The Revenge class, sometimes referred to as the Royal Sovereign class or the R class, consisted of five Dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy in the 1910s. All of the ships were completed to see service during the First World War. There were originally to have been eight of the class, but two were later redesigned, becoming the s, while the other, which was to have been named HMS Resistance, was cancelled outright. The design was based on that of the preceding , but with reductions in size and speed to make them more economical to build.

Two of the ships,  and , were completed in time to see action at the Battle of Jutland during the First World War, where they engaged German battlecruisers. The other three ships were completed after the battle, by which time the British and German fleets had adopted more cautious strategies, and as a result, the class saw no further substantial action. During the early 1920s, the ships were involved in the Greco-Turkish War and the Russian Civil War as part of the Mediterranean Fleet. They typically operated as a unit during the interwar period, including stints in the Atlantic Fleet. All five members of the class were modernised in the 1930s, particularly to strengthen their anti-aircraft defences and fire-control equipment.

The ships saw extensive action during the Second World War, though they were no longer front-line units by this time and thus were frequently relegated to secondary duties such as convoy escort and naval gunfire support. Royal Oak was sunk at her moorings in Scapa Flow in October 1939 by a German U-boat, and two other ships of the class were torpedoed during the war; , hit by a Vichy French submarine off Dakar in 1940 and , attacked by a Japanese submarine in Madagascar in 1943; both survived.  ended the war in service with the Soviet Navy as Arkhangelsk, but she was returned in 1949, by which time her three surviving sister ships had been broken up for scrap. She, too, was dismantled that year.

Design and description

In the early 1900s, Germany challenged Britain in a naval arms race under the direction of Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz that was exacerbated by the dreadnought revolution. The Royal Navy embarked on a construction programme to out-build the Germans to maintain its dominance of the seas. Beginning with the launch of , the British had built or laid down twenty-seven all-big-gun battleships to the Germans' seventeen built or building by 1913; to cement their lead, the British ordered another group of battleships for the 1913 Estimates.

The Revenge-class ships (sometimes referred to as the "Royal Sovereign class" or the "R class") were designed as slightly smaller, slower, and more heavily protected versions of the preceding s. The design staff, led by Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt, the Director of Naval Construction, had been charged by the Board of Admiralty with developing a version of the earlier  armed with the same battery of  guns used in the Queen Elizabeths, albeit with the same number as the Iron Dukes—ten rather than the eight of the Queen Elizabeth design. As an economy measure they were intended to revert to the previous practice of using both fuel oil and coal, but First Sea Lord Jackie Fisher rescinded the decision for coal in October 1914. Still under construction, the ships were redesigned to employ oil-fired boilers that increased the power of the engines by  over the original specification.

The initial design completed by d'Eyncourt's team mounted only eight 15 in guns, despite the request from the Board, since he could not fit the fifth twin-gun turret in the specified displacement limit. The Board suggested triple turrets to solve the weight problem, but d'Eyncourt pointed out that no suitable design existed, which would significantly delay construction. He was also opposed to the idea since a single hit on a turret would disable more guns. As a result, the Board approved d'Eyncourt's proposal on 31 March 1913.

General characteristics and propulsion

The ships of the Revenge class were  long between perpendiculars,  long at the waterline, and had a length overall of . They had a beam of  (which was increased to approximately  with the addition of anti-torpedo bulges) and a deep draught of  fully loaded without a bulge and  with a bulge. They had a normal displacement without a bulge of approximately  and  at deep load. Equivalent figures for those ships fitted with a bulge were about  or , depending on the type of bulge fitted. The ships' metacentric height was  at deep load without a bulge fitted and  with a bulge.

Their crew numbered between 909 and 940 officers and ratings in 1917; by the early 1920s, the number of crew had grown to 1,012 to 1,240. Each battleship carried a number of smaller boats, including a variety of steam and sail pinnaces, steam launches, cutters, whalers, dinghies, and rafts. These were handled by five boat derricks. The ships were fitted with eight searchlights, four on the bridge, two at the base of the funnel and two on the after superstructure.

They were powered by two sets of Parsons steam turbines, each driving two shafts with 3-bladed screws, using steam provided by eighteen Babcock & Wilcox boilers at a working pressure of  in all but Resolution and Royal Oak, which received boilers manufactured by Yarrow. The boilers were ducted into a single funnel. The turbines were divided into three watertight compartments arranged side by side; the low-pressure turbines driving the inner pair of shafts were in the centre engine room together, while the high-pressure outboard turbines were in the rooms on either side.

The turbines were rated at  and intended to give the ships a maximum speed of , although Revenge only reached a top speed of  from  during her sea trials on 24 March 1916. The other members of the class had similar performance, with only Royal Oak making  on trials. The bulged Ramillies reached  from  during her sea trials on 20 September 1917, less than half a knot slower than the unbulged ships. Fuel storage amounted to  of fuel oil and  of coal as designed, but on conversion to only oil-fired boilers, the storage capacity was 3,400 long tons of oil. This enabled the ships to steam for  at a cruising speed of , which fell to  at full speed.

Armament and fire control

The Revenge class was equipped with eight breech-loading (BL)  Mk I guns in four twin-gun turrets, in two superfiring pairs fore and aft of the superstructure, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. The guns were initially supplied with eighty shells per gun, but the magazines were later modified to allow for up to one hundred shells per gun. The ships carried the guns in Mk I turrets that allowed for elevation to 20 degrees and depression to -5 degrees. The guns could be loaded at any angle, but the crews typically returned to +5 degrees, since the guns could be cleared faster that way. They fired  projectiles at a muzzle velocity of  to a range of . Their designed rate of fire was one shot every 36 seconds.

The ships' secondary battery consisted of fourteen BL  Mk XII guns, twelve of which were mounted in casemates along the broadside of the vessel amidships; the remaining pair were mounted on the shelter deck and were protected by gun shields. The casemate guns were moved further aft from the bow to reduce the tendency of the gun ports to ship water in heavy seas, a problem encountered with both the Iron Duke and Queen Elizabeth classes. The guns had a muzzle velocity of  from their  projectiles. At their maximum elevation of 15 degrees, they had a range of .

The ships also mounted four 3-pounder () guns. Their anti-aircraft (AA) armament consisted of two quick-firing (QF)  20 cwt Mk I guns. They were fitted with four submerged  torpedo tubes, two on each broadside. Each ship was supplied with a total of twenty-one torpedoes of the Mk II, Mk IV, and MK IVHB types.

The Revenge-class ships were completed with two fire-control directors fitted with  rangefinders. One was mounted above the conning tower, protected by an armoured hood, and the other was aloft on the tripod mast. Each turret was also fitted with a 15-foot rangefinder. The main armament could be controlled by 'X' turret as well. The secondary armament was primarily controlled by directors mounted on each side of the compass platform on the foremast once they began to be fitted in March 1917. A torpedo-control director with a  rangefinder was mounted at the aft end of the superstructure. The rangefinders in 'B' and 'X' turrets were replaced by  models between 1919 and 1922.

Flying-off platforms were fitted on all the ships on the roofs of 'B' and 'X' turrets in 1918. Between them the ships carried two fighters and eight reconnaissance aircraft. These platforms were removed as the ships were refitted in the early 1930s. Resolution was briefly fitted with an aircraft catapult on the quarterdeck in early 1930 and Royal Sovereign had one in 1933–1936. All of the ships except Revenge and Royal Sovereign were equipped with a catapult atop 'X' turret in the mid-1930s. Resolution kept hers until late 1942 or early 1943.

Protection
The ships' waterline belt consisted of Krupp cemented armour (KC) that was  thick between 'A' and 'Y' barbettes and thinned to 4 to 6 inches (102 to 152 mm) towards the ships' ends, but did not reach either the bow or the stern. Above this was a strake of armour 6 inches thick that extended between 'A' and 'X' barbettes. Transverse bulkheads 4 to 6 inches thick ran at an angle from the ends of the thickest part of the waterline belt to 'A' and 'Y' barbettes. The gun turrets were protected by  of KC armour, except for the turret roofs which were  thick. The barbettes ranged in thickness from  above the upper deck, but were only 4 to 6 inches thick below it. The Revenge-class ships had multiple armoured decks that ranged from  in thickness. The main conning tower had 11 inches of armour on the sides with a 3-inch roof. The torpedo director in the rear superstructure had 6 inches of armour protecting it. After the Battle of Jutland, 1 inch of high-tensile steel was added to the main deck over the magazines and additional anti-flash equipment was added in the magazines.

Anti-torpedo Bulges
Ramillies was the least advanced in construction when the Director of Naval Construction decided to fit bulges to the ship to improve her survivability against naval mines and torpedoes in March 1915, making her the first capital ship in the world to be bulged. Testing had revealed that a bulge filled with hollow tubes substantially reduced the effectiveness of a torpedo warhead. The bulge scabbed onto Ramilliess hull was  long and  high; it was divided into two watertight compartments with the upper and lower inner compartments filled with  steel "crush" tubes with their ends plugged by wooden bungs. They were intended to absorb the force of an underwater detonation and prevent splinters and debris from penetrating the inner torpedo bulkhead. The watertight outer compartment was also divided longitudinally, but it was empty to allow the force of the detonation to disperse. The form of the bulge increased the ship's beam to , decreased her draught by about  and increased her displacement by .

Resolution and Revenge were fitted with a different form of bulge in 1917–1918 that was intended to improve their stability as well as protect them against underwater threats. This discarded the crushing tubes to save weight and was only a single watertight compartment deep. It was divided into upper and lower compartments, of which the upper was filled with a mixture of concrete and scrap wood while the lower was empty. The bulge increased their beam to about , reduced their draught by  and increased their displacement by .

Yet another form of bulge was installed aboard Royal Sovereign during her 1920–1924 refit. Based on the preceding form, the upper compartment was enlarged so that it extended above the waterline and crush tubes replaced the concrete and wood mixture. This weighed . Reports had been received from the bulged ships of excessive rolling and the Admiralty Experiment Works conducted experiments to determine the best form of a bulge to eliminate the problem in conjunction with improved bilge keels. Royal Oak was the only ship of the class lacking a bulge by this time. When fitted during her 1922–1924 refit, her bulges were mostly empty, although their lower compartments were partially filled with water. They also extended much further up the side of the ship. This form of the bulge increased her metacentric height to . Ramilliess bulges were modified during her 1926–1927 to a form much like those of Royal Oak; all of her crush tubes were removed, except those abreast of the magazines. Resolution had the concrete and wood mixture removed from her bulge and the lower compartment partially filled with water during her 1929–1931 refit; the same was done for Revenge during her 1931 refit.

Ships in class

Service history

First World War

Three members of the class entered service by May 1916: Revenge, Royal Sovereign, and Royal Oak. Revenge was assigned to the 6th Division of the 1st Battle Squadron (BS), Grand Fleet, while Royal Oak initially served with the 3rd Division, 4th Battle Squadron. Royal Sovereign was left in port when the fleet sortied to meet the German High Seas Fleet off the coast of Jutland in late May, as her crew had not fully worked up by that time. During the ensuing Battle of Jutland, both Revenge and Royal Oak engaged German battlecruisers, Revenge damaging two of them— and —while Royal Oak scored a hit on a third—. Revenge was forced to turn away to avoid torpedoes that damaged her squadron flagship and caused her squadron to lose contact with the rest of the fleet. Royal Oak remained with the main fleet for the duration of the action. Both ships emerged from the battle unscathed.

