Askerî tarih, insanlık tarihi boyunca süregelen ve çatışma kategorisine giren olaylardan oluşur. Bunlar iki kabile arasındaki küçük çaplı dövüşmeden yeryüzündeki birey nüfusunun çoğunluğunu etkileyen düzenli ordular arasında geçen bir dünya savaşına kadar sıralanırlar. Bu olayları yazarak ya da diğer yollardan kaydeden kişilere de askerî tarihçi denir.

Askerî etkinlikler binlerce yıldır süregelmiş ve tarih boyunca temel taktikler, stratejiler ve askerî harekâtların ana amacı çok fazla değişmemiştir. Merkeze hücum eden düşmanı her iki kanattan da çevirerek kuşatmaya almak için uygulanan kanatlardan kuşatma taktiği mükemmel bir askerî manevra olarak sayılmaktadır ve 2.200 yıl önce MÖ 216 yılında Cannae Savaşında Hannibal tarafından uygulanmıştır. Roma İmparatorluğu'nun kuruluş yıllarında ünlü kitabını yazan Çinli askerî teorisyen Sun Tzu'da Savaş sanatı'nda aynı manevradan sözetmiştir. Geçmişte yapılmış hatalara düşmemek, çarpışma esnasında tarihteki benzerlerini hatırlayarak komutanların performansını iyileştirebilmek ve yaşanan deneyimlerden dersler çıkarabilmek için askerî kuvvetlerde askerî tarihin öğrenilmesi çok önemlidir. Askerî tarihin ana bölümleri savaşların, çarpışmaların ve vuruşmaların tarihi, askerlik sanatı tarihi ve her silahlı kuvvetin kendi özel tarihinden oluşmaktadır.

Savaş sanatını bölümlere ayırmanın değişik yolları vardır. Bunlardan bir tanesi konvansiyonel ya da konvansiyonel olmayan savaş diye ikiye ayrılır. Konvansiyonel savaşta, düzenli ordular, birbirleriyle kitle imha silahları kullanmadan görece doğrudan savaşırlar. Konvansiyonel olmayan savaş tanımı ise diğer tüm tip çatışmaları tanımlamak için kullanılır: Baskın, Gerilla savaşı, ayaklanma ve terörizm gibi taktikler. Aynı zamanda nükleer, kimyasal veya biyolojik silahların kullanması da konvansiyonel olmayan savaş sayılmaktadır.

Bu kategorilerin tamamı daha geniş iki kategoride de değerlendirilir: Yüksek yoğunluklu ya da düşük yoğunluklu savaş. İki süpergüç ya da büyük ülkeler arasındaki siyasi nedenlerle yapılan çarpışmalar yüksek yoğunluklu, ayaklanmaları bastırmak, gerilla savaşı ya da devrimcilere karşı özel birliklerle çarpışmak düşük yoğunluklu savaş sayılmaktadır.

Dönemler
Bu kadar geniş bir konuyu bölmenin bir yolu tarihsel dönemlere ayırmaktır. Bu yöntem yararlı olduğu kadar bazen hatalı da olabilmektedir çünkü tarihsel ayrım farklı coğrafyalarda farklı zamanlara rastlamaktadır. Antik çağlarda savaş diye tanımlanan yöntemler hala dünyanın bazı bölgelerinde kullanılmaktadır. Orta Çağ Avrupa için oldukça ayırdedici bir bölümleme olsa da Doğu Asya için bir anlam ifade etmemektedir.

Tarih öncesi savaş

Tarih öncesi savaşların başlangıcı antropologlar ve tarihçiler arasında bir tartışma konusudur. Avcı-toplayıcı ilk toplumlarda sosyal roller yoktu ve sınıflar bulunmuyordu (yaş ve cinsiyet farklılıkları dışında.) Dolayısıyla bölgeyi korumak için ya da saldırıda bulunmak için her yetkin birey katkıda bulunabiliyordu.

Tarımın ortaya çıkması tarımla uğraşan toplumlarla avcı-toplayıcı toplumlar arasında büyük farklılıklar yaratmıştır. Büyük bir olasılıkla, kıtlık zamanlarında avcılar, tarımla uğraşanların köylerine yoğun saldırılar düzenleyerek belki de ilk düzenli savaşı başlatmışlardır. Görece daha ileri aşamadaki tarımla uğraşan toplumlarda sosyal rollerin ayrımı mümkündü ve ayrı organize birimler olarak profesyonel askerler ilk defa ortaya çıkıyordu.

Antik çağlarda savaş

Hala ilk olup olmadığı tartışılan ilk arkeolojik savaş kaydı Mısır'da Nil nehri bölgesinde bulunan ve 117 nci Mezarlık diye bilinen bölgedeki yedi bin yıllık savaş hakkındadır. İskeletlerinde okbaşı bulunan birçok vücut bir savaş sonucu ölenler olabilir.

Antik tarih hakkında bildiklerimizin çoğu aslında orduların tarihidir: Hangi fetihlerde bulundukları, hareketleri ve teknolojik icatları. Bunun böyle olmasının birçok sebebi vardır. antik çağlarda idari birim olarak bulunan krallık ve imparatorluklar ancak askerî güç ile kontrol altında tutulabiliyordu. Sınırlı sayıda yapılan tarım nedeniyle büyük topluluklara destek olabilen çok az yer vardı ve sık sık savaşılıyordu.

Silahlar ve zırhlar dayanaklı olmak için tasarlanmışlardı dolayısıyla diğer nesnelerden daha uzun süre dayanıyorlardı. Bu nedenle ortaya çıkarılan nesnelerin büyük çoğunluğu bu iki sınıfa girmektedir. Silahlar ve zırhlar aynı zamanda tarih boyunca oldukça yüksek sayılarda üretilmişlerdir ve bu da arkeolojik kazılarda bunların bulunma olasılığını artırmaktadır. Bu tarz nesneler aynı zamanda gelecek kuşaklar için bir erdem simgesi de sayılıyordu ve önde gelen savaşçıların mezarlarına ya da anıtlarına konulması en olası nesnelerdi. Ve yazı bulunduktan sonra sık sık kralların askerî fetihlerini ve zaferlerini övmek için kullanılmıştır.

Yazı, sade vatandaş tarafından kullanılsa bile yazmaya değer böyle olayları kaydetmek için de kullanılmıştır. Savaşlar da ister Homer'in Truva Savaşı'nı anlattığı destanlarında olsun, ister kişisel yazışmalarda olsun her zaman için kaydedilen konular olmuştur. Gerçekten de ilk yazılı eserler savaş üzerinde dönmektedirler. Savaş yaşamın hem çok yaygın hem de dramatik bir bölümünü oluşturmaktaydı. Bugün bile binlerce askerin katıldığı çarpışmalara tanık olmak bunun hem sanat yoluyla hem de gerçekçi tarihî yazılarla kayıt altına alınması için yeteri kadar önemlidir. Daha sonraları ulus-devletler gelişip imparatorluklar büyüdükçe, düzen ve verimlilik gereksiniminin artması, yazılı kayıtların da artmasını getirmiştir. Sun Tzu'nun sözleriyle "devlet için hayatî derecede önem taşıyan bir konu" olan savaşlarla ilgili kayıtların tutulması ordular ve devlet görevlileri için büyük önem taşıyordu. Bütün bu nedenlerden ötürü, antik tarihin büyük bir bölümünü askerî tarih oluşturmaktadır.

Bu uygarlıklar Antik yeryüzündeki dikkate değer askerî güçlere sahipti :Başta Xiongnu(Hunlar) olmak üzere Mısırlılar, Babil, Pers İmparatorluğu, Yunanlar, Çinliler, Makedonlar, Romalılar, Hintler, Gandhara, Qin.

Mezopotamya'nın verimli topraklarında tarih öncesi dönemin önemli fetihlerine sahne olmuştur. Mezopotamya Sümerler, Akadlar, Persler, Babil ve Asurlar tarafından fethedilmiştir.

Antik Mısır kuvvetli bir güç haline gelmeye başlamıştı ama daha sonra Eski Yunanlar, Romalılar, Bizanslılar ve Persler tarafından işgal edilmişlerdir.

Yunanistan'da Atina ve Sparta gibi çeşitli şehir-devletler güç kazanmışlardır.  The Greeks successfully stopped two Persian invasions, at the Battle of Marathon, where the Persians were led by I. Darius, and Battle of Salamis, a naval battle where the Greek ships were deployed by orders of Themistocles and the Persians were under Xerxes I. The Peloponnesian War then erupted between the two Greek powers Atina and Sparta. Athens built a long wall to protect is inhabitants, but the wall helped to facilitate the spread of a plague that killed about 30.000 Atheninans, including Pericles. After a disastrous campaign against Syracuse, the Athenian navy was decisively defeated by Lysander at the Battle of Aegospotami.

The Macedonians, underneath Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great, invaded Persia and won several major victories, establishing Macedonia as a major power. However, following Alexander's death at an early age, the empire quickly fell apart.

Meanwhile, Roma was gaining power, following a rebellion against the Etruscans. At the 3 Punic Wars, the Romans defeated the neighboring power of Carthage. The First Punic War centered around naval warfare over Sicily; after the Roman development of the corvus, the Romans were able to board Carthaginian ships. The Second Punic War started with Hannibal's invasion of İtalya by crossing the Alps. He famously won the encirclement at the Battle of Cannae. However, after Scipio invaded Carthage, Hannibal was forced to follow and was defeated at the Battle of Zama, ending the role of Carthage as a power. The Third Punic War was a failed revolt against the Romans.

Rome quickly took over the Greeks and were expanding into Gaul, winning battles against the barbarians. By the time of Marcus Aurelius, the Romans had expanded to the Atlantic Ocean in the west to Mesopotamia in the east. However, Aurelius marked the end of the Five Good Emperors, and Rome quickly fell to decline. The Huns, Goths, and other barbaric groups invaded Rome, which continued to suffer from inflation and other internal strifes. Despite the attempts of Diocletian, Constantine I, and Theodosius I, western Rome collapsed. The Byzantine empire continued to prosper, however.

In Çin, the Shang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty had risen and collapsed. This led to a Warring States Period, in which several states continued to fight with each other over territory.

Orta Çağda savaş

Karanlık çağın bir yerinde üzengiler kullanılmaya başlandığında ordular tamamen değişecekti. Bu buluşla birlikte teknolojik, kültürel ve toplumsal gelişmeler askerî taktikleri ve süvari ile topçunun rolünü değiştirerek savaşların antik çağdaki tarzı dramatik bir şekilde değiştirilmiştir. Aynı savaş tarzı dünyanın diğer bölgelerinde de varolmuştur. Bozkırların göçmen savaşçılarını taklit eden Çin ordusu beşinci yüzyılda yoğun piyade kuvvetinden süvari ağırlıklı kuvvetlere dönüşmüştür. Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika Avrupa'dakine benzer ve sıklıkla da daha gelişmiş teknolojiler kullanmıştır. Çoğu kişi tarafından Japonya'daki Orta Çağ savaş tarzının 19. yy. ortalarına kadar devam ettiği kabul edilmektedir. Afrika'da da Sahel boyunca ve sennar Krallığı ile Fulani İmparatorluğu gibi Sudan devletleri de Orta Çağ savaş taktiğini ve silahlarını, bunlar Avrupa'da kullanımdan kalktıktan sonra uzun süreler kullanmaya devam etmişlerdir.

Orta Çağ'da feodalizm çok geniş bir şekilde yayılmıştı ve Avrupa'da birçok derebeyi vardı. Derebeyleri topraklarını korumak için çoğunlukla kalelerde yaşarlardı.

İslam İmparatorluğu da genişlemekteydi ve Emeviler zamanında batıda İspanya'ya doğu da da İndus nehrine uzanmıştı. Daha sonra iktidara Abbasiler geçmiştir. Abbasilerde Selçuklu Hanedanı ve Moğollar tarafından yenilmişlerdir. Tours Savaşı'nda Charles Martel komutasındaki Franklar, müslümanların Avrupa içlerine doğru olan ilerlemesini durdurmuştur.

Çin'de Sui Hanedanı ve diğer hanedanlar yükselmişti ancak Cengiz Han ve Kubilay Han komutasındaki Moğollar Çinlileri yenerek toprakları işgal etmişlerdir. Genişlemeye devam eden Moğol İmparatorluğu Kubilay Han'ın ölümüyle parçalanmıştır.

Barutlu silahlarla savaş

16ncı yüzyılın başlarındaki İtalyan Savaşları sırasında Avrupa ordularının arkebüsü (arquebus) kullanmayı benimsemeleri savaşalanındaki zırhlı süvari üstünlüğüne son vermiştir. Feodal sistemin çökmesi ve Orta Çağ şehir devletlerinin daha büyük uluslar altında toplanması Orta Çağ'daki standart askerî bileşen olan paralı askerlerin ve feodallerin zorla topladığı orduların yerine profesyonel orduların kurulmasını sağlamıştır.

