Fort York () is an early 19th-century military fortification in the Fort York neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The fort was used to house members of the British and Canadian militaries, and to defend the entrance of the Toronto Harbour. The fort features stone-lined earthwork walls and eight historical buildings within them, including two blockhouses. The fort forms a part of Fort York National Historic Site, a  site that includes the fort, Garrison Common, military cemeteries, and a visitor centre.

The fort originated from a garrison established by John Graves Simcoe in 1793. Anglo-American tensions resulted in the fort being further fortified and designated as an official British Army post in 1798. The original fort was destroyed by American forces following the Battle of York in April 1813. Work to rebuild the fort began later in 1813 over the remains of the old fort and was completed in 1815. The rebuilt fort served as a military hospital for the remainder of the War of 1812, although it briefly saw action against an American naval vessel in August 1814.

After the war, the fort continued to see use by the British Army and the Canadian militia; even after newer fortifications were erected west of Fort York in the 1840s. In 1870, the property was formally transferred to the Canadian militia. The municipal government assumed ownership of the fort in 1909, although the Canadian military continued to make use of the fort until the end of the Second World War. The fort and the surrounding area were designated as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1923. The fort was restored to its early-19th-century configuration in 1934 and reopened as a museum on the War of 1812 and military life in 19th-century Canada.

Name
The name Fort York is a retronym, with the fortifications initially called the Garrison, the Garrison at York, or the Fort at York, the latter two taking their name from the settlement the fort protected. After new fortifications were built in 1841, residents of Toronto referred to the older fortifications as the Old Fort, in order to distinguish it from the new fort. Usage of the term Fort York to refer to the old fort emerged during the 1870s. The site was referred to as Old Fort York from the time it was converted into historic museum in the early 20th century to 1970 when the Toronto Historical Society re-branded the site as Historic Fort York.

History
The British first examined Toronto as a potential settlement and military site during the 1780s, although a permanent military presence was not established in Toronto until 1793; during a period when Anglo-American relations had deteriorated. In the early 1790s, John Graves Simcoe, the lieutenant governor of Upper Canada, began to consider building a fort in Toronto; as a part of a larger effort to reposition isolated British garrisons in the U.S. Northwest Territory and near the Canada–United States border to more centralized positions, and to vacate British forces from U.S. territory in an attempt to reduce tensions with the Americans. Simcoe's decision to base a fort in Toronto was also influenced by his assessment that American forces could overrun its positions in the frontier, including its naval base in Kingston.

Simcoe selected Toronto (renamed York from 1793 to 1834) as the location of a new military garrison, due to its proximity away from the border, and because its natural harbour only had one access point from water, making it easy to defend. Once established, Simcoe envisioned the harbour as a base where British control over Lake Ontario could be exerted, and where they could repel a potential American attack from the west into eastern Upper Canada.

He also envisioned the fort serving as the centre of a transportation network where British forces could be dispatched throughout the colony. Simcoe planned for the fort to be connected to a network of subsidiary fortifications along a series of east-west roads acting as an alternate transportation route to the Great Lakes, and the north-south portage route that leads to the Georgian Bay. The latter route was vital for maintaining communication with British outposts in lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior, in the event the routes through Lake Erie and the Detroit River become cut off by Americans forces. However, many of the planned subsidiary forts were never built, with Simcoe unable to procure the funds needed to build them.

Original fort (1793–1813)
The first permanent British garrison was established in Toronto on 20 July 1793, when 100 soldiers from the Queen's Rangers landed around Garrison Creek; and erected 30 cabins built from green wood on the site of the fort for wintering quarters; configured in a triangular shape similar to the present fort's shape. Simcoe planned for Fort York to be a part of a defence complex built around the settlement's harbour, with the fort situated north of another fortification planned at Gibraltar Point. However, his proposal to further fortify the settlement was rejected by the governor general of the Canadas, Lord Dorchester, who took the position that the money should instead be spent on improving the defences at the naval base in Kingston.

Simcoe pressed forward with the construction of Fort York in spite of the governor general's objections; although he had to rely on funds from the provincial treasury as opposed to military funds, given that the fort was not an official army post. By November 1793, Fort York consisted of two log barracks, a stockade, and a sawmill to provide lumber. Over the next year, the Queen's Rangers erected a guard house, and two blockhouses near Gibraltar Point, albeit at a smaller scale than what was envisioned by Simcoe. The fort defended the harbour's access point, as well as the most likely landward approach the Americans would take towards the settlement; with British planners believing American forces would land west of the harbour, and advance towards the settlement with the support of its naval vessels. Simcoe continued to develop York's fortifications until the end of 1794 when he concluded that York could not be defended in its current state. In 1794, Simcoe took several artillery pieces from these fortifications after he was ordered to erect Fort Miamis in the Northwest Territory, leaving York with only a few condemned guns that were taken from Kingston.

By the time most of the colony's administration was relocated to York in 1796, the fort was manned by a 147-man garrison. As York's naval shipyards were based at Humber Bay, and no naval base existed in its harbour, the defensive capabilities of Fort York remained limited. However, two other blockhouses were erected around the settlement, including one at Fort York. The blockhouse at Fort York also featured a cupola, used to guide ships into the harbour.

In late 1798, Fort York formally became an official British Army post, granting it access to funds reserved for military use. After the fort was made an official military post, a stockade was built around the fort. Many of its original structures were also replaced with new buildings, including barracks, carriage and engine shed, the colonial government house, guardhouse, gunpowder magazine, and storehouses. As Anglo-American tensions rose again at the beginning of the 19th century, Major-General Isaac Brock ordered the construction of three artillery batteries, and a wall and dry moat on the western boundary of the fort. The batteries were equipped with furnaces, allowing the batteries to fire heated shot, with further 12-pounder guns placed on mobile carriages used to respond to threats outside the fixed ranges of the batteries.

Simcoe's original proposal of using York as a naval base was also reconsidered during the early 19th century, with plans to expand the fort near Government House to accommodate a naval base. However, as the majority of the naval assets in Upper Canada were based in Kingston, the governor general of the Canadas, George Prévost, planned to make the move to York in phases.

When news of the American declaration of war arrived at York, the regulars and military cavalry squad of the fort left for the Niagara peninsula, eventually participating in the Battle of Queenston Heights. While its garrison was deployed in the Niagara, Fort York was manned by the Canadian militia. However, it was apparent to the colonial administration that the settlement could not repel an attack without further improvements to its fortifications; something not possible due to wartime shortages.

Battle of York

The town of York was eventually attacked by American forces in April 1813. The attack formed the first part of Henry Dearborn's plan to take the Canadas by first attacking York, then the Niagara peninsula, Kingston, and finally Montreal. Fort York formed a part of the settlement's defences, which included batteries and blockhouses around the town and Gibraltar Point. After reports of approaching American ships reached the settlement, most professional troops in the area, First Nations-allied warriors, and some members of the local militia assembled at the fort. The regulars and militias stationed at the town's blockhouse were later ordered to reassemble at Fort York once it was made apparent that no landings would occur east of the settlement.

Most of the fighting occurred during the American landing, approximately  west of the fort. Unable to prevent the landings, and repel the force at the western battery, the British-First Nations force eventually retreated back to the fort. American forces advanced east towards the fort and assembled themselves outside its walls, exchanging artillery fire with the fort. The naval squadron also bombarded the fort, having re-positioned themselves directly south of the fort's stockade. Recognizing that the battle was lost, the British commanding officer, Roger Hale Sheaffe, ordered for a silent withdrawal from the fort, and to rig the fort's gunpowder magazine to explode in order to prevent its capture. The two sides continued to exchange artillery fire until Sheaffe's withdrawal from the fort was complete. Because the British flag was left on the flagpole of the fort, the Americans assembling outside its walls assumed the fort remained occupied.

As the gunpowder magazine contained 74 tons of iron shells and 300 barrels of gunpowder, a significant amount of debris was launched into the air once the gunpowder magazine was ignited; dropping onto the American forces still outside the fort. The following explosion resulted in over 250 American casualties. Fearing a counterattack after the explosion, American forces regrouped outside the wall and did not advance onto the abandoned fort until after British forces left York.

The fort was occupied by the American forces after the town's surrender. During the brief occupation, members of the militia were detained in the fort for two days before being released on "parole". The British dead were buried within the fort in shallow graves, although they were later reburied outside the fort after the Americans departed the town. Government House, already damaged by the gunpowder magazine explosion, was razed by American forces on 1 May 1813. Prior to their departure from York, the American forces razed several more buildings including most of the structures in the fort, except its barracks.

Rebuilt fort (1813–present)
Plans to rebuild the settlement's defences, including the fort, and the surrounding blockhouses were undertaken in the second half of 1813; in an effort to defend a four-vessel squadron the Royal Navy planned to station at York's harbour. Several structures were completed at the fort by November 1813, including the Government House Battery and the Circular Battery, each equipped with two  mortars; with another two blockhouses nearing completion. The blockhouses were also designed to act as barracks for the town's garrison, in order to allow for the immediate garrisoning of troops in the settlement. In the following years, the forest around the fort was cleared to deprive Americans of cover in the event of another attack; and the defensive earthworks, barracks, and gunpowder magazine were rebuilt. The fort was not completed until around 1815; due to small numbers of artificer available at York, and a warm 1813–14 winter preventing the use of sleighs to transport supplies during that season.

The fort operated as a hospital centre from the latter half of 1813 to the end of the war, with the naval squadron stationed at York assisting in transporting wounded soldiers from the Niagara front to the town. On 6 August 1814, an American naval squadron arrived near York's harbour, under the suspicion that British vessels were stationed there. The squadron dispatched the  to sail into the harbour under a white flag in a ploy to evaluate the town's defences. However, the militia stationed in the fort shot at the vessel, resulting in the two sides exchanging fire before the Lady of the Lake withdrew back to its squadron outside the harbour. The American squadron did not attempt another attack on the fort, although remained outside York's harbour for three days before sailing away.

Post War of 1812

Work on the fort came to an immediate halt at the end of the war. By 1816, the rebuilt fort included eighteen buildings capable of holding a garrison of 650 soldiers. An additional 350 soldiers were also capable of being garrisoned in military facilities adjacent to the fort. After the war, the fort continued to be a point of focus for military planners in the region, with York envisioned as an area that could provide cover for a retreat to Kingston and Lower Canada, or as a rallying point for British forces to defend the Niagara peninsula. The British also continued to use the fort to protect the north-south portage route to the upper Great Lakes.