All three ships were present for the action of 19 August 1916, but the British and German fleets both withdrew before engaging each other directly, the British having lost a pair of light cruisers to German U-boats and the Germans having had one battleship damaged by a British submarine. By the end of the year, Resolution had joined the fleet, which was by that time reduced to patrolling the northern North Sea as both sides turned to positional warfare since the threat of underwater weapons was too great to risk another major fleet action like Jutland. Ramillies did not enter service until late 1917, as she had been badly damaged during her launching ceremony, which slowed her completion significantly. But during the lengthy period of repairs and fitting-out, the navy decided to experiment with the installation of anti-torpedo bulges to improve her ability to resist underwater damage. The bulges proved to be a success, not only increasing her defensive characteristics but also improving stability, while not having a significant negative impact on her speed; as a result, they were later added to the other members of the class during refits after the war.

After German forces began raiding British convoys to Norway in late 1917, the Grand Fleet began sending a battle squadron to cover them, prompting the Germans to attempt to ambush and destroy the isolated squadron in April 1918. German radio silence prevented the British from learning of the operation in advance, as they had at Jutland, though faulty German intelligence did not provide the correct date of the convoy. By the time the British realized the Germans were at sea, the High Seas Fleet had withdrawn far enough south so that the Grand Fleet could not catch them. On 21 November, following the Armistice, the entire Grand Fleet left port to escort the surrendered German fleet into internment at Scapa Flow.

Interwar period

Through the 1920s and 1930s, the Revenge-class battleships operated as a unit, alternating between the Atlantic Fleet and the Mediterranean Fleet, typically trading places with the five Queen Elizabeth-class ships. While serving in the Mediterranean Fleet in the early 1920s, the ships were involved in the Greco-Turkish War and the Russian Civil War. Four of the ships (all but Resolution) landed Royal Marines to take part in the occupation of Constantinople in March 1920. Throughout June and July, the ships participated in the fighting in the collapsing Ottoman Empire; Ramillies and Revenge shelled Turkish troops around Ismid in June and both ships, joined by Royal Sovereign, assisted with Greek landings elsewhere in Turkey. Also in July, Royal Sovereign assisted in the escape of White émigrés fleeing from the Soviet Red Army. During this period, Resolution primarily operated in the Black Sea, including a period at Batumi in southern Russia.

As the Revenges were refitted during the 1920s, their forecastle-deck six-inch guns were removed and they exchanged their pair of three-inch AA guns for QF four-inch (102 mm) Mk V guns, another pair of Mk V guns was added later. Each ship received an anti-aircraft control position with a  rangefinder on its foremast, except for Revenge which was fitted with an anti-aircraft director HACS Mk I system instead. In addition the torpedo-control arrangements were improved and equipped with 12-foot rangefinders.

After a stint in the Atlantic Fleet in 1921, the ships briefly returned to the Mediterranean in September 1922 during a crisis in Smyrna that culminated in the Great fire of Smyrna as the Greco-Turkish War came to its conclusion. The ships returned to the Atlantic Fleet in November. In 1924, Resolution accidentally rammed and sank the submarine  during training exercises, killing all aboard. Royal Oak was involved in the so-called "Royal Oak Mutiny", between her commander, Captain Kenneth Dewar and Commander Henry Daniel, also an officer aboard the ship and Rear-Admiral Bernard Collard, the commander of the 1st Battle Squadron. The situation was ultimately resolved by Admiral Sir Roger Keyes removing all three from their posts.

The ships remained in the Atlantic until 1927, when they once again transferred to the Mediterranean. The Revenges and Queen Elizabeths again traded places in 1935, and the five Revenge-class ships were present for the Coronation Review for George VI on 20 May 1937. Throughout this period, the ships underwent repeated refits as anti-aircraft suites were upgraded so that each ship had a pair of HACS Mk III systems in lieu of their anti-aircraft control positions, except for Ramillies which received Mk I directors, and QF four-inch Mk XVI AA guns in twin mounts replaced the single Mk V guns. They also received light AA guns for the first time in the form of two octuple two-pounder () Mk VIII "pom-pom" mounts, each with their own directors, and a pair of quadruple Vickers  AA machinegun mounts. The submerged torpedo tubes were removed as was all of the torpedo-control equipment. Royal Oak was the exception as she had her submerged tubes replaced by above-water tubes. She was also the only ship to receive additional armour when 4-inch plates were added to the deck over her magazines and  over her engine rooms. This armour increased her displacement by . The Royal Sovereigns did not, however, receive the same extensive reconstructions that some of the Queen Elizabeth-class ships underwent, as the modernization program was interrupted by the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. The war also forced the cancellation of a plan to add the same armour to Royal Sovereign and Ramillies.

Second World War

With the start of war in August 1939, Revenge and Resolution were assigned to the Channel Force, based in Portland, while Royal Sovereign served with the Home Fleet. Ramillies was by this time at Alexandria, Egypt, where she remained until early October, when she was sent to search for the German heavy cruiser  in the Indian Ocean. At the same time, Resolution and Revenge were sent to the South Atlantic Command to participate in the hunt for Admiral Graf Spee, but before they arrived they were sent to the North Atlantic Escort Force to cover convoys from Canada to Britain. They carried gold bullion to Canada to safeguard it during the war during this period. Royal Oak remained in Scapa Flow during this period, and on 14 October, the U-boat  broke through the harbour defences and torpedoed Royal Oak, sinking her at her mooring and killing 833. Ramillies covered troop convoys from Australia to Egypt, including those that carried the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force and the Second Australian Imperial Force in late 1939 and early 1940.

Resolution took part in the Norwegian Campaign, seeing action at the Battles of Narvik in April 1940. The following month she was struck by a German bomb, but was not seriously damaged. Also in May, Ramillies was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet in anticipation of Italy's entry into the war. The following month, Resolution had joined Force H, and on 3 July she participated in the destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir. Following the Italian declaration of war, Ramillies bombarded Italian positions in Italian Libya in mid-August. In September, Resolution steamed south to Dakar with Force H to neutralise French warships there, but during the Battle of Dakar, she was torpedoed and badly damaged by a French submarine. In October, Revenge bombarded the port of Cherbourg in occupied France to destroy German supplies being assembled for the planned invasion of Britain, Operation Sealion. Ramillies was present with the convoy that was attacked by Italian warships during the Battle of Cape Spartivento in late November but she was not involved in the battle.

Wartime changes to the battleships were generally limited to augmenting their deck armour, their anti-aircraft suites and the addition of radars. Each ship received a pair of quadruple two-pounder mounts and anywhere from 10 (Revenge and Resolution) to 42 (Royal Sovereign)  Oerlikon guns. Radars were added beginning in 1941, including early-warning, search and fire-control systems. Armour plates  thick were added over the magazines on Resolution, Royal Sovereign and, partially, in Ramillies in 1941–1942. To increase the accommodations available for the greatly-enlarged wartime crew, the four forward six-inch guns were removed from each ship in 1943, except for Resolution, which only lost two guns.

In late 1940, Revenge and Royal Sovereign returned to convoy escort duties in the North Atlantic, and Ramillies joined them in January 1941 after completing a refit. During this period, Ramillies discouraged the two German s from attacking a convoy she escorted. Revenge and Ramillies were at sea during Operation Rheinübung, the sortie of the German battleship  in May and they joined the hunt for the ship, but did not locate her. Resolution spent much of 1941 under repair, first in Freetown, West Africa and then the United States. Late in the year, the Admiralty decided to deploy the four Revenge-class ships to the Far East as the 3rd Battle Squadron in anticipation of war with Japan. They arrived in early 1942, by which time the Japanese had already declared war and inflicted a string of defeats on the Allied countries in the region. The ships fled in advance of the Japanese Indian Ocean raid, as they were no match for the aircraft carriers of the powerful 1st Air Fleet. The battleships thereafter primarily operated off the coast of Africa, escorting troop convoys. Ramillies was present during the Battle of Madagascar in May, where she was torpedoed by a Japanese submarine. She was repaired first in Durban, South Africa, and then Devonport.

In late 1943, Revenge and Resolution were recalled to Britain, owing to their poor condition; the former carried Prime Minister Winston Churchill part of the way to the Tehran Conference in November and December while the latter underwent a refit. Both ships were then decommissioned and assigned to the Portsmouth Command; Resolution joined the training establishment , while Revenge remained out of service. In January 1944, Royal Sovereign and Ramillies were also recalled; Ramillies was refitted and assigned to the fire support force for the invasion of Normandy; Revenge and Resolution were disarmed to provide spare barrels for this work. Royal Sovereign was transferred to the Soviet Navy as Arkhangelsk to reinforce the fleet covering convoys to the Soviet Union in the Arctic Ocean. Revenge and Resolution were sold for scrap in 1948 and were dismantled at Inverkeithing and Faslane, respectively. Ramillies went to the breakers' yard at Cairnryan, also in 1948. Royal Sovereign was returned to Britain in 1949 in poor condition as a result of being poorly maintained in Soviet service; her turrets were jammed and much of her equipment was unusable. The last surviving member of the class, she was sold for scrap that year and broken up at Inverkeithing.

See also

 Project Catherine

Notes

Footnotes

References

External links

 Dreadnought Project Technical material on the weaponry and fire control for the ships

Battleship classes

Ship classes of the Royal Navy

Revenge-class battleship


Viktor Franz Freiherr Huber von Gleichenstein (* 4. April 1909 in Freiburg im Breisgau; † 16. Juni 1994 in Konstanz) war ein deutscher Verwaltungsjurist und Landrat verschiedener Landkreise in Baden bzw. Baden-Württemberg.

Leben
Der Sohn eines Freiburger Privatiers legte 1927 das Abitur am Berthold-Gymnasium Freiburg ab und studierte anschließend Rechtswissenschaft und Volkswirtschaftslehre an den Universitäten Freiburg und München. Er bestand 1932 das erste und 1936 das zweite Staatsexamen und war danach Mitarbeiter im Bankhaus J. A. Krebs in Freiburg sowie bei verschiedenen Industrieunternehmen im Rheinland. Von 1938 bis 1944 arbeitete Huber von Gleichenstein als Wirtschaftsprüfer.

Am 1. Mai 1945, also nach der Besetzung Freiburgs durch die französische Armee, wurde er Abteilungsleiter bei der Polizeidirektion Freiburg. Ab Februar 1946 arbeitete er als Regierungsrat am Landratsamt Lahr und wurde im Juli desselben Jahres als Landrat nach Emmendingen berufen. Als Nachfolger des Lahrer Landrats Pius Uhrig wurde Gleichenstein vom Innenminister im April 1948 zum Landrat von Lahr berufen, eine Funktion, die er neben seinem Amt in Emmendingen bis zum Juni 1948 ausübte. Ab 1. Juli war er nur noch Landrat in Lahr.

In Lahr hat Huber von Gleichenstein durch seine guten Beziehungen zur französischen Militärverwaltung unter anderem die Wohnungsnot wesentlich lindern können sowie den Aufbau eines funktionierenden Schulsystems im Bereich der gewerblichen Schulen gefördert. Dazu gehörten auch die Landwirtschaftsschule, der ein kreiseigener Gutsbetrieb mit einer Größe von 10 ha als Schau- und Lehrobjekt gehörte. 1950 wurde vom Landkreis eine Malerfachschule gegründet, die heute als Badische Malerfachschule besteht.

Im Februar 1955 wurde Huber von Gleichenstein an das Landratsamt Stockach versetzt, wo er im Juli desselben Jahres zum Landrat ernannt wurde. Infolge der Auflösung des Landkreises Stockach wurde Huber von Gleichenstein 1973 in den Ruhestand versetzt.

Viktor Huber von Gleichenstein war ein Nachkomme des badischen Verwaltungsjuristen Ignaz von Gleichenstein.

Literatur
 Cornelia Gorka: Viktor Freiherr von Gleichenstein. Landrat in Lahr von 1948 bis 1955. In: Geroldsecker Land 45, 2003, S. 92–94.

