Human echolocation is the ability of humans to detect objects in their environment by sensing echoes from those objects, by actively creating sounds: for example, by tapping their canes, lightly stomping their foot, snapping their fingers, or making clicking noises with their mouths. People trained to orient by echolocation can interpret the sound waves reflected by nearby objects, accurately identifying their location and size.

Background

The term "echolocation" was coined by zoologist Donald Griffin in 1944; however, reports of blind humans being able to locate silent objects date back to 1749. Human echolocation has been known and formally studied since at least the 1950s. In earlier times, human echolocation was sometimes described as "facial vision" or "obstacle sense," as it was believed that the proximity of nearby objects caused pressure changes on the skin. Only in the 1940s did a series of experiments performed in the Cornell Psychological Laboratory show that sound and hearing, rather than pressure changes on the skin, were the mechanisms driving this ability. The field of human and animal echolocation was surveyed in book form as early as 1959. See also White, et al. (1970)

Many blind individuals passively use natural environmental echoes to sense details about their environment; however, others actively produce mouth clicks and are able to gauge information about their environment using the echoes from those clicks. Both passive and active echolocation help blind individuals sense their environments.

Those who can see their environments often do not readily perceive echoes from nearby objects, due to an echo suppression phenomenon brought on by the precedence effect. However, with training, sighted individuals with normal hearing can learn to avoid obstacles using only sound, showing that echolocation is a general human ability.

Lore Thaler led researchers at Durham University to determine if they could teach echolocation to people.  Over a ten-week period, they taught it to 12 blind people and 14 others who were not blind.

Mechanics
Vision and hearing are akin in that each interprets detections of reflected waves of energy. Vision processes light waves that travel from their source, bounce off surfaces throughout the environment and enter the eyes. Similarly, the auditory system processes sound waves as they travel from their source, bounce off surfaces and enter the ears. Both neural systems can extract a great deal of information about the environment by interpreting the complex patterns of reflected energy that their sense organs receive. In the case of sound these waves of reflected energy are referred to as echoes.

Echoes and other sounds can convey spatial data that are comparable in many respects to those conveyed by light. A blind traveler using echoes can perceive very complex, detailed, and specific features of the world from distances far beyond the reach of the longest cane or arm. Echoes make information available about the nature and arrangement of objects and environmental features such as overhangs, walls, doorways and recesses, poles, ascending curbs and steps, planter boxes, pedestrians, fire hydrants, parked or moving vehicles, trees and other foliage, and much more. Echoes can give detailed information about location (where objects are), dimension (how big they are and their general shape), and density (how solid they are). Location is generally broken down into distance from the observer and direction (left/right, front/back, high/low). Dimension refers to the object's height (tall or short) and breadth (wide or narrow).

By understanding the interrelationships of these qualities, much can be perceived about the nature of an object or multiple objects. For example, an object that is tall and narrow may be recognized quickly as a pole. An object that is tall and narrow near the bottom while broad near the top would be a tree.  Something that is tall and very broad registers as a wall or building. Something that is broad and tall in the middle, while being shorter at either end may be identified as a parked car. An object that is low and broad may be a planter, retaining wall, or curb. And finally, something that starts out close and very low but recedes into the distance as it gets higher is a set of steps.  Density refers to the solidity of the object (solid/sparse, hard/soft). Awareness of density adds richness and complexity to one's available information. For instance, an object that is low and solid may be recognized as a table, while something low and sparse sounds like a bush; but an object that is tall and broad and very sparse is probably a fence.

Brain areas associated with echolocation
 Some blind people are skilled at echolocating silent objects simply by producing mouth clicks and listening to the returning echoes.  Although few studies have been performed on the neural basis of human echolocation, those studies report activation of primary visual cortex during echolocation in blind expert echolocators. The driving mechanism of this brain region remapping phenomenon is known as neuroplasticity.

In a 2014 study by Thaler and colleagues, the researchers first made recordings of the clicks and their very faint echoes using tiny microphones placed in the ears of the blind echolocators as they stood outside and tried to identify different objects such as a car, a flag pole, and a tree. The researchers then played the recorded sounds back to the echolocators while their brain activity was being measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Remarkably, when the echolocation recordings were played back to the blind experts, not only did they perceive the objects based on the echoes, but they also showed activity in those areas of their brain that normally process visual information in sighted people, primarily the primary visual cortex or V1. This result is surprising, as visual areas are normally only active during visual tasks. The brain areas that process auditory information were no more activated by sound recordings of outdoor scenes containing echoes than they were by sound recordings of outdoor scenes with the echoes removed. Importantly, when the same experiment was carried out with sighted people who did not echolocate, these individuals could not perceive the objects and there was no echo-related activity anywhere in the brain. This suggests that the cortex of blind echolocators is plastic and reorganizes such that primary visual cortex, rather than any auditory area, becomes involved in the computation of echolocation tasks.

Despite this evidence, the extent to which activation in the visual cortex in blind echolocators contributes to echolocation abilities is unclear. As previously mentioned, sighted individuals have the ability to echolocate; however, they do not show comparable activation in visual cortex. This would suggest that sighted individuals use areas beyond visual cortex for echolocation.

Notable cases of human echolocation

Daniel Kish

Echolocation has been further developed by Daniel Kish, who works with the blind through the non-profit organization World Access for the Blind. He leads blind teenagers hiking and mountain-biking through the wilderness, and teaches them how to navigate new locations safely, with a technique that he calls "FlashSonar". Kish had his eyes removed at the age of 13 months due to retinal cancer. He learned to make palatal clicks with his tongue when he was still a child, and now trains other blind people in the use of echolocation and in what he calls "Perceptual Mobility".  Though at first resistant to using a cane for mobility, seeing it as a "handicapped" device, and considering himself "not handicapped at all", Kish developed a technique using his white cane combined with echolocation to further expand his mobility.

