In linguistics, Heaps' law (also called Herdan's law) is an empirical law which describes the number of distinct words in a document (or set of documents) as a function of the document length (so called type-token relation). It can be formulated as

where VR is the number of distinct words in an instance text of size n. K and β are free parameters determined empirically. With English text corpora, typically K is between 10 and 100, and β is between 0.4 and 0.6.

The law is frequently attributed to Harold Stanley Heaps, but was originally discovered by . Under mild assumptions, the Herdan–Heaps law is asymptotically equivalent to Zipf's law concerning the frequencies of individual words within a text. This is a consequence of the fact that the type-token relation (in general) of a homogenous text can be derived from the distribution of its types.

Empirically, Heaps' law is preserved even when the document is randomly shuffled, meaning that it does not depend on the ordering of words, but only the frequency of words. This is used as evidence for deriving Heaps' law from Zipf's law.

Heaps' law means that as more instance text is gathered, there will be diminishing returns in terms of discovery of the full vocabulary from which the distinct terms are drawn.

Heaps' law also applies to situations in which the "vocabulary" is just some set of distinct types which are attributes of some collection of objects. For example, the objects could be people, and the types could be country of origin of the person. If persons are selected randomly (that is, we are not selecting based on country of origin), then Heaps' law says we will quickly have representatives from most countries (in proportion to their population) but it will become increasingly difficult to cover the entire set of countries by continuing this method of sampling.
Heaps' law has been observed also in single-cell transcriptomes considering genes as the distinct objects in the "vocabulary".

See also

References

Citations

Sources

 .
 .
 . Heaps' law is proposed in Section 7.5 (pp. 206–208).
 .
.
 .
 .

External links

Computational linguistics
Statistical laws
Empirical laws
Eponyms

Heaps' law


Hermann Schweppenhäuser (12 de marzo de 1928 - 8 de abril de 2015) fue un filósofo alemán. Fue profesor emérito de Filosofía de la Universidad Johann Wolfgang Goethe de Fráncfort del Meno, y coeditor, con Rolf Tiedemann, de las Obras completas de Walter Benjamin.

Fue miembro de la segunda generación de la Escuela de Fráncfort y participó en el famoso Gruppenexperiment.

Obras

 "Verbotene Frucht. Aphorismen und Fragmente" o "Fruta prohibida. Aforismos y Fragmentos" por Suhrkamp, Frankfurt del Meno 1967

 "Studien über die Heideggersche Sprachtheorie" o "Estudios sobre la teoría del lenguaje de Heidegger" por Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1958; Texto de edición y crítica, Munich 1988

Véase también
Teoría crítica

Referencias

Filósofos de Alemania
Escuela de Fráncfort
Filósofos del siglo XX
Nacidos en Fráncfort del Meno

Hermann Schweppenhäuser


Orroli (sardisk: Arròlli, Arròli) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Sud Sardegna i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 550 meters højde og har 2.267 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 75,59 km² og grænser til kommunerne Escalaplano, Esterzili, Goni, Nurri og Siurgus Donigala.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Sud Sardegna

Orroli


Titu Rusu (n. 5 februarie 1892, Nazna - d. 10 martie 1989, Timișoara) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Titu Rusu, născut în localitatea Nazna, județul Mureș, a urmat studiile la Facultatea de Medicină și Farmacie din Budapesta, devenind medic și membru al Senatului Național Român din comitatul Mureș-Turda cu funcția de comisar militar al poporului. Până în anul 1914, Titu Russu a locuit la Târgu Mureș, unde tatăl său a fost protopop greco-catolic.

În războiul dintre 1914-1918 a servit ca medic asistent în Spitalul Sfântul Ioan din Budapesta. În vederea pregătirii Adunării de la Alba-Iulia a fost numit medic locotenent cu responsabilitatea de a organiza regiunea Târgu Mureș, făcând parte dintr-o echipă aflată sub conducerea căpitanului Cândea. În toamna anului 1919 a fost mai întâi preparator, apoi asistent onorific la Clinica Chirurgicală din Cluj, unde a luat parte la inaugurarea Universității din poziția de delegat oficial al asistenților. După anul 1918 a fost numit medic în Cluj și Târgu-Mureș. În 1921 a profesat ca medic primar la spitalele de chirurgie și ortopedie din Cluj. În vara anului 1922 s-a mutat la Timișoara și a fost medic primar al Serviciului de chirurgie și ortopedie de la Spitalul de Copii; din anul 1923 a fost și conferențiar universitar în același oraș. A urmat serviciul militar benevol, în perioada 3 februarie-31 august 1919 a tratat răniții din Războiul de la Tisa în spitalele militare din Cluj și Târgu Mureș.

A decedat la Timișoara la data de 10 martie 1989.

Activitatea politică
Titu Russu a organizat Senatul național, al cărui secretar general a fost numit, iar președinte a fost ales protopopul Ștefan Russu. În această calitate a luat parte la constituirea Consiliilor Naționale în comunele din Târgu Mureș dar și la alegerea delegaților oficiali pentru Adunarea de la Alba-Iulia.

A fost ales ca delegat titular al cercului electoral cu nr. I din Târgu-Mureș, la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia de la 1 decembrie 1918.

Note

Bibliografie

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Nașteri în 1892
Decese în 1989
Medici
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Medici români

Titu Rusu


QWERTY je raspored tipkovnice. Koristi se u mnogo zemalja širom svijeta, među kojima su SAD, Španjolska, Danska, itd.

Povijest
QWERTY raspored stvorio je Christopher Latham Sholes, urednik novina koji je živio u Kenoshi u saveznoj državi Wisconsin u drugoj polovici 19. stoljeća, točnije oko ranih 1870-ih godina.

Dana 14. srpnja 1868. dobio je patent za stroj koji je izumio uz pomoć prijatelja Carlosa Gliddena i Samuela W. Souléa.

Prvi model stroja imao je tipkovnicu prikazanu ispod:

U travnju 1870. raspored tipkovnice je promijenjen. Nova verzija tipkovnice sastojala se od četiri redaka.

Godine 1873. Sholesov potpornik James Densmore prodao je prava proizvodnje tvrtki E. Remington and Sons. Oni su nekoliko mjeseci kasnije promijenili raspored tipkovnice.

Trenutni raspored tipkovnice je:

Izvori

Tipkovnica

QWERTY


Merrill's Marauders (named after Frank Merrill) or Unit Galahad, officially named the 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional), was a United States Army long range penetration special operations jungle warfare unit, which fought in the Southeast Asian theater of World War II, or China-Burma-India Theater (CBI). The unit became famous for its deep-penetration missions behind Japanese lines, often engaging Japanese forces superior in number.

Formation and training
In the Quebec Conference (QUADRANT) of August 1943, Allied leaders decided to form a U.S. deep penetration unit that would attack Japanese troops in Burma. The new U.S. force was directly inspired by, and partially modeled on Orde Wingate's Chindits Long Range Penetration Force. A call for volunteers attracted around 3,000 men.

A Memorandum from the Operations Division (OPD) of the War Department dated 18 September 1943 (OPD 320.2) listed the proposed composition of the new American long-range penetration force, which would be an all-volunteer unit. The Caribbean Defense Command provided 960 jungle-trained officers and men, 970 jungle-trained officers and men came from Army Ground Forces (based in the Continental United States) and a further 674 "battle-tested" jungle troops from the South Pacific Command (Army veterans of the Guadalcanal and Solomon Islands campaigns), with all troops to assemble at Nouméa, New Caledonia. General Douglas MacArthur was also directed to transfer 274 Army combat-experienced volunteers from the Southwest Pacific Command, veterans of the New Guinea and Bougainville campaigns. A few Pacific veteran volunteers came from stockades where volunteering earned them their freedom. They were sprinkled throughout the unit and called "The Dead End Kids" after the Hollywood film series featuring juvenile delinquents.
The unit was officially designated as 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional) with the code name Galahad.

The men were first sent to India arriving in Bombay on 31 October 1943 to train. Here they were reinforced with Air Corps and Signal Corps personnel, as well as an animal transport company with mules and experienced muleteers. Officers and men were equipped with U.S. Herringbone Twill (HBT) uniform  cotton OD uniforms, M-1943 fatigues, Type II field shoes (with or without canvas leggings), jungle boots, canvas load-bearing equipment, blanket (one-half tent or "shelter-half" per man), poncho, and a machete or kukri for brush clearing. Small arms included the .30-06 M1 Garand, the .30-06 M1903A4 sniper rifle, the .30 M1 carbine, the .45 Thompson submachine gun, the .45 M1911 pistol, the .30-06 BAR (M1922 machine rifle version), and the .30 M1919 Browning air-cooled belt-fed machine gun. Mules were used to haul radios, ammunition, and heavier support weapons, including the 2.36-inch M1A1 bazooka and the U.S. 60 mm M2 Mortar; the latter was often employed without its bipod in order to speed deployment.

The 5307th was originally destined to train in long-range penetration tactics under the direction of Brigadier Charles Orde Wingate, commander of the Chindits. At Deolali, 200 km (125 miles) outside Bombay, the troops endured both physical conditioning and close-order drill, before entraining for Deogarh, Madhya Pradesh.

The unit was to have 700 animals that included 360 mules. There were to be as many more but the ship that was carrying them was torpedoed in the Arabian Sea. They were replaced by 360 Australian Waler horses that had originally been with the 112th Cavalry in New Caledonia who were deemed unfit for jungle warfare. They had traveled to India where they served with the Chinese Army before being assigned to the 5307th.

From the end of November 1943 to the end of January 1944, the 5307th remained at Deogarh and trained intensively. All officers and men received instruction in scouting and patrolling, stream crossings, weapons, navigation, demolitions, camouflage, small-unit attacks on entrenchments, evacuation of wounded personnel, and the then-novel technique of supply by airdrop. Special emphasis was placed on "jungle lane" marksmanship at pop-up and moving targets using small arms. In December the 5307th conducted a weeklong maneuver in coordination with Chindit forces.

U.S. General Joseph Stilwell was determined that the only U.S. combat troops available in the theater would not serve under British command. As the only Allied ground commander without a subordinate contingent of infantry forces from his own army, Stilwell was aware that he would have minimal influence upon Allied ground strategy in Burma unless he could gain command of the Marauders. Admiral Lord Mountbatten, the supreme Allied commander of the South East Asia Command (SEAC), was persuaded by Stilwell, deputy supreme Allied commander, that they should serve under the Northern Combat Area Command (NCAC).

Stilwell appointed Brigadier General Frank Merrill to command them. Several American war correspondents had come to Deogarh to hear about the unit and its training; the reporters sat around trying to think of an appealing nickname for the 5307th that would capture the interest of the American public. Time correspondent James R. Shepley came up with "Merrill's Marauders" and that name stuck.

Operations

In early 1944, the Marauders were organized as a light infantry assault unit, with mule transport for their 60 mm mortars, bazookas, ammunition, communications gear, and supplies. Although the 5307th's three battalions were equivalent to a regimental-size unit, its lack of organic heavy weapons support meant the force had a combat power less than that of a single regular American infantry battalion, a fact that General Stilwell and his NCAC staff did not always appreciate. Without heavy weapons support, the unit would have to rely on flexibility and surprise to outfight considerably larger Japanese forces.

A little known secret to the Marauders' success was the inclusion of fourteen Japanese-American Military Intelligence Service translators assigned to the unit, including future Army Rangers and Military Intelligence Hall of Fame inductee Roy Matsumoto.

Weight was critical to the Marauders, and the need for a compact, lightweight field ration was essential; unfortunately, the best solution, the dry Jungle ration, at 4,000 calories per day, had been discontinued for cost reasons in 1943. On the advice of Army supply officers in Washington, General Stilwell and his G-4 staff determined that a one-per-day issuance of the U.S. Army's 2,830 calorie K ration (one K ration = three meals) would be sufficient to maintain the Marauders in the field. While compact, the K ration not only had fewer calories but less bulk, and included some components so unappetizing as to be thrown away by many users.

On the advice of British General Orde Wingate, the force was divided into two self-contained combat teams per battalion. In February 1944, in an offensive designed to disrupt Japanese offensive operations, three battalions in six combat teams (coded Red, White, Blue, Khaki, Green, and Orange) marched into Burma. On 24 February, the force began a 1,000-mile march over the Patkai range and into the Burmese jungle behind Japanese lines. A total of 2,750 Marauders entered Burma; the remaining 247 men remained in India as headquarters and support personnel.

While in Burma, the Marauders were usually outnumbered by Japanese troops from the 18th Division, but always inflicted many more casualties than they suffered. Led by Kachin scouts, and using mobility and surprise, the Marauders harassed supply and communication lines, shot up patrols, and assaulted Japanese rear areas, in one case cutting off the Japanese rearguard at Maingkwan. Near Walawbum, a town believed by General Stilwell's NCAC staff to be lightly held, the 3rd Battalion killed some 400–500 enemy soldiers. The Japanese were continually surprised by the heavy, accurate volume of fire they received when attacking Marauder positions. Its combat-experienced officers had carefully integrated light mortar and machine gun fires, and virtually every man was armed with a self-loading or automatic weapon in which he had trained to a high level of marksmanship. In March they severed Japanese supply lines in the Hukawng Valley.

Informed by the British that the situation in Imphal was under control, Stilwell wanted to launch a final assault to capture the Japanese airfield at Myitkyina. Always guarded against the potential for interference by the British, General Stilwell did not coordinate his plans with Admiral Mountbatten, instead transmitting separate orders to his Chinese forces and the Marauders. The men took a brief rest at Shikau Gau, a jungle village clearing where they bartered with the native inhabitants for fresh eggs and chickens with an issue of 10-in-one and C rations. The Marauders also took the opportunity to sunbathe in an attempt to control the onset of various fungal skin diseases. Now down to a little over 2,200 officers and men, the 5307th began a series of battles on the march to Myitkyina.