Weblink
 Eintrag in Landesbibliographie Baden-Württemberg

Landrat (Landkreis Emmendingen)
Landrat (Landkreis Lahr)
Landrat (Landkreis Stockach)
Jurist in der Kommunalverwaltung
Jurist in der Polizeiverwaltung
Person (Freiburg im Breisgau)
Deutscher
Geboren 1909
Gestorben 1994
Mann

Viktor Huber von Gleichenstein


Volodymyr (), previously known as Volodymyr-Volynskyi () from 1944 to 2021, is a small city in Volyn Oblast, northwestern Ukraine. It serves as the administrative centre of Volodymyr Raion and the center of Volodymyr hromada. It is one of the oldest cities in Ukraine and the historic centre of the region of Volhynia; it served as the capital of the Principality of Volhynia and later as one of the capital cities of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. Population:

The medieval Latin name of the town "Lodomeria" became the namesake of the 19th century Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, of which the town itself was not a part.  south from Volodymyr is Zymne, where the oldest Orthodox monastery in Volynia is located.

Name
The city was named after Vladimir the Great (Volodymyr the Great), who was born in the village of Budiatychi, about 20 km from Volodymyr, and later also abbreviated Lodomeria, Ladimiri. Following the partitions of Poland and the annexation of Volhynia by the Russian Empire in 1795, it was called Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Vladimir-Volynsky) to distinguish it from Vladimir-on-Klyazma. The name was not in use between 1919 and 1939 when the city was again part of Poland. In 1944, the name Volodymyr-Volynskyi was restored.

On 1 October 2021, the city council voted to drop the regional qualifier and change the name of the city to just Volodymyr. The decision had to be ratified by Ukraine's national parliament (Verkhovna Rada) to take effect. On 14 December 2021 parliament approved the name change (it was supported by 348 people's deputies). The city of Vladimir in Russia opposed the name change, claiming that there can be only one city called Vladimir.

Over the centuries its residents and rulers have used various names:

History
The city is one of the oldest towns in Ukraine. It was originally a stronghold founded by Vladimir the Great (Volodymyr the Great). In 988, the city became the capital of Volodymyr Principality and the seat of an Orthodox bishopric, as mentioned in the Primary Chronicle.

In 1160, the building of the Sobor of Dormition of the Holy Mother of God was completed. By the 13th century, the city became part of Galicia–Volhynia as one of the most important trading towns in the region. After being conquered by Batu Khan in 1240, the city was under the rule of the Mongol Empire, together with other principalities in Rus'. In 1241, the Mongol army gathered near the town before the First Mongol invasion of Poland.

In the early 14th century, the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus', Theognostus, resided in the city for several years before moving to Moscow. In 1349, the Polish king, Casimir the Great, captured the city, and subsequently it became part of the Kingdom of Poland. The Polish king began building a castle, destroyed by Lithuanians after 1370, and established a Catholic bishopric in the city (known as Włodzimierz), later transferred to nearby Lutsk, which in the 15th century instead of Volodymyr became the leading city and capital of Volhynia. In 1370, it was taken by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (after 1386, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Union) and it was not until the Union of Lublin of 1569 that it returned to the Crown of Poland. In the meantime, the city was given Magdeburg town rights in 1431. In 1491 and 1500, it was invaded by Tatars. From 1566 to 1795 it was part of the Volhynian Voivodeship. It was a royal city of Poland. Most of the city's landmarks were built at that time, including the Baroque church of St. Joachim and St. Anne, the Jesuit church, the Dominican monastery and the chapel of St. Josaphat. Włodzimierz was also a garrison town, with the 6th Polish Infantry Regiment stationed there in 1790, and the 2nd Polish National Cavalry Brigade stationed there in 1794.

On July 17, 1792, the Battle of Włodzimierz took place in the vicinity of the town: a numerically inferior Polish force led by Tadeusz Kościuszko defeated the Russian army. The city remained a part of Poland until the Third Partition of Poland of 1795 when the Russian Empire annexed it. That year the Russian authorities changed the name of several cities in Volhynia including Novohrad-Volynskyi (former Zwiahel). Volodymyr-Volynskyi stayed within the Russian Partition until 1917. In the 19th century, as part of anti-Polish repressions, the Russians demolished the Dominican church and Capuchin monastery, and the former Jesuit and then Basilian church was converted into an Orthodox church.

In the 18th and 19th centuries the town started to grow rapidly, mostly thanks to large numbers of Jews settling there as part of the Pale of Settlement. By the second half of the 19th century, they made up the majority of the population. According to the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland, in the late 19th century, the city had 8,336 inhabitants, 6,122 of them Jews. In 1908, the railway station was opened.

Immediately after World War I, the area became disputed by the newly formed Second Polish Republic, Bolshevist Russia, and the Ukrainian People's Republic, with the Polish 17th Infantry Regiment capturing it overnight on 23 January 1919. In the interbellum, the city was a seat of a powiat within the Volhynian Voivodeship of Poland and an important garrison was located there. In 1926, the Volyn Artillery Reserve Cadet School (Wołyńska Szkoła Podchorążych Rezerwy Artylerii) was established in Włodzimierz. Before the outbreak of World War II, the city's population was predominantly Polish and Jewish, with a Ukrainian minority.

World War II

Following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, and the start of World War II, the city was occupied by Soviet forces on 19 September 1939. On 23 June 1941, at the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the city was occupied by Germany and attached to the Reichskommissariat Ukraine, and immediately the Jewish community of 11,554 began to be persecuted. Between 1–3 September 1942, 25,000 Jews from the local area were shot at Piatydni. On November 13, 1942, the Germans killed another 3,000 Jews from the town near Piatydni. During World War II, a German concentration camp was located near the city. About 140 Jews returned to the city after the war but most later emigrated. By 1999, only 30 remained.

From September 1941, the Germans operated the Oflag XI-A prisoner-of-war camp in the town, which was reorganized as Stalag 365 in April 1942. In 1943, the city became a shelter for Poles escaping massacres carried out by Ukrainian nationalists of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). Attacks by the UPA took place mainly in the suburbs. Poles were defended both by the Polish police established with the consent of the Germans and an illegal self-defense unit. In the city, Poles suffered from overpopulation, hunger and diseases. According to later research by Władysław Siemaszko and Ewa Siemaszko, a total of 111 Poles were killed in a dozen UPA attacks. The city was liberated by the Red Army on 20 July 1944 and annexed to the Ukrainian SSR. After the war, the vast majority of Polish residents was displaced to the post-war Polish territories, as the city was annexed from Poland by the Soviets.

Post-war
A Cold War air base was located north-east of the town at Zhovtnevy.

Since 1991, the city has been part of Ukraine.

Discovery of mass graves from World War II
A series of mass graves were discovered in 1997, with exhumations completed by 2013. Originally thought to be an example of NKVD mass murder, similar to the Katyn massacre and the Vinnytsia massacre, the Volodymyr-Volynskyi murders were shown in 2012 to have been carried out by German forces, most likely the Einsatzgruppen C. The primary archeological evidence for German culpability was that most of the bullet shell casings were dated 1941 and were from a German factory. Testimony by a Jewish survivor of the city, Ann Kazimirski (née Ressels), who lived on Kovelska Street, recorded by the USC Shoah Foundation corroborated the view that the perpetrators were German and that the victims were primarily Jewish. Anthropological analysis of the remains led to the conclusion that three quarters of the victims were women and children. The 747 victims were reinterred in local city cemeteries.

Geography

Climate

Churches in Volodymyr

The oldest place of worship in the town is the Temple of Volodymyr, erected several kilometres from the modern town's centre and first mentioned in a chronicle (letopis) of 1044. The oldest existing church is the Dormition of the Mother of God built by Mstyslav Izyaslavovych in 1160. By the late 18th century it fell into disuse and finally collapsed in 1829, but was restored between 1896 and 1900. The third of the old Orthodox churches is the Eastern Orthodox Basil the Great's cathedral, which was erected in the 14th or 15th century, though local legends attribute its construction to Volodymyr the Great, who supposedly built it some time after 992.

In 1497, Duke Alexander Jagiellon erected a Catholic church of Holy Trinity and a Dominican monastery. In 1554, another wooden Catholic church was founded by Princess Anna Zbaraska, which was later replaced by a new St. Joachim and Anna's church in 1836. In 1755, a Jesuit church was erected there by the starost of Słonim Ignacy Sadowski and, in 1780, the Greek Catholic Josaphat's church was added to the list. Following the Russian Empire's takeover of the town, in the effect of the Partitions of Poland, both shrines were confiscated and donated to the authorities of the Orthodox Church, which converted them to an Orthodox monastery and church, respectively, while the Dominican monastery was converted to an administrative building.

Museum

There also exists Volodymyr-Volynsky Historical Museum, an architectural monument of the 19th century.

International relations

Twin towns - Sister cities
Volodymyr is twinned with:
 Dubno, Ukraine
 Korosten, Ukraine
 Hrubieszów, Poland
 Kętrzyn, Poland
 Łęczyca, Poland
 Malbork, Poland
 Zwickau, Germany
 Raseiniai, Lithuania

Notable people
 Josaphat Kuntsevych – archeparch (archbishop) of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, also a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church
 Amtylochius – bishop and saint of Eastern Orthodox Church
 Ipatii Potii – bishop, writer, and humanist, also co-founder and supporter of the Union of Brest
 Wacław Hipsz – protonotary apostolic of the Catholic Church and the Prefect of Secondary Education in Volodymyr-Volynsky until 1939
 Janusz Bardach – surgeon, Kolyma survivor, and memoirist
 Juliusz Bardach – legal historian and professor of the University of Warsaw.
 Teresa Lewtak-Stattler – social activist, stalag prisoner, Councillor of the Warsaw Capital, and meritorious member of Polish Home Army who took part in special operations against German Nazi high-ranking officials in German-occupied Poland during World War II and was involved in underground humanitary aid to Jews from Warsaw Ghetto
 Józef Han – chairman of society of veterans of 27th Home Army Infantry Division (Poland) in Hrubieszów
 Ann Kazimirski (née Ressels) – Holocaust survivor, teacher, lecturer, and author of the autobiographical book Witness to Horror, in which she describes growing up in Volodymyr (Ludmir), surviving the Holocaust, and making a new life in Canada for her and her family
 Jerzy Strojnowski – psychiatrist, philosopher and writer, also professor and co-founder of Psychology Institute at John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
 Jerzy Antczak – film director.
 Jan Tadeusz Stanisławski – writer, satirist, and actor
 Ahatanhel Krymsky – orientalist and polyglot
 Hannah Rachel Verbermacher (1805–1888), also known as the Maiden of Ludmir or the Ludmirer Moyd, the only independent female Rebbe in the history of the Hasidic movement

Gallery

References

 «Jewish Volodymyr. The History and Tragedy of Jewish Community of Volodymyr-Volyns'kyi» by Volodymyr Muzychenko, Lutsk, 2011. 256 p. (in Ukrainian) Володимир Музиченко. "Володимир єврейський. Історія і трагедія єврейської громади м. Володимира-Волинського" .

Link
Official Web site of the Volodymyr-Vohlynsky historical museum

Cities in Volyn Oblast
Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939)
Vladimir-Volynsky Uyezd
Volhynian Voivodeship (1569–1795)
Former capitals of Ukraine
Magdeburg rights
Cities of regional significance in Ukraine
Holocaust locations in Ukraine
Vladimir the Great
Rus' settlements

Volodymyr (city)


Hoferer ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Franz Paul Hoferer (1854–1939), deutscher Arzt und Hofrat
 Johann Baptist Hoferer (1860–1936), deutscher Politiker (Zentrum), Gutsbesitzer und Ökonomierat
 Max Hoferer (1852–1935), deutscher Autor
 Michael Hoferer (1820–1894), deutscher Politiker und Hofrat

Hoferer


Peter Owen () a fost un editor englez, fondatorul companiei Peter Owen Publishers.

