Hayden Lesley Panettiere (; born August 21, 1989) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her lead roles as Claire Bennet on the NBC superhero series Heroes  and Juliette Barnes in the ABC/CMT musical drama series Nashville , the latter of which earned her two nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film. She also appears in the meta-slasher horror franchise Scream, portraying tomboy film geek Kirby Reed.

A native of Palisades, New York, she first appeared on-screen in a commercial in 1990 at only 11 months old. Her full-time acting career began in 1994 when playing Sarah Roberts on the long-running ABC soap opera series One Life to Live until 1997. She then went on to play Lizzie Spaulding on one of CBS's own soaps, Guiding Light from 1996 until 2000. For her work on Pixar film A Bug's Life (1998), she was nominated for a Young Artist Award and a Grammy Award, making her the 5th youngest artist ever to be nominated for a Grammy. Panettiere has also starred in the Disney football drama film Remember the Titans (2000), the final season of the Fox legal comedy-drama series Ally McBeal  (2002), the comedy-drama film Raising Helen (2004), the Disney Channel original patriotic film Tiger Cruise (2004), the horse racing comedy film Racing Stripes (2005), the figure skating drama film Ice Princess (2005), the teen cheerleading film Bring It On: All or Nothing (2006), the romantic comedy film I Love You, Beth Cooper (2009), the true crime drama film Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy (2011), and the drama film Custody (2016). She also voiced the characters of Kairi and Xion in the video game series Kingdom Hearts (2002–2017) and Samantha "Sam" Giddings in the video game Until Dawn (2015).

Early life
Panettiere was born and partly raised in Palisades, New York. She is the daughter of Lesley R. Vogel, a former soap opera actress, and Alan Lee "Skip" Panettiere, a captain in the Fire Department of New York City. She is of Italian descent. She had one younger brother, actor Jansen Panettiere who died on February 19, 2023, of an enlarged heart syndrome at age 28. Her mother's family lives in Indiana.

After Panettiere attended South Orangetown Middle School in New York, she was homeschooled and had private tutors from grade nine to the completion of high school to accommodate her acting schedule.

Career

Acting

Television
Panettiere first appeared in commercials at the age of eleven months, beginning with an advertisement for a Playskool toy train. She landed a role as Sarah Roberts on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live from 1994 to 1997, which was followed by Lizzie Spaulding on the CBS soap opera Guiding Light in 1996, and again from 1997 to 2000. While on Guiding Light, Panettiere's character Lizzie battled leukemia. The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society gave her its Special Recognition Award for drawing the attention of daytime viewers to the disease, and for improving national awareness.

For her performance in Lifetime Television's 1999 TV movie If You Believe, she was nominated for the Young Artist Award for Young Actress Age Ten or Under in the category of Best Performance in a TV Movie or Pilot. Panettiere appeared on Fox's Ally McBeal as the title character's daughter, played the daughter of a man transitioning to female in HBO Films' Normal, had a recurring guest role on Malcolm in the Middle and guest starred in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit in two different roles.

Panettiere gained greater fame as Claire Bennet in the NBC series Heroes, which was created by Tim Kring, as a high school cheerleader with regenerative healing powers. Thanks to her role on Heroes, she became a regular on the science fiction convention circuit, invited to attend conventions around the world in 2007, including Gen Con, New York Comic Con, and Fan Expo Canada. Panettiere has complained that her acting options are sometimes limited because "people look at [her] as either the popular cheerleader type or just the blonde".

In early 2007, Panettiere appeared on the MTV show, Punk'd. The appearance was engineered by her mother and involved a male "fan" discussing her work with her, instigating a jealous reaction from the man's spouse. In April 2012, she hosted an episode of the new series.

In March 2012, it was announced Panettiere had been cast opposite Connie Britton on the ABC musical drama series Nashville, where she portrayed Juliette Barnes. The show reunited Panettiere with Burgess Jenkins (who appears in the first few episodes) from Remember the Titans. The show moved from ABC to CMT for its fifth and sixth seasons, and concluded its run on July 26, 2018.

Films
Panettiere made her feature film debut at the age of 9, albeit as a voice actor, for 1998's A Bug's Life, but her first released film was the same year's The Object of My Affection at the age of 8, in which she appears briefly as a mermaid in the school play in the opening scene. In 1999, she portrayed the girl on a sinking sailboat in Message in a Bottle. She played the role of Coach Yoast's daughter, Sheryl, in the 2000 Disney film Remember the Titans. In 2004, Disney Channel gave Panettiere her first starring roles as the daughter of actor Bill Pullman's character in Tiger Cruise, and as a teenage girl caught in a fantasy transitional realm alongside fellow child actor Ryan Kelley in fantasy film flick, The Dust Factory.

Her last major acting credit of 2004 was the role of adolescent niece to Kate Hudson's title character in Raising Helen, where Panettiere played the older sister to real life siblings Abigail and Spencer Breslin. In 2005, Panettiere played opposite Michelle Trachtenberg as an ice skating rival in Disney's Ice Princess and lead the screen again, this time, as budding jockey Channing Walsh in 2005's film Racing Stripes. In 2006, Panettiere played a cheerleader in Bring It On: All or Nothing and had a supporting role as Adelaide Bourbon in the 2007 independent film Shanghai Kiss.

In June 2007, she signed with the William Morris Agency, after previously being represented by the United Talent Agency. Forbes estimated that she earned $2 million in 2007.

In 2008, Panettiere appeared in the drama Fireflies in the Garden as a younger version of Emily Watson's character, Jane Lawrence. In September 2008, she appeared in a satirical video, a mock-PSA for Funny or Die titled "Hayden Panettiere PSA: Your Vote, Your Choice". In October, Panettiere appeared in another satirical PSA video on funnyordie.com titled "Vote for McCain: He's just like George Bush, except older and with a worse temper".

In July 2009, Panettiere starred in the teen comedy I Love You, Beth Cooper. In September 2010, she starred as Amanda Knox in the controversial Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy. Panettiere also provided the voice of Kate in 2010's Alpha and Omega.

In April 2011, Panettiere appeared in the Scream sequel, Scream 4, playing Kirby Reed. The film received mixed reviews, but she received acclaim for her role and was considered to be a highlight. The same year she replaced Anne Hathaway as the voice of Red for the animated sequel Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil. In 2012, The Forger, in which she played the role of Amber, was released direct to DVD (both this and Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil were made in 2009).

In April 2015, Panettiere joined the cast of Custody, alongside Viola Davis, whom she appeared with in 2006's The Architect.

In January 2022, Panettiere briefly reprised her role as Kirby Reed in the Scream 4 sequel Scream in a photograph used in the film, revealing the character to have survived the fourth film's events. Panettiere is credited with "Special Thanks" for the photograph's use as well as a voice cameo. On May 2022, it was announced Panettiere would be returning to the Scream franchise on its sixth installment, in what also marks her first on-screen film appearance since 2018 after a career hiatus.

Video games
Panettiere voiced Kairi in Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II, although she was replaced by Alyson Stoner in several sequels; she briefly reprised her role in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep and also voiced Xion in Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance.

She voiced and modeled the character of Samantha "Sam" Giddings in Until Dawn, which was released on PlayStation 4 on August 25, 2015.

Singing
Panettiere was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1999 for A Bug's Life. In 2004, she recorded a song entitled "My Hero Is You" with a video for the Disney Channel film she starred in, Tiger Cruise, and "Someone Like You," a duet with Watt White for another film, The Dust Factory (also with an accompanying video). The next year she recorded a song entitled "I Fly" for the Disney film Ice Princess in which she also co-starred. She recorded a song for the Hollywood Records compilation Girl Next (2006) and another song entitled "Go to Girl" for Girl Next 2 (2007). Also in 2007, she sang the national anthem at A Capitol Fourth and recorded a cover for "Cruella De Vil" for Disneymania 5, "Try" for the Bridge to Terabithia soundtrack and a ballad called "I Still Believe" for Cinderella III: A Twist in Time.

Panettiere's very first single not associated with an acting role, the reggae-infused "Wake Up Call" was digitally released on August 5. The clothing brand Candie's announced that it was premiering an ad campaign for the single in late July. Candie's provided additional promotion for the single with a television advertisement and a music video. Sebastian Stan, who portrayed the brother of Panettiere's character in The Architect, played her boyfriend in the video.

She has recorded several songs for Nashville, which were released as singles and included on the show's soundtrack albums. She also made numerous concert appearances associated with the show's touring promotion. In 2013, Panettiere recorded a version of "The Fabric of My Life" for a Cotton Incorporated campaign.

Modeling
In late 2006, Neutrogena made Panettiere the cover girl for their new worldwide ad campaign; following in the footsteps of actresses Kristin Kreuk, Josie Bissett, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Mandy Moore, Mischa Barton, Gabrielle Union and Jennifer Freeman. In September 2007, Panettiere appeared in a Heroes-themed Got Milk? ad for which the photographs were shot by Annie Leibovitz. In February 2008, Kohl's announced that Panettiere would be their next Candie's spokesperson. From 2007 to 2008, Panettiere designed limited edition hand bags for Dooney & Bourke and modeled their bags in magazine ads.

In 2009, Panettiere was one of the celebrities featured in the coffee table book Room 23, produced by Diana Jenkins and photographed by Deborah Anderson.

Personal life

Panettiere began dating her Heroes co-star Milo Ventimiglia in December 2007, when she was 18 and he was 30. They broke up in February 2009.

In 2009, Panettiere met then-world heavyweight boxing champion Wladimir Klitschko at the book launch party for mutual acquaintance Diana Jenkins' Room 23, in which both Panettiere and Klitschko were featured. They soon began dating. Panettiere was ringside for Klitschko's knockout victory over Samuel Peter on September 11, 2010. In May 2011, she announced that they had split. Both cited the long-distance nature of their relationship as the reason, and said they would remain close friends. Panettiere confirmed reports that she and Klitschko had resumed their romantic relationship in an April 2013 interview. In October 2013, she announced her engagement to Klitschko. In December 2014, Panettiere gave birth to their daughter.

In 2015, she stated that following the birth of her daughter she experienced postpartum depression. In her September 28 appearance on Live with Kelly and Michael, she said that it's "scary and needs to be talked about". In October, Panettiere voluntarily checked into a facility for treatment, causing her to miss filming for a few episodes of Nashville. She returned to treatment in May 2016.

In August 2018, Panettiere's mother confirmed the couple had broken up again, remaining on friendly terms.
After she broke up with Klitschko, she started dating Brian Hickerson. In 2020, they broke up after he was arrested for corporal injury on a spouse/cohabitant, assault, and intimidating a witness (Panettiere). The charges stemmed from alleged incidents between May 2019 and June 2020. Despite this abuse and the statement, Panettiere and Hickerson have remained friends since he was released from jail, and Panettiere was reported to be dating Brian's older brother Zach out in New York City on September 4, 2019.

Activism
In 2007, Panettiere became an official supporter of Ronald McDonald House Charities and is a member of their celebrity board, called the Friends of RMHC.