Bu dönemdeki bazı önemli gelişmeler şunlardır:
 Sahra topu
 Topçu bataryaları
 Piyade talimi
 Ağır süvari (Dragoon)
 Süngü

Sanayi Çağı'nda savaş

Silahların, özellikle de küçük silahların kullanımı kolaylaştıkça ülkeler profesyonel askerlerden oluşan ordulardan çok belirli süreli askerî hizmete almaya dönmüşlerdir. Teknolojik ilerlemeler giderek daha da önemli hale gelmeye başlamıştır. Önceki dönemlerde savaşan orduların benzer silahları olmasına rağmen Sanayi Çağı'nda Sadowa Çarpışması gibi daha ileri teknolojiye sahip olmanın çarpışmanın sonucunu belirlediği de görülmüştür.

Sanayi çağı'nda uygulanan askerî hizmet altına alma yöntemiyle çarpışma için gerekli olan askerlerin sayısında artış sağlanmıştır. Bu yöntem Napolyon Bonapart tarafından Napolyon Savaşları'nda kullanılmıştır.

Sanayi Çağı'nda diğer bir ulusun savaşa girmesini engellemek amacıyla topyekün savaş kullanılmıştır. William Tecumseh Sherman'ın "March to the Sea" (Denize Yürüyüş'ü) ve Philip Sheridan'ın Shenandoah Vadisi'ni yakıp yıkması bu topyekûn savaşın örnekleridir.

Günümüzde savaş

Günümüzde savaş yüksek teknolojinin de yaygın olarak kullanıldığı oldukça karmaşık bir olaydır. Terim olarak elektronik çağında, birinci dünya ülkelerinden bir ya da birkaçının da katıldığı çatışmalar kastedilmektedir. Elbette, üçüncü dünya ülkeleri de savaş yapmaktadırlar ancak bu genellikle düşük teknolojili savaş ya da gerilla taktikleri olmaktadır.

In modern times, war has evolved from an activity steeped in tradition to a scientific enterprise where success is valued above methods. The notion of total war is the extreme of this trend. Militaries have developed technological advances rivalling the scientific accomplishments of any other field of study.

However, it should be noted that modern militaries benefit in the development of these technologies under the funding of the public, the leadership of national governments, and often in cooperation with large civilian groups, such as the General Dynamics and Lockheed Martin corporations, in the ABD. And as for "total war," it may be argued that it is not an exclusive practice of modern militaries, but in the tradition of genocidal conflict that marks even tribal warfare to this day. What distinguishes modern military organizations from those previous is not their willingness to prevail in conflict by any method, but rather the technological variety of tools and methods available to modern battlefield commanders, from submarines to satellites, from knives to nuclear warheads.

Some of the military unit types and technologies which were developed in modern times are:

 Ammunition
 Armory
 Conscription
 Grenadier
 Sappers and Miners
 Marine
 Aviation
 Musketeer
 Rifleman
 Special Forces
 Naval Combatant
 Global Information Grid
 Active Electronically Scanned Array
 Network-centric warfare
 Supercomputer
 Space warfare
 Cyberwar

World War I was sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, leading to the mobilization of Avusturya and Sırbistan. The Germans joined the Austrians to form the Central powers; the French, British, and Russians formed the Allied powers. Following the Battle of the Marne and the outflanking attempt of both nations in the "race to the sea", trench warfare ensued, leaving the war in a great deadlock. Major operations by the Germans at the Battle of Verdun and by the British at the Battle of the Somme were carried out, and new technology like tanks and chlorine gas were used. Following the USA's entrance into the war, the Germans and their allies were eventually defeated.

World War II ensued after Almanya's invasion of Polonya, forcing Britain and Fransa to declare war. The Germans allied with İtalya, Japonya, and Rusya, and quickly defeated France and Belgium. A hasty evacuation occurred at Dunkirk to save the Allied army from complete disaster. The Germans then betrayed Russia and marched to take over the Russian resources, but were thwarted. Meanwhile, Japan had launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, leading the ABD to join the Allied powers. In Europe, the Allies opened three fronts: in the west, after securing Normandy; in the east, aiding Russia; and in the south, through Italy. Germany eventually surrendered, upon which the Allies turned and focused troops to do island hopping. The dropping of the atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki led to the surrender of Japan and the end of the Second World War.

The Cold War then emerged, reaching the climax at the Cuban Missile Crisis. Hostilities never actually occurred, though the US did engage against communist states like in the Korean War and the Vietnam War.

Teknolojik evrim

New weapons development can dramatically alter the face of war.

In prehistoric times, fighting occurred by usage of clubs and spears, as early as 35.000 BC. Arrows, maces, and slings were developed around 12.000 BC. Chariots, pulled by animals like the onager, ox, donkey, and later the horse, originated around 2.000 BC. The chariot was an effective weapon for speed; while one man controlled the manuevering of the chariot, a second bowman could shoot arrows at enemy soldiers. These became crucial to the maintenance of several governments, including the New Egyptian Kingdom and the Shang dynasty.

Some of the military unit types and technologies which were developed in antiquity are:

 Slinger
 Hoplite
 auxiliaries
 Hastati
 Principes
 Triarii
 Velites

The infantry would become the core of military action. The infantry started as opposing armed groups of soldiers underneath commanders. The Greeks used rigid, heavily-armed phalanxes, but the Romans used mobile legions that were easily manueverable.

Cavalry would become an important tool. In the Sicilian Expedition, led by Atina in an attempt to subdue Syracuse, the well-trained Syracusan cavalry became crucial to the success of the Syracusans. Macedonian Alexander the Great effectively deployed his cavalry forces to secure victories. In later battles, like the Battle of Cannae of the Second Punic War, the importance of the cavalry would be repeated. Hannibal was able to surround the Romans on three sides and encircled them by sending the cavalry to the rear of the army. There were also horse archers, who had the ability to shoot on horseback- the Mongols were especially fearsome with this tactic. In the Middle Ages, armored cataphracts continued to fight on horseback. Even in the First World War, cavarly was still considered important; the British mobilized 165.000 horses, the Austrians 600.000, the Germans 715.000, and the Russians more than a million.

War elephants were often deployed for fighting in ancient warfare. They were used by both the Persians and Alexander the Great against one another. Hannibal, in the Second Punic War, also used elephants against the Romans.

There were also organizational changes, made possible by better training and intercommunication. Combined arms was the concept of using infantry, cavalry, and artillery in a coordinated way. The Romans, Swiss, and others made advances with this, which arguably led to them being unbeatable for centuries.

Naval warfare was often crucial to military success. Early navies used sailing ships without cannons; often the goal was to ram the enemy ships and cause them to sink. There was human oar power, often using slaves, built up to ramming speed. Galleys were used in the 3rd millennium BC by the Cretans. The Greeks later advanced these ships. In 1210 BC, the first recorded naval battle was fought between Suppiluliuma II, king of the Hittites, and Cyprus, which was defeated. In the Persian Wars, the navy became of increasing importance. Triremes were involved in more complicated sea-land operations. Themistocles helped to build up a stronger Greek navy, composed of 310 ships, and defeated the Persians at the Battle of Salamis, ending the Persian invasion of Greece. In the First Punic War, the war between Carthage and Roma started with an advantage to Carthage because of their naval experience. A Roman fleet was built in 261 BC, with the addition of the corvus that allowed Roman soldiers onboard the ships to board the enemy ships. The bridge would prove effective at the Battle of Mylae, resulting in a Roman victory. The Vikings, in the 8th century AD, invented a ship propelled by oars with a dragon decorating the prow, hence called the Drakkar.

Fortifications are important in warfare. Early hill-forts were used to protect inhabitants in the Iron Age. They were primitive forts surrounded by ditches filled with water. Forts were then built out of mud bricks, stones, wood, and other available materials. Romans used rectangular fortresses built out of wood and stone. As long as there have been fortifications, there have been contraptions to break in, dating back to the times of Romans and earlier. Siege warfare is often necessary to capture forts.

Some of the military unit types and technologies which were used in the medieval period are:
 Artillery
 Cataphract
 Condottieri
 Fyrd
 Janissary
 Knight (see also: Chivalry)
 Crossbow
 Pikeman
 Samurai
 Sipahi

Bows and arrows were often used by combatants. Egyptians fired arrows from chariots effectively. The crossbow was developed around the 500 BC in Çin, and was used a lot in the Middle Ages. The English/Welsh longbow from the 12th century also became important in the Middle Ages. It helped to give the English a large early advantage in the Hundred Years' War, even though the English were eventually defeated. It dominated battlefields for over a century.

In the 10th century, the invention of gunpowder led to many new weapons that were improved over time. Blackpowder was used in Çin since the 4th Century, but it was not used as a weapon until the 11th century. Until the mid-15th century, guns were held in one hand, while the explosive charge was ignited by the other hand. Then came the matchlock, which was used widely until around the 1720s. Leonardo da Vinci made drawings of the wheel lock which made its own sparks. Eventually, the matchlock was replaced by the flintlock. Cannons were first used in Europe in the early 14th century, and played a vital role in the Hundred Years' War. The first cannons were simply welded metal bars in the form of a cylinder, and the first cannonballs were made of stone. By 1346, at the battle of Crécy, the cannon had been used; at the Battle of Agincourt they would be used again.

At the beginning of the 16th century, the first European fire ships were used. Ships were filled with flammable materials, set on fire, and sent to enemy lines. This tactic was successfully used by Francis Drake to scatter the Spanish Armada at the Battle of Gravelines, and would later be used by the Chinese, Russians, Greeks, and several other countries in naval battles. Naval mines were invented in the 17th century, though they were not used in great numbers until the American Civil War. They were used heavily in the First World War and Second World War.

The submarine was invented in 1624 by Cornelius Drebbel, which could go to depth of 15 feet (5 m). The Turtle was developed by David Bushnell during the American Revolution. Robert Fulton then improved the submarine design by creating the Nautilus (submarine).

The Howitzer, a type of field artillery, was developed in 17th century to fire high trajectory explosive shells at targets that could not be reached by flat trajectory projectiles.

Bayonets also became of wide usage to infantry soldiers. Bayonet is named after Bayonne, Fransa where it was first manufactured in the 16th century. It is used often in infantry charges to fight in hand-to-hand combat. General Jean Martinet introduced the bayonet to the French army. They were used a lot in the American Civil War, and continued to be used in modern wars like the Invasion of Iraq.

Balloons were first used in warfare at the end of the 18th century. It was first introduced in Paris of 1783; the first balloon traveled over 5 miles (8 km). Previously military scouts could only see from high points on the ground, or from the mast of a ship. Now they could be high in the sky, signalling to troops on the ground. This made it much more difficult for troop movements to go unobserved.

At the end of the 18th century, iron-cased rockets were successfully used militarily in India against the British by Tipu Sultan of the Kingdom of Mysore during the Anglo-Mysore Wars. Rockets were generally inaccurate at that time, though William Hale, in 1844, was able to develop a better rocket. The new rocket no longer needed the rocket stick, and had a higher accuracy.

In the 1860s there were a series of advancements in rifles. The first repeating rifle was designed in 1860 by a company bought out by Winchester, which made new and improved versions. Springfield rifles arrived in the mid-19th century also. Machine guns arrived in the middle of the 19th century. Automatic rifles and light machine guns first arrived at the beginning of the 20th century.

Also in the 1860s came the first boats that would later be known as torpedo boats. These were first used in the American Civil War, but generally were not successful. Several Confederates used spar torpedoes, which were bombs on long poles designed to attach to boats. In the later part of the 19th century, the self-propelled torpedo was developed. The HNoMS Rap

At the start of the World Wars, various nations had developed weapons that were a surprise to their adversaries, leading to a need to learn from this, and alter how to combat them. Flame throwers were first used in the first world war. The French were the first to introduce the armored car in 1902. Then in 1918, the British produced the first armored troop carrier. Many early tanks were proof of concept but impractical until further development. In World War I, the British and French held a crucial advantage due to their superiority in tanks; the Germans had only a few dozen A7V tanks, as well as 170 captured tanks. The British and French both had over several hundred each. The French tanks included the 13 ton Schnedier-Creusot, with a 75 mm gun, and the British had the Mark IV and Mark V tanks.

On December 17, 1903, the Wright Brothers performed the first controlled, powered, heavier-than-air flight; it went 39 meters (120 ft). In 1907, the first helicopter flew, but it wasn't practical for usage. Aviation became important in World War I, in which several aces gained fame. In 1911 an aircraft took off from a warship for the first time. It was a cruiser. Take-offs were soon perfected, but deck landings on a cruiser were another matter.  This led to the development of an aircraft carrier with a decent unobstructed flight deck.

