Friedrich Anton Christian Lang (5 Aralık 1890 Viyana - 2 Ağustos 1976 Hollywood) Avusturyalı yönetmen, senaryo yazarı, film yapımcısı. Sinema tarihinin önemli filmlerinden biri olan Metropolis en önemli yapıtıdır.

Hayatı
Mimar bir babanın oğlu olarak Viyana'da dünyaya geldi. Viyana'da mimarlık ve resim eğitimi aldığı sıralarda çıktığı dünya turu ardından eğitimini Paris ve Münih sanat akademilerinde sürdürdü. Gönüllü olarak katıldığı I. Dünya Savaşında yaralandıktan sonra döndüğü Viyana'da film senaryoları yazmaya başladı. Daha sonra Alman UFA stüdyolarında çalışmaya başlayan Fritz Lang, Alman dışavurumcu sinemasının yükselişiyle kısa sürede bu akımın en önemli yönetmenlerinden biri konumuna geldi.

İki bölümden oluşan 1922 tarihli "Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler", insanları hipnoz ederek suç işleyen bir cani olan Dr. Mabuse'un hikâyesini anlatan bir psikolojik gerilimdi. Film, dışavurumcu sinemanın en önemli eserlerinden biri olurken yönetmenin toplumsal sorunlara olan duyarlılığını da gösteriyordu.

Ardından Alman halk destanı "Die Niebulungen" (Nibelungen) (1924) ve bilimkurgu türünün ilk örneklerinden sayılan Metropolis'i (1927) yönetti. Metropolis, gelecekteki bir şehirde insanların yaşamından kesitler sunuyordu. O dönem için rekor denilebilecek bir masrafla çekilen film, sinema dili açısından birçok yeni teknik kullanarak büyük bir başarı kazandı. Filmin başarısı ve konusunun çekiciliği yükselişte olan Nazi hareketinin de ilgisini çekti.

Dr. Mabuse'un ve Metropolis'in Nazilerin hayranlığını bu denli kazanması üzerine Nazi olmadığını açıklamak istercesine yönetmen, Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse (Dr. Mabuse'ın Vasiyeti) (1932) filmini çekti. Film Nazi propaganda bakanı Joseph Goebbels tarafından yasaklanmasına rağmen, Fritz Lang'a hayranlık duymaya devam eden Naziler ona Devlet Sinema Müdürlüğünü önerdiler. Fritz Lang Fransa'ya kaçarak bu öneriyi reddetti. Fakat karısı Thea von Harbou ondan boşanarak Nazi Partisine katıldı.

Dr. Mabuse'ın vasiyeti öncesi 1931 yılında çevirdiği M (Fritz Lang's M) ilk sesli film çalışmasıdır. Filmin başrolünde çocuk katili rolünde ünlü Alman oyuncu Peter Lorre'yi oynatmıştır. Kara film türünün en iyi örneklerinden sayılan M, Nazilerin iktidara gelmesi öncesi Alman toplumunun sokakta yaşadığı gerginliği ustalıkla yansıtıyordu.

Fransa'dan sonra Amerika'ya geçen Lang MGM stüdyolarında çalışmaya başladı. 1936 yılında çevirdiği Fury (Öfke), maden işçilerinin dünyasında geçmektedir. 1937 yılında ise You Only Live Once (Günahsız Katiller) adlı filmi çevirdi, Western türünde de eserler veren yönetmenin The Return of The Frank James (Frank James'in Dönüşü) (1940), Western Union (Çöl Devleri) (1941) filmleri bu türe örnektir.

Senaryosunu Bertolt Brecht'le birlikte yazdıkları Hangman Also Die (Cellatlar da Ölür) filmini 1942 de çevirmiştir. Ancak yönetmenin bu dönemdeki çalışmalarının Almanya'da yaptığı çalışmalara oranla daha zayıf olduğu dönemin eleştirmenleri tarafından vurgulanmaktaydı.

1950'ler boyunca Hollywood'da çalışma zorlukları yaşayan Lang, Almanya'ya dönerek son Dr. Mabuse filmini 1960 yılında Almanya'da çekmiştir. Lang, Jean-Luc Godard'ın 1963 yapımlı Le Mephris (Nefret) adlı filminde kendisini oynamıştır.

Son yıllarını Amerika'da gözleri görmez bir şekilde geçiren Lang, 1976 yılında Hollywood'da öldü.

Filmleri
 Halbblut (The Half-Caste) (1919)
 Herr der Liebe, Der (Master of Love) (1919)
 Spinnen, 1. Teil: Der Goldene See, Die (The Spiders, Part 1: The Golden Lake) (1919)
 Harakiri (Madame Butterfly) (1919)
 Pest in Florenz, Die (The Plague in Florence) (1919)
 Spinnen, 2. Teil: Das Brillantenschiff, Die (The Spiders, Part 2: The Diamond Ship) (1920)
 Wandernde Bild, Das (The Wandering Image) (1920)
 Müde Tod, Der (Between Two Worlds) (1921)
 Vier um die Frau (Four Around a Woman) (1921)
 Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler - Ein Bild der Zeit (1922)
 Nibelungen: Siegfried, Die (1924)
 Nibelungen: Kriemhilds Rache, Die (1924)
 Metropolis (1927)
 Spione (Ajan) (1928) The Spy
 Frau im Mond (Girl in the Moon) (1929)
 M - Bir Şehir Katilini Arıyor (1931)
 Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse (Dr. Mabuse'un Vasiyeti) (1933) Dr. Mabuses Testament
 Liliom (1934)
 Fury (Öfke) (1936)
 You Only Live Once (Günahsız Katiller) (1937)
 You and Me (Sen ve Ben) (1938)
 The Return of Frank James (Frank James'in Dönüşü) (1940)
 Man Hunt (1941)
 Western Union (Çöl Devleri) (1941)
 Hangmen Also Die (Cellatlarda Ölür) (1943)
 Ministry of Fear (Korku Bakanlığı) (1944)
 The Woman in the Window (1945)
 Scarlet Street (1945)
 Cloak and Dagger (1946)
 Secret Beyond the Door (1948)
 House by the River (1950)
 American Guerrilla in the Philippines (1950)
 Rancho Notorious (1952)
 Clash by Night (1952)
 The Big Heat (1953)
 The Blue Gardenia (1953)
 Human Desire (1954)
 Moonfleet (1955)
 While the City Sleeps (1956)
 Beyond a Reasonable Doubt (1956)
 Tiger von Eschnapur,Der (Bengal Kaplanı) (1959) The Tiger of Eschnapur
 Indische Grabmal, Das (Hint Mezarı) (1959) The Indian Tomb
 Journey to the Lost City (1959)
 Tausend Augen des Dr. Mabuse, Die (Bin Gözlü Doktor Mabuse) (1960) The Thousand Eyes of Dr. Mabuse

Kaynakça
 Yeres, Artun (derleyen) (2004). "Göstermenin Sorumluluğu". İstanbul: Donkişot Yayınları. s. 253. ISBN 975-6511-25-7

Dış bağlantılar
 Fritz Lang: Master of Darkness
 IMDb Sayfası

Avusturya asıllı Amerikalılar
Amerikalı senaristler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri vatandaşlığına kabul edilenler
1890 doğumlular
1976 yılında ölenler
Amerikalı film yönetmenleri
Avusturyalı film yönetmenleri
Viyana doğumlular
I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Avusturya-Macaristan askerleri
Viyana Teknik Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Western film yönetmenleri
Forest Lawn Anıt Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Almanya'daki Avusturyalı gurbetçiler
Avusturyalı Roma Katolikleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Alman göçmenler

Fritz Lang


Meneméni, en , est une ville et un ancien dème du district régional de Thessalonique, en Macédoine-Centrale, Grèce. Depuis 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème d'Ambelókipi-Meneméni.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème ainsi que celle de la localité s'élève à .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Ancien dème en Grèce
Ville en Macédoine-Centrale

Meneméni


Money from Home este un film american din 1953 regizat de George Marshall. În rolurile principale joacă actorii Dean Martin și Jerry Lewis.

Distribuție
 Dean Martin — Herman "Honey Talk" Nelson
 Jerry Lewis — Virgil Yokum
 Marjie Millar — Phyllis Leigh
 Pat Crowley — Dr. Autumn Claypool
 Richard Haydn — Bertie Searles

Note

Vezi și
 Martin și Lewis

Legături externe

Filme din 1953
Filme în limba engleză
Filme americane
Filme de comedie din anii 1950
Filme de comedie americane
Filme Paramount Pictures
Filme regizate de George Marshall
Filme despre cai

Bani de-acasă


Barbizon ekolü (1830 - 1870), 19. yüzyılda Fransız bir ressam grubu tarafından uygulanan manzara resmi tarzını tanımlamak için kullanılır. Ekol ismini ressamların bir araya geldikleri Fontainebleau (Fransa) yakınlarındaki Barbizon köyünden alır.

Barbizon ressamları, görsel sanatlarda romantizmin baskın olduğu bir dönemde, gerçekçiliğe giden yolun bir parçası oldular. 1824 yılında Paris Salonu'nda John Constable'ın eserleri sergilendi. Ressamın, kırsal manzaraları bazı genç meslektaşlarını etkiledi. Bu genç ressamlar, şekilciliği reddedip doğadan esinlenerek tablolar yapmaya başladılar. Doğa manzaraları, dramatik olaylar yerine tablolarının ana konusunu oluşturmaya başladı.

1848 Devrimleri boyunca, ressamlar Barbizon'da buluşup Constable'ın fikirlerini takip ettiler ve oradaki doğayı resmettiler. Bu ressamlardan biri olan Jean-François Millet manzara resmi yapma fikrini geliştirdi ve köylü figürleri, köy yaşamı ve tarlalarda çalışan insanları betimlemeye başladı. 1857'de yaptığı Des glaneuses isimli tabloda hasatta çalışan üç köylü kadını çizdi. Tablo hiçbir hikâye anlatmıyordu ya da bir dram betimlenmemişti. Sadece işlerini yapan üç kadın vardı.

Barbizon ekolünün önde gelen isimleri arasında Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, Théodore Rousseau, Jean-François Millet ve Charles-François Daubigny gelir. Diğer üyeleri ise Jules Dupré, Constant Troyon, Charles Jacque, Narcisse Virgilio Diaz, Charles Olivier de Penne, Henri Harpignies, Gabriel Hippolyte LeBas (1812-1880), Albert Charpin, Félix Ziem, François-Louis Français ve Alexandre DeFaux'dur.

Hem Rousseau (1867) hem de Millet (1875) Barbizon'da öldüler.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Gustave Courbet
 Peyzaj
 Doğalcılık

Dış bağlantılar
 Hecht Müzesi

Görsel sanat akımları
Fransa'da sanat
Sanat tarihi
Ekol
Görsel sanatlar teorisi

Barbizon ekolü


Blue Lips este cel de-al treilea album în studio al interpretei suedeze Tove Lo, acesta a fost publicat la data 17 noiembrie 2017 prin intermediul casei de discuri Island Records. Albumul este format din două capitole, Light Beams și Pitch Black, care descriu în mod colectiv "maximele și minimele și pierderea definitivă a unei relații". Artista consideră acest album drept a doua jumătate a unui album dublu de două părți, precedat de capitolele Fairy Dust și Fire Fade de la al doilea album de studio, Lady Wood.

General și Promovare
În interviurile acordate presei pentru susținerea publicării albumului anterior, Lady Wood, Tove Lo a făcut referire la un nou album cu teme asemănătoare cu cele din albumul Lady Wood, programat pentru lansare în anul următor, provizoriu intitulat Lady Wood: Phase II. La începutul anului 2017, cântăreața a pornit în Lady Wood Tour pentru a promova albumul, iar în timpul interviurilor de presă a spus că lucrează la materiale noi care urmează să fie incluse în partea care a fost deja înregistrată în timpul sesiunilor Lady Wood. Piesa "Bitches", la vremea respectivă intitulată "What I Want for the Night (Bitches)", a fost anticipată în scurtmetrajul Fairy Dust pe care a fost lansat 31 octombrie 2016, iar o versiune live a fost lansată pe platforma Spotify în noiembrie 2016. O altă piesă intitulată "Struggle", la vremea respectivă intitulată "The Struggle" a fost dezvăluită în timpul unei emisiuni la Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, în aprilie 2017.

