Caloocan, officially the City of Caloocan (; ), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in Metro Manila, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 1,661,584 people making it the fourth-most populous city in the Philippines.

Caloocan is divided into two geographical locations with a total combined area of . It was formerly part of the Province of Rizal in southern Luzon. It comprises what is known as the CAMANAVA area along with the cities of Malabon, Navotas and Valenzuela.

South Caloocan is bordered by Manila, Quezon City, Malabon, Navotas and Valenzuela. The presence of commercial and industrial activities combined with residential areas make it a highly urbanized central business district and a major urban center in the Northern District of Metropolitan Manila. North Caloocan shares its border with Quezon City and Valenzuela, Marilao, Meycauayan and San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, and Rodriguez in the province of Rizal. It is composed of mostly residential subdivisions and extensive resettlement areas with scattered distribution of industrial estates mostly within road transit points and intersections.

Etymology
Caloocan as a toponym comes from the Tagalog root word lo-ok; kalook-lookan (or kaloob-looban) means "innermost area". The city's name is colloquially spelled Kalookan.

There is a mixed preference over the preferred spelling of the city's name. Variation, and the apparent confusion over the spelling, came about during the early 1970s, when a resolution was adopted by the municipal board, requiring the city departments to use the name "Kalookan." The execution of the said resolution was interrupted when the country was placed under martial law in September 1972. After the restoration of city and municipal councils, in 1988, then-councilor Aurora Asistio-Henson filed Resolution No. 006, amending the previous resolution and seeking to promote Filipino nationalism by requiring all residents and all offices and establishments in the city, "whether public or private," to spell the name of the city as "Kalookan." According to Henson, the "Filipinized spelling" provides essence and significance to the city's history, and she added that it should be used "in the city hall, the barangay halls, public markets, and other places for the information and guidance of all concerned." Nevertheless, this change in spelling was denounced by the city residents, business owners, and officials. Former representative and mayor Virgilio Robles declared the move illegal because it lacked congressional approval. He added that the city's name is spelled as "Caloocan" as shown in the city charter. The general inclination of spelling in the city is "Caloocan" and not "Kalookan," despite the existing city ordinance, although confusion has led to varied spelling choices of many businesses throughout the city. The official logo has the city's name spelled as "Caloocan," and such spelling is favored by many barangays and public and private schools in the city. "Kalookan" is preferred by the Makati-based Directories of the Philippines Corporation (DPC), while many national newspapers and magazines, and mapmakers like the Mandaluyong-based HYDN Publishing favor "Caloocan."

History

Spanish colonial era
Originally, Caloocan was the area where the old town of Tondo and Tambobong met, located along the shores of Dagat-Dagatan, a crescent-shaped inland lagoon to the west. The settlement along the shore was called "Aromahan", or "Espina" to the Spaniards, and was separated from Manila Bay by a narrow ridge from Tondo towards an opening in Kinabutasan leading to the sea.

By the late 1700s, the fishermen of Aromahan has expanded towards a hill east of Dagat-Dagatan. This naturally stony hill was called "Kaloogan", meaning "interior territory", which evolved from the old Tagalog word "loog" (synonymous with "loob" or "inside"). The "g" sound could have shifted to the "k" sound in Tagalog phonetics (e.g. baksak > bagsak) leading to the present name of the city. With Aromahan relegated to the periphery, this hilltop area was also settled by oppressed people from Tondo, becoming the new center of the community by 1802. To the east was a vast stretch of cogon-covered land. Eventually called "Kalaanan", meaning flat grassland in old Tagalog, this area is now generally known as Grace Park.

Caloocan became a municipality when it was separated from Tondo in 1815. Its original territory extended to the foothills of Marikina, San Mateo and Montalban to the east; Tinajeros, Tanza, and Tala rivers to the north; Pasig, San Juan del Monte, San Francisco del Monte, Sampalok, Santa Cruz and Tondo in the south; and Dagat-dagatan and Aromahan to the west. The local government building was set up on the relatively well-settled portion just above Libis Espina. The old Aromahan chapel was finally abandoned and a new church was built facing the municipal hall. To escape the Spanish authorities, many from the area abandoned the town proper and sought refuge in the grasslands of Balintawak and Pugad-Lawin, in which the people fought the landlords of Hacienda de Maysilo for terrestrial rights, which went on for almost a hundred years.

The Philippine revolution

Caloocan is historically significant because it was the center of activities for the Katipunan, the secret militant society that launched the Philippine Revolution during the Spanish occupation of the Philippines. In a house in Caloocan, secret meetings were held by Andrés Bonifacio and his men, and it was in the city's perimeters where the first armed encounter took place between the Katipunan and the Spaniards. The revolution erupted after the "Cry of Balintawak" led by Andres Bonifacio against their oppressors on August 30, 1896.

American invasion era

In 1899, the people of Caloocan showed resistance to coming to terms with the Americans, who were bent on extending their supremacy over the country. The men of Caloocan fought the new invaders on February 23, 1899, however victory eluded the local troops on the pretext of Antonio Luna's rift with Emilio Aguinaldo's loyalists. The city then saw heavy fighting in the Philippine–American War, at the Battle of Caloocan and the Second Battle of Caloocan.

In 1901, under the American regime, Caloocan, previously a part of the province of Manila, became one of the municipalities of the newly established province of Rizal. Due to the consolidation of several municipalities in 1903, Novaliches, then an independent municipality, became part of Caloocan pursuant to Act No. 942, as amended by Act Nos. 984 and 1008 of the Philippine Commission.

Japanese occupation era
In 1942, Caloocan was one of the municipalities of Rizal merged alongside Manila and Quezon City to form the City of Greater Manila as an emergency measure by President Manuel L. Quezon. It regained its pre-war status as a municipality of Rizal when the City of Greater Manila was dissolved effective August 1, 1945.

Cityhood

In 1961, after Republic Act No. 3278 was approved by the Philippine Congress, a plebiscite was conducted. Caloocan was officially inducted into cityhood on February 16, 1962.

Caloocan remained a city of the province of Rizal until November 7, 1975, when it became a part of the National Capital Region or Metro Manila, by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 824.

Territorial changes

Caloocan once encompassed a much larger, contiguous area. The districts of Balintawak, La Loma and Novaliches were once part of Caloocan. Balintawak is a historic district because it was the original site of the "Cry of Pugad Lawin" (Unang Sigaw sa Balintawak) at a location called "Kang-kong" near Tandang Sora's house. Novaliches was an expansive sector with some hillsides that served as meeting places and hideouts for Andrés Bonifacio and the Katipunan.

