Le Groupe de soutien aux personnes abusées dans une relation d'autorité religieuse (Groupe SAPEC) est une association à but non lucratif, fondée le 22 décembre 2010 à Lausanne en Suisse. Les principaux objectifs de l'association sont de conduire les autorités de l'Église catholique à demander pardon aux victimes d'abus sexuels, à reconnaitre leur responsabilité morale, à œuvrer à la levée des secrets et à la réparation par l'indemnisation des victimes.

Historique

Prémices
En mai 2010, lors de l'émission « Hautes fréquences » de la RSR dédiée au vécu des victimes abusées par des prêtres, Jacques Nuoffer exprime son souhait de former un groupe pour obtenir des réponses, une reconnaissance des souffrances subies et une réparation légitime de la part de l'Église catholique. Ce souhait fait suite à une demande infructueuse adressée à SOS Prévention , commission créée par Bernard Genoud, évêque de Lausanne, Genève et Fribourg (LGF). Réagissant à son appel, Marie-Jo Aeby et Gérard Falcioni se joignent à lui pour fonder une association d'aide aux personnes victimes d'abus sexuels au sein de l'Église catholique.

Fondation du Groupe SAPEC

La fondation du "Groupe de soutien aux abusé-e-s des prêtres de l'Église catholique" (Groupe SAPEC) a lieu le 22 décembre 2010 à Lausanne. Son objectif principal est .

L'association demande également la création au niveau fédéral d'une commission neutre et indépendante de la Conférence des Évêques Suisses (CES). Elle aura pour mission de recevoir et d'indemniser les victimes et d'enquêter sur les abus sexuels commis au sein de l'Église catholique, diocèses et congrégations religieuses.

Premières démarches et soutien du Diocèse de Lausanne, Genève et Fribourg
En avril 2012, un premier entretien avec Charles Morerod, nouvel évêque du diocèse de Lausanne, Genève et Fribourg, a lieu avec les membres du bureau du Groupe SAPEC. Lors de cet échange, le prélat s'inquiète de la gestion des abus et reconnaît la nécessité de trouver un tiers pour traiter ce problème. À la demande de l'évêque, le SAPEC développe des propositions de prévention inspirées des travaux du colloque tenu à l'Université grégorienne de Rome en février 2012.

En fin 2013 le Groupe SAPEC rencontre les fondateurs du Centre d'arbitrage en matière d'abus sexuelsen Belgique. Ce projet, initié par une commission de parlementaires belges amène les évêques à collaborer. Les principales caractéristiques de ce « modèle belge » sont présentées par le Groupe SAPEC à Charles Morerod. Ensemble, ils en arrivent à la conclusion que, que pour réaliser un tel projet, il faut faire appel à des parlementaires suisses.

Appel aux parlementaires et Mémoire SAPEC
Au cours de l'assemblée générale extraordinaire du 21 mai 2013, les membres du Groupe SAPEC acceptent que l'association élargisse son champ d'activité en s'intitulant désormais Soutien aux personnes abusées dans une relation d'autorité religieuse. Lors de cette assemblée il est décidé d'informer les parlementaires suisses romands pour les inviter à créer une commission indépendante de l'Église inspirée du centre d'arbitrage belge. Pour ce faire, le mémoire SAPEC 2013 - Abus sexuels au sein de l'Église catholique en Suisse et dans le monde est rédigé par Jacques Nuoffer avec le soutien du comité élargi. Une version résumée est envoyée aux parlementaires. Celles et ceux qui répondent à l'appel reçoivent un exemplaire tout comme évêques et supérieurs des congrégations religieuses de Suisse.

Commission tripartite et Accord CECAR
En 2014, Charles Morerod et Jacques Nuoffer invitent les parlementaires suisses romands ayant répondu à l'appel, une délégation de la CES et des membres du Groupe SAPEC à se réunir au Palais fédéral. Un groupe de travail représentant les trois parties impliquées est chargé de concevoir une nouvelle structure. Cela débouche, le 18 juin 2015 sur la création d'un accord entre des associations de victimes d'abus sexuels au sein de l'Église, représenté par le Groupe SAPEC, et des prélats, représentés par l'Évêché de LGF. Cet accord a pour but la création d'une Commission d'écoute, de conciliation, d'arbitrage et de réparation, la CECAR, en faveur des personnes victimes d'abus sexuels commis dans une relation d'autorité, notamment au sein de l'Église catholique. L'accord assure le traitement des demandes relatives à des faits prescrits d'abus sexuels commis sur des mineurs par des agents pastoraux d'un diocèse suisse ou par un membre d'une congrégation ou d'un ordre religieux établis en Suisse. Début 2016, six responsables religieux et le président du Groupe SAPEC signent pour cinq années l'accord CECAR qui est renouvelé en 2021.

En décembre 2015, la CES finalise son projet d'indemnisation des victimes lors de faits prescrits. Elle signe à cet effet deux conventions avec l'Union des supérieurs majeurs religieux de Suisse (VOS'USM) et la Conférence centrale catholique romaine de Suisse (RKZ) pour créer un fonds et une commission d'indemnisation des victimes. Ces dernières peuvent désormais déposer une requête auprès d'une commission ecclésiale ou de la CECAR.

En 2021, les conventions sont renouvelées et elles décident d'adopter un montant d'indemnisation unique, fondé sur le vécu de la victime et non sur la gravité de l'agression.

Développement de nouvelles actions
En 2017 le Groupe SAPEC publie L'Enquête, une recherche dirigée par Jacques Nuoffer, rassemblant des éclairages sur les abus, de nombreux témoignages de victimes, de prélats, de parlementaires. Elle fait le point des réalisations en Belgique, en France et en Suisse et donne des recommandations pour tout le travail qui reste à accomplir, notamment dans la sélection et la formation des séminaristes.

La même année, le comité du Groupe SAPEC participe à la fondation de l'ONG ECA (Ending Clergy Abuse – Global Justice Project) qui veut amener le pape François à mettre en œuvre la tolérance zéro et condamner tous les évêques et responsables de congrégations qui ont protégé les agresseurs au sein de l'Église.

Le Groupe SAPEC continue également son travail de sensibilisation aux conséquences des abus et à leur prévention. Il collabore à l'élaboration de signes et d'événements pour conserver la mémoire des faits par l'organisation et la participation à différentes manifestations, comme la mise sur pied  de plusieurs tables rondes avec notamment Gabriel Ringlet Daniel Pittet, Charles Morerod, et Bruno Gravier.

En février 2019, le Groupe SAPEC et l'ECA sont présents à Rome pour manifester à l'occasion du synode des évêques sur les abus sexuels. En novembre de la même année, l'évêque du diocèse de Lausanne, Genève et Fribourg et le président du Groupe SAPEC, initiateurs du projet, dévoilent dans la cathédrale Saint-Nicolas de Fribourg, la première plaque à la mémoire des victimes des abus sexuels dans l'Église catholique.

En mars 2022, Jacques Nuoffer pour le Groupe SAPEC et Albin Reichmuth pour Selbsthilfegruppe se partagent l'un des prix de la Fondation Herbert Haag pour la liberté dans l'Église.

Notes et références
Site du groupe SAPEC

Autres références

Groupe SAPEC
Groupe SAPEC
Défenseur des droits des victimes d'abus sexuels dans l'Église catholique

Groupe SAPEC


Botanischer Garten Erlangen (2 hectare), cunoscută, de asemenea, ca Botanischer Garten der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, este o grădină botanică întreținută de Universitatea din Erlangen-Nürnberg și situată în partea de nord a grădinii castelului din centrul orașului, în Loschgestraße 3, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germania. Ea este deschisă zilnic, cu excepția zilelor de luni.

Începuturile grădinii datează din 1626 când o hortus medicus a fost înființată la Nürnberg. În 1747 a fost amenajată o grădină botanică pe acest loc, iar din 1828 grădina botanică se află în locația actuală.

Astăzi, grădina conține aproximativ 4000 de specii, reprezentând o gamă largă de plante din diferite climate, inclusiv cele păstrate în sere (aproximativ 1700 m²). În grădină se află, de asemenea, Grota Neischl, o peșteră artificială care a fost renovată în mai 2008. Herbarium Erlangense este un ierbar ce conține aproximativ 158.000 de plante din întreaga lume.

Legături externe
 Botanischer Garten Erlangen
 Hermann von Helmholtz-Zentrum entry
 BGCI entry
 Flikr photos
 FrankenRadar photos

Cioturi Geografia Germaniei
Erlangen

Grădina Botanică din Erlangen


Das frühere New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Company Warehouse ist ein historisches Bauwerk im viktorianischen Stadtkern der neuseeländischen Stadt Oamaru in der Region . es befindet sich an der Ecke Harbour Street 14 / Wansbeck Street, die Rückseite grenzt an das ehemalige Hafengelände.

Es wurde 1882 nach Entwürfen der kurzlebigen Architektengemeinschaft Dennison and Grant als Lagerhaus für Getreide und Wolle gebaut.
Zwischenzeitlich wurde das Gebäude auch von der N.Z Malt Whiskey Company und Willett's Furniture genutzt. Heute beherbergt es eine Kunstgalerie und ein Restaurant und Café. Die New Zealand Whisky Company lagert weiter Teile ihrer Fässer hier.

Am 22. November 1984 wurde das Gebäude vom New Zealand Historic Places Trust unter der Nummer 345 als Denkmal der Kategorie 1 (Historic Place Category I) eingestuft.

Das Bauwerk ist Teil des ebenfalls unter Schutz stehenden Ensembles Harbour/Tyne Street Historic Area.

Einzelnachweise

Historic Place der Kategorie I
Bauwerk in Oamaru
Erbaut in den 1880er Jahren
Baudenkmal in Oamaru


في يوم 18 مارس 2009 قام الشيخ صباح الأحمد الصباح بحل مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2008 وفق المادة 107 للدستور الكويتي ، وهو الحل السادس في تاريخ مجلس الأمة الكويتي

قامت بلدية الكويت في إزالة 1279 إعلان انتخابي و35 مقرا انتخابيا لمرشحي مجلس الأمة الكويتي، وتوزعت الإعلانات على المحافظات الست، فتمت إزالة 183 إعلان مخالف في محافظة العاصمة، وتمت إزالة 383 إعلان مخالف و13 مقر انتخابي في محافظة حولي، و300 إعلان وسبعة مقار في محافظة الفروانية، و250 إعلان و12 مقرا في محافظة الجهراء، و163 إعلان وثلاثة مقرات في محافظة مبارك الكبير، و200 إعلان في محافظة الأحمدي، وذلك لتطبيق القانون 4 لسنة 2008 بشأن الانتخابات ولن تسمح البلدية للمرشحين بحجز المقار الانتخابية إلا بعد فتح باب الترشيح والحصول على تصريح من وزارة الداخلية ودفع الرسوم المقررة، ولا يسمح لأي مرشح بإقامة أكثر من مقرين انتخابيين أحدهما للرجال والآخر للنساء وعدم وضع إعلانات خارج حدود المقر الانتخابي.

وفي يوم 15 ابريل 2009 تمت الدعوة الناخبين لانتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي التي ستقام في 16 مايو 2009 ، وقد ترشح 108 مرشحين في اليوم الأول من فتح باب الترشيح للانتخابات ، وقد أقفل باب الترشيح والانسحاب في يوم 8 مايو 2009، وتعتبر الدائرة الثالثة أكثر الدوائر من حيث عدد المرشحين ب54 مرشح والدائرة الخامسة أقل دائرة من حيث عدد المرشحين ب32 مرشح، وقد ترشح في هذه الانتخابات 285 شخص تنازل منهم 74 شخص وبقي 211 شخص. و كان عدد الناخبين 384,790 ناخب، و بلغت نسبة التصويت في الانتخابات 58%.

وقد فازت في الانتخابات أربعة نساء للمرة الأولى في تاريخ الانتخابات النيابية في الكويت، حيث فازت معصومة المبارك في الدائرة الأولى، وسلوى الجسار في الدائرة الثانية، وأسيل العوضي ورولا دشتي في الدائرة الثالثة، وهذه هي ثالث انتخابات تشارك فيها المرأة في الكويت، وقد درست المرشحات الأربع في الولايات المتحدة وهن حاصلات على شهادة الدكتوراه في العلوم السياسية والاقتصاد والفلسفة ، وقد تراجع ممثلي الإسلام السني في الانتخابات، حيث حقق التجمع السلفي مقعدين بالرغم من فوزه بأربعة مقاعد في الانتخابية الماضية، وتراجع تمثيل الحركة الدستورية الإسلامية الممثلة للإخوان المسلمين في الكويت إلى مقعد واحد بعد أن كان ممثلا بثلاثة نواب في المجلس الماضي وبذلك يتراجع ممثلوا التوجه الإسلامي السني من 21 نائب في المجلس الماضي إلى 11 نائب في المجلس الحالي، وحصل الشيعة على تسعة مقاعد في مقابل خمسة مقاعد حصلوا عليها في الانتخابات الماضية ومن هؤلاء التسعة مقاعد هناك خمسة مقاعد للإسلاميين، وهناك 21 فائز جديد في الانتخابات معظمهم من أبناء القبائل، وحصل الليبراليون على مقعد إضافي ليصل عددهم إلى ثمانية أعضاء.

