Georg Arthur Constantin Friedrich Zander (also Tsander, , tr. ; ,   – 28 March 1933), was a Baltic German pioneer of rocketry and spaceflight in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. He designed the first liquid-fueled rocket to be launched in the Soviet Union, GIRD-X, and made many important theoretical contributions to the road to space.

Biography
Zander was born in Riga, Russian Empire, into a Baltic German commoner family. His father Arthur Georg Zander was a doctor, but Friedrich Zander was fascinated by other natural sciences. Zander was enrolled in the Riga urban technical high school in 1898, for a seven-year program in which he was a top student. During this time, he became acquainted with the work of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and space travel became his foremost scientific passion. While studying engineering at the Riga Polytechnic Institute, he carried out trajectory calculations for a flight to Mars. Mars held a special fascination for Zander, and "Forward to Mars!" (Вперед, на Марс!) became his famous motto.

He graduated with his engineering degree in 1914, moved to Moscow in 1915. He worked at the "Provodnik" rubber plant, then in 1919 worked at Aircraft Factory No. 4 ("Motor"). In 1923, he was married to A.F. Milyukova, and they had a daughter named Astra and a son named Mercury. Mercury died of scarlet fever in 1929. After several years of unemployment and intensive research on rocketry and space travel, in 1926, Zander began work at the Central Design Bureau of Aviation, and in 1930 worked at the Central Institute of Aviation Motor Construction (TsIAM).

Scientific contributions

In 1908, he made notes about the problems of interplanetary travel in which he addressed issues such as life support and became the first to suggest growing plants in greenhouses aboard a spacecraft. In 1911, he published plans for a spacecraft built using combustible alloys of aluminum in its structure that would take off like a conventional aircraft and then burn its wings for fuel as it reached the upper atmosphere and no longer needed them. In 1921, he presented his material to the Association of Inventors (AIIZ), where he met and discussed space travel with V.I. Lenin, who was attending the conference. In 1924, he published it in the journal of Technology and Life (Tekhnika i Zhizn).

1924 was a particularly active year for Zander. The year before, Hermann Oberth had published the influential theoretical work "Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen" ("The rocket to interplanetary space"), which in turn introduced Zander and other Russian enthusiasts to the ground breaking work by Robert Goddard ("A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes" published in 1919). Zander took advantage of this by promoting Tsiolkovsky's work, and developing it further. Together with Vladimir Vetchinkin and members of a rocketry club at the airforce academy, he founded the Society for Studies of Interplanetary Travel. In an early publication, they would be the first to suggest using the Earth's atmosphere as a way of braking a re-entering spacecraft. The same year, Zander lodged a patent in Moscow for a winged rocket that he believed would be suitable for interplanetary flight, and in October gave a lecture to the Moscow Institute on the possibility of reaching Mars by rocket. During questioning after the lecture, he summarised the importance of reaching this planet in particular: "because it has an atmosphere and the capacity to support life. Mars is also known as 'the red star' and this is the emblem of our grand Soviet army."

Around this time, Zander became the first to suggest the solar sail as a means of spacecraft propulsion, although Johannes Kepler had suggested a solar wind sail in the 17th century.

In 1925 Zander presented a paper, "Problems of flight by jet propulsion: interplanetary flights," in which he suggested that a spacecraft traveling between two planets could be accelerated at the beginning of its trajectory and decelerated at the end of its trajectory by using the gravity of the two planets' moons — a method known as gravity assist. Zander showed his deep understanding of the physics behind the concept and he foresaw the advantage it could play for interplanetary travels, with a vision far ahead of his contemporaries.

In 1929–1930, while at the IAM, Zander worked on his first engine, OR-1, which ran on compressed air and gasoline and was based on a modified blowtorch. He also taught courses at the Moscow Aviation Institute during this time.  In 1931, Zander was a founding member of GIRD (Group for the Study of Reactive Motion) (Группа изучения реактивного движения (ГИРД)) in Moscow. As head of brigade #1, Zander worked on the OR-2 (GIRD-02) rocket engine, to power the "216" winged cruise missile. He also worked on the engine and rocket GIRD-10, which flew successfully on 25 November 1933. Zander had designed the rocket, but did not live to see it fly, having died of typhus in March of that year in the city of Kislovodsk.

Tributes

 The crater Tsander on the Moon is named after him.
 The Latvian Academy of Sciences awards a physics and mathematics prize in his honour.
 Starting 1992, the Russian Academy of Sciences awards the Tsander Prize, the highest scientific award of the Russian Academy of Sciences for "outstanding theoretical work in the field of rocket and space science".
 Zander is featured on stamps of Soviet Union (1964), Latvia (2012) and Russia (2012)
 Zander's family home in Riga was a museum (until the recent change in its ownership), and the street it is located on is named after him.
 Мonument installed near the family home in Riga
 Streets named after Zander are also in Moscow and in Kislovodsk.

See also
 List of Baltic German scientists

References

Bibliography

Technical translation by NASA:

 Georgiy Stepanovich Vetrov, ''S. P. Korolyov and space. First steps. — 1994 M. Nauka,  .
 Д.Я. Зильманович «Пионер советского ракетостроения Ф.А.Цандер», М., 1966. – 196 с.

1887 births
1933 deaths
Engineers from Riga
People from the Governorate of Livonia
Baltic-German people
Soviet engineers
Soviet spaceflight pioneers
20th-century Russian engineers
Latvian scientists
20th-century Latvian inventors
Soviet inventors
Early spaceflight scientists
Rocket scientists
Riga Technical University alumni
Academic staff of Moscow Aviation Institute
Infectious disease deaths in the Soviet Union
Deaths from typhus
Russian scientists

Friedrich Zander


A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.

Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe. The main distinction is that the focus of a compressor is to change the density or volume of the fluid, which is mostly only achievable on gases. Gases are compressible, while liquids are relatively incompressible, so compressors are rarely used for liquids. The main action of a pump is to pressurize and transport liquids.

Many compressors can be staged, that is, the fluid is compressed several times in steps or stages, to increase discharge pressure. Often, the second stage is physically smaller than the primary stage, to accommodate the already compressed gas without reducing its pressure. Each stage further compresses the gas and increases its pressure and also temperature (if inter cooling between stages is not used).

Types
The main and important types of gas compressors are illustrated and discussed below:

Positive displacement
A positive displacement compressor is a system that compresses the air by the displacement of a mechanical linkage reducing the volume (since the reduction in volume due to a piston in thermodynamics is considered as positive displacement of the piston).

Put another way, a positive displacement compressor is one that operates by drawing in a discrete volume of gas from its inlet then forcing that gas to exit via the compressor's outlet.  The increase in the pressure of the gas is due, at least in part, to the compressor pumping it at a mass flow rate which cannot pass through the outlet at the lower pressure and density of the inlet.

Reciprocating compressors

Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft. They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines. Small reciprocating compressors from 5 to 30 horsepower (hp) are commonly seen in automotive applications and are typically for intermittent duty. Larger reciprocating compressors well over  are commonly found in large industrial and petroleum applications. Discharge pressures can range from low pressure to very high pressure (>18000 psi or 124 MPa). In certain applications, such as air compression, multi-stage double-acting compressors are said to be the most efficient compressors available, and are typically larger, and more costly than comparable rotary units.
Another type of reciprocating compressor, usually employed in automotive cabin air conditioning systems, is the swash plate or wobble plate compressor, which uses pistons moved by a swash plate mounted on a shaft (see axial piston pump).

Household, home workshop, and smaller job site compressors are typically reciprocating compressors 1½ hp or less with an attached receiver tank.

A linear compressor is a reciprocating compressor with the piston being the rotor of a linear motor.

This type of compressor can compress a wide range of gases, including refrigerant, hydrogen, and natural gas. Because of this, it finds use in a wide range of applications in many different industries and can be designed to a wide range of capacities, by varying size, number of cylinders, and cylinder unloading. However, it suffers from higher losses due to clearance volumes, resistance due to discharge and suction valves, weighs more, is difficult to maintain due to having a large number of moving parts, and it has inherent vibration.

Ionic liquid piston compressor

An ionic liquid piston compressor, ionic compressor or ionic liquid piston pump is a hydrogen compressor based on an ionic liquid piston instead of a metal piston as in a piston-metal diaphragm compressor.

Rotary screw compressors

Rotary screw compressors use two meshed rotating positive-displacement helical screws to force the gas into a smaller space. These are usually used for continuous operation in commercial and industrial applications and may be either stationary or portable. Their application can be from  to over  and from low pressure to moderately high pressure (>).

The classifications of rotary screw compressors vary based on stages, cooling methods, and drive types among others. Rotary screw compressors are commercially produced in Oil Flooded, Water Flooded and Dry type.
The efficiency of rotary compressors depends on the air drier, and the selection of air drier is always 1.5 times volumetric delivery of the compressor.

Designs with a single screw or three screws instead of two exist.

Screw compressors have less moving components, larger capacity, less vibration and surging, can operate at variable speeds, and typically have higher efficiency. Small sizes or low rotor speeds are not practical due to inherent leaks caused by clearance between the compression cavities or screws and compressor housing. They depend on fine machining tolerances to avoid high leakage losses and are prone to damage if operated incorrectly or poorly serviced.

Rotary vane compressors

Rotary vane compressors consist of a rotor with a number of blades inserted in radial slots in the rotor. The rotor is mounted offset in a larger housing that is either circular or a more complex shape. As the rotor turns, blades slide in and out of the slots keeping contact with the outer wall of the housing. Thus, a series of increasing and decreasing volumes is created by the rotating blades. Rotary vane compressors are, with piston compressors one of the oldest of compressor technologies.

With suitable port connections, the devices may be either a compressor or a vacuum pump. They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines. Dry vane machines are used at relatively low pressures (e.g., ) for bulk material movement while oil-injected machines have the necessary volumetric efficiency to achieve pressures up to about  in a single stage. A rotary vane compressor is well suited to electric motor drive and is significantly quieter in operation than the equivalent piston compressor.

Rotary vane compressors can have mechanical efficiencies of about 90%.

Rolling piston

The Rolling piston in a rolling piston style compressor plays the part of a partition between the vane and the rotor. Rolling piston forces gas against a stationary vane.

2 of these compressors can be mounted on the same shaft to increase capacity and reduce vibration and noise. A design without a spring is known as a swing compressor.

In refrigeration and air conditioning, this type of compressor is also known as a rotary compressor, with rotary screw compressors being also known simply as screw compressors.

It offers higher efficiency than reciprocating compressors due to less losses from the clearance volume between the piston and the compressor casing, it's 40% to 50% smaller and lighter for a given capacity (which can impact material and shipping costs when used in a product), causes less vibration, has fewer components and is more reliable than a reciprocating compressor. But its structure does not allow capacities beyond 5 refrigeration tons, is less reliable than other compressor types, and is less efficient than other compressor types due to losses from the clearance volume.

Scroll compressors

A scroll compressor, also known as scroll pump and scroll vacuum pump, uses two interleaved spiral-like vanes to pump or compress fluids such as liquids and gases. The vane geometry may be involute, archimedean spiral, or hybrid curves. They operate more smoothly, quietly, and reliably than other types of compressors in the lower volume range.

Often, one of the scrolls is fixed, while the other orbits eccentrically without rotating, thereby trapping and pumping or compressing pockets of fluid between the scrolls.

Due to minimum clearance volume between the fixed scroll and the orbiting scroll, these compressors have a very high volumetric efficiency.

These compressors are extensively used in air conditioning and refrigeration because they are lighter, smaller and have fewer moving parts than reciprocating compressors and they are also more reliable. They are more expensive though, so peltier coolers or rotary and reciprocating compressors may be used in applications where cost is the most important or one of the most important factors to consider when designing a refrigeration or air conditioning system.

This type of compressor was used as the supercharger on Volkswagen G60 and G40 engines in the early 1990s.

When compared with reciprocating and rolling piston compressors, scroll compressors are more reliable since they have fewer components and have a simpler structure, are more efficient since they have no clearance volume nor valves, and possess the advantages both of surging less and not vibrating so much. But, when compared with screw and centrifugal compressors, scroll compressors have lower efficiencies and smaller capacities.

Diaphragm compressors

A diaphragm compressor (also known as a membrane compressor) is a variant of the conventional reciprocating compressor. The compression of gas occurs by the movement of a flexible membrane, instead of an intake element. The back and forth movement of the membrane is driven by a rod and a crankshaft mechanism. Only the membrane and the compressor box come in contact with the gas being compressed.

The degree of flexing and the material constituting the diaphragm affects the maintenance life of the equipment. Generally stiff metal diaphragms may only displace a few cubic centimeters of volume because the metal can not endure large degrees of flexing without cracking, but the stiffness of a metal diaphragm allows it to pump at high pressures. Rubber or silicone diaphragms are capable of enduring deep pumping strokes of very high flexion, but their low strength limits their use to low-pressure applications, and they need to be replaced as plastic embrittlement occurs.