Chemical warfare exploded into the public consciousness in World War I but may have been used in earlier wars without as much human attention. The Germans used gas-filled shells at the Battle of Bolimov on January 3, 1915. These were not lethal, however. In April 1915, the Germans developed a chlorine gas that was highly lethal, and used it to great effect at Second Battle of Ypres.

World War II gave rise to even more technology. The worth of the aircraft carrier was proved in the battles between the ABD and Japonya like the Battle of Midway. Radar was independently invented by the Allies and Axis powers. It used radio waves to detect nearby objects. Molotov cocktails were invented by the Finns in 1939, during the Winter War. The atomic bomb was developed by the Manhattan Project and launched at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, ultimately ending World War II.

During the Cold War, even though fighting did not actually occur, the superpowers- the ABD and Rusya- engaged in a race to develop and increase the level of technology available for military purposes. In the space race, both nations attempted to launch human beings into space to the moon. Other technological advances centered around intelligence (like the spy satellite) and missiles (ballistic missiles, cruise missiles). Nuclear submarine, invented in 1955. This meant submarines no longer had to surface as often, and could run more quietly. They evolved into becoming underwater missile platforms. Cruise missiles were invented in the USA in 1982.

Tarihî kayıtlar

Gaining an accurate assessment of past military encounters may prove difficult because of bias, even in ancient times, and systematic propaganda in more modern times. Descriptions of battles by leaders may be unreliable due to the inclination to minimize mention of failures and exaggerate when boasting of successes. Further, military secrets may prevent some salient facts from being reported at all; scholars still do not know the nature of Greek fire, for instance. Despite these limitations, wars are some of the most studied and detailed periods of human history.

Homer, in the Iliad, described the Trojan War. However, the historicity of the Iliad is doubtful, as many historians believe that the Iliad is essentially legendary. Others believe that it is partly historical.

Herodotus (484 BC - 425 BC) wrote the The Histories. He is, along with Thucydides, often known as the "father of history". Thucydides (460 BC - 395 BC) is regarded as the first scientific historian by dismissing the notions of deities taking active part in history. Despite being an Athenian, he remained an impartial historian, taking advantage of his exile to research the war from different perspectives. To do such, he carefully examined documents and interviewed eyewitnesses.

Xenophon (430 BC - 355 BC) is most known for Anabasis, in which he records the expedition of Cyrus the Younger into Türkiye. It was one of the first books centered around the analysis of a leader.

Julius Caesar (100 BC - 44 BC) authored several military books, such as Commentarii de Bello Gallico and Commentarii de Bello Civili, in which he comments upon his campaigns.

Some other more recent prominent military historians include:
Hans Delbrück (1848-1929)
Charles Oman (1860-1946)
Basil Liddell Hart (1895-1970)
John Keegan (1934)
William Ledyard Rodgers (d. 1944)
Lynn Montross (d. 1961)
Cornelius Ryan
R. Ernest & Trevor N. Dupuy (a.k.a. Dupuy & Dupuy)
John Terraine (1921-2003)
Victor Davis Hanson

Ayrıca bakınız

Sömürgecilik
Emperyalizm
Savaş
Silah
Türk askerî tarihi
Sovyetler Birliği

Dipnotlar

Dış bağlantılar
Türkçe askerî tarih araştırmaları
Askerî tarih ansiklopedisi
Askerî tarih wikisi

Silahlanma

Askerî tarih


Lydie Bonfils, née Cabanis le  à Congénies et morte en  au Caire, est la première femme photographe professionnelle au Moyen-Orient, active au Liban et dans les régions avoisinantes à la fin du  et au début du . Avec son mari Félix Bonfils, elle a fondé la Maison Bonfils, le premier studio photographique à Beyrouth.

Biographie

Jeunesse et vie de famille
Marie-Lydie Cabanis naît en 1837 à Congénies, chez sa grand-mère maternelle. Son père,  Samuel Cabanis, agriculteur, et sa mère, Élisabeth Benezet, sont établis à Crespian. À l'âge de vingt ans, le , elle y épouse Félix Bonfils, alors libraire. Leurs enfants, Félicie Sophie et Paul Félix Adrien (dit Adrien), naissent respectivement en 1858 et 1861 à Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort.

Devenu relieur, Félix fait partie de l'expédition militaire lorsque la France intervient dans la guerre civile de 1860 entre chrétiens et druzes au Moyen-Orient. Félix aurait appris l'héliogravure auprès d'Abel Niépce de Saint-Victor et, en 1864, il dirige une imprimerie à Alès.

Quand Adrien tombe gravement malade de la coqueluche, ses parents pensent qu'un changement de climat permettrait d'améliorer son état. Félix gardant de bons souvenirs du Liban et Lydie désirant explorer le pays, il est décidé qu'elle emmènerait Adrien à Beyrouth pour qu'il se repose. Le voyage est un grand succès et, en 1867, toute la famille quitte la France pour Beyrouth.

Carrière
Une fois à Beyrouth, les Bonfils ouvrent un studio de photographie, « Maison Bonfils », situé rue George-Picot. La Maison Bonfils réalise des portraits studios, met en scène des scènes bibliques, des paysages et des panoramas.

Lydie Bonfils est fortement impliquée dans les tâches administratives du studio. Leur volume augmente lorsque l'entreprise s'étend au Caire et à Alexandrie, et qu'elle développe des liens avec une agence de New York. Lydie Bonfils participe également à la préparation de l'albumine pour les tirages, ce qui implique de séparer le blanc d'œuf du jaune, un processus long et désagréable. Le fils d'Adrien, Roger Bonfils, rapportera dans un livre de souvenirs qu'au moment d'embarquer sur le navire d'évacuation pour quitter Beyrouth en 1916, sa grand-mère s'était exclamée : « Je ne veux plus sentir un autre œuf ! ».

Si les premières photographies de la Maison Bonfils sont généralement attribuées à Félix seul, l'implication de Lydie et Adrien dans la partie photographie de l'entreprise est aujourd'hui reconnue. On sait par ailleurs qu'ils avaient un nombre incertain d'assistants. Les photographes libanais ont eu du mal à trouver des sujets volontaires en raison des situations religieuses et culturelles locales concernant la photographie, en particulier les sujets féminins. En tant que femme, Lydie était considérée comme un bon photographe pour les femmes de la région. La zone étant considérée comme trop dangereuse pour qu'elle puisse prendre des photos en dehors du studio, son travail a donc principalement consisté en des portraits de studio. Cependant, il semble qu'elle ait également pris quelques photographies de paysages. En effet, le pasteur anglais Samuel Manning cite  comme source photographique, pour les illustrations de la Palestine dans son livre de 1874.

Lydie Bonfils dirige l'atelier lors de l'absence de Félix en 1876, tandis qu'il retourne à Alès pour publier des compilations de ses photographies. En 1878, le nom de l'atelier est changé en « F. Bonfils et  ». Adrien, revenu à Beyrouth après avoir terminé ses études en France, prend plus de responsabilités dans le studio pendant cette période. Félix Bonfils se rend de nouveau à Alès pour y établir une imprimerie de phototypies en 1880 et y meurt en 1885.

Adrien reste au studio jusqu'au début des années 1900, après quoi il part ouvrir un hôtel à Broummana. Avec l'aide de son collègue photographe Abraham Guiragossian, Lydie Bonfils continue à diriger le studio après le départ de son fils. En 1907, elle publie une collection de photographies de l'atelier dans le Catalogue général des vues photographiques de l'Orient.

La carrière de Lydie Bonfils est interrompue par l'entrée de l'Empire ottoman dans la Première Guerre mondiale. Elle est évacuée avec sa famille au Caire, où elle meurt et est enterrée en 1918.

Postérité
Après la mort de Lydie Bonfils, Guiragossian rachète la Maison Bonfils et ses archives. Le lien de Lydie Bonfils avec le studio perdure, car Guiragossian signe les photos des archives « Lydie Bonfils photographe, Beyrouth (Syrie) successeur A. Guiragossian ».

Les archives Bonfils ont été numérisées dans le cadre d'un projet entre le programme de la British Library intitulé Endangered Archives Programme (programme ayant pour objectif la protection d'archives culturelles) et la Jafet Memorial Library, American University of Beirut, en 2013. La collection est disponible en ligne sur le site Web du Programme des archives en péril.

Galerie

Publications
 Catalogue général des vues photographiques de l'Orient : Basse et Haute Égypte, Nubie, Palestine, Phénicie, Moab, Syrie, Côte d'Asie, les Sept églises d'Asie, Caramanie, Anatolie, îles de Chypre, de Rhodes, de Pathmos, de Syra, Athènes, Macédoine, Constantinople, Beyrouth, 1907

Expositions
 2019 : La Fabrique des illusions, Mucem, Marseille

Bibliographie
 Yasmine Chemali, « L'Obsession Bonfils », in La Fabrique des illusions, Marseille, Mucem, 2019 (catalogue d'exposition)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Photographe portraitiste
Photographe de paysage
Photographe français du XIXe siècle
Photographe français du XXe siècle
Photographe française
Pionnier de la photographie
Naissance en mars 1837
Naissance dans le Gard
Décès en 1918
Décès au Caire

Lydie Bonfils


El Censo de Población de Chile realizado en la independencia bajo el periodo denominado como la Patria Vieja. Fue encargado al jurista Juan Egaña Risco, por orden de la Junta de Gobierno de 1813, formada por José Miguel Infante, Agustín de Eyzaguirre y Francisco Antonio Pérez, a raíz de la necesidad de empadronar a los residentes en el país, con motivo de conocer a cabalidad sobre la totalidad de la población. Se perfeccionó el sistema de empadronamiento colonial, que fue hecho en 1778. Aquel conteo, solo arrojó como resultado 190.919 blancos, 20.651 mestizos, 22.568 indios y 25.508 negros, un total de 259.646 habitantes en el territorio nacional, pero solo comprendieron la zona desde Atacama al Maule.

Por esta razón, en 1813 se realiza el primer intento de levantamiento censal por parte del gobierno independiente, con la intención de abarcar el territorio comprendido entre Atacama y Concepción.

Resultados generales

Fuente

1813
Chile en 1813
Censos en 1813

Censo chileno de 1813


ذكرى النكبة (15 مايو) هو يوم إحياء الذكرى السنوية لنكبة الشعب الفلسطيني، حيث يتذكر الفلسطينيون ما حل بهم من مأساة إنسانية وتهجير. اتُّفِق على أن يكون يوم الذكرى هو اليوم التالي لذكرى إعلان قيام دولة إسرائيل وذلك في إشارة إلى أن كل ما قامت به المجموعات المسلحة الصهيونية في حق الشعب الفلسطيني كان من أجل التمهيد لقيام هذه الدولة التي أريد منها أن تكون دولة لليهود فقط.

تعريف النكبة

النكبة مصطلح فلسطيني يبحث في المأساة الإنسانية المتعلقة بتشريد عدد كبير من الشعب الفلسطيني خارج دياره خلال الحرب الإسرائيلية - العربية عام 1948. أدت الحرب إلی نزوح داخلي واسع النطاق وطرد وهروب أكثر من 700.000 فلسطيني، فضلاً عن تدمير مئات من القرى الفلسطينية.
يبلغ عدد هؤلاء اللاجئين وذريتهم الآن عدة ملايين وهم يتوزعون اليوم بين الأردن (2 مليون)، ولبنان (427,057)، وسوريا (477,700)، والضفة الغربية (788,108)، وقطاع غزة (1,1 مليون نسمة). فضلا عن وجود ربع مليون فلسطيني على الأقل مشرد داخل إسرائيل.

تشير كلمة النكبة في اللغة العربية إلى الكارثة. لذلك يرمز بها الفلسطينيون للتهجيرهم القسري الجماعي وهدم معظم معالم مجتمعهم.

وكان المؤرِّخ والمفكر القومي العَلماني قسطنطين زريق أول من استخدم مصطلح النكبة على كارثة تهجير الفلسطينيين. وقد أصدر بعد ثلاثة أشهر فقط على إعلان قيام دولة إسرائيل، كتابه التأسيسي «معنى النكبة» باللغة الإنجليزية.

تاريخ الذكرى
يحيى الفلسطينيون في 15 مايو من كل عام، ذكرى النكبة، وهو يوم بعد يوم الإستقلال الإسرائيلي حسب التقويم الميلادي. حيث في 14 مايو 1948 أعلنت إسرائيل استقلالها.
لكن اليهود لا يعتمدون على التقويم الميلادي وانما على التقويم العبري وبالتالي بسبب الاختلاف بين التقويمين الميلادي والعبري فالاحتفالات بإنشاء إسرائيل لن تكون في نفس يوم احياء ذكرى النكبة، لكن عادة ما يتزامنان كل 19 عاما.