In April, the Marauders were ordered by General Stilwell to take up a blocking position at Nhpum Ga and hold it against Japanese attacks, a conventional defensive action for which the unit had not been equipped. At times surrounded, the Marauders coordinated their own battalions in mutual support to break the siege after a series of fierce assaults by Japanese forces. At Nhpum Ga, the Marauders killed 400 Japanese soldiers, while suffering 57 killed in action, 302 wounded, and 379 incapacitated due to illness and exhaustion. Of the unit's 200 mules, 75 were killed by artillery and mortar fire. A concurrent outbreak of amoebic dysentery (contracted after linking up with Chinese forces) further reduced their effective strength. Although the Marauders had previously avoided losses from this deadly disease (in part by use of halazone tablets and strict field sanitation procedures), their encampment with Chinese infantry, who used the rivers as latrines, proved their undoing (the Chinese troops, who always boiled their drinking water, were not seriously affected).

The disadvantages of supplying Marauders with a single K ration per day now made themselves felt, as the troops became increasingly malnourished; the onset of the rainy season combined with Japanese pressure and inhospitable terrain prevented many supply drops, exacerbating the problem. Even now, one K ration (three meals) per day was deemed adequate by General Stilwell's staff, augmented by occasional drops of dry rice, jam, bread, candy, and C rations. When encountering Chinese troops, many men began to barter their K ration cigarettes for rice and other foods.

Myitkyina and the end

On 17 May 1944, after a grueling  march over the  Kumon Mountain range (using mules for carrying supplies) to Myitkyina, approximately 1,300 remaining Marauders, along with elements of the 42nd and 150th Chinese Infantry Regiments of the X Force, attacked the unsuspecting Japanese at the Myitkyina airfield. The airfield assault on 17 May 1944 was a complete success; however, the town of Myitkyina could not immediately be taken with the forces on hand. An initial assault by elements of two Chinese regiments was repulsed with heavy losses. NCAC intelligence staff had once again badly underestimated Japanese troop strength in the town, which had steadily been reinforced and now possessed a garrison of some 4,600 well-armed and fanatical Japanese defenders.<ref name="autogenerated1944">{{cite web|work=United States Army Center of Military History|title=Merrill's Marauders February – May 1944, Third Mission: Myitkyina (1990)|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/marauders/marauders-third.html|access-date=15 September 2008|archive-date=13 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113172953/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/marauders/marauders-third.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Weakened by hunger, the 5307th continued fighting through the height of the monsoon season, worsening the situation; it also transpired that the area around Myitkyina had the largest reported incidence of scrub typhus, which some Marauders contracted after sleeping on infected areas of untreated ground, earth or grass. Racked with bloody dysentery and fevers, sleeping in the mud, Marauders alternately assaulted, then defended in a seesaw series of brutal conventional infantry engagements with Japanese forces. In a 1945 interview, Captain Fred O. Lyons, a Marauder officer, related the nature of the struggle:

By now my dysentery was so violent I was draining blood. Every one of the men was sick from one cause or another. My shoulders were worn raw from the pack straps, and I left the pack behind... The boys with me weren't in much better shape... A scout moving ahead suddenly held his rifle high in the air. That meant Enemy sighted... Then at last we saw them, coming down the railroad four abreast... The gunner crouched low over his tommy-gun and tightened down. Then the gun spoke. Down flopped a half-dozen Japs, then another half dozen. The [Japanese] column spewed from their marching formation into the bush. We grabbed up the gun and slid back into the jungle. Sometimes staggering, sometimes running, sometimes dragging, I made it back to camp. I was so sick I didn't care whether the Japs broke through or not; so sick I didn't worry any more about letting the colonel down. All I wanted was unconsciousness.

After reinforcement by an airlanded Chinese army division, the town finally fell to the Allies on 3 August 1944. The Japanese commander escaped with about 600 of his men; 187 Japanese soldiers were captured, and the rest, some 3,800 men, were killed in combat.

In their final mission, the Marauders suffered 272 killed, 955 wounded, and 980 evacuated for illness and disease; some men later died from cerebral malaria, amoebic dysentery, and/or scrub typhus. Somewhat ironically, Marauders evacuated from the front lines were given jungle hammocks with protective sandfly netting and rain covers in which to sleep, equipment which might have prevented various diseases and illnesses had they been issued earlier in the campaign. The casualties included General Merrill himself, who had suffered a second heart attack before going down with malaria. He was replaced by his second-in-command, Colonel Charles N. Hunter, who later prepared a scathing report on General Stilwell's medical evacuation policies (eventually prompting an Army Inspector General investigation and congressional hearings).Hunter, Charles N. (Col.), Galahad, Naylor Press (1963) By the time the town of Myitkyina was taken, only about 200 surviving members of the original Marauders were present. A week after Myitkyina fell, on 10 August 1944, the 5307th was disbanded with a final total of 130 combat-effective officers and men (out of the original 2,997). Of the 2,750 to enter Burma, only two were left alive who had never been hospitalized with wounds or major illness. None of the horses and only 41 mules survived.

Legacy

In slightly more than five months of combat, the Marauders had advanced  through some of the harshest jungle terrain in the world, fought in five major engagements (Walawbum, Shaduzup, Inkangahtawng, Nhpum Ga, and Myitkyina) and engaged in combat with the Japanese Army on thirty-two separate occasions, including two conventional defensive battles with enemy forces for which the force had not been intended or equipped. Battling Japanese soldiers, hunger, fevers, and disease, they had traversed more jungle terrain on their long-range missions than any other U.S. Army formation during World War II.

The men of Merrill's Marauders enjoyed the rare distinction of having each soldier awarded the Bronze Star. In June 1944, the 5307th Composite Unit (provisional) was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation:

 The unit must display such gallantry, determination, and esprit de corps in accomplishing its mission under extremely difficult and hazardous conditions as to set it apart and above other units participating in the same campaign.

On 10 August 1944 the Marauders were consolidated into the 475th Infantry, which continued service in northern Burma as a component of the brigade-sized MARS Task Force until February 1945. On 21 June 1954 the 475th Infantry was re-designated the 75th Infantry from which descended the 75th Ranger Regiment.

The commander of the 2nd Battalion of the Marauders, Colonel George A. McGee, was inducted into the Ranger Hall of Fame (1992) for extraordinary valor and exemplary service. Roy H. Matsumoto (1993), Henry Gosho (1997), and Grant Hirabayashi (2004), Japanese-American interpreters for the Marauders were also inducted into the Ranger Hall of Fame.

On 5 December 2019, the United States Senate passed S. 743, the Merrill's Marauders Congressional Gold Medal Act, legislation to honor the Marauders' extraordinary service.  On 22 September 2020, the House of Representatives also passed the bill by unanimous consent.  The Congressional Gold Medal is the highest expression by the Congress of national appreciation for distinguished achievements and contributions to the country. On 6 October, the Bill approving the medal award was sent to the White House for its final signature.

As of 31 December 2020, seven Marauders were still alive. By May 2022, this number had dwindled to just two, Gabriel Kinney and Russell Hamler. Gabriel Kinney died on December 11, 2022, at the age of 101.

Company S-2 within the Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets is named after Merrill's Marauders.

See also

China Burma India Theater
Former United States special operations units
Ledo RoadMerrill's Marauders (1962 film)Objective, Burma! (1945 film)
Roy Matsumoto
Charlton Ogburn
David Richardson
Samuel V. Wilson
United States Army Rangers
Burma Campaign
Chindits
Marine Raiders

References

Bibliography
Baker, Alan, Merrill's Marauders, Ballantine (1972).
 Bjorge, Gary J. "Merrill's Marauders: Combined Operations in Northern Burma in 1944" Army History No. 34 (Spring/Summer 1995), pp. 12–28  online
Kearny, Cresson H. (Major), Jungle Snafus...And Remedies, Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine (1996),
George, John B. (Lt. Col.), Shots Fired in Anger, NRA Publications (1981), , 978-0935998429
Hopkins, James Spearhead, Merrill's Marauders Society (2000). .
 Hoyt, Edwin, Merrill's Marauders, Pinnacle Books (1980). .
Latimer, John, Burma: The Forgotten War, John Murray, (2004).
 Mortimer, Gavin. Merrill's Marauders: The Untold Story of Unit Galahad and the Toughest Special Forces Mission of World War II (Zenith Press, 2013).
 Randle, Fred E., and William W. Hughes. Hell on Land, Disaster at Sea: The Story of Merrill's Marauders and the Sinking of the Rhona'' (Turner Publishing Company, 2002).
Weston, Logan, "The Fightin' Preacher", Vision Press (1992) .

External links

 Office of the US Surgeon General: Office of Medical History: Book 5, The Marauders and the microbes index
 US Army Rangers: History: Merrill's Marauders (WWII)
 marauder.org
 OSS Detachment 101 in Burma: see GALAHAD section
 Command and General Staff College – US Army Combined Arms Center
 Intelligence Operations of OSS Detachment 101
 Galahad: Intelligence Aspects
 "The Dead End Kids"
 "Tales of Merrill's Marauders"

 One of last surviving WWII 'Merrill's Marauders' finally receives Bronze Star
 "European Center of Military History"
 "Documentary on Roy Matsumoto who served with Merrill's Maruders"

Special operations units and formations of the United States Army
Ranger units and formations of the United States Army
Military units and formations in Burma in World War II
Military units and formations of the United States Army in World War II

Merrill's Marauders


Die Saison 1938/39 war die 13. reguläre Saison der American Hockey Association (AHA). Meister wurden die St. Louis Flyers.

Modus
In der Regulären Saison absolvierten die sechs Mannschaften jeweils zwischen 50 und 55 Spielen. Die vier bestplatzierten Mannschaften qualifizierten sich für die Playoffs. Diese wurden im Best-of-Five-Modus ausgetragen. Einzig das zweite Halbfinale wurde gemäß Torverhältnis gewertet. Für einen Sieg erhielt jede Mannschaft zwei Punkte, bei einem Unentschieden einen Punkt und bei einer Niederlage null Punkte.

Reguläre Saison

Tabelle
Abkürzungen: GP = Spiele, W = Siege, L = Niederlagen, T = Unentschieden, GF = Erzielte Tore, GA = Gegentore, Pts = Punkte

Playoffs

Weblinks
 Die Spielzeit bei hockeydb.com

1938
Eishockeysaison 1938/39

AHA 1938/39


Kosmos 2184, ruski vojni navigacijski i komunikacijski satelit iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Parus.

Lansiran je 15. travnja 1992. godine u 07:17 s kozmodroma Pljesecka, s mjesta 132/1. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Kosmos-3M 11K65M. Orbita mu je 965 km u perigeju i 1015 km u apogeju. Orbitne inklinacije je 82,93°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 21937. COSPARova oznaka je 1992-020-A. Zemlju obilazi u 104,90 minuta. Pri lansiranju bio je mase 825 kg.

Iz misije je ostao još jedan dio koji je ostao kružiti u niskoj orbiti.

Izvori
А.Железняков. Энциклопедия "Космонавтика". Хроника освоения космоса. 1992 год. (rus.)
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)
N2YO Satellite Database - Tehnical Details - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions (engl.)
Gunter's Space Page Parus (GLONASS-M, 11F627) (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database (engl.)
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)
Kunstman  Satellites in Orbit (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2184


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බදුල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයෙහි රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව දැක්වීමේදී එය බදුල්ල, බණ්ඩාරවෙල, මහියංගනය, වැලිමඩ හා පස්සර යන අධ්‍යාපන කලාප  වලට අදාල රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තු වශයෙන් වෙන් වෙන් වශයෙන් දැක්විය හැකිය.

බදුල්ල අධ්‍යාපන කලාපය

මෙම කලාපය බදුල්ල, හාලිඇළ, සොරණතොට, මීගහකිවුල හා කන්දෙකැටිය යන අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශ වලින් සමන්විතවී ඇති අතර සමස්ත පාසැල් සංඛ්‍යාව 170 වෙයි.

බදුල්ල අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය
පාසැල් 39 කින් සමන්විත වන බදුල්ල අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙහි සමස්ත රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව සඳහා මෙය බලන්න

හාලිඇළ අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය
පාසැල් 66 කින් සමන්විත වන හාලිඇළ අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙහි සමස්ත රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව සඳහා මෙය බලන්න

සොරණතොට අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය
පාසැල් 22 කින් සමන්විත වන සොරණතොට අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙහි සමස්ත රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව සඳහා මෙය බලන්න

මීගහකිවුල  අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය
පාසැල් 22 කින් සමන්විත වන මීගහකිවුල අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙහි සමස්ත රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව සඳහා මෙය බලන්න

කන්දෙකැටිය අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය
පාසැල් 21 කින් සමන්විත වන කන්දෙකැටිය අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙහි සමස්ත රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව සඳහා මෙය බලන්න

බණ්ඩාරවෙල අධ්‍යාපන කලාපය

මෙම කලාපය බණ්ඩාරවෙල, හල්දුම්මුල්ල, හපුතලේ හා ඇල්ල යන අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශ වලින් සමන්විතවී ඇති අතර සමස්ත පාසැල් සංඛ්‍යාව 140 වෙයි.

