محمد ابطيحان سالم الدويهيس، من مواليد 1955يشغل حالياً عضو في المجلس الأعلى للبترول وعضو مجلس إدارة مؤسسة الكويت للتقدم العلمي- مدرب متخصص في مجال التطوير الإداري والتنمية البشرية.

وزير التخطيط وزير الدولة لشؤون التنمية الإدارية 13 يوليو 1999.

ويحمل شهادة الدكتوراه في إدارة الأعمال من جامعة (يو اس ال يو) بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 1987 كما حصل شهادة ماجستير في إدارة الأعمال من الجامعة نفسها عام 1983

وحصل على شهادة البكالوريوس من كلية التجارة والاقتصاد والعلوم السياسية قسم إدارة الأعمال - جامعة الكويت 1979.

معيد بعثة بقسم إدارة الأعمال جامعة الكويت من 1979إلى 1980.

وعمل وكيلا لديوان الخدمة المدنية المساعد لشؤون التطوير الإداري من يناير 1994 وحتى 1999 ومديرا لإدارة تطوير الخدمة واساليب العمل لدى قطاع التطوير الإداري بديوان الخدمة المدنية من 1993 - 1994 وقائما بأعمال الوكيل المساعد لشؤون التطوير الإداري بديوان الخدمة المدنية من 1992 - 1993.

ورئيسا للفريق الرئيسي لبرنامج العمل الثلاثي لدى قطاع التطوير الإداري بديوان الخدمة المدنية 1992 - 1993.

وشغل كذلك منصب رئيس مكتب تطوير اساليب العمل لدى قطاع التطوير الإداري بديوان الخدمة المدنية منذ 1989 - 1993 ورئيسا لمكتب تطوير ورئيسا لمكتب تطوير الخدمة (بالوكالة) لدى قطاع التطوير الإداري بديوان الخدمة المدنية من أغسطس 1992 - 1993 وتولى منصب المشرف الإداري لمشروع مكافأة نهاية الخدمة المدنية من 1991 - 1993.

رئيس مجلس إدارة بنك التسليف والادخار (سابقاً).

كما عمل محاضر (منتدب جزئيا) في مجال إدارة الأعمال بالهيئة العامة للتعليم التطبيقي من عام 1992 وحتى 2008.

كما عمل مستشارا لعدة جهات حكومية في مجال الهياكل التنظيمة والتوصيف الوظيفي وتطوير الخدمة وتبسيط الإجراءات، كما مصل الكويت في العديد من المؤتمرات والندوات المحلية والإقليمية والدولية وله عدة مقالات منشورة في مجال التخطيط والتنمية الإدارية بعدة صحف كويتية.

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
مواليد 1955
وزراء تخطيط كويتيون

محمد الدويهيس


References

 Estes, R. (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. Los Angeles, The University of California Press.
 McClintock, Dorcas.  "A Natural History Of Zebras"  September 1976. Scribner's, New York.  ISBN 0-684-14621-5
 Churcher, C.S. 1993. Mammalian Species No. 453. American Society of Mammalogists.

See also
 Tijuana Zebra

External links

 Zebra file at Encyclopedia Encarta
 PBS Nature: Horse Tigers (Zebras)
 Plains Zebra - Equus Burchelli

Mammals of Africa
Zebras
Megafauna of Africa

zසීබ්‍රා


Der Rosl und Paul Arnsberg-Preis ist ein Förderpreis, der herausragende wissenschaftliche Arbeiten zur Geschichte der jüdischen Bürger von Frankfurt am Main auszeichnet. Der 2008 aus Anlass des 100. Geburtstages von Rosa Arnsberg (Paul Arnsberg war ihr Mann) begründete Preis der Stiftung Polytechnische Gesellschaft ist mit insgesamt 10.000 Euro dotiert und wurde bis 2016 in einem zweijährlichen Turnus vergeben; seitdem erfolgt die Vergabe in dreijährlichem Turnus. Ebenfalls seit 2016 wird im Rahmen des Arnsberg-Preises zusätzlich auch der Arno Lustiger-Förderpreis für Dissertationsprojekte vergeben, benannt nach dem Historiker Arno Lustiger. Die beiden Preise sind die einzigen Wissenschaftspreise zur jüdischen Geschichte in Deutschland.

Zweck
Der Preis wird für herausragende wissenschaftliche Arbeiten zur Geschichte der Juden in Frankfurt verliehen und soll die Forschung zur Geschichte des jüdischen Lebens in der Stadt Frankfurt am Main fördern. Prämiert werden bedeutende Veröffentlichungen sowie die Erarbeitung und anschließende Veröffentlichung von neuen wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten mit Erkenntnissen zu diesem Thema.

Preisträger
2008
 Helga Krohn für ihr Recherche- und Publikationsvorhaben Juden in Frankfurt am Main 1945 bis in die Gegenwart.
 André Griemert (Philipps-Universität Marburg) zur Förderung der Publikation seiner Staatsarbeit zum Thema Bürgerliche Verbesserung der Juden durch Schule und Bildung. Das Frankfurter Philanthropin in der Kontroverse um die jüdische Emanzipation bis 1816.

2010
 Hauptpreis in Höhe von 8000 Euro: Andreas Gotzmann (Universität Erfurt) für seine Arbeit Jüdische Autonomie in der Frühen Neuzeit: Recht und Gemeinschaft im deutschen Judentum.
 Förderpreis in Höhe von 2000 Euro: Benno Nietzel (Universität zu Köln) für seine Arbeit zum Thema Jüdische Unternehmer aus Frankfurt am Main 1924–1964: Ausgrenzung, Selbstbehauptung, Vernichtung, Bewältigung.

2012
 Einzelpreis an Verena Kasper-Marienberg für ihre Arbeit 'vor Euer Kayserlichen Mayestät Justiz-Thron': Die Frankfurter jüdische Gemeinde am Reichshofrat in josephinischer Zeit (1765–1790).

2014
 Erster Hauptpreis in Höhe von 5000 Euro: Edward Fram (Ben-Gurion-Universität des Negev) für sein Buch A Window on their World: The Court Diaries of Rabbi Hayyim Gundersheim. Frankfurt am Main, 1773–1794.
 Zweiter Hauptpreis in Höhe von 5000 Euro: Stefan Litt (Israelische Nationalbibliothek Jerusalem) für seine Arbeit Jüdische Gemeindestatuten aus dem aschkenasischen Kulturraum 1650–1850.

2016

 Hauptpreis in Höhe von 10.000 Euro: Alexandra Klei für ihre Arbeit Jüdisches Bauen in Nachkriegsdeutschland: Der Architekt Hermann Zvi Guttmann.
 Der erstmals vergebene Arno Lustiger-Förderpreis in Höhe von 3000 Euro: David Schnur mit seiner Arbeit Geschichte der Juden in Frankfurt am Main und der Wetterau von den Anfängen bis um 1400.

2019

 Rosl und Paul Arnsberg-Preis: Tobias Freimüller: Frankfurt und die Juden. Neuanfänge und Fremdheitserfahrungen 1945–1990
 Arno Lustiger-Förderpreis: Vera Kallenberg: Jüdinnen und Juden in der Frankfurter Strafjustiz 1780–1814: Die Nicht-Einheit der jüdischen Geschichte

2022

 Rosl und Paul Arnsberg-Preis: Debra Kaplan für eine Analyse der jüdischen Armenpflege in deutschen Städten
 Arno Lustiger-Förderpreis: Matthias Springborn: Jüdische Kinder- und Jugendbildung in Deutschland seit 1945. Schulungskontexte und Wissensbestände im Wandel

Jury
 Vorsitz: Mirjam Wenzel (Direktorin des Jüdischen Museums Frankfurt am Main)
 Gad Arnsberg (Historiker)
 Evelyn Brockhoff (Direktorin des Instituts für Stadtgeschichte)
 seit 2022: Frank E. P. Dievernich (Vorstandsvorsitzender der Stiftung Polytechnische Gesellschaft)
 bis 2022: Roland Kaehlbrandt (ehem. Vorstandsvorsitzender der Stiftung Polytechnische Gesellschaft)
 Walther von Wietzlow † 18. Oktober 2017 (Präsident der Polytechnischen Gesellschaft e.V.)

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Rosl und Paul-Arnsberg-Preis der Stiftung Polytechnische Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main

Geschichtswissenschaftlicher Preis
Wissenschaftspreis (Deutschland)
Regionale Auszeichnung
Geschichte von Frankfurt am Main
Auszeichnung (Frankfurt am Main)
Jüdische Geschichte (Hessen)
Arnsberg, Rosl
Erstverleihung 2008

Rosl und Paul Arnsberg-Preis


(3294) Carlvesely es un asteroide que forma parte del cinturón de asteroides y fue descubierto por Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, Cornelis Johannes van Houten y Tom Gehrels el 24 de septiembre de 1960 desde el observatorio del Monte Palomar, Estados Unidos.

Designación y nombre
Carlvesely fue designado inicialmente como .
Posteriormente, en 1986, se nombró en honor del astrónomo estadounidense Carl Vesely.

Características orbitales
Carlvesely orbita a una distancia media del Sol de 2,697 ua, pudiendo acercarse hasta 2,504 ua y alejarse hasta 2,89 ua. Su inclinación orbital es 6,971 grados y la excentricidad 0,07155. Emplea en completar una órbita alrededor del Sol 1618 días.

Características físicas
La magnitud absoluta de Carlvesely es 12,8.

Véase también
 Lista de asteroides del (3201) al (3300)
 Cuerpo menor del sistema solar

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Asteroides del cinturón principal
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos por Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos por Cornelis Johannes van Houten
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos por Tom Gehrels
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos desde el Observatorio Palomar
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos en 1960
Wikiproyecto:Asteroides/Artículos de asteroides

(3294) Carlvesely


William Dennis Weaver (June 4, 1924 – February 24, 2006) was an American actor and former president of the Screen Actors Guild, best known for his work in television and films from the early 1950s until just before his death in 2006. Weaver's two most famous roles were as Marshal Matt Dillon's trusty partner Chester Goode/Proudfoot on the CBS western Gunsmoke and as Deputy Marshal Sam McCloud on the NBC police drama McCloud. He starred in the 1971 television film Duel, the first film of director Steven Spielberg. He is also remembered for his role as the twitchy motel attendant in Orson Welles's film Touch of Evil (1958).

Early life
Weaver was born June 4, 1924, in Joplin, Missouri, the son of Walter Leon "Doc" Weaver and his wife Lenna Leora (née Prather). His father self-identified  as being of English, Irish, Scottish, Cherokee, and Osage ancestry. Weaver wanted to be an actor from childhood. He lived in Shreveport, Louisiana, for several years and for a short time in Manteca, California. He studied at Joplin Junior College, then transferred to the University of Oklahoma at Norman, where he studied drama and was a track star, setting records in several events. During World War II, he served as a pilot in the United States Navy, flying Grumman F4F Wildcat fighter aircraft. After the war, he married Gerry Stowell (his childhood sweetheart), with whom he had three children. Under the name Billy D. Weaver, he tried out for the 1948 U.S. Olympic team in the decathlon, finishing sixth behind 17-year-old high school track star Bob Mathias. However, only the top three finishers were selected. Weaver later commented, "I did so poorly [in the Olympic Trials], I decided to ... stay in New York and try acting."

Career
Weaver's first role on Broadway came as an understudy to Lonny Chapman as Turk Fisher in Come Back, Little Sheba. He eventually took over the role from Chapman in the national touring company. Solidifying his choice to become an actor, Weaver enrolled in the Actors Studio, where he met Shelley Winters. In the beginning of his acting career, he supported his family by doing odd jobs, including selling vacuum cleaners, tricycles, and women's hosiery.