Diaphragm compressors are used for hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) as well as in a number of other applications.

The photograph on the right depicts a three-stage diaphragm compressor used to compress hydrogen gas to  for use in a prototype compressed hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling station built in downtown Phoenix, Arizona by the Arizona Public Service company (an electric utilities company). Reciprocating compressors were used to compress the natural gas. The reciprocating natural gas compressor was developed by Sertco.

The prototype alternative fueling station was built in compliance with all of the prevailing safety, environmental and building codes in Phoenix to demonstrate that such fueling stations could be built in urban areas.

Dynamic

Air bubble compressor
Also known as a trompe. A mixture of air and water generated through turbulence is allowed to fall into a subterranean chamber where the air separates from the water. The weight of falling water compresses the air in the top of the chamber. A submerged outlet from the chamber allows water to flow to the surface at a lower height than the intake. An outlet in the roof of the chamber supplies the compressed air to the surface. A facility on this principle was built on the Montreal River at Ragged Shutes near Cobalt, Ontario in 1910 and supplied 5,000 horsepower to nearby mines.

Centrifugal compressors

Centrifugal compressors use a rotating disk or impeller in a shaped housing to force the gas to the rim of the impeller, increasing the velocity of the gas. A diffuser (divergent duct) section converts the velocity energy to pressure energy. They are primarily used for continuous, stationary service in industries such as oil refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants and natural gas processing plants. Their application can be from  to thousands of horsepower. With multiple staging, they can achieve high output pressures greater than .

This type of compressor, along with screw compressors, are extensively used in large refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Magnetic bearing (magnetically levitated) and air bearing centrifugal compressors exist.

Many large snowmaking operations (like ski resorts) use this type of compressor. They are also used in internal combustion engines as superchargers and turbochargers. Centrifugal compressors are used in small gas turbine engines or as the final compression stage of medium-sized gas turbines.

Centrifugal compressors are the largest available compressors, offer higher efficiencies under partial loads, may be oil-free when using air or magnetic bearings which increases the heat transfer coefficient in evaporators and condensers, weigh up to 90% less and occupy 50% less space than reciprocating compressors, are reliable and cost less to maintain since less components are exposed to wear, and only generate minimal vibration. But, their initial cost is higher, require highly precise CNC machining, the impeller needs to rotate at high speeds making small compressors impractical, and surging becomes more likely. Surging is gas flow reversal, meaning that the gas goes from the discharge to the suction side, which can cause serious damage, specially in the compressor bearings and its drive shaft. It is caused by a pressure on the discharge side that is higher than the output pressure of the compressor. This can cause gases to flow back and forth between the compressor and whatever is connected to its discharge line, causing oscillations.

Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors
Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors are similar to centrifugal compressors, but have a radial and axial velocity component at the exit from the rotor. The diffuser is often used to turn diagonal flow to an axial rather than radial direction. Comparative to the conventional centrifugal compressor (of the same stage pressure ratio), the value of the speed of the mixed flow compressor is 1.5 times larger.

Axial compressors

Axial compressors are dynamic rotating compressors that use arrays of fan-like airfoils to progressively compress a fluid. They are used where high flow rates or a compact design are required.

The arrays of airfoils are set in rows, usually as pairs: one rotating and one stationary. The rotating airfoils, also known as blades or rotors, accelerate the fluid. The stationary airfoils, also known as stators or vanes, decelerate and redirect the flow direction of the fluid, preparing it for the rotor blades of the next stage. Axial compressors are almost always multi-staged, with the cross-sectional area of the gas passage diminishing along the compressor to maintain an optimum axial Mach number. Beyond about 5 stages or a 4:1 design pressure ratio a compressor will not function unless fitted with features such as stationary vanes with variable angles (known as variable inlet guide vanes and variable stators), the ability to allow some air to escape part-way along the compressor (known as interstage bleed) and being split into more than one rotating assembly (known as twin spools, for example).

Axial compressors can have high efficiencies; around 90% polytropic at their design conditions. However, they are relatively expensive, requiring a large number of components, tight tolerances and high quality materials. Axial compressors are used in medium to large gas turbine engines, natural gas pumping stations, and some chemical plants.

Hermetically sealed, open, or semi-hermetic

Compressors used in refrigeration systems must exhibit near-zero leakage to avoid the loss of the refrigerant if they are to function for years without service. This necessitates the use of very effective seals, or even the elimination of all seals and openings to form a hermetic system. These compressors are often described as being either hermetic, open, or semi-hermetic, to describe how the compressor is enclosed and how the motor drive is situated in relation to the gas or vapor being compressed. Some compressors outside of refrigeration service may also be hermetically sealed to some extent, typically when handling toxic, polluting, or expensive gasses, with most non-refrigeration applications being in the petrochemical industry.

In hermetic and most semi-hermetic compressors, the compressor and motor driving the compressor are integrated, and operate within the pressurized gas envelope of the system. The motor is designed to operate in, and be cooled by, the refrigerant gas being compressed. Open compressors have an external motor driving a shaft that passes through the body of the compressor and rely on rotary seals around the shaft to retain the internal pressure.

The difference between the hermetic and semi-hermetic, is that the hermetic uses a one-piece welded steel casing that cannot be opened for repair; if the hermetic fails it is simply replaced with an entire new unit. A semi-hermetic uses a large cast metal shell with gasketed covers with screws that can be opened to replace motor and compressor components. The primary advantage of a hermetic and semi-hermetic is that there is no route for the gas to leak out of the system. The main advantages of open compressors is that they can be driven by any motive power source, allowing the most appropriate motor to be selected for the application, or even non-electric power sources such as an internal combustion engine or steam turbine, and secondly the motor of an open compressor can be serviced without opening any part of the refrigerant system.

An open pressurized system such as an automobile air conditioner can be more susceptible to leak its operating gases. Open systems rely on lubricant in the system to splash on pump components and seals. If it is not operated frequently enough, the lubricant on the seals slowly evaporates, and then the seals begin to leak until the system is no longer functional and must be recharged. By comparison, a hermetic or semi-hermetic system can sit unused for years, and can usually be started up again at any time without requiring maintenance or experiencing any loss of system pressure. Even well lubricated seals will leak a small amount of gas over time, particularly if the refrigeration gasses are soluble in the lubricating oil, but if the seals are well manufactured and maintained this loss is very low.

The disadvantage of hermetic compressors is that the motor drive cannot be repaired or maintained, and the entire compressor must be replaced if a motor fails. A further disadvantage is that burnt-out windings can contaminate the whole systems, thereby requiring the system to be entirely pumped down and the gas replaced (This can also happen in semi hermetic compressors where the motor operates in the refrigerant). Typically, hermetic compressors are used in low-cost factory-assembled consumer goods where the cost of repair and labor is high compared to the value of the device, and it would be more economical to just purchase a new device or compressor. Semi-hermetic compressors are used in mid-sized to large refrigeration and air conditioning systems, where it is cheaper to repair and/or refurbish the compressor compared to the price of a new one. A hermetic compressor is simpler and cheaper to build than a semi-hermetic or open compressor.

Thermodynamics of gas compression

Isentropic compressor
A compressor can be idealized as internally reversible and adiabatic, thus an isentropic steady state device, meaning the change in entropy is 0.

The enthalpy change for a flow process can be calculated.

dH = VdP +TdS

Isentropic dS is zero.

dH = VdP

Non flow isentropic processes like some positive displacement compressors may use a different equation.

dH = PdV

By defining the compression cycle as isentropic, an ideal efficiency for the process can be attained, and the ideal compressor performance can be compared to the actual performance of the machine. Isotropic Compression as used in ASME PTC 10 Code refers to a reversible, adiabatic compression process

Isentropic efficiency of Compressors:

  is the enthalpy at the initial state
  is the enthalpy at the final state for the actual process
  is the enthalpy at the final state for the isentropic process

Minimizing work required by a compressor

Comparing reversible to irreversible compressors

Comparison of the differential form of the energy balance for each device

Let  be heat,  be work,  be kinetic energy and  be potential energy.

Actual Compressor:

Reversible Compressor:

The right hand side of each compressor type is equivalent, thus:

re-arranging:

By substituting the known equation  into the last equation and dividing both terms by T:

Furthermore,  and T is [absolute temperature] () which produces:

or

Therefore, work-consuming devices such as pumps and compressors (work is negative) require less work when they operate reversibly.

Effect of cooling during the compression process

isentropic process: involves no cooling,

polytropic process: involves some cooling

isothermal process: involves maximum cooling

By making the following assumptions the required work for the compressor to compress a gas from  to  is the following for each process:

Assumptions:

  and

 Flow processes VdP
 All processes are internally reversible
 The gas behaves like an ideal gas with constant specific heats

Isentropic (, where ):

Polytropic ():

Isothermal ( or ):

By comparing the three internally reversible processes compressing an ideal gas from  to , the results show that isentropic compression () requires the most work in and the isothermal compression( or ) requires the least amount of work in. For the polytropic process () work in decreases as the exponent, n, decreases, by increasing the heat rejection during the compression process. One common way of cooling the gas during compression is to use cooling jackets around the casing of the compressor.

Compressors in ideal thermodynamic cycles
Ideal Rankine Cycle 1->2 Isentropic compression in a pump

Ideal Carnot Cycle 4->1 Isentropic compression

Ideal Otto Cycle 1->2 Isentropic compression

Ideal Diesel Cycle 1->2 Isentropic compression

Ideal Brayton Cycle 1->2 Isentropic compression in a compressor

Ideal  Vapor-compression refrigeration Cycle 1->2 Isentropic compression in a compressor

NOTE: The isentropic assumptions are only applicable with ideal cycles. Real world cycles have inherent losses due to inefficient compressors and turbines. The real world system are not truly isentropic but are rather idealized as isentropic for calculation purposes.

Temperature

Compression of a gas increases its temperature.

For a polytropic transformation of a gas:

The work done for polytropic compression (or expansion) of a gas into a closed cylinder.

so

in which p is pressure, V is volume, n takes different values for different compression processes (see below), and 1 & 2 refer to initial and final states.

 Adiabatic – This model assumes that no energy (heat) is transferred to or from the gas during the compression, and all supplied work is added to the internal energy of the gas, resulting in increases of temperature and pressure. Theoretical temperature rise is:

with T1 and T2 in degrees Rankine or kelvins, p2 and p1 being absolute pressures and  ratio of specific heats (approximately 1.4 for air).  The rise in air and temperature ratio means compression does not follow a simple pressure to volume ratio. This is less efficient, but quick. Adiabatic compression or expansion more closely model real life when a compressor has good insulation, a large gas volume, or a short time scale (i.e., a high power level). In practice there will always be a certain amount of heat flow out of the compressed gas. Thus, making a perfect adiabatic compressor would require perfect heat insulation of all parts of the machine. For example, even a bicycle tire pump's metal tube becomes hot as you compress the air to fill a tire. The relation between temperature and compression ratio described above means that the value of  for an adiabatic process is  (the ratio of specific heats).

 Isothermal – This model assumes that the compressed gas remains at a constant temperature throughout the compression or expansion process. In this cycle, internal energy is removed from the system as heat at the same rate that it is added by the mechanical work of compression. Isothermal compression or expansion more closely models real life when the compressor has a large heat exchanging surface, a small gas volume, or a long time scale (i.e., a small power level). Compressors that utilize inter-stage cooling between compression stages come closest to achieving perfect isothermal compression. However, with practical devices perfect isothermal compression is not attainable. For example, unless you have an infinite number of compression stages with corresponding intercoolers, you will never achieve perfect isothermal compression.

For an isothermal process,  is 1, so the value of the work integral for an isothermal process is:

When evaluated, the isothermal work is found to be lower than the adiabatic work.

 Polytropic – This model takes into account both a rise in temperature in the gas as well as some loss of energy (heat) to the compressor's components. This assumes that heat may enter or leave the system, and that input shaft work can appear as both increased pressure (usually useful work) and increased temperature above adiabatic (usually losses due to cycle efficiency). Compression efficiency is then the ratio of temperature rise at theoretical 100 percent (adiabatic) vs. actual (polytropic). Polytropic compression will use a value of  between 0 (a constant-pressure process) and infinity (a constant volume process). For the typical case where an effort is made to cool the gas compressed by an approximately adiabatic process, the value of  will be between 1 and .

Staged compression
In the case of centrifugal compressors, commercial designs currently do not exceed a compression ratio of more than 3.5 to 1 in any one stage (for a typical gas). Since compression raises the temperature, the compressed gas is to be cooled between stages making the compression less adiabatic and more isothermal. The inter-stage coolers (intercoolers) typically result in some partial condensation that is removed in vapor–liquid separators.