توزيع الدوائر الانتخابية

الدائرة الأولى
 الشرق
 الدسمة
 المطبة
 دسمان
 بنيد القار
 الدعية
 الشعب (الكويت)
 جزيرة فيلكا وسائر الجزر
 حولي
 النقرة
 ميدان حولي
 بيان
 مشرف
 السالمية
 البدع
 الراس
 سلوى
 الرميثية
 ضاحية مبارك العبد الله الجابر
الدائرة الثانية
 المرقاب
 ضاحية عبد الله السالم
 القبلة
 الشويخ
 الشامية
 القادسية
 المنصورية
 الفيحاء
 النزهة
 الصليبيخات
 الدوحة
 غرناطة
 القيروان
الدائرة الثالثة
 قرطبة
 كيفان
 الروضة
 العديلية
 الجابرية
 السرة
 الخالدية
 اليرموك
 أبرق خيطان
 خيطان الجديدة
 السلام
 الصديق
 حطين
 الشهداء
 الزهراء
الدائرة الرابعة
 الفروانية
 الفردوس
 العمرية
 الرابية
 الرقعي
 الأندلس
 جليب الشيوخ
 ضاحية صباح الناصر
 الشدادية
 صيهد العوازم
 الرحاب
 العضيلية
 العارضية
 اشبيلية
 ضاحية عبد الله المبارك
 الجهراء الجديدة
 الصليبية والمساكن الحكومية
 مدينة سعد العبد الله
 الجهراء
الدائرة الخامسة
 الأحمدي
 المقوع
 واره
 الصبيحية
 الجعيدان حتى حدود الكويت مع المملكة السعودية غربا.
 هدية
 الفنطاس
 المهبولة
 أبو حليفة
 الفنيطيس
 المسيلة
 ضاحية صباح السالم
 الرقة
 الصباحية
 الظهر
 العقيلة
 القرين
 العدان
 القصور
 مبارك الكبير
 ضاحية فهد الأحمد
 ضاحية جابر العلي
 الفحيحيل
 المنقف
 ضاحية علي صباح السالم
 ميناء عبد الله
 الزور
 الوفرة

المرشحون حسب الدوائر

أسماء المرشحين حسب الدوائر

الدائرة الأولى

 أحمد خليفة الشحومي
 جاسم علي محمد
 حسن جعفر القطان
 حسين غلوم جمال
 حسين ناصر الحريتي
 حمد طاهر بوحمد
 سعود عبد العزيز المطوع
 عادل عباس الخضاري
 عبد الله إسماعيل الكندري
 عبد الله محمد الطريجي
 عبد الله يوسف الرومي
 عدنان عبد الرحمن الحمود
 عوض راشد الجويسري
 فيصل سعود الدويسان
 مبارك سالم الحريص
 محمد حسن الكندري
 محمد حمد الرشيد
 مخلد راشد العازمي
 معصومة صالح المبارك
 وسمي خالد الوسمي
 وليد أحمد يعقوب
 فاضل إبراهيم الجميلي
 فاطمة حجي عبدلي
 يوسف سيد الزلزلة
 حسن نصير قمبر محمد جعفر
 عبد الواحد محمود العوضي
 وليد عبد الرضا علي الصفار
 يوسف مفلح حمود الصويلح
 أنور براك العازمي
 باقر عباس عبد الرضا
 صالح أحمد عاشور
 أحمد حاجي لاري
 حزام محمد الخالدي
 حسين علي القلاف
 عيسى حجي موسى
 فوزي سلمان الخواري
 بدر سعود العازمي
 حسن عبد الله جوهر
 عبد الله موسى المسلم
 حسين حبيب الصفار
 عبد الله أحمد كرم
 عبد الله محمد المذن
 عدنان سيد عبد الصمد
 صالح إبراهيم الشمري
 علي حسين البلوشي
 مبارك سليمان أطراد
 خالد سريع سعد حضرم الهاجري
 خالد عجيل طرقي شعيب العنزي

الدائرة الثانية

 أنور علي النقي
 بهاء الدين ميزرا السليمي
 جمال محمد اليوسف
 حمد محمد المطر
 خلف دميثير العنزي
 خلف مبارك الهاجري
 سعد صالح الخنة
 سعود خليفة الشحومي
 سلوى عبد الله الجسار
 عبد الله متعب العرادة
 عبد الله محمد النيباري
 عبد الواحد محمد خلفان
 عبد اللطيف عبد الوهاب العميري
 عبيد محمد الشمري
 عدنان إبراهيم المطوع
 علي فهد الراشد
 محمد سالم حمد المري
 محمد عبد الله العبد الجادر
 محمود غلوم جعفر
 مرزوق علي الغانم
 خالد سلطان بن عيسى
 خالد عبد الرحمن المضاحكة
 رشدان راشد البذالي
 عبد الرحمن فهد العنجري
 نواف شايع أبو شيبة
 جمعان ظاهر ماضي الحربش
 علي إبراهيم حاجي الطباخ
 عوده عوده بشيت عوده الرويعي
 مرزوق عايض مرزوق فهد البنيان
 منصور أحمد حمود محارب الهيني
 أحمد محسن الشطي
 أحمد مرزوق الضفيري
 فهد سعود الجمعة
 محمد عنيزان الهاجري
 جاسم محمد المتروك
 جاسم محمد الخرافي
 راشد سلمان الهبيده
 عبد الله عادل الأحمد
 محمد براك محمد المطير
 عادل محمد الجمعة
 أحمد حسين حجي رضا فيروز
 جواد مبارك سعود الحسن
 علي حسين محمد علي دشتي
 محمد عبد الغفار تقي عسكر الصفار
 منال أحمد محمد عبد الرزاق

الدائرة الثالثة

 أحمد عبد العزيز السعدون
 أحمد عبد الله جوهر
 أحمد عبد المحسن المليفي
 روضان عبد العزيز الروضان
 رولا عبد الله دشتي
 زيد علي الشطي
 شيخة عيسى الغانم
 صلاح سعد العريفي
 عائشة سالم الرشيد
 عبد العزيز خليفة حبيب
 عبد الرحمن علي شمس الدين
 عبد العزيز حمد الشايجي
 عبد الله يوسف المعيوف
 عبد الوهاب علي الرومي
 علي صالح العمير
 غازي أيوب فتح الله
 ماضي عبد الله الخميس
 محمد حسين العميري
 محمد حسين الدلال
 محمد سالم الجويهل
 محمد سعود الهدبة
 محمد عبد الكريم السندي
 ناجي عبد الله العبد الهادي
 نامي يوسف النامي
 نصار طالب العبد الجليل
 هشام حسين البغلي
 وليد حمد السيف
 عيسى عبد الله الفرج
 محمد عبد القادر الجاسم
 هاني أمير النجادة
 وليد مساعد الطبطبائي
 سالم جواد حسين محمد النصر
 عبد الله علي محمد حاجيه شمساه
 محمد ناصر عبد الله الجبري
 أسيل عبد الرحمن العوضي
 سامي مساعد الجزاف
 صالح محمد الملا
 عادل عبد العزيز الصرعاوي
 علي إبراهيم العلي
 سليمان تقي الصفار
 محمد راشد الحفيتي
 ناصر محمد الطبيخ
 عبد المجيد عبد الحميد فرج
 سعود علي العرادة
 فيصل علي المسلم
 نعيمة أحمد الحاي
 أحمد يوسف أحمد محمد إبراهيم
 جمال حسين فهد عمر العمر
 حمد عبد العزيز إبراهيم الخريف الناشي
 عايدة عبد الله شامي أحمد القاسم
 عبد الله راشد أحمد عبد الله الهاجري
 قصي عمر أحمد عبد الله
 نوال أحمد علي أحمد العلي
 نوال سليم صاهود المقيحط

الدائرة الرابعة

 جمال مبارك النصافي
 سعد حمد العازمي
 شعيب شباب المويزري
 صالح عبد العزيز البديوي
 فواز فهد العدواني
 مبارك بنيه الخرينج
 مبارك محمد الوعلان
 محمد خليفة الخليفة
 ناصر غويزي المطيري
 عباس عبد الله مراد
 محمد هايف المطيري
 حسين مزيد عويس الديحاني
 سعد هجرس حجرف الرشيدي
 ضيف الله نهار مسفر العتيبي
 علي سالم الجعيلان الدقباسي
 ذكرى عايد الرشيدي
 سعد خنفور الرشيدي
 علي دخيل العنزي
 ماجد موسى المطيري
 مسلم محمد البراك
 أيمن علي الخرس
 صالح عثمان السعيد
 ضيف الله فضيل أبو رميه
 طلال منيزل العنزي
 عسكر عويد العنزي
 ثامر سعد السويط
 جمال عبد الله العنزي
 حسين جليعب السعيدي
 خضير عقله العنزي
 ذكرى سعود المجدلي
 عادل عبد الله المسلم
 مطر طليحان الشمري
 محمد عبد الله العجمي
 مانع صنيهيت متعب شرار المطيري
 نورة جاسم محمد درويش الدرويش
 يوسف سيد مهدي سيد يوسف جعفر

الدائرة الخامسة

 خالد حيدر الهزاع
 سعد رغيان الشريع
 سعدون حماد العتيبي
 صقر عبد الرزاق العنزي
 عبد الصمد صالح دشتي
 فايز اسباع الدبوس
 فيصل محمد الكندري
 قاسم خليل الهندال
 ناصر عبد المحسن المري
 نوري خلف القلاف
 دليهي سعد الهاجري
 سعد زنيفر العازمي
 غانم علي الميع
 فلاح مطلق الصواغ
 فهد عياد المطيري
 بادي حسيان محمد الوطيب الدوسري
 حمود محمد ناصر الحمدان
 محمد أحمد محمود البلوشي
 جهاد جواد حسن
 الصيفي مبارك الصيفي
 خالد سالم عدوه
 خالد مشعان طاحوس
 سالم نملان العازمي
 طلال سعد جلال السهلي
 علي حسن الانصاري
 محمد هادي الحويله
 مناحي رجا العازمي
 أحمد عطا الله الفريش
 سلوى محمل المطيري
 بدر فرج أحمد الفرج
 سالم عبد الحليم سالم سلطان عبد الله
 سميح إبراهيم مدن القلاف
 لافي سامح سليمان عجيل الشمري
 محمد حسين علي صالح الحداد

أسماء الفائزين على حسب الدوائر

الدائرة الأولى

 معصومة المبارك 14247 صوت
 حسين القلاف 13305 صوت
 حسين الحريتي 10611 صوت
 يوسف الزلزلة 10493 صوت
 فيصل الدويسان 9943 صوت
 صالح عاشور 8314 صوت
 عبد الله الرومي 7746 صوت
 مخلد العازمي 7536 صوت
 حسن جوهر 6827 صوت
 عدنان عبد الصمد 6717 صوت

الدائرة الثانية

 مرزوق الغانم 7596 صوت
 علي الراشد 6826 صوت
 جاسم الخرافي 6472 صوت
 جمعان الحربش 5929 صوت
 عبد الرحمن العنجري 5168 صوت
 خالد سلطان بن عيسى 5061 صوت
 خلف دميثير 4945 صوت
 محمد المطير 4932 صوت
 عدنان المطوع 4781 صوت
 سلوى الجسار 4776 صوت

الدائرة الثالثة

 روضان الروضان 13107 صوت
 أسيل العوضي 11806 صوت
 أحمد السعدون 10969 صوت
 فيصل المسلم 9295 صوت
 صالح الملا 9075 صوت
 ناجي العبد الهادي 8329 صوت
 رولا دشتي 7666 صوت
 عادل الصرعاوي 7552 صوت
 وليد الطبطبائي 7452 صوت
 علي العمير 6573 صوت

الدائرة الرابعة

 مسلم البراك 18779 صوت
 محمد هايف 16200 صوت
 حسين مزيد 13388 صوت
 ضيف الله بورمية 13112 صوت
 عسكر العنزي 12869 صوت
 علي الدقباسي 12649 صوت
 شعيب المويزري 12385 صوت
 مبارك الوعلان 12324 صوت
 مبارك الخرينج 12132 صوت
 سعد الخنفور 11836 صوت

الدائرة الخامسة

 فلاح الصواغ 16602 صوت
 سعدون حماد العتيبي 15647 صوت
 سالم النملان 15637 صوت
 سعد زنيفر 15393 صوت
 غانم الميع 15202 صوت
 خالد الطاحوس 14103 صوت
 الصيفي مبارك الصيفي 14025 صوت
 دليهي الهاجري 13905 صوت
 محمد هادي الحويلة 13331 صوت
 بادي الدوسري 12986 صوت

مراجع

الكويت في 2009
الانتخابات في الكويت
انتخابات آسيا في 2009
مجلس الأمة الكويتي

انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2009


Strafing is the military practice of attacking ground targets from low-flying aircraft using aircraft-mounted automatic weapons.
Less commonly, the term is used by extension to describe high-speed firing runs by any land or naval craft such as fast boats, using smaller-caliber weapons and targeting stationary or slowly-moving targets.

Etymology
The word is an adaptation of German strafen, to punish, specifically from the humorous adaptation of the German anti-British slogan Gott strafe England (May God punish England), dating back to World War I.

Description

Guns used in strafing range in caliber from  machine guns, to  autocannon or rotary cannon. Although ground attack using automatic weapons fire is very often accompanied with bombing or rocket fire, the term "strafing" does not specifically include the last two.

The term "strafing" can cover either fixed guns, or aimable (flexible) guns. Fixed guns firing directly ahead tend to be more predominant on fixed wing aircraft, while helicopters tend to use gimballed weapons which can be fired in many different directions independent of the direction the aircraft is pointing in (in most cases, flexible guns on a fixed wing aircraft are for defense purposes only, although they can sometimes be used to fire on ground targets to limited effect).