In 1952, Shelley Winters helped him get a contract from Universal Studios. He made his film debut that same year in the movie The Redhead from Wyoming. Over the next three years, he played in a series of movies, but still had to work odd jobs to support his family. While delivering flowers, he heard he had landed the role of Chester Goode, the limping, loyal assistant of Marshal Matt Dillon (James Arness) on the new television series Gunsmoke. It was his big break; the show went on to become the highest-rated and longest-running live action series in United States television history (1955 to 1975). He received an Emmy Award in 1959 for Best Supporting Actor (Continuing Character) in a Dramatic Series.

According to the Archive of American Television interview with Weaver, the producer had him in mind for Chester, but could not locate him, and was delighted when he showed up to audition. Never having heard the radio show, Weaver gave Chester's "inane" dialog his best "method" delivery. Disappointed in his delivery, however, the producer asked for something humorous, and Weaver nailed it. The stiff leg came about when the producer pointed out that sidekicks almost always have some failing or weakness that makes them less capable than the star. Weaver decided that a stiff leg would be just the right thing.

In 1957, Weaver appeared as Commander B.D. Clagett in a single episode of the television series The Silent Service titled "Two Davids and Goliath". Having become famous as Chester, he was next cast in an offbeat supporting role in the 1958 Orson Welles film Touch of Evil, in which he played a face-twisting, body-contorting eccentric employee of a remote motel who nervously repeated, "I'm the night man." In 1960, he appeared in an episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents titled "Insomnia", in which his character suffers from sleeplessness owing to the tragic death of his wife. He also co-starred in a 1961 episode of The Twilight Zone titled "Shadow Play". In that episode, Weaver's character is trapped inside his own revolving nightmare, repeatedly being tried, sentenced, and then executed in the electric chair.  In 1964 Weaver left Gunsmoke to star as a friendly veterinary physician raising an adopted Chinese boy as a single father in NBC's one season comedy drama Kentucky Jones. He had a significant role in the 1966 western Duel at Diablo, with James Garner and Sidney Poitier. His next substantial role was as Tom Wedloe on the CBS family series Gentle Ben, with co-star Clint Howard, from 1967 to 1969. Decades earlier, as a student at Oklahoma University in the mid-1940s, it was Weaver who had introduced Clint's parents, Rance Howard and Jean Speegle Howard, to one another when the three of them were theater students at OU.

In 1970, Weaver landed the title role in the NBC series McCloud, for which he received two Emmy Award nominations. In 1974, he was nominated for Best Lead Actor in a Limited Series (McCloud) and in 1975, for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series. The show, about a modern Western lawman who ends up in New York City, was loosely based on the Clint Eastwood film Coogan's Bluff. His frequent use of the affirming Southernism, "There you go," became a catchphrase for the show. During the series, in 1971, Weaver also appeared in Duel, a television movie directed by Steven Spielberg. Spielberg selected Weaver based on the intensity of his earlier performance in Touch of Evil.

Weaver was also a recording artist, with most of his tracks being spoken-word recordings with musical accompaniment. He released several singles and albums between 1959 and 1984, most notable of which was his eponymous Im'press Records LP in 1972, the cover of which featured a portrait of Weaver in character as McCloud; it was the first of seven albums he recorded.

From 1973 to 1975, Weaver was president of the Screen Actors Guild.

His later series during the 1980s (both of which lasted only one season) were Stone in which Weaver played a Joseph Wambaugh-esque police sergeant turned crime novelist and Buck James in which he played a Texas-based surgeon and rancher. (Buck James was loosely based on real-life Texas doctor James "Red" Duke.) He portrayed a Navy rear admiral for 22 episodes of a 1983–1984 series, Emerald Point N.A.S.

In 1977, he portrayed a husband who physically abused his wife (portrayed by Sally Struthers) in the made-for-TV movie Intimate Strangers, one of the first network features to depict domestic violence. In 1978, Weaver played the trail boss R. J. Poteet in the television miniseries Centennial, in the installment titled "The Longhorns". Weaver also appeared in many acclaimed television films, including Amber Waves (1980) with Kurt Russell. Also in 1980, he portrayed Dr. Samuel Mudd, who was imprisoned for involvement in the Lincoln assassination, in The Ordeal of Dr. Mudd and starred with his real-life son Robby Weaver in the short-lived NBC police series Stone. In 1983, he played a real estate agent addicted to cocaine in Cocaine: One Man's Seduction. Weaver received probably the best reviews of his career when he starred in the 1987 film Bluffing It, in which he played a man who is illiterate. In February 2002, he appeared on the animated series The Simpsons (episode DABF07, "The Lastest Gun in the West") as the voice of aging Hollywood cowboy legend Buck McCoy.

For his contribution to the television industry, Dennis Weaver was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6822 Hollywood Blvd, and on the Dodge City (KS) Trail of Fame. In 1981, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers with the Bronze Wrangler Award at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Weaver as McCloud was used to promote a rock show in New York City. He also hosted segments for the Encore Westerns premium cable network in the late 1990s and early to mid-2000s.

Weaver's last work was done on an ABC Family cable television show called Wildfire, where he played Henry Ritter, the father of Jean Ritter and the co-owner of Raintree Ranch. His role on the show was cut short by his death.

Personal life

Weaver was reported to have been a vegetarian from 1958 for ethical reasons, however, he did occasionally eat fish.

Weaver married Gerry Stowell after World War II, and they had three sons: Richard, Robert, and Rustin Weaver. Gerry died April 26, 2016, at 90.

Weaver's home in Ridgway, Colorado, exemplified his commitment to preserving the environment. In the late 1980s, he commissioned architect Michael Reynolds to design and build his new residence, which incorporated into its construction various recycled materials, such as old automobile tires and discarded cans, and featured passive solar power and other ecotechnologies. Weaver called his home Earthship, the same name given to the design concept pioneered by Reynolds and advanced by him as part of what was then a growing interest in "sustainable architecture" by environmentalists. Weaver and his family lived at Earthship for over 14 years, until 2004.

In July 2003, Weaver lost a daughter-in-law, Lynne Ann Weaver, wife of son Robby Weaver, in Santa Monica, California, when a car driven at high speed plowed through shoppers at the Santa Monica Farmers Market. She was one of 10 people killed in the incident.

Weaver was a lifelong active Democrat.

Activism
Weaver was an environmentalist, who promoted the use of alternative fuels, such as hydrogen and wind power, through the Institute of Ecolonomics, a nonprofit environmental organization he established in 1993 in Berthoud, Colorado.  "Ecolonomics" is a term formed by combining the words ecology and economics.  He was also involved with John Denver's WindStar Foundation, and he founded an organization called L.I.F.E. (Love is Feeding Everyone), which provided food for 150,000 needy people a week in Los Angeles.

Weaver was also active in liberal political causes. He used his celebrity status as a fundraiser and organizer for George McGovern's campaign for President in 1972.

In 2004, he led a fleet of alternative-fuel vehicles across the United States  to raise awareness about America's dependence on oil.

Weaver was consistently involved with the annual Genesis Awards, which honor those in the news and entertainment media who bring attention to the plight and suffering of animals.  Established by the Ark Trust, the award has been presented by the Humane Society of the United States since 2002.

Death
Weaver died of complications from prostate cancer at his home in Ridgway, Colorado, on February 24, 2006 at age 81.

Filmography

1952: Horizons West – Dandy Taylor
1952: The Raiders – Dick Logan (uncredited)
1953: The Redhead from Wyoming – Matt Jessup
1953: The Lawless Breed – Jim Clements
1953: The Mississippi Gambler – Julian Conant (uncredited)
1953: It Happens Every Thursday – Al – Chamber of Commerce President (uncredited)
1953: Law and Order – Frank Durling
1953: Column South – Menguito
1953: The Man from the Alamo – Reb (uncredited)
1953: The Golden Blade – Rabble Rouser (uncredited)
1953: The Nebraskan – Captain De Witt (uncredited)
1953: War Arrow – Pino
1954: Pasties on a Cat – Leering audience member (uncredited)
1954: Dangerous Mission – Ranger Clerk
1954: Dragnet – Police Capt. R.A. Lohrman
1954: The Bridges at Toko-Ri – Air Intelligence Officer (uncredited)
1955: Ten Wanted Men – Sheriff Clyde Gibbons
1955–1964: Gunsmoke – Chester / Chester Goode
1955: Seven Angry Men – John Brown Jr.
1955: Chief Crazy Horse – Maj. Carlisle
1955: Storm Fear – Hank
1956: Navy Wife
1958: Touch of Evil – Mirador Motel Night Manager
1959: Have Gun – Will Travel – Monk
1960: Alfred Hitchcock Presents – Charles Cavender
1960: The Gallant Hours – Lt. Cmdr. Andy Lowe
1961: Sing for Me, Canary Boy – Blake Puddingstock
1961: The Twilight Zone – Adam Grant
1964–1965: Kentucky Jones – Kenneth Yarborough "Kentucky" Jones
1965: Combat! – Noah
1966: Duel at Diablo – Willard Grange
1966: Way...Way Out – Hoffman
1967: Gentle Giant – Tom Wedloe
1967–1969: Gentle Ben (TV) – Tom Wedloe
1968: Mission Batangas – Chip Corbett
1970:  That Girl – Lewis Franks
1970–1977: McCloud – Sam McCloud
1970: A Man Called Sledge – Erwin Ward
1971: What's the Matter with Helen? – Linc Palmer
1971: Duel – David Mann
1972: Mothership Tycoon – Captain Buck Finnster
1972: Horsetrailer Tycoon – Captain Buck Finnster
1972: The Great Man's Whiskers – Abraham Lincoln
1972: Rolling Man (TV) – Lonnie McAfee
1973: House Arrest – Sergeant Chester McFeeley
1973: Terror on the Beach – Neil Glynn
1977: Intimate Strangers – Donald Halston
1977: Cry for Justice
1978: Centennial (TV) – R.J. Poteet
1978: Pearl –  Col. Jason Forrest
1978: Ishi: The Last of His Tribe – Prof. Benjamin Fuller
1979: Surgery Train – Dr. Lance Goiter
1980: Amber Waves – Bud Burkhardt
1980: The Ordeal of Dr. Mudd – Samuel Mudd
1982: Don't Go to Sleep – Phillip
1982: Splattercakes for Mama – Smokey Joe Burgess
1983: Cocaine: One Man's Seduction – Eddie Gant
1983–1984: Emerald Point N.A.S. – Rear Adm. Thomas Mallory
1985: Magnum, P.I. – Lacy Fletcher – Present Day
1987–1988: Buck James – Doctor Buck James
1988: Disaster at Silo 7 – Sheriff Ben Harlen
1989: The Return of Sam McCloud – Sam McCloud
1995: Two Bits & Pepper – Sheriff Pratt
1996: Voyeur II – Sheriff John Parker
1997: Telluride: Time Crosses Over – Cameo appearance
1998: Escape from Wildcat Canyon – Grandpa Flint
2000: Submerged – Buck Stevens
2000: The Virginian – Sam Balaam
2001: Elephant Rage – Elephant (voice only)
2001: The Beast – Walter McFadden
2001: Family Law – Judge Richard Lloyd
2002: The Simpsons – Buck McCoy (voice)
2003: Touched by an Angel – Emmett Rivers
2004: Home on the Range – Abner (voice)
2005: Wildfire – Henry

References

External links

Archive of American Television 2½ hour career-wide interview with Dennis Weaver
Dodge City 50th Anniversary from Dodge City, Kansas
Dodge City 50th Anniversary local newspaper report
Animal Planet Genesis Awards, commentary on going Vegetarian in 1958

  (information on his ancestry)

1924 births
2006 deaths
American environmentalists
American male film actors
American trade union leaders
United States Navy pilots of World War II
American male television actors
American people who self-identify as being of Cherokee descent
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American people who self-identify as being of Osage descent
American people of Scottish descent
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from cancer in Colorado
Devotees of Paramahansa Yogananda
Military personnel from Missouri
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from Joplin, Missouri
People from Ridgway, Colorado
Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild
Western (genre) television actors
California Democrats
Colorado Democrats
Missouri Democrats
20th-century American male actors
American World War II fighter pilots

Dennis Weaver


Scooter is a German happy hardcore, rave and techno music band founded in Hamburg in 1993. To date, the band has sold over 30 million records and earned over 80 Gold and Platinum awards. Scooter is considered the most commercially successful German single-record act with 23 top ten hits. Since December 2022, the band is composed of lead vocalist H. P. Baxxter, musician/producer Marc Blou, DJ/producer Jay Frog and manager Jens Thele.