On October 31, 2007, Panettiere joined with The Whaleman Foundation to try to disrupt the annual dolphin hunt in Taiji, Wakayama, Japan. She was involved in a confrontation between Japanese fishermen and five other surfers of the group from Australia and the United States (including former Home and Away actress Isabel Lucas). The confrontation lasted more than ten minutes before the surfers were forced to return to the beach, after which they left the country. Parts of the confrontation can be seen on the award-winning Sundance Film Festival documentary film The Cove. The fishermen consider the condemnation as an attack on their culture.

On January 28, 2008, Panettiere handed a letter of protest to the Norwegian ambassador in the U.S. arguing that Norway should stop its hunt for whales. She also delivered a letter to the Japanese ambassador calling for the end of Japan's hunting of whales. At a 2007 Greenpeace event in Anchorage, Alaska, Panettiere defended aboriginal whaling, saying that there is a difference between commercial whaling and the whaling practiced by aboriginal tribes in the U.S.

In May 2008, Panettiere was involved in an eBay auction to benefit Save the Whales Again, a campaign of The Whaleman Foundation. The auction included tickets to a fundraising dinner hosted at the Hollywood restaurant Beso, owned by Eva Longoria, and a whale watching tour, with Panettiere, off the coast of Santa Barbara. The same month, during an interview with Teen Vogue, she explained how her fame gives her a platform for her activism: "The show [Heroes] put me in a place to speak for things that I'm passionate about."

In September 2008, Panettiere launched her own line of calfskin leather bags for the company Dooney & Bourke. In October, she delved into the presidential election, releasing a satirical public service announcement through the website Funny or Die. In this video, Panettiere mocked Republican candidate John McCain for his age and temper. She subsequently made clear her intention to vote for Barack Obama and urged other young people to vote.

Panettiere has long supported the statehood movement in the District of Columbia. In 2008 she appeared in a public service announcement with DC Shadow Senator Paul Strauss endorsing voting rights for Washington, D.C. In 2011, DC Mayor Vincent Gray acknowledged Panettiere's advocacy on behalf of securing full representation in Congress for District of Columbia residents by naming a day in her honor. At the ceremony, Panettiere reflected, "It seems like such (an) unfathomable fact that, you know, it's taxation without representation in D.C., and that there's no democracy in our democracy, at the heart of it." She participated in Strauss' "51 Stars" campaign which aimed to get 51 celebrities to endorse making Washington, D.C., the 51st state.

She was also a teen ambassador for the Candie's Foundation, whose mission is to prevent teen pregnancy. On May 6, 2009, she participated in a town hall meeting in New York City alongside Bristol Palin and Major League Baseball pitcher Matt Garza on the issue of teen pregnancy.

On December 6, 2013, Panettiere and her then-fiancé Wladimir Klitschko visited the Euromaidan protests in Kiev, Ukraine. Wladimir's brother, Vitali, was one of the leading figures of the protests.

In July 2020, Panettiere advocated for victims of domestic abuse to come forward and share their stories, specifically after she herself had gone through abuse.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Music videos

Discography

Singles

Other charted songs

ADid not enter the Hot 100 but charted on Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles

Music videos

Soundtrack appearances

Compilation albums

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American women singers
Activists from New York (state)
Actresses from New York (state)
American child actresses
American child singers
American country singer-songwriters
American women country singers
American female models
American film actresses
American people of Italian descent
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
American women environmentalists
Audiobook narrators
Female models from New York (state)
Hollywood Records artists
People from Palisades, New York
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Walt Disney Records artists

Hayden Panettiere


El síndrome tóxico es un síndrome causado por niveles peligrosos de toxinas en el cuerpo, el término fue concebido en 1974 por Mofenson y Greensher. Usualmente es consecuencia de una sobredosis por drogas. Los síntomas que la acompañan son: mareo, desorientación, náuseas, vómito y oscilopsia. Un síndrome tóxico puede ser indicación de una emergencia médica, requiere tratamiento en un centro de control de envenenamiento. Además del envenenamiento, una infección sistémica puede llevar a un síndrome tóxico. Un síndrome tóxico se puede presentar de forma clásica pero sus manifestaciones pueden ser variables o estar enmascaradas por la co-ingestión de múltiples drogas.

Anticolinérgico
Los síntomas de un síndrome tóxico anticolinérgico incluyen visión borrosa, coma, disminución de los sonidos intestinales, delirios, piel seca, fiebre, alucinaciones, pérdida de memoria, midriasis, psicosis y retención urinaria. Sus complicaciones incluyen hipertensión, hipertermia y taquicardia. Sustancias que pueden causar un síndrome tóxico incluyen los 4 anti: antihistamínicos, antipsicóticos, antidepresivos y antiparkinsonianos, ejemplos de éstos son la atropina, benzotropina, datura y escopolamina.
Debido a la apariencia y comportamientos característicos de los pacientes con este síndrome, son coloquialmente descritos como "ciegos como murciélago", "loco como un sombrerero", "rojo como Betabel", "caliente como conejo" y "seco como hueso", el intestino y la vesícula pierden su tono y el corazón pierde su ritmo.

Colinérgico
Los síntomas de un síndrome tóxico colinérgico incluyen broncorrea, confusión, defecación, diaforesis, diarrea, emesis, lagrimación, miosis, fasiculaciones nerviosas, salivación, convulsiones y debilidad. Las complicaciones incluyen síntomas de bradicardia, hipotermia y taquipnea. Las sustancias que pueden causar un síndrome tóxico incluyen a los hongos, carbomato y organofosforados.
La nemotecnia clásica para el envenenamiento por compuestos organofosforados incluyen a las B asesinas: broncorrea y broncoespasmo porque son causas de muerte en el paciente. Otra nemotecnia es SLMDGE: que se refiere a salivación, lagrimación, micción, diarrea, desastre gastrointestinal y emesis.
Una nemotecnia alternativa es DMMBELLS por diarrea, micción, miosis, bradicardia, emesis, lagrimación, letargo y salivación.

Efectos Alucinógenos

Los síntomas alucinógenos del síndrome tóxico incluyen desorientación, alucinaciones, sonidos intestinales fuertes, pánico y convulsiones. Las sustancias que pueden ocasionar este síndrome tóxico son por ejemplo anfetaminas, cocaína y feniciclidina.

Opiáceos

Los síntomas de un síndrome tóxico provocado por opiáceos incluyen la triada clásica de coma, miosis y bradipnea, del mismo modo pueden presentarse de manera alterada los estados mentales, provocar estado de shock, edema pulmonar y estupor. Las complicaciones incluyen depresión de sistemas respiratorios, disminución de la presión arterial e hipotermia.

Efectos Sedantes/Hipnóticos

Los síntomas sedantes/hipnóticos en el síndrome tóxico, incluyen ataxia, visión borrosa, coma, confusión, delirio, deterioro de funciones a nivel del sistema nervioso central, diplopía, disestesia, alucinaciones, nistagmus, parestesia, sedación, dificultad para hablar y estupor. La apnea es una complicación importante. Las sustancias que pueden ocasionar este síndrome tóxico incluyen a los anticonvulsivantes, barbitúricos, benzodiacepinas, GABA agonistas y etanol. Mientras que la mayoría de los sedantes/hipnóticos son anticonvulsivantes, muchos como los GABA agonistas y metaquelona en lugar de disminuir los umbrales convulsivos pueden ocasionar un efecto alterno, por lo que la sobredosis puede proporcionar una respuesta paradójica ante las sobredosis.

Efectos Simpaticomimético

Los síntomas recurrentes en el síndrome tóxico ocasionado por agonistas adrenérgicos (simpaticomiméticos) incluyen ansiedad, diaforesis, hiperreflexia, midriasis, paranoia, piloerección y convulsiones. Las complicaciones incluyen hipertensión arterial, alucinaciones y taquicardia. Las sustancias que pueden ocasionar síndrome tóxico simpatomimético son: salbutamol, anfetaminas, cocaína, efedrina, metanfetaminas, polipropanolaminas y pseudoefedrina. EL síndrome tóxico simpatomimético suele parecerse mucho al síndrome tóxico anticolinérgico, pero es particularmente distinguido por los sonidos intestinales elevados y la sudoración.

Referencias

Síndromes

Síndrome tóxico


A temperatura de inversão em termodinâmica e criogenia é a temperatura crítica abaixo da qual um gás não ideal (todos os gases na realidade) que está se expandindo a entalpia constante experimentará uma diminuição de temperatura e acima da qual experimentará um aumento de temperatura. Essa mudança de temperatura é conhecida como efeito Joule-Thomson e é explorada na liquefação de gases. A temperatura de inversão depende da natureza do gás.

Para um gás van der Waals podemos calcular a entalpia  usando a mecânica estatística como

onde  é o número de moléculas,  é o volume,  é a temperatura (na escala Kelvin),  é a constante de Boltzmann e  e  são constantes dependendo das forças intermoleculares e do volume molecular, respectivamente.

A partir desta equação, notamos que se mantivermos a entalpia constante e aumentarmos o volume, a temperatura deve mudar dependendo do sinal de . Portanto, nossa temperatura de inversão é dada onde o sinal muda para zero, ou

 ,

onde  é a temperatura crítica da substância. Então para , uma expansão a entalpia constante aumenta a temperatura, pois o trabalho realizado pelas interações repulsivas do gás é dominante e, portanto, a variação da energia cinética é positiva. Mas pelo , a expansão faz com que a temperatura diminua porque o trabalho das forças intermoleculares atrativas domina, dando uma mudança negativa na velocidade molecular média e, portanto, na energia cinética.

Termodinâmica

Temperatura de inversão


Amt Büchen er et amt i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende under Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg i den sydøstlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten. Administrationen ligger i Büchen.

Kommuner i amtet

Historie
Amt Büchen omfattede ind til 31. december 2006 ti kommuner. Efter nedlæggelsen af Amt Gudow-Sterley indtrådte 1. januar 2007 kommunerne Besenthal, Göttin, Gudow og Langenlehsten i amtet. 1. april 2007 kom også Tramm med i Amt Büchen.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger
Amt Büchen

Bychen, Amt

Amt Büchen


Gregory Hines (n. 14 februarie 1946 - d. 9 august 2003) a fost un actor american, dansator și cântăreț.

Biografie
Richard Pryor trebuia să joace rolul lui Josephus în Istoria lumii: partea I, dar cu două zile înainte de filmarea scenelor în care apărea, a fost spitalizat cu arsuri grave într-un incident foarte mediatizat. Mel Brooks, regizorul filmului, era pe punctul de a șterge aceste scene când  Madeline Kahn i-a sugerat pe Gregory Hines pentru acest rol.