Some fixed wing aircraft, like fighter-bombers, are capable of flying either air-combat missions or ground attack missions (P-47 Thunderbolt), while others are dedicated ground-attack types (Il-2 Sturmovik). In cases where an aircraft is capable of both types of combat, when it is assigned to a ground attack role, and thus expected to be using the guns mostly for strafing, the fixed weapons are often mounted so that the convergence point is lower and at a greater range than would be used for air combat. This is helpful because it allows the pilot to aim at a target without having to dive towards the ground as steeply, decreasing the risk of collision with the ground and increasing the amount of firing time available before having to pull up, and it also increases the range from the target, helping avoid anti-aircraft fire and potential damage from exploding targets. Consequently, several types of aircraft-mounted gun pods like the Soviet SPPU-22 allowed for a mechanical depression of their barrels.

Because of the low altitude and relatively low airspeed required for accurate strafing, it is very risky for the pilot, who is exposed not only to the risk of flight-into-terrain and obstacles such as power lines, but also to anti-aircraft weapons, including surface-to-air missiles (both vehicle mounted and hand-held), anti-aircraft artillery and small caliber weapons fire (such as machine guns and small arms). Planes purposely designed for ground attack may include additional armour around and underneath the cockpit and other vulnerable areas such as engines to protect the pilot and key flight components, while aircraft designed mostly for air combat tend to have most of their armor placed to protect directly ahead or to the rear, where fire from other aircraft is most likely, leaving them more vulnerable to fire from directly below or to the sides, where much ground fire often comes from.

History

World War I

While the earliest use of military aircraft was for observation and directing of artillery, strafing was frequently practised in World War I. Trenches and supply columns were routinely attacked from the air in the second half of the war. Strafing with machine guns was used when precision was needed (facing small targets), but non-strafing attack methods (primarily small bombs) were preferred for larger targets, area targets, or when low-altitude flying was too risky.

The German army was the first to introduce a class of aircraft specially designed for strafing, the ground-attack aircraft. Planes built specifically for strafing include the German World War I Junkers J.I, which was armored to protect it from ground-based gunfire. The Junkers J.I. had two downward-facing machine guns that were used for strafing.

World War II
These developments continued through World War II with dedicated aircraft including the concept of the heavily protected cockpit or "bathtub" to permit the pilot to survive counterfire from anti-aircraft batteries.

The Luftwaffe's best strafing plane was the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka.  The Ju 87 G variant had two Rheinmetall-Borsig  Flak 18 guns each mounted under the wing.

For the RAF, the best ground attack plane was the Hawker Hurricane II.  It was armed with four  wing-mounted cannon. The Hawker Typhoon and its derivative Hawker Tempest were used in the later stages of the war. They also had four  cannons, while also being able to carry up to 8 "60 lb" RP-3 rockets.

For the US, the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt was one of the key ground attack planes.  It was armed with eight .50 calibre (12.7 mm) machine guns.  Another aircraft that was important in that role was the North American B-25 Mitchell.  It was used for low-altitude strafing runs in the Pacific War.

The Russian Ilyushin IL-2 Sturmovik was one of the key Russian ground attack planes.  It had heavy armour around the engine, underside and canopy.  It was armed with  cannon, depending on the model.

An RCAF Spitfire of 412 Squadron piloted by Charley Fox strafed the command car of Erwin Rommel on 17 July 1944 near Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery, affecting his possible participation in the 20 July 1944 Operation Valkyrie coup.

Postwar
In the Korean War (1950–1953), US Air Force planes strafed targets deep behind the front line and had a perceptible impact on the progress of the ground war, but the concept of strafing was already in decline.

In the 1960s, when precision-guided weapons became widespread, strafing temporarily fell out of favor as unnecessarily risky and some American fighter aircraft or attack aircraft (such as the F-4 Phantom and A-6 Intruder) then did not have built-in cannon or machine guns. In the Vietnam War, that was found to be a deficiency, and  improvised "gunships" had to be used in strafing missions. Gunships like the AC-47 Spooky, AC-119 Specter, and early models of the AC-130 Spooky gunship proved to be devastating defenders of besieged US Special Forces camps.

The A-10 Thunderbolt II is an American twin-engine, straight-wing jet aircraft developed by Fairchild-Republic in the early 1970s which is the only United States Air Force aircraft designed solely for close air support of ground forces. The A-10 was built to attack tanks, armored vehicles, and other ground targets with limited air defenses, often through strafing.

The A-10 was designed around the GAU-8 Avenger, a  rotary cannon, which is the airplane's primary armament and the heaviest such automatic cannon mounted on an aircraft. The A-10's airframe was designed for survivability, with measures such as  of armor for protection of the cockpit and aircraft systems that enables the aircraft to continue flying after taking significant damage. The A-10's official name comes from the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt of World War II, a fighter that was particularly effective at close air support. The A-10 is the main US plane designed to do strafing runs.

Since 2001, Coalition pilots in Iraq and Afghanistan have used strafing runs to support ground forces in areas where explosive ordnance could cause unacceptable civilian casualties. Strafing runs done by F-16s are very risky for the pilot. The cities of Damascus and Aleppo were strafed by helicopter gunships in the Syrian civil war.

In 2004, the United States Air Force accidentally strafed one of its own country's middle schools while training in the strafing of the Little Egg Harbor Intermediate School incident.

See also
Ground-attack aircraft
Military aviation

References

External links

AROUND THE WORLD; Manila Acknowledges Strafing Japanese Ship, January 19, 1982, The New York Times.
Major Andrew Duncan DFC, SAAF no. 103023V, Biplane fighter aces : The Commonwealth 16 May 1920 – 31 May 1942, surfcity.kund.dalnet.se
Slaughterhouse Five, November 18, 2009, lettersofnote.com

Aerial warfare tactics
Targeting (warfare)

Strafing


Havva, değişik inançlarda ve İbrahimî dinlerde ilk insan Âdem'in eşidir. Bu dinlere göre tüm insanlar Âdem ve Havva'nın çocuklarıdır. Bazı Batı dillerinde Eski Ahit'ten geldiği şekliyle Eva diye adlandırılır.

Mitolojik orijin
Havva isminin Sümer Kiş krallığında 3. hanedanın 1. kraliçesi olan "Khabu"dan türediği ileri sürülmüştür. Hitit Güneş tanrıçası Hepat, Yunan gençlik tanrıçası Hebe ve aşk tanrıçası Hera Havva mitinin diğer olası kaynaklarıdır.

Sümer mitolojisindeki tanrıça Ninti (kaburga kemiğinin kadını, can veren kadın) Havva'nın yaratılış efsanesindeki "Âdem'in kaburga kemiği" imgesinin kaynağı olarak düşünülmektedir. Eva (Eve, Havva) ile benzeşik bir söyleyişe sahip olan Ea, Adapa efsanesinde Tevratın havva figürüne benzer şekilde Adapa'yı yönlendirir.

Havva Amarna mektuplarında bronz çağında Kudüste tapınılan bir tanrı olduğu anlaşılan Hurrilerin tanrıçası Hebat ile de ilişkilendirilir. Hitit yazıtlarında Hepa, Hepat ya da Hepatu diye adlandırılır ve 'sedir ağaçlarının ülkesinde' tapıldığı belirtilir. Sedir ağaçlarının ülkesi, Lübnan, Filistin'dir. Hepat'ın sonraki dönemlerde başka kültürlerde ortaya çıkan yansımaları da "Ana" kimliği çerçevesinde olmuştur. MÖ 1. binyılda hiyeroglif yazıtlarda Ha-pa-tu, He-ba-tu ve Hi-pa-tu, Lykçe yazıtlarda ise Hepat, hba-eni olarak ifade edilir ki anlamı "Heba Ana"dır.

Asherah, Ela, Elat (Chawat); İlahi-evrensel anne. O insan, hayvan ve ürünlerin verimliliğini sembolize eden, besleyen, destekleyen bir akıl idi ve hayat ağacı ile sembolize edilmişti. Milattan önce 1. binyılda Semitik bir tanrı olan El'in karısı olan, tanrılar annesi Asheraha Chawat ( Aramice Havva (İng. eva)) adı verilir. Ela veya Elat El'in dişi formudur. O'nun tam adı Rabat Chawat, Büyük hanımefendi, tanrıça Havva idi ve yılanla sembolize edilirdi.

Sosyolojik bakış açısıyla Orta Doğu coğrafyasında değişik mitolojilerde benzer telaffuzlara sahip "ana tanrıça" figürünün evrimiyle tektanrıcı İbrani ataerkil kültüründe ölümlü ve günahkar bir kadın şekline indirgendiği ve yaratılış mitosunun bir figürü halinde yeniden yaratılmış olduğu görülmektedir.

Bir başka çalışma ise Havva'yı Hint bereket ve doğurganlık tanrıçası Shiva ile ilişkilendirmektedir. Ayrıca Türk mitolojisindeki Eje karakteri ile benzerlik kurulmaktadır.

Yahudilikte Havva'nın yaratılışı
Yahudilere göre kadının iki tür yaratılışı bulunmaktadır.
Birincisinde kadın, Âdem'le birlikte yaratıldığında, Âdem kadına hükmetmeye çalışır. Kadın "İkimiz de aynı maddeden yaratıldık, bana hükmedemezsin" der, Âdem'i terk eder ve cin olur.

Yalnız kalan Âdem Tanrı'dan bir eş ister. Tanrı "Bu kadını nasıl yaratsam da Âdem'e isyan etmese" diye düşünür. "Âdem'in gözünden yaratsam her şeyi görür; ağzından yaratsam geveze olur; ayağından yaratsam hep gezer; elinden yaratsam hırsız olur. Ben bu kadını en iyisi kaburgasından yaratayım da ona tabi olsun" der. Bu kaburga hikâyesinin Sümer bağlantısına işaret edilir.

Yahudi kaynaklarına göre Âdem ile beraber ilk yaratılan kadın Havva değil Lilith'dir. Ancak Lilith Âdem ile aynı zamanda yaratıldığını öne sürerek Âdem'e eşlik etmeyeceğini ileri sürmüş ve Tanrı daha sonra Âdem'in kaburga kemiğinden Havva'yı yaratmıştır. "Ve Rab Tanrı dedi: Âdem'in yalnız olması iyi değildir; kendisine uygun bir yardımcı yapacağım. Ve Rab Tanrı, Âdem'in üzerine derin bir uyku getirdi ve o uyudu, onun kaburga kemiklerinden birini aldı ve yerini etle doldurdu. Ve Rab Tanrı Âdem'den aldığı kaburga kemiğinden bir kadın yaratıp onu Âdem'e getirdi. Ve Âdem dedi: Şimdi bu benim kemiklerimden kemik ve etimden ettir, bu insandan alındığı için ona "nisa" ismi verilsin dedi. Ve Âdem karısının ismini Havva koydu, çünkü bütün yaşayanların anası oldu." Tevrat'ın anlatışına göre; Havva, "hayat" ya da "hayatı olan" anlamındadır. Talmud'a göre Havva, Âdem'in on üçüncü kaburga kemiğinden yaratılmıştır.

İslam'da Âdem ve Havva'nın yaratılışı
[[Dosya:Islamic Adam & Eve.jpg|küçükresim|upright=0.68|Âdem ve Havva (1294/99 yılında İlhanlılar hakimiyeti altındaki Marag'da hazırlanmış Manafi el-Hayavan'''dan)]]"Biz insanı pişmiş çamurdan, değişmiş cıvık balçıktan yarattık." (Hicr Suresi, 26)"...Sizi bir tek nefisten yaratan ve ondan da eşini yaratan, ikisinden birçok erkek ve kadın üretip yayan rabbinize itaatsizlikten sakının." (Nisa Suresi, 1)''Biz insanı muhakkak ki çamurun özünden yarattık.'' (Müminun suresi, 12)"Kadınlar hakkında hayır tavsiye ediniz. Çünkü kadın, eğri "kaburga kemiği"nden yaratılmıştır. Kaburga kemiğinin en eğri tarafı, en üst tarafıdır. Onu doğrultmaya çalışırsan kırarsın, hali üzerinde bırakırsan öyle kalır."'' (Hadis)

Ancak Kuran'da Havva ismi ve Âdem'in kaburga kemiğinden yaratıldığı geçmez. Kuran'da ikisinin de tek bir nefisten yaratıldığı belirtilir.

Cennetten kovulma
Âdem ve Havva yaratılmış oldukları mutlu cennetlerinden işledikleri günah sebebiyle kovulurlar. Yılan ya da şeytan Havvayı, Havva da Âdem'i kandırır. Yahudi ve Hristiyan kaynaklarında Havva ilk günahı işleyen insandır, Âdem onun vasıtasıyla yasak meyveyi yemiştir. Kur'an'da ise her ikisi de kınanmakla beraber suç doğrudan Âdem'e izafe edilir. Yaratılış mitosundaki başka bazı unsurlar gibi iyiyi kötüden ayırt edebilme yetisi veren bilgelik ağacının meyvesinden yeme ve yılan motifinin de Sümerlerin Adapa efsanelerinden kaynaklandığı ifade edilmiştir.

Hristiyan kaynaklar Âdem-Havva ikilisinin günahından tüm insanları sorumlu tutarlar. İsa'nın bu günahı kaldırmak için geldiğine inanırlar.

Sufi inancına göre ise Âdem-Havva Kıssası, büyük ölçüde semboliktir. Âdem, insanoğlunu temsil etmekte olup, yasak meyveyi yiyen ve Âdem'i de suça ortak eden Havva insan nefsini (egoyu) sembolize etmektedir. Bununla birlikte peygamber olarak gelen bir Âdem ve eşi Havva aynı zamanda gerçek kişiliklerdir. Bahailer de bu açıklamaya katılırlar.