By the 1920s, there was a consolidation of several municipalities. Caloocan annexed the neighboring town of Novaliches, as stated in the Act No. 942, as amended by Act Nos. 984 and 1008 of the Philippine Commission, bringing its total area to about . When Commonwealth Act No. 502 created Quezon City in 1939, Caloocan ceded 1,500 hectares of land from the barrios or sitios of Bagubantay (Bago Bantay), Balintauac (Balintawák), Balingasa, Kaingin, Kangkong (present-day Apolonio Samson), La Loma, Malamig, Matalahib (present-day Santo Domingo), Masambong, Galas, San Isidro, San José, Santol and Tatalon. Instead of opposing the transfer, Caloocan residents willingly gave the land in the belief it will benefit the country's new capital city.

However, in 1949, Congress passed Republic Act No. 392, which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary. The barrios of Baesa, Sangandaan, Talipapâ, San Bartolomé, Pasong Tamó, Novaliches Proper (poblacion), Banlat (present-day Tandang Sora), Kabuyao, Pugad Lawin, Bagbag, Pasong Putik, which once belonged to Novaliches and had an area of about , were excised from Caloocan. The remaining portion of the Novaliches is now called North Caloocan. This split Caloocan into two parts: a southern section that is more urbanized, and a northern section that became suburban-rural.

Geography
Caloocan is divided into two non-contiguous areas with a total combined area of . South Caloocan, with an area of , is bordered on the south by Manila, on the east by Quezon City, and on the north-northwest by Malabon, Navotas and Valenzuela. North Caloocan, with an area of , shares its border on the south-southeast by Quezon City, on the southwest by Valenzuela, on the north by Marilao, Meycauayan and San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, and on the northeast by Rodriguez in the province of Rizal.

Topography

South Caloocan, where most commercial and industrial establishments are found, lies on generally flat and highly accessible land, with slopes ranging from 0–3%. The topography gradually changes from gently to moderately sloping to rolling along the North Luzon Expressway, with slopes ranging from 3–18%. The highest point at  above sea level can be found in this area, while the lowest point is in the southern part of Dagat-Dagatan at about  above mean sea level.

North Caloocan is characterized by gently to steeply undulating to rolling topography with slopes ranging from 3–18%, mostly seen in the northern and central portion, gradually transforming into a southward trend of flat lands down to the southwestern tip of the boundary. Being accessible to major roads, many industrial and residential subdivisions have been developed on this near-level land.

Geology
The geologic formation of the two portions of Caloocan varies in type and characteristics. and are specifically classified as quaternary alluvium, tuff and tuffaceous sediment, pyroclastic flow deposit, and conglomerates. The formation on the eastern half of Metropolitan Manila extending to the coastline of Manila Bay and including a greater part of South Caloocan is the quaternary alluvium, which consists of unconsolidated stream‐deposited sediments that include sand, silt, clay and gravel.

Eastward of South Caloocan, large areas consisting of tuff and tuffaceous sediment can be traced, spreading towards the whole eastern side of Metropolitan Manila. Pyroclastic flow deposit or igneous rocks formed by the lithification of ash flow are likewise present in some northern fringes of South Caloocan and in most parts of North Caloocan. On the northeast borders of North Caloocan, conglomerate rocks were traced, crossing Tala Estate and extending to the province of Bulacan and the La Mesa Watershed.

Soil found in both areas of Caloocan predominantly falls under the Novaliches Series, covering 96% of the total land area of the city. The Novaliches Series is composed of reddish brown soil, friable in consistency and granular in structure. Spherical concretions are present in the subsoil and underneath is tuffaceous material of varying degrees of disintegration and weathering. This tuffaceous material is exposed by extensive erosion in some places.

Surface drainages
Caloocan has surface waters that either have natural courses (creeks and rivers) or were constructed to serve as drainages to remove excess water from soil surfaces. South Caloocan has about  open drainage canals that serve mainly the reclamation area comprising Kaunlaran Village (Dagat-Dagatan Development Project) and nearly  natural surface water coursing through the different natural river systems. These include the Tinajeros-Tullahan River along the Caloocan–Valenzuela boundary; Maligaya Creek within La Loma Cemetery and crossing Rizal Avenue Extension; Casili Creek which terminates in Estero de Maypajo, and Cantarilla/Panaca Creek along the Caloocan–Malabon boundary. In North Caloocan, all surface waters consist of natural streams, the longest being the Meycauayan-Marilao River dividing Caloocan and Bulacan. Others include the Bagong Silang River, Tala, Camarin, Pasong Malapad, and Bagumbong Creeks crossing multiple subdivisions, for  long within the city's territorial boundaries.

Climate

Barangays

Currently, Caloocan has 188 barangays divided into 3 legislative districts. The 1st District is composed of 59 barangays, which include Barangays 1 to 4, 77 to 85, 132 to 164 in South Caloocan and Barangays 165 to 177 in North Caloocan. The 2nd District is composed of 118 barangays, which include Barangays 5 to 76 and 86 to 131, all in South Caloocan. 3rd District, which was created in 2021, includes 11 barangays in North Caloocan that were formerly part of the 1st District, which include Barangays 178 to 188.

The city uses a hybrid system for its barangays, further dividing the cities into 16 zones. Among the cities in Metro Manila, only Manila, Pasay and Caloocan implement the so-called "Zone Systems". A zone is a group of barangays in a district. Although a zone is considered a subdivision in the local government units, the people do not elect a leader for the zone in a popular election similar to the normal barangay or local elections as the system is merely for statistical purposes. Furthermore, all barangays have corresponding numbers but only a few—mostly in Caloocan's northern part—have corresponding names. However, the names of barrios and districts do not necessarily coincide with the perimeters of barangays. The barangays in southern Caloocan are generally smaller compared to their northern counterparts.

In 1989, Republic Act No. 6714 called for reducing the 70 barangays constituting the first congressional district of Caloocan to only thirty (30) barangays, while the 118 barangays composing the second congressional district of Caloocan were to be reduced to thirty (30) barangays. It was presumably defeated in the plebiscite that followed.

Barangay 176 or Bagong Silang is the most populous barangay in the country with a population of 246,515 people or 16% of the total population of Caloocan. This was due to the continuous influx of informal settler families through relocation programs since the 1970s. As a result, there have been calls by residents to subdivide the Bagong Silang into seven distinct barangays.

Barangay 76, meanwhile, is the least populous barangay in Metro Manila with a population of 2. It used to be an informal settlement and its entire  area is now predominated by retail buildings like Puregold Monumento and Araneta Square Mall.

In 1957, the sitio of Bagbaguin was separated from the barrio of Caybiga (Kaybiga) and converted into a distinct barrio known as Barrio Bagbaguin.

Demographics

As of 2020, the city has a population of 1,661,584 people, which makes it the fourth largest city in the Philippines in terms of population. Under the same census year, Caloocan South (Barangays 1 to 164) was recorded as having a population of 585,091, and Caloocan North (Barangays 165 to 188) was recorded with a population of 998,887. If the two districts were treated as separate cities, they still would have been among the largest in the country as of the 2015 census year, ranking fourth and 17th respectively in terms of population.