බණ්ඩාරවෙල අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය
පාසැල් 34 කින් සමන්විත වන බණ්ඩාරවෙල අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙහි සමස්ත රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව සඳහා මෙය බලන්න

හල්දුම්මුල්ල අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය
පාසැල් 48 කින් සමන්විත වන හල්දුම්මුල්ල අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙහි සමස්ත රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව සඳහා මෙය බලන්න

හපුතලේ අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය
පාසැල් 30 කින් සමන්විත වන හපුතලේ අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙහි සමස්ත රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව සඳහා මෙය බලන්න

ඇල්ල  අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය
පාසැල් 28 කින් සමන්විත වන ඇල්ල අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙහි සමස්ත රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව සඳහා මෙය බලන්න

මහියංගනය අධ්‍යාපන කලාපය

මෙම කලාපය මහියංගනය හා රිදීමලියැද්ද යන අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශ වලින් සමන්විතවී ඇති අතර සමස්ත පාසැල් සංඛ්‍යාව 74 වෙයි.

මහියංගනය අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය
පාසැල් 39 කින් සමන්විත වන මහියංගනය අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙහි සමස්ත රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව සඳහා මෙය බලන්න

රිදීමලියැද්ද අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය
පාසැල් 35 කින් සමන්විත වන රිදීමලියැද්ද අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙහි සමස්ත රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව සඳහා මෙය බලන්න

වැලිමඩ අධ්‍යාපන කලාපය

මෙම කලාපය ඌව-පරණගම හා වැලිමඩ යන අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශ වලින් සමන්විතවී ඇති අතර සමස්ත පාසැල් සංඛ්‍යාව 103 වෙයි.

ඌව-පරණගම අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය
පාසැල් 47 කින් සමන්විත වන ඌව-පරණගම අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙහි සමස්ත රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව සඳහා මෙය බලන්න

වැලිමඩ  අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය
පාසැල් 56 කින් සමන්විත වන වැලිමඩ  අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙහි සමස්ත රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව සඳහා මෙය බලන්න

පස්සර අධ්‍යාපන කලාපය

මෙම කලාපය පස්සර  යන අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙන් සමන්විතවී ඇති අතර සමස්ත පාසැල් සංඛ්‍යාව 83වෙයි.

පස්සර   අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය
පාසැල් 83 කින් සමන්විත වන පස්සර   අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශයෙහි සමස්ත රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව සඳහා මෙය බලන්න


Pfalz-Simmern var en gren af fyrsteslægten Wittelsbach. Grenens medlemmer var efterkommere af den tyske konge Ruprecht 3. af Pfalz. De seks kurfyrster, der regerede mellem 1559 og 1685 tilhørte slægtsgrenen Pfalz-Simmern.

Kurfyrster og andre fremtrædende medlemmer af slægten Pfalz-Simmern
 kurfyrste og tysk konge Ruprecht 3. af Pfalz, kurfyrste 1398 – 1410, konge 1400 – 1410.
 pfalzgreve Stefan af Pfalz-Simmern-Zweibrücken i 1410 – 1459.
 pfalzgreve Frederik 1. af Pfalz-Simmern-Sponheim i 1459 – 1480.
 pfalzgreve Johan 1. af Pfalz-Simmern i 1480 – 1509.
 pfalzgreve Johan 2. af Pfalz-Simmern i 1509 – 1557.
 kurfyrste Frederik 3. af Pfalz-Simmern, pfalzgreve fra 1557, kurfyrste i  1559 – 1576.
 kurfyrste  Ludvig 4. af Pfalz-Simmern i 1576 – 1583.
 kurfyrste Frederik 4. af Pfalz-Simmern, gift med Louise Juliana af Oranje-Nassau (en datter af Vilhelm den Tavse), Frederik 4. var kurfyrste i  1583 – 1610.
 kurfyrste Frederik 5. af Pfalz, Vinterkongen (konge af Bøhmen 26. august 1619 – 8. november 1620), gift med Elizabeth Stuart (datter af kong Jakob 6. af Skotland og 1. af England og Anna af Danmark, dronning Skotland og England, datterdatter af Frederik 2. af Danmark-Norge)
 kurfyrste Karl 1. Ludvig af Pfalz-Simmern i 1648 – 1680.
 kurfyrste Karl 2. af Pfalz-Simmern, gift med Vilhelmine Ernestine af Danmark-Norge (en datter af Frederik 3. af Danmark-Norge), Karl 2. var kurfyrste i  1680 – 1685.
 prinsesse Liselotte af Pfalz, gift med Philippe af Frankrig, Hertug af Orléans (kong Ludvig 14. af Frankrigs yngre bror). Liselotte levede i 1652 – 1722.

Den Pfalziske Arvefølgekrig

Efter Karl 2.s død i 1685 blev Pfalz besat af Ludvig 14. af Frankrig. Dette skete officielt for at sikre svigerinden Liselotte af Pfalz's arv. Den Pfalziske Arvefølgekrig (1688–1697) kom til at vare i ni år, og krigen er også kendt som Niårskrigen.

For Frankrig betød Niårskrigen blandt andet, at landet måtte opgive kontrollen over Lorraine, men at landet i stedet sikrede sig kontrollen med Alsace og Strasbourg.

Under krigen havde den franske besættelsesmagt tvangsindført den katolske religion i Pfalz. Ved fredsslutningen måtte de tyske magter acceptere, at katolicismen fremover skulle være statsreligion i Pfalz, og at kurfyrsterne i i Pfalz derefter skulle være katolikker. Dermed sluttede Pfalz's tid som en calvinistisk-luthersk højborg.

Ophør i 1685
Efter Karl 2.s død i 1685 blev titlen som kurfyste arvet af Filip Vilhelm af Pfalz-Neuburg, men dette blev dog først internationalt anerkendt syv år efter Filip Vilhelms død. Anerkendelsen kom, da Den Pfalziske Arvefølgekrig sluttede i 1697.

Tidligere tyske stater
Stater under Det tysk-romerske Rige
Forhenværende fyrstendømmer
Etableret i 1459
Ophørt i 1685

Pfalz-Simmern


الشيطان الشائك ، حيوان صحراوي يتواجد ويعيش في وسط أستراليا في الصحاري والأماكن قليلة الأشجار حيث تتوفر التربة الرملية.

شكله
يبلغ طوله 8 إلى 20 سم كما أن لونه متداخل بألوان الصحراء، واللون الأساسي له هو البني ويميل إلى الصفرة في الأيام الدافئة وإلى الحمرة في الأيام الباردة، يغطي جسمه نتوء وأشواك على الرأس والرقبة وشكل الجسم مخروطي تقريبا وهذا يساعد على إخافة الضواري، والأنثي أكبر حجما من الذكر.

سلوكه
عندما يشعر بالخطر يقوم بإظهار نتوء عضوي على خلف رقبته للتمويه ويخفي رأسه الحقيقي بين ارجله الأربع، ويحصل على الرطوبة والنداوة أثناء الليل ومن المطر.

غذاؤه
يتغذى على النمل والحشرات الصغيرة حيث بإمكانه أكل حوالي 5000 نملة في وجبة واحدة.

التزاوج ووضع البيض
يضع البيض في شهري سبتمبر وديسمبر، ويضع حوالي 3-10 بيضات حيث يقوم بدفنهم تحت الأرض على عمق 30 سم ويفقس البيض بعد 3-4 أشهر.

مراجع

أجناس زواحف أحادية النوع
أصنوفات سماها جون إدوارد غراي
أنواع القائمة الحمراء غير المهددة
عضرفوطيات
حيوانات متوطنة في أستراليا
حيوانات وصفت في 1841
زواحف أستراليا
زواحف أستراليا الغربية
زواحف وصفت في 1841

شيطان شائك


Imst er en by i Østrig med omtrent 9.800 indbyggere. Byen er administrationsby for Bezirk Imst i delstaten Tyrol.

I 1949 grundlagde Hermann Gmeiner organisationen SOS Børnebyerne i Imst.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Imst officielle hjemmeside

Byer i Tyrol

Imst


Ruins of Empires treći je studijski album kanadskog simfonijskog death metal-sastava Aeternam. Sastav je samostalno objavio album 10. veljače 2017. godine.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
Aeternam
 Maxime Boucher – zborski vokali, bas-gitara
 Achraf Loudiy – vokali, zborski vokali, gitara
 Antoine Guertin – vokali, bubnjevi, udaraljke, glazbeni uzorci, produkcija orkestracije
Dodatni glazbenici
 Jef Fortin – dodatna gitara, produkcija, snimanje, miksanje, mastering
 Fred Leduc – tenor vokal (na pjesmi 1), zborski vokali
 Fanny Grenier – sopran vokal (na pjesmama 2 i 4), zborski vokali
 Marie-Christine Roy – erhu (na pjesmi 4)
 Hind Fazazi – vokali (na pjesmi 7)
 Annabelle Doucet – zborski vokali
 Chantale Grenier – zborski vokali
 Geneviève Laurin – zborski vokali
 Isabelle Lefrançois – zborski vokali
 Gabriel Giguere – zborski vokali
Ostalo osoblje
 David Lizotte – snimanje (zbora i erhua)
 Le Metallum – logotip
 Pascal Laquerre – naslovnica, ilustracije, raspored ilustracija
 Alexis BC – fotografija

Izvori

Kanadski glazbeni albumi
Albumi iz 2017.

Ruins of Empires


Scarba () is an island, in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, just north of the much larger island of Jura.  The island has not been permanently inhabited since the 1960s.  Until his death in 2013 it was owned by Richard Hill, 7th Baron Sandys; its owner now is Shane Cadzow who farms Luing cattle on the nearby island of Luing and grazes some of the cattle on Scarba.  Kilmory Lodge is used seasonally as a shooting lodge, the island having a flourishing herd of red deer.

The island's name is from the Norse and may mean "sharp, stony, hilly terrain" or "cormorant island".

Description

Scarba is not served by any public ferries, but access from Craobh Haven or Crinan Harbour is possible by arrangement with local boatmen. The rough summit ridge can be accessed from the harbour at the north end, from where a vehicle track leads up past Kilmory Lodge to a height of about 200 metres. After that, there are no paths or well defined routes, and the terrain becomes rough and boggy. The island rises steeply to a peak (Cruach Scarba) of . A cylindrical triangulation point marks the highest of several summits, which are surrounded by several small lochs.

Geology
The western two-thirds of Scarba is formed from the Neoproterozoic aged coarse-grained quartzites of the Jura Quartzite Formation ascribed to the Islay Subgroup of the Dalradian Argyll Group. Separated from these rocks by a north–south aligned geological fault, the bedrock of the eastern third is the Neoproterozoic Scarba Conglomerate Formation, and the subordinate Jura Slate Member belonging to the Easdale Subgroup of the Argyll Group. North-south aligned dykes of amphibolite are found throughout the Jura Quartzite whilst lamprophyre dykes of Siluro-Devonian age and basalt and micro-gabbro dykes forming part of the Palaeogene age 'Mull Dyke Swarm' cut through both the Quartzite in the west and the conglomerate in the east.
Raised marine deposits of sand and gravel occur on the northeast coast, a legacy of late Quaternary changes in relative sea-level. Peat deposits are common within the island's interior.

Corryvreckan

Between Scarba and Jura lies the Gulf of Corryvreckan, known for its whirlpool. Writing in 1549, Dean Monro wrote of "Skarbay" that between it and "Duray":
Ther runnes ane streame, above the power of all sailing and rowing, with infinite dangers, callit Corybrekan. This stream is aught myle lang, quhilk may not be hantit bot be certain tyds. This Skarbay is four myles lange from the west to the eist, and an myle breadth, ane high rough yle, inhabit and manurit, with some woods in it.

Scarba and a few nearby islets (Lunga and the Garvellachs) are collectively the Scarba, Lunga and the Garvellachs National Scenic Area, one of 40 such areas in Scotland, which are defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure its protection by restricting certain forms of development.

Gallery

Footnotes

References

External links

Islands of the Inner Hebrides
Uninhabited islands of Argyll and Bute
National scenic areas of Scotland

Scarba


Antoniny (ukrainisch ; russisch ) ist eine Siedlung städtischen Typs in der Oblast Chmelnyzkyj in der Ukraine. Der Ort ist am Flüsschen Ikopot gelegen und befindet sich 44 km nördlich der Oblasthauptstadt Chmelnyzkyj.

Geschichte
Antoniny wurde im Jahr 1593 zum ersten Mal unter dem Namen Chołodki. Der Ort gehörte verschiedenen polnischen Adelshäusern, von 1850 bis 1917 war in der Hand der Familie Potocki, diese hatten ein größeres Anwesen im Ort. Zwischen 1923 und 1962 war Antoniny auch der Sitz einer Rajonsverwaltung für den Rajon Antoniny, 1956 wurde dem Ort auch der Status einer Siedlung städtischen Typs zugesprochen.

Verwaltungsgliederung
Am 12. August 2017 wurde die Siedlung zum Zentrum der neugegründeten Siedlungsgemeinde Antoniny (Антонінська селищна громада/Antoninska selyschtschna hromada). Zu dieser zählten auch die 17 in der untenstehenden Tabelle aufgelisteten Dörfer, bis dahin bildete sie zusammen mit den Dörfern Rubljanka und Sakrynytschtschja die gleichnamige Siedlungsratsgemeinde Antoniny (Антонінська селищна рада/Antoninska selyschtschna rada) im Norden des Rajons Krassyliw.

Am 12. Juni 2020 kamen noch die 16 Dörfer Fedoriwka, Hryzenky, Jakymiwzi, Jusino, Kortschiwka, Krementschuky, Ledjanka, Lissowa Wolyzja, Mali Junatschky, Mali Pusyrky, Medzi, Reschniwka, Sewrjuky, Trisky, Trussyliwka und Welyki Junatschky zum Gemeindegebiet.

Am 17. Juli 2020 kam es im Zuge einer großen Rajonsreform zum Anschluss des Rajonsgebietes an den Rajon Chmelnyzkyj.