Tevrat'a göre soy ağacı

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kabil ve Habil

Kaynakça

Dış okumalar

Yaratılış mitosu; Adem Havva, yasak meyve, Sümer etkisi

Yaratılış Kitabı
Yahudi mitolojisi
Hristiyan mitolojisi
Kitâb-ı Mukaddes'teki kadınlar

Havva


حديقة غابة فورنيا Furnya Forest Park هي حديقة غابة تقع في الغامبيا. أنشأت عام 1954 وتغطي مساحة 405 هكتارا.

المراجع

محميات طبيعية في غامبيا
مناطق محمية أسست في 1954
مناطق محمية حسب الاتحاد العالمي لحفظ الطبيعة تصنيف IV

حديقة غابة فورنيا


Luis Palma est un footballeur international hondurien né le 17 janvier 2000 à La Ceiba. Il joue au poste de milieu offensif au Celtic FC.

Biographie

En club
Il commence en championnat le  face au CD Honduras. Il marque le troisième but lors de ce match remporté à domicile 5-3.

Le , lors de la phase finale du championnat, il s'illustre en étant l'auteur d'un triplé face au Lobos UPNFM, permettant à son équipe de s'imposer 1-3.

En sélection
Avec les moins de 17 ans, il participe au championnat de la CONCACAF des moins de 17 ans en 2017. Lors de cette compétition organisée au Panama, il joue cinq matchs. Quelques mois plus tard, il dispute la Coupe du monde des moins de 17 ans qui se déroule en Inde. Lors du mondial junior, il joue quatre matchs. Le Honduras s'incline en huitièmes de finale face au Brésil.

Avec les moins de 20 ans, il participe au championnat de la CONCACAF des moins de 20 ans en 2018. Lors de cette compétition organisée à Bradenton en Floride, il joue six matchs. Il se met en évidence en marquant un total de cinq buts en en délivrant deux passes décisives. Il est notamment l'auteur d'un doublé face à Sint Maarten. L'année suivante, il dispute la Coupe du monde des moins de 20 ans qui se déroule en Pologne. Lors du mondial junior, il ne joue qu'une seule rencontre, face à la Nouvelle-Zélande. Avec un bilan catastrophique de trois défaites en trois matchs, 19 buts encaissés et aucun but marqué, le Honduras est éliminé dès le premier tour.

Avec la sélection olympique, il participe aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020, organisés lors de l'été 2021 à Tokyo. Lors du tournoi olympique, il joue trois matchs, inscrivant un but contre la Nouvelle-Zélande. Malgré un bilan honorable d'une victoire et deux défaites, le Honduras est éliminé dès le premier tour.

Il reçoit sa première sélection en équipe du Honduras le , lors du tour final des éliminatoires du mondial 2022 de la zone CONCACAF contre le Costa Rica (score : 0-0).

Palmarès
 Honduras olympique
 Jeux panaméricains :
  Argent : 2019.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international hondurien
Footballeur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020
Joueur du Club Deportivo y Social Vida
Joueur de l'Aris FC
Joueur du Celtic FC
Naissance à La Ceiba
Naissance en janvier 2000

Luis Palma


Octavio Iram Galindo Sánchez fue un actor mexicano de teatro, cine y televisión, nació el 1 de agosto de 1942 en Hermosillo, Sonora, México y falleció el 28 de marzo de 2005 en Hermosillo, Sonora, México. Fue el segundo hijo de ocho hermanos, desde pequeño mostró inclinación por el arte dramático. Junto a sus primos y vecinos organizó funciones de teatro y magia, improvisando escenarios. Participó en todas las festividades escolares y fiestas familiares, teniendo un gran gusto por la poesía.

Estudió en la escuela de teatro de la Universidad de Sonora. Al terminar sus estudios de la preparatoria viajó a la Ciudad de México  para inscribirse en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y en el grupo de teatro experimental.

Se inició en el teatro mexicano en el año 1967 en la obra de teatro clásico Macbeth al lado de los grandes actores Ofelia Guilmain y José Gálvez, ambos lo invitaron, luego de verlo trabajar en una obra teatral. Fue alumno del Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. A pesar de su juventud se consolidó como un reconocido actor de teatro. A finales de la década de 1960 debutó en el cine. Se destacó por su trabajo en cientos de obras teatrales. En 1968 logra una destacada participación en la obra Los albañiles donde alternó con el primer actor Ignacio López Tarso.

Se inició en la televisión en el año 1971 con telenovelas como: Lucía Sombra (1971) y El amor tiene cara de mujer. También compartió créditos con el cantante y actor César Costa durante varios años en el exitoso programa familiar Papá soltero, inolvidable por su interpretación del pervertido "tío" Juan, amigo de César. Aun cuando no resaltó de manera total en el cine, pues su pasión fue el teatro, obtuvo reconocimientos como la "Diosa de Plata" por su actuación en la cinta Presagio, de Luis Alcoriza. Procreó a su única hija Jimena, con la actriz y cantante Margie Bermejo, más adelante estuvo unido sentimentalmente a la actriz Leticia Perdigón.

Filmografía

Películas
 Marea suave  (1997)
 Me tengo que casar/Papá soltero (1995) …. Juan
 El rey (1975) .... Pancracio Herrera
 Apolinar (1972)
 Todo en el juego (1972)
 El ausente (1971)
 Ya sé quién eres (te he estado observando) (1971)
 Ya somos hombres (1970)
 Siempre hay una primera vez (1969) .... (segmento "Rosa") Javier

Telenovelas
 El noveno mandamiento (2001) .... Vicente
 Nunca te olvidaré (1999) .... Dr. Carlos Bárcenas
 Morir dos veces (1996) .... Rubiano
 Caminos cruzados (1994) .... Pedro
 Carrusel de las Américas (1992)
 Alcanzar una estrella II (1991) .... Octavio
 Alcanzar una estrella (1990) .... Octavio
 La casa al final de la calle (1989) .... Gustavo
 Aprendiendo a vivir (1984) .... Raúl
 Acompáñame (1977) .... Alberto
 Mi primer amor (1973) .... Elio
 El edificio de enfrente (1972)
 Mis tres amores (1971)
 El amor tiene cara de mujer (1971)
 Lucía Sombra (1971) .... Octavio Ravel

Serie de Televisión
 Mujer, casos de la vida real Capítulos: "Agonía" (2002), "El engaño" (1997) "No me toques" (1995)
 Papá soltero (1987) .... Juan
 Cosas de casados (1986) .... Gilo tío de Gary
 Erase que se era con Cachirulo (1979) Capítulo "Aladino y la lámpara maravillosa" .... Aladino

Muerte
De acuerdo con la Asociación Nacional de Actores (ANDA), el actor Octavio Galindo, falleció el 28 de marzo de 2005, víctima de complicaciones renales a la 1:35 a. m. en el Hospital Cima, en Hermosillo, Sonora, México a los 62 años de edad.

La oficina de Previsión Social de la ANDA indicó que el actor, estuvo internado en el Hospital Santelena de la capital mexicana, en donde permaneció por lo menos 15 días. Posteriormente, cuando se requirió trasladarlo a Hermosillo, su ciudad natal, a fin de tratar su padecimiento con médicos especialistas.

Sus restos descansan en el Panteón Jardines del Buen Pastor en Hermosillo, Sonora, México.

Enlaces externos
 "Papá Soltero, cap.: Volviendo a Empezar (1/2)"
 "esmas-Espectáculos Farándula" (NOTIMEX México, 29 de mar de 2005)

Nacidos en Hermosillo
Fallecidos en Hermosillo
Actores de México
Actores de televisión de México
Actores de cine de México

Octavio Galindo


The River Itchen in Hampshire, England, rises to the south of New Alresford and flows  to meet Southampton Water below the Itchen Bridge. The Itchen Navigation was constructed in the late 17th and early 18th centuries to enable barges to reach Winchester from Southampton Docks, but ceased to operate in the mid-19th century and is largely abandoned today.

The river is one of the world's premier chalk streams for fly fishing, amenable to dry fly or nymphing. The local chalk aquifer has excellent storage and filtration and the river has long been used for drinking water. Watercress thrives in its upper reaches.

Much of the river from its source to Swaythling is classified as a  biological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), and a Special Area of Conservation, of which the  Hockley Meadows nature reserve is a part. The Itchen estuary is part of the separate Lee-on-The Solent to Itchen Estuary SSSI.

Etymology and other name
The name is likely from a Brittonic language and in meaning unknown. The settlement of Itchen Abbas, before its abbot's ownership, is transcribed by early Middle English orthography which used the letter c followed by e or i to denote the  sound and an e invariably after an n to avoid those down strokes being ambiguous thus, as Icene in the Domesday Book of 1086. The name, in upper parts was once seen as interchangeable with the tributary Alre.

Course
The source is north of Kilmeston, in that civil and ecclesiastical parish. The river flows north, through Cheriton village and east of overwhelmingly agricultural Tichborne village, before joining with tributaries the River Alre and Candover Brook immediately north-west of the town of New Alresford. The river then carves its way west passing the villages of Avington, Itchen Stoke, Itchen Abbas, Martyr Worthy, Easton, and Abbots Worthy; to enter the cathedral city of Winchester it crosses Winnall Moors to turn south for its remainder.

It flows in anabranches through the city, some close enough to Winchester Cathedral to cause great problems to the foundations in the past. The main channel flows through Winchester City Mill and to the east of the city's Roman walls, along a promenaded reach known as "The Weirs".

It waters or can overflow into water-meadows, passing: the Hospital of St Cross; the villages of Twyford; Shawford; between the town of Eastleigh and the village of Bishopstoke; and through Itchen Valley Country Park before reaching the northern suburbs of Southampton at Mansbridge. Between Winchester and Mansbridge, sections were deepened or widened for the long-disused Itchen Navigation, and the former towpath forms part of the Itchen Way.

Monks Brook flows into the Itchen at Swaythling, and the river then passes under Woodmill Bridge and becomes tidal. Four further bridges cross it before the Test estuary in Southampton Water:
 Cobden Bridge, a road bridge connecting Bitterne Park and St Denys.
 Cobden railway bridge carrying the Southampton – Portsmouth railway line. Opened in 1866, the bridge is supported by two sets of cast iron cylinders resulting in three 115-foot openings. The bridge's girders are made from wrought iron. In order to try to prevent the Northam Bridge Company from trying to block the bill authorising the railway, it was agreed that pedestrians would not be allowed to use the bridge. Even so the opening of the viaduct diverted traffic from other crossings with the Woolston Floating Bridge seeing a significant fall in income.
 Northam Bridge, a road bridge carrying the A3024 road from Bitterne Manor to Northam, which was originally opened in 1799.
 The Itchen Bridge, a high-level toll road bridge connecting the docks area with Woolston. This replaced the Woolston Floating Bridge (a chain ferry) which had previously crossed the river at this point.

Between the latter two, the river passes St Mary's Stadium, the home of Southampton F.C. As the river meets Southampton Water it passes several rowing clubs, sailing clubs and the major mixed-development on the left bank in Woolston, called Centenary Quay.

Watermills
Surviving mills on the Itchen include Winchester City Mill (restored to working order by the National Trust), Abbey Mill, Winchester; converted to a restaurant, Wharf Mill, Winchester; converted to apartments, St Cross Mill, Winchester; converted to private dwellings, College Mill, Winchester; converted to a private dwelling, Hockley Mill, Winchester; converted to private dwellings, Gaters Mill, Southampton; converted to offices, and Woodmill, Southampton; now a recreational water activities centre.  Sites of demolished mills include those at Durngate, Winchester; at the southern entrance to Winnall Moors Nature Reserve, St Catherine's lock, Winchester and Shears Mill in Bishopstoke.

Marinas and boatyards

The lower part of the river is an important yachting centre and contains several marinas, sailing centres and boatyards. From seaward they are:

 Ocean Village Marina (MDL), on the western shore just below the Itchen Bridge and close to the city centre
 Southampton Water Activities Centre, almost underneath the bridge on the western shore
 Itchen Marine, just above the bridge, principally a towage business but with some berths for yachts and the only fuel berth in the river
 Merlin Boatyard, opposite Itchen Marine, on the eastern shore
 Lauren Marine Services, a small marina on the eastern side
 Ocean Quay and Solent Breeze Yacht Charter on the west side
 Shamrock Quay (MDL), the biggest marina in the river, also on the west
 Saxon Wharf (MDL) is almost adjacent to Shamrock Quay, containing the biggest boat lift in Britain (200t)
 Kemps Quay Marina on the eastern (now northern) shore, a drying marina and boatyard
 Quayside Marina, a single long pontoon next to Kemps
 Drivers Wharf, another single long pontoon, parallel to the shore, with a crane and boatyard

Above Northam Bridge, the limit of navigation for masted craft, are the Vespasian Road boatyard and numerous small establishments.

Ecology
The SSSI covers the river and its banks, with fen, flood meadows, wet woodland and swamp. It has populations of the nationally rare southern damselfly and white-clawed crayfish. Other fauna include otters, water voles, Atlantic salmon, shovelers and Cetti's warblers.

Water quality
The Environment Agency measure water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish, and chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations. Chemical status is rated good or fail.

Water quality of the River Itchen in 2019:

In popular culture
Death and the Maiden, a 1947 novel by Gladys Mitchell features the river.