The population density of Caloocan () surpasses that of the National Capital Region as a whole.

The 1st district of Caloocan was once the country's most populous legislative district, with 1.19 million persons as of 2015, prior to the creation of the 3rd district that was excised from it.

Most residents speak Filipino (Tagalog) and English, with considerable numbers speaking other languages and dialects of the Philippines.

Like many other places in the country, Caloocan is predominantly Roman Catholic. It is home to the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kalookan in its southern part, while its northern part is under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches. There is also a significant presence of Iglesia ni Cristo and other Protestant churches in the city.

Economy

Caloocan's 10th Avenue area is well known for its clusters of motorcycle dealers and motorcycle spare parts dealers. Among the major and famous streets are P. Zamora Street and A. Mabini Street.

Numerous banks have branches in the city such as BDO, EastWest Bank, MetroBank, PSBank, Maybank, Chinabank, Bank of the Philippine Islands, UnionBank, Philippine National Bank, Philippine Business Bank, Bank of Makati, Security Bank, Land Bank of the Philippines, Sterling Bank of Asia, Bank of Commerce, Philtrust Bank, Malayan Bank, Bank One Savings & Trust Corporation, WealthBank, Rural Bank of Caloocan, and Our Lady of Grace Credit Cooperative.

The city also has a number of shopping malls and stand-alone supermarkets and hypermarkets including SM City Grand Central (on the former site of Ever Gotesco Grand Central), Puregold Monumento, Victory Central Mall, Araneta Square, Uniwide Warehouse Club Monumento, LRT Caloocan Mall, SM Hypermarket Monumento, SM Center Sangandaan, 999 Shopping Mall Caloocan, and Walter Mart Caloocan which are in the southern part. In the north, there are five shopping malls serving the residents of Bagong Silang and Camarin, namely, Zabarte Town Center, Holiday Island Mall, Metroplaza Mall, Primark Town Center Deparo, and Primark Town Center Brixton. Savemore Market has three branches which are located in Kiko Camarin (Barangay 178), Zabarte inside Zabarte Town Center, Kaybiga and Primark Deparo. Puregold Price Club also opened seven branches in North Caloocan which are located in Zabarte, Bagong Silang, Deparo, Langit Road, Quirino Highway, Camarin, and Champaca and five in South Caloocan which are located in Rizal Avenue (Caloocan branch), 3rd Avenue, Monumento, Maypajo, and Langaray.

Factories and industrial areas have also been built in various parts of Caloocan. Manufacturers are concentrated in the northern part, particularly in Bagumbong, Kaybiga, Llano, and Tala, while plastic and steel industries are concentrated in the southern part. Tala hosts the Victoria Wave Special Economic Zone, a  registered zone under the Philippine Economic Zone Authority.

NLEX Corporation, the concession holder of the North Luzon Expressway, is headquartered in Caloocan. The expressway's main section, Harbor Link spur (through Segment 10.1 and C3–R10 section), and NLEX Connector traverse through South Caloocan.

Government

Local government
Caloocan, like other cities of the Philippines, is a local government unit whose powers and functions are specified by the Local Government Code of the Philippines. In general, as a city, Caloocan is headed by a mayor who heads the city's executive function and the vice mayor who heads the city's legislative function, which is composed of eighteen councilors, six from each of the city's three city council districts. For representation, the city has three districts, and therefore three representatives, in the country's House of Representatives.

Elected officials

List of mayors and vice mayors

Infrastructure

Transportation

The LRT Line 1 has two stations in the southern part of the city, namely: Monumento and 5th Avenue. Philippine National Railways also has a line, with its terminal at Samson Road, and passes through Caloocan railway station (the first railway station built in the city), 10th Avenue railway station, and 5th Avenue railway station. The currently under construction MRT Line 7 has also two under-construction stations located at the northern part of Caloocan, namely: Sacred Heart and Tala.

The city has an extensive network of roads, the most prominent being Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, which begins in the Monumento area. Quirino Highway, which connects Quezon City and eastern Bulacan, also traverses the northern part of Caloocan. The North Luzon Expressway's Operations and Maintenance Center and the motorway's Balintawak toll barrier are in the southern part of Caloocan. NLEX Harbor Link, its extension that connects it towards Navotas and Port of Manila, and the NLEX Connector project that connects Harbor Link with the City of Manila and Skyway also traverse Caloocan. The northern end of Skyway, which connects the North and South Luzon Expressways, is also found near NLEX's Balintawak toll plaza, with a possible connection to a future toll road leading to the New Manila International Airport.

Bus line Victory Liner Incorporated has its headquarters and terminal along Rizal Avenue Extension near the Monumento station.

Landmarks

The city's most celebrated landmark is the monument to the revolutionary Andrés Bonifacio, which stands on a roundabout where EDSA, MacArthur Highway, Samson Road, and Rizal Avenue Extension intersect. The memorial was erected in 1933 and consists of an obelisk with sculptures by National Artist Guillermo Tolentino. The monument marks the very first battle of the Philippine Revolution on August 3, 1896. Recent renovations have been made on the environs of the monument, including the Bonifacio Circle, its former site, and the Caloocan stretch of EDSA, which is  away from the landmark. The whole area is known as 'Monumento'.

The new Caloocan City Hall stands in a rectangular lot bordered by 8th and 9th Streets and 8th and 9th Avenues in Grace Park East in the southern part of the city. It replaced the old Caloocan City Hall, built in 1952, that stood at A. Mabini Street in the southern part across from San Roque Cathedral-Parish.  There is also the Caloocan City Hall North serving the northern part of the city, located along Zapote Street in Camarin. The city's District Office of the Bureau of Internal Revenue is along EDSA.

Other sites of historical importance identified by the city government include a lot in P. Zamora Street where the wife of Katipunan leader Andrés Bonifacio once resided; the heritage house of Gertrudes Sevilla, the owner of which is the nephew of Gregoria de Jesús; Santa Quiteria Church in Baesa; and Our Lady of Grace Parish in 11th Avenue; La Loma Cemetery, the oldest cemetery in Manila; and Thai To Taoist Temple along 6th Avenue.

Police
The Caloocan City Police Station is under the parent agency National Capital Region Police Office's Northern Police District of the Philippine National Police. They were once recognized as the best police station for their contribution to the drug war during the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte.

However, the whole Caloocan city police force was recently sacked after a series of crimes, including killings and robberies, were committed by its members. However, instead of dismissing the erring police officers, they were scheduled to be retrained by then Philippine National Police Chief Ronald dela Rosa.

Education

The city's lone public university is the University of Caloocan City (formerly Caloocan City Community College in 1971 and Caloocan City Polytechnic College in 1975). Other educational institutions offering tertiary education include University of the East Caloocan, Manila Central University, La Consolacion College-Caloocan, and La Consolacion College-Novaliches, Access Computer College Caloocan, AMA Computer College-Caloocan, STI Academic Center Caloocan, among others.

