbishop of York, and on 10 November 1629 he was sworn a Privy Councillor.

Death and commemoration

Towards the end of his life he fell ill, signing his will on 13 February 1631, to which he signed a codicil on 18 May, and taking the waters at Bath in April of that year. He died at Moreton-in-Marsh while returning from Bath on 25 May 1631 and his body took ten days to return to Chigwell. He was buried at St Mary's Church, Chigwell alongside his wife and daughter, both named Thomasine who had both died in 1601. A brass of Harsnett can be found in St Mary's Church, Chigwell, although it has been moved from its original position over his grave. The image on the brass is believed to be a true representation of him and he most likely sat for it shortly before his death. It has been suggested that it is of Flemish origin but, because of the similarities it bears to the brass of Sir John Filmer in East Sutton, Kent, it is now believed to be by Edward Marshall. His epitaph on the brass reads:
Hic iacet Samuell Harsnett quondam vicarius huius ecclesiæ primo indignus episcopus Cicestrensis deindignior Norwicencis demum indignissim' archiepiscop' Eboraceñ qui obiit XXV die maii anno dñi: 1631
Here lies Samuel Harsnett once vicar of this church, first unworthy bishop of Chichester, then more unworthy bishop of Norwich, finally most unworthy archbishop of York; he died on the 25th day in May in the year of our Lord 1631.
There are two changes from the inscription he requested in his will – his name is spelt as "Samuell", not "Samuel" and "deindignior" should have been "dein indignior".

In his home town of Colchester he is commemorated by a statue on the town hall and a stained glass window in St. Botolph's Church. His library of theological works was bequeathed to the borough of Colchester for the use of local clergy; it can now be found in the library of the University of Essex.

Religious views

Harsnett is noted for his sceptical attitude towards demons and witchcraft. As the chaplain to Bishop Bancroft, Harsnett was commissioned to write a treatise condemning the 1590s exorcisms of John Darrell, having sat on the 1598 commissions which investigated his activities. Darrell, curate at St. Mary's Church, Nottingham was a puritan minister who performed a series of public exorcisms in the English Midlands. Eventually, the exorcisms caused such a disturbance that they attracted the attention of Anglican authorities in London. Harsnett's A Discovery of the Fraudulent Practises of John Darrel (1599) was a polemical piece intended to discredit Darrell's puritan agenda. It was drafted as a piece of political propaganda, but it also genuinely questioned the belief in demons. In this way, Harsnett sought natural explanations for supposedly supernatural phenomena.

In 1603, he wrote another book, A Declaration of Egregious Popish Impostures, published by order of the Privy Council, which condemned exorcisms performed by Roman Catholic priests in the 1580s. Shakespeare used this book as a source, pulling words and phrases when writing the play King Lear, mainly spoken by Edgar while he feigns madness, and John Milton is said to have been influenced by it when writing L'Allegro.

As a member of England's religious authority, Harsnett's sceptical attitudes, divided equally between puritanism and popery, set important precedents for English policy. For example, by coming close "to denying the reality of witchcraft" he may have contributed to the relative lack of witch hunts in England, compared to other countries.

Harsnett was a strident anti-Calvinist. The extent of his Arminian theology has been discussed by historians.

Writings
Harsnett is known to have written eight works, which are as follows:
Nemo necessario damnatur, a treatise written against Calvinism, which may have been his BD thesis;
De Necessitate baptismi;
Sermon against predestination, on the text of Ezekiel chapter 33, verse 11; preached at St Paul's Cross in 1584;
A Discovery of the Fraudulent practises of Iohn Darrel, Bacheler of Artes, in his proceedings concerning the Pretended Possession and dispossession of William Somers at Nottingham; of Thomas Darling, the boy of Burton at Caldwell; and of Katherine Wright at Mansfield, & Whittlington; and of his dealings with one Mary Couper at Nottingham, detecting in some sort the deceitfull trade in these latter dayes of casting out Deuils, London, John Wolfe, 1599;
A Declaration of egregious Popish Impostures, to with-draw the harts of her Maiesties Subiects from their allegeance, and from the truth of Christian Religion professed in England, under the pretence of casting out deuils. Pracised by Edmunds, alias Weston a Iesuit, and diuers Romish Priests his wicked associates. Whereunto are annexed the Copies of the Confessions, and Examinations of the parties themselves, taken upon oath before her Maiesties Commissioners, for causes Ecclesiasticall, James Roberts, Barbican, 1603; with a new title pages, London, 1605;
Defence of Answer against a certain Reply concerning Usury, dated after 1604;
Consideration of the better settling of Church government, presented by Laud to the King, and sent by the King to the Archbishop of Canterbury in December 1629;
Instructions concerning certain articles to be observed and put in execution by the several Bishops in his Province, Lambeth Library.

Notes and references

Citations

Sources

External links

 Image of Harsnett's epitaph

1561 births
1631 deaths
16th-century English Anglican priests
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
17th-century Anglican archbishops
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Archbishops of York
Archdeacons of Essex
Arminian ministers
Arminian writers
Bishops of Chichester
Bishops of Norwich
Doctors of Divinity
English religious writers
Founders of English schools and colleges
Headmasters of Colchester Royal Grammar School
Masters of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Clergy from Colchester
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
17th-century Church of England bishops
People from Ludham

Samuel Harsnett


Aṅguttara Nikāya ("Coleção de Discursos Aumentados por um fator" ou "Coleção dos discursos Numéricos") é uma coletânea de escrituras budistas, a quarta dos cinco Nikāyas no Sutta Pitaka, que é um dos "três cestos" que compõem o Cânone Pali do budismo theravada. A coletânea consiste de discursos cuja base é um esquema numérico, totalizando onze livros ou agrupamentos de suttas.

É difícil precisar a quantidade de suttas do Anguttara Nikaya, pois não fica claro por seu texto se determinados suttas devem ser contados juntos ou separadamente. Bhikkhu Bodhi organizou os suttas em um total de 8122, mas alerta que muitos dos suttas aparecem repetidos nessa contagem, com pequenas alterações quanto ao seu conteúdo ou à ordem em que é apresentado.

Paralelos em outras escolas
O Anguttara Nikaya corresponde ao Ekottara Āgama ou Ekottarikagama preservado nos agamas do Cânone budista chinês, proveniente de traduções dos registros da escola Sarvastivada, hoje extinta, ou da escola Mahasamghika. Embora sobrevivam fragmentos em sânscrito dos textos originais que posteriormente foram traduzidos e incorporados ao Cânone budista chinês, os estudos acadêmicos não puderam dizer com certeza qual escola os compôs.