Folgende Orte sind neben dem Hauptort Antoniny Teil der Gemeinde:

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Oblast Chmelnyzkyj
Ersterwähnung 1593
Rajon Chmelnyzkyj

Antoniny


este perioada din istoria Japoniei când Curtea Imperială Japoneză își avea reședința în provincia Yamato (actualemente prefectura Nara). În această perioadă a  avut loc introducerea budismului în Japonia (cca 552), adoptarea unei  de influență chineză (604), precum și  instituțiilor de stat după modelul chinezesc (645).

Cu toate că convențional perioada Yamato cuprinde intervalul de timp între anii 250 și 710, incluzând perioada Kofun (cca. 250 - 538) și perioada Asuka (538-710), începutul efectiv al perioadei Yamato este controversat. Supremația Curții Yamato a fost contestată în perioada Kofun de alte facțiuni politice cu centre în diferite părți ale Japoniei. Ceea ce este sigur este că clanurile Yamato au avut avantaje majore peste clanurile vecine în secolul al 6-lea.

Această perioadă este împărțită în două sub-perioade, Kofun și Asuka, delimitate prin relocarea capitalei la Asuka (actualemente satul Asuka în prefectura Nara). Această divizare este considerată învechită, deoarece Kofun este o perioadă arheologică, iar Asuka este o perioadă istorică la propriu.

Fondul și cultura societății Yamato
În epoca Prințului Shōtoku, la începutul secolului al 7-lea, o nouă constituție a fost elaborată pentru Japonia, bazată pe modelul celei chineze. După căderea regatului Baekje (660 AD), guvernul Yamato  a trimis soli direct tribunalului chinez, de la care, de altfel, au împrumutat masiv structurile culturale și filozofice. Pe lângă etică și guvernare, au adoptat, de asemenea, Calendarul Chinezesc și multe dintre practicile religioase, inclusiv Confucianismul și Taoismul (Japoneză: Onmyo. ).

Surse documentare

Cu un mileniu mai devreme, Arhipelagul Japonez au fost locuit de populația jōmonilor. Potrivit Kojiki, cea mai veche înregistrare din Japonia, un imigrant coreean numit Amenohiboko, prinț de Silla, a venit în Japonia pentru a-l servi pe Împăratului Japoniei; el a locuit în Provincia Tajima . Urmașul său este considerat a fi Tajimamori. Dovezi arheologice indică contacte între China, Coreea și Japonia încă din preistorie, din perioada neolitică, și în continuare, de asemenea, cel puțin până în perioada Kofun.

Fragmentată, din punct de vedere politic, cultura Yayoi, bazată pe cultura orezului, fie a evoluat în noua cultura japoneză caracterizează prin mai centralizata, patriarhala, militarista perioadă Kofun, fie a ajuns să fie dominată și în cele din urmă depășită de societatea Yamato.

În acea vreme, japonica s-a răspândit și în Insulele Ryukyu, cum ar fi Okinawa. Limbile din Ryukyu și japoneza, cel mai probabil au început să fie divergente în această perioadă.

Perioada Kofun

 este o eră în istoria Japoniei întinsă între anii 250 și 538. Cuvântul kofun (mormânt vechi) este un termen japonez desemnând tipul de movile funerare datând din această epocă.

În perioada Kofun, elemente de cultura Chineză a continuat să influențeze cultura Arhipelagului Japonez, atât prin valuri de migrație cât și prin comerț, turism și schimburi culturale. Dovezile arheologice indică contacte între continent și Japonia și în această perioadă. Cei mai mulți cercetători cred că au fost transmiteri masive de tehnologie și cultură din China prin Coreea, în Japonia, fapt demonstrat de artefactele din mormintele ambelor state în Proto–Trei Regate ale Coreei și perioada Kofun, precum și valul mai târziu de refugiați Baekje spre Yamato.

Mormintele Kofun

Kofun (古墳, "mormânt vechi") sunt movile funerare care au fost construite pentru nobilii din clasa conducătoare din secolul 3 până în secolul 7. Perioada Kofun își ia numele de la aceste movile de pământ care sunt asociate cu bogat ritualuri funerare ale acelui timp. În aceste movile erau mari camere funerare de piatră. Unele movile sunt înconjurate de șanțuri cu apă.

Kofun au avut mai multe forme, cele rotunde și pătrate fiind cele mai simple. Un stil distinct este kofun în formă de gaură de cheie (前方後円墳 zenpō kōen fun = cu partea dinainte dreaptă și spatele rotund). Multe kofun au fost  dealuri naturale care au fost săpate până la forma finală. Kofun variază în mărime de la câțiva metri la peste 400 de metri lungime.

Pe la sfârșitul  perioadă Kofun, s-au construit camere funerare, folosite inițial doar de către elita conducătoare, și pentru oamenii de rând.

Cele mai mari kofun sunt considerate mormintele unor împărați ca împăratul Ōjin (応神天皇 Ōjin Katagami) și împăratul Nintoku (仁徳天皇 Nintoku Katagami). Kofun sunt clasificate și în funcție de intrarea în camera mortuară: verticală (縦穴 tate-ana) sau orizontală (横穴 yoko-ana).

Imigranți în Japonia primelor secole
Japonia perioadei Kofun a fost foarte receptivă la influența venită din China. Imigranții chinezi și coreeni au jucat un rol important în introducerea de elemente din cultura chineză în Japonia primelor secole.

Legăturile Yamato cu continentul și cu dinastia Liu Song în 425 și 478 au fost facilitate de cunoștințele maritime  și legăturile diplomatice dintre China și cele Trei Regate ale Coreei, mai ales cu populația baekjae.

Multe figuri importante au fost imigranți din Asia de Est. Curtea Imperială Yamato a editat oficial Shinsen Shōjiroku (Noul Registru al Numelor de familie) în 815 ca pe o listă de aristocrați care enumeră 1182 nume de clanuri care au fost în zona Kinai, menționând un număr de clanuri din China Dinastiei Han, din Silla, din Baekje și din Goguryeo. Conform listei, 174 clanuri au rădăcini în China, 120 clanuri au rădăcini în Baekje, 48 clanuri au rădăcini în Goguryeo, 17 clanuri au rădăcini în Silla, apoi 9 clanuri au rădăcini în Gaya din peninsula coreeană.

Kofun societate

Statul Yamato
 a evoluat mai mult în perioada Asuka, numită după regiunea Asuka, la sud de modernul Nara, ținut cu numeroase capitale imperial temporare stabilite în cursul perioadei. Perioada Asuka este cunoscută pentru  transformările sale artistice, sociale și politice semnificative, care își au originile în perioada Kofun.

Evenimente

 538: Regatul coreean Baekje trimite o delegație pentru a prezenta budismul împăratului Japoniei.
 593: Prințul Shotoku din clanul Soga reguli conduce Japonia și promovează budismul
 600: Prințul Shotoku trimite prima misiune oficială a Japoniei în China
 604: Prințul Shotoku redactează o constituție în stil chinezesc(Kenpo Jushichijo), bazată pe principiile confucianiste, document care, de facto, inaugurează Imperiul Japonez
 605: Prințul Shotoku declară Budismul și Confucianismul religii de stat în Japonia
 607: Prințul Shotoku construiește templul budist Horyuji în valea Asuka
 645: Prințul Shotoku este urmat de Kotoku Tenno, care întărește puterea imperială în dauna celei a clanurilor aristocratice (Reforma Taika), și transformă feudele lor în provincii ale Imperiului Japonez
 663: Flota statului Yamato și forțele aliate coreene Baekje sunt înfrânte de forțele navale ale Chinei Dinastiei Tang, în Bătălia de la Baekgang

Vezi și

 Perioada Kofun
 Perioada Yayoi
 Perioada Nara
 Istoria Japoniei

Referințe

Perioada Asuka
Perioada Kofun

Perioada Yamato


Mvog-Mbi est un quartier à habitat spontané localisé dans le nord de la commune de Yaoundé IV.

Historique
Le mot « Mvog-Mbi » vient du nom des peuples autochtones de ce quartier populaire de Yaoundé, la capitale politique du Cameroun. Ces premiers occupants ont pour ancêtre commun Mbi Mengue qui est le descendant de Tsungui Mballa.

Situation géographique
Mvog-Mbi est voisin à l'Est du quartier Kondengui. Au nord se trouvent Mvog-Ada et le centre-ville. Au Sud, nous avons le secteur de Mvog Atangana Mballa.

Education
Plusieurs écoles primaires existent au quartier Mvog-Mbi. L'Institut Universitaire Siantou y est aussi localisé.

Activités économiques et culturelles
Le quartier Mvog-Mbi abrite un important marché de vivres frais. Il s'agit de l'un des principaux marchés nocturnes de la ville de Yaoundé.

Il existe plusieurs bars, snacks et cabarets dans ce quartier cosmopolite. L'un des points de référence est l'espace culturel Quartier Mozart créé par le réalisateur camerounais Jean Pierre Bekolo, auteur du film franco-camerounais éponyme. Quartier Mozart, œuvre cinématographique ayant reçu de nombreux prix, a été tourné en 1992, dans la zone "Etam Bafia" reliant Kondengui et Mvog-Mbi. Long métrage trentenaire en 2022, Quartier Mozart est à présent un centre culturel camerounais, siège du Festival Etam Bafia Art.

Notes et références

Quartier de Yaoundé

Mvog-Mbi


Red Bay may refer to:

Red Bay, Alabama
Red Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador
Red Bay, County Antrim, a townland in County Antrim, Northern Ireland
Persea borbonia, sometimes called Red Bay tree

Red Bay


Mbye oder  M'bye ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Fafa Edrissa Mbye (* 1942), gambischer Jurist und Politiker, siehe Fafa Edrissa M'Bai

 Kumba M'bye (* 1983), gambisch-schwedische Sängerin, Rapperin und Model
 Mam Mbye Secka (1949/1950–2006), gambischer Politiker
 Mohammed Mbye (Mohammed Jallow-Mbye; * 1989), gambischer Fußballspieler
 Sainey Mbye (* 1973), gambischer Politiker
 Sukai Mbye Bojang (* 1955), gambische Schriftstellerin, siehe Sukai Bojang

Mbye


Georgia's musical history is diverse and substantial; the state's musicians include Southern rap groups such as Outkast and Goodie Mob, as well as a wide variety of rock, pop, blues, and country artists such as the late Ray Charles, Otis Redding, James Brown, and The Allman Brothers Band. The music of Athens, Georgia is especially well known for a kind of quirky college rock that has included such well-known bands as R.E.M., The B-52's, and Pylon.

Music institutions
The state's official music museum is the Georgia Music Hall of Fame, located in Macon, Georgia from 1996 until it closed in 2011. Colleges such as the University of Georgia and Columbus State University have extensive music departments.

Indigenous music

Folk music
Georgia's folk musical traditions include important contributions to the Piedmont blues, shape note singing, and African-American music.

African American folk music
The "ring shout" is an African American musical and dance tradition that is among the oldest surviving African American performance styles in North America. The ring shout tradition is rare in the modern Southern United States, but it still found in McIntosh County, Georgia, where black communities have kept the style alive. The McIntosh County ring shout is a counterclockwise ring dance featuring clapping and stick-beating percussion with call-and-response vocals. The ring shout tradition is strongest in Boldon, Georgia (also known as Briar Patch), where it is traditionally performed on New Year's Eve.

The Georgia Sea Island Singers are an important group in modern African American folk music in Georgia. They perform worldwide the Gullah/Geechee music of the Georgia coast and Sea Islands, and have been touring since the early 1900s; the folklorist and musicologist Alan Lomax discovered the Singers on a 1959-60 collecting trip and helped to bring their music to new audiences. The Georgia Sea Island Singers have included Bessie Jones, Emma Ramsey, John Davis, Mayble Hillery, and Peter Davis.

Fife and drum blues has been documented in west central Georgia.

The Freedom Singers are a group that formed in 1962 in Albany to educate communities about issues related to the Civil Rights Movement through song.

Multi-instrumentalist Abner Jay, born in Fitzgerald, performed eccentric blues-infused folk music as a one-man band.

Shape-note
The Sacred Harp, first published in 1844, was compiled and produced by Georgians Benjamin Franklin White and Elisha J. King. They helped establish a singing tradition also known as Sacred Harp, fasola, or shape note singing. The Sacred Harp system use notes represented by different shapes according to scale degree, intended to make it easy for people to learn to sight-read music and perform complex pieces without a lot of training. Established in 1933, the Sacred Harp Publishing Company, located in Carrollton, Georgia, publishes the most widely used 1991 edition of The Sacred Harp. Hugh McGraw of Bremen, Georgia, served as the company's executive secretary from 1958–2002 and helped encourage Sacred Harp's recent resurgence in popularity. A Georgia-based music label, Bibletone Records, has reissued a 28-cut CD of Sacred Harp music originally released as LPs by the publishing company.

American folk music revival
Folksinger/songwriter Hedy West, active in the American folk music revival and famous for her song "500 Miles", was born in Cartersville.

Popular music

Country

In Atlanta, on June 14, 1923, the country music recording industry was launched when Fiddlin' John Carson made his first phonograph record for Okeh Records Company representative Polk C. Brockman. Carson's recordings of "The Little Old Log Cabin in the Lane" and "The Old Hen Cackled and the Rooster's Going to Crow" sold over 500,0000 copies and opened the eyes of record company executives to the market for "old-time" country music.  Along with Carson, Gid Tanner and His Skillet Lickers and Georgia Yellow Hammers made Atlanta and North Georgia an early center of old-time string band music.