There are also several public and private schools catering to K–12, such as:
Caloocan National Science and Technology High School (North Caloocan's first-ever science and technology high school; its students are admitted if they pass a competitive examination)
Caloocan City Science High School
Caloocan City Business High School
Caloocan High School
Amparo High School
Maria Clara High School
Philippine Cultural College (Annex)
Holy Infant Montessori Center
Northern Rizal Yorklin School
St. Mary's Academy of Caloocan City
Notre Dame of Greater Manila
Antonio Luna High School (formerly Bagumbong High School-Annex)
Camarin High School
Tala High School
Manuel Luis Quezon High School
Sampaguita High School
Cielito Zamora High School
Bagong Silang High School
National Housing Corporation High School (NHC HS)
Genesis Christian Academy of Caloocan
Kalayaan National High School
Deparo High School
Escuela de Sophia of Caloocan, Inc.
Escuela San Gabriel de Arcangel Foundation, Inc.
Colegio de San Gabriel of Caloocan, Inc.
Guardian Angel School
Horacio Dela Costa Elementary School
Horacio Dela Costa High School
Antonio Uy Tan Senior High School
Saint Benedict School of Novaliches
Saint Dominic Savio School of Caloocan City
Academy of Saint Andrew Caloocan Inc.
Immaculada Concepcion College
Systems Plus Computer College
St. Gabriel Academy
Asian Institute of Computer Studies – Caloocan
St. Clare College of Caloocan
Mystical Rose School of Caloocan, Inc.
Holy Angel School of Caloocan, Inc.
St. Agnes Academy of Caloocan, Inc.
St. Therese of Rose School,
Young Achievers School of Caloocan
St. Joseph College of Novaliches
St. Raphaela Mary School of Caloocan
Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic School
Maranatha Christian Academy of Caloocan (Camarin)
Ridgewood School of Caloocan
Grace Park Elementary School
Sampalukan Elementary School
Libis Talisay Elementary School
Kaunlaran Elementary School
Lerma Elementary School
Pag-Asa Elementary School
Camarin Elementary School
La Consolacion College
Caloocan (South) Campus
Novaliches (Deparo) Campus

Twin towns – sister cities

Local
 Calamba, Laguna
 Malabon, Metro Manila
 San Jose del Monte, Bulacan

International
  Incheon, South Korea

Gallery

Notable people
 Edcel Greco Lagman

References

External links

 [ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
History of Caloocan, Philippines

Cities in Metro Manila
Populated places established in 1815
1815 establishments in the Philippines
Highly urbanized cities in the Philippines
Enclaves and exclaves

Caloocan


est un film d'horreur japonais sorti en 1988, réalisé par  et scénarisé par Chiaki J. Konaka.

Synopsis
Le film se présente comme un reportage TV sur une jeune idol. On découvre progressivement  une silhouette blanche floue qui se trouvait sur les images d'interview de la chanteuse, à peine visible. La vie de l'idol réapparait alors peu à peu sous un jour paranormal.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Jaganrei
 Titre original : 邪願霊
 Réalisation :
 Scénario : Chiaki J. Konaka
 Genre : film d'horreur, J-Horror
 Pays de production : Japon
 Durée : 49 minutes

Distribution

 Naoto Takenaka

Autour du film
Jaganrei est le premier film identifié comme relevant du genre de la J-Horror, un genre qui réinvente les codes des films de fantômes japonais.

Jaganrei et la série des  de 1991, réalisée par Norio Tsuruta, et scénarisée également par Chiaki Konaka, ont marqué un véritable renouveau des films d'horreur japonais et de la manière de représenter les fantômes dans le cinéma japonais. C'est ce qui fut nommé ensuite la "Théorie Konaka", du nom du scénariste, par Kiyoshi Kurosawa et Hiroshi Takahashi.

Cette théorie est une sorte de méthodologie, sur la manière de faire peur au cinéma, avec des fantômes. Cela repose par exemple sur le fait de représenter de fantôme flou, discret ou peu visible, de préférer montrer la peur de la victime plutôt que le fantôme directement, ou de favoriser le mystère quant aux motivations de celui-ci, entre autres.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 J-Horror

Liens externes

Film japonais sorti en 1988
Film d'horreur japonais
Moyen métrage japonais
Film sorti directement en vidéo

Jaganrei


An Cryptanthus pseudoglaziovii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Elton Martinez Carvalho Leme. An Cryptanthus pseudoglaziovii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cryptanthus, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cryptanthus

Cryptanthus pseudoglaziovii


An Trichoglottis lasioglossa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Schltr., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Paul Ormerod. An Trichoglottis lasioglossa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trichoglottis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Trichoglottis

Trichoglottis lasioglossa


Al verte las flores lloran (oficialmente El Camarón de la Isla con la colaboración especial de Paco de Lucía) es el primer álbum del cantaor español Camarón de la Isla. Fue grabado y publicado en 1969. Como guitarrista presenta a Paco de Lucía, quien ya había iniciado previamente su carrera como guitarrista solista.

Lista de canciones

Las canciones que no tienen indicada la autoría en esta lista son tradicionales:

 Al verte las flores lloran (Bulerías) 2:40
 Que un toro bravo en su muerte (Tientos) 3:46
 Si acaso muero (Seguiriyas) 4:08
 En una piedra me acosté (Fandangos) – (José Blas Vega) – 3:26
 Anda y no presumas más (Bulerías por Soleá) 3:29
 Camina y dime (Tarantos) 4:51
 Detrás del tuyo se va (Tangos) – (Francisco Almagro / Manuel Villacañas) – 4:20
 Y tú no me respondías (Soleares) 3:58
 Llorando me lo pedía (Fandangos de Huelva) 2:56
 Una estrella chiquitita (Bulerías) 4:17
 Con la varita en la mano (Fandangos) – (José Blas Vega) - 3:31
 Barrio de Santa María (Alegrías) 2:31

Personal

 Camarón de la Isla - Voz
 Paco de Lucía - Guitarra
 Ramón de Algeciras - Segunda guitarra

Nota

- El nombre oficial del álbum es El Camarón de la Isla con la colaboración especial de Paco de Lucía, pero es llamado Al verte las flores lloran debido a que entre los aficionados se dio la costumbre de llamarlo por el nombre de la primera canción.

- El nombre oficial se debe a la decisión de Antonio Sánchez (padre de Paco) para ayudar a su hijo a preservar su carrera como solista y dar a conocer más su nombre, su imagen y sonido, y a su vez, ayudar a impulsar el trabajo de Camarón acompañándolo del nombre de Paco de Lucía, que previamente había grabado como solista.

