Edgbaston () is an affluent suburban area of southern Birmingham, England, historically in Warwickshire, and curved around the southwest of the city centre.

In the 19th century, the area was under the control of the Gough-Calthorpe family and the Gillott family, who refused to allow factories or warehouses to be built in Edgbaston, making it attractive for the wealthier residents of the city. It then came to be known as "where the trees begin". One of these private houses is grade one listed and open to the public.

The majority of Edgbaston that falls under the  B15 postcode is part of the Calthorpe Estate. The estate is an active conservation area, and it is here that the area's most prized properties are situated. The exclusivity of Edgbaston is down to its array of multi-million-pound listed Georgian and Victorian villas, making it one of the most expensive postcodes outside of London.

Edgbaston boasts facilities such as Edgbaston Cricket Ground, a Test match venue, the University of Birmingham, established in this location in 1900, the Birmingham Botanical Gardens, as well as eight out of the nine independent schools within the city, Elmhurst Ballet School, Edgbaston Golf Club, a private members club, as well as the Priory Club, which offers sporting facilities. The area also has the Edgbaston Archery and Lawn Tennis Society, the oldest lawn tennis club in the world that is still in use. The first game of lawn tennis was played in Edgbaston, in a garden of a house known as "Fairlight".

The area is also home to a Michelin star restaurant, Simpsons, as well as pubs such as The Highfield, The Physician and the boutique hotel, The Edgbaston.

The parliamentary constituency of Edgbaston includes the smaller Edgbaston ward and the wards of North Edgbaston, Bartley Green, Harborne and Quinton. Edgbaston is also a local government district, managed by its own district committee.

Etymology
Edgbaston means "village of a man called Ecgbald", from the Old English personal name + tun "farm". The personal name Ecgbald means "bold sword" (literally "bold edge"). The name was recorded as a village known as Celboldistane in the Hundred of Coleshill in the 1086 Domesday Book until at least 1139, wrongly suggesting that Old English stān "stone, rock" is the final element of the name.

Demography

In 1801, Edgbaston had a population of around 1,000 people. By 1841, this had increased to 16,500 as a result of wealthy manufacturers moving to the area. By 1850, 29 roads had been laid out and uninterrupted growth continued.

The United Kingdom Census 2001 found that 20,749 people were living in the Birmingham City Council ward of Edgbaston, in 8,666 households. This produced an average of 2.4 people per household, slightly below the citywide average of 2.5. The ward, which has an area of 871.6ha, had a population density of 23.8 people per hectare. Like the city of Birmingham, Edgbaston had a slightly higher proportion of females, at 50.1%, to males. 27.1% of the population was in the 25–44 age bracket and 15.1% were aged between 45 and 59. At 14.8%, Edgbaston had a lower proportion of people of a pensionable age than the rest of Birmingham (16.7%). It also had a lower proportion of people of working age at 73.8%, although it was above the national percentage of 61.5%.

Edgbaston has a slightly above average percentage for ethnic minorities with ethnic minorities representing 31.8% of the population as opposed to 29.6% for Birmingham. The largest ethnic minority group was the British Asian group at 16.1%. 25.6% of people were born outside of the United Kingdom, above the Birmingham figure of 16.5%. Christianity was the predominant religion, with 52.5% of the population stating that they were Christians, compared with 59.1% for Birmingham. 8.0% stated that they were Muslims, below the Birmingham figure of 14.3%. Edgbaston was home to a significant Orthodox Jewish community. 19.1% of the Edgbaston population stated that they had no religion.

46.4% of households were owner-occupied, below the Birmingham figure of 60.4%. 19.3% were rented privately, 15.2% were rented from a housing association and 11.6% were rented from Birmingham City Council. There was a total number of 9,191 houses in Edgbaston, 525 of which were vacant. At 45.6%, the largest proportion of houses in Edgbaston were purpose-built blocks of flats. This is much higher than the city average of 17.9%. Detached houses were the second most common housing type in the ward at 19.7%.

Edgbaston had an unemployment rate of 8.1%, below the city average of 9.5% although above the national average of 5%. 13.4% of the population stated themselves as students. Of the unemployed, 42% were in long term unemployment and 15.6% had never worked. At 24.6%, the majority of the population worked in finance, real estate, and business activities. The largest employer in the area was the Heart of Birmingham Primary Care Trust, employing 10,000 people.

The Edgbaston Parliamentary Constituency has a much higher population.

Sport
Warwickshire County Cricket Club is based at the Edgbaston Cricket Ground, the area historically being part of Warwickshire. As well as hosting regular county matches, the ground plays host to the England cricket team during one day internationals and test matches.

The area also has a world class tennis venue; The Edgbaston Priory Club. The DFS Classic for female players has been held there every year since 1982 and some of the world's top players participate. The tournament is part of the WTA Tour and wins count towards world rankings. The oldest lawn tennis club in the world, the Edgbaston Archery and Lawn Tennis Society, founded in 1860 is nearby.

There is also a members-only golf course which offers views over the southern part of the suburb. Edgbaston Croquet Club has been located in the area since 1915.

Places of interest
The Church of England parish churches are St Augustine's Church, SS Mary and Ambrose, St Germain's Church, St. George's Church and St. Bartholomew's Church, also known as Edgbaston Old Church. Birmingham Central Synagogue built in 1961 is also in Edgbaston. The Roman Catholic church of the Birmingham Oratory, on Hagley Road, was built in 1907 in the Baroque style as a memorial to John Henry Newman, who founded the English Oratory here. Its dome is a prominent landmark.

The writer and academic J. R. R. Tolkien lived in Edgbaston during his teenage years, and the two towers of Edgbaston, Perrott's Folly and the Waterworks Tower, both close to the Oratory, are said to have provided inspiration for The Two Towers, part of his The Lord of the Rings trilogy. The Barber Institute of Fine Arts, which is located on the University of Birmingham campus, is a purpose-built gallery which contains a wide range of art from the Old Masters to Picasso.

Edgbaston Reservoir, formerly known as Rotton Park Reservoir, provides a header supply for the Birmingham Canal Navigations and is an important inner city leisure amenity. There are three public gardens located within Edgbaston; the Birmingham Botanical Gardens and the lesser known University of Birmingham Winterbourne Botanic Garden and Martineau Gardens. Adjoining the university gardens is Edgbaston Pool (not to be confused with the reservoir) which is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Deer's Leap Wood is a Site of Local Importance for Nature Conservation in the former Mitchells & Butlers (brewery) land in the north part of Edgbaston. Edgbaston contains the only Grade I listed domestic building in Birmingham, notably one of the Arts & Crafts houses at 21 Yateley Road, designed by Herbert Tudor Buckland, and built for his own use. Edgbaston Hall, a Grade II listed country hall, is located within the ward. It is currently the clubhouse for Edgbaston Golf Club.

The BBC opened its Pebble Mill Studios at Pebble Mill in 1971, which were in use for 33 years until their closure in October 2004 and demolition the following year. The site is now the location of the new Birmingham Dental Hospital.

Politics
Birmingham Edgbaston is a constituency, and its Member of Parliament (MP) is Labour's Preet Gill.

The suburb is split into two wards (Edgbaston ward and Edgbaston North ward) on Birmingham City Council. There are two councillors in each. Edgbaston is represented by two Conservative councillors and North Edgbaston is represented by two Labour councillors. Of the other wards of the Edgbaston constituency, Bartley Green is represented by two Conservative councillors, Harborne by two Labour councillors, and Quinton by two Labour councillors.

The constituency has sent a female member to Parliament for the past 68 years. Previous MPs included Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, who was born in Edgbaston.

Education

Since the beginning of the 20th century, Edgbaston has been home to Edgbaston High School for Girls, St Paul's School for Girls, St George's School, King Edward's School, King Edward VI Five Ways School, King Edward VI High School for Girls and Priory School.

Two universities have campuses in Edgbaston, the University of Birmingham and Birmingham City University; there are numerous university halls of residence in the area. The Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower, one of Birmingham's tallest buildings, can be found at the centre of the University of Birmingham.

In addition, the area is also home to a number of independent preparatory schools namely, West House School, Norfolk House School and Hallfield School, along with primary intakes at Edgbaston High School for Girls, Priory School and St Georges School.

Edgbaston is also the home of Queen's College, an ecumenical theological college. West House School, independent primary schools Birmingham Blue Coat School and Hallfield School [ St Swithun's School ] are also located in the area. The Elmhurst School for Dance, the oldest vocational dance school in the United Kingdom, relocated to a new building in Edgbaston in 2004. St Philip's Grammar School used to be located adjacent to the Oratory. However, it became a sixth form college in 1976 and then merged with South Birmingham College in 1995.

Transport and amenities
Two railway stations serve the area. The first, University station, is found in south Edgbaston, west of University of Birmingham. The second is Five Ways railway station in the north of the ward on the city's Middle Ring Road. Both stations are on the Cross-City Line. Between these two stations used to be another, Somerset Road station; however, this was closed and demolished in 1930.

The A38 Bristol Road runs through the ward and is one of the main traffic arteries of the city reaching out to the south-west of the city and beyond from the city centre and New Street. Buses frequently stop along this route. There are several other bus routes throughout. The Worcester & Birmingham Canal passes through the area, connecting the city centre with the River Severn at Worcester. This was constructed and opened in the 1790s and is now used mainly for leisure and recreational purposes as opposed to its original industrial usage.

The A456 Hagley Road runs through the north of Edgbaston and gives a relatively swift link with the city centre as well as further away places including Halesowen, Kidderminster and Hereford.

The nearest public libraries to the area are in Harborne, Selly Oak and Balsall Heath, whilst the University of Birmingham main library (which members of the public can join for a fee) is in the area. There are a number medical facilities in the area, with some of the most well known being the University Medical Centre and the Calthorpe Clinic. A large hospital, the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, is located within the area, with the former Selly Oak Hospital site nearby.

Edgbaston Village tram stop opened as the terminus of the West Midlands Metro in July 2022.