Note

Albume din 2017
Albume conceptuale

Blue Lips


Oncospermatinae, podtribus palmi, dio tribusa Areceae, potporodica Arecoideae. Sastoji se od četiri  roda, jedan u Aziji, Oncosperma, i tri na Mauricijusu, Reunionu i Sejšelima.

Rodovi
 Acanthophoenix H.Wendl.
 Deckenia H.Wendl. ex Seem.
 Oncosperma Blume
 Tectiphiala H.E.Moore

Izvori

Areceae

Oncospermatinae


Fried rice is a dish of cooked rice that has been stir-fried in a wok or a frying pan and is usually mixed with other ingredients such as eggs, vegetables, seafood, or meat. It is often eaten by itself or as an accompaniment to another dish. Fried rice is a popular component of East Asian, Southeast Asian and certain South Asian cuisines, as well as a staple national dish of Indonesia. As a homemade dish, fried rice is typically made with ingredients left over from other dishes, leading to countless variations. Fried rice first developed during the Sui Dynasty in China.

Many varieties of fried rice have their own specific list of ingredients. In China, common varieties include Yangzhou fried rice and Hokkien fried rice. Japanese chāhan is considered a Japanese Chinese dish, having derived from Chinese fried rice dishes. In Southeast Asia, similarly constructed Indonesian, Malaysian, and Singaporean nasi goreng and Thai khao phat are popular dishes. In the West, most restaurants catering to vegetarians have invented their own varieties of fried rice, including egg fried rice. Fried rice is also seen on the menus of American restaurants offering cuisines with no native tradition of the dish. Additionally, the cuisine of some Latin American countries includes variations on fried rice, including Ecuadorian chaulafan, Peruvian arroz chaufa, Cuban arroz frito, and Puerto Rican arroz mamposteao.

Fried rice is a common street food in Asia. In some Asian countries, small restaurants, street vendors and traveling hawkers specialize in serving fried rice. In Indonesian cities it is common to find fried rice street hawkers moving through the streets with their food cart and stationing it in busy streets or residential areas. Many Southeast Asian street food stands offer fried rice with a selection of optional garnishes and side dishes.

Preparation

Cooked rice is the primary ingredient, with myriad additional ingredients, such as vegetables, eggs, meat (chicken, beef, pork, lamb, mutton), preserved meat (bacon, ham, sausage), seafood (fish, shrimp, crab), mushrooms, among others. Aromatics such as onions, shallots, scallions, leeks, and garlic are often added for extra flavor. Various cooking oils, such as vegetable oil, sesame oil, clarified butter, or lard can be used to grease the wok or frying pan to prevent sticking, as well as for flavor. Fried rice dishes can be seasoned with salt, different types of soy sauce, oyster sauce and many other sauces and spices. Popular garnishes include chopped scallions, sliced chili, fried shallots, sprigs of parsley or coriander leaves, toasted sesame seeds, seaweed flakes (gim or nori), sliced cucumber, tomato, lime, or pickled vegetables.

History

The earliest record of fried rice is in the Sui dynasty (589–618 AD) in China.

Varieties

East Asia

China

 Hokkien (or Fujian) fried rice (福建炒飯), a variation of Chinese fried rice, is from the Fujian region of China; it has a thick sauce poured and mixed over it which can include mushrooms, meat, vegetables, and other ingredients.
 Szechwan fried rice (四川炒飯) is a spicy stir-fried rice from Sichuan which uses doubanjiang chili sauce with garlic, green onions, and red onion.
 Yin-yang fried rice (駌鴦炒飯) is topped with two different types of sauce, typically a savory white sauce on one half and a red tomato-based sauce on the other half. Elaborate versions use the sauces to create a yin-yang symbol.
 Yeung chow (or Yangzhou) fried rice (揚州炒飯) consists of generous portions of shrimp and scrambled egg, along with barbecued pork. This is the most popular fried rice served in Chinese restaurants, commonly referred to simply as "special fried rice" or "house fried rice".

Japan

 Chāhan (チャーハン) or yakimeshi (焼飯) is a Chinese-derived fried rice suited to Japanese tastes by the addition of katsuobushi for flavor, prepared with a variety of ingredients.
 Omurice is fried rice wrapped inside an egg omelette. The fried rice is generally mixed with a variety of vegetables and meat. Often a variant called "chicken rice" (チキンライス chikinraisu) is used. Ketchup or some other tomato sauce is added to make this.

Korea
 Bokkeum-bap () is made by stir-frying bap (cooked rice) with other ingredients in oil. A wide range of fried rice dishes are common in Korean cuisine, often made with whichever ingredients are handy. In Korean restaurants, fried rice is a popular end-of-meal add-on. After eating the main dishes cooked on a tabletop stove, cooked rice along with gimgaru (seaweed flakes) and sesame oil is often added directly into the remains of the main dishes, stir-fried, and browned.
 Kimchi-bokkeum-bap () is a popular variety of bokkeum-bap, prepared with kimchi and a variable list of other ingredients.

Southeast Asia

Cambodia

 Bai cha () is the Cambodian variation of fried rice and usually includes pork, sausages, eggs, garlic, soy sauce, and herbs. There are numerous variations of the dish in Cambodia, including bai cha kapi () made with shrimps and shrimp paste (kapi).

Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore

 Nasi goreng means fried rice in both the Indonesian and Malaysian Malay languages. It is distinguished from other Asian fried rice recipes through the widespread use of sweet soy sauce (kecap/kicap manis) and ground shrimp paste. It is often accompanied by additional items such as a fried egg, fried chicken, satay, and condiments such as sambal, acar, and krupuk/keropok. It is endemic to Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and is also popular in the Netherlands.
 Nasi goreng jawa, which means "Javanese fried rice", commonly includes sambal ulek as a seasoning and has a spicy flavor.
 Nasi goreng pattaya is Malaysian-style nasi goreng wrapped inside an egg omelette. The fried rice is generally mixed with a variety of vegetables and meat and garnished with tomato sauce. In Indonesia, the dish is called nasi goreng amplop.
 Nasi goreng ikan asin, is fried rice with salted fish.
 Sambal fried rice found in Singapore is a variation of fried rice made with sambal, a condiment based on chilis and belachan, derived from Indonesian and Malaysian influences.
 There is also a famous fried rice from Indonesian called "Nasi goreng kambing" meaning "Goat/Lamb Fried Rice". It is made with several spices, such as bay leaves, cloves, cardamom, and cumin. It is accompanied with lamb, acar, and krupuk. It is derived from Arab influences.

Myanmar

 Burmese fried rice (, htamin gyaw) normally uses Burmese fragrant short grain rice (rounder and shorter than other varieties). A popular plain version consists of rice, boiled peas, onions, garlic, and dark soy sauce. An accompanying condiment could be ngapi kyaw (fried fish paste with shredded flakes) and fresh cucumber strips mixed with chopped onions, green chili, and vinegar.

Philippines

Aligue rice, also known as "crab fat fried rice" or "aligue fried rice", is similar to sinangág, but with the notable addition of aligue (crab fat paste), which turns the dish a vivid orange-yellow. It can be combined with seafood like shrimp and squid and eaten as is, or eaten paired with meat dishes.
 Bagoong fried rice is a type of Filipino fried rice using bagoong alamang (shrimp paste) as its main flavoring agent. Meat, scallions, as well as green mangoes are optionally additions.
 Sinangág, also called "garlic fried rice", is a Filipino fried rice cooked by stir-frying pre-cooked rice with garlic. The rice used is preferably stale, usually leftover cooked rice from the previous day, as it results in rice that is slightly fermented and firmer. It is garnished with toasted garlic, salt, and black pepper. The rice grains are ideally loose and do not stick together.

Sinangág is rarely eaten on its own, but is usually paired with a "dry" meat dish like tocino, longganisa, tapa, or spam. Unlike other types of fried rice, it does not normally use ingredients other than garlic, so it does not overwhelm the flavour of the main dish. When they do use other ingredients, the most common additions are scrambled eggs, chopped scallions, and cubed carrots. Cashews might also be added. Sinangág is a common part of a traditional Filipino breakfast, and it usually prepared with leftover rice from the dinner before. It is one of the components of the tapsilog breakfast and its derivatives.

Lastly, Morisqueta Tostada is an old Chinese Filipino fried rice recipe that is usually served by old Chinese restaurants in Manila. The name of the dish comes from Spanish, morisqueta referring to the rice, which comes from the Mexican dish Morisqueta which consists of white rice. And tostada meaning "toasted"; in other words toasted rice, implying the method in which the rice is stir fried.

Thailand

Fried rice (, , ) in Thailand is typical of central Thai cuisine. In Thai, khao means "rice" and phat means "of or relating to being stir-fried". This dish differs from Chinese fried rice in that it is prepared with Thai jasmine rice instead of regular long-grain rice. It normally contains meat (chicken, shrimp, pork, and crab are all common), egg, onions, garlic and sometimes tomatoes. The seasonings, which may include soy sauce, sugar, salt, possibly some chili sauce, and the ubiquitous nam pla (fish sauce), are stir-fried together with the other ingredients. The dish is then plated and served with accompaniments like cucumber slices, tomato slices, lime, sprigs of green onion and coriander, and prik nam pla, a spicy sauce made of Thai chili, fish sauce, and chopped garlic.

Vietnam

 Cơm chiên or Cơm rang is a Vietnamese variation of the Chinese fried rice that includes diced sausage, stirred eggs, soy sauce, and onions.

South Asia

India
 Fried rice is one of the most popular dishes of Indian Chinese cuisine in India.
 Curry fried rice is standard fried rice mixed with curry powder for a spicier flavor.
 The Tava Pulav or Tawa Pulao is a fried rice dish from Mumbai.

Nepal
 Bhuteko bhat (भुटेको भात) is a Nepalese version of fried rice generally eaten with Achar; However, curry and dhal may also be served alongside it.

Sri Lanka

 Sri Lankan fried rice (), () is a Sri Lankan variation of the original Chinese version. However, basmati or other native varieties of rice are used and Sri Lankan spices are also added to it.
 Nasi goreng () is a popular fried rice dish widely eaten throughout the country. It entered Sri Lankan cuisine through cultural influences from the Malay and Indonesian cuisines.

Pacific

Hawaii
 Hawaiian fried rice this common style of fried rice in Hawaii usually contains egg, green onions, peas, cubed carrots, and either Portuguese sausage or Spam, or both, and is sometimes available with kimchi added. It is normally cooked in sesame oil.

Americas
Arroz frito is a denomination used in the Spanish speaking world, meaning "fried rice", with adjectives describing the Chinese-inspired varieties, e.g. arroz chino, arroz cantonés, or local specialties arroz chaufa/chaulafán/chaufán/chofán, arroz frito tres delicias.

 Bacon and egg fried rice

Ecuador
 Chaulafan is the name for Chinese fried rice in Ecuador. In Ecuador and Peru, dark soy sauce is preferred in fried rice. Meats typically used are pork, beef, chicken or fish/seafood (e.g. shrimp).

Cuba

 Arroz frito (Cuban fried rice) is very similar to "special fried rice". It can be found alongside typical criollo dishes in many Cuban restaurants. This dish features ham, grilled pork, shrimp, chicken, and eggs, along with a variety of vegetables. Some restaurants add lechón (Cuban-style suckling pig), lobster tails, or crab. Chinese Cubans are responsible for the dish's introduction.

Dominican Republic

An estimated 30,000 people of Chinese origin live in the Dominican Republic. Migration from China began in the second half of the 19th century. Fried rice alongside fried chicken (chicarrón de pollo) has been the biggest influence. Dominican fried rice is known as chofán. The dish is made with leftover white rice, celery, peppers, onions, carrots, peas, soy sauce and ham, chicken, eggs or shrimp sautéed in vegetable oil.

Peru
 Arroz chaufa is a popular name for Chinese fried rice in Peru, belonging to the chifa kitchen. In Chile, it is called arroz chaufán. The most common varieties are made using the same ingredients used in China. Some exotic versions may use dried meat, beef tongue, alligator, or lizard in place of more traditional meats. In some regions, the rice is replaced with quinoa or pearled wheat, while in others the rice is mixed with noodles. Aeropuerto is a big Peruvian arroz chaufa dish containing fried noodles and many other additions.