Há diferenças consideráveis entre os Anguttara Nikaya e o Ekottara Agama. Uma parte considerável de suttas que integram o Anguttara Nikaya possuem paralelos presentes no Samyukta Agama, enquanto há suttas constantes no Ekottara Agama que possuem paralelos no Samyutta Nikaya. Alguns suttas maiores do Anguttara Nikaya possuem paralelos no Madhyama Āgama.

Conteúdo
De modo semelhante ao Samyutta Nikaya, os suttas do Anguttara Nikaya são curtos e de preocupação predominantemente prática. Organizados numericamente e de modo incremental, apresentam propostas como: "as três bases para a origem do carma", "os quatro tipos de pessoas", "seis recompensas para aquele que entra na correnteza" etc.

É no Anguttara Nikaya que está registrado o famoso Kalama Sutta, em que o Buda explica a um grupo de céticos os critérios adequados para aceitar um ensinamento espiritual.

Bibliografia

Ligações Externas
 Tradução do Anguttara Nikāya para o Português no site Buddhasasana.com.br
Anguttara Nikāya em várias línguas no site Suttacentral.net. O site também contém versões paralelas do Anguttara Nikāya registradas no Cânone Budista Chinês.

Teravada
Cânone páli
Termos budistas
Palavras, frases e expressões em sânscrito
Palavras, frases e expressões em páli

Anguttara Nikaya


Tour du Loir-et-Cher 2017 var den 58. udgave af det franske landevejscykelløb. Løbet foregik i perioden 12. til 16. april 2017. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour 2017 og var i kategorien 2.2. Den samlede vinder af løbet blev danske Alexander Kamp fra Team VéloCONCEPT, foran landsmændene Troels Vinther og Rasmus Guldhammer.

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere

Etaperne

Løbet

1. etape

2. etape

3. etape

4. etape

5. etape

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

UCI Europe Tour 2017
2017

Tour du Loir-et-Cher 2017


Genocid nad Čerkezima bilo je etničko čišćenje, ubijanje, prisilna migracija i protjerivanje koje je provelo Rusko Carstvo, između 1830. i 1870., protiv većine Čerkeza iz njihove povijesne zemlje, Čerkezije, koja odgovara velikom dijelu sjevernog Kavkaza i sjeveroistočnoj obali Crnog mora. Neke procjene broje između 800,000 i 1.500,000 Čerkeza ubijenih ili deportiranih tijekom ruske invazije. Zbog muslimanske vjere Čerkeza, ovaj događaj je poznat i kao  muhadžirstvo. Riječ "muhadžir" potječe iz arapskog i koja doslovno znači "onaj koji odgovara".

Genocid se dogodio nakon završetka Kavkaskog rata u posljednjoj četvrtini 19. stoljeća. Prognanici su se uglavnom selili u Osmansko Carstvo, posebno na prostore današnjeg Kosova, Podunavlja i Anatolije. Točnije, deportacija je započela 1864. i završila 1867. Osim Čerkeza, među protjeranim narodima bili su i Ubihi i Abazini, a stradali su i: Inguši, Arštinci, Čečeni, Oseti i Abhazi. Finski povjesničar i istraživač Antero Leitzinger definirao ga je kao najveći genocid 19. stoljeća.

Deportacija je uključivala nepoznati broj ljudi, reda veličine stotina tisuća: većina njih je deportirana iz svojih rodnih sela u crnomorske luke čekajući brodove za Osmansko Carstvo s izričitim ciljem odlaska sa svoje zemlje. Samo mali postotak ponovno se vratio unutar Ruskoga Carstva. Stanovništvo je tako raspršeno, deportirano i u nekim slučajevima masovno ubijeno. Neodređeni broj deportiranih umro je tijekom ove operacije: neki su umrli od epidemija izazvanih dok su čekali da odu, drugi su podlegli u lukama Crnog mora, dok su treći umrli od potonuća brodova uslijed oluja. Izračuni, uključujući i one koji uzimaju u obzir arhivske podatke ruske vlade, procijenili su gubitak od 90%-94% ili 95%-97% Čerkeza tijekom operacija.

U istom razdoblju, i drugi muslimani sa Kavkaza prebačeni su u Osmansko Carstvo i Perziju.

Od 2021. Gruzija je jedina država na svijetu koja priznaje genocid nad Čerkezima, dok Rusija gorljivo negira takav događaj i priznaje ga kao običnu migraciju ljudi. Ruski nacionalisti na tom području nastavljaju slaviti dan deportacije Čerkeza, 21. svibnja, kao dan "Svetog osvajanja".

Izvori

Genocidi
Abhasko-adigejski narodi
Adigeja
Povijest Sjevernog Kavkaza

Genocid nad Čerkezima


Das Damendoppel der French Open 1975 war ein Tenniswettbewerb in Paris.

Titelverteidigerinnen waren Chris Evert und Olga Morosowa. Das Finale bestritten Chris Evert und  Martina Navrátilová gegen Julie Anthony und Olga Morosowa, das Evert und Navrátilová in zwei Sätzen gewann.

Setzliste
Es ist weder auf der ITF-Seite noch auf der WTA-Seite ersichtlich wie sich die Setzliste zusammensetzte, da dort keine Angaben zu finden sind.

Hauptrunde

Halbfinale, Finale

Obere Hälfte

Obere Hälfte 1

Obere Hälfte 2

Untere Hälfte

Untere Hälfte 1

Untere Hälfte 2

Weblinks

Damendoppel
1975

French Open 1975/Damendoppel


Jamaica ginger extract, known in the United States by the slang name Jake, was a late 19th-century patent medicine that provided a convenient way to obtain alcohol during the era of Prohibition, since it contained approximately 70% to 80% ethanol by weight. In the 1930s, a large number of users of Jamaica ginger were afflicted with a paralysis of the hands and feet that quickly became known as Jamaica ginger paralysis or jake paralysis.

Early use and Prohibition
Since the 1860s, Jamaica ginger had been widely sold at drug stores and roadside stands in  bottles. In small doses, mixed with water, it was used as a remedy for headaches, upper respiratory infections, menstrual disorders, and intestinal gas. Despite its strong ginger flavour, it was popular as an alcoholic beverage in dry counties in the United States, where it was a convenient and legal method of obtaining alcohol. It was often mixed with a soft drink to improve the taste.