In the 1960s, guitarist Chet Atkins, born in Luttrell, Tennessee but raised in Hamilton, Georgia, drew on jazz and pop music to help create the smoother country music style known as the Nashville Sound, expanding country music's appeal to adult pop fans. Country music superstars Alan Jackson, Trisha Yearwood, and Travis Tritt are natives of Georgia. Other successful country music acts from Georgia include Norman Blake, Jerry Reed, Brenda Lee (who had a #1 Hot 100 hit with "I'm Sorry" in 1960), Billy Currington, Cyndi Thomson, Jennifer Nettles of Sugarland, Daryle Singletary, Doug Stone, John Berry, Rhett Akins, Mark Wills, the Zac Brown Band, and Lady Antebellum, as well as up and coming stars Jason Aldean, Daniel Antopolsky, Brantley Gilbert, Luke Bryan, Thomas Rhett, Cole Swindell (attended Georgia Southern University), Kip Moore, Lauren Alaina, and Jessie James. Other notable country musicians from Georgia include Corey Smith (graduated from UGA) and Tabby Crabb from Sumter Co., who worked with the original Urban Cowboy Band, Randy Howard, Hank Cochran, Keith Urban, and many others in the Nashville style. Georgia country music superstars with a #1 album on the Billboard 200 chart include Atlanta-area musicians Alan Jackson with 3 #1 albums like Drive in 2002, and Zac Brown Band with 3 like You Get What You Give in 2010 (Zac Brown attended the University of West Georgia); Jason Aldean with 4 consecutive #1 albums on the Billboard 200 like the country rock Night Train in 2012 to 2018, Luke Bryan (from south Georgia, he attended Georgia Southern University) with 3 like Crash My Party in 2013, Thomas Rhett with 2 like Life Changes in 2017, and Sugarland with 2 #1 albums like The Incredible Machine in 2010.

Blues

Ma Rainey, from Columbus, was among the earliest professional blues singers and one of the first generation of such singers to record. Piedmont blues artist Blind Willie McTell was born in Thomson. Country blues singer and guitarist Peg Leg Howell was born in Eatonton. Singer Ida Cox was from Toccoa. Singer and guitarist Kokomo Arnold was born in Lovejoy's Station.  Singer Lucille Hegamin was born in Macon.  Singer Trixie Smith was born in Atlanta.  Blues pianists from Georgia include Thomas A. Dorsey, born in Villa Rica, Big Maceo Merriweather, born in Atlanta, and Piano Red, born near Hampton. Barbeque Bob was from Walnut Grove. Singer and guitarist Curley Weaver was born in Covington. Charley Lincoln was born in Lithonia. Harmonicist Eddie Mapp was born in Social Circle. Harmonicist Sonny Terry was born in Greesboro. Buddy Moss was born in Jewell. Singer and guitarist Blind Simmie Dooley was born in Hartwell.  Songwriter and one-man band Jesse Fuller was born in Jonesboro. Bumble Bee Slim was born in Brunswick. Country blues artist Precious Bryant was born in Talbot County. Jump blues singer and musician Billy Wright was born in Atlanta.  Singer and guitarist Robert Cray was born in Columbus. Singer and guitarist Cecil Barfield was born in Bronwood. Macon, Georgia street performer Pearly Brown was born in Wilcox County, Georgia.

Jazz
Big band swing bandleader and pianist Fletcher Henderson and his younger brother arranger Horace Henderson were born in Cuthbert. Stride pianist and composer Mary Lou Williams, avant-garde jazz alto saxophonist Marion Brown, and singer Jean Carne were born in Atlanta. Big band bandleader and trumpet player Harry James was born in Albany. Bebop saxophonist James Moody, hard bop saxophonist Sahib Shihab, and singer Irene Reid were born in Savannah. Trombonist J.C. Higginbotham was born in Social Circle. Tenor saxophonist and arranger Teddy McRae was born in Waycross. George Adams was born in Covington.  Singer Joe Williams was born in Cordele. Bebop saxophonist for Miles Davis and The Jazz Messengers, Hank Mobley was born in Eastman. Jazz bassist Jimmy Garrison who performed with John Coltrane, Alice Coltrane, and Ornette Coleman was born in Americus. The jazz fusion group Aquarium Rescue Unit founded by Bruce Hampton was started in Atlanta.

Rhythm and blues
Augusta native James Brown (d.2006) and Macon native Little Richard (d.2020) "The Architect of Rock and Roll" started performing in Georgia clubs on the Chitlin' Circuit, fused gospel with blues and boogie-woogie to lay the foundations for rock & roll and soul music, and rank among the most iconic musicians of the 20th century. Ray Charles was also born in Georgia; Charles helped to invent the soul genre by borrowing elements of rhythm and blues, country, jazz, gospel, and blues. Ray Charles (d. 2004) had 3 #1 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, including "Georgia on My Mind" in 1960 (which is the official state song of Georgia). Ray Charles won another Grammy for Album of the Year for his 2004 Genius Loves Company. Atlanta native Chuck Willis was a blues, R&B, and rock and roll singer and songwriter active from 1950-58.  In the 1960s, Atlanta native Gladys Knight proved one of the most popular Motown recording artists, while Otis Redding, born in the small town of Dawson but raised in Macon, defined the grittier Southern soul sound of Memphis-based Stax Records. Gladys Knight "The Empress of Soul" had a #1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 with "Midnight Train to Georgia" in 1973. Otis Redding (d. 1967, buried near Macon) had a #1 hit on the Hot 100 with "(Sittin' on) the Dock of the Bay" in 1968. Motown producer and disco artist Hamilton Bohannon was born in Newnan, Georgia. Dave Prater of the soul duo Sam & Dave was born in Ocilla, Georgia.

Rock

The earliest Atlanta-based music maven, Bill Lowery, started the careers of Ray Stevens, Joe South, Jerry Reed, and countless others, and created the first Georgia-based springboard for such talent, National Recording Corporation, sporting not only a record label, but a recording studio and pressing plant. Lowery would later work with the likes of Billy Joe Royal, Mac Davis, Dennis Yost & The Classics IV, and The Atlanta Rhythm Section, giving Atlanta national relevance with his Lowery Music group of publishing companies, one of the world's biggest music publishers. Noted session and touring drummer, Michael Huey, started his career at Bill Lowery studios.

Tommy Roe, from Atlanta, had 2 #1 Hot 100 hits, including "Dizzy" in 1969.

The Allman Brothers Band, founded in Jacksonville, Florida, moved to Macon at the urging of their manager, Phil Walden, who had previously managed Otis Redding. The Allman Brothers had a #2 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 with "Ramblin' Man" in 1973. Their album Brothers and Sisters went to #1 on the Billboard 200. Gregg Allman (d. 2017), his brother Duane Allman (d. 1971), and Berry Oakley (d. 1972) are buried in Macon. Walden's Macon-based Capricorn Records, spearheaded the rise of Southern rock, and the success of the Allman Brothers paved the way for other Southern rock bands, including Atlanta Rhythm Section, South Carolina-based Marshall Tucker Band and Lynyrd Skynyrd, also founded in Jacksonville. Georgia has also produced a number of Southern rock groups throughout the last three decades, including the Black Crowes (who had a #1 album on the Billboard 200 in 1992), The Georgia Satellites (had a #2 Hot 100 hit with Keep Your Hands to Yourself in '87), Blackberry Smoke, Confederate Railroad, and Drivin' 'N' Cryin'.

The city of Athens, Georgia, home to the University of Georgia, has been a fertile field for alternative rock bands since the late 1970s. Notable bands from Athens include R.E.M., The B-52's (had a #4 Billboard 200 album with Cosmic Thing in 1989, Fred Schneider attended the University of Georgia), Widespread Panic, Drive-By Truckers, Cartel, Of Montreal, and Dead Confederate. Athens is also home to the Elephant 6 Recording Company, an indie collective whose members include The Apples in Stereo and Neutral Milk Hotel. R.E.M. had 2 #1 albums on the Billboard 200, including Out of Time in 1991. R.E.M. had 6 #1 songs on the Alternative Songs chart in the late 80s and 90s. Michael Stipe attended the University of Georgia.

Acoustic rock/folk duo the Indigo Girls got their start in Decatur (they both attended Emory University in Atlanta, and alternative rock bands Collective Soul (had 7 #1 songs on the Mainstream Rock chart in the 90s) and September Hase began in Stockbridge and Tifton, respectively. Rock pianist Elton John spends some time living in Atlanta, and singer-songwriter John Mayer ("Why Georgia") lived in Atlanta after dropping out of the Berklee School of Music in 1998. Indie rock and hard rock band Manchester Orchestra had a #13 album on the Billboard 200 in 2014 with Cope.

Georgia has contributed to the ska scene with the bands Treephort, 50:50 Shot, and The Taj Motel Trio. Ska punk has seen a recent revival in Georgia with the regional ska festival, the Mass Ska Raid, taking place for the first time in 2008.

Along with Louisiana and the rest of the Southern area, there is a strong heavy metal music scene in Georgia, with bands such as Mastodon (had a #6 album on the Billboard 200 in 2014), Baroness, Collective Soul, Royal Thunder, Black Tusk, Kylesa, Withered, Sevendust, ISSUES, Norma Jean, and Attila. Thrash metal band Tetrarch are from Atlanta, as is black metal band Cloak.

Neon Christ are a notable band from the Atlanta Hardcore scene.

Several Christian rock musicians have come out of Georgia, including Amy Grant, who was born in Augusta, Third Day (Had a #6 album on the Billboard 200 in 2008), Casting Crowns (Had 2 #2 albums on the Billboard 200, like in 2007), Bebo Norman, and Family Force 5.

Cat Power (Chan Marshall) was born in Atlanta and got her start there.

The 2000s saw the rise of Atlanta indie rock bands The Black Lips, Deerhunter, and The Coathangers.

Pop rock singer songwriter Phillip Phillips, who won the eleventh season of American Idol in 2012, was born in Albany. He had a #4 album on the Billboard 200 in 2012.

Atlanta hosts the annual 2-day Music Midtown festival since 1994 (Atlanta's Collective Soul played there in 2000 and 2017, Atlanta's Manchester Orchestra played there in 2011, Atlanta's Ludacris performed there in 2001 and 2012), Shaky Beats Music Festival (an EDM festival since 2016) and Shaky Knees Music Festival (a 3-day rock festival since 2013), and hosted the TomorrowWorld EDM music festival from 2013-15. They also host the EDM Imagine Festival at Atlanta Speedway. Atlanta also hosts the SweetWater 420 Fest each April at Centennial Olympic Park. There was the Atlanta International Pop Festival (1970) with Macon's The Allman Brothers Band.

Hip hop

Atlanta-based OutKast proved one of the first commercially successful hip hop groups from outside of New York or Los Angeles. In the 1990s and 2000s, Atlanta became the leading center of urban music. Artists like Lloyd (had a #2 album on Billboard 200 in 2007), T.I., TLC (Left Eye is buried in Lithonia, GA), Monica, Usher, 112, Ludacris (attended Georgia State University), YoungBloodZ, OutKast, Goodie Mob (Gnarls Barkley with CeeLo Green had a #4 album on Billboard 200 in 2006) (as well as the Dungeon Family music collective which both are members of) and producers like Organized Noize, L.A. Reid, and Jermaine Dupri "Welcome to Atlanta", the latter of whom founded the successful record labels LaFace and So So Def, have blurred musical boundaries by blending R&B singing with Hip-Hop production. More recently, Atlanta is also known as a center of crunk music, an electric bass-driven club music whose most visible practitioner has been Atlanta-based producer/hype man/rapper Lil Jon.

Kris Kross- ("Jump" in 1992), TLC 4 #1s on the Billboard Hot 100- ("Waterfalls" in 1995, and 2 #2 songs like "Baby-Baby-Baby" in '92), Silk (group)- ("Freak Me"), Monica 3 #1s (like "Angel of Mine"), Usher (9 #1s), Outkast 3 #1s, Ludacris from College Park 5 #1s- ("Stand Up"), Ciara- ("Goodies"), D4L- ("Laffy Taffy"; Shawty Lo died in '16), T.I. "The King of the South" from Bankhead 3 #1s- ("Whatever You Like"), Soulja Boy- ("Crank That (Soulja Boy)"), B.o.B.- ("Nothin' on You"), Migos from Lawrenceville- ("Bad and Boujee"), Childish Gambino-("This Is America"), and Lil Nas X ("Old Town Road" in 2019, the longest running #1 song of all time, country rap; also had a #1 in 2021) all had a #1 single on the Billboard Hot 100 from the early 90s to 2019. Also, rappers Lil Jon and Young Jeezy were featured on Usher's #1 Hot 100 singles: "Yeah!" in 2004 and "Love in this Club" in 2008. Usher also had 4 consecutive #1 albums on the Billboard 200 from Confessions in 2004 to Looking 4 Myself. The R&B group 112 were featured on Puff Daddy's #1 Hot 100 song "I'll Be Missing You" in 1997. Rapper Yung Joc was featured on T-Pain's #1 Hot 100 song "Buy U a Drank". R&B singer Sleepy Brown from Savannah was featured on Outkast's #1 Hot 100 song "The Way You Move" in 2004. Young Thug was featured on Camila Cabello's #1 Hot 100 song "Havana" in 2018. In addition, Atlanta rapper 2 Chainz had a #1 album on the Billboard 200 in 2012: Based on a T.R.U. Story. And ATL rapper Future has had 6 consecutive #1 albums on the Billboard 200 including the trap music album DS2 in 2015. 21 Savage from DeKalb County has had 2 #1 albums, including one in 2019. Lil Baby has had 2 #1 albums like in 2020.