Enlaces externos
 "AL VERTE LAS FLORES LLORAN" DISCO COMPLETO (1969) CAMARÓN & PACO DE LUCÍA

Álbumes de Camarón de la Isla
Álbumes de España de 1969

Al verte las flores lloran


An Eriocaulon rockianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hand.-mazz.. An Eriocaulon rockianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 E. r. latifolium
 E. r. rockianum

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon rockianum


Dips are common to many partner dance styles (Tango, Lindy Hop, Salsa, Ballroom dances).

Characteristics of a dip include:
 weight-sharing
 dancers' centres go lower than when standing

Some dance styles distinguish between sits, dips, and drops; as a general rule, the difference is the degree to which the base (usually the lead) ends up responsible for the mass and balance of the flyer (usually the follow). Where a distinction is made, it's usually a continuum from least to most responsibility, with sits being the least, drops the most, and dips in between.

There are infinite varieties of dips. Following are some descriptions of some dips; these may also be known by different names in different dance styles, and in different groups within the same dance style.

Standard: The flyer usually balances themself. The flyer's body may be horizontal or vertical. There are many grips for bases. The base uses a one-handed grip if flyer is experienced. In performance, flyer may turn their torso sideways toward the audience or toward the base. In social dance, the flyer usually turns their torso toward the base. The lead can use a two-handed grip for inexperienced partners when social dancing.

Tango: The follow's leg locks around the lead's right leg. The flyer can support themselves, if they have strong core muscles.

Tango Swoop: The flyer leans back (torso horizontal) and moves in a circle and then returns to vertical.

Shoulder Support (Right): When the follow spins to their left, the lead may grip the follows left shoulder with their right arm. The follow will stop spinning when the leads right arm blocks their body. This leads to a natural dip, where the follow simply leans back while the lead supports them by holding their shoulder. Note: Never hold the follows neck.

Shoulder Support (Left): When the follow spins to their left, the lead may grip the follows left shoulder or upper arm, with their left hand. The follow will stop spinning when the leads arm left blocks their body. During the follows spin, the lead's right hand holds the follow's right hand. This leads to a natural dip, where the follow simply leans back, while the lead supports them with both hands: the leads right hand holds the follows right hand behind the leads neck and the leads left hand holds the follows left shoulder.

Lean: The base and flyer stand side by side, with the base's hand on the flyers hip. The base lunges sideways, away from the flyer, holding the flyers hip to theirs. The flyer keeps the inside leg straight and styles with the other, often a figure-4 knee bend.

Lean to Standard: From a lean, the follow rolls forward into a normal dip.

Between the Legs: The lead steps over the follows torso while in a dip.

Straddle: The flyer bends back horizontally. The lead steps over the follows torso, then the lead moves their feet together so the leads feet touch. The flyer is supported by the leads feet.

Death Drop: From cuddle position, with a circus grip. Flyer leans forward and falls as far as the grip allows, which is not very far. Then the lead slips the cuddle arm out and the flyer falls again as far as the grip allows. Spotters should be under where the flyer's head will go until all parties can consistently do this move safely.

One-handed coin swooping dip (Trance): Whilst dipping your partner with the one handed gripping technique, lower your torso until in a vertical position and within reach of the dance floor. There is a slight pelvic sway in sync with the trance beat. With your free hand collect the coin, and then return to the upright position. The position of your leading thigh is key in making this popular move successful

See also
Lead and follow

Partner dance

Dip (dance move)


Nicolas Winding Refn (Copenhague, 29 de septiembre de 1970) es un director, productor y guionista de cine y televisión danés, ganador en el Festival de Cannes como mejor director y candidato a los Premios BAFTA. Ha dirigido películas como la trilogía Pusher (1996, 2004 y 2005), Bronson (2008), Valhalla Rising (2009) y Drive (2011).

Biografía
Nicolas Winding Refn nació el 29 de septiembre de 1970 en Copenhague, Dinamarca. Sus padres son el director y editor de cine danés Anders Refn y la directora de fotografía Vibeke Winding. Su medio hermano es el cantante danés Kasper Winding. Se mudó a la ciudad de Nueva York cuando tenía ocho años, y pasó allí toda su adolescencia.

Winding Refn cita el visionado de The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) como una inspiración para su carrera cinematográfica:

Cuando cumplió diecisiete años volvió a su país natal, Dinamarca, para completar sus estudios. Una vez terminados regresó a Nueva York para estudiar en la American Academy of Dramatic Arts, pero fue expulsado de la escuela; como consecuencia de ello se matriculó posteriormente en la Danish Film School, pero sin llegar a concluir sus estudios. Dirigió y escribió su primera película, Pusher (1996), con 26 años.

Vida personal
Está casado con la actriz Liv Corfixen, con quien tiene dos hijas. Mantiene una estrecha amistad con Alejandro Jodorowsky y se jacta de tener las manos más limpias del planeta. Es el encargado de personificar a Heart Man en el videojuego de PS4 Death Stranding, cuyo personaje muere cada 21 minutos para poder ir a buscar a su familia muerta en el más allá.

Filmografía

Premios
Premios BAFTA

Festival de Cannes

Festival de Cine de Sitges

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Directores de cine de Dinamarca
Guionistas de cine de Dinamarca
Productores de cine
Nacidos en Copenhague

Nicolas Winding Refn


An Pecteilis in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Pecteilis in nahilalakip ha familia nga Orchidaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Pecteilis

Pecteilis


The Parachute Intervention Squadron of the National Gendarmerie () (EPIGN) was a parachute-trained tactical unit of the French Gendarmerie. The squadron was formed in 1984 with personnel from EPGM, a one-of-a-kind parachute squadron that had been created within the mobile gendarmerie in 1971 and was disestablished at that date. EPIGN, was based in Versailles-Satory with its sister unit GIGN. Besides its primary mission of providing heavy support and reinforcement to GIGN, EPIGN soon developed its own set of missions in the fields of protection and observation. It was finally absorbed, together with the "old" GIGN, into the newly reorganized GIGN in September 2007.

History

EPGM: The Mobile Gendarmerie Parachute squadron (1971–1983)
In 1971, the French Gendarmerie established a new mobile gendarmerie squadron in Mont-de-Marsan in southwest France: Escadron 9/11 parachutiste de la Gendarmerie mobile (EPGM). The squadron had a dual mission as a law and order unit specialized in "hard" situations and a parachute unit.  One of the new unit's additional missions was to provide parachute-qualified provosts to the army's 11th airborne division.

In 1973, in the wake of the Munich massacre, the Gendarmerie created two tactical teams or "intervention units": one named ECRI (Équipe Commando Régionale d'intervention or Regional Commando Tactical Team) was based in Maisons-Alfort near Paris and a second, named GIGN () was created within the parachute squadron in Mont-de-Marsan. In 1974, the two units were renamed respectively GIGN 1 and GIGN 4. Then in 1976, both units merged into a single one, named GIGN and based in Maisons-Alfort while the parachute squadron remained in Mont-de-Marsan. GIGN relocated to Satory near Versailles (west of Paris) in 1982.