When Prohibition was enacted in 1920, sale of alcohol became illegal nationwide, prompting consumers to search for substitutes. Patent medicines with a high alcohol percentage, such as Jamaica ginger, became obvious choices, as they were legal and available over the counter without prescriptions. By 1921, the United States government made the original formulation of Jamaica ginger prescription-only. Only a fluid extract version defined in the United States Pharmacopeia, with a high content of bitter-tasting ginger oleoresin, remained available in stores. Because of the taste, it was classified as nonpotable, and was therefore legal to sell despite the alcohol content.

United States Department of Agriculture agents audited Jamaica ginger manufacturers by boiling samples and weighing the resulting solids, to make sure their products contained sufficiently high quantities of the bitter-tasting ginger. To make their products more palatable, manufacturers of Jamaica ginger began to illegally replace the ginger oleoresin with cheaper ingredients like molasses, glycerin, and castor oil, cutting costs and significantly diminishing the unpleasant ginger flavor.

Victims

Organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy
When the price of castor oil increased in the latter portion of the 1920s, Harry Gross, president of Hub Products Corporation, sought an alternative additive for his Jamaica ginger formula. He discarded ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol as being too volatile, eventually selecting a mixture containing triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP), a plasticizer used in lacquers and paint finishing. Gross was advised by the manufacturer of the mixture, Celluloid Corporation, that it was non-toxic.

TOCP was originally thought to be non-toxic; however, it was later determined to be a neurotoxin that causes axonal damage to the nerve cells in the nervous system of human beings, especially those located in the spinal cord. The resulting type of paralysis is now referred to as organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy, or OPIDN.

In 1930, large numbers of Jake users began to find they were unable to use their hands and feet. Some victims could walk, but they had no control over the muscles which would normally have enabled them to point their toes upward. Therefore, they would raise their feet high with the toes flopping downward, which would touch the pavement first followed by their heels. The toe first, heel second pattern made a distinctive "tap-click, tap-click" sound as they walked. This very peculiar gait became known as the jake walk and the jake dance and those afflicted were said to have jake leg, jake foot, or jake paralysis. Additionally, the calves of the legs would soften and hang down and the muscles between the thumbs and fingers would atrophy.

Within a few months, the TOCP-adulterated Jake was identified as the cause of the paralysis, and the contaminated Jake was recovered. But by that time, it was too late for many victims. Some did recover full, or partial, use of their limbs. But for most, the loss was permanent. The total number of victims was never accurately determined, but is frequently quoted as between 30,000 and 50,000. Many victims were immigrants to the United States, and most were poor, with little political or social influence. The victims received very little assistance. Harry Gross and his part-owner of Boston-Hub Products, Max Reisman, were ultimately fined $1,000 each and given a two-year suspended jail sentence.

Several blues songs on the subject were recorded in the early 1930s, such as "Jake Walk Papa" by Asa Martin, and "Jake Liquor Blues" by Ishman Bracey.

Although this incident became well known, later cases of organophosphate poisoning occurred in Germany, Spain, Italy, and, on a large scale, in Morocco in 1959, where cooking oil adulterated with jet engine lubricant from an American airbase led to paralysis in approximately 10,000 victims, and caused an international incident.

Cultural references

Books
 In Sara Gruen's 2006 novel Water for Elephants jake paralysis afflicts one character, Camel, after drinking contaminated Jamaica Ginger.
 In the novel The Black Dahlia, the protagonist reveals early on that his mother went blind and fell to her death after drinking jake, leading to his resentment of his father for purchasing it.
 In his autobiography On the Move: A Life, Oliver Sacks describes research that he conducted to develop an animal model of jake paralysis.  He was able to duplicate the toxic effects of TOCP on myelinated neurons in earthworms and chickens.
  In Jamie Ford's novel Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet the two young characters Henry and Keiko are given a prescription for Jamaican Ginger in the 1942 portion of the story. They go to the pharmacy, pick up the bottles, and return to the Black Elks club. Due to war rationing and systemic oppression at the time, the black jazz club is not allowed to have a liquor license, so the proprietor uses Jamaican Ginger to make bathtub gin.

Music
Songs were recorded at the time about "jake" and its effects; in a variety of musical styles, including blues and country. Several have been included on the compilation albums Jake Walk Blues (1977, 14 songs) and Jake Leg Blues (1994, 16 songs) There is a marked but unsurprising duplication of songs between those albums. In some cases, different artists used the same title for different songs. The songs on one or both of those albums are, in alphabetic order by title:
 "Alcohol and Jake Blues"Tommy Johnson (1930, Paramount 12950)
 "Bay Rum Blues" - David McCarn and Howard Long
 "Bear Cat Papa Blues"Gene Autry and Frankie Marvin (1931, unreleased)
 "Beer Drinkin' Woman" - Black Ace
 "Got the Jake Leg Too" - Ray Brothers
 "Jake Bottle Blues" - Lemuel Turner (1928, Victor V-40052)
 "Jake Head Boogie" - Lightnin' Hopkins (c. 1949-1950)
 "Jake Jigga Juke" - Iron Mike Norton (2005, GFO Records)
 "Jake Leg Blues" - Willie ("Poor Boy") Lofton (1935, Decca 7076)
 "Jake Leg Blues" - Mississippi Sheiks with Bo Carter (1930, Okeh 8939)
 "Jake Leg Rag" - W. T. ("Willie") Narmour and S. W. ("Shell" or "Shellie") Smith
 "Jake Leg Wobble" - The Ray Brothers
 "Jake Legs Blues" - Maynard Britton
 "Jake Legs Blues" - Byrd Moore
 "Jake Liquor Blues" - Ishmon Bracey (1929, Paramount 12941)
 "Jake Walk Blues" - The Allen Brothers (1931, Victor V-40303)
 "Jake Walk Blues" - Maynard Britton
 "Jake Walk Papa" - Asa Martin (1933)
 "Limber Neck Rag" - W. T. Narmour and S. W. Smith

Other musical references include:
Savannah, Georgia-based band Baroness recorded a song called "Jake Leg" for their album Blue Record.

Film and television
 Jamaica ginger ("Ginger Jake") is a plot element in two episodes of The Untouchables, an American TV series. "The Jamaica Ginger Story" aired in season 2 on February 2, 1961. "Jake Dance" aired on January 22, 1963.
 "Ginger Jake" also makes an appearance in the movie Quid Pro Quo, where "wannabes" (people who would like to be disabled) are helped by Ginger Jake to become disabled.