In the decades after the War of 1812, several buildings within the fort were torn down and replaced. However, the fort's conditions was largely shaped by British foreign relations; as it suffered from poor maintenance during times of peace, and underwent repairs and reinforcing during perceived signs of hostilities. By the early 1830s, it had become apparent that new fortifications needed to be built to replace the decaying Fort York, with a plan formally approved in 1833. Completed in 1841, New Fort York was situated  west of Fort York, and was initially only connected to a settlement via a pathway through Fort York. Although new fortifications were erected, the military continued to use Fort York's batteries to help defend the harbour; and the adjacent open space for drills, and as a rifle range. In addition to its military uses, from 1839 to 1840, the old fort also hosted a Royal Society meteorological and magnetic observatory, before it was relocated to its permanent location at the University of King's College campus. Plans were in place to also build three martello towers between Fort York and Gibraltar Point, although those plans were abandoned.

At the onset of the Rebellions of 1837–1838, the garrison at Fort York was dispatched to Lower Canada, resulting in the fort only being manned by 10 regulars of the British Army. The fort was eventually reinforced by the Queen's Rangers after the Battle of Montgomery's Tavern, with members of the militia descending on the city to defend the colonial government. The fort was left virtually unmanned again in 1854 after the garrison was recalled to participate in the Crimean War. During their two-year absence, the fort was largely maintained by a staff of 150 "enrolled pensioners," made up of British Army retirees who were granted land around the city following their retirement.

Deteriorating Anglo-American relations in the 1860s as a result of the Trent Affair prompted the military to look into fortifying the Toronto garrison, using it as a base to repulse, or slow down, a potential invasion of Canada West. The proposal had the shore batteries of the fort dismantled, and replaced with rifled artillery on mobile carriages. The proposal failed to materialize, although continued to be suggested into the 1880s.

In an effort to reduce tensions with the Americans in the lead-up to the signing of the Treaty of Washington, the British began to withdraw its military forces from all its secondary North American garrisons, including Fort York. Fort York was formally handed over to the federal government of Canada on 25 July 1870. The last British imperial troops stationed at Fort York departed in 1871, alongside two Canadian militia regiments as a part of the Wolseley expedition. During the 1870s and 1880s, the provincial and municipal governments inquired about purchasing Fort York, although the offers were rejected by the Department of Militia and Defence; as the old fort served as New Fort York's only access point to the rest of the city, as well as its rifle range. The fort was also used as familial quarters for regulars, militia offices, storage space, and as a training ground. During the Second Boer War, and the First World War, the fort was also used as a local enlistment centre.

In 1903, an agreement was reached between the municipal government of Toronto to purchase the old fort, as well as New Fort York. As a part of the deed of transfer from the Department of Militia and Defence, the city agreed to preserve, and "properly care for" the old fort. The agreement also allowed the military to continue to use as much of the property as they needed until newer facilities were built for them. The Canadian militia continued to occupy the fort as a storehouse for ammunition and supplies, and as dwellings for military families until the 1930s when restorations of the fort were underway.

In 1905, a proposal to build a streetcar through Fort York prompted historical, and military organizations to form the "Old Fort Protective Association". Although the streetcar proposal never came to fruition, appeals from the association, political figures, and the Toronto media led Canadian prime minister Wilfrid Laurier to place new conditions on the fort's deed of transfer, requiring the city to restore the old fort to its original condition, or have the adjacent commons revert to federal ownership. The property was formally transferred from the Department of Militia and Defence to the municipal government in 1909.

On 25 May 1923, Fort York was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada.

Conversion into a museum

In 1932, the municipal government of Toronto undertook a two-year restoration of Fort York, converting the fort into a historic site and museum. The city began to restore the fort to its 1816 configuration as a make-work program, and to celebrate the centennial of the incorporation of Toronto. As a result of the restoration, the Canadian militia ended its occupancy of the fort, although the military briefly reused parts of Fort York during the Second World War. In order to accommodate the military, Fort York Armoury was built between Fort York and New Fort York in the 1930s. Fort York was formally reopened as a museum on Victoria Day in 1934.

In 1949, management of the fort was transferred from Toronto Parks Division, to the Toronto Civic Historical Committee (predecessor of the Toronto Historical Board). Further restoration work on the site was also carried out that year.

In 1958, the government of Metropolitan Toronto proposed to move Fort York along Toronto's contemporary waterfront, whose location was now further south from the fort as a result of land reclamation projects during the late 1800s and early 1900s. The regional government proposed the move in an effort to make way for the Gardiner Expressway, and to "recreate" the fort's original setting by the shoreline. However, the proposal was eventually rejected due to public opposition, with the planned expressway rerouted around the fort. The public effort to save the fort served as the impetus for the historic preservation movement in Toronto, as well as the foundations for the Toronto Historical Board.

Several excavations were conducted between 1976 and 2011 to determine the exact location of several demolished buildings, and the initial topography of the fort.

The fort was included in the City of Toronto's inaugural inventory of heritage properties in 1973; with the entire precinct later designated as a provincial "heritage conservation district" in 1985. In 1994, the Friends of Fort York and Garrison Common was formed by local residents, with the organization later incorporated as a registered charity to support the national historic site. Following the amalgamation of Toronto in 1997, museum operations fell under the city's Museum and Heritage Services. However, in 2000, Toronto City Council transferred management of the fort to a board of citizen appointees, separate from the other municipally-operated museums in Toronto.

In September 2017, Fort York served as the archery venue for the 2017 Invictus Games, a multi-parasports event for wounded, injured or sick armed forces personnel.

Grounds

Fort York National Historic Site occupies approximately  of land. When the fort was initially established, it was situated along the Toronto waterfront. However, decades of land reclamation projects beginning in 1850 resulted in the fort being situated  inland by the 1920s. At one point, the military reserve that the fort was on was , although its size slowly shrank as portions of the reserve were partitioned to build housing and factories. The grounds is the property of the municipal government of Toronto and is one of several National Historic Sites of Canada not owned or maintained by Parks Canada.

The national historic site includes Fort York, the mustering grounds west of the fort known as Garrison Common, the visitor centre, and military cemeteries situated to the north of the fort; including cemeteries and green spaces physically separated from the rest of the national historic site by the Railway Lands. The parkland north of the Railway Lands is connected to the rest of the historic site by two pedestrian and cycle bridges known as Garrison Crossing. Completed in 2019, the two bridges are the first bridges in Canada to be made entirely of stainless steel. The cemetery was used for the interment of soldiers and their families from 1793 to 1863. A portion of the cemetery was later renamed Victoria Memorial Square. Several of the original headstones used in the cemetery were later utilized to create a memorial at Victoria Memorial Square.

In 2004, the provincial heritage conversation district was expanded to include Fort York Armoury, located southwest of the visitor centre. However, as opposed to the rest of the historic site, Fort York Armoury remains in use as a drill hall and armoury for the Canadian Army, with the Department of National Defence acting as the custodians for the building.

The grounds of the national historic site, including Garrison Common, the military cemeteries, and the parkland is accessible to the public year-round. However, access to the fort and the visitor centre is limited by the museum's operating hours.

Exhibits on the War of 1812, and military life in 19th century Canada are displayed in the buildings inside the fort, and the visitor centre. In addition to museum exhibits, the site formerly employed historical reenactors made up of secondary school students, known as the Fort York Guard. The Fort York Guard, which includes an infantry squad and a fife and drum corps, wear the uniforms of the Canadian Regiment of Fencible Infantry. The reenactment unit was constituted in 1994 by the Toronto Historical Board; with its management later assumed by the Friends of Fort York association. The reenactment program was ended in 2022, after the municipal government suspended the grant used to support it.

Fort

The fort complex occupies approximately  of land, and includes the bastioned, stone-lined earthwork, and buildings within it. The fort is the only remaining authentic fort that was built in Canada during the War of 1812, with its defensive earthworks, and seven buildings dating to its 1813–15 reconstruction. The buildings within the fort also form the largest collection of buildings in Canada that date back from the War of 1812.

The fort itself contains eight historical buildings, seven of which date back to the fort's reconstruction from 1813 to 1815, while the eighth building is a reconstruction of a barracks that previously stood at the fort. Buildings that date back to the fort's 1813–15 reconstruction include the two blockhouses, two soldiers barracks, the officers' "brick barracks" and mess hell, a brick-walled magazine, and a stone-walled magazine. The following buildings are all situated in their original arrangements and uses their original materials, design, and finishes. The stone magazine is a store for ammunition and gunpowder, whose walls are  thick, and features a vaulted bomb-proof door. Problems in the magazine's foundations shortly after its completion led to the construction of the brick magazine.

In addition to its historical buildings, the fort also contains several small modern facilities used for museum operations. These include a modern kitchen and washrooms built into the northern ramparts of the fort, and a small gunpowder magazine dating to the 1970s.

Barracks
There are three barracks that date back to the fort's 1813–15 reconstruction, two enlisted barracks, and one officers' barracks and mess hall. The living space provided in the officers' barracks contrasted greatly living spaces provided for enlisted soldiers. The two enlisted barracks at the fort housed a larger number of soldiers and their families, although, by the 1860s, these barracks were largely used as married quarters for only three soldiers and their families.

Restored to its 1830s configuration, the brick officers' barrack holds two apartments for officers; with each apartment holding four living quarters for officers, and a kitchen/servant's room. The mess hall portion of the brick barracks was designed as a general officers' mess hall and has two access points, one to the outside, and another to the barracks portion of the building. Servant rooms were also provided with a separate entry point from the rest of the barracks. The officers' brick barracks also contain the city's "oldest kitchen," with a steep staircase in the kitchen pantry leading to the basement kitchen. The oven remains in the kitchen, although its floors have been removed for archeological studies. A ground-level kitchen was added to the building in 1826.

The fourth barracks inside the fort, the blue officer' barracks and mess hall is a reconstruction of a junior officer's barracks that stood on the site. The single-storey reconstruction is made up of four apartments, each containing four separate quarters connected by a central hall for three officers and a servant's room/kitchen. The blue barracks reconstruction was built in 1986.