In the case of small reciprocating compressors, the compressor flywheel may drive a cooling fan that directs ambient air across the intercooler of a two or more stage compressor.

Because rotary screw compressors can make use of cooling lubricant to reduce the temperature rise from compression, they very often exceed a 9 to 1 compression ratio. For instance, in a typical diving compressor the air is compressed in three stages. If each stage has a compression ratio of 7 to 1, the compressor can output 343 times atmospheric pressure (7 × 7 × 7 = 343 atmospheres). ()

Drive motors
There are many options for the motor that powers the compressor:
 Gas turbines power the axial and centrifugal flow compressors that are part of jet engines.
 Steam turbines or water turbines are possible for large compressors.
 Electric motors are cheap and quiet for static compressors. Small motors suitable for domestic electrical supplies use single-phase alternating current. Larger motors can only be used where an industrial electrical three phase alternating current supply is available.
 Diesel engines or petrol engines are suitable for portable compressors and support compressors.
 In automobiles and other types of vehicles (including piston-powered airplanes, boats, trucks, etc.), diesel or gasoline engine's power output can be increased by compressing the intake air, so that more fuel can be burned per cycle. These engines can power compressors using their own crankshaft power (this setup known as a supercharger), or, use their exhaust gas to drive a turbine connected to the compressor (this setup known as a turbocharger).

Lubrication
Compressors that are driven by an electric motor can be controlled using a VFD or power inverter, however many hermetic and semi-hermetic compressors can only work in a range of or at fixed speeds, since they may include built-in oil pumps. The built-in oil pump is connected to the same shaft that drives the compressor, and forces oil into the compressor and motor bearings. At low speeds, insufficient quantities of oil reach the bearings, eventually leading to bearing failure, while at high speeds, excessive amounts of oil may be lost from the bearings and compressor and potentially into the discharge line due to splashing. Eventually the oil runs out and the bearings are left unlubricated, leading to failure, and the oil may contaminate the refrigerant, air or other working gas.

Applications
Gas compressors are used in various applications where either higher pressures or lower volumes of gas are needed:
 In pipeline transport of purified natural gas from the production site to the consumer, a compressor is driven by a motor fueled by gas bled from the pipeline. Thus, no external power source is necessary.
 In maritime cargo transport and cargo operations by gas carriers.
 Petroleum refineries, natural gas processing plants, petrochemical and chemical plants, and similar large industrial plants require compressing for intermediate and end-product gases.
 Refrigeration and air conditioner equipment use compressors to move heat in refrigerant cycles (see vapor-compression refrigeration).
 Gas turbine systems compress the intake combustion air.
 Small-volume purified or manufactured gases require compression to fill high pressure cylinders for medical, welding, and other uses.
 Various industrial, manufacturing, and building processes require compressed air to power pneumatic tools.
 In the manufacturing and blow moulding of PET plastic bottles and containers.
 Some aircraft require compressors to maintain cabin pressurization at altitude.
 Some types of jet engines—such as turbojets and turbofans—compress the air required for fuel combustion. The jet engine's turbines power the combustion air compressor.
 In underwater diving, self-contained breathing apparatus, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and other life support equipment, compressors provide pressurised breathing gas either directly or via high pressure gas storage containers, such as diving cylinders. In surface supplied diving, an air compressor is generally used to supply low pressure air (10 to 20 bar) for breathing.
 Submarines use compressors to store air for later use in displacing water from buoyancy chambers to adjust buoyancy.
 Turbochargers and superchargers are compressors that increase internal combustion engine performance by increasing the mass flow of air inside the cylinder, so the engine can burn more fuel and hence produce more power.
 Rail and heavy road transport vehicles use compressed air to operate rail vehicle or road vehicle brakes—and various other systems (doors, windscreen wipers, engine, gearbox control, etc.).
 Service stations and auto repair shops use compressed air to fill pneumatic tires and power pneumatic tools.
 Fire pistons and heat pumps exist to heat air or other gasses, and compressing the gas is only a means to that end.
 Rotary lobe compressors are often used to provide air in pneumatic conveying lines for powder or solids. Pressure reached can range from 0.5 to 2 bar g.

See also

  (piston compressor)
  (a lobe-type compressor)

References

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

Diving support equipment
Gas technologies
Industrial gases

Compressor


Cezar, măscăriciul piraților  sau Capcana sau Cine îndrăznește să verifice dacă împăratul are chelie falsă este o piesă de teatru a autorului român Dumitru Radu Popescu. A avut premiera la 1 noiembrie 1968 în regia lui Ion Deloreanu.

Prezentare

Pe un vas de pirați, un ins autointitulat Cezar are neagra fantezie de a-și înscena moartea în Senat. Piesa de teatru se bazează pe un eveniment real consemnat în Vieți paralele de Plutarh: răpirea lui Cezar de către un grup de pirați.  Plutarh  descrie modul în care Cezar i-a amuzat pe răpitorii săi, scriind și recitând poezii și discursuri; pe cei cărora nu le plăceau îi cataloga  neciopliți și barbari și îi amenința, râzând, că-i spânzură. Pirații se amuzau pe seama faptelor lui Cezar, considerând îndrăzneala lui drept nebunie, simplitate și glumă.

Personaje
Personaje și actorii premierei:
 Cezar:  Jean Săndulescu
 Căpitanul:  Octavian Uleu
 Piele:  Ion Abrudan
 Grasul:  Ioan Pater
 Slabul:  Marcel Segărceanu
 Dânsa:  Ligia Moga
 Piratul chior:  Grig Schițcu
 Piratul beat:  Ion Martin

Teatru radiofonic
 2003 - Adaptare de Georgeta Răboj și Constantin Dinischiotu, regia artistică: Constantin Dinischiotu. Cu actorii: Dan Condurache, Virgil Ogășanu, George Ivașcu, Valentin Teodosiu, Petre Lupu, Emilia Popescu, Eugen Cristea, Alexandru Bindea, Sorin Gheorghiu, Dumitru Chesa, Gh. Pufulete. Regia de studio: Janina Dicu, regia muzicală: George Marcu, regia tehnică: Vasile Manta.

Ecranizării

Referințe și note

Bibliografie
 Prezentul absent. Pușa Roth în dialog cu Dumitru Radu Popescu, postfață și biobibliografie de Costin Tuchilă, Iași, Editura Ars Longa, col. "Summa cum laude", 5, 2013.

Vezi și
 1968 în teatru

 Listă de piese de teatru românești

Piese de teatru românești
Piese de teatru de Dumitru Radu Popescu

Cezar, măscăriciul piraților


The 12th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 29, 1992, at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel to recognize the worst the movie industry had to offer in 1991.

Awards and nominations

Films with multiple nominations
These films received multiple nominations:

See also

1991 in film
64th Academy Awards
45th British Academy Film Awards
49th Golden Globe Awards

References

External links
Razzie Awards 1992 on imdb

Golden Raspberry Awards
Golden Raspberry Awards ceremonies
1992 in American cinema
1992 in California
Golden Raspberry

12th Golden Raspberry Awards


Javier Zarzalejos, né le  à Bilbao, est un homme politique espagnol, membre du Parti populaire (PP).

Biographie

Distinctions
  Grand-croix de l'ordre d'Isabelle la Catholique (2004)

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des députés européens d'Espagne de la 9e législature - Liste des députés européens de la 9e législature

Liens externes

Député européen membre du Parti populaire (Espagne)
Député européen du groupe du Parti populaire européen 2019-2024
Député européen élu en Espagne 2019-2024
Naissance en août 1944
Naissance à Madrid

Javier Zarzalejos


O anthias-de-cabeça-roxa (Sacura speciosa), também conhecido como sacura-da-Indonésia, é uma espécie de anthias do gênero Sacura, que pertence a subfamília Anthiinae e a família Serranidae. É um peixe de cores brilhantes, possuindo um corpo com a coloração avermelhada e amarela, além de possuir uma listra larga branca no meio do corpo, sua cabeça é a parte mais chamativa de toda a sua coloração, pois é um roxo brilhante e chamativo, além de possuir olhos azulados, com um contorno amarelo próximo as pupilas dos olhos. São nativos de recifes mesofóticos do Pacífico Ocidental Central.

Etimologia
A etimologia de Sacura speciosa, vem da palavra japonesa "sakura" que significa cerejeira (referência da coloração rosa da espécie tipo do gênero, Sakuradai (Sacura margaritacea), "speciosa", vem do latim, que significa algo bonito ou esplendido, fazendo referência a sua coloração brilhante e chamativa. A localidade tipo desta espécie é a Baída Manado, em Sulawesi, Indonésia.

Biologia
Grande parte de sua biologia é desconhecida, vive em recifes mesofóticos, próximo dos 150 m de profundidade.

Distribuição
São nativos do Pacífico Ocidental Central, nas proximidades da Indonésia (Sulawesi) e recentemente encontrado nas Filipinas, possivelmente pode ser encontrado na Malásia e nos recifes profundos do Triângulo de Coral.

Sacura
Peixes da Indonésia
Peixes das Filipinas

Peixes do Oceano Pacífico

Anthias-de-cabeça-roxa


السويبيون (بالألمانية Sueben، بالإنكليزيةSuebi) شعب جرماني قادم من منطقة بحر البلطيق.

الأصول
قبل ألفي سنة عـُرف بحر البلطيق لدى الرومان باسم البحر السويبي. يعزى ذلك جزئيًا لقلة معرفتهم بمختلف الشعوب الجرمانية التي تعاملت مع روما، وقد أشار المؤرخ كورنيليوس تاسيتوس إلى جميع جرمان إلبه باسم الهرمينونيين أو السويبيين، ولعله بذلك بسـّط كثيرًا من واقع أن القبائل ليست دائمًا وثيقة الصلة.

هاجر السويبيون جنوبًا وغربًا، مقيمين لفترة في بلاد الراين بألمانيا الحالية، حيث بقي اسمهم في المنطقة المعروفة باسم سوابيا. تحت قيادة أريوفيست هبط السويبيون بلاد الغال بدعوة من الهايدويين، وسرعان ما هيمنوا عليهم وفي النهاية هزمهم يوليوس قيصر بمعركة بيبراكتي بالألزاس سنة 58 ق.م.

وثيقو الصلة بقبيلة الألامانيين وغالبًا ما تصرفوا بالاتفاق معهم، استقر معظم السويبيين على الضفة اليمنى لنهر الراين حتى أوائل القرن الخامس، عندما اتحد الجزء الأكبر من القبيلة مع الوندال والألانيين لاختراق الحدود الرومانية في ماينس ومن هناك يغزون بلاد الغال (سمي جزء منهم بسويبيي الشمال، ذكروا سنة 569 بقيادة الملك الفرنكي سيغبيرت الأول، في سكسونيا العليا الحالية). كما ذكر السويبيون رفقة الساكسون واللومبارديون في إيطاليا سنة 573.

في حين أن الوندال والألانيين تصادموا مع الفرنكيين حلفاء روما للسيطرة على بلاد الغال، توجه سويبيو الملك هرميريكوس جنوبًا وعابروا جبال البرانس وبلاد الباسك متوغلين في إسبانيا التي كانت خارج سيطرة الإمبراطورية منذ تمرد ماكسيموس وجيرونتيوس في سنة 409 فدمرت المقاطعات الجنوبية والغربية لمدة سنتين.

بعد اعتماد سياسة أكثر سلمًا، تحصل الغزاة الذين كانوا قلة لا يتجاوزون الثلاثين ألفًا من روما على صفة (foederati) أي الدعم في مقابل أداء قسم الولاء للإمبراطور هونوريوس (410).

سنة 411، أعطاهم الإمبراطور أراضي عن طريق القرعة، فأعطيت غالايسيا للسويبيين والوندال الهسدينجيين وهي المنطقة الشمالية الغربية من شبه الجزيرة الأيبيرية، وأعطيت بايتيكا للوندال السيلينجيين، أمـّا الألانيون أكبر الفصائل عديدًا فأعطوا لوسيتانيا وكارتاجينينس (العاصمة قرطاجنة).

بالتزامن مع مقاطعة بريطانيا ذاتية الحكم، كانت مملكة السويبيين في غاليسيا أولى تلك الممالك الرومانية الفرعية التي تشكلت نتيجة تفكك الإمبراطورية الرومانية الغربية وكانت الأولى بامتلاك دار خاصة بها لسك العملة.

مملكة السويبيين في غاليسيا

واستمرت من سنة 410 حتى 584 وكانت عاصمتها براكارا أوغستا، وهي مدينة براغا الحالية في البرتغال، والتي كانت من قبل عاصمة مقاطعة غالايسيا الرومانية.