References

Further reading
Baum, Dan, "Jake Leg", The New Yorker September 15, 2003, p. 50-57. (PDF)
 Blum, Deborah. The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York (Penguin Press, February 18, 2010)
 Burns, Eric. The Spirits of America: A Social History of Alcohol (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2003) pp. 221–223
  Kidd, J. G, and Langworthy, O. R.  Jake paralysis. Paralysis following the ingestion of Jamaica ginger extract adulterated with triortho-cresyl phosphate. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1933, 52, 39.
 Gussow, Leon MD.  The Jake Walk and Limber Trouble: A Toxicology Epidemic. Emergency Medicine News"". 26(10):48, October 2004.
 Morgan, John P. and Tulloss, Thomas C. The Jake Walk Blues: A toxicological tragedy mirrored in popular music. JEMF (John Edward s Memorial Foundation) Quarterly, 1977, 122-126.

 U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Neurotoxicity: Identifying and Controlling Poisons of the Nervous System, OTA-BA-436 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, April 1990).
Kearney, Paul W. Our Food and Drug G-Men'' The Progressive July 10, 1944

External links
The Epidemiologic Side of Toxicology (slides 6 - 10 deal with the Jamaica Ginger Epidemic)
 Songs about jake leg.
The Jake Leg Infamy. This film was originally shown September 2009, at the North American College of Clinical Toxicology meeting in San Antonio, TX. It was part of the Toxicology Historical Society component. It has a Standard YouTube License.

Patent medicines
Prohibition in the United States
Toxicology
Adulteration

Jamaica ginger


شط مريم هي إحدى مدن الساحل التونسي، وتتبع معتمدية أكودة من ولاية سوسة. تنقسم إلى ثلاث مناطق و هي الطنطانة، شط مريم، و حلق المنجل(الفقاعية) , وتقع شمالي مدينتي سوسة وحمام سوسة وجنوبي مدينة هرقلة. وقد اشتهرت شط مريم بالفلاحة و بشاطئها مما يجعل العديد من العائلات تقصدها للمصيف في فصل الصيف.

كما اشتهرت هذه المدينة بوجود معهد فلاحي عال بها هو المعهد العالي للعلوم الفلاحية
أصبحت منطقة بلدية اثر الانتخابات البلدية لسنة 2019.

أماكن مأهولة في تونس
تاريخ الأمازيغ
قرى ولاية سوسة
قرطاج
مدن رومانية
ولاية سوسة

شط مريم


Bucakkışla, Antalya ilinin Akseki ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Antalya iline 155 km, Akseki ilçesine 5 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Akseki'nin mahalleleri

Bucakkışla, Akseki


UEFA Nations League B 2018–19 var den næstøverste division af 2018–19 udgaven af UEFA Nations League, den første sæson af den internationale fodboldturnering for herrernes 55 landshold, der er medlemmer af UEFA.

Seedning

Grupper

Gruppe 1

Gruppe 2

Gruppe 3

Gruppe 4

Målscorere

3 mål
 Edin Džeko
 Patrik Schick

2 mål

 Christian Eriksen
 Denis Cheryshev
 Emre Akbaba
 Yevhen Konoplyanka
 Gareth Bale

1 mål
 Marko Arnautović
 Valentino Lazaro
 Xaver Schlager
 Haris Duljević
 Elvis Sarić
 Michael Krmenčík
 Martin Braithwaite
 Nicolai Jørgensen
 Corry Evans
 Will Grigg
 Shaun Williams
 Artem Dzyuba
 Roman Neustädter
 Marek Hamšík
 Juraj Kucka
 Róbert Mak
 Albert Rusnák
 Adam Zreľák
 Marcus Berg
 Viktor Claesson
 Andreas Granqvist
 Isaac Kiese Thelin
 Victor Lindelöf
 Serdar Aziz
 Hakan Çalhanoğlu
 Ruslan Malinovskyi
 Andriy Yarmolenko
 Oleksandr Zinchenko
 Tom Lawrence
 Aaron Ramsey
 Connor Roberts
 Harry Wilson

Noter

Samlet stilling
De 12 League B hold blev ranket fra 13. til 24. samlet stilling i UEFA Nations League 2018–19 i følge disse regler:
Holdene som lå på førsteplads i grupperne blev nummer 13 til 16 ud fra resultaterne fra liga-fasen.
Holdene som lå på andenplads i grupperne blev nummer  17 til 20 ud fra resultaterne fra liga-fasen.
Holdene som lå på tredjeplads i grupperne blev nummer 21 til 24 ud fra resultaterne fra liga-fasen.

Kvalificerende play-offs

De fire bedste hold i League B i følge den samlede stilling, der ikke har kvalificeret sig til Europamesterskabet i fodbold 2021 gennem det kvalificerende gruppespil vil konkurrere i play-offs, mod vinderne for at kvalificere sig til slutspillet. Hvis der er færre end fire hold i League B, der ikke har kvalificeret sig, så vil de ledige pladser blive givet til hold fra en anden liga i følge den samlede rangering.

Referencer

B

UEFA Nations League 2018-19 - League B


Ceratozamia matudae es una especie de planta de la familia Zamiaceae. Se encuentra en Guatemala y México. Su  hábitat natural son los montanos húmedos subtropicales o tropicales. Se encuentra amenazado por la pérdida de hábitat.

Fuente
 Donaldson, J.S. 2003.  Ceratozamia matudae.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Descargado el 21 de agosto de 2007.

Enlaces externos

matudae

Ceratozamia matudae


There are two Grammy Awards given to Producers of the Year:

Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical
Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Classical

Grammy Award for Producer of the Year


Gurkhas are soldiers from Nepal.

