The Third Air Force (Air Forces Europe) (3 AF) is a numbered air force of the United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA). Its headquarters is Ramstein Air Base, Germany. It is responsible for all U.S. air forces in Europe and Africa, and operations and support activities in the U.S. European Command and U.S. Africa Command's areas of responsibility.
It also has a unique mission as the U.S. military's primary liaison to the British government, which is conducted through the command's 3 AF-UK headquarters at RAF Mildenhall, England.

One of the four original pre–World War II numbered air forces, it was established on 26 March 1941, at Tampa, Florida with a mission of air defense of the Southeastern United States and Gulf Coast regions. During the war, its primary mission became the organization and training of combat units prior to their deployment to the overseas combat air forces. Several airfields are associated with the Third Air Force.

Units
Major operational units under Third Air Force are:
 31st Fighter Wing, Aviano Air Base, Italy (F-16C/D Block 40, HH-60)
 39th Air Base Wing, Incirlik Air Base, Turkey
 48th Fighter Wing, RAF Lakenheath, United Kingdom (F-15E, F-35A)
 52nd Fighter Wing, Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany (F-16C/D Block 50)
 86th Airlift Wing, Ramstein Air Base, Germany (C-130, C-21A, C-37A)
 100th Air Refueling Wing, RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom (KC-135R)
 406th Air Expeditionary Wing, Ramstein Air Base, Germany (C-130, MQ-9)
 435th Air Ground Operations Wing, Ramstein Air Base, Germany
 501st Combat Support Wing, RAF Alconbury, United Kingdom
 Heavy Airlift Wing, Pápa Air Base, Hungary (C-17)

History
One of the four original numbered air forces, Third Air Force was activated as the Southeast Air District of the GHQ Air Force on 18 December 1940 (which became Air Force Combat Command on 20 June 1941), at MacDill Field, Florida. The District was originally constituted on 19 October 1940, and that same day, the 22nd Pursuit Wing was also constituted. Activated about November 1940 at Savannah, Georgia, the Wing was assigned supervision of the 50th and 53d Pursuit Groups (15 January 1941), but was inactivated in October 1941.

The Southeast Air District was redesignated Third Air Force on 26 March 1941 with a mission for the defense of the Southeast and Gulf of Mexico regions of the United States. It moved to offices in downtown Tampa on 8 January 1941.

MacDill Field was one of two major Army Air Corps bases established in the Tampa Bay area in the buildup prior to World War II.  Tampa's Drew Field Municipal Airport, established in 1928 was leased by the Air Corps in 1940.  A major expansion of the airport was initiated and Drew Army Airfield was opened in 1941.  Two secondary Army Airfields, Brooksville Army Airfield and Hillsborough Army Airfield were built and opened in early 1942 to support the flight operations of MacDill and Drew Fields.  The Bonita Springs Auxiliary Field, located near Fort Myers provided an additional emergency landing field for MacDill. All of these airfields came under the jurisdiction of Third Air Force. III Fighter Command, the fighter arm, was headquartered at Drew Field.

Second World War

Third Air Force initially provided air defense for the southeastern United States (1940–1941) and flew antisubmarine patrols along coastal areas of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico after Pearl Harbor.  In January 1942, the command was withdrawn by Air Force Combat Command from the Eastern Defense Command and assigned operational training of units, crews, and replacements for medium bombardment, fighter, and reconnaissance operations.

In 1942, the antisubmarine patrols were turned over to the Coast Guard and other agencies and the command was engaged primarily in training replacements for combat units and operational training of units, crews, and individuals for bombardment, fighter, and reconnaissance operations. It received graduates of Army Air Forces Training Command flight schools; navigator training; flexible gunnery schools and various technical schools, organized them into combat groups and squadrons, and provided operational unit training (OTU) and replacement training (RTU) to prepare groups and replacements for deployment overseas to combat theaters. Third Air Force primarily trained B-25 Mitchell and B-26 Marauder medium bomber groups and A-20 Havoc and A-36 Apache light bomber groups. It also trained replacement fighter pilots, initially using P-39 Airacobra and P-40 Warhawks in 1942, later with P-47 Thunderbolts and P-51 Mustangs beginning in 1943 and 1944 as they became available. Third Air Force also provided support to the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics in Florida.  By 1944, most of the Operational Training of groups ended, with the command concentrating on RTU training using Army Air Force Base Units (AAFBU) as training organizations at the airfields controlled by Third Air Force.

Also by 1944, the majority of the Numbered Air Forces of the AAF were fighting in various parts of the world, such as the Eighth Air Force in Europe and the Twentieth Air Force in the Pacific. They were supported by four numbered air forces located within the United States. On 13 December 1944, First, Second, Third and Fourth Air Force were all placed under the unified command of the Continental Air Forces, the predecessor of the later established Strategic Air Command, Tactical Air Command, and Air Defense Command, which were all established in 1946.

From 1945 and Cold War

When the Army Air Forces reorganized in 1946, Tactical Air Command (TAC) was established as one of its three major commands.  Third Air Force was reassigned to TAC to control the troop carrier units formerly part of IX Troop Carrier Command. It was headquartered at Greenville Army Air Base, South Carolina. The Curtiss C-46 Commando and Douglas C-47 Skytrain were the primary troop carrier aircraft, but surplus Douglas C-54 Skymasters that had been originally purchased for the Air Transport Command were made available for troop carrier use. Third Air Force was inactivated on 1 November 1946.

TAC's troop carrier mission was reassigned to Ninth Air Force with its return from Europe and reassignment to Greenville AAF, which had been renamed Donaldson Air Force Base in the interim.

In August 1948, in response to the Berlin blockade, the U.S. deployed long-range Boeing B-29 Superfortress strategic bombers to four UK bases in East Anglia. The 3d Air Division was activated to receive, support and operationally control the B-29 units deployed in the United Kingdom. It also provided aircraft maintenance support at RAF Burtonwood for C-54 Skymaster aircraft used in the Berlin Airlift. When the Berlin Airlift ended in 1949, the division participated in the Military Assistance Program in the United Kingdom and began an extensive air base construction program through May 1951.

Briefly elevated to the Major Command level from 3 January 1949 – 21 January 1951, the 3d Air Division controlled large numbers of USAF organizations based in the United Kingdom and supervised a tremendous airfield construction program.

Reactivation from 1951
However, with the advent of the Korean War and the growing Cold War threat of the Soviet Union, the U.S. and UK agreed to an even greater U.S. military presence in the United Kingdom. The resulting growing size and complexity of the American military presence required a larger command and organizational structure that could meet the needs of the increased operations.

The 3d Air Division was discontinued on 1 May 1951, and in its place the USAFE Third Air Force was activated to oversee tactical air operations. Strategic Air Command's 7th Air Division controlled deployed bombardment and reconnaissance forces with Third Air Force providing its logistical support.  From its headquarters at RAF South Ruislip near London, Third Air Force carried out that mission basically unchanged through 1966, when the 7th Air Division was inactivated.

The first tactical unit to come to England under Third Air Force was the 81st Fighter-Bomber Wing based at RAF Bentwaters on 6 September 1951. The next assigned unit was the 20th Fighter-Bomber Wing, flying from RAF Wethersfield. These Republic F-84 Thunderjet/Thunderchief and North American F-86 Sabre units worked with Royal Air Force Fighter Command providing air defense for England.  In addition, the attached Tactical Air Command 47th Bombardment Wing flew B-45 Tornado and B-66 Destroyer tactical bombers from RAF Sculthorpe and RAF Alconbury.

Initially the 49th Air Division functioned as the intermediate-level command authority for USAFE's wings in the UK, no operational combat groups were attached. The division supervised and participated in numerous training missions such as Quick Shot, Kingpin, and Bear Claw.  It was inactivated on 1 July 1956.

During the 1960s, Third Air Force had four to five combat wings and major changes occurred in the types of aircraft deployed in the United Kingdom. North American F-100 Super Sabres, McDonnell F-101 Voodoos, and McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIs replaced older fighter aircraft. Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers replaced older refueling aircraft.

In June 1972, daily operational control of tactical units in the United Kingdom was transferred to Headquarters USAFE at Wiesbaden Air Base, West Germany. Third Air Force still retained command of the units, but as a result of the change, the headquarters was reorganized, reduced in personnel strength, and moved to RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom.

In 1979, NATO ministers decided to deploy BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise and Pershing II IRBM missiles to counter the growing Soviet SS-20 intermediate range ballistic missile threat. RAF Greenham Common and RAF Molesworth were selected as the beddown sites for the GLCM. The 501st Tactical Missile Wing (TMW) was activated at RAF Greenham Common in July 1982 and the 303d Tactical Missile Wing  at RAF Molesworth in December 1986. In June 1987, Headquarters USAFE delegated tactical control of Third Air Force units to the Third Air Force commander.

On 15 April 1986, General Dynamics F-111 aircraft based at RAF Lakenheath and RAF Upper Heyford were launched against suspected terrorist targets in Libya, as part of Operation Eldorado Canyon.

With the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in December 1987, GLCMs deployed to RAF Molesworth were removed to the U.S. and the 303rd TMW inactivated 30 January 1989.  The last GLCMs at RAF Greenham Common were removed in March 1991, and the 501st TMW inactivated 4 June 1991.

When Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, Third Air Force, like many other U.S. military units, received their trial by fire. However, for Third Air Force, the scenario was not similar to any which had been practiced in the past. Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm were not classic East-West confrontations in Europe that Third Air Force had been trained for. Thousands of miles removed from the Kuwait theater of operations, Third Air Force played a major support role, deploying half its combat aircraft, several thousand vehicles, approximately 50,000 tons of munitions, and many more tons of supplies and material. Third Air Force also provided 2,250 hospital beds by activating three of its contingency hospitals and was ready in the event of a large number of casualties were received.

Structure in 1989

At the end of the Cold War Third Air Force consisted of the following units:

 Third Air Force, at RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom
 10th Tactical Fighter Wing, at RAF Alconbury
 509th Tactical Fighter Squadron, with 24x A-10 Thunderbolt II
 511th Tactical Fighter Squadron, with 24x A-10 Thunderbolt II
 20th Tactical Fighter Wing, at RAF Upper Heyford
 55th Tactical Fighter Squadron, with 24x F-111E
 77th Tactical Fighter Squadron, with 24x F-111E
 79th Tactical Fighter Squadron, with 24x F-111E
 42d Electronic Combat Squadron, with 18x EF-111A Raven, detached from the 66th Electronic Combat Wing at Sembach Air Base, West Germany
 48th Tactical Fighter Wing, at RAF Lakenheath
 492d Tactical Fighter Squadron, with 24x F-111F
 493d Tactical Fighter Squadron, with 24x F-111F
 494th Tactical Fighter Squadron, with 24x F-111F
 495th Tactical Fighter Squadron, with 24x F-111F (Training Squadron)
 81st Tactical Fighter Wing, at RAF Bentwaters
 78th Tactical Fighter Squadron, with 24x A-10 Thunderbolt II (based at RAF Woodbridge)
 91st Tactical Fighter Squadron, with 24x A-10 Thunderbolt II (based at RAF Woodbridge)
 92d Tactical Fighter Squadron, with 24x A-10 Thunderbolt II
 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron, with 24x A-10 Thunderbolt II
 527th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, with 16x F-16C Falcon fighters for aggressor training
 513th Airborne Command and Control Wing, at RAF Mildenhall
 10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, with E-3 Sentry AWCS
 303d Tactical Missile Wing, at RAF Molesworth
 87th Tactical Missile Squadron, with 64x BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missiles
 501st Tactical Missile Wing, at RAF Greenham Common
 11th Tactical Missile Squadron, with 96x BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missiles
 7020th Air Base Group, at RAF Fairford, US Air Forces in Europe only B-52 Stratofortress heavy bomber base
 7274th Air Base Group, at RAF Chicksands

Post Cold War
The end of the Cold War with the former Soviet Union left in its wake many new military challenges, tensions and emerging conflicts. It also drew attention to the need for American military forces to operate in ways and locations outside the traditional NATO construct. The shift in East-West relations and the increasing focus toward Eastern Europe, the southern region and the Middle East led to a changing of the focus of Third Air Force as well. The U.S. Congress mandated large reductions in the American military budget and American military troop strength based in Europe. From a Cold War high of 450,000 in the late 1980s, American troop strength in Europe was reduced to 100,000 by the mid-1990s.