Notable residents
Here is a list of notable residents, many of whom have had blue plaques erected on their former houses by The Birmingham Civic Society:

 Annette Badland, actress.
 Sir Gilbert Barling, surgeon, lived at Blythe Court, Norfolk Road and moved to 6 Manor Road after the death of his wife.
 Rosslyn Bruce, priest and naturalist, lived at 4 Manor Road between 1912 and 1923.
 Kate Bunce a famous Pre-Raphaelite painter 1856–1927.
 Sir Austen Chamberlain, Foreign Secretary and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, lived at 83 Harborne Road.
 Neville Chamberlain, British Prime Minister, was born in a house called Southborne, in Edgbaston, and later became the area's MP.
 Oscar Deutsch, founder of Odeon cinemas, lived at 8 Rotton Park Road.
 Charles Geach MP, founder of the Midland Bank, lived in Wheeleys Hill (now Wheeleys Road).
 William Haywood, architect, lived at 245 Bristol Road (house now demolished).
 Sir Rowland Hill, the postal reformer, lived at 146 Hagley Road (house now demolished).
 Sir John Jaffray, founder of the Birmingham Daily Post and Birmingham Mail, lived at 249 Bristol Road.
 Major Arthur Keen MC (1895–1918), World War I flying ace, lived in Edgbaston until his military service.
 Celia Levetus (1874–1936), illustrator.
 Sir Oliver Lodge, physicist, lived at Westbourne Road (house now demolished).
 Pink Floyd drummer Nick Mason was born in Edgbaston.
 Constance Naden, poet and philosopher, lived most of her life at Pakenham House, Edgbaston.
 Mary Neal social worker, suffragette and collector of folk dances, was born in Edgbaston.
 Cardinal John Henry Newman lived at the Birmingham Oratory, Hagley Road.
 Eugene W. Oates, ornithologist.
 Catherine Osler, suffragette, lived at 'Fairfield' on the corner of Hagley Road & Norfolk Road.
 John Henry Poynting, physicist, lived at 11 St Augustine's Road.
 Bertha Ryland (1882-1977), militant suffragette.
 Joseph Henry Shorthouse, Victorian novelist, lived at 60 Wellington Road, Edgbaston.
 Field Marshal William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim lived in Poplar Avenue.
 Joseph Sturge, abolitionist, lived at Wheeleys Road (house now demolished).
 J. R. R. Tolkien lived here for a period during his younger life, living for a time in Stirling Road, with Perrott's Folly and the Edgbaston Waterworks supposedly providing him with the inspiration behind The Two Towers.
 Dr William Withering, physician, lived at Edgbaston Hall.
 John Wyndham, the science fiction author, was brought up here and lived at 239 Hagley Road (now demolished) until 1911 when his parents divorced.
 Francis Brett Young, novelist, lived at 105 Harborne Road.
 Herbert Tudor Buckland.  Arts and Crafts architect, lived at 21 Yateley Road; it is open to the public.

References

Further reading
Terry Slater, 2002, Edgbaston Past, Chichester: Phillimore.

External links

 Birmingham City Council: Edgbaston Constituency
 Birmingham City Council: Edgbaston Ward
 Calthorpe Estates
 Edgbaston Mill

 Profile: Edgbaston

Areas of Birmingham, West Midlands
Conservation areas in England

Edgbaston


ليحفظ الله القيصر كان النشيد الوطني للإمبراطورية الروسية منذ عام 1833 حتى الثورة البلشفية عام 1917، أختير النشيد بعد عقد مسابقة أقيمت في سنة 1833. كتب كلمات النشيد الشاعر فاسيلي أندريفيتش شوكوفسكي وألف اللحن أليكسي فجودوروفيتش لفوف. استخدم هذا اللحن في افتتاحية 1812 الملحن الروسي بيتر إليتش تشايكوفسكي. يُصنف النشيد على أنه من الأناشيد القومية التي بها «ابتهال إلى الله لإطالة عمر الملوك ونصرهم على أعدائهم».

يورد ميخائيل نعيمة بكتاب «سبعون: حكاية عمر» النص التالي ترجمة لمطلع النشيد:

يا ربّنا احفظ القيصر، قوياً مطلق السلطان. ألا احكم لمجدنا، واحكم رعباً لأعدائنا، أيها القيصر الأرثوذكسي. يا ربّنا احفظ القيصر!

النص بالروسية ومقابله بالعربية

مراجع

أغان 1833
أناشيد أوروبية
أناشيد دول آسيا الوطنية
أناشيد وطنية تاريخية
الإمبراطورية الروسية
إله في الثقافة
تاريخ روسيا

ليحفظ الله القيصر


Kat hizmetleri bölümü, konaklama işletmelerindeki kat hizmetleri (İngilizce: housekeeping) departmanına kaliteli dil bilir eleman yetiştiren bir bölümdür. Kat hizmetleri, otelin departmanlarından biridir. Otelin ve odalarının temizliği, düzeni ve dekorasyonu kat hizmetlerinin çalışma alanıdır.

Temizleme, yemek pişirme, rutin bakım, alışveriş, fatura ödeme, ev, gemi, hastane veya fabrikada da bulunuyor.  Bu, yalnızca temizlik yönüne odaklanan bir temizlikçiden daha geniş bir roldür. Terim ayrıca bu tür bir kullanım için tahsis edilen parayı ifade etmek için de kullanılır. Ek olarak, bilgisayar depolama sistemlerinin bakımının yanı sıra ofis veya kuruluşa da atıfta bulunabilir.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Ev hanımlığı
 Ev ekonomisi
 Zemin temizliği
 Good Housekeeping
 Oda Servisi
 Ev işçisi

Ev ekonomisi
Ev
Ücretsiz çalışma
Resmi olmayan meslekler
Hizmet
Temizlik

Kat hizmetleri


Odoljenovke (lat. Valerianoideae), nekadašnja samostalna biljna porodica (Valerianaceae) u redu češljugovinolike, danas čini potporodicu kozokrvnica a sastoji se od osam rodova, poglavito jednogodišnje bilje i trajnice.

Poznatiji predstavnici su matovilac, odoljen, zlatni baldrian, afrički odoljen i Ostrugica.

Rodovi
 Patrinia Juss. (14 spp.)
 Nardostachys DC. (1 sp.)
 Valerianella Mill. (68 spp.)
 Fedia Gaertn. (3 spp.)
 Centranthus Neck. ex Lam. & DC. (11 spp.)
 Plectritis DC. (6 spp.)
 Valeriana L. (362 spp.)

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Kozokrvnice

Odoljenovke


Hvarsku nogometnu ligu za sezonu 2000./01. je osvojio Južnjak iz Svete Nedjelje.
Hvarska liga je predstavljala treći stupanj županijske lige u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji, te ligu šestog ranga hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Hvarska nogometna liga
 1. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska 2000./01.
 2. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska 2000./01.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 (www.island-hvar.info/fnl/arhiva/2000-2001.htm) Hvarska liga 2000./01., preuzeto 3. veljače 2018.
 nogomet.com, Hvarska liga 2000./01., ljestvica, wayback arhiva (29. srpnja 2003.)
 nogomet.com, Hvarska liga 2000./01., rezultati, wayback arhiva (24. lipnja 2002.)

2000-01
splitsko-dalmatinska-3-Hvar

Hvarska nogometna liga 2000./01.


Pitcairn Adaları ya da resmî kullanımı ile Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie ve Oeno Adaları, Büyük Okyanus'un güneyinde volkanik kökenli dört adadan oluşan adalar topluluğu. Pitcairn Adaları, Britanya Denizaşırı Toprakları olarak Birleşik Krallık'a bağlı bir bölgedir.  Tahiti'nin 2170 km güneydoğusunda yer almaktadır ve dünyanın nüfus bakımından en küçük ülkesidir. Adalar topluluğunda üzerinde yerleşim bulunan tek ada olan Pitcairn Adası dışında, üzerinde yerleşme bulunmayan Oeno, Henderson ve Ducie adalarından oluşmaktadır. Deniz yüzeyinden yaklaşık 300 metre yükseklikte engebeli bir yarı kraterdir. Sarp kayalarla çevrili olan adada astropik bir iklim hüküm sürer.

Etimoloji
3 Temmuz 1767'de İngiliz deniz subayı Philip Carteret'in kaptanlığında ilerleyen HMS Swallow adlı geminin keşfettiği Pitcairn Adası, adını gemide görevli olan ve burayı ilk gören 15 yaşındaki gemi personeli Robert Pitcairn'den almıştır.

Tarihçe

Tahiti'den Batı Hint Adalarına yük taşıyan Bounty adlı İngiliz kraliyet gemisinin tayfaları, ikinci kaptan Fletcher Christian önderliğinde ayaklandılar ve kaptan William Bligh ile ona sadık kalan denizcileri gemiden bir filikayla uzaklaştırarak Tabuai Adalarına yöneldiler. Üzerinde insan yaşamayan Pitcairn'e ulaştıktan (1790) sonra gemiyi yaktılar. Orada kendilerini unutturan ayaklanmacıların kurduğu koloniyi 1808'de Amerikalı balina avcıları buldu. 1831'de Tahiti'ye yerleştirilen adalıların çoğu yeni yerlerinden memnun kalmadıkları için Pitcairn'e geri döndüler. Bundan sonra, ada balina avcılarının ve ABD ile Avustralya arasında sefer yapan yolcu gemilerinin uğrak limanı oldu.

1856'da nüfus fazlalığı sebebiyle ada halkının bir kısmı Norfolk Adasına taşındı. Günümüzde, Pitcairn Adasının nüfusunu ayaklanmacı gemicilerle onların Tahitili eşlerinin soyundan gelenler oluşturur.

1898'de Birleşik Krallık'ın Batı Pasifik Yüksek Komiserliği'nin yönetimine verilen ada, 1952'de bir İngiliz kolonisi olan Fiji'ye bağlandı. Fiji'nin 1970'te bağımsızlığını kazanması üzerine, Yeni Zelanda'daki İngiliz büyükelçisi Pitcairn valisi sıfatıyla adanın yönetimini üstlendi.

Adada 2004 yılında küçük kız çocuklarının cinsel istismarından kaynaklı 7'si Pitcairn'de yaşayan, diğer 6'sı olaylardan sonra kaçmış 13 erkek suçlu bulundu. Bunların içerisinde zamanın ada yönetim kurulu başkanı Steve Christian'da vardı.

Ekonomi
Ülkede arıcılık, balıkçılık, meyve-sebze toplama yapılmasının yanında temel geçim kaynaklarından biri de posta pulu ihracatıdır. Bir turizm merkezi olan ülkede hediye eşya satımlarından da gelir elde edilmektedir.

Nüfus

Konuyla ilgili eserler
 Bounty Üçlemesi: Bounty'de İsyan (1932), Deniz ve İnsanlar (1933) ile Pitcairn Adası (1934), Charles Nordhoff & James Norman Hall.
 Denizde İsyan (Mutiny on the Bounty) filmleri
 Bounty'nin isyancıları (LES REVOLTES DU BOUNTY) Jull Verne'in öyküsü

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Pitcairn Government
 Pitcairn Islands

Pitcairn Adaları


ثاني السويدي (1 يوليو 1966 - 5 يوليو 2020) شاعر وروائي من الإمارات.

حياته
وُلد في منطقة المعيريض في إمارة رأس الخيمة بدولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة، وأنهى دراسته الابتدائية والثانوية فيها، ثم تخرج في كلية العلوم الاقتصادية بجامعة الإمارات العربية المتحدة، إلا أنه فضّل نص القصيدة على الأرقام والحسابات، فلم تحل الدراسة الأكاديمية دون شق طريقه في عالم الشعر والرواية.