Among their more well-known hits are "Hyper Hyper", "Move Your Ass!", "Friends", "Endless Summer", "Back in the U.K.", "I'm Raving", "Fire", "How Much Is the Fish?", "Ramp! (The Logical Song)", "Nessaja", "Weekend!", "Maria (I Like It Loud)", "One (Always Hardcore)" and "The Question Is What Is the Question?".

Career

Celebrate the Nun (1985–1992)
At the end of 1985, H. P. Baxxter and Rick J. Jordan met in Hanover, Germany through a small ad and founded the synthpop/new wave band Celebrate the Nun. While the lead vocals were performed by Baxxter and female vocals were delivered by Baxxter's sister Britt Maxime, Rick J. Jordan took care of the keyboards and sound engineering. The band released their first album Meanwhile in 1989. AllMusic wrote that "During the mid-'80s, numerous synth pop acts dreamed of becoming the next Depeche Mode. Celebrate the Nun could have been buried in the glut of Depeche Mode doppelgangers; however, top-drawer songwriting and consistently catchy hooks lifted Celebrate the Nun above the mass of wannabes". The single "Will You Be There" off Meanwhile peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Dance/Club play chart on 23 June 1990, whereas the single "She's a Secretary/Strange" peaked at No. 12 on Dance/Club play chart on 8 December of the same year. Slin Tompson, who was the fourth person in the band's original line-up, left the band in 1990 to start a project on his own. In 1991, the band released their second album Continuous, but this was less successful due to synthpop's declining popularity. Two singles were released off the second material, "Patience" and "You Make Me Wonder" both of which went without charting. Not finding the expected success in the New Wave arena, Baxxter kept working at the former Hamburg based Indie label (currently Edel Records) in the Distribution and Sales department where he met Scooter's future manager Jens Thele.

The Loop (1993–1998)
Soon afterwards, in late 1993, the former Celebrate the Nun members under the management of Jens Thele formed a remix team known as The Loop. The Loop became one of the top remix teams in Germany, releasing remixes for artists like Adeva, Holly Johnson, The Tag Team and RuPaul.

The First Chapter (December 1993–1998)
Scooter started as a project in December 1993. Their debut single was a cover of René et Gaston's "Vallée De Larmes" (French for Valley of Tears) and reached No.8 on the German official dance chart. In April 1994, Scooter played their first live show at "The Palladium" in Hamburg.

At first, "Hyper Hyper" was expected to be a small hit within the club scene, but it managed to reach the No.2 position on the German single chart, Media Control, eventually going triple gold for selling 750,000 units. "Hyper Hyper" also entered the top-5 in Switzerland, Austria and in Italy, meanwhile, entering the top-10 in the Netherlands and Norway. Scooter's third single "Move Your Ass" reached No.3 on Media Control's single chart after a few weeks of its release and managed to achieve a gold status for sales of over 250,000 in Germany. The single also gained similar success as its predecessor outside of Germany, it entered the top-5 in Switzerland, Austria and the Netherlands, meanwhile, entering the top-10 in Norway and Italy. The follow-up singles, "Friends" and "Endless Summer" managed to enter the top-20 in number of countries including Switzerland, Austria and Finland.

The band maintained the initial technique of their sound throughout their second album, Our Happy Hardcore, until the style became noticeably different with their 1996 single "I'm Raving" (from the third album Wicked) as the tempos were down to 138 BPM from their previous tempos which were between the range of 160 and 190 BPM. The single reached No.4 in Germany and earned a gold certification for selling well over 250,000 units.

Scooter's fourth album, Age of Love, which reached the No.19 slot on Germany's Media Control album chart was the last album that featured Baxxter's cousin Ferris Bueller.

The Second Chapter (1998–2002)

In 1998, Ferris Bueller (Soren Buehler) left the group to pursue a solo career (he later admitted that he had been suffering from depression for several years due to his then new time-demanding life as a pop star), and was replaced by DJ Axel Coon, who had been working with the band at the recording studio for some time already. Coon had also played live with Scooter in some occasions, covering for Rick J. Jordan. In June 1998, Scooter released one of their most popular singles to date "How Much Is the Fish?" which peaked at No.3 in Germany, the single also went gold selling over 250,000 units in Germany alone. Their fifth studio album, No Time to Chill reached the No.4 position on Germany's Media Control album chart, whereas it topped the album chart in Finland and earned a gold-award for sales of over 36,000 units. In the same vein, the album reached a gold status in Poland for sales of over 50,000 units.

In July 1999, Scooter released their first single "Faster Harder Scooter", from their sixth album, Back to the Heavyweight Jam. While the single peaked at No.7 at home, it did quite well in Scandinavia peaking at No.3 in Sweden and No.2 in Finland, and the trio eventually picked up a platinum-award in Sweden for selling over 40,000 copies of the single. The second single, "Fuck the Millennium" was released in November 1999 which reached No.11 on Media Control singles charts and as its predecessor spent 11 weeks on the chart. The single as its predecessor did similarly well over in Scandinavia charting at No.3 in Sweden and No.4 in Finland, it eventually earned the trio a gold-award in Sweden for sales of over 20,000 units. The album, Back to the Heavyweight Jam just like the singles turned out to be a hit in Scandinavia, it entered the top-5 both in Finland and Sweden where it eventually reached a gold status for sales of over 40,000 units.

Scooter released their seventh studio album, Sheffield, in May 2000. Sheffield took another new direction containing 6/8 rhythms on tracks "Don't Gimme the Funk" and "Sex Dwarf". In late 2000, after their second single "She's the Sun", Scooter were awarded a Comet at the 2000 VIVA Comet Awards in the category of "Most Successful Dance Act".

The band's 21st single, "Posse (I Need You on the Floor)" was released in Germany on 21 May 2001 and it was the first Scooter single since "Endless Summer" to include a high-pitched-voice in the chorus. The single peaked at No.7 at Scooter's home market spending 13 weeks on the official single chart. Their eighth album, We Bring the Noise, released in June 2001, included another single, "Aiii Shot the DJ". A limited edition version of the album included a cover of the 1978 City song "Am Fenster" as a bonus track.

In December 2001, Scooter released their 23rd single "Ramp! (The Logical Song)" from their Best of compilation album Push the Beat for This Jam. While the single went platinum in Australia and Norway, it managed to reach the No.2 position in the United Kingdom, where it went gold for sales of over 400,000 units. The album itself, which was released on 7 January 2002 managed to reach a gold status in the UK, Sweden and Norway.

The Third Chapter (2002–2006)

At the beginning of 2002, immediately after the release of trio's compilation album Push the Beat for this Jam, Axel Coon left the band to pursue a solo career in DJing and remixing, and Jay Frog became the new third person. Jay Frog was already familiar with the band as he had occasionally covered for Axel Coon.

As a quick way of introducing the new member Frog to their fans, the trio released a second compilation album in November 2002, 24 Carat Gold. Scooter's 24th single, "Nessaja" was a cover version of the title track from Peter Maffay's musical Tabaluga, and debuted at No.1 on the German official single charts. The single managed to reach a gold status in Germany for selling over 250,000 units. The single also did well in numerous markets including Austria, Norway and Denmark in all of which it entered the top-5, it also managed to enter the top-10 in Switzerland, Finland and the Netherlands.

Scooter enjoyed a comeback within the UK charts, with six top-20 UK singles "The Logical Song" (UK No.2), "Nessaja" (UK No.4), "Posse (I Need You on the Floor)" (UK No.15), "Weekend!" (UK No.12), "The Night" (UK No.16) and "Maria (I Like It Loud)" (UK No.16) all charting within an 18-month period.

In 2003, the video for "Weekend!" caused a scandal with its scenes of topless dancers. The song reached No.2 on the German Media Control single chart.

In March 2003, Scooter released their next studio album, The Stadium Techno Experience. The album climbed to No.7 on the Media Control album chart and was certified gold in Sweden, Norway and Hungary. The single "The Night" became the last to feature the high pitched voice effect and reached the top-10 in Germany. The next single from the album, "Maria (I Like It Loud)", was released in collaboration with hardcore producers Marc Acardipane and Dick Rules, reaching No.4 on the single charts.

Mind the Gap was Scooter's 10th studio album, which was released on 8 November 2004 in three different versions, basic, regular and deluxe. While the album peaked at No.16 at home and spent 21 weeks on the album chart, the trio's 28th single, "Shake That!" flavored with 1970s disco sound was released on 4 October 2004 in most European countries, the single entered the German Media Control single chart peaking at No.8.

Their 11th studio album, Who's Got the Last Laugh Now?, featured a cover version of "Everlasting Love." The Who's Got The Last Laugh Now? 2006 tour was followed by the release of both the CD and the 2-disc DVD entitled Excess All Areas, one of the DVDs containing the final Hamburg concert of the tour and the second containing every music video released so far.

The Fourth Chapter (2006–2014)

On 14 August 2006, it was announced that Jay Frog had decided to leave the band to pursue a solo career. Frog was replaced by Michael Simon, who had remixed some of Scooter's tracks while in search of success with his "Shahin & Simon" project. On 19 August, Scooter played at the Tufertschwil Open Air in Switzerland, where Simon debuted.

The single "Behind the Cow" was premiered at The Dome 40 in Düsseldorf on 1 December 2006, and was released on 19 January 2007. The song and its lyrics are based on "What Time Is Love?" by The KLF. Their 12th album The Ultimate Aural Orgasm, which includes the songs "The United Vibe" (cover version of Den Harrow's "Catch the Fox"), "Scarborough Affair" or "The Shit That Killed Elvis" (collaboration with Jimmy Pop, the frontman of American fun-rock-band The Bloodhound Gang), was released on 9 February 2007. The album peaked at No.6 in Germany and spent 16 weeks on the album chart. The second single released off The Ultimate Aural Orgasm was "Lass uns tanzen" which appeared in stores on 23 March. Despite the fact that the single peaked only at No.19 at home, it managed to stay on the singles chart for 18 weeks.

On 10 August, Scooter released a new single called "The Question Is What Is the Question?", the release of which surprised many of their fans as they were expecting a third single from the current album rather than an entirely new material. The single peaked at No.5 on the singles charts with overall of 26 weeks on the charts. That was a record as none of Scooter's previously released singles had so far remained that long within the singles charts. The band released a jumpstyle cover version of classic 1970s track "How Do You Do" by Mouth & MacNeal. Scooter released their 13th studio album, Jumping All Over the World, on 30 November 2007, containing all three singles ("The Question is What is the Question", "And No Matches" and "Jumping All Over the World"). A limited edition of the album contains a bonus CD including all Scooter's German top-10 hits, from "Hyper, Hyper" to "How Much is the Fish?" as well as a previously unreleased version of "The Question Is What Is The Question?"

In November 2007, the band made its debut tour of Australia, never having visited the country before despite their single "The Logical Song" peaking at No.1 there some 6 years earlier. Scooter performed at the famous Scattered rave party in Sydney as well as in Adelaide, Brisbane and Perth.