Puerto Rico
 Arroz mamposteao is a kind of fried rice in Puerto Rico. It was brought to the island by Chinese immigrants and is usually made with leftover rice and typically Asian ingredients such as bean sprouts, ginger, garlic, soy sauce, combined with popular Puerto Rican ingredients such as red beans, sweet plantains, squash, bacon, longaniza, and variety of vegetables. Puerto Rican fried rice is usually garnished with sesame seeds, avocado, cilantro, cheese or aioli. Left over stew beans can also be added. The beans are typically stewed in sofrito, tomato sauce, spices, pork, potatoes and other ingredients.

Africa

Ghana
Ghanaian fried rice is one of the more contemporary dishes and can be found in almost every Ghanaian restaurant. It is usually made with Jasmine rice, long grain, or basmati rice. The rice is stir-fried with vegetables(carrots, spring onions, peas, green and red bell peppers), eggs, meats of choice(chicken, beef, shrimp), and spices like chili, curry powder, and salt. The sauces mixed with Ghanaian fried rice are usually soy sauce and chicken broth.

Nigeria
Nigerian fried rice is made with long-grain rice, diced fried cow liver (optional) or shrimp, protein ( chicken, pork, or shrimp), vegetables (such as carrots, peas, green beans, onions, and chillies), herbs and spices (such as thyme, pepper, and curry powder), and so on. This dish was created by the Yoruba people and spread as a Nigerian staple.

Tanzania
Tanzania fried rice is made with long-grain rice, protein (such as beef liver, chicken, or shrimp), vegetables (such as carrots, peas, green beans, onions, and chillies), herbs and spices (such as thyme, pepper, and curry powder), and so on.

Gallery

See also

 Arroz a la valenciana
 Arroz con pollo
 Arròs negre
 Biryani
 Fried noodles
 Jambalaya
 Nam khao – a salad from Laos made with deep-fried rice balls and other ingredients
 Paella
 Pilaf
 Risotto
 Yam naem – a Thai salad prepared using fried curry rice and other ingredients

References

Articles containing video clips
Asian cuisine
Hawaiian cuisine
Puerto Rican cuisine
Cuban cuisine
Nauruan cuisine
Polynesian Chinese cuisine
Dominican Republic cuisine
Ecuadorian cuisine
Yoruba cuisine
Nigerian cuisine
Mauritian cuisine
Indian Chinese cuisine
Dishes based on leftover ingredients
Chinese inventions

Fried rice


Hopeville bezeichnet

 Hopeville (Belize), Ort im Toledo District in Belize, Mittelamerika

mehrere Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Hopeville (Arkansas)
 Hopeville (Connecticut)
 Hopeville (Iowa)
 Hopeville (West Virginia)

und eine sechsteilige südafrikanische Fernsehserie von 2009, siehe Hopeville (Miniserie).

Hopeville


Santos Silva Alves Michael (født 16. februar 1996) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub FC Gifu.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Santos Silva Alves Michael


Çamyuva, Antalya'nın Kemer ilçesine bağlı bir tatil beldesidir.

Tarihçe
16 Kasım 1992 tarihinde belediye statüsü alarak beldeye dönüştü. 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun ile mahalle oldu.

1980'lerin başına kadar ufak bir köyken, 1980 sonrası turizm teşviki ile sahil kıyılarına birçok tatil mahallesi inşa edilmiş ve Türkiye'nin önemli tatil beldelerinden biri durumuna gelmiştir. Kiriş, Tekirova gibi komşu beldelerle birlikte diğer tatil bölgelerinin aksine ufak otelcilik ve pansiyonculukdan daha çok, büyük tatil köyleriyle turist çekmektedir.

Kemer ilçe merkezinin 7 kilometre güneyinde bulunan Çamyuva, Olympos ve Phaselis gibi turistik yerlere de son derecede yakındır.

Kaynakça

Kemer'in mahalleleri

Çamyuva, Kemer


10379 Lake Placid este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
10379 Lake Placid este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Rand de George R. Viscome. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,50 ua, o excentricitate de 0,02 și o înclinație de 6,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 10001-11000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Asteroizi Cybele

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi

10379 Lake Placid


Die Pädagogische Hochschule Freiburg (PH FR) (fr. Haute École pédagogique Fribourg, HEP FR) ist eine zweisprachige Pädagogische Hochschule auf Tertiärstufe mit Sitz in Freiburg im Üechtland im Kanton Freiburg.

Die Hochschule entstand 2001 aus dem ehemaligen Kantonalen Lehrerseminar. Die Administration befindet sich in der um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts für den Grafen Amédée de Diesbach-Belleroche erbauten Villa in einem prächtigen Park an der Murtengasse. Die Hochschule bietet Ausbildung für Lehrpersonal der Vorschulstufe und der Primarschule sowie für die Sekundarstufe und die Weiterbildung für Lehrpersonen aller Schulstufen. Die Hochschule arbeitet mit der Universität Freiburg zusammen. Zusammen mit dem Kanton Freiburg und der Stiftung Adolphe Merkle wurde das Institut für Mehrsprachigkeit gegründet, seit 2010 durch den Bund zum  nationalen Kompetenzzentrum für Mehrsprachigkeit ernannt. Daneben wurde das Kompetenzzentrum für Aspekte im Zusammenhang mit Medien und Informationstechnologien sowie Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) aufgebaut.

Die Pädagogische Hochschule Freiburg ist seit 2005 durch die Schweizerische Konferenz der Kantonalen Erziehungsdirektoren (EDK) akkreditiert.

Aufgaben
Die Pädagogische Hochschule Freiburg nimmt folgende fünf Kernaufgaben wahr:
 Ausbildung der Lehrpersonen der Primarstufe und Einführung in den Beruf
 Weiterbildung des Lehrpersonals
 Forschung und Entwicklung in Erziehung und Bildung
 Bereitstellung von Lehr- und Lernmaterialien für die beruflichen Tätigkeiten und die Ausbildung
 Gleichgewicht zwischen dem Gebrauch der französischen und der deutschen Sprache in der eigenen Institution

Organisation
Die Pädagogische Hochschule Freiburg ist eine Institution der Tertiärstufe. Sie hat den Status einer autonomen öffentlich-rechtlichen Anstalt mit eigener Rechtspersönlichkeit, die unter der Oberaufsicht des Staatsrats (Kantonsregierung) steht. Er genehmigt deren Reglemente.

Die Kommission der PH kontrolliert, steuert und berät die Institution. Sie nimmt zuhanden der Bildungsdirektion des Kantons und des Grossen Rats Stellung zum ausgearbeiteten Budget, stellt Anträge bezüglich Verwaltung, Reglemente, Auswahl der Abteilungsleiter/-leiterinnen oder des Rektors/der Rektorin. Sie besteht aus 12 Mitgliedern, darunter auch Vertreterinnen und Vertretern der Studierenden und des Personals.

Der Direktionsrat setzt sich zusammen aus der Rektorin/dem Rektor, den Abteilungsleitenden der Grundausbildung, der Weiterbildung sowie des Bereichs Forschung und Dienstleistungen für Dritte.

Vier Abteilungsleiter/-leiterinnen stehen den jeweiligen Abteilungen vor. Das sind:

 die französischsprachige und die deutschsprachige Abteilung der Grundausbildung
 die Weiterbildung und Berufseinführung
 die Forschung und Dienstleistungen für Dritte

Rektorin ist seit dem 1. Juli 2022 Delphine Etienne-Tomasini, Professorin für integrierte Sprachendidaktik in Französisch als Erst- und Zweitsprache.

Studiengänge
Die Pädagogische Hochschule Freiburg bietet ihre Studiengänge in französischer und deutscher Sprache an.
 Ausbildung zur Lehrperson der Primarschulstufe (Zyklus 1 + 2): Diese Ausbildung führt bei Vollzeitstudium in 6 Semestern zur Unterrichtsbefähigung für die gesamte Primarschulstufe und für alle Fächer und zum akademischen Titel Bachelor of Art in Pre-primary and Primary Education. Dieses Lehrdiplom ist gesamtschweizerisch anerkannt. Der Studiengang der Grundausbildung umfasst rund 15 % in der jeweils anderen Sprache. Die Ausbildung kann auch zweisprachig erfolgen und führt zum zweisprachigen Diplom (Lehrbefähigung für beide Sprachregionen und Vermittlung von Kompetenzen für den zweisprachigen/immersiven Unterricht).
 Ausbildung zur Lehrperson der Sekundarstufe I (Bildnerisches Gestalten/Technisches Gestalten / Hauswirtschaft). Dem Studiengang für die Sekundarstufe I liegt eine Vereinbarung mit der Universität Freiburg zugrunde. Der Unterricht findet in den Sprachen Deutsch und Französisch statt. Die Studienfächer können sowohl im Rahmen eines Bachelor of Arts (Ba_SI) als auch eines Bachelor of Science (BSc_SI) mit 50 oder 30 ECTS (Hauswirtschaft oder Technisches Gestalten) resp. 35 ECTS (Bildnerisches Gestalten) studiert werden.

Weblinks
 Website der Pädagogischen Hochschule Freiburg (Schweiz) (deutsch/französisch)

Einzelnachweise

Freiburg
Organisation (Kanton Freiburg)
Bildung in Freiburg im Üechtland
Gegründet 1996

Pädagogische Hochschule Freiburg (Schweiz)


16452 Goldfinger este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
16452 Goldfinger este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Palomar de Carolyn S. Shoemaker și Eugene M. Shoemaker. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,41 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 6,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 16001-17000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1989
Centura de asteroizi

16452 Goldfinger


Cryptolacerta ("lagarto oculto" en griego) es un género extinto de lagarto lacertibenio el cual vivió durante el período Eoceno (Lutetiano, hace cerca de 47 millones de años) en lo que ahora es Alemania. Es conocido de un esqueleto casi completo y articulado que incluye el cráneo, siendo encontrado en la localidad de Messel en Alemania. Cryptolacerta fue nombrado por Johannes Müller, Christy A. Hipsley, Jason J. Head, Nikolay Kardjilov, André Hilger, Michael Wuttke y Robert R. Reisz en 2011 y la especie tipo es Cryptolacerta hassiaca. Análisis cladísticos llevados a cabo por Müller et al. sugieren que Cryptolacerta es el taxón hermano de los actuales Amphisbaenia (culebrillas ciegas).

Cladograma mostrando la posición filogenética de Cryptolacerta entre los lagartos, según Müller et al.:

Referencias

Squamata
Fósiles del Eoceno
Reptiles extintos

Cryptolacerta


Lighthouse X var en dansk popgruppe dannet i 2012 af de tre sangere og skuespillere Søren Bregendal, Martin Skriver og Johannes Nymark. Gruppens formål er at støtte børn og unge, som har det svært. Det gør de bl.a ved et tæt samarbejde med organisationerne "Børnehjertefonden", "Julemærkefonden" og "Børn, Unge og Sorg"..

I februar 2015 udgav bandet EP'en Lighthouse X og fulgte i august op med den engelsksprogede single "It's A Brand New Day".

Lighthouse X deltog i Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2016, hvor de vandt med sangen "Soldiers of Love". Sangen vandt med 42 % af stemmerne i den endelige finale foran Anja Nissen og Simone. Dermed repræsenterede de også Danmark i Eurovision Song Contest 2016 i Stockholm, hvor de dog ikke kvalificerede sig til finalen.

Den 15. august 2016 meddelte gruppen, at den ville blive opløst. Deres sidste koncert blev spillet d. 17. august til Copenhagen Pride.