أعماله
كانت مجموعته الشعرية الأولى تنتمي إلى قصيدة النثر، وجاءت بعنوان «ليجف ريق البحر» صدرت عن اتحاد كتاب وأدباء الإمارات في عام 1990. ومن أهم أعماله رواية «الديزل» ومجموعته الشعرية الشهيرة «الأشياء تمر» التي صدرت عن دار الانتشار العربي في بيروت.

في عام 2012، ترجم ويليام هوتكنز للإنجليزية رواية «الديزل» التي صدرت طبعتها الأولى في بيروت في العام 1994، وقال في تقديمه لها إن الرواية «نمط أدبي مغاير يحمل سمات القصة المعاصرة، مكتوبة بلغة شعرية قريبة من قصيدة النثر، وهي قريبة من السرد الفني المباشر».

رواية الديزل
في عام 2012م، قام ويليام هوتكنز بترجمة رواية "الديزل" لثاني السويدي التي صدرت طبعتها الأولى في بيروت في عام 1994م. وفي مقدمة ترجمته للرواية يلقي فيها هوتكنز ضوءاً على خلفية الرواية ومضمونها كما يؤشر على بطلها الرئيسي "الديزل" ويرصد تفاعلات القراء مع هذا العمل الروائي في الإمارات ومنطقة الخليج العربي، كما يورد مقتطفات مما جاء على لسان مؤلف الرواية في لقاء أجرته معه محطة "الجزيرة" الإخبارية وبعض ما ورد بشأن هذا العمل في الصحف والدوريات.

في مقابلة معه على قناة الجزيرة عام 2004م، قال ثاني السويدي أن رواية الديزل صدمت القراء لجرأتها في تصوير بعض السلوكات في منطقة الجزيرة العربية، لكنه قال إن الرواية كانت تدور حول أثر تنامي النفط على المجتمعات الصغيرة الموزعة بين ثقافتين. وفيما كان تأثير الثقافة الجديدة ينحصر في نطاق ضيق ممن تشربوا قيمها، فإن الرواية هنا، تعنى بالثقافة الثانية التي انعكست في السلوك البوهيمي اليومي للأفراد، حيث يريد مؤلف الرواية أن يتبين للقارئ تأثير هذه الثقافة في المجتمع الذي لم يتهيأ لها بعد والتي اعتنقها حتى الصميم، ولايزال يتلقى ضرباتها واحدة تلو الأخرى.

يرفض بطل الرواية التقاليد الاجتماعية المقيدة ويجاهد ليجد لنفسه موطئ قدم من خلال اختبار هذه الثقافة الجديدة والتعايش معها.

وفاته
توفي في القاهرة في 5 يوليو 2020 عن عمر يناهر 54 عامًا بعد صراع مع المرض.

مراجع

روائيون إماراتيون
شعراء إماراتيون في القرن 20
شعراء إماراتيون في القرن 21
مواليد 1966
أشخاص من رأس الخيمة
مواليد في رأس الخيمة
شعراء بالعربية في القرن 21

ثاني السويدي


Catherine "Cathy" Weseluck () este o actriță și cântăreață canadiană, care lucrează frecvent cu Ocean Productions în Vancouver, Columbia Britanică. Ea este cunoscută drept vocea multor personaje din diverse serii anime, atât feminine, cât și masculine. Printre alte roluri cunoscute sunt Near din Death Note și Spike din Micul meu ponei: Prietenia este magică.

Note

Nașteri în 1970
Regizori canadieni
Cântărețe canadiene
Oameni în viață

Cathy Weseluck


An Bromus pseudolaevipes in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Wagnon. An Bromus pseudolaevipes in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bromus, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha California. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bromus

Bromus pseudolaevipes


كلاماث هي قبيلة صغيرة في أمريكا الشمالية من العرق اللوتوامي، وكانوا يعيشون حول بحيرات ونهر كلاماث، وهم لآن يعيشون في محمية كلاماث جنوب أوريغون.

مراجع

أمريكيون أصليون
قبائل أمريكية أصلية في أوريغن
قبائل أمريكية أصلية في كاليفورنيا
مجموعات عرقية في الولايات المتحدة
ملاك عبيد أمريكيون

كلاماث


Udlejre er en tidligere landsby, nu en del af Ølstykke stationsbys område. Byområdet ligger i Ølstykke Sogn (tidligere Ølstykke Herred, Frederiksborg Amt).

Historie
Udlejre landsby bestod i 1682 af 9 gårde. Det samlede dyrkede areal udgjorde 384,1 tønder land skyldsat til 88,70 tønder hartkorn. Dyrkningsformen var trevangsbrug.

Da jernbanen til Frederikssund blev anlagt i 1879, blev Ølstykke Station placeret i Udlejre ejerlavs nordøstligste hjørne. Tidligt begyndte en stationsby at vokse frem, men det var først i 1960-erne at byudviklingen for alvor tog fart og store dele af Udlejre ejerlavs jorder mellem jernbanen i nord, Skenkelsø sø mod vest samt veje mod syd og øst blev udstykket til villakvarterer, der også omfattede Udlejre.

Noter

Litteratur
 Karl-Erik Frandsen: Vang og tægt. Studier over dyrkningssystemer og agrarstrukturer i Danmarks landsbyer 1682-83 (Bygd 1983),
 Henrik Pedersen: De danske Landbrug fremstillet paa Grundlag af Forarbejderne til Christian V.s Matrikel 1688. Udgivet efter hans Død paa Bekostning af Carlsbergfondet (København MCMXXVIII; Reprotryk for Landbohistorisk Selskab, København 1975),
 J.P. Trap: Kongeriget Danmark, 3. Udgave 2. Bind: Frederiksborg, Kjøbenhavns, Holbæk, Sorø og Præstø Amter; Kjøbenhavn 1898; s. 155

Byer i Egedal Kommune

Udlejre


Ojibwe ( ), also known as Ojibwa ( ), Ojibway, Otchipwe, Ojibwemowin, or Anishinaabemowin, is an indigenous language of North America of the Algonquian language family. The language is characterized by a series of dialects that have local names and frequently local writing systems. There is no single dialect that is considered the most prestigious or most prominent, and no standard writing system that covers all dialects.

Dialects of Ojibwemowin are spoken in Canada, from southwestern Quebec, through Ontario, Manitoba and parts of Saskatchewan, with outlying communities in Alberta; and in the United States, from Michigan to Wisconsin and Minnesota, with a number of communities in North Dakota and Montana, as well as groups that removed to Kansas and Oklahoma during the Indian Removal period. While there is some variation in the classification of its dialects, at least the following are recognized, from east to west: Algonquin, Eastern Ojibwe, Ottawa (Odawa), Western Ojibwe (Saulteaux), Oji-Cree (Severn Ojibwe), Northwestern Ojibwe, and Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa). Based upon contemporary field research, J. R. Valentine also recognizes several other dialects: Berens Ojibwe in northwestern Ontario, which he distinguishes from Northwestern Ojibwe; North of (Lake) Superior; and Nipissing. The latter two cover approximately the same territory as Central Ojibwa, which he does not recognize.

The aggregated dialects of Ojibwemowin comprise the second most commonly spoken First Nations language in Canada (after Cree), and the fourth most widely spoken in the United States or Canada behind Navajo, the Inuit languages and Cree.

Ojibwemowin is a relatively healthy indigenous language. The Waadookodaading Ojibwe Language Immersion School teaches all classes to children in Ojibwe only.

Classification
The Algonquian language family of which Ojibwemowin is itself a member of the Algic language family, other Algic languages being Wiyot and Yurok. Ojibwe is sometimes described as a Central Algonquian language, along with Fox, Cree, Menominee, Miami-Illinois, Potawatomi, and Shawnee. Central Algonquian is a geographical term of convenience rather than a genetic subgroup, and its use does not indicate that the Central languages are more closely related to each other than to the other Algonquian languages.

Exonyms and endonyms
The most general Indigenous designation for the language is  'speaking the native language' ( 'native person,' verb suffix  'speak a language,' suffix  'nominalizer'), with varying spellings and pronunciations depending upon dialect. Some speakers use the term . The general term in Oji-Cree (Severn Ojibwe) is , although  is widely recognized by Severn speakers. Some speakers of Saulteaux Ojibwe refer to their language as . The Ottawa dialect is sometimes referred to as , although the general designation is , with the latter term also applied to  or Eastern Ojibwe. Other local terms are listed in Ojibwe dialects. English terms include Ojibwe, with variants including Ojibwa and Ojibway. The related term Chippewa is more commonly employed in the United States and in southwestern Ontario among descendants of Ojibwe migrants from the United States.

Relationship with Potawatomi
Ojibwe and Potawatomi are frequently viewed as being more closely related to each other than to other Algonquian languages. Ojibwe and Potawatomi have been proposed as likely candidates for forming a genetic subgroup within Proto-Algonquian, although the required research to ascertain the linguistic history and status of a hypothetical "Ojibwe–Potawatomi" subgroup has not yet been undertaken. A discussion of Algonquian family subgroups indicates that "Ojibwe–Potawatomi is another possibility that awaits investigation." In a proposed consensus classification of Algonquian languages, Goddard (1996) classifies Ojibwa and Potawatomi as "Ojibwayan," although no supporting evidence is adduced.

The Central languages share a significant number of common features. These features can generally be attributed to diffusion of features through borrowing: "Extensive lexical, phonological, and perhaps grammatical borrowing—the diffusion of elements and features across language boundaries—appears to have been the major factor in giving the languages in the area of the Upper Great Lakes their generally similar cast, and it has not been possible to find any shared innovations substantial enough to require the postulation of a genetically distinct Central Algonquian subgroup."

The possibility that the proposed genetic subgrouping of Ojibwa and Potawatomi can also be accounted for as diffusion has also been raised: "The putative Ojibwa–Potawatomi subgroup is similarly open to question, but cannot be evaluated without more information on Potawatomi dialects."

Geographic distribution

Ojibwe communities are found in Canada from southwestern Quebec, through Ontario, southern Manitoba and parts of southern Saskatchewan; and in the United States from northern Michigan through northern Wisconsin and northern Minnesota, with a number of communities in northern North Dakota and northern Montana. Groups of speakers of the Ottawa dialect migrated to Kansas and Oklahoma during the historical period, with a small amount of linguistic documentation of the language in Oklahoma. The presence of Ojibwe in British Columbia has been noted.

Current census data indicate that all varieties of Ojibwe are spoken by approximately 56,531 people. This figure reflects census data from the 2000 United States Census and the 2006 Canadian census. The Ojibwe language is reported as spoken by a total of 8,791 people in the United States of which 7,355 are Native Americans and by as many as 47,740 in Canada, making it one of the largest Algic languages by numbers of speakers.

