Un levantamiento de ruta o recce se le llama al reconocimiento previo de la carretera en la que se hará una competencia de Rally . Preferentemente se hace días antes de la competencia, para conocer las condiciones en que se encuentra la carretera en la que se va a correr. piloto como copiloto deben de saber perfectamente donde se inicia y donde termina cada etapa cronometrada, ya que estas etapas son las que contarán para la suma de sus tiempos finales. El levantamiento se hace en cualquier tipo de vehículo menos con el que se va a competir debido a los reglamentos de la FIA, pues se podría tomar como un tipo de ventaja.

Al inicio de cada etapa el piloto debe poner su odómetro en 0, para que este vaya indicando la distancia recorrida. El piloto debe ir indicándole a su copiloto que es lo que tiene que anotar, pues este será el "trazado de la carretera", (la secuencia), para que el piloto sepa lo que le viene a continuación. En el levantamiento, cada curva lleva indicado el grado de dificultad dependiendo de las preferencias del piloto, distancias de las rectas, curvas, imperfectos en la carretera que a la hora de la competencia son muy difíciles de notar, también se puede agregar la técnica que el piloto desea aplicar para cada curva o situaciones con las que él se sienta cómodo. El copiloto por su parte debe anotar algunas referencias para no perder la secuencia de esta a la hora de la competencia.

El levantamiento es mucho más recomendable hacerlo a la misma hora en la que se va a competir, si no, podría influenciar muchas veces la humedad, sombras y situaciones climatológicas que podrían desconcertar al piloto a la hora de la carrera.

Algunas de las principales formas de levantar de un piloto son las siguientes:

por grados de dificultad para el piloto, puede ser del 1 al 3 o del 1 al 6 tomando el 1 como la curva más cerrada y que se debe ir lento y el 6, como la más abierta o rápida para tomar, o viceversa.

Otra de las formas es por velocidades, en la cual con un número del 1 al 6 pueden indicar en que velocidad se va a tomar dicha curva.

La más utilizada en el campeonato mundial de rally es por grados de giro del volante. se toman grados del 1 al 8 siendo el 8 un giro del volante muy leve, hasta un 2 que es casi 3/4 del giro del volante.

en cada una de las formas de levantar se pueden indicar puntos clave para el piloto como indicar un + o un - , por fuera, por dentro, cruzar, usar freno de mano, etc.

Historia

Origen
El término rally, que en inglés significa: 'encuentro', 'reunión', define una carrera en carretera abierta. Se utilizó posiblemente por primera vez en el Rally de Monte Carlo de 1911 y hasta finales de la década de 1920 fue poco usado. No sería hasta mediados del  cuando las competiciones en Europa comenzaron a llamarse rally y que en Francia, país donde se celebraron muchas de las primeras carreras de automóviles, se le añadió la letra 'e' al final, quedando: rallye.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial del WRC

Levantamiento de ruta (rally)


Klubi Futbollistik Liria (KF "Liria"; KF Liria Prizreni; Liria Prizren; Liria; Lirija) je nogometni klub iz Prizrena, Prizrenski okrug, Republika Kosovo.
U sezoni 2020./21. "Liria" se natječe u "Prvoj ligi Kosova" (alb. "Liga e Parë"), ligi drugog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Kosova.

O klubu
Klub je osnovan 1930., odnosno 1937. godine. Za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata, klub se nazivao "Prizreni", te je nastupao u neslužbenom albanskom prvenstvu.

Po završetku rata i uspostavi socijalističke Jugoslavije klub dobiva naziv "Metohija", da bi od 1970. godine nosio današnji naziv - "Liria" (srp. "Lirija"; "Лирија"). "Liria" se do 1991. godine natjecala pretežno u "Kosovskoj ligi" ("Liga nogometnog podsaveza Kosovsko-metohijske oblasti", "Zonska liga AKMO", "liga Kosova i Metohija", "Pokrajinska liga Kosova", "Prva liga Kosova" i sl.). Od sredine 1975./76. do sezone 1987./88. "Liria" je sedam sezona nastupala u "Drugoj saveznoj ligi - Istok", te potom dvije u jedinstvenoj "Drugoj saveznoj ligi" i u sezoni 1990./91. u "Međurepubličkoj ligi - Istok".

Od 1991. godine, nakon raspada SFRJ i nastajanja SRJ, na Kosovu je osnovan samostalni nogometni savez i osnovana liga u koju su ušli pretežno albanski klubovi, te je djelovala van službenog nogometnog sustava SR Jugoslavije, te je "Liria" redovito nastupala u ligi, postavši prvak u sezoni 1994./95. Liga je, osim u sezonama 1991./92. i 1996./97., igrana u nekoliko regionalnih skupina sa završnim doigravanjem.

Godine 1999. je završen Rat na Kosovu, te Kosovo dolazi pod administraciju UMNIK-a (nezavisnost proglašena 2008.). Osnovana je nova kosovska liga, koja je nazvana "Superliga Kosova", u kojoj "Liria" redovito nastupa, uz nekoliko sezona u "Prvoj ligi Kosova" (alb. "Liga e Parë"). Od 1995. do 2010. godine "Liria" je osvojila tri kupa Kosova.

Nazivi kluba

Stadion

Uspjesi

nakon 2008.
 Superliga Kosova
 trećeplasirani: 2010./11.

 Liga e Parë (Prva liga Kosova)
 prvak: 2008./09.
 doprvak: 2014./15.

 Kup Kosova
 pobjednik: 2009./10.

 Superkup Kosova
 drugoplasirani: 2010.

od 2000. do 2008.
 Liga e Parë (Prva liga Kosova)
 prvak: 2003./04. (Skupina B)

 Kup Kosova
 pobjednik: 2006./07.

od 1991. do 1999.
 Kosovska liga / Prvenstvo Kosova
 prvak: 1994./95.

 Kosovska liga - skupina Gjakovës (Đakovica)
 prvak: 1994./95.

 Kup Kosova
 pobjednik: 1995.

od 1945. do 1991.
 Kosovska liga / Liga AKMO / Prva liga Kosova
 prvak: 1974./75., 1980./81., 1983./84.

do 1945.
 Prvenstvo Albanije (neslužbeno)
 poluzavršnica: 1942.

 Prvenstvo Albanije (neslužbeno) - Zona Sjever
 prvak: 1942.

Pregled plasmana

Poznati igrači
  Kujtim Shala
 Edmond Tomić

Poznati treneri

Povezani članci

Vanjske poveznice
 LIRIA FC, facebook stranica
  kfliria.com, wayback arhiva
  liriafc.com, wayback arhiva
 int.soccerway.com, KF Liria Prizren
  worldfootball.net, KF Liria
  national-football-teams.com, Liria Prizren
 transfermarkt.com, KF Liria Prizren

Izvori

  weltfussballarchiv.com, KF Liria Prizren , pristupljeno 24. studenog 2020.
  globalsportsarchive.com, KF Liria Prizren, pristupljeno 25. studenog 2020.
  footballlogosandkits.com, Logo and kit KF LIRIA, pristupljeno 24. studenog 2020.
  foot.dk, KF Liria , pristupljeno 24. studenog 2020.
  futbolas.lietuvai.lt, KF Liria Prizren, pristupljeno 24. studenog 2020.
  futbolas.lietuvai.lt, KF Liria Prizren, wayback arhiva
 europlan-online.de, Stadiumi Përparim Thaçi - Prizren, pristupljeno 24. studenog 2020.
  sktirana.com, Kampionatet e kohës së Luftës II Botërore, wayback arhiva

Liria

KF Liria Prizren


Theodor Henricus König (* 21. November 1825 in Cappenberg bei Lünen (Bauerschaft Uebbenhagen); † 27. Mai 1891 in Beeck bei Duisburg) war ein deutscher Bierbrauer und Unternehmer, der die König-Brauerei gründete.

Leben und Wirken
König wuchs in einer katholischen Familie als Sohn eines wohlhabenden Landwirts in Cappenberg (auf Dahlkamps Hof) auf. Er arbeitete zunächst wie sein Vater in der Landwirtschaft, bis er sich 1850 entschloss, das Brauhandwerk zu erlernen. Eine längere Wanderschaft führte ihn unter anderem nach Bayern und Österreich, wo er in verschiedenen Brauereien Erfahrungen sammelte. Um 1855 beendete er seine Wanderschaft und ließ sich im niederrheinischen Beeck nieder, wo er eine Stelle in einer Hausbrauerei annahm.

Einige Jahre später wagte er den Schritt in die Selbständigkeit und bewarb sich um eine Konzession zur Errichtung einer Brauerei und Mälzerei bei der dafür zuständigen preußischen Bezirksregierung Düsseldorf. Im September 1858 erhielt er die Konzession und ließ seine Brauerei unter der Firma Bairische Bierbrauerei Theodor König, Beeck bei Ruhrort ins Handelsregister eintragen. Der Namenszusatz bairisch deutet darauf hin, dass Theodor König offenbar plante, sein Bier nicht nach der damals am Niederrhein vorherrschenden obergärigen, sondern nach der vor allem in Bayern verbreiteten untergärigen Brauart herzustellen.

Ende 1858 brachte er das erste Bier auf den Markt. Er verkaufte es zunächst nur im näheren Umkreis sowie in seiner der Brauerei angeschlossenen Gaststätte. Bereits nach wenigen Jahren belieferte König dann darüber hinaus die im Rahmen der Industrialisierung rasch wachsenden Nachbargemeinden Meiderich, Ruhrort und Hamborn. Während der Bierausstoß im ersten Jahr noch bei 200 Hektolitern lag, wuchs er bis 1878 auf 4.600 Hektoliter an und betrug zu Theodor Königs Tod im Jahre 1891 rund 15.000 Hektoliter. Einen sprunghaften Aufstieg erlebte das Unternehmen gegen Ende der 1870er Jahre, als moderne Brautechnik zum Einsatz kam (leistungsfähigere Kühlmaschinen, Dampfbetrieb).

Nach dem Tod von Theodor König übernahmen 1891 dessen Söhne Leo (1860–1943) und Hermann (1862–1945) die Leitung des Unternehmens, das erst in eine Offene Handelsgesellschaft und dann 1898 in eine Aktiengesellschaft umgewandelt wurde. Das Unternehmen war jetzt zwar an der Berliner Börse notiert, jedoch blieben die Aktien überwiegend im Familienbesitz.

König war in erster Ehe (1858) mit Katharina Hövelmann (1838–73) aus Hamborn verheiratet. Aus der Ehe gingen vier Kinder hervor: Leo, Hermann, Heinrich und Theodor Paul.

Die Theodor-König-Gesamtschule in Duisburg-Beeck wurde zu seinen Ehren nach ihm benannt.

Literatur

 König-Brauerei Duisburg-Beeck 1858–1958. (Festschrift zum hundertjährigen Bestehen) Duisburg 1958.

Weblinks
 Kurzbiografie auf den Internetseiten der Stadt Duisburg

Einzelnachweise

Brauer (Deutschland)
Unternehmer (Duisburg)
Essen und Trinken (Duisburg)
Geboren 1825
Gestorben 1891
Mann

Theodor König


La Selección de rugby de San Vicente y las Granadinas representa a San Vicente y las Granadinas. Su nivel es regular, nunca ha clasificado a una Copa Mundial de Rugby

Historia

San Vicente y las Granadinas intentó clasificarse para la Copa del Mundo de Rugby 2007 de Francia, jugando el primer partido del torneo de la clasificación americana contra Santa Lucía en mayo de 2005. El ganador pasaría de ronda, y Santa Lucía ganó el partido 36 - 25.

El 29 de marzo de 2008, San Vicente fue derrotado por México 47 - 7 en la eliminatoria previa para entrar en el Rugby Americas North, proceso eliminatorio para ingresar a la Copa Mundial de Rugby 2011.

Participación en copas

Copa del Mundo

 no ha clasificado

Rugby Americas North Cup

 RAN Cup 2014: 2º puesto en grupo
 RAN Cup 2015: 2º puesto en grupo

Tours

 Tour a Santa Lucía 2018: ganó (0 - 1)

RAN Championship

 NACRA Championship 2001: no participó
 NACRA Championship 2005: fase clasificatoria
 NACRA Championship 2008: fase clasificatoria
 NACRA Championship 2011: fase clasificatoria
 NACRA Championship 2012: fase clasificatoria
 NACRA Championship 2013: fase clasificatoria
 RAN Championship 2016: fase clasificatoria
 RAN Championship 2017: no participó

Referencias

Enlaces externos
  IRB - Unions / St. Vincent & The Grenadines (en inglés)

San Vicente
Rugby


Malonogometni kup regije Sjever je jedan od četiri kvalifikacijska regionalna kupa za Hrvatski malonogometni kup za sezonu 2014./15., igran na području središnje i sjeverne Hrvatske. Kup je osvojio klub "Futsal Dinamo" iz Zagreba.

Sustav natjecanja
Kup se igra jednostrukim kup-sustavom u studenom i prosincu 2014. godine. U natjecanju sudjeluju futsal klubovi iz 2. HMNL - Sjever i 1. HMNL koji nemaju osiguran plasman u Hrvatski malonogometni kup, te pobjednici županijskih kupova s ovog područja. Pobjednik stječe pravo nastupa u Hrvatskom kupu za 2014./15.

Rezultati

Prvi krug

Četvrtzavršnica

Poluzavršnica

Završnica

Povezani članci
 Hrvatski malonogometni kup
 Hrvatski malonogometni kup 2014./15.
 Hrvatski malonogometni kup – regija Jug 2014./15.
 Hrvatski malonogometni kup – regija Zapad 2014./15.
 Druga hrvatska malonogometna liga 2014./15.