توطيد المملكة
دام السلام في شبه جزيرة إيبيريا بضع سنوات فقط، وبالفعل في سنة 416، وصل واليا ملك القوط الغربييين قادمًا من أكيتانيا إلى شبه الجزيرة باسم إمبراطور الغرب مع جيش جرّار لتحريرها من البرابرة : هاجم أولا الوندال السيلينجيين الذين أبيدوا في عام 418 بعد عدة مواجهات.  ثم جاء دور الألانيين الذي هزموا بقسوة، فقرروا الاتحاد مع الوندال الأسدينجيين.  وحده استدعاء واليا أنقذ السويبيين والوندال من إبادة جماعية كان من شأنها إزالة توسع المملكة السويبية : امتدت ذروتها امتدت حتى ميريدا أو اشبيلية.

هاجم الوندال الأسدينجيون السويبيين مجبرين أيّأهم على التراجع إلى الجبال الكانتابرية (ربما لهذا السبب لم يشارك سويبيون في التمرد لـمّا انتفض الوندال سنة 422)، وبعدما تحصل إميريكو على صفة الاتحادي من الإمبراطور هونوريوس في سنة 419، وجاءت قوات إنقاذ رومانية حصرت الوندال في بيتيكا.  تبنى السويبيون مباشرة اللغة الرومانية الإسبانية المحلية.  تحصل السويبيون على صفة الاتحاديين من جديد في سنة 437 ثم سنة 438، وفي السنة نفسها أبرموا صلحًا مع الرومان الإسبان المحليين. كان للسويبيون دارًا لسك العملة خاصة بهم في عهد إميريكو.

توسع المملكة الأول

تحت قيادة ريكيلا الذي شارك والده أميريكو بالعرش، بدأ السويبيون بالتقدم في مقاطعة بيتيكا (الآن الأندلس)، واستولوا على ميريدا سنة 439 على حدود لوسيتانيا الجنوبية ثم على إشبيلية سنة 441، استغلوا صعوبات الرومان فتقدموا واحتلوا فضلًا على بيتيكا مقاطعة كارتاجيننسيس التي عاصمتها قرطاجنة (وسط وجنوب قشتالة الحالية)، كما بدؤوا بتوغلات في مقاطعة تيراكونينسيس.

تم تأكيد حالة التحالف مقابل الولاء لروما، ولكنهم تحالفوا في نفس الوقت مع قبيلة من قطاع الطرق والمرتزقة تسمى الباغاوديين ليستمروا بفتوحاتهم، فكان القسم الأكبر من شبه الجزيرة الأيبيرية عند موت ريكيلا سنة 448 في يد السويبيين، أمـّا الرومان فكاموا محصورين في الجزء الشمالي الشرقي من شبه الجزيرة.

وفي الوقت نفسه، كانت المملكة السويبية عنيفة جدًا اتجاه السكان الأصليين (يسمون بالغالايسيين) والكاثوليكية، وذلك لأن الشعب كان وثنيًا، وينحاز إلى رجال الدين الآريوسيين، وأتباع البريسيليانية ضد الأساقفة الكاثوليك المحليين.

أقيمت في عهد ركيارو علاقات جيدة مع القوط الذين استقروا منذ بضع سنوات في مقاطعة تيراكونينسيس، أيضًا عبر الزواج من ابنة ثيودوريك الأول ملك القوط الغربيون، الذي بضغط منه تخلي السويبيون عن الوثنية سنة 449 وتحولوا إلى المسيحية الآريوسية.
إذا فمملكة السويبيين كانت أول ممللكة مسيحية تضرب عملتها الخاصة.

تحصل السويبيون أيضًا على المساعدة العسكرية من القوط الغربيين ة لمواصلة احتلال ذلك الجزء من شبه الجزيرة الايبيرية، الذي كان بيد الوندال. بعد توغلات متفرقة، دمروا فاسكونيا وبسياسة مناوئة للإمبراطورية الرومانية تمكنوا بموافقة ملك القوط الجديد توريسموند بين عامي 451 و452 من احتلال جزء من وادي إبرو وجزء من مقاطعة تيراكونينسيس، الذي اضطروا للانسحاب منه، وفقًا لمعاهدة أمبرمت مع الرومان.

في عام 456، تحالفوا مع الفاسكونيين ومع الوندال الجنسيريكيين، الذين هاجموا سواحل كالابريا وصقلية، انتهكوا المعاهدة مع روما وغزوا أراضي مقاطعة تيراكونينسيس ؛ ولكن ملك القوط الجديد، ثيودوريك الثاني لم يساندهم بل وتواجه معهم، إذ لم ينظر بعين الرضى لتوسع المملكة السوابية، وفي المعركة على النهر أوربيغو هـُزم السويبيون وأُسر ملكهم ركيارو، وأعدم رغم كونه صهرًا لثيودوريك الثاني.

الحرب الأهلية السويبية (456-463)
استغل القوط الغربيون أن هناك العديد ممن يدعون الأحقية بالتاج، فغزوا المملكة السويبية، متدخلين في حرب الوراثة. في عام 460 هزم الجيش الذي يقوده الجنرال القوطي سونيريكوس والجنرال الروماني نيبوتيانوس السويبيين في لوكوس أوغوستي.

سنة 460، تحالف ريميسموندو وهو أحد الطامعين بالتاج السويبي مع ملك القوط ثيودوريك الثاني، الذي سانده في الحرب الأهلية في مقابل الوعد بتحويل السويبيين إلى الآريوسية.
استمرت الحرب الأهلية نحو أربع سنوات، وانتهت فقط بعد موت اثنين من منافسي ريميسموندو في سنة 463.

في سنة 463 صارت مملكة السويبيين تحت تاج موحد، وفي سنة 464 اعترف بريميسموندو رسميًا ملكًا وحيدًا لسويبيي غالايسيا، وأيضا من قبل القوط سنة 465، تزوج ابنة ثيوردوريك الثاني الذي حوّله الآريوسية، وبهذه المناسبة، تحول إليها السويبيون جماعيًا، معظمهم من الذين كانوا ما يزالون وثنيين.

مرحلة التوسع الثانية
في نفس ذلك العام وبمساعدة من القوط الغربيين احتل قلمرية وفورًا بعد ذلك على لشبونة وأنونا.
احتل إجيتانيا سنة 466 وجزء كبير من لوسيتانيا، وفي سنة 467 نهبوا وضموا كونيمبريغا إلى المملكة.

غيـّر ملك القوط الجديد يوريك الذي كان قد قتل شقيقه ثيودوريك الثاني في سنة 466 سياسته اتجاه السويبيين من ودية إلى العكس، حاملا الحرب (التي كانت رهيبة حسب المؤرخ هيداتيوس أسقف شافس في غاليسيا) إلى لوسيتانيا دفعًا السويبيين إلى حدودهم القديمة.

بوفاة رميسموند سنة 469 بدأت فترة غامضة وأنباءها نادرة جدا.
انقطعت كتابات هيداتيوس سنة 468، وعمليًا فإنه حتى سنة 550 لـمّا أُشير إلى الملك كارياريكو يبقى تاريخ السويبيين مجهولًا.

الفترة الغامضة (469-550)

اعتناق الكاثوليكية

في عهد كارياريكو وجـد السويبيون أنفسهم من جديد في مرحلة توسعية لحدودهم الشرقية والجنوبية
 حتى نهر نافيا في أستورياس
 حتى نهري أوربيغو وإلسا في ليون
 حتى نهر دويرو في كارتاجيننسيس (حاليًا قشتالة)
 حيث يتصل نهرا كوا وإلسا بنهر تاغوس، باتجاه إكستريمادورا
 حتى أنهار أبرانتس ولخريا بارادس في لوسيتانيا.

خلال فترة حكمه، وربما حتى في عهد خليفته تيوديمارو، تبع تأثير القديس مارتن، أسقف براغا منذ سنة 561 تحول شعب السويبي إلى الكاثوليكية، وبالتالي إنهاء التوتر في أعقاب تحول رميسموند إلى الآريوسية

دعا البابا بيلاجيوس الأول البابا بين عامي 556 و561 يوم 1 مايو 561 إلى  مجمع براغا الأول ، الذي استمرت حتى 563.

قرر  مجمع براغا الأول  بمصادقة يوحنا الثالث، البابا بين عامي 561 و574 ما يلي :
 النجوم لا تحدد مصير البشر
 الشيطان لا يملك في حد ذاته أي قدرة لإنتاج الكوارث
 منع الصيام يوم عيد الميلاد
 اعتبار الانتحار فيما عدا استثناءين جريمة
 ان كل ما يوجد في العالم، بما في ذلك الجسم البشري، أمر جيد، لأنه جاء من عند الله (وهذا ذكر خصوصًا لمكافحة مانوية أتباع ماني بن فتك وبريسيليانية أتباع بريسيليان والغنوصية) ؛
 وأخيرًا وضعت قائمة لأهم الشياطين.

الحرب ضد القوط الغربيين
في 569 تعرضت مملكة السويبيين لهجوم من ليوفيجيلد ملك القوط الغربيين الآريوسي، الذي سرعان ما استولى على بالنثيا وسمورة وليون، ولكن ليس بالنسبة لأسترقة التي أبدت مقاومة عنيدة.

اتسغل السويبيون انشغال القوط بحربهم ضد البيزنطيين في جنوب شبه الجزيرة الأيبيرية، فقاموا بتوسيع حدود المملكة بين عامي 571 و572 محتلين مناطق بلاسنثيا وقورية ولاس هوردس وباتويكاس.

دعا الملك ميرو لعقد مجمع براغا لثاني عام 572، بمشاركة اثني عشر أساقفًا تشاوروا حول أخلاق السلوك وحول واجبات الأساقفة ورجال الدين في غالايسيا.
و هاجم في العام نفسه الآريوسيين الذين كانوا ما يزالون موجودين بشمال شرق المملكة في أستورياس وكانتابريا.

فأعطى هذا الهجوم لملك القوط الآريوسي ليوفيجيلد ذريعة لمهاجمة المملكة السويبية.

في سنة 573، وبعد أن استولى ليوفيجيلد على مقاطعة براغانزا وعلى وادي نهر سابور، تقدم في وادي نهر دويرو وأسس مدينة فيلا غوتوروم (تورو الآن).
توجه نحو كانتابريا، حيث احتل أسترقة، وسمحت له السيطرة عليها وعلى تورو بغزو غاليسيا سنة 575.
بعد أن فقد ميرو أورينسي وكامل الجنوب الشرقي، وبحصار مدينتي بورتو وبراغا خضع وطلب الصلح (578)، فتحصل على هدنة قصيرة.

نهاية مملكة السويبيين
تحول هرمنجيلدوس ابن ليوفيجيلد ملك القوط الغربيين وحاكم مقاطعة غوتا في بايتيكا إلى الكاثوليكية سنة 581، وتمرد على والده، قابلًا التاج الذي عرضه عليه المتمردون الإشبيليون.

لمـّا علـِم ميرو في سنة 583 بأن أنصار هرمنجيلدوس الكاثوليك كانوا متحصنين في إشبيلية المحاصرة من قبل القوط الآريوسيين، قاد السويبيين (الكاثوليك) لنجدتهم، ولكن قبل الوصول إلى إشبيلية تواجه السويبيون أمام قوة من القوط الذين صدوهم، جاعلينهم يعودون من حيث أتوا.

أكد الملك إبوريكو خليفة ميرو الخضوع للقوط الغربيين، ولهذا السبب تم خلعه وقتله عام 584 من قـٍبل أنديكا آخر ملوك السويبيين.

اتخذ ليوفيجيلد ملك القوط من خلع وقتل إبوريكو ذريعة للتدخل مرة أخرى في مملكة السويبيين ؛
فاجتياح على الفور أراضي السويبية، ويؤكد الكاتب إيسيدوروس أنه انتصر عليهم <<بأقصى سرعة>> بمعركتين فقط في أوبورتو وبراغا.
هـُزم أنديكا وأُسر سنة 585، فتم خلعه وأجبر على الرهبنة وحـُبس بدير في باكس جوليا.

خضعت مملكة سويبيين وضمت إلى المملكة القوط الغربيين، فصارت مقاطعة، جاء لاحقًا مالاريكو : وهو من سلالة الملك ميرو، الذي جمع فجيش غير متماسك فهزمه القوطيون الغربيون بسهولة، فسجن عام 586 وعلى الأرجح أن ذلك كان في دير.

بعد هذه المحاولة الأخيرة للتمرد، رضي السويبيون على أن يكون يحكمهم دوق قوطي غربي، مع احتفاظ بقوانينهم وأعرافهم وغيرها من خصائص مملكتهم العريقة والعتيدة.