The Red Lake, White Earth, and Leech Lake reservations are known for their tradition of singing hymns in the Ojibwe language. As of 2011, Ojibwe is the official language of Red Lake.

Dialects

Because the dialects of Ojibwe are at least partly mutually intelligible, Ojibwe is usually considered to be a single language with a number of dialects, i.e. Ojibwe is "... conventionally regarded as a single language consisting of a continuum of dialectal varieties since ... every dialect is at least partly intelligible to the speakers of the neighboring dialects." The degree of mutual intelligibility between nonadjacent dialects varies considerably; recent research has shown that there is strong differentiation between the Ottawa dialect spoken in southern Ontario and northern Michigan; the Severn Ojibwa dialect spoken in northern Ontario and Manitoba; and the Algonquin dialect spoken in southwestern Quebec. Valentine notes that isolation is the most plausible explanation for the distinctive linguistic features found in these three dialects. Many communities adjacent to these relatively sharply differentiated dialects show a mix of transitional features, reflecting overlap with other nearby dialects. While each of these dialects has undergone innovations that make them distinctive, their status as part of the Ojibwe language complex is not in dispute. The relatively low degrees of mutual intelligibility between some nonadjacent Ojibwe dialects led Rhodes and Todd to suggest that Ojibwe should be analyzed as a linguistic subgroup consisting of several languages.

While there is some variation in the classification of Ojibwe dialects, at a minimum the following are recognized, proceeding west to east: Western Ojibwe (Saulteaux), Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa), Northwestern Ojibwe, Severn Ojibwe (Oji-Cree), Ottawa (Odawa), Eastern Ojibwe, and Algonquin. Based upon contemporary field research, Valentine also recognizes several other dialects: Berens Ojibwe in northwestern Ontario, which he distinguishes from Northwestern Ojibwe; North of (Lake) Superior; and Nipissing. The latter two cover approximately the same territory as Central Ojibwa, which he does not recognize.

Two recent analyses of the relationships between the Ojibwe dialects are in agreement on the assignment of the strongly differentiated Ottawa dialect to a separate subgroup, and the assignment of Severn Ojibwe and Algonquin to another subgroup, and differ primarily with respect to the relationships between the less strongly differentiated dialects. Rhodes and Todd recognize several different dialectal subgroupings within Ojibwe: (a) Ottawa; (b) Severn and Algonquian; (c) a third subgroup which is further divided into (i) a subgrouping of Northwestern Ojibwe and Saulteaux, and a subgrouping consisting of Eastern Ojibwe and a further subgrouping comprising Southwestern Ojibwe and Central Ojibwe. Valentine has proposed that Ojibwe dialects are divided into three groups: a northern tier consisting of Severn Ojibwe and Algonquin; a southern tier consisting of "Odawa, Chippewa, Eastern Ojibwe, the Ojibwe of the Border Lakes region between Minnesota and Ontario, and Saulteaux; and third, a transitional zone between these two polar groups, in which there is a mixture of northern and southern features."

Lingua franca

Several different Ojibwe dialects have functioned as lingua franca or trade languages in the circum-Great Lakes area, particularly in interactions with speakers of other Algonquian languages. Documentation of such usage dates from the 18th and 19th centuries, but earlier use is likely, with reports as early as 1703 suggesting that Ojibwe was used by different groups from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to Lake Winnipeg, and from as far south as Ohio to Hudson Bay.

A trade language is "a language customarily used for communication between speakers of different languages, even though it may be that neither speaker has the trade language as his dominant language" although "there is a relatively high degree of bilingualism involving the trade language."

Documentation from the 17th century indicates that the Wyandot language (also called Huron), one of the Iroquoian languages, was also used as a trade language east of the Great Lakes by speakers of the Nipissing and Algonquin dialects of Ojibwe, and also by other groups south of the Great Lakes, including the Winnebago and by a group of unknown affiliation identified only as "Assistaeronon." The political decline of the Hurons in the 18th century and the ascendancy of Ojibwe-speaking groups including the Ottawa led to the replacement of Huron as a lingua franca.

In the area east of Georgian Bay, the Nipissing dialect was a trade language. In the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, the eastern end of the Upper Peninsula, the area between Lake Erie and Lake Huron, and along the north shore of Georgian Bay, the Ottawa dialect served as a trade language. In the area south of Lake Superior and west of Lake Michigan Southwestern Ojibwe was the trade language. A widespread pattern of asymmetrical bilingualism is found in the area south of the Great Lakes in which speakers of Potawatomi or Menominee, both Algonquian languages, also spoke Ojibwe, but Ojibwe speakers did not speak the other languages. It is known that some speakers of Menominee also speak Ojibwe and that the pattern persisted into the 20th century. Similarly, bilingualism in Ojibwe is still common among Potawatomis who speak Potawatomi.

Reports from traders and travellers as early as 1744 indicate that speakers of Menominee, another Algonquian language, used Ojibwe as a lingua franca. Other reports from the 18th century and the early 19th century indicate that speakers of the unrelated Siouan language Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) also used Ojibwe when dealing with Europeans and others. Other reports indicate that agents of the American government at Green Bay, Wisconsin spoke Ojibwe in their interactions with Menominee, with other reports indicating that "the Chippewa, Menominee, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Sac, and Fox tribes used Ojibwe in intertribal communication...." Some reports indicate that farther west, speakers of non-Algonquian languages such as Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), Iowa, and Pawnee spoke Ojibwe as an "acquired language."

Influence on other languages
Michif is a mixed language that primarily is based upon French and Plains Cree, with some vocabulary from Ojibwe, in addition to phonological influence in Michif-speaking communities where there is a significant Ojibwe influence. In locations such as Turtle Mountain, North Dakota individuals of Ojibwe ancestry now speak Michif and Ojibwe.

Ojibwe borrowings have been noted in Menominee, a related Algonquian language.

Bungi Creole is an English-based Creole language spoken in Manitoba by the descendants of "English, Scottish, and Orkney fur traders and their Cree or Saulteaux wives ...". Bungee incorporates elements of Cree; the name may be from the Ojibwe word  'a little bit' or the Cree equivalent, but whether there is any other Ojibwe component in Bungee is not documented.

Phonology

Consonants
All dialects of Ojibwe generally have an inventory of 17 consonants. Most dialects have the segment glottal stop  in their inventory of consonant phonemes; Severn Ojibwe and the Algonquin dialect have  in its place. Some dialects have both segments phonetically, but only one is present in phonological representations. The Ottawa and Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) have  in a small number of affective vocabulary items in addition to regular . Some dialects may have otherwise non-occurring sounds such as  in loanwords.

Obstruent consonants are divided into lenis and fortis sets, with these features having varying phonological analyses and phonetic realizations cross-dialectally. In some dialects, such as Severn Ojibwe, members of the fortis set are realized as a sequence of  followed by a single segment drawn from the set of lenis consonants: . Algonquin Ojibwe is reported as distinguishing fortis and lenis consonants on the basis of voicing, with fortis being voiceless and lenis being voiced. In other dialects fortis consonants are realized as having greater duration than the corresponding lenis consonant, invariably voiceless, "vigorously articulated," and aspirated in certain environments. In some practical orthographies such as the widely-used double vowel system, fortis consonants are written with voiceless symbols: p, t, k, ch, s, sh.

Lenis consonants have normal duration and are typically voiced intervocalically. Although they may be devoiced at the end or beginning of a word, they are less vigorously articulated than fortis consonants, and are invariably unaspirated. In the double vowel system, lenis consonants are written with voiced symbols: b, d, g, j, z, zh.

All dialects of Ojibwe have two nasal consonants  and , one labialized velar approximant , one palatal approximant , and either  or .

Vowels
All dialects of Ojibwe have seven oral vowels. Vowel length is phonologically contrastive and so is phonemic. Although long and short vowels are phonetically distinguished by vowel quality, vowel length is phonologically relevant since the distinction between long and short vowels correlates with the occurrence of vowel syncope, which characterizes the Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe dialects, as well as word stress patterns in the language.

There are three short vowels  and three corresponding long vowels  in addition to a fourth long vowel , which lacks a corresponding short vowel. The short vowel  typically has phonetic values centring on ;  typically has values centring on ; and  typically has values centring on . Long  is pronounced  for many speakers, and  is often .

Ojibwe has nasal vowels. Some arising predictably by rule in all analyses, and other long nasal vowels are of uncertain phonological status. The latter have been analysed as underlying phonemes and/or as predictable and derived by the operation of phonological rules from sequences of a long vowel and /n/ and another segment, typically /j/.

Placement of word stress is determined by metrical rules that define a characteristic iambic metrical foot, in which a weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. A foot consists of a minimum of one syllable and a maximum of two syllables, with each foot containing a maximum of one strong syllable. The structure of the metrical foot defines the domain for relative prominence, in which a strong syllable is assigned stress because it is more prominent than the weak member of the foot. Typically, the strong syllable in the antepenultimate foot is assigned the primary stress.

Strong syllables that do not receive main stress are assigned at least secondary stress. In some dialects, metrically weak (unstressed) vowels at the beginning of a word are frequently lost. In the Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe dialects, all metrically weak vowels are deleted. For example,  (airplane(s), in the Southwestern Ojibwe dialect) is stressed as [be · mise · magak ] in the singular but as [be · mise · maga · kin ] in the plural. In some other dialects, metrically weak (unstressed) vowels, especially "a" and "i", are reduced to a schwa and depending on the writer, may be transcribed as "i", "e" or "a". For example,  [ana · mi'e · gii · zhigad ] (Sunday, literally 'prayer day') may be transcribed as  in those dialects.

Grammar

The general grammatical characteristics of Ojibwe are shared across its dialects. The Ojibwe language is polysynthetic, exhibiting characteristics of synthesis and a high morpheme-to-word ratio. Ojibwe is a head-marking language in which inflectional morphology on nouns and particularly verbs carries significant amounts of grammatical information.

Word classes include nouns, verbs, grammatical particles, pronouns, preverbs, and prenouns. Preferred word orders in a simple transitive sentence are verb-initial, such as verb–object–subject and verb–subject–object. While verb-final orders are dispreferred, all logically possible orders are attested.

Complex inflectional and derivational morphology play a central role in Ojibwe grammar. Noun inflection and particularly verb inflection indicate a wide variety of grammatical information, realized through the use of prefixes and suffixes added to word stems. Grammatical characteristics include the following:
Grammatical gender, divided into animate and inanimate categories
extensive head-marking on verbs of inflectional information concerning person
number
tense
modality
evidentiality
negation
a distinction between obviative and proximate third-person, marked on both verbs and nouns.

There is a distinction between two different types of third person: the proximate (the third person deemed more important or in focus) and the obviative (the third person deemed less important or out of focus). Nouns can be singular or plural in number and either animate or inanimate in gender. Separate personal pronouns exist but are used mainly for emphasis; they distinguish inclusive and exclusive first-person plurals.