Biografie
S-a născut în 1927 sub numele de Peter Offenstadt la Nürnberg, cu rahitism, fiind singurul copil al unui cuplu de evrei germani. Mama lui a fost Winifred Offenstadt.

Atunci când avea vârsta de cinci ani a fost trimis să locuiască cu bunica lui în Anglia, unde i s-au alăturat mai târziu părinții săi, care s-au hotărât cu greu să plece din Germania.

El a fost decorat în 2014 cu Ordinul Imperiului Britanic pentru servicii aduse literaturii.

Instrucțiunile lui Owen pentru înmormântarea lui prevedeau să nu fie celebrat "niciun rahat religios de orice fel".

Note

Nașteri în 1927
Decese în 2016
Editori britanici
Evrei britanici
Evrei germani
Oameni din Nürnberg

Peter Owen (editor)


Vanity, nome artístico de Denise Katrina Matthews (Niagara Falls, 4 de janeiro de 1959 — Fremont, 15 de fevereiro de 2016), foi uma cantora, atriz e modelo canadense.

Começou sua carreira como modelo, e ao ser descoberta por Prince, foi vocalista do girl group Vanity 6, no início da década de 1980. Posteriormente, seguiu carreira solo e teve modesto sucesso como atriz no cinema. Atormentada por anos de vício em drogas, abandonou a carreira em meados da década de 1990 e posteriormente se tornou evangélica.

Carreira
Denise Katrina Matthews nasceu em Niagara Falls, na fronteira do Canadá com os Estados Unidos. Era filha de Levia James Matthews, um afro-americano, e de Helga Senyk, uma alemã de ascendência judia e polonesa. Sua infância foi tumultuada: seu pai abusava dela e de suas três irmãs e sua mãe era alcóolatra. Vanity também sofreu bullying na escola por seu temperamento tímido e por sua etnia. O pai morreu em 1974, quando a menina tinha 15 anos.

Cansada das más condições familiares, mudou-se para Toronto, onde se tornou modelo. Em 1977, ela ganhou o concurso Miss Niagara Hospitality e competiu como Miss Canadá no ano seguinte. Mais tarde, ela se mudou para Nova York, mas, devido à sua estatura ser considerada baixa, sua atividade de modelo foi limitada a comerciais e sessões de fotos. Ela apareceu nas capas de dois discos da banda de funk Cameo: Alligator Woman (1982) e She's Strange (1984), e posou nua duas vezes para a revista Playboy, em maio de 1985 e em abril de 1988.

Em 1980, enquanto namorava Rick James, Matthews conheceu Prince durante o American Music Awards. Prince a colocou no projeto do girl group, "The Hookers" com Susan Moonsie (sua namorada na época) e Brenda Bennett. Foi oferecido para Vanity o papel central de vocalista do renomeado trio Vanity 6, após assumir seu nome artístico que, a princípio, Prince sugeriu o nome artístico de "Vagina", mas ela recusou.

O grupo, conhecido por sua temática explicitamente sexual, lançou apenas um álbum autointitulado em 1982, do qual foi extraído o single Nasty Girl . Com a banda, participou da turnê do álbum 1999 de Prince (no qual fez o papel de backing vocal). Pouco antes das filmagens do filme Purple Rain, Matthews deixou repentinamente o Vanity 6 e seguiu carreira solo, pela qual lançou dois álbuns: Wild Animal (1984) e Skin on Skin (1986), pela Motown Records. O primeiro contém a música Strap On 'Robbie Baby, que foi criticada pelo Parents Music Resource Center por seu conteúdo sexual, a ponto de em 1985 ser incluída na lista Filthy Fifteen, que listava as quinze músicas que o grupo liderado por Tipper Gore considerava as mais lascivas e imorais.

Como atriz estrelou filmes como The Last Dragon, dirigido por Michael Schultz. No final da década de 1980, as aparições de Vanity começaram a se tornar mais esporádicas, interpretando papéis menores em algumas séries de televisão como Miami Vice, Highlander e Friday the 13th.

Devido a uma overdose causado por anos de vício em drogas durante sua carreira, em 1994, ela foi internada no hospital Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, em Los Angeles, em estado gravíssimo. Após receber alta, Matthews abandou a carreira, se converteu ao evangelicalismo e passou a dedicar o resto de sua vida exclusivamente à religião, dando palestras em igrejas nos Estados Unidos e em outros países. Com a saúde fragilizada, ela teve que passar por diálise peritoneal em cinco sessões de 20 minutos ao longo do dia, e foi submetida a um transplante renal em 1997. Em 2010, escreveu um livro autobiográfico intitulado Blame It On Vanity: Hollywood, Hell and Heaven.

Faleceu em 15 de fevereiro de 2016 em Fremont, na Califórnia, aos 57 anos. A causa da morte foi uma peritonite esclerosante encapsulante, uma rara complicação causada pelas sessões de diálise peritonial que ela fazia desde 1994. O seu corpo foi cremado e suas cinzas espalhadas no litoral do Havaí, atendendo ao seu último pedido.

Discografia

Álbuns de estúdio

 Wild Animal (1984)
 Skin on Skin (1986)

Com o Vanity 6

 Vanity 6 (1982)

Filmografia

Televisão

Ligações externas

Mortes por insuficiência renal
Cantores do Canadá
Atrizes do Canadá
Modelos do Canadá
Convertidos ao protestantismo
Canadenses de ascendência alemã
Judeus do Canadá
Canadenses de ascendência polonesa
Prince
Cantores de música pop do Canadá
Cantores de funk
Cantores de R&B do Canadá

Vanity (cantora)


විනිසුරු වින්සන්ට් තම්බිනායගම් තමෝතෙරම් (1915 ඔක්තෝබර් 12 - 1997 ඔක්තෝබර් 25) ශ්‍රී ලාංකික නීතිඥයෙක්, විනිසුරුවරයෙක් සහ ලේඛකයෙක් විය. ඔහු ඔටුන්න හිමි උපදේශකයෙකු, සහකාර කොමසාරිස් සහ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණ විනිසුරුවරයකු විය.

මුල් ජීවිතය සහ පවුල
තමෝතෙරම් උපත ලැබුවේ 1915 ඔක්තෝබර් 12 වැනිදාය  ඔහු ගේට් මුදලියාර් එන් එන් තමෝතෙරම්ගේ පුත්‍රයාය. ඔහු අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබුවේ යාපනය මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලයේ හා ශාන්ත. තෝමස් විද්‍යාලය .  පාසලෙන් පසු ඔහු ලංකා විශ්වවිද්‍යාල විද්‍යාලයට ඇතුළත් වී ශාස්ත්‍රවේදී උපාධිය ලබා ගත්තේය.  ඉන්පසු ඔහු ලංකා නීති විද්‍යාලයට ඇතුළත් වී නීතිඥයෙකු ලෙස සමත් විය.

තමෝතෙරම් විවාහ වූයේ කනගසබායිගේ දියණිය වන බාලදේවි සමඟය. ඔවුන්ට නිර්මාල් නන්දකුමාර් නම් පුතෙකු සහ වසන්ත, චන්දිරා සහ මංජුලා යන දියණියන් තිදෙනෙක් සිටියහ.

වෘත්තීය
තමෝතෙරම් 1942 දී නීතීඥ වෘත්තීයට කැඳවනු ලැබීය  ඔහු නීතිපති දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවට බැඳුණා.  ඔහු 1944 සිට 1968 දක්වා ඔටුන්න හිමි උපදේශකයෙකු විය  ඔහු සොලිසිටර් ජනරාල් ලෙස කටයුතු කළේය.  ඔහු සහකාර කොමසාරිස් ලෙසද පත් කරන ලදී.  ඔහු 1970 දී ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණ විනිසුරු ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී  ඔහු අධිකරණ සේවා කොමිසමේ සේවය කළේය. ඔහු 1980 දී විශ්‍රාම ගියේය

පසුකාලීන ජීවිතය
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයන් දහස් ගණනක් ඝාතනය කළ කළු ජූලි කෝලාහලයෙන් පසුව, තමෝතෙරම්  දී ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවට සංක්‍රමණය විය. 1984 දී ඔහු ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ බාර් එකට කැඳවනු ලැබුවා.

තමෝතෙරම් 1997 ඔක්තෝබර් 25 වැනි දින වික්ටෝරියා ප්‍රාන්තයේ නෝබල් පාර්ක්හිදී වයස අවුරුදු 82 දී මිය ගියේය.

යොමු කිරීම්

1997 මරණ
1915 උපත්

වින්සන්ට් තමෝතෙරම්


Hypermondes est un festival consacré aux mondes de l'imaginaire (science-fiction, fantasy, fantastique) en Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Il se déroule à l'automne, dans la ville de Mérignac (France), depuis l'année 2021.

Historique
Le festival Hypermondes fut co-fondé par l'enseignante et chercheuse spécialiste de l'anticipation et de la science-fiction française Natacha Vas-Deyres, Fabrice Carré, informaticien et président de SO Games (Association régionale du jeu vidéo) jusqu'en 2020, l'astrophysicien Franck Selsis, l'éditeur André-François Ruaud, et un collectif d'auteurs, de libraires, de professionnels de la communication et de chercheurs.

Porté par l'association éponyme, il  tire son nom de la collection française de romans de science-fiction Les Hypermondes, aux éditions La Fenêtre ouverte (LFO), première collection de science-fiction en France mise en place et dirigée par Régis Messac.

Le festival se déroule sur trois jours et mêle tous les genres de l'imaginaire (science-fiction, fantasy, fantastique), ainsi que de nombreux médias (romans, bandes-dessinées, cinéma, jeux vidéo, séries). Il collabore étroitement avec les universités bordelaises.

Éditions

Initialement prévue en  mais reportée à cause de la pandémie de Covid-19, la première édition du Festival se tient en . Elle est présidée par la chercheuse Natacha Vas-Deyres et parrainée par les auteurs de science-fiction Pierre Bordage et Catherine Dufour.

La deuxième édition se tient en septembre 2022, sur le thème « Utopies », avec l'ambition de . Elle est parrainée par les auteurs Ellen Kushner et Serge Lehman et donne lieu à 41 événements répartis à la médiathèque, au cinéma, dans les brasseries et sur la place Charles-de-Gaulle de Mérignac. Parmi les invités, Jean-Pierre Dionnet, créateur du périodique Métal Hurlant.

Anthologie
Une première anthologie, intitulée Hypermondes #01 Robots, est publiée en 2021 par Les Moutons électriques, éditeur bordelais. Elle regroupe des nouvelles écrites par des auteurs de science-fiction, des entretiens des textes d'archives (par Marthe Maldidier et Eando Binder) et des articles de vulgarisation universitaire sur le thème des automates, des robots et des intelligences artificielles.

Une deuxième anthologie, intitulée Hypermondes #02 Utopies, est publiée en 2022 par Les Moutons électriques.

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes

 Les Utopiales (Nantes)
 Les Imaginales (Épinal)
 Les Intergalactiques (Lyon)
 Grésimaginaire (Grenoble)
 Rencontres de l'Imaginaire (Sèvres)
 Convention nationale française de science-fiction

Liens externes

Festival littéraire en France
Convention française de science-fiction
Science-fiction
2021 en science-fiction
Gironde (département)

Festival Hypermondes


Le noyau vestibulaire supérieur (ou noyau de Bechterew) est le noyau vestibulaire en position dorso-latérale.

Il reçoit les collatérales et les terminaisons des branches ascendantes du nerf vestibulaire.

Il envoie des fibres non croisées au nerf oculomoteur (nerf crânien III) et au nerf trochléaire (nerf crânien IV) via le faisceau longitudinal médial.