المراجع

شعوب جرمانية

فيوديراتي
إرمينونيون

سويبيون


Metalcore (eða metallic hardcore á ensku) er undirgrein þungarokks sem sameinar harðkjarnapönk og öfgamálm eins og þrass, dauðarokk og svartmálm. Það er þekkt fyrir uppbyggingu og breakdown í tónsmíðum þar sem tónlistin brýst út í því miði að fólk hristi hausinn eða headbangi við tónlistina. Söngur er vanalega í öskrandi stíl en sveitir hafa í ríkari mæli blandað hreinum söng við hann.

Rætur metalcores eru frá 9. áratug 20. aldar þar sem hljómsveitir eins og Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags, Killing Time, Exploited og Discharge brutust á sjónarsviðið. Á 10. áratugnum komu fram sveitir eins og Integrity, Earth Crisis, Hatebreed, Converge, Shai Hulud og Vision of Disorder.

Í byrjun 20. aldar varð stefnan ein af vinsælustu undirtegundum þungarokks með sveitum eins og Bleeding Through, Avenged Sevenfold, Killswitch Engage, Hatebreed, Atreyu, Shadows Fall, As I Lay Dying, Unearth, Trivium, Bullet for My Valentine og All That Remains. Þær voru sumar undir áhrifum frá  melódísku dauðarokki, sér í lagi frá sænsku sveitinni At the Gates.

Undirgreinar metalcores
Melódískt metalcore
Mathcore
Deathcore
Electronicore
Progressive metalcore
Nu metalcore

Þungarokk

Metalcore


An Festuca takedana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jisaburo Ohwi. An Festuca takedana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca takedana


Aegyptosuchus ("cocodrilo de Egipto" en griego) es un género extinto de crocodiliforme perteneciente a la familia Aegyptosuchidae. Sólo se ha descrito una especie, Aegyptosuchus peyeri, encontrada en la Formación Bahariya de Egipto, la cual data principios del Cretácico Superior, representado por el espécimen holotipo SPG 1912 VIII 177, un techo craneal caracterizado por el grosor del mismo y las pequeñas fosas dorsotemporales, además de restos adicionales consistentes en dientes y vértebras caudales, cervicales, sacrales y presacrales, los cuales infortunadamente se perdieron por los bombardeos sobre la ciudad de Múnich en la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

La familia Aegyptosuchidae fue acuñada por Kuhn (1936) como un taxón monotípico redundante con el propio género Aegyptosuchus. Carroll (1988) clasificó posteriormente a este género en la familia Stomatosuchidae. Holliday & Gardner (2012) consideraron a Aegyptosuchus como distinto de los estomatosúquidos y lo volvieron a incluir en la familia Aegyptosuchidae, como pariente cercano de Aegisuchus.

Referencias

 Steel, R. Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie part 16 . Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, 1973.
 Carroll, R. L. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H Freeman Company, 1988.

Crocodylomorpha
Crocodilomorfos del Cretácico
Crocodilomorfos extintos de África

Aegyptosuchus


Guenter Lewy (1923-), ABD'nin Massachusetts eyaletinde bulunan Massachusetts Üniversitesi'nden emekli profesör ve tarihçidir.

Guenter Lewy 1923 yılında Almanya'da doğdu. 1939 yılında on beş yaşındayken ailesiyle birlikte İngiliz mandası altındaki Filistin'e gitti. Sonra da ABD'ye yerleşti. Columbia Üniversitesi, Smith Koleji ve Massachusetts Üniversitesi'nde öğretim üyeliği yaptı. Şimdi American Jewish Committe (Amerikan Yahudi Komitesi) tarafından yayımlanan muhafazakâr eğilimli Commentary (Yorum) dergisinde yazarlık yapmaktadır. Vietnam Savaşı, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri tarihinde komünizm ve Nazi Almanyası gibi birçok değişik konularda kitaplar yazdı.

Guenter Lewy 2005 yılında Ermeni kırımı ile ilgili yayımladığı kitabında Ermeni yazarlar tarafından geçmişte soykırımını desteklemek üzere öne sürülmüş bütün kanıtların güvenirliğini irdeledi. Kitabında Anadolu'dan techirleri sırasında ölen Ermenilerin sayısını 642.000 olarak belirledi. Techir sırasında Osmanlı devlet adamlarının Ermenilerin can güvenliğini sağlamakta çok yetersiz kaldığını ancak kasıtlı bir soykırım amacının bulunmadığı sonucuna vardı. Guenter Lewy'nin Ermeni meselesi hakkındaki Osmanlı Türkiyesi'ndeki Ermeni Katliamları: Tartışmalı Bir Soykırım kitabı, soykırım tartışması açısından çok büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Ermeni tezini savunan yazarların daha önce Türk tezini savunan yazarlara karşı yönelttikleri eleştirileri Lewy için yapmak çok zordur. Lewy'nin Türkiye Cumhuriyeti veya Türk vatandaşlarıyla hiçbir organik bağı bulunmadığı için maddi veya manevi bir çıkar bulmak kolay değildir.

Guenter Lewy'nin 2005 yılında Middle East Quarterly dergisinde yayınlanan makalesi, yine Türk tezini güçlendiren bir bilimsel çalışma olmuştur. İttihatçı liderlere gıyaplarında ölüm hükmü veren 1919-20 askeri mahkemelerinde, savunma hakkının kullandırılmamasını eleştiren Lewy, müttefiklerin bile mahkemenin kararlarını ve işleyişini ciddiye almadığını detaylarıyla ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca bazı Ermeni tarihçilerin belge derlerken bilimsellikten uzak tutumlarını da örnekleriyle göstermiştir.

The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide
Lewy, Türkçe anlamıyla Osmanlı Türkiyesi'ndeki Ermeni Katliamları: Tartışmalı Bir Soykırım adlı araştırmasını 2005 senesinde yayımladı. Bu kitapta, Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında gerçekleşen Ermenilerin Osmanlı Devleti'nin güneyine tehcir edilmelerinin soykırım hukuk kategorisine girip girmediğini araştırdı. Yeni olmayan bilinen kaynaklarla çalıştı ve bu kaynakları ele alarak birbirine zıt iki iddiayı karşılaştırarak, hem tartışmalı olan hem de her iki tarafın kabul ettiği tartışmalı olmayan noktaları sundu.

Osmanlı Devleti'nin Ermenileri ülke içinde tehcir etme kararı aldığında, ülke olarak var olma mücadelesi içinde olduğunu bildiriyor. Ermeniler, hem Rusya'da hem de Osmanlı Devleti'nde yaşıyorlardı. Rusya ve Osmanlı Devleti 1914 sonunda dünya savaşına girdiklerinde ve Rus orduları Osmanlı sahasına girmeye başladıklarında, eski gerginlikler yeniden canlandı. Çoktandır otonomi ve hatta bağımsız bir devlet isteyen Osmanlı Ermenilerinin çoğu Rus ve Ruslarla müttefik Batılı güçlerin sempatizanıydı. Osmanlı Devleti'nde bir de gıda sorunları baş gösterdiğinde ve 1915te İngilizler Çanakkale'ye ayak basıp başkent İstanbul'un düşme tehdidi doğduğunda, ülkede panik doğdu ve Ermenileri tehcir kararı alındı.

Lewy'nin hesabına göre, toplam 642.000 Ermeni tehcir esnasında ve sonrasında öldü. Lewy savaş öncesi Osmanlı Ermenilerinin sayısını 1.750.000 olarak tespit ediyor. Savaş sonrası Ermenilerin sayısını ise 1.108.000 olarak tespit ediyor, ölü sayısını bu şekilde tahmin ediyor. Ermeniler üç sebepten dolayı öldüler: gıda yetersizliği, salgın hastalıklar ve katliamlar. Ölü sayısının Osmanlı Ermenilerinin %37sinin öldüğünü gösterdiğini bildiriyor.

Lewy, birçok olayın merkezi rejimin bu ölümleri planlayarak gerçekleşmediğine işaret ettiğini açıklıyor. Ölümlerin, yüz binlerce insanı çabuk bir şekilde ve olağanüstü ilkel bir taşıma sisteminin varlığı yüzünden Osmanlı bürokrasisinin imkânlarını aştığı için gerçekleştiği sonucuna varıyor.

Lewy, bilimsel soykırım iddiasının ispat olarak sunduğu üç ana kaynağın ve öne sürülen diğer kaynakların Ermeni katliamlarının, Birleşmiş Milletlerin soykırım tanımı içine girdiğini ispatlayamadığını açıklıyor. Soykırım iddiasının üç ana kaynağı olan İstanbul savaş suçları mahkemeleri, Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa'nın tehcirdeki rolü ve Andonyan belgeleri kaynaklarının soykırım iddiasını neden ispatlayamadığını kitabında inceliyor.

Bunun dışında bazıları tarafından soykırım uzmanı olarak görülen İstanbul doğumlu Ermeni yazar Vahakn N. Dadrian'ın yöntemlerini inceliyor ve sert bir şekilde eleştiriyor. Dadrian'ın, kasten tercüme hataları yaptığını ve seçici alıntı yaptığını, bu tarz yöntemler bilim ahlakıyla bağdaşmadığı için Dadrian'in bilimadamlığını kabul etmediğini bildiriyor.

Lewy ayrıca Uluslararası Soykırım Araştırmacıları Birliği'nin tek ses olarak Ermeni tehcirini soykırım olarak tanımlamasını ciddiye alamayacağını bildirdi. Bu birlik, Avrupalı ve Kuzey Amerikalı soykırım araştırmacılarını bir çatı altında toplayan bir organizasyon. Bu organizasyon 1997 senesinde çıkardığı bir kararla Ermeni tehcirini tek ses olarak soykırım diye nitelendirdi. Lewy, bu organizasyonun kararını ciddiye almayışının sebebini, imza atanların çoğunun hiçbir arşive ayak basmamış oldukları veya bu konu hakkında köklü bir araştırma yapmamış oldukları için diye açıklıyor.

Lewy'nin kitabı için araştırma yaptığı arşivler şunlar: Berlin'deki Alman dışişleri arşivi (Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts), Londra'daki İngiliz devlet arşivi (Public Record Office), Washington'daki Amerikan devlet arşivi (National Archives and Records Administration), Washington'daki Kongre Kütüphanesi arşivi (Library of Congress). Devlet arşivleri dışında yayımlanmış olan arşiv yayınlarını ve büyük sayıda ikincil kaynakları (anılar vs.) incelediğini bildiriyor. Bu uzun liste için kitabına bakınız.

Kaynakça

Yayımlanmış Kitapları

20. yüzyıl Amerikalı yazarları
21. yüzyıl Amerikalı yazarları
1923 doğumlular
Ermeni Soykırımı'nı reddedenler
Yaşayan insanlar
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Alman göçmenler
Roma Katolik Kilisesi tarihçileri

Guenter Lewy


Plusieurs villes ou communes possèdent une Rue du Presbytère (ou encore un autre type de voirie). Cet odonyme a ordinairement son origine dans la présence d'un presbytère dans la rue. Le presbytère est la résidence du curé et de ses assistants. Un presbytère se trouve généralement proche d'une église paroissiale.

en
Avenue du Presbytère (Presbytery Lane), à Molendinar [QSD]

en
Rue du Presbytère, à Boncelles (Seraing)
Rue du Presbytère (Pastoriestraat), à Bruges
Rue du Presbytère, à Charleroi
Rue du Presbytère (Pastoriestraat), à Lierre
Rue du Presbytère, à Molenbeek (Bruxelles)
Rue du Presbytère, à Nandrin
Rue du Presbytère, à Profondeville
Rue du Presbytère, à Voroux (Fexhe-le-Haut-Clocher)

au  ()
Place du Presbytère, à Chicoutimi [QC]

aux
Avenue du Presbytère (Presbytery Lane), à Salem [NY]
Place du Presbytère (Presbytery Place), à Etowah [NC]
Rue du Presbytère (Presbyterypoint Road), à Champion [MI] (lac Michigan)

en
Allée du Presbytère, à Bénouville
Allée du Presbytère, à Bérelles
Impasse du Presbytère, à Champigny-sur-Marne
Rue du Presbytère, à Hagondange
Rue du Presbytère, à Lyon
Rue du Presbytère, à Melun
Rue du Presbytère, à Mouvaux
Rue du Presbytère, à Oms
Allée du Presbytère, à Saint-Armel
Rue du Presbytère, à Saint-Pierre

aux
Avenue du Presbytère (Pastorielaan), à Apppingedam
Rue du Presbytère (Pastoriestraat), à Eindhoven
Avenue du Presbytère (Pastorielaan), à Hoogland
Avenue du Presbytère (Pastorielaan), à Joure
Rue du Presbytère (Pastoriestraat), à Oldenzaal
Rue du Presbytère (Pastoriestraat), à Pernis
Avenue du Presbytère (Pastorielaan), à Veldhoven

au
Avenue du Presbytère (Presbytery Lane), à Dunloy (Ballymena)
Clos du Presbytère (Presbytery Close), à Leominster

Notes

Homonymie
Presbytère
Presbytère

Rue du Presbytère


19235 van Schurman este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
19235 van Schurman este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Caussols de Eric Walter Elst. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,47 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 11,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 19001-20000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1993
Centura de asteroizi

19235 van Schurman


Tiren Denizi, İtalya açıklarında bulunan, Akdeniz'in bir koludur. Batıda Korsika ve Sardinya adalarıyla, Kuzeyde Ligurya, Doğuda Toskana, Latium, Campania ve Calabria, Güneyde de Sicilya Adası ile çevrilidir. En derin noktası 3785 metredir.