During the 1990s the USAF restructured itself to meet the emerging needs of the new world order. Several Third Air Force units returned to the U.S., and several more were inactivated. Third Air Force returned many of its bases to the British Ministry of Defence, and scaled down operations at other places.

In March 1996, Headquarters USAFE announced a major reorganization of its numbered air forces. The announcement included news of the inactivation of Seventeenth Air Force at Sembach Air Base Germany, transferring its responsibility for overseeing all U.S. Air Force units north of the Alps to Third Air Force. As a result of the changes, Third Air Force grew substantially, taking on two main operating bases, Ramstein Air Base and Spangdahlem Air Base, both in Germany, and five geographically separated units.

With this 1996 reorganization, Third Air Force was composed of more than 25,000 military people, and more than 35,000 family members. In terms of numbers of aircraft, Third Air Force had more than 200, including KC-135 and F-15 aircraft at bases in England, and A-10, F-16, C-9, C-20, C-21 and C-130E aircraft in Germany.

In addition to a larger area of responsibility, the command reorganization also brought about a subtle change in the mission of the Third Air Force headquarters element. Third Air Force was tasked to take a more active role in the leadership of operational contingencies, and provide trained staff to lead or augment joint and combined task force headquarters elements.

In 1998, Third Air Force provided the headquarters for JTF Eagle Vista, supporting the President's trip to Africa.

In 2005, USAFE once again realigned its numbered air forces. Sixteenth Air Force was aligned as the command's new Warfighting Headquarters. Third Air Force was inactivated on 1 November, ending the unit's prestigious 50-plus year legacy in the UK.

Reactivation 2006 and onwards

Just over a year after inactivation, Third Air Force was reactivated on 1 December 2006, at Ramstein AB, Germany, as USAFE's Air and Space Operations supporting U.S. European Command. Its new mission was to support the EUCOM commander's strategic objectives across the full range of military operations. When a joint task force is created in EUCOM, the Third Air Force commander is ready to assume the roles of Joint Forces Air Component Commander and Commander Air Force Forces, or lead the JTF as a Joint Force Commander.

Upon the inactivation of the Seventeenth Air Force in 2012, Third Air Force became the numbered air force supporting United States Air Forces Africa.

The Third Air Force also oversees host nation support agreements for all U.S. military forces based in the United Kingdom through the command's 3 AF-UK headquarters at RAF Mildenhall. Through the NATO Partnership for Peace program, the headquarters manages military contact and assistance programs for a number of countries in Eastern Europe. Third Air Force is also responsible for contingency planning and support of American security interests in Africa.

It is composed of more than 25,000 Airmen. Third Air Force is assigned more than 200 aircraft, and provides servicing to thousands of other transient aircraft that visit its bases each year.

Lineage
 Established as Southeast Air District on 19 October 1940
 Activated on 18 December 1940
 Re-designated: 3 Air Force on 26 March 1941
 Re-designated: Third Air Force on 18 September 1942
 Inactivated on 1 November 1946
 Activated and organized on 1 May 1951
 Inactivated on 1 November 2005
 Re-designated Third Air Force (Air Forces Europe) on 29 November 2006
 Activated on 1 December 2006.

Assignments
 General Headquarters Air Force
 (later, Air Force Combat Command), 18 December 1940
 Eastern Theater of Operations, 24 December 1941
 Air Force Combat Command
 (later, United States Army Air Forces), 5 January 1942
 Continental Air Forces, 13 December 1944
 Tactical Air Command, 21 March 1946 – 1 November 1946
 United States Air Forces in Europe, 1 May 1951 – 1 November 2005; 1 December 2006 – present.
 United States Air Forces Africa, 20 April 2012 – present.

Stations
 MacDill Field, Florida, 18 December 1940
 Greenville AAB, 28 March 1946 – 1 November 1946
 Victoria Park Estate (later, U.S. Air Base, South Ruislip; South Ruislip Air Station), England, 1 May 1951
 RAF Mildenhall, England, 15 April 1972 – 1 November 2005
 Ramstein AB, Germany, 1 December 2006 – onwards

Major components
Commands
 1 Ground Air Support
 (later, I Air Support; I Tactical Air Division; III Tactical Air Division; III Reconnaissance Command):12 August 1942 – 21 March 1946
 II Air Support (later, II Tactical Air Division): 25 January 1943 – 25 October 1945.
 3d Air Force Service (later, 3d Air Force Base): 1 October 1941 – 19 May 1942
 3d Air Support: 1 September 1941 – 16 March 1942
 3d Bomber (later, III Bomber Command): 5 September 1941 – 21 March 1946
 3d Interceptor (later, III Interceptor; III Fighter Command): 17 June 1941 – 21 March 1946
 III Ground Air Support (later, III Air Support; III Reconnaissance; III Tactical Air Command): 27 May 1942 – 24 October 1945.

Division
 49th Air: 5 June 1952 – 1 July 1956.

Other components
Among groups assigned during the Second World War were the 2nd Air Commando; 3rd Air Commando; 3rd Bombardment Group; 12th Bombardment Group; 17th Bombardment Group; 21st Bombardment Group; 29th Bombardment; 30th Bombardment Group 38th Bombardment; 44th Bombardment Group; 46th Bombardment Group; 47th Bombardment Group; 85th Bombardment 88th Bombardment 90th Bombardment 91st Bombardment 92nd Bombardment 93rd Bombardment 94th Bombardment 95th Bombardment 97th Bombardment 98th Bombardment 99th Bombardment 100th Bombardment Group; 309th Bombardment Group, 1942-44; 309th Bombardment 310th Bombardment 312th Bombardment 319th Bombardment 320th Bombardment 321st Bombardment 322d Bombardment 323d Bombardment 335th Bombardment 336th Bombardment 340th Bombardment 344th Bombardment 345th Bombardment 386th Bombardment 387th Bombardment 391st Bombardment 394th Bombardment 396th Bombardment 397th Bombardment 409th Bombardment 410th Bombardment 411th Bombardment 416th Bombardment 417th Bombardment 418th Bombardment 451st Bombardment 454th Bombardment 463rd Bombardment 483rd Bombardment Group; 488th Bombardment; 20th Fighter 31st Fighter; 49th Fighter; 50th Fighter; 53rd Fighter; 54th Fighter; 56th Fighter; 59th Fighter Group; 79th Fighter Group February-June 1942; 80th Fighter Group; 81st Fighter 84th Fighter 85th Fighter 311th Fighter 332nd Fighter 337th Fighter 338th Fighter 339th Fighter 361st Fighter 369th Fighter 372nd Fighter 404th Fighter 405th Fighter 408th Fighter 414th Fighter 506th Fighter; and the 2d Reconnaissance Group; 9th Reconnaissance Group; 10th Reconnaissance Group; 26th Reconnaissance Group; 65th Reconnaissance Group; 67th Reconnaissance 68th Reconnaissance 69th Reconnaissance 70th Reconnaissance; 75th Reconnaissance; 77th Reconnaissance 423d Reconnaissance 424th Reconnaissance Group; and the 426th Reconnaissance Group.

List of commanders

Third Air Force (Air Forces Europe) (2006–present)

References
Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography
 Fletcher, Harry R. (1989) Air Force Bases Volume II, Active Air Force Bases outside the United States of America on 17 September 1982. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History.
 Lloyd, Alwyn T. (2000) A Cold War Legacy, A Tribute to Strategic Air Command, 1946–1992, Pictorial Histories Pub
 Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .
 Steijger, Cees (1991), A History of USAFE, Airlife Publishing Limited,
  USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to Present

External links
 Third Air Force Factsheet
 Ruislip Online – large section on this base inc. pictures
 "Dismissal Of Air Force Officer's Sexual Assault Conviction Raises Questions", All Things Considered, 8 March 2013. Audie Cornish talks to Stars and Stripes reporter Nancy Montgomery about General Craig Franklin's overturning of Lt. Col. James Wilkerson's conviction, dismissal and one-year jail sentence by an Aviano, Italy, court martial. Three US Senators have questioned Franklin's action. Written testimony was given by the Aviano assault victim, amongst other witnesses who addressed the subject, before Congress, per "Sexual Assault Victims: Military's Criminal Justice System Is Broken", All Things Considered, 13 March 2013. The Aviano victim specifically questioned her going through the legal process only to have the conviction overturned by one person. The potential conflict of interest of having judicial and chain-of-command responsibilities overlapping was also addressed in the hearing. See also: Montgomery, Nancy, "Former Aviano IG is found guilty in sexual assault case", Stars and Stripes, 2 November 2012.

03
03
American Theater of World War II
Military units and formations established in 1941
Sexual assault in the United States military
United States military in Germany

Third Air Force


Michel Fédou, né en 1952, est un prêtre catholique, jésuite et théologien français.

Biographie
Après des études au Lycée du Parc et à l'université Lumière Lyon II, où il est notamment l'élève de Victor-Henry Debidour et de Jean Pouilloux, il est agrégé de lettres classiques et entre au noviciat en 1976. Ordonné prêtre en 1984, il est docteur en théologie avec une thèse sur Origène, soutenue en 1988 sous la direction de Bernard Sesboüé.

Spécialiste de patristique, il enseigne depuis 1987 au Centre Sèvres, dont il fut doyen de la faculté de théologie (1996-2002), puis président (2003-2009).

Il est membre du conseil de rédaction des Recherches de science religieuse, du conseil scientifique de l'Association des Amis de Sources chrétiennes, et du conseil scientifique de l'édition critique autorisée des Œuvres de Karl Rahner en langue française.

Il est par ailleurs un acteur important du dialogue œcuménique : il est notamment membre du Groupe des Dombes.

En 2022, il reçoit le prix Ratzinger et l'année suivante, le prix du Cardinal-Grente pour l'ensemble de son œuvre.

Bibliographie

Auteur
 Christianisme et religions païennes dans le "Contre Celse" d'Origène, Paris, Beauchesne, 1989.
 La Sagesse et le monde. Essai sur la christologie d'Origène, Paris, Desclée, 1995 (avec une préface de Joseph Doré).
 Les Religions selon la foi chrétienne, Paris, Cerf, 1996.
 Regards asiatiques sur le Christ, Paris, Desclée, 1998.
 La Voie du Christ. [I], Genèses de la christologie dans le contexte religieux de l'Antiquité du  au début du , Paris, Cerf, 2006.
 La Voie du Christ. [II], Développements de la christologie dans le contexte religieux de l'Orient ancien : d'Eusèbe de Césarée à Jean Damascène, , Paris, Cerf, 2013.
 Les Pères de l'Église et la théologie chrétienne, Paris, Éditions Facultés Jésuites, Paris, 2013.
 La Voie du Christ. [III], Évolutions de la christologie dans l'Occident latin d'Hilaire de Poitiers à Isidore de Séville, , Paris, Cerf, 2016.
 La Littérature grecque d'Homère à Platon. Enjeux pour une théologie de la culture, Bruxelles, Lessius, 2019.
 Jésus-Christ au fil des siècles. Une histoire de la christologie, Cerf, 2019.
 Les Dogmes, Namur, Fidélité, 2020.
 Mémoire chrétienne et expérience de Dieu. Le sens des dogmes aujourd'hui, Paris, Éditions facultés jésuites, 2022.

Traducteur

Notes et références

Liens externes

Théologien catholique français
Jésuite français
Personnalité de l'œcuménisme
Naissance en novembre 1952
Naissance dans le 4e arrondissement de Lyon
Agrégé de lettres classiques
Prêtre catholique français du XXIe siècle
Prêtre catholique français du XXe siècle
Élève du lycée du Parc
Étudiant de l'université Lyon-II
Enseignant au Centre Sèvres
Lauréat du prix Ratzinger
Lauréat du prix du Cardinal-Grente
Membre du Groupe des Dombes
Collaborateur de la revue Études

Michel Fédou


Altiphylax es un género de geckos de la familia  Gekkonidae. Se encuentran por Asia central, el norte del sur de Asia y el este de China.

Especies
Se reconocen las siguientes seis especies:
 Altiphylax baturensis (Khan & Baig, 1992)
 Altiphylax levitoni (Golubev & Szczerbak, 1979)
 Altiphylax mintoni (Golubev & Szczerbak, 1981)
 Altiphylax stoliczkai (Steindachner, 1867)
 Altiphylax tokobajevi Yeriomtschenko & Szczerbak, 1984
 Altiphylax yarkandensis (Anderson, 1872)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Géneros de reptiles

Altiphylax


Barberapithecus (mono de Barberá) es un género de primate pliopitécido que vivió durante el Mioceno en lo que ahora es la península ibérica. Fue descrito a partir de 18 dientes pertenecientes a tres individuos diferentes, encontrados en Barberá del Vallés (Vallés Occidental). El nombre específico honra al paleontólogo Johannes Hürzeler, colaborador de Miquel Crusafont.