Vanjske poveznice
 hns-cff.hr, Hrvatski malonogometni kup
 crofutsal.com, Hrvatski malonogometni kup

Izvori
 crofutsal.com, Regija Sjever - Kup, objavljeno 17. studenog 2014., pristupljeno 3. ožujka 2015.

sjever 2014-15

Hrvatski malonogometni kup – regija Sjever 2014./15.


James Grady Johnson (5 de febrero de 1940-23 de junio de 2006) fue un luchador profesional, más conocido como Crazy Luke Graham. Era un miembro de la familia Graham, una tradicional familia de luchadores.

Carrera

Comenzó su carrera como el hermano del Dr. Jerry Graham después de compañero del luchador Freddie Cain (The Great Mephisto) sugiriendo que se parecían entre sí. Comenzaron a luchar juntos en 1963 en Stampede Wrestling. Más tarde ese verano, Johnson luchó una serie de combates contra el Chief Big Heart.

Luchó en la World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF), con Jerry Graham alrededor de 1964.

Campeonatos y logros
Central States Wrestling
NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship (1 vez)

Mid-South Sports/Georgia Championship Wrestling
NWA Georgia Heavyweight Championship (1 vez)
NWA Georgia Television Championship (1 vez)
NWA Macon Tag Team Championship (1 vez) - con Moondog Mayne
NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Georgia version) (1 vez)
NWA Southeastern Tag Team Championship (Georgia version) (1 vez) - con Al Galanto

NWA Detroit
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Detroit version) (1 vez) – with Ripper Collins

NWA Mid-America
NWA Alabama Tag Team Championship (1 vez) – with Ripper Collins
NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship (2 veces)
NWA Tennessee Tag Team Championship (1 vez) – with Ripper Collins
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-America version) (1 vez) – with Karl Von Brauner

NWA Mid-Pacific Promotions
NWA Hawaii Heavyweight Championship (1 vez)
NWA Hawaii Tag Team Championship (1 vez) – with Ripper Collins

World Wrestling Association (Los Angeles)
WWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 vez)
WWA World Tag Team Championship (1 vez) – con Gorilla Monsoon

World Wrestling Council
WWC Caribbean Heavyweight Championship (1 vez)
WWC North American Tag Team Championship (2 veces) – con Gorgeous George, Jr. (1) y Bulldog Brower (1)

World Wide Wrestling Federation
WWWF International Tag Team Championship (1 vez) – con Tarzan Tyler
WWWF United States Tag Team Championship (1 vez) – with Dr. Jerry Graham
WWWF World Tag Team Championship (1 vez, Inaugural]]) – con Tarzan Tyler

Referencias

Luchadores profesionales de Estados Unidos

Grady Johnson


Svekrvin jezik (lat. Dracaena trifasciata, sin. Sansevieria trifasciata), trajnica iz porodice šparogovki porijeklom iz tropske Afrike. Njezini vernakularni nazivi su svekrvin jezik ili zmijski jezik.

Poznata je kao ukrasna sobna biljka koja čisti zrak od nekih toksina, kao što su formaldehid, benzen, ksilen i trikloretilen

Sinonimi
 Sansevieria aureovariegata Mottet
 Sansevieria jacquinii N.E.Br.
 Sansevieria laurentii De Wild.
 Sansevieria trifasciata Prain

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Zmajevac
Flora Kameruna
Flora Srednjoafričke Republike
Flora Republike Kongo
Flora DR Konga
Flora Ekvatorijalne Gvineje
Flora Gabona
Flora Nigerije

Svekrvin jezik


Paguate est une census-designated place située dans le comté de Cibola au Nouveau-Mexique.

Sa population était de  en 2010.

Une mine d'uranium appelée Jackpile Mine a été ouverte à proximité en 1953, alors que le village était habité à plus de 90 % par des Amérindiens. C'était une des plus grandes mines d'uranium au monde, elle ne ferma qu'en 1982 en y laissant une importante pollution. En 1989, le village forma la Laguna Construction Company et réclama 40 millions de dollars de dédommagements à Anaconda et Atlantic Richfield (qui avaient fusionné) pour la pollution et les problèmes sanitaires provoqués.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Comté de Cibola

Paguate (Nouveau-Mexique)


Ignacio Carrasco de Paula (Barcelona, 25. listopada 1937.), španjolski biskup i pro-life aktivist, predsjednik Papinske akademije za život između 2010. i 2016. godine.

Rođen je u Barceloni. Nakon članstva u organizaciji Opus Dei, s 28 godina zaređen je za svećenika. Bio je ravnatelj Instituta za bioetiku na Sveučilištu Svetog Srca u Rimu te član etičkog vijeća pokusne klinike pri Sveučilišnoj bolnici "Gemelli" u Rimu.

Papa Ivan Pavao II. imenovao ga je savjetnikom Papinske akademije za život 1994. godine. Na svečanosti preuzimanja predsjedništva Zaklade istaknuo je kako će težište djelovanja staviti na podizanje svijesti o medicinskim i psihičkim posljedicama koje pobačaj ostavlja na majci te borbu protiv potpunog ozakonjenja pobačaja u Španjolskoj.

U rujnu 2010. papa Benedikt XVI. imenovao ga je naslovnim biskupom tuniškog Thapsusa, a biskupsko ređenje vodio je kardinal Tarcisio Bertone, kasniji državni tajnik Svete Stolice. Paula je kao protivnik in-vitro oplodnje javno prosvjedovao protiv dodjele Nobelove nagrade britanskom fiziologu Robertu Edwardsu, pioniru in-vitro oplodnje uz naglasak da ljudske stanice nisu potrošački proizvodi za prodaju, već temeljne jedinice života.

Izvori

Španjolski katolički svećenici
Biskupi u Španjolskoj
Španjolski biskupi
Pro-life aktivisti

Ignacio Carrasco de Paula


Nangpa La ( também conhecida por ) (elevação 5,806m) é uma passagem de alta montanha que cruza os Himalaias e a fronteira da Região Autónoma do Tibete-Nepal a poucos quilómetros a oeste de Cho Oyu e cerca de 30km noroeste do Monte Everest. Um trilho a pé sobre Nangpa La é a rota tradicional de comércio e peregrinação que conecta tibetanos e sherpas de Khumbu. Este foi o local do tiroteio de 2006 em Nangpa La.

Histórico
A partir desta passagem, a secção Mahalangur dos Himalaias estende-se para o leste, passando por Cho Oyu, Gyachung Kang, Everest, Ama Dablam e Makalu até ao desfiladeiro do rio Arun. Os Himalaias Rolwaling, incluindo Gauri Sankar e Melungtse, elevam-se a oeste e sudoeste da passagem.

Em 1951, o dinamarquês Klaus Becker-Larsen e dois sherpas tentaram o North Col, mas voltaram atrás por causa de uma queda de rochas. Ele tinha equipamento mínimo e nenhuma experiência em montanhismo. Ele pode ter sido o primeiro ocidental a chegar a Nangpa La.

A expedição britânica Cho Oyu de 1952 liderada por Eric Shipton estabeleceu uma base em Lunak abaixo da passagem de Nangpa La. Shipton queria evitar qualquer confronto com as tropas chinesas, mas acabou por concordar com um acampamento próximo a Nangpa La e em enviar um grupo para tentar a primeira travessia da passagem de Nup La, que poderia ser rapidamente retirada se as tropas chinesas fossem avistadas. Mas Ed Hillary, George Lowe e três sherpas cruzaram o Nup La col e depois foram "profundamente no território chinês" como "um casal de estudantes travessos".

Em 2006, guardas fronteiriços chineses da Polícia Armada do Povo (PAP) abriram fogo contra 75 refugiados tibetanos desarmados enquanto atravessavam neve até a cintura no incidente do tiroteio em Nangpa La, matando a freira budista Kelsang Namtso de 17 anos e levando ao desaparecimento de mais 17 refugiados. Apesar de uma tentativa de encobrimento chinês, vários alpinistas estrangeiros nos acampamentos base em Cho Oyu conseguiram filmar e fotografar a situação à medida que se desenrolava e os eventos atraíram ampla condenação internacional quando mostrados ao mundo exterior.

Ver também
 Tiroteio em Nangpa La
 Pavle Kozjek

Ligações externas
 Mapa do terreno
 Imagem de satélite

Passos de montanha do Tibete

Passos de montanha do Nepal
Monte Everest

Nangpa La


Dokuz Oğuzlar, (Eski Türkçe:  , Toquz Oγuz, Çince: 鐵勒九姓 / 铁勒九姓, tielè jiǔxìng), Tielenin dokuz boyu.

Çin kaynaklarında, (九姓; Jiuxing) "dokuz boy, halk", Çin'deki Tabgaç hanedanı sırasında Uygurlar Gao Chu adıyla anılmışlardır. Bununla beraber Uygur Kağanlığı kurulduktan sonra Uygur kelimesi Dokuz Oğuz için de kullanılmaya başlandı. İslam coğrafyacıları, Tokuz-Oğuz Uygurları eş tutmuşlardır.

Dokuz Oğuz boyları şunlardı: Bugular (Pu-ku), Hun, Bayırku, Tongra, İzgil, Ch'i-pi, A-pu-sse, Ku-lun-wu-ku, Edizler. Bunların arasında Uygurlar da katılınca Dokuz Oğuzlar, "On Uygur" olarak anılmaya başlandı.

Kabile yapısı
Karabalgasun Yazıtı'nın Çince yüzünde Uygurların dokuz aileden meydana gelmiş oldukları anılmıştır., fakat bu "dokuz aile"nin isimleri tek tek sayılmamıştır. Başka Çin kaynakları yardımıyla Uygurların oluştuğu dokuz aile şu şekilde sıralanabilir;

 薬羅葛 Yüe-lo-ko (Yaγlaqar, Yağlaqar veya Yaglakar)
 胡咄葛 Hu-to-ko (Quturγar veya Uturkar)
 啒羅勿=倶羅勃 To-lo-wo (Küräbür veya Kürebir)
 貊歌息訖 Mo-Ko-si-k'i (Bakasıkır)
 阿勿嘀 A-vu-ti (Ebirçeg)
 葛薩 Ko-sa (Qazar veya Kasar)
 斛嗢素 Hu-Wu-su  (oguz)
 薬勿葛 Yüe-wu-ku (Yaγmurqar veya Yagmurkar)
 奚耶勿=愛邪勿 Hi-Ye-Vu (Aymur veya Eymur)

Yurdu
Moğolistan'ın doğusunda özellikle Tola (Tuul, Tula) akarsuyu dolayında yaşayanlar Dokuz Boydan oluştukları için onlara Dokuz Oğuzlar denildi.

Notlar

Uygur Kağanlığı
Tarihteki Türk halkları
Göktürk Boyları

Dokuz Oğuzlar


Prosh is a satirical annual newspaper written by students at the University of Western Australia to raise funds for nominated charities.

Annual event

The annual tradition is the collaboration of a team of voluntary students who write, design and edit a spoof newspaper designed to poke fun at current events and political agendas. Content varies, but often contains elements of potty humour, black humour and social and political commentary. Every April the paper is distributed to the public of Perth's metropolitan area by students dressed in costume in exchange for a donation, often a "gold coin" donation. However, most collectors are willing to accept any sort of small change or cash donation. The day is also marked by a procession through the streets of Perth.  The event now involves many carefully designed floats, practical jokes and stunts which are played on the public by participating students.

History

In 1931, a small group of students compiled a small, satirical newspaper called the "SRUSS SRUSS Times" as part of graduation celebrations. Later that week, the Perth newspaper The Sunday Times berated the creators of the newspaper, calling it trash and filth, and the creators were subsequently penalised, in the form of a fine payable to a local children's charity.

In the 1950s the newspaper reappeared as Prosh. The name was derived from the inability of inebriated students to pronounce the word "procession" without slurring. Over the decades of the Prosh procession through Perth, various floats and vehicles of dubious form and function passed through the centre of the city.

Currently, Prosh (which is now one of the oldest UWA traditions) is kept alive by volunteers writing, editing and distributing the newspaper annually in April. Each year a new group of charities are chosen as the beneficiaries of all money raised by Prosh, with more than $100,000 raised each year.

Controversy
In 2013, Prosh published a "dreamtime horoscope" that mocked Indigenous Australians with reference to excessive drinking and disproportional financial support from the government. The incident received national media attention and an apology was issued by the UWA Student Guild who committed to changing policies and guidelines for Prosh publications.

References

External links

 UWA Student Guild homepage

See also
Prosh (University of Adelaide)
Rag (student society)

Satirical newspapers
Culture in Perth, Western Australia
University of Western Australia

Prosh (University of Western Australia)


El Renault Altica es un prototipo de automóvil desarrollado por la marca de automóviles Renault y presentado en el salón del automóvil de Ginebra de 2006.

Características

Posee un motor 2.0 litros diésel dCi y una transmisión de seis velocidades.

Referencias
http://www.autocity.com/novedades/Renault/Altica/02-2006/index.html?cod=4752

http://www.16valvulas.com.ar/concept-car-renault-altica/

Altica
Prototipos de Renault

Renault Altica


La Isuzu i-Series es una camioneta mediana producida por el fabricante estadounidense General Motors en Estados Unidos y Canadá desde 2006 hasta 2008. Junto al Chevrolet Colorado, GMC Canyon y Hummer H3, se fabricó en Louisiana, Estados Unidos. Es prácticamente idéntica a la Chevrolet Colorado y GMC Canyon, que también es una marca del grupo automotriz General Motors.