In March 2008, the group embarked on its first arena tour of the UK as part of Clubland Live, appearing alongside other All Around The World acts such as Cascada and Ultrabeat. During this tour, Scooter performed a retooled version of "I'm Lonely" from Jumping All Over the World; the single was released in Germany on 18 April 2008. "The Question Is What Is The Question" was released in the UK the same week, charting at No.49. The band made international news in May 2008 when Jumping All Over the World unexpectedly entered at No.1 on the UK Albums Chart, replacing Madonna's album Hard Candy after just one week. It was Scooter's first No.1 in the UK and first album release there in five years. The album eventually ended up earning the trio a platinum-award in the UK for sales of over 300,000 units.

February 2009 saw the release of a Scooter tribute album entitled Hands on Scooter, featuring artists such as The Bloodhound Gang, Status Quo, and Sido covering or sampling Scooter songs.

During the summer of 2009, Scooter announced the release of their next studio album, Under the Radar Over the Top. On 14 August 2009, Scooter released "J'adore Hardcore", the first single from Under the Radar Over the Top. "J'adore Hardcore" was based on Planet Funk's "Chase the Sun" and The Pitcher's "I Just Can't Stop". On 30 July 2009, during the video shoot for "J'adore Hardcore", Baxxter was almost a victim of a car bomb attack in Majorca, Spain. Michael Simon reported that Baxxter was alright and it was a very near miss. For their next single, "Ti Sento", Scooter collaborated with Italian singer Antonella Ruggiero. "Ti Sento" which peaked at No.10 in Germany, was released the day Under the Radar Over the Top was released. During the first week of sales, Under the Radar Over the Top peaked at No.2 on the German album chart. It was confirmed on 3 November 2009 that "The Sound Above My Hair" would be the third single from the album. The video premiered on YouTube on 12 November. The single was released on 27 November.

On 9 February 2010 it was announced that Scooter would perform the official song of the 2010 IIHF World Championship. This song would be "Stuck on Replay", and it would additionally be released as the fourth single from Under the Radar Over the Top.

The Under the Radar Over the Top Tour was announced before the album was released. The tour was a week long through several German cities such as Hamburg, Berlin, and Leipzig and one Swiss city, Zurich, throughout March 2010. This was the largest tour to date, and again featured the Sheffield Jumpers. During this tour, Scooter performed in front of a total of 40,000 people, and the Hamburg concert was the largest on the tour, with a sold-out venue of 14,000. This was followed by Leipzig, with 10,000 people attending the final concert of the tour.

Regardless of the tour, "Stuck on Replay" peaked at only position No.34 on the German singles chart, but remained on the charts for 12 weeks.

A week after the tour, Scooter announced in an interview with a Russian radio station that a live DVD, CD, and Blu-ray of the Hamburg concert would be released. It was eventually announced that Scooter's fourth live DVD would be released on 7 May, called Live in Hamburg.

On 10 May 2010, Scooter announced another European tour to follow up the previous Under the Radar Over the Top tour, which would take place in December 2010, and be known as the "Stuff the Turkey X-mas" tour. It would tour through several German cities, such as Rostock, Stuttgart, and Dresden. At the same time, a very large concert was announced to take place in June of the next year, in Hamburg once again, at the HSH Nordbank Arena.

On 29 June 2010, it was announced that Scooter would be headlining the Clubland Live 4 Tour, appearing alongside acts such as Ultrabeat, ItaloBrothers, and Alex K. This would be Scooter's second tour of the United Kingdom. Interspersed among these dates were small concerts held at festivals such as Tomorrowland in Belgium, and in other places such as Iceland. However, on 6 October 2010, Clubland Live 4 was cancelled, thus cancelling the band's second UK tour.

On 15 April 2011, a re-worked version of Scooter's 1995 single "Friends" was released, entitled "Friends Turbo". It was the official theme for the German version of the Dutch film called New Kids Turbo.

Scooter's fifteenth studio album, entitled The Big Mash Up was released on 14 October 2011 - two years since the release of Under the Radar Over the Top being the longest gap between two albums in the band's history to date. The first single from the album, "The Only One", was released on 20 May 2011, which peaked at No.45. In comparison with all of Scooter's previous first singles representing a new material, "The Only One" is the first to have charted poorly. The second single, "David Doesn't Eat" was released on 14 October 2011, the same day as the album. The third single from The Big Mash Up, entitled "C'est Bleu", which features Vicky Leandros, was released on 2 December 2011. Both the second and the third singles charted worse than the first single, No.67 and No.77 respectively. Scooter's fourth single "It's a Biz (Ain't Nobody)" from the Big Mash Up was released on 23 March 2012. While the trio changed the sound of the song for a single release, it still didn't help it to chart higher than No.79 on the German Media Control singles chart. The album, however, did manage to enter the top-20 album chart peaking at No.15.

On 7 September 2012, Scooter released a new single called "4 AM", which, so far, is available on a digital format only. Scooter released their 16th studio album, Music for a Big Night Out on 2 November 2012. The same day, the trio released their second single entitled "Army of Hardcore" from their latest material.

The Fifth Chapter (2014–2018)

On 15 October 2013, Scooter officially announced that their founding member Rick J. Jordan would be leaving the band at the end of the trio's 20 Years of Hardcore Tour 2014. According to the frontman of Scooter, H. P. Baxxter, in the years ahead, Phil Speiser (from Dirty Disco Youth or DDY) will replace Rick J. Jordan's, who will provide his skills on the drums, synthesizers, piano as well as sound effects.

While The Fifth Chapter officially began for Scooter on 23 May 2014, when they released their single "Bigroom Blitz", the Hamburg-based trio's studio album, entitled The Fifth Chapter was made available on 26 September 2014, emphasizing a completely new era for the band. Scooter's next single "Today" from The Fifth Chapter was released on 26 September 2014.

On 4 January 2016, Scooter announced their eighteenth studio album Ace which was released on 5 February 2016. It includes their single "Riot" which has been available since 4 September 2015.

On 1 August 2017, Scooter announced their nineteenth studio album Scooter Forever which was released on 1 September 2017. It includes their single "Bora! Bora! Bora!" which has been available since 26 May 2017.

On 4 August 2017, Ukrainian prosecutors began legal proceedings against Scooter for their illegal performance at the "ZB Fest" festival in Crimea, as per Ukrainian law. However, according to H. P. Baxxter, they did not perform at the festival "to engage in politics there, but because we have a fan base there. We want to give them something."

On 6 December 2017, Scooter released their third single from Scooter Forever, which became a reconstructed version of "In Rave We Trust". The compilation album 100% Scooter – 25 Years Wild & Wicked was released on 15 December.

The Sixth Chapter (2019–2022)
On 11 November 2018, during the 25 Years Wild and Wicked Tour, Speiser announced that he would leave the band at the end of the tour.

In April 2019, Scooter officially announced that Sebastian Schilde would be replacing Phil Speiser, after Speiser had been with the group since 2014. Their twentieth album, God Save the Rave, was to be released in the winter of 2020 and include 15 tracks. The album's tour, the God Save the Rave tour, was originally expected to go ahead in the summer of 2020, but was postponed due to governments evoking pandemic laws. In December 2020, the album release date was postponed to 16 April 2021 due to pandemic laws again.

In November 2022, Schilde announced that he was no longer part of the group. A few days later, Simon announced that he had also left, after being a member since 2006.

The Seventh Chapter (2022–present)
After Schilde and Simon's departure, former member Jay Frog returned as a temporary keyboardist, later rejoining the group as the main producer, composer and keyboardist.

In January 2023, they released the single "Waste Your Youth", the first Scooter material to feature work by Jay Frog since 2005. Scooter also announced that then 23-year-old producer Marc Blou had joined the band.

In March 2023, Universal Music Germany announced it has acquired the master rights to the catalogue of Scooter. Universal Music Germany will release Scooter's music worldwide under their Zeitgeist label in cooperation with Kontor Records.

Band members
Current members
H. P. Baxxter – vocals, MC, lyrics, guitar (December 1993 – present)
Marc Blou – main producer, composer, keyboards (December 2022 – present)
Jay Frog – producer, composer, keyboards, turntables (March 2002 – August 2006, November 2022 – present)
Jens Thele – management (December 1993 – present)

Former members
Rick J. Jordan – main producer, composer, sound design, audio engineering, keyboards, guitar (December 1993 – January 2014)
Ferris Bueller – producer, composer, keyboards, dancer (December 1993 – March 1998)
Axel Coon – producer, composer, keyboards, turntables (March 1998 – March 2002)
Phil Speiser – main producer, composer, keyboards (January 2014 – October 2018)
Sebastian Schilde – main producer, composer, keyboards (March 2019 – November 2022)
Michael Simon – producer, composer, keyboards, turntables (August 2006 – December 2022)

Former touring members
Etnik Zarari - keyboards (October 2018 – March 2019)

Former guest touring musicians
Jeff "Mantas" Dunn - electric guitar (6 March 2006 – 26 March 2006, Who's Got the Last Laugh Now? Tour 2006)

Timeline

Lineups

Discography

Studio albums

 ... and the Beat Goes On! (1995)
 Our Happy Hardcore (1996)
 Wicked! (1996)
 Age of Love (1997)
 No Time to Chill (1998)
 Back to the Heavyweight Jam (1999)
 Sheffield (2000)
 We Bring the Noise! (2001)
 The Stadium Techno Experience (2003)
 Mind the Gap (2004)
 Who's Got the Last Laugh Now? (2005)
 The Ultimate Aural Orgasm (2007)
 Jumping All Over the World (2007)
 Under the Radar Over the Top (2009)
 The Big Mash Up (2011)
 Music for a Big Night Out (2012)
 The Fifth Chapter (2014)
 Ace (2016)
 Scooter Forever (2017)
 God Save the Rave (2021)

Live performances

Concerts
Scooter are known for giving live performances with dancers on stage performing certain styles of dances, such as Jumpstyle or the Melbourne Shuffle. These are accompanied by laser shows and pyrotechnics. Frontman H. P. Baxxter often shouts out certain phrases and have them mimicked by the crowd between songs, and having the crowd sing along to the chorus of many songs.

List of tours

Standalone big shows

Tours headlined

Awards

In popular culture
 In the 1997 film Mortal Kombat Annihilation (sequel to 1995's Mortal Kombat), "Fire" was used during the fight between Liu Kang, Kitana, Smoke and some ninjas.
 In 1998, Scooter made a guest appearance on the popular German action/crime TV series Alarm für Cobra 11 – Die Autobahnpolizei. In the episode Tödlicher Ruhm ("Deadly Fame"), Baxxter is held for ransom by a young DJ who accuses him of stealing lyrics for the song "The Age of Love".
 Oliver Pocher, a German comedian, performed a comedy spoof of H. P. Baxxter on VIVA.
 In 2003, the English dance music group Emmet formed a Scooter tribute act titled "Moped". Their songs received airplay on BBC Radio 1.
 Scooter tracks are often featured in releases of the Les Mills group fitness programs.
 The Norwegian comedy duo Bye & Rønning made several parodies of Scooter, including Scooter in studio and Party in Heaven.
 "Nessaja" was used in the opening of the 2009 film Brüno. "Crank It Up" had previously been used as the theme tune for Brüno's segments on Da Ali G Show.
 "How Much is the Fish?" often played during goalscoring and after victory matches of FC Lokomotiv Moscow.
 Beginning in 2010, "Maria (I Like It Loud)", is played after every home team goal at Philadelphia Union's soccer stadium Subaru Park. It has also been played after a goal at the Philadelphia Flyers' arena, the Wells Fargo Center, and at Borussia-Park, the stadium of Borussia Mönchengladbach.
 H. P. Baxxter took part in an advertisement campaign for German newspaper Bild in 2011 and for German megastore Saturn.
 H. P. Baxxter was one of the four jury members at Germany's 2012 X Factor.
"Nessaja" was played by in "GNVQ"; the 2017 episode of BBC Three mockumentary This Country.
In a 2021 interview, lead writer Helen Hindpere described Scooter as one of the inspirations behind the game Disco Elysium.