Filmografie
History of the World, Part I (1981)
Wolfen (1981)
Deal of the Century (1983)
The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984)
The Cotton Club (1984)
White Nights (1985)
Faerie Tale Theatre: "Puss in Boots" (1985)
Amazing Stories: (TV) "The Amazing Falsworth" (1985)
Running Scared (1986)
Off Limits (1988)
Tap (1989)
Gregory Hines' Tap Dance in America (1989)
Eve of Destruction (1991)
White Lie (1991)
A Rage in Harlem (1991)
T Bone n Weasel (1992)
Kangaroo Court (1994)
Renaissance Man (1994)
Dead Air (1994)
A Stranger In Town (1995)
Waiting to Exhale (1995)
 Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child  ( 1995 ) ( voice ) episode beauty and the beast
The Cherokee Kid (1996)
Good Luck (1996)
Mad Dog Time (1996)
The Preacher's Wife (1996)
Subway Stories: Tales From the Underground (1997)
The Tic Code (1999)
Little Bill (TV) (1999–2003, until his death)
Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her (2000)
Once in the Life (2000)
Will & Grace (TV) (2000)
Who Killed Atlanta's Children? (TV) (2000)
Bojangles (2001)
Venice: Lost and Found (2002)
The Red Sneakers (TV) (2002)
The Root  (2003)
Law & Order: (TV) "Suicide Box" (2003)
Lost at Home: (TV) (2003)
Keeping Time: The Life, Music & Photography of Milt Hinton (2004)

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1946
Decese în 2003
Nașteri pe 14 februarie
Decese pe 9 august
Actori afro-americani
Cântăreți afro-americani
Câștigători ai Drama Desk Award
Dansatori americani

Gregory Hines


Phyllobates bicolor es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Dendrobatidae. Se diferencia de P.terribilis por su tamaño más pequeño y las patas más oscuras. Esta especie es endémica en las selvas de los departamentos de Chocó y Valle del Cauca, en Colombia.

El parecido con su pariente, la rana dorada, explica su veneno potente. Aunque no es tan potente como el de la rana dorada (Phyllobates terribilis), basta para matar a un adulto humano en minutos.

Es difícil diferenciar al macho de la hembra, pero la hembra generalmente tiene mayor tamaño

Distribución geográfica
Es endémica de Colombia.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

bicolor
Anfibios de Colombia
Animales descritos en 1978

Phyllobates bicolor


PZ Cassiopeiae es una estrella supergigante roja situada en la constelación de Casiopea a una distancia estimada inicialmente sobre la base de su pertenencia a la asociación estelar Cassiopeia OB5 de 7800 años luz (2,4 kiloparsecs). Con una magnitud aparente de 8,5 es un objeto al alcance de telescopios de aficionado.

Características

Si bien no se duda de su naturaleza de supergigante roja, los modelos inicialmente le daban un diámetro de 1190 o 1940 veces el del Sol; en el primer caso, puesta en el lugar de nuestra estrella, llenaría todo el espacio dentro de la órbita de Júpiter y en el segundo rozaría la órbita de Saturno, con un tamaño mayor incluso que el de otras estrellas clasificadas cómo hipergigantes cómo Mu Cephei o VY Canis Majoris; la magnitud bolométrica es -8,57 (220.000 veces más brillante que nuestra estrella) o -9,64 (580.000 veces más brillante) respectivamente. Su magnitud absoluta sería siempre de -7,89.

Más recientemente y mediante el estudio de los masers de agua presentes a su alrededor se ha podido refinar más la distancia a esta estrella y por tanto sus parámetros, obteniéndose una distancia de 2,81 kiloparsecs (9160 años luz), una luminosidad de entre 240000 y 270000 veces la del Sol, un radio de entre 1260 y 1340 veces el solar, y una masa en la secuencia principal de 25 masas solares, parámetros de luminosidad (en el caso de la mayor dada) y masa similares a los actualmente asumidos para VY Canis Majoris.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
PZ Cas (SIMBAD)

Supergigantes rojas
Constelación de Casiopea

PZ Cassiopeiae


Svijet

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 7. travnja  Bronisław Malinowski, britanski antropolog i etnolog poljskoga podrijetla († )

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Znanost u 1884.


R. R. R. Smith ou Fellow of the British Academy Roland Ralph Redfern "Bert" Smith (né le ) est un archéologue britannique et un académicien spécialiste de l'art et des culturelles visuelles de la Méditerranée antique. Depuis 1995, il est professeur de la  à l'université d'Oxford.

Biographie

Jeunesse et éducation

R. R. R. Smith est né le  et fait ses études au Fettes College dans une  à Édimbourg. Il étudie les  au Pembroke College à Oxford, obtenant un Bachelor of Arts en 1977. Restant à Pembroke, il étudie pour un Master of Philosophy en archéologie classique, qu'il réussit en 1979. Il déménage ensuite au Magdalen College d'Oxford pour poursuivre ses études en archéologie classique et obtenir un Doctor of Philosophy en 1983. Sa thèse de doctorat s'intitule « Portraits sculptés de rois hellénistiques vers 330-30 av. J.-C. » (Sculptured portraits of Hellenistic kings c. 330-30 B.C.).

Vie professionnelle

De 1981 à 1986, R. R. R. Smith est Fellow by Examination en histoire ancienne au Magdalen College d'Oxford. Il obtient également une  à l'université de Princeton entre 1983 et 1985. En 1986, il s'installe aux États-Unis où il est nommé professeur adjoint d'archéologie classique au New York University Institute of Fine Arts à l'université de New York. Il enseigne l'archéologie hellénistique et romaine et l'histoire de l'art à l'université. Il est promu  en 1990 et devient boursier de la Fondation Alexander-von-Humboldt à l'Institut für Klassische Archäologie de Munich, en Allemagne, pour l'année universitaire 1991-1992.

En 1995, R. R. R. Smith retourne au Royaume-Uni, après avoir été nommé professeur d'archéologie classique et d'art à l'université d'Oxford et élu membre du Lincoln College d'Oxford. Il est membre à la fois de la  et de l'. Il est le conservateur de l'Ashmolean Museum.

Honneurs

En 2010, R. R. R. Smith est élu Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), l'académie nationale des sciences humaines et sociales du Royaume-Uni.

Publications

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Notes et références

Annexe

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Lien externe

Naissance en janvier 1954
Étudiant de Pembroke College (Oxford)
Étudiant de Magdalen College (Oxford)
Archéologue britannique du XXe siècle
Historien de l'art britannique
Membre de la British Academy

R. R. R. Smith


, nascută pe 14 ianuarie 1981 în Aomori, Aomori, Japonia, este o actriță și un gravure idol. Ea este afiliat cu Horipro.

Viața personală
Niiyama a fost căsătorită cu jucătorul de baseball .  Ei au o fiică pe nume  (nascută 12 iulie 2006).

Filmografie

Filme
 Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack - Yuri Tachibana (2001)
 Ju-on: The Grudge 2 - Tomoko Miura (2003)
 Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger The Movie: Full Blast Action - Marie Gold/Deka Gold (2004)

Televiziune
 Carnation (2012)

Dublajul

Joc video
 Eurasia Express Satsujin Jiken - Yukino Wada (1998)

Nașteri în 1981
Actrițe japoneze
Gravure idol japoneze
Actrițe de dublaj japoneze
Oameni în viață

Chiharu Niiyama


Hércules y los pigmeos es una pintura al óleo sobre lienzo de Dosso Dossi, que data de 1535 y se expone en el Universalmuseum Joanneum de Graz.

Descripción
El escritor griego Filóstrato () detalló en su obra Descripciones de cuadros una serie de pinturas de la antigüedad, hoy perdidas. Pintores renacentistas, como Dosso o su hermano Battista, las recrearon según su imaginación les dictaba.

Basándose en la mitología, se representa a Heracles rodeado de pigmeos, episodio poco conocido que inspiró a Jonathan Swift para su historia de Gulliver con los liliputienses.

El héroe se muestra semidesnudo, cubierto solo por la piel del León de Nemea, mientras se despierta rodeado de los pequeños hombrecillos, vestidos como mercenarios, y los introduce en la piel del león. La escena se desarrolla en un paisaje idílico, marcando un contraste entre la umbría del bosque y el paisaje abierto, una maniobra típica de los pintores del norte de Italia, especialmente los venecianos y, en concreto, en Ferrara en la primera mitad del .

La obra está impregnada de los valores que inspiraron las obras fantásticas, mitológicas o literarias, que eran característicos de la corte de Este en Ferrara, por la que se hizo famoso el autor.

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

 FILÓSTRATO EL VIEJO: Cuadros o Imágenes (Εικόνες); II, 22: Heracles entre los pigmeos (Ἡρακλῆς εν πυγμαίοις).
 Traducción al inglés, en el sitio Theoi; trad. de 1931 de Arthur Fairbanks publicada en la Loeb Classical Library.
 Texto bilingüe griego - francés, en el sitio de Philippe Remacle.
 Texto griego, en Wikisource.
 Arthur Fairbanks (1864 - 1944): historiador estadounidense del arte que fue director del Museo de Bellas Artes de Boston desde 1908 hasta 1925.
 Philippe Remacle (1944 - 2011): helenista y latinista belga de expresión francesa.

Pigmeos
Graz
Desnudo (género artístico)

Hércules y los pigmeos


An Axonopus laxus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Luces. An Axonopus laxus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Axonopus, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Venezuela. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Axonopus

Axonopus laxus


Skylanders er et platformspil, hvor at man skal bekæmpe den onde Kaos i øriget Skylands. Skylanders består af 6 spil: Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure, Skylanders: Giants, Skylanders: SwapForce, Skylanders: Trap Team, Skylanders: SuperChargers og Skylanders: Imaginators, der kan fås til Nintendo Wii og Wii U, Sonys PlayStation 3 og PlayStation 4, og Microsofts Xbox 360 og Xbox One. Spillet fås også til den håndholdte konsol Nintendo 3DS.

Referencer

Platformspil
Wii-spil
Wii U-spil
PlayStation 3-spil
PlayStation 4-spil
Xbox 360-spil
Xbox One-spil
Nintendo 3DS-spil

Skylanders


Rory Darge, né le  à Édimbourg, est un joueur international écossais de rugby à XV. Il évolue au poste de troisième ligne aile aux Glasgow Warriors.

Biographie
Rory Darge est formé à l'Édimbourg Rugby, avec qui il signe son premier contrat professionnel en juillet 2020. Il fait ses débuts avec Édimbourg le 16 novembre 2020 face au Leinster en Pro14.

En avril 2021, les Glasgow Warriors annoncent le recrutement de Darge pour la saison suivante.

Il dispute 13 matchs avec l'équipe d'Écosse des moins de 20 ans.

En juillet 2021, il est appelé pour la première fois en équipe d'Écosse pour la tournée de match amicaux d'été. Il fait ses débuts avec le XV du Chardon lors du Tournoi des Six Nations face au pays de Galles le 12 février 2022 (défaite 20-17). Il inscrit son premier essai international face à la France le 26 février (défaite 17-36).

Le 16 août 2023, il fait partie de la liste définitive des 33 joueurs convoqués par Gregor Townsend pour disputer la Coupe du monde 2023.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Joueur international écossais de rugby à XV
Joueur d'Édimbourg Rugby
Joueur des Glasgow Warriors
Troisième ligne aile (rugby à XV)
Naissance en février 2000
Naissance à Édimbourg

Rory Darge


Kar kiraz kuşu (Plectrophenax nivalis), kiraz kuşugiller (Emberizidae) familyasından bir kuş türü. Kuzey enlemlerin kuşudur, kuluçka iklimi olarak tundra bölgelerini tercih eder. Ayrıca alaca kiraz kuşu, alaca çinte ve kar çintesi olarak da adlandırılır.