Gurkha, Gorkha or Gorkhali may also refer to:

People
 Nepali people, citizens of Nepal also known as Gurkha and Gorkhali
 Indian Gorkha, the Nepali-speaking people of India
 Burmese Gurkha, the Nepali-speaking people of Burma

Military
 Nepalese Army, also called the Gurkha Army
 Gurkha, soldiers from Nepal. Origin of Nepal army.
 Brigade of Gurkhas, British Army units composed of Nepalese Gurkha soldiers
 Royal Gurkha Rifles,  Rifle regiment of the British Army, forming part of the Brigade of Gurkhas.
 Gorkha regiments (India), regiments of the modern Indian Army enlisted in Nepal, successors of the Gurkhas of Britain's imperial Indian Army
 Gurkha Contingent, a department of the Singapore Police Force
 Gurkha Reserve Unit, a para-military force in Brunei
 HMS Gurkha, the name of several Royal Navy ships

Places
 Kingdom of Nepal, also called the Gorkha Kingdom
 Gorkha District, a district of Nepal
 Gorkha Municipality, formerly Prithvi Narayan Municipality
 Another name for Prithbinarayan, a Nepali city
 Gorkha Kingdom, Ancient Nepalese kingdom
 Gorkhaland, the name of the proposed state in India demanded by the Nepalis ethnic group

Companies
 Gorkha Airlines, an airline in Nepal
 Gorkha Beer, a brand of beer brewed in Nepal

Organizations
 British Gurkhas Nepal, Administrative organisation of the British Army in Nepal.
 Bharatiya Gorkha Parisangh, a national-level organization of Indian Gorkhas
 Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, a semi-autonomous body that looks after the administration of the District of Darjeeling
 Gorkha Janmukti Morcha, a political party in Darjeeling district and Dooars, India
 Gorkha National Liberation Front, a political party in North Bengal, India

Wars
 Gurkha War, also known as Anglo-Nepalese War, wars fought between the Gorkha Kingdom of Nepal and the East India Company
 Sino-Nepalese War, also known as Sino Gorkha war, fought between Gurkha Army and Tibetan armies
 Gurkha–Sikh War, small conflict between the forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Sikh Empire) and the Gurkha Army in 1809
 Limbuwan Gorkha War, a series of battles fought between the king of Gorkha and the rulers of various principalities of Limbuwan from 1771 to 1774 AD

Other uses
 Gorkhapatra, a Nepali daily newspaper
 Terradyne Armored Vehicles Gurkha, an armored vehicle
 Force Gurkha, an SUV
 Gorkhali (newspaper)
 Gurkha (film), a 2019 Tamil film
 The Gurkha (foaled 2013), an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse

See also
 Kukri, a curved knife also known as a Nepalese Knife or Gurkha knife or Gurkha blade

Gurkha (disambiguation)


Gottlieb Christoph Adolf von Harleß (født 21. november 1806 i Nürnberg, død 5. september 1879 i München) var en tysk luthersk teolog. Han var nevø af Johann Christian Harleß og bror til Emil Harleß.

Opvokset i et godt hjem, men under en mere æstetisk end religiøs påvirkning, udviklede han sig i sin studentertid (fra 1823) først i Erlangen og særlig senere under Tholucks indflydelse i Halle til bevidst luthersk kristen. Hans glimrende evner og omfattende filosofiske og teologiske studier modnede ham tillige for den akademiske virksomhed. I 1833 blev han professor i teologi i Erlangen. I 1838 grundlagde han tidsskriftet Zeitschrift für Protestantismus und Kirche.

I 1840 blev han tillige universitetets repræsentant i stænderforsamlingen i München og ledede oppositionen mod ministeriet Abel, men blev så til straf forflyttet til Bayreuth 1845. Samme år modtog han imidlertid en kaldelse til universitetet i Leipzig. Dels som professor her, dels senere som overhofprædikant i Dresden udøvede Harleß en overordentlig indflydelse og fuldendte den bekendelsestro lutherdoms sejr over rationalismen. I 1852 fulgte han imidlertid den bayerske konges gentagne kaldelse og blev præsident for overkonsistoriet og leder for den protestantiske kirke i Bayern.

Trofast fulgt af den skare af bekendelsestro lutherske præster, som det blomstrende lutherske fakultet i Erlangen havde uddannet, fuldendte han, om end ikke uden svære kampe, også her ad kirkeregimentlig vej den protestantiske kirkes udvikling fra rationalismen til "kirkelig" lutherdom. Han må betegnes som en af denne retnings betydeligste, ædleste og besindigste førere. Blandt hans værker kan nævnes Commentar über den Brief Pauli an die Ephesier (2. oplag 1858) og hans Christliche Ethik (8. oplag 1893). Hans prædikener er samlede i 7 bind under titlen Sonntagsweihe.

Kilder

Lutherske teologer
Teologer fra Tyskland
Ansatte ved Erlangens Universitet
Ansatte ved Leipzigs Universitet
Faglitterære forfattere fra Tyskland
Tyskere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra Nürnberg

Adolf Harleß


أحمد حسين خضير السامرائي (ولد في سامراء في 1939)، سياسي ورئيس وزراء عراقي سابق (1993-1994)، ورئيس ديوان رئاسة الجمهورية لمرتين، كما شغل عدداً من المناصب الوزارية في فترة حكم الرئيس العراقي السابق صدام حسين، حاصل على بكلوريوس في الأدب الانجليزي.

المناصب السياسية
 وزير الشباب 1982-1983 ضمن الحكومة التي كانت برئاسة صدام حسين
 رئيس ديوان رئاسة الجمهورية (1984 - 1991).
 وزير المالية ( مارس 1991 - سبتمبر 1991) في حكومة سعدون حمادي
 وزير الخارجية - خلفا لطارق عزيز - (أيلول سبتمبر 1991 - تموز يوليو 1992) في حكومة محمد حمزة الزبيدي .
 وزير المالية ( يوليو 1992 - سبتمبر 1993) في حكومة محمد حمزة الزبيدي .
 رئيس وزراء العراق للفترة من 5-9-1993 وحتى 29-5-1994.
 اختير مرة ثانية رئيسا لديوان رئاسة الجمهورية من 1995 حتى سقوط النظام في 2003 وكان آخر منصب له .

رئاسة الوزراء

كان أحمد حسين خضير ثالث من شغل منصب رئيس الوزراء خلال فترة رئاسة صدام حسين، وكانت للفترة من 5 أيلول 1993 لغاية 29 أيار 1994. كلف بعدها أحمد حسين خضير بشغل منصب رئاسة ديوان الرئاسة، بينما عاد صدام حسين لمنصب رئيس الوزراء، واستمرت تلك الحكومة حتى احتلال العراق عام 2003.

قائمة الوزراء
كان قائمة الوزراء في الحكومة التي ترأسها أحمد حسين خضير كما يلي:

سجنه ومحاكمته
سلم نفسه بعد الاحتلال الأمريكي لبغداد عام 2003 .