يقوم الفلسطينيون، بمناسبة هذا اليوم، بتنظيم فعاليات وتظاهرات في إسرائيل والضفة الغربية وقطاع غزة وفي مخيمات اللاجئين الفلسطينيين في الدول العربية وفي كل أنحاء العالم. تحوّلت الاحتجاجات في بعض الأحيان إلى اشتباكات بين الفلسطينيين وقوات الدفاع الإسرائيلية في الضفة الغربية وقطاع غزة. في عامي 2003 و2004 اندلعت مظاهرات في لندن ومدينة نيويورك.

وفي الذكرى الـ63 لنكبة فلسطين عام 2011 زحف اللاجئون الفلسطينيون من الضفة الغربية وقطاع غزة ولبنان وسوريا باتجاه الحدود مع الأراضي الإسرائيلية.
ونتيجة إطلاق نار من قبل جيش الإسرائيلي قتل ما لا يقل عن 12 شخصا فضلا عن عشرات الجرحى. وقد وصفت وكالة فرانس برس المواجهات بأنها من أسوأ حوادث العنف منذ اتفاق الهدنة لعام 1974.

وخلال ذكری النكبة عام 2012، احتج آلاف الفلسطينيين في مدن الضفة الغربية وقطاع غزة. وقام المتظاهرون بإلقاء الحجارة على الجنود الإسرائيليين الذين يقومون بحراسة نقاط التفتيش في القدس الشرقية. ورد الجنود عليهم بالرصاص المطاطي والغاز المسيل للدموع.

معارضة إسرائيل
وفي 23 مارس 2011 وافق الكنيست الإسرائيلي بأغلبية 37 صوتا مقابل 25 أصوات، علی قانون ما سمي بـ«قانون النكبة» والذي ينص على ان أي مؤسسة أو جمعية تقوم بفعاليات لإحياء ذكرى النكبة الفلسطينية بدلا من يوم الاستقلال الإسرائيلي يتم سحب تمويلها أو تقليص ميزانيتها بعد موافقة النائب العام ووزير المالية. ويمنع مشروع القانون إحياء ذكرى النكبة، وانّ كلّ فرد يخالف هذه المادة معرض للسجن لمدة سنة واحدة أو دفع غرامة قدرها 10,000 شيكل (~ 2500 $). ويرى الفلسطينيون أن مشروع القانون يفرض قيوداً على حرية الفلسطينيين في الرأي والتعبير، كما يحاول لقمع الوعي الوطني والسرد التاريخي للبقية المتبقية من الشعب الفلسطيني في وطنه.

انظر أيضا
 يوم النكسة
 النكبة الفلسطينية
 قرار تقسيم فلسطين
 قائمة بالمذابح التي نفذها اليهود خلال فترة حرب 1948
 أبناء عيلبون (فيلم)
 يوم النكبة 2011

مراجع

أيام ذكرى
النكبة
تاريخ اللاجئين الفلسطينيين
شتات عربي
عطلات رسمية في فلسطين
مناسبات فلسطينية
مناسبات مايو

ذكرى النكبة


William Derham FRS (26 November 16575 April 1735) was an English clergyman, natural theologian, natural philosopher and scientist. He produced the earliest reasonably accurate measurement of the speed of sound.

Life
William Derham was the son of Thomas Derham. He was born at Stoulton, in Worcestershire, England. He was educated at Blockley, Gloucestershire, and at Trinity College, Oxford, from 1675 to 1679. He was ordained on 29 May 1681. In 1682, he became vicar of Wargrave, Berkshire, and from 1689 to 1735 he was Rector at Upminster, Essex. While at Upminster, in 1716 he became a Canon of Windsor and the vestry minutes show that thereafter he divided his time between those two places.  The parish registers of Upminster record his burial at St. Laurence's in 1735.  However, the precise site of his grave is unknown and, in accordance with his wishes, there is no memorial to him in the church.

Work

In 1696, he published his Artificial Clockmaker, which went through several editions. The best known of his subsequent works are Physico-Theology, published in 1713; Astro-Theology, 1714; and Christo-Theology, 1730. All three of these books are teleological arguments for the being and attributes of God, and were used by William Paley nearly a century later. However, these books also include quantities of original scientific observations.  For example, Physico-Theology contains his recognition of natural variation within species and that he knew that Didelphis virginialis (the Virginia opossum) was the only marsupial in North America. It also includes one of the earliest theoretical descriptions of a marine chronometer, accompanied by a discussion of the use of vacuum seals to reduce inaccuracies in the operation of timepieces. He is the first person known to have used the word chronometer.

Similarly, Astro-Theology includes several newly identified nebulae (this was the name used at the time for all extended astronomical objects: some of his nebulae are what we would now call star clusters).  His  telescope (also used when measuring the velocity of sound) was at the top of the tower of St Laurence's Church, where the necessary doors are still in place.

On 3 February 1703, Derham was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. He was Boyle lecturer in 1711–1712. His last known work, entitled A Defence of the Church's Right in Leasehold Estates, appeared as early as 1731.

But besides the works published in his own name, Derham contributed a variety of papers to the Transactions of the Royal Society. He revised the Miscellanea Curiosa. He edited the correspondence and wrote a biography of John Ray, whose 'physico-theology' (natural theology) tradition he continued, making him an early parson-naturalist.

He edited Eleazar Albin's Natural History, and published some of the manuscripts of the scientist Robert Hooke. His meteorological observations at Upminster (in the Transactions of the Royal Society) are amongst the earliest series in England.

Speed of sound

In 1709 Derham published a more accurate measure of the speed of sound, at 1,072 Parisian feet per second. Derham used a telescope from the tower of the church of St Laurence, Upminster, to observe the flash of a distant shotgun being fired, and then measured the time until he heard the gunshot with a half second pendulum. Measurements were made of gunshots from local landmarks including the Church of St Mary Magdalene, North Ockendon. The distance was known by triangulation, and thus the speed that the sound had travelled could be calculated.

Works
 The Artificial Clockmaker (1696)
--- (1734 edition)
 Physico-theology, or a Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God (1723 edition)
 Christo-Theology: Or, a Demonstration of the Divine Authority of the Christian Religion (1730 edition)
 A defence of the churches right in leasehold estate, London: W. Innys 1731.
  Astro-theology: or, A demonstration of the being and attributes of God, from a Survey of the Heavens (1731 edition)

See also
Astrotheology

References

External links

 William Derham (1696) The artificial clock-maker - digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library

1657 births
1735 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
Natural philosophers
English naturalists
17th-century English Anglican priests
18th-century English Anglican priests
Fellows of the Royal Society
Canons of Windsor
Parson-naturalists
People from Wychavon (district)
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
18th-century English writers
18th-century English male writers

William Derham


Jakubovany este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Sabinov din regiunea Prešov, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 956 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Jakubovany este atestată documentar din 1314.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Jakubovany, Sabinov


Centar za nove industrije i tehnologije (fr. Centre des nouvelles industries et technologies, CNIT), je prva zgrada izgrađena u La Défenseu, na zapadu Pariza. Karakterističan oblik je zbog trokutaste parcele koju zauzima, zamjenjujući stare tvornice Zodijaka, na teritoriju Puteauxa. Izgrađen 1958. godine, CNIT je prošao kroz dva restrukturiranja, dovršena 1988. i 2009. godine. Upravlja ga tvrtka Viparis.

Vidi još
 Popis najviših nebodera svijeta
 La Defense

Vanjske poveznice
 CNIT

Neboderi u Parizu


Zootropolis (kendt som Zootopia i USA) er en amerikansk computeranimeret film fra 2016, som er produceret af Walt Disney Animation Studios og udgivet af Walt Disney Pictures. Filmen er den 54. film fra Disneys klassikere.

Zootropolis blev meget anmelderrost for dens grafiske design, sofistikerede manuskript, som er en blanding af humor og drama, men som også gør op med emner som fordomsfuldhed og stereotyper.

Handling

I en verden domineret af antropomorfe dyr flytter den 24-årige kanin Judy Hopps til storbyen Zootropolis for at forfølge sin drøm om at blive politibetjent efter at have klaret sig gennem politiskolen. Som byens første kaninbetjent er Judy ivrig efter at gøre en forskel, men hun opdager snart, at politimesteren ikke tager hende seriøst og giver hende tjansen som parkeringsvagt.

Judy har dog ikke givet sin drøm op og beslutter sig at finde den forsvundne Emmit Otterton, og efter en konflikt med politimesteren går han med til at give hende en chance for til at vise sit værd, men med den betingelse, at hvis hun ikke har løst sagen indenfor 48 timer, så skal hun selv sige op. For at løse mysteriet må hun slå sig sammen med Nick Wilde, en snug svindler af en ræv, og sammen opdager de et komplot, som vil forandre byen for altid.

Medvirkende

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Animationsfilm fra USA
Amerikanske film fra 2016

Zootropolis


Abadile, isimleri Abdullah olan ve muhaddis kimlikleriyle şöhret bulmuş sahabe'den dört kişinin ortak ismidir. Abdullah kelimesinin çoğulu olup, "Abdullahlar" manasına gelmektedir. Bu dört kişi:

 Abdullah bin Abbas (ö. 65/687-688)
 Abdullah bin Ömer (ö. 74/693)
 Abdullah bin Amr (ö. 65/684)
 Abdullah bin Zübeyr (ö. 73/692)'dir.

Ulemadan bazıları Abdullah ibn Zübeyr yerine Abdullah bin Mesud'u zikretmişlerdir.

Bu zikredilen dört şahıs herhangi bir meselede aynı görüşü beyan etmişlerse islami eserlerde bu "Abadile'nin Görüşü" şeklinde dillendirilir. Bu ifade özellikle Fıkıh ilminde yerleşik bir ifade tarzı, bir ıstılahtır.

Kaynakça

İslam terimleri
Arapça erkek isimleri

Abadile


Paradoks svemoćnosti, paradoks svemoći ili paradoks omnipotencije (engl. Omnipotence paradox) je paradoks koji se bavi pitanjem što to svemoćno biće ne može učiniti, odnosno moguće ograničenosti svemoćnog bića.

Prema jezičnom i logičkom određenju, svemoguće biće je ono biće koje je sposobno učiniti sve. Uzimajući u obzir postojanje takvog bića, neko može postaviti sljedeće pitanje i izvesti sljedeći zaključak:

Klasično rješenje je da božja svemoć nije tolika da čini ono što je logički nemoguće, i ukazuje na to da je za njega logički nemoguće da postoji takav kamen. Također, može se govoriti i o tome da zajedno sa svemoći dolazi i sveznanje. Ako je Bog znao da će morati dići kamen u budućnosti, zašto bi stvorio takav kamen?

Često se koristi u ateizmu kao jedan od argumenata u kritici religije, zajedno uz problem zla.

Ovaj paradoks odbacili su i pokušali negirati Toma Akvinski, Alvin Plantinga i brojni drugi filozofi relgije i teodiceje.

Izvori

Paradoksi

Paradoks svemoćnosti


කටුපොත සතර මංසන්ධියක් වන අතර එය නාරම්මල - වාරියපොළ පාරේ පිහිටා ඇත. කටුපොත සංධියේ සිට නාරම්මලට, වාරියපොලට, කුරුණෑගලට සහ කුලියාපිටිය යන් නගරයන්ට යා හැකි පරිදි නිර්මාණය වී ඇත.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන

කටුපොත


Le Moulin, op. 191, est une œuvre de la compositrice Mel Bonis, datant de 1886.

Composition
Mel Bonis compose Le Moulin pour chœur de femmes et piano sur un texte d'Édouard Guinand. L'œuvre est publiée en 1886 aux éditions Hamelle. Elle est rééditée par les éditions Armiane en 2014.

Analyse

Réception

Discographie

Références

Sources

Liens externes

Œuvre de Mel Bonis
Musique chorale
Œuvre réalisée en 1886
Œuvre en la majeur

Le Moulin


Tyumen ( ; ) is the administrative center and largest city  of Tyumen Oblast, Russia. It is situated just east of the Ural Mountains, along the Tura River. Fueled by the Russian oil and gas industry, Tyumen has experienced rapid population growth in recent years, rising to a population of 847,488 at the 2021 Census. Tyumen is among the largest cities of the Ural region and the Ural Federal District. Tyumen is often regarded as the first Siberian city, from the western direction.

Tyumen was the first Russian settlement in Siberia. Founded in 1586 to support Russia's eastward expansion, the city has remained one of the most important industrial and economic centers east of the Ural Mountains. Located at the junction of several important trade routes and with easy access to navigable waterways, Tyumen rapidly developed from a small military settlement to a large commercial and industrial city. The central part of Old Tyumen retains many historic buildings from throughout the city's history.

Today, Tyumen is an important business center. It is the transport hub and industrial center of Tyumen Oblast – an oil-rich region bordering Kazakhstan – as well as the home of many companies active in Russia's oil and gas industry.

Etymology

In Turkic and Mongolic languages, "Tümen/Түмэн" means a myriad, or ten thousand. Etymologically connected to the Tuman River that delineates sections of the borders between North Korea, Russia, and China.