Historia
La Isuzu i-Series reemplazo a la Isuzu Hombre (hecha por GM) en Estados Unidos. Estaba disponible en Cabina Extendida y Doble Cabina. Motor 4 o 5 Cilindros. Automática o Manual 5 velocidades. Tracción 4x2 o 4x4. Las ventas de la i-Series fueron bajas ya que solo 1,377 unidades  fueron vendidas. Se dejó de producir cuando Isuzu se retiró de Estados Unidos en el 2008, fabricándose en su lugar la Hummer H3T.

En el resto del mundo se comercializa la Isuzu D-Max con la que comparte plataforma la Isuzu i-Series.

i-Series
 En 2006 estaban disponibles:
 I-280 : 2.8 L L4 Cabina Extendida 4x2
 I-350  :3.5 L L5 Doble Cabina 4x4

 En 2007 y 2008 estaban disponibles:
 I-290 : 2.9 L L4 Cabina Extendida 4x2
 I-370  :3.7 L L5 Doble Cabina 4x4

 Isuzu I-370 4wd

Vehículos que comparten plataforma

Véase también
 Isuzu D-Max

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 www.isuzu.com

LUV
i-Series
Modelos de pickups

Isuzu i-Series


المسؤولية الاجتماعية للشركات (CSR)، والمعروفة أيضا بمسؤولية الشركات، ومواطنة الشركات، العمل المسؤول، العمل المسؤول المستمر (SRB)، أو أداء المؤسسات الاجتماعية،  وهو شكل من أشكال تقرير الشركات والتنظيم وتم إدماجها في نموذج الأعمال التجارية. ومن الناحية المثالية، فإن سياسة المسؤولية الاجتماعية للشركات تعد بمثابة مدمج، وآلية التنظيم الذاتي التي يمكن من خلالها العمل الذي من شأنه رصد وضمان التزامها بالقانون والمعايير الأخلاقية والدولية ووضع القواعد. ورجال الأعمال من شأنهم تبني المسؤولية عن طريق تأثير أنشطتها على البيئة والمستهلكين والعاملين، والمجتمعات المحلية وأصحاب المصلحة وجميع الأعضاء الآخرين في المجال العام. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن الأعمال تكون استباقية لاي تعزيز في المصلحة العامة وذلك عن طريق تشجيع نمو وتطور المجتمع، وطوعا القضاء على الممارسات التي تضر في المجال العام، بغض النظر عن الشرعية. ويعد CSR أساسا، إدراج المسؤولية الاجتماعية المتعمدة لشركات المصلحة العامة في قرار شركات القرارات، وتكريم من خط ثلاثي القاع: الناس والكوكب والربح.
وتعد ممارسة المسؤولية الاجتماعية للشركات هي موضع نقاش وانتقادات واسع. ويرى المؤيدون أن هناك طلبا قويا لقضية المسؤولية الاجتماعية للشركات التجارية، والشركات التي تستفيد بطرق عديدة من خلال العمل مع منظور أوسع وأطول من آثارها المباشرة الخاصة، أي الأرباح قصيرة الأجل. ويجادل المنتقدون على أن تصرف المسؤولية الاجتماعية للشركات من الدور الاقتصادي الأساسي للشركات، والبعض الآخر يرى أنه ليس أكثر من نافذة سطحية مزينة، وآخرون يقولون انها محاولة لاستباق دور الحكومات كرقيب على الشركات القوية متعددة الجنسيات.

مفهوم المسؤولية الاجتماعية للشركات
ورد مصطلح "المسؤولية الاجتماعية لأول مرة لعام 1923 م، حين أشار (شلدون) إلى أن مسؤولية أي منظمة هي بالدرجة الأولى مسؤولية اجتماعية، وأن بقاء أي منظمة واستمرارها يحتم عليها أن تلتزم وتستوفي مسؤوليتها الاجتماعية عند أدائها لوظائفها المختلفة. وفي عام 1953 م صدر كتاب Bowel بعنوان: "المسؤولية الاجتماعية لرجال الأعمال"، حيث لقى المفهوم اهتماماً من قبل الباحثين، الأكاديميين والمنظمات الدولية؛ نظراً للتأثير الذي يمكن أن تحدثه المؤسسة في محيطها الداخلي والخارجي من خلال التأثير في سلوك مختلف المتعاملين معها، وبـالرغم مـن صـعوبة تحديـد تعريـف دقيـق لمفهـوم المسؤولية المجتمعيـة ؛ إلا أن هنـاك عـدة اجتهـادات للتعريـف بها؛ إذ عرفهـا بعض البـاحثين بأنهـا " جميـع القـرارات والفلسفات والأفعال والطرق التدبيرية التي تعتبر تطور ورفاهية المجتمع هدفاً لها.وتشمل المسؤولية المجتمعية بمفهومها الواسـع والشـامل الالتـزام بتحقيـق التوازن بـين أطـراف متعـددة لكنهـا مترابطـة تتمثـل بمصـالح وحاجـات كـل مـن المنظمـات الانتاجيـة والعـاملين فيهـا والبيئـة الخارجيـة والمجتمـع كمـا أن نشـاطات المنظمـة مـن حيـث النوعية تصنف إلى نشاطات حماية البيئة والتفاعل مع المجتمع المحلـي وحمايـة المسـتهلك والنشـاطات المتعلقـة بالعـاملين. ومن التعريفات التي أطلقت علي مصطلح CSR ما كتب في عام 1975 بواسطة Elias & Epstein، حيث عرف CSR بأنها الإفصاح عن بعض أعمال المؤسسة، فيما يتعلق بالأنشطة الاجتماعية من ناحية أدائهاأو تأثيرها في المجتمع.

تعريف المفوضية الأوروبية للمسؤولية الاجتماعية
المسؤولية الاجتماعية هي مسؤولية المنظمة أمام تأثيرات نشاطها على المجتمع، وللقيام بهذه الوظيفة ينبغي على المنظمة احترام القوانين، والقواعدالتنظيمية والمعاهدات التي أبرمتها مع مختلف الأطراف، وحتى تؤدي المؤسسة هذه الوظيفة بشكل جيد يفترض أن تدخل في شراكات محدودة مع مختلف الأطراف وتحديد المسار الموجه نحو إدراج اهتمامات المنظمة للمسائل الاجتماعية والبيئية والأخلاقيات واحترام حقوق الإنسان والمستهلك سواء في أنشطتها التشغيلية أو في وضعها لاستراتيجيتها.

تعريف منظمة الأيزو للمسؤولية الاجتماعية
المسؤولية الاجتماعية للمؤسسة تعبر عن مسؤوليتها اتجاه ثأير القرارات والأنشطة التي تقوم بها على البيئة والمجتمع والتي تنعكس في سلوك خلقي من خلال:
- التنمية المستدامة بما فيها الصحة ورفاهية المجتمع.
- الأخذ بعين الاعتبار ما تتوقعه المجموعات الضاغطة.
- احترام القوانين مع مراعاة المعايير الدولية.
- جعلها ضمن ثقافة المنظمة وعلاقاتها.

تعريف المجلس العالمي للأعمال من أجل التنمية المستدامة
«المسؤولية الاجتماعية للشركات هي التزام مؤسسات الأعمال المتواصل بالسلوك الأخلاقي وبالمساهمة في التنمـية الاقتصادية وفي الوقت ذاته تحسين نوعية حياة القوى العاملة وأسرها فضلاً عن المجتمعات المحلية والمجتمع عامة».

تعريف المنتدى الدولي لقادة الأعمال
«تعني المسؤولية الاجتماعية للشركات: ممارسات الأعمال التجارية المتسمة بالانفتاح والشفافية والقائمة عـلى مبادئ أخلاقية واحترام الموظفين والمجتمع والبيئة. وصُمِّمت تلك المسؤولية لإتاحة قيمة مستدامة للمجتمع عامة، إضافة إلى المساهمين».

تعريف الغرفة التجارية الدولية
«التزام مؤسسات الأعمال الطوعي بإدارة أنشطتها على نحو مسؤول».

تأثير المسؤولية الاجتماعية للشركات
 التوظيف: يُعدُّ من أهم مصادر التنمية الاقتصادية. فالشـركات تقوم بتوظيف الأفراد بصورة مباشرة من خلال تعيين موظفين دائمين أو موظفين بموجب عقود.
 توفـير المـوارد والمشتريات: توفير الموارد من شركات موجودة في المجتمعات المحلية قد يؤدي بالتالي إلى حفز التنمية الاقتصادية للمجتمع المحلي.
 الاسـتثمار المالي. قيام الشركات باستثمار الأموال على أساس قصير أو طويل الأمد يعود على المجـتمعات المحلية بالعديد من الفوائد.
 الأعمال الخيرية والاستثمار في المجتمع المحلي. يتضمن هذا إجمالاً توجيه الأموال النقدية والموارد إلى الأنشـطة التي تؤدي إلى حفز إيجاد الوظائف وتوليد الدخل في المجتمع المحلي، مثل التدريب بغـرض الإعداد للتوظيف، وتوفير السكن بتكلفة معقولة، وتطوير وتوسيع مؤسسات الأعمال التجارية الصغيرة، والإنعاش الاقتصادي، والاستثمار في تعليم الشباب أو تعزيز الظروف الصحية للشـباب في المجـتمع المحلي. وتقوم الشركات بهذه الأنشطة من خلال التبرع للمنظمات المعنية بتطوير المجتمع المحلي، وبالشراكة مع الوكالات غير الربحية وتصدر برامج الإنعاش الاقتصادي.

انظر أيضًا
 الممارسات البيئية والاجتماعية وحوكمة الشركات
 المجلس الاقتصادي والاجتماعي والبيئي
 أيزو 26000
 مبادرة تشان زوكربيرج

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 شبكة المسئولية الاجتماعية، موقع شبكة المسئولية الاجتماعية

أخلاق
أخلاق تطبيقية
أخلاقيات اجتماعية
أخلاقيات مهنية
استثمارات أخلاقية
الاقتصاد والبيئة
تمويل اجتماعي
علم الرفاهية
علم النفس التنظيمي
قانون الالتزامات
مدونات السلوك
مصطلحات علم الاجتماع
مفاهيم أخلاقية
مفاهيم اجتماعية

المسؤولية الاجتماعية للشركات


Ramūnas Butautas (nació el 22 de mayo de 1964 en Kaunas, Lituania) es un entrenador de baloncesto lituano. Es el hijo de Stepas Butautas. Actualmente entrena al Krepšinio klubas Lietkabelis.

Equipos
2003-2005  Šiauliai (también entrena a las categorías inferiores de Lituania)
2005-2008  ASK Rīga
2007-2009  Lituania
2009  Donetsk
2009-2010  Zalgiris Kaunas
2010-2011  Azovmash Mariupol
2011-2014  VEF Rīga
2015-2016  BC Astana
2018-**** Krepšinio klubas Lietkabelis

Referencias

Nacidos en Kaunas
Entrenadores de baloncesto de Lituania

Ramūnas Butautas


أتليتيكو تيرو فيديرال أرجنتينو، هو نادي كرة قدم أرجنتيني. وهو نادي أساسي في الأرجنتين ، تأسس عام 1905.

مراجع

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1905
أندية كرة قدم في الأرجنتين
أندية كرة قدم في روساريو
تأسيسات سنة 1905 في الأرجنتين

تيرو فيديرال


Iwan Müller henviser til:

 Iwan Müller (musiker) (1786-1854) – tyskbaltisk klarinettist, komponist og instrumentmager
 Iwan von Müller (1830-1917) – tysk klassisk filolog og pædagog

Iwan Müller


Cayo Jutías es el nombre de una isla o cayo de 4 kilómetros cuadrados de superficie que pertenece al Archipiélago de los Colorados, a varios kilómetros al oeste-noroeste del Valle de Viñales y que se encuentra en la costa noroeste del país caribeño de Cuba en las coordenadas geográficas . Se localiza cerca de la Bahía de Santa Lucía, al norte de la ensenada Nombre de Dios. Posee un terraplén que sirve de puente entre la isla principal de Cuba y el cayo. Administrativamente se encuentra ubicada en el municipio Minas de Matahambre, perteneciente a la provincia de Pinar del Río.

Geografía

Cayo Jutías es una pequeña isla de poco más de 4 km² de extensión ubicada a varios metros de la costa norte de la isla de Cuba (actualmente la misma se halla unida a tierra a través de un istmo). Forma parte del sistema de islas conocido como Archipiélago de los Colorados que se halla al norte de la provincia Pinar del Río. A la misma se accede a través de un pedraplén que conecta con la carretera de Mantua-Santa Lucía. Normalmente se la clasifica como isla, pero más bien se trata de un cayo o islote costero, como tantos que hay alrededor de toda la costa norte cubana. Alrededor de todo el sector noroeste de la isla, se forma una delgada península con forma de arco, que le da una apariencia de boomerang; es en esta franja donde se encuentra la hermosa playa de arenas blancas finas que caracterizan a Cayo Jutías. Las aguas del mar alrededor de la playa son considerablemente poco profundas y limpias, lo cual le brinda un increíble atractivo a la misma para efectuar actividades de buceo sin mucho riesgo para la seguridad de los bañistas.

Turismo
Cayo Jutías es uno de los cayos con las playas más vírgenes de Cuba. Se encuentra en Pinar del Río, en la región occidental y dispone de una preciosa playa llamada Playa las Estrellas, de arenas blancas y aguas turquesas, donde se puede disfrutar de la tranquilidad y belleza de la costa caribeña. Actualmente no existe alojamiento en Cayo Jutías, pero sí algunas casas particulares en la carretera de Santa Lucía. Lo más práctico para los turistas y visitantes es alojarse en una casa particular en Viñales y hacer una excursión de un día a Cayo Jutías.