حكمت المحكمة الجنائية العراقية العليا التي رأسها القاضي رؤوف رشيد عبد الرحمن عليه بالسجن 6 سنوات .

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي (العراق)
حكام بعثيون
رؤساء وزراء العراق
مواليد 1360 هـ
مواليد 1941
مواليد في سامراء
وزراء خارجية العراق
وزراء مالية عراقيون
رؤساء ديوان رئاسة الجمهورية العراقي

أحمد حسين خضير


ASL Sport Guyanais (oficialmente, L'Association Sportive et Littéraire Le Sport Guyanais), era um time de futebol da Guiana Francesa.

A Guyanese Sport foi fundada em Cayenne em 1912 por Romuald Théolade e Camille Lafontaine. O clube também possui seções de atletismo, basquete e vôlei.

O clube venceu a Divisão Honorária da Guiana pela primeira vez em 1964 e, em seguida, se destacou por vencer a competição 7 vezes consecutivas de 1966 a 1972, e também pela última vez em 1986. O clube também perdeu uma Copa da Guiana final em 1965 contra AJ Saint-Georges antes de vencê-lo em 1987 e 1988.

Títulos
 (9 vezes) Campeonato Nacional da Guiana Francesa.
 Vice da Liga dos Campeões da Concacaf 1984.

Clubes de futebol da Guiana Francesa
Clubes de futebol fundados em 1912

ASL Sport Guyanais


Milltown-Head of Bay d'Espoir est une municipalité située dans la province de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador.

Histoire

Économie

Géographie

Démographie

Notes et références

Ville à Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador

Milltown-Head of Bay d'Espoir


Veitswend ist ein Gemeindeteil der Großen Kreisstadt Dinkelsbühl im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geographie
Durch den Weiler fließt der Veitsgraben, der ein rechter Zufluss der Zwergwörnitz ist. Der Ort ist von Acker- und Grünland und kleineren Waldgebieten umgeben. Eine Gemeindeverbindungsstraße verläuft nach Weidelbach zur Kreisstraße AN 42 (2,1 km nordöstlich) bzw. nach Neustädtlein (1,1 km südlich). Eine weitere Gemeindeverbindungsstraße verläuft nach Röthendorf (0,5 km südöstlich).

Geschichte
Aus dem Grundwort des Ortsnamens "–wend" kann geschlossen werden, dass der Ort ursprünglich eine Wendensiedlung war.

Veitswend bildete mit Röthendorf eine Realgemeinde. Die Fraischbezirk war strittig zwischen dem brandenburg-ansbachischen Oberamtes Crailsheim und dem oettingen-spielbergischen Oberamt Mönchsroth. Die Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl wollte sie für ihre Anwesen beanspruchen. Die Dorf- und Gemeindeherrschaft hatte das Ämtlein Weidelbach des Deutschen Ordens. Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts gab es 6 Anwesen. Grundherren waren das Ämtlein Weidelbach (1 Hof, 4 Güter) und das Spital der Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl (1 Hofgut). Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Crailsheim.

Mit dem Gemeindeedikt wurde Veitswend dem 1809 gebildeten Steuerdistrikt und der im selben Jahr gebildeten Ruralgemeinde Weidelbach zugewiesen. Am 1. Mai 1978 wurde diese im Zuge der Gebietsreform in Bayern nach Dinkelsbühl eingegliedert.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Ulrich (Weidelbach) gepfarrt. Die Katholiken sind nach St. Georg (Dinkelsbühl) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Dinkelsbühl)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Weiler in Mittelfranken

Veitswend


Abildgaard - The dancing storyteller er en eksperimentalfilm instrueret af Torben Skjødt Jensen efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Et portræt af koreograf og danser Anette Abildgaard og hendes kompagni Nyt Dansk Danseteater. Man ser tilblivelsen af balletten MORELS OPFINDELSE på Det kongelige Teater i København, foråret 1992, samt uddrag af balletterne SPERANZA og SKAGEN fra 1992 og WUNDERBAUM og STRAVINSKY fra 1993.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1993
Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Abildgaard - The dancing storyteller


120074 Bass este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
120074 Bass este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Las Cruces de David S. Dixon. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,66 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 8,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 120001-121000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2003
Centura de asteroizi

120074 Bass


مَناف اسم علم مذكر عربي، والنسبة إليه مَنافي، وهو اسم فاعل من الفعل أنافَ: طال وارتفع. والمعنى: العالي الشاهق، المرتفع. والمَناف: الشريف، المشرف، العزة، الشرف، العظمة. وهو اسم جد من اجداد الرسول محمد.

وهو في قول الشاعر بلعاء بن قيس :

 ومن اشتقاقات مَناف للذكور: عبد مَناف، نَوْف، نَوْفان، نايف، مُنِيف، نَوّاف، أَنْوَف. وللإناث: نَوْف، مُنِيفة، نايفة، نَوْفة.

المصادر

آلهة شبه الجزيرة العربية
العرب قبل الإسلام
أشخاص عرب
إلهات عربيات
عبادة الأصنام
معتقدات وتقاليد وحركات دينية

مناف


Der Best of Content Marketing (BCM) ist ein Wettbewerb für inhaltsgetriebene Unternehmenskommunikation in Europa. Ausrichter ist der Fachverband Content Marketing Forum (CMF).

Geschichte
Bis zum Jahre 2002 veranstalteten die Fachmagazine Acquisa (Haufe Gruppe), Horizont (Deutscher Fachverlag), W&V (Süddeutscher Verlag) und die Schweizer Werbewoche ihre jeweils eigenen Awards für Unternehmensmedien, seinerzeit noch vorwiegend Kunden-, Mitglieder- und Mitarbeitermagazine. Mit dem Wachstum der Corporate-Publishing-Branche und der Gründung des Fachverbands Forum Corporate Publishing FCP im Mai 1999 in München beschlossen die Verlage, ihre einzelnen Awards zu einem großen Wettbewerb zusammenzulegen und das FCP als Veranstalter zu beauftragen.

BCM heute
Heute ist das Content Marketing Forum CMF (ehemals Forum Corporate Publishing FCP) Ausrichter des Best of Content Marketing Awards. Ausgezeichnet werden beim BCM Unternehmensmedien über alle Kanäle und Zielgruppen hinweg: vom Corporate Video über Social-Media-Projekte bis hin zum klassischen Kundenmagazin.