Debido a sus semejanzas, forma junto a Anapithecus la nueva tribu Anapithecini.

Referencias

Pliopithecoidea
Mamíferos del Mioceno
Mamíferos extintos de Europa

Barberapithecus


Vadim Alekseyevich Kuzmin (;  – ) foi um físico russo.

Formação e carreira
Kuzmin completou seus estudos de graduação em 1961 na Universidade Estatal de Moscou obtendo um doutorado em 1971 no Instituto Lebedev. É membro do Instituto de Pesquisa Nuclear de Moscou desde sua fundação em 1970. Lá, foi professor e chefe do Departamento de Astrofísica de Partículas e Cosmologia. Em 1987 obteve o título de doutorado russo (Doktor nauk).

Em 1999 a Academia de Ciências da Rússia concedeu a Kuzmin e Valery Rubakov o Prêmio Friedmann "por uma série de trabalhos sobre a formação da assimetria bárion do universo".

Em 2000 foi eleito membro correspondente da Academia de Ciências da Rússia. Em 2003 recebeu o Prêmio Markov do Instituto de Pesquisa Nuclear por suas contribuições à física dos neutrinos. Em 2006 recebeu o Prêmio Pomeranchuk "por seu trabalho pioneiro em processos de violação do número de bárions, bariogênese e nas propriedades fundamentais dos raios cósmicos de alta energia", junto com Howard Georgi.

Ligações externas
Homepage at the INR, em russo
Kuzmin's 70th birthday
Biographical entry with photograph

Membros correspondentes da Academia de Ciências da Rússia
Físicos da Rússia
Alunos da Universidade Estatal de Moscou

Vadim Kuzmin


La médaille commémorative de l'expédition de Fiume est une médaille du Royaume d'Italie, créée comme décoration officieuse de la régence italienne du Carnaro, établie par Gabriele d'Annunzio, sous le nom de médaille commémorative de la marche de Ronchi, immédiatement après l'occupation de Fiume le 12 septembre 1919.

Histoire
Il existe trois séries de cette médaille : la première a été frappée à 200 exemplaires et remise aux légionnaires qui sont entrés à Fiume avec d'Annunzio, pesant entre 36 et 41,5 grammes et affectée par toutes les variables d'une frappe irrégulière. Médaille à patine verte/noire, volontairement vieillie (livrée entre les années 1919/1920). Deuxième frappe, bronze foncé, brun ou noir, entre 34 et 35 grammes, poids variable (livré entre 1919/1936). Troisième tirage, bronze foncé, couleur brun foncé ou noir, entre 30 et 33 grammes en poids variables (livrées entre les années 1937/1945). Le tirage total des médailles est de 11165 pièces. Il existe également des pièces d'après-guerre dont le poids varie entre 29 et 25 grammes.

La médaille, qui ne porte aucune signature ou marque, a été frappée par S. Johnson de Milan, d'après un modèle du sculpteur Adolfo de Carolis, qui a suivi les instructions précises du « Vate ».

Accompagnée d'un diplôme signé par D'Annunzio lui-même, la médaille a été décernée aux légionnaires arrivés à Fiume après avoir participé à la marche de Ronchi, à l'équipage du navire royal Cortellazzo (ex-croiseur Marco Polo) arrivé à Fiume le 22 septembre, à ceux qui avaient combattu lors du "Natale di Sangue" (Noël sanglant) entre le 24 et le 28 décembre 1920 et à des personnalités connues qui avaient contribué de diverses manières à la cause de Fiume.

En 1935, Gabriele d'Annunzio a fait don à sa patrie de sa médaille de l'expédition de Fiume, avec trois barrettes, ainsi que d'autres médailles et un insigne représentant une épée (en or et en argent) portant la devise : "COSA FATTA CAPO HA".

Certaines médailles ont été frappés en or pour :
 le fanion des Légionnaires de Ronchi ;
 Le capitaine pilote Ernesto Cabruna ;
 Giovanni Host-Venturi ;
 Le lieutenant Antonio Masperi, le lieutenant général de D'Annunzio ;
 Arturo Toscanini (actuellement au Museo teatrale alla Scala de Milan) ;
 Guglielmo Marconi.

Elle a ensuite été autorisée pour les membres de la Milice volontaire pour la sécurité nationale (), puis pour tous les membres des forces armées (Forze armate).

Décoration

Médaille
La médaille se compose d'un disque en bronze d'un diamètre de 39 mm et d'une attache cambrette :
sur l'avers
dans la partie inférieure, des bras levant des poignards avec au centre un étendard romain soutenant un aigle aux ailes déployées dans la partie supérieure de la médaille, sur les côtés de l'étendard l'inscription "HIC - MANE / BIMUS - OPTIME" sur deux lignes ;
au verso
L'inscription "AI / LIBERATORI / XII-SETTEMBRE/MCMXIX", sur quatre lignes, au-dessus d'une couronne de laurier, en dessous sur le bord l'inscription "FIUME D'ITALIA" sur un parchemin déroulé.

Ruban
Le ruban comporte trois bandes verticales égales aux couleurs des armoiries de la municipalité de Fiume: turquoise, jaune et carmin.

Notes et références

Source

Bibliographie
  Carlo Morandi, " A noi ! " terzo volume della trilogia sulle medaglie degli Arditi dei Reparti d'Assalto 1917/1945 . Modena mars 2013.
  Giuseppe Morittu, Guerre e decorazioni 1848 - 1945, Padou, Bolzonella s.n.c, 1982.
  Giuseppe Morittu, Meriti e decorazioni 1839 - 1945, Padou, CS, 198|2, S28/00010255.
  Costantino Scarpa, Paolo Sézanne, Le decorazioni del Regno di Sardegna e del Regno d'Italia, (2 volumes), Uffici storici Esercito - Marina - Aeronautica, 1982-1985.
  Roberto Manno, Duecento anni di medaglie. I segni del valore e della partecipazione ad eventi storici dal 1793 al 1993, Hobby & Work Publishing, 1995, .
  Alessandro Brambilla, Le medaglie italiane negli ultimi 200 anni, (2 tomes), Milan, 1997 [1985].
  Ercole Ercoli, Le Medaglie al Valore, al Merito e Commemorative - Militari e Civili nei Regni di Sardegna, d'Italia e nella Repubblica Italiana - 1793-1976, Milan, I.D.L., 1976.

Voir aussi
 Entreprise de Fiume

Histoire de l'Italie au XXe siècle
1919 en Italie
Décoration militaire italienne
Médaille commémorative de l'expédition de Fiume


The Willamette Shore Trolley is a heritage railroad or heritage streetcar that operates along the west bank of the Willamette River between Portland and Lake Oswego in the U.S. state of Oregon.  The right-of-way is owned by a group of local-area governments who purchased it in 1988 in order to preserve it for potential future rail transit.  Streetcar excursion service began operating on a trial basis in 1987, lasting about three months, and regular operation on a long-term basis began in 1990.  The Oregon Electric Railway Historical Society has been the line's operator since 1995.

The railroad offers passenger excursions using a historic or replica-historic trolley on a former Southern Pacific line previously known as the Jefferson Street Branch Line.  The line runs for , including a passage through the  Elk Rock Tunnel.  The Lake Oswego terminal is downtown, alongside State Street (Oregon Route 43) just south of A Avenue.  The location of the Portland terminal has varied over the years, but since fall 2003 it has been at SW Bancroft Street and Moody Avenue in the new high-density South Waterfront neighborhood under construction, a location that was only one block south of the Portland Streetcar terminus at SW Lowell Street and Moody Avenue after the latter's extension in 2007.  However, all service on the Willamette Shore line was suspended in July 2010, when the line's only streetcar broke down. In early 2013, a lease was secured on a replacement streetcar, a Gomaco-built faux-Vintage Trolley, to enable a resumption of service on the southernmost portion of the line, and that section of the line reopened in August 2014.  Service over the northern half of the line, to Bancroft Street in Portland, was restored on July 21, 2017.

Corridor history

The right-of-way now used by the Willamette Shore Trolley was established in the mid-1880s by the Portland and Willamette Valley Railway, which began passenger service with steam trains on July 4, 1887.  It provided Oswego (as Lake Oswego was known then) with a direct link to Portland. Prior to this, access to Oswego was limited to primitive roads and river boats.

The line was later purchased by the Southern Pacific Company.  Southern Pacific widened the line from narrow gauge to standard gauge and electrified it in 1914.  This led to its peak in passenger travel in 1920, when 64 "Red Electric" interurban trains traveled daily between the two cities.  The line originally ran around Elk Rock – a bend in the river just north of Elk Rock Island – on a long trestle until December 1921, when a tunnel replaced it. The Elk Rock Tunnel is  (approx. one-quarter mile) in length and is located in the unincorporated Riverwood area, between Portland and Lake Oswego.  On October 5, 1929, passenger service ended, though the line was used for freight until 1983.

Right-of-way preserved, experimental trolley service

In August 1984, the Interstate Commerce Commission granted Southern Pacific permission to abandon the line. This prompted several local governments in the area to establish a not-for-profit corporation to acquire the line and preserve the right-of-way for future mass transit.  This consortium of governmental entities was initially composed of Metro, TriMet, the cities of Portland and Lake Oswego, and the counties of Multnomah and Clackamas, and it was later joined by the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT).  The line's official name at that time was the Jefferson Street Branch, because during the passenger-service era it had served a station called Jefferson Street and continued into downtown Portland via that street.

In January 1987, on behalf of the consortium, the City of Portland secured a lease of the 6.2-mile line from Southern Pacific (SP), including an option to purchase the line.  In autumn 1987, a heritage streetcar/trolley service was operated on the line, as a way to gauge public interest in such an operation, in order to help preserve the right-of-way if the plans to purchase the line came to fruition.  This temporary, trial heritage trolley service was inaugurated on September 12, 1987, and was operated by the Oregon Electric Railway Historical Society (OERHS), using a double-deck trolley originally from Blackpool, England.  OERHS named the operation the Willamette Shore Railway, and service ran on weekends and holidays until the end of the year only.  As the line lacks overhead trolley wires, the electricity to power the trolley's motors was generated by a diesel engine mounted on a cart towed behind (or pushed in front of) the car.  The Portland terminus, with a ticket office in a leased trailer, was located next to Moody Avenue, below the west approach viaducts to the Marquam Bridge.  The Lake Oswego terminus was located about one-half mile north of downtown.

The consortium purchased the line from Southern Pacific in October 1988, for US$1.9 million, including the cost of a planned extension in Lake Oswego, to be constructed by SP. Metro identified it as a possible transit corridor.

Regular service, extensions
Regular, seasonal vintage streetcar service began operation on July 6, 1990, now named the Willamette Shore Trolley.  A private company named Gales Creek Enterprises was the operator for the first five seasons, under contract with the City of Lake Oswego.  A 1913-built streetcar originally from San Antonio, Texas, was used, with a diesel-powered generator trailer again employed to provide electricity to the streetcar. The ends of the line remained the same as they had been during the 1987 trial service: near the Marquam Bridge in Portland, and near State Street and Terwilliger Boulevard in Lake Oswego.

In 1993, a half-mile of new track was laid in Lake Oswego, permitting extension of the trolley service south to a terminus just south of A Avenue, much closer to the city center.  The ticket office was then relocated into a small building owned by Southern Pacific at the new Lake Oswego terminus, and since that time, round-trip excursions have started at the line's south end, rather than in Portland.  The contract with Gales Creek Enterprises was not renewed when it expired at the end of 1994.

In 1995, the Oregon Electric Railway Historical Society again became the operator of the trolley service, now on a longer-term basis, under contract to Lake Oswego.  Trolley operation resumed in August 1995, initially using a former Sydney, Australia open-sided streetcar, but only as a temporary substitute until the intended car could be moved to the line.  This was 1928-built Blackpool tram 48, the same double-deck trolley which OERHS had operated on the Willamette Shore line for a few months in fall 1987.  The double-decker entered service on November 24, 1995.  It was joined in December 1996 by another streetcar in OERHS's collection, a 1932 Brill "Master Unit"-type streetcar which had spent its entire working life in Portland, where the cars of that model gained the nickname "Broadway cars", from the route they first served.