Geography
Tyumen covers an area of . Its primary geographical feature is the Tura River, which crosses the city from northwest to southeast. The river is navigable downstream of the city. The left bank of the Tura is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills. The Tura is a shallow river with extensive marshlands.

The river floods during the snow melting season in the spring. The spring flood usually peaks in the second half of May, when the river becomes 8–10 times wider than during the late-summer low water season. The city is protected from flooding by a dike which can withstand floods up to  high. The highest ever flood water level in Tyumen was , recorded in 1979. More recently, in 2007, a water level of 7.76 was recorded. In spring 2005, a flood higher than the critical  mark was expected, but did not appear.

Climate
Tyumen has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with warm, somewhat humid summers and long, cold winters. The weather in the region is very changeable, and the temperature in town is always higher than in the surrounding area by a few degrees. The town area also attracts more precipitation. The average temperature in January is , with a record low of  measured in February 1951. The average temperature in July is , with a record high of .

The average annual precipitation is . The wettest year on record was 1943, with , and the driest was 1917, with only .

History

The Cossack ataman Yermak Timofeyevich conquered the Tyumen area, originally part of the Siberia Khanate, to the Tsardom of Russia in 1585. Both capitals of the Siberia Khanate, Sibir/Qashliq and Tyumen/Chimgi-Tura (the capital in the 15th century), were completely destroyed. Sibir was never rebuilt, though it gave its name to all concurrent and future lands in North Asia annexed by Russia, but Tyumen was later founded again. On July 29, 1586, Tsar Feodor I ordered two regional commanders, Vasily Borisov-Sukin and Ivan Myasnoy, to construct a fortress on the site of the former Siberian Tatar town of Chingi-Tura ("city of Chingis"), also known as Tyumen, from the Turkic and Mongol word for "ten thousand" – tumen.

Tyumen stood on the "Tyumen Portage", part of the historical trade route between Central Asia and the Volga region. Various South Siberian nomads had continuously contested control of the portage in the preceding centuries. As a result, Siberian Tatar and Kalmyk raiders often attacked early Russian settlers. The military situation meant that streltsy and Cossack garrisons stationed in the town predominated in the population of Tyumen until the mid-17th century. As the area became less restive, the town began to take on a less military character.

By the beginning of the 18th century Tyumen had developed into an important center of trade between Siberia and China in the east and Central Russia in the west. Tyumen had also become an important industrial center, known for leatherworkers, blacksmiths, and other craftsmen. In 1763, 7,000 people were recorded as living in the town.

In the 19th century the town's development continued. In 1836, the first steam boat in Siberia was built in Tyumen. In 1862, the telegraph came to the town, and in 1864 the first water mains were laid. Further prosperity came to Tyumen after the construction, in 1885, of the Trans-Siberian Railway. For some years, Tyumen was Russia's easternmost railhead, and the site of transhipment of cargoes between the railway and the cargo boats plying the Tura, Tobol, Irtysh, and Ob Rivers.

By the end of the 19th century Tyumen's population exceeded 30,000, surpassing that of its northern rival Tobolsk, and beginning a process whereby Tyumen gradually eclipsed the former regional capital. The growth of Tyumen culminated on August 14, 1944 when the city finally became the administrative center of the extensive Tyumen Oblast.

At the outbreak of the Russian Civil War in 1917, forces loyal to Admiral Alexander Kolchak and his Siberian White Army controlled Tyumen. However, the city fell to the Red Army on January 5, 1918.

During the 1930s, Tyumen became a major industrial center of the Soviet Union. By the onset of World War II, the city had several well-established industries, including shipbuilding, furniture manufacture, and the manufacture of fur and leather goods. World War II saw rapid growth and development in the city. In the winter of 1941, twenty-two major industrial enterprises evacuated to Tyumen from the European part of the Soviet Union. These enterprises went into operation the following spring. Additionally, war-time Tyumen became a "hospital city", where thousands of wounded soldiers were treated. When it seemed that Moscow might fall to German forces during Operation Barbarossa, in 1941 Vladimir Lenin's body was secretly moved from his mausoleum in Moscow to a hidden tomb in what is now the Tyumen State Agriculture Academy. Between 1941 and 1945 more than 20,000 Tyumen natives fought at the front, and some 6,000 were killed.

Rich oil- and gas-fields were discovered in the Tyumen Oblast in the 1960s.  While most of these lay hundreds of kilometers away, near the towns of Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk, Tyumen was the nearest railway junction and so the city became their supply base while the railway was extended northwards. As the result of this economic and population boom, with tens of thousands of skilled workers arriving from across the Soviet Union between 1963 and 1985, the rapid growth of the city also brought a host of problems. Its social infrastructure was limited and the lack of city planning has resulted in uneven development, with which Tyumen has continued to struggle.

Administrative and municipal status
Tyumen is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Tyumensky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the City of Tyumen—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the City of Tyumen is incorporated as Tyumen Urban Okrug.

City divisions

Tyumen is divided into four administrative okrugs: Kalininsky, Leninsky, Tsentralny, and Vostochny.

Government

City government

The legislative authority of Tyumen is the City Duma. In addition to legislative activities, the City Duma appoints the Head of the Tyumen City Administration, who is the chief executive officer of the city.

Oblast government
Since Tyumen is the administrative center of the oblast, all the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city. They include the elected Legislative Assembly (Duma) of Tyumen Oblast, which also confirms the appointment of the Governor of Tyumen Oblast, who is nominated by the President of Russia.

Demographics

Tyumen's population grew steadily from the 16th century through the 19th century. However, when the Trans-Siberian Railway arrived at the end of the 19th century, the town's rate of population growth was greatly boosted. Tyumen rapidly became the largest town in the region, with about 30,000 inhabitants by the beginning of the 20th century. Tyumen again experienced rapid population growth with the coming of World War II. The evacuation of workers from factories in central Russia in 1941 more than doubled Tyumen's population to 150,000.

In the 1960s, the discovery of the rich oil and gas fields in Western Siberia caused the city's population, which had not been forecast to exceed 250,000 inhabitants that decade, to swell to almost half a million. After the growth of the 1960s, a period of population stability lasted until 1988, when economic depression hit the Soviet Union. The city's population in 1989 was 476,869, according to the census of that year. However, within five or six years Tyumen was again a major economic center with a rising population. By 2002, Tyumen's population had risen to 510,719. Further population growth (mainly due to migration and the incorporation of surrounding settlements) meant that by 2021 Tyumen's population increased to 847,488 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups
While the population of Tyumen includes people from over a hundred different ethnicities, most belong to one of the following ethnicities:

Religion

, there are over ten operational Orthodox temples (both newly built and historical), two mosques (both newly built), one synagogue, and one Roman Catholic church in Tyumen (St. Joseph's Church).

Orthodox Christianity
While the state religion of the Russian Empire was Orthodoxy, this religion historically prevailed in Tyumen. In 1616, Trinity Monastery was established in Tyumen by Nifont of Kazan. In 1709–1711, this monastery was rebuilt in stone by the order of Filofey Leshchinsky, the first Metropolitan of Siberia. In 1761, the Tyumen Religious School was established. Overall, from 1708 to 1885, twelve stone Orthodox churches of different size, and two monasteries were constructed in Tyumen.

During Soviet times, two of the churches were completely destroyed, but the rest remained. , most of them are accessible and operating. Some operational churches are also under restoration. Tyumen Religious School was reopened in 1997.

Other religions
Despite the predominance of Orthodoxy, Catholic churches as well as mosques and synagogues were also built. However, only one Catholic church remains preserved. The Tyumen Mosque was completely destroyed, but its reconstruction on the same site caused controversy. The Tyumen synagogue collapsed in 2000, but was reconstructed on the same site. At the start of the 20th century, there was a strong Old Believers community in Tyumen.

All of the aforementioned religions operate cultural centers in Tyumen. There are also several other religious bodies with a few adherents in Tyumen.

Tyumen Trinity Monastery was built with special permission of Peter the Great. At the time, the construction of stone buildings outside Saint Petersburg was prohibited. The Church of Savior Uncreated was visited by Crown prince Alexandr (later Alexander II) during his Siberian tour.

Economy
Tyumen is an important service center for the gas and oil industries in Russia. Due to its advantageous location at the crossing of the motor, rail, water and air ways and its moderate climate Tyumen was an ideal base town for servicing the oil and gas industry of the West Siberia.  As a result, today Tyumen is a center of industry, science, culture, education and medicine. Many large oil and gas companies such as Gazprom, LUKoil, Gazpromneft and Shell have their representative offices in Tyumen.

There are numerous factories, engineering companies, oil industry service companies (KCA DEUTAG and Schlumberger), design institutes, shipyard and other oil servicing companies located in Tyumen. Schwank, market leader for industrial heaters, has its subsidiary, SibSchwank, in Tyumen, holding market shares of about 25%. UTair is also based in Tyumen.

Transportation

Railway

Tyumen railway station was built in 1885. Currently the station administratively belongs to the Tyumen Division of Sverdlovskaya Rail Road. The station is located in the center of the city. At the regional level, the station services three directions to Yekaterinburg, Omsk, and Tobolsk. The railroad to Yekaterinburg has been electrified since 1980. At the international level, the station services passage to (Trans-Siberian Railway): Poland, Germany, China, Mongolia, and Azerbaijan.

Additional stations within the city territory include: Tyumen North, Tyumen yard, Voynovka yard.

Public transportation

Public transportation in Tyumen is dominated by both municipal bus services and by numerous private operators (marshrutkas), which account for nearly a third of all transport capacity. The city's bus fleet is in process of modernization and expansion, with newly acquired Russian buses replacing the severely aged Soviet models.

Tyumen is a major hub for intercity bus service, centered on the bus terminal, which was constructed in 1972, and greatly expanded between 2006 and 2008.

Air transportation

Tyumen is served by the international Roschino Airport located  west of the city. In addition Plekhanovo Airport is in the area. The Roschino airport has permits to handle the following types of aircraft: Tu-154, Tu-134, An-12, An-24, An-26, Yak-40, Yak-42, IL-18, L-410, B-737, B-767, B-757, IL-86, IL-76, ATR-42, ATR-72, HS-125. The airport also has a permit to handle all types of helicopters. The airstrip is capable of handling large freight aircraft such as the An-22 Antaeus.

The city has a regular service to a large number of Russian towns, including, Moscow (9 flights a day), St. Petersburg, and Samara. There are also weekly or biweekly flights to the following international locations: Baku, Erevan, Khujand, and Tashkent.

Road
Tyumen is divided by the Tura River, the Tyumneka River, and the Trans-Siberian Railroad, creating several isolated zones. Ten bridges, one footbridge, seven flyovers, and five foot crossings connect these zones.

In addition, the road network was planned before the fall of the Soviet Union, and in its current state, it can operate normally only in the scheme which includes public transportation only. Compact planning of the city center prevents expansion of main roads; congestion coming from the city periphery moves slower and slower as it approaches the town center. To date, the road network serves about 200% above planned capacity, which leads to numerous traffic jams and high accident rates.

Since 2002, city and regional authorities have undertaken numerous initiatives to improve Tyumen's road network, but due to the continued growth of private automobile ownership rates, these efforts have only had short term positive effects. To date, a complex transport infrastructure reconstruction project is being directed by Regional Administration. In January 2015, a paid parking program and prohibition of vehicle access for non-residents began.

Total length of the city roads:  (Jan 2009).
Total number of cars: 380,000 of 1,176,441 total in Tyumen Oblast (), previous count 151,000 (Jan. 2008)

Cityscape

Historically, Tyumen occupied a small area on the high bank of the Tura River around the foundation site of the city. The city consisted of one and two-storey wooden buildings, surrounded by a number of villages. With time, the territory of the city was developed and extended by including the surrounding villages.

When viewed from above, present-day Tyumen appears to be a collection of low-rise towns with occasional clusters of tall buildings. Two areas of the city, Yamskaya Sloboda and Republic Street are noted for their historic character. These areas are dominated by old brick and wooden merchant houses and buildings, with the occasional intrusion of mid-century Soviet low-rise buildings.

Bukharskaya Sloboda is a historic residential area on the low bank of the Tura river. This area is mostly made up of very old one and two-storey wooden buildings. The area is part of the Historical Centre on the city and has a mostly Muslim population. Low bank Dormitories is a cluster of standard 9-storey buildings was built on reclaimed land east of Bukharskaya Sloboda – Zareka and Vatutina.

The area to the east of the historical town centre built between 1948 and 1978 and is mostly 4 and 5-storey buildings. Earlier buildings in this area have individual designs, but the later buildings have a rectangular style. This area contains most of the political and business activities of the town.

The Old Dormitories area features standard 5-storey blocks of flats constructed in the 1960s and 1970s at the west and east extremities of the city. However, today this area is actually in the town centre. While there are almost no variety in the area's architecture, this area has the most greenery in the city and the best social infrastructure.