Die Jury setzt sich aus 130 Experten aus den Bereichen Journalismus, Art Direction, Marketing, Unternehmenskommunikation und interne Kommunikation, Print sowie Direktmarketing zusammen. Sie ermitteln die Preise in drei Bewertungsdurchgängen.

Weblinks
 Best of Content Marketing

Literatur

 Factbook, Jahrbuch des Forum Corporate Publishing 2001, dapamedien Verlag, München.

Einzelnachweise

Bundeswettbewerb
Veranstaltung (Werbung)
Erstverleihung 2003

Best of Content Marketing


في دورة رولان غاروس الدولية عام 1907 فاز في بطولة فردي الرجال اللاعب ( الفرنسي) ماكس ديسوجايس (Max Decugis).

الأبطال

مراجع

دورات رولان غاروس
دورة رولان جاروس

البطولات الفرنسية 1907 (كرة مضرب)


La EMD GP9 es una locomotora diésel-eléctrica de 4 ejes fabricada por General Motors Electro-Motive Division en Estados Unidos, y por General Motors Diesel en Canadá, entre enero de 1954 y agosto de 1963. La producción en Estados Unidos finalizó en diciembre de 1959, mientras que se construyeron en Canadá otras trece, finalizando en agosto de 1963. La potencia era provista por un motor de 16 cilindros EMD 567C, el cual producía 1,3 MW (1750 hp). Este tipo de locomotora era ofrecida con y sin cabina de conducción; las unidades sin cabina eran denominadas GP9B. Todas las locomotoras GP9B fueron construidas en Estados Unidos entre febrero de 1954 y diciembre de 1959.

Producción

Un total de 3.444 unidades de este modelo fueron producidas para los ferrocarriles estadounidenses, más 646 para los ferrocarriles canadienses y 10 para los ferrocarriles mexicanos. Cinco unidades fueron construidas para un ferrocarril en Brasil, cuatro unidades para un ferrocarril en Perú y seis unidades para un ferrocarril en Venezuela. De las GP9B, 165 ejemplares fueron para ferrocarriles estadounidenses.

Reconstrucciones

Hubo 40 unidades GP9M construidas incluidas en las 3.444 unidades para los ferrocarriles de Estados Unidos. Las GP9M fueron construidas con partes de otras viejas locomotoras EMD, tanto de las serie F o de las GP7 dañadas. El uso de partes de máquinas viejas causó que las GP9M tuvieran menor potencia que las GP9. Tenían 1010 MW (1350 hp) si el donante era una locomotora FT o una F2, y 1120 MW (1500 hp) si el donante era una locomotora F3, F7 o GP7.

Muchas GP9 reconstruidas permanecen hoy en servicio en ferrocarriles menores o en ferrocarriles industriales. Muchas permanece en servicio, reconstruidas, en algunos de los mayores ferrocarriles de clase 1, como locomotoras de maniobras. El Canadian Pacific Railway y el Canadian National Railway mantenían muchas unidades en sus flotas en el año 2007 como locomotoras de maniobras.

Varias GP9 fueron reconstruidas con motores CAT 3512 de 1120 MW (1500 hp) y re-clasificadas como GP15C.

Compradores originales

Locomotoras GP9 construidas por Electro-Motive Division, USA

Locomotoras GP9 construidas por General Motors Diesel, Canadá

Locomotoras GP9B construidas por la Electro-Motive Division, USA

Preservadas

Varias locomotoras GP9 han sido preservadas en varios museos de ferrocarriles y como "parques de locomotoras". La GP es muy popular entre los ferrocarriles de Línea Corta y aún pueden verse en los ferrocarriles más pequeños en Estados Unidos.
El Western Pacific Railroad Museum at Portola, California, tiene tres de estas unidades: la 725 y la 731 del Western Pacific Railroad, así como también la 2873 del Southern Pacific Railroad, que está pintada con el esquema de pintura mixto del Southern Pacific Santa Fe Railroad merger scheme. La SP 2873 es una popular locomotora en el programa del museo Marcha una Locomotora. Hay también una en exhibición en el Horseshoe Curve, del Pennsylvania Railroad N° 7048. No está en funcionamiento pero se mantiene en un tramo de vía. La 7048 reemplazó a la K4s Pacific número 1361, la que en 1986 fue retirada de la curva y reconstruida para arrastrar trenes turísticos.

Actuales operadores

El Northwestern Pacific Railroad mantiene una GP9 ex-Burlington Northern para maniobras y mantenimiento de vía en California.
El ferrocarril Buffalo & Pittsburgh opera una GP9 ex N&W, ahora numerada 626; su base es la playa de maniobras de Bradford, PA.
El California Western Railroad, mejor conocido como el "Skunk Train", tiene tres GP9 en su flota.

A mediados de la década de 1980 y principios de la década de 1990 el Guilford Rail System comenzó a pintar y renumerar su flota de GP9 con el esquema de pintura del Guilford Transportation con el nombre del Springfield Terminal en un costado. En el 2006 el Guilford Rail System cambió su nombre a Pan Am Railways. Pan Am Railways mantiene en operación 8 de las 50 GP9 que tiene en su inventario, las restantes fueron deszguazadas o vendidas en las década de 1980, 1990 y 2000. Las últimas 8 GP9 se mantienen en uso en el Pan Am Railways, son las números 45, 51, 52, 54, 62, 71, 72 y 77. La 77 tiene el esquema de pintura Marrón y Oro del B&M para lo flota del Pan Am Railways Heritage. En un futuro Pan Am Railways pintará otras dos GP9, una con el esquema azulejo del B&M McGinnis y la otra con el esquema oro MEC harvest.

Referencias

 Kristopans, Andre
 Kristopans, Andre J. https://web.archive.org/web/20090109193621/http://community-2.webtv.net/ajkristopans/ANDRESGMLOCOMOTIVE/page2.html has the export GP9s toward the bottom of the page.
 Kristopans, Andre J. https://archive.today/20121209134856/http://community-2.webtv.net/ajkristopans/GENERALMOTORSDIESEL/ has the Canadian GP9 serial numbers.
 Pinkepank, Jerry A. (1973). The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide. Milwaukee, WI: Kalmbach Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89024-026-4.

Locomotoras diésel-eléctricas

EMD GP9


Toni Hnojčik (Daruvar, 19. svibnja 1951. – Zagreb, 28. ožujka 2018.), hrvatski novinarski i umjetnički fotograf i fotoizvjestitelj češke nacionalnosti.