Tiren Denizi Afrika-Avrupa Fayının ortasında yer alır; yani denizin dibinde sıradağlar ve aktif volkanlar bulunur. Rhône vadisinden çıkan Mistral akıntısı, Güney Batıdan çıkan Libeccio ve Güneyden çıkan Scirocco ve Ostro akıntıları vardır.

Tiren Denizi'nin 4 çıkışı vardır:
 Messina Boğazı; Sicilya ve İtalya Yarımadası'nın burun kısmındaki Messina arasında, 3 km genişliğinde.
 Korsika Kanalı; İtalya ve Korsika arasında, 80 km genişliğinde.
 Bonifacio Boğazı; Korsika ve Sardunya arasında, 11 km genişliğinde.
 Sardunya ve Tunus arasındaki isimsiz boğaz, 200 km genişliğinde.

Denizin ismi, Etrüskler anlamına gelen Antik Yunanca kelimesi "Tyrrhenoi" den gelmektedir. Yunanlar, Etrüsklerin Anadolu'daki Lidya'dan Prens Tiranus önderliğinde gelerek bu bölgeyi ele geçirdiğini düşünüyorlardı.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki körfezler listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Akdeniz'deki marjinal denizler
İtalya'daki denizler
Arno Nehri

Tiren Denizi


is a Japanese voice actor and narrator from Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. He is currently affiliated with Aoni Production.

He is most known for being voices for Kicchō Fukuda in Jūshirō Ukitake in Bleach, Slam Dunk, Auron in Final Fantasy X, Itachi Uchiha in Naruto, Squall Leonhart in Final Fantasy VIII and Kingdom Hearts,  Pierre de Chaltier in Tales of Destiny and Ryoma Nagare in many of the newer Getter Robo OVAs and Super Robot Wars games.

Filmography

Television animation
1993
Slam Dunk as Kicchou Fukuda, Hiroshi Morishige, Tatsumasa Oda, Teruo Ookawa
Sailor Moon R as Driver, Man

1994
Captain Tsubasa J as Makoto Soda
Dragon Ball Z as Monk, Subordinate A

1998
Outlaw Star as Father, Silgrian
Cooking Master Boy as Raihou
Bubblegum Crisis: Tokyo 2040 as Masaki
All Purpose Cultural Cat Girl Nuku Nuku as Eiichi Ikenami
Fancy Lala as Hiroya Aikawa
Record of Lodoss War: Chronicles of the Heroic Knight as Randy
Getter Robo Armageddon as Ryoma Nagare

1999
Gokudo as Hanayo
Bucky - The Incredible Kid as Geki
GTO: Great Teacher Onizuka as Hideo
One Piece as Fullbody

2000
Platinumhugen Ordian as Satoru Tachibana
Gravitation as Tatsuha Uesugi
Muteki-ō Tri-Zenon as Jin Makinohara
Shin Getter Robo vs Neo Getter Robo as Ryoma Nagare

2001
Tales of Eternia as John
The SoulTaker as Umon
Mamimume Mogacho as DJ Mash
Rave Master as Schneider

2003
Avenger as Jade
Tantei Gakuen Q as Kintaro Tooyama
Getbackers as Boss

2004
Naruto as Itachi Uchiha
New Getter Robo as Ryoma Nagare
Gravion Zwei as Ewan

2005
Bleach as Jūshirō Ukitake
Transformers: Cybertron as Dreadlock

2006
La Corda D'Oro: primo passo as Hiroto Kanazawa
Innocent Venus as Toraji Shiba
Death Note as Hideki Ide, Raye Penber
Night Head Genesis as Jin Tanaka
Ring ni Kakero 1: Nichibei Kessen Hen as Kazuki Shinatora
Marginal Prince as Stanislav Sokurov

2007
Naruto: Shippuden as Itachi Uchiha
Kaiji as Funai

2008
Kyōran Kazoku Nikki as Dekamelon
Hell Girl: Three Vessels as Tange Hideto
Fantastic Detective Labyrinth as Kantarou Izumi
Porfy no Nagai Tabi as Cloud
Rin: Daughters of Mnemosyne as Shōgo Shimazaki

2009
La Corda D'Oro ~secondo passo~ as Hiroto Kanazawa
Phantom ~Requiem for the Phantom~ as Issac Wisemel

2010
Tegami Bachi as Dr. Thunderland Jr
Tegami Bachi: Reverse as Dr. Thunderland Jr.
Battle Spirits: Brave as Rahze
Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's as Z-ONE
Ring ni Kakero 1: Shadow as Kazuki Shinatora

2011
We Without Wings - Under the Innocent Sky as Karuo Karube
Gosick as Wong Kai
Ring ni Kakero 1: Sekai Taikai-hen as Kazuki Shinatora

2012
Senki Zesshō Symphogear as Genjūrō Kazanari
Naruto Spin-Off: Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals as Itachi Uchiha
Aesthetica of a Rogue Hero as Ken'ya Onizuka

2013
Senki Zesshō Symphogear G as Genjūrō Kazanari

2014
La Corda d'Oro Blue Sky as Hōsei Toki
Hero Bank as Ryūga Tennōji
Lord Marksman and Vanadis as Emir

2015
Assassination Classroom as Asano Gakuho
My Love Story!! as Molester 2
Senki Zesshō Symphogear GX as Genjūrō Kazanari
Sengoku Musou as Toyotomi Hideyoshi

2016
Pandora in the Crimson Shell: Ghost Urn as Mr. chicken

2017
Senki Zesshō Symphogear AXZ as Genjūrō Kazanari

2018
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Golden Wind as Polpo / Black Sabbath

2019
Senki Zesshō Symphogear XV as Genjūrō Kazanari

2021
Getter Robo Arc as Ryoma Nagare

2022
Uzaki-chan Wants to Hang Out! ω as Fujio Uzaki
Bleach: Thousand-Year Blood War as Jūshirō Ukitake

Original video animation (OVA)
Final Fantasy VII Advent Children (2006) as Cait Sith
Saint Seiya: The Lost Canvas (2008) as Oneiros
Voltage Fighter Gowcaizer (1996) as Ikki Tachibana/Brider 1, Captain Atlantis/Randy Riggs and Platonic Twins/Ryo Asahina
Wild Adapter (xxxx) as Tokito Minoru

Drama CD
Samurai Shodown (1994) as Tam Tam, Ukyo Tachibana
The King of Fighters '94 (1995) as Robert Garcia

Theatrical animation
Slam Dunk: Conquer the Nation, Hanamichi Sakuragi! (1994) as Kenta Mine
Road to Ninja: Naruto the Movie (2012) as Itachi Uchiha
Classmates (2016) as Manabu Hara

Video games
Money Puzzle Exchanger (1997) as Blibov Sakata / Mackermocally
Final Fantasy X (2001) as Auron
Kingdom Hearts (2002) as Leon
Ore no Shita de Agake (2002) as Takafumi Higuchi
DreamMix TV World Fighters (2003) as Simon Belmont, Yugo Ogami
Ace Combat 5: The Unsung War (2004) as Alvin H. Davenport
Airforce Delta Strike (2004) as David Smith, Albert Ungar
Kingdom Hearts II (2005) as Leon, Auron
Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII (2006) as Cait Sith
Last Escort (2006) as Satoru Kushinoyuki
Naruto: Ultimate Ninja Storm  (2008) as Itachi Uchiha
Dissidia: Final Fantasy (2008) as Squall Leonhart
Tales of Hearts R (2008) as Galando Grinus
Samurai Warriors 3 (2009) as Motonari Mori
Yakuza 4 (2010) as Daisaku Minami
Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 2  (2010) as Itachi Uchiha
Dragon Ball: Raging Blast 2 (2010) as Hatchihyakku
Final Fantasy Type-0 (2011) as Qator Bashtar
Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm Generations  (2012) as Itachi Uchiha
Yakuza 5 (2012) as Kamon Kanai
Time Crisis 5 (2015) as Keith Martin
Super Smash Bros. Ultimate (2018) as Simon Belmont, Mii Fighter Type 9
Kingdom Hearts III Re Mind (2020) as Leon
Live A Live (2022) as Kenichi Matsu
Final Fantasy VII Rebirth (2024) as Cait Sith
Unknown date
Destrega as Gradd
Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy as Squall Leonhart
Dynasty Warriors 4 as Zhou Tai
Dynasty Warriors 7 as Jia Xu
Final Fantasy Type-0 HD as Qator Bashtar
Final Fantasy X-2 as Auron, Tobli
Kaiser Knuckle (known outside Japan as Global Champion) as Gekkou
Kessen as Ii Naomasa
Kiniro no Corda as Hiroto Kanazawa
Kiniro no Corda 2 as Hiroto Kanazawa
Langrisser I & II as Taylor
Rockman X6 as Rainy Turtloid, Blizzard Wolfang
Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams as Tenkai Nankobo (Samonosuke Akechi)
Tales of Destiny as Pierre de Chaltier (PS2 remake)
Tales of Eternia as Roen and Gnome
Voltage Fighter Gowcaizer as Captain Atlantis/Randy Riggs and Platonic Twins/Ryo Asahina
Xenosaga as Kevin Winnicot
Yo-Jin-Bo as Tsubaki Tainojō
Samurai Warriors 2 as Hideyoshi Toyotomi until Spirit of Sanada
Soshite Bokura Wa as Shuhei Aoyama
Super Robot Taisen OG: The Moon Dwellers (2016), Al-Van Lunks
Warriors Orochi 3 as Jia Xu until 4 Ultimate

Drama CD

110 Ban wa Koi no Hajimari series 1, as Yasuto Fuse
3 Ji Kara Koi wo Suru series 1: 3 Ji Kara Koi wo Suru I, as Ryoutarou Fujishiba
3 Ji Kara Koi wo Suru series 2: 3 Ji Kara Koi wo Suru II, as Ryoutarou Fujishiba
3 Ji Kara Koi wo Suru series 3: 3 Ji Kara Koi wo Suru III, as Ryoutarou Fujishiba
3 Ji Kara Koi wo Suru series 5: 8 Ji Han Kara Fall In Love, as Ryoutarou Fujishiba
Boxer Wa Inu Ni Naru series 1: Boxer Wa Inu Ni Naru, as Abel
Boxer Wa Inu Ni Naru series 2: Doctor Wa Inu wo Kau, as Abel
Boxer Wa Inu Ni Naru series 4: Akuta Wa Inu wo Enjiru, as Abel
Broadcast o Toppatsure!, as Uzuki Kuno
Count Cain, as Cain Hargreaves
Dokyusei, as Manabu Hara
Finder Series, as Feilong
Hameteyaru!, as Kouji
Koi no Series 2: Koi no Seasoning, as Tousui Jougasaki
Koi no Series 3: Koi no Mixing, as Tousui Jougasaki
Rolex ni Kuchizukewo, as Hitoshi Takeuchi
Saikyou no Koibito, as Yuuya Ikuno
Sora to Hara, as Manabu Hara
Sotsugyosei, as Manabu Hara
Wild Adapter, as Tokito Minoru
Yellow, as Go
Yokubo no Vector, as Tatsuro Hasabe

Tokusatsu
Ultraman Tiga (1996) as Irudo (Voice: Kazue Ikura) (ep. 41)
Mirai Sentai Timeranger (2000) as Blackmailing School Gang Leader Flan (ep. 17)
Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger (2001) as Duke Org Propela (ep. 32-33)
Kamen Rider Decade (2009) as Ten-Faced Demon Llumu Qhimil (ep. 28-29)
OOO, Den-O, All Riders: Let's Go Kamen Riders (2011) as Ten-Faced Demon Llumu Qhimil, Inazuman, Shocker Greeed
Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger (2011) as Zodomas (ep. 4)
Kamen Rider × Kamen Rider Fourze & OOO: Movie War Mega Max (2011) as Kamen Rider Stronger
Kamen Rider × Super Sentai: Super Hero Taisen (2012) as Kamen Rider Hibiki, Doras other
Kamen Rider × Super Sentai × Space Sheriff: Super Hero Taisen Z (2013) as Zanjioh, Sabotegron other
Heisei Riders vs. Shōwa Riders: Kamen Rider Taisen feat. Super Sentai (2014) as Skyrider, General Shadow, General Jark, Ten-Faced Demon other
Ressha Sentai ToQger (2014) as Film Shadow (ep. 39)
Super Hero Taisen GP: Kamen Rider 3 (2015) as Rider Man other
Uchu Sentai Kyuranger (2017) as Gamettsui (ep. 2)

Dubbing roles
2 Days in the Valley as Wes Taylor (Eric Stoltz)
Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter as Abraham Lincoln (Benjamin Walker)
Ghost Ship as Dodge (Ron Eldard)
Thomas & Friends as Rusty (Seasons 4–7), Troublesome Trucks (Season 5), Blue Narrow Gauge Coaches (Season 4), and The Elsbridge Cricket Club (Season 4)

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
Aoni Production voice actors
Japanese male video game actors
Japanese male voice actors
Male voice actors from Hyōgo Prefecture
20th-century Japanese male actors
21st-century Japanese male actors

Hideo Ishikawa


Le peli, Mart 2007 tarihinde  Arjantin'de gösterime giren, başrolerinde Norman Briski ve Raúl Calandra'nın oynadığı, senaryosunu Gustavo Postiglione'nin yazdığı yönetmenliği Gustavo Postiglione'nin yaptığı filmdir. Filmin özgün adının Türkçe karşılığı "Film"dir.