The New dormitories area features clusters of standard tall buildings constructed after 1980 at the south and south-east edges of Tyumen. This area is considered to be the worst place to live in the city. The area is remote, badly planned, and has very poor social infrastructure.

In 2022, the Ministry of Construction published an updated rating of the new urban digitalization index. Tyumen entered the top three cities with a population of 250 thousand to a million people.

Architecture
Tyumen is not characterized by any particular architectural style. The town was built without planning for decades and because of that its architecture is an eclectic mix of buildings of different styles and eras.

Tyumen's nickname is the Capital of Villages because the most of its territory is built up by lumber houses. Many of the wooden buildings located in the historical part of the city are considered culturally valuable.

Society and culture

Leisure and entertainment

Tyumen has many cinemas and clubs.

Literature and film
A writer closely associated with the city is the children's writer Vladislav Krapivin.

Museums and art galleries

Museums and art galleries in Tyumen include the Tyumen Museum of Local Lore, the Tyumen Museum of the Fine Arts, Museum of Kolokolnikov estate and the Medical History Museum.

Music

The town has its own philharmonic orchestra and the Tyumen Music hall hosts performances.

Sports

Many Soviet and Russian sportsmen started their careers in Tyumen youth sport, including Soviet cyclists Sergey Uslamin, Yury Korotkikh, and Oleg Polovnikov

Tyumen has a national level ice hockey team, soccer team and futsal team.

Important ice hockey and soccer teams are:
Rubin Tyumen
Tyumensky Legion
FC Tyumen

Education

Higher education
In 1964, Tyumen Industrial Institute was founded to supply the oil industry with a qualified local workforce. Most students are not counted in the city population since they are non-residents of the Tyumen city according to Russian law.

Libraries

There are about fifty public libraries in Tyumen.

Twin towns - sister cities

Tyumen is twinned with:
 Brest, Belarus (1999)
 Celle, Germany (1994)
 Daqing, China (1993)
 Houston, United States (1995)(suspended)

Notable people

Natives of Tyumen
Yevgeni Bushmanov, association football player and coach
Yuri Aleksandrovich Gulyayev, opera singer
Vladislav Krapivin, children's books writer
Boris Krasin, composer
Tamara Toumanova, ballerina and actress
Anastasiya Kuzmina, Olympic biathlete
Viktor Leonenko, association football player
Alexander Zhuravlyov, Russian general
Vladilen Mashkovtsev, writer
Irina Mataeva, soprano
Nikolay Pereverzev, futsal player
Abraham Walkowitz, painter
Ksenia Sukhinova, Miss World 2008
Andrei Vasilevskiy, professional hockey player
Anton Shipulin, Olympic biathlete
Alena Shishkova, Russian model

Other
Irving Berlin, composer whose family was from Tolochin, born in Tyumen
Nikolai Chukmaldin, merchant and enlightener
Georg Wilhelm Steller, German scientist

See also

Chimgi-Tura

References

Notes

30.^Тюменьстат

Sources

External links
 Virtual Chronicle of Tyumen

Official website of Tyumen

Ski areas and resorts in Russia
Tyumensky Uyezd

Tyumen


Tsonga-sproget (xitsonga) er et bantusprog i det sydlige Afrika, som bliver talt af tsongafolket. Det blev skabt som skriftsprog i 1875 på missionsstationen Valdezia af schweiziske missionærer. Det bygger på en række talte bantusprog fra den afrikanske østkyst, så som xishangana, xigwamba, xinkuna, xihlengwe, xitembe, xivaloyi, xinyembani, xitswa, xironga, xichopi m.v. De schweiziske missionærer kaldte sproget 'thonga', men gav dem senere navnet 'tsonga'. I Mozambique bliver xitswa, xironga og xishangana (xishangaan) betragtet som selvstændige sprog.

Teksteksempel

Fader vor i Tsonga:
Tata wa hina la nge matilweni,
vito ra wena a ri hlawuleke;
a ku te ku fuma ka wena;
ku rhandza ka wena a ku endliwe misaveni,
tanihi loko ku endliwa tilweni.
U hi nyika namuntlha vuswa bya hina bya siku rin'wana ni rin'wana;
u hi rivalela swidyoho swa hina,
tanihi loko na hina hi rivalela lava hi dyohelaka;
u nga hi yisi emiringweni,
kambe u hi ponisa eka Lowo biha,
Amen.

Bantusprog
Sprog i Sydafrika
Sprog i Mozambique
Sprog i Swaziland

Tsonga (sprog)


Ayşe Afet İnan (Salonica, 30 de outubro de 1908 – Ancara, 8 de junho de 1985) foi uma historiadora e socióloga turca. Ela era uma das oito filhas adotivas de Mustafa Kemal Atakürk. Afet ficou conhecida por seu envolvimento na prática da antropologia física, tendo medido mais de sessenta mil crânios na Anatólia, o que reforçou a veracidade da Tese da História Turca.

Biografia
Afet İnan nasceu filha de Bei İsmail Hakkı (Ísmail Hakki Uzmay) e Hanım Sehzane de Doyran (hoje Dojran), em 1908 no distrito de Kesendire (Polyoroz, atualmente Kassandra, Grécia) no Vilaiete da Salonica.

Ela a sua família emigraram para Adapazarı por causa da Guerras Balcânicas. Ingressou na escola primária ainda em Adapazarı em 4 de março de 1913. Eles então se mudaram para Ancara, Mihalıççık, Karaoğlan, Biga. Sua mãe, Sehzane morreu de tuberculose em 15 de maio de 1915. Quando seu pai se casou com uma jovem garota, Ayşe Afet decidiu se tornar professora e a viver aos próprios custos. Enquanto eles viviam em Biga, a sua irmã mais nova Nezihe havia nascido do segundo casamento de seu pai. Em 1920, ela terminou o seus seis anos de educação primária. Em 1921, eles se estabeleceram em Alanya. Em 1922, ela conseguiu uma qualificação para ensinar em Elmalı e foi contratada como diretora na Escola de Garotas de Elmali. Ela se formou pela Faculdade de Professoras de Bursa para Meninas em 1925, e começou a trabalhar como professora primária em Esmirna. Ela conheceu Mustafa Kemal Atatürk em outubro do mesmo ano durante sua visita em Esmirna.

Afet foi enviada em 1925 por Atatürk para Lausana, Suíça, para aprender francês. Após retornar à Turquia em 1927, ela frequentou o Liceu Notre Dame de Sion Istanbul. Depois de terminar lá, foi indicada como professora secundária de história. Em 1935, Afet İnan foi para Suíça novamente e tornou-se aluna de Eugène Pittard na Universidade de Genebra entre os anos de 1936 e 1938. Em 1939, depois de se formar, obteve um doutorado em sociologia. Em 1950, tornou-se professora da Universidade de Ancara. Ela foi a cofundadora e membra dirigente da Sociedade Histórica Turca.

Inan morreu em 8 de junho de 1985, em Ancara, deixando sua filha Arı e seu filho Demir.

O "Prêmio de Estudos Históricos Afet Inan" é concedido bienalmente pela Fundação de História Turca em cooperação com a família de İnan.

Referências

Bibliografia selecionada

 Medeni bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün el yazıları, Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1969
 Atatürk'ten yazdıklarım, Ankara, 1969
 Recherches Sur les Caractéres Anthropologiques des Population de la Turquie, Genève, 1939
 Türk Amirali Piri Reis'in Hayatı ve Eserleri
 L'émancipation de la Femme Turque
 Eski Mısır Tarih ve Medeniyeti, 1956 (History of the Ancient Egypt)
 Biography

Historiadores da Turquia
Historiadoras
Historiadores do século XX
Alunos da Universidade de Genebra
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Sociólogos da Turquia
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Afet İnan


Modern Talking, vokalist Thomas Anders ile aranjör, besteci ve yapımcı Dieter Bohlen'dan oluşan Alman müzik ikilisi. Yapım aşamalarında ikiliye Luis Rodríguez de eşlik ediyordu. Almanya'nın en başarılı pop ikilisi olarak kabul edilen Modern Talking, çok sayıda hit tekliye imza attı ve birçok ülkenin müzik listelerinde ilk beşe girdi. En popüler teklileri arasında "You're My Heart, You're My Soul", "You Can Win If You Want", "Cheri, Cheri Lady", "Brother Louie", "Atlantis Is Calling (S.O.S. for Love)" ve "Geronimo's Cadillac" yer alır.

İkili, 1984 yılında "You're My Heart, You're My Soul" ile yakaladığı çıkışın ardından "You Can Win If You Want" ve "Cheri, Cheri Lady" ile listelerde kalıcı olacağını kanıtladı. "Brother Louie" ile önce İngiltere müzik listelerinde, ardından da Avrupa, Asya, Afrika ve Güney Amerika'da popüler oldu. Grubu oluşturan ikili 1987'de ayrıldı. İkili 1998'de yeniden bir araya geldiyse de 2003'te beraberlikleri kesin olarak bitti.

Besteci, söz yazarı, aranjör, kompozör, vokalist, solist olarak grubun beyni olan Dieter Bohlen solo albümlerini Blue System adı ile çıkardı. Ayrıca Chris Norman (Smokie), C.C. Catch, Bonnie Tyler ve Bad Boys Blue gibi şarkıcı ve gruplara da destek oldu. 1989 yılında Lozan'da yapılan Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması'nda Avusturya (Thomas Förstner - Nur ein Lied) ve Almanya (Nino De Angelo - Flieger) adına besteci olarak katıldı.

Thomas Anders her ne kadar boynundan hiç çıkarmadığı eşi Nora'nın ismi yazılı kolyesi ile hatırlansa da çıkardığı solo albümleri ile de kariyerini ispatladı.

Grup tarihi
Almanya'da kurulan grup, sürekli İngilizce albümler yayınlamaktaydı. Amerika'dan keşfedilmeyi bekliyordu. "You can Win If you Want" adlı şarkısıyla ses getiren grup Cheri, Cheri Lady'le Amerika listelerine giriş yaptı. Brother Louie ile İngiltere listelerini sarstıktan sonra yayılmaya başladılar. Türkiye'de ise inanılmaz bir üne kavuşan grubun hemen her şarkısı Türk filmlerinde yer alıyordu. Amerika'da hit olan "Brother Louie" albümüyle Modern Talking hayaline kavuştu. Amerika yolunu tutan grup Amerika'da parlamaya başladı. Geronimo's Cadillac Modern Talking'in hatırlanan şarkıları arasına girdi. 1987 yılında ayrıldıktan sonra 1998'de tekrar bir araya geldiler. 1987 yılında ayrılmalarının nedeni, Dieter Bohlen'in arka planda kalırken Thomas Anders'in daha çok öne çıkmasıydı. 1998'de bir araya geldikten sonra F1 yarışlarının soundtrack'lerine imzalarını attılar. 2003'te yeniden ayrılmalarının nedeni ise Dieter Bohlen'in artık Modern Talking'e zaman ayırmasının zorlaştığını söyleyerek gruptan bu kez dostça ayrılmışlardır.

Diskografi

Albüm, tekli ve derlemeler

Dış bağlantılar
 Thomas Anders'in Resmi Sitesi
 More Than Talking - Tribute to Thomas Anders
Modern Talking Türkiye

1984'te kurulan müzik grupları
1987'de feshedilmiş oluşumlar
1998'de kurulan müzik grupları
2003'te feshedilmiş oluşumlar
Alman pop müzik grupları
Alman elektronik müzik grupları
Dünya Müzik Ödülü sahipleri

Modern Talking


Isla Kaşık (en turco: Kaşık Adası literalmente "Isla Cuchara"; en griego: Πίτα νήσος) es una de las nueve islas que constituyen las llamadas Islas de los Príncipes (Prens Adaları) en el Mar de Mármara, cerca de Estambul. Se encuentra entre las islas de Burgazada y Heybeliada. Adasi Kaşık está oficialmente administrada por el barrio Burgazada en el distrito de Adalar, en la ciudad de Estambul, Turquía.

Véase también
 Geografía de Turquía
 Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Información sobre la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Turquía del mar de Mármara
Geografía de la región del Mármara
Provincia de Estambul

Isla Kaşık


Le dilemme de Collingridge est un dilemme méthodologique dans lequel les efforts pour influencer ou contrôler le développement de la technologie se heurtent à un double problème :

 Un problème d'information : les impacts ne peuvent pas être facilement prédits tant que la technologie n'est pas largement développée et utilisée.
 Un problème de pouvoir : le contrôle ou le changement est difficile lorsque la technologie s'est ancrée.

Le dilemme est posé par David Collingridge dans son livre The Social Control of Technology (1980). Il est un point de référence fondamental dans les débats sur l'évaluation des technologies .