See also

List of rivers of the United Kingdom
List of watermills in the United Kingdom

References

External links

 Map source for the  and

Rivers of Hampshire
Geography of Southampton
Eastleigh
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Hampshire

River Itchen, Hampshire


الإشارة الرقمية  هي إشارة متقطعة ذات قيم محددة سلفًا، فلا يمكنها مجاوزة هذه القيم مطلقًا وهذه القيم بما أنها معرفة مسبقًا فهي لا تعاني أي تشويش، وهذه القيم المحددة عادة ما تكون قيمتين وهن:
 صفر - واحد
 صح - خطأ

وتتراوح جهدية هذه الإشارة بين صفر وخمسة فولت فإن كانت قيمة الإشارة أقرب إلى الصفر عّدت صفرًا وإن كانت أقرب للخمسة عدّت خمسة وهكذا ومن هنا يتبين كيفية تقليص أثر إشارة الشوشرة في تشويه الإشارة.

غالبية الإشارات في الحياة العملية هي إشارات مستمرة فالصوت مثلا له قيمة عند أي نقطة في الزمن وبهذا يتعذر حفظه ومن ثم معالجته فهو يتطلب ذاكرة لا نهائية لذلك يتم تحويله إلى إشارة رقمية عبر سبيلين مختلفين هما:
 الاستعيان وهو أخذ عينات من الإشارة على فترات معلومة، علمًا بأن هذه الفترات لها ضوابط.
 التبتير أو التكميم.

انظر أيضًا
 إشارة تناظرية
 محول إشارة

مراجع

اتصالات عن بعد
معالجة رقمية للإشارة

إشارة رقمية


المنقلة هي مجموعة من الألعاب التي تلعب في أفريقيا، والشرق الأوسط، وآسيا الوسطى. يلعب الناس هذه اللعبة بتحريك القطع على اللوحة، وهي على نوعين العادية والمجنونة

العادية
الملعب: قطعة مستطيلة من الخشب السميك محفور فيها صفان متقابلان من الحفرة الصغيرة في كل صف 7 حفر.

الأدوات: 98 حصاة صغيرة بحيث يمكن وضع مالا يقل عن 25 حصاة في الحفرة الواحدة.

اللاعبون: اثنان.

طريقة اللعب:

1. توضع الحبات موزعة على الـ14 حفرة بحيث يكون في كل حفرة 7 حبات.

2. تجري القرعة لمعرفة البادئ باللعب.

3. يبدأ الأول بأخذ الحبات من إحدى الحفر ويبدأ بتوزيعها حبة في حفرة باتجاه عكس عقارب الساعة فإذا انتهى من الحفر التي تخصه ينتقل إلى حفر زميله.

4. عندما ينتهي من توزيع حبات حفرته يبدأ اللاعب الثاني اللعب بنفس الطريقة.

5. مع الاستمرار في اللعب يصبح عدد الحبات في كل حفرة متفاوتاً في العدد حيث يقوم كل لاعب أثناء لعب زميله بعد الحبات في كل حفرة من الحفر التي تخصه لتوزيعها بشكل مناسب. وبعملية حسابية بسيطة يستطيع معرفة الحفر التي سيبدأ بتوزيع حباتها من أجل الربح.

6. إذا وصل لاعب في نهاية التوزيع إلى حفرة بها حبة واحدة بحيث لو أضاف لها آخر حبة في يده لأصبح في الحفرة حبتان فإنه يربح الحبتين سواء كان ذلك في حفرة تخصه أو تخص زميله.

7. يربح اللاعب أيضاً إذا انتهى إلى حفرة بها ثلاث حبات بحيث لو أضاف لها آخر حبة في يده تصبح أربعاً أو كما يقال (طورة) فإنه يربح الحبات الأربع.

8. كذلك فإنه يربح جميع الحبات في حفر متتالية إذا انتهى إليها وأصبح في كل وحداً زوجاً من الحبات أو (طورة).

9. يربي كل لاعب بيتاً أو وبيتان (والبيت هنا الحفرة التي يجمع فيها اللاعب أكبر عدد من الحبات) ليحسم اللعبة في نهايتها.

10. اللاعب الذي يربح أكبر عدد من الحبات في نهاية اللعبة يعتبر فائزاً.

مراجع

منقلة (لعبة)
ألعاب لوح تقليدية

منقلة (لعبة)


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 Zhang Heng, Han Hanedanı döneminde Çin'de yaşamış astronom, matematikçi, coğrafyacı, mucit, astrolog ve ressam (ö. 139)

Ölümler
 I. Vologases, Part kralı

als:70er#Johr 78

78


A power loom is a mechanized loom, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving  during the early Industrial Revolution.  The first power loom was designed and patented in 1785 by Edmund Cartwright. It was refined over the next 47 years until a design by the Howard and Bullough company made the operation completely automatic. This device was designed in 1834 by James Bullough and William Kenworthy, and was named the Lancashire loom.

By the year 1850, there were a total of around 260,000 power loom operations in England. Two years later came the Northrop loom which replenished the shuttle when it was empty. This replaced the Lancashire loom.

Shuttle looms

The main components of the loom are the warp beam, heddles, harnesses, shuttle, reed, and takeup roll. In the loom, yarn processing includes shedding, picking, battening and taking-up operations.

 Shedding. Shedding is the raising of the warp yarns to form a loop through which the filling yarn, carried by the shuttle, can be inserted. The shed is the vertical space between the raised and unraised warp yarns. On the modern loom, simple and intricate shedding operations are performed automatically by the heddle or heald frame, also known as a harness. This is a rectangular frame to which a series of wires, called heddles or healds, are attached. The yarns are passed through the eye holes of the heddles, which hang vertically from the harnesses. The weave pattern determines which harness controls which warp yarns, and the number of harnesses used depends on the complexity of the weave. Two common methods of controlling the heddles are dobbies and a Jacquard Head.
 Picking. As the harnesses raise the heddles or healds, which raise the warp yarns, the shed is created. The filling yarn is inserted through the shed by a small carrier device called a shuttle. The shuttle is normally pointed at each end to allow passage through the shed. In a traditional shuttle loom, the filling yarn is wound onto a quill, which in turn is mounted in the shuttle. The filling yarn emerges through a hole in the shuttle as it moves across the loom. A single crossing of the shuttle from one side of the loom to the other is known as a pick. As the shuttle moves back and forth across the shed, it weaves an edge, or selvage, on each side of the fabric to prevent the fabric from raveling.
 Battening. As the shuttle moves across the loom laying down the fill yarn, it also passes through openings in another frame called a reed (which resembles a comb). With each picking operation, the reed presses or battens each filling yarn against the portion of the fabric that has already been formed. The point where the fabric is formed is called the fell. Conventional shuttle looms can operate at speeds of about 150 to 200 picks per minute

With each weaving operation, the newly constructed fabric must be wound on a cloth beam. This process is called taking up. At the same time, the warp yarns must be let off or released from the warp beams. To become fully automatic, a loom needs a filling stop motion which will brake the loom, if the weft thread breaks.

Operation

Operation of weaving in a textile mill is undertaken by a specially trained operator known as a weaver. Weavers are expected to uphold high industry standards and are tasked with monitoring anywhere from ten to as many as thirty separate looms at any one time.  During their operating shift, weavers will first utilize a wax pencil or crayon to sign their initials onto the cloth to mark a shift change, and then walk along the cloth side (front) of the looms they tend, gently touching the fabric as it comes from the reed. This is done to feel for any broken "picks" or filler thread. Should broken picks be detected, the weaver will disable the machine and undertake to correct the error, typically by replacing the bobbin of filler thread in as little time as possible. They are trained that, ideally, no machine should stop working for more than one minute, with faster turn around times being preferred.

Operation of this needs more than 2 people because of the way it works.

History

The first ideas for an automatic loom were developed in 1784 by M. de Gennes in Paris and by Vaucanson in 1745, but these designs were never developed and were forgotten.  In 1785 Edmund Cartwright patented a power loom which used water power to speed up the weaving process, the predecessor to the modern power loom. His ideas were licensed first by Grimshaw of Manchester who built a small steam-powered weaving factory in Manchester in 1790, but the factory burnt down. Cartwright's was not a commercially successful machine; his looms had to be stopped to dress the warp. Over the next decades, Cartwright's ideas were modified into a reliable automatic loom.  These designs followed John Kay's invention of the flying shuttle, and they passed the shuttle through the shed using levers. With the increased speed of weaving, weavers were able to use more thread than spinners could produce.

Series of initial inventors
A series of inventors incrementally improved all aspects of the three principal processes and the ancillary processes.
 Grimshaw of Manchester (1790): dressing the warp
 Austin (1789, 1790): dressing the warp, 200 looms produced for Monteith of Pollockshaws 1800
 Thomas Johnson of Bredbury (1803): dressing frame, factory for 200 steam looms on Manchester in 1806, and two factories at Stockport in 1809. One at Westhoughton, Lancashire (1809).
 William Radcliffe of Stockport (1802): improved take up mechanism
 John Todd of Burnley (1803): a heald roller and new shedding arrangements, the healds were corded to treadles actuated by cams on the second shaft.
 William Horrocks of Stockport (1803): The frame was still wooden but the lathe was pendant from the frame and operated by cams on the first shaft, the shedding was operated by cams on the second shaft, the take up motion was copied from Radcliffe.
 Peter Marsland (1806): improvements to the lathe motion to counteract poor picking
 William Cotton (1810): improvements to the letting off motion
 William Horrocks (1813): Horrocks loom, modifications to the lathe motion, improving on Marsland
 Peter Ewart (1813): a use of pneumatics
 Joseph and Peter Taylor (1815): double beat foot lathe for heavy cloths
 Paul Moody (1815): produces the first power loom in North America. Exporting a UK loom would have been illegal.
 John Capron and Sons (1820): installed the first power looms for woolens in North America at Uxbridge, Massachusetts.
 William Horrocks (1821): a system to wet the warp and weft during use, improving the effectiveness of the sizing
 Richard Roberts (1830): Roberts Loom, These improvements were a geared take up wheel and tappets to operate multiple heddles
 Stanford, Pritchard and Wilkinson: patented a method to stop on the break of weft or warp. It was not used.
 William Dickinson of Blackburn: Blackburn Loom, the modern overpick

Further useful improvements
There now appear a series of useful improvements that are contained in patents for useless devices
 Horny, Kenworthy and Bullough of Blackburn (1834): the vibrating or fly reed
 John Ramsbottom and Richard Holt of Todmorden (1834): a new automatic weft stopping motion
 James Bullough of Blackburn (1835): improved automatic weft stopping motion and taking up and letting off arrangements
 Andrew Parkinson (1836): improved stretcher (temple).
 William Kenworthy and James Bullough (1841): trough and roller temple (became the standard), A simple stop-motion.
At this point the loom has become automatic except for refilling weft pirns. The Cartwight loom weaver could work one loom at 120-130 picks per minute- with a Kenworthy and Bullough's Lancashire Loom, a weaver can run four or more looms working at 220-260 picks per minute- thus giving eight (or more) times more throughput.
 James Henry Northrop (1894) invented a self-threading shuttle and shuttle spring jaws to hold a bobbin by means of rings on the butt. This paved the way to his automatic filling and changing battery of 1891, the basic feature of the Northrop Loom. The principal advantage of the Northrop loom was that it was fully automatic; when a warp thread broke, the loom stopped until it was fixed. When the shuttle ran out of thread, Northrop's mechanism ejected the depleted pirn and loaded a new full one without stopping. A loom operative could work 16 or more looms whereas previously they could only operate eight. Thus, the labor cost was halved. Mill owners had to decide whether the labor saving was worth the capital investment in a new loom. In all 700,000 looms were sold. By 1914, Northrop looms made up 40% of American looms. Northrop was responsible for several hundred weaving related patents.

Looms and the Manchester context
The development of the power loom in and around Manchester was not a coincidence. Manchester had been a centre for Fustians by 1620 and acted as a hub for other Lancashire towns, so developing a communication network with them. It was an established point of export using the meandering River Mersey, and by 1800 it had a thriving canal network, with links to the Ashton Canal, Rochdale Canal the Peak Forest Canal and Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal. The fustian trade gave the towns a skilled workforce that was used to the complicated Dutch looms, and was perhaps accustomed to industrial discipline. While Manchester became a spinning town, the towns around were weaving towns producing cloth by the putting out system. The business was dominated by a few families, who had the capital needed to invest in new mills and to buy hundreds of looms. Mills were built along the new canals, so immediately had access to their markets. Spinning developed first and, until 1830, the handloom was still more important economically than the power loom when the roles reversed. Because of the economic growth of Manchester, a new industry of precision machine tool engineering was born and here were the skills needed to build the precision mechanisms of a loom.

Adoption
{| class=wikitable
|+Number of Looms in UK
|Year||1803||1820||1829||1833||1857
|-
|Looms||2,400||14,650||55,500||100,000||250,000
|}

Draper' strategy was to standardize on a couple of Northrop Loom models which it mass-produced. The lighter E-model of 1909 was joined in the 1930 by the heavier X-model. Continuous fibre machines, say for rayon, which was more break-prone, needed a specialist loom. This was provided by the purchase of the Stafford Loom Co. in 1932, and using their patents a third loom the XD, was added to the range. Because of their mass production techniques they were reluctant and slow to retool for new technologies such as shuttleless looms.

Decline and reinvention
Originally, power looms used a shuttle to throw the weft across, but in 1927 the faster and more efficient shuttleless loom came into use. Sulzer Brothers, a Swiss company had the exclusive rights to shuttleless looms in 1942, and licensed the American production to Warner & Swasey. Draper licensed the slower rapier loom. Today, advances in technology have produced a variety of looms designed to maximise production for specific types of material. The most common of these are Sulzer shuttleless weaving machines, rapier looms, air-jet looms and water-jet looms.