Legal Issues

Criminal investigation against band

The Kyiv-based Crimean Department of the Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine opened a criminal investigation against all three participants of the German electronic band Scooter for illegal border crossing and entering the Russian-occupied Crimea without Ukrainian authorities' permission.
Despite the warnings from the Ukrainian authorities, on 3 of August Scooter Band came to Russian-occupied city Sevastopol in Crimea and took part in the music festival ZBest held in the nearby town Balaklava.
"It doesn't matter whether it's German, British or U.S performer – the law is for everybody," Dmitriy Belotserkovets, Bloc of Poroshenko lawmaker wrote on Facebook on Aug.5. After his official request, the prosecutors of Crimean department started the criminal investigation against the German musicians. If found guilty musicians could face up to eight years in prison under the Ukrainian law. "Scooter could have come to Crimea legally if the musicians applied for permission to the Foreign Affairs Ministry of Ukraine. The band was warned about the consequences," Belotserkovets added.
After Ukrainian media outrage about the German band arrival to the occupied territory, Scooter lead singer H.P Baxxter told BILD that he was surprised his arrival caused an international scandal. Andriy Melnik, the Ukrainian ambassador in Germany, told the Hamberger Abendblatt newspaper on Aug.5 that German musicians had ignored all the warnings from the Ukrainian side. Melnik tweeted on Aug. 6 he also called the organizers of the German talent show DSDS to exclude Baxter from the panel of judges, as the musician violated the laws of another state.
On March 27, 2014, the United Nations adopted the resolution that condemned Russian annexation of Crimean Peninsula in 2014 and called to abstain from any actions and contacts that overtly or covertly support the Crimea status as a legal part of Russian territory.
"This is a great example for all the singers, who want to perform and make money in Ukraine. You all need to respect the law and territorial integrity of our state. Otherwise, such musicians should be banned from entering our territory and forget about the concerts in Ukraine," Belotserkovets wrote.

Notes

References

External links

 Official site

English-language singers from Germany
German techno music groups
Hardcore techno music groups
Happy hardcore musicians
Musical groups from Hamburg
Musical groups established in 1993
German Eurodance groups

Scooter (band)


The pacarana (Dinomys branickii) is a rare and slow-moving hystricognath rodent indigenous to South America. Native Tupi people call it the pacarana (false paca) because it is superficially similar to the paca, a different rodent which is not in the same family. The pacarana has a chunky body and is large for a rodent, weighing up to  and measuring up to  in length, not including the thick, furry tail.

The pacarana is nocturnal and is found only in tropical forests of the western Amazon River basin and adjacent foothills of the Andes Mountains. It ranges from northwestern Venezuela and Colombia to western Bolivia, including the Yungas. It is common in Cotapata National Park in Bolivia.

The pacarana is the sole extant member of the rodent family Dinomyidae in the infraorder Caviomorpha; the paca that it resembles in appearance is in a different Caviomorph family, the Cuniculidae. Initially, the pacarana was regarded as a member of the superfamily Muroidea, that includes the true mice, but that view was abandoned in the face of evidence that suggests that the pacarana is in the family Dinomyidae together with extinct animals such as Phoberomys pattersoni and Josephoartigasia monesi, prehistoric giant rodents that lived in South America several million years ago.

Pacaranas typically are found in family groups of four or five.

Characteristics
Pacarana have 4 limbs and large heads. They are considered a scansorial species. When they eat, they grasp their food with their fore-paws while sitting on their hind legs.

References

External links

Hystricognath rodents
Mammals of the Andes
Rodents of South America
Mammals of Bolivia
Mammals of Brazil
Mammals of Colombia
Mammals of Ecuador
Mammals of Peru
Mammals of Venezuela
Vulnerable animals
Vulnerable biota of South America
Mammals described in 1873
Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters

Pacarana


A seguir apresenta-se uma lista compreendendo os prêmios e indicações recebidos por Mulheres Apaixonadas, telenovela produzida pela Rede Globo e exibida originalmente entre 17 de fevereiro e 10 de outubro de 2003 no horário das 20 horas, com o último capítulo exibido no dia seguinte, substituindo Esperança e sendo substituída por Celebridade. 63.ª "novela das oito" transmitida pela emissora, foi escrita por Manoel Carlos e contou com a colaboração de Maria Carolina, Fausto Galvão e Vinícius Vianna, direção de Marcelo Travesso e Ary Coslov e direção geral de José Luiz Villamarim, Rogério Gomes e Ricardo Waddington, que também encarregou-se da direção de núcleo. O eixo central da trama focou-se em Helena (Christiane Torloni), protagonista recorrente das tramas de Manoel Carlos, que, enfrentando uma crise de 15 anos de casamento com o marido e músico Téo (Tony Ramos), decide viver uma nova paixão e se vê às voltas ao reencontrar César (José Mayer), seu antigo amor com quem traíra Téo. A partir deste eixo, entrelaçam-se diversas tramas paralelas das quais a maioria possuíam uma forte temática social de pano de fundo.

Mulheres Apaixonadas contou com um total de 203 capítulos que, retratados por meio de uma crônica cotidiana, obtiveram enorme repercussão na opinião pública e análises bastante positivas da crítica especializada, o que se refletiu diretamente na audiência e premiações e também em legislações civis. Com uma média de 47 pontos, alavancou em quase dez pontos o horário das 20h e firmou-se como o maior sucesso televisivo no ano de 2003, ganhando uma série de troféus e reconhecimentos dedicados à televisão e ao entretenimento brasileiro naquele ano e no seguinte. No total, a telenovela foi vencedora de 53 prêmios e indicada a 78, sendo a grande vencedora de todas as premiações apresentadas abaixo. Dentre elas, destaque para 11 vitórias no Prêmio Qualidade Brasil, 5 no Melhores do Ano e Prêmio Extra de Televisão, 6 vitórias de 17 indicações no Prêmio Contigo! de TV, 4 troféus no Troféu Imprensa, e 4 prêmios no Meus Prêmios Nick.

Os principais agraciados, além do autor Manoel Carlos, foram Dan Stulbach e Giulia Gam, premiados respectivamente por seus personagens Marcos e Heloísa. Enquanto Manoel Carlos venceu uma série de troféus de Melhor Autor, Stulbach ganhou o Troféu APCA e o Troféu Imprensa de Melhor Ator, bem como o Prêmio Faz Diferença do jornal O Globo, e Giulia foi contemplada com o Prêmio Extra de Televisão e o Troféu Imprensa de Melhor Atriz, e eleita a Melhor Atriz Coadjuvante por ambos os sindicatos do Prêmio Qualidade Brasil no Rio e São Paulo. Outros principais vencedores nas premiações incluem Bruna Marquezine, destaque nas categorias Mirim e Revelação; Regiane Alves, Tony Ramos e Paula Picarelli, todos com três; e Erik Marmo, Carolina Dieckmann e Susana Vieira, com dois. Dentre os indicados, além dos vencedores supracitados, houve a recorrente aparição de Torloni, Vanessa Gerbelli e Marcello Antony.

Melhores do Ano
O Troféu Domingão Melhores do Ano, ou apenas Melhores do Ano, celebrou os maiores destaques do ano na TV Globo e na música, com suas indicações determinadas pelos funcionários da emissora. Os três mais escolhidos eram, então, expostos à votação pública, e revelados ao vivo no extinto Domingão do Faustão. Mulheres Apaixonadas foi a grande vencedora da edição de 2003, com 5 prêmios obtidos.

Meus Prêmios Nick
O Meus Prêmios Nick (abreviado como MPN) é a versão brasileira do Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, premiação realizada pela Nickelodeon com foco infantil que celebra profissionais na televisão, cinema, música e esporte. As vitórias são determinadas pelo público por meio da Internet. Mulheres Apaixonadas venceu todas as 4 indicações recebidas.

Prêmio Austregéslio de Athayde
O Prêmio Austregésilo de Athayde, nomeado após o supracitado acadêmico, foi organizado pelo Alexandre Austregésilo de Athayde, e celebrou os grandes destaques do ano nas áreas da televisão, teatro e música. As vitórias foram determinadas por voto popular, em consulta feita pela Agência Hanni. Mulheres Apaixonadas ganhou dois troféus na edição de 2004.

Prêmio Conta Mais
O Prêmio Conta Mais, organizado pela revista Conta Mais, celebrou os melhores dos anos de 2002 e 2003 no cenário artístico e cultural brasileiro. Vencedores foram determinados por meio dos leitores da revista, que enviaram cartas à redação e votaram por e-mail. Mulheres Apaixonadas saiu-se vencedora em sete categorias.

Prêmio Contigo! de TV
O Prêmio Contigo! de TV, promovido pela revista Contigo!, tinha como objetivo celebrar os melhores do ano na teledramaturgia brasileira na televisão, e prestar uma homenagem aos artistas. Os vencedores eram determinados por meio de votação popular, dentre assinantes e internautas, além de um júri composto por jornalistas televisivos, e premiados em cerimônia. Mulheres Apaixonadas foi a grande vitoriosa na sexta edição da premiação, obtendo 6 troféus de 17 indicações totais, incluindo Melhor Telenovela e Melhor Autor.

Prêmio Extra de Televisão
O Prêmio Extra de Televisão, promovido pelo jornal carioca Extra, premiou os melhores trabalhos do ano da televisão brasileira, incluindo atores, programas humorísticos e de entretenimento, por meio de votação popular. Mulheres Apaixonadas venceu cinco categorias na edição de 2003.

Prêmio Faz Diferença
O Prêmio Faz Diferença, criado pelo jornal O Globo em parceria com a Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FIRJAN), homenageia personalidades de destaque naquele ano nos mais diversos setores, com indicados mediados pela redação do jornal e vencedores obtidos por votação popular. Na primeira edição da premiação, Dan Stulbach ganhou o troféu na categoria Revista da TV/Artista.

Prêmio Magnífico
O Prêmio Magnífico, criado pela jornalista Zildetti Montiel, prestigia e reconhece profissionais de destaque ao longo do ano nas mais diversas áreas, cujas homenagens se dão por meio de indicações de nomes de Ordens de Classe, Sindicatos e Associações Comerciais, Industriais, de Profissionais Liberais e Jornalistas. Paula Picarelli ganhou o troféu de atriz revelação em 2003.

Prêmio Qualidade Brasil
O Prêmio Qualidade Brasil, hoje renomeado Prêmio Arte Qualidade Brasil, foi instituído no Brasil em 1977 para estimular a qualidade e reconhecer o empenho de artistas profissionais de teatro, televisão e cinema. Inicialmente realizado em São Paulo, a partir de 2000 passou a contar com uma cerimônia no Rio de Janeiro. Mulheres Apaixonadas totalizou 11 troféus de 25 nomeações na premiação, ganhando seis no Rio de Janeiro e outros cinco em São Paulo.

Rio de Janeiro

São Paulo

Prêmio APCA
O Prêmio APCA, tido como o mais importante do Brasil na área de cultura, é entregue desde 1956 e reconhece os melhores do ano nos âmbitos de arquitetura, artes visuais, cinema, dança, literatura, moda, música erudita, música popular, rádio, teatro, teatro infantil e televisão. Suas nomeações e vitórias se dão por meio de um júri composto de membros pertencentes à Associação Paulista dos Críticos de Arte (APCA). Dan Stulbach venceu o troféu de Melhor Ator.

Prêmio TV Press
O Prêmio TV Press reconheceu os melhores e os piores do ano por meio de enquete realizada no portal Terra, responsável pela premiação. Mulheres Apaixonadas ganhou quatro categorias.

Prêmio UOL e PopTevê de Televisão
O Prêmio UOL e PopTevê de Televisão foi organizado pelo portal UOL e a coluna PopTevê, que abastecia mais de 50 jornais pelo Brasil. As vitórias se davam por meio de enquetes realizadas na Internet, votadas pelos telespectadores. Mulheres Apaixonadas venceu três categorias de nove indicações, sendo a maioria múltiplas na mesma categoria.