In April 1997, the line was extended from its north end, to the RiverPlace district, increasing its overall length to about . Charlie Hales, then a city commissioner, opined in 1998 that the line had an important future as part of the MAX light rail system.  Because of major construction in the then-new South Waterfront district, the new section of track was last used in September 2003, and service was thereafter cut back to a new terminal located immediately south of Bancroft Street.  The Blackpool double-decker was taken out of regular use on the Willamette Shore Trolley in late 2003 and was moved in May 2006 to OERHS's museum, the Oregon Electric Railway Museum, in Brooks, Oregon. After that, the 1932 Portland Brill streetcar, No. 813, became the only streetcar serving the WST line.

Service is provided on a seasonal basis, rather than year-round, the regular operating season normally lasting from May to October, followed by limited operation on a few dates during the Christmas and holiday season, in December each year.

As a tourist attraction, the line is most popular on the Fourth of July, when the Oaks Amusement Park fireworks display is viewable along the river, and in mid-December, when the area's Christmas Ships Parade on the Willamette can be viewed.

2009 to present

For most of 2009, all service was suspended, so as to permit work to rehabilitate the line's four trestle bridges. The longest of these is Riverwood Trestle, which is  long and about  high.
Service resumed during the 2009 Christmas and holiday season.  The 2010 season began on May 1, but the line's only streetcar broke down on July 16, 2010, causing an indefinite suspension of service. This suspension continued in 2011 and 2012, because the estimated cost to repair the car was high, and no substitute streetcar was available. After OERHS determined that repair of the 1932-built streetcar, Portland Brill car 813, would be prohibitively expensive in the foreseeable future, the group began looking for a replacement.  Car 813 was moved from Lake Oswego to the Oregon Electric Railway Museum, near Salem, in June 2012.

In early 2013, a lease was secured on a replacement streetcar, and the non-profit group's goal was to resume service in summer 2013 on the southernmost part of the line. In October, it was announced that the restarting of service had been postponed to summer 2014. In August 2014, the date for service to resume was set for August 16. The replacement car is a replica of a 1904 Portland "Council Crest"-type Brill streetcar built in 1991 by the Gomaco Trolley Company, for use on the Portland Vintage Trolley service.  It is car number 514, and it was moved from TriMet's Vintage Trolley carbarn next to the Rose Quarter Transit Center to Lake Oswego on March 26, 2013. One year later, following the discontinuation of Vintage Trolley service in July 2014, a second replica-Council Crest streetcar, car 513, was moved to Lake Oswego on September 8, 2014, and initially was placed into storage, awaiting later restoration.

The line reopened for public rides on August 16, 2014, using car 514. Because of major construction affecting the rail line where it passes through the site of construction of a new Sellwood Bridge (among other issues), it was known that Willamette Shore Trolley service would not be able to run through to Portland for quite some time, until 2016 or 2017.  When reopened in 2014, it was running only between Lake Oswego and Riverwood, but one year later, on August 8, 2015, service was extended north to Powers Marine Park (just south of the Sellwood Bridge). This increased the length of line in use to around . The 2016 season began on May 28.

The 2017 season began on May 27, with the service's northern terminus still temporarily being at Powers Marine Park, but with the track in the area around the Sellwood Bridge having been reinstated and test runs made. On July 21, 2017, the service was reextended to its pre-2011 Portland terminus, at Bancroft Street, which is one block from the South Waterfront terminus of the Portland Streetcar's NS Line.

Car 513 was restored to operating condition, and it entered service on the WST in 2018, on May 26. Prior to this, its last operation with passengers had been on the Portland Streetcar line, more than 12 years earlier.

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, service was suspended for the 2020 season and remained suspended in spring 2021, but the line reopened for service on July 3, 2021. Operation is temporarily limited to the southern portion of the line. The same limitation extended to the 2022 season, because of the need for trestle repairs, and the 2023 season, which began on the Saturday of Memorial Day weekend. Trestle repair work is expected to begin in 2023.

Battery power
In late January 2019, maintenance crews started removing old DC motor equipment on car 514 as the first stage of a project to convert the streetcar to AC motors and battery propulsion. The new configuration is a collaboration between the WST's volunteers and EVDrive Inc, a company based in Hillsboro, Oregon. If successful, this new system will allow operation without the need for a diesel generator. AC motors will allow regenerative braking in the battery, extending the duration of its charge. It is anticipated that the AC motors will be installed in late summer 2019, with the battery pack still in early production at EVDrive. The conversion of car 514 is fully funded, while fundraising is underway to allow car 513 also to be converted to this new system eventually.

Carbarn

Since 1998, the Willamette Shore Trolley has had a two-track maintenance building, or carbarn, near the Lake Oswego terminus, where the trolley cars are stored and maintained. Prior to 1998, any trolleys being used on the line had to be stored outdoors, protected with chain-link fencing from vandalism and theft, but not well protected from exposure to the weather. In the mid-1990s, the consortium of governments that own the line secured a federal grant to fund most of the $600,000 cost of building a carbarn in Lake Oswego.  Construction began in February 1998, and the  facility was completed and dedicated in September 1998.

Future transit possibilities

A proposal to convert the line into an extension of the Portland Streetcar, running through Johns Landing and into Lake Oswego, has been studied by Metro, Portland, Lake Oswego and TriMet.  Work on an environmental-impact assessment started in spring 2009, considering both the streetcar option and the alternative of "enhanced bus" service, or bus rapid transit (BRT).  The streetcar proposal faced opposition from residents of affluent neighborhoods near the tracks, but was preferred by Metro, in part because BRT would likely require giving up one auto lane to buses in some sections to be effective, as the existing roadway, Hwy. 43, is thought likely to be too constricted by topography to enable widening. Planning work on the proposal was indefinitely suspended in early 2012, in light of escalating cost estimates for construction.

See also

Lake Oswego Transit Center
List of heritage railroads in the United States
Portland Vintage Trolley

References

External links

 Willamette Shore Trolley website
 Lake Oswego's website about the trolley
 Willamette Shore Line right-of-way from the Metro website
 Photo of ex-San Antonio car 300 on the WST, from this archive of an article from The New Electric Railway Journal, Autumn 1993 issue
 History of the narrow gauge railroad in the Willamette Valley from the 1919 issue of the Oregon Historical Quarterly

1987 establishments in Oregon
Heritage railroads in Oregon
Heritage streetcar systems
Streetcars in Oregon
Tourist attractions in Clackamas County, Oregon
Tourist attractions in Portland, Oregon
Transportation in Clackamas County, Oregon
Transportation in Portland, Oregon

Willamette Shore Trolley


El parque nacional Zaamin es la más antigua reserva natural en el país asiático de Uzbekistán, creada en 1926 como Reserva Natural Guralash en la vertiente norte de la parte occidental de la cordillera de Turquestán, en los valles de los ríos Kulsoy, Guralash, Baikungur y Aldashmansoy, en la provincia de Djizaks. El área total es . Las elevaciones alcanzan alturas que van desde los  (en el valle Guralash) hasta los  (pico Guralash). En 1976 la reserva natural fue designada como parque nacional.

Véase también
Geografía de Uzbekistán
Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Zaamin
Provincia de Djizaks
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 1926
Uzbekistán en 1926

Parque nacional Zaamin


La  de fusiliers motorisés (en , abrégé en ), de son nom complet la  de fusiliers motorisés Idritsko-Berlinskaïa de l'ordre de Koutouzov (), est une grande unité de l'Armée de terre russe (n° d'unité 22179).

La division reprend l'héritage de la  de la  de fusiliers de l'Armée rouge, qui s'est illustrée durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale lors de la bataille de Berlin avec la prise du Reichstag le .

Armée rouge
La première  de fusiliers est formée en septembre 1939. Elle est détruite en mai-juin 1942. Une nouvelle  de fusiliers est créée en juillet 1942 et devient en avril 1943 la .

La troisième apparait en septembre 1943, puis elle est affectée à la  de choc, au sein de laquelle elle combat de Nevel jusqu'à Berlin. La mention honorifique Idritskaïa lui est rajoutée le  après la reprise de la ville d'. La division a notamment pris Schneidemühl. Le , au côté de la  de fusiliers, la  prend d'assaut le Reichstag, y plantant la bannière de la Victoire. La division est dissoute en décembre 1946.

Armée russe
La division est remise sur pied en 2016, avec garnison autour de Rostov-sur-le-Don. L'unité fait partie de la  de la Garde, réinstaurée en 2017.

Composition
  de chars Jitomirsko-Berlinski (« de Jitomir-Berlin »), à  (oblast de Rostov) ;
  de chars de la Garde Nejinski (« de Nejine »), à  (oblast de Rostov) ;
  de fusiliers motorisés Slonimsko-Pomeranski (« de Slonim-Poméranie »), à Persianovka ;
  de de fusiliers motorisés, à Kadamovskiï (oblast de Rostov) ;
  de missiles antiaériens Verkhnedneprovski (« du Haut-Dniepr »), à Millerovo (oblast de Rostov) ;
  d'artillerie automotrice Varszawski (« de Varsovie »), à Rostov-sur-le-Don ;
 un bataillon de reconnaissance ;
 un bataillon du génie ;
 un bataillon de transmissions ;
 un bataillon de soutien logistique ;
 une compagnie de guerre électronique ;
 une compagnie de défense NBC.

Invasion de l'Ukraine
L'unité est engagée lors de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie depuis 2022.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Guerre russo-ukrainienne
 Troupes de fusiliers motorisés

Liens externes
 Шатилов В.М. Знамя над рейхстагом. 3-е изд. М.: Воениздат, 1975;
 Наша газета
 http://samsv.narod.ru/Div/Sd/sd150/default.html
 https://informnapalm.org/en/myths-and-reality-behind-the-150th-division-russian-state-of-art-21st-century-armed-forces/

Unité ou formation militaire créée en 2016
Unité ou formation militaire dissoute en 1946
Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1943
Division de l'armée de terre russe
Organisme récipiendaire de l'ordre de Koutouzov
Fusiliers motorisés, 150
Division de fusiliers, 150

150e division de fusiliers motorisés


Fráguas adını taşıyan Portekiz'de yerleşim birimleri:

 Fráguas - Rio Maior belediyesinde bucak.
 Fráguas - Vila Nova de Paiva belediyesinde bucak.
 Mosteiro de Fráguas - Tondela belediyesinde bucak.
 Ribeira de Fráguas - Albergaria-a-Velha belediyesinde bucak.

Fráguas


Fathulla (Fatuhullah) Jameel (* 5. September 1942; † 1. März 2012 in Singapur) war ein  Diplomat und Politiker der Malediven, der 27 Jahre lang zwischen 1978 und 2005 Außenminister war.

Leben
Nach dem Schulbesuch absolvierte Jameel, ein Sohn des späteren Justizministers und Generalstaatsanwalts Muhammad Jameel Didi, wie sein Vater ein Studium in den Fächern Philosophie und islamische Theologie (ʿIlm al-kalām) an der al-Azhar-Universität in Kairo und schloss dieses Studium 1967 mit einem Bachelor of Arts (B.A. Philosophy and Islamic Theology) ab. Nach einem postgradualen Lehramtsstudium an der Ain-Schams-Universität und seiner Rückkehr auf die Malediven wurde er am 18. November 1969 Lehrer an der Majeediyya School.

1973 wechselte er ins Außenministerium und war bis 1976 dort Unterstaatssekretär für Internationale Organisationen und auswärtige Hilfe sowie zugleich 1974 kurzzeitig kommissarischer Unterstaatssekretär für auswärtige Hilfe im Amt des Premierministers. 1974 absolvierte er einen Bildungsgang im Fach Internationale Beziehungen im Außenministerium Australiens und war nach seiner Rückkehr 1975 auch für eine Zeit kommissarischer Unterstaatssekretär im Verkehrsministerium. Nachdem er zwischen 1976 und 1977 stellvertretender Außenminister war, war er zuletzt zwischen 1977 und 1978 Ständiger Vertreter der Malediven bei den Vereinten Nationen in New York City.

Zum Ende der Amtszeit von Präsident Ibrahim Nasir wurde er am 14. März 1978 zum Außenminister ernannt. Dieses Amt übernahm er auch nach dem Amtsantritt von Präsident Maumoon Abdul Gayoom am 11. November 1978 und bekleidete diese Funktion mehr als 27 Jahre lang bis zu seinem Rücktritt und seiner Ablösung durch Ahmed Shaheed am 14. Juli 2005.