Notes et références

Nerf crânien

Noyau vestibulaire supérieur


El Apeadero de Aldão-São Torcato fue una infraestructura de la Línea de Guimarães, que servía las poblaciones de Aldão y São Torcato, en el Ayuntamiento de Guimarães, en Portugal.

Caracterización
En 1984, este apeadero fue utilizado por servicios regionales entre Guimarães y Fafe, operados por la compañía de Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses.

Historia
La autorización para construir y explorar el tramo de vía métrica entre Guimarães y Fafe, en el cual este apeadero se insertaba, fue atribuida a la Compañía del Camino de Hierro de Guimarães el 22 de noviembre de 1901.
En 1932, este apeadero se encontraba previsto que fuera construido, en el Lugar de Monte Largo. La Comisión de Iniciativa de Turismo de Guimarães procuraba que este fuese denominado São Torcato, pero, debido al hecho de ya existir una estación con este nombre, la Compañía de los Ferrocarriles del Norte de Portugal decidió ponerle el nombre de Aldão.

El Apeadero fue, junto con el resto del tramo entre Guimarães y Fafe, retirado del servicio el 1 de enero de 1990.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Línea de Guimarães
Aldão
Guimarães

Apeadero de Aldão-São Torcato


Die Hauptpost (poln. Poczta Główna) in Opole (Oppeln) ist ein historisches Gebäude in der südlichen Innenstadt, am Bahnhofsplatz. Es beherbergte auch die Oberpostdirektion Oppeln, eine vom 1. Januar 1850 bis 1945 bestehende Mittelbehörde der deutschen Postverwaltung.

Geschichte
Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts entstand das erste Postamt in Oppeln und kam am Ring Nr. 11 unter, siehe Altes Posthaus. 1822 zog das Postamt in die heutige Ul. Ozimska 2. Jedoch wurde auch dieses Haus schnell zu klein, und es wurde ein neues Gebäude geplant.

Das Hauptpostamt wurde 1854 als erstes Gebäude am Bahnhofsplatz erbaut. Postamt und Bahnhof lagen damals weit außerhalb der Stadt. Es wurde vom Architekten Albrecht, der auch den Rathausturm entwarf, im Stil des Neoklassizismus erbaut. 1891 wurde das Gebäude von Breslauer Architekten erweitert. Dabei entstanden die beiden Seitenflügel an der Vorderfront des Gebäudes, das Eingangsportal, sowie das an der Nordseite angesetzte runde Treppenhaus mit dem kuppelähnlichen Isolatorengerüst, an dem die damals noch überirdischen Telefonleitungen der Stadt zusammenliefen. 1931 wurde an der heutigen Ul. Korfantego ein weiteres Gebäude ergänzt, außerdem wurde die Schalterhalle umgebaut. 1930 entstand neben dem Postamt ein Denkmal zu Ehren der Postbeamten, die im Ersten Weltkrieg gefallen waren.

Bis heute ist das Gebäude als Hauptpost der Polnischen Post in Nutzung.

Weblinks

Literatur
 Andrzej Hamada: Architektur Oppelns im geschichtlichen Stadtbild. Oficyna Piastowska, Opole 2008, ISBN 978-83-89357-45-8, S. 44.

Bauwerk in Opole
Neorenaissancebauwerk in Polen
Bauwerk des Neoklassizismus in Polen
Erbaut in den 1850er Jahren
Kulturdenkmal in Opole
Opole
Opole
Opole
Bauwerk des Historismus in der Woiwodschaft Opole
Organisation (Opole)

Hauptpost (Opole)


An Stipa longiplumosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Roman Julievich Roshevitz. An Stipa longiplumosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stipa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stipa

Stipa longiplumosa


Cernoleuca este o rezervație naturală de plante medicinale în raionul Dondușeni, Republica Moldova. Este amplasată în ocolul silvic Dondușeni, Cernoleuca, parcelele 43, 46-48. Are o suprafață de 337 ha. Obiectul este administrat de Gospodăria Silvică de Stat Edineț.

Referințe

Cernoleuca
Raionul Dondușeni

Rezervația naturală Cernoleuca


Boumer (, Boumer) est un film russe réalisé par Piotr Bouslov, sorti en 2003.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre original : Бумер
 Titre français : Boumer
 Réalisation : Piotr Bouslov
 Scénario : Denis Rodimine, Piotr Bouslov
 Photographie : Daniil Gourevitch
 Musique : Sergueï Chnourov
 Pays d'origine : Russie
 Format : Couleur
 Genre : comédie
 Durée : 110 minutes
 Date de sortie : 2003

Distribution
 Vladimir Vdovitchenkov : Kot
 Andreï Merzlikine : Ochparennyï
 Maxime Konovalov : Killa
 Sergueï Gorobtchenko : Rama

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film russe sorti en 2003
Comédie russe
Film de CTB
Film tourné dans l'oblast de Moscou

Boumer


Esta lista contém as finais europeias de clubes portugueses de futebol. Estão incluídas todas as finais das competições europeias, vigentes ou extintas, em que participaram clubes portugueses.

No seu conjunto os clubes portugueses acumularam até ao momento 21 presenças em finais europeias: 9 na Liga dos Campeões, 2 na Taça das Taças, 7 na Liga Europa e 3 na Taça Latina.

História
A primeira competição europeia que contou com a participação de clubes portugueses foi a Taça Latina, prova precursora da Taça dos Clubes Campeões Europeus. Criada na época 1948–49 sob a chancela de Jules Rimet, Presidente da FIFA, a Taça Latina reunia os campeões nacionais de Portugal, Espanha, França e Itália e era organizada por um comité que reunia representantes das Federações Nacionais dos quatro países. Logo na 1.ª edição o Sporting apurou-se para a final, na que foi a 1.ª final europeia da história do futebol português. O Sporting perdeu essa final para o Barcelona, o 1.º campeão latino da história. A 2.ª edição foi conquistada pelo Benfica, numa finalíssima (repetição da final) disputada contra o Bordéus no Estádio Nacional, no Jamor. O Benfica seria finalista da última edição da prova, na época 1956–57.

Em 1954–55 foi criada a Taça dos Clubes Campeões Europeus, que reunia os campeões nacionais dos diversos países europeus. O Benfica sagrou-se bicampeão europeu, tendo vencido consecutivamente a Taça dos Clubes Campeões Europeus nas épocas 1960–61 e 1961–62. O Benfica viria depois a ser finalista da prova nas épocas 1962–63, 1964–65, 1967–68, 1987–88 e 1989–90. O FC Porto venceu a Taça dos Clubes Campeões Europeus em 1986–87 e, já depois de implementada a nova designação de Liga dos Campeões, venceu novamente a prova na época 2003–04.

A Taça das Taças, criada em 1960–61 para ser disputada pelos vencedores das Taças nacionais, era ao tempo a 2.ª competição europeia mais importante. O Sporting conquistou a Taça das Taças na época 1963–64, após vencer na finalíssima o MTK Budapeste. O FC Porto seria finalista da prova em 1983–84.

Criada em 1971–72 a Taça UEFA, sucessora da Taça das Cidades com Feiras, começou por ser a 3.ª competição da hierarquia europeia, passando a 2.ª prova aquando da extinção da Taça das Taças em 1999. O 1.º finalista português na Taça UEFA foi o Benfica, na época 1982–83. O FC Porto venceu a Taça UEFA em 2002–03 e, já sob a nova designação de Liga Europa, em 2010–11. O Sporting foi finalista da prova em 2004–05. O Benfica seria novamente finalista nas épocas 2012–13 e 2013–14.

Finais Europeias

Nº de finais

Treinadores

Associações de Futebol

Marcadores

Ver também

 Palmarés de clubes portugueses de futebol
 Palmarés nacional de clubes portugueses de futebol
 Palmarés internacional de clubes portugueses de futebol

Bibliografia
 História do Futebol em Portugal, Homero Serpa e Vítor Serpa, Edição CTT, 2004
 Almanaque do Benfica Edição Centenário 1904-2004, Editora Almanaxi, 2004
 Almanaque do Sporting Clube de Portugal 1906-2005, Editora Almanaxi, 2005
 Almanaque do FC Porto 1893-2011, Editora Caderno, 2011
 Almanaque do Benfica 1904-2012, Editora Lua de Papel, 2012

Futebol de Portugal
Clubes Competicoes Internacionais

Lista de finais europeias de clubes portugueses de futebol


Rauðtoppasólfugl (fræðiheiti: Nectarinia johnstoni) er grænn og rauður fugl ættaður um Lýðstjórnarlýðveldið Kongó, Keníu, Malaví, Rúanda, Tansaníu, Úganda og Sambíu.

Tenglar

Sólfuglar

Rauðtoppasólfugl


James Rea Benson (-) est un homme politique canadien de l'Ontario. Il est député fédéral Libéral-conservateur de la circonscription ontarienne de Lincoln de 1867 à 1868 et sénateur de St. Catharines de 1868 à 1885.

Biographie
Né en Irlande, Benson s'installe à Kingston dans le Haut-Canada avec sa famille en 1819. Il s'installe ensuite à St. Catharines où il devient marchand dans un quincaillerie, opère un moulin et opérateur de navires avec Thomas Rodman Merritt. Président de la Niagara District Bank, de la Welland Loan Company et de la St. Catharines Gas Company, il siège au conseil municipal de St. Catharines  et au conseil du . Il meurt en fonction en 1885.

La ville de St. Catharine achète sa maison pour en faire l'hôtel de ville.

Benson marrie la fille de Charles Fortescue Ingersoll et sa fille, Helen, épouse Calvin Brown le premier maire de St. Catharines. Sa nièce, Mary Benson, marrie Thomas Rodman Merritt.

Résultats électoraux

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en janvier 1807
Député fédéral canadien provenant de l'Ontario
Député du Parti conservateur du Canada (ancien)
Sénateur du Parti conservateur du Canada (ancien)
Conseiller municipal de St. Catharines
Décès en mars 1885
Décès à 78 ans

James Rea Benson


Colonialismo tóxico, ou colonialismo de resíduos tóxicos, é a relação que se estabelece no comércio global de resíduos quando países desenvolvidos exportam resíduos perigosos para países em desenvolvimento.

Histórico
Em 1992, 'colonialismo tóxico' foi uma frase cunhada por Jim Puckett do Greenpeace para o despejo de resíduos industriais do Ocidente em territórios do Sul Global. O termo refere-se a práticas de nações desenvolvidas que se livram de resíduos tóxicos ou resíduos perigosos, enviando-os para áreas menos desenvolvidas do mundo. As comunidades afetadas normalmente carecem de recursos, conhecimento, organização política ou capital para resistir à prática. Nos EUA, o termo também pode ser aplicado à exploração de reservas nativas americanas, onde diferentes regulamentações ambientais permitem que a terra seja mais facilmente usada para locais de despejo.

De acordo com a publicação The Diplomat, especializada no continente asiático:"Na década de 1980, os países desenvolvidos começaram a endurecer a legislação em torno do descarte de resíduos e padrões de saúde. Como resultado, para evitar suas próprias regulamentações ambientais e o alto custo associado a elas, as nações ricas começaram a exportar seu lixo para as nações em desenvolvimento. Em vez de gerenciar e conter seus próprios resíduos plásticos e perigosos, os países desenvolvidos os exportavam em contêineres para os países em desenvolvimento, que não possuíam instalações adequadas para armazená-los ou descartá-los. Na década de 1980, um novo termo foi cunhado para descrever essa prática: 'Colonialismo do lixo'".