Blockhouses

As with a number of other British-designed fortifications for the time, the fort's two blockhouses featured splinter-proof constructions, loopholes and portholes for small arms and small artillery pieces, and a second storey that overhangs off the first. However, contrasting other blockhouses built by the British during this period, the blockhouses at Fort York included cellar storage, and magazine facilities; although lacked windows on the first floor, deemed too dangerous to place in the blockhouses. The levels of the blockhouses were designed so that they may isolate themselves from the other floor of the blockhouse, in the event the other level is penetrated. The foundations of the blockhouses are made of limestone and shale, coursed and laid in lime mortar; whereas the square-timber walls were made of white pine reinforced with trunnels. Clapboards were placed on the exterior wall in order to improve its impermeability. Both blockhouses featured raised entrances on the second floor facing the east, with the expectation that an attack on the fort would come from the west.

The fort's two blockhouses were positioned north of the fort's shore batteries, defending the rear approaches of the batteries, while the rest of the fort's defences were being built. After the fort was completed, the blockhouses reverted to a secondary role, serving as the fort's citadel. The blockhouses were also designed to act as barracks, with the blockhouse situated in the southeast (Blockhouse No. 1) able to accommodate 120 soldiers, whereas the blockhouse situated near the circular battery (Blockhouse No. 2) is capable of housing 160 soldiers. For a brief period, shortly after the 1837–38 rebellions, both blockhouses were equipped with a dry moat and draw bridge, although these entrenchments were later filled in. The interior of the blockhouses were modified on several occasions in order to match the contemporary needs of the military, and later the museum.

Ramparts

The fort's buildings are surrounded by bastioned, stone-lined earthwork designed to absorb incoming cannon fire; with room for palisades to be placed on the earthen walls to prevent land assaults. Although land reclamation projects in the 18th and 19th centuries made the fort no longer situated along the Toronto waterfront, the original shoreline embankment is still visible outside the southern ramparts of the fort.

The location of the ramparts has also been modified throughout the decades, with the ramparts having been refortified/rebuilt in 1838, the 1860s, and the 1930s. In 1916, the northeastern portion of the ramparts was demolished to make way for the Bathurst streetcar route. The northeastern portion of the ramparts was rebuilt in the 1930s when the municipal government was restoring the rest of the fort. However, due to the growth of the Railway Lands in the previous decade, the northern portion of the ramparts was rebuilt further south from its original location; with the wall's reconstruction also necessitating the demolition of a barracks. During the same period, the fort's southern ramparts were also raised  from its earlier configuration, and moved approximately  north.

The fort and its ramparts have nine gun placements, although the fort's design had intended for more gun placement in other strategic areas inside the fort during wartime. The central "circular battery" on the fort's southern ramparts was expanded in 1828 in order to accommodate more guns. Palisades were erected along the earthen wall during the 1860s, in addition to the construction of parapets, and an additional seven-gun battery along the southern ramparts.

Demolished structures
A number of other buildings were also erected within the fort that were later demolished. There remains little trace of the fort's original topography, or its original structures, most of which are buried underground. The remains of the original fort built in 1793 are situated under the present fort, with the remains of the first Government House buried under the fort's parade grounds. Debris and ruins from the battle in April 1813 were also later buried and deposited in the crater created by the detonation of the gunpowder magazine. The location of the gunpowder magazine that was ignited during the battle is marked by a maple tree, and contains a plaque commemorating the Rush-Bagot Treaty, a treaty signed shortly after the War of 1812 that led to the demilitarization of the Great Lakes.

A number of buildings were erected during the fort's 1813–15 reconstruction, with the fort holding 18 buildings in 1816. However, a number of these buildings were later demolished, including the carpenter's shop, the sappers' and miners' barracks, the soldiers' barracks, and a cook house along the southern ramparts. Work on a third blockhouse along the fort's western wall was also underway in 1815, but was destroyed by a fire and was not rebuilt. The carpenter building appeared to have been demolished after 1815, the barracks were demolished in 1822, and the cookhouse was torn down in 1848.

The Commandant's House, "D" Barrack, the artillery barracks and the 1838 cookhouse were also structures within Fort York that were later demolished. However, the area where these cluster of buildings were situated is located north of the present fort; as the fort's northern ramparts were rebuilt further south from its original location during the 1930s restoration.

Visitor centre
The visitor centre is a  rectangular building that lies north of the Gardiner Expressway, and south of Garrison Common. The contract to design the building was awarded to Patkau Architects, in collaboration with Kearns Mancini Architects in December 2009. The building was opened to the public in 2014, although was not completed until 2015. The building is built along the original escarpment of Lake Ontario's shoreline, with the building also acting as a retaining wall for the escarpment and Garrison Common directly north of the centre. The roof of the building features a green roof; which also contains the exit to the centre, depositing its visitors to the Garrison Common.

The exterior southern facade of the building is made of monolithic weathering steel panels, reflecting where the historical escarpment and shoreline of the lake would be in the early 19th century. Light permeates into the building through glazed slits between the steel panels for parts of the facade that are covered by the steel panels. Certain parts of the southern facade feature a glass wall, with the steel panels placed in an "awning-like" position allowing visitors outside to glimpse into the museum. All the steel panels are bolted into place, although they can be dismantled when highway maintenance crews require the space.

The interior of the building is designed to circulate visitors through a ramp, from the centre's entrance at the base of the structure, towards an ascending access ramp that leads towards Garrison Common. The visitor centre holds several exhibits including a  exhibit of artifacts from the War of 1812, a  vault to display light-sensitive artifacts, and an "immersive exhibit" of the Battle of York. In addition to exhibition galleries, the visitor centre also holds administrative offices, and a community meeting centre.

Surrounding defences

In addition to Fort York, the British erected a number of other fortifications and artillery batteries to defend the community. However, with the exception of Fort York, and New Fort York's officers' quarters, all of these structures were demolished by the mid-20th century. Prior to the Battle of York in 1813, the settlement was defended by Fort York and three other blockhouses, two blockhouses at Gibraltar Point, and one in the town around King and Parliament Street. In addition to these blockhouses, the town was also defended by two artillery batteries west of the fort, the Western Battery, and the Half-Moon Battery. Most of the original fort, in addition to the three blockhouses around the settlement were destroyed by American forces following the Battle of York.

After the Battle of York, the fort was rebuilt, and three blockhouses were erected around the settlement; one at Gibraltar Point, another built next to the Western Battery, and the third blockhouse was built around Queen Street, defending the inland western approach into the town. The blockhouse on Queen Street was dismantled in 1818, whereas the other two were left "in ruins" by the mid-1820s. Following the rebellions in 1837–38, three more blockhouses were erected in the periphery of Toronto; one around College Street and Spadina Avenue, another blockhouse on Sherbourne Street, and a third along Yonge Street. In 1841, New Fort York was completed along the shoreline west of Fort York. The three blockhouses were dismantled and removed by the mid-19th century. Conversely, New Fort York remained in use by the military until the end of the Second World War. The majority of the New Fort York was demolished in 1951, although the new fort's officers' quarters still stand.

See also

Fort Douville
Fort Rouillé
Fort Toronto
List of forts
List of oldest buildings and structures in Toronto
List of museums in Toronto

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

City of Toronto Museums - Fort York National Historic Site

Living museums in Canada
Museums in Toronto
History of Toronto
York
York
History museums in Ontario
Museums of the War of 1812
Military and war museums in Canada
National Historic Sites in Ontario
Military forts in Ontario
City of Toronto Heritage Properties
1793 establishments in the British Empire
Installations of the British Army
Foreign military bases in Canada

Fort York


Kosningar í Bandaríkjunum fóru fram þann 7. nóvember árið 2017.
 Öldungadeildarkosningar í Bandaríkjunum 2017 (sérstakar)
 Fulltrúadeildarkosningar í Bandaríkjunum 2017 (sérstakar)
 Fylkisstjórakosningar í Bandaríkjunum 2017

2017
2017

Kosningar í Bandaríkjunum 2017


Das In Guitar Festival Winterthur ist ein internationales Gitarrenfestival, das jährlich im Frühling für 4 Tage in Winterthurer Konzertorten, wie dem Casinotheater Winterthur, Alte Kaserne, Theater am Gleis, Villa Sträuli, Marionettentheater im Waaghaus und der Kunsthalle Winterthur (ebenfalls im Waaghaus) stattfindet. Die Veranstalter, das eos guitar quartet und das Casinotheater Winterthur, laden Gitarristen der Stilrichtungen Flamenco, Brasilianische Musik, Jazz, Fusion und klassische Musik aus aller Welt ein. Dabei ist Nachwuchsförderung ein Anliegen des Festivals.

Workshops und Ausstellungen
Im Rahmen des Festivals werden dem Publikum Workshops unter der Leitung der eingeladenen Gitarristen angeboten. In Ausstellungen und Vorträgen stellen bekannte Gitarrenbauer wie z. B. 2012 Paulino Bernabé (Sohn seines gleichnamigen Vaters) aus Spanien oder Zoran Kuvac aus Bosnien ihre Arbeit als Gitarrenbauer und Meistergitarren aus ihrer Werkstatt vor.

Künstler

Weblinks
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Einzelnachweise

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In Guitar Festival Winterthur


سي عمر هو فيلم مصري من إنتاج سنة 1941، من تأليف بديع خيري ونجيب الريحاني، وتمثيل نجيب الريحاني، وإخراج نيازي مصطفى.

ملخص الأحداث
تدور الأحداث في قالب كوميدي حيث أن جابر أفندي موظف بسيط في عزبة عمر الألفي، يطرده ناظر العزبة بعد أن يكتشف جابر أن هناك تزويرًا في حسابات العزبة، يتقابل جابر مع برلنتي زوجة عمر بك الحقيقي، تلاحظ الشبه الكبير بينه وبين زوجها الغائب في الهند عمر، وبناء على مشورة أحد المستشارين القانونين توهم أسرة عمر بك أنه على ما زال قيد الحياة ويعيش في الهند وبطريق المصادفة يذهب جابر افندي إلى منزل عمر وتشاهده الأسرة وتقتن به، ولكن عم عمر يكتشف الحقيقة ويحاول أن يستغل الشبه للاستيلاء على الثروة ولكنه يفشل في النهاية.