Özellikleri

Yetişkin erkek kuşlar siyah-beyaz renklidir. Yavru kuşlar daha koyu renklidir; beyaz rengin tam belli olması iki sene sürer. Sırtları hafif kahverengimsi olur. Dişileri daha kahverengimsidir, ama alt kısımları onlarda da beyaz renktedir. Kar kiraz kuşunun kanatları vücuduna nazaran uzun, gagası kısa olur. 16,5 cm uzunluğa ve 26-40 gr ağırlığa ulaşan bu kuş aşağı yukarı bir serçe büyüklüğündedir. Küçük tohumlar ve böcekler ile beslenir. Üreme zamanı Mart ayında başlar.
<div style="clear:left;">

Yaşam alanı
Kar kiraz kuşunun memleketi (yumurtladığı bölge) Kuzey Avrupa'da İskoçya, İzlanda ve Norveç'tir. Kuzey Almanya, Fransa, Polonya ve İsveç ve Türkiye'de kışı geçirirler.

Ötüşü
Kar kiraz kuşu, grubun içindeyken "tırr", "diüh" ya da "tsrr" sesleri çıkarır. Ama asıl ötüşü sadece gerçek memleketinde, yani yumurtladığı Kuzey Avrupa'da duyulur.

Kaynakça

Notlar

Dış bağlantılar

Kiraz kuşugiller
Avrupa kuşları
İzlanda'daki kuşlar
Türkiye'deki kuşlar
Göçmen kuşlar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Kar kiraz kuşu


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Kravany nad Dunajom enthält die zwei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Kravany nad Dunajom im Okres Komárno, Slowakei.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Kravany nad Dunajom


Earl of Effingham, in the County of Surrey, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, created in 1837 for Kenneth Howard, 11th Baron Howard of Effingham, named after the village of Effingham, Surrey, where heads of the family owned the manor.

This branch of the House of Howard stems from the naval commander and statesman Lord William Howard, senior son of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk from his second marriage to Agnes Tylney. William served as Lord High Admiral of England, as Lord Chamberlain of the Household and as Lord Privy Seal. In 1554 he was created Baron Howard of Effingham in the Peerage of England after leading the defence of London against Wyatt's rebellion. His son and successor was better known to history as Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, after being granted that title in 1596. He was Lord High Admiral from 1585 to 1618 and served as commander-in-chief of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada in 1588. In 1603 his eldest son and heir apparent William Howard (1577–1615), was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Baron Howard of Effingham. He predeceased his father.

The titles of the Earl of Nottingham passed to a younger son, the second Earl. He represented Bletchingley, Surrey and Sussex in the House of Commons and served as Lord-Lieutenant of Surrey. He was childless and was succeeded by his half-brother, the third Earl. On his death in 1681 the earldom became extinct.

The barony descended to the most senior male heir, who was a first cousin twice removed, who became the fifth Lord Howard. He was the great-grandson of Sir William Howard (d. 1600), a younger son of the first Baron: this Lord Howard of Effingham served as Governor of Virginia from 1683 to 1692.

His eldest son, the sixth Baron, died childless and was succeeded by his younger brother, the seventh Baron, a prominent military commander. In 1731 he was made Earl of Effingham in the Peerage of Great Britain. His grandson, the third Earl, served under William Pitt the Younger as Master of the Mint from 1784 to 1789 and was Governor of Jamaica from 1789 to 1791. He died childless and was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Earl. On his death in 1816 the earldom became extinct.

The barony descended to a third cousin, the eleventh Baron. He was the grandson of Lieutenant-General Thomas Howard, a son of George Howard, younger brother of the fifth Baron. Lord Howard of Effingham was a General in the Army. In 1837 the earldom of Effingham was revived when he was made Earl of Effingham, in the County of Surrey, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Earl. He represented Shaftesbury in Parliament as a Whig from 1841 to 1845. The titles descended from father to son until the death of his grandson, the fourth Earl, in 1927. He never married and was succeeded by a first cousin, the fifth Earl, the son of Captain the Hon. Frederick Charles Howard (1840–1893), second son of the second Earl. His eldest son, the sixth Earl, died childless in 1996. He was succeeded by his nephew David, the seventh Earl, who died in 2022, being succeeded by his son, the 8th earl (born 1971), the present holder of the titles.

Another member of this branch of the Howard family was Field Marshal Sir George Howard active in the mid-18th century. He was the son of the aforementioned Lieutenant-General Thomas Howard and the brother of Henry Howard, father of Kenneth Alexander Howard, 1st Earl of Effingham.

The family seat in the 21st century is Readings Farmhouse, near Blackmore End, Essex.

Barons Howard of Effingham (1554)
William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham (1510–1573)
Charles Howard, 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham (1536–1624) (created Earl of Nottingham in 1596)

Earls of Nottingham (1596)
Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham (1536–1624)
William Howard, Lord Howard of Effingham (1577–1615)
Charles Howard, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, 3rd Baron Howard of Effingham (1579–1642)
Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Nottingham, 4th Baron Howard of Effingham (1610–1681)

Barons Howard of Effingham (1554; reverted)
Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham (1643–1695)
Thomas Howard, 6th Baron Howard of Effingham (1682–1725)
Francis Howard, 7th Baron Howard of Effingham (1683–1743; created Earl of Effingham in 1731)

Earls of Effingham, first creation (1731)

Francis Howard, 1st Earl of Effingham (1683–1743)
Thomas Howard, 2nd Earl of Effingham (1714–1763)
Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham (1746–1791)
Richard Howard, 4th Earl of Effingham (1748–1816)

Barons Howard of Effingham (1554; reverted)
Kenneth Alexander Howard, 11th Baron Howard of Effingham (1767–1845; created Earl of Effingham in 1837)

Earls of Effingham, second creation (1837)
Kenneth Alexander Howard, 1st Earl of Effingham (1767–1845)
Henry Howard, 2nd Earl of Effingham (1806–1889)
Henry Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham (1837–1898)
Henry Alexander Gordon Howard, 4th Earl of Effingham (1866–1927)
Gordon Frederick Henry Charles Howard, 5th Earl of Effingham (1873–1946)
Mowbray Henry Gordon Howard, 6th Earl of Effingham (1905–1996)
David Peter Mowbray Algernon Howard, 7th Earl of Effingham (1939–2022)
Edward Mowbray Nicholas Howard, 8th Earl of Effingham (born 1971)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Frederick Henry Charles Howard, Lord Howard of Effingham (born 2007).

See also
Howard family
Duke of Norfolk
Earl of Carlisle
Earl of Suffolk (1603 creation)
Earl of Berkshire (1626 creation)
Baron Lanerton
Viscount Fitzalan of Derwent
Baron Howard of Penrith
Baron Howard of Escrick
Baron Stafford (1640 creation)
Baron Howard de Walden

References

Attribution

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

External links

1731 establishments in Great Britain
1816 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1837 establishments in the United Kingdom
Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of Great Britain
Earldoms in the Peerage of the United Kingdom

Noble titles created in 1731
Noble titles created in 1837

Earl of Effingham


L'épreuve de  des Jeux olympiques de 1912 a eu lieu du  au  dans un bassin long de  construit dans la baie de Djurgårdsbrunnsviken à Stockholm.

Il s'agit de la première épreuve féminine de natation de l'histoire des Jeux olympiques. La première championne olympique de natation est donc l'Australienne (sous les couleurs de l'Australasie) Fanny Durack.

La distance (ou ses équivalents en yards) est dominée par les nageuses anglo-saxonnes : les Britanniques Jennie Fletcher et Irene Steer qui ont remporté des titres nationaux ou Daisy Curwen, recordwoman du monde du  ; Jennie Fletcher a longtemps détenu le record du monde du  que vient tout juste de battre l'Australienne Fanny Durack.

Contrairement aux épreuves masculines, marquées par de nombreux forfaits, toutes les nageuses prennent le départ des séries. Comme l'épreuve est nouvelle aux Jeux, la première, puis la deuxième série établissent le record olympique. C'est finalement Fanny Durack qui bat le record olympique et le record du monde lors de la quatrième série, avec . L'exploit n'est pas renouvelé durant le reste de la compétition. La course est effectivement dominée par les nageuses anglo-saxonnes. Seules deux Allemandes Wally Dressel (quatrième série) et Grete Rosenberg (cinquième série) réussissent à contester cette supériorité. Elles sont cependant éliminées en demi-finale ; Grete Rosenberg n'entre en finale qu'à la suite du forfait de Daisy Curwen, hospitalisée le jour même des demi-finales pour une opération de l'appendicite. La finale est largement dominée, de bout en bout, par l'Australienne Fanny Durack. Sa compatriote et amie Mina Wylie se place sans trop de difficultés sur la seconde marche du podium. Par contre, la lutte est serrée entre les trois autres nageuses pour la médaille de bronze : elles se tiennent en quatre centièmes. C'est la Britannique Jennie Fletcher qui s'impose de peu sur l'Allemande Grete Rosenberg.

Épreuve et engagements
Il s'agit de la première épreuve féminine de natation de l'histoire des Jeux olympiques. En effet, lors du congrès du comité olympique britannique en  pour l'organisation des Jeux de Londres, des épreuves féminines avaient été discutées. Il semblerait que celles-ci aient finalement dû être annulées, faute d'un nombre suffisant de nageuses engagées. Si des démonstrations eurent lieu, aucune médaille ne fut remise. Pour les Jeux de Stockholm, en plus des Britanniques, les Danois et Norvégiens se montrent très favorables à l'organisation d'épreuves féminines. Le comité d'organisation des Jeux de Stockholm propose lors du congrès du CIO en  à Budapest une épreuve féminine en nage libre : un  individuel.

Plusieurs pays se posent la question d'envoyer ou non des nageuses aux Jeux. Ainsi, la délégation australasienne (combinant Australie et Nouvelle-Zélande) ne devait pas comprendre de femmes. Les deux amies, et rivales, Fanny Durack et Mina Wylie sont originaires de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud et cet État australien interdit aux femmes de concourir dans des épreuves auxquelles des hommes assisteraient. Un autre argument avancé est que la fédération ne disposerait de fonds que pour envoyer la délégation masculine à Stockholm. L'opinion publique se mobilise pour les deux femmes obtenant le changement du règlement et organisant une souscription pour leur payer le voyage. Mary Durack, sœur de Fanny Durack, fait office de chaperon. De son côté, le Comité olympique des États-Unis, dirigé par James Edward Sullivan, refuse d'envoyer des femmes à toutes les épreuves olympiques, natation comprise. La délégation britannique à Stockholm comprend deux « chaperons » pour l'équipe féminine de natation : Mesdames Holmes et Jarvis, en fait toutes les deux entraîneuses de natation. Et dans le cas de Clara Jarvis, c'est même l'entraîneuse personnelle de Jennie Fletcher qui accompagne sa nageuse aux Jeux.

Les nageuses anglo-saxonnes sont favorites. En Grande-Bretagne, Jennie Fletcher a remporté les titres nationaux sur  en 1909, 1911 et 1912, battue seulement en 1910 par Irene Steer. Jennie Fletcher a longtemps détenu le record mondial de la distance, qu'elle a battu onze fois en sept ans, mais le   n'est pas le . Une autre Britannique, Daisy Curwen, détient l'équivalent du record du monde du  avec celui du  en . Cependant, juste avant les Jeux, l'Australienne Fanny Durack a établi les records des 50, 100 et , respectivement en ,  et . Elle nage avec le style caractéristique du « crawl australien ».