Colonialismo tóxico e racismo ambiental
O que diferencia o colonialismo tóxico do racismo ambiental é que o colonialismo tóxico é, especificamente, a prática de atingir comunidades pobres não-brancas em nações em desenvolvimento para eliminação de resíduos e/ou experimentação com tecnologias de risco. Já o racismo ambiental é a distribuição desigual de riscos ambientais com base na raça/cor. Em outras palavras, o colonialismo tóxico pode ser visto como "micro", pois se concentra em uma área ou grupo específico de pessoas. O racismo ambiental pode ser visto como "macro", pois examina a questão em maior escala e de forma estrutural.

Relevância
Houve inúmeros efeitos adversos do colonialismo tóxico sobre as pessoas e o meio ambiente, embora um positivo relatado do colonialismo tóxico inclua ganhos econômicos para as nações em desenvolvimento. A história mostra que o impacto geral do despejo de resíduos tóxicos nessas nações foi devastador e comprometeu severamente todos os aspectos da saúde humana.

Em um estudo de caso para o protocolo adicional à Convenção de Genebra em 2010, o pesquisador Bashir Mohamed Hussein detalha um relato de despejo de resíduos tóxicos e radioativos na Somália e seus efeitos: "o PNUMA (...) reportou que a população estava reclamando de problemas de saúde incomuns, incluindo infecções respiratórias, tosse seca intensa, sangramento na boca, hemorragia abdominal e reação química incomum na pele (...) Da mesma forma, médicos somalis e não somalis que trabalham na Somália relataram uma incidência excessiva de câncer, doenças desconhecidas, abortos espontâneos de mulheres grávidas e malformação infantil."

O impacto dos resíduos tóxicos para os seres humanos foi evidenciado pela pesquisa, assim como o fato de que as nações que sofrem os efeitos desse comportamento colonialista são os países em desenvolvimento, com escassos recursos, conhecimento ou capital para compreender o efeitos e lidar com os processos a que foram submetidos.

Aspectos socioeconômicos
Apesar dos muitos efeitos à saúde gerados pelo colonialismo tóxico, esses são muitas vezes ofuscados pelos interesses econômicos das nações em desenvolvimento e desenvolvidas. Um dos principais aspectos socioeconômicos do colonialismo tóxico é o ganho de capital e o dinheiro. Jennifer Kitt afirma que "os países desenvolvidos querem economizar dinheiro e os países em desenvolvimento querem ganhá-lo". Há poucos relatos sobre as preocupações com a saúde a que os países em desenvolvimento submetem seus povos, desde que haja um ganho monetário ou econômico e o mundo desenvolvido aproveite isso ao máximo para economizar recursos, e "as diferenças de riqueza e renda entre países em desenvolvimento nações e nações desenvolvidas cresceram continuamente ao longo do século passado.

À medida que as nações em desenvolvimento buscam impulsionar o crescimento econômico, a aplicação das poucas regulamentações de resíduos perigosos em vigor muitas vezes cai no esquecimento. Muitas agências nesses países em desenvolvimento não têm recursos para dar aprovações ou fazer cumprir seus regulamentos".  Apesar disso, "os países desenvolvidos geralmente têm regulamentações ambientais cada vez mais rigorosas que regem o descarte doméstico de resíduos perigosos. Quando os custos de conformidade são combinados com uma maior quantidade de resíduos e oposição local ao descarte, eles geralmente produzem custos de descarte drasticamente maiores para resíduos perigosos."

É eficaz para os países desenvolvidos buscar os menos desenvolvidos e oferecer-lhes a ideia de alívio econômico a um custo ambiental aparentemente menor, mas substancial. Em alguns casos, os fundos monetários não são a única coisa trocada entre nações desenvolvidas e em desenvolvimento. Por exemplo, "as partes beligerantes somalis costumavam aceitar resíduos perigosos e altamente tóxicos em troca de exército e munição".  A necessidade de as nações desenvolvidas se absterem de lidar com os compromissos excessivos de resíduos tóxicos também é uma força motriz relatada por trás do colonialismo tóxico.

Progresso
Ao longo das últimas décadas, houve melhorias na proteção ambiental que tentaram acabar com o despejo ilegal de resíduos tóxicos em todo o mundo. A Convenção da Basileia em 1989 foi um tratado assinado por 105 países e tinha como objetivo regular o transporte internacional de substâncias tóxicas. Apesar do tratado, milhões de toneladas de materiais tóxicos e perigosos continuam sendo transportados legal e ilegalmente dos países mais ricos para os países mais pobres a cada ano. A história da suburbanização revela que, embora muitas forças tenham contribuído para a descentralização, ela foi em grande parte um empreendimento excludente.

Em 1992, os EUA estabeleceram o US Environmental Act em uma tentativa de identificar áreas ameaçadas pelos mais altos níveis de produtos químicos tóxicos e garantir que grupos de indivíduos residentes nessas áreas tenham oportunidades e recursos para participar de discussões públicas sobre localização e limpeza de instalações industriais. Uma organização que luta contra o colonialismo tóxico é a Basel Action Network (BAN), que está focada em enfrentar os impactos da injustiça ambiental global e da ineficiência econômica do comércio de tóxicos (resíduos, produtos e tecnologias tóxicos).

Veja também

 Ecocídio
 Crime ambiental
 Despejo ambiental
 Justiça ambiental
 Racismo ambiental
 Desigualdade ambiental global
 Comércio global de resíduos
 Zona de sacrifício
 Poluição é colonialismo
 Hipótese do paraíso poluidor

Leitura adicional

Direito internacional

Colonialismo tóxico


L'opération Claw-Lock (turc : Pençe-Kilit Operasyonu) est une opération militaire des forces armées turques en cours dans le nord de l'Irak. L'opération se déroule dans la région de Zap contre les cibles du Parti des travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK), dans le cadre du conflit kurde en Turquie en cours.

Contexte
L'armée turque a fréquemment mené des opérations militaires transfrontalières contre le PKK ces dernières années. Selon le ministre turc de la Défense Hulusi Akar, dans la plus récente, les régions de Metina et Avashin sont visées.

Les autorités turques ont déclaré qu'un plan visant à mener une "attaque à grande échelle" par le PKK avait été découvert et était la raison de l'offensive. Selon Ömer Çelik du Parti de la justice et du développement (AKP), il a été constaté que le PKK devait établir de nouvelles bases près de la frontière turque et défendre les attaques transfrontalières turques dans les pays voisins comme l'Irak ou la Syrie en tant que légitime défense inscrite dans l'article 51 de la Charte des Nations unies.

Opération
L'opération a commencé le 17 avril 2022, avec des bombardements aériens et d'artillerie des positions du PKK. Aux premières heures du 18 avril, les forces spéciales turques et les commandos ont été débarqués derrière les lignes ennemies par des hélicoptères Uh-60 black hawk. Le ministère turc de la Défense a affirmé que tous leurs objectifs avaient été capturés avec succès, tandis que le PKK a affirmé avoir repoussé l'opération de débarquement turque.

Le ministre turc de la Défense, Hulusi Akar, a déclaré qu'au cours de l'opération, 19 combattants du PKK avaient été tués, tandis que 4 soldats turcs avaient été blessés. Le HPG Press Center dans une déclaration écrite a affirmé que "28 envahisseurs ont été punis, neuf envahisseurs ont été blessés et deux hélicoptères d'attaque ont été touchés."

Réactions
Des manifestations ont eu lieu en soutien au PKK à Marseille, en France.

Notes et références

Avril 2022
2022 en Irak
2022 en Turquie
Parti des travailleurs du Kurdistan
Bataille de 2022

Opération Claw-Lock


Tunnellen, også kendt som The Transatlantic Tunnel, er en 1935 britisk science fiction film baseret på romanen Der Tunnel af Bernhard Kellermann fra 1913, om opførelsen af en transatlantisk tunnel mellem New York og London. Filmen blev instrueret af Maurice Elvey og spillet af Richard Dix, Leslie Banks, Madge Evans, Helen Vinson, C. Aubrey Smith og Basil Sydney. Manuskriptet er skrevet af Curt Siodmak, L. du Garde Peach og Clemence Dane. Filmen, der blev produceret på et tidspunkt, hvor trusselen om krig tårnede sig op i Europa, understregede det internationale samarbejde mellem USA og Det Forenede Kongerige.

Eksterne henvisninger

Britiske film fra 1935
Science fiction-film fra Storbritannien
Film i sort-hvid

Tunnelen (film fra 1935)


ليلة سقوط غرناطة مسلسل أنتجته استديوهات عجمان في الثمانينات من القرن الماضي، كان من بطولة أحمد مرعي  أحمد خليل وأمينة رزق وكتبه الكاتب والمؤلف المصري محفوظ عبد الرحمن  وإخراج المخرج عباس أرناؤوط.

صفحة المسلسل علي قاعدة الأفلام العربية

مراجع

مسلسلات تاريخية تلفزيونية مصرية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية بدأ عرضها في 1979
مسلسلات أمينة رزق
غرناطة
مسلسلات عبد الله غيث

ليلة سقوط غرناطة (مسلسل)


Amblyanthopsis, maleni biljni rod iz porodice jaglačevki raširen od istočne Himalaje do Assama i na jug do Mjanmara, te na Filipinima.

Vrste
Postoje četiri priznate vrste:
 Amblyanthopsis bhotanica (C.B.Clarke) Mez
 Amblyanthopsis burmanica Y.H.Tan & H.B.Ding
 Amblyanthopsis membranacea (Wall. ex A.DC.) Mez
 Amblyanthopsis philippinensis Mez

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Myrsinoideae

Amblyanthopsis


Rafael Calvo Serer (* 6. Oktober 1916 in Valencia, Spanien; † 19. April 1988 in Pamplona, Navarra, Spanien) war ein spanischer Intellektueller und Autor. Er war der erste Hochschullehrer auf einem Lehrstuhl für die Geschichte der spanischen Philosophie und der Philosophie der Geschichte in Spanien. In den letzten Jahren des Franco-Regimes musste er ins Exil gehen; in der Zeit der Transition in Spanien war er ein einflussreicher Vermittler und Berater. Er war Mitglied des Opus Dei.

Leben
Rafael Calvo Serer entstammt einer Familie von Kleinindustriellen. Er besuchte die Oberschule Colegio Mayor del Beato Juan de Ribera in Burjassot in Katalonien, das heutige Colegio Mayor San Juan de Ribera. Von diesem Institut bekam er ein Stipendium, mit welchem er sein Studium an der Fakultät für Philosophie und Literatur der Universität Valencia aufnehmen konnte. In den Jahren 1935 und 1936 wurde er in verschiedenen katholischen Vereinigungen aktiv, lernte z. B. dem Intellektuellen Ramiro de Maeztu und auch José María Escrivá de Balaguer kennen. Im Jahr 1936 wurde er Mitglied des Opus Dei.

Nach dem Spanischen Bürgerkrieg, den er aufgrund einer schweren Krankheit in verschiedenen Krankenhäusern verbrachte, kehrte er an die Fakultät in Valencia zurück und schrieb an seiner Doktorarbeit über das Geschichtsbild Menéndez Pelayos. Die Promotionsschrift mit dem Titel Menéndez Pelayo y la decadencia española (deutsch: Menéndez Pelayo und die spanische Dekadenz) verteidigte er an der Universität Madrid am 14. August 1940. Im gleichen Jahr begann er Vorlesungen zur spanischen Geschichte an der Universität von Valencia zu halten. 1942 wurde an dieser Universität der Lehrstuhl für Moderne Weltgeschichte und Geschichte der Neuzeit eingerichtet.

1943 ging Calvo Serer in die Schweiz, um dort den spanischen Thronprätendenten Juan de Borbón y Battenberg zu treffen. Er wurde Teil des Consejo Privado, der politischen Beratergruppe von Juan de Borbón. Gegen Ende des Jahres 1945 kehrte er nach Spanien zurück und wurde in der Abteilung für Kulturbeziehungen des Ministeriums für Auswärtige Beziehungen angestellt. An der Universität Madrid gründete er den Lehrstuhl für Geschichte, der 1946 die Bezeichnung Lehrstuhl für die Geschichte der spanischen Philosophie und Philosophie der Geschichte erhielt.