بطولة
 نجيب الريحاني (جابر شهاب الدين / عمر الألفي)
 زوزو شكيب (أخت عمر الألفي لوللا)
 عبد الفتاح القصري (عبد المجيد ساطور)
 شرفنطح (عم عمر الألفي جميل بك)
 إستفان روستي (المحامي)
 ميمي شكيب (برلانتا)
 سراج منير (ابن عم عمر الألفي عزت)
 ماري منيب (نازك)
 عبد العزيز أحمد (كوارع)
 فؤاد الرشيدي (الوكيل)
 عبد العزيز خليل (صاحب اللوكاندة)
 حسن كامل (زبون اللوكاندة)
 فيوليت صيداوي (عبلة)
 فيكتوريا حبيقة
 أحمد شكري
 بديعة صادق (شاركت بصوتها)
 عبد العزيز الجاهلي (عبد الله)
 على عبد القادر (الأجزجي)
 إجلال زكي (المطربة)

روابط خارجية

المصادر

 صفحة الفيلم في قاعدة بيانات الأفلام العربية

أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام باللغة العربية
أفلام كوميديا إنتاج عقد 1940
أفلام كوميدية مصرية
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1941
أفلام نجيب الريحاني
أفلام أخرجها نيازي مصطفى
أفلام زوزو شكيب
أفلام ماري منيب
أفلام سراج منير

سي عمر (فيلم)


Der  hohe Schichtvulkan Batu Tara liegt in Indonesien und bildet die kleine Insel Komba. Sie liegt etwa 60 km vor der Küste der größeren Insel Lembata. Komba ist nur schwer zu erreichen und liegt abseits gängiger Schifffahrtswege. Die Küstenlinie der Insel ist so steil, dass Anlanden praktisch unmöglich ist. Daher ist die Insel auch unbewohnt.

Der Batu Tara fördert vor allem basaltische Lava, was für einen Subduktionszonen-Vulkan eher untypisch ist. Er ist daueraktiv und produziert mehrmals täglich strombolianische Eruptionen. Rotglühende Lavaschlacken werden durch Explosionen mehrere Hundert Meter hochgeschleudert. Diese landen zum Teil auf den Vulkanhang und rollen ins Meer. Aschewolken erreichen gelegentlich eine Höhe von mehreren Kilometern und können eine Gefahr für den Flugverkehr darstellen.

Weblinks

 Batu Tara auf vulkane.net
 Reisebericht Batu Tara

Schichtvulkan
Vulkan in Indonesien
Berg in Indonesien
Geographie (Nusa Tenggara Timur)

Batu Tara


La  est l'une des trois circonscriptions législatives que compte la préfecture d'Akita au Japon. Cette circonscription comptait  électeurs en date du .

Description géographique

La deuxième circonscription de la préfecture d'Akita regroupe les villes de Noshiro, Ōdate, Oga, Kazuno, Katagami et Kitaakita ainsi que les districts de Kazuno, Kitaakita, Yamamoto et Minamiakita.

Députés

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chambre des représentants du Japon

Circonscription législative au Japon

Deuxième circonscription de la préfecture d'Akita


අදෘශ්‍යමාන දියබුං හඬ ඇසෙන මානයේ

       ෴ අස්වාන දිව්‍ය අඩවිය ෴

   අටවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජුගේ වැඩිමල් පුත්‍රයෙකු වන සකලකලා වල්ලභ රජු කෝට්ටේ රාජධානියේ උප රාජධානියක් වන උඩුගම්පොළ රාජධානිය පාලනය කරන සමයේ එම ප්‍රදේශය බත බුලතින් බොහෝ සාරවත්ව තිබී ඇත. මනරම් රාජධානියක් මාළිගාගොඩැල්ල නම් ස්ථානයේ තමා වෙනුවෙන් ඉදිකර ගත් රජතුමා මාළිගය ආසන්නයේ රජුගේ මෙන්ම බිසෝවරුන්ගේ භාවිතය උදෙසා පොකුණක් ද නඩු කටයුතු හා ආගමික වතාවත් සඳහා දිවුරුම් බෝධියක් ද ස්ථාපනය කර ඇත.

   ජනතා සුබසිද්ධිය උදෙසා වැව්, අම්බලම් හා රාජ්‍ය අනුග්‍රහය ලැබූ කෙත්වතු ද රජුගේ මූලිකත්වයෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක වීම හේතුවෙන් සශ්‍රීක උඩුගම්පොළ රාජධානියේ වැසියන් හට තම රජු දිව්‍ය රාජයෙක් වන් විය. සකලකලා වල්ලභ රජු පිළිබඳ ජනප්‍රවාද නම් බොහෝමයක් පවතින අතර ඉන් සමහරක් සත්‍ය බව සනාථ කරන සාධක අද දවසේ ද දැකිය හැක.

   රජුගේ මාළිගය පිහිටි මාළිගාගොඩැල්ල නම් ස්ථානය අද දවසේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ උඩුගම්පොළ උත්තරාරාම පූරාණ විහාරය යි. විහාර භූමියේ දැක ගත හැකි පවුරු බැමි, ශිලා ස්ථම්භ, ගල් උළුවහු, වැසිකිළි පාදම් ගල්, කබොක් ගල්, උළු කැබලි වැනි බොහෝ නටඹුන් කියාපාන්නේ සකලකලා වල්ලභ මාළිගයේ ඉතිහාසය 1485 වසර පමණ දක්වා අතීතයට දිව යන බවයි. දිවුරුම් බෝධිය මෙන්ම රාජකීය පොකුණ ද තවමත් විරාජමානව පවතින්නේ ඓතිහාසික යුගයක් වැළලී යාමට ඉඩ නොදිය හැකි නිසාය.

   පතහ පොකුණ නමින් හදුන්වන වර්ග අඩි 25805 ක වපසරියක ඉංග්‍රීසි හෝඩියේ L අකුරේ හැඩයට නිර්මාණය කර ඇති රාජකීය පොකුණ වටා මනාව සකස් කළ ගල් බැම්ම මෙන්ම රජු වතුරට පැනීම සඳහා භාවිතා කළ ගල් පුවරුව ද තවමත් නිරුපද්‍රිතව පවතියි. සකලකලා වල්ලභ රජු ඉදිකළ අස්වාන වැවෙන් උමඟක් ඔස්සේ පතහ පොකුණට ජලය ගෙන ආවා යැයි පැවසුව ද තවමත් එවන් උමඟක් සම්බන්ධ වන ස්ථානයක් සොයාගෙන නැති අතර අස්වාන වැවේ ද වැව් බැම්ම පමණක් අද නෂ්ටාවශේෂව ඇත.

   ප්‍රදේශයේ ජනතාවගේ සුබසිද්ධිය උදෙසා රජු ඉදිකළ අස්වාන වැවේ වැව් බැම්ම නිතර කැඩී යාම හේතුවෙන් එම තත්ත්වය වළක්වා ගැනීමට රජු මනා ලෙස සරසන ලද කන්‍යාවින් හත් දෙනෙක් වැවට බිළි දුන් බව ඇතැම් ජනප්‍රවාදයක දැක්වෙන අතර තවත් ජනප්‍රවාදයක දැක්වෙන්නේ රජු තමා විවාහ කරගෙන සිටි රජක කුල බිසව බිලි දුන් බවයි. මෙසේ බිළි දුන් අයගේ ශරීර කොටස් ගසාගෙන ගොස් හමුවූ තැන් අද ද ඒ ඒ නම් වලින් හදුන්වනු දැකගත හැකිය.

   පැළඳ සිටි ආභරණ ගසා ගෙන ගොස් නැවතුණ තැන මිණි රුවන් ගොඩ ලෙස හදුන්වා මිනුවන්ගොඩ වූ බවත් ඔළුව ගොඩගැසූ ගල්තලාව ගල්ඔළුව වූ බවත් කලවා ගසාගෙන ගොස් නැවතුණ තැන කලවාන ලෙස හදුන්වන ප්‍රදේශය බවත් ජනශ්‍රැතිය යි.

   සකලකලා වල්ලභ රජුගේ රාජ්‍ය කාලය බොහෝ සෙයින් දීර්ඝ වූ නිසා මීළඟ රජකම ලබාගැනීමට බලා සිට උරන වූ කුමාරවරු පිරිසක් රාජකීය පොකුණ තුළ උල් සිටුවා රජු මරන්නට උපක්‍රම යොදා ඇත. එදා දියට පැනීමට පෙර දිය මතුපිට බඹරෙකු වසා සිටිනවා දැක ඒ පිළිබඳ සොයා බැලීමේදී දැවමය උල් සොයා ගත් රජතුමා කුමාරවරුන් රාජ්‍යයෙන් පිටුවහල් කළ බව ජනප්‍රවාද කතාවකි. එය සනාථ කරන දැව උලක් අද ද මිනුවන්ගොඩ ප්‍රදේශය සභා භූමියේ ප්‍රදර්ශනයට තබා ඇත.

   ජන හිතකාමී රජෙකු වූ සකලකලා වල්ලභ රජු වර්තමානයේ ද අස්වාන දෙවියන් නමින් ප්‍රදේශයේ පූජෝපහාරයට ලක්වේ. ගොම්මන් පාළු වෙලාවට පතහ පොකුණේ බිසෝවරුන් දිය නෑ ඉසව්වෙන් දියබුං හඬ ඇසෙන බව ගැමියන් පවසයි. ජනාකීර්ණ පරිසරයක වුවත් නිල්වන් කෙත්වතු තුරුලතා ගොමු මැද පිහිටන අස්වාන දිව්‍ය අඩවියේ උත්තරාරාම පූරාණ විහාරය වෙත උඩුගම්පොළ - වීදියවත්ත මාර්ගයේ උඩුගම්පොළ වටරවුම අසල මාර්ගයේ මීටර් 500ක් පමණ පැමිණ පිවිසිය හැකි ය.