Séries

Comme, contrairement aux épreuves masculines, il n'y a aucun forfait, le programme est complet. Les cinq séries ont lieu comme prévu : deux le lundi   à  et trois le mardi  à . Les deux premières de chaque série et la meilleure troisième sont qualifiées pour le tour suivant.

Les nageuses anglo-saxonnes (britanniques et australiennes) dominent effectivement les séries. La différence entre ces nageuses qui prennent les premières places qualificatives et leurs adversaires est souvent de près de . Il n'y a guère que deux nageuses allemandes Wally Dressel (quatrième série) et Grete Rosenberg (cinquième série) qui réussissent à contester cette supériorité. Peu de suspense donc dans la plupart des séries. Dans la deuxième, Jennie Fletcher prend un départ rapide mais est rattrapée par sa compatriote Daisy Curwen. Dans la dernière série, la seule remportée par une nageuse non anglo-saxonne, Annie Speirs prend un très mauvais départ, restant plus longtemps que ses adversaires sur la plage de départ et elle ne réussit jamais à refaire son retard.

La course étant organisée pour la première fois, le record olympique est logiquement établi lors de la première série mais battu dès la deuxième. Lors de la quatrième série, Fanny Durack le bat à nouveau définitivement et bat le record du monde. Cette série rapide permet à Wally Dressel de se qualifier au titre de meilleure troisième.

Demi-finales

Les demi-finales ont lieu le jeudi  à midi. Les deux premières de chaque demi-finale et la meilleure troisième sont qualifiées pour la finale.

Domination anglo-saxonne à nouveau pour les demi-finales puisque l'Allemande Grete Rosenberg n'entre en finale qu'à la suite du forfait de Daisy Curwen, hospitalisée le jour même des demi-finales pour une opération de l'appendicite. La première demi-finale est facilement dominée par l'Australienne Fanny Durack. La seconde demi-finale est très disputée entre l'Australienne Mina Wylie et l'anglaise Jennie Fletcher. Les deux femmes sont au coude à coude toute la course et ne sont séparées à l'arrivée que de deux centièmes. La Galloise Irene Steer arrivée troisième est disqualifiée. La délégation allemande a porté réclamation pour son faux-départ.

Finale

La finale se déroule le vendredi  à .

La Britannique Daisy Curwen est forfait, elle se remet de son opération de l'appendicite. La course est largement dominée, de bout en bout, par l'Australienne (sous les couleurs de l'Australasie) Fanny Durack, même si elle réalise en  son plus mauvais temps de la compétition. Sa compatriote et amie Mina Wylie se place sans trop de difficultés sur la seconde marche du podium. Par contre, la lutte est serrée entre les trois autres nageuses pour la dernière médaille. La Britannique Jennie Fletcher s'impose de deux centièmes sur l'Allemande Grete Rosenberg qui à son tour ne devance la cinquième, la Britannique Annie Spiers de deux centièmes.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .

 .
 .
 .

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Natation aux Jeux olympiques de 1912

100 mètres nage libre féminin aux Jeux olympiques de 1912


علي ناصري الملقب «كاتشو» ولد يوم 15 أبريل 1963 بدائرة المزهر لعائلة تنتمي إلى قبيلة أولاد شليح قبيلة الشاوية بولاية باتنة.هو مغني جزائري من مشاهير الغناء الشاوي في الجزائر. وتوفي في حادث مرور في  أيام فقط بعد اقامته مهرجان جميلة،

سيرة
أخذ كاتشو خطواته الأولى في الغناء من خلال تغطية أعمال عيسى جرموني مثل Metoussa. في الثمانينات، بدأ مشواره الفني بأغنيته الناجحة "أغوجيل" (اليتيم) ضمن فرقة "الفزيري".

في عام 1987، أصدر أول أغنية منفردة له بعنوان "بابور إيروه"، تليها أغنية "نوارة". صعد كاتشو على خشبة المسرح في العديد من المهرجانات بالجزائر والخارج حيث كان أحد ممثلي الموسيقى الشاوية، وغنى في قاعة الأولمبيا الباريسية على خطى الأغنية الشاوية الكبيرة عيسى الجرموني.

لم يتجاوز المستوى الإقليمي. موجة المد لشهرته أتت ب «نوارة»، ثاني ألبوم يجتاح البلاد، والذي شكل دائرة أول المشجعين له. هذه الدائرة استمرت في التوسع، وإلى حد كبير خارج الجزائر. في غضون ذلك، فإن هذا الترتيب الذي بدأ متواضعا مع «الاوركسترا تازير» قد أثرت، وتوفير صوت من قائد جوقة الترتيل الشاوي الموسيقى ذاتها. العمل بصفة خاصة بين عامي 1992 و1993. النمط هو إثراء مساهمات متنوعة والموسيقى، من الأنجلوسكسونية، ونبرة الصوت، والقوة الدافعة، اكتسبت في النقاء والقوة. ليست هي الوحيدة في المنطقة من البلاد التي تتأثر هذه الأغنية جاءت من الأوراس.

.وكان يحب مدينة ام البواقي ويحظر كل حفلاتها وكما كانت حفلات دكرا عيسي الجرمني بالمدينة انطلاقته الحقيقية كماكان يكن كل الاحترام والدقير لصديقه بالمدينة السيد عابد فارس. غنى في عديد من المدن الجزائرية وخاصة في المواسم الصيفية منها الساحلية الكبرى مثل:سكيكدة، عنابة وبجاية... "كاتشو معروف في سطيف حيث أن أسلوبه الغنائي يدور بين السطايفي والشاوي. والطابع الشاوي يِؤدى باللهجة الشاوية لكنه غنى أيضا باللغة العربية الدارجة مما قربه من كل الجزائريين.

أطلق مشروع السياحة البيئية مع المنتزه الوطني بيليزما

بعد عودته من الحج في 2005 قررالاعتزال عن الغناء الماجن وقرر التخصص فقد في الأغاني الدينية والمديح.

حياة شخصية
كاتشو متزوج وله ولدين وبنت.

المصادر

أشخاص من باتنة
شاوية
مغنون جزائريون
مغنون جزائريون في القرن 20
مغنون جزائريون في القرن 21
مغنون ذكور في القرن 20
مغنون ذكور في القرن 21
مغنون في القرن 20
مواليد 1382 هـ
مواليد 1963
وفيات 1430 هـ
وفيات 2009
وفيات حوادث الطرق في الجزائر
مغنون ذكور جزائريون في القرن 20
مغنون ذكور جزائريون في القرن 21

كاتشو


A balanced scorecard is a strategy performance management tool – a well-structured report used to keep track of the execution of activities by staff and to monitor the consequences arising from these actions.

The term 'balanced scorecard' primarily refers to a performance management report used by a management team, and typically focused on managing the implementation of a strategy or operational activities. In a 2020 survey 88% of respondents reported using the balanced scorecard for strategy implementation management, and 63% for operational management. Although less common, the balanced scorecard is also used by individuals to track personal performance; only 17% of respondents in the survey reported using balanced scorecards in this way. However it is clear from the same survey that a larger proportion (about 30%) use corporate balanced scorecard elements to inform personal goal setting and incentive calculations.

The critical characteristics that define a balanced scorecard are:
 its focus on the strategic agenda of the organization/coalition concerned;
 a focused set of measurements to monitor performance against objectives;
 a mix of financial and non-financial data items (originally divided into four "perspectives" - Financial, Customer, Internal Process, and Learning & Growth); and,
 a portfolio of initiatives designed to impact performance of the measures/objectives.

Use
The balanced scorecard was initially proposed as a general purpose performance management system. Subsequently, it was promoted specifically as an approach to strategic performance management. The balanced scorecard has more recently become a key component of structured approaches to corporate strategic management.

Two of the ideas that underpin modern balanced scorecard designs concern making it easier to select which data to observe, and ensuring that the choice of data is consistent with the ability of the observer to intervene.

History
Organizations have used systems consisting of a mix of financial and non-financial measures to track progress for quite some time. One such system, the Analog Devices Balanced Scorecard, was created by Art Schneiderman in 1987 at Analog Devices, a mid-sized semi-conductor company. Schneiderman's design was similar to what is now recognised as a "First Generation" balanced scorecard design.

In 1990 Schneiderman participated in an unrelated research study led by Robert S. Kaplan in conjunction with US management consultancy Nolan-Norton, and during this study described his work on performance measurement. Subsequently, Kaplan and David P. Norton included anonymous details of this balanced scorecard design in a 1992 article. Although Kaplan and Norton's article was not the only paper on the topic published in early 1992, it was a popular success, and was quickly followed by a second in 1993. In 1996, the two authors published The Balanced Scorecard. These articles and the first book spread knowledge of the concept of balanced scorecards, leading to Kaplan and Norton being seen as the creators of the concept.

While the "corporate scorecard" terminology was coined by Schneiderman, the roots of performance management as an activity run deep in management literature and practice. Management historians such as Alfred Chandler suggest the origins of performance management can be seen in the emergence of the complex organization – most notably during the 19th Century in the USA. Other influences may include the pioneering work of General Electric on performance measurement reporting in the 1950s and the work of French process engineers (who created the tableau de bord – literally, a "dashboard" of performance measures) in the early part of the 20th century. The tool also draws strongly on the ideas of the 'resource based view of the firm' proposed by Edith Penrose. None of these influences is explicitly linked to in the original descriptions of balanced scorecard by Schneiderman, Maisel, or Kaplan & Norton.

Kaplan and Norton's first book remains their most popular. The book reflects the earliest incarnations of balanced scorecards – effectively restating the concept as described in the second Harvard Business Review article. Their second book, The Strategy Focused Organization, echoed work by others (particularly a book published the year before by Olve et al. in Scandinavia) on the value of visually documenting the links between measures by proposing the "Strategic Linkage Model" or strategy map.

As the title of Kaplan and Norton's second book highlights, even by 2000 the focus of attention among thought-leaders was moving from the design of balanced scorecards themselves, towards the use of the balanced scorecard as a focal point within a more comprehensive strategic management system. Subsequent writing on the balanced scorecard by Kaplan & Norton has focused on its uses, rather than its design (e.g. The Execution Premium in 2008, "Intelligent Design of Inclusive Growth Strategies" in 2019); many others also continue to refine the device itself (e.g. Abernethy et al.).

Characteristics
The characteristic feature of the balanced scorecard and its derivatives is the presentation of a mixture of financial and non-financial measures each compared to a 'target' value within a single concise report. The report is not meant to be a replacement for traditional financial or operational reports but a succinct summary that captures the information most relevant to those reading it. It is the method by which this 'most relevant' information is determined (i.e., the design processes used to select the content) that most differentiates the various versions of the tool in circulation. The balanced scorecard indirectly also provides a useful insight into an organization's strategy – by requiring general strategic statements (e.g. mission, vision) to be precipitated into more specific/tangible forms.

The first versions of Kaplan and Norton's interpretation of the balanced scorecard asserted that relevance should derive from the corporate strategy, and proposed design methods that focused on choosing measures and targets associated with the main activities required to implement the strategy. As the initial audience for this were the readers of the Harvard Business Review, the proposal was translated into a form that made sense to a typical reader of that journal – managers of US commercial businesses. Accordingly, initial designs were encouraged to measure three categories of non-financial measure in addition to financial outputs – those of "customer," "internal business processes" and "learning and growth." These categories were not so relevant to public sector or non-profit organizations, or units within complex organizations (which might have high degrees of internal specialization), and much of the early literature on balanced scorecard focused on suggestions of alternative 'perspectives' that might have more relevance to these groups (e.g. Butler et al. (1997), Ahn (2001), Elefalke (2001), Brignall (2002), Irwin (2002), Radnor et al. (2003)).