En Cayo Jutías se pueden contratar algunas excursiones en una cabaña que está al lado del restaurante para hacer buceo en los arrecifes, para lo cual es necesario trasladarse en barco. También se pueden rentar bicicletas acuáticas y hacer snorkel en los arrecifes cercanos.

Véase también
 Geografía de Cuba
 Geografía de América

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Mapa de ubicación de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Cuba

Cayo Jutías


Magnus Anbo Clausen (født 18. september 2000) er en dansk tidligere fodboldspiller, der sidst spillede for islandske Stjarnan, hvortil han var udlejet fra AGF.

Klubkarriere
Anbo Clausen spillede i Vejlby-Risskov Idrætsklub (VRI), som er en af AGF's samarbejdsklubber, inden han i 2015 skiftede til AGF.

AGF
Han fik sin førsteholdsdebut for AGF den 26. september 2018 i DBU Pokalen, da han erstattede Dino Mikanović efter 67 minutter i en 1-5-sejr ude over Aarhus Fremad.

I slutningen af januar 2019 skrev Anbo under på en forlængelse af kontrakten for et halvt år, således parterne havde papir på hinanden frem til sommeren 2019. Da Dino Mikanović forlod AGF i vinterpausen 2019, blev det den 19. februar 2019 offentliggjort, at Anbo permanent blev en del af AGF's førsteholdstrup. I samme ombæring offentliggjordes det, at han havde skrevet under på en fuldtidskontrakt, der havde en varighed frem til sommeren 2021. AGF's sportschef Peter Christiansen udtalte i den forbindelse, at "Anbo er kommet lidt fra baghjul og har derfor hele tiden skullet kæmpe hårdt for at bide sig fast. Men vedholdenhed og hårdt arbejde belønner sig, og at han havde præsteret godt på vinterens træningslejr.

Selvom Mikanović havde forladt højre back-positionen, var han dog alligevel andetvalg herpå, da Alexander Munksgaard var førstevalg i foråret 2019.Den 15. april 2019 fik Anbo sin debut i Superligaen i en kamp mod SønderjyskE. Han startede inde og spillede alle 90 minutter i en 0-1-sejr ude.

Kontrakten blev i foråret forlænget, så den løb frem til sommeren 2022, men samtidig blev Anbo udlejet til islandske Stjarnan for en kortere periode.

Efter lejeopholdet afslutning valgte Anbo at indstille sin fodboldkarriere, og han blev enig med AGF om en ophævelse af kontrakten.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra AGF
Fodboldspillere fra Stjarnan

Magnus Anbo


11087 Yamasakimakoto este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11087 Yamasakimakoto este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kitami de Kin Endate și Kazuro Watanabe. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,22 ua, o excentricitate de 0,19 și o înclinație de 3,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1993
Centura de asteroizi

11087 Yamasakimakoto


Dracaena masoniana (Sansevieria masoniana) es una especie de Dracaena Sansevieria perteneciente a la familia de las asparagáceas, originaria de  África donde se encuentra en la República Democrática del Congo.

Ahora se la ha incluido en el gen de Dracaena debido a los estudios moleculares de su filogenia.

Descripción
Es una planta herbácea rizomatosa y geófita que se encuentra en Zaire.

Taxonomía
Sansevieria masoniana fue descrita por Chahin. y publicado en Cactus and Succulent Journal 72(1): 31, en el año 2000.
Etimología
Sansevieria nombre genérico que debería ser "Sanseverinia" puesto que su descubridor, Vincenzo Petanga, de Nápoles, pretendía dárselo en conmemoración a Pietro Antonio Sanseverino, duque de Chiaromonte y fundador de un jardín de plantas exóticas en el sur de Italia. Sin embargo, el botánico sueco Thunberg que fue quien lo describió, lo denominó Sansevieria, en honor del militar, inventor y erudito napolitano Raimondo di Sangro (1710-1771), séptimo príncipe de Sansevero.

masoniana: epíteto que honra al agricultor y recolector de plantas suculentas Maurice L. Mason (1912-1993) de Norfolk, en el este de Inglaterra.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

masoniana
Flora endémica de la República Democrática del Congo
Plantas descritas en 2000
Plantas descritas por Chahinian

Sansevieria masoniana


Davor Gerbus (Zagreb, 18. studenoga 1997.) hrvatski je pjevač, glumac i YouTuber.

Životopis
Rođen i odrastao u Zagrebu gdje je pohađao osnovnu i srednju školu. Široj javnosti postaje poznat 2014. godine putem YouTube kanala thelazyWAVE. U studenom 2015. godine, Davor postaje zaštitno lice brenda Joomboos velike medijske kuće 24sata. Upustio se i u voditeljske vode kao domaćin Online Talent Show-a Videostar uz pomoć poznate Hrvatske pjevačice Lane Jurčević. Na ljeto 2017. Davor je objavio prvu pjesmu "Isti san" što mu je privuklo veliki broj novih pratitelja. Nešto više od godinu dana nakon prvog hita Davor objavljuje drugu pjesmu pod nazivom "Mala". Obje pjesme napisao je Filip Dizdar. Davor se aktivno bavi YouTubeom te se na svojim društvenim mrežama posvetio putovanjima i putopisima. Poznato je da Davor danas živi u Sarajevu.

Diskografija

Singlovi

 "Isti san", 2017.
 "Mala", 2018.

Filmografija

Televizija

Sinkronizacija

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službeni kanal na YouTubeu,
 Davor Gerbus na Deezeru,
 Davor Gerbus na Spotifyu.

Hrvatski pjevači
Životopisi, Zagreb

Davor Gerbus


Oblačno s ćuftama od mesnih okruglica medijska je franšiza koju je proizvela Sony Pictures Animation, a labavo se temelji na istoimenoj knjizi Judi Barrett. Filmovi su uglavnom dobili pozitivne kritike kritičara. Serija je na blagajnama zaradila 517 milijuna dolara.

Filmova
Oblačno s ćuftama
Oblačno s ćuftama 2

Američki filmovi
Filmski serijali

Oblačno s ćuftama (franšiza)


Dansarar (fræðiheiti: Pipridae), einnig kallaðir manníkínar eða mannikínar, eru ætt spörfugla.

Heimildaskrá

Spörfuglar

Dansarar (fuglar)


Vila Real de Santo António, Portekiz'de aynı adı taşıyan Vila Real de Santo António belediyesine bağlı olan, 8,95 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 10.542 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır. (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Vila Real de Santo António

Vila Real de Santo António (bucak)


Ulf, kaldet Ulf Fase eller den samtidige form Fasi (død 1247 eller 1248), var jarl af Sverige. Ulf Fase var sandsynligvis søn af den tidligerer jarl Karl Døve og en del af Folkungaslægten.

Som Karl Døves nærmeste slægtning blev Ulf hurtigt valgt til ny jarl, da Karl Døve faldt i et slag mod esterne i 1220.

Ulf Fase blev sansynligvis jarl allerede under Johan Sverksson (d. 1222), og er sandsynligvis identisk med Ulf jarl, der var jarl under kong Knut Holmgersson Lange og kong Erik Eriksson (Erik Eriksson den Læspe og Halte).

Tjek fødselsår
Jarler fra Sverige

Ulf Fase


Le Neta N01 (哪吒N01) est un modèle de véhicule métis électrique produit par Hozon Auto sous la marque Neta (Nezha). Il est fabriqué par la Zhejiang Hezhong New Energy Automobile Company.

Aperçu

Le Neta N01 a été lancé en 2018 au 3ème trimestre, avec 3872 mm de long pour 1648 mm de large et 1611 mm de haut, il est l'un des modèles les plus compactes du marché chinois. Il est propulsé par un moteur électrique d'une puissance de 75 Cv et 175 Nm de couple.

En 2019, le Neta N01 a reçu un lifting au niveau de la face avant, des pare-chocs avant et arrière.

Références

Automobile des années 2010
Automobile des années 2020
Crossover

Neta N01


The Gothenburg opera house () is an opera house at Lilla Bommen in Gothenburg, Sweden. The Artistic Director for opera is Henning Ruhe since 2019, while Katrín Hall leads the ballet and dance company.

History
The Gothenburg opera house is relatively new: construction started in September 1989 after significant local commitment in the late 1980s (with as many as 6,000 contributors to the new house) and it was completed with great speed. Ground breaking took place in June 1991, and the building was inaugurated in October 1994.

It hosted Melodifestivalen 2000, the Swedish national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest.

Building and capacity
The result was an auditorium built in the classical style. With its stalls and balconies, it has 1,301 seats. The orchestra pit has room for about 100 musicians. The House is shared by opera, ballet, musicals and operettas so the architects had to meet a number of challenges.

It is a large house – 160 metres long and 85 metres wide at its widest – and the building is 32 metres high. The floor area is 28,700 square metres. The main stage is 500 square metres, while the stage opening is 20 metres (66 ft) high and 9 metres (30 ft) wide. There are four movable platforms that each can carry a weight of 15 tons. The stage can be lit by 1000 spotlights with 250 automatic color scrollers and 900 dimmer lights.

Architecture

The architect, Jan Izikowitz, shares his vision of the house:

The building should be possessed by an airiness that sends your mind soaring across the meandering landscape like wings of seagulls. Its shape should be inspired by its location, from the magnificent but elusive landscape with its light and open spaces, to the harbor's more tangible technical constructions; the bridges gracefully suspended across the water, the transparent framework of the harbor cranes, the strength, softness and elegance of the ships' hulls, the wings of seagulls and the flawless aerodynamic shape of sails.

He reflects on the operatic aspect of the design: "The world of opera should also be visible in the architecture: the rear stage wall as a large set piece, the colonnade as a series of symbolic gates and stage openings, the fly towers as gigantic lighting towers, the shape and color of the auditorium as an allusion to old traditions."

The overall size of the building is a reflection of the company's growth and its spread throughout the city. Therefore, the building attempts to encompass all the activities that were earlier spread out at six different locations are now housed in one building. Another reason is that the Göteborg Opera should be able to offer as wide a selection of productions as possible, with the possibility of changing performance and art form from one night to another. There can be five assembled stage sets stored in the house at the same time, in five different areas the same size as the main stage. With the help of advanced modern technology, whole stage sets can be moved around, exchanged and assembled for the next performance.

References

External links

1994 establishments in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Gothenburg
Music venues completed in 1994
Music in Gothenburg
Opera houses in Sweden
Tourist attractions in Gothenburg
Postmodern architecture
Nordstaden

Gothenburg opera house


La Liga 2016-17 este sezonul cu numărul 86 al campionatului Spaniei la fotbal. Sezonul a început pe 19 august 2016 și s-a încheiat pe 21 mai 2017.

Echipe, stadioane și locații

Persoane importante și sponsori :

Clasament

Rezultate

Statistici

Golgheteri

Pasatori

Zamora
Trofeul Zamora este acordat de ziarul Marca portarului cu cel mai mic raport de goluri încasate. Un portar trebuie să joace cel puțin 28 de jocuri de 60 de minute sau mai multe pentru a fi eligibil pentru trofeu.

Premiile La Liga

Referințe

Sezoane La Liga

La Liga 2016-2017


Araknoloji; örümcekleri, yalancıakrepleri ve akrepleri inceleyen zoolojinin bir alt dalıdır.

Arachnida sınıfına ait hayvanları, inceleyen zoologlara araknolog denir. Bazen küçük örümceğimsileri (örn. akarları) inceleyenlere de araknolog denilse de, daha çok akarolojist olarak tanımlanırlar.

Araknoloji


Aarya Babbar (, ) ; født 24. maj 1981 i Mumbai, Indien) er en indisk skuespiller, der har medvirket i Bollywood- og Punjabifilm.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Indien
Personer fra Mumbai

Aarya Babbar


Bamses lillebitte billedbog er en dansk børne-tv-serie der havde premiere den 21. februar 2010 på DR1 og DR Ramasjang. Serien på syv afsnit er ifølge instruktør Katrine Hauch-Fausbøll henvendt de mindste børn: "Vi samler interesse omkring de helt smås verden - med sut-afvænning, klipning af Bamses pandehår og hvordan man leger skjul - uden selv at blive væk". Jan Rørdam har komponeret nye sange til serien, som udkom på et album af samme navn.

Medvirkende
Søren Hauch-Fausbøll som Bamse
Brian Patterson som Kylling
Gitte Melgaard som Ælling

Afsnit
Om dengang Bamse prøvede at få Ælling til at aflevere sin sut til julemanden
Om dengang Bamse var rigtig morgensur
Om dengang Bamse lærte Lillebjørn, hvordan man vasker sig
Om dengang Bamse skulle finde en ballongave til Kyllings fødselsdag
Om dengang Bamse skulle lære Ælling at lege skjul
Om dengang Bamse legede Lillebjørn var syg
Om dengang Kylling ville lege frisør

Kilder

Børneserier fra Danmark
DR-programmer
Danske tv-serier fra 2010'erne

Bamses lillebitte billedbog (tv-serie)


Groven Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Dithmarschen iline bağlı bölge. 7,9 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 127 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Georg Döbel tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-lunden.de

Groven


The Irwindale Speedway & Event Center (a.k.a. Irwindale Speedway, Irwindale Dragstrip, or "The House of Drift") is a motorsports facility located in Irwindale, California, United States. It opened on March 27, 1999, under the official name Irwindale Speedway. Toyota purchased the naming rights to the facility in 2008, and from that time until 2011 it was also known as the Toyota Speedway at Irwindale.