සකල කලා වල්ලභ රජුගේ උප රාජධානිය


An Pariana swallenii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Crichton Foster. An Pariana swallenii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pariana, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pariana

Pariana swallenii


An Ludisia discolor in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ker Gawl., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Achille Richard. An Ludisia discolor in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ludisia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Ludisia

Ludisia discolor


American Losers er en dokumentarfilm instrueret af Ada Bligaard Søby efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Der findes få steder som New York, hvor grænsen mellem 'vindere' og 'tabere' er mere flydende eller levende. Hvem er vindere, og hvad definerer en taber? Filmens to hovedpersoner, Kimberle og Kevin, vil af mange måske blive opfattet som tabere, men for filmens instruktør, Ada Bligaard Søby, er de det modsatte; de er hendes private venner, men også hendes ultimative helte. Kimberle er en håbefuld rockstjerne fra Bibelbæltet, der arbejder hårdt for at realisere sit projekt, mens hun samtidig ikke kan betale sine regninger. Kevin har isoleret sig i en skov, hvor han gennem studier søger svar på filosofiske spørgsmål. Begge er de et sted i livet, hvor mange jævnaldrende har villa, volvo, vovhund og pensionsopsparing klar i ærmet, men Kimberle og Kevin er bare det, man kalder 'et helt andet sted'. På nogle områder kæmper de en indædt kamp, og på andre områder giver de frivilligt op. Som veninde er instruktøren helt inde i en fortroligheds-sfære, hvor ingen behøver at forsvare eller forklare sig. Og der opstår en intimitet, der tvinger tilskueren til at reflektere over vores egen indbyggede trang til at vurdere mennesker og deres 'livsduelighed' på de resultater, de har bragt med sig igennem livet. Filmen er en hyldest til modet til at leve uden hensyntagen til almindelige småborgerlige krav om succes, til glæden ved at være midt i processen - også der, hvor den ikke giver mening - og til en by med en tolerance ud over det sædvanlige. Med musik af Devendra Banhart og A Place To Bury Strangers.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2006

American Losers


Bettstein, vor 1871 auch Betstein (Französisch: Bassompierre) ist der Name eines lothringischen Adelsgeschlechtes im ehemaligen Herzogtum Bar.

Die Familie, deren Zweige zum Teil bis heute bestehen, gehört zum Uradel in Lothringen. Im 16. Jahrhundert wurde der Name Bettstein (andere Schreibweisen: Betzstein, Bestein, Batzenstein, Battenstein) durch die französische Form des Namens in Bassompierre ergänzt.

Geschichte

Herkunft

Nach der Überlieferung soll das Geschlecht derer von Betstein / de Bassompierre von den Grafen von Ravensberg abstammen. Die Grundlage dafür bildet die Darstellung des Stammbaumes in den Memoiren des François de Bassompierre. Wahrscheinlicher ist allerdings, dass die Gleichheit des Wappens, welches das Geschlecht auch mit den Herren von Eppstein und den Herren von Sonneberg teilt, zu dieser Annahme geführt hat. Eine gesicherte Quellenlage besteht hierbei nicht.

Erste urkundliche Erwähnung findet Ulrich I., Herr von Betstein und Alben, der im Jahr 1292 dem Grafen von Bar, Heinrich III., den Lehenseid leistete. Ein Jahr später folgte ihm sein Sohn Simon I. sowie 1333 dessen Gattin, die nach dem Tode Simon von Betsteins den Eid für den minderjährigen Sohn Ulrich II. ablegte. Nach der Erhebung der Grafschaft Bar zum Herzogtum (1354) erkannte im selben Jahr Ulrich II. von Betstein, sowie später (1393) sein Sohn Simon II., die Lehenshoheit des Herzogs von Bar an. Bedeutung erlangte Simon II., Burggraf zu Epinal, vor allem dadurch, dass ihn der Herzog von Bar, Robert I., 1387 zum Richter ernannte, um bei der Wiedervereinigung von Teilen des Herzogtums Bar mit dem Herzogtum Lothringen den Streit über die Besitztümer Barrois und Luxemburg zu schlichten.

Die Marquis-Linie

Die fortlaufende Stammreihe der Herren von Betstein, die später die markgräfliche Linie begründen, beginnt mit Gottfried I., dem Bruder Simons II. Aus dessen Ehe mit Johanna von Reiner ging Johannes von Betstein († 1456) hervor, dessen Gattin den Besitz Harouel mit in die Familie brachte. Von nun an nannte sich die Familie Herren von Betstein und Harouel, so ihr Sohn Gottfried II., der als Rat und Kammerherr im Dienste des Herzogs von Bar, René II., stand. Nachdem sich Heinrich von Neufchatel mit Unterstützung Frankreichs gegen den Herzog von Bar erhoben hatte und in Gefangenschaft geraten war, bürgte Gottfried II. 1479 für den Aufständischen und bewirkte so dessen Freilassung, um dadurch die Region zu befrieden. Mit Hilfe seines Sohnes Christoph I., der sich vor allem im Krieg gegen Metz (1490) bewährte, gelang der Familie schließlich die Beilegung des Konflikts.

Aufgrund ihrer politischen und militärischen Leistungen, aber auch aufgrund heiratspolitischer Verbindungen konnten die Herren von Betstein und Harouel bald zu einem der wichtigsten Häuser Lothringens aufsteigen: Franz I., Sohn von Christoph I. und Johanna von Ville sur Jrlon, hatte von seiner Groß- und Urgroßmutter nicht nur Baudricourt, Sairouce, Rémonville, Chastelle (Châtelet), Ormes, Mendres u. a. geerbt, sondern war inzwischen auch zum Vogt der Vogesen ernannt worden (1539). In Wien diente er am Kaiserlichen Hof als Hauptmann der Leibwache Kaiser Karls V., dessen Kammerherr er zugleich war. Von seinen drei Söhnen blieb der zweite, Bernhard, ebenfalls in Wien und wurde kaiserlicher Oberst, während die beiden Brüder nach der französischen Besetzung Lothringens (1552) auf die Seite Heinrichs II. von Valois wechselten. Der König ernannte Claude-Antoine de Bassompierre zum Oberst der französischen Armee sowie zum herzogl. Lothringischen Gouverneur der Vogesen und Vogt des Bistums Metz. Im Streit mit seinem jüngeren Bruder Christophe II. wurde er von diesem erstochen. Christophe II. war zunächst als Geisel an den Französischen Hof verbracht und mit dem späteren König Karl IX. erzogen worden. Als herzogl. Lothringischer Oberhofmeister und Finanzminister zurückgekehrt, verwendete er fortan – wie schon sein Vater und Bruder – ausschließlich die französische Form des Namens. Er nannte sich nun baron de Bassompierre, seigneur d'Harouel, Remonville et Baudricourt. Während der Hugenottenkriegen diente er Karl IX. von Valois als Oberst und befehligte 1570 "über 500 Teutsche [lothringische] Reuter". Durch Erbschaft brachte er 1588 von seinem Onkel Theoderich von Betstein, Propst zu Mainz, die Herrschaft Thiecourt an sich und stiftete 1592 – wohl wegen des Brudermordes – 1592 den Konvent der Paulaner (heute Chapelle de la Visitation) in Nancy, wo er 1596 starb.

Einer seiner Söhne – Jean de Bassompierre – fiel in den Hugenottenkriegen bei Ostende, ein anderer erlangte besondere Berühmtheit: François de Bassompierre (1579–1646). Er wurde Marschall von Frankreich. 1623 zum Marquis d'Harouel erhoben, galt er nicht zuletzt wegen seines Aussehens, seines Auftretens und seiner Konversation als das Musterbild eines französischen Höflings. Seine Erlebnisse als Diplomat und Feldherr, aber auch die Ereignisse am Hof Heinrichs IV. legte er später in den Memoiren nieder, die er während der von Kardinal Richelieu veranlassten Gefangenschaft in der Bastille (1631–1643) schrieb. Von seinen illegitimen Verbindungen gelangte nur sein Sohn Louis II. (* 1610) zu Ansehen, der 1676 als Bischof von Saintes starb.

Die Familie wurde von George-Afriquain, einem Bruder von François de Bassompierre, fortgeführt. Als marquis de Remonville bekleidete er die Ämter des Marschalls von Lothringen sowie des Gouverneurs und Vogtes der Vogesen († 1632). Unter seinen Kindern sind zu nennen: Anna Margaretha, Äbtissin des Klosters von Espinal und spätere Ehefrau von Charles, marquis d'Haraucourt et Fulquemont; François Annas de Bassompierre (1612–1646), der zunächst seinen Onkel Marschall François de Bassompierre auf dessen Feldzügen begleitete, dann aber in die kaiserliche Armee wechselte, wo er 1634 unter General Gallas an der Schlacht bei Nördlingen und 1635 am Feldzug gegen die Franzosen in Lothringen teilnahm. 1638 bei Breisach von Herzog Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar gefangen genommen, erlangte er erst 1640 wieder die Freiheit. Als kaiserlicher Feldmarschall befehligte er fortan die kaiserlichen Truppen in Böhmen und Schlesien, bis er 1646 in einem Duell den Tod fand. Sein Bruder Charles de Bassompierre, baron de Dommartin, während des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1638) herzogl. Lothringischer Oberst, wechselte später ebenfalls die Seite und starb 1665 in Wien; alle seine Töchter traten ins Kloster der Salesianerinnen in Nancy ein, die Söhne waren in Kaiserlichen Diensten: Charles-Louis wurde General und 1698 Marschall von Lothringen sowie grand-bailly der Vogesen; Anne-François-Joseph († 1713) tat sich als Oberst besonders in den Türkenkriegen hervor und wurde 1694 nach der Schlacht von Waradein ausgezeichnet. Sein Sohn Anne-François-Joseph II. (* 1693) wechselte zurück in französische Dienste. Er diente als capitain (Hauptmann) in der französischen Armee und starb später, wie auch sein Vetter François-Louis, in Paris.

Ebenfalls in französischen Diensten stand ihr Onkel, der jüngste Sohn von George-Afriquain, Gaston-Jean-Baptiste, seigneur de Bassompierre, Marquis de Remonville. Als Vogt, Gouverneur und Generalleutnant der Armee Karls IV. Leopold von Lothringen befehligte er drei Regimenter, die 1689 während des pfälzischen Erbfolgekrieges maßgeblichen Anteil an dem Sieg der Franzosen über die Truppen des Kurfürsten von der Pfalz in der Schlacht bei Bingen hatten. Er erhielt dafür den erblichen Titel eines herzogl. Lothringischen Kammerherrn. Auch seine Söhne, nun allesamt herzogl. Lothringische Kammerherrn, taten sich in militärischen Diensten hervor: François de Bassompierre, verheiratet mit Maria Magdalena Bonne, Gräfin du Hamal, war französischer Kavallerie-Oberst († 1714), sein Bruder Leopold-Charles königl. französischer Fähnerich zur See; Henry-Dominique de Bassompierre diente als Garde-Fähnerich der leichten Kavallerie, deren Kommandant sein Bruder Jean-Claude war. Dieser erhielt aufgrund seiner Verdienste am 8. November 1719 von Herzog Leopold Joseph von Lothringen den Titel marquis de Bassompierre unter Erhebung der ihm gehörigen Herrschaft Baudricourt in Lothringen zum Marquisat Bassompierre. Sein Sohn Leopold-Clement (1715–1787), ebenfalls Garde-Fähnerich der leichten Kavallerie, führte die Marquis-Linie fort, bis sie 1837 schließlich erlosch.