Oyuncular
 Norman Briski – Diego 2
 Raúl Calandra – Carlos
 Noelia Campo – Ana
 Jaquelina Delle Ville – Hayat kadını
 Soledad Gilmet – Julia
 Tito Gómez – Brujo
 Darío Grandinetti – Diego 1
 Gustavo Guirado – Marcos
 Diego Lerer – Federico
 Roberto Moyano – Leo
 Natalia Oreiro – Gazeteci
 Fito Páez
 Carlos Resta – Diego 3
 Jazmín Stuart – Belén

Ödüller

Arjantin dramatik filmleri
2007 çıkışlı dramatik filmler
Arjantin bağımsız filmleri
2000'lerde İspanyolca filmler

La peli


Matvey İsaakoviç Blanter (d. 10 Şubat 1903 - ö. 27 Eylül 1990), (Rusça: Матве́й Исаа́кович Бла́нтер), 1903-1990 yılları arasında yaşamış ve Katyuşa (Rusça:Катю́ша) adlı şarkıyı yazan, Rus besteci.

1903 doğumlular
1900 yılında ölenler
Rus besteciler
Yahudi asıllı Ruslar

Matvey Blanter


An Xanthosoma fractum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Michael T. Madison. An Xanthosoma fractum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Xanthosoma, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Xanthosoma

Xanthosoma fractum


Olaylar
 27 Ocak - Leningrad Kuşatması sona erdi.
 1 Şubat - Bolu-Gerede depremi: Gerede, Bolu ve Çankırı'daki depremlerde 4.611 kişi öldü.
 18 Mayıs - Kırım Tatarlarının katliamı. Kırım'dan Orta Asya ve Sibirya'ya sürülmesi.
 29 Mayıs - Sürgün Kırım Tatarlarının Özbekistan'a geliş tarihi.
 4 Haziran - Müttefik kuvvetleri Roma'ya girdi.
 6 Haziran - D Günü: 150,000 müttefik askeri Normandiya kıyılarına çıkarma yaptı. Alman savunma hattı olan Atlantik Duvarı çöktü.
 20 Temmuz
 Kırım'dan sürgün edilmesi unutulan Arabat köyündeki bütün Kırım Tatarlarının eski bir geminin içine doldurulup, denizin en derin yerine gelindiğinde ambar kapaklarının açılıp geminin batırılarak Kırım Tatarlarının katliama uğratılması.
 Adolf Hitler'e yönelik başarısız bir suikast girişimi gerçekleşti.
 30 Temmuz - Kırım ÖSSC'nin lağvedilerek Rusya Federasyonu SSC'ne bağlı bir bölge statüsüne getirilmesi.
 12 Ağustos - SSCB Devlet Güvenlik Komitesi tarafından, Kırım'dan sürgün edilenlerin yerine Rusya ve Ukrayna'dan kolhoz işçilerinin getirilerek yerleştirilmesinin kabul edilmesi.
 24 Ağustos - Müttefik kuvvetler Paris'e girdi.
 14 Kasım - Ahıska Türklerinin topyekûn sürgün edilmesi.
 14 Aralık - Kırım'daki Türkçe yer adlarının Rusça isimlerle değiştirilmesi.
 16 Aralık Ardenler Taarruzu başladı.

Doğumlar

Ocak
 1 Ocak - Ömer el-Beşir, Sudan'ın 7. devlet başkanı
 14 Ocak - Jan Aas, Norveçli eski futbolcu ve çalıştırıcı (ö. 2016)
17 Ocak - Françoise Madeleine Hardy, Fransız şarkıcıdır.

Şubat
 3 Şubat - Fethi Heper, Eskişehirspor'un gol kralı futbolcusu, maliye profesörü
 15 Şubat - Cevher Dudayev, Çeçen asker ve siyasetçi

Mart
 12 Mart - Nursu Marmara, klinik psikolog
 13 Mart - Yves Afonso, Fransız oyuncu
 15 Mart - Nebahat Çehre, Türk Oyuncu
 27 Mart - Yusuf Küpeli, Türk siyasetçi ve THKP-C kurucularından

Nisan
 7 Nisan - Gerhard Schröder, Alman politikacı
 16 Nisan - Elmar Wepper, Alman oyuncu

Mayıs
 5 Mayıs - Christian de Portzamparc, Fransız mimar
 27 Mayıs - Alain Souchon, Fransız şarkıcı-şarkı yazarı

Haziran
 22 Haziran - Gérard Mourou, Fransız fizikçi ve akademisyen
 28 Haziran - Sohrab Şahit Sales, İranlı yönetmen (ö. 1998)
 29 Haziran - Gary Busey, Amerikalı sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu

Temmuz
 25 Temmuz - Valerie Van Ost, İngiliz oyuncu

Ağustos
 4 Ağustos - Orhan Gencebay, Türk besteci, ses sanatçısı, şair, enstrümanist, aranjör, müzik yapımcısı, müzik direktörü ve sinema oyuncusu
 26 Ağustos - Louise Marleau, Kanadalı oyuncu

Eylül
 7 Eylül - Bora Milutinović, Sırp futbolcu ve eski teknik direktör
 8 Eylül
Ali Benflis, Cezayir eski başbakanı
Daryuş Mustafevi, İranlı milli futbolcu
 9 Eylül - Álvaro Gil-Robles, İspanyol hukukçu ve siyasetçi
 19 Eylül - İsmet Özel; Türk şair, yazar ve düşünür
 25 Eylül - Michael Douglas, Amerikalı sinema sanatçısı

Ekim
 6 Ekim - Tanju Korel, Türk sinema oyuncusu ve yönetmeni

Kasım
 11 Kasım - Kemal Sunal, Türk sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (ö. 2000)
 13 Kasım - Mustafa Abdülcemil Kırımoğlu, Kırım Tatar Millî Meclisi Başkanı ve Ukrayna Parlamentosu milletvekili, Kırım Tatarı halkının millî önderi
 15 Kasım - Sinan Cemgil, THKO örgütünün kurucularından (ö. 1971)
 17 Kasım - Danny DeVito, Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu, film yönetmeni ve prodüktör
 17 Kasım - John-David F. Bartoe, Amerikalı astrofizikçi ve emekli NASA astronotu

Aralık
 2 Aralık - İbrahim Rugova, Arnavut siyasetçi (ö. 2006)
 9 Aralık - Roger Short, İngiliz diplomat (ö. 2003)

Doğum günü ve ayı bilinmeyenler
 Abdülkadir Ateş, Türk siyasetçi
 Prof. Ahmet Çelikkol, Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Öğretim Üyesi
 Ali Öztürk, Samsun'un Taflan beldesinde belediye başkanlığı yapmış olan Türk siyasetçi (ö. 2000)
 Ziya Şengül, Türk eski milli futbolcu, teknik direktör ve futbol yorumcusu (ö. 2023)

Ölümler
 20 Ocak - James McKeen Cattell, Amerikalı bilim insanı (d. 1860)
 17 Mayıs - Milena Jesenska, Çek asıllı gazeteci ve yazar
 17 Haziran - Dénes Berinkey, Macar siyasetçi, hukukçu. (d. 1871)
 17 Temmuz - Bule Naipi, II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Arnavut komünist partizan direniş hareketi üyesi (d. 1922)
 21 Temmuz - Claus von Stauffenberg, Nazi Almanyası'nda kurmay subay (Albay). 20 Temmuz suikast girişiminin baş mimarlarından (d. 1907)
 23 Temmuz - Eduard Wagner, II. Dünya Savaşı'nda olarak görev yapan Nazi Almanyası ordusu generali (d. 1894)
 26 Temmuz - Rıza Şah Pehlevi, İran şahı (d. 1878)
 17 Ağustos - Diamando Kumbaki, II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Mihver Devletleri'ne karşı savaşan Yunan Direnişi partizanı (d. 1926)
 23 Ağustos - Abdülmecid, son İslam halifesi (d. 1868)
 14 Ekim - Erwin Rommel, Çöl Tilkisi lakaplı Alman general (d. 1891)
 5 Kasım - Alexis Carrel, Fransız cerrah ve fizyolog. 1912 yılında Nobel Ödülü kazandı.

Doğum günü ve ayı bilinmeyenler
 Adaviye Efendiyeva, Sovyet Kırım Tatarı dokuma ustası, sanatçısı (d. 1879)
 Osman Tufan, Türk Tuğgeneral (d. 1889)

1944 Nobel ödülünü kazananlar
 Fizik –
 Kimya –
 Tıp –
 Edebiyat –
 Barış –

1944


is a village located in Kuma District, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.

As of May 1, 2021 the village had an estimated population of 3,012 and a population density of 19 persons per km2. The total area is 207.73 km2.

Located in the southern portion of Kumamoto Prefecture, the Kuma River flows through the center. 90% of the village is covered by forests.

One of Japan's largest limestone caves, Kyūsen-dō, is located in Kuma. There are two large mountains located near Kuma village. In addition, there are several mountains measuring under 700 meters whose tributaries feed into the Kuma river. The average rain fall in Kuma Mura is roughly 2,300 millimeters.

Kuma village has a variety of symbols including the Japanese cedar tree, the mountain cherry blossoms, the kingfisher, and the sweet fish.

The main industries of Kuma Village are forestry and agriculture.

Kuma village can be accessed by rail via the JR Kyushu Hisatsu Line. There are three train stations located in the Kuma district: Watari Station, Naraguchi Station and Isshōchi Station.

See also
 2020 Kyushu floods

References

External links

 Kuma official website

Villages in Kumamoto Prefecture

Kuma, Kumamoto


Der Zeltnerweiher ist ein Teich in Nürnberg im Stadtteil Gleißhammer. Er entstand durch die Aufstauung des Goldbachs. In der Mitte des Zeltnerweihers liegt eine kleine Insel, die über eine Brücke zugänglich ist. Auf der Insel steht das Zeltnerschloss. Der Weiher wurde 1949 nach dem Nürnberger Fabrikanten und Unternehmer Johannes Zeltner benannt. Er war der damalige Eigentümer des nach ihm umbenannten Herrensitzes Gleißhammer.

Weblinks
 Zeltnerweiher im Strassenkatalog.de
 Der geschichtliche Hintergrund des Zeltnerschlosses

Literatur

See in Bayern
See in Europa
Gewässer in Nürnberg
SZeltnerweiher
Teich in Bayern

Zeltnerweiher


Agrilus perisi é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Cobos, 1986.

Referências

perisi

Agrilus perisi


Catherine Saint Jude Pretorius, connue sous le pseudo de Dope Saint Jude née le 11 avril 1990, est une rappeuse, chanteuse, auteure-compositrice et productrice de musique sud-africaine.

Biographie
Dope Saint Jude est née au Cap le 11 avril 1990 dans une famille modeste de la communauté coloured au début des années 1990. Elle grandit à Elsie's River, un township de l'est de la Métropole du Cap. Elle apprend la guitare à l'âge de 12 ans et commence à écrire des poèmes pour accompagner sa musique.Après des études en sciences politiques, elle se lance ensuite dans le hip-hop, avec des textes pour l'inclusion, l'acceptation et l'autonomisation féministes, et pour l'égalité des classes, des races et des genres.