The speedway features banked, paved - and -mile oval tracks and a -mile drag strip. The property is primarily used for NASCAR races such as ARCA Menards Series West and Whelen All-American Series events. In late 2011, NASCAR announced it was dropping Toyota Speedway from its schedule. The company that managed the track, Irwindale Speedway LLC, filed Chapter 7 bankruptcy on February 13, 2012.

In January 2013, it was announced that the track would be re-opening as the Irwindale Event Center, and would operate as a Whelen All-American Series venue for the 2013 season. For the past decade, the Formula D Championship Series had featured sold out events at the venue.

In 2015, plans were made to demolish Irwindale Speedway and build an outlet mall on the site of the track. On August 9, 2017, it was officially announced that Jim Cohan, CEO of Team 211 Entertainment, who operated the track under the name of Irwindale Event Center, would cease operation.  On December 29, 2017, it was announced that the track would not close in January 2018 as former Irwindale Late Model driver and track champion Tim Huddleston, along with K&N West team owner Bob Bruncatti, took over management of the speedway to have it remain open.

History

1999–2012
Construction began in March 1998 on Irwindale's 6,500-seat grandstand and - and -mile ovals.  Irwindale Speedway hoped to fill the void left in the Los Angeles Basin left by the closures of the famed Riverside International Raceway, Ontario Motor Speedway and Saugus Speedway.  The $7-million project was completed March 1999 and held its inaugural races on March 27, 1999. This Race did not get off to a celebratory start. During practice shortly after 2 pm, an up-and-coming Oregon driver named Casey Diemert died of head and neck injuries after hitting the wall and flipping his car from turn 3 to turn 4. Many didn't know of the death until reading the newspaper the next day as it wasn't even mentioned during the race.

From 2003 to 2010, the main -mile oval hosted the NASCAR Toyota All-Star Showdown. In this event, the top 30 drivers in the NASCAR K&N Pro Series and the top 40 drivers in the NASCAR Whelen All-American Series come from their respective regional tours to compete in a "best-of-the-best" race. The races were televised live on the Speed Channel. It was also the home of the Turkey Night Grand Prix race, a Thanksgiving midget car racing tradition in southern California since 1934, when the race debuted at Gilmore Stadium. Among the 2005 participants were Tony Stewart, Jason Leffler, and J. J. Yeley. It was also seen in an episode of Malcolm in the Middle, titled "Stock Car Races", also used in the opening scene of the pilot episode of Fastlane and in Episode 25 of Fear Factor Season 3.

In 2012, Irwindale Speedway LLC, the management group that ran the track, filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy on the same day track management canceled the 2012 racing season.

In the paperwork filed at the United States Bankruptcy Court, Central District, it shows that Irwindale Speedway LLC owed creditors $331,773.11. The largest amount is $150,000 owed on a personal-injury claim.

Irwindale Speedway LLC owed Nu-Way Industries Inc., the company that owns the property where the track and offices are built, $55,000 in rent.

Irwindale Speedway LLC has two more outstanding personal injury claims with unknown values. There is also a debt of $8,093.51 owed to the city of Irwindale Police Department, $16,379.58 owed to the Golden State Water Company and $1,437.50 owed to the San Gabriel Valley Tribune for advertising.

2013–2017

In late 2012, Jim Cohan, who ran the LA Driving Experience at the track was able to secure funding to re-open the speedway under his management. In September 2013, the property housing the Irwindale Event Center was purchased by Irwindale Outlet Partners, LLC for $22 million. The lease for the Irwindale Event Center continued on a year-by-year basis. In March 2015, plans were made to demolish Irwindale Speedway and replace it with Irwindale Outlet Center, an outlet mall, but the closure has been delayed. The track is currently running the 2017 season. On August 9, 2017, Cohan made an announcement in an e-mailed statement saying that the track was closing down officially in January 2018.

2018–present

On December 29, 2017, it was announced that the track would not close in January 2018 as former Irwindale Late Model racer and track champion Tim Huddleston took over management of the speedway to have it remain open. In February 2020 Irwindale's famous All-Star Showdown returned to the track following a ten-year hiatus. The track remained open without spectators during the COVID-19 pandemic founding its own streaming service IrwindaleSpeedway.tv operated by Low Budget TV.  In June 2021 fans returned to the track.

Drag strip
The 1/8-mile drag racing strip opened on September 29, 2001. In 2003, in cooperation with local law enforcement, Irwindale Speedway opened its own dragstrip and hosts legal drag races for street-legal cars, trucks, and motorcycles. The dragstrip is proud to extinguish the "nowhere else to go" excuse used by illegal street racers, and local police often hand out flyers to offenders for free entry into drag races at the dragstrip to promote safe racing and has re-opened.

The House of Drift
The venue is also known for drifting events; when it hosted D1 Grand Prix's first overseas event in , with a sell-out crowd attendance of 10,000, it had surpassed all other events Irwindale hosted in the past, the previous being 8,700. Since then, it has become the series regular opening round in February and a non championship event in December and has also hosted a round of the domestic series, Formula D. The venue has been expanded to accommodate 15,000 spectators. The circuit is regarded as one of the most popular courses for crowds and drivers despite the unforgiving concrete wall which drivers usually brush through with their rear bumpers. Because of its popularity, the circuit is nicknamed the House of Drift.

Record
The 2003 Guinness Book of World Records lists the fastest-ever top speed of a radio-controlled car as 111 mph (178.63 km/h) set by Cliff Lett of Associated Electrics. Lett, a Team Associated professional driver and one of the designers and developers of the aforementioned RC10, set the record with a heavily modified Associated RC10L3 touring car at Irwindale Speedway on January 13, 2001.

See also
 List of sports venues with the name Toyota
West Coast Stock Car Hall of Fame

References

External links

Motorsport venues in California
NASCAR tracks
Sports venues in Los Angeles County, California
Irwindale, California
NHRA Division 7 drag racing venues
Sports venues completed in 1999
1999 establishments in California
Figure 8 Motorsport venues

Irwindale Event Center


William Bradley Kincaid (July 13, 1895 – September 23, 1989) was an American folk singer and radio entertainer.

Biography
He was born in Point Leavell, Garrard County, Kentucky, but built a music career in the northern states. His debut radio performance came in 1926 on the National Barn Dance show on WLS-AM in Chicago, Illinois. A prolific composer of folk and country music tunes, the first edition of his 1928 songbook called My Favorite Mountain Ballads sold more than 100,000 copies; later editions brought the total to 400,000. He recorded on Gennett Records.

In 1935 he was working at WBZ-AM in Boston, Massachusetts, where he performed with a band that included young singer and banjo player Marshall Jones. Kincaid teased the 22-year-old fellow Kentuckian for always being grumpy when he came to the studio to do the early morning broadcast, nicknaming him "Grandpa" Jones. The moniker became permanent for the future Grand Ole Opry star.

Kincaid moved to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1945 where he too became a member of the Grand Ole Opry.

In 1971, he was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame.

In 1988, the then-93-year-old Kincaid was involved in an automobile accident and sustained injuries from which he never fully recovered. He died in 1989 at the age of 94 in Springfield, Ohio and was interred there in the Ferncliff Cemetery.

Old Homestead Records released several volumes of Kincaid's mountain ballads, hymns, and old-time songs.

See also

 Marc Enfroy

Notes

External links

1895 births
1989 deaths
American folk singers
American male singer-songwriters
American country singer-songwriters
People from Garrard County, Kentucky
Musicians from Springfield, Ohio
Gennett Records artists
Grand Ole Opry members
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Folk musicians from Kentucky
Country musicians from Kentucky
Singer-songwriters from Kentucky
Singer-songwriters from Ohio
Country musicians from Ohio
20th-century American male singers
Springfield, Ohio

Bradley Kincaid


Mpanjaka este un gen de molii din familia Lymantriinae.

Specii
Some of the species are:
Mpanjaka albovirida (Griveaud, 1970)
Mpanjaka betschi (Griveaud, 1974)
Mpanjaka collenettei (Griveaud, 1974)
Mpanjaka conioptera (Collenette, 1936)
Mpanjaka cyrtozona (Collenette, 1936)
Mpanjaka disjunctifascia (Collenette, 1936)
Mpanjaka elegans (Butler, 1882)
Mpanjaka euthyzona (Collenette, 1959)
Mpanjaka gentilis (Butler, 1879)
Mpanjaka grandidieri (Butler, 1882)
Mpanjaka junctifascia (Collenette, 1936)
Mpanjaka leucopicta (Collenette, 1936)
Mpanjaka montana (Griveaud, 1974)
Mpanjaka nigrosparsata (Kenrick, 1914)
Mpanjaka olsoufieffae (Collenette, 1936)
Mpanjaka pastor (Butler, 1882)
Mpanjaka perinetensis (Collenette, 1936)
Mpanjaka pyrsonota (Collenette, 1939)
Mpanjaka renominata (Strand, 1915)
Mpanjaka titan (Collenette, 1959)
Mpanjaka vibicipennis (Butler, 1879)
Mpanjaka viola (Butler, 1879)

Referințe
  Baza de date a genului Lepidoptera la Muzeul de istorie naturală

Vezi și
 Listă de molii din Madagascar

Lymantriidae
Molii
Genuri de insecte

Mpanjaka


André François le Breton (Paris, 2 de setembro de 1708 - Paris, 5 de outubro de 1779) foi um editor francês. Ele foi um dos quatro editores da Enciclopédia de Diderot e d'Alembert, junto com Michel-Antoine David, Laurent Durand e Antoine-Claude Briasson. Le Breton contribuiu com alguns artigos para a Encyclopédie (veja links externos, abaixo), mas atuou principalmente como editor e editor, muitas vezes contra a vontade de Diderot.

Carreira
Em 1745, le Breton começou a publicar uma tradução da Cyclopaedia de Ephraim Chambers de 1728. Ele inicialmente escolheu Jean Paul de Gua de Malves como seu editor, mas ele se cansou do trabalho depois de dois anos e, em 1747, a editoria foi para Diderot. Para um relato mais detalhado, veja Encyclopédie.

Com a ajuda de Louis-Claude Brullé, le Breton ocasionalmente censurava artigos para torná-los menos radicais, frequentemente atraindo a ira de Diderot. Por exemplo, le Breton não incluiu uma parte do artigo de Diderot "Menance" que atacou indiretamente Joly de Fleury, o comissário de polícia francês. Le Breton também censurou Diderot alterando certas palavras para distorcer o significado do artigo. Diderot escreveu a Le Breton uma carta furiosa, em 1764, acusando-o de ter "massacrado" a obra e reduzido a uma "mistura de recortes insípidos". De acordo com Friedrich Melchior Grimm, escrevendo em 1777, "A extensão total do dano causado por esta depredação inigualável, assassina e infame nunca será conhecida, uma vez que os autores do crime queimaram o manuscrito assim que foi impresso e deixaram o mal sem remédio". Esta alegação provou não ser verdadeira porque, sem o conhecimento de Grimm, le Breton mantinha cópias das provas de página. Essa coleção de provas finais totalizou 318 páginas. A coleção de provas é conhecida como o "18º volume" da Enclyopédie.

No século XX, essas provas foram usadas para revelar a extensão da censura de le Breton, que foi mais proeminente nos artigos "Sarrasins ou Arabes" e "Pyrrhoniene philosophie". Além disso, le Breton excluiu três dos artigos de Diderot intitulados "Sectes du Christianisme" e "Tolérance", bem como o subartigo "Théologie Scholastique". Neste último caso, le Breton editou o artigo original de Diderot para ser menos favorável a Pierre Bayle, um filósofo do século XVII cujas opiniões eram consideradas inaceitáveis. As opiniões de Bayle foram consideradas inaceitáveis porque ele criticava a Igreja e seu uso de violência.

Fontes

 Gordon, Douglas and Torrey, Norman, The censoring of Diderot's "Encyclopédie" and the re-established text." New York: Columbia University Press, 1947.
 Wilson, Arthur M., An Unpublished Letter of Diderot, December 28, 1769. Modern Language Notes, Vol. 67, No. 7. (Nov., 1952), pp. 439–443.
 Kafker, Frank A., The Recruitment of the Encyclopedists. Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 6, No. 4. (Summer, 1973), pp. 452–461.

Ligações externas

 Encre noire, o artigo Encyclopédie escrito por le Breton (em francês)

Editores da França

André Le Breton


فيركنياتشكا (Верхнячка) هي مدينة في مقاطعة تشيركاسكا في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 4032 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1960

فيركنياتشكا (تشيركاسكا)


Em geometria, um arbelos é uma região plana delimitada por três semicírculos com três vértices, de modo que cada canto de cada semicírculo é compartilhado com um dos outros (conectado), todos do mesmo lado de uma linha reta (a linha de base ) que contém seus diâmetros.

A mais antiga referência conhecida a esta figura está no Livro de Lemmas de Arquimedes, onde algumas de suas propriedades matemáticas são declaradas como Proposições 4 a 8. A palavra arbelos é grega para 'faca de sapateiro'. A figura está intimamente relacionada com a Corrente de Papo.

Propriedades
Dois dos semicírculos são necessariamente côncavos, com diâmetros arbitrários  e  ; o terceiro semicírculo é convexo, com diâmetro

Área
A área do arbelos é igual à área de um círculo de diâmetro .