Additional notable musicians from Georgia include: "What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am)" from 1964 by R&B group The Tams, "Take Your Time (Do It Right)" '80 by Post-disco group The S.O.S. Band, "Mr. Wendal" '92 by Arrested Development (group), "Whoomp! (There It Is)" '93 by hip hop and Miami bass duo Tag Team, "My Boo" '96 by R&B and Miami bass group Ghost Town DJs, "Da' Dip" '97 by hip hop and Miami bass rapper Freak Nasty, "Bring It All to Me" '99 by R&B girl group Blaque, "Don't Think I'm Not" '00 by r&b singer Kandi (who was in Xscape), "Where the Party At" '01 by hip hop soul group Jagged Edge, "Don't Mess with My Man" '02 by R&B singer Nivea from Savannah, "Georgia" '05 by Southern hip hop group Field Mob, "Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)" by Silento in 2015, "Crush" '98 by pop singer Jennifer Paige, "Lullaby" '98 by pop rock singer Shawn Mullins, "Crazy for This Girl" 2000 by pop rock twin brothers Evan and Jaron, "People Are Crazy" '09 by country singer Billy Currington from Savannah, Hey! Album "Freak of the Week" '98 by pop rock band Marvelous 3 (with Butch Walker), "Not an Angel" '07 by Post-hardcore band City Sleeps, "Bartender Song (Sittin' at a Bar)" '08 by rap rock and country rock group Rehab, Sugar "Giving It All Away" 2010 by psychedelic rock band Dead Confederate from Augusta, and Southern Gothic "Felicia" from 2010 by psychedelic rock and hip hop band The Constellations.

Classical
Modernist composer Wallingford Riegger was born in Albany. Singer/composer Roland Hayes was born in Curryville. Opera singer Mattiwilda Dobbs was born in Atlanta. Opera singer Jessye Norman is native to Augusta. Opera singer Jamie Barton is from Rome, GA. Composer/arranger Hall Johnson was born in Athens. Composer Lena McLin was born in Atlanta.  Famous music director Robert Shaw spent much of his time living in Atlanta directing the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chorus.

Notable Georgian classical groups include the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, the Atlanta Chamber Players, the Atlanta Symphony Chorus, Atlanta Opera, the Georgia Boy Choir, the Atlanta Boy Choir, Georgia Symphony Orchestra, New Trinity Baroque, the Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra, Atlanta Ballet, and the Gwinnett Ballet Theatre, as well as symphonies in the cities of Columbus, Macon, Augusta, and Savannah.

The Great American Songbook
Lyricist Johnny Mercer, whose works include the Academy Award-winning song "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe" and other entries in the Great American Songbook of pop music (like "Moon River") standards, is a native of Savannah and buried there. Mercer co-founded Capitol Records.

See also
Music of Atlanta
List of songs about Atlanta
Blind Tom Wiggins

References

The McIntosh County Shouters The group

Notes

External links
North Georgia Bluegrass
Georgia Bluegrass & Acoustic Music Links
North Georgia BlueGrass Chronicles
Georgia's Music
Georgia Boy Choir

Georgia (U.S. state) culture
Musical groups from Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia
Georgia

Music of Georgia (U.S. state)


EMG veya elektromiyografi, sinir ve çizgili kasların elektrik potansiyelinin incelenmesine dayanan bir nörolojik tetkik yöntemidir. Bu yöntemde kullanılan tıbbi cihaza elektromiyograf, cihazın kaydettiği veriye elektromiyogram denir. Tıbbi anomalikleri, aktivasyon seviyesini teşhis etmek veya insan veya hayvanların biyomekanik hareketini analiz etmek için sinyaller kullanılabilir.

Elektriksel karakteristikler
Elektrik kaynağı, kas zar potansiyelidir ve yaklaşık -90 mV'tur. Tetkik edilen kasa bağlı olarak ölçülen EMG potansiyel değerleri asgari 50 μV, azami 20 ile 30 mV arasındadır.

Kas motor birimin tekrarlanan değeri, kasın evvelki aksonal hasar ve diğer faktörlerin büyüklüğüne bağlı olarak yaklaşık 7-20 Hz'dir. Motor birimlerdeki hasar esnasında potansiyel değerinin 450 ile 780 mV arasında olması beklenir.

EMG, iki bölümden oluşan bir tetkiktir. Birinci bölümde; iletim çalışmasında sinirlerin ne kadar hızla iletim yaptığını hesaplar. Kasların üzerine yerleştirilen elektrotla ilgili sinire çok hafif bir elektriksel uyarım verilir. Hastaya hiçbir zararı yoktur. Sadece kalp pili olan hastalarda bu tetkik kalpte ritim bozukluğuna (aritmi) neden olabileceği için yapılmaz. İkinci bölümde ise, çok ince özel olarak yapılmış, sadece bir hastaya kullanılıp atılan "disposable" iğneler kullanılır. Gerekli kaslara girilerek bu kasların aktivitesine bakılır. Bu bölümde elektrik uyarımı yoktur. Bu bölümde ise "Coumadin" adlı kan sulandırıcı kullananlarda dikkatli olunur.

Bel ve boyun fıtıkları, kas hastalıkları, motor nöron hastalığı, nöropatiler, sinir hasarı gibi ön tanısı olan hastalara uygulanır.

Tetkik öncesi hastaya bilgi verilir ve randevu alırken el ve ayaklarının sıcak olarak gelmesi önerilir. Aç olmaları gerekmez.

Tıbbi testler
Elektrofizyoloji
Tıbbi aletler
Nörofizyoloji

Elektromiyografi


Zahle ( Zaḥle) Lübnan'ın Bikâ vilayetinin merkezidir. Beyrut'un 52 km doğusunda bulunan şehrin nüfusu 150.000'dir.

Zahle'de sebze, meyve, tahıl ve üzüm üretimi yapılmaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Zahle Türk Şehitliği

Lübnan'daki şehirler
Lübnan'da turizm

Zahle


Čabradský Vrbovok (slowakisch im 19. Jahrhundert "Hradecký Vrbovok"; ungarisch Csábrágvarbók) ist eine Gemeinde in der Mitte der Slowakei, mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) und liegt im Okres Krupina, einem Kreis des Banskobystrický kraj.

Geographie
Die Gemeinde liegt in der Hochebene Krupinská planina am Flüsschen Vrbovok, 14 Kilometer südlich von Krupina gelegen.

Geschichte
Der Ort wurde zum ersten Mal 1135 als Werbouch schriftlich erwähnt. Die Burg könnte, wie auch die nahegelegene Burg Pustý hrad, durch die Herren von Hontpázmány als königlich ungarische Vasallen errichtet worden sein. 1267 wird sie als Burg Haradnok erstmals erwähnt, später auch als Burg Litva. Im 14. Jahrhundert wurde sie durch die Könige verpfändet, im 15. Jahrhundert kam sie an verschiedene Adelsfamilien. 1552 wurde Nikolaus II. Pálffy hier geboren. Ab 1622 war die Burg im Besitz der Familie Koháry, die sich im 18. Jahrhundert ein neues Schloss in Svätý Anton erbaute. 1812 ließ Franz Josef Kohary die Burg in Brand stecken, möglicherweise um der Dachsteuer zu entgehen. In der Ruine wurden eine Reihe von Ofenkacheln aus der Zeit um 1600 gefunden.

Bevölkerung
Ergebnisse nach der Volkszählung 2001 (280 Einwohner):

Bauwerke
 Ruinen der Burg Čabraď (Tschabrack oder Csábrág)
 klassizistische evangelische Kirche von 1773

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort in der Slowakei
Ersterwähnung 1135

Čabradský Vrbovok


මහින්ද තෙරණුවෝ ලක්දිවට වැඩමකරවීම සහ ඒ ආශ්‍රිතව ලක්දිව සිදුවූ දේශපාලනික, ආගමික සහ සංස්කෘතිකමය
සිදුවීම් සහ වෙනස්වීම් පොදුවේ මහින්දාගමනය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

මහින්දාගමනය ආශ්‍රිත ප්‍රධාන සිදුවීම් වන්නේ;
  මහින්ද තෙරණුවෝ ලක්දිවට වැඩමකරවීම
 තිස්ස රජ සහ මහින්ද තෙරණුවෝ හමුවීම
 ජනතාව බුද්ධ ධර්මය වැලඳගැනීම
 ගස්,ගල් හා සතා සිව්පාවන්ට වදිමින් සිටි ජනතාව බුදු දහම පිළිගැනීම
 තිස‍්ස රජ කිරුල අතහැර දේවාම්පිය තිස‍්ස නමින් නැවත රාජාභිෂේක වීම මහින්ද තෙරණුවෝ ලක්දිවට වැඩමකරවීම සහ ඒ ආශ්‍රිතව ලක්දිව සිදුවූ දේශපාලනික, ආගමික සහ සංස්කෘතිකමය සිදුවීම් සහ වෙනස්වීම් පොදුවේ මහින්දාගමනය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

මහින්දාගමනය ආශ්‍රිත ප්‍රධාන සිදුවීම් වන්නේ;
  මහින්ද තෙරණුවෝ ලක්දිවට වැඩමකරවීම
 තිස‍්ස රජ සහ මහින්ද තෙරණුවෝ හමුවීම
 රාජකීයන් [බුද්ධාගම] වැලඳගැනීම
 තිස‍්ස රජ කිරුල අතහැර දේවාම්පිය තිස‍්ස නමින් නැවත රාජාභිෂේක වීම මහින්දාගමනය ආශ්‍රිත ප්‍රධාන සිදුවීම් වන්නේ;
  මහින්ද තෙරණුවෝ ලක්දිවට වැඩමකරවීම
 තිස‍්ස රජ සහ මහින්ද තෙරණුවෝ හමුවීම
 රාජකීයන් [බුද්ධාගම] වැලඳගැනීම
 තිස‍්ස රජ කිරුල අතහැර දේවාම්පිය තිස‍්ස නමින් නැවත රාජාභිෂේක වීම මහින්ද තෙරණුවෝ ලක්දිවට වැඩමකරවීම සහ ඒ ආශ්‍රිතව ලක්දිව සිදුවූ දේශපාලනික, ආගමික සහ සංස්කෘතිකමය සිදුවීම් සහ වෙනස්වීම් පොදුවේ මහින්දාගමනය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

මහින්දාගමනය ආශ්‍රිත ප්‍රධාන සිදුවීම් වන්නේ;
  මහින්ද තෙරණුවෝ ලක්දිවට වැඩමකරවීම
 තිස‍්ස රජ සහ මහින්ද තෙරණුවෝ හමුවීම
 රාජකීයන් [බුද්ධාගම] වැලඳගැනීම
 තිස‍්ස රජ කිරුල අතහැර දේවාම්පිය තිස‍්ස නමින් නැවත රාජාභිෂේක වීම

මහින්දාගමනයට පෙර

ආගම සහ සමාජය

මිහිඳු හිමියන් ලක්දිවට වැඩම කරන්නට පෙර යුගයේ ඇදහිලි පිළිබඳව සළකා බලන කල්හි පෙනී යන්නේ ඔවුන් තිස්තුන්කෝටියක් දෙවි දේවතාවියෝ සහ තමන්ට උපකාරවන වස්තූන් (  ගස්, සඳ, හිරු)  ආදිය වන්දනා මාන කළ බවයි.

හාක

තිස‍්ස රජ සහ මහින්ද තෙරණුවෝ හමුවීම
තිස‍්ස රජ සහ මහින්ද තෙරණුවෝ හමුවීම මිහිනතලාවේදී සිදුව

ඒ ක්‍රි.පූ. තුන් වන සියවසයි. අනුරපුර යුගය, දෙවනපෑතිස් රජ සමයයි.විනෝදය පිණිස මුව දඩයමේ යන රජු මිස්සක පව්ව අසලින් මුවකු පසුපස ලුහු බඳී. මිස්සක පව්ව මත කහ වතින් දිලෙන මිහිඳු මහරහතන් වහන්සේය.

"තිස්ස තිස්ස" පව්ව මතින් නැගෙන ශාන්ත හඬකි. රජු නැවතී හැරී බලයි.

"සමණාමයං මහාරාජ ....."

"මහරජ අපි ඔබට අනුකම්පාවෙන් ජම්බුද්වීපයේ සිට මෙහි පැමිණි බුද්ධ ශ්‍රාවකයෝ වෙමු."

රජු අතින් දුනු හී ගිලිහෙයි. මුව පොව්වාගේ දිවි රැකෙයි. අනතුරුව ඉතිහාසයේ අපට හමුවන ප්‍රථම බුද්ධි පරීක්ෂණය ඇරඹෙයි.

බුද්ධි පරීක්ෂණය

ඉතිහාසයේ ප්‍රථම බුද්ධි පරීක්ෂණය අපට හමු වන්නේ කොතැනින් ද? පොසොන් පෝදා මුව දඩයමේ ගිය දෙවනපෑතිස් රජු හා මිහිඳු හිමියන් අතර ඇති වූ සංවාදය අප උගෙන තිබේ. එය රජුගේ ප්‍රඥාව හා බුද්ධිය මැන බලනු වස් කරන ලද අගනා බුද්ධි පරීක්ෂණයක් බව වඩා හොඳින් විමර්ශනය කර බලන්නෙකුට පැහැදිලි වන සත්‍යයකි. ´අඹ පැනය`, ´ඥාති පැනය`පුළුල් බුද්ධිමය සංවාදයකි. ධර්මාවබෝධ ඥානයෙන් යුතු රජුගෙන් ඒවාට සාර්ථක පිළිතුරු ලැබිණි.

චුල්ල හත්ථි පදෝපම සූත්‍ර දේශනය
මේ රජතුමා ඉතා සියුම් අවබෝධ ඥානයකින් හෙබි අයෙකු බව හඳුනා ගත් මිහිඳු හිමියෝ ඔහුට දම් දෙසූහ. එසේ දෙසූ ධර්මය ගම් නියම්ගම් පුරා ව්‍යප්තව මිථ්‍යා දෘෂ්ටියෙන් සම්‍යක් දෘෂ්ටියට ජනතාව යොමු කරවීමට සමත් විය.