Im Jahr 1947 ging Calvo Serer für ein Jahr als stellvertretender Leiter des Instituto Español, des Spanischen Kulturinstituts, nach London. 1948 gründete er in Madrid die Zeitschrift Arbor, die Zeitschrift des Wissenschafts- und Forschungsrats Spaniens, des Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC. 1949 schrieb er sein erstes Buch España sin problema ("Spanien ohne Problem") als Antwort auf das Buch von Pedro Laín Entralgo España como problema ("Spanien als Problem") aus dem gleichen Jahr. 1949 wurde er mit dem Premio Nacional de Literatura ausgezeichnet.

1966 wurde Calvo Serer zum Präsidenten des Verwaltungsrats der Tageszeitung Diario Madrid. Diese Zeitung wurde im November 1971 von der Regierung geschlossen. Im gleichen Monat ging Calvo Serer ins Exil, nachdem in der französischen Tageszeitung Le Monde ein Interview mit dem Titel Moi aussi, j'accuse veröffentlicht worden war, in welchem er die Franco-Regierung kritisierte. Der Zeitungsartikel führte zu einer Anklage in Abwesenheit wegen des Delikts gegen die staatliche Autorität und einem Haftbefehl gegen ihn. Er wurde in Abwesenheit zu sieben Jahren Gefängnis verurteilt.

In den Jahren seines Pariser Exils nahm Calvo Serer an der Gründung der Junta Democrática, der Demokratischen Vereinigung teil. Dieser Zusammenschluss vereinte die Kommunistische Partei Spaniens mit den liberalen Monarchisten, die Juan der Borbón unterstützten. Er koordinierte die Gespräche zur Bildung einer Regierung der Nationalen Verständigung unter dem Vorsitz von Santiago Carrillo, welche nach dem Sturz des Franco-Regimes gebildet werden konnte.

Calvo Serer kehrte 1976 nach Spanien zurück, wurde für kurze Zeit inhaftiert, wenig später begnadigt. Sein persönliches Archiv wird in der Universität Navarra aufbewahrt und ist der Öffentlichkeit zugängig.

Der von der Stiftung Diario Madrid vergebene Preis Premio des Periodismo Diario Madrid wurde von 1990 bis 2010 nach Calvo Serer benannt.

Schriften
 1949: España sin Problema, Biblioteca del pensamiento actual Nr. 4. Ediciones Rialp, Madrid. 2. Auflage 1952.
 1949: El fin de la época de las revoluciones.
 1952: Teoría de la restauración, Biblioteca del pensamiento actual Nr. 15. Ediciones Rialp, Madrid.
 1953: La configuración del futuro. Ediciones Rialp, Madrid.
 1955: Política de integración.
 1956: La aproximación de los neoliberales à la actitud tradicional.
 1958: La fuerza creadora de la libertad.
 1960: Nuevas formas democráticas de la libertad.
 1962: La literatura universal sobre la guerra de España.
 1962: La Política mundial de los Estados Unidos.
 1964: Las nuevas democracias.
 1978: Mis enfrentamientos con el poder (Meine Zusammenstöße mit der Macht). Plaza & Janés, Madrid 1978, ISBN 978-84-01-33140-4.

Literatur
 Onésimo Diaz Hernández: Rafael Calvo Serer y el grupo Arbol. Publivacions de la Universitat de Valencia, Valencia 2008, ISBN 978-84-370-7265-4.
 Onésimo Diaz Hernández, Fernando Meer Lecha-Marzo: Rafael Calvo Serer: La búsqueda de la libertad (1954–1988). Rialp, Madrid 2010, ISBN 978-84-321-3833-1.

Weblinks
 Biografie des Autors
  bei diariomadrid.net
 Biografie bei munzinger.de
 Archiv an der Universität von Navarra
 Kritische Würdigung von Dimitrios Kisoudis (Deutschlandradio)

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Hochschullehrer (Universität Valencia)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Complutense Madrid)
Person (Universität Navarra)
Herausgeber
Opus-Dei-Mitglied
Spanier
Geboren 1916
Gestorben 1988
Mann

Rafael Calvo Serer


Østerende Ballum er en af de af syv Ballum-landsbyer, med i alt ca. 800 indbyggere, i den vestlige del af Sønderjylland, beliggende i Ballum Sogn. Lokaliteten ligger i Tønder Kommune og tilhører Region Syddanmark. Nabobyerne er er foruden de seks andre Ballum-landsbyer Skast, Hjerpsted og Randerup.

Østerende Ballum består af en række af gårde og huse beliggende langs geest-randen på den nordligste kant af Hjerpsted Bakkeø, højt hævet over Ballummarsken. Mod nord har landsbyen en klar og landskabelig styret afgrænsning. Mod vest afgrænses byen dels af den nord-syd gående Ribevej. Mod øst og syd grænser den op til åbne dyrkede marker. Landsbyen er sammenbygget med Vesterende Ballum, og Ballum Kirke i den vestre ende er med til at præge oplevelsen af landsbyen set fra marsken.

Landsbyen er præget af aktivt landbrug og byens profil er kendetegnet af såvel de ældre gårdanlæg som af mange nye store lader og bygninger til landbrugsproduktion. Gårdene ligger langs to øst-vestgående veje, der begge hedder Østerende. Mellem de to vejforløb er der dyrkede marker. Bebyggelsen er præget af gårdanlæg fra 1800-tallet, som er opført i blank mur i røde tegl, samt anlæg fra begyndelsen af 1900-tallet, hvoraf nogle har præg af bedre byggeskik. Enkelte af gårdene er endnu velbevarede.

A.P. Møller Fonden har doneret 20 millioner kroner til en særlig fond, som siden 2009 har uddelt støtte til renovering og tilbageføring af omkring 80 ejendomme i Vesterende- og Østerende-Ballum. De store beløb er givet til bevarelse af den typiske vestslesvigske byggestil, med mure af mursten, gavle, skråt tag, halvvalm - som altid var stråtækt. Således også Marskgården - som har modtaget penge til renovering af originalt udførte trævinduer og stråtag. Den bliver så fin. Og mange gamle huse og gårde er bevaret i landsbyerne i sognet.

2008 overgik Den Gamle Digegreves Gaard Klægager i Østerende fra at være et traditionelt landbrug til at blive et Bed & Breakfast kombineret med en række oplevelses- og formidlingstilbud med marsken som omdrejningspunkt. Gården blev i 1857 opført som en bryllupsgave fra far til datter og blev en af de første firlængede gårde i marsk-området. I nutiden dag drives gården udelukkende med planteavl. Navnet henviser til, at gårdens seneste beboer og hans far før ham havde titel af Digegreve, som er en person, der har det daglige tilsyn med og ansvar for et dige især ved den jyske vestkyst

Eksterne henvisninger og kilder
 Ballumby.net
 Østerende Ballum
 Den Gamle Digegreves Gaard

Byer i Sønderjylland (under den danske stat)
Byer i Tønder Kommune

Østerende Ballum


RPH Australia is the national peak representative organisation for a unique Australian network of  radio reading services designed to meet the daily information needs of people who, for any reason, are unable to access printed material. It is estimated that 22% of the Australian population has a print disability (over 5 million).

History
Historically, RPH stood for "Radio for the Print Handicapped", and these services began in Australia in 1975 on Melbourne's 3ZZ.

On 23 July 1978, the Minister for Post and Telecommunications announced, "The establishment of a special radio communications service for the blind and other people with reading difficulties."

The federal government began its direct funding of the service with a $250,000 grant in the 1981–82 budget.

Initially using marine band (today's extended AM broadcast band) frequencies, stations in Hobart, Melbourne, and Sydney began operating. 7RPH Hobart went to air in June 1982.  3RPH Melbourne was officially opened in December the same year.

By 1984–85, RPH services were also operating in Brisbane and Canberra. After another review, the specialised stations of the service transferred to normal broadcast band frequencies in 1990 and 1991.

Material from the network is heard on a small number of non-network community stations in Australia and on the Radio Reading Service of New Zealand.

In December 2013, all RPH Australia network stations joined the new VAST satellite platform.

RPH Australia Radio Reading Network Stations

Radio 1RPH
Canberra: 1125 kHz AM and DAB+
Wagga Wagga: 89.5 MHz FM
Junee: 99.5 FM (retransmission by Junee Shire Council)
Internet stream:
Australia: Viewer Access Satellite Television, radio channel 632

2RPH
Sydney: 1224 kHz AM and DAB+
Sydney Eastern Suburbs: 100.5 MHz FM and DAB+
Newcastle: 100.5 MHz FM
Wollongong: 93.3 MHz FM
Australia: Viewer Access Satellite Television, radio channel 632

4RPH
Brisbane: 1296 kHz AM and DAB+
Australia: Viewer Access Satellite Television, radio channel 632

Vision Australia Radio (3RPH)
Albury: 2APH 101.7 MHz FM
Bendigo: 3BPH 88.7 MHz FM
Darwin, Northern Territory: 3RPH DAB+
Geelong: 3GPH 99.5 kHz FM
Melbourne: 3RPH 1179 kHz AM and DAB+
Mildura: 3MPH 107.5 MHz FM
Shepparton: 3SPH 100.1 MHz FM
Warragul: 3RPH 93.5 MHz FM
Warrnambool: 3RPH 882 kHz AM
Australia & New Zealand: Optus Aurora, radio channel 12 (Melbourne feed)?? VAST
Australia: Viewer Access Satellite Television, radio channel 632

5RPH
Adelaide: 1197 kHz AM and DAB+
Australia: Viewer Access Satellite Television, radio channel 632

990 Vision Australia Radio, Perth (6RPH)
Perth: 990 kHz AM and DAB+
Australia: Viewer Access Satellite Television, radio channel 632

Print Radio Tasmania (7RPH)
Hobart: 864 kHz AM and DAB+
Launceston: 106.9 MHz FM
Devonport: 96.1 MHz FM
Australia: Viewer Access Satellite Television, radio channel 632

NDIS
In February 2016, funding from the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) was called into question after July 2016, with 1RPH being the first station to have funding from previous Disability services sources withdrawn.