Die Sire- und Seigneur-Linien
Neben der Marquis-Linie bestanden mehrere Sire- und Seigneur-Linien, deren Genealogie sich jedoch nicht lückenlos belegen lässt. Erwähnung findet vor allem Charles de Bassompierre (1765–1826), der sich, wie auch andere Vertreter seines Hauses, aufgrund der Adelsverfolgung während der Französischen Revolution ab 1792 Charles Bassompierre nannte und ab 1797 an den Feldzügen Napoleons teilnahm, wo er im Zusammenhang der Besetzung Bingens 1802 durch Partisanen schwer verwundet wurde. Sein Schicksal bildet die Vorlage für eine Episode in Robert Löhrs Roman Das Erlkönig-Manöver. Nach 1871 nannten sich die Nachfahren seiner Tochter in Rückgriff auf die ursprünglich deutsche Form des Namens Jacobs von Betstein. Bekanntheit erlangte ferner der Schriftsteller und Librettist Charles-Augustin de Bassompierre (1771–1853), genannt Sewrin, dessen Sohn, Aimé-Henry-Edmond Bassompierre-Sewrin (1809–1896), ein Maler, ebenfalls den Adelstitel ablegte. So ist mit dem Niedergang des Herzogtums Lothringen zugleich auch der Niedergang des lothringischen Adelshauses de Bassompierre verbunden, welches auf das Engste mit dem Schicksal des Landes in der Auseinandersetzung um die kulturelle und politische Zugehörigkeit zu Frankreich bzw. Deutschland verstrickt war.

Stammsitz
Stammsitz der Familie war Burg Betzstein (Betstein) im heutigen Bassompierre, einem Ortsteil von Boulange (Bollingen), etwa 20 km nordöstlich von Thionville (Diedenhofen) im Département Moselle. 1535 wurde die Burg zerstört, 1750 war sie nahezu völlig abgetragen. Der Ort Bassompierre – ab 1871 galt Bettstein als offizielle deutsche Schreibweise – verlor an Bedeutung; die Stämme der Familie zogen sich auf ihre ererbten Besitzungen in Lothringen zurück.

Name

Herkunft, Bedeutung, frühe Verwendungsformen

Der Name Bassompierre / Betstein wurde 1133 erstmals urkundlich erwähnt, und zwar als Bazompetra, was etymologisch auf den Kalksteinbruch des gleichnamigen Ortes deuten könnte, in dem mehrere fränkische Gräber entdeckt worden sind, deren Bedeutung vor allem in den Beigaben, aber auch in den aus römischer Zeit stammenden (wiederverwendeten) Steinsarkophagen liegt. Umstritten ist jedoch, ob der Name keltischen, romanisch-griechischen oder germanischen Ursprungs ist. In den frühen Urkunden wird durchweg in der deutschen Form von Betstein, Bettstein oder Betzstein gesprochen, so in der Urkunde des Bischofs von Metz, Konrad Bayer von Boppard (1435). Ähnliches gilt für die Urkunden des Herzogtums Berg vom 4. November 1420 sowie vom 14. April 1421, in denen Johannes von Betzstein mit Herzog Adolf VII. von Berg († 1437) vereinbart, bei erster Gelegenheit die Stadt Elberfeld einzunehmen und gegen den Kardinal von Baer sowie dessen Verbündete vorzugehen, wofür er 500 Gulden erhalten soll. In einer weiteren Urkunde vom 1. September 1454, dem ältesten Nachweis St. Pauliner Rechte in diesem Gebiet, erlaubt das Kapitel von St. Paulin bei Trier Ida von Bettstein den Rückkauf einer Rente in Naturalien.

Französisierung des Namens

Unter Duldung der protestantischen Reichsfürsten ("Fürstenaufstand") hatte Heinrich II. von Valois 1552 die Bistümer Metz, Toul und Verdun besetzt und dabei große Teile Lothringens an sich gebracht. Französisch wurde offizielle Amtssprache. In diese Zeit fällt die Verwendung der französischen Form des Namens Betstein. Zur Sicherstellung der Bündnistreue des lothringischen Adels mit dem französischen Herrscherhaus hatte der König als Unterpfand Christoph von Betstein nach Paris entführt und ihn gemeinsam mit dem Kronprinzen erziehen lassen. Mit Ämtern und Titeln versehen, kehrte Christophe de Bassompierre schließlich nach Lothringen zurück; er blieb zeit seines Lebens dem König treu, während Teile der Familie in kaiserliche Dienste traten und nach Wien zogen. Aber auch dieser Familienzweig nahm die französische Form des Namens an. Unter dem Druck der Französischen Revolution verzichteten später einige Linien des inzwischen weit verzweigten Hauses auf das Adelsprädikat.

Schreibweisen

Nach 1552 setzte sich im deutschen Reich überwiegend die Bezeichnung Betzstein durch. Als das annektierte Lothringen 1871 erneut mit dem deutschen Kulturraum vereinigt wurde, galt nun die (von der preußischen Regierung vorgeschriebene) Schreibweise "Bettstein". In Frankreich verwendete man dagegen die Bezeichnung "Betstein" als deutsche Form von Bassompierre. Jakob Grimm suchte nach einer eigenen Übersetzung des Namens und verwendet im ersten Band seiner "Deutschen Sagen" neben Be(t)stein als Übersetzung von Bassompierre den Namen Bassenstein im Zusammenhang der von François de Bassompierre überlieferten Sage.

Wappen

Das Stammwappen zeigt in Silber drei rote Sparren. Auf dem Helm ist der verkleinerte Schild zwischen silber-rotem Fluge. Die Decken sind in rot-silbern gehalten.
Das Wappen der Marquis de Bassompierre ist ein ebensolcher Schild, gekrönt mit einer Mauerkrone. Als Schildhalter dienen zwei Schwäne. Die Devise lautet: Quod nequent tot sidera praestat.

Literarische Bearbeitungen
Vor allem einige Geschichten in den Memoiren des Marschalls François de Bassompierre werden in der Literatur aufgegriffen, so etwa in:
 Johann Wolfgang v. Goethe: Unterhaltungen deutscher Ausgewanderten. In: Erich Trunz (Hrsg.): Goethe Werke, Hamburger Ausgabe in 14 Bänden. München 1981, Bd. VI, S. 125 ff; hier insbes. Bassompierres Geschichte von der schönen Kämmerin (S. 161–165) sowie Bassompierres Geschichte vom Schleier.
 Hugo von Hofmannsthal: Erlebnis des Marschalls von Bassompierre (1900). In: Erlebnis des Marschalls von Bassompierre und andere Erzählungen. Zürich 1950.
 Heinz Rölleke (Hrsg.): Grimms Deutsche Sagen. Frankfurt a. M. 1994, Bd. I, "Das Streichmaß, der Ring und der Becher", Nr. 70, S. 101 f.
 Robert Löhr: Das Erlkönig-Manöver. Historischer Roman. München / Zürich 2007
 Henry Bedford-Jones: D'Artagnan. The Sequal to the Three Musketeers. New York 1928, zu Bassompierre bzw. Betstein S. 59 ff.

Namensträger
 Gottfried II., Herr von Betstein († 1491), Rat und Kammerherr im Dienste Herzog Renés II. von Bar.
 Franz I. († 1553), Herr von Betstein, seit 1539 Vogt der Vogesen, Kammerherr und kaiserlicher Hauptmann der Leibwache Kaiser Karls V.; 1529 verh. mit Margaretha von Dommartin, baronesse de Fontenoy; ab 1552 verwendete er die französische Form des Familiennamens.
 Margaretha von Bet(t)stein, seit 1564 verh. mit Jakob VII von Rollingen (Raville), Herr von Dagstuhl, Erbmarschall von Luxemburg, Domherr zu Trier.
 Christophe II., baron de Bassompierre (1547–1596), herzogl. Lothringischer Oberhofmeister und Finanzminister, königl. französ. Oberst; seit 1572 verh. mit Louise Picart de Radeval.
 François de Bassompierre (1579–1646), marquis d'Harouel, Marschall von Frankreich.
 Louis II. de Bassompierre (1610–1676), Bischof von Saintes.
 George-Afriquain de Bassompierre († 1632), Marquis de Remonville, seigneur du Chastelet et Baudricourt; Marschall von Lothringen, Gouverneur und Vogt der Vogesen; verh. seit 1610 mit Henriette comtesse de Tornielle, Tochter von Charles-Emmanuel, marquis de Gerbevilliers, herzogl. lothring. Finanzminister.
 Anne-Marguerite de Bassompierre, Äbtissin von Kloster Espinal, später verh. mit Charles, marquis d'Haraucourt et Fulquemont, comte de Dalem, baron de Lorquin; Marschall von Lothringen.
 François Annas de Bassompierre (1612–1646), marquis de Remonville, verließ 1636 die lothringischen Dienste und wurde 1640 kaiserlicher Feldmarschall.
 Charles de Bassompierre († 1665), baron de Dommartin, herzogl. Lothringischer Oberst; verh. mit Henriette d' Haraucourt-Chambley.
 Charles-Louis de Bassompierre, kaiserlicher General, 1698 Marschall von Lothringen sowie grand-bailly der Vogesen; verh. mit Marie-Louisa de Beauveau.
 Gaston Jean Baptista, seigneur de Bassompierre, Marquis de Remonville, Vogt der Vogesen, Generalleutnant in der Armee des Herzogs von Lothringen Karls IV., herzogl. Lothringischer Kammerherr; verh. mit Anne de Raulin.
 Jean-Claude, marquis de Bassompierre et Remonville, Kommandant der leichten Kavallerie der Leibgarde des Herzogs von Lothringen, seit 1711 verh. mit Jeanne de Nettancourt.
 Charles de Bassompierre (1765–1826), Leutnant, später Hauptmann der napoleonischen Armee, als Leutnant bei Bingen verletzt, Begründer der noch bestehenden deutschen Linie Jacobs von Betstein.