Diskografi

Singler

Tours

 Lighthouse X Live (2015)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Musikgrupper fra 2012
Vindere af Dansk Melodi Grand Prix
Deltagere ved Eurovision Song Contest 2016
Danmarks Eurovision Song Contest-deltagere
Deltagere ved Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2016

Lighthouse X


Martínez García ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Juan Odilón Martínez García (* 1949), mexikanischer Geistlicher, Bischof von Atlacomulco
 Luis Enrique Martínez García (* 1970), spanischer Fußballspieler und -trainer, siehe Luis Enrique

Martínez García


Destiny's Child var bandarísk stúlknahljómsveit sem samanstóð endanlega af Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland og Michelle Williams. Hljómsveitin var stofnuð árið 1990 í Houston, Texas í Bandaríkjunum undir nafninu Girl's Tyme. Eftir nokkur ár af takmörkuðum árangri fékk upprunalegi hópurinn, sem samanstóð af Knowles, Roland, LaTavia Roberson og LeToya Luckett, útgáfusamning hjá Columbia Records árið 1997 undir nafninu Destiny's Child. Hljómsveitin varð þekkt í kjölfar útgáfu á laginu "No, No, No" sem kom af fyrstu plötunni þeirra, Destiny's Child (1998). Önnur plata hljómsveitarinnar, The Writing's on the Wall (1999), naut mikilla vinsælda og varð mest selda plata þeirra. Af henni komu út smáskífurnar "Bills, Bills, Bills" og "Say My Name" sem komust í efsta sæti vinslædalista. Þrátt fyrir mikla velgengni var hljómsveitin þjökuð af innri átökum og lagalegum vandræðum, þar sem Roberson og Luckett reyndu að segja sig skilið frá umboðsmanni hópsins, Mathew Knowles, og vísuðu þær til þess að Knowles of Rowland væru í uppáhaldi hjá honum og fengu betri meðferð en þær.

Snemma árs 2000 var Roberson og Luckett skipt út fyrir Williams of Farrah Franklin. Franklin hætti þó eftir nokkra mánuði og varð hljómsveitin þess vegna þríeyki. Þriðja plata þeirra, Survivor (2001), sem almenningur túlkaði sem leið hópsins til að syngja um reynslu sína, gaf af sér lögin, "Independent Women, "Survivor" og "Bootylicious" sem urðu vinsæl um allan heim. Árið 2001 tilkynnti hljómsveitin um hlé fyrir meðlimi hennar að eltast við sólóferil. Hljómsveitin sameinaðist á ný tveimur árum síðar fyrir útgáfuna á fimmtu og síðustu breiðskífunni þeirra, Destiny Fulfilled (2004). Af henni komu lögin "Lose My Breath" og "Soldier" sem nutu mikilla vinsælda á heimsvísu. Frá því að hljómsveitin hætti formlega árið 2006 hafa Knowles, Rowland og Williams komið fram saman sem Destiny's Child nokkrum sinnum, þar á meðal á hálfleikssýningunni á Super Bowl 2013 og á Coachella tónlistarhátíðinni 2018.

Destiny's Child hefur selt meira en 60 milljónir platna til og með 2013. Billboard hefur útnefnt hljómsveitina sem eitt af bestu tónlistartríóum allra tíma, níunda farsælasta flytjanda fyrsta áratugar 21. aldar og sett hljómsveitina í 68. sæti á All-Time Hot 100 Artists listanum sínum árið 2008. Í desember 2016 nefndi tímaritið hljómsveitina sem 90. farsælasta dansklúbbs-flytjanda allra tíma. Hljómsveitin hefur hlotið 14 tilnefningar til Grammy-verðlauna og unnið tvö verðlaun fyrir Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vicals og ein verðlaun fyrir Best R&B Song.

Útgefið efni
 Destiny's Child (1998)
 The Writing's on the Wall (1999)
 Survivor (2001)
 8 Days of Christmas (2001)
 Destiny Fulfilled (2004)

Meðlimir
 Beyoncé Knowles (1997-2006)
 LeToya Luckett (1997-2000)
 LaTavia Roberson (1997-2000)
 Kelly Rowland (1997-2006)
 Farrah Franklin (2000)
 Michelle Williams (2000-2006)

Verðlaun og tilnefningar
Destiny's Child hefur unnið þrjú Grammy-verðlaun af fjórtán tilnefningum. Hljómsveitin hefur einnig unnið BRIT verðlaun, Guinness heimsmet, tvö BET-verðlaun, tvö MTV Video Music-verðlaun og fimm American Music Awards.

Heimildir

Tilvísanir

Bandarískar hljómsveitir
Stofnað 1990

Destiny's Child


Chanakya ( IAST: , ; 375–283 BCE) was an ancient Indian polymath who was active as a teacher, author, strategist, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor. He is traditionally identified as Kauṭilya or Vishnugupta, who authored the ancient Indian political treatise, the Arthashastra, a text dated to roughly between the fourth century BCE and the third century CE. As such, he is considered the pioneer of the field of political science and economics in India, and his work is thought of as an important precursor to classical economics. His works were lost near the end of the Gupta Empire in the sixth century CE and not rediscovered until the early 20th century.
Around 321 BCE, Chanakya assisted the first Mauryan emperor Chandragupta in his rise to power and is widely credited for having played an important role in the establishment of the Maurya Empire. Chanakya served as the chief advisor to both emperors Chandragupta and his son Bindusara.

Background

Sources of information

There is little documented historical information about Chanakya: most of what is known about him comes from semi-legendary accounts. Thomas Trautmann identifies four distinct accounts of the ancient Chanakya-Chandragupta katha (legend):

In all the four versions, Chanakya feels insulted by the Nanda king, and vows to destroy him. After dethroning the Nanda, he installs Chandragupta as the new king.

Buddhist version
The legend of Chanakya and Chandragupta is detailed in the Pali-language Buddhist chronicles of Sri Lanka. It is not mentioned in Dipavamsa, the oldest of these chronicles. The earliest Buddhist source to mention the legend is Mahavamsa, which is generally dated between fifth and sixth centuries CE. Vamsatthappakasini (also known as Mahvamsa Tika), a commentary on Mahavamsa, provides some more details about the legend. Its author is unknown, and it is dated variously from sixth century CE to 13th century CE. Some other texts provide additional details about the legend; for example, the Maha-Bodhi-Vamsa and the Atthakatha give the names of the nine Nanda kings said to have preceded Chandragupta.

Jain version
 The Chandragupta-Chanakya legend is mentioned in several commentaries of the Shvetambara canon. The most well-known version of the Jain legend is contained in the Sthaviravali-Charita or Parishishta-Parvan, written by the 12th-century writer Hemachandra. Hemachandra's account is based on the Prakrit kathanaka literature (legends and anecdotes) composed between the late first century CE and mid-8th century CE. These legends are contained in the commentaries (churnis and tikas) on canonical texts such as Uttaradhyayana and Avashyaka Niryukti.
Thomas Trautmann believes that the Jain version is older and more consistent than the Buddhist version of the legend.

Kashmiri version
 Brihatkatha-Manjari by Kshemendra and Kathasaritsagara by Somadeva are two 11th-century Kashmiri Sanskrit collections of legends. Both are based on a now-lost Prakrit-language Brihatkatha-Sarit-Sagara, which was based on the now-lost Paishachi-language Brihatkatha by Gunadhya. The Chanakya-Chandragupta legend in these collections features another character, named Shakatala (IAST: Śakaṭāla).

Mudrarakshasa version
 Mudrarakshasa ("The signet ring of Rakshasa") is a Sanskrit play by Vishakhadatta. Its date is uncertain, but it mentions the Huna, who invaded northern India during the Gupta period. Therefore, it could not have been composed before the Gupta era. It is dated variously from the late fourth century to the eighth century. The Mudrarakshasa legend contains narratives not found in other versions of the Chanakya-Chandragupta legend. Because of this difference, Trautmann suggests that most of it is fictional or legendary, without any historical basis.

Identification with Kauṭilya or Vishnugupta

The ancient Arthashastra has been traditionally attributed to Chanakya by a number of scholars. The Arthashastra identifies its author as Kauṭilya, a gotra or clan name, except for one verse that refers to him by the personal name of Vishnugupta. Kauṭilya is presumably the name of the author's gotra (clan). One of the earliest Sanskrit literatures to identify Chanakya with Vishnugupta explicitly was the Panchatantra.

K. C. Ojha proposes that the traditional identification of Vishnugupta with Kauṭilya was caused by a confusion of the text's editor and its originator. He suggests that Vishnugupta was a redactor of the original work of Kauṭilya. Thomas Burrow suggests that Chanakya and Kauṭilya may have been two different people.

Jain version
According to the Jain account, Chanakya was born to two lay Jains (shravaka) named Chanin and Chaneshvari. His birthplace was the Chanaka village in Golla vishaya (region). The identity of "Golla" is not certain, but Hemachandra states that Chanakya was a Dramila, implying that he was a native of South India.

Chanakya was born with a full set of teeth. According to the monks, this was a sign that he would become a king in the future. Chanin did not want his son to become haughty, so he broke Chanakya's teeth. The monks prophesied that the baby would go on to become a power behind the throne. Chanakya grew up to be a learned shravaka, and married a Brahmin woman. Her relatives mocked her for being married to a poor man. This motivated Chanakya to visit Pataliputra, and seek donations from the king Nanda, who was famous for his generosity towards Brahmins. While waiting for the king at the royal court, Chanakya sat on the king's throne. A dasi (servant girl) courteously offered Chanakya the next seat, but Chanakya kept his kamandal (water pot) on it, while remaining seated on the throne. The servant offered him a choice of four more seats, but each time, he kept his various items on the seats, refusing to budge from the throne. Finally, the annoyed servant kicked him off the throne. Enraged, Chanakya vowed to uproot Nanda and his entire establishment, like "a great wind uproots a tree".

Chanakya knew that he was prophesied to become a power behind the throne. So, he started searching for a person worthy of being a king. While wandering, he did a favour for the pregnant daughter of a village chief, on the condition that her child would belong to him. Chandragupta was born to this lady. When Chandragupta grew up, Chanakya came to his village and saw him playing "king" among a group of boys. To test him, Chanakya asked him for a donation. The boy told Chanakya to take the cows nearby, declaring that nobody would disobey his order. This display of power convinced Chanakya that Chandragupta was the one worthy of being a king.

Chanakya took Chandragupta to conquer Pataliputra, the capital of Nanda. He assembled an army using the wealth he had acquired through alchemy (dhatuvada-visaradan). The army suffered a severe defeat, forcing Chanakya and Chandragupta to flee the battlefield. They reached a lake while being pursued by an enemy officer. Chanakya asked Chandragupta to jump into the lake, and disguised himself as a meditating ascetic. When the enemy soldier reached the lake, he asked the 'ascetic' if he had seen Chandragupta. Chanakya pointed at the lake. As the soldier removed his armour to jump into the lake, Chanakya took his sword and killed him. When Chandragupta came out of the water, Chanakya asked him, "What went through your mind, when I disclosed your location to the enemy?" Chandragupta replied that he trusted his master to make the best decision. This convinced Chanakya that Chandragupta would remain under his influence even after becoming the king. On another occasion, Chanakya similarly escaped the enemy by chasing away a washerman, and disguising himself as one. Once, he cut open the belly of a Brahmin who had just eaten food, and took out the food to feed a hungry Chandragupta.

One day, Chanakya and Chandragupta overheard a woman scolding her son. The child had burnt his finger by putting it in the middle of a bowl of hot gruel. The woman told her son that by not starting from the cooler edges, he was being foolish like Chanakya, who attacked the capital before conquering the bordering regions. Chanakya realized his mistake, and made a new plan to defeat Nanda. He formed an alliance with Parvataka, the king of a mountain kingdom called Himavatkuta, offering him half of Nanda's kingdom.

After securing Parvataka's help, Chanakya and Chandragupta started besieging the towns other than Pataliputra. One particular town offered a strong resistance. Chanakya entered this town disguised as a Shaivite mendicant, and declared that the siege would end if the idols of the seven mothers were removed from the town's temple. As soon as the superstitious defenders removed the idols from the temple, Chanakya ordered his army to end the siege. When the defenders started celebrating their victory, Chanakya's army launched a surprise attack and captured the town.

Gradually, Chanakya and Chandragupta subdued all the regions outside the capital. Finally, they captured Pataliputra and Chandragupta became the king. They allowed the king Nanda to go into exile, with all the goods he could take on a cart. As Nanda and his family were leaving the city on a cart, his daughter saw Chandragupta, and fell in love with the new king. She chose him as her husband by svayamvara tradition. As she was getting off the cart, 9 spokes of the cart's wheel broke. Interpreting this as an omen, Chanakya declared that Chandragupta's dynasty would last for 9 generations.