Zeitweise war er von 1982 bis 1983 sowie 1990 bis 1991 auch Minister für Planung und Umwelt. Nach seinem Rücktritt wurde Jameel, der seit 1989 auch einer von acht vom Präsidenten nominiertes Mitglied des Parlaments (Madschlis) war, Sonderberater des Präsidenten. Am 30. April 2008 wurde ihm von Präsident Gayoom der Ehrentitel eines Senior Minister verliehen.

Jameel starb an den Folgen eines Myokardinfarkts im Singapore General Hospital.

Weblinks
 Eintrag auf der Homepage der Ständigen Vertretung der Malediven bei den Vereinten Nationen
 Eintrag (rulers.org)
 Former Foreign Minister Fatuhullah passes away (sun.mv) (Seitenaufruf am 3. März 2012)

Außenminister (Malediven)
Planungsminister
Umweltminister (Malediven)
Ständiger Vertreter der Malediven bei den Vereinten Nationen
Malediver
Geboren 1942
Gestorben 2012
Mann
Schullehrer

Fathulla Jameel


Sub pielea mea sau Eroina este un single al formației Carla's Dreams lansat la 20 ianuarie 2016. Piesa a fost compusă și produsă de Carla's Dreams.

Piesa este unul dintre cântecele care au făcut trupa foarte cunoscută atât în România, cât și în străinătate. Piesa a făcut 1.000.000 de vizualizări pe YouTube la doar câteva zile de la lansare și a intrat repede în topurile importante din țară, dar și din străinătate, ajungând mai târziu pe primul loc. Piesa a ajuns cunoscută peste hotare datorită unui remix ce a adunat multe vizualizări. La sfârșitul anului 2016, piesa a ocupat prima poziție în topul celor mai vizualizate clipuri din România în 2016 realizat de YouTube.

Bazele proiectului
Sub pielea mea a fost compus de către membrii trupei Carla's Dreams, iar de producție s-au ocupat Alex Cotoi și Carla's Dreams.

Live
Piesa a fost interpretată prima dată live la postul de radio Radio Zu în noiembrie 2015. Atunci s-a cântat doar o bucată din piesa respectivă. Această interpretare a fost încărcată pe canalul de YouTube al postului și a adunat până în momentul de față aproape 4.000.000 de vizualizări. Varianta completă s-a auzit tot la Radio Zu în ianuarie 2016. Clipul acestei variantei a fost încărcat pe canalul de YouTube al postului și a adunat până acum 1.400.000 de vizualizări. Piesa a fost mereu cântată live în toate concertele trupei de atunci până în prezent, dar și într-o gală a emisiunii X Factor în decembrie 2016.

Videoclip

Filmările videoclipului a avut loc în Chișinău, într-o sală de teatru în regia lui Roman Burlaca. Clipul îi are protagoniști pe actorul moldovean Cristian Perepeliuc și pe iubita regizorului Roman Burlaca. Clipul îi prezintă pe protagoniști în ipostaze ce ar sugera scene de dragoste. Clipul începe cu cei doi protagoniști îmbrăcați ca niște studenți tocilari care așteaptă liftul unde se află solistul trupei. Ei urcă în liftul respectiv după care coboară și ajung într-o încăpere asemănătoare unui dormitor unde se dezbracă. De-a lungul clipului protagoniști sunt prezentați în tot felul de ipostaze ce ar fi asemănătoare cu partidele de dragoste. Clipul se termină cu solistul și protagoniștii în lift satisfăcuți, uitându-se unul la celălalt și zâmbind la cameră. În alte scene ale clipului mai este prezentat solistul care cântă și dansează în liftul respectiv. Videoclipul a fost încărcat pe canalul de YouTube al trupei Carla's Dreams și are în prezent peste 79.000.000 de vizualizări, fiind cel mai vizualizat videoclip al trupei în acest moment.Recent,videoclipul a reușit sa adune 86.000.000 de vizualizări pe YouTube fiind prima piesă în limba română care a reușit să adune acest număr de vizualizări. Videoclipul oficial,alături de remixuri,live-uri,videoclipul lansat pe alte canale oficiale de muzică și alte versiuni ale piesei au acumulat în total peste 200 de milioane de vizualizări pe YouTube. Pe canalul de YouTube al casei de discuri Global Records a fost lansată o versiune cenzurată a clipului. În această versiune scenele considerate indecente din clip(un exemplu fiind momentele în care sânii protagonistei au fost văzuți) au fost înlocuite cu prelungiri a celorlalte scene sau adăugarea a altor scene,unele mai noi cu solistul trupei în liftul prezentat în clip.

Controverse
Piesa a stârnit controverse din cauza videoclipului, dar și a refrenului care ar fi legat de consumul de droguri. Piesa a intrat și în atenția celor de la CNA, care a vrut ca piesa să fie difuzată după ora 22:00 sau să nu mai fie difuzată deloc. După mai multe analize asupra piesei, s-a decis ca aceasta să fie difuzată în continuare.

Performanța în topuri
În categoria pieselor românești, "Sub pielea mea" debutează pe poziția a-10-a cu un număr de 78 de difuzări. Piesa a ajuns pe prima poziție la doar 2 luni de la apariția în top și a staționat pe acestă poziție timp de 3 săptămâni consecutive. În topul de la postul de radio Radio Zu, piesa a staționat pe prima poziție timp de 8 săptămâni, aceeași performanță fiind egalată un an mai târziu de o altă piesă de a lor, "Până la sânge".

Topuri

Lansări

Note

Cântece de Carla's Dreams
Cântece românești
Cântece din 2016
Discuri single din 2016
Melodii despre iubire

Sub pielea mea


Børn er pissefarlige er en dansk kortfilm fra 2004 instrueret af Diego Krogstrup.

Handling
En dreng og en pige er på hver deres drabsmission. Ved et uheld kastes de i armene på hinanden og opdager begge, at de slet ikke vil slå ihjel. Desværre er deres bagmænd ikke af samme opfattelse, og de jagter nu børnene som er stukket af. Det er kun barnlig snilde og desperation, der får drengen og pigen helskindet gennem en dramatisk jagt og skudveksling, der nær koster dem begge livet...

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Animationsfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2004

Børn er pissefarlige


Neolitski rudnici kremena u Spiennesu nalaze se u valonskom selu Spiennesu u Belgiji, sjeveroistočno od Monsa.Spadaju među najveće i najstarije poznate neolitske rudnike u Zapadnoj Europi. Rudnici su bili aktivni u periodu između 4300. i 2200. godine pr. n. e. U povijesti razvoja tehnologije smatraju se izuzetnim po raznolikosti tehnoloških rješenja koja su se koristila pri eksploataciji. Zajedno s okolnim područjem stavljeni su 2000. god na UNESCO-ov popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Europi, kao »najveći i najstariji kompleks rudnika u Europi«.

Lokalitet je danas mješavina livada i obradivog zemljišta na preko 100 hektara vapnenačke doline u blizini Monsa i predstavlja prijelaz tehnologije rudarstva otvorenog kopa u dubinski op (dubok od 8 do 11 metara). Pod zemljom je velika mreža galerija povezanih s površinom vertikalnim oknima izgrađenim u vrijeme eksploatacije. Mnoštvo obrađenog kremena i sličnih ostataka ilustriraju ondašnja rudarska tehnička rješenja, koja su neolitske populacije koristile pri eksploataciji velikih naslaga rudarskog materijala neophodnog za proizvodnju oruđa i kulturnu evoluciju općenito.

Rudnici su otkriveni 1843. godine, a prva istraživanja obavljena su 1867. tijekom izgradnje željeznice. Rezultati su predstavljeni na Međunarodnom prapovijesnom kongresu održanom u Bruxellesu 1872. godine. Rudnici su i poslije povremeno istraživani.

Neolitsko stanovništvo koristilo je različite tehnike od kojih je najzanimljivija iskopavanje bunara promjera od 0,8 do 1,20 m i dubine do 16 metara. Kopalo se pijucima od jelenjih rogova. Bunari su im omogućavali podvlačenje ispod velikih blokova kremena, do 2 m dužine, oslobađanje od bočnih zidova, spuštanje i na kraju rezanje i vađenje ploča od nekoliko stotina kilograma. Uz rudarska okna pronađeni su ostaci brojnih radionica za proizvodnju oruđa i oružja, gdje su se od ploča rezali grubi oblic odbijanjem rubovai, a poliranjem dobivao konačan izgled koji je omogućavao i veću trajnost oruđa. Najbrojniji proizvod bile su sjekire koje su se koristile za krčenje šuma i za oblikovanje drveta prilikom izgradnje koliba i kanua. Često se trgovalo neobrađenim kremenom, a on se polirao na krajnoj destinaciji.

Dodatno

 Krzemionki, sličan lokalitet u Poljskoj i također UNESCO-ova svjetska baština

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena stranica rudnika u Spiennesu

Svjetska baština u Belgiji
Prapovijesni arheološki lokaliteti u Europi
Neolitik
Rudnici
Povijest Belgije

Rudnici kremena u Spiennesu


An Hordeum depressum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Frank Lamson Scribner ngan Jared Gage Smith, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Per Axel Rydberg. An Hordeum depressum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hordeum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Hordeum

Hordeum depressum


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව යනු,  මන්ත්‍රීවරුන්  225 දෙනෙකුගෙන් හෙබි,  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඒක-මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය වෙයි. වසර-05 (19th amendment) කාලසීමාවකට පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලබන්නේ සමානුපාතික නියෝජනය යටතේ  සර්වජන ඡන්දය භාවිතයෙනි. සියළු නීති සම්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා බලය පාර්ලිමේන්තුව සතුය. එය ආදර්ශයට ගෙන ඇත්තේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාර්ලිමේන්තුව වෙයි.

කථානායක හෝ ඔහු නොමැතිවිටෙක, නියෝජ්‍ය කථානායක (කාරක සභා සභාපති) හෝ නියෝජ්‍ය කාරක සභා සභාපති හෝ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවෙහි මුලසුන දරයි.

ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සැසියක් කැඳවීම, අත්හිටුවීම, වාර හමාර කිරීම, හෝ අත්හිටුවීමටද  පාර්ලිමේන්තුව විසුරුවාහැරීමටද සඳහා බලය, රටෙහි ජනාධිපති සතු වෙයි. මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් 225 අතුරින්  196 දෙනෙකු,   බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ දිස්ත්‍රික්ක  22 වෙතින් තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජාතික මුළු ඡන්ද ප්‍රමාණයෙන් පක්ෂ (සහ ස්වාධීන කණ්ඩායම්)  සඳහා ලැබුණු ඡන්ද ප්‍රමාණය ට අනුපාතික වශයෙන් ඉතිරි මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් 29 දෙනා ජාතික ලැයිස්තු වලින් තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ.

ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ඉතිහාසය

බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලංකාවේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ඉතිහාසය
ලංකාවේ පිහිටුවනු ලැබූ පළමු ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය වූයේ, කෝල්බෲක්-කැමරන් කොමිෂන් සභාවෙහි නිර්දේශය පරිදී,   1833 මාර්තු 13 දිනදී සංස්ථාපිත, විධායක සභාව සහ  ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව වෙති. විධායක සභාව සමන්විත වූයේ යටත් විජිත ලේකම්, සන්නද්ධ හමුදා අණ දෙන නිලධාරි, නීති පති, විගණකාධිපති සහ  භාණ්ඩාගාරික යන්නන්ගෙන් වන අතර, මන්ත්‍රණ සභාවේ රාජකාරි උපදේශාත්මක වූ අතර  මූලාසනය හෙබවූ  ලංකාවේ ආණ්ඩුකාර විසින් එහි උපදෙස් විමසුවද එහි උපදෙස් නොසලකා හැරීමෙහි නිදහස ඔහු සතු විය. ආරම්භයේදී එය සමන්විතව තිබුණේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන්ගෙන් පමණක් වන අතර පසුව දේශිය වැසියන්ද එක් කරන ලදි. මුලදී 16 දෙනෙක් සහ පසුව 49 දෙනෙක් මන්ත්‍රීවරු  ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවට තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා ලද මුත්, ඒ සඳහා ඡන්දය භාවිතා කිරීමට සුදුසුකම් ලැබුවේ සීමිත ජනතා කොටසක් පමණි.