Verbs, the most complex word class, are inflected for one of three orders (indicative, the default; conjunct, used for participles and in subordinate clauses; and imperative, used with commands), as negative or affirmative, and for the person, number, animacy, and proximate/obviative status of both the subject and object as well as for several different modes (including the dubitative and preterit) and tenses.

Vocabulary

Loanwords and neologisms

Although it does contain a few loans from English (e.g. , 'coffee') and French (e.g. , 'handkerchief' (from ), , 'tea' (from , 'the tea'), in general, the Ojibwe language is notable for its relative lack of borrowing from other languages. Instead, speakers far prefer to create words for new concepts from existing vocabulary. For example in Minnesota Ojibwemowin, 'airplane' is , literally 'thing that flies' (from , 'to fly'), and 'battery' is , literally 'little fire-box' (from , 'fire', and , 'box'). Even 'coffee' is called  ('black liquid-medicine') by many speakers, rather than . These new words vary from region to region, and occasionally from community to community. For example, in Northwest Ontario Ojibwemowin, 'airplane' is , literally 'device that gets uplifted by the wind' (from , 'to be uplifted by the wind') as opposed to the Minnesota .

Dialect variation
Like any language dialects spanning vast regions, some words that may have had identical meaning at one time have evolved to have different meanings today. For example,  (literally 'small[-amount of] money' and used to refer to coins) specifically means 'dime' (10-cent piece) in the United States, but a 'quarter' (25-cent piece) in Canada, or  (literally 'thing to sit upon') means 'couch' or 'chair' in Canada, but is used to specifically mean 'saddle' in the United States.

Cases like 'battery' and 'coffee' also demonstrate the often great difference between the literal meanings of the individual morphemes in a word, and the overall meaning of the entire word.

Sample vocabulary
Below are some examples of common Ojibwe words.

Short list of VAIs:
 'he/she comes'
 'he/she goes'
 'he/she departs'
 'he/she is hungry'
 'he/she is glad'
 'he/she speaks English'
 'he/she comes in'
 'he/she speaks Ojibwe'
 'he/she flatulates'
 'he/she has flatulence'
 'he/she tells a story'
 'he/she is eating'
 'he/she drinks'
 'he/she walks'
 'he/she falls'
 'he/she is arriving'
 'he/she goes home'
 'he/she cooks'
 'he/she smokes'
 'he/she sleeps'
 'he/she is fishing' (lit. 'he/she makes fish')
 'he/she is sad'
 'he/she lives'
 'he/she is thirsty'

Short list of nouns:
 'soup'
 'woman'
 'man'
 'girl'
 'boy'
 'tree'
 'tobacco'
 'pipe'
 'corn'
 'blood'
 'breast'
 'milk'
 'butter'
 'cheese'
 'wild rice'
 'Menomonee peoples'
 'fish'
 'raspberry'
 'hawk'
 'owl'
 'bald eagle'
 'golden eagle'
 'person'
 'people'
 'moccasin, shoe'
 'wigwam, house'

Writing system

There is no standard writing system used for all Ojibwe dialects. Local alphabets have been developed by adapting the Latin script, usually based on English or French orthography. A syllabic writing system, not related to English or French writing, is used by some Ojibwe speakers in northern Ontario and Manitoba. Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics are based on the French alphabet with letters organized into syllables. It was used primarily by speakers of Fox, Potawatomi, and Winnebago, but there is some indirect evidence of use by speakers of Southwestern Ojibwe.

A widely used Roman character-based writing system is the double vowel system devised by Charles Fiero. Although there is no standard orthography, the double vowel system is used by many Ojibwe language teachers because of its ease of use. A wide range of materials have been published in the system, including a grammar, dictionaries, collections of texts, and pedagogical grammars. In northern Ontario and Manitoba, Ojibwe is most commonly written using the Cree syllabary, a syllabary originally developed by Methodist missionary James Evans around 1840 to write Cree. The syllabic system is based in part on Evans' knowledge of Pitman's shorthand and his prior experience developing a distinctive alphabetic writing system for Ojibwe in southern Ontario.

Double vowel system
The double vowel system uses three short vowels, four long vowels, and eighteen consonants, represented with the following Roman letters:

a aa b ch d e g h ' i ii j k m n o oo p s sh t w y z zh

Dialects typically either have  or  (the orthographic  in most versions) but rarely both.
This system is called "double vowel" because the long vowel correspondences to the short vowels ,  and  are written with a doubled value. In this system, the nasal ny as a final element is instead written . The allowable consonant clusters are , , , , , , , , , , , and .

Sample text and analysis
The sample text, from the Southwestern Ojibwe dialect, is taken, with permission, from the first four lines of  (Two Women), a story told by Earl Nyholm, on Professor Brian Donovan of Bemidji State University's webpage.

CONJ:conjunct order:Ojibwe grammar#Verbs
CONTR:contrastive particle:contrast (linguistics)
DESD:desiderative:desiderative
EMPH:emphatic particle:markedness

Notable speakers
Notable speakers of Anishinaabemowin include:
Frederic Baraga (19th century Roman Catholic priest, missionary, and first bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Marquette, who wrote A theoretical and practical grammar of the Otchipwe language)
Alonzo Barnard (missionary, who operated a printing press to print Ojibwe language educational and religious material)
George Copway (chief, missionary, writer, cultural ambassador)
Basil H. Johnston (educator, curator, essayist, cultural ambassador)
Peter Jones (missionary, reverend, chief)
Maude "Naawakamigookwe" Kegg (narrator, artist, cultural ambassador)
Margaret Noodin (educator, writer)
Jim Northrup (writer)
 Keller Paap (educator and author)
Francis Xavier Pierz (19th century Roman Catholic priest , poet, and missionary to the Ojibwe in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Ontario)
 Anton Treuer (historian, author, linguistic professor, first Ojibwe person to graduate from Princeton University)
 Archie Mosay (medicine man and elder, mentor of Anton Treuer)
 Anna Gibbs (well-known Ponemah elder, story-teller, and spiritual and ceremonial leader)
 Wab Kinew (Premier of Manitoba, first Indigenous person to hold this office since John Norquay)

Mobile learning apps and online resources
An "Ojibway Language and People" app is available for iPhone, iPad, and other iOS devices. The source code is available for others interested in developing their own application for learning a native language.

The Ojibwe People's Dictionary is an online language resource created in collaboration with the University of Minnesota. It is an accessible system that allows users to search in English or Ojibwe and includes voice recordings for many of the 17 000 entries in the collection.

U.S. government attempt to erase native language

In the late 19th century, the American federal Native American boarding school initiative which forced Native American children to attend government-run boarding schools in an attempt to "acculturate" them into American society. Often far from their home communities, these schools attempted to remove any ties children had to their native culture and to limit their ability to visit home. Students were forced to speak English, cut their hair, dress in uniform, practise Christianity, and learn about European culture and history.

Although the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 mandated the phasing-out of the Native American boarding school program, the practice of sending youth to these institutions continued into the 1960s and 1970s. Because children were forced to live away from their home communities, many never had the opportunity to hear and use their native language. This government assimilation effort caused widespread loss of language and culture among indigenous communities, including the Ojibwe people.

Language revitalization

With the remaining population of native speakers declining as older generations die off, many historians consider now an important point in the language's history that will determine if it will proliferate or become extinct. Ojibwe historian Anton Treuer estimates that there are about 1,000 speakers of Ojibwe left in the United States, most residing in Minnesota on the Red Lake Indian Reservation or in Mille Lacs region. Teacher of the language Keller Paap approximates that most fluent speakers in the United States are over 70 years old, making exposure to spoken Ojibwemowin limited in many communities.

Ojibwe educators and scholars across the region are working with the remaining elders who speak Ojibwemowin, known as the First Speakers, so as to document and learn the language in hopes to preserve it and pass it on to the next generation of speakers. In recent years, historian and Ojibwe professor Anton Treuer has been recording stories told by about 50 different Ojibwe elders in their native language so as to preserve both the language and pieces of knowledge and history. Alongside his current mentor, a Ponemah elder named Eugene Stillday, he writes the recorded stories in both Ojibwe and translated English.

Recently, there has been more of a push toward bringing the Ojibwe language back into more common use, through language classes and programs sponsored by universities, sometimes available to non-students, which are essential to passing on the Ojibwe language. These courses mainly target adults and young adults; however, there are many resources for all age groups, including online games which provide domains for online language use. In the 1980's, The Northern Native-Languages Project was introduced in Ontario to get Indigenous languages such as Ojibwe, to be taught in schools. Years later, the first curriculum was established for the program and it was known as Native Languages 1987. There has also been an increase in published children's literature. The increase in materials published in Ojibwe is essential to increasing the number of speakers. Language revitalization through Ojibwe frameworks also allows for cultural concepts to be conveyed through language.

A 2014 study has indicated that learning Indigenous languages such as Ojibwe in school helps in learning the language and language structure; however, it does not help grow the use of the language outside of a school setting. The most effective way of promoting language is being surrounded by the language, especially in a familial setting. This is difficult to replicate in schools, which is why speaking Ojibwe with family and in one's home life is important in growing language revitalization.

Research has been done in Ojibwe communities to prove the important role language revitalization has in treating health concerns. The use of language connects a community through shared views and supports the well-being of said community. Researchers found that language and the notion of culture were intertwined together instead of being separate concepts, and the people who regularly practiced their language and culture were often associated with more positive health outcomes, particularly for psychological health and mental well-being.

Language immersion schools
Despite what they have faced in the American and Canadian Governments' attempt to force Ojibwe into language death through the educational system, many indigenous communities across the Great Lakes region are making efforts towards the Ojibwe language revival by similarly using the school system. Largely inspired by the success of Polynesian languages immersion schools in Hawaii and New Zealand, similar school programs have been starting throughout Minnesota and Wisconsin in recent years. One of the most notable programs—developed by Ojibwe educators Lisa LaRonge and Keller Paap—is that of the Waadookodaading Ojibwe Language Immersion School located on the Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation in northern Wisconsin. Most students come from English-speaking homes and are learning Ojibwemowin as their second language. At this school, instructors and elders teach the preschoolers to third graders entirely in the Ojibwe language, so that by the time that students complete kindergarten, they know both English and Ojibwe alphabets and writing systems. In the classroom, students generally first become familiar with the language by hearing and speaking it and then advance to reading and writing it as well. They are taught mathematics, reading, social studies, music, and other typical school subjects through the medium of the Ojibwe language so as to increase student's exposure to Ojibwemowin while providing a well-rounded education. In her research study on Ojibwe immersion schools, Ojibwe scholar and educator Mary Hermes suggests that educating through the Ojibwe language may be more culturally meaningful to communities than simply educating about the culture through English.