Meanwhile, Parvataka fell in love with one of Nanda's visha kanyas (poison girl). Chanakya approved the marriage, and Parvataka collapsed when he touched the girl during the wedding. Chanakya asked Chandragupta not to call a physician. Thus, Parvataka died and Chandragupta became the sole ruler of Nanda's territories.

Chanakya then started consolidating the power by eliminating Nanda's loyalists, who had been harassing people in various parts of the kingdom. Chanakya learned about a weaver who would burn any part of his house infested with cockroaches. Chanakya assigned the responsibility of crushing the rebels to this weaver. Soon, the kingdom was free of insurgents. Chanakya also burned a village that had refused him food in the past. He filled the royal treasury by inviting rich merchants to his home, getting them drunk and gambling with a loaded dice.

Once, the kingdom suffered a 12-year long famine. Two young Jain monks started eating from the king's plate, after making themselves invisible with a magic ointment. Chanakya sensed their presence by covering the palace floor with a powder, and tracing their footprints. At the next meal, he caught them by filling the dining room with thick smoke, which caused the monks' eyes to water, washing off the ointment. Chanakya complained about the young monks' behavior to the head monk Acharya Susthita. The Acharya blamed people for not being charitable towards monks, so Chanakya started giving generous alms to the monks.

Meanwhile, Chandragupta had been patronizing the non-Jain monks. Chanakya decided to prove to him that these men were not worthy of his patronage. He covered the floor of the palace area near the women's rooms with powder and left the non-Jain monks there. Their footprints showed that they had sneaked up to the windows of the women's rooms to peep inside. The Jain monks, who were assessed using the same method, stayed away from the women's rooms. After seeing this, Chandragupta appointed the Jain monks as his spiritual counsellors.

Chanakya used to mix small doses of poison in Chandragupta's food to make him immune to poisoning attempts. The king, unaware of this, once shared his food with Queen Durdhara. Chanakya entered the room at the instant she died. He cut open the dead queen's belly and took out the baby. The baby, who had been touched by a drop ("bindu") of the poison, was named Bindusara.

After Chandragupta abdicated the throne to become a Jain monk, Chanakya anointed Bindusara as the new king. Chanakya asked Bindusara to appoint a man named Subandhu as one of his ministers. However, Subandhu wanted to become a higher minister and grew jealous of Chanakya. So, he told Bindusara that Chanakya was responsible for the death of his mother. Bindusara confirmed the allegations with the nurses, who told him that Chanakya had cut open the belly of his mother. Bindusara became enraged, and started hating Chanakya. As a result, Chanakya, who had grown very old by this time, retired and decided to starve himself to death. Meanwhile, Bindusara learned the detailed circumstances of his birth, and implored Chanakya to resume his ministerial duties. After failing to pacify Chanakya, the emperor ordered Subandhu to convince Chanakya to give up his suicide plan. Subandhu, while pretending to appease Chanakya, burned him to death. Subandhu then took possession of Chanakya's home. Chanakya had anticipated this, and before retiring, he had set up a cursed trap for Subandhu. He had left behind a chest with a hundred locks. Subandhu broke the locks, hoping to find precious jewels. He found a sweet-smelling perfume and immediately inhaled it. But then his eyes fell on a birch bark note with a curse written on it. The note declared that anybody who smelled this perfume will have to either become a monk or face death. Subandhu tested the perfume on another man, and then fed him luxurious food (something that the monks abstain from). The man died, and then Subandhu was forced to become a monk to avoid death.

According to another Jain text – the Rajavali-Katha – Chanakya accompanied Chandragupta to forest for retirement, once Bindusara became the king.

Buddhist version
According to the Buddhist legend, the Nanda kings who preceded Chandragupta were robbers-turned-rulers. Chanakya (IAST: Cāṇakka in Mahavamsa) was a Brahmin from Takkāsila (Takshashila). He was well-versed in three Vedas and politics. He was born with canine teeth, which were believed to be a mark of royalty. His mother feared that he would neglect her after becoming a king. To pacify her, Chanakya broke his teeth.

Chanakya had an ugly appearance, accentuated by his broken teeth and crooked feet. One day, the king Dhana Nanda organized an alms-giving ceremony for Brahmins. Chanakya went to Pupphapura (Pushpapura) to attend this ceremony. Disgusted by his appearance, the king ordered him to be thrown out of the assembly. Chanakya broke his sacred thread in anger, and cursed the king. The king ordered his arrest, but Chanakya escaped in the disguise of an Ājīvika. He befriended Dhananada's son Pabbata, and instigated him to seize the throne. With help of a signet ring given by the prince, Chanakya fled the palace through a secret door.

Chanakya escaped to the Vinjha forest. There, he made 800 million gold coins (kahapanas), using a secret technique that allowed him to turn 1 coin into 8 coins. After hiding this money, he started searching for a person worthy of replacing Dhana Nanda. One day, he saw a group of children playing: the young Chandragupta (called Chandagutta in Mahavamsa) played the role of a king, while other boys pretended to be vassals, ministers, or robbers. The "robbers" were brought before Chandragupta, who ordered their limbs to be cut off, but then miraculously re-attached them. Chandragupta had been born in a royal family, but was brought up by a hunter after his father was killed by an usurper, and the devatas caused his mother to abandon him. Astonished by the boy's miraculous powers, Chanakya paid 1000 gold coins to his foster-father, and took Chandragupta away, promising to teach him a trade.

Chanakya had two potential successors to Dhana Nanda: Pabbata and Chandragupta. He gave each of them an amulet to be worn around the neck with a woolen thread. One day, he decided to test them. While Chandragupta was asleep, he asked Pabbata to remove Chandragupta's woolen thread without breaking it and without waking up Chandragupta. Pabbata failed to accomplish this task. Some time later, when Pabbata was sleeping, Chanakya challenged Chandragupta to complete the same task. Chandragupta retrieved the woolen thread by cutting off Pabbata's head. For the next seven years, Chanakya trained Chandragupta for royal duties. When Chandragupta became an adult, Chanakya dug up his hidden treasure of gold coins, and assembled an army.

The army of Chanadragupta and Chanakya invaded Dhana Nanda's kingdom, but disbanded after facing a severe defeat. While wandering in disguise, the two men once listened to the conversation between a woman and her son. The child had eaten the middle of a cake, and thrown away the edges. The woman scolded him, saying that he was eating food like Chandragupta, who attacked the central part of the kingdom instead of conquering the border villages first. Chanakya and Chandragupta realized their mistake. They assembled a new army, and started conquering the border villages. Gradually, they advanced to the kingdom's capital Pataliputra (Pāṭaliputta in Mahavamsa), where they killed the king Dhana Nanda. Chanakya ordered a fisherman to find the place where Dhana Nanda had hidden his treasure. As soon as the fishermen informed Chanakya about its location, Chanakya had him killed. Chanakya anointed Chandragupta as the new king, and tasked a man named Paṇiyatappa with eliminating rebels and robbers from the kingdom.

Chanakya started mixing small doses of poison in the new king's food to make him immune to poisoning attempts by the enemies. Chandragupta, who was not aware of this, once shared the food with his pregnant queen, who was seven days away from delivery. Chanakya arrived just as the queen ate the poisoned morsel. Realizing that she was going to die, Chanakya decided to save the unborn child. He cut off the queen's head and cut open her belly with a sword to take out the foetus. Over the next seven days, he placed the foetus in the belly of a goat freshly killed each day. After seven days, Chandragupta's son was "born". He was named Bindusara because his body was spotted with drops (bindu) of goat's blood.

The earliest Buddhist legends do not mention Chanakya in their description of the Mauryan dynasty after this point. Dhammapala's commentary on Theragatha, however, mentions a legend about Chanakya and a Brahmin named Subandhu. According to this account, Chanakya was afraid that the wise Subandhu would surpass him at Chandragupta's court. So, he got Chandragupta to imprison Subandhu, whose son Tekicchakani escaped and became a Buddhist monk. The 16th-century Tibetan Buddhist author Taranatha mentions Chanakya as one of Bindusara's "great lords". According to him, Chanakya destroyed the nobles and kings of 16 towns and made Bindusara the master of all the territory between the eastern and the western seas (Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal).

Kashmiri version
The Kashmiri version of the legend goes like this: Vararuchi (identified with Katyayana), Indradatta and Vyadi were three disciples of the sage Varsha. Once, on behalf of their guru Varsha, they travelled to Ayodhya to seek a gurudakshina (guru's fee) from king Nanda. As they arrived to meet Nanda, the king died. Using his yogic powers, Indradatta entered Nanda's body and granted Vararuchi's request for 10 million dinars (gold coins). The royal minister Shakatala realized what was happening, and had Indradatta's body burnt. But before he could take any action against the fake king (Indradatta in Nanda's body, also called Yogananda), the king had him arrested. Shakatala and his 100 sons were imprisoned and were given food sufficient only for one person. Shakatala's 100 sons starved to death, so that their father could live to take revenge.

Meanwhile, the fake king appointed Vararuchi as his minister. As the king's character kept deteriorating, a disgusted Vararuchi retired to a forest as an ascetic. Shakatala was then restored as the minister, but kept planning his revenge. One day, Shakatala came across Chanakya, a Brahmin who was uprooting all the grass in his path, because one blade of the grass had pricked his foot. Shakatala realized that he could use a man so vengeful to destroy the fake king. He invited Chanakya to the king's assembly, promising him 100,000 gold coins for presiding over a ritual ceremony.

Shakatala hosted Chanakya in his own house and treated him with great respect. But the day Chanakya arrived at the king's court, Shakatala got another Brahmin named Subandhu to preside over the ceremony. Chanakya felt insulted, but Shakatala blamed the king for this dishonour. Chanakya then untied his topknot (sikha), and vowed not to re-tie it until the king was destroyed. The king ordered his arrest, but he escaped to Shakatala's house. There, using materials supplied by Shakatala, he performed a magic ritual which made the king sick. The king died of a fever after 7 days.

Shakatala then executed Hiranyagupta, the son of the fake king. He anointed Chandragupta, the son of the real king Nanda, as the new king (in Kshemendra's version, it is Chanakya who installs Chandragupta as the new king). Shakatala also appointed Chanakya as the royal priest (purohita). Having achieved his revenge, he then retired to the forest as an ascetic.

Mudrarakshasa version
According to the Mudrarakshasa version, the king Nanda once removed Chanakya from the "first seat of the kingdom" (this possibly refers to Chanakya's expulsion from the king's assembly). For this reason, Chanakya vowed not to tie his top knot (shikha) until the complete destruction of Nanda. Chanakya made a plan to dethrone Nanda, and replace him with Chandragupta, his son by a lesser queen. Chanakya engineered Chandragupta's alliance with another powerful king Parvateshvara (or Parvata), and the two rulers agreed to divide Nanda's territory after subjugating him. Their allied army included Bahlika, Kirata, Parasika, Kamboja, Shaka, and Yavana soldiers. The army invaded Pataliputra (Kusumapura) and defeated the Nandas. Parvata is identified with King Porus by some scholars.

Nanda's prime minister Rakshasa escaped Pataliputra, and continued resisting the invaders. He sent a vishakanya (poison girl) to assassinate Chandragupta. Chanakya had this girl assassinate Parvata instead, with the blame going to Rakshasa. However, Parvata's son Malayaketu learned the truth about his father's death and defected to Rakshasa's camp. Chanakya's spy Bhagurayana accompanied Malayaketu, pretending to be his friend.

Rakshasa continued to plot Chandragupta's death, but all his plans were foiled by Chanakya. For example, once Rakshasa arranged for assassins to be transported to Chandragupta's bedroom via a tunnel. Chanakya became aware of them by noticing a trail of ants carrying the leftovers of their food. He then arranged for the assassins to be burned to death.