1931 දී ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව විසුරුවාහැරිය අතර ඒ වෙනුවට ඩොනමෝර් ව්‍යවස්ථාව විසින් පිරිනැමුනු සර්වජන වැඩිහිටි ඡන්දය  ඇසුරෙන් තෝරා පත් කර ගත් මන්ත්‍රීවරු 101 කින් සමන්විත වඩාත් බලවත් ලංකාවේ රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාව පිහිටුවන  ලදි.

ලංකාවේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ඉතිහාසය
1948 පෙබරවාරි 4 දිනදී නිදහස ප්‍රදානය කිරීමට හා ඩොමීනියන් ලංකාව පිහිටුවීමට පෙර, සෝල්බරි කොමිසමෙහි නිර්දේශ පරිදී, 1947දී නව ද්වි-මණ්ඩල පාර්ලිමේන්තුවක් පිහිටවනු ලැබුවේ රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාව විසුරුවා හැරීමෙන් පසුවය.  එය පදනම්ව තිබුණේ වෙස්ට්මිනිස්ටර් ආකෘතිය අනුව වන අතර,  පත් කළ සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් සමන්විතවූ  සෙනෙට් සභාව නම් උත්තර මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලයකින්ද, එහි සාමාජිකයන් තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබූ  නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය නම් පහළ මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලයකින්ද , මෙය සමන්විත විය. නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය සමන්විත වූයේ මන්ත්‍රීවරුන්  101 දෙනෙකුගෙන් (1960 දී මෙය 157 දක්වා ඉහළ නංවන ලදි) වන අතර සෙනෙට් සභාව සමන්විතවූ සාමාජීකයන් 30 දෙන අතුරින්, 15 දෙනෙකු නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලයෙන් තේරී පත් කරනු ලැබූ අතර  15 දෙනෙකු ලංකාවේ අග්‍රාණ්ඩුකාර විසින් පත් කරන ලදි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ඉතිහාසය
1971 ඔක්කොම්බර් 21 දිනදී සෙනෙට් සභාව අහෝසි කරන ලද අතර, 1972 මාර්තු 22 දිනදී  ජනරජ ව්‍යවස්ථාව ප්‍රඥප්ත කරන ලද අතර, නියෝජික මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය වෙනුවට තෝරා පත් කරගනු ලැබූ මන්ත්‍රීවරු 168 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විතවූ ජාතික රාජ්‍ය සභාව පිහිටුවා ගන්නා ලදි.  1977 දී ප්‍රඥප්ත කරන ලද ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාතාන්ත්‍රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජ ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් මෙය වෙනුවට ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව ආදේශ කෙරිණි.

1987 දී, පාර්ලිමේන්තු සංකීර්ණය තුල රජයේ මන්ත්‍රීවරුන්  රැස්වීමක් පවත්වද්දී  රැස්වීම් කාමරයට අත්බෝම්බයක් වීසි කරන ලදි. මන්ත්‍රීවරු දෙදෙනෙක් මියගොස් දහසය දෙනෙක් තුවාල ලද අතර, ප්‍රහාරයේ ඉලක්කය වූ, ජනාධිපති ජේ. ආර්. ජයවර්ධන තුවාල නොලබා  බේරිණි. ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ මෙම ප්‍රහාරයේ වගකීම භාර ගති.

සැසි සහ සැසි වාර

කාර්යභාරය
පාර්ලිමේන්තු ක්‍රමයට අනුගතව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තු කාර්යයන්ද ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කොටස් 3කි.
 ජනතාව නියෝජනය කිරීම
 නීති පැනවීම (ව්‍යවස්ථා සම්පාදනය)
 විභාගකිරීම් සහ පරීක්‍ෂණ

උත්තරීතරභාවය
පාර්ලිමේන්තුව අනෙකුත් ආයතන  (විධායකය, වයවස්තාධායකය) දෙකට වඩා වැඩි බලයක් ලබා සිටියි.

දීමනා හා වරප්‍රසාද

පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් වෙත ලබා දෙන දීමනා හා වරප්‍රසාද

1. පහත සඳහන් දීමනා 2017.01.01 දින සිට සංශෝධනය කළ පරිදි දක්වා ඇත.

දීමනා	සියළුම අමාත්‍යවරු, නියෝජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරු, රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරු සහ ගරු පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන්
රැස්වීම් දීමනාව	පාර්ලිමේන්තු රැස්වීම් වලට සහභාගිවීම වෙනුවෙන් එක් දිනක් සඳහා පැමිණීමේ දීමනාව රු. 2500/=.
කාරක සභා දීමනාව	පාර්ලිමේන්තු රැස්වීම් නොපැවැත්වෙන දිනවල රැස්වෙන කාරක සභා සඳහා සහභාගී වීම වෙනුවෙන් දිනකට රු. 2500/= බැගින්. (පාර්ලිමේන්තු රැස්වීම් දිනවල පැවැත්වෙන කිසිඳු කාරක සභාවකට සහභාගිවීම වෙනුවෙන් දීමනා ගෙවනු නොලැබේ.)
කාර්යාල දීමනාව
කාර්යාලයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාම සඳහා මසකට රු. 100,000/= ක් බැගින්.

2. පහත සඳහන් දීමනා සංශෝධනයකින් තොරව තවදුරටත් ගෙවනු ලැබේ.

දීමනා	ගරු අමාත්‍යවරු, නියෝජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරු සහ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරු	ගරු මන්ත්‍රීවරු
මන්ත්‍රී දීමනාව (වැටුප)	long-brace  පාර්ලිමේන්තුවෙන් ගෙවනු නොලැබේ	රු. 54,285.00
සංග්‍රහ දීමනාව	රු. 1,000/=
රියදුරු දීමනාව	රු. 3,500/=
(රියදුරු දීමනාව ගෙවනු ලබන්නේ රජයෙන් වැටුප් ලබන රියදුරෙක් නොමැති නම් පමණි)
ඉන්ධන දීමනාව	එක් එක් මන්ත්‍රීවරයා/වරිය තේරී පත්වුණ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ සිට පාර්ලිමේන්තුවට ඇති දුර පදනම් කර ගණනය කළ ඩීසල් ලීටර ප්‍රමාණය සඳහා මාසයේ පළමු දිනට පවතින වෙළඳපොල මිළ ගණන් අනුව ගෙවනු ලැබේ. (උදා: කොළඹ ලී‍ටර් 283.94, ගම්පහ සහ කළුතර ලී‍ටර් 355.58)
දුරකථන දීමනාව
ස්ථාවර දුරකථන හා ජංගම දුරකථන සඳහා මාසිකව රු. 50,000/= (දුරකථන බිල්පත් ගෙවීම හෝ ප්‍රතිපූර්ණය කරනු නොලැබේ)
පෞද්ගලික කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ප්‍රවාහන දීමනාව	පෞද්ගලික කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයන් 04 දෙනෙක් කාර්යාලයට පැමිණීම වෙනුවෙන් එක් අයෙක් සඳහා රු. 2,500/= බැගින් මාසිකව රු. 10,000/=
නිදහස් තැපැල් පහසුකම්	සෑම මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙකුටම වාර්ෂිකව රු. 175,000/= ක් වටිනා මුද්දර (එක් කාර්තුවකට රු. 43,750/= ක් බැගින්) ලබා දේ.

3. අධීක්ෂණ මන්ත්‍රී දීමනා, දුම්රිය බලපත්‍ර, යැපීම් දීමනා, නිල නිවාස දීමනා, පුවත් පත් දීමනා වැනි වෙනත් දීමනාවක් නොමැත.

සෙංකෝලය

පාර්ලි‌මේන්තු‌වේ බල අධිකාරියේ සං‌කේතය වන සෙං‌කෝලය මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ මහජන මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය විසින් 1949 දී ලංකා‌වේ නි‌යෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය වෙත ප්‍රදානය කරන ලදි. එහි බර රාත්තල් 28 ක් වන අතර දිගින් අඟල් 48 වේ. සෙං‌කෝලය නිර්මාණය කර ඇත්‌තේ, කළුවර යෂ්‌ටියකින් සහ රිදි‌යෙන්, කැරට් 18 රනින් සහ නිල් මැණික් වලින් එය අලංකාර කිරී‌මෙනි. සෙං‌කෝලය පාර්ලි‌මේන්තු බල අධිකාරි‌යේ සං‌කේතයක් ලෙස ද, පාර්ලි‌මේන්තුව තුළින් කථානායකවරයා‌ගේ බල අධිකාරි‌යේ සං‌කේතයක් ලෙස ද පැවතී ඇති බැවින්, පාර්ලි‌මේන්තුවට සෙං‌කෝලය නොමැතිව රැස්විය නොහැකි වේ. සෙං‌කෝලය රැ‌ගෙන යන වේත්‍රධාරී මහ ලේකම්වරයා සහ ඔහු‌ගේ නි‌යෝජ්‍ය නිලධාරීන් ද පෙරටු කොට කථානායකවරයා සභා ගර්භයට පැමිණීමත් සභා ගර්භ‌යෙන් පිටවීමත් සිදු වේ.

පාර්ලි‌මේන්තුව රැස්‌වෙන අවස්ථාවල දී වේත්‍රධාරී විසින්, පාර්ලි‌මේන්තුවේ මහ ලේකම්වරයා‌ගේ මේසයට කෙළින්ම පහලින් පිහිටා ඇති ආධාරකයක් මත සෙං‌කෝලය තැන්පත් කර තබනු ලැ‌බේ.

පාර්ලිමේන්තු මහලේකම් කාර්යාලය
පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මහලේකම් විසින් ප්‍රධානත්වය උසුලන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මහලේකම් කාර්යාලය, පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ සමස්ත පරිපාලනමය ක්‍රියාකාරකම් භාරව සිටියි. මෙම පරිපාලනය  දෙපාර්තමේන්තු  අටකට බෙදා ඇත.

මෙම දෙපාර්තමේන්තු නම්;
 චේත්‍රධාරී දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව
 පරිපාලන දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව
 ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සේවා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව
 හැන්සාඩ් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව
 මුදල් හා සැපයුම් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව
 තොරතුරු පද්ධති හා කළමනාකරණ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව
 සම්බන්ධීකරණ ඉංජිනේරු දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව
 ආහාරපාන හා ගෘහපාලන දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව

ආරක්ෂ කටයුතු පිළිබඳව භාරව සිටින්නේ චේත්‍රධාරී නිලධාරි වන අතර ඔහු පරිනායක ලෙසින්ද ක්‍රියා කරයි.

පාර්ලිමේන්තු කාර්ය මණ්ඩල පනත යටතේ පිහිටුවන පද කාර්ය මණ්ඩල උපදේශන කමිටුව (SAC) පාර්ලි‌මේන්තු කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය සම්බන්ධ කරුණුවලදී පාර්ලි‌මේන්තු මහ‌ලේකම් කාර්යාංශයට උප‌දෙස් හා මාර්‌ගෝප‌දේශ සපයයි. කාර්ය මණ්ඩල උප‌දේශක කමිටුව සමන්විත වන්‌නේ කථානායකතුමා (සභාපති), සභානායකතුමා, මුදල් ඇමැතිතුමා සහ විපක්ෂ නායකතුමා යන අය‌ගෙනි.

පාර්ලිමේන්තු ගොඩනැගිලි

බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත්විජිත රජය යටතේ, 1833 දී විධායක සභාව සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව පිහිටවූ විට, ඒවායේ රැස්වීම් පැවැත්වුනේ,  ගෝර්ඩන් උද්‍යානය ඉදිරිපිට ගොඩනැගිල්ලක වන අතර, වර්තමානයේ "ජනරජ ගොඩනැගිල්ල" ලෙසින් හැඳින්වෙන එහි,  විදේශ කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශයෙහි කටයුතු පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1930 ජනවාරි 29  දිනදී,  ලංකාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආණ්ඩුකාර, ශ්‍රීමත් හර්බට් ස්ටැන්ලි (1927–1931) විසින්, ව්‍යාවස්ථාදායක සභා රැස්වීම් පැවැත්වීමට නිර්මාණය කොට තිබූ, ගාලු මුවදොර පිටිය ඉදිරිපිට වූ, ගොඩනැගිල්ල  විවාත කෙරිණි. මින් අනතුරුව, එය ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව (1931–1947) සඳහාද, නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය (1947–1972) සඳහාද, ජාතික රාජ්‍ය සභාව (1972–1977) සඳහා සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව (1977–1981) සඳහාද භාවිතා විය. වර්තමානයේදී, මෙම පැරණි පාර්ලිමේන්තු ගොඩනැගිල්ල භාවිතා වන්නේ ජනාධිපති ලේකම් කාර්යාලයය සඳහාය.