චුල්ල හත්ථි පදෝපම සූත්‍රය මිහිඳු හිමියන් විසින් දේශනා කරන ලද ප්‍රථම බණයි. එය දම්සක් පැවතුම් සූත්‍රය තරම් ම වටනේය. මන්ද සමාජ සුසිරිත් වඩා සම්මත දිවි පෙවෙතකට මෙරට වාසීන් යොමු කරවීමට ඒ දම් සුතුර පාදක වූ බැවිනි. පොසොන් සඳ එළියෙන් අප හෙළ - බොදු ලකුණ හෙළි කරවමින් "සුළු ඇත් පද උවම් සුතුර" හෙවත් "චුල්ල හත්ථි පදෝපම සූත්‍ර" දෙසුම ඇරඹෙයි.

මහින්දාගමනයෙන් පසු ලංකාව

එතැන් සිට ලක්දිව  [[සංස්කෘති හැදියාව, අධ්‍යාපනය, ජීවන ක්‍රමය, සමාජ රටාව, ආර්ථිකය, පාලන ක්‍රමය පෙරළියකට ලක් වෙයි.  මහින්දාගමනය ලක් වැසි ජනතාවගේ භෞතික හා අධ්‍යාත්මික දිවි පෙවෙත කෙරෙහි අතිශය ප්‍රබල බලපෑමක් ඇති කළේ ඒ අයුරිනි.

ආදි මිනිසා විමුක්තිය අරමුණු කර ගනිමින් විවිධ අදෘශ්‍යමාන බලවේගයන්ට හා විශ්වාසයන්ට නැඹුරු වුවත් ඉන් ඔවුන් ලත් විමුක්තියක් නොමැත්තේය. සැබෑ විමුක්තිය ළඟා කර ගන්නට නිවැරදි දර්ශනයක් හා පැහැදිලි චින්තනයක් අවැසිය.

මහින්දාගමනයෙ ලක්දිව සමාජ පුනරුදයකට සවිමත් අඩිතාලමක් දැමුවේය යන්න අතිශයෝක්තියක් නොවේ. රජුගේ පූර්ණ රාජ්‍ය අනුග්‍රහය නොවූයේ නම් මිහිඳු හිමියන්ට මෙම දැවැන්ත පරිවර්තනය කිරීම උගහටය.   ඒ පරිවර්තනය සිදු කරන්නට මිහිඳු හිමියෝ ඉතා බුද්ධිමත් හා ක්‍රමානුකූල වැඩපිළිවෙළක් දියත් කළහ. මහ වන පෙත් හෙළි කොට ගල්ලෙන් පවිත්‍ර කොට මහාසංඝරත්නය වැඩම කොට ධර්ම දේශනාවන්හි යෙදෙන්නට ධර්ම ප්‍රචාරයෙහි නියැලෙන්නට මං සලසාලන ලදී.

එතැනින් පටන් ගත් සමාජ ශෝධන ක්‍රියාවලිය බොහෝ පුළුල් වී ගල්ලෙන් පරිශ්‍රයන් විහාරාරාම බවට පත් විය. ලක්දිව මහා විහාර බිහිවීම ඇරඹිණි. ගම කේන්ද්‍ර කොට ගත් සංවර්ධනය ඇරඹිණි. මේ අනුව සමාජ, ආර්ථික, ආගමික, සංස්කෘතික හා දේශපාලන ප්‍රගමනයක් ඇති විය. මහාවංශය ඇතුළු පොත පත ලිවීම ආරම්භ වෙමින් පොදු ජනයා වඩ වඩාත් ධර්මය වෙත නැඹුරු කිරීමේ ප්‍රවාහයට පදනම වැටුණි.

වෙහෙර විහාර , මහ දාගැබ් ඉදිවෙමින් සාමාන්‍ය ජනතාව හා සංඝරත්නය අතර සමීප සබැඳියාවක් ඇති විය. "වැවයි දාගැබයි - ගමයි පන්සලයි" යන සංස්කෘතික සංකල්පය බිහි වූයේ එතැන් සිටය.සැඟවී තිබූ සිංහල බෞද්ධ ලකුණ මෙය යැයි අපට පෙනෙන්නට විය. ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ස්වයංපෝෂිත කෘෂිකාර්මික ජීවන රටාවකට මිනිසා ක්‍රමයෙන් හුරු විය. බෞද්ධ දර්ශනයෙන් මිනිසා තුළ මානසිකව ඇති වූ  සංවර්ධනාත්මක පිබිදීම සංවේදී මිනිස් සමාජය බිහි කිරීමට සමත් විය.

රළු කළු ගලෙකින් අතිශය ගුණ බර කරුණාබර ජීවමය බුදු රුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන්නට තරම් ඒ සංවේදී මිනිසා අධ්‍යාත්මික සංවර්ධනය ළඟා කර ගෙන තිබුණි. ප්‍රතිභාවෙන් යුක්ත මිනිස් අත්වලින්, සංයමය, ඉවසීම පුහුණු කළ සිත්වලින් වඩ වඩා විශිෂ්ට කලා නිර්මාණ බිහි විය.

මෙසේ නව නිර්මාණ කෙරෙහි මිනිසා යොමු වූයේත්, සමාජ සංවර්ධනය උදෙසා වූ නව ප්‍රවේශයකට මිනිසා ගේ විඥානය යොමු වූයේත්, අපට උරුම වූ නව සංස්කෘතිය හේතුවෙන් නොවේද?

සිරිලක පුරා අස්සක් මුල්ලක් නෑර ධර්මය පැතිරවීමට කේන්ද්‍රස්ථානය වූ "මිහින්තලාව" හෙවත් මිස්සක පව්ව අද වන විටත් දෙනෝ දහක් සැදැහැතියන්ගේ උපහාරයට, වන්දනාවට පාත්‍ර වන්නේය. එය එසේ වන්නේ අපට අපේ සිංහල බෞද්ධ ලකුණ හෙළි කර දුන් කේන්ද්‍රස්ථානය එය වූ නිසාමය.

අහස සිඹින මහ දාගැබ්, මහ සයුර පරදවන මහ වැව්, බුදු ගුණ ජීවමානව සටහන් වූ මහ බුදු පිළිම, සරු සාර කෙත් වතු, දම්පද රැගත් පත පොත, අතීතයේ ලොව පිළිගත් විශ්වවිද්‍යාල ආදී වූ එකී නොකී මෙකී සියලු දෑ පොසොන් උදාවත්, මහින්දාගමනයත් සමඟින් සිදු වූ ප්‍රාතිහාර්යය දක්වන ජීවමාන සාධකයෝ වෙත්.

රජු දැහැමි විය. රට වැසියන් ද දැහැමි විය. රාජ්‍ය පාලනය ද දැහැමි විය. පොසොන් දර්ශනයෙන් සැබැවින්ම නව ශිෂ්ටාචාරයක් අපට උරුම විය.

අපට ලාබුනු දායද
=

Auther:R.Lakshan Dulip

 Study in :Galle upper homadola junior school

මහින්දාගමනය

මහින්දාගමනය


Henry John Carl Wuorila-Stenberg (født 6. februar 1949) er en finsk maler. Hans værker er ofte ekspressionistiske og surrealistiske i deres udtryk.

Wuorila-Stenberg blev født i Helsinki. Han studerede på Kunstakademiet i Helsinki i perioden 1967-69 og fortsatte derefter på Den Frie Kunstskole under Tor Arne og Unto Pusa. Han studerede på Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma i perioden 1970-71, hvorefter han flyttede til Vestberlin. Her færdiggjorde han i 1974 sine akademiske studer ved Universität der Künste Berlin. I 1978 studerede han anatomi ved Kunstakademiet i Dresden under Gottfried Bammes.

Wuorila-Stenberg har længe undervist i malerkunst. Han var ansat ved Aalto Universitet i perioden 1984-93 og Kunstakademiet i Helsinki i perioden 1996-2005.

I 2003 fik Wuorila-Stenberg tildelt et æresdiplom af World Cultural Council, og i 2004 fik han overrakt Den Finske Løveorden.

2013 udgav han selvbiografien Hämärän näkijä.

Litteratur
 Immonen, Kari og Pessi Rautio. Henry Wuorila-Stenberg: From Contradiction to Compassion. Helsinki: Minerva, 2004. ISBN 951-8965-55-2.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Wuorila-Stenbergs officielle hjemmeside

Malere fra Finland

Henry Wuorila-Stenberg


Ivar Rooth (2 November 1888 – 27 February 1972) was a Swedish lawyer and economist who served as the governor of the Swedish National Bank from 1929 to 1948 and the second managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 1951 to 1956. He was also a member of the board of directors of the Bank of International Settlements.

Career
Rooth was born on 2 November 1888, in Stockholm, Sweden. He was the son of Otto Rooth and Ellen Hertzman. He graduated from Uppsala University with a Candidate of Law degree in 1911.

In Rooth's early career, he was Solicitor for the Handelsbank (Commercial Bank) of Stockholm (1914), head of Bank's Commercial Credit Department (1915), Assistant Manager and Solicitor of Stockholm Mortgage Bank, Governor of the Central Bank of Sweden (Sveriges Riksbank, 1929–1948), and Director of the Bank of International Settlements (1931–1933 and 1937–1949). In 1951, he headed a mission to Iraq for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. On 10 April 1951, he was appointed Managing Director and Chairman of the Executive Board of the IMF and assumed his duties on 3 August 1951.

Rooth, in his first address to member countries as Managing Director of the IMF on 11 September 1951, stated that the Fund "sought removal or modification of exchange restrictions and other discriminatory practices" aimed at a freer flow of international trade and payments. Subsequently, general policy on use of IMF's resources was set forth. This initiated the IMF's policy of drawings in tranches. In 1952, in accordance with the Articles of Agreement, 5 years after the IMF began financial operations, annual consultations with members maintaining exchange restrictions under Article XIV were initiated. The IMF introduced a general framework for Stand-by Arrangements, and the criteria to be applied were standardized. Rooth's term as Managing Director of the IMF ended on 27 April 1956, but he accepted a request by the Executive Board to serve a further period ending on 3 October 1956.

Rooth was head of the Investment Committee of the United Nations Pension Fund from 1947 to 1961, and he was also head of the Currency Board in Kuwait from 1960 to 1962. After 1962 he stepped down and lived at Lidingö, Sweden, and occasionally wrote and gave lectures on economic affairs.

Personal life
In 1914, he married Ingrid Lundgren (born 1889), the daughter of Bengt Lundgren and Eva Wennerström. In 1931, he married Ingrid Söderlindh (born 1899), the daughter of Gunnar Söderlindh and Gertrud Lindroth.

He had four children, including physician Gösta Rooth.

Rooth died in Sweden on 27 February 1972.

References

1888 births
1972 deaths
Swedish economists
Governors of Sveriges Riksbank
Macroeconomists
Managing directors of the International Monetary Fund
Uppsala University alumni
People from Stockholm
Swedish officials of the United Nations

Ivar Rooth


Pokrajina Batman (turski: Batman ili) je pokrajina koja se nalazi u jugoistočnom dijelu Turske.

Prostire se na površini od 4.649 km2 a prema podacima iz 2010. godine u ovoj pokrajini je živjelo 510.200 stanovnika. Jedna je od gušće naseljenih pokrajina s 110 stanovnika/km2.

Pokrajina je važna zbog svojih rezervi i proizvodnji nafte koja je započela tokom 1940-ih. Naftna nalazišta su povezana 494 km dugim naftovodom do turske luke İskenderun. Pamuk je glavni poljoprivredni proizvod.

Osim toga značajna je i po svojim arheloškim nalazištima.
Željezničkim prugama pokrajina je povezana sa susjednim pokrajinama Diyarbakir i Elazığ kao i s glavnim turskim gradom Ankarom.

Glavni grad pokrajine je Batman.

Većinsko stanovništvo čine Kurdi.

Okruzi

Pokrajina se sastoji od 6 okruga:

 Batman,
 Beşiri,
 Gercüş,
 Hasankeyf,
 Kozluk i
 Sason.

U pokrajini se nalazi 270 sela.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena stranica pokrajine

Batman

Batman (pokrajina)


An Sporobolus nervosus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Hochstetter. An Sporobolus nervosus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sporobolus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sporobolus

Sporobolus nervosus


Kohei Imazeki (født 23. juni 1994) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kohei Imazeki


فاتسلاف سفيركوش ، من مواليد 1 نوفمبر 1983 في ترينيتش في تشيكوسلوفاكيا، لاعب كرة قدم تشيكي.

بدأ مسيرته الكروية مع نادي بانيك أوسترافا في عام 2001، ولعب معهم حتى عام 2003، وشارك معهم في 26 مباراة وسجل 14 هدف، وفي عام 2003 انتقل إلى نادي بروسيا مونشنغلادباخ الألماني، ولعب معهم حتى عام 2005، وشارك معهم في 70 مباراة وسجل 17 هدف، وفي موسم 2005/2006 انتقل إلى نادي هيرتا برلين الألماني، ولعب معهم 10 مباريات، وفي موسم 2006/2007 عاد إلى نادي بروسيا مونشنغلادباخ الألماني، ولعب معهم 6 مباريات، وفي عام 2007 انتقل إلى نادي أوستريا فيينا النمساوي، ولعب معهم 7 مباريات، وفي عام 2007 عاد إلى نادي بانيك أوسترافا، وهو يلعب معهم حتى الآن.