The goal, as with many other language immersion schools across the country, is to meet state-mandated standards for curriculum in the native language. This can be a challenge as public education standards are rigorous with curriculum on complex mathematic and scientific concepts occurring at the second and third grade levels. Ojibwe educators at these schools are constantly working with elders so as to design new ways to say lesser-used words in Ojibwe such as plastic or quotient. Thus, through these school programs, the language is constantly evolving. Because the Ojibwe language is traditionally oral, it is often difficult for educators to find adequate resources to develop the curriculum. Thus, through these school programs, the language is constantly evolving. Additionally, many of these Ojibwe language immersion schools are considering the question as to whether or not they should include English instruction. Some research suggests that learning to write in one's first language is important prior to learning a second language. Therefore, many schools include some level of English education at certain grade levels.

Along with using the native language, Waadookodaading uses native ways of teaching in its education system. "Ojibwemowin, the Ojibwe language, is a language of action." Therefore, students are encouraged to learn the language by observing and by doing. For example, each spring the students at Waadookodaading participate in a maple sugar harvest. Older students and elders instruct the younger students on the harvest process, narrating what they are doing in Ojibwemowin as the younger students observe. The younger students are then encouraged to participate as they learn, gathering wood, helping to drill trees, and hauling buckets of sap. Thus, the Ojibwe language is kept alive through indigenous methods of teaching, which emphasizes hands-on experiences, such as the sugar bush harvest. The language is then passed on in a similar manner in which it has been throughout history in that older members of the community—including elders/instructors and older students at the schools—relay their knowledge and experiences to the younger generation.

Another notable program is that of the Niigaane Ojibwemowin Language Immersion School on the Leech Lake Indian Reservation in Minnesota, which teaches kindergarteners to fifth graders. Program director Leslie Harper describes the structure of the school in that each classroom is led by an elder who is fluent in Ojibwemowin paired with a trained instructor who also teaches in the native language. Along with typical school subjects like reading and math, children are also taught indigenous skills such as maple sugar harvesting and archery.

See also

Broken Oghibbeway
Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
List of endangered languages in the United States
Lists of languages
Ojibwe grammar
Ojibwe phonology
Ojibwe writing systems

Notes

References

 Bakker, Peter. 1991. "The Ojibwa element in Michif." W. Cowan, ed., Papers of the twenty-second Algonquian conference, 11–20. Ottawa: Carleton University.
 Bakker, Peter. 1996. A language of our own: The genesis of Michif, the mixed Cree-French language of the Canadian Métis. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bakker, Peter and Anthony Grant. 1996. "Interethnic communication in Canada, Alaska and adjacent areas." Stephen A. Wurm, Peter Muhlhausler, Darrell T. Tyron, eds., Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, 1107–1170. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1958. Eastern Ojibwa: Grammatical sketch, texts and word list. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
 Bloomfield, Leonard. 1962. The Menomini language. New Haven: Yale University Press.
[Dawes, Charles E.] 1982. Dictionary English-Ottawa Ottawa-English. No publisher given.
Canada. Statistics Canada 2006 Retrieved on March 31, 2009.
Feest, Johanna, and Christian Feest. 1978. "Ottawa." Bruce Trigger, ed., The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15. Northeast, 772–786. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
 Goddard, Ives. 1978. "Central Algonquian Languages." Bruce Trigger, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15, Northeast, 583–587. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
Goddard, Ives. 1979. "Comparative Algonquian." Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun, eds, The languages of Native America, 70–132. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Goddard, Ives. 1996. "Introduction." Ives Goddard, ed., The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 17. Languages, 1–16. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
Kegg, Maude. 1991. Edited and transcribed by John D. Nichols. Portage Lake: Memories of an Ojibwe Childhood. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.
 Laverdure, Patline and Ida Rose Allard. 1983. The Michif dictionary: Turtle Mountain Chippewa Cree. Winnipeg, MB: Pemmican Publications.
Nichols, John. 1980. Ojibwe morphology. PhD dissertation, Harvard University.
Nichols, John. 1995. "The Ojibwe verb in "Broken Oghibbeway." Amsterdam Creole Studies 12: 1–18.
Nichols, John. 1996. "The Cree syllabary." Peter Daniels and William Bright, eds. The world's writing systems, 599–611. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nichols, John D. and Leonard Bloomfield, eds. 1991. The dog's children. Anishinaabe texts told by Angeline Williams. Winnipeg: Publications of the Algonquian Text Society, University of Manitoba.
Nichols, John and Earl Nyholm. 1995. A concise dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. St. Paul: University of Minnesota Press.
Ningewance, Patricia. 1993. Survival Ojibwe. Winnipeg: Mazinaate Press.
Ningewance, Patricia. 1999. Naasaab izhi-anishinaabebii'igeng: Conference report. A conference to find a common Anishinaabemowin writing system. Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario.
Ningewance, Patricia. 2004. Talking Gookom's language: Learning Ojibwe. Lac Seul, ON: Mazinaate Press.
Piggott, Glyne L. 1980. Aspects of Odawa morphophonemics. New York: Garland. (Published version of PhD dissertation, University of Toronto, 1974)
Rhodes, Richard. 1976. "A preliminary report on the dialects of Eastern Ojibwa – Odawa." W. Cowan, ed., Papers of the seventh Algonquian conference, 129–156. Ottawa: Carleton University.
Rhodes, Richard. 1982. "Algonquian trade languages." William Cowan, ed., Papers of the thirteenth Algonquian conference, 1–10. Ottawa: Carleton University.
Rhodes, Richard A. 1985. Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Rhodes, Richard and Evelyn Todd. 1981. "Subarctic Algonquian languages." June Helm, ed., The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6. Subarctic, 52–66. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
Smith, Huron H. 1932. "Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians." Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327–525.
Todd, Evelyn. 1970. A grammar of the Ojibwa language: The Severn dialect. PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population and Housing. Characteristics of American Indians and Alaska Natives by Tribe and Language: 2000 Retrieved on March 31, 2009.
Valentine, J. Randolph. 1994. Ojibwe dialect relationships. PhD dissertation, University of Texas, Austin.
Valentine, J. Randolph. 1998. Weshki-bimaadzijig ji-noondmowaad. 'That the young might hear': The stories of Andrew Medler as recorded by Leonard Bloomfield.  London, ON: The Centre for Teaching and Research of Canadian Native Languages, University of Western Ontario.
Valentine, J. Randolph. 2001. Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Vollom, Judith L. and Thomas M. Vollom. 1994. Ojibwemowin. Series 1.  Second Edition. Ramsey, Minnesota: Ojibwe Language Publishing.
Walker, Willard. 1996. "Native writing systems." Ives Goddard, ed., The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 17. Languages, 158–184. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.

Further reading
 Beardy, Tom. Introductory Ojibwe in Severn dialect. Parts one and two. Thunder Bay, Ontario : Native Language Instructors' program, Lakehead University, 1996.
 Cappel, Constance, editor, "Odawa Language and legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima," Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2006.
 Hinton, Leanne and Kenneth Hale. 2001. The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice. Academic Press.  (Hardcover),   (Paperback).
 Kwayaciiwin Education Resource Centre. 2014. ᑭᑎᓯᑭᓯᐍᐏᓂᓇᐣ [Kihtisiikisiwewinan] : Anihshininiimowin Oji-Cree Dictionary (Severn River and Winisk River). Part One : Oji-Cree to English, Part Two : English to Oji-Cree. Nichols, John D. et al., editors. Sioux Lookout: Kwayaciiwin Education Resource Centre.
 McGregor, Ernest. 1987. Algonquin lexicon. Maniwaki, QC: River Desert Education Authority.
 Mitchell, Mary. 1988. Eds. J. Randolph Valentine and Lisa Valentine. Introductory Ojibwe (Severn dialect), Part one. Thunder Bay : Native Language Office, Lakehead University.
 Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: University Press.
 Moose, Lawrence L. et al. 2009. Aaniin Ekidong: Aaniin Ekidong: Ojibwe Vocabulary Project. St. Paul : Minnesota Humanities Center.
 Ningewance, Patricia. 1990. Anishinaabemodaa : Becoming a successful Ojibwe eavesdropper. Winnipeg : Manitoba Association for Native Languages.
 Ningewance, Patricia. 1996. Zagataagan – A Northern Ojibwe Dictionary. Volume 1 : English-Ojibwe, Volume 2 : Ojibwe-English. Sioux Lookout: Kwayaciiwin Education Resource Centre.
 Northrup, Jim, Marcie R. Rendon, and Linda LeGarde Grover. Nitaawichige = "to Do Something Skillfully" : Selected Poetry and Prose by Four Anishinaabe Writers. Duluth, MN : Poetry Harbor, 2002.
 Snache, Irene. 2005. Ojibwe language dictionary. Rama, ON: Mnjikaning Kendaaswin Publishers.
 Sugarhead, Cecilia. 1996. ᓂᓄᑕᐣ / Ninoontaan / I can hear it: Ojibwe stories from Lansdowne House written by Cecilia Sugarhead. Edited, translated and with a glossary by John O'Meara. Winnipeg: Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics.
 Toulouse, Isadore. Kidwenan, An Ojibwe Language Book. Munsee-Delaware Nation, ON: Anishinaabe Kendaaswin Pub, 1995.
 Treuer, Anton. Living our language: Ojibwe tales & oral histories. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2001.
 Treuer, Anton. Ojibwe in Minnesota. St. Paul : Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2010.
 Vizenor, Gerald Robert. Summer in the Spring Anishinaabe Lyric Poems and Stories. American Indian literature and critical studies series, v. 6. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
 Williams, Shirley I. 2002. Gdi-nweninaa : Our sound, our voice. Peterborough, ON : Neganigwane.