Meanwhile, Parvata's brother Vairodhaka became the ruler of his kingdom. Chanakya convinced him that Rakshasa was responsible for killing his brother, and agreed to share half of Nanda's kingdom with him. Secretly, however, Chanakya hatched a plan to get Vairodhaka killed. He knew that the chief architect of Pataliputra was a Rakshasa loyalist. He asked this architect to build a triumphal arch for Chandragupta's procession to the royal palace. He arranged the procession to be held at midnight citing astrological reasons, but actually to ensure poor visibility. He then invited Vairodhaka to lead the procession on Chandragupta's elephant, and accompanied by Chandragupta's bodyguards. As expected, Rakshasa's loyalists arranged for the arch to fall on who they thought was Chandragupta. Vairodhaka was killed, and once again, the assassination was blamed on Rakshasa.

Malayaketu and Rakshasa then formed an alliance with five kings: Chiravarman of Kauluta (Kulu), Meghaksha of Parasika, Narasimha of Malaya, Pushkaraksha of Kashmira, and Sindhusena of Saindhava. This allied army also included soldiers from Chedi, Gandhara, Hunas, Khasa, Magadha, Shaka, and Yavana territories.

In Pataliputra, Chanakya's agent informed him that three Rakshasa loyalists remained in the capital: the Jain monk Jiva-siddhi, the scribe Shakata-dasa and the jewellers' guild chief Chandana-dasa. Of these, Jiva-siddhi was actually a spy of Chanakya, unknown to his other spies. Chandana-dasa sheltered Rakshasa's wife, who once unknowingly dropped her husband's signet-ring (mudra). Chanakya's agent got hold of this signet-ring, and brought it to Chanakya. Using this signet ring, Chanakya sent a letter to Malayaketu warning him that his allies were treacherous. Chanakya also asked some of Chandragupta's princes to fake defection to Malayaketu's camp. In addition, Chanakya ordered Shakata-dasa's murder, but had him 'rescued' by Siddharthaka, a spy pretending to be an agent of Chandana-dasa. Chanakya's spy then took Shakata-dasa to Rakshasa.

When Shakata-dasa and his 'rescuer' Siddharthaka reached Rakshasa, Siddharthaka presented him the signet-ring, claiming to have found it at Chandana-dasa's home. As a reward, Rakshasa gave him some jewels that Malayaketu had gifted him. Sometime after this, another of Chanakya's agents, disguised as a jeweller, sold Parvata's jewels to Rakshasa.

Sometime later, Rakshasa sent his spies disguised as musicians to Chandragupta's court. But Chanakya knew all about Rakshasa's plans thanks to his spies. In front of Rakshasa's spies, Chanakya and Chandragupta feigned an angry argument. Chandragupta pretended to dismiss Chanakya, and declared that Rakshasa would make a better minister. Meanwhile, Malayaketu had a conversation with Chanakya's spy Bhagurayana while approaching Rakshasa's house. Bhagurayana made Malayaketu distrustful of Rakshasa, by saying that Rakshasa hated only Chanakya, and would be willing to serve Nanda's son Chandragupta. Shortly after this, a messenger came to Rakshasa's house and informed him that Chandragupta had dismissed Chanakya while praising him. This convinced Malayaketu that Rakashasa could not be trusted.

Malayaketu then decided to invade Pataliputra without Rakshasa by his side. He consulted the Jain monk Jiva-siddhi to decide an auspicious time for beginning the march. Jiva-siddhi, a spy of Chanakya, told him that he could start immediately. Jiva-siddhi also convinced him that Rakshasa was responsible for his father's death, but Bhagurayana persuaded him not to harm Rakshasa. Shortly after, Chanakya's spy Siddharthaka pretended to get caught with a fake letter addressed to Chandragupta by Rakshasa. Wearing the jewels given by Rakshasa, he pretended to be an agent of Rakshasa. The letter, sealed with Rakshasa's signet-ring, informed Chandragupta that Rakshasa only wished to replace Chanakya as the prime minister. It also stated that five of Malayaketu's allies were willing to defect to Chandragupta in return for land and wealth. An angry Malayaketu summoned Rakshasa, who arrived wearing Parvata's jewels that Chanakya's agent had sold him. When Malayaketu saw Rakshasa wearing his father's jewels, he was convinced that there was indeed a treacherous plan against him. He executed his five allies in a brutal manner.

The rest of Malayaketu's allies deserted him, disgusted at his treatment of the five slayed allies. Rakshasa managed to escape, tracked by Chanakya's spies. One of Chanakya's spies, disguised as a friend of Chandana-dasa, got in touch with him. He told Rakshasa that Chandana-dasa was about to be executed for refusing to divulge the location of Rakshasa's family. On hearing this, Rakshasa rushed to Pataliputra to surrender and save the life of his loyal friend Chandana-dasa. When he reached Pataliputra, Chanakya, pleased with his loyalty to Chandana-dasa, offered him clemency. Rakshasa pledged allegiance to Chandragupta and agreed to be his prime minister, in return for release of Chandana-dasa and a pardon for Malayaketu. Chanakya then bound his top knot, having achieved his objective, and retired.

Literary works
Two books are attributed to Chanakya: Arthashastra, and Chanakya Niti, also known as Chanakya Neeti-shastra. The Arthashastra was discovered in 1905 by librarian Rudrapatna Shamasastry in an uncatalogued group of ancient palm-leaf manuscripts donated by an unknown pandit to the Oriental Research Institute Mysore.
 The Arthashastra, which discusses monetary and fiscal policies, welfare, international relations, and war strategies in detail. The text also outlines the duties of a ruler. Some scholars believe that Arthashastra is actually a compilation of a number of earlier texts written by various authors, and Chanakya might have been one of these authors (see above).
 Chanakya Niti, which is a collection of aphorisms, said to be selected by Chanakya from the various shastras.

Legacy

Chanakya is regarded as a great thinker and diplomat in India. Many Indian nationalists regard him as one of the earliest people who envisioned a united India spanning the entire subcontinent. India's former National Security Advisor Shiv Shankar Menon praised Chanakya's Arthashastra for its precise and timeless descriptions of power. Furthermore, he recommended reading of the book for broadening the vision on strategic issues.

The diplomatic enclave in New Delhi is named Chanakyapuri in honour of Chanakya. Institutes named after him include Training Ship Chanakya, Chanakya National Law University and Chanakya Institute of Public Leadership. Chanakya circle in Mysore has been named after him.

Chanakyan vocabulary
Chanakya uses different terms to describe war other than dharma-yuddha (just war), such as kutayudhha (unjust war).

In Popular Culture

Plays
Several modern adaptations of the legend of Chanakya narrate his story in a semi-fictional form, extending these legends. In Chandragupta (1911), a play by Dwijendralal Ray, the Nanda king exiles his half-brother Chandragupta, who joins the army of Alexander the Great. Later, with help from Chanakya and Katyayan (the former Prime Minister of Magadha), Chandragupta defeats Nanda, who is put to death by Chanakya.

Film and television
 The story of Chanakya and Chandragupta was portrayed in the 1977 Telugu film entitled Chanakya Chandragupta. Akkineni Nageswara Rao played the role of Chanakya, while N. T. Rama Rao portrayed as Chandragupta.
 The 1991 TV series Chanakya is an archetypal account of the life and times of Chanakya, based on the Mudrarakshasa. The titular role of the same name was portrayed by Chandraprakash Dwivedi
 Chandragupta Maurya, a 2011 TV series on NDTV Imagine is a biographical series on the life of Chandragupta Maurya and Chanakya, and is produced by Sagar Arts. Manish Wadhwa portrays the character of Chanakya in this series.
 The 2015 Colors TV drama, Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat, features Chanakya during the reign of Chandragupta's son, Bindusara.
 Chanakya was played by Chetan Pandit and Tarun Khanna, in the historical-drama television series Porus in 2017–2018.
 Chanakya was played by Tarun Khanna, in the historical drama TV series Chandragupta Maurya in 2018–2019.

Books and academia

An English-language book titled Chanakya on Management contains 216 sutras on raja-neeti, each of which has been translated and commented upon.
 A book written by Ratan Lal Basu and Rajkumar Sen deals with the economic concepts mentioned in Arthashastra and their relevance for the modern world.
 Chanakya (2001) by B. K. Chaturvedi
 In 2009, many eminent experts discussed the various aspects of Kauṭilya's thought in an International Conference held at the Oriental Research Institute in Mysore (India) to celebrate the centenary of discovery of the manuscript of the Arthashastra by R. Shamasastry. Most of the papers presented in the Conference have been compiled in an edited volume by Raj Kumar Sen and Ratan Lal Basu.
 Chanakya's Chant by Ashwin Sanghi is a fictional account of Chanakya's life as a political strategist in ancient India. The novel relates two parallel stories, the first of Chanakya and his machinations to bring Chandragupta Maurya to the throne of Magadha; the second, that of a modern-day character called Gangasagar Mishra who makes it his ambition to position a slum child as Prime Minister of India.
 The Emperor's Riddles by Satyarth Nayak features popular episodes from Chanakya's life.
 Kauṭilya's role in the formation of the Maurya Empire is the essence of a historical/spiritual novel Courtesan and the Sadhu by Mysore N. Prakash.
 Chanakya's contribution to the cultural heritage of Bharat (in Kannada) by Shatavadhani Ganesh with the title Bharatada Samskrutige Chanakyana Kodugegalu.
 , a political commentary on Chanakya

Radhakrishnan Pillai has written a number of books related to Chanakya — "Chanakya in the Classroom: Life Lessons for Students", "Chanakya Neeti: Strategies for Success", "Chanakya in You", "Chanakya and the Art of War", "Corporate Chanakya", "Corporate Chanakya on Management" and "Corporate Chanakya on Leadership".

See also
 Rajamandala

References

Bibliography

External links

 Kautilya Arthashastra English translation by R. Shamasastry 1956 (revised edition with IAST diacritics and interwoven glossary)
Chanakya Nitishastra: English translation by Miles Davis.

4th-century BC Indian philosophers
Ancient Indian military writers
Hindu philosophers and theologians
Military theorists
People from the Maurya Empire
4th-century BC Hindus
Preclassical economists
Taxila Tehsil
Theoretical historians
Indian political philosophers

Chanakya


පුද්ගල පරිගණකයක මවු පුවරුව යනු එහි මධ්‍යයේ පිහිටි මුද්‍රිත පරිපථ පුවරුවයි. බොහෝ වත්මන් පරිගණක වල මවු පුවරුව පර්යන්තයේ පද්ධතියට අත්‍යාවශ්‍ය උපාංග වලට සම්බන්ධක සපයමින් ඒවා දරා සිටියි.මවු පුවරුව ඇතැම්විට ප්‍රධාන පුවරුව ලෙසත්  පද්ධති පුවරුව ලෙසත් ඇපල් වර්ගයේ පරිගණක වලදී  තාර්කික පුවරුව ලෙසත් හඳුන්වයි.

ඉතිහාසය
ක්ෂුද්‍ර සකසනය සොයාගැනීමට පෙර බොහෝ විට පරිගණකය මහා පරිගණක වූ අතර විවිධ සංරචක සම්බන්ධ වීමට එකිනෙකට කම්බි මගින් සම්බන්ධ විවරයන් සහිත පසුතලයක් ඇතිව පත්‍රක කූඩුවක් විය. ඉතා පැරණි සලසුම්වල පත්‍රක සම්බන්ධක කූරු අතර ව්‍යක්ත සම්බන්ධක ලෙස කම්බි භාවිතා වුවද මුද්‍රිත පරිපථ පුවරු ඉක්මනින්ම සම්මතය බවට පත්විය.මධ්‍යම සැකසුම් ඒකකය, මතකය හා පර්යන්ත උපාංග පසුතලයට සම්බන්ධ වූ තනි තනි මුද්‍රිත පරිපථ පුවරු ලෙස නිමැවිණි.

මවු පුවරුව


Anatoly Ivanovich Kolesov (en ruso: Анатолий Иванович Колесов) (18 de enero de 1938 - 2 de enero de 2012) fue un luchador y entrenador ruso de la era soviética.
Ganó una medalla de oro en Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio 1964. También fue campeón del mundo en su categoría de peso en 1962, 1963 y 1965.