بدأ باللعب مع منتخب التشيك لكرة القدم في عام 2008.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية تشيكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في النمسا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في ألمانيا
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من ترجينتس
رياضيون تشيكيون مغتربون في ألمانيا
رياضيون تشيكيون مغتربون في النمسا
رياضيون من ترجينتس
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري التشيكي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري النمساوي
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو بانيك أوسترافا
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو بوروسيا مونشنغلادباخ
لاعبو سوشو
لاعبو كرة قدم تشيكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم تشيكيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في النمسا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو منتخب التشيك لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب جمهورية التشيك تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب جمهورية التشيك لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي أوستريا فيينا
لاعبو نادي بانيونيوس
لاعبو هرتا برلين
مواليد 1983
لاعبو كرة قدم من إقليم مورافيا-سيليزيا

فاسلاف سفيركوش


Komşupınar, Samsun ilinin Bafra ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 70 km, Bafra ilçesine 38 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Bafra'nın mahalleleri

Komşupınar, Bafra


Adi Parashakti (ili Adishakti) vrhovna je božica u šaktizmu (sekta hinduizma). Popularno ju zovu Parama Shakti, Maha Shakti, Mahadevi, Parvati ili čak jednostavno Shakti (Parama znači "potpuna"). Prema tekstu Devi-Bhagavata Purana, Adi Parashakti je stvoriteljica, čuvarica i uništavateljica cijelog svemira. U šaktizmu, ona se pojavljuje kao čista, božanska i vječna svijest, božanska ženska energija, koja se pojavljuje kao Prakṛti (Priroda).

Prema vjerovanju hinduista koji posebno štuju božice, Adi Parashakti se objavila trojici vrhovnih bogova (Trimurti):
"Ja sam Adi Parashakti, božica Bhuvaneshvari. Ja sam vlasnica ovog svemira. Ja sam apsolutna stvarnost. Dinamična sam u ženskom obliku, a statična u muškom. Pojavili ste se kako bi vladali svemirom kroz moju energiju."

Parashakti je povezana s planetima u hinduističkoj astrologiji jer ona upravlja njihovim kretanjem te s deset božica zvanih Mahavidya, koje su izvor deset inkarnacija Višnua. Šaktisti vjeruju da svaka osoba štuje Parashakti na sebi svojstven način — kada netko koristi svoju energiju na pozitivan način, tada ju on štuje.

U popularnoj kulturi
U indijskoj TV-seriji Mala nevjesta, mnogi likovi posebno štuju Veliku Božicu, to jest Shakti, koja se pojavljuje kao Adi Parashakti.

Izvori i bilješke

 Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998). The Devī Gītā: the song of the Goddess; a translation, annotation, and commentary.
 Kinsley, David. Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions.

Hinduističke božice

Adi Parashakti


Pierre Louis Maupertuis (d. 17 Temmuz 1698 - ö. 27 Temmuz 1759), Fransız Aydınlanmasının ünlü düşünürü.

Sıkı bir bilimci olup, ilerleme fikrine yoğun bir bağlılık sergileyen Maupertius, Newton biliminin, özellikle de yerçekimi yasasının savunuculuğunu yapmıştır. Bilgi kuramı bakımından deneyci, hatta pozitivist bir görüşü benimseyen filozof, bizim fizik biliminde fenomenler alanında kaldığımızı söylemiştir. Ona göre, mekaniğin temel kavramları duyum yoluyla açıklanabilir. Nitekim, Maupertius, matematiksel ve mekanik ilkelerde söz konusu olan zorunlu bağlantının bile çağrışım ve alışkanlık aracılığıyla açıklanabileceğini öne sürmüştür. Bununla birlikte O, doğada ortaya çıkan teleolojik sistemin onun bilgisi mutlak olan bir Tanrı'nın eseri olduğunu açıklıkla gösterdiğini söylemiştir.

Hayatı
İlk olarak askerlik mesleğine girdi, ancak çok kısa bir süre sonra bu mesleği bırakarak kendini matematiğe adadı. 1728'de Londra'ya yaptığı bir yolculuk sırasında Newton'un mekanik alanındaki düşüncelerini öğrendi ve bunlara hayranlık duydu; Fransa'ya dönüşünde, bunların en ateşli savunucusu oldu. 1736'da, 1723'ten beri üyesi olduğu Bilimler akademisi, Maupertuis'yi 1° lik bir meridyen yayının uzunluğunu ölçmek üzere Laponya'ya gönderilen gezi grubunu yönetmekle görevlendirildi.

Yapılan ölçümler, Yer'in kutuplar'da basık olduğu varsayımını doğruladı. Accord des differentes lois de la nature qui avaient jusqu'ici paru incomplatibles (Bugüne kadar bağdaşmaz görünen çeşitli doğa yasalarının uyumu) [1744] adlı yapıtında en küçük etki ilkesini açıkladı: Işığın yolu, etki miktarının en az olduğu yoldur; bu ilkeyi doğanın evrensel yasası olarak sundu.

1746'da Büyük Friedrich'in davetini kabul etti; kral, Voltaire'in tavsiyesi üzerine ona, Prusya krallık akademisi'nin yönetimini verdi. Maupertuis, 1756'da Fransa'ya döndü ve Basel'de sadık dostları Bernoulliler'in yanında öldü.

Kaynakça
Büyük Larousse, Maupertuis maddesi

Maupertuis, Pierre Louis
Maupertuis, Pierre Louis
Maupertuis, Pierre Louis
Fransız Akademisi üyeleri
Fransız Bilimler Akademisi üyeleri
Prusya Bilim Akademisi üyeleri
Royal Society üyeleri

Pierre Louis Maupertuis


Psorothamnus, rod mahunarki iz tribusa Amorpheae, dio potporodice Faboideae. Potoji 9 priznatih vrsta raširenih po jugozapadnim predjelima Sjedinjenih Država i sjevernog Meksika..

Vrste
 Psorothamnus arborescens (Torr. ex A.Gray) Barneby
 Psorothamnus dentatus Rydb.
 Psorothamnus emoryi (A.Gray) Rydb.
 Psorothamnus fremontii (Torr. ex A.Gray) Barneby
 Psorothamnus kingii (S.Watson) Barneby
 Psorothamnus polydenius (Torr.) Rydb.
 Psorothamnus schottii (Torr.) Barneby
 Psorothamnus scoparius (A.Gray) Rydb.
 Psorothamnus spinosus (A.Gray) Barneby
 Psorothamnus thompsoniae (Vail) R.L.Welsh & N.D.Atwood

Sinonimi
 Asagraea Baill.
 Psorodendron Rydb.

Izvori

Amorpheae

Psorothamnus


Smithers c. R.  est un arrêt de principe de la Cour suprême du Canada rendu en 1978 sur la détermination du lien de causalité en droit pénal dans une infraction criminelle d'homicide involontaire coupable.

Les faits
Le 18 février 1973, Smithers, un adolescent noir, joue dans un match de hockey contre une équipe comprenant Barrie Cobby, un adolescent blanc, dans une patinoire de Mississauga.

Pendant le match, Smithers a reçu de nombreuses insultes raciales de la part de Cobby. Les preuves fournies par de nombreux témoins au procès ont indiqué que les deux avaient une aversion pour le comportement de l'autre et Cobby exprimait souvent des insultes raciales envers Smithers. Au cours de leur dernier match, Cobby a reçu une pénalité pour avoir dardé Smithers pendant le match alors que Cobby était sur le banc des punitions. Smithers a marqué un but et a ri en direction de Cobby. Cobby a crié d'autres insultes raciales et Smithers a menacé Cobby qu'il allait « l'avoir » si Cobby ne s'excusait pas d'avoir fait les insultes raciales qui se succèdent.

Après le match, Smithers a attendu à l'extérieur de la patinoire pour que Cobby quitte. Lorsque Cobby est sorti, Smithers l'a poursuivi et a été saisi par au moins trois des amis de Cobby. Smithers a saisi la veste de Cobby et a donné un coup de pied à Cobby dans la région de l'estomac. Immédiatement, Cobby est tombé au sol et a commencé à chercher de l'air. Cobby s'est rapidement évanoui et est décédé peu de temps après.

Il a été découvert qu'il est mort d'avoir inhalé du vomi après avoir reçu des coups de pied en raison d'une maladie rare dans laquelle son épiglotte a cessé de fonctionner.

Procès
Smithers a été inculpé d'homicide involontaire coupable en vertu de l'article 205 du Code criminel (maintenant l'article 222 (4)  & (5)) pour avoir «  causé la mort d'un être humain ». Pour sa défense, Smithers a fait valoir que c'était l'état de l'épiglotte qui avait causé la mort, pas le coup. Il a été déclaré coupable d'homicide involontaire coupable.

Appel
L'appel de Smithers devant la Cour d'appel de l'Ontario est rejeté.

Il se pourvoit ensuite devant la Cour suprême du Canada

Question en litige
La question dont était saisie la Cour suprême était de savoir si le coup de pied était une cause de décès suffisante pour engager la responsabilité pénale.

Jugement de la Cour suprême
Le pourvoi de Smithers est rejeté. À l'unanimité, la Cour a jugé que Smithers était coupable d'avoir causé la mort d'un être humain. La décision a été rédigée par le juge Dickson.

Motifs du jugement
La Cour a statué que le ministère public doit démontrer que les actes de l'accusé ont « contribué à la mort, de façon plus que mineure ». En pratique, ce critère s'applique à toutes les infractions pénales exigeant la preuve du lien de causalité.

Bien que Smithers ne savait pas si le coup de pied avait même atterri (il n'y avait aucune marque sur Cobby), il était néanmoins responsable.

Le juge Dickson a fait siens les propos du juge Goldwin Arthur Martin qu'il a tenu dans un commentaire d'arrêt de 1943 alors qu'il était toujours avocat, au sujet de l'arrêt R. v. Larkin , où celui-ci affirme que :

La question que Dickson a examinée était de savoir quel degré de causalité est nécessaire pour prouver la culpabilité. Lorsqu'il n'est pas nécessaire d'envisager des conséquences telles que l'homicide involontaire, il a proposé que le degré de contribution à la cause du décès n'a qu'à satisfaire le critère de la contribution à la mort, de façon plus que mineure, c'est-à-dire que le ministère public n'a qu'à démontrer que le degré de contribution à la cause du décès est plus que négligeable.

Dickson a également réaffirmé l'application de la théorie du crâne fragile dans l'homicide, où le fait que Cobby était susceptible d'une défaillance de l'épiglotte ne devrait pas exonérer Smithers de sa responsabilité. Par conséquent, vu que le coup de pied a peut-être tué Cobby, sa contribution à sa mort était plus que négligeable et Smithers est donc pénalement responsable.

Notes et références

Lien externe
Texte intégral de la décision

Arrêt de la Cour suprême du Canada
Droit pénal au Canada

Smithers c. R.


Elke König ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Elke König (Ökonomin) (* 1954), deutsche Wirtschaftswissenschaftlerin
 Elke König (Pädagogin) (* 1956), deutsche Pädagogin und Kirchenfunktionärin

Elke König


Teoria pământului plat este o concepție arhaică conform căreia Pământul ar avea forma unui plan sau a unui disc. Multe culturi antice au creat cosmografii în care Pământul era considerat plat, inclusiv Grecia antică până în perioada clasică , civilizații ale Orientului Apropiat din epoca bronzului și epoca fierului până în perioada elenistică, în India până în perioada Gupta (primele secole d.Hr.) și în China până în secolul al XVII-lea. De asemenea, Pământul era/este considerat plat în culturile aborigene din America. Noțiunea de Pământ plat care se întinde un vast "firmament" acoperit de o cupolă era comună în societățile pre-științifice.

Ideea unui Pământ sferic a apărut în filozofia greacă odată cu Pitagora (secolul al VI-lea î.Hr.), deși cei mai mulți presocratici au păstrat modelul Pământului plat. Aristotel a furnizat probe empirice pentru forma sferică a Pământului în jurul anului 330 î.Hr. Apoi, ideea Pământului sferic a început să se răspândească treptat dincolo de lumea elenistică.

În epoca modernă, teoriile pseudo-științifice ale pământul plat au fost asumate de Flat Earth Society și, din ce în ce mai mult, de către indivizi neafiliați care folosesc media de socializare.

Teorii moderne

Teoriile moderne ale Pământului plat, cum ar fi cele îmbrățișate de societățile moderne ale Pământului plat sunt etichetate în mod obișnuit drept pseudoștiință.

În 1947, Klaas Dijkstra a afirmat că Pământul este plat, afirmație pe care a susținut-o până la moartea sa în 1969. Conform teoriei sale, Pământul este un disc rotund plat care are la marginea sa un zid din gheață - acestă zonă fiind considerată Polul Sud.  Dijkstra a numit Polul Sud ca "zona de apatie", lumea se termină acolo, aerul este subțire și busola nu funcționează corect. Polul Nord se află în centrul Pământului plat al lui Dijkstra.

Referințe și note

Bibliografie
 Fraser, Raymond (2007). When The Earth Was Flat: Remembering Leonard Cohen, Alden Nowlan, the Flat Earth Society, the King James monarchy hoax, the Montreal Story Tellers and other curious matters. Black Moss Press, ISBN 978-0-88753-439-3
 Garwood, Christine (2007) Flat Earth: The History of an Infamous Idea, Pan Books, ISBN 1-4050-4702-X

Legături externe

 The Myth of the Flat Earth
 The Myth of the Flat Universe
 You say the earth is round? Prove it (from The Straight Dope)
 Flat Earth Fallacy
 Zetetic Astronomy, or Earth Not a Globe by Parallax (Samuel Birley Rowbotham (1816-1884)) at sacred-texts.com

Vezi și
 Mitul Pământului plat
 Geocentrism

Pseudoștiință
Teorii științifice perimate
Pământ
Geodezie

Teoria Pământului plat


Abramová este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Turčianske Teplice din regiunea Žilina. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 175 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Abramová este atestată documentar din 1400.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Abramová