Modern balanced scorecards have evolved since the initial ideas proposed in the late 1980s and early 1990s and are significantly improved – being both more flexible (to suit a wider range of organizational types) and more effective (as design methods have evolved to make them easier to design, and use).

Variants
Since the balanced scorecard was popularized in the early 1990s, a large number of alternatives to the original 'four box' balanced scorecard promoted by Kaplan and Norton in their various articles and books have emerged. Most have very limited application, and are typically proposed either by academics as vehicles for expanding the dialogue beyond the financial bottom line – e.g. Brignall (2002) or consultants as an attempt at differentiation to promote sales of books and / or consultancy (e.g. Neely et al. (2002), Bourne (2002), Niven (2002)).

Many of the structural variations proposed are broadly similar, and a research paper published in 2004 attempted to identify a pattern in these alternatives – noting three distinct types of variation. The variations appeared to be part of an evolution of the balanced scorecard concept, and so the paper refers to these distinct types as "generations". Broadly, the original 'measures in four boxes' type design (as initially proposed by Kaplan & Norton) constitutes the 1st generation balanced scorecard design; balanced scorecard designs that include a 'strategy map' or 'strategic linkage model' (e.g. the Performance Prism, later Kaplan & Norton designs, and the Performance Driver model of Olve, Roy & Wetter (first published in Swedish, 1997; English translation, 1999,) constitute the 2nd Generation of Balanced Scorecard designs; and designs that augment the strategy map / strategic linkage model with a separate document describing the long-term outcomes sought from the strategy (the "destination statement" idea) comprise the 3rd generation balanced scorecard design.

Variants that feature adaptations of the structure of the balanced scorecard to suit better a particular viewpoint or agenda are numerous. Examples of the focus of such adaptations include the triple bottom line, decision support, public sector management, and health care management. The performance management elements of the UN's Results Based Management system have strong design and structural similarities to those used in the 3rd Generation Balanced Scorecard design approach.

The balanced scorecard is also linked to quality management tools and activities. Although there are clear areas of cross-over and association, the two sets of tools are complementary rather than duplicative.

The balanced scorecard is also used to support the payments of incentives, even though it was not designed for this purpose and is not particularly suited to it.

Design
Design of a balanced scorecard is about the identification of a small number of financial and non-financial measures and attaching targets to them, so that when they are reviewed it is possible to determine whether current performance 'meets expectations'. By alerting managers to areas where performance deviates from expectations, they can be encouraged to focus their attention on these areas, and hopefully as a result trigger improved performance within the part of the organization they lead.

The original thinking behind a balanced scorecard was for it to be focused on information relating to the implementation of a strategy, and over time there has been a blurring of the boundaries between conventional strategic planning and control activities and those required to design a balanced scorecard. This is illustrated by the four steps required to design a balanced scorecard included in Kaplan & Norton's writing on the subject in the late 1990s:

 Translating the vision into operational goals;
 Communicating the vision and link it to individual performance;
 Business planning; index setting
 Feedback and learning, and adjusting the strategy accordingly.

These steps go beyond the simple task of identifying a small number of financial and non-financial measures, but illustrate the requirement for whatever design process is used to fit within broader thinking about how the resulting balanced scorecard will integrate with the wider business management process.

Although it helps focus managers' attention on strategic issues and the management of the implementation of strategy, it is important to remember that the balanced scorecard itself has no role in the formation of strategy. In fact, balanced scorecards can co-exist with strategic planning systems and other tools.

First generation

The first generation of balanced scorecard designs used a "four perspective" approach to identify what measures to use to track the implementation of strategy. The original four "perspectives" proposed were:
 Financial: encourages the identification of a few relevant high-level financial measures. In particular, designers were encouraged to choose measures that helped inform the answer to the question "How do we look to shareholders?". Examples: cash flow, sales growth, operating income, return on equity.
 Customer: encourages the identification of measures that answer the question "What is important to our customers and stakeholders?". Examples: percent of sales from new products, on time delivery, share of important customers' purchases, ranking by important customers.
 Internal business processes: encourages the identification of measures that answer the question "What must we excel at?". Examples: cycle time, unit cost, yield, new product introductions.
 Learning and growth: encourages the identification of measures that answer the question "How can we continue to improve, create value and innovate?". Examples: time to develop new generation of products, life cycle to product maturity, time to market versus competition.

The idea was that managers used these perspective headings to prompt the selection of a small number of measures that informed on that aspect of the organization's strategic performance. The perspective headings show that Kaplan and Norton were thinking about the needs of non-divisional commercial organizations in their initial design. These categories were not so relevant to public sector or non-profit organizations, or units within complex organizations (which might have high degrees of internal specialization), and much of the early literature on balanced scorecard focused on suggestions of alternative 'perspectives' that might have more relevance to these groups(e.g. Butler et al. (1997), Ahn (2001), Elefalke (2001), Brignall (2002), Irwin (2002), Flamholtz (2003), Radnor et al. (2003)).

These suggestions were notably triggered by a recognition that different but equivalent headings would yield alternative sets of measures, and this represents the major design challenge faced with this type of balanced scorecard design: justifying the choice of measures made. "Of all the measures you could have chosen, why did you choose these?" These issues contribute to dis-satisfaction with early balanced scorecard designs, since if users are not confident that the measures within the balanced scorecard are well chosen, they will have less confidence in the information it provides.

Although less common, these early-style balanced scorecards are still designed and used today.

In short, first generation balanced scorecards are hard to design in a way that builds confidence that they are well designed. Because of this, many are abandoned soon after completion.

Second generation

In the mid-1990s, an improved design method emerged. In the new method, measures are selected based on a set of "strategic objectives" plotted on a "strategic linkage model" or "strategy map". With this modified approach, the strategic objectives are distributed across the four measurement perspectives, so as to "connect the dots" to form a visual presentation of strategy and measures.

In this modified version of balanced scorecard design, managers select a few strategic objectives within each of the perspectives, and then define the cause-effect chain among these objectives by drawing links between them to create a "strategic linkage model". A balanced scorecard of strategic performance measures is then derived directly by selecting one or two measures for each strategic objective. This type of approach provides greater contextual justification for the measures chosen, and is generally easier for managers to work through. This style of balanced scorecard has been commonly used since 1996 or so: it is significantly different in approach to the methods originally proposed, and so can be thought of as representing the "2nd generation" of design approach adopted for the balanced scorecard since its introduction.

Third generation

In the late 1990s, the design approach had evolved yet again. One problem with the "second generation" design approach described above was that the plotting of causal links amongst twenty or so medium-term strategic goals was still a relatively abstract activity. In practice it ignored the fact that opportunities to intervene to influence strategic goals are (and need to be) anchored in current and real management activity. Secondly, the need to "roll forward" and test the impact of these goals necessitated the reference to an additional design instrument: a statement of what "strategic success", or the "strategic end-state", looked like (which in turn would be related to the organization's Mission or Vision Statement). This reference point was called a Destination Statement. It was quickly realized that if a Destination Statement was created at the beginning of the design process then it became easier to select the appropriate strategic activity and outcome objectives which if achieved would deliver it. Measures and targets could then be selected to track the achievement of these objectives. Design methods that incorporate a Destination Statement or equivalent (e.g. the results-based management method proposed by the UN in 2002) represent a tangibly different design approach to those that went before and so have been proposed as representing a "third generation" design method for balanced scorecards.

Design methods for balanced scorecards continue to evolve and adapt to reflect the deficiencies in the currently used methods, and the particular needs of communities of interest (e.g. NGOs and government departments have found the third generation methods embedded in results-based management more useful than first or second generation design methods).

Third generation balanced scorecards improved the utility of second generation of balanced scorecards, giving more relevance and functionality to strategic objectives. The major difference is the incorporation of Destination Statements. Other key components are strategic objectives, strategic linkage model and perspectives, measures and initiatives.

Popularity
In 1997, Kurtzman found that 64 percent of the companies questioned were measuring performance from a number of perspectives in a similar way to the balanced scorecard. Balanced scorecards have been implemented by government agencies, military units, business units and corporations as a whole, non-profit organizations, and schools.

The balanced scorecard has been widely adopted, and consistently has been found to be the most popular performance management framework in a widely respected annual survey (e.g. see results from 2003 and 2013).

Theorists have argued from the earliest days of discussion of balanced scorecard usage that much of the benefit of it comes from the design process itself. Indeed, it is argued that many failures in the early days of the balanced scorecard could be attributed to this problem, in that early balanced scorecards were often designed remotely by consultants – it is suggested that because they were not being involved in the design the managers who were intended to use the device did not trust its design (e.g. it measured the wrong things and used inappropriate targets) and so failed to engage with and use the devices.

Criticism
Academic criticism of the balanced scorecard can be broken into three distinct (but overlapping) areas of concern.

 Lack of rigour: The first kind of criticism focuses on the empirical nature of the framework and the lack of any formal validation of the ideas it is based on in the early articles that introduced the concept. Kaplan and Norton notoriously failed to include any citations of earlier articles in their initial papers on the topic, an absence noted, for example, by Norreklit. Others identified technical flaws in the methods and design of the original balanced scorecard or concerning the lack of validation for the approach – for example Flamholtz observed that no validation was provided for the choice of the "four perspectives" of the 1st Generation design:
 Lack of an overall score: The second kind of criticism is that the balanced scorecard does not provide an overall score or a unified view of performance with clear recommendations: it is simply a list of metrics that managers have to interpret before deciding upon appropriate interventions (e.g. Jensen 2001). These critics usually include in their criticism suggestions about how an 'unanswered' question they identify in their commentary could be answered, but typically the unanswered question relate to things outside the scope of balanced scorecard itself (such as developing strategies) (e.g. Brignall)
 Not reflective of all stakeholder needs: The third kind of criticism is that the model fails to fully reflect the needs of stakeholders – putting bias on financial stakeholders over others. Early forms of Balanced Scorecard proposed by Kaplan & Norton were orientated towards the needs of commercial organizations in the USA – where a focus on investment return was appropriate. This focus was maintained through subsequent revisions. Even now over 20 years after they were first proposed, the four most common perspectives in Balanced Scorecard designs mirror the four proposed in the original Kaplan & Norton paper. There have been many studies that suggest other perspectives might better reflect the priorities of organizations – particularly but not exclusively relating to the needs of organizations in the public and non-governmental sectors. For instance, the balanced scorecard does not address important aspects of nonprofit strategy such as social dimensions, human resource elements, political issues and the distinctive nature of competition and collaboration in nonprofit settings. More modern design approaches such as 3rd Generation Balanced Scorecard, the Public Sector Scorecard and the UN's Results Based Management methods explicitly consider the interests of wider stakeholder groups and perhaps address this issue in its entirety.

In response to these concerns there have been many studies seeking to provide (retrospective) academic underpinnings for the Balanced Scorecard concept, and to provide case study and validation information for the various design generations.