1967 දී, කථානායක ශ්‍රීමත් ඇල්බට් එෆ්. පීරිස් යටතේ, දේශපාලන පක්ෂ නායකයන් ඒකමතිකව තීරණය කළේ, ගාලු මුවදොර පැවති  පාර්ලිමේන්තුවට බේරේ වැවට විරුද්ධ පැත්තේ නව පාර්ලිමේන්තුවක් ගොඩ නැගිය යුතු බව නමුදු,  ඒ පිළිබඳ තවද කටයුතු සිදු නොවීය. ස්ටැන්ලි  තිලකරත්න කථානායකව සිටි කාලයේදී (1970–77), දේශපාලන පක්ෂ නායකයන් විසින් නව පාර්ලිමේන්තු ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් සඳහා සැලසුම් සකස් කිරීමේ කටයුතු ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශීල්පීන් වෙත පැවරුවද ඉන්පසුව ව්‍යාපෘතිය අත්හරින ලදි.

1979 ජූලි 4 දිනදී, එවකට අග්‍රාමාත්‍යයව සිටි රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස විසින් පාර්ලිමේන්තුවෙහි අනුමැතිය ලබාගත්තේ,   කොළඹින්  පමණ නැගෙනහිරින්  දියවන්නා ඔය හී 5 හෙක්ටෙයාර් (12 අක්කර) ප්‍රමාණයේ දූපතක් වන   දූව හී,  නව පාර්ලිමේන්තු ගොඩනැගිල්ල තැනීමටයි.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 පාර්ලිමේන්තුව

පාර්ලිමේන්තු - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව


Avrupa Endüstri Mühendisliği ve İşletme Öğrencileri veya kısaca ESTIEM (European Students of Industrial Engineering and Management), Avrupa çapında Endüstri Mühendisliği ve İşletme alanında var olan tek organizasyon. Görevi Avrupa'daki öğrencilerin ve kurumların iletişim ve işbirliğini arttırmaktır. Endüstri Mühendisliği konsepti, teknoloji anlayışlarıyla işletme becerilerini birleştirmeye dayanmaktadır. Çalışmalar analitik düşünme yetisi, mühendislik bilgisi ve pratik işletme tecrübelerini sağlamaktadır. Bu durum teknolojik altyapıları özümsemiş EM öğrencilerine iş hayatında yer alma imkânı vermektedir.

ESTIEM bugün 64 üniversite grubuyla beraber 26 ülkede 47.000 öğrenciyle temsil edilmektedir. 1990 yılında kurulan organizasyon, Endüstri Mühendisliği ve İşletme öğrencileri arasında uluslararası ilişkileri temin etmeyi ve yürütmeyi amaçlamıştır. Pek çok farklı ülke öğrencisinden oluşan proje takımları, tüm Avrupa'ya seslenen değişim programları, konferanslar, vaka analizi yarışmaları, seminerler ve etütler düzenlemektedirler. Tüm bu aktiviteler ESTIEM'i farklı kültürel geçmişlerden ve tecrübelerden insanları birbirine bağlayan özgün bir organizasyon haline getirmiştir.

Türkiye'den Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Bilkent Üniversitesi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İzmir Ekonomi Üniversitesi ve Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, KKTC'den Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi topluluğun üyesidir.

Tarih
ESTIEM 1990 da farklı ülkelerden gelen Endüstri Mühendisliği ve İşletme öğrencileri tarafından Berlinde bulundu.İlk olarak 7 farklı ülkeden 14 farklı üniversiteyi içeriğinde kuruldu. 1995 te ESTIEM resmi bir öğrenci organizasyonu adını Eindhoven de Hollanda yasalarına uygun bir şekilde aldı.

Kuruluş
ESTIEM'in üyeleri Avrupa etrafına dağılmış yerel gruplardır. Yerel öğrenci kulüplerine bağlı olarak çalışılır. Hem yerel aktiviteler hem de Avrupa çapında ESTIEM aktiviteleri organize ederler. Tüm bu kulüplerin Endüstri Mühendisliği ve İşletme öğrencileriyle ilişkisi kuvvetlidir ve Endüstri Mühendisliği ve İşletme öğrencileri arasında sıkı bir iletiim kurmayı amaçlar.

ESTIEM, Yönetim Kurulu tarafından koordine edilir. Yönetim Kurulu her Güz Dönemi Danışma Kurulu Toplantısındaki Genel Kurulda Yerel Grupların Delegeleri tarafından seçilir. ESTIEM'in Yönetim Kurulunda Başkan ve 5 Yardımcısı bulunur. Yönetim Kurulu 7 Komite lideri ve Proje Liderleri tarafından desteklenmektedir.

Üyeler
ESTIEM Avrupa'da 28 ülkede bulunur:

 Almanya (14 yerel grup - Aachen, Berlin, Braunschweig, Bremen, Darmstadt, Dortmund, Dresden, Hamburg, Ilmenau, Kaiserslautern, Karlsruhe, Munich, Paderborn, Siegen)
 Avusturya (2 yerel grup - Viyana, Graz)
 Belçika (1 yerel grup - Brüksel)
 Belarus (1 yerel grup - Minsk)
 Birleşik Krallık (1 yerel grup - Cambridge)
 Bulgaristan (1 yerel grup - Sofya)
 Finlandiya (5 yerel grup - Helsinki, Lappeenranta, Oulu, Tampere, Vaasa)
 Fransa (2 yerel grup - Grenoble, Lyon)
 Hırvatistan (1 yerel grup - Zagreb)
 Hollanda (3 yerel grup - Eindhoven, Enschede, Groningen)
 İspanya (1 yerel grup - Sevilla, Madrid, Barselona)
 İsveç (5 yerel grup - Göteborg, Linköping, Luleå, Lund, Stockholm)
 İsviçre (1 yerel grup - Zürih)
 İtalya (2 yerel grup - Milan, Calabria)
 Kıbrıs (1 yerel grup - Gazimağusa)
 Letonya (1 yerel grup - Riga)
 Litvanya (2 yerel drup - Kaunas, Vilnüs)
 Macaristan (1 yerel grup - Budapeşte)
 Makedonya (1 yerel grup - Üsküp)
 Norveç (1 yerel grup - Trondheim)
 Polonya (3 yerel grup - Varşova, Poznan, Gdansk)
 Portekiz (4 yerel grup - Aveiro, Coimbra, Lizbon, Porto)
 Romanya (1 yerel grup - Bükreş)
 Rusya (1 yerel grup - St. Petersburg, Moskova)
 Sırbistan (2 yerel grup - Belgrad, Novi Sad, Kragujevac)
 Türkiye (7 yerel grup - Ankara-Bilkent, Ankara-ODTÜ, İstanbul-Boğaziçi, İstanbul-İTÜ, İstanbul-Yıldız, İzmir-Dokuz Eylül, İzmir-Ekonomi)
 Ukrayna (1 yerel grup - Kiev)
 Yunanistan (2 yerel grup - Sakız Adası, İskeçe)

Aktiviteler ve Projeler
ESTIEM Aktiviteleri yerel grup değişimleri, konferanslar, vaka analizi yarışmaları, eğitimler, seminerler ve atölyelerden oluşmaktadır.

T.I.M.E.S
Yönetim ve Mühendislik Becerileri Turnuvası (The Tournament In Management and Engineering Skills) bugün Avrupa'nın endüstri mühendisliği ve işletme öğrencileri için düzenlenen en büyük vaka analizi yarışması olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu prestijli, takdir edilen etkinlik Avrupa çapında bir öğrenci organizasyonu olan ESTIEM'in en büyük projesidir. Turnuvanın 2011 yılında 18.si başarıyla organize edilmiştir ve her yıl 250 civarında takımın ilgisini çekmektedir. Her sene  Avrupa'nın farklı yerlerinde yapılan TIMES finalinde yer alabilmek için, iki aşamalı elemenin geçilmesi gerekmektedir. Sonuncu aşamaya ulaşmadan önce tüm katılımcılar kendi üniversitelerindeki yerel elemeye katılırlar. Kazanan takımlar Avrupa genelinde organize edilen 6 yarı finalden birine katılmaya hak kazanırlar. En sonunda, yarı finalleri kazanıp final etkinliğinde bir araya gelen takımlar Avrupa'nın Yılın Endüstri Mühendisliği ve İşletme Öğrencileri (IEM Students of the Year) olarak değerlendirilirler.

Avrupa'ya özgü vaka yarışması TIMES 1994'te proje yöneticisi olarak ESTIEM'in aktivitelerden sorumlu başkan yardımcısı olan Andreas Swahn tarafından Londra Ekonomi Okulunu ve vaka analiz yarışması CHAMP'ı ziyaret ettikten sonra yaratıldı. İlk yarışmanın yarı finalleri Stockholm (İsveç), Braunschweig (Almanya), Lizbon (Portekiz) ve St. Petersburg (Rusya)'da organize edildi.Finali ise Eindhoven (Hollanda)'da yapıldı ve TIMES'ın ilk kazananı Stockholm takımı oldu.Tüm katılımcılar için ilk eleme vakası LKAB(maden firması) ve çelik üretim aşamalarıyla alakalıydı.Yarı final vakası ise Ericsson Mobile ile birlikte mobil direkler için yatırımları optimize etmekle alakalıydı. Finalde iki tane vaka bulunmaktaydı, ilki Rotterdam limanındandı. İkincisi vaka ise Phillips Electronics işbirliğiyle oluşturulmuştu. TIMES şu an 26 ülkede 64 üniversiteden 45000 kişiye ulaşabilmektedir. Her yıl 250 civarında takım Yılın Endüstri Mühendisliği ve İşletme Öğrencileri olmak için yarışmaktadır.

Vision Seminer Serisi
Vision, öğrenciler ve destekleyenler arasında "IEM - Endüstri Mühendisliği ve İşletme" konuları ile ilgili belirli bir konuyu tartışmayı amaçlayan Avrupa çapında bir seminer dizisidir. Vision seminerleri; profesörler, işadamları ve diğer destekleyenler tarafından verilen konferanslar, atölyeler ve vaka çalışmaları sunar. Bunların yanında, seminer programında şirket ziyaretleri ve boş zaman aktiviteleri de bulunmakta. Ancak bu seminerler sadece akademik amaçta yoğunlaşmıyor. İkinci bir amaç; katılımcıların kültürel bilinçlerini arttırmak, yabancı şehirleri tanımak ve kültürlerarası ilişki kurmaktır. 2010/11 dönemi Bağlılık Yoluyla Liderlik – Leadership through Engagement konusuyla Vision, Helsinki'deki Aalto Üniversitesi'nden bir araştırma takımının yakın işbirliğiyle ile gerçekleştirildi.

ESTIEM Yaz Akademisi
ESTIEM Yaz Akademisi son sınıf öğrencisi olan akademik bir liderin önderliğinde, uluslararası öğrencilere yaz tatili boyunca grup çalışmaları, tartışmalar ve bireysel çalışma ortamı sağlamak için kurulmuştur. Dünyanın her yerinden bir araya gelen katılımcılar konuşarak, çalışarak diğer öğrencilerle birlikte hem profesyonel hem de kültürel anlamda yeni fikirler ve bakış açıları kazanırlar. Bunun yanında 2 hafta süren yaz akademisinin sonunda tüm katılımcılar, kısa bir tez yazarlar. 2003 yılından bu yana yazılan bütün tezler yaz akademisini yöneten Prof. Dietrich Brandt tarafından toplandı ve yayınlandı. Bu tezler ESTIEM'in web sitesinden indirilebilir. Yaz akademisinin bir diğer destekleyicisi ise Cambridge Üniversitesinden Prof. Jim Platts'tır.

ESTIEM Dergi
ESTIEM Dergisi, yılda iki kez basılan, 10000 kopya ile endüstri mühendisliği ve işletme alanlarındaki temel konuların yanı sıra ESTIEM'in geçmiş ya da gelecekteki aktiviteleri hakkında da farklı makaleler içeren, ESTIEM'in yazılı organıdır. Öğrenciler, profesörler ve bilgilerini pratiğe dökebilmiş uzmanlar tarafından yazılan makaleleri içermektedir. Şirketler, endüstri ve isletme mühendisliği bağlantılı konuların içeriğini makalelerle bir araya getirerek, reklamlarını değişik şekilde yapma yoluyla kendilerini dergide temsil edebilirler. Bu dergi, her genel kurul sonrası tüm yerel gruplara dağıtılmaktadır.