EPGM was involved in maintaining order during some of the most violent demonstrations of the 1980s which included protests against the building of new-generation nuclear plants. It was also deployed overseas to such places as Chad, the Central African Republic and Lebanon. The unit was also deployed to the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas to provide security for the 1977 referendum that led to the independence of Djibouti.

Besides being a qualified gendarme and paratrooper, every member of the unit had to have an additional specialty: high altitude jumper, sharpshooter, explosive neutralization specialist, close combat specialist, combat medic, loadmaster, driver, etc., the unit's structure remaining however that of a regular mobile gendarmerie squadron (i.e. one headquarters platoon and three line platoons) under the command of a captain. Being based near the Atlantic coast, the unit trained combat divers and this specialty was then acquired by GIGN4. This know-how was transferred to GIGN and further developed when the two units merged.

EPIGN: The National Gendarmerie Parachute Intervention Squadron (1984–2007)
In 1984, it was decided that EPGM (the gendarmerie mobile parachute squadron) would be disestablished and that its personnel would be transferred to Satory to create a new kind of parachute squadron there. The new unit, named escadron parachutiste d'intervention de la gendarmerie nationale or EPIGN would provide tactical support and reinforcements for GIGN whenever additional personnel or heavy weapons were needed.

That same year, GIGN and EPIGN became part of a larger organization called GSIGN ().

Missions and structure
As time passed, EPIGN, without ever giving up its primary mission of providing tactical support and reinforcements for GIGN, developed its own set of missions: surveillance and observation of criminals and terrorists, personal protection of VIPs and officials and protection of critical sites such as embassies in war-torn countries.

The unit structure also evolved as the mission scope evolved and very soon, had nothing left in common with that of a regular mobile gendarmerie squadron. In the end the unit, still under the command of a captain, was composed of:
 headquarters platoon – including a high altitude jump cell;
 two Security and Protection Platoons (SPP)  specialized in close protection of VIPs or dangerous sites (for example embassies in war-torn countries);
 one Observation and Research Group (GOR)  specialized in monitoring suspected criminals or terrorists.

Despite the squadron's name, the "intervention" mission was entirely transferred to GIGN, members of the parachute squadron being assigned the task to support the intervention group by sanitizing and cordoning off their operating area and by providing heavy weapon support with machine guns and mortars if and when necessary.

An additional mission was to reinforce GSPR (), the presidential security group (then composed exclusively of gendarmes), mainly during official or state visits abroad.

Squadron personnel frequently conducted security audits of embassies, ports and airports and various French or foreign sites.

Finally the squadron was also involved during special events such as the Pope's visit, the World Football or Rugby World Cups, the D-Day commemoration, etc.

Uniform
EPIGN members often operated in plainclothes with a simple lapel pin (for example for VIP protection). When in uniform, they wore a dark blue beret, like their predecessors of EPGM.

Skills
EPIGN personnel (and now GIGN personnel) was trained in:
 Alpinism (taught by the high-mountain gendarmerie group of Chamonix)
 Parachuting
 Diving
 First aid
 Marksmanship
 Explosive neutralization
 Close security
 Close combat

Known operations
The unit was never deployed in a large scale parachute jump and a large part of the unit's missions were kept secret but known missions include:
 Embassy protection in war-torn countries or during crises (Afghanistan, Algeria, Colombia, Congo, Ethiopia, Iraq, Romania, Rwanda, El Salvador, Togo, Yemen, Democratic Republic of the Congo)
 Technical assistance and training missions in Burundi, Colombia, Union of the Comoros, Djibouti, Jordan, Republic of the Congo, Mali, Chad, Togo, etc.
 Reinforcement of the Presidential security group (GSPR) during visits to Jordan, Egypt, the Republic of Ireland, etc.
 GIGN support during the assault on the Ouvéa cave. An EPIGN section led the assault group through the jungle and cordoned off the area. An EPIGN member was wounded by gunshot when the hostage takers shot at their helicopter at the beginning of the assault.
 GIGN support (and hostage rescue) during the assault on Air France Flight 8969 at Marseille Marignane airport in December 1994. A section of eighteen EPIGN members was stationed directly underneath the plane during the assault and recovered the hostages as they went down the escape chutes. As only four armored jackets were available due to the urgency of the deployment, they decided that none would be used.
 Attempted arrest, and shooting, of terrorist Khaled Kelkal in 1995. As GIGN was deployed in the Comoros, EPIGN undertook the operation. Kelkal refused to surrender and was shot in the ensuing exchange.
 Search for and monitoring of suspected criminals after the end of the Yugoslav Wars.
 Search for and monitoring of violent independentist activists (Corsica, Basque Country) or terrorists (Action Directe).

EPGM and EPIGN unit commanders
EPGM (1971–1983)
 Capitaine Poupinot
 Capitaine Michel
 Capitaine Rémy
 Capitaine Denis
 Capitaine Vanderperre

EPIGN (1984–2007)
 Capitaine Chancerelle
 Capitaine Pattin
 Capitaine Cormier
 Capitaine Strub
 Capitaine Bonneau
 Capitaine Veneau
 Capitaine Lavergne
 Capitaine L.

Dissolution
In 2007, the Gendarmerie, in light of mass terrorists events such as the Moscow theater hostage crisis and the Beslan school siege and in order to better integrate its tactical teams under reinforced headquarters, decided to disestablish GSIGN in favor of a "new" GIGN composed of the former GIGN, the former EPIGN and other former components of GSIGN (the Presidential close protection group and the training group). So EPIGN was disestablished and its former members became part of "forces" in the new GIGN (mainly the Security Protection Force and the Observation and Research Force).

Notes and references

Bibliography

See also
 Groupe d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale
 11th Shock Parachutist Regiment
 Carabinieri Regiment "Tuscania" a similar unit of Carabinieri

Related links
 Specwarnet.com report

French Gendarmerie
Gendarmerie units and formations
GIGN
1984 establishments in France
2007 disestablishments in France
Airborne units and formations of France


O beija-flor-escamoso, também conhecido por colibri-de-peito-escamoso (nome científico: Phaeochroa cuvierii) é uma espécie de ave apodiforme pertencente à família dos troquilídeos, que inclui os beija-flores. É o único representante do gênero Phaeochroa, que é monotípico. Por sua vez, também é, consequentemente, a espécie-tipo deste gênero. Pode ser encontrada em altitudes entre 900 e 2100 metros, distribuindo-se desde o extremo-sul do México, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica até Nicarágua e Panamá.