Referencias

Luchadores de la Unión Soviética
Luchadores en los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio 1964
Deportistas de la Unión Soviética en los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio 1964
Medallistas olímpicos de oro de Tokio 1964
Medallistas olímpicos de oro de lucha
Medallistas olímpicos de oro de la Unión Soviética
Fallecidos en Moscú
Miembros del Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética
Galardonados con la Orden de la Amistad de los Pueblos

Anatoly Kolesov


පාලක නිය මග යනු CPU  මගින් පරිගණකය තුළ වූ අනෙකුත් උපකරණ සමග සන්නිවේදනය සඳහා භාවිතා කරන පරිගණක නියමග කොටසකි. යොමු නියමය (address bus) මාධ්‍ය සැකසුම් ඒකකය (CPU) එක සන්නිවේදනය සිදුකරන උපකරණ පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු ද රැගෙන එන අතර දත්ත නියමග (data bus) සකස් කෙරෙන දත්ත රැගෙන එයි. පාලක බසය CPU මගින් ලැබෙන විධාන ගෙන එන අතර උපකරණයෙන් තත්ව සංඥාව නැවත එවයි. උදාහරණ ලෙස දත්ත අදාල උපකරණයට ලීවීම හෝ කියැවීම සිදුවේ නම් සුදුසු මාර්ගය (ලිවීම හෝ කියවීම) ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ. (තාර්කික බින්දුව)

පාලක නිය මග (Control bus)


Pala aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Bir yere çaprazlama konulan yassı kiriş veya kereste.
 Pala, Ağzı enli, ortası geniş, uca doğru daralan kalın, kısa ve ağır kılıç.
 Pala, Kurtlar Vadisi karakteri.
 Pala, denizcilikte; filika ve benzeri deniz vasıtalarındaki küreklerin denize daldırıldıkları tarafın sonundaki enli ve yassı kısımlar
 Pal, hava taşıtlarında pervanelerin bıçaklarından her biri.
 Palalar, antik Anadolu halkı.
 Palabıyık, şekli pala kılıcına benzeyen, geniş başlayıp uca doğru incelen kavisli bıyık türü.

Pala (anlam ayrımı)


Rodrigo Chaves Robles, né le  à San José, est un économiste et homme d'État costaricien, président de la République depuis le .

Ministre des Finances au sein du gouvernement de Carlos Alvarado entre  et , il se présente à l'élection présidentielle de 2022, qu'il remporte au second tour avec 52,85 % des voix face à l'ancien président José María Figueres Olsen.

Biographie
Rodrigo Chaves Robles naît le  à Carmen, dans le canton de San José. Après des études aux États-Unis, il obtient un doctorat en économie de l'Université d'État de l'Ohio et occupe ensuite plusieurs fonctions à la Banque mondiale durant 27 ans et dans plus de 45 pays.

Peu avant sa nomination en 2019 comme ministre des Finances, il occupe la fonction de directeur de la Banque mondiale en Indonésie, qu'il quitte à la suite d'une sanction pour « comportement déplacé » envers les femmes, avant d'être nommé au gouvernement deux jours après sa démission. Plusieurs de ses collaboratrices avaient dénoncé son comportement, ce qu'une enquête interne menée par l'organisme a ensuite confirmé.

Ministre des Finances
Nommé au ministère des Finances en 2019 dans le gouvernement de Carlos Alvarado, Rodrigo Chaves Robles se fait connaître pour plusieurs controverses l'opposant au président Alvarado, notamment pour avoir proposé l'instauration d'une taxe de solidarité sur les salaires supérieurs à  colóns en soutien à ceux qui ont perdu leur travail à cause de l'épidémie de Covid-19, ainsi que pour son appel au veto d'une loi dispensant les municipalités des mesures de rigueur budgétaire prises en 2018. Ces divergences ont fini par mener à sa démission le 28 mai 2020, Alvarado ayant jugé leurs différends .

Président de la République

Chaves Robles annonce en juillet 2021 se présenter sous l'étiquette du Parti progrès social démocratique (PPSD) comme candidat à l'élection présidentielle. Il fait campagne sur le thème du changement face aux trois principaux partis du pays, tout en mettant en avant son rejet des deux extrêmes de l'échiquier politique. Durant sa campagne, il propose un plan en cinq étapes pour réduire le coût de la vie. en supprimant les taxes sur les aliments de base et les articles ménagers, de baisser le prix du riz et de l'électricité, en éliminant les monopoles et en aidant les agriculteurs.

Affirmant vouloir  le Costa Rica, il axe son programme sur la lutte contre la corruption et la mauvaise gestion, principales causes selon lui de l'appauvrissement du pays. Il est favorable à une stricte interdiction de l'avortement, y compris en cas de viol. Il est également fermement opposé à l'euthanasie et aux mariages homosexuels (lesquels sont cependant autorisés au Costa Rica depuis 2020).

Avec 16, 8 % des voix, il est qualifié pour le second tour. « Une partie de la population ne fait plus confiance aux partis traditionnels et est séduite par les discours autoritaires et messianiques, tels que celui de Chaves. Cela ne représente pas forcément beaucoup de monde, mais la fragmentation de l'offre électorale, avec 25 candidats, a permis à Chaves d'atteindre le second tour », relève Ronald Alfaro du Centre de recherches et d'études politiques de l'Université du Costa Rica.

Le , il est élu président de la République avec 52,85 % des voix et entre en fonction le  suivant. Il prête serment une bible à la main et affirme dans son discours d'intronisation que « la crainte de Dieu est la base de la sagesse d'un gouvernant ». Cependant, il ne dispose pas de la majorité au Congrès, où son parti ne détient que 10 sièges sur 57, et devra donc composer avec les autres forces politiques.

Ses premières mesures sont de supprimer en août l'obligation vaccinale contre la Covid-19 édictée par son prédécesseur et lever toutes les restrictions sociales. Mais, estimant que la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique n'est pas une priorité, il refuse de ratifier l'accord d'Escazú, afin de « rassurer le secteur privé ». L'accord, rédigé en 2018, entérinait le droit d'accès à l'information des citoyens sur les thèmes de l'environnement, leur participation aux prises de décisions, et ouvrait la voie à l'instauration d'une justice environnementale. Il annonce aussi vouloir relancer l'exploitation des ressources minières, du gaz et du pétrole.

Article connexe
 Liste des dirigeants actuels

Notes et références

Ministre costaricien des Finances
Président du Costa Rica
Naissance en juin 1961
Naissance à San José (Costa Rica)

Rodrigo Chaves Robles


William Spratling (Condado de Livingston, Nueva York, 22 de septiembre de 1900 - Taxco, México, 7 de agosto de 1967) fue un platero y artista nacido en Sonyea en el Condado de Livingston, Nueva York, Estados Unidos, que es conocido por sus creaciones artísticas en plata y su influencia en el diseño de la platería mexicana del . Spratling fundó el primer taller dedicado al trabajo artesanal de la plata en Taxco, Guerrero, y creó un programa para enseñar el oficio a los habitantes de la región, dando inicio a lo que llegaría a ser una tradición artesanal en México. En reconocimiento a su labor ha sido llamado el «padre de la plata mexicana».

Biografía

Spratling nació en Sonyea en el Condado de Livingston, Nueva York, era hijo de William P. Spratling, un neurólogo especialista en epilepsia. Después de la muerte de su madre y hermana, Spratling se mudó a la casa de la infancia de su padre en los suburbios de Auburn, Alabama. Se graduó de la Escuela Secundaria Auburn High School y posteriormente cursó la carrera de arquitectura en el Instituto Politécnico de Alabama. Después de su graduación, Spratling aceptó el puesto de instructor en el departamento de arquitectura de la Universidad de Auburn y en 1921 se le ofreció un puesto similar en la Universidad Tulane en Nueva Orleans, Luisiana. Mientras enseñaba en Tulane, Spratling compartió casa con el escritor William Faulkner y colaboraron para producir Sherwood Anderson And Other Famous Creoles, una sátira de atmósfera bohemia del Barrio Francés de Nueva Orleans, en la década de 1920.

En 1929, inspirado por las múltiples visitas veraniegas, se trasladó a México y se integró rápidamente en la escena artística mexicana. Se convirtió en amigo y fuerte defensor de la obra del muralista Diego Rivera, para quien organizó una exposición en el Museo de Arte Metropolitano de Nueva York. Con el dinero que recibió de las comisiones como representante de Rivera, Spratling compró una casa en Taxco, al suroeste de la Ciudad de México. Taxco era un lugar minero por tradición, caracterizado por la producción de plata, pero no tenía una industria nativa que se dedicara a trabajarla. Spratling comenzó a diseñar trabajos en plata principalmente basados en motivos precolombinos y tradicionales, contrató a orfebres locales para producir los diseños en Taxco. A medida que la reputación de los diseños en plata de Spratling creció, amplió su operación y comenzó un programa de aprendizaje para todos los interesados en el diseño en plata, muchos de los cuales siguieron trabajando en el área, con el apoyo de Spratling, una vez que su aprendizaje había terminado.

En la década de 1940, Spratling vendía sus diseños a través de México y los Estados Unidos, y trasladó su estudio de diseño a un rancho al sur de Taxco en Taxco el Viejo. En 1949, el Departamento del Interior de los Estados Unidos inició un programa de intercambio entre el estudio de diseño Spratling y siete estudiantes procedentes de Alaska para poner en marcha un taller similar en aquella región. Si bien el taller de Alaska nunca se convirtió en realidad, los motivos de los diseños de Alaska comenzaron a influir en el trabajo posterior de Spratling. Principalmente, los diseños de plata de Spratling se basaban en motivos aborígenes mesoamericanos, con influencia de otras culturas nativas y occidentales. Para muchos, su obra sirvió como una expresión del nacionalismo mexicano y brindó a los artesanos mexicanos la libertad para crear diseños con formas no europeas. Debido a su influencia en la industria del diseño de plata en México, Spratling ha sido llamado el «padre de la plata mexicana». Spratling era gay, pero la mayoría de los relatos de su vida mencionan este hecho sólo de manera indirecta. William Spratling murió en un accidente automovilístico en las afueras de Taxco, el 7 de agosto de 1967.

Referencias

Notas

Bibliografía
 Goddard, Phyllis M., Spratling Silver: A Field Guide, Keenan Tyler Paine, Altadena, California. (2003)
 Littleton, Taylor D. The Color of Silver: William Spratling, His Life and Art, Luisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge (2000)
 Morrill, Penny C., William Spratling and the Mexican Silver Renaissance: Maestros de Plata, Harry N. Abrams, New York; San Antonio Museum of Art, San Antonio (2002)
 Morrill, Penny Chittim, and Berk, Carole A., Mexican Silver: 20th Century Handwrought Jewelry & Metalwork, Schiffer Publishing, Atglen 1994
 Reed, John Shelton, «The Man from New Orleans», Oxford American, noviembre/diciembre de 2000: 102–107
 Spratling, William, File on Spratling: An Autobiography, Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1967)

Plateros de Estados Unidos del siglo XX
Artistas de Estados Unidos
Artesanos de México
Personas LGBT de Estados Unidos
Artistas LGBT de México
Fallecidos por accidentes de tráfico en México
Personas de Nueva York (estado)
Emigrantes estadounidenses hacia México
Fallecidos en Taxco de Alarcón

William Spratling


فينكيفتسي (Віньківці) هي بلدة من النمط المدني في خملنيتسكي أوبلاست في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 6,565 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا
أماكن مأهولة أسست في عقد 1490

فينكيفتسي (كميلنيتسكا)


Parasetamol (asetaminofen), ağrı kesici ve ateş düşürücü etkiye sahip bir ilaç etken maddesidir.
Parasetamol ağızdan alındığında gastrointestinal sistemde hızla emilir. İlaç alındıktan 30-60 dakika sonra maksimum plazma konsantrasyonlarına ulaşır. Parasetamol bütün dokulara hızla dağılır. Plazma proteinlerine bağlanması zayıftır. Plazma yarı ömrü 1-4 saattir. İdrarla, parasetamol'ün %1-3'ü değişmemiş olarak atılır. %80'i ise biyolojik olarak glukuronid veya sülfat bileşikleri olarak atılır. Analjezik etkisi yeni nesil analjeziklere göre hafif kalmış olsa da gastrointestinal sistemde yan etkisinin hemen hemen olmaması, güvenilirliği ve de gebelerde kullanılabilmesi parasetamolun her zaman ön planda kalmasını ve klasik bir analjezik olmasını sağlar.