External links

 Noongwa e-Anishinaabemjig: People Who Speak Anishinaabemowin Today — hosted at the University of Michigan
 Language Geek Page on Ojibwe — Syllabary fonts and keyboard emulators are also available from this site.
 Native Languages: A Support Document for the Teaching of Language Patterns, Ojibwe and Cree
 Native Languages page for Ojibwe
 Letter Men: Brothers Fight for Ojibwe Language, a story broadcast on Fresh Air, a National Public Radio broadcast show, interviewing Anton and David Treuer.
 Language and Meaning — An Ojibwe Story, a story broadcast on Speaking of Faith, a National Public Radio broadcast show.
 Comprehensive list of learning resources for Ojibwe prepared for the SSILA by Dr. Rand Valentine
 Gidakiiminaan (Our Earth) booklet
 First Speakers: Restoring the Ojibwe Language Documentary produced by Twin Cities Public Television
 Ojibwe Stories: Gaganoonididaa from the Public Radio Exchange
 Baadwewedamojig project featuring audio recording made by William Jones between 1903 and 1905.
 Back issues of Oshkaabewis Native Journal, published by Bemidji State University

Grammar and Lessons
 Rand Valentine's introduction to Ojibwe
 Grammar, lessons, and dictionaries — Ojibwe site by "Weshki-ayaad"

 Native Languages: A Support Document for the Teaching of Language Patters — basic language patterns for Ojibwe (Manitoulin Ojibwe/Ottawa "CO" and Lac Seul Ojibwe "WO") and Cree (Swampy Cree "SC").
 Baraga, Frederic (Bishop)
 (1850). A Theoretical and Practical Grammar of the Otchipwe Language, the Language Spoken by the Chippewa Indians; Which Is Also Spoken by the Algonquin, Otawa and Potawatami Inidans, with Little Difference, For the Use of Missionaries and Other Persons Living Among the Indians of the Above Named Tribes.
 (1878). A Theoretical and Practical Grammar of the Otchipwe Language for the Use of Missionaries and Other Persons Living Among the Indians
 Ojibwe numerals

Dictionaries and Wordlists
 Ojibwe People's Dictionary — Online Ojibwe-English dictionary with 8,000+ words, 60,000 audio clips by Ojibwe elders from Minnesota and Ontario, and related images/documents.
 Nishnaabemwin : Odawa & Eastern Ojibwe online dictionary — Contains over 12,000 words from the Ojibwe languages known as Odawa (Ottawa), spoken along the shores of Lake Huron, and Eastern Ojibwe.
 Ojibwe Dialect Relations : Lexical Maps by Dr. J. Randolph Valentine (1995) — a study in differences in vocabulary among different Anishinaabemowin-speaking communities, with accompanying dialectological maps.

 01
Agglutinative languages
Central Algonquian languages
Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic
First Nations languages in Canada
Indigenous languages of Minnesota
Indigenous languages of Montana
Great Lakes tribal culture
Ojibwe
Potawatomi
Oji-Cree
Odawa
Algonquin
Native American language revitalization

Ojibwe language


Die Palme ist, wie der Palmwedel, in der Heraldik eine Wappenfigur.

Die Darstellung erfolgt im Wappen und auch als Prachtstück neben oder hinter den Schild als ganze Pflanze. Im Oberwappen als Helmkleinod findet man die Pflanze. Die Palme wird überwiegend in Grün tingiert, seltener in Gold oder anderer Farbe, und wird wie andere Pflanzen mehr oder weniger stilisiert. Die gewählte Art beschränkt sich überwiegend auf die Dattel- und die Kokospalme. Die häufig gewählte Anzahl ist ein oder zwei Stück. Die Palme, auch der Palmwedel, wird als das Symbol für Frieden verstanden. Der Einzug in die Heraldik kann in das Mittelalter datiert werden, so wie etwa im Oberwappen derer von Pfuel, einem alten Adelsgeschlecht aus dem Barnim in Brandenburg.

Im Wappen der Dominikanischen Republik ist die Palme seit 1802 unter dem Begriff Palmetto der sogenannte Freiheitsbaum der aufständischen Sklaven geworden. Auch in der Flagge und im Wappen Haitis ist sie zum gleichen Ruhm mit der Jakobinermütze gekommen.
Beispiele für die Verwendung der Palme in Staatswappen sind Madagaskar (seit 1958 stark stilisiert); oder Saudi-Arabien seit den 1930er Jahren über zwei gekreuzten Säbeln. Im Wappen vom Landkreis Anhalt-Bitterfeld ist eine silberne Kokospalme mit zwei silbernen Nüssen im vierten Feld. Auch die südfranzösische Stadt Nîmes zeigt in ihrem Wappen den Baum.

Siehe auch
 Palmwedel
 Palmetto

Literatur
 Walter Leonhard: Das große Buch der Wappenkunst. Entwicklung, Elemente, Bildmotive, Gestaltung. Lizenzausgabe. Bechtermünz, Augsburg 2001, ISBN 3-8289-0768-7.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Baum (Heraldik)
Palme als Thema

Palme (Heraldik)


Late Night puede referirse a:

 Late night show, formato televisivo de conversación nocturna.
 Late Night, programa de NBC iniciado en 1982.
 Late Night, película estadounidense de 2019.

Late Night


Le transport ferroviaire en Iran est principalement assuré par la Compagnie des chemins de fer de la République islamique d'Iran ( RAI ;  ou en général راه آهن ایران ). Il existe également des sociétés privées de transport ferroviaire et des entreprises locales qui proposent des transports publics par chemin de fer.

Techniquement, les chemins de fer iraniens suivent les standards du réseau européen à voie normale.

Histoire

Né d'un casse-tête politique...
Au  , l'Empire russe et la Grande-Bretagne se disputent la suprématie en Asie centrale (une rivalité qualifiée de Grand Jeu). L'Iran (un "Empire perse" de moins en moins autonome) s'y retrouve coincé dans un conflit d'intérêts entre l'Empire russe, qui cherchait à accéder au golfe Persique par le nord, et la Grande-Bretagne, qui voulait l'empêcher dans l'intérêt de sa colonie d'Inde britannique. Au niveau ferroviaire, la Grande-Bretagne souhaite une liaison est - ouest s'inscrivant dans la tradition de la malle des Indes (Londres - Bombay) et de la route de la soie. Mais outre les réticences russes (plus favorables à une axe nord-sud), le Shah manque d'enthousiasme, vu le faible intérêt de ces projets pour son propre pays. Par ailleurs, pour apaiser les deux empires d'influence, il s'engage à ne construire aucun chemin de fer durant quelques décennies.

Tentative de modernisation de l'Empire Perse
Des projets concrets de construction d'un chemin de fer en Iran refont surface durant le règne de Nassereddine Shah. Dès 1859, ce dernier envoie des délégations dans une Europe bien installée dans la première révolution industrielle afin de vanter les attraits de son pays aux investisseurs potentiels.

Un premier groupe d'investisseur se rend sur place et étudie notamment la faisabilité d'un projet de voie ferrée entre Téhéran et le sanctuaire de Shah-Abdol-Azim dans la proche cité historique de Rey. Ils renoncent face à la désorganisation des autorités et aux nombreuses demandes de Bakchich. La réputation de la Perse en est sérieusement entachée, et ce n'est que plus de 20 ans plus tard que l'investisseur et patron de presse allemand Paul Julius Reuter reçoit une concession générale pour l'industrialisation de l'Iran. En 1873, cette concession est annulée à l'instigation du tsar Alexandre II. Il en va de même pour les tentatives de l'investisseur allemand dans le secteur bancaire iranien, torpillées par la Grande Bretagne.

En 1886, une société belge concrétise finalement le projet initial de ligne Téhéran - Rey pour 2 millions de francs belges. Il s'agit d'un chemin de fer à voie métrique dont les matériaux sont exportés depuis la Belgique, la traction étant dans un premier temps assurée par des chevaux. Ce premier tronçon de 8,7 km a été inauguré en 1888. Il sera converti ultérieurement à la traction vapeur et finalement fermé en 1962.

Enfin vient le temps des "grandes lignes"
Dans le cadre de l' invasion anglo-russe de l'Iran pendant la première Guerre mondiale (visant à faire barrage à la Turquie, alliée de l'Axe), l'armée russe construit entre 1914 et 1916 une ligne de 146 km entre Tabriz – Jolfa (à la frontière avec l'Azerbaïdjan). La voie est à l'écartement large russe. Il s'agissait de la première véritable ligne de chemin de fer à longue distance du pays.

En 1921, ces installations ferroviaires sont rétrocédées par l' Union soviétique à l'État iranien. L'embranchement de 53 km entre Sufian (au Nord de Tabriz) et Scharaf Chanech (sur les rives du lac d'Ourmia) deviendra - dans les années 1970 - le point de départ de la ligne de chemin de fer vers la Turquie et le lac de Van.

Le chemin de fer transiranien

L'arrivée au pouvoir des Pahlavi au début des années 1920 va de pair avec la définition de grands projets d'infrastructure dont le principal est le chemin de fer transiranien. La situation géopolitique du Moyen-Orient se détend à la suite du retrait de l'Union Soviétique de la scène internationale depuis la Révolution d'Octobre. Libérés de ce poids, les européens se concentrent sur leur propre reconstruction et ce sont les États-Unis qui - fort de leur rôle décisif dans la première guerre mondiale - montent en puissance. Le potentiel pétrolifère de la région les incite à soutenir le régime en place et la stabilité qu'il garantit. Reza Chah souhaite construire le chemin de fer transiranien selon un axe nord-sud, entre le golfe Persique et la mer Caspienne. Il souhaite le faire en évitant d'e trop impliquer les puissances étrangères. Il le fera donc financer par une nouvelle taxe sur des biens de consommation courante (le sucre et le thé). Après quinze ans de travaux, et malgré une topographie parfois extrêmement difficile, la ligne - qui a nécessité environ 3000 ponts et de nombreux tunnels, dont 120 dans les seuls monts Zagros - entre en service de bout en bout en 1938, alors que certains tronçons sont exploités dès 1929 par les chemins de fer iraniens.

En 1941, pendant la seconde Guerre mondiale, une nouvelle invasion anglo-soviétique de l'Iran a lieu pour les mêmes raisons que durant le conflit précédent. Les Etats-Unis s'impliquent également, et le "corridor perse" est géré conjointement par les troupes américaines (3473 soldats) et soviétiques afin de ravitailler le front de l'est. De nouvaux embranchements sont posés afin d'alimenter ce front.

L'extension pour desservir d'autres régions
Après la seconde Guerre mondiale, l'Iran récupère un réseau dont une partie est posé à l'écartement large russe, ce qu'il lui faudra ensuite convertir. À la suite de quoi, sous Mohammad Reza Shah, le réseau ferroviaire poursuit son développement.

A partir de 1979, la révolution islamique puis les conflits avec l'Irak et la première guerre du Golfe mettent cette expansion en suspens. Ce n'est que depuis le début des années 1990 que la remise à niveau et le développement du chemin de fer ont repris en Iran, notamment grâce aux liquidités libérées par le secteur pétrolier iranien qui ont permis de financer des accords de transfert de technologie avec des entreprises ferroviaires étrangères.

En 1975, la ligne reliant Tabriz à Jolfa est devenue la première d'Iran à être électrifiée, malgré la disponibilité du pétrole domestique dans le pays, ce qui justifie que cette seule ligne ait été équipée.

Spécificités techniques
En raison de la topographie très montagneuse du pays, les lignes doivent en général racheter des dénivelés de l'ordre de 2500m lorsqu'elles démarrent au niveau de la mer. De nombreux ouvrages d'art sont donc nécessaires.

La plus grande partie du réseau a été construite en écartement standard. Dans la zone proche de la frontière du nord, il existe de courts tronçons d'interpénétration à écartement large russe. Les installations de transbordement (ou de permutation d'essieux) sont généralement situées dans les villes frontières iraniennes.