Prova: para a prova, reflita o arbelos sobre a linha através dos pontos  e , observando que duas vezes a área do arbelos é o que sobra quando as áreas dos dois círculos menores (com diâmetros  e ) são subtraídos da área do círculo maior (com diâmetro ). Já que á área do círculo é proporcional ao quadrado do diâmetro (Elementos de Euclides, Livro XII, Proposição 2; não precisamos saber que a constante de proporcionalidade é ), o problema se reduz a mostrar que . O comprimento  é igual à soma dos comprimentos   e , logo a equação se simplifica para . Logo, podemos afirmar que o comprimento do segmento  é a média geométrica dos comprimentos dos segmentos  and . Agora (ver figura abaixo) o triângulo , sendo inscrito ao semicírculo, tem um ângulo reto no ponto  (Elementos, Livro III, Proposição 31), e consequentemente  é de fato uma "média proporcional" entre  e  (Elementos, Livro VI, Proposição 8, Porisma). Esta prova aproxima o antigo argumento grego; Harold P. Boas cita um artigo de Roger B. Nelsen que implementou a ideia como uma prova visual.

Retângulo
Sejam  e  os pontos onde os segmentos  e  interceptam os semicírculos  e , respectivamente. O quadrilátero  é na verdade um retângulo .

 Prova : , , e  são ângulos retos porque estão inscritos em semicírculos (pelo teorema de Tales). O quadrilátero  portanto, tem três ângulos retos, portanto é um retângulo. QED

Tangentes
A linha  é tangente ao semicírculo  em  e ao semicírculo  em  .

 Prova : Como  é um ângulo reto,  é igual a  menos . Contudo,  é igual a  menos  (já que  é um ângulo reto). Logo, os triângulos  e  são similares. Com isso,  é igual a , onde  é o ponto médio de  e  é o ponto médio de . Mas  é uma linha reta, então  e  são ângulos suplementares. Portanto a soma de  e  é π.  é um ângulo reto. A soma dos ângulos em qualquer quadrilátero é 2π, então no quadrilátero ,  deve ser um ângulo reto. Mas  é um retângulo, então o ponto médio  de  (a diagonal do retângulo) também é o ponto médio de  (a outra diagonal do retângulo). Como  (definido como o ponto médio de ) é o centro do semicírculo , e o ângulo  é um ângulo reto, então  é tangente ao semicírculo  em . Por raciocínio análogo,  é tangente ao semicírculo  em . Q.E.D.

Círculos de arquimedes
A altitude  divide os arbelos em duas regiões, cada uma limitada por um semicírculo, um segmento de linha reta e um arco do semicírculo externo. Os círculos inscritos em cada uma dessas regiões, conhecidos como círculos de Arquimedes dos arbelos, têm o mesmo tamanho.

Variações e generalizações

O parbelos é uma figura semelhante ao arbelos, que usa segmentos de parábola em vez de semicírculos. Uma generalização que compreende arbelos e parbelos é o f -belos, que usa um certo tipo de funções diferenciáveis semelhantes.

No modelo de meio plano de Poincaré do plano hiperbólico, um arbelos modela um triângulo ideal .

Etimologia

O nome arbelos vem do grego ἡ ἄρβηλος he árbēlos ou ἄρβυλος árbylos, que significa "faca de sapateiro", uma faca usada por sapateiros desde a antiguidade até os dias atuais, cuja lâmina se diz assemelhar-se à figura geométrica.

Ver também

 Quádruplos de Arquimedes
 Círculo de bancarrota
 Círculos de Schoch
 Linha Schoch
 Círculos Woo
 Cadeia de Papo
 Salinon

Referências

Bibliografia

  American Mathematical Monthly, 120 (2013), 929-935.

Ligações Externas

Geometria

Arbelos


පස්වන ජෝර්ජ්, George V (ජෝර්ජ් ෆ්‍රෙඩ්රික් අර්නස්ට් ඇල්බර්ට්; 3 ජුනි 1865 - 20 ජනවාරි 1936) 1910 මැයි 6 සිට 1936 ඔහුගේ මරණය දක්වා එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අධිරාජ්‍යයේ ඩොමීනියන් රාජ්‍යවල රජු මෙන්ම ඉන්දියාවේ අධිරාජ්‍යයා විය.

සිය මිත්තණිය වූ වික්ටෝරියා රැජිනගේ පාලන සමයේ උපත ලද ජෝර්ජ්, ඔහුගේ පියා වූ ඇල්බර්ට් එඩ්වර්ඩ් සහ වැඩිමහල් සොහොයුරා වූ ඇල්බර්ට් වික්ටර් කුමරුට පසු රජ කිරුළ දැරීමට සිටි තෙවැන්නා විය. 1877 සිට 1891 දක්වා ජෝර්ජ් රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ සේවය කළේය. ඔහුගේ වැඩිමහල් සොහොයුරාගේ අනපේක්ෂිත මරණය නිසා 1892 ආරම්භයේ දී ඔහු රජ කිරුළ ලබා ගැනීමට සිටි දෙවැන්නා බවට පත්විය. ජෝර්ජ්ගේ මිත්තණිය 1901 දී මිය යාම නිසා ඔහුගේ පියා හත්වන එඩ්වර්ඩ් (Edward VII) නමින් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අධිරාජ්‍යයේ රජ-අධිරජ බවට පත්විය. ජෝර්ජ්, වේල්ස්හි කුමරු බවට පත්විය. ඔහුගේ පියාගෙන් පසු 1910 දී ජෝර්ජ් සිහසුනට පත්විය. ඔහු දිල්ලි රාජසභාව (Delhi Durbar) ට පැමිණි එකම ඉන්දියාවේ අධිරාජ්‍යයා වෙයි.

පස්වන ජෝර්ජ්ගේ රාජ්‍ය කාලය තුළ සමාජවාදය, කොමියුනිස්ට්වාදය, ෆැසිස්ට්වාදය, අයර්ලන්ත ජනරජවාදය සහ ඉන්දියානු නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාරය යනාදී දේශපාලන කරළියේ මූල විපර්යාසාත්මක අංශ වර්ධනය විය. 1911 පාර්ලිමේන්තු පනත මගින් ඡන්දයෙන් තේරී පත්වූ House of Commons, ඡන්දයෙන් තේරී පත් නොවන ස්වාමි මංත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය ට වඩා අධිපතිත්වයෙන් යුක්ත වන බව ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. පළමුවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේ (1914 - 1918) ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඔහුගේ ඥාතිවර රුසියාවේ දෙවන නිකොලස් සාර් සහ ජර්මනියේ දෙවන විල්හෙල්ම් ගේ අධිරාජ්‍යයන් බිඳ වැටුණි. නමුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අධිරාජ්‍යය එහි උපරිම ඵලදායි වපසරියට වර්ධනය වුණි. ජර්මන් විරෝධී මහජන මතය නිසා සැක්ස-කොබර්ග් ගොතා යන රාජ වංශයේ නාමය, සහ අනෙකුත් ජර්මානු රාජකීය සහ වංශාධිපති තනතුරු අතහැර 1917 දී ඔහු වින්ඩ්සර් රාජවංශයෙහි ප්‍රථම රජු බවට පත් විය. 1924 දී ඔහු ප්‍රථම කම්කරු අමාත්‍යංශය පත්කරන ලද අතර 1931 වෙස්ට්මින්ස්ටර් ආඥා පනත මගින් ඩොමීනියන් රාජ්‍යයන් පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලය තුළ වෙන්වූ, ස්වාධීන රාජ්‍යයන් බව පිළිගනු ලැබිය. දුම්පානය නිසා හටගත් දුර්වල සෞඛ්‍ය තත්ත්වයන්ගෙන් සිය රාජ්‍ය කාලයේ අවසන් සමයේ ඔහු පීඩා විඳි අතර ඔහුගේ මරණින් පසු ඔහුගේ වැඩිමහල් පුත් අටවන එඩ්වර්ඩ් ලෙස රජවිය.

රජවරු - එක්සත් රාජධානිය

පස්වන ජෝර්ජ් රජ


P. A. Backer (Malayalam: ; * 1940 in Thrissur, Cochin; † 22. November 1993 in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala) war ein indischer Filmregisseur des Malayalam-Films.

Leben
P. A. Backer arbeitete als Journalist für die Zeitungen "Kuttikal" und "Poomattukal", dann ab 1960 als Assistent des Filmregisseurs Ramu Kariat. 1969 war er unabhängiger Produzent von P. N. Menons Olavum Theeravum, einem bedeutenden Werk des New Indian Cinema in Malayalam. Als erste eigene Regiearbeit veröffentlichte Backer 1975 das politische Liebesdrama Kabani Nadi Chuvannappol, das seinerzeit im Kontext der Notstandsregierung in Indien Zensureinschnitte hinnehmen musste. Der Film beeinflusste die Arbeit anderer keralesischer Regisseure wie John Abraham, Raveendran und T. V. Chandran. Zu Backers wichtigen Filmen gehören auch seine folgenden sozialkritischen Filme Manimuzhakkum (1976), Chuvanna Vithukal (1976) und Sanghaganam (1979). Sein Shri Narayana Guru (1985) wurde mit den Nargis Dutt Award für nationale Integration ausgezeichnet.

Filmografie
 1975: Kabani Nadi Chuvannappol
 1976: Manimuzhakkum
 1976: Chuvanna Vithukal
 1979: Sanghaganam
 1979: Manninte Maril
 1979: Unarthupattu
 1981: Charam
 1982: Chappa
 1985: Prema Lekhanam
 1985: Shri Narayana Guru
 1987: Innaleyude Baaki

Literatur
 Eintrag zu P. A. Backer in Ashish Rajadhyaksha, Paul Willemen: Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema, S. 50

Weblinks

 bei Cinema of Malayalam

Filmregisseur
Inder
Geboren 1940
Gestorben 1993
Mann

P. A. Backer


Aaron James Traywick, né le  et mort le , est un homme d'affaires américain et un activiste du prolongement de la vie dans les communautés du transhumanisme et du biohacking.

Biographie
Aaron Traywick fonde la start-up Ascendance Biometical qui développe des traitements de thérapie génique non testée. Il affirme que sa société de biohacking développe un "composé de recherche" qui pourrait guérir le sida et l'herpès malgré l'absence de preuve indépendante pour étayer cette affirmation.

En octobre 2017, il diffuse sur Facebook avec Tristan Robert atteint du VIH une auto-injection en direct d'une thérapie génique expérimentale non testée fourni par Ascendance. Aaron Traywick qui se présente comme un "organisateur communautaire" et non comme un scientifique déclare . Le traitement vise à réduire le nombre de particules de VIH dans le sang mais n'a pas les résultats escomptés, la charge virale ayant augmenté dans les semaines qui ont suivi l'injection. À la suite de la diffusion des vidéos, la FDA communique une déclaration mettant en garde les consommateurs contre les kits de thérapie génique et qualifie leurs ventes illégales sans pour autant nommer explicitement la société Ascendance Biometical.

En février 2018, lors d'une présentation au BodyHacking Con au Texas, Aaron Traywick s'auto-injecte en public un "composé de recherche" pour traiter le virus de l'herpès. Certains membres de la communauté du biohacking ont considéré cette mise en scène irresponsable dont Josiah Zayner qui préconise davantage de sécurité lors des auto-expérimentations.

Selon le  MIT Technology Review, Aaron Traywick, prévoyait de tester un traitement expérimental du cancer du poumon à partir de l'outil d'édition de gènes CRISPR.

Le 29 avril 2018, Aaron Traywick est retrouvé mort dans un caisson d'isolation sensorielle  à Washington. Le parti transhumaniste des États-Unis lui rend hommage et précise qu'il n'y a absolument aucune preuve que son traitement auto-administré contre l'herpès ait eu un lien avec sa mort deux  mois plus tard.

Liens externes

 Citizens bio-(Documentaire, 95 minutes)

Références

Édition génomique
Hacker
Biologie et société
Bio-informatique
Sciences participatives
Génétique humaine
Naissance en décembre 1989
Naissance dans le comté d'Elmore (Alabama)
Décès en avril 2018
Décès à Washington (district de Columbia)
Décès à 28 ans

Aaron Traywick


Marmelada este un produs gelificat cu aspect de pastă obținut din sucul și coaja de citrice fierte cu zahăr și apă. Aceasta poate fi produsă din gutui, caise, lămâi, grepfruturi, mandarine, prune, portocale, bergamote și alte fructe citrice sau orice combinație a acestora, chiar și din legume.

Legături externe
 Marmelada acasă.ro

Vezi și
 Gem
 Magiun

Dulciuri

Marmeladă


est le treizième album studio du groupe britannique de rock Slade. Il est sorti en 1985 sur le label Telstar Records.

Conçu pour être joué pendant les fêtes de Noël, il se compose de reprises de chants de Noël et d'anciens succès de Slade. Il a été réédité à plusieurs reprises depuis sa sortie avec des titres comme  ou

Fiche technique

Chansons

Musiciens

 Noddy Holder : chant, guitare rythmique
 Dave Hill : guitare solo, chœurs
 Jim Lea : basse, claviers, chœurs
 Don Powell : batterie

Équipe de production

 Jim Lea : production
 John Punter : production sur , ,  et
 Dave Garland : ingénieur du son

Classements et certifications

Références

Liens externes

Album de Slade
Album musical sorti en 1985

Crackers (album)


Richfield est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Morton, au Kansas. Selon le recensement de 2020, sa population est de .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Ville au Kansas
Comté de Morton (Kansas)

Richfield (Kansas)


Božo Dugeč (umro 17. ožujka 1990.), hrvatski kulturni djelatnik i publicist. Djelovao u emigraciji u Njemačkoj.

Dana, 21. listopada 1957. oženio se s Malkicom Dugeč. Od 1962. do 1964. radio je sa suprugom Malkicom u osmogodišnjoj školi Gradac kraj Drniša. Prof. Božo Dugeč bio je stipendist općine Drniš. Od 1964. do 1972. godine zajedno sa suprugom Malkicom predavao je na Gimnaziji (poslije:Srednjoškolskom centru) u Donjem Miholjcu. Prvi predsjednik ogranka Matice hrvatske u Donjem Miholjcu.