Etimologia
O nome do gênero que esta espécie pertence, sendo sua única representante e espécie-tipo, respeitando a nomenclatura binomial, caracteriza uma amálgama de dois termos da língua grega antiga: φαιος, phaios, primeiro termo usado, que significa, literalmente, algo como "marrom, castanho" adicionado do termo χροα, khroa, que significa literalmente "cor, aparência", esse por meio da palavra χρωτος, khrōtos, que apresenta o mesmo significado, denotando mais explicitamente algo como "cor de pele". O descritor específico da espécie segue uma lógica mais complexa, sendo um tipo de dedicatória ao influente anatomista e zoólogo da França, Léopold Chrêtien Frédéric Dagobert Baron Cuvier, que se tornou conhecido por seu pseudônimo Georges Cuvier. Este último, além de ter recebido a dedicatória durante a descrição da espécie, também era responsável pela publicação do periódico no qual a descoberta foi publicada: a Revue Zoologique par la Société Cuviérienne.

Seus nomes comuns dentro do português brasileiro e português europeu, respectivamente, se baseiam nas características fisiológicas desta ave: com "beija-flor-escamoso" descreve principalmente a aparência das plumas desta espécie, que se assemelham muito às escamas de uma cobra ou de um peixe, embora este não seja o caso. O nome "colibri-de-peito-escamoso" segue o mesmo tipo de nomenclatura vernácula, mas especificamente descreve que a plumagem diferente se localiza na região superior do tronco.

Descrição
O beija-flor-escamoso apresenta, em média, em torno de 11,5 a 13 centímetros, classificando-lhe dentre as maiores espécies de beija-flor da América Central, ao que pela fauna sul-americana está entre as espécies medianas, não tão grandes ou tão pequenas. De fato, a espécie é quase um centímetro menor que a maior espécie do continente centro-americano: o beija-flor-de-garganta-azul (Lampornis clemenciae). Entre suas características fisiológicas marcantes, destaca-se as penas escamosas e verde-brilhantes no tronco, bem como seu bico preto curto ligeiramente curvado, que na maioria das subespécies possui a extremidade da mandíbula rosada; com exceção de P. c. roberti, qual o bico é inteiramente preto. Os machos e fêmeas de todas as subespécies têm a mesma plumagem, mas as fêmeas têm um bico mais longo. A raça nominal P. c. cuvierii é a subespécie menor e cor mais pálida. É principalmente verde-bronzeado com a barriga sendo amarelo-acinzentada. As penas da parte inferior têm bordas amareladas que lhe oferecem uma aparência escamosa. A cauda é principalmente bronzeada, com pontas brancas nos dois ou três pares de penas externos.

As diferenças entre a subespeciação nominal e outra subespécie, P. c. roberti, se dão principalmente pelas penas da cauda pretas e brancas na ponta. Sua outra raça, P. c. maculicauda, apresenta sua garganta mais esverdeada em relação a nominal, com as penas da cauda sendo parcialmente enegrecidas. Nisso, a raça P. c. furvescens se destaca pelas plumas da garganta mais escuras e ventre mais claro do que a nominal. A P. c. saturatior se mostra como a maior e mais escura subespécie, sendo ainda a mais semelhante com a nominal. P. c. berlespchi apresenta o abdômen mais bronzeado, além de possuir extremidades das penas da cauda mais brancas que a nominal.

Sistemática
Esta espécie seria originalmente descrita em meados de setembro de 1846, por meio da coleta de um asa-de-sabre macho na região do istmo do Panamá, pelo ornitólogo e ilustrador francês Adolphe Delattre e seu compatriota Jules Bourcier, que incluira esta espécie em Trochilus. Posteriormente, em conjunto com as outras espécies de beija-flor, este seria reclassificado dentro do gênero Campylopterus, aves conhecidas na nomenclatura vernácula como asas-de-sabre. Algum tempo depois, após a descoberta de que este último gênero era polifilético, pouco depois sofrendo alguns desmembramentos, esta espécie haveria, finalmente, sido classificada em Phaeochroa, um monotipo antes considerado uma sinonímia, que seria introduzido no ano de 1861, dessa vez pelo notável ornitólogo inglês John Gould. De acordo com cladogramas sobre a subfamília dos troquilíneos, publicados em 2014, sua filogenética molecular descobriria que os beija-flores-escamosos estariam mais intimamente relacionados com os beija-flores-camurça, do que com os asas-de-sabre.

Essa classificação revisada seria amplamente aceita pela maioria dos identificadores taxonômicos entre o ano de publicação dos estudos e mais recentemente, com exceção do Handbook of the Birds of the World, catálogo publicado pela BirdLife International, com a organização estando, possivelmente, dentre uma das mais conservadoras sobre a reclassificação. Dentre os identificadores que aceitaram Phaeochroa como o gênero representante para a espécie, estão eBird, em uma colaboração com o Cornell Lab of Ornithology e taxonomia de Clements; bem como os South e North American Classification Committees, publicados pela American Ornithological Society e o ex-International Ornithological Committee. Por ser o único representante de seu gênero, este se classifica como um monotipo, com a espécie sendo uma espécie-tipo.

São reconhecidas seis subespécies:

 Phaeochroa cuvierii cuvierii (Delattre & Bourcier, 1846) — subespécie nominal; pode ser encontrada desde centro do Panamá ao leste em Kuna Yala
 Phaeochroa cuvierii berlespchi Hellmayr, 1915 — pode ser encontrada ao norte dos departamentos de Atlántico e Bolívar da Colômbia
 Phaeochroa cuvierii maculicauda Griscom, 1932 — pode ser encontrada exclusivamente na encosta pacífica da Costa Rica
 Phaeochroa cuvierii roberti Salvin, 1861 — pode ser encontrada ao extremo sudeste do México e na encosta caribenha seguindo até Guatemala, Belize, Honduras e Nicarágua por meio do nordeste da Costa Rica
 Phaeochroa cuvierii saturatior  (Hartert, 1901) — pode ser encontrada exclusivamente na ilha Coiba no sudoeste do Panamá
 Phaeochroa cuvierii furvescens (Wetmore, 1967) — pode ser encontrado na encosta pacífica do Panamá ocidental

Distribuição e habitat
O beija-flor-escamoso pode ser encontrados desde o extremo-sul do México seguindo pelo centro-norte da Guatemala e sul de Belize, distribuindo-se à fronteira dos dois países com Honduras e seguindo pelo leste até o leste da Nicarágua. Depois, na Costa Rica, pode ser encontrada nos extremos norte e sul do território, seguindo, então, até o Panamá, por onde se distribui desde a província de Chiriquí até a comarca indígena de Kuna Yala. Na América do Sul, esta distribuição se mostra exclusivamente e endemicamente pelo norte da Colômbia especificamente por meio da região do Caribe. Esta espécie habita paisagens semi-abertas a abertas, incluindo floresta seca, bordas e clareiras de galeria e floresta tropical úmida, manguezal, floresta secundária, cerrados e jardins. Evita os interiores de matas fechadas. Geralmente ocorre do sub-bosque ao estrato médio, mas também no dossel nas bordas da floresta. É principalmente encontrado por baixas altitudes, mas é encontrado localmente até os 1200 metros acima do nível do mar na Costa Rica.