Dans This Explains Everything, édité par John Brockman, le critique technologique Evgeny Morozov explique l'idée de Collingridge en citant celui-ci :

Dans The Pacing Problem, the Collingridge Dilemma & Technological Determinism d'Adam Thierer, chercheur principal au Mercatus Center de l'Université George Mason, le dilemme de Collingridge est lié au problème de rythme dans la réglementation technologique. Cela fait référence à la notion selon laquelle l'innovation technologique dépasse de plus en plus la capacité des lois et des réglementations à suivre, expliquée pour la première fois dans le livre de Larry Downes The Laws of Disruption (2009), dans lequel il déclare que « la technologie change de façon exponentielle, mais les systèmes sociaux, économiques et juridiques changent progressivement ». Dans l'essai de Thierer, celui-ci tente de corréler ces deux concepts en disant que .

Une solution au dilemme de Collingridge est le « principe de précaution ». Adam Thierer le définit comme la conviction que les nouvelles innovations ne doivent pas être adoptées  S'ils ne le font pas, cette innovation devrait être  Cette définition a été critiquée par Kevin Kelly, qui pense qu'un tel principe est mal défini  et est biaisé contre tout ce qui est nouveau car il élève considérablement le seuil d'acceptabilité de tout ce qui est innovant. Selon le philosophe américain Max More, le principe de précaution  Mais la Déclaration de Rio sur l'environnement et le développement définit le principe de précaution comme suit :  Ainsi, plutôt que conçue comme n'imposant aucun changement tant que la preuve de la sécurité n'est pas produite, cette définition du principe de précaution vise à légitimer les mesures de protection, en essayant d'éviter le désir des défenseurs d'une technologie de retarder la législation jusqu'à ce que des preuves irréfutables de préjudice puissent être produites.

Quant à lui, Collingridge ne proposait pas exactement le principe de précaution, mais plutôt l'application de « essais et erreurs intelligents », un processus par lequel le pouvoir décisionnel reste décentralisé, avec des changements gérables, des technologies et des infrastructures conçues pour être flexibles et un processus global orienté vers un apprentissage rapide tout en maintenant les coûts potentiels aussi bas que possible. Collingridge préconise de veiller à ce que l'innovation se produise de manière plus progressive afin de mieux correspondre au rythme de l'apprentissage humain et d'éviter les technologies dont la conception était antithétique à un processus intelligent d'essais et d'erreurs.

Notes et références

Technologie

Dilemme de Collingridge


Radio Rebel es la banda sonora de la Película Original de Disney Channel con el mismo nombre, y fue lanzada como descarga digital por Marvista Entertainment el 14 de febrero de 2012 en EE.UU..

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Álbumes de 2012
Bandas sonoras de películas
Álbumes de Debby Ryan

Radio Rebel (banda sonora)


An Dendrobium fanjingshanense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Zhan Huo Tsi, Xiao Hua Jin ngan Y.W.Zhang. An Dendrobium fanjingshanense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium fanjingshanense


Paul Schneider (geb. vor 1986) ist ein US-amerikanischer Regisseur, Filmproduzent und aktueller Hochschullehrer an der Boston University.

Leben
Nachdem er Englisch und Theaterwissenschaften an der Stanford University studierte, schloss Paul Schneider ein Studium der Theaterregie an der Columbia University und der Filmregie beim American Film Institute ab. Seit September 2009 ist Schneider der Vorsitzende des Department of Film and Television an der Boston University.

Paul Schneider ist verheiratet und hat zwei Kinder.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1986: Schatten der Leidenschaft (The Young and the Restless, Fernsehserie, 2 Episoden)
 1988: Eine verhängnisvolle Erfindung (14 Going on 30)
 1989: Hey-la, Hey-la, die Bouffants sind da (My Boyfriend's Back)
 1990: Baywatch – Die Rettungsschwimmer von Malibu (Baywatch, Fernsehserie, 3 Episoden)
 1990: Wie killt man eine Millionärin? (How to Murder a Millionaire)
 1992: Der Fremdgeher – Eine Ehefrau rechnet ab (A House of Secrets and Lies)
 1992: Eiskalter Herzensbrecher (Highway Heartbreaker)
 1992: Mädchen für alle Fälle (Maid for Each Other)
 1993: Wiegenlied des Schreckens (Empty Cradle)
 1993: Zum Abschuß freigegeben (With Hostile Intent)
 1994: Du sollst Vater und Mutter ehren – Doppelmord in Beverly Hills (Honor Thy Father and Mother: The True Story of the Menendez Murders)
 1994: Magersüchtig – Schrei nach Liebe (For the Love of Nancy)
 1996: Bombenterror – Todesangst im Schulbus (Sudden Terror: The Hijacking of School Bus #17)
 1996: Mein Sohn gehört mir (The Bachelor's Baby)
 1996: Verschleppt – Laß meinen Sohn nicht sterben! (Have You Seen My Son)
 1996: Wettlauf durch die weiße Hölle (Murder on the Iditarod Trail)
 1997: Die Jagd nach dem Baby (When the Cradle Falls)
 1997: JAG – Im Auftrag der Ehre (JAG, Fernsehserie, 1 Episode)
 1998: Lucky, der reichste Hund der Welt (You Lucky Dog)
 1998: Verbrecherisches Blut (When He Didn't Come Home)
 1999: Lethal Vows – Bis dass der Tod uns scheidet (Lethal Vows)
 1999: Mikes galaktisches Abenteuer (Can of Worms)
 2001: Das 4-Pfoten-Hotel (The Retrievers)
 2006: Liebe deinen Nächsten (Love Thy Neighbor)
 2008: Der Geisterturm (Behind the Wall)

Weblinks

 Paul Schneider auf Ratemyprofessors.com

Einzelnachweise

Filmregisseur
Filmproduzent
Hochschullehrer (Boston University)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann

Paul Schneider (Regisseur)


مسجل خطر هو فيلم مصري عرض عام 1991، بطولة عادل إمام وصلاح قابيل وسعيد عبد الغني وحاتم ذو الفقار ومصطفى متولي، من تأليف وحيد حامد ومن إخراج سمير سيف.

قصة الفيلم
يدخل اللص سيد كباكا (عادل إمام) السجن ليقضي عقوبته، حيث يتعرف باثنين من المساجين، الأول بدر سليم القواد (سعيد عبد الغني) والثانى مصطفى أبو العز (صلاح قابيل) الذي اضطر للاعتراف كذبًا بارتكاب سرقة كبرى قام بها شركاؤه للحصول على مال لعلاج زوجته، وبعد الإفراج عنهم يعود كاباكا لسرقة السيارات، وبدر لجمع أجمل الفتيات لنشاط الدعارة، بينما يكتشف مصطفى أن شركاؤه تخلوا عن زوجته وتركوها تموت وأودعوا ابنته الوحيدة ملجأ الأيتام، ويقدمون له مبلغًا كبيرًا من المال لا يقنع به كحق له. يجتمع كاباكا مع بدر ومصطفى ويتفقون على الانتقام من شركاء مصطفى أبو العز، وينجحون في الحصول على مبلغ ضخم من الدولارات، ويصاب مصطفى أثناء مطاردة شركاؤه السابقين له وقبل أن يلفظ أنفاسه الأخيرة يوصى كباكا بتسليم ابنته لعمها في الصعيد ويتعاطف المجرم العتيد مع الطفلة البريئة وسط مطاردات العصابة إلى أن ينقذها رجال الشرطة من الموت في اللحظة الأخيرة.

طاقم التمثيل
 عادل إمام: (سيد كباكا)
 صلاح قابيل: (مصطفى أبو العز)
 سعيد عبد الغني: (بدر سليم)
 حاتم ذو الفقار: (تامر سامح "توتو")
 مصطفى متولي: (طارق شاهين)
 محمد الدفراوي: (أيوب)
 سناء شافع: (صفوت شلبى)
 هديل: (ياسمين - الطفلة)
 محمد أبو العينين: (سرور الحناوى)
 نادية رفيق: (سليمة)
 فكري صادق: (خشبة)
 مقبولة علم الدين: (صاحبة البيت)
 برديس: (الراقصة)
 حلمي شفيق: (أبو حلق)
 هند عاكف: (السكرتيرة)
 محمد صفوت: (ضابط المباحث)
 هريدي عمران: (مرسي)
 إيمان حمدي: (سمية - الراقصة)

بالاشتراك مع

فريق العمل
 إخراج: سمير سيف
 تأليف: وحيد حامد
 مدير التصوير: سمير فرج
 مونتاج: سلوى بكير
 موسيقى تصويرية: هاني شنودة
 إنتاج: أفلام مصر العربية (واصف فايز)
 توزيع داخلي: أفلام مصر العربية (واصف فايز)
 توزيع خارجي: ساني لاند فيلم إنترناشيونال (محمد ياسين)

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام جريمة مصرية
أفلام دراما مصرية
أفلام صلاح قابيل
أفلام عادل إمام
أفلام محمد الدفراوي
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1991
أفلام وحيد حامد
أفلام أخرجها سمير سيف
أفلام مصطفى متولي

مسجل خطر (فيلم)


La saison 1964-1965 de Serie B, organisée par la Lega Calcio pour la dix-neuvième fois, est la  du championnat de deuxième division en Italie. Les trois premiers sont promus directement en Serie A et les trois derniers sont relégués en Serie C.

À l'issue de la saison, Brescia termine à la première place et monte en Serie A 1965-1966 ( division), accompagné par le vice-champion, Naples, et le troisième S.P.A.L..

Compétition
La victoire est à deux points, un match nul à 1 point.

Classement

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Notes et références
 saison 64-65 sur calcio-seriea.net

1964-1965
Championnat Italie Football 1964-1965 Serie B
Championnat Italie Football 1964-1965 Serie B
Italie
Italie

Championnat d'Italie de football de deuxième division 1964-1965


An Pomatocalpa leucanthum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Schltr., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schltr.. An Pomatocalpa leucanthum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pomatocalpa, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pomatocalpa

Pomatocalpa leucanthum


Das Vogtland Regional Fernsehen (kurz: VRF) war ein privatwirtschaftlich betriebener Fernsehsender im Vogtland. Er wurde am 1. Juli 1994 als Zusammenschluss mehrerer kleinerer Sender der Region gegründet. Nach der Insolvenzanmeldung im August 2015 wurde der Sendebetrieb zum 1. Januar 2016 eingestellt.

Er erreichte nach eigenen Angaben 130.000 Haushalte im Vogtland und Umgebung mit einem wöchentlich neuen zweistündigen Programm, das donnerstags aktualisiert wurde.

Seinen Sitz hatte das Unternehmen in Plauen, der größten Stadt des Vogtlandkreises.

Weblinks
 Vogtland Regional Fernsehen (Offizielle Website) - nicht mehr erreichbar

Fernsehsender (Deutschland)
Fernsehen (Sachsen)
Regionalfernsehen
Unternehmen (Plauen)
Vogtland
Sendestart 1994
Medienunternehmen (Sachsen)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Vogtlandkreis)
Ehemaliges Medienunternehmen (Deutschland)

Vogtland Regional Fernsehen


Nebiköy, Yatağan ilçesine 7 km mesafede, Yatağan ile Aydın Çine ilçesi arasında bulunan bir mahalledir.

Çok eski bir yerleşim merkezi olduğu, hatta Yatağan ilçe merkezinden daha önce kurulduğu, çoğu çevre köylerin Nebiköy muhtarlığının mahalleleri olduğu, ancak zamanla mahalleden şehre göç olayından etkilendiği, bu nedenle nüfusunun %70'ini kaybettiği, mahallenin geçim kaynağının tarıma (tütün, zeytin, mısır, susam) dayandığı bilinir.

Köy arazisinin çoğunluğunu da ormanlar kaplamaktadır, Yatağan çayı'nın asıl kaynağı mahallenin sınırları içerisinde Dipsiz mevkiinde bulunmaktadır. Tüm çevre köyleri ve Yatağan Merkez de bu suyu içme suyu olarak kullanmakta ayrıca termik santralinin soğutma suyu olarak da kullanılmaktadır. Geniş bir ovaya sahip bulunmaktadır.