Životopis
Rođen u Daruvaru od oca Čeha, majke Hrvatice koja je imala i mađarskih i njemačkih predaka. Od mlade dobi bavio se fotografijom. U Daruvaru završio osnovnu i gimnaziju. Ima je mnogo hobija: ples, kazalište, bend koji je svirao pop-rock. Studirao u Češkoj na praškoj prestižnoj likovnoj akademiji FAMU. Završetkom studija vratio se u Daruvar. Prvo radio u listu češke manjine Jednoti. Tadašnji urednik i fotograf tjednika "Jednota" gospodin Vladimir Danjek spremao se za mirovinu i htio je imati nasljednika tako da je od ljudi na području Daruvara uzeo Hnojčika. Obavljao je poslova laboranta za izradu fotografija, novinara, fotografa i urednički posao. Bio je i vanjski suradnik daruvarskog lista "Glas komune", kasnije "Daruvarac". Suradnik listova Vjesnik, Večernji list, Pakrački list i dr., stalni suradnik tjednika na češkom Jednote. Prije Domovinskog rata je samostalno izlagao. S kolegom novinarom s radija Daruvar, Sašom Lekovićem koji je bio direktor i urednik tog radija, i koji je osnovao neovisne novine "Buuum", pratio je i SDS i HDZ na osnivačkim i stranačkim skupovima te su ravnopravno podijelili izvješća i fotografije. Tijekom velikosrpske agresije na Hrvatsku ratni izvjestitelj s ratišta. Surađivao s ministarstvom informiranja Republike Hrvatske radi širenja istine o Hrvatskoj u svijetu.
Mnogo doprinio izvješćivanju iz Daruvara, Pakraca i ostatka zapadne Slavonije, pa je ponio nadimak "dobri duh zapadne Slavonije". Hnojčikove vrhunske ratne fotografije, koje su ga proslavile, krasile su Jednotu i Večernji list, ali i Globus, Gloriju i Arenu. Izabrane ratne fotografije iz Domovinskog rata objavio je 2011. godine Memorijalni centar Domovinskog rata pod nazivom "To sam radio u ratu, sine". Kronološki i tematski kroz fotografije prikazuje velikosrpsku agresiju na Republiku Hrvatsku, odnosno na zapadnu Slavoniju. Dio fotografija izašao je u prestižnim svjetskim medijima. Fotografirao je predaju Veljka Džakule i Steve Harambašića, zapovjednika SAO Krajine te dolazak hrvatskih snaga u netom oslobođena područja. Bili su tu i civili, ali i "civili". U Areni radio od 1995. do prestanka izlaženja lista 2009. godine. Poslije rata bio je slobodni fotoreporter. Iznimno je volio umjetničku fotografiju. Višegodišnji član uredništva časopisa Hrvatskoga novinarskog društva Novinar. U Njemačkoj su ga zapazili iz jedne televizijske kuće te o njemu snimili dokumentarni film. Zadnje godine života živio u Zagrebu. Nakon umirovljenja radio jedno vrijeme kao fotograf i urednik fotografije na portalu www.nacionalnemanjine.hr te na još nekim portalima. Premda je imao iskaznicu ZNG-a, dragovoljca Domovinskog rata i Spomenicu Domovinskog rata, nije dobio status hrvatskog branitelja.

Fotomonografija
Fotografije obuhvaćaju razdoblje stvaranja i obrane Republike Hrvatske te oslobađanja državnoga teritorija koji su 1991. okupirale JNA i srpsko-crnogorske postrojbe, uz pomoć lokalnih pobunjenih Srba. Kratki su zbog namjere da se, što je moguće više, izbjegne sugestija, i tako svakoj fotografiji "omogući" da ispriča svoju priču. Fotomonografija započinje fotografijama s kraja 80-ih godina u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji koje prikazuju naoko idilu suživota na ovom području, koji je brzo pokleknuo pod velikosrpskim projektom iz Beograda. Slijede fotografije Jugoslavenske narodne armije iz kojih se vidi njena prisutnost u svim porama društva. Operacionalizacija velikosrpskog projekta na zapadnoslavonskom području ubrzava se djelovanjem Srpske demokratske stranke, a autor fotomonografije zabilježio je 1990. jedan od skupova SDS-a u zapadnoj Slavoniji. Reakcija na srpsku propagandu bila je homogenizacija Hrvata, koji se udružuju u stranke, što je također Hnojčik ovjekovječio na fotografijama. Tematski najveći dio fotomonografije obuhvaća fotografije od prvog sukoba JNA i hrvatskih snaga u Pakracu početkom ožujka 1991., otvorene agresije srpskih snaga i JNA na zapadnoslavonsko područje u kolovozu 1991., te razaranja civilnih ciljeva, ubijanja civila i branitelja, evakuacije civila, pa do prvih oslobodilačkih akcija hrvatskih snaga u Republici Hrvatskoj. Nakon stravičnih, no i ponosnih fotografija ratne 1991., slijede fotografije povratka i obnove razrušenih domova, te boravka snaga UNPROFOR-a od 1992. do 1995. na zapadnoslavonskom području. Nakon tog razdoblja, ni rata ni mira, slijede fotografije veličanstvene VRO Bljesak kojom je oslobođeno cijelo područje zapadne Slavonije. Na kraju knjige tematski su prikazane fotografije s prizorima stradanja životinja, posjeta novinara i raznih delegacija tom području.

Nagrade
Izabrane nagrade:
 Zlatna kamera
 Godišnja nagrada HND-a
 Zlatni objektiv«, nagradu Hrvatske udruge radija i novina.
 nekoliko desetaka priznanja za rad tijekom rata
 Spomenica Domovinskog rata

Izvori

Hrvatski fotografi
Životopisi, Daruvar
Česi u Hrvatskoj

Toni Hnojčik


La Bayadère (Rusça «Баядерка», Bayaderka, "tapınak dansçısı"), orijinali dört perdeden oluşan, Fransız koreograf Marius Petipa'nın koreografisini yaptığı ve Ludwig Minkus'un bestelediği bir baledir.

Hindistan'da geçen aşk ve entrika konulu La Bayadère, ilk olarak 1877 yılında Rus İmparatorluk Balesi tarafından sahnelenmiştir. La Bayadère'in hemen hemen tüm modern versiyonları Kirov Balesi'nin 1941 prodüksiyonunu temel alır.

Baleler
Rusya'da bale
1877'de eserler

La Bayadère