Comportamento
O beija-flor-escamoso é principalmente sedentário e, ocasionalmente, realiza movimentos locais como um meio de acompanhar os eventos de floração.

Alimentação
O beija-flor-escamoso procura pelo néctar das flores por uma variedade de árvores floridas, arbustos e bromélias. Se alimenta deles pairando e, para flores grandes, empoleirando-se. Defende agressivamente áreas de alimentação e territórios, sendo dominante sobre beija-flores menores. Além do néctar, alimenta-se de artrópodes capturados por falcoaria e também pela coleta da vegetação.

Reprodução
O beija-flor-escamoso se reproduz principalmente na estação chuvosa, que na Guatemala fica entre maio e dezembro e maio a janeiro na Costa Rica. Este beija-flor organiza-se de exibição de machos para fêmeas em leks. Constrói um ninho de copa com penugem e teia de aranha com muito musgo e líquen por fora. O ninho é colocado, normalmente, sobre uma pequena árvore como uma sela em um galho horizontal de 2 a 8 metros acima do solo. A fêmea incuba a ninhada de dois ovos por 17 a 19 dias e a emplumação ocorre 22 a 29 dias após a eclosão.

Vocalização
A vocalização do beija-flor-escamoso se trata de "um gorjeio alto, variável e contínuo... em perseguições, o macho faz "um trinado descendente agudo" e outras chamadas incluem "um 'trrk' curto e repetido, [um] 'tlek' úmido e um 'chick' mais enfático".

Estado de conservação
Na Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas, a União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza avalia o colibri-de-peito-escamoso entre as espécie pouco preocupantes, com uma ampla área de distribuição e uma população com cerca de menos de 50 mil indivíduos maduros, a qual acredita-se que esteja estáveis. É considerada incomum a localmente comum e ocorre em várias áreas protegidas.

Ligações externas
Xeno-canto
Vídeos, fotos e sons no Internet Bird Collection

Géneros de beija-flor
Aves descritas em 1846
Troquilídeos
Aves da Colômbia
Aves de Belize
Aves do México
Aves de Honduras
Aves da Guatemala
Aves da Nicarágua
Aves do Panamá
Aves da Costa Rica
Aves da América Central
Aves da América do Sul
Espécies descritas por John Gould

Phaeochroa cuvierii


برايان بورو أو بوروما  (من كلمة أيرلندية تعني جزية)، ملك أعلى لأيرلندا ولد تقريبا عام 926 وأمضى شبابه يحارب الفايكنغ الدانماركيين الذين خرّبوا مونستر باستمرار. وكان الجزء الشمالي منه موطن قبيلة بريان وكانت مواجهاته معهم هي ما أكسبته الشهرة، وعندما قُتل أخوه ماهون عام 976 (والذي كان مونستر) فتقدم نحو الدانماركيين وهزمهم ثم طرد مالاخي ملك أيرلندا الأكبر عام 1002، وفي 23 ابريل 1014 التقى مع الدانماركيين في معركة كلونتارف التي انتهت بانتصار حاسم للأيرلنديين ولكنه قُتل في خيمته بعد المعركة ودُفن في أرماغ ويزعم أفراد قبيلة أوبريان نسبهم له.

انظر أيضا

 أورلا (اسم)

مراجع

حكام القرن 11
ملكيون أيرلنديون في القرن 11
ملكيون مغتالون
ملوك قتلوا في عمليات قتالية
ملوك لمريك
ملوك مسيحيون
ملوك مونستر (محافظة أيرلندية)
مواليد 941
مواليد عقد 940
وفيات 1014

بريان بورو


Xabregas ist ein Viertel in der Stadtgemeinde Beato der portugiesischen Hauptstadt Lissabon.

Das Viertel liegt am rechten Ufer des Tejo an der früheren Handelsstraße nach Norden. Die Herkunft des Ortsnamens ist nicht geklärt. In Urkunden des Mittelalters taucht der Ort als Exevregas, Exabregas, Eyxebregas oder Enxobregas. Wegen der Lage am Fluss könnte sich der Name vom arabischen Wort "xabaka" (= Schleppnetz) ableiten. Die zahlreichen Funde aus römischer Zeit lassen ebenso auf eine römische Ansiedlung Axabrica schließen.

1509 gründete die ehemalige Königin Dona Leonor ein Franziskanerkloster. In dem Gebäude ist heute das Teatro Íberico untergebracht. Auch das Museu Nacional do Azulejo befindet sich dort.

In den 1850er Jahren wurde das Viaduto de Xabregas erbaut.

Literatur
 Lisboa Oriental – Lissabon: CML, 1993

Beato (Lissabon)
Geographie (Lissabon)

Xabregas


Sindumin, bis in die 1960er Jahre bekannt als Mengalong, ist eine Kleinstadt in Sabah, Malaysia. Sie liegt 144 Kilometer südlich der Hauptstadt Kota Kinabalu und ist Teil des Distrikt Sipitang im Gebiet Interior Division. Das an der Brunei Bay gelegene Sindumin grenzt an den malaysischen Bundesstaat Sarawak.

Geschichte
Bis ins Jahr 1900 markierte der Fluss Sungai Sipitang die Grenze zwischen Britisch Nord Borneo und dem Sultanat von Brunei. Der Landerwerb zwischen den Flüssen Sungai Sipitang und Sungai Trusan im Jahr 1901 hatte die Errichtung eines Verwaltungsbüros in Sipitang unter dem Namen Province Clarke (benannt nach Sir Andrew Clarke) zur Folge. Der Hauptzweck dieses Verwaltungspostens war in erster Linie dem geplanten Erwerb weiterer Territorien geschuldet. Allerdings führten verschiedene Probleme zur Rückgabe einiger Ländereien, so dass die Demarkationslinie zu Sarawak schließlich auf den noch heute gültigen Grenzverlauf bei Sindumin gelegt wurde.

Stadt
Die Kleinstadt erstreckt sich über eine Fläche von 52 Hektar.

Grenzstation
Sindumin liegt an der Fernstraße A2 (Pan Borneo Highway) und ist gleichzeitig Grenzstation für die Ein- und Ausreise nach Sarawak.

Literatur
 K. G. Tregonning: A History Of Modern Sabah (North Borneo 1881–1963), 2. Ausgabe. University of Malaya Press, Kuala Lumpur 1965; Reprint 1967.
 Owen Rutter: British North Borneo – An Account of its History, Ressources and Native Tribes. Constable & Company, London 1922; .
 W. H. Treacher: British Borneo – Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan and North Borneo. Government print department, Singapore 1891; .

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Distrikt Sipitang
Ort auf Borneo

Sindumin