Social and economic implications

Power looms reduced demand for skilled handweavers, initially causing reduced wages and unemployment. Protests followed their introduction. For example, in 1816 two thousand rioting Calton weavers tried to destroy power loom mills and stoned the workers.
In the longer term, by making cloth more affordable the power loom increased demand and stimulated exports, causing a growth in industrial employment, albeit low-paid.
The power loom also opened up opportunities for women mill workers.
A darker side of the power loom's impact was the growth of employment of children in power loom mills.

Dangers

There are a number of inherent dangers in the machines, to which inattentive or poorly trained weavers can fall victim. The most obvious is the moving reed, the frames which hold the heddles and the "pinch" or "sand" roll utilized to keep the cloth tight as it passes over the front of the machine and onto the doff roll. The most common injury in weaving is pinched fingers from distracted or bored workers, though this is not the only such injury found. There are numerous accounts of weavers with long hair getting it tangled in the warp itself and having their scalp pulled away from the skull, or large chunks of hair pulled off. As a result of this, it has become industry standard for companies to require weavers to either keep hair up and tied, or to keep their hair short so as not to allow it to become tangled. Also, due to possible pinch points on the front of machines, loose, baggy clothing is prohibited. In addition, there is a risk of the shuttle flying out of the loom at a high-speed (200+ mph/322 kmh) and striking a worker if the moving reed encounters a thread/yarn or other mechanical jam/error. One complication for weavers, in the terms of safety, is the loud nature in which weave mills operate (115dB+). Because of this, it is nearly impossible to hear a person calling for help when entangled. This has led OSHA to outline specific guidelines for companies to mitigate the chances of such accidents occurring. However, even with such guidelines in place, injuries in textile production due to the machines themselves, are still commonplace.

See also
 Dobby loom
 Jacquard loom
 Paul Moody
 James Henry Northrop
 Northrop Loom
 Textile Manufacturing - the Industrial Revolution
 Cotton - Spinning, Winding, Warping and Weaving

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Textile machinery
Weaving equipment
English inventions
History of the textile industry
Industrial Revolution in England
Articles containing video clips

Power loom


Velika loža Hrvatske (skraćeno VLH), formalno Velika loža Hrvatske grof Ivan Drašković, je najstarija i jedina regularna slobodnozidarska velika loža u Hrvatskoj.

Godine 1992. je Velika loža Austrije osnovala Ložu "Ilirija" sa zadatkom primanja slobodnih zidara iz Hrvatske i Slovenije, a 1994. godine njezino djelovanje bilo je ograničeno samo na Hrvatsku. U 1995. godini osnovane su prve tri masonske lože u Zagrebu koje su dvije godine, 1997., kasnije uspostavile Veliku ložu Hrvatske. Ovu veliku ložu je 1999. godine priznala Ujedinjena velika loža Engleske (UGLE) kao regularnu, a do 2001. godine još 30 velikih loža s pet kontinenata.

Povijest
Inicijativu za obnovu slobodnog zidarstva u Hrvatskoj pokrenuo je 1991. godine Čedo Kirchner, Austrijanac koji je proveo djetinjstvo i doba prvog školovanja u Zagrebu, u ime Velike lože Austrije s nekolicinom hrvatskih i slovenskih slobodnih zidara (koji su to postali u inozemstvu) oko pomoći kod obnove slobodnog zidarstva u novonastalim državama Hrvatskoj i Sloveniji. Iz tih razloge je početkom 1992. godine osnovana je Loža "Ilirija" sa sjedištem u Beču. U 1993. godini Loža je imala 96 članova, od kojih je hrvatskih bilo 37.

Hrvatski članovi Lože "Ilirija" su u Zagrebu osnovali udrugu pod nazivom Velika loža starih i prihvaćenih slobodnih zidara Hrvatske osnovana je 14. lipnja 1994. godine. Na tom skupu bilo je nazočno deset utemeljitelja ove Velike lože, i to su: Branimir Horvat, Zvonimir Tomić, Nenad Porges, Slobodan Kuvalja, Radovan Horvat, Nikola Wirth, Dragutin Dumančić, Hrvoje Raguž, Zlatko Bourek i Zvonimir Žepić. Rješenjem Ministarstva uprave Republike Hrvatske od 21. rujna odobren joj je upis u Registar udruga. U tom razdoblju broj hrvatskih slobodnih zidara postepeno se penje do 70, među kojima su 32 podignuta u stupanj majstora.

U listopadu 1995. godine 30 hrvatskih slobodnih zidara traže dopust u Loži "Ilirija" radi osnivanja triju loža u Zagrebu. U prvoj polovici mjeseca studenog u Zagrebu održani su osnivački radovi pod vedrim nebom lože "Hrvatska vila", "Grof Ivan Drašković" i "Tri svjetla". Glavna savezna skupština Velike lože Austrije održana 1. lipnja 1996. godine odlučuje da "unosi svijetlo" u tri novoosnovane hrvatske lože na svečanom radu u Hrvatskoj.

Velika loža Austrije je 14. rujna 1996. godine "unijela svijetlo" u tri uspostavljene lože u Hrvatskoj. Kandidat za velikog majstora Velike lože Hrvatske u nastajanju Branimir Horvat nenadano umire 11. rujna 1996. godine. Nakon nešto više od 56 godina tako je ponovno oživio Orijent Zagreb, pa je time omogućeno osnivanje prve hrvatske samostalne velike lože. Na molbu spomenute tri hrvatske lože veliki majstor Velike lože Austrije Scheiderbauer "unosi svjetlo" u Veliku ložu Hrvatske 8. studenoga 1997. godine u Trakošćanu. Za prvog velikog majstora Velike lože Hrvatske izabran je Igor Francetić.

Ujedinjena velika loža Engleske je priznala 8. prosinca 1999. godine Veliku ložu kao regularnu. Do ljeta 2001. godine priznaje je još trideset velikih loža s pet kontinenata. Godine 2001. osnovana je i četvrta loža pod zaštitom velike lože, Loža "Ormus" u Rijeci.

Prve lože van orijenta Zagreb osnivaju se u Varaždinu i Rijeci. Loža "Savršeni savez" je osnovana 2003. godine u Varaždinu, dok je u Rijeci 2004. godine osnovana Loža "Harmonija". Također, 2004. godine je osnovana i istaživačka Loža "Quatuor Coronati" u Zagrebu. Do 2010. godine osnovane se još tri lože u Zagrebu: "Libertas" (2005.), "Isis" (2006.) i "Pravednost" (2010.). U Istri je osnovana prva loža, "Lux Histriae", 2010. godine. U 2013. godini osnivaju se dvije lože; Loža "Mudrost" u Zagrebu te "Concordia Fratrum" u Splitu. Četrnaesta loža pod zaštitom ove velike lože, Loža "Maksimilijan Vrhovac", osnovana je 2014. godine u Zagrebu.

Velika loža na svojoj skupštini 10. rujna 2015. godine mijenja naziv udruge u Velika loža Hrvatske grof Ivan Drašković u spomen na grofa Ivana Draškovića, utemeljitelja i prvog velikog majstora Velike provincijalne lože Hrvatske.

Veliki majstor Velike lože Marijan Hanžeković preminuo je 28. siječnja 2018. godine dok je obnašao tu dužnost.

Ustroj
Sjedište Velike lože Hrvatske je u Zagrebu. Velika loža ima svoje elektronsko glasilo, Kutnik.

Lože
U Zagrebi se nalazi 10 loža, u Rijeci tri te u Istri, Varaždinu, Splitu i Osijeku po jedna. Lože u sastavu Velike lože su:

 Loža "Grof Ivan Drašković" br. 1, Zagreb – nosi naziv po grofu Ivanu VIII. Draškoviću, utemeljištelju i prvom velikom majstoru Velike provincijalne lože Hrvatske, kao i po zagrebačkoj loži utemeljanoj 1919. godine.
 Loža "Hrvatska vila" br. 2, Zagreb – nosi naziv po zagrebačkoj loži utemeljanoj 1892. godine i prvoj koja je radila na hrvatskom jeziku.
 Loža "Tri svjetla" br. 3, Zagreb
 Loža "Ormus" br. 4, Rijeka – nosi naziv po vrhovnom božanstvu Ahura Mazda u zoroastrizamu.
 Loža "Savršeni savez" br. 5, Varaždin – nosi naziv po varaždinskoj loži utemeljanoj 1772. godine.
 Loža "Harmonija" br. 6, Rijeka
 Loža "Quatuor Coronati" br. 7, Zagreb – ova istraživačka loža nosi naziv po najstarijoj istraživačkoj Loži "Quatuor Coronati" br. 2076, osnovanoj 1886. godine pod zaštitom Ujedinjene velike lože Engleske (UGLE).
 Loža "Libertas" br. 8, Zagreb
 Loža "Isis" br. 9, Zagreb – nosi naziv po Izidi, božici magije u egipatskoj mitologiji.
 Loža "Pravednost" br. 10, Zagreb – nosi naziv po zagrebačkoj loži utemeljanoj 1921. godine.
 Loža "Lux Histriae" br. 11, Istra
 Loža "Concordia Fratrum" br. 12, Split – nosi naziv po latinskoj krilatici što u prijevodu znači "Bratska sloga"; ovo geslo ima i plemićka obitelj Vranyczany-Dobrinović.
 Loža "Mudrost" br. 13, Zagreb – nosi naziv po zagrebačkoj loži utemeljanoj 1773. godine.
 Loža "Maksimilijan Vrhovac" br. 14, Zagreb – nosi naziv po zagrebačkom biskupu i masonu Maksimilijanu Vrhovcu, kao i po zagrebačkoj loži utemeljanoj 1913. godine.
 Loža "Sirius B" br. 15, Rijeka – nosi naziv po riječkoj loži utemeljanoj 1901. godine.
 Loža "Budnost" br. 16, Osijek – nosi naziv po osječkim ložama utemeljanim 1773. i 1912. godine.
 Loža "Europa AD 1775" br. 17, Zagreb – nosi naziv po kontinentu Europa i dio je lanca istoimenih masonskih loža koje rade pod okriljem regularnih velikih loža u Europi, a u nazivu ima još i 1775. godina kada je osnovana Velika provincijalna loža Hrvatske "Libertas".

Popis velikih majstora
Dosadašnji veliki majstori Velike lože Hrvatske su:
Igor Francetić (1997. – 2000.)
Radovan Horvat (2000. – 2006.)
Dragan Kukavica (2006. – 2015.)
Marijan Hanžeković (2015. – 2018.)
Slobodan Kuvalja (od 2018.)

Međunarodna suradnja
Velika loža sudjeluje u radu Svjetske konferencije regularnih masonskih velikih loža. Također, potpisala je povelje o prijateljstvu i međusobnom priznavanju s preko 120 regularnih velikih loža.

Obredi
Primarni masonski obred Velike lože Hrvatske je Schröderov obred. Velika loža upravlja simboličkim stupnjevima plave lože (učenik, pomoćnik i majstor) i delegira upravljanje visokim masonskim stupnjevima.

Pridružena tijela i redovi
Upravljanje visokim masonskim stupnjevima ova velika loža provodi u pet pridruženih tijela i redova, od kojih svaki predstavlja jedan obred: Yorčki obred, Šrajneri, Obred Memphis-Misraim, Crveni križ cara Konstatina i Drevni i prihvaćeni škotski obred, a na temelju potpisanih konkordata. Ova tijela i redovi su:
Yorčki red Hrvatska – nadležan za rad Yorčkog obreda;
Drevni arapski red plemića mističnog Hrama Shrine Hrvatske – nadležan za rad Šrajnera;
Suvereno utočište Drevnog i primitivnog obreda Memphis-Misraim Hrvatske – nadležno za rad Obreda Memphis-Misraim;
Velika imperijalna konklava Slobodnozidarskog i vojnog reda crvenog križa cara Konstatina za Hrvatsku – nadležna za rad reda Crvenog križa cara Konstatina;
Vrhovno vijeće Škotskog obreda za Hrvatsku – nadležno za rad Škotskog obreda.

Škotski red

Obnovom slobodnog zidarstva u Hrvatskoj, pokrenuog 1991. godine na inicijativu Velike lože Austrije, prvi slobodni zidari iz Hrvatske i Slovenije dobili su više stupnjeve Škotskog obreda u Pragu iste godine. Velika loža Slovenije utemeljila je Vrhovno vijeće Škotskog obreda za Sloveniju 25. ožujka 2000. godine. Odmah poslije počeli su formirati ateljee za članove Velike lože Hrvatske. U njima je radilo više od dvadesetero članova iz Hrvatske. Dvije godine kasnije (2002.) Drevni i prihvaćeni škotski obred za Hrvatsku sa sjedništem u Zagrebu upisan je kao udruga u Registar udruga RH. Dana 22. ožujka 2003. godine Velika loža Hrvatske je dobila svoje samostalno i suvereno Vrhovno vijeće Drevnog i prihvaćenog škotskog obreda.

Veliki zapovjednici:
 Branko Šömen (2002. – 2004.)
 Slobodan Kuvalja (2009. – 2018.)
 Borko Skurić (2018.– danas)

Yorčki red

U York Rite Hrvatska djeluju tri primarna tijela:
Veliki kapitel slobodnih zidara kraljevskog luka Hrvatske,
Veliki koncil slobodnih zidara kripte Hrvatske,
Veliko zapovjedništvo vitezova templara Hrvatske.

Slobodno zidarstvo Kripte je prvi puta uvedeno u Hrvatsku početkom 2009. godine kada je nekoliko članova postiglo potrebne stupnjeve uz pomoć članova iz Italije i Austrije. Tom prilikom je osnovan i prvi koncil u Hrvatskoj, sa sjedištem u Rijeci. U proljeće 2009. godine su skupini članova iz Hrvatske dodijeljeni stupnjevi Slobodnog zidarstva Kripte u Washingtonu, od strane Velikog kapitela Slobodnih zidara kraljevskog luka Virginije. Početkom ljeta 2009. godine su utemeljena još dva koncila čime su se stekli uvjeti za osnivanje Velikog koncila Slobodnih zidara kripte Hrvatske, koje danas predstavlja suverenu krovnu organizaciju kriptičnog slobodnog zidarstva u Hrvatskoj.