There are relatively few reliable assessments of the effectiveness of the approaches embodied in the balanced scorecard, but some studies demonstrate a link between the use of balanced scorecards and better decision making or improved financial performance of companies. Broadcast surveys of usage have difficulties in this respect, due to the wide variations in definition of 'what a balanced scorecard is' (making it hard to work out in a survey if you are comparing like with like). Single organization case studies suffer from the 'lack of a control' issue common to any study of organizational change – what the organization would have achieved if the change had not been made isn't known, so it is difficult to attribute changes observed over time to a single intervention (such as introducing a balanced scorecard). However, such studies as have been done have typically found Balanced Scorecard to be useful.

Consideration has been given to the effect of organization size on balanced scorecard effectiveness:
 For large organizations this work has focused on how to translate aggregate corporate strategies into performance management tools relevant to individual teams / units within the organization.
 In small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the balanced scorecard has been found to be effective, but that focus is required on balancing design complexity and relevance with the availability of resource to do the design work. Others have argued that the balanced scorecard is unsuitable for SMEs for a variety of reasons, including the belief that SMEs lack a long-term strategic focus (Hvolby and Thorstenson (2000), McAdam (2000)) and that SMEs have limited knowledge about performance measurement in general (Rantanen and Holtari 2000) and therefore do not recognise the benefits that might accrue from use of the tool (McAdam 2000; Bourne 2001), but it is also important to note that none of these studies attempts to theorise the reasons behind their negative findings.

Software tools

It is important to recognize that the balanced scorecard by definition is not a complex thing – typically no more than about 20 measures spread across a mix of financial and non-financial topics, and easily reported manually (on paper, or using simple office software).

The processes of collecting, reporting, and distributing balanced scorecard information can be labor-intensive and prone to procedural problems (for example, getting all relevant people to return the information required by the required date). The simplest mechanism to use is to delegate these activities to an individual, and many balanced scorecards are reported via ad hoc methods based around email, phone calls and office software.

In more complex organizations, where there are multiple balanced scorecards to report and/or a need for co-ordination of results between balanced scorecards (for example, if one level of reports relies on information collected and reported at a lower level) the use of individual reporters is problematic. Where these conditions apply, organizations use balanced scorecard reporting software to automate the production and distribution of these reports.

See also

Balanced scorecard SWOT
 Digital dashboard, also known as business dashboard, enterprise dashboard or executive dashboard
 Key performance indicators
 Marketing strategy
 Performance management
 Strategic control
 Strategic management
 Strategy map

References

Strategic management
Business terms
Business software

Balanced scorecard


Mohamed Salem (; * 24. Mai 1940 in Oran; † 4. Mai 2008 in Belfort) war ein algerischer Fußballspieler, der den Hauptteil seiner Sportlerkarriere in Frankreich und Belgien absolviert hat.

Vereinskarriere
Der im seinerzeit noch französischen Nordafrika geborene Mohamed Salem begann als Heranwachsender beim MC Oran mit dem Vereinsfußball. 1959, als in seiner Heimat noch der Algerienkrieg tobte, kam er in das französische Mutterland; der Grund dafür und auch eine Antwort auf die Frage, ob er diesen Schritt gemeinsam mit seiner Familie oder alleine vollzog, ist nicht bekannt. Nach einer kurzen Zwischenstation bei einem Amateurklub aus Saint-Rémy-de-Provence unterschrieb er Ende 1959 oder Anfang 1960 beim nordfranzösischen Erstdivisionär UA Sedan-Torcy einen Profivertrag. Gleich in seinem ersten Jahr bei den Sangliers – "Wildschweine" ist der durchaus positiv gemeinte Spitzname für die Mannschaft aus den Ardennen – gewann er mit seinen Mitspielern den Landespokal. Dass Sedan überhaupt in das Endspiel vorstieß, verdankte die Mannschaft einem späten Tor von Salem im Halbfinal-Wiederholungsmatch gegen Girondins Bordeaux, und auch im anschließenden Endspiel hatte der großgewachsene, kantige Stoßstürmer einen Treffer zum 3:1-Sieg über Olympique Nîmes beigesteuert. In den Punktspielen war er gleichfalls häufig erfolgreich und schloss die Saison mit insgesamt 16 Treffern als Neunter unter den besten Ligatorjägern ab. 1961/62 erlitt er eine schwere Verletzung (Beinbruch), die ein längeres Pausieren erforderlich machte; dieses Los teilte Salem mit etlichen anderen torgefährlichen Angreifern in der Division 1, die gerade in der ersten Hälfte der 1960er häufig "Freiwild für die Attacken" gegnerischer Abwehrspieler waren. Dadurch verpasste er beide Spiele seines Klubs im Europapokal der Pokalsieger, die Sedan-Torcy gegen den späteren Wettbewerbsgewinner Atlético Madrid mit 2:3 und 1:4 verlor, und brachte es auch in der Division 1 lediglich auf zwölf Punktspieleinsätze. Nach seiner Genesung war er aber weiterhin Sedans gefährlichster Stürmer; mit 21 Toren 1962/63 war er persönlich der sechstbeste Schütze der Liga, wurde zum algerischen Nationalspieler (siehe unten) und seine Mannschaft beendete die Saison als Tabellendritter. Ein Jahr darauf reichten 18 Treffer sogar für Platz 5 in der Torjägerliste.

Dennoch verkaufte sein Verein ihn anschließend an den Traditionsklub Daring Brüssel aus der höchsten belgischen Liga. Salem blieb dort drei Jahre, aber präzisere Informationen hinsichtlich seiner Leistungen und eventueller Erfolge sind in der verwendeten Literatur nicht enthalten; einen Landesmeistertitel gewann Daring in dieser Zeit nicht – der blieb dem "Seriensieger" jener Jahre, Sporting Anderlecht, vorbehalten –, und auch im Pokalwettbewerb reichte es nicht zu einer Endspielteilnahme. 1967 kehrte der Stürmer nach Sedan zurück. Die UA Sedan-Torcy war inzwischen eine Fusion mit dem Hauptstadtklub Racing Paris eingegangen und nannte sich nun Racing Paris-Sedan. Mohamed Salem fasste dort sofort wieder Fuß, schoss 1967/68 13 Punktspieltore, und die Mannschaft schloss die drei Saisons nach seiner Rückkehr im vorderen Mittelfeld der Division 1 ab, stieß 1969 im Pokal bis in das Halbfinale vor und schaffte es in der Liga 1970 erneut auf den dritten Rang. In dieser Spielzeit waren die Leistungen des inzwischen meist zurückgezogen und häufig sogar als Libero agierenden Mohamed Salem so konstant, dass er nach Saisonende gemeinsam mit Bernard Bosquier als bester Spieler der Division 1 mit der Étoile d'Or ausgezeichnet wurde. Nach Auflösung der Fusion Paris/Sedan hieß sein Verein nun CS Sedan, und mit dem kam Salem im Messestädte-Pokal 1970/71 endlich auch zu zwei internationalen Einsätzen in den Spielen gegen den 1. FC Köln, gegen den die Sangliers nach 1:0 und 1:5 allerdings bereits in der ersten Runde aus dem Wettbewerb ausschieden. Auch in der heimischen Liga konnten sie nicht an die Stärke früherer Jahre anknüpfen und stiegen 1971 als Tabellenschlusslicht sogar in die zweite Division ab. Mohamed Salem hielt Sedan aber weiterhin die Treue und trug dazu bei, dass 1972 der sofortige Wiederaufstieg gelang; anschließend beendete er seine Profikarriere nach insgesamt 237 Erstligaspielen mit 84 Punktspieltreffern sowie 18 Begegnungen mit elf Torerfolgen in der Division 2. Er ließ sich auch danach in Frankreich nieder, wo er 2008, drei Wochen vor seinem 68. Geburtstag, nach längerer Krankheit starb.

Stationen
 bis 1959 Mouloudia Club d'Oran
 1959 Saint-Rémy-de-Provence
 1959 oder 1960–1964 UA Sedan-Torcy
 1964–1967 Royal Daring Club Brüssel
 1967–1970 Racing Club Paris-Sedan
 1970–1972 Club Sportif Sedan

Nationalspieler
Mohamed Salem debütierte im Juli 1963 bei einem Spiel gegen Ägypten in der Algerischen Nationalmannschaft. Die auch als Fennecs ("Wüstenfüchse") bezeichnete Auswahl befand sich nach der 1962 erfolgten staatlichen Unabhängigkeit des Landes noch im Aufbau und trug zwar zahlreiche Begegnungen, aber nur relativ wenige offizielle Länderspiele aus. Salem brachte es darin bis 1968 auf vier Berufungen; außerdem hat er mehrfach für die Militärnationalmannschaft Algeriens gespielt. Als Algeriens Elf, in der mehrere Frankreichprofis standen, am Neujahrstag 1964 in Algier ein überraschender 2:0-Sieg gegen Westdeutschland gelang, fehlte Salems Name aber in der Aufstellung der Fennecs.

Palmarès
 Französischer Pokalsieger: 1961
 Finalist der Trophée des Champions: 1961 (ohne Einsatz)
 Finalist der Coupe Charles Drago: 1963
 Auszeichnung mit der Étoile d'Or als bester Feldspieler der Division 1 von France Football: 1970

Literatur
 L'Équipe/Gérard Ejnès: Coupe de France. La folle épopée. L'Équipe, Issy-les-Moulineaux 2007, ISBN 978-2-915535-62-4

Weblinks
 Datenblatt bei footballdatabase.eu
 Artikel "Sedan, der Pokal und Salem" bei allezsedan.com

Anmerkungen und Nachweise

Fußballnationalspieler (Algerien)
Fußballspieler (MC Oran)
Fußballspieler (CS Sedan)
Fußballspieler (FC Brüssel)
Fußballspieler (RC Paris)
Algerier
Geboren 1940
Gestorben 2008
Mann

Mohamed Salem


Maurilândia es un municipio brasileño del estado de Goiás. Su población en 2010 fue estimada en 11.516 habitantes, de acuerdo con datos del IBGE. Limita con Río Verde al oeste, con Santa Helena de Goiás y Turvelândia al norte y con Castelândia al este.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Goiás

Maurilândia


() a fost diplomat japonez și directorul general al Agenției Internaționale pentru Energie Atomică (IAEA) (iulie 2009 - iulie 2019). Amano a servit anterior ca funcționar public pentru Organizația Națiunilor Unite și subdiviziunile sale. La 22 iulie 2019, AIEA a anunțat decesul lui Amano.

Note

Nașteri în 1947
Decese în 2019
Absolvenți ai Universității din Tokio
Diplomați japonezi

Yukiya Amano


Grenzdorf may refer to:

 Graniczna Wieś, a village in Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland
 Hraničky, a settlement located in Sudetenland, Czech Republic
 Grenzdorf (Ramin), a settlement in Ramin municipality in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany

Grenzdorf


Elige Vivir Sano es una repartición del Gobierno de Chile, coordinado y administrado por la Secretaría Ejecutiva Elige Vivir Sano, que tiene por objeto promover hábitos y estilos de vida saludables para mejorar la calidad de vida y el bienestar de las personas. El Sistema Elige Vivir Sano fue creado en función de la ley 20.670 y está alojado en el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia. La Secretaría Ejecutiva Elige Vivir Sano se encuentra alojada en la Subsecretaría de Servicios Sociales. Su evaluación es realizada por la Subsecretaría de Evaluación Social.