Troféu Imprensa
O Troféu Imprensa foi criado pelo jornalista Plácido Manaia Nunes e teve a sua primeira edição realizada em 1961. Considerado o maior prêmio da televisão brasileira, entrega condecorações destinadas aos campos do entretenimento, jornalismo, teledramaturgia e, ainda, música. Na edição de 2004, Mulheres Apaixonadas foi a mais indicada e a grande vencedora, obtendo quatro vitorias, incluindo a de Melhor Novela.

Troféu Leão de Ouro
O Troféu Leão de Ouro, organizado pelo jornalista Leão Lobo, reconheceu os melhores do ano na televisão nos mais diversos segmentos, como dramaturgia, jornalismo e entretenimento. Mulheres Apaixonadas conquistou sete troféus.

Listas de televisão do Brasil
Prêmio Contigo! de TV para melhor novela
Telenovelas premiadas com o Troféu Imprensa
Telenovelas premiadas com o Extra de televisão

Lista de prêmios e indicações recebidos por Mulheres Apaixonadas


Tonski majstor, tonmajstor, ton-majstor, majstor zvuka je zanimanje. Dio je snimateljskog tima.

Tonski majstor može biti samo vrlo iskusna i stručna osoba u snimanju i miješanju zvuka i dodavanju zvučnih efekata. Tonski majstor postaje tonski snimatelj, mješač tona i tehničar za zvučne efekte koji nakon godina rada postane tako dobar da odlično razumije poslove ostatka snimateljskog tima, pa ga se promiče u tonskog majstora. Kao i tonski snimatelj, mješač tona i zvučni inženjer, snima zvuk za sve vrste televizijskih i radijskih emisija, kao i snimanje zvuka za film ili snimanje glazbenog materijala. Najčešće tonski majstor radi kod vrlo složenih snimanja te se sve mora izvanredno dobro napraviti, poput snimanja velikih opernih događaja. On u studiju nadzire sve procese. Prati i po potrebi mijenja i zvučni zapis, smatra li da će to poboljšati završnu snimku.

Djelokrug inženjera zvuka djelimice se prepleće s djelokrugom tonskog majstora. Za razliku od tonskog majstora koji se bavi i glazbenim stvarima poput nota, zadaća zvučnog inženjera prije svega je tehnička skrb o produkciji.

Izvori

Zanimanja
Glazba

Tonski majstor


{{Infocaseta Carte
| nume = Memoriile postume ale lui Bras Cubas| copertă =
| descriere_copertă =
| poză =
| comentariu_poză =
| autor = Machado de Assis
| titlu_original = Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas| traducător =
| ilustrator =
| țară_de_lansare =
| limbă = Portugheză
| serie =
| subiect =
| gen = Roman
| editură = Tipografia Nacional
| data_publicării = 1881
| pagini =
| dimensiune_greutate =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| editura_ro =  Minerva
| data_apariției_în_românia = 1986
| format = 165 x 123 x 20 mm
| colecție_ro = Biblioteca pentru toți
| pagini_ro = 253
| isbn_ro  =
| precedată_de =
| urmată_de =
}}Memoriile postume ale lui Brás Cubas este un roman scris de Machado de Assis, dezvoltat în principiu ca roman-foileton din martie până în decembrie 1880, în Revista Braziliană (Revista Brasileira), fiind publicat în anul următor în format de carte de Tipografia Nacional (Tipografia Națională).

Memoriile postume ale lui Brás Cubas se desprind de povestirea liniară și obiectivă a unor autori proeminenți ai timpului, cum ar fi Flaubert și Zola, pentru a lăsa loc unei descrieri pesimiste, ironice și indiferente a regiunii Rio de Janeiro și a vieții din acea epocă, în general, lucrarea fiind considerată ca începătoarea realismului în literatura  braziliană.Faraco e Moura, 2009, p.234.

Memoriile postume ale lui Brás Cubas ilustrează sclavia, clasele sociale și pozitivismul timpului, creând chiar o nouă filozofie - dezvoltată ulterior în Quincas Borba (1891) - umanismul, satira legii celui mai puternic. Criticii sunt de acord că, prin acest roman, Machado de Assis a precedat elemente ale modernismului și realismul magic al unor scriitori precum Jorge Luis Borges și Julio Cortázar, și într-adevăr, unii autori o numesc "prima narațiune fantastică a Braziliei". Cartea a influențat scriitori precum John Barth, Donald Barthelme și Ciro dos Anjos și este considerată una dintre cele mai revoluționare și inovatoare lucrări din literatura braziliană. Chiar și după mai bine de un secol de la publicarea sa originală, ea primește numeroase studii și interpretări, adaptări diverse pentru media și traduceri în alte limbi.

RezumatAmintirile postume ale lui Brás Cubas este o narațiune confuză și neliniară. Personajul principal, după cum sugerează și titlul, rezolvă după propria moarte să spună povestea vieții sale printr-o selecție a celor mai relevante episoade, de la naștere până la moarte. Această narațiune nu urmează însă nici o secvență cronologică. Ea începe cu delirul și moartea protagonistului, apoi povestește nașterea acestuia, alternând episoade din diferite faze ale vieții sale fără nici un criteriu logic, întotdeauna cu o doză mare de umor și viziune pesimistă.

Cauza morții sale s-a datorat, oficial, unei pneumonii pe care nu a îngrijit-o cum se cuvine. Cu toate acestea,  protagonistul este convins că moartea lui se datorează, de fapt, unei idei grandioase și utile, o idee care a devenit fixație.
Într-o dimineață, plimbându-se prin ferma în care locuia, i-a trecut prin minte să inventeze un medicament sublim, un anti-hipocondriac, destinat să amelioreze umanitatea melancolică. Pentru a justifica crearea unui astfel de medicament în fața autorităților, Brás a subliniat că leacul ar fi ceva cu adevărat creștin și avantajele financiare pe care le-ar aduce un astfel de produs nu ar putea fi desconsiderate. Cu toate acestea, în cealaltă parte a lumii, el mărturisește că adevăratul motiv a fost să-și vadă numele pe cutiile de medicamente și în toate sursele de publicitate, deoarece ambalajul urma să-i poarte numele.

Brás Cubas s-a născut la 20 octombrie 1805 într-o familie bogată, care i-a permis să nu aibă nevoie să "cumpere pâine cu sudoarea feței sale". În copilărie era un băiat diabolic. Protejat de dragostea tatălui, el maltrata sclavi, nu respecta oaspeții și adulții în general.

Copilaria lui Brás Cubas, asemănătoare oricărui alt membru al societății patriarhale braziliene de atunci, este marcată de privilegiile și capriciile sponsorizate de părinți. Băiatul avea ca jucărie pe micuțul negru Prudencio, "animalul de companie", folosindu-l pe post de cal și pentru a-l maltratra. La școală, Bras a fost un prieten al lui Quincas Borbas, care va apărea mai târziu ca defensor al umanismului, un amestec de teorie darwiniană cu "Borbism": "Câștigătorilor, cartofii", adică numai cei mai puternici și capabili să supraviețuiască.

Tinerețea protagonistului este marcată de cheltuielile cu o curtezană sau o prostituată de lux, numită Marcela, căreia Brás îi dedică celebra frază: "Marcela m-a iubit timp de cincisprezece luni și unsprezece mii de reis"",. Acesta este unul dintre semnalele stilului Machadian, modul în care autorul lucrează cu figurile limbajului. Marcela este o prostituată de lux, dar în roman, în nici un moment, ea nu este caracterizată folosindu-se acești termeni. Machado folosește ironia și eufemismul, lăsând ca cititorul să înțeleagă singur sensul. Brás Cubas nu spune, de exemplu, că Marcela era interesată doar de darurile scumpe pe care i le oferea. Dimpotrivă, afirma categoric că îl iubea, dar devine clar că în această relație dragostea și interesul financiar sunt strâns legate.

Îndrăgostit de Marcela, Brás Cubas risipește resursele financiare ale familiei cu petreceri, cadouri și tot felul de frivolități. Tatăl său, pentru a pune capăt situației, ia cea mai comună decizie pentru clasele bogate ale timpului: își trimite fiul în Europa pentru a studia dreptul și a obține o diplomă de licență în Coimbra. Brás Cubas, părăsește contrariat orașul. Marcela nu își respectă promisiunea de a-și lua rămas bun de la el, astfel călătoria lui începe tristă și deznădăjduită. În Coimbra, viața nu îl schimbă prea mult. El mărturisește că era un student mediocru, dar asta nu l-a împiedicat să obțină o diplomă. În zilele petrecute la universitate, prefera să facă orice altceva decât să studieze. Diploma care i-a fost atribuită era însă departe de a reprezenta cunoștințele pe care le-a dobândit.

Cu o diplomă în mâinile sale și o incapacitate totală de a lucra, Brás Cubas se întoarce în [Brazilia]] și își continuă existența parazitară, bucurându-se de privilegiile oferite de clasa socială din care făcea parte.

La maturitate, Brás Cubas își întâlnește cea de-a doua și cea mai îndelungată iubire. Sfătuit de tatăl său, care vedea un viitor politic în uniunea dintre cei doi, ajunge să o cunoască și să se îndrăgostească de Virgilia, o rudă a unui ministru al curții. Virgilia se căsătorește însă cu Lobo Neves, cel care îi răpește protagonistului nu numai mireasa, dar și candidatura pentru deputat pe care tatăl i-o pregătise.

Familia Cubas, deși bogată, nu avea nici o rădăcină nobilă, averea fiind construită prin fabricarea chiuvete și căzi de baie pentru burghezia timpului. Acest lucru nu deschidea multe porți în lumea marii societăți. De aceea, intrarea în politică era văzută ca o modalitate de ascensiune socială, un fel de titlu de nobilitate care totuși le lipsea.

După ceva timp, Brás Cubas se reîntâlnește cu Virgilia, deja căsătorită cu Lobo Neves. După întâlnire, între cei doi se naște o pasiune de nestăpânit, ei devenind iubiți. Virgilia este o femeie ambițioasă și nu dorește să renunțe la prestigiul social pe care i-l oferă soțul ei. Astfel, de ani de zile, ei trăiesc o iubire adulteră care se termină numai în momentul în care Lobo Neves este numit guvernator al unei provincii undeva în nordul țării, Virgilia fiind nevoită să părăsească Rio de Janeiro.
Brás Cubas îmbătrânește singur și fără să fi făcut nimic relevant în viață. Cu ajutorul surorii lui, el face o ultimă încercare de a se căsători și de a avea copii. El se logodește cu Eulalia, fată săracă și nepoată a cumnatului său - Cotrim. Fata, însă, se îmbolnăvește și moare înainte de nuntă.

Astfel, Brás Cubas ajunge la sfârșitul vieții sale fără să-și fi întemeiat o familie, fără copii care să-i urmeze numele și fără să producă nimic însemnat care să-i facă pe oameni să-l amintească după moarte. În ultimul capitol, el își ironizează eșecurile, declarând că viața este o mizerie și că nu merită să o perpetueze prin copii.