Veliko zapovjedništvo vitezova templara Hrvatske osnovano je 2009. godine, a sačinjavaju ga tri zbora koja priznaju njegovu nadležnost. Dva zbora nalaze se u Zagrebu i jedan u Rijeci. Najviše svjetsko upravno tijelo templarskog reda, Veliki tabor vitezova templara Sjedinjenih Američkih Država izdaje patente velikim zapovjedništvima pojedinih država a prvi hrvatski zbor imenom "Croatia" br. 1 svoju je dozvolu rada dobio na trogodišnjoj Velikoj konklavi Tabora u Roanokeu, Virginia, 17. kolovoza 2009. godine.

Crveni križ cara Konstatina
Velika imperijalna konklava Slobodnozidarskog i vojnog reda crvenog križa cara Konstatina za Hrvatsku osnovana je u svibnju 2009. godine od strane Velike imperijalne konklave Crvenog križa cara Konstatina za Italiju.

Memphis-Misraim
Lože s Obredom Memphis-Misraim u Hrvatskoj djeluju pod zaštitom ove velike lože rade od 16. studenog 2013. godine.

Vidi još
 Popis masonskih velikih loža u Europi
 Popis regularnih masonskih velikih loža

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica
 Škotski obred za Hrvatsku

Velika loža Hrvatske
Slobodno zidarstvo u Hrvatskoj
Hrvatske udruge
Organizacije u Hrvatskoj
H

Velika loža Hrvatske


Kyöpelinvuori (Finnish  from kyöpeli = obsolete word for ghost and vuori = mountain), in Finnish mythology, is the place which dead women haunt. It is rumoured that virgins who die young gather there after their death at the start of their afterlife. Similar stories of paradise mountains for pious virgins have also been known in Catholic Central Europe and Russia. It corresponds to Blockula (in modern Swedish Blåkulla) of Swedish mythology.

Kyöpelinvuori has been associated with witch-apathetic beliefs, but the name is not yet mentioned in documents dating back to the 17th-century witch hunts. In Swedish witch accounts, as mentioned before, the Sabbath was Blåkulla, which was sometimes spoken of in Finland as well, but more often only in general, a mountain or some other mythical place.

Kyöpelinvuori is also well known in Finland due to Easter: it is said to be the ancient home of mountain witches who fly on brooms with black cats. The witches leave the area only during Easter in order to spook children. These witches have also been humorously referred to be spinsters who will end up there in order to escape from the "old maid" tax..

According to the National Land Survey of Finland, there is a total number of 32 Kyöpelinvuori hills in Finland.

References

Finnish mythology
Witchcraft in folklore and mythology
Protected areas of Finland

Kyöpelinvuori


Uno ist eine Insel in der Mitte des Bissagos-Archipels. Sie liegt vor der Küste Guinea-Bissaus im Atlantischen Ozean in unmittelbarer Nähe der Westküste der nördlichen Hälfte Afrikas.

Die Insel ist Teil des Sektors Uno. Sie ist 104 km² groß und hat 3324 Einwohner.

Westlich der Insel liegen die Inseln Unhocomozinho und Unhocomo, südlich liegt Orango und nördlich Uracane. Die Insel liegt, wie der restliche Archipel, im UNESCO-Biosphärenreservat.

Einzelnachweise

Insel (Afrika)
Insel (Guinea-Bissau)
Insel (Atlantischer Ozean)
Region Bolama

Uno (Guinea-Bissau)


La Deutsche Akademikerinnenbund (DAB), en français, l'Association allemande des femmes universitaires, est fondée en 1926 en Allemagne.

Objectifs
L'Association allemande des universitaires est fondée sur une initiative de Marie Elisabeth Lüders le  au German Lyceum Club à Berlin, dans le but de « réunir des universitaires allemandes pour assurer l'influence et la validité des femmes diplômées dans la vie culturelle allemande, pour promouvoir le soutien intellectuel et économique et pour représenter leurs intérêts professionnels ». Outre Marie-Elisabeth Lüders, sont présentes Agnes von Zahn-Harnack, Ilse Szagunn, Anna Schönborn et Margarete von Wrangell. En 1927, la DAB compte  et des groupes locaux dans plusieurs villes d'Allemagne.

Premières années
L'année de sa création, la DAB devient membre de la Fédération internationale des femmes diplômées des universités (FIFDU). Le DAB soutient l'échange scientifique international d'étudiantes et, en 1929 et 1930, des femmes universitaires d'Inde, d'Argentine, d'Angleterre, de Pologne, de Suède, d'Autriche et de Suisse sont reçues en Allemagne. Lise Meitner représente le DAB lors d'une conférence de la FIFDU à Édimbourg. Avec le soutien d'autres associations de femmes et de la bibliothèque d'État de Berlin, le DAB publie la première bibliographie universitaire en langue allemande sur la recherche sur les femmes, intitulée Die Frauenfrage in Deutschland. Strömungen und Gegenströmungen 1790–1930 (1934).

Disparition durant la période nazie
En , la DAB est représentée à la Conférence mondiale pour le désarmement par Marie Elisabeth Lüders. Après la prise de pouvoir d'Hitler, le conseil d'administration de la DAB est renouvelé et Marie-Elisabeth Lüders et Agnes von Zahn-Harnack démissionnent de leur présidence. Le , la nouvelle présidente Johanna Willich est démise de ses fonctions par la présidente de la Ligue nationale-socialiste des femmes Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, puis le , le conseil d'administration ordonne l'expulsion des membres juifs. En 1934, le conseil d'administration du DAB est dissous, et l'association, qui s'appelle désormais  (RDA), est annexée par l'association nazie Deutsches Frauenwerk.

Reconstitution après la guerre
Après guerre, en 1949, le DAB est rétabli sous l'impulsion de Marie Elisabeth Lüders et Agnes von Zahn-Harnack, sous la présidence d'Emmy Beckmann. En 1959, une suite à la bibliographie de la DAB, intitulée Die Frauenfrage in Deutschland, couvre la période de 1931 à 1955. En 1968, la conférence de la FIFDU se déroule à Karlsruhe, suivie d'un colloque des femmes universitaires d'Europe à Ludwigshafen en 1978.

En 1981, la DAB participe à la fondation du réseau des  femmes universitaires d'Europe ((UWE). L'UWE coopère avec le Conseil de l'Europe pour les questions liées la vie des femmes en Europe. Depuis 2010, l'association est également membre du European Movement Network.

La DAB est organisé en une vingtaine de groupes régionaux et locaux. Le bureau fédéral a son siège à Berlin depuis 2006. Une revue, Konsens, est publiée chaque année.

Prix Sophie La Roche
La DAB décerne le prix Sophie La Roche depuis 2010. Sophie La Roche (1730-1807) est l'une des intellectuelles les plus connues d'Allemagne, qui a acquis une renommée internationale avec son roman Die Geschichte des Fräuleins von Sternheim (1771). Le prix s'adresse aux femmes qui se distinguent par leurs réalisations et leur engagement personnel envers les femmes.

Les lauréates du prix sont :
 Edelgard Bulmahn
 Maria von Welser

 Elke Büdenbender

Personnalités de l'association

Présidentes

Autres membres
 Margarete von Wrangell, chimiste et professeure (1877-1932)
 Rita Süssmuth, femme politique
 Maria von Welser, journaliste de télévision et publiciste
 Petra Roth, ancienne maire de la ville de Francfort-sur-le-Main
 Liselotte Funcke, femme politique
 Elisabeth Schiemann (1881-1972), botaniste et généticienne

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Biographien von Naturwissenschaftlerinnen des Deutschen Akademikerinnenbundes e.V. Festschrift des DAB zum 75-jährigen Bestehens. 2001,  .
 Die Naturgesetze gelten in Ost und West. Biographien von Frauen in Naturwissenschaft und Technik Publié à l'occasion des 30 ans de la réunification allemande, 2010,  .
 Naturwissenschaft und Technik – nur für Männer? Frauen mischen mit!  Brochure, publiée par l'Association allemande des femmes universitaires en collaboration avec Forschungszentrum Jülich, 1999,  .
 Ursula Hoffmann, Dorothea Frandsen, Annette Kuhn (Eds. ) : Frauen in Wissenschaft und Politik. Sammelband anlässlich des 60jährigen Bestehens des Deutschen Akademikerinnenbundes e.V. (avec des contributions d'Annette Kuhn, Helge Pross, Liselotte Funcke, Hildegard Hamm-Brücher, Anke Martiny et Rita Süssmuth ). Schwann-Bagel, Düsseldorf 1987; Réimpression : Patmos, 1989,  .

Articles connexes
 Graduate Women International

Liens externes

Organisme fondé en 1926
Association ou organisme lié à l'éducation
Association ou organisme lié aux femmes

Deutscher Akademikerinnenbund


Rudolf Erber (Zagreb, 8. lipnja 1881. – Zagreb, 26. studenoga 1944.) financijski stručnjak, dugogodišnji ravnatelj Prve hrvatske štedionice (1914 - 1939.) i predsjednik Saveza štedionica Kraljevine Jugoslavije (1932. – 1939.). Gradonačelnik Zagreba od listopada 1934. do te 1936. godine.

Za vrijeme tog mandata u kratkom je vremenu doveo u red osiromašenu gradsku blagajnu i porezni ured te pokrenuo brojne radove u Zagrebu: izgradnju bolnice na Rebru, izgradnju cesta, tramvajskih pruga i nadvožnjaka, škola i stambenih zgrada (njih 500 u samo dvije godine), potom javnoga kupališta na Selskoj cesti, izgradnju Tomislavova doma na Sljemenu, ribarnice na Dolcu. Potaknuo proširenje vodovodne i plinske mreže, uređivanje gradskih parkova, travnjaka i Medvednice, izgradnju nasipa na desnoj obali Save itd. Dovršio izgradnju Meštrovićeva Doma hrvatskih likovnih umjetnika. Njegova supruga Paula Erber bila je aktivna u brojnim humanitarnim i umjetničkim događanjima u Zagrebu.

Izvori

Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski poduzetnici
Gradonačelnici gradova u Hrvatskoj

Rudolf Erber


Limbajul de programare Modula este un descendent al limbajului de programare Pascal. A fost dezvoltat în Elveția, în 1975, de Niklaus Wirth, aceeași persoană care a proiectat limbajul de programare Pascal. Noutatea principală care îl diferențiază de Pascal este sistemul de modulare, folosit pentru gruparea de seturi de declarații în programe unitare; de aici numele Modula.

Limbaje de programare
1975 în știință

Modula


Jessica Erin Martin (Seattle, Estados Unidos; 25 de agosto de 1962) es una actriz de voz estadounidense. Fue elegida para hace la voz de Samus Aran en el videojuego Metroid: Other M.

Actuación
Jessica Martin es una actriz que vive y trabaja en Seattle, Washington.Trabaja principalmente en teatro. Se encargó de interpretar la voz de Samus Aran en Metroid: Other M. En una entrevista con Dan Hsu de Bitmob, Nintendo of America localización productor Bihldorff Nate se refirió al proceso de fundición. Después de realizar una audición para el personal de localización de Nintendo of America, la grabación fue enviada a Yoshio Sakamoto en Japón. Sakamoto, que no habla Inglés, hizo la selección final sobre la base de lo que él sentía juego con el timbre de la voz de Samus en su mente.

En una entrevista sobre su trabajo en Other M, Martín señaló que la narración de Samus, a menudo criticado por ser plana, estaba destinado deliberadamente a sonido individual, en la modalidad de un recordar eventos pasados. También mencionó que tiene una buena relación con Sakamoto, a quien conoció durante sus sesiones de grabación de voz, y se realizaron comparaciones entre la experiencia positiva de la actuación de voz con su trabajo como actriz de teatro.

Filmografía

Television
 Grimm - Vera Saldona
 Wrecked - Maggie (Web serie)

Videojuegos
 Metroid: Other M - Samus Aran
 Super Smash Bros. para Nintendo 3DS y Wii U - Samus Aran
 Dragon Quest VIII - Empyrea

Películas
 The Flip Side - Heather
 My Hotel Year - Cathy
 Cold Stilettos - Sarah
 Me and my pussy - Ella misma
 The Gamers: Hands of Fate - The Emisarry

Documental
 A Jazzman's Jazzman: The Gerry Carruthers Story - Annabelle Carruthers

Cortos
 In the Pines - Girl
 For Patrick - Annie
 Revelations - The Sorceress
 How to Go on A Man Date - Patient

Actrices de voz de Estados Unidos

Jessica Martin


Los euscmidtíidos (Euschmidtiidae) son una familia de insectos ortópteros celíferos. Se distribuye por África subsahariana.