Sa suprugom je nazočio osnivanju niza ogranaka MH diljem Slavonije. 1970. i 1971. bio je dopisnik Večernjeg lista zajedno sa suprugom. 1971. godine nakon Titova obračuna s hrvatskim partijskim vodstvom u Karađorđevu, uslijedila su uhićenja hrvatskih intelektualaca i ostalih članova Matice hrvatske. Od prijatelja je supruga doznala da mu prijeti uhićenje, pa je on emigrirao 31. prosinca 1971. godine. Izvršili su im premetačinu stana 11. siječnja 1972. godine. Supruzi su oduzeli putovnicu, da bi ga vlasti navukli na povratak pa bi ga lako uhitili.

Emigrirao je u Njemačku. Uskoro mu se pridružila i supruga. Oboje, premda intelektualci, radili su fizičke poslove. Božoj je radio u kalionici čelika, a supruga kao fizička radnica u trgovini tekstila. Listopada 1973. zaposlio se je u Osiguravajućem zavodu za novinstvo (Versorgungwerk der Presse), njemačkom poduzeću koje se bavilo životnim osiguranjima novinara, urednika i svih onih koji su radili u novinskim izdavačkim kućama. Radio je u tom poduzeću sve do smrti. Svake je godine, počevši od listopada 1978., u Frankfurtu na Međunarodnom sajmu knjiga na štandu CROATIA predstavljao, skupa sa suprugom, časopis "Republika Hrvatska" kao i sve izložene knjige pod imenom "Hrvatska knjiga u slobodi".

Kasne jeseni iste 1978. SFRJ je od SR Njemačke zatražila nemoralnu trgovinu ljudima. Zatražila je razmjenu: za pripadnike skupine Baader-Meinhof, tražila je da im izruče 9 hrvatskih i albanskih (s Kosova) političkih emigranata, a među hrvatskima su htjeli i njena supruga Božu Dugeča. Njemačka nije pristala, no od tog trena živjeli su u strahu od mogućeg atentata. Strah nije bio neutemeljen. Osobito se pojačao kad je UDBA mučki ubila hrvatskog emigranta Brunu Bušića 16. listopada 1978. godine. Nastavili su kao da nije ništa i dalje su surađivali u hrvatskome emigrantskom tisku, sudjelovali su na protujugoslavenskim prosvjedima, držali govore i predavanja, širili protujugoslavenske letke i zvučne kazete. 1979. godine bio je član Hrvatskoga koordinacijskog odbora HNV-a (gosp. Petar Hinić, prof.Božo Dugeč i M.Dugeč) koji su inicirali i pomagali pri osnivanju hrvatskih dopunskih škola.

Cijeli se život borio za Hrvatsku, čeznuo i patio zbog domovine. Nije imao sreću doživjeti rođenje slobodne države Hrvatske. Umro je 1989. godine.

Napisao je knjigu Nismo spremni robovati. Zajedno s prof. Kazimirom Katalinićem pripremila ju je objavila Malkica Dugeč.

Izvori

Životopisi, Drniš
Hrvati u Njemačkoj
Hrvatski publicisti
Hrvatsko proljeće
Životopisi, Donji Miholjac
Odgoj i obrazovanje u Hrvatskoj

Božo Dugeč


Toți pentru Letonia! (în ) a fost un partid politic naționalist de dreapta din Letonia condus de Raivis Dzintars și Imants Parādnieks. Format în 2000, Toți pentru Letonia s-a unit cu Partidul Pentru Patrie și Libertate în 2011 pentru a forma Partidul Alianța Națională.

Referințe

Legături externe

Partide de extremă dreaptă
Partide politice din Letonia
Fondări în 2000
Desființări în 2011
Naționalism leton

Toți pentru Letonia!


Kepstar (lat. i eng. cepstrum), vrsta transformacije spektra signala.

Kepstar je ishod preuzimanja obrnutog Fourierova preobražaja (eng. inverse Fourier transform, IFT) logaritma procijenjenog spektra signala. Postoji kompleksni kepstar, realni kepstar, potencijski kepstar i fazni kepstar. Potencijski kepstar (eng. power cepstrum) posebno ima primjenje u analizi ljudskog govora.

Riječ cepstrum izvedena je premetanjem prvih četiriju slova iz riječi spectrum. Operacije na kepstrima označava se nazivima s namjerno premetnutim prvim slogovima analiza kefrencija (ili alaniza kefrencija), liftriranje i kepstralna analiza''.

Kepstar zvučnoga signala povezan je sa spektrom, ali predstavlja stopu promjene u različitim pojasima spektra. Posebice je korisno za osobine glasovnih zapisa i rabljen je, primjerice, u programima za prepoznavanje govornika po osobinama njihova glasa.

U automatskom prepoznavanju govora i govornika nekoliko je mjera a jedna od najčešće korištenih je mjera euklidske udaljenosti MFCC vektora. Algoritam kojim se izračunava mel frekvencijskih kepstralnih koeficijenata zasniva se na filtarskom slogu kod kojeg su pojasi ekvidistantno raspoređeni na percepcijski motiviranoj mel ljestvici. Više paramatera sustava za kepstralnu analizu utječe na vrijednost mel kepstralnog vektora te time ujedno i na svojstva kepstralne mjere udaljenosti glasova.

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توزيع ماكسويل-بولتزمان  هو توزيع احتمالي يستخدم في تطبيقات عديدة في الفيزياء والكيمياء ، وفي الديناميكا الإحصائية .حيث تعتمد درجة حرارة نظام فيزيائي كبير على حركة مكوناته من الذرات أو الجزيئات و تتميز الجزيئات بسرعات مختلفة . وتختلف سرعة الجزيء من وقت لآخر بسبب اصطدامه بالجزيئات الأخرى. ويكون عدد الجزيئات التي تكون لها سرعة معينة ثابتاً عند وصول النظام إلى حالة الاتزان الحراري . ويمكننا تعيين فئة من تلك الجزيئات ذات السرعة الواحدة بحساب توزيع ماكسويل للسرعات عند درجة حرارة معلومة للنظام. ويـُعرف هذا التوزيع بتوزيع ماكسويل وبولتزمان .

تطبيقات عملية لتوزيع ماكسويل-بولتزمان

يمثل توزيع ماكسويل-بولتزمان أساس نظرية حركة الغازات ( كينتيكا الغازات kinetic gas theory ) التي تصف خواص الغازات بما فيها ضغط الغاز وانتشاره . ويعطي توزيع ماكسويل-بولتزمان توزيع سرعات الجزيئات في الغاز، كما يعطينا أيضا توزيع عزوم الجزيئات وطاقة حركتها، وكل من تلك الخواص له دالة خاصة به ولكنها تنتمي لبعضها البعض.

ويمكن الحصول على توزيع ماكسويل-بولتزمان بوساطة الميكانيكا الإحصائية (إحصاء ماكسويل ) ، وهي تُعطي السرعة الأكثر احتمالاً في نظام كبير من الجزيئات التي لا تتفاعل مع بعضها، ولا يحدث بينها سوى الاصطدامات المرنة، مع افتراض عدم وجود تأثيرات كمومية بينها.

وتوجد حالات كثيرة لا تنطبق تلك الشروط عليها، مثل التصادم الأيونات في الطبقة الأيونية للأرض [أيونوسفير). وتصادم البلازما في الفضاء الخارجي. والصدمات المتسببة للتأين. والاصطدامات التي تصدر إشعاعاً وعلى الأخص تصادم الإلكترونات . فتطبيق توزيع ماكسويل-بولتزمان علي تلك الحالات يوصلنا إلى نتائج خاطئة لا تتفق مع الطبيعة .

وهناك مجال آخر لا يصح فيه تطبيق توزيع ماكسويل-بولتزمان . ذلك عندما يكون طول موجة الإشعاع الحراري للغاز مقاربا لمتوسط المسافات بين الجزيئات .في هذه الحالة فلن تستطيع النظرية تعيين تأثيرات نظرية الكم . وكذلك لا يأخذ هذا التوزيع في الاعتبار تأثيرات النظرية النسبية التي لا تسمح بأن يكون للجزيء سرعة أعلى من سرعة الضوء . فكانت دراسة وصياغة هذا التوزيع في النصف الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر، أي نحو 60 عاما قبل ظهور نظرية الكم والنظرية الذرية .

تعيين توزيع ماكسويل-بولتزمان

أخذ التوزيع الأصلي الذي صاغه ماكسويل في الاعتبار أن حركة الجزيئات تتماثل في الاتجاهات الثلاثة، إلا أن الصياغة التي اتبعها بولتزمان ألغت ذلك الشرط بفضل اعتماده على نظرية حركة الغازات Kinetic Theory . ويمكن في وقتنا هذا استنباط توزيع ماكسويل-بولتزمان من توزيع بولتزمان للطاقة :

حيث:

Ni عدد الجزيئات في الحالة i

T درجة الحرارة المطلقة

i الحالة أو مستوي الطاقة

Ei طاقة المستوي i

gi عدد المستويات التحتية للطاقة Ei

N العدد الكلي للجزيئات في النظام

k ثابت بولتزمان

(مع ملاحظة أنه في بعض الأحوال لا تهتم بذكر g عدد المستويات التحتية في Ei)

في تلك الحالة يعرف i حالة معينة من الطاقة بدون اعتبار مستوياتها التحتية . وبما أن السرعة تتحكم في الطاقة، يمكننا استعمال المعادلة أعلاه لاستنباط العلاقة بين درجة الحرارة وسرعة الجزيئات في الغاز. ويسمى المقام في تلك المعادلة دالة التوزيع طبقا لتعريفات الميكانيكا الإحصائية statistical mechanics.

يعطي هذا الرسم منحني ماكسويل-بولتزمان لعدد من الغازات الخاملة واحتمال تواجد الذرات في السرعات المختلفة . ويلاحظ أن الهيليوم له أعلي متوسط للسرعة (نحو1150 متر/ثانية)نظرا لخفته، بينما الإكسينون وهو أثقلهم فمتوسط سرعة ذراته تبلغ نحو 200 متر في الثانية . ويحدث ذلك طبقا للعلاقة بين طاقة الحركة والكتلة التي تقول :

طاقة الحركة: E = 1/2. mv2

حيث:

 m الكتلة،

و v السرعة .

مراجع

توزيع احتمالي طبيعي
توزيعات احتمالية مستمرة
جيمس ماكسويل
غازات
لودفيغ بولتزمان

توزيع ماكسويل-بولتزمان


4′33″ (pronounced "four minutes, thirty-three seconds" or just "four thirty-three") is a three-movement composition by American experimental composer John Cage. It was composed in 1952, for any instrument or combination of instruments, and the score instructs performers not to play their instruments during the entire duration of the piece throughout the three movements. The piece consists of the sounds of the environment that the listeners hear while it is performed, although it is commonly perceived as "four minutes thirty-three seconds of silence". The title of the piece refers to the total length in minutes and seconds of a given performance, 4′33″ being the total length of the first public performance.

Conceived around 1947–48, while the composer was working on Sonatas and Interludes, 4′33″ became for Cage the epitome of his idea that any auditory experience may constitute music. It was also a reflection of the influence of Zen Buddhism, which Cage had studied since the late 1940s. In a 1982 interview, and on numerous other occasions, Cage stated that 4′33″ was, in his opinion, his most important work. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians describes 4′33″ as Cage's "most famous and controversial creation".

History of composition

Background and influences
Silence played a major role in several of Cage's works composed before 4′33″. The Duet for Two Flutes (1934), composed when Cage was 22, opens with silence, and silence was an important structural element in some of the Sonatas and Interludes (1946–48), Music of Changes (1951) and Two Pastorales (1951). The Concerto for prepared piano and orchestra (1951) closes with an extended silence, and Waiting (1952), a piano piece composed just a few months before 4′33″, consists of long silences framing a single, short ostinato pattern. Furthermore, in his songs The Wonderful Widow of Eighteen Springs (1942) and A Flower (1950) Cage directs the pianist to play a closed instrument, which may be understood as a metaphor of silence.

The first time Cage mentioned the idea of a piece composed entirely of silence was during a 1947 (or 1948) lecture at Vassar College, A Composer's Confessions. Cage told the audience that he had "several new desires", one of which was

At the time, however, Cage felt that such a piece would be "incomprehensible in the Western context", and was reluctant to write it down: "I didn't wish it to appear, even to me, as something easy to do or as a joke. I wanted to mean it utterly and be able to live with it." Painter Alfred Leslie recalls Cage presenting a "one-minute-of-silence talk" in front of a window during the late 1940s, while visiting Studio 35 at New York University.

In 1951, Cage visited the anechoic chamber at Harvard University. Cage entered the chamber expecting to hear silence, but he wrote later, "I heard two sounds, one high and one low. When I described them to the engineer in charge, he informed me that the high one was my nervous system in operation, the low one my blood in circulation." Cage had gone to a place where he expected total silence, and yet heard sound. "Until I die there will be sounds. And they will continue following my death. One need not fear about the future of music." The realization as he saw it of the impossibility of silence led to the composition of 4′33″.