Personaje
Romanul are următoarele personaje:Brás Cubas , Protagonistul romanului. Își povestește amintirile, scrise după moarte și este responsabil pentru caracterizarea tuturor celorlalte personaje.Sabina, sora lui Brás Cubas, căsătorită cu Cotrim.Cotrim, cumnatul lui Brás Cubas.Marcela, curtezană și prima iubire din adolescența lui Brás Cubas.Eugênia, fiica doamnei Eusébia, de care protagonistul este interesat, dar cu care nu este pregătit să dezvolte o relație, pentru că fata avea o deficiență la unul dintre picioare ce o făcea să șchiopăie.Virgilia, fiica Consilierului Dutra, marea iubire a lui Brás Cubas și amanta acestuia.Nhã-Loló (Eulália Damascena de Brito), ultima posibilitate de căsătorie a lui Brás Cubas; o fată simplă, care moare de febră galbenă la varsta de 19 ani înainte de a avea șansa de a se căsători.Quincas Borba (Joaquim Borba dos Santos), filozof, teoretician al Umanismului, prietenul din copilărie al lui Brás Cubas. (Are parte de o descriere mult mai amănunțită în următorul roman al lui Machado de Assis - Quincas Borba.Eusébia, prietena săracă a familiei Cubas.Consilierul Dutra, om de succes în lumea politică, tatăl Virgiliei.Lobo Neves, om politic și soțul Virgiliei.Luis Dutra, vărul Virgiliei.Dona Plácida', bătrâna și săraca slujnică a Virgilei, ce protejează idila celor doi amanți.

Curent literarMemoriile postume ale lui Brás Cubas'' este un roman realist deoarece critică cu ironie și pesimism condițiile epocii , însă nu este scutit de fragmentele romantice prezente în romantismele, în pasiunile și în iubirile lui Brás Cubas, deși visul relațiilor și al căsătoriilor perfecte, precum și tensiunea dintre bine x rău, erou x laș - situații atît de convenționale în ficțiunea romantică - nu există, iar personajele acționează cu un interes pur în obținerea "statutului social", în ascensiune socială prin căsătorie, ca atunci când tatăl lui Brás vrea ca acesta să se căsătorească cu Virgilia, fiica consilierului Dutra, un politician proeminent. Și totuși, Machado nu este de acord cu schematismul determinist al realiștilor și nici nu caută cauze foarte explicite sau clare pentru explicarea personajelor și a situațiilor.. Faptul că naratorul încearcă să își povestească amintirile și să recreeze trecutul face ca romanul să se potrivească și cu anumite elemente ale romanului impresionist.

Traduceri
De la prima publicare, romanul a fost tradus în mai multe limbi:

Referințe

Legături externe
Pagina oficială a Editurii Companhia das Letras

 Memoriile postume ale lui Brás Cubas
 Schwarz, Roberto (2005), "The Machadian turning point", São Paulo: CEBRAP magazine.

Romane din 1881
Romane de Machado de Assis

Memoriile postume ale lui Brás Cubas


الوهن العصبي  هو الشعور الذاتي والمستمر بالانهاك والضعف العام والإعياء والتعب المصحوب بأعراض عضوية متنوعة ينتهي إلى حد الانهيار، إنه بمثابة تعب مزمن يحدث اضطرابا في سلوك الفرد وعضويته. وأول من استخدم هذا اللفظ هو العالم الأمريكي بيرد  وجعله يشمل عددا كبيرا من الاضطرابات العصابية والعضوية، ثم يطلق على معظم أعراض العصاب التي يظن أنها ناتجة عن ضعف نفسي، وقد وصفه (جانيه) بأنه يشبه القلق والوساوس المتسلطة مضافا إليه الوهن والضعف في الطاقة النفسية للفرد على حد تعبيره.

يشيع الوهن العصبي كثيرًا بين هؤلاء الذين يعانون من التصلب المتعدد (أبلغ بعض الأشخاص المصابين بالتغفيق عن هذا الشعور أيضًا)، وهو عبارة عن شعور بالإرهاق والإنهاك الغالب الذي من الممكن أن يحدث في أي وقت من اليوم ويستمر لأي فترة وليس بالضرورة تكرار حدوثه لدى مريض آخر بنفس الطريقة. ويمكن وصف الوهن العصبي على أنه شعور غالب بالضعف لا يرتبط بالمجهود البدني الزائد. وهناك تأييد على مستوى عالمي يفيد بأن الوهن يمتد ليشمل ليس فقط الذين يعانون من التصلب المتعدد وإنما يشمل أيضًا هؤلاء غير المصابين بذلك المرض. فقد أبلغ كثير من المرضى المصابين بالتصلب المتعدد عن نومهم مدة تزيد عن 12 ساعة في الليلة ويستمر ذلك أيامًا متعاقبة ولا يزالون يشعرون بالتعب بدرجة لا تمكنهم من أداء واجباتهم اليومية على الرغم من شعورهم بالراحة الجسدية. ويتغير هذا الشعور بالوهن بدرجة كبيرة وهناك بعض المرضى المصابين بالتصلب المتعدد الذين لا يعانون من الوهن العصبي كعرض أولي. ونظرًا لأن هذا الوهن غير مرئي ولصعوبة توضيح شعور 'العقل المتعب' نتيجة الوهن العصبي، فقد يسيء الآخرون تفسير سلوك الأشخاص المصابين بالتصلب المتعدد باعتباره افتقار إلى بذل الجهد، ولكن من المهم لهؤلاء الذين يتعاملون مع مرضى التصلب المتعدد إدراك أن هذا التفسير لا يمثل الحالة الفعلية. وتعد أسباب الوهن الذي يعانيه مرضى التصلب المتعدد غير مفهومة بالكامل.

نظرة عامة
يأخذ هذا الاضطراب اسمه من العرض الذي يغلب عليه وهو الأعصاب المتعبة أو المنهكة أي الشعور بالوهن والتعب، وهذا الشعور يكاد يكون مستمرا وملحا دون وجود مبرر واقعي يكفي لوجوده عند المريض. إن التعب والإنهاك يحدث عند الإنسان السوي بعد بذل جهد وطاقة كبيرة يقوم بها، ولكن هذا الشعور يظهر عند المريض بالوهن حتى وهو لم يبذل أي جهد أو طاقة. والتعب يزول عند الإنسان السوي بعد أن يأخذ قسطا من الراحة، بينما في الوهن العصبي لا يزول بل يستمر قويا مسيطرا، وكثيرا ما يبدأ منذ الصباح، ويميل للضعف والانحدار عندما يقترب الشخص من موعد النوم.

نسبة الانتشار
تظهر أعراض الوهن العصبي في أواسط العمر وتزداد اقترابا من الكهولة بسبب التدهور الذي يحصل في العديد من الوظائف، ويكثر ظهوره كعرض لأمراض أخرى، وتصل نسبة ظهوره فتصل إلى حوالي 5% من مجموع السكان، وحوالي 10% من مرضى العصاب.

الأعراض

الأعراض النفسية
الشعور بالتعب السريع، الخمول، الارتخاء، ضعف القدرة على الانتباه والتركيز، الحساسية الزائدة تجاه أدنى المثيرات، سرعة التهيج، اضطراب في دقة العمل، بطء الإنجاز، ضعف العزيمة والإرادة، عدم تحمل المسؤوليات، والشعور بالإحباط.

الأعراض الجسمية
قصور في السرعة والقوة البدنية، ضعف عصبي وجسمي عام، الشعور بالألم العام غير المحدد، الصداع، هبوط ضغط الدم، شحوب الوجه، تغيرات حشوية وهضمية يرافقها ضعف الشهية وعسر الهضم، الضعف الجنسي عند الرجال، اضطراب الدورة الشهرية عند النساء، ألآم في الظهر واضطراب في النوم والشعور بالتعب حين الاستيقاظ مباشرة.

التشخيص
لا يوجد طريقة تشخيص محددة للمرض و هو يعتمد على المريض نفسه و على طريقة التشخيص الاشتباهي حيث يتم اختبار كل الأمراض الممكنة التي تسبب نفس الأعراض

العلاج
العلاج يقوم أساسا على تغير نمط عيش المريض كالرياضة والحركة الإستلقاء شرب الماء والابتعاد عن التوتر بالإضافة إلى ذلك يمكن استعمال أدوية مضادة للاكتئاب والقلق وخاصة فتامينات كالمانزيوم، الكلسيوم والفسفور وفيتامين ب.12 العلاج السلوكي المعرفي يمكن أن يكون لها تأثير إيجاب

الشكوكية
أثبتت الدرسات الحديثة أن الوهن العصبي هو عارض من أعراض خلل الوظائف المستقلة .

مراجع

أعراض
أمراض المناعة الذاتية
اضطرابات القلق
اضطرابات عصبية
اضطرابات عقلية وسلوكية قديمة وتاريخية
تشخيص الأمراض النفسية
طب نفس عسكري

وهن عصبي


An Eleocharis atricha in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Brown. An Eleocharis atricha in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eleocharis

Eleocharis atricha


دانا بوينت  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة أورانج، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 1 يناير، 1989.

التركيبة السكانية
حدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية لدانا بوينت في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان دانا بوينت 35,110 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 14,456 أسرة وعدد العائلات 9,286 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 15,682 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 87.25% من البيض و0.82% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.57% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و2.52% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.10% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و5.92% من الأعراق الأخرى و2.81% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و15.49% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 14,456 أسرة كانت نسبة 28.2% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 51.4% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 8.8% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 4% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 35.8% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 26% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 7.1% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.41، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 2.90.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 39.8 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 20.6% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 7% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 31.2% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 27.9% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 12.6% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 100.2 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 98.5 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المدينة 63,043 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 73,373 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 52,159 دولارًا مقابل 38,902 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمدينة 37,938 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 3.4% من العائلات ونسبة 6.7% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 7.7% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 5.3% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان دانا بوينت 33,351 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 14,182 أسرة وعدد العائلات 8,779 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 15,938 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 86.06% من البيض و0.88% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.69% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و3.19% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.11% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و5.85% من الأعراق الأخرى و3.22% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و16.98% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 14,182 أسرة كانت نسبة 24.4% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 48.7% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 8.7% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 4.5% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 38.1% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 28.3% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 9.9% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.33، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 2.85.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 44.8 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 17.9% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 7.6% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 24.8% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 32.8% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 17% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 49.5% ذكور و50.5% إناث.

توأمة
لدانا بوينت اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 أجاكسيو

أعلام

 ستيف هيج
 مليندا كلارك
 داريل غيتس
 غريس برادلي
 هاري لوتون

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1926
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1989
مدن ساحلية في كاليفورنيا
مدن كاليفورنيا
مقاطعة أورانج (كاليفورنيا)
تأسيسات سنة 1989 في كاليفورنيا
مدن في مقاطعة أورانج (كاليفورنيا)

دانا بوينت


ثروة الأمم أو باسمه الكامل بحث في طبيعة وأسباب ثروة الأمم  هو أهم مؤلفات الاقتصادي الاسكتلندي آدم سميث، تم نشره عام 1776 في بداية فترة الثورة الصناعية ويعتبر أحد معالم تطور الفكر الاقتصادي.

نادى بالرأسمالية فرفض تدخل الحكومة في الاقتصاد، ونادى بوجوب تركه لقوى العرض والطلب.

القيمة الإستعمالية والقيمة التبادلية
يجب أن نلاحظ، كما ينبهنا آدم سميث (1723 ـ 1790) وهو الأب المؤسس الحقيقي للاقتصاد الكلاسيكي، إلى أن للفظ «قيمة» معنيان مختلفان: فهي تعني أحيانا «منفعة شيء خاص»؛ أي قيمته الاستعمالية، وأحيانا تعني «القدرة التي توفرها حيازة هذا الشيء لشراء بضائع أخرى»، أي قيمته التبادلية (آدم سميث، أبحاث في طبيعة وأسباب ثروة الأمم، 1776).

إن الأشياء التي لها أكبر قيمة استعمالية ليس لها في الغالب إلا قيمة تبادلية نسبية أو ليست لها هذه القيمة إطلاقا، والعكس بالعكس؛ فليس هناك ما هو أكثر نفعا من الماء، غير أننا لا نستطيع أن نشتري به أي شيء. أما اللؤلؤة بالعكس من ذلك، فليس لها تقريبا أية قيمة استعمالية، لكننا نستطيع مبادلتها بكمية كبيرة من البضائع.