Elle commence sa carrière musicale en 2011, en se produisant en tant que Saint Dude, un drag king. À cette époque, elle lance un des premiers groupes de drag king d'Afrique du Sud sur la scène hip hop underground du Cap. En 2013, Saint Jude quitte ce groupe pour poursuivre une carrière d'artiste solo.

En 2016, elle collabore avec M.I.A. pour une vidéo sur une campagne de sensibilisation de H&M pour la semaine mondiale du recyclage. En juillet 2016, Saint Jude sort son premier EP autoproduit, Reimagine.

Elle se produit en 2017 et 2018 dans différents événements musiciaux, notamment au  en 2017, et au  de Johannesbourg en 2018.

En 2018, elle publie son deuxième EP, Resilient. Le principal single,  Grrrl Like , sort en octobre 2018. En 2019, elle réalise une tournée dans plusieurs pays dont la France, passant par différents festivals tels que le Printemps de Bourges, ou encore, par exemple, la Fête de l'Huma.

La pandémie de Covid-19 l'amène ensuite à faire une pause dans les spectacles et tournées. En 2022, elle sort un titre, Home, au ton en apparence plus sensuel, premier single de son prochain album, Higher Self. Mais le titre reste marqué par le rap de «Cape Town underground», dur, punk et sans concessions, avec en guise de refrain  « Je veux ressentir ta douleur / Courant dans mes veines […] Donne-moi juste un ordre / Je tuerai pour toi». Quelques semaines plus tard, elle diffuse un second single aux accents plus gospel, You're Gonna Make It, qui se retrouve dans la mini-série américaine Inventing Anna, diffusée sur Netflix.

Discographie
 2016 : Reimagine
 2018 : Resilient
 2022 : Higher Self

Références

Liens externes

Naissance au Cap
Rappeuse sud-africaine
Chanteuse sud-africaine

Dope Saint Jude


Grønlands Idrætsforbund (, GIF) er en samlende organisation for sport på foreningsniveau i Grønland.

De følgende organisationer er medlem af GIF:

 Grønlands Badminton Forbund
 Grønlands Boldspil-Union (GBU)
 Grønlands Håndbold Forbund
 Grønlands Kajak Forbund
 Grønlands Ski Forbund
 Grømlands Taekwondo Forbund
 Grønlands Bordtennis Union
 Grønlands Volleyball Forbund

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officiel hjemmeside

Sport i Grønland
Organisationer fra Grønland

Grønlands Idrætsforbund


باتريسيا فيلاسكيز  ممثلة وعارضة أزياء فنزويلية من مواليد 31 يناير 1971.

مواقع خارجية

مراجع

عارضو أزياء مثليون فنزويليون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من ماراكايبو
شخصيات إل جي بي تي من فنزويلا
عارضات أزياء فنزويليات
عارضو أزياء إل جي بي تي
فاعلو خير فنزويليون
مشاركون أمريكيون في برامج تلفزيون الواقع
مغتربون فنزويليون في الولايات المتحدة
ممثلات أفلام فنزويليات
ممثلات تلفزيون فنزويليات
ممثلات مثليات
مواليد 1971
ممثلون مثليون من فنزويلا

باتريسيا فيلاسكيز


مصطفى دنيزلي ، من مواليد 10 نوفمبر 1949 في أزمير في تركيا، لاعب كرة قدم تركي سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم تركي سابق.

درب منتخب تركيا لكرة القدم بين عامي 1996 و2000.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب مصطفى دنيزلي خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع ناديين في سبعة عشر موسمًا وسجل خلالها 124 هدف ضمن 402 مباراة. حيث فاز في موسم واحد بالكأس ولم يفز بأي دوري.

خاض مصطفى دنيزلي مسيرته مع نادي آلتاي إزمير في موسم 1967–68 ليلعب معه ستة عشر موسمًا، مشاركًا في 387 مباراة سجل خلالها 121 هدف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي غلطة سراي في موسم 1983–84 لمدة موسم واحد، حيث شارك في 15 مباراة سجل خلالها 3 أهداف.

الإنجازات

كلاعب

النادي
 آلتاي إزمير
 كأس تركيا: 1966–67، 1979–80

كمدرب
غلطة سراي
 الدوري التركي الممتاز: 1987–88
 كأس تركيا: 1990–91
 كأس السوبر التركي: 1988، 1991

فنربخشة
 الدوري التركي الممتاز: 2000–01

بشكتاش
 الدوري التركي الممتاز: 2008–09
 كأس تركيا: 2008–09

ريزه سبور
 دوري الدرجة الأولى التركي: الوصیف : 2012–13

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية أتراك
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أتراك كريت
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من تشيشمي
رياضيون أتراك مغتربون في ألمانيا
رياضيون أتراك مغتربون في إيران
لاعبو الدوري التركي الممتاز
لاعبو غلطة سراي
لاعبو كرة قدم أتراك
لاعبو منتخب تركيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي آلتاي إزمير
مدربو الدوري التركي الممتاز
مدربو ألمانيا آخن
مدربو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2000
مدربو تشايكور ريزا سبور
مدربو دوري المحترفين الإيراني
مدربو غلطة سراي
مدربو كرة قدم أتراك
مدربو كرة قدم أتراك مغتربون
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في ألمانيا
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيران
مدربو مانيساسبور
مدربو منتخب تركيا لكرة القدم
مدربو نادي برسبوليس
مدربو نادي بشيكتاش
مدربو نادي تراكتور سازي
مدربو نادي خزر لنكران
مواليد 1369 هـ
مواليد 1949
مواليد في الاتشاتي
مدربو نادي فنار باغجة لكرة القدم

مصطفى دنيزلي


An Pholidota pectinata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames. An Pholidota pectinata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pholidota, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pholidota (Orchidaceae)

Pholidota pectinata


An Isolepis diabolica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Heinrich Adolph Schrader. An Isolepis diabolica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Isolepis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Isolepis

Isolepis diabolica


Un sort pour éloigner les ténèbres (A Spell to Ward Off the Darkness) est un documentaire français réalisé par Ben Rivers et Ben Russell, sorti en 2013.

Synopsis
Trois temps de la vie de Robert Aiki Aubrey Lowe : il rejoint une communauté libertaire sur une île d'Estonie, il devient ermite en Finlande et enfin il devient le chanteur d'un groupe de black metal néo-païen en Norvège.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Un sort pour éloigner les ténèbres
 Titre original : A Spell to Ward Off the Darkness
 Réalisation : Ben Rivers et Ben Russell
 Scénario : Ben Rivers et Ben Russell
 Production : Julie Gayet, Indrek Kasela et Nadia Turincev
 Société de production : Must Käsi et Rouge International
 Société de distribution : Zootrope Films (France)
 Pays : ,  et
 Genre : documentaire
 Durée : 98 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :  (festival international du film de Locarno)
 :

Accueil
Le film a reçu un accueil favorable de la critique. Il obtient un score moyen de 70 % sur Metacritic.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film français sorti en 2013
Film estonien sorti en 2013
Film allemand sorti en 2013
Film documentaire français
Film documentaire estonien
Film documentaire allemand
Film expérimental français
Film expérimental estonien
Film expérimental allemand
Film documentaire expérimental
Film documentaire sur le heavy metal

Un sort pour éloigner les ténèbres


نهر شيكاغو  يبلغ طوله 251 كم، يوجد بشيكاغو إلينوي في الولايات المتحدة، ومنبعه الأصلي هو بحيرة ميشيغان ويتدفق من وسط شيكاغو، وتميز النهر بهندسة القرن التاسع عشر. يوجد على نهر شيكاغو 38 جسر متحرك وأنشأ أول جسر على نهر شيكاغو عام 1832 وأول جسر متحرك أنشأ في عام 1834.

معرض صور

مراجع

أنهار أمريكا الشمالية
أنهار إلينوي
أنهار مقاطعة كوك (إلينوي)
جغرافيا شيكاغو

نهر شيكاغو


Jeff Hyslop ( ; born May 30, 1951) is a Canadian actor, singer, dancer, choreographer, and director.  Many of his roles have been in musical theatre. His most famous roles were as Jeff the mannequin in the children's show Today's Special and as the title role in the Canadian production of The Phantom of the Opera in 1999.

Hyslop was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. He was married to Vancouver-born singer and actress Ruth Nichol. They have one daughter, Gemma Nichol Hyslop, born in 1976.

Selected filmography
The Magic of Aladdin (1989)
Once Upon a Giant (1988) - Prince Daryl
The Wars (1983) - Clifford Purchas
Today's Special (1981-1987) - Jeff
Dancin' Man (1980) - Self
Jesus Christ Superstar (1973) - Philip
Jack and the Beanstalk
Oompahpah

Stage work
A Chorus Line (Mike & u/s Paul) - Broadway & US Tour
Aladdin
A Little Show
Anne of Green Gables
Bye Bye Birdie
Cabaret
Dames at Sea
The Fantasticks
Godspell
Hamlet
Jack and the Beanstalk
Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris
Jane Eyre
Larry's Party
Histoire du Soldat
Love's Labour's Lost
The Music Man
Kiss of the Spider Woman (Molina) - Broadway & US Tour
The Phantom of the Opera (title role) - Canada
Pippin
The Pirates of Penzance
The Producers (Carmen Ghia & u/s Leo Bloom) - US Tour
The Wizard of Oz

One-man shows
Jeff Hyslop: Feet First
Jeff Hyslop Now!

Directed/choreographed works
A Little Show
Babies: Bless Them All
The Club
Company
Dancin' Man
Guys and Dolls
Godspell
Good Boys and True
Irma la Douce
Jacob Two-Two
Jeff Hyslop: Feet First
Jeff Hyslop Now!
Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat
McCartney TV special
Modern Housewives
On Tap
Peter Pan
Side by Side by Sondheim
Six Women With Brain Death
Take Two
They're Playing Our Song
Today's Special

References

External links

20th-century Canadian male actors
20th-century Canadian dancers
21st-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian dancers
Canadian male musical theatre actors
Canadian male television actors
Male actors from Vancouver
1951 births
Living people
Canadian male dancers

Jeff Hyslop


Space Exploration Technologies Corp.(SpaceX) යනු ඇමරිකානු අභ්‍යවකාශ යානා නිෂ්පාදකයෙක්, දියත් කරන්නෙක්, සහ කැලිෆෝනියාවේ Hawthorne හි මූලස්ථානය පිහිටි චන්ද්‍රිකා සන්නිවේදන සංස්ථාවෙකි. එය අඟහරු ග්‍රහයාගේ යටත් විජිතකරණය සක්‍රීය කිරීම සඳහා අභ්‍යවකාශ ප්‍රවාහන වියදම් අඩු කිරීමේ ප්‍රකාශිත ඉලක්කය සමඟ 2002 දී Elon Musk විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. සමාගම Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, සහ Starship දියත් කරන වාහන, රොකට් එන්ජින් කිහිපයක්, Cargo Dragonand Crew Dragon අභ්‍යවකාශ යානා, සහ Starlink සන්නිවේදන චන්ද්‍රිකා නිෂ්පාදනය කරයි.

SpaceX


A Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO) propôs um plano de proteção aos bens culturais do mundo, através do Comité sobre a Proteção do Património Mundial Cultural e Natural, aprovado em 1972. Esta é uma lista do Patrimônio Mundial existente na Noruega, especificamente classificada pela UNESCO e elaborada de acordo com dez principais critérios cujos pontos são julgados por especialistas na área. A Noruega, que abriga milênios ininterruptos de florescer cultural, ratificou a convenção em 12 de maio de 1977, tornando seus locais históricos elegíveis para inclusão na lista.

Os sítios Bryggen e Igreja de madeira de Urnes foram os primeiros locais da Noruega incluídos na lista do Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO por ocasião da 3.ª Sessão do Comitê do Património Mundial, realizada em Luxor (Egito) em 1979. Desde então, a Noruega conta com 8 sítios classificados como Patrimônio da Humanidade, sendo 7 deles de classificação Cultural e 1 de classificação Natural.

Bens culturais e naturais
A Noruega conta atualmente com os seguintes lugares declarados como Patrimônio da Humanidade pela UNESCO:

Lista Indicativa
Em adição aos sítios inscritos na Lista do Patrimônio Mundial, os Estados-membros podem manter uma lista de sítios que pretendam nomear para a Lista de Patrimônio Mundial, sendo somente aceitas as candidaturas de locais que já constarem desta lista. Desde 2019, a Noruega apresenta 5 locais em sua Lista Indicativa.

Ligações externas

Cultura da Noruega
Noruega

Lista do Patrimônio Mundial na Noruega