Nebi köy okuma yazma oranı en yüksek köylerimizden biridir, göç vermesinin bir sebebide budur,okuyan yeni nesil gençlerin tarıma dayalı köy yaşam biçimini benimsememesi ve bu yüzden köye geri dönmek istememeleri göç sebebi olmuş,mahalle nüfusu bu yüzden azalmıştır. Kurtuluş Savaşında'ise Şeyh Mehmet Efe önderliğinde Nebi köylü Zeybekler  KASRALI Mehmet Efe, Hamdi ÇOTUR, Mehmet DEMİRARSLAN, Ömer ERKUL,Yusuf DAL, Ali KARATAŞ, Mustafa BAŞARAN, Ali KOCASARI, Ali ÖZEN, Mustafa DEMİRCİOĞLU, Durmuş MUTLU, Eyüp Efe, Hasan Efe, Çakırcalı Mehmet Efe, Muhammet KOÇ ve Milis Kamil ŞARLAK ve diğer birçok kızanları Aydın'da başlatılan Düşmanı durdurma harekâtına destek olmak amacıyla Yörük Ali Efe'nin kızanlarına katılmış olup,buralarda savaşarak büyük başarı kazanmışlardır. Ayrıca düşmanın Muğla'ya ilerlemesini durdurarak, Aydın'ın kurtuluşunda Muğlalı kuvvayıcılar olarak büyük yararlılıklar göstermişler,Yörük Ali Efe'nin yanında yer alıp,savaşmışlardır.
Böyle mücadele vermiş bir mahallede eskiden her şey vardı. Ama şimdi mahallede bir bakkal bile yok lütfen durumu olanlar bu köye birazcık yardımda bulunsunlar.:) Hiç olmazsa bir bakkalı olsun mahallesimüzün.

Yatağan'ın mahalleleri

Nebiköy, Yatağan


Dartington Hall ist ein Herrenhaus bei Totnes in der Grafschaft Devon in Großbritannien. Das als Kulturdenkmal der Kategorie Grade I klassifizierte Herrenhaus wurde bekannt als Standort der Dartington Hall School.

Geschichte
Das Gelände von Dartington Hall wurde vermutlich schon zu römischer Zeit besiedelt, erstmals wird Dartington 833 in einer königlichen Urkunde genannt. Um 1100 gehörte es dem normannischen Adligen Robert Fitz Martin, nach dessen Tod blieb es im Besitz seiner Nachkommen. Durch Heirat fiel es 1343 an James Audley, 3. Baron Audley of Heleigh, der es jedoch 1348 wieder an die Krone übergeben musste.
Richard II. gab das Gut an seinen Halbbruder John Holland. Nachdem dieser zum Earl of Huntingdon und schließlich zum Herzog von Exeter ernannt wurde, baute er Dartington Hall zu seiner Residenz aus. Bis 1475 blieb es im Besitz der Erben Hollands. Nach dem Tod Henry Hollands 1475, fiel es an den zweiten Ehemann seiner Witwe Anne of York, Thomas St. Leger. Nach dessen erfolgloser Rebellion gegen Richard III. 1483 fiel Dartington Hall wieder an die Krone. 1487 wurde das Gut auf Lebenszeit an Margaret Beaufort vergeben, Heinrich VIII. vergab das Gut nacheinander an zwei seiner Ehefrauen, an Katharina Howard und an Katharina Parr.

1559 erwarb Arthur Champernowne das Anwesen. Nach dem Tod von Rawlin Champernowne 1774 erbte die Familie Harrington Dartington Hall. Die Familie verarmte im 19. Jahrhundert, so dass sie zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts große Teile ihres Landbesitzes verkaufen musste. 1925 erwarb das Ehepaar Dorothy und Leonard Elmhirst Dartington Hall mit den verbliebenen 320 Hektar Landbesitz. Die mittelalterliche Halle war zu diesem Zeitpunkt ohne Dach und verfallen, die anderen Gebäude wurden landwirtschaftlich genutzt und waren arg heruntergekommen. Die Elmhirsts erwarben den Landsitz als Standort für ihre Schule Dartington Hall School und investierten in den folgenden Jahren viel Zeit und Geld, um die Gebäude zu renovieren und zu erweitern. Neben der Restaurierung der mittelalterlichen Gebäude wurden Architekturkritiker aus ganz Europa und Nordamerika auf Dartington Hall aufmerksam, als der amerikanisch-schweizerische Architekt William Lescaze das High Cross House, mehrere Wohnhäuser, drei Schlafhäuser für die Schüler sowie die Verwaltung im Stil der Moderne baute sowie Walter Gropius bei dem Umbau einer alten Scheune in ein Theater mitwirkte.

1961 wurde in Dartington Hall das Dartington College of Arts gegründet, eine Kunsthochschule, deren Disziplinen u. a. Theater, Musik und Choreographie umfassten. Die akademische Zusammenarbeit erfolgte mit der Universität von Plymouth. 2008 wurde das College mit dem University College Falmouth zusammengelegt und nach Falmouth verlegt.

Heutige Nutzung
Die Dartington Hall School wurde 1987 geschlossen. Das Anwesen wird heute von der gemeinnützigen Stiftung Dartington Hall Trust verwaltet und dient als Zentrum für Kunst, soziale Gerechtigkeit und Nachhaltigkeit. Das Gelände und der Park sind frei zugänglich, in der großen Halle finden zahlreiche Veranstaltungen statt.

Seit 1991 arbeitet das Schumacher College in Dartington als ein führendes Zentrum für umweltverträgliche, wirtschaftliche und soziale Nachhaltigkeit.

Seit 1947 findet jährlich die mehrwöchige International Summer School of Music in Dartington statt, die Amateurmusikern die Gelegenheit gibt, zusammen mit führenden Musikern aus der ganzen Welt zu spielen und Raum für musikalische Experimente und neue Formen der Zusammenarbeit bietet.

Anlage
Das Herrenhaus liegt oberhalb des Tales des Flusses Dart inmitten eines 485 Hektar großen Anwesens. Die heute noch vorhandene große Halle und die weiteren Gebäude um den Innenhof stammen noch von der gegen Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts erbauten Residenz von John Holland. Ausgrabungen südlich der großen Halle brachten die Überreste von mindestens drei älteren Gebäuden zu Tage, davon ein freistehendes Steingebäude aus dem frühen 14. Jahrhundert. Die Residenz von John Holland war um zwei Höfe angelegt, die vollständig von Gebäuden umgeben waren. Die Anlage wurde im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert mehrfach umgebaut, um 1700 wurde ein Teil des inneren Hofes, im frühen 19. Jahrhundert die meisten Bauten des äußeren Hofes abgerissen. Nachdem die Anlage im 19. Jahrhundert weiter verfiel, wurden die Gebäude von 1926 bis 1936 restauriert.

Die heutige Anlage besteht aus einem mit Gras bewachsenen Innenhof, der auf drei Seiten noch von ursprünglich aus dem 14. Jahrhundert stammenden Gebäuden umgeben ist. Das Gebäude rechts des bescheidenen Portals ist der älteste erhaltene Teil des Anwesens und diente vermutlich als Stallung. Das langgestreckte niedrige Gebäude gegenüber stammt aus dem späten Mittelalter und diente als Scheune. Unter Beteiligung von Walter Gropius wurde es im 20. Jahrhundert in ein Theater umgebaut. Der langgestreckte Westflügel enthielt im Mittelalter die Unterkünfte für das Gefolge der Herzöge und erhielt sein heutiges Aussehen um 1740. Im Süden liegt der mittelalterliche Hallenflügel mit einem großen Portalvorbau, der neben der mittelalterlichen Küche die große Halle mit vier Spitzbogenfenstern enthält.

Dartington Hall ist einer der bemerkenswertesten Herrenhäuser in Devon. Es ist nicht nur das größte mittelalterliche Anwesen im westlichen England, sondern war auch nie mit Mauern, Türmen oder Gräben befestigt, was für ein mittelalterliches Herrenhaus sehr ungewöhnlich ist.

Garten
Der Innenhof des ehemaligen Herrenhauses wurde 1933 bis 1938 als Garten von Beatrix Farrand neu gestaltet. Der Terrassengarten im Süden war im 17. Jahrhundert als formaler Parterregarten angelegt worden. Heute ist das Herrenhaus im Süden und im Westen von Gärten umgeben, die in einen Park übergehen. Der älteste Baum der Anlage ist eine etwa 2000 Jahre alte Eibe. Die Gärten sind mit mehreren Skulpturen verziert, unter anderem der Liegenden, einer 1947 von Henry Moore gefertigten Sandsteinskulptur. Der von Dorothy Elmhirst neu angelegte Garten besitzt große Magnolien und Kamelienbeete und ist von Blumenrabatten begrenzt. Zentrum der Anlage im Westen ist eine Wiese mit steilen Grasterrassen und den Zwölf Aposteln, einem Spalier aus 300-jährigen Eiben. Der Platz wurde vermutlich im Mittelalter als Turnierplatz angelegt und heute noch so bezeichnet. Unweit des alten Kirchturms von St. Mary wurde 1990 von Phil Booth ein japanischer Garten angelegt.

Kirchturm von St. Mary
Der kleine Kirchturm, der über dem Dach des Westflügels sichtbar ist, ist der einzige Rest der alten Kirche St. Mary, der früheren Kirche von Dartington. Die Kirche wurde 1878 abgebrochen, eine neue Kirche wurde 1200 Meter westlich an der Kreuzung nach Buckfastleigh unter teilweiser Verwendung des alten Materials von John L. Pearson erbaut. Der erhaltene Turm stammt aus dem 13. Jahrhundert und wurde vermutlich im 15. Jahrhundert erhöht. Der Turm ist noch von einer Reihe alter Grabsteine umgeben.

High Cross House

An der Zufahrt zum Herrenhaus liegt das High Cross House, das zu den bedeutendsten Bauwerken der klassischen Moderne in Großbritannien gezählt wird. Das aus Ziegeln erbaute, zweigeschossige Haus besteht aus blau und weiß verputzten, ineinandergehenden Kuben sowie einem kleineren Anbau mit abgerundeten Ecken. Die mit Brüstungen versehenen Flachdächer sind teils als Dachterrassen zugänglich. Das großzügige Gebäude wurde 1932 von dem schweiz-amerikanischen Architekten William Lescaze für William Curry, den Schulleiter von Dartington Hall, entworfen. Das Haus öffnet sich in mehreren Terrassen und ist reich durchfenstert. Innen ist es farbig gestaltet, einige Räume besitzen noch Bauhaus-Möbel und die originale, von Lescaze entworfene Einrichtung.

Das Haus gehört zum Dartington Hall Trust, nach der Schließung der Schule diente es als Ausstellungsraum für die Sammlung moderner Kunst, die von den Elmhirsts begründet wurde. Von 2012 bis 2013 wurde es vom National Trust als Ausstellungsraum für zeitgenössische Kunst und als Veranstaltungsraum betrieben, aufgrund zu geringer Besucherzahlen aber Ende 2013 wieder geschlossen.

Literatur
 Anthony Emery: Dartington Hall, Devonshire. In: Archaeological Journal, Vol. 115, 1958, S. 184–202 (Online, PDF-Datei, 4,63 MB)

Weblinks

 Internetpräsenz des Dartington Hall Trust
 The National Heritage List for England: Dartington Hall
 Anthony Emery: Dartington Hall, Devonshire, 1982 (PDF-Datei; 4,6 MB)
 Magna Britannia, Vol. 6: Dartington (1822)

Einzelnachweise

Herrenhaus in England
Parkanlage in England
Grade-I-Bauwerk in Devon
Erbaut in den 1390er Jahren
Bauwerk in South Hams
Parkanlage in Europa

Dartington Hall


Einar Þorsteinsson (f. 24. desember 1978) er íslenskur sjónvarpsmaður, stjórnmálafræðingur, stjórnmálamaður og oddviti Framsóknarflokksins í borgarstjórn Reykjavíkur.

Einar var meðlimur í Sjálfstæðisflokknum á yngri árum og var um skeið formaður Týs, deildar Ungra sjálfstæðismanna í Kópavogi. Hann vann um árabil sem fréttamaður hjá Ríkisútvarpinu og varð þar einkum kunnur sem stjórnandi Kastljóss. Hann vakti athygli í fréttum og fréttatengdum þáttum fyrir beinskeytt viðtöl sín.

Einar hætti störfum hjá RÚV í janúar 2022 eftir að honum bauðst starf annars staðar. Hann kunngerði í mars sama ár að hann vildi leiða lista Framsóknarflokksins í Reykjavík í sveitarstjórnarkosningunum það ár. Einar var kynntur sem borgarstjóraefni Framsóknar í kosningunum þann 10. mars.

Í kosningunum vann Framsóknarflokkurinn fjóra borgarfulltrúa en hafði ekki haft neinn eftir síðustu kosningar. Gjarnan var því talað um flokkinn sem sigurvegara kosninganna.
Einar tekur við af Degi B. Eggertssyni sem borgarstjóri í byrjun árs 2024.

Einar er giftur Millu Ósk Magnúsdóttur, aðstoðarmanni heilbrigðisráðherra og fyrrum fréttamanni. Þau eignuðust son árið 2022 en fyrir átti Einar tvær dætur frá fyrra hjónabandi.

Tilvísanir

Fulltrúar í borgarstjórn Reykjavíkur
Íslenskir fréttamenn
Íslenskir sjónvarpsmenn
Íslenskir stjórnmálafræðingar
Borgarfulltrúar Framsóknarflokksins

Einar Þorsteinsson (f. 1978)