المصلحة الفردية

المصلحة الفردية هي الهدف الوحيد من المبادلات حسب الاقتصاديين الكلاسيكيين

«في كل الأنواع الحية تقريبا» كما يشير إلى ذلك آدم سميث «إذا بلغ أي كائن كمال تطوره يغدو مستقلا تمام الاستقلال، وكلما ظل على حالته الطبيعية، فإنه يستطيع الاستغناء عن مساعدة كل المخلوقات الحية. لكن الإنسان في حاجة دائمة تقريبا لمساعدة بني جنسه، وهو يتوقع منهم ذلك بدون جدوى انطلاقا من اهتماماتهم وحدها، إلا أنه سيكون متأكدا من النجاح لو أنه حرك فيهم مصالحهم الشخصية وأقنعهم أن مصلحتهم الخاصة تتطلب منهم أن يعملوا ما ينتظره منهم» (سميث، أبحاث حول طبيعة وأسباب ثروة الأمم 2 ـ 1776).

الإنسان بوصفه إنسانا اقتصاديا

إن من يقترح على شخص آخر صفقة ما يخاطبه عموما بالعبارات التالية: «أعطني ما أحتاج، وستحصل مني، بالمقابل، على ما تحتاج». إننا إذن، كما يستنتج ذلك سميث «لا ننتظر من الجزار أو بائع الجعة أو الخباز أن يوفر لنا عشاءنا بفعل الاهتمام بنا وحده، بل بفعل الفائدة التي يجلبها توفير هذا العشاء لمصالحهم، إننا لا نتوجه بالخطاب لإنسانيتهم وإنما لأنانيتهم» (نفس المرجع السابق).

ومن هذا المعتقد الذي يوجد بشكل طبيعي لدى كل واحد منا وفقه استعداد للتبادل مع أمثاله ينبع التعريف «الليبرالي» للإنسان باعتباره إنسانا اقتصاديا Homo-économicus.

تفصيل الكتاب
وعنوانه الأصلي باللغة الإنجليزية «An Inquiry into The Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations» يعتبر هذا الكتاب هو العمل الأكثر شهرة لأدم سميث Adam Smith والذي تم نشره في التاسع من مارس عام 1776. هذا الكتاب بمثابة أول كتاب حديث يتمحور حول الأقتصاد.

وفي هذا الكتاب يعرض سميث تحليلا عن مناطق الرخاء في العالم مثل إنكلترا وهولندا. كما أنه أدخل تعديلات في نظريات الاقتصاد التي تدور حول تقسيم العمل والسوق والعملة وطبيعة الثروات وأسعار أسواق العمل والمرتبات والأرباح وتراكم روؤس العمل.

وبالإضافة إلى ذلك قام سميث بعمل بحث دقيق حول الأنظمة الاقتصادية السياسية المختلفة وبالتحديد الأنظمة التجارية والفيزيوقراطية «المذهب الطبيعى في علم الاقتصاد»، كما قام سميث بتطوير فكرة النظام الطبيعى في علم الاقتصاد.

يعتبر«نظام الحرية الطبيعية» كما أطلق عليها سميث هو نتيجة الممارسة الحرة للمصالح الفردية والتي من دون قصد تعود بالمنافع على المجتمع بصفة عامة حيث تساهم في حل المشكلات واشباع حاجات المجتمع وذلك عبر مؤسسة حرة ومنافسة حرة وتجارة حرة.

في يومنا هذا يعتبر[ ثروات الأمم] من أهم الأعمال في النظام الاقتصادي والذي يعالج الوثيقة التي يقوم عليها الاقتصاد الكلاسيكى والحرية الأقتصادية وقد علق على الكتاب أمارتيا سن «Amartya Sen» قائلا «ذا الكتاب هو العمل الأعظم والأكثر تمركزا حول الحياة الاقتصادية».

السياق
بدأ أدم سميث Adam Smith في تأليف كتابه عام 1764 بينما كان يعمل كمعلم خاص لشاب يدعى «Duque de Buccleugh» وكان سميث يتلقى مقابل هذا العمل أجرا وفيرا مع نفقة ممتدة طوال حياته. اثناء قيام سميث بجولة حول أوروبا والتي تعرف بـ«Grand tour» دعاه رئيس الدير «Seignelay Colbert» لقضاء ثمانية عشر شهرًا في المدينة الفرنسية تالوس وكان سميث يتحدث الفرنسية قليلا. واثناء فترة إقامته في تالوس أصيب بالملل لأنه لم يقابل أغلبية الكتاب والفلاسفة الذين كان يتوقع مقابلتهم هناك ولهذا السبب أعلن في رسالة لصديقه «David Hume» أنه قد شرع في تأليف كتاب كوسيله لإثراء وقته.

وكان سميث قد بدأ في مشروع هذا الكتاب منذ أن كان معلما للأقتصاد السياسي ولفروع أخرى في الجامعة البريطانية جلاسجو «Glasgow» وقد لوح عن هذا المشروع في خاتمة كتابه الأول الذي يدعي نظرية المشاعر: المشاعر الأخلاقية والذي يدور حول تعريف الفلسفة الأخلاقية.

في أواخر عام 1764 حظى سميث بالسفر لمقاطعة منبلييه لحضور اجتماع ولايات لانغيدوك وهي المنطقة الأكثر تحررا في فرنسا في عهد النظام القديم وهناك تمكن سميث من أن يتم تبنى فكرة التجارة الحرة منذ جذورها والتي قدم لها دلائل في كتابه. كما أنه قام بزيارة إلى سويسرا وهناك ألتقى بفولتير Voltaire وبعدها سافر إلى باريس حيث قام صديقه الفليسوف David Hume بتفديمه في أهم الصالونات مما أتاح له الفرصة لمناقشة الفيزيوقراطيان Francois Quesnay وTurgot واللذان أنعشا أستلهاماته كما أنه قام بمقابلة Benjamin Franklin وDiderot وdAlembert وCondillac وNeckler وكان على اتصال بهم لسنوات طوال.

بعد عودته إلى انكلترا في عام 1766 كان سميث قد حاز على إرث عظيم كاف للبدء في إثراء كتابه الجديد. وبعد قضاء عدة أشهر في لندن عاد إلى مدينته Kirkcaldy.

تأليف الكتاب
آلية تأليف الكتاب كانت تسير ببطءٍ نظرًا لعدة أسباب منها المشاكل الصحية التي مر بها سميث وكان David Hume قد فقد صبره ولهذا في نوفمبر عام 1772 حثه على أن ينتهي من تأليف الكتاب قبل حلول الخريف. وفي 1773 انتقل للندن حتى ينهى كتابة النسخة اليدوية ويبحث عن ناشر وكان لا يزال المتبقي من الزمن على نشر الكتاب ثلاث سنوات فكان يوم النشر هو التاسع من مارس 1776. كان سميث يود أن يهدي الكتاب لـ Francios Quesnay ولكن موت الأخير حال دون حدوث ذلك.

روابط خارجية

 The Wealth of Nations at MetaLibri Digital Library
 The Theory of Moral Sentiments at MetaLibri Digital Library
 An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith
 An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776 (accessible by table of contents and chapter titles)
 Life of Adam Smith, by John Rae, at the Library of Economics and Liberty
 An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Google's scan of the book
 Wealth of Nations Reading Notes
 An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Facsimile of the original two volumes: Volume 1 (2nd edition/ 1778) & Volume 2 (1st edition/ 1776)

مصادر ومراجع

إسكتلندا في 1776
الاقتصاد في 1776
أدبيات الفلسفة السياسية
كتب 1776
كتب آدم سميث
كتب اقتصاد
كتب اقتصاد كلاسيكي
كتب تاريخ عن الحضارة
كتب سياسية
كتب عن الرأسمالية
كتب عن توزيع الثروة
كتب مترجمة إلى العربية
ليبرالية كلاسيكية
كتب غير خيالية 1776

ثروة الأمم


Dededağı, Samsun ilinin Bafra ilçesine bağlı bir mahalle.

Coğrafya
Samsun il merkezine 62 km, Bafra ilçesine 2 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 YerelNET

Bafra'nın mahalleleri

Dededağı, Bafra


රත්මලේ අම්බලම ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පිහිටි එකම දෙමහල් අම්බලම වේ. පිහිටා ඇත්තේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දකුණු පළාතේ මාතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ දික්වැල්ල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසයේය.

ආශ්‍රිත
 දික්වැල්ල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨසය

මූලාශ්‍ර

අම්බලම්

රත්මලේ අම්බලම


Cayos Marquesas es un grupo de islas estadounidenses deshabitadas a unas 30 millas (50 kilómetros) al oeste de Key West, de 4 millas (6 km) de diámetro, y cubierta por los manglares. Son un área no incorporada del Condado de Monroe, Florida. Están protegidas como parte del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Key West. Las Marquesas fueron utilizadas para prácticas de tiro por el ejército en épocas tan recientes como el año 1980.

La superficie total, incluyendo la laguna, alcanza los 29,37 km². La superficie solo terrestre de acuerdo con la Oficina del Censo, es 6,58 kilómetros cuadrados (exactamente 6.579.703 m²), el área de agua 0,17 km² (165.744 m²), con una superficie total de 6,75 km² (6.745.447 m²).

Véase también
 Geografía de América
 Geografía de Estados Unidos

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Mapa de localización de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Florida
Condado de Monroe (Florida)

Cayos Marquesas


Theodor Enescu (n. 12 septembrie 1926 - d. 7 iulie 1998) a fost un scriitor, traducător, istoric și critic de artă român. A fost considerat cel mai devotat cercetător al artei lui Ștefan Luchian

Biografia
A absolvit Facultatea de litere și filosofie a Universității din București, specializându-se în istoria artei cu George Oprescu (1945-1949).

A fost angajat la Muzeul național de artă al României în 1950, după care va urma cariera de cercetător la Cabinetul de stampe al Academiei (1951-1954). În 1954 este arestat și condamnat în cadrul procesului "Noica-Pillat", și va fi închis până la amnistierea cvasigenerală din anul 1964. După eliberare este reintegrat la Institutul de istoria artei din București, fiind pe rând cercetător științific, șef de secție și mult mai târziu  a deținut pentru o perioadă de timp conducerea Institutului de Istorie a Artei din București, apoi  a fost directorul Muzeului Național de Artă al României de la anul 1990 până în 1995.

A publicat în Studii și cercetări de istoria artei. Arta plastică, Secolul XX, ș.a.

Scrieri
 Album Luchian, Monitorul Oficial, București, 2015, Cod MOO978-973-567-885-2
 Scrieri despre artă 2, Editura Meridiane, București, 2003, ISBN 973-33-0443-3
 Scrieri despre artă 1 - Luchian și originile spiritului modern în pictura românească, Editura Meridiane, București, 2000, ISBN 973-33-0411-5
 Camil Ressu, Editura Meridiane, București, 1984
 Virgil Almășanu, Editura Meridiane, București, 1979
 Simbolismul în pictură, în Pagini de artă modernă românească, Editura Academiei, București, 1974
 Expoziția de pictură G. Petrașcu [catalog], Muzeul de Artă al R.S.R., București, 1972
 G. D. Mirea, Editura Meridiane, București, 1970

Traduceri
Jurnalul de bord al lui Cristofor Columb, reeditare editura Artemis, 1993

Luis Velez de Guevara, Diavolul șchiop. Domnie după moarte, București, ELU, 1968

Bernard Berenson, Pictori italieni ai renașterii, București, Editura Meridiane,.

Afilieri
Uniunea artiștilor plastici din România, secția de critică de artă.

Referințe

Legături externe

Theodor Enescu - o victimă inocentă a domnișoarei Pogany  - articol de Barbu Brezianu din România literară nr. 44/2001, accesat 12 octombrie 2018

Nașteri în 1928
Decese în 1998
Critici de artă
Scriitori români
Istorici de artă

Theodor Enescu