Historia

Elige Vivir Sano nace en marzo de 2011 como programa, impulsado en el primer gobierno de Sebastián Piñera. El programa quedó bajo el alero de la primera dama Cecilia Morel, por lo cual la prensa lo comparó con la campaña estadounidense «Let's Move!», liderada por la primera dama Michelle Obama desde 2010. En diciembre de 2011, el futbolista Alexis Sánchez fue nombrado «embajador» de Elige Vivir Sano.

En mayo de 2013 se dictó la Ley 20.670, creándose el Sistema Elige Vivir Sano, y dotando al sistema de una estructura organizacional propia dentro del aparato estatal (de carácter permanente y no dependiente de la primera dama), además de funciones y competencias definidas por ley. De acuerdo a la ley, el Sistema Elige Vivir Sano «tiene por objeto promover hábitos y estilos de vida saludables para mejorar la calidad de vida y el bienestar de las personas». Esta norma establece en su artículo 2.° que los «órganos de la Administración del Estado con competencia en materias vinculadas a promover hábitos y estilos de vida saludables procurarán incorporar en sus políticas, planes y programas, medidas que tengan por finalidad informar, educar y fomentar la prevención de los factores y conductas de riesgo asociadas a las enfermedades no transmisibles, derivadas de hábitos y estilos de vida no saludables». En enero de 2014, el sistema pasó oficialmente al Ministerio de Desarrollo Social.

Durante los primeros meses del segundo gobierno de Michelle Bachelet, iniciado el 11 de marzo de 2014, se puso en duda la continuidad del sistema por parte de la nueva administración. Paralelamente, la ex primera dama Cecilia Morel inició una fundación con objetivo similar, llamada Chile Vive Sano. En junio de 2014 el gobierno de Bachelet anunció que reformularía el sistema, disminuyendo el rol de las alianzas público-privadas y reforzando el rol del estado. En julio de 2015 el sistema fue renombrado Sistema Elige Vivir Sano en Comunidad.

El sistema fue relanzado con su nombre original –«Sistema Elige Vivir Sano»– por el segundo gobierno de Sebastián Piñera en mayo de 2018.

Objetivos  y funciones

De acuerdo a los objetivos establecidos en la ley, se entenderá por hábitos y estilos de vida saludables, "aquellos que propenden y promueven una alimentación saludable, el desarrollo de actividad física, la vida familiar y las actividades al aire libre, como también aquellas conductas y acciones que tengan por finalidad contribuir a prevenir, disminuir o revertir los factores y conductas de riesgo asociados a las enfermedades no transmisibles".. Según el mismo cuerpo legal, el Sistema Elige Vivir Sano y la Secretaría Ejecutiva correspondiente, tienen los siguiente objetivos y funciones:

 Fomento de la alimentación saludable: consiste en la promoción de la educación en aquellos hábitos alimentarios tendientes a mejorar la nutrición integral y la disminución del sobrepeso.
 Promoción de prácticas deportivas: aquellas que fomenten el ejercicio y la actividad física como elementos fundamentales de la salud y el bienestar.
 Difusión de las actividades al aire libre: promoción de los beneficios que tiene la realización de acciones en las cuales exista contacto con la naturaleza.
 Actividades de desarrollo familiar, recreación y manejo del tiempo libre: son aquellas tendientes a fortalecer las familias y que facilitan el desarrollo de actividades dirigidas al esparcimiento y al ejercicio de disciplinas lúdicas o deportivas.
 Acciones de autocuidado: implica desarrollar habilidades que permitan optar por decisiones saludables que, incorporadas a las prácticas cotidianas, mejoren la calidad de vida del individuo, de la familia o de su comunidad.
 Medidas de información, educación y comunicación: son aquellas que difunden, incentivan y promueven el desarrollo de hábitos y prácticas saludables de vida.
 Contribuir a disminuir obstáculos que dificultan el acceso a hábitos y estilos de vida saludables de las personas más vulnerables.

Secretaría ejecutiva
La Secretaría Ejecutiva Elige Vivir Sano está radicada en el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social, y depende de la Subsecretaría de Servicios Sociales.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial
 Canal de YouTube

Salud en Chile

Elige Vivir Sano


La place des Bouvreuils (en néerlandais : Goudvinkenplein) est une place bruxelloise de la commune de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre qui est rejoint par l'avenue des Pinsons, l'avenue des Alouettes, l'avenue des Merles et l'avenue des Bergeronnettes sur une longueur totale de 92 mètres.

Historique et description

Situation et accès

Inventaire régional des biens remarquables

Voir aussi
 Liste des rues de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Liens externes
 Commune de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Notes et références

 La Chanson des rues de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre de Jean Francis. Louis Musin Éditeur – Bruxelles 1975

Place à Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Place des Bouvreuils


Jean Genet ("Jan Jöne" diye okunur) (19 Aralık 1910, Paris - 15 Nisan 1986, Paris), Fransız düşünür; oyun, deneme ve roman yazarı; şair, politika aktivisti. Daha çok tiyatro oyunlarıyla tanınır.

Hayatı
Camille Gabrielle Genet tarafından 1910 yılında kimsesizler yurduna bırakılan yeni doğmuş bebeğe Jean adı verilmişti. Jean, yedi yaşına geldiğinde zanaatçı bir ailenin yanına yerleştirildi. 10 yaşında hırsızlığa başladı, on üç yaşında bir zanaat okuluna kaydoldu. Ancak orada da çok kalmayacaktı; 1926'da, 3 ay süren ilk hapishane deneyimini yaşadığında 15 yaşındaydı. Serbest kaldığında uslanmamıştı; bu kez reşit olana kadar kalmak üzere ıslahevini boyladı. 1930'ların sertliği ile ünlü bu ıslahevi Genet'yi gerçek bir suçlu haline getirdi.

Islahevinden kurtulabilmek için yazıldığı askerlikten ve ardından Fransa'dan firar eden Genet, pek çok ülkeyi ve hapishaneyi ziyaret edeceği bir yıllık seyahatinin sonucunda 1937'de Fransa'ya geri döndü ve yeniden suç dünyasına daldı. Beş yıl boyunca ya hırsızlık yaptı ya fahişelik. 1942'de bir kez daha cezaevine düştüğünde olgunlaşmıştı artık. İlk şiirini yazdı, ilk kitabı Notre-Dame des Fleurs (Çiçeklerin Meryem Anası) yayımlandı. Ardından Miracle de la rose (Gülün Mucizesi) geldi. 1948 yılında yayımlanan Journal du voleur (Hırsızın Günlüğü) bir anlamda Genet'nin otobiyografisi niteliğindedir. Le balcon (Balkon), oyunları ve hatta tüm eserleri içinde en çarpıcı olanı kabul edilir. Balkon adlı oyununda yeryüzü egemenlerini alaycı ve acımasız bir dille eleştirir. Bu oyun Türkçe olarak 1998 yılında Tiyatro Stüdyosu tarafından sahnelendi. Ölümünden kısa süre önce, atölyesinde ziyaret ettiği Alberto Giacometti ile yaptığı röportaj ve Giacometti'nin sanatı üzerine kendi yorumunun bulunduğu L'Atelier d'Alberto Giacometti Giacometti'nin Atölyesi adlı röportaj/sanat içerikli kitabı, Genet'nin son yapıtıdır.

Edebiyat kariyeri
Kitapları sayesinde tanıştığı André Gide, Jean Cocteau ve Jean-Paul Sartre'ın cumhurbaşkanına verdikleri dilekçe sonucu özgürlüğüne kavuşmuştur. Bu af sonrası, tekrar yeraltı dünyasına dönmemiş, kendisini tamamıyla edebiyata vermiştir. Ancak toplumsal olaylara, ezilen insanlara karşı hiç duyarsız kalmamış; Mayıs 1968'de  öğrencilerin, Vietnam Savaşı sırasında Amerikan solunun,
ırkçılığa karşı Kara Panterler'in ve İsrail'e karşı da Filistinliler'in yanındaydı. Bu konular hakkında yazdıkları ve röportajları Türkçe olarak Açık Düşman başlığıyla yayımlanmıştır.

Ölümü
Bir süredir gırtlak kanseriyle mücadele eden Genet 1986'da Paris'te bir otel odasında ölü olarak bulundu. Genet'nin başını sert bir şekilde çarpmış olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Yapıtları

Roman ve Otobiyografi
Çiçeklerin Meryem Anası, Notre-Dame des fleurs, 1944
Gülün Mucizesi, Miracle de la rose, 1946
Cenaze Töreni, Pompes Funèbres, 1947
Denizci, Querelle de Brest, 1947
Hırsızın Günlüğü, Journal du voleur, 1948

Sinema
 Un chant d'amour (Aşk Bir Şarkı) (1950),
 Haute Surveillance (1944), Vic Morrow tarafından yönetilen 1965 Amerikan uyarlaması Deathwatch için temel olarak kullanıldı.
 Les Rêves interdits, ou L'autre versant du rêve (Forbidden Dreams or The Other Side of Dreams) (1952), Tony Richardson'ın Matmazel filminin senaryosunun temeli olarak kullanıldı ve 1966 yılında çekildi.
 Le Bagne (The Penal Colony). 1950'lerde yazılmış. Parça, The Selected Writings of Jean Genet, The Ecco Press'te (1993) yayınlandı.
 La Nuit venue/Le Bleu de L'oeil (The Night Has Come/The Blue of the Eye) (1976–78). Parça, Les Nègres au port de la lune, Paris: Editions de la Différence (1988) ve The Cinema of Jean Genet, BFI Publishing (1991) içerisinde yayınlandı.
 ""Le Langage de la muraille: cent ans jour après jour" (The Language of the Walls: One Hundred Years Day after Day) (1970'ler). Yayınlanmadı.

Siir
Cenaze Marşı,  Marche funèbre, 1945

Oyun
Sıkıyönetim: Haute surveillance, 1947.
Hizmetçiler: Les bonnes, 1947.
Balkon: Le balcon, 1956.
Zenciler: Les nègres, 1958.
Paravanlar: Les paravents, 1961.

Sanat
Giacometti'nin Atölyesi: L'Atelier d'Alberto Giacometti, 1986.

Düz yazı
Sevdalı Tutsak: Un captif amoureux, 1986.
Açık Düşman Jean Genet'den Seçme Yazılar ve Söyleşiler, 1984.
Tek Başına Şatila'da Dört Saat, ''Quatre heures à Chatila)), 1982.

Dış bağlantılar

 Lanetiyle Azizleşmiş İnsan: Jean Genet Yazar: Pınar Selek
 Karanlıkta Yaşayan Bir Aziz; Jean Genet
 Jean Genet / "The Condemned Man"'in (Mahkum Edilen Adam)
 Hırsızın Günlüğü, Jean Genet

1910 doğumlular
1986 yılında ölenler
Fransız yazarlar
Fransız oyun yazarları
Fransa'da LGBT kişiler
LGBT yazarlar
LGBT yönetmenler
LGBT senaristler
Fransa'da kanserden ölenler
Paris'te ölenler
Gey şairler

Jean Genet