Literatur
 Siebmachers Großes Wappenbuch, Bd. 24: Die Wappen des Adels in Baden, Elsaß-Lothringen und Luxemburg. Neustadt an der Aisch 1974, S. 8 sowie Tafel 6.
 Jacob Christoph Beck, August Johann Burtoff (Hrsg.): Neu-vermehrtes Historisch- und Geographisches Allgemeines Lexikon, 1. Theil. Basel 1742, S. 396 f.
 Pere Anselme: Histoire genealogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France. 3. Aufl. Paris 1733, S. 464–469 (des marechaux de France)

Einzelnachweise

Deutsches Adelsgeschlecht
Lothringisches Adelsgeschlecht

Bettstein (Adelsgeschlecht)


Williams est une localité américaine située dans l'état de l'Oregon  et le comté de Josephine. Elle a le statut de  secteur non constitué en municipalité et de  CDP  (Census-designated place). Lors du recensement de 2010, elle comptait . La localité est desservie par le district scolaire de Three Rivers ; l'école primaire de Williams se trouve dans le village.

Éléments historiques
Il y avait trois bureaux de poste différents dans ce secteur. Leur proximité avec la rivière Williams Creek est la raison pour laquelle ils s'appelaient Williams, Williamsburg et Williams Creek (qui est situé dans le comté de Jackson ). La Williams Creek se jette dans la rivière Applegate ; elle a reçu son nom en l'honneur du capitaine Robert Williams qui a combattu les Indiens de Rogue River pendant les guerres de Rogue River entre 1855 et 1856. Le bureau de poste de Williams a été créé en 1881 et se trouve à environ 9,5 km en amont de Provolt sur la Williams Creek et à 3 km à l'ouest de la limite du comté de Jackson-Josephine.

Géographie
Williams se trouve au sud-est du comté de Josephine, dans la vallée de la Williams Creek, un affluent de la rivière Applegate, elle-même affluent de la rivière Rogue. Au sud-ouest on aperçoit les montagnes Siskiyou. Provolt  est à et à 10 km au sud et Grants Pass, le siège du comté de Josephine, est distant de 31 km.

D'après le Bureau du recensement des États-Unis, le CDP de Williams a une superficie de 29.3 km carrés.

Climat
La région connaît des étés chauds et secs, mais les températures mensuelles moyennes ne dépassent pas 21.7 °C. D'après le système de classification climatique de Köppen, Williams bénéficie d'un climat méditerranéen à été chaud, abrégé « Csb » sur les cartes climatiques.

Personnalités liées à la localité

 Ralph Stackpole, ( - ) est un sculpteur, peintre, muraliste, graveur et professeur d'art américain né à Williams. Il fut un des artistes les plus connus de San Francisco dans les années 1920 et 1930.
 Steve Miller est musicien qui a résidé à Williams entre 1976 et 1986 ; il y possédait un ranch de 169 ha. En 2015 la propriété a été inscrite au registre national des lieux historiques.

Voir aussi

 Montagnes Siskiyou

Notes et références

Communauté non incorporée en Oregon
Census-designated place en Oregon

Williams (Oregon)


هليوبوليس هو فيلم مصري مستقل انتج في عام 2009، هو الإخراج الأول لـ أحمد عبد الله السيد، الذي عمل في حقل المونتاج السينمائي من قبل.

نبذة
فيلم هليوبوليس، هو واحد من الأفلام الروائية المستقلة، التي أنتجت في العام 2009، الفيلم تم إنتاجه وتصويره بميزانية ضئيلة، حيث يؤدي كل فريق العمل في الفيلم دوره بشكل تطوعي تماما وبلا أجر، سواء من فريق التصوير أو من النجوم الواقفين أمام الكاميرا، بصيغة تشاركية في إنتاج هذا الفيلم

الفيلم تم تصويره بتقنية الهاي ديفينيشن، قام بتصويره شباب سينمائيين جدد، أغلبهم يخوض تجربة الفيلم الطويل الأول، ويعتبر الفيلم هو العمل الأول لمخرجه «أحمد عبد اللـه السيد» تأليفا وإخراجا، وإن كان قد عمل في الحقل السينمائي كمونتير لمدة طويلة

و الفيلم هو الفيلم الثاني لشركة فيلم هاوس، التي أنتجت من قبله فيلم عين شمس، لمخرج آخر هو «إبراهيم البطوط»، والذي تم إنتاجه بنفس الطريقة وتم مؤخرا نقله من صيغته الأولي كفيلم ديچيتال، إلى فيلم سينمائي 35مم، وعرض تجاريا عام2010

الفيلم هو الاختيار الرسمي للمشاركة في عدد من المهرجانات الدولية مثل تورونتو، فانكوفر، تيسالونيكي، الشرق الأوسط، مراكش

ملخص
تسري أحداث الفيلم من خلال خمس قصص متوازية تدور في حي واحد، لأناس بالكاد يعرفون بعضهم البعض وبالكاد تتقاطع حياتهم.
بينما تزدحم القاهرة شيئا فشيئا، تبقى التفاصيل الصغيرة تحكي حكايات سكانها، يوم واحد تتشابك فيه خيوط القصة، وتتقاطع فيه أحلام الشخصيات.
و على الرغم من كونه يوما آخر عادي للجميع، يوم آخر علي حي هليوبولس العريق بـمصر الجديدة، إلا أن الجميع سيعرفون أن هذا اليوم قد انتهى بلا طائل، وربما عليهم إعادة كل شيء من جديد في يوم آخر، في هليوبوليس.

الممثلون
 خالد أبو النجا: (إبراهيم)
 حنان مطاوع: (إنچي)
 يسرا اللوزي: (يسرا)
 هاني عادل: (هاني)
 عايدة عبد العزيز: (ڤيرا)
 هند صبري: (مشاركة صوتية)
 محمد بريقع: (الجندي)
 عاطف يوسف: (علي)
 آية سليمان: (مها)
 سمية الجويني: (ريم)
 محمود اللوزي: (أراميان المصور)

جوائز ومهرجانات
السيناريو الأصلي حاز على جائزة ساويرس للعمل الأول في أواخر عام 2007
في حين يشارك الفيلم في مهرجان تورونتو السينمائي عام 2009، ثم يشارك في مهرجان فانكوفر السينمائي من بعدها.
كما يشارك في الدورة الخمسين لمهرجان سالونيكي العتيد باليونان في نوفمبر 2009

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي للفيلم
 موقع IMDB
 موقع المخرج
 السينما دوت كوم

أفلام إخراجية أولى
أفلام باللغة العربية
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2009
أفلام مصرية مستقلة
أفلام هند صبري
أفلام وثائقية عقد 2000
أفلام وثائقية مصرية

هليوبوليس (فيلم)


Faiza Haračić-Helja (Kakanj, 11. listopada 1972.) je bosanskohercegovačka književnica.

Životopis
Osnovno obrazovanje je završila u Donjem Kaknju, a srednjoškolsko obrazovanje nastavlja u Ekonomskoj školi u Zenici. Drugu godinu srednje škole pohađala je u Mašinsko-tehničkoj školi u Kaknju. Po završetku škole, počinje da radi kao trgovac, te upisuje pedagoški smjer, ali zbog ratnih nedaća biva spriječena studirati.

Pisanjem se počinje baviti još u osnovnoj školi. 1983. godine se prijavljuje na konkurs Titovim stazama revolucije i osvaja prvu nagradu za literarni rad. Zatim, 1985. godine osvaja nagradu za najbolji literarni rad za djelo Rječnik turcizama na području Bosne i Hercegovine. Pisanje nastavlja u srednjoj školi gdje su njeni radovi objavljeni u tadašnjim časopisima Žena, Nada, Poezija i  Kratke ljubavne priče. Prvo javno objavljivanje je bilo 2011. u međunarodnoj zbirci Almanah koja je štampana i promovirana u Beogradu. Njen rad je istaknut u mnogim zajedničkim zbirkama s prostora Srbije, Hrvatske i BiH.

Bibliografija
Govor tišine 2013. godine,
Čiček Dumanca 2016. godine,
te radovi u časopisima Žena, Nada, Poezija, Kratke ljubavne priče i Almanah''

Izvori

Bošnjački književnici
Životopisi, Kakanj

Faiza Haračić-Helja


Le Nostromo Yarará est un drone développé par Nostromo Defensa pour la surveillance, le contrôle des frontières et la reconnaissance. Il s'agit du premier programme de drone natif d'Amérique du Sud à être produit en série et destiné à l'exportation.

Développement
Le drone a été nommé d'après le Yarará, un serpent venimeux d'Amérique du Sud. Son développement commença en 2000 mais les travaux de conception ne débutèrent qu'en 2005. Il fut dévoilé pour la première fois au salon de l'aéronautique des Fuerza Aérea Argentina (armée de l'air argentine) le 10 août 2006. Le vol inaugural du véhicule eu lieu en août 2009.

Ce drone est équipé d'électro-optiques et de capteurs infrarouges construits par Israel Aerospace Industries. L'électro-optique transforme l'énergie lumineuse en un signal électronique qui est utilisé pour enregistrer des images ou des vidéos provenant du champ de bataille en temps réel.

Il est équipé d'un moteur conçu et construit par la société britannique Cubewano, le Cubewano Ltd Sonic 35, d'une puissance de . Il possède également une hélice tripale à l'arrière de la section de fuselage, du pylône moteur et du réservoir de carburant.  Il s'agit du premier drone ayant effectué un vol équipé d'un moteur rotatif fonctionnant au kérosène JP8.

Caractéristiques
Le Nostromo Yarará est un drone tactique se voulant bon marché. Le système se veut robuste et facile à déployer afin d'être utilisé à la fois dans les marchés militaires et civils. Il dispose d'un système de propulsion intégrale qui permet un nombre de sortie élevé et une maintenance facile sur le terrain. Un système Yarará se compose de trois drones, d'une station de contrôle au sol et d'équipement de support disposé dans trois caissons pesant moins de . Ceci permet un déploiement rapide et une grande facilité de transport dans de petits véhicules ou hélicoptères vers la zone d'opération.