Kish reports that "The sense of imagery is very rich for an experienced user. One can get a sense of beauty or starkness or whatever—from sound as well as echo." He is able to distinguish a metal fence from a wooden one by the information returned by the echoes on the arrangement of the fence structures; in extremely quiet conditions, he can also hear the warmer and duller quality of the echoes from wood compared to metal.

Thomas Tajo
Thomas Tajo was born in the remote Himalayan village of Chayang Tajo in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in the north-east India. He became blind around the age of 7 or 8 due to optic nerve atrophy and taught himself to echolocate. Today he lives in Belgium and works with Visioneers or World Access to impart independent navigational skills to blind individuals across the world. Tajo is also an independent  researcher. He researches the cultural and biological evolutionary history of the senses and presents his findings to scientific conferences around the world.

Ben Underwood

Ben Underwood was a blind American who was born on January 26, 1992, in Riverside, California. He was diagnosed with retinal cancer at the age of two, and had his eyes removed at the age of three.

He taught himself echolocation at the age of five, becoming able to detect the location of objects by making frequent clicking noises with his tongue. This case was explained in 20/20: Medical Mysteries. He used it to accomplish such feats as running, playing basketball, riding a bicycle, rollerblading, playing football, and skateboarding. Underwood's childhood eye doctor claimed that Underwood was one of the most proficient human echolocators.

He inspired other blind people to follow his leads. He passed away in 2009 due to cancer.

Lawrence Scadden

Lawrence Scadden lost his sight as a child due to illness, but learned to use echolocation well enough to ride a bicycle in traffic. (His parents thought that he still had some sight remaining.)  In 1998, he was interviewed at the Auditory Neuroethology Laboratory at the University of Maryland about his experience with echolocation. The researchers were aware of the Wiederorientierung phenomenon described by Griffin where bats, despite continuing to emit echolocation calls, use path integration in familiar acoustic space. Scadden said he did the same, as echolocation required extra effort.

The National Science Teachers Association created the "Lawrence A. Scadden Outstanding Teacher Award of the Year for Students With Disabilities" in his honor.

Lucas Murray
Lucas Murray, from Poole, Dorset, was born blind, and is one of the first British people to have learned human echolocation, having learned it from Daniel Kish. Lucas' parents saw a documentary about Daniel Kish teaching Ben Underwood echolocation. Months later, they learned that Daniel would be visiting a Scottish charity called Visibility and contacted him. Kish taught the five-year-old Lucas the basics of echolocation over four days. By age seven, Lucas was proficient enough to not only accurately tell the distance of objects, but also their material, and could play with other children in sports such as rock climbing and basketball. In 2019, he enjoyed a week's work experience with South Western Railway.

Kevin Warwick

The scientist Kevin Warwick experimented with feeding ultrasonic pulses into the brain (via electrical stimulation from a neural implant) as an additional sensory input.  In tests he was able to discern distance to objects accurately and to detect small movements of those objects.

Juan Ruiz

Blind from birth, Juan Ruiz lives in Los Angeles, California. He appeared in the first episode of Stan Lee's Superhumans, titled "Electro Man". The episode showed him capable of riding a bicycle, avoiding parked cars and other obstacles, and identifying nearby objects. He entered and exited a cave, where he determined its length and other features.

In popular media
The 2017 video game Perception places the player in the role of a blind woman who must use echolocation to navigate the environment.

In the 2012 film Imagine, the main character teaches echolocation to students at a clinic for the visually impaired. This unconventional method spurs a controversy but helps students explore the world.

In the 2007 children's fantasy novel Gregor and the Code of Claw, protagonist Gregor learns echolocation. This skill proves useful for fighting in the Underland, an underground civilization which is the main setting of the book.

See also
Acoustic location
Sensory substitution
Thaandavam, a Tamil film involving human echolocation

References

External links
 How to see with sound Article by Daniel Kish in the New Scientist
 Harvard historical study and bibliography
 Ben Underwood
 Seeing with Sound project
 The Blind Man Who Taught Himself To See Men's Journal
 Bat Man Reader's Digest
 Human Echolocation - Learn to See with your Ears - Free audio lesson for learning to click.
 This American Life: Batman (audio)

Blindness
Sonar

Human echolocation


Basil is the common name of a number of plants often used for seasoning. It is typically used for a number of species of the genus Ocimum, in particular the widely cultivated O. basilicum.

Basil may also refer to:
 Clinopodium vulgare, another species of plant within the Lamiaceae family commonly known as wild basil.
 Basil (name), people named Basil
 Basil, California, former name of Redwood Valley, California
 Basil (novel), by Wilkie Collins
 Basil (film), a 1998 film by Radha Bharadwaj starring Jared Leto
 Basil (Sesame Park), the main character on the Canadian children's show Sesame Park
 Basil Fawlty, the main character in Fawlty Towers
 Saint Basil (disambiguation)
The Great Mouse Detective, also known as Basil the Great Mouse Detective, an animated film by Disney
 Basil, a character from the video game Omori
 A type of leather tanned with redoul

See also

 Basel, Switzerland

 Basal (disambiguation), referring to a base or minimum level
 Basilica (disambiguation)
 Bazel (disambiguation)
 Vasily (disambiguation), the Slavic form of the name

Basil (disambiguation)


Jorge Alfonso Swett Madge (Valparaíso, 16 de febrero de 1915-Santiago, 6 de febrero de 2010) fue un militar (vicealmirante) chileno y exrector delegado de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.