Öğrenci Rehberi
Öğrenci Rehberi, öğrencilere  yurtdısındaki eğitimleri sırasında rehber olabilecek her türlü bilgiyi sağlamayı amaç deninmiş bir projedir ve bu amaç bir öğrencinin günlük yaşamındaki 3 temel yapıya odaklanılarak başarılmaktadır:
 Eğitim/Öğretim bilgileri (başvuru tarihleri, ders bilgileri)
 Genel Yaşayış hakkında bilgiler (konaklama)
 Öğrenci Aktiviteleri (organizasyonlar, gece hayatı, spor aktiviteleri)

Europe3D
Europe3D katılımcıların misafir olunan ülke hakkında temel bilgilere sahip olabildiği 5 günlük bir organizasyondur. Odak noktası ülkenin karakteristik özelliklerine dayanarak, o ülkenin politikası ve ekonomisidir. Avrupa düzeyindeki temel yerel parametreleri daha iyi anlamak için ülkenin kültürel yapısına da yer verilmektedir. Ekonomi, bilim ve politik konularda uzman kişiler tarafından verilen eğitimler/dersler katılımcılara teorik bir anlayış sağlamaktadir. Öte yandan, bir diğer amacı seminer sırasında katımcıların etkileşimlerini sağlamaktır.

Brain Trainer
BrainTrainer katılımcıların liderlik, sunum yapma, iş hayatı ve kişisel yetenekler gibi konulardaki gelişimlerini 1-2 gün süren profesyonel eğitimlerle arttırmayı sağlayan bir proje olarak tasarlanmıştır. Amacı katılımcıları eğitmek ve katılımcıların çeşitli organizasyonlarda ve iş hayatlarında daha profesyonel ve daha başarılı olmalarını sağlamaktır. Genel olarak 6 ila 7 gün süren Brain Trainer, iletişim, sunum yapma, takım yönetme, iş iletişimi, vaka çözme, proje yönetimi gibi değişik konular üzerine yapılan 3-4 eğitim içermektedir. Eğitimler ya ESTIEM üyesi profesyonel eğitimcilerden ya da iş sahasının yüksek tecrübeli kişileri tarafından verilmektedir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 İTÜ Endüstri Mühendisliği Kulübü , İTÜ Yerel Grup Ana Sayfası
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Avrupa uluslararası kuruluşları
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Öğrenci kuruluşları

ESTIEM


Water Orton es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de North Warwickshire, en el condado de Warwickshire (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Water Orton tiene una superficie de 2,52 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Water Orton tenía 3573 habitantes (48% varones, 52% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 1417,86 hab/km². El 20,65% eran menores de 16 años, el 71,73% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 7,61% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 39,2 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 25,22% estaban solteros, el 59,82% casados y el 14,96% divorciados o viudos.

El 97,68% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,18% de la población, mientras que el 1,15% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 98,29% eran blancos, el 0,92% mestizos, el 0,42% asiáticos, el 0,28% negros y el 0,08% de cualquier otro salvo chinos. El cristianismo era profesado por el 80,68%, el budismo por el 0,25%, el hinduismo por el 0,14%, el judaísmo por el 0,08%, el islam por el 0,42% y el sijismo por el 0,11%. El 12,51% no eran religiosos y el 5,8% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

1797 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 1748 de ellos (97,27%) empleados y 49 (2,73%) desempleados. Había 1451 hogares con residentes y 15 vacíos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Warwickshire
Parroquias civiles de Warwickshire

Water Orton


رودولف بومر ، من مواليد 19 أغسطس 1957، لاعب كرة قدم ألماني سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم ألماني حالي.

لعب مع منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب رودولف بومر خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 5 أندية في اثنين وعشرين موسمًا وسجل خلالها 57 هدفًا ضمن 464 مباراة. حيث فاز في موسمين بالكأس ولم يفز بأي دوري.

خاض رودولف بومر مسيرته مع نادي كيكرز أوفنباخ في موسم 1975–76 لمدة موسم واحد، لم يشارك في أي مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي فورتونا دوسلدورف في موسم 1976–77 ليلعب معه تسعة مواسم، حيث شارك في 264 مباراة سجل خلالها 38 هدفًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي أوردينغن 05 في موسم 1985–86 واستمر معه طيلة ثلاثة مواسم، مشاركًا في 83 مباراة سجل خلالها 13 هدفًا. ثم انتقل إلى  في موسم 1988–89 ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم، مشاركًا في 33 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفين. هذا وانتقل لاحقًا إلى نادي آينتراخت فرانكفورت في موسم 1992–93 ليلعب معه خمسة مواسم، مشاركًا في 84 مباراة سجل خلالها 4 أهداف.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من أشافنبورغ
حاصلون على ميداليات أولمبية في كرة القدم
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1988
فائزون بميداليات برونزية أولمبية من ألمانيا الغربية
لاعبو آينتراخت فرانكفورت
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري الألماني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1984
لاعبو فورتونا دوسلدورف
لاعبو فيكتوريا أشافنبورغ
لاعبو كرة قدم ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم أولمبيون من ألمانيا الغربية
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون غربيون
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1984
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1988
لاعبو كرة قدم من بافاريا
لاعبو كرة قدم من فرانكونيا السفلى
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا بي لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي أوردينغن 05
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مدربو آينتراخت فرانكفورت
مدربو الدوري الألماني الدرجة الثانية
مدربو ب ف ر مانهايم
مدربو كرة قدم ألمان
مدربو ميونخ 1860
مدربو نادي دويسبورغ
مدربو نادي ساربروكن
مقالات مع مصادر باللغة الألمانية (de)
مواليد 1957
مواليد في أشافنبورغ

رودولف بومر


Heinrich Andreas Brunhart (* 3. April 1902 in Balzers; † 17. Februar 1950 in St. Gallen, Kanton St. Gallen) war ein liechtensteinischer Politiker (VU).

Biografie
Heinrich Andreas Brunhart wurde 1902 als Sohn von Heinrich und Katharina Brunhart (geborene Vogt) geboren. Er war Bürger der Gemeinde Balzers und arbeitete als Bauarbeiter und Landwirt. Von 1933 bis 1936 war er Gemeindekassier von Balzers und fungierte im Anschluss von 1936 bis 1945 als Vizevorsteher der Gemeinde. 1939 zum stellvertretenden Abgeordneter gewählt, rückte er noch im selben Jahr für seinen am 7. August 1939 verstorbenen Parteikollegen Basil Vogt in den Liechtensteinischen Landtag nach und gehörte diesem bis zu seinem Tod 1950 an. Für Brunhart selbst rückte nun der stellvertretende Abgeordnete Franz Vogt nach.

Des Weiteren sass Brunhart von 1938 bis 1950 im Verwaltungsrat der Spar- und Leihkasse des Fürstentums Liechtenstein.

1932 heiratete er Elwina Schädler. Mit dieser hatte er eine Tochter.

Weblinks

 Eintrag zu Heinrich Brunhart auf www.e-archiv.li

Landtagsabgeordneter (Liechtenstein)
VU-Mitglied
Heinrich
Liechtensteiner
Geboren 1902
Gestorben 1950
Mann

Heinrich Brunhart (Politiker, 1902)


Den gyldne kolibri er en dansk kortfilm fra 2012 instrueret af Andreas Steen Sørensen efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Sarah på 10 år leger stadigvæk med imaginære venner. Det er hendes forældre ikke så glade for. De vil nemlig gerne have, at hun får sig en "rigtig" ven. Sarahs forældre tvinger Sarah til at skulle underholde den nye nabodreng Leon, men Leon er en komplet modsætning til Sarah. Da Sarah begynder at tegne og fortælle om sin vilde fantasi, så bliver hun pludselig meget mere spændende.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2012

Den gyldne kolibri


بلدية فوينتيسباينا , هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برغش, التي تقع في منطقة قشتالة وليون, والتي تقع في شمال غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 646 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة برغش
بلديات برغش

فوينتيسباينا


Fred Lawrence Whipple (November 5, 1906 – August 30, 2004) was an American astronomer, who worked at the Harvard College Observatory for more than 70 years. Amongst his achievements were asteroid and comet discoveries, the "dirty snowball" hypothesis of comets, and the invention of the Whipple shield.

Life

Whipple was born on November 5, 1906, in Red Oak, Iowa, as the son of a farmer. An early bout with polio ended his ambition of being a professional tennis player. Whipple studied at Occidental College in Southern California, then majored in mathematics at the University of California at Los Angeles, graduating in 1927. Recollecting his path from mathematics to astronomy, Whipple stated in a 1978 autobiography that his "mathematics major veered [him] through physics and finally focused on astronomy where time, space, mathematics, and physics had a common meeting ground."

After taking a class in astronomy, he enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley where he obtained his PhD in Astronomy in 1931. While in graduate school, he helped map the orbit of the then newly discovered dwarf planet Pluto. He joined Harvard College Observatory in 1931 and studied the trajectories of meteors, confirming that they originated within the Solar System rather than from interstellar space. In 1933, he discovered the periodic comet 36P/Whipple and the asteroid 1252 Celestia. He also discovered or co-discovered five other non-periodic comets, the first of which was C/1932 P1 Peltier-Whipple, independently discovered by the famed amateur astronomer Leslie Peltier, while his last, and brighter, was C/1942 X1 (Whipple–Fedtke–Tevzadze).

During World War II, he invented a device for cutting tinfoil into chaff, a radar countermeasure. He was awarded a Certificate of Merit for this in 1948. He also invented a "meteoroid bumper" or "Whipple shield", which protects spacecraft from impact by small particles by breaking them up.

From 1950 until 1977 he was a professor of Astronomy at Harvard University, including being the Phillips Professor of Astronomy between 1968 and 1977. During these years (in the early 1950s), he wrote a series of influential papers entitled A Comet Model, published  in Astrophysical Journal. In these papers, he proposed the "icy conglomerate" hypothesis of comet composition (later called the "dirty snowball" hypothesis). The basic features of this hypothesis were later confirmed; however, the exact amount (and thus the importance) of ices in a comet is an active field of research, with most of the recently obtained data pointing to a low contribution of ices to a comet's mass (dubbed the "icy dirtball" hypothesis). He also anticipated the era of artificial satellites and organized the members of Operation Moonwatch to track them. These groups were the only ones in the US prepared and ready to make observations when the Soviet Union unexpectedly launched Sputnik I in 1957.  He became director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory when Loyal Blaine Aldrich retired in 1955, and remained in this post until 1973.

Whipple made at least one media appearance, in the science documentary film Target...Earth? (1980). He also appeared in the BBC's coverage of the Giotto encounter with Halley's Comet, in 1986.

Whipple died in 2004, aged 97.

Honors
Awards
 President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service, by US President John F. Kennedy (1963)
 Leonard Medal of the Meteoritical Society (1970)
Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1981)
 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1983)
 Bruce Medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (1986)
 Henry Norris Russell Lectureship of the American Astronomical Society (1987)
 Whipple Award of the American Geophysical Union (1990)

Honors

 Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1941)
 Elected to the American Philosophical Society (1956)
 Elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences (1959)

Named after him
 Main-belt asteroid 1940 Whipple
 Whipple Observatory on Mount Hopkins in Arizona
 Whipple shield
 Whipple House on Great Camanoe in the British Virgin Islands (not to be confused with the John Whipple House, in Ipswich, Massachusetts).

References

Further reading

External links

 Bruce Medal entry with picture
 "Dr. Comet", 2002 CNN article
 Report of his death (BBC)
  Astronomy.com obituary
 Center for Astrophysics  Harvard & Smithsonian press release
 Londoner's WWII diary, 6 Feb 1943, observing Whipple's comet
 F. L. Whipple Oral History Interview from the Smithsonian Institution Archives
 George Field, "Fred Whipple", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2007)
 Fred Lawrence Whipple Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections

20th-century American astronomers
Discoverers of asteroids
Discoverers of comets
Occidental College alumni
Planetary scientists
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
Harvard University faculty
1906 births
2004 deaths
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
People from Belmont, Massachusetts
People from Red Oak, Iowa
Harvard College Observatory people
Recipients of the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service
Scientists from Iowa
Fellows of the American Geophysical Union
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Fred Lawrence Whipple