Il peut être dirigé manuellement ou être programmé pour suivre une navigation GPS en autonomie. Le drone est capable d'atterrir sur des terrains difficiles et est équipé de volets pour des performances améliorées. La conception de son train d'atterrissage est prévue pour résister à des vents forts.

Le Yarará peut fonctionner de jour comme de nuit et fournir des images en couleur ou infrarouges en temps réel aux stations de contrôle au sol. D'autres charges utiles peuvent également être installées.

Notes et références

Drone argentin

Nostromo Yarará


Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar, (abreviado Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl.), fue una revista ilustrada con descripciones botánicas que fue editada en Suecia desde el año 1747 hasta 1756. Se publicaron 9 números. Fue continuado con Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl., n.s.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
en IPNI

Revistas de botánica
Revistas desaparecidas de Suecia
Revistas científicas en sueco
Revistas científicas de Suecia
Publicaciones fundadas en 1747
Publicaciones desaparecidas en 1756


La  est l'une des dix-huit circonscriptions législatives que compte la préfecture de Kanagawa au Japon. Cette circonscription comptait  électeurs en date du .

Description géographique

La onzième circonscription de la préfecture de Kanagawa regroupe les villes de Yokosuka et Miura.

Députés

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Chambre des représentants du Japon

Circonscription législative au Japon

Onzième circonscription de la préfecture de Kanagawa


Michael Zadoorian (26 de fevereiro de 1957) é um romancista e contista americano de ascendência armênia.

As obras de Zadoorian exploram temas como amor, morte, música, memória, coisas esquecidas e reencontradas, o poder eidético das imagens fotográficas e Detroit.

Seu romance mais destacado é The Leisure Seeker, publicado em 2009 pela William Morrow and Company. Em 2018, foi adaptado para o cinema e estrelado por Helen Mirren e Donald Sutherland, sendo dirigido pelo cineasta italiano, Paolo Virzi.

Vida Pessoal
Morador da região de Detroit, Zadoorian já trabalhou como balconista, guarda de fábrica na Chrysler, classificador de correspondência da United Parcel Service (UPS), jornalista freelance e redator publicitário, passando a maior parte de sua carreira nas agências de publicidade Doner e Campbell Ewald. Ele mora com sua esposa, Rita Simmons, em Ferndale, Michigan.

Formação como Escritor
Zadoorian nasceu em Detroit, Michigan, filho de Rosemary Zadoorian e Norman Zadoorian, um fotógrafo industrial. Ele se formou na Wayne State University, obtendo o grau de Bacharelado em comunicações e especialização em inglês. Posteriormente, na mesma universidade, estudou com os escritores Charles Baxter, Samuel Astrachan e Christopher Towne Leland. Neste período ganhou três prêmios Tompkins de ficção e ensaio, e uma bolsa de estudos de redação criativa Loughead-Eldridge, concedida pela Wayne State University. Ele obteve o mestrado em escrita criativa em 1994.

Seus contos foram publicados em diversos jornais e revistas, como o The Literary Review, o Beloit Fiction Journal, o American Short Fiction, a Great Lakes Review, a Wisconsin Review, Witness, a North American Review e nas antologias Detroit Noir, On The Clock e Bob Seger's House.

Publicações e Crítica
Em 2000, a editora WW Norton publicou seu primeiro romance, Second Hand, sobre o dono de uma loja vintage na região de Detroit que busca significado no lixo de outras pessoas.

O New York Times Book Review se referiu a obra como "um presente dos deuses" e "uma aventura romântica que explora o que Yeats chamou de 'os trapos imundos e loja de ossos do coração'".

O livro foi premiado com o First Fiction Award, oferecido pela Great Lakes Colleges Association, e foi selecionado para os programas Discover Great New Writers, da Barnes & Noble, e Book Sense 76.

Em 2009, a editora William Morrow publicou o segundo romance de Zadoorian, The Leisure Seeker. O romance expõe a vida na estrada de John e Ella, um casal de idosos que foge dos médicos e dos filhos adultos, que impõe restrições às suas vidas, para saírem em uma última férias juntos. A Booklist, em uma crítica com estrela, declarou: "The Leisure Seeker é muito parecido com a própria vida: alegre, doloroso, engraçado, comovente, trágico, misterioso e imperdível."

A crítica do Los Angeles Times chamou o romance de "uma história sincera de crianças crescidas lidando com 'coisas', tanto físicas quanto emocionais, que sobraram após a morte de seus pais". A obra também foi um best-seller na Itália e indicada para o IMPAC Dublin Literary Award.

Ainda em 2009, a Wayne State University Press publicou a coletânea de contos The Lost Tiki Palaces Of Detroit, que recebeu o prêmio Michigan Notable Book.

Em 2010, Zadoorian recebeu o Prêmio Literário Anahid, concedido pela Universidade de Columbia. Em 2013, ele foi condecorado com o Kresge Artist Fellowship das artes literárias.

Em 2016, no Festival de Cinema de Cannes, o diretor italiano Paolo Virzi anunciou que The Leisure Seeker seria seu primeiro filme em língua inglêsa, e teria Helen Mirren e Donald Sutherland estrelando Ella e John. O roteiro foi adaptado por Francesca Archibugi, Francesco Piccolo, Stephen Amidon e Virzi. As filmagens se iniciaram em julho de 2016 na Geórgia, e foram finalizadas em setembro de 2016 em Key West, Flórida. O filme foi lançado em março de 2018 nos Estados Unidos.

Em 2018 foi publicado, pela editora Akashic Books, Beautiful Music. Ambientado na Detroit da década de 1970, o livro narra a transformação de um jovem através da música. Danny Yzemski é um rouco e solitário amante da música pop tocada nas rádios, equilibrando uma vida doméstica disfuncional com a dura realidade do primeiro ano em uma escola marcada pela turbulência racial. Após uma tragédia atingir sua família, Danny encontra seu próprio motivo para continuar: o rock'n roll.

A revista The Oprah o apontou como um dos melhores livros do verão: "Danny Yzemski desafina uma família disfuncional com Frank Zappa e Iggy Pop, sacudindo seu punho contracultural para The Man, neste flashback de oito faixas de um romance ambientado na década de 1970 em Detroit." O The Wall Street Journal o chamou de "cativante história de amadurecimento medida em faixas de álbuns".

Também pela editora Akashic Books, em 2020, foi lançado o seu quarto romance, The Narcissism of Small. Uma obra cômica sobre Joe Keen e Ana Urbanek, um casal de criativo, juntos há muito tempo sem nunca se casarem ou terem filhos. À beira dos quarenta anos, presos entre a cultura dominante e a cultura alternativa, com sinceridade e ironia, retratam uma vida de realização e desenvolvimento interrompidos. Situado na Detroit de 2009, o livro explora os compromissos financeiros, morais e cotidianos que fazemos simplesmente para sobreviver no mundo, e as consequências desses compromissos e as pessoas que nos tornamos por causa deles.

O livro recebeu críticas positivas da Booklist e da Kirkus Reviews. O Library Journal se referiu a ele como um "romance caloroso e surpreendentemente divertido sobre a crise da meia-idade." A Publishers Weekly afirmou que "a comédia de modos contemporâneos de Zadoorian ressoa em virtude de seus personagens introspectivos e representações dos pequenos momentos da vida que, juntos, têm grande significado."

Obras

Romances

 Secund Hand (2000)
 The Leisure Seeker (2009)
 Beautiful Music (2018)
 The Narcissism of Small Differences (2020)

Conto

 The Lost Tiki Palaces of Detroit (2009)

Premiações

 Vencedor do Michigan Author Award, da Biblioteca de Michigan (2022).
 Michigan Notable Book Award, Beautiful Music (2018).
 Vencedor do prêmio Great Lakes Great Reads em ficção adulta por Beautiful Music (2018).
 Kresge Fellowship em Artes Literárias (2013).
 International Dublin Literary Award (2011).
 Michigan Notable Book Award, por The Lost Tiki Palaces of Detroit (2010).
 Vencedor do Prêmio Literário Anahid (2010).
 Selecionado para o Prêmio Chronos de Literatura, França (2009).
 Prêmio de Ficção do Great Lakes Colleges Association (GLCA) (2001).
 Melhores livros de 2000, da Detroit Free Press (2000).
 Livros favoritos de 2000, do Chicago Tribune (2000).
 Prêmio Pre-Press Short Fiction Award (1995).

Ligações Externas

 Podcast interview with Michael Zadoorian about The Leisure Seeker and the differences between the book and the movie, Daily Detroit
 Interview with Michael Zadoorian, Crain's Detroit
 Michigan Public Radio interview with Michael Zadoorian about The Narcissism of Small Differences
 Michael Zadoorian's LitHub essay on writing The Narcissism of Small Differences

 Biblioteca de Michigan anuncia vencedor do prêmio Michigan Author Award de 2022

Referências

Pessoas vivas
Naturais de Detroit
Nascidos em 1957
Escritores dos Estados Unidos
Norte-americanos de ascendência armênia

Michael Zadoorian


Tsuri goshi (釣腰) é um dos 40 arremessos originais de Judo como desenvolvido por Jigoro Kano. Pertence ao terceiro grupo da lista de arremessos tradicional no Gokyo no waza de Judo Kodokan. Também faz parte dos atuais 67 Arremessos de Judo Kodokan. É classificado como uma técnica de quadril (koshi-waza).

Descrição da técnica

 Gráfico de http://www.judoinfo.com/techdraw.htm

Vídeos exemplares:

 Torneio de http://www.judoinfo.com/video8.htm
 Demonstrado de http://www.judoinfo.com/video4.htm, http://www.suginoharyu.com.

Técnicas semelhantes, variantes e pseudónimos
Pseudónimos em inglês:

 Lifting hip throw: arremesso de [...]

Técnicas semelhantes, variantes, e pseudónimos
Pseudónimos:

 Lifting hip throw: arremesso de levantamento de quadril.

Variantes:

 Otsuri goshi (grande arremesso de quadril)
 Kotsuri goshi (pequeno arremesso de quadril)

Semelhante:

 O goshi
 Uki-goshi

Também ver

 Técnicas do judô

Referências

!Artigos com texto em japonês

Tsuri goshi