See also
Community Broadcasting Association of Australia
Community Broadcasting Foundation

External links
 RPH Australia
 Community Broadcasting Association of Australia (CBAA)

Accessibility
Australian radio networks
Radio reading services of Australia
Radio stations established in 1982

Radio Print Handicapped Network


Man of Steel may refer to:

Comics
 Superman, a DC Comics superhero nicknamed "Man of Steel"
 The Man of Steel (comics), a 1986 comic book limited series
 Superman: The Man of Steel, a monthly comic book series about Superman from 1991 to 2003

Film and television
 The Man of Steel (1922 film), a 1922 German silent drama film
 Man of Steel (film), a 2013 Superman film directed by Zack Snyder and starring Henry Cavill
 "Man of Steel" (Supergirl), a 2018 episode of Supergirl
 "Man of Steel" (Superman & Lois), a 2021 episode of Superman & Lois

Music
 Man of Steel (album), a 1983 album by Hank Williams, Jr.
 "Man of Steel" (Hank Williams Jr. song), 1984
 "Man of Steel" (Meat Loaf song), a 2003 song on Meat Loaf's album Couldn't Have Said It Better
 Man of Steel (soundtrack), the soundtrack to the film of the same name

People
 Joseph Stalin (1878–1953), Soviet revolutionary and leader whose nom de guerre (Stalin) is often translated as "Man of Steel"
 Narendra Chaudhary (soldier) (1968–2016), Indian bomb defusing expert nicknamed "Steel Man"

Other uses
 Man of Steel (musical), a 1978 Australian musical by Simon Denver and Ian Dorricott
 Man of Steel (sculpture), a proposed sculpture in South Yorkshire, England
 Man of Steel Awards, an annual award for Super League's player of the season in rugby league

See also

 Made of Steel (disambiguation)
 Woman of Steel (disambiguation)
 "Man of Steel, Woman of Kleenex", a 1969 essay about Superman's sexuality by Larry Niven
 Men of Steel (disambiguation)
 Man of Iron (disambiguation)
 Steelman (disambiguation)
 Superman (disambiguation)
 Superman: The Man of Steel (disambiguation)

Man of Steel


Švedski obred ili Švedski sustav (šved. Svenska systemet, engl. Swedish Rite) je masonski obred koji je uobičajen u skandinavskim zemljama i, u ograničenoj mjeri, u Njemačkoj. Razlikuje se od ostalih grana masonerije po tome što, umjesto da ima tri samostalna temeljna stupnja i naizgled beskrajne dopunske stupnjeve i dodatna tijela, ima integrirani sustav s deset stupnjeva. Također se razlikuje po tome što se napredovanje u Švedskom obredu temelji na kretanju kroz deset stupnjeva, a ne na kretanju kroz časničke dužnosti. Temeljna razlika je stav Švedskog obreda o vjerskoj pripadnosti: anglo-američko regularno slobodno zidarstvo uvjetuje vjerovanje u bilo koju teističku religiju, a kontinentalno 'liberalno' slobodno zidarstvo ne uvjetuje vjerovanje ni u jednu religiju, dok je švedska masonerija specifično kršćanska i uvjetuje svim svojim članovima vjerovanje u Presveto Trojstvo. Unatoč tome, Ujedinjena velika loža Engleske priznaje sve glavne konstitucije švedskog obreda kao regularne i međusobno se priznaju.

Švedski obred je zadani i najčešći masonski obred u Švedskoj, Danskoj, Norveškoj i na Islandu. U Finskoj postoji sporazum o podijeljenoj jurisdikciji između domaće Velike lože Finske, standardne masonerije anglo-američke tradicije, i Provincijske velike lože Švedskog obreda, Švedskog reda slobodnih zidara. Varijantni oblik švedskog obreda u Njemačkoj radi Velika državna loža slobodnih zidara Njemačke, gdje je to jedan od pet samostalnih velikih loža koje koegzistiraju unutar krovne skupine Ujedinjenih velikih loža Njemačke.

Iako potpuno neovisne jedna o drugoj, skandinavske velike lože blisko surađuju kako bi osigurale da njihovi rituali budu što sličniji.

Od 7. studenoga 2006. godine svi akti Švedskog reda slobodnih zidara javno su dostupni na internetu. Između ostalog, ti akti brane bilo kojem članu da stječe prednosti izvan lože korištenjem lože kao instrumenta. Zakoni također naglašavaju dobrotvorna djela članova i poštivanje zlatnog pravila.

Članstvo
Švedski obred ima otprilike 16.800 članova u švedskoj jurisdikciji (od toga 15.400 u Švedskoj i 1.400 u Finskoj), zatim 8.000 u Danskoj, 3.500 na Islandu i 16.700 u Norveškoj.

Članovi moraju imati najmanje 21 godinu i biti na dobrom glasu; moraju imati preporuke najmanje dva člana, od kojih jedan mora imati najmanje sedmi, a drugi najmanje treći stupanj. Tradicionalno je pravilo da svaki kandidat mora doći svojom voljom tako da je pozivanje kandidata strogo zabranjeno.

Posljednji uvjet je izjava kandidata da se pridržava kršćanske vjere. Ako je kršćansko vjerovanje kandidata dvojbeno može se zatražiti rodni list; u skandinavskim zemljama rodni listo sadrži polje za religiju. Zahvaljujući vjerskoj tradiciji skandinavskih naroda ovaj obred ima jake poveznice s raznim nacionalnim luteranskim crkvama koje su većinske crkve svih naroda švedskog obreda. Međutim, pripadnici bilo koje trojstvene kršćanske denominacije prihvaćaju se u članstvo. Pripadnike određenih pokreta koje ne priznaje Svjetski savez crkava isključuje za kandidaturu u ovom obredu; to uključuje Mormone, Crkvu ujedinjenja i Jehovine svjedoke.

Stupnjevi
Masonerija Švedskog obreda ima deset stupnjeva podijeljenih u tri skupine. Prve dvije skupine su lože, dok je treća kapitel. Masoni od I. do III. stupnja okupljaju se u loži sv. Ivana (ekvivalent plavoj loži), masoni od IV. do VI. stupnja stupnja sastaju se u loži sv. Andrije (u nekim područjima ekvivalentno Škotskom obredu), dok se masoni od VII. od X. stupnja sastaju u svojim kapitelima.

Kao dragocijenu relikviju iz prethodno prakticiranog Obreda strožeg opsluživanja, Velika loža Danske drži stupanj iskušenika između VII. i VIII. stupnja.

Svi časnici velike lože moraju biti vitezovi i zapovjednici Crvenog križa ili jednostavno "R&K", kojih ima ograničen broj. Iako formalno nisu stupanj, ponekad se kaže da su časnici velike lože, kao sredstvo izražavanja hijerarhijske prirode reda, stekli XI. stupanj. Budući da je biti vitez i zapovjednik Crvenog križa povezan s dužnostima ureda velike lože, samo će mali broj masona Švedskog obreda to postati.

Pregled stupnjeva
stupnjevi sv. Ivana
 1° – učenik (eng. Apprentice)
 2° – pomoćnik (Fellow Craft)
 3° – majstor (Master Mason)
stupnjevi sv. Andrije
4°/5° – učenik i pratilac sv. Andrije (Apprentice and Companion of St. Andrew), dvostruki stupanj
6° – majstor sv. Andrije (Master of St. Andrew)
stupnjevi kapitela
7° – slavniji brat, vitez od Istoka (Very Illustrious Brother, Knight of the East)
iskušenik (Novice), samo kod Velike lože Danske
8° – najslavniji brat, vitez Zapada (Most Illustrious Brother, Knight of the West)
9° – prosvijećeni brat lože sv. Ivana (Enlightened Brother of St. John's Lodge)
10° – prosvijećeniji brat lože sv. Andrije (Very Enlightened Brother of St. Andrew's Lodge)
 stupanj velike lože
(11°) – najprosvijećeniji brat, vitez i zapovjednik Crvenog križa (Most Enlightened Brother, Knight and Commander of the Red Cross)

Struktura
Lože sv. Ivana i sv. Andrije te kapiteli rade u odvojenim prostorijama ili zgradama. Dok u mnogim gradovima imaju (zanatske) lože sv. Ivana, loža sv. Andrije ima manje. A samo jedan kapitel postoji po masonskom distriktu.

U Danskoj, Norveškoj i Njemačkoj mason će zadržati svoje članstvo u loži sv. Ivana kada napreduje kroz stupnjeve sv. Andrije i kapitela te će svima plaćati članarinu. U Danskoj članarinu prikuplja Velika loža i distribuira je relevantnim ivanovskim, andrijevskim i kapitelskim organizacijama.

U Švedskoj, Finskoj i na Islandu mason neće zadržati svoje članstvo u loži sv. Ivana kada napreduje od IV./V. stupnja kao niti članstvo u loži sv. Andrije kada napreduje kroz stupnjeve kapitela. Također, članarina se plaća samo loži čiji je mason trenutačno član. Zbog često velike udaljenosti između vlastitog doma i najbliže lože sv. Andrije putni troškovi mogu biti preveliki. Kako bi se to ispravilo u manjim gradovima se osnivaju klubovi kutnika i šestara ili klubovi prijateljstva kako bi se masoni u stupnjevima sv. Andrije ili kapitela mogli družiti bez pretjeranih putovanja; u Danskoj se ovi klubovi nazivaju instrukcijske lože. Klubovi prijateljstva ne mogu dodjeljivati stupnjeve, osim po odobrenju Velike lože.

Švedski masoni mogu u rijetkim slučajevima biti odlikovani i Redom Karla XIII. Ovo je kraljevski viteški red ekvivalentan viteškoj tituli te švedsko državno odlikovanje koje se dodjeljuje samo vitezovima-zapovjednicima Crvenog križa po kraljevoj volji. Članova reda ne smije biti više od trideset i tri, a troje od njih moraju biti prelati Švedske crkve. Iako se u šali naziva "dvanaestim stupnjem", Red Karla XIII. ni na koji način nije dio službenog Švedskog obreda i ne svrstava se u masonske stupnjeve.

Masonski prsten daje se na osmom stupnju, a sastoji se od uobičajenog crvenog Andrijinog križa i ponekad masonskog mota Veritas Persuadet. Nosi se na kažiprstu desne ruke. Vitez Zapada također je obvezan dizajnirati osobni grb, uzimajući u obzir tradicionalna europska pravila heraldike. Dobiveni grb visi u njegovoj velikoj loži.

Deseti stupanj je obično najviši koji je dostižan; može se primiti nakon otprilike dvadeset i jedne godine redovite službe i dobrog poznavanja rituala, ali vrijeme između stupnjeva može biti kraće ako je član aktivan i prihvaća različite dužnosti u svojim ložama.

Međunarodna prisutnost
Švedski obred se prakticira u sljedećim velikim ložama:
Švedski red slobodnih zidara, s ložama u Švedskoj i Finskoj.
Norveški red slobodnih zidara
Danski red slobodnih zidara
Islandski red slobodnih zidara
Velika loža Španjolske, ali samo u na razini plave lože, s danskim ložama u Fuengiroli i Nerji, te norveškim ložama u Costa Blanci i na Gran Canariji.
Velika državna loža slobodnih zidara Njemačke – Red slobodnih zidara koristi raniju verziju obreda, Zinnendorfski obred.

Vidi još
 Masonski redovi
 Popis masonskih obreda

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Danski red slobodnih zidara
Islandski red slobodnih zidara
Norveški red slobodnih zidara
Švedski red slobodnih zidara
Velika državna loža slobodnih zidara Njemačke

Masonski obredi
Slobodno zidarstvo u Švedskoj

Švedski obred


HARM or H.A.R.M. may refer to:
 AGM-88 HARM, a high-speed anti-radiation missile
 Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum, a museum in Creve Coeur, Missouri, United States
 A fictional terrorist organisation in the video games The Operative: No One Lives Forever and No One Lives Forever 2: A Spy in H.A.R.M.'s Way
 Human Aetiological Relations Machine, an organisation in the 1966 film Agent for H.A.R.M.
 Hoosier Anti-Racist Movement, an Antifa cell based in Indiana associated with Anti-Racist Action (aka Torch Network)

Harm may refer to:
 Harm, a moral and legal concept
 Harm principle, a law principle
 Penal harm, a theory that inmates in prison should suffer additional pain to deprivation of liberty
 Harm reduction, public health policies designed to lessen the negative consequences associated with human behavior
 Physical injury or trauma (medicine)
 Harm (given name), a Dutch masculine given name
 Harmon "Harm" Rabb, a character in the TV series JAG
 Ray Harm (born 1920s), an American artist
 Harm's Way (novel), a 1962 war novel by James Bassett
 In Harm's Way, a 1965 film based on the novel
 "Harm's Way" (Angel), a 2004 episode of the television series Angel
 In Harm's Way (TV series), a 2008 reality television series
 "In Harm's Way", a 2004 episode of the fan-created internet series Star Trek: New Voyages
 "Harm", a song by Broken Spindles from Fulfilled/complete

See also
 Harms, a surname
 Do No Harm (disambiguation)
 Safe from Harm (disambiguation)

HARM