Géneros
Según Orthoptera Species File (31 mars 2010):
 Euschmidtiinae Rehn, 1948
 Apteroschmidtia Descamps, 1973
 Caenoschmidtia Descamps, 1973
 Euschmidtia Karsch, 1889
 Kwalea Descamps, 1973
 Loboschmidtia Descamps, 1973
 Mastachopardia Descamps, 1964
 Microschmidtia Descamps, 1973
 Paraschmidtia Descamps, 1964
 Pseudoschmidtiinae Descamps, 1964
 Apteropeoedini Descamps, 1964
 Ambatomastax Descamps & Wintrebert, 1965
 Apteropeoedes Bolívar, 1903
 Mastaleptea Descamps, 1971
 Tetefortina Descamps, 1964
 Carcinomastacini Descamps, 1964
 Acanthomastax Descamps, 1964
 Carcinomastax Rehn & Rehn, 1945
 Sauromastax Descamps, 1964
 Teratomastax Descamps, 1964
 Cryptomastacini Descamps, 1971
 Cryptomastax Descamps, 1971
 Dichromastax Descamps, 1971
 Scleromastax Descamps, 1971
 Dendromastacini Descamps, 1971
 Acridomastax Descamps, 1971
 Dactulomastax Descamps, 1971
 Dendromastax Descamps & Wintrebert, 1965
 Lavanonini Descamps, 1971
 Kratopodia Descamps, 1964
 Lavanonia Descamps, 1964
 Namontia Descamps, 1964
 Lobomastacini Descamps, 1971
 Chromomastax Descamps, 1964
 Lobomastax Descamps, 1964
 Microlobia Descamps, 1964
 Wintrebertina Descamps, 1971
 Micromastacini Descamps, 1971
 Micromastax Descamps, 1964
 Parasymbellini Descamps, 1971
 Parasymbellia Descamps, 1964
 Penichrotini Descamps, 1964
 Amatonga Rehn & Rehn, 1945
 Harpemastax Descamps, 1964
 Penichrotes Karsch, 1889
 Pseudamatonga Descamps, 1971
 Raphimastax Descamps, 1971
 Rhinomastax Descamps, 1971
 Xenomastax Descamps, 1964
 Xenoschmidtia Descamps, 1973
 Pseudoschmidtiini Descamps, 1964
 Amalomastax Rehn & Rehn, 1945
 Eudirshia Roy, 1961
 Malagamastax Descamps, 1964
 Peoedes Karsch, 1889
 Pseudoschmidtia Rehn & Rehn, 1945
 Sphaerophallini Descamps, 1971
 Descampsiella Özdikmen, 2008
 Sphaerophallus Descamps, 1964
 Symbellini Descamps, 1971
 Isalomastax Descamps & Wintrebert, 1965
 Symbellia Burr, 1899
 Tapiamastax Descamps & Wintrebert, 1965
 Wintrebertella Descamps, 1964
 Wintrebertini Descamps, 1971
 Elutronuxia Descamps, 1964
 Exophtalmomastax Descamps, 1964
 Parawintrebertia Descamps & Wintrebert, 1965
 Wintrebertia Descamps, 1964
 tribu indéterminée
 Macromastax Karsch, 1889
 Maroantsetraia Descamps, 1964
 Pauromastax Descamps, 1973
 Platymastax Descamps, 1964
 Trichoschmidtia Descamps, 1973
 Stenoschmidtiinae Descamps, 1973
 Stenoschmidtia Descamps, 1973

Referencias

 Rehn, 1948 : The Acridoid family Eumastacidae (Orthoptera). A review of our knowledge of its components, features and systematics, with a suggested new classification of its major groups. Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. 100, 77-139.

Enlaces externos

 Euschmidtiidae en TolWeb

Familias de insectos
Eumastacoidea

Euschmidtiidae


Treći stupanj nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1986./87. su činile republičke lige

Hrvatska

Hrvatska liga – Istok

Hrvatska liga – Jug

Hrvatska liga – Sjever

Hrvatska liga – Zapad

Bosna i Hercegovina

Crna Gora

Povezani članci
 Prva savezna liga Jugoslavije u nogometu 1986./87.
 Druga savezna liga Jugoslavije u nogometu 1986./87.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

1986-87
 3

Nogometno prvenstvo Jugoslavije – 3. ligaški rang 1986./87.


Centurini peut faire référence à:

Patronymie
 Alessandro Centurini (1830-1916), un homme politique italien.
 Luigi Centurini (1820-1900), un juriste italien, joueur d'échecs et problémiste.

Centurini


En galesh (persisk: گالش) er et traditionelt fodtøj fra Iran. En galesh er altid håndvævet.

Galesh laves stadig i dag, men anvendes hovedsageligt i kulturelle sammenhænge.

Sko
Iran
Traditioner

Galesh


Duška Boban hrvatska je vizualna umjetnica i aktivistica.

Životopis
Diplomirala 2000. godine na Akademiji likovnih umjetnosti u Zagrebu u klasi prof. Ante Kuduza. Magistrirala na odsjeku vizualnih komunikacija pri Akademiji za likovnu umjetnosti i oblikovanje u Ljubljani 2013. godine temom Javni prostor i građanska participacija: Aktivizam i kulturne prakse u Splitu posljednjeg desetljeća kod mentora Eduarda Čehovina i sumentora Feđe Vukića. Osnovala je udrugu za umjetnost i kulturu Ekscentar čijeg je upravnog odbora članica. Članica je organizacijskog odbora i izbornica Likovne radionice Šolta od 1998. do 2001. Sudionica je umjetničke grafičke rezidencije Expression of Youth u Urbinu u Italiji te na rezidencijalnom programu Design for Social Change pri Schoool of Visual Arts u New Yorku. Radila je od 2002. do 2006. u vlastitom dizajn studiju PROFESIONALCI+. Članica je ULUPUH-a, HULU-Split i Udruge za suvremenu umjetnost KVART, Split. Pokretačica neformalne Inicijative za Marjan početkom 2011. koja je organizirala niz događanja umjetničko-aktivističkog predznaka s ciljem povećanja svijesti o važnosti očuvanja Park šume Marjan kao prirodnog i kulturnog dobra od nacionalnog značaja. Od 2013. članica je Upravnog odbora Društva Marjan, utemeljitelja zaštite okoliša u široj regiji. U Školi za dizajn, grafiku i održivu gradnju u Splitu predaje stručne predmete Fotografija, Video i Medijski projekti. Aktivna je na polju vizualnih umjetnosti. Fotografije su joj u stalnom postavu Galerije umjetnina u Splitu. Suautorica knjige o splitskoj brodogradnji Amorella ~ ploveći grad, s novinarom Nikolom Bajtom.

Zgradu Dalmacijavina u splitskoj Gradskoj luci predložila je kao lokaciju za Muzej mora.

Izvori

Hrvatski fotografi
Životopisi, Split

Duška Boban


Richard Drew es un fotógrafo de la Associated Press, reconocido por la foto tomada en los atentados terroristas de 11 de septiembre de 2001, en las Torres Gemelas, de Nueva York, que se la conoce como The Falling Man.
También existe un documental británico "El hombre que cae" sobre la foto, se estrenó en el canal Discovery Times el 10 de septiembre de 2007.
Drew fue uno de los cuatro fotógrafos de la prensa, presente en el asesinato de Robert F. Kennedy.
Drew ha sido un fotógrafo de Associated Press desde hace 40 años, y vive con su esposa y sus dos hijas en la ciudad de Nueva York.

Referencias

Atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001
Drew, Richard
Drew, Richard

Richard Drew (fotógrafo)


Mireia Pérez Plaza (Valencia, 9 de junio de 1984) es una historietista e ilustradora española.

Biografía

Primeros pasos
Durante su infancia, Mireia Pérez leyó Mafalda y números de Súper Humor y de El Jueves que pertenecían a su familia; adolescente, descubrió el manga y luego el cómic europeo y alternativo estadounidense.

Antes de terminal secundaria, con 15 años, aprendió a hacer páginas web donde publica sus primeras ilustraciones e inicia así una carrera artística intensamente relacionada con la red.

En 2003, comenzó a estudiar Bellas Artes en la Universidad de San Carlos de Valencia especializándose en cinematografía y dibujo.

Inicios profesionales
En 2008, gracias a una beca Erasmus en Angoulême, comenzó su carrera como historietista. Desde entonces ha colaborado en revistas como "El Manglar" y "El Jueves", y en los fanzines Mortland, Transdimensional Express y Hundlebert Syndrome, de Ultrarradio Ediciones, además de autoeditarse el cómic "Chica y Monstruo en la Llegada del Invierno", que tuvo su continuación en "Chico y Monstrua en la Llegada de la Primavera", también en Ultrarradio Ediciones. Ha colaborado además con sus historias en el semanario en línea de humor gráfico, El Estafador y con sus ilustraciones, en el Blog Libro de Notas.

En 2010 ganó el premio Injuve de Cómic e Ilustración y en 2011, el Premio Internacional Fnac-Sins entido de Novela Gráfica. Su libro 'Nómada', la primera parte de La muchacha salvaje, es fruto de dicho galardón.

Obra

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Propias
 Web de la autora
 Blog de la autora
 Blog de Mireia Pérez en el ClubCultura de la FNAC
 Flickr de la autora
 Caniculadas, junto a las autoras, Clara Soriano, Carla Berrocal, Bea Tormo, Natacha Bustos y Manoli López
 Caniculadas 2.0, junto a las autoras, Clara Soriano, Carla Berrocal, Mamen Moreu, Bea Tormo, Natacha Bustos y Manoli López
Ajenas
 Mireia Pérez, "Guía del Cómic" por José A. Serrano;

 Entrevista a Mireia Pérez en, Tebeosfera
 Artículo sobre Mireia Pérez en, Tebeosfera
 Kahlo entrevista a Mireia Peréz en Dadanoias.net

Autores de El Jueves
Historietistas de España
Ilustradoras de España
Mujeres historietistas
Nacidos en Valencia

Mireia Pérez


L'hôtel Winter-Palace désigne plusieurs établissements:
l'ancien hôtel Winter-Palace situé à Menton en France, inscrit aux Monuments historiques en 1975
l'ancien hôtel Winter-Palace situé à Nice en France, inscrit aux Monuments historiques en 2021
le  situé à Louxor en Égypte.

Voir aussi
 Palais d'Hiver (en anglais Winter Palace), ancien palais royal à Saint-Pétersbourg, en Russie

Hôtel Winter-Palace


Famagusta (în greacă Αμμόχωστος, Ammóchostos, în turcă Gazimağusa) este un oraș în Cipru, port în coasta de est a insulei. Din 1974 face parte de facto din Republica Turcă a Ciprului de Nord, fără recunoaștere internațională.

Orașul este formal reședința districtului Famagusta din Cipru.

Cartierul Varosia este din 1974 un oraș-fantomă.

Monumente
Moscheea lui Lala Mustafa Pașa, inițial Biserica Sf. Nicolae a Latinilor (sec. al XIII-lea)
Biserica Sfântul Gheorghe din Famangusta, ruină (sec. al XIV-lea)

Sport
În anul 1911 a fost înființat în oraș clubul de fotbal Anorthosis Famagusta FC, aflat din 1974 în exil la Larnaca.

Personalități
George Vasiliou (n. 1931), președinte al Ciprului

Orașe din Cipru
Orașe portuare
Famagusta

Famagusta


Park-šuma Zamorski breg – Šestinski vrt, park-šuma u Hrvatskoj i jedna od 17 park-šuma na prostoru Grada Zagreba. Prostire se na sjeveru Zagreba, na padinama Medvednice, kod Šestina. Ukupna površina iznosi 17,10 ha,  od čega na šumu odpada 14,90 ha. Obrast je normalan, a prosječna drvna zaliha iznosi 336,58 m3/ha s prirastom od 6,50 m3/ha.  To je pretežno mješovita sastojina kitnjaka i bukve s primiješanim bagremom. U jednom dijelu nalazi se bagremova kultura u dobi od 5o godina. Sastojine su visokog uzgojnog oblika u dobi od 45-105 godina. Prirodne sastojine njegovati proredom, a bagremovu kulturu njegovati do kraja ophodnje uz postupnu konverziju sastojinskog oblika pretvorbom u autoktonu sastojinu kitnjaka i bukve. Državnih šuma u Park-šumi Zamorskom bregu – Šestinskom vrtu je 5,66 ha, privatnih 9,24 ha, ostalih površina 2,20 ha. Prosječna drvna zaliha je 336,58 prostornih metara po hektaru. Prosječni godišnji tečajni prirast je 6,50 prostornih metara po hektaru.

Izvori
 Matić, Slavko; Prpić, Branimir: PROGRAM NJEGE,  OBNOVE I ODRŽAVANJA,  TE EKOLOŠKE I SOCIJALNE FUNKCIJE PARK-ŠUMA NA PODRUČJU GRADA ZAGREBA. Izvorni znanstveni članak. Šumarski list br. 5–6., CXXI (1997). str. 230. i 231. Sadržaj prenesen sa stranica Šumarskog lista uz dopuštenje.

Park-šume u Zagrebu
Medvednica

Park-šuma Zamorski breg – Šestinski vrt


Esta é uma lista demostrando a população total de cada sub-regiões portuguesa, ordenadas pela sub-região e ano, mostrando os valores de cada ano desde 2011.

População por sub-região
A lista mostra as sub-regiões portuguesas pela população total em 2021, junto com a comparação da posição entre 2020 e 2021 e a variação populacional entre 2020 e 2021.

Desenvolvimento da população
A lista mostra as sub-regiões portuguesas pelo desenvolvimento do número da população desde 2009, mostrando os valores de cada três anos, e a variação final em 2021.

Variação do crescimento populacional
A lista mostra as sub-regiões portuguesas pela variação do crescimento populacional desde 2009, mostrando os valores de cada três anos.

Posição entre as sub-regiões
A lista mostra as sub-regiões portuguesas pela posição da população total 2009, mostrando os valores de cada três anos, e a variação final em 2021.

Dados anuais
A lista mostra as sub-regiões portuguesas com os dados anuais da população total desde 2011.

Listas de Portugal

Lista de sub-regiões portuguesas ordenadas por população