L'ensemble de la ligne Zahedan – Quetta (vers le Pakistan) est à écartement 1676 mm. A Zahedan, les trains à voie large du Pakistan et ceux de l'ouest ont chacun leur gare. Il n'y a pas d'installation de permutation ou d'ajustement d'essieux, de sorte que toutes les marchandises doivent être transbordées (comme c'ets également le cas sur la route qui passe par la Russie).

Les tronçons électrifiés du réseau ferroviaire iranien le sont à la tension de 25 kV / 50 Hz .

En 2014, le tronçon entre Téhéran et Mashhad (925 km) a été équipé du système anglais de protection automatique des trains (ATP). Il s'agit de la première ligne du réseau ferroviaire iranien à être équipée d'une supervision automatique de la vitesse des trains. Il est question d'en équiper plus de 10 000 km de voies. Une centaine d'engins de traction (principalement destinés au transport de voyageurs) seront équipés de ce système. Leparc complet comptait 645 Locomotives et 2076 voitures (passagers).

Projets
Il existe un projet d'extension du tronçon nord du chemin de fer transiranien en coopération avec la Russie entre la frontière avec le Turkménistan et Garmsar (495 km) à électrifier.

Un autre projet important concerne un tronçon de 926 km entre Téhéran et Mashhad (le tronçon nord du chemin de fer trans-iranien reliant Garmsar et la ligne ferroviaire Garmsar-Mashhad ) en coopération avec la Chine dans le cadre d'une nouvelle route de la soie alternative, contournant la Russie.

Ces projets progressent peu, en raison des sanctions économiques infligées à l'Iran.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chemins de fer de la République islamique d'Iran

Liens externes

Transport ferroviaire en Iran


Anthony John Valentine Obinna (Emekuku, Nigéria, 26 de junho de 1946) é um ministro nigeriano e arcebispo católico romano emérito de Owerri.

Anthony John Valentine Obinna foi ordenado sacerdote em 9 de abril de 1972 para a Diocese de Owerri.

Em 1º de julho de 1993, o Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Bispo de Owerri. O Núncio Apostólico na Nigéria, Dom Carlo Maria Viganò, o consagrou em 4 de setembro do mesmo ano; Os co-consagradores foram o Bispo Emérito de Owerri, Mark Onwuha Unegbu, e o Bispo de Orlu, Gregory Obinna Ochiagha. Em 26 de março de 1994, João Paulo II o nomeou primeiro arcebispo de Owerri com a elevação da diocese ao arcebispado.

O Papa Francisco aceitou sua aposentadoria em 6 de março de 2022.

Ver também

Arcebispos católicos da Nigéria

Anthony John Valentine Obinna


Catherine Anne O'Hara  (born March 4, 1954) is a Canadian and American actress. She is known for her comedy work on Second City Television (1976–84) and Schitt's Creek (2015–2020) and in films such as After Hours (1985), Beetlejuice (1988), The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993), and the first two installments of the Home Alone franchise (1990–1992). Her other film appearances include the mockumentary films written and directed by Christopher Guest; Waiting for Guffman (1996), Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), and For Your Consideration (2006).

O'Hara won the 1982 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series for SCTV Network, the Genie Award for Best Supporting Actress for the 1999 film The Life Before This, and was nominated for an Emmy Award for the 2010 television film Temple Grandin. From 2015 to 2020, she starred as Moira Rose on the CBC sitcom Schitt's Creek, for which she won a Primetime Emmy Award, Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, TCA Award and six consecutive Canadian Screen Awards.

Early life
O'Hara was born in 1954  and grew up in Toronto, Ontario, the sixth of seven children. She is of Irish descent, and was raised Catholic.

Career
O'Hara started her comedy career in 1974 as a cast member of The Second City in her hometown, Toronto. She was an understudy for Gilda Radner until Radner left for Saturday Night Live. Two years later, this theatre troupe created the sketch comedy show SCTV, for which O'Hara became a regular performer.

In the late 1970s, she provided voice-overs for a number of cartoons, work which would continue throughout her career. During a short time in the early 1980s when SCTV was in between network deals, she was hired to replace Ann Risley when Saturday Night Live was being retooled in 1981. However, she quit the show without ever appearing on air, choosing to go back to SCTV when the show signed on with NBC.

O'Hara began her career on television, apart from SCTV, in the mid-1970s. She first appeared on television in a small sketch role as a maid in a 1975 Wayne and Shuster special on CBC. Later, she appeared in the 1976 television film The Rimshots, the children's television series Coming Up Rosie for a season (1976–77), and television specials, such as Witch's Night Out and Intergalactic Thanksgiving. But it was her performances on SCTV, which began airing locally in Southern Ontario in the fall of 1976, that earned her fame in Canada. The show gradually built up a national and then international following in syndication. O'Hara left SCTV for a time, missing the 1980-81 season, but returned to the show in time for its pickup by the NBC television network in the US, when it became known as SCTV Network 90. O'Hara's work as a writer on the show earned her an Emmy Award for outstanding writing and two Emmy Award nominations. She left SCTV again prior to its fifth season in 1982, but did return for occasional guest appearances through the show's end in 1984.

O'Hara has appeared in a number of television series and television films and continues to work in television. During the 1990s, she made guest appearances on Tales from the Crypt, Oh Baby, Morton & Hayes and The Larry Sanders Show. She served as actress and director on Dream On and The Outer Limits, the revival of the '60s series of the same name. O'Hara has guest-starred on top-rated television series including Six Feet Under and Curb Your Enthusiasm. In May 2008, it was announced that she had signed on to star in the upcoming ABC dramedy Good Behavior. Her role in the 2010 television film Temple Grandin earned her three award nominations: a Primetime Emmy Award, a Satellite Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award.

O'Hara has also had a successful career in film. She made her feature debut in the 1980 film Double Negative, which also starred her SCTV co-stars John Candy, Eugene Levy, and Joe Flaherty. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, O'Hara appeared in many supporting roles, including Martin Scorsese's After Hours (1985) and Heartburn (1986), with Meryl Streep. She appeared in movies like Beetlejuice (1988) and Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004), as well as the blockbuster Home Alone (1990) and its sequel Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992). Also in 1992, O'Hara worked alongside Jeff Daniels in the comedy There Goes the Neighborhood.

O'Hara continued to appear in many films during the 1990s and the beginning of the 21st century. She received roles in four of Christopher Guest's mockumentary films, three of which earned her awards and nominations: Waiting for Guffman (1996), Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), and For Your Consideration (2006). Her role in 1999's The Life Before This won her a Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role. She also appeared in the tenth series of the UK version of Whose Line Is It Anyway? In 2006, she starred with Christina Ricci in the fantasy film Penelope.

O'Hara has served as a voice artist in a number of animated films, including The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993), Bartok the Magnificent (1999), Chicken Little (2005), Over the Hedge (2006), Monster House (2006), Brother Bear 2 (2006), Frankenweenie (2012), The Addams Family (2019), Extinct (2021), and Elemental (2023).

From 2015 to 2020, O'Hara starred alongside Eugene Levy, whom she met on the set of Second City Television, as Moira Rose in the CBC sitcom Schitt's Creek. Her performance earned her six Canadian Screen Awards for Best Lead Actress in a Comedy Series. She swept the five major TV awards for the 6th and final season, winning a TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy, a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy, a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series, and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series.

She also appeared as Dr. Georgina Orwell in the first season of the Netflix black comedy drama series A Series of Unfortunate Events, which premiered in 2017. Two of her episodes were directed by her husband Bo Welch who also served as production designer for the series. She was the only cast member from the 2004 film adaptation to be re-cast in the TV series as well.

She appears on the revival of another Canadian sketch comedy staple The Kids in the Hall, in its second episode as Charlene, a Friend of the Kids in the Hall.

Celebrities impersonated on SCTV

Tammy Faye Bakker
Lucille Ball
Candice Bergen
Karen Black
Linda Blair
Rona Barrett
Barbara Billingsley
Lynda Carter
Julia Child
Joan Crawford
Angie Dickinson
Joan Embery

Morgan Fairchild
Mary Tyler Moore
Jane Fonda
Phyllis George
Katharine Hepburn
Rickie Lee Jones
Diane Keaton
Dorothy Kilgallen
Jane Pauley
Gilda Radner
Charlotte Rampling

Jessica Savitch
Brooke Shields
Dinah Shore
Maggie Smith
Meryl Streep
Joan Sutherland
Elizabeth Taylor
Margaret Thatcher
Liv Ullmann
Monica Vitti
Rusty Warren

Personal life
In 1983, O'Hara told Rolling Stone, "I'm pretty much a good Catholic girl at heart." O'Hara met production designer Bo Welch on the set of Beetlejuice. They married in 1992 and have two sons, Matthew (born 1994) and Luke (born 1997). Her sister is singer-songwriter Mary Margaret O'Hara; Catherine is a singer-songwriter in her own right, having written and performed songs in Christopher Guest's film A Mighty Wind. She holds dual U.S. and Canadian citizenship.

O'Hara was named honorary mayor of Brentwood for 2021.
She has situs inversus.

Filmography

Films

Television

Television films

Awards and nominations

O'Hara was selected for the inaugural 2021 Forbes 50 Over 50; made up of entrepreneurs, leaders, scientists and creators who are over the age of 50.

O'Hara is also referenced in the Bran Van 3000 song "Supermodel" from their 1996 album Glee.

In January 2023, she was named the winner of the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television's Icon Award at the 11th Canadian Screen Awards.

References

External links

Catherine O'Hara at Northernstars.ca

1954 births
20th-century Canadian actresses
20th-century Canadian comedians
20th-century Roman Catholics
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American comedians
21st-century Canadian actresses
21st-century Canadian comedians
21st-century Roman Catholics
Actresses from Toronto
Actresses from Los Angeles
American film actresses
American people of Irish descent
American Roman Catholics
American sketch comedians
American television actresses
American television hosts
American voice actresses
American women comedians
American women television presenters
Audiobook narrators
Best Actress in a Comedy Series Canadian Screen Award winners
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Best Supporting Actress Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Canadian Comedy Award winners
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian film actresses
Canadian people of Irish descent
Canadian Roman Catholics
Canadian sketch comedians
Canadian television actresses
Canadian television hosts
Canadian voice actresses
Canadian women comedians
Canadian women screenwriters
Canadian women television hosts
Canadian women television writers
Comedians from Toronto
Living people
Officers of the Order of Canada
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
People with acquired American citizenship
Writers from Toronto
Governor General's Award winners
Disney people

Catherine O'Hara


Tarsali es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Vadodara, estado de Guyarat.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 32  a 144 km de la capital estatal, Gandhinagar, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 45 458 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Guyarat

Tarsali