Another cited influence for this piece came from the field of the visual arts. Cage's friend and sometimes colleague Robert Rauschenberg had produced, in 1951, a series of white paintings, seemingly "blank" canvases (though painted with white house paint) that in fact change according to varying light conditions in the rooms in which they were hung, the shadows of people in the room and so on. This inspired Cage to use a similar idea, as he later stated, "Actually what pushed me into it was not guts but the example of Robert Rauschenberg. His white paintings ... when I saw those, I said, 'Oh yes, I must. Otherwise I'm lagging, otherwise music is lagging'." In an introduction to an article "On Robert Rauschenberg, Artist, and His Works", John Cage writes "To Whom It May Concern: The white paintings came first; my silent piece came later."

Precursors

Compositions that, like 4′33″, include no sounds produced by the performer, were conceived by a number of composers and writers before Cage. Examples include the following:
 Alphonse Allais's 1897 Funeral March for the Obsequies of a Deaf Man, consisting of twenty-four blank measures. Allais was an associate of Erik Satie, and given Cage's profound admiration for Satie, it is possible that Cage was influenced by the Funeral March. When asked, Cage claimed he was unaware of Allais's composition at the time.
 In Gaston Leroux's 1903 novel , silent concerts are given by the fictional Talpa people who dwell in the dark and silent Catacombs of Paris.
 Erwin Schulhoff's 1919 "In futurum", a movement from the Fünf Pittoresken for piano. The Czech composer's meticulously notated composition is made up entirely of rests.
 In Harold Acton's 1928 book Cornelian a musician conducts "performances consisting largely of silence".
 In 1947, jazz musician Dave Tough joked that he was writing a play in which "A string quartet is playing the most advanced music ever written. It's made up entirely of rests. ... Suddenly, the viola man jumps up in a rage and shakes his bow at the first violin. 'Lout', he screams, 'you played that last measure wrong.'"
 Yves Klein's 1949 Monotone-Silence Symphony (informally The Monotone Symphony, conceived 1947–48), an orchestral forty-minute piece whose second and final movement is a twenty-minute silence (the first movement being an unvarying twenty minute drone).

The musicologist Richard Taruskin has argued that 4′33″ is an example of automatism. Since the Romantic Era composers have been striving to produce music that could be separated from any social connections, transcending the boundaries of time and space. In automatism, composers wish to completely remove both the composers and the artist from the process of creation. This is motivated by the belief that what we think of as "self-expression" is really just an infusion of the art with the social standards that we have been subjected to since birth. Therefore, the only way to achieve truth is to remove the artist from the process of creation. Cage achieves that by employing chance (e.g., use of the I Ching, or tossing coins) to make compositional decisions. In 4′33″, neither artist nor composer has any impact on the piece, so that Cage has no way of controlling what ambient sounds will be heard by the audience.

Premiere and reception

The premiere of the three-movement 4′33″ was given by David Tudor on August 29, 1952, in Maverick Concert Hall, Woodstock, New York, as part of a recital of contemporary piano music. The audience saw him sit at the piano and, to mark the beginning of the piece, close the keyboard lid. Some time later he opened it briefly, to mark the end of the first movement. This process was repeated for the second and third movements.

In defining noise music and its value, Paul Hegarty in Noise/Music: A History (2007) contends that Cage's 4′33″ represents the beginning of noise music proper. For Hegarty, noise music, as with 4′33″, is that music made up of incidental sounds that represent perfectly the tension between "desirable" sound (properly played musical notes) and undesirable "noise" that make up all noise music.

4′33″ challenges, or rather exploits to a radical extent, the social regiments of the modern concert life etiquette, experimenting on unsuspecting concert-goers to prove an important point. First, the choice of a prestigious venue and the social status of the composer and the performers automatically heightens audience's expectations for the piece. As a result, the listener is more focused, giving Cage's 4′33″ the same amount of attention (or perhaps even more) as if it were Beethoven's Ninth. Thus, even before the performance, the reception of the work is already predetermined by the social setup of the concert. Furthermore, the audience's behavior is limited by the rules and regulation of the concert hall; they will quietly sit and listen to 4′33″ of ambient noise. It is not easy to get a large group of people to listen to ambient noise for nearly five minutes, unless they are regulated by the concert hall etiquette.

The second point made by 4′33″ concerns duration. According to Cage, duration is the essential building block of all of music. This distinction is motivated by the fact that duration is the only element shared by both silence and sound. As a result, the underlying structure of any musical piece consists of an organized sequence of "time buckets". They could be filled with either sounds, silence or noise; where neither of these elements is absolutely necessary for completeness. In the spirit of his teacher Schoenberg, Cage managed to emancipate the silence and the noise to make it an acceptable or perhaps even integral part of his music composition. 4′33″ serves as a radical and extreme illustration of this concept, asking that if the time buckets are the only necessary parts of the musical composition, then what stops the composer from filling them with no intentional sounds?

The third point is that the work of music is defined not only by its content but also by the behavior it elicits from the audience. In the case of Stravinsky's Rite of Spring, this would consist of widespread dissatisfaction leading up to violent riots. In Cage's 4′33″, the audience felt cheated by having to listen to no composed sounds from the performer. Nevertheless, in 4′33″ the audience contributed the bulk of the musical material of the piece. Since the piece consists of exclusively ambient noise, the audience's behavior, their whispers and movements, are essential elements that fill the above-mentioned time buckets.

In a 2013 TED talk, psychologist Paul Bloom put forward 4′33″ as one example to show that knowing about the origin of something influences our opinion about it as "that silence is different from other forms of silence". In 2013, Dale Eisinger of Complex ranked the composition eighth in his list of the greatest performance art works.

Versions of the score
Several versions of the score exist: There are four known later versions, one of which is in the New York Public Library.
 The original Woodstock manuscript (August 1952): conventional notation, dedicated to David Tudor. This manuscript is currently lost. Tudor's attempt at re-creating the original score is reproduced in .
 The Kremen manuscript (1953): graphic, space-time notation, dedicated to Irwin Kremen. The movements of the piece are rendered as space between long vertical lines; a tempo indication is provided (60), and at the end of each movement the time is indicated in minutes and seconds. Edition Peters No. 6777a. Kremen was given the score by Cage on June 5, 1953, for his 28th birthday. The score was later purchased for the Museum of Modern Art by Henry R. Kravis in honor of his wife, Marie-Josée Drouin, the museum's president.
 The so-called First Tacet Edition: a typewritten score, lists the three movements using Roman numbers, with the word "TACET" underneath each. A note by Cage describes the first performance and mentions that "the work may be performed by any instrumentalist or combination of instrumentalists and last any length of time". Edition Peters No. 6777 (out of print).
 The so-called Second Tacet Edition: same as the First, except that it is printed in Cage's calligraphy, and the explanatory note mentions the Kremen manuscript. Edition Peters No. 6777 (i.e., it carries the same catalog number as the first Tacet Edition) Additionally, a facsimile, reduced in size, of the Kremen manuscript, appeared in July 1967 in Source 1, no. 2:46–54; the First Tacet Edition is described in , but it is not reproduced in that book.

There is some discrepancy between the lengths of individual movements of the premiere performance, specified in different versions of the score. The Woodstock printed program specifies the lengths 30″, 2′23″ and 1′40″, as does the Kremen manuscript, and presumably the original manuscript had the same indications. However, in the First Tacet Edition Cage writes that at the premiere the timings were 33″, 2′40″ and 1′20″. In the Second Tacet Edition he adds that after the premiere a copy has been made for Irwin Kremen, in which the lengths of the movements were 30″, 2′23″ and 1′40″. The causes of this discrepancy are not currently understood. The original manuscript is still lost.

4′33″ No. 2
In 1962, Cage wrote 0′00″, which is also referred to as 4′33″ No. 2. The directions originally consisted of one sentence: "In a situation provided with maximum amplification, perform a disciplined action." At the first performance Cage had to write that sentence.

The second performance added four new qualifications to the directions: "the performer should allow any interruptions of the action, the action should fulfill an obligation to others, the same action should not be used in more than one performance, and should not be the performance of a musical composition."

One3
In late 1989, three years before his death, Cage revisited the idea of 4′33″ one last time. He composed One3, the full title of which is One3 = 4′33″ (0′00″) + . As in all of the Number Pieces, "One" refers to the number of performers required. The score instructs the performer to build a sound system in the concert hall, so that "the whole hall is on the edge of feedback, without actually feeding back". The content of the piece is the electronically amplified sound of the hall and the audience.

Performances and recordings
4′33″ has been recorded on several occasions: Frank Zappa recorded it as part of A Chance Operation: The John Cage Tribute, on the Koch label, 1993; in 2002, James Tenney performed 4′33″ at Rudolf Schindler's historic Kings Road House in celebration of the work's 50th anniversary.

Several performances of 4′33″ including a "techno remix" by New Waver were broadcast on Australian radio station ABC Classic FM, as part of a program exploring "sonic responses" to Cage's work. The Swedish electronic band Covenant concluded their 2000 album United States of Mind with a rendition of 4′33″ entitled "You Can Make Your Own Music".

On January 16, 2004, at the Barbican Centre in London, the BBC Symphony Orchestra under conductor Lawrence Foster gave the UK's first orchestral performance of this work. The performance was broadcast live on BBC Radio 3, and one of the main challenges was that the station's emergency backup systems are designed to switch on and play music whenever apparent silence (dead air) lasting longer than a preset duration is detected. They had to be switched off for this performance. BBC Four broadcast the recording one hour later. On the same day, a tongue-in-cheek version was recorded by the staff of the UK Guardian newspaper.

In 2004, the work was voted to be number 40 in the ABC radio's Classic 100 piano countdown.

A silence of four minutes and thirty-three seconds appears as the penultimate track of the 2009 Living Colour album The Chair in the Doorway.

On December 5, 2010, an international simultaneous performance of Cage's 4′33″ took place involving over 200 performers, amateur and professional musicians, and artists. The global orchestra, conducted live by Bob Dickinson, former member of post-punk group Magazine, via video link, performed the piece in support of the Cage Against The Machine campaign to bring 4′33″ to Christmas number 1 in 2010. A second performance took place on December 12, 2010.

On November 17, 2015, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert uploaded a video of this piece being performed by a cat, showing that its performer is not required to be human.

In May 2019, Mute Records released a compilation box set entitled STUMM433 featuring interpretations of 4′33″ by more than 50 current and alumni Mute artists including Laibach, Depeche Mode, Cabaret Voltaire, Einstürzende Neubauten, Goldfrapp, Moby, Erasure, and others.

On 31 October 2020, the Berlin Philharmonic closed their last concert before a government-mandated COVID-19 related lockdown with a performance of the piece conducted by Kirill Petrenko, "to draw attention to the plight of artists following the lockdown of cultural institutions".

2010 UK Christmas Number One campaign
In the week leading up to Christmas 2010, a Facebook page was created to encourage people in the UK to buy a new rendition of 4′33″ in the hope that it would prevent the winner of the seventh series of The X Factor from topping the UK Singles Chart and achieving the Christmas number one. The page was inspired by an earlier campaign in which a Facebook page set up by Jon Morter and his then wife, Tracey, prompted people to buy "Killing in the Name" by American rap rock group Rage Against the Machine in the week before Christmas 2009, and has therefore been dubbed "Cage Against the Machine". The creators of the Facebook page hoped that reaching number one would help to promote the piece and "make December 25 'a silent night'."

The campaign received support from several celebrities. It first came into prominence after it was mentioned by science writer Ben Goldacre on his Twitter profile. One of several similar campaigns, the Facebook page was called "the only effort this year with a hope of [reaching Number One]" by The Guardian journalist Tom Ewing in September. XFM DJ Eddy Temple-Morris also voiced his support on his blog, as did Guardian journalist Luke Bainbridge. This version of Cage's work failed to make number 1, but charted at number 21 on the UK Singles Chart.

Notes

Sources

  New York: Schirmer, .

Further reading
 Arns, Inke and Daniels, Dieter. 2012. Sounds Like Silence. Hartware MedienKunstVerein. Leipzig: Spector Books.
 Davies, Stephen. 1997. "John Cage's 4′33″: Is it music?" Australasian Journal of Philosophy, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 448–462.
 Dodd, Julian. 2017. "What 4′33″ Is". Australasian Journal of Philosophy.
 Gann, Kyle. 2010. No Such Thing as Silence: John Cage's 4′33″. Icons of America. New Haven: Yale University Press.
 Garten, Joel. February 20, 2014. Interview With MoMA Curator David Platzker About the New Exhibition on John Cage. The Huffington Post.
 Katschthaler, Karl. 2016. "Absence, Presence and Potentiality: John Cage's 4′33″ Revisited", pp. 166–179. , in Wolf, Werner and Bernhart, Walter (eds.). Silence and Absence in Literature and Music. Leiden: Brill.
 Lipov, Anatoly. 2015. "4'33" as the Play of Silent Presence. Stillness, or Anarchy of Silence?" Culture and Art, numbers 4, pp. 436–454,  and 6, pp. 669–686, .
 Liu, Gerald C. 2017. "The Epistle of 4′33″". In Music and the Generosity of God, 53–67. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. .

External links
What John Cage's silent symphony really means", BBC News
"Radio 3 plays 'silent symphony'", BBC Online. (includes RealAudio sound file)
A quiet night out with Cage from the UK Observer
The Music of Chance from the UK Guardian newspaper
The Sounds of Silence further commentary by Peter Gutmann
Video of a 2004 orchestral performance

Audio
John Cage's 4′33″ in MIDI, OGG, Au, and WAV formats.
John Cage's 4′33″ from National Public Radio's "The 100 most important American musical works of the 20th century" (RealAudio file format)
Interview with Kyle Gann about 4'33" on The Next Track podcast

App
John Cage's 4′33″ as an iPhone app, published by the John Cage Trust (2014)

Compositions by John Cage
Postmodern art
Silence
1952 compositions

4′33″