Molekül DSÖ'nün Temel İlaçlar Listesi'nde yer almaktadır.

Endikasyon
Baş ağrısı, migren, âdet sancıları, diş ağrısı, soğuk algınlığı ve gribal enfeksiyonlara bağlı ağrı, nevralji, nevrit, siyatik, lumbago, kas ve eklem ağrıları, orta kulak ağrıları, sinüzit ve cerrahi operasyonlara veya yaralanmalara bağlı ağrılar ile adet zorluklarından kaynaklanan ağrılarda endikedir. Bunun yanında yüksek ateş durumunda ateş düşürücü olarak kullanılır. Asetilsalisilik asite duyarlılığı olan hastalarda alternatif ilaç olarak da kullanılır.

Ağrı
Parasetamol, baş ağrısı, kas ağrıları, küçük artrit (eklem iltihabı) ağrısı, diş ağrısı gibi hafif ila orta şiddette ağrıların yanı sıra soğuk algınlığı, grip, burkulma ve karın kramplarını içeren ağrılı adet görme [dismenore] kaynaklı ağrıların giderilmesinde kullanılır.
Kronik ağrı tedavisine ilişkin kanıtlar yetersiz olduğundan, özellikle akut hafif ila orta şiddette ağrı için önerilir.

Kas ağrısı
Parasetamolün kireçlenme  ve sırt ağrısı gibi kas-iskelet sistemi rahatsızlıklarındaki faydaları belirsizdir.

Kireçlenme'de (ing:osteoarthritis) sadece küçük ve klinik olarak önemsiz faydalar sağladığı görülmüştür.
Amerikan Romatoloji Koleji ve Arthrit Vakfı, kireçlenme idaresi kılavuzunda parasetamolün klinik denemelerde çok küçük etkisi olduğuna dikkat çekmiştir ki bu da çoğu birey için etkisiz olduğunu gösterir. Kılavuz, parasetamolü nonsteroidal iltihap önleyici ilaçları tahammül edemeyenlere kısa süreli ve aralıklı kullanım için şartlı olarak önerir. Düzenli olarak alan kişiler için karaciğer zehirlenmesinin izlenmesi gerekir. Esasen aynı tavsiye Avrupa Romatizma Karşıtı Birliği(EULAR) tarafından el kireçlenmesi için yayınlanmıştır. Benzer şekilde, diz kireçlenmesinin tedavisine yönelik Avrupa algoritması ESCEO, parasetamol kullanımının sadece kısa süreli kurtarma ağrı kesimi ile sınırlandırılmasını önerir.

Akut bel ağrısı için parasetamol etkisizdir. Hiçbir rastgele klinik çalışma, kronik veya radiküler (Spinal sinirin kökünü etkileyen) sırt ağrısı için kullanımını değerlendirmedi ve parasetamol lehine kanıtlar yoktur.

Baş ağrısı

Parasetamol akut migren için etkilidir: Kontrol grubundaki %20'ye kıyasla insanların %39'u bir saatte ağrıdan kurtulur.

Aspirin/parasetamol/kafein kombinasyonun da "etkili olduğu hakkında sağlam kanıtları vardır ve migren için birinci basamak tedavide kullanılabilir."

Alman, Avusturya ve İsviçre baş ağrısı dernekleri ve Alman Nöroloji Derneği, migrenin kendi kendine tedavisi için "vurgulanan" bir kombinasyon olarak ve parasetamolün tek başına ilk seçenek olarak önerir.

Parasetamol tek başına, sık hastalanan kişilerde aralıklı (epizodik) gerilim baş ağrısı durumunu yalnızca hafifletir.

Ancak aspirin/parasetamol/kafein kombinasyonu hem tek başına parasetamol hem de plasebodan daha üstündür ve gerilim tipi baş ağrısında anlamlı bir rahatlama sağlar: İlacın uygulanmasından 2 saat sonra kombinasyonu alanların %29'u parasetamolde %21 ve plaseboda %18 ile karşılaştırıldığında ağrıları dinmiştir.

Alman, Avusturya ve İsviçre baş ağrısı dernekleri ve Alman Nöroloji Derneği, bu kombinasyonu gerilim baş ağrısının kendi kendine tedavisi için "vurgulanan" kombinasyonda; parasetamol/kafein kombinasyonu "birinci çare seçeneği" ve parasetamolu "ikinci çare seçeneği" olarak önerir.

Kontrendikasyonları
İleri derecede böbrek ve karaciğer rahatsızlığı olan hastalarda kullanılmamalıdır. Parasetamole aşırı duyarlılığı olanlarda ve daha önce Anemisi olanlarda kullanılması sakıncalıdır. Parasetemol kedilerde toksik özelliğe sahip olduğundan kullanılmamalıdır.

Marka isimleri

Parasetamol, dünya çapında birçok farklı marka adı altında satılmaktadır. Yaygın marka adları arasında Tylenol, Excedrin, Parol, Calpol, Muskazon ve Panadol bulunur.

Uyarılar
Günlük alınabilecek maximum doz 4 gramdır. Aktif alkolizm, viral hepatit, karaciğer hastalığı ve ağır böbrek fonksiyon bozukluğu olanlarda dikkatle kullanılmalıdır. Kronik alkoliklerde terapötik dozları takiben hepatotoksisite ve karaciğer yetmezliği gelişir. Kronik alkol bağımlılarında güvenli doz saptanamadığından, günde 2 gram veya daha düşük dozlar önerilir. Alışılmış terapötik dozlarda kısa süreli olmak şartıyla gebeliğin tüm dönemlerinde kullanılabilir. Yüksek dozlarda devamlı kullanımı annede anemiye, yeni doğan bebekte ise ölümcül böbrek hastalığına neden olabilir; ama bunun dışında gebelerde güvenle kullanılabilir.

Yan etkileri
Deride püriritik makulopapüler döküntüler, ürtiker, methemoglobinemi ve bazı gastrointestinal belirtiler gibi yan etkiler görülebilir.

İlaç etkileşimleri
Barbitüratlar ve diğer antikonvülzanlar, kloramfenikol, desipramin, doksorubisin, mide boşalma süresini etkileyen ilaçlar, c vitamini ve uzun süreli tedavilerde antikoagülan ilaçlarla etkileşme olasılığı vardır.

Kaynakça

Analjezikler
Antipiretikler
Non steroidal antienflamatuar ilaçlar
Asetanilidler
Dünya Sağlık Örgütü ana ilaçları

Parasetamol


Ambrosia acanthicarpa jednogodišnja je biljka iz porodice glavočika (Asteraceae), jedna od četrdesetak vrsta ambrozije. Raširena je po zapadnim dijelovima SAD-a i prerijama Kanade.

Izvori

Ambrozija
Flora SAD-a

Ambrosia acanthicarpa


Fabrizio Savelli (Ravenna, 14 de junho de 1607 - Roma, 26 de fevereiro de 1659) foi um cardeal do século XVII

Nascimento
Nasceu em Ravenna em 14 de junho de 1607, onde o pai, um oficial sênior do exército papal, estava estacionado. Filho de Paolo e Caterina Savelli. De família aristocrática que incluía o Papa Honório IV (1285-1287) e os Cardeais Bertrando Savelli (1216); Giovanni Batistta Savelli (1480); Giacomo Savelli (1539); e Silvio Savelli (1596). Sobrinho do cardeal Giulio Savelli (1615) e tio do cardeal Paolo Savelli (1664).

Educação
(Nenhuma informação encontrada)..

Início da vida
Embarcou na carreira eclesiástica, recebendo por transferência de seu tio, o cardeal Giulio Savelli, o título de comendador de abade da abadia de S. Paulo di Albano..

Ordens sagradas
(Nenhuma informação encontrada)..

Episcopado
Eleito arcebispo de Salerno, com dispensa por ainda não ter recebido o presbitério, em 15 de setembro de 1642. Consagrado, em 26 de outubro de 1642, Roma, pelo cardeal Alessandro Cesarini, coadjuvado por Francesco Gonzaga, bispo de Cariati, e por (não há informações sobre o segundo co-consagrante). Sucedeu a seu tio nesta sé. Núncio na Polónia (?)..

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal sacerdote no consistório de 7 de outubro de 1647; recebeu o gorro vermelho e o título de S. Agostino, em 16 de dezembro de 1647. Legado em Bolonha, em 15 de janeiro de 1648. Legado em Ravena (?). Legado em Ferrara (?). Participou do conclave de 1655 , que elegeu o Papa Alexandre VII. Cessou como arcebispo de Salerno antes de 1º de abril de 1658. Ministro da Polônia perante a Santa Sé, 1658..

Morte
Morreu em Roma em 26 de fevereiro de 1659. Exposto na igreja de S. Maria em Aracoeli, Roma, e enterrado no túmulo de seus antepassados na capela de S. Francesco naquela igreja..

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Inocêncio X

Fabrizio Savelli


Günter Müller (* 17. Mai 1927 in Pößneck) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Gewerkschafter (FDGB) und Politiker (SED). Er war langjähriger Vorsitzender des FDGB-Bezirksverbands Gera und Abgeordneter der Volkskammer.

Leben
Müller, Sohn einer Arbeiterfamilie, lernte nach der Volksschule von 1942 bis 1944 Stellmacher und Karosseriebauer. Danach war er bis 1947 in diesem Beruf beschäftigt. Von 1948 bis 1953 war er Hochofenarbeiter in der Maxhütte (Unterwellenborn). 1945 trat er in den FDGB ein und studierte 1954 an der Zentralschule der Gewerkschaften. Anschließend war er bis 1959 BGL-Vorsitzender in der Maxhütte (Unterwellenborn). 1956 trat er der SED bei. Von 1959 bis 1962 studierte er an der Hochschule der Gewerkschaften "Fritz Heckert" in Bernau bei Berlin. Sein Studium schloss er als Diplom-Gesellschaftswissenschafter ab.

1962/1963 war er Vorsitzender des FDGB-Kreisverbandes Saalfeld und von 1963 bis 1965 Vorsitzender des Gewerkschaftskomitees in der VVB Eisenerz/Roheisen. Von 1965 bis 1966 arbeitete er als Parteiorganisator im ZK der SED. Anschließend war er von 1966 bis 1989 Vorsitzender des Bezirksverbands des FDGB in Gera. Ab 1968 gehörte er als Mitglied auch dem FDGB-Bundesvorstand an, ab 1982 war er auch Mitglied des Präsidiums im Bundesvorstand des FDGB (jeweils bis 1989).

Ab 1966 war er zudem Mitglied der SED-Bezirksleitung, von 1968 bis 1989 Mitglied des Sekretariats der SED-Bezirksleitung Gera.

Von 1967 bis 1990 war er Abgeordneter des Bezirkstages Gera, von 1981 bis März 1990 Mitglied der Volkskammer (FDGB-Fraktion).

Auszeichnungen
 Vaterländischer Verdienstorden in Bronze und in Silber (1974)
 Verdienstmedaille der DDR
 Verdienter Metallurge der DDR

Literatur
 Günther Buch: Namen und Daten wichtiger Personen der DDR. 4., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Dietz, Berlin (West)/Bonn 1987, ISBN 3-8012-0121-X, S. 221.
 Manfred Bliefernich: Müller, Günter. In: Gabriele Baumgartner, Dieter Hebig (Hrsg.): Biographisches Handbuch der SBZ/DDR. 1945–1990. Band 2: Maassen – Zylla. K. G. Saur, München 1997, ISBN 3-598-11177-0, S. 566.
 Andreas Herbst: Müller, Günter. In: Dieter Dowe, Karlheinz Kuba, Manfred Wilke (Hrsg.): FDGB-Lexikon. Funktion, Struktur, Kader und Entwicklung einer Massenorganisation der SED (1945–1990). Berlin 2009.

SED-Mitglied
FDGB-Funktionär
Träger des Vaterländischen Verdienstordens in Silber
Abgeordneter der Volkskammer
Deutscher
DDR-Bürger
Geboren 1927
Mann

Günter Müller (Gewerkschafter)


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Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Zgrade i druge građevine

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Vanjske poveznice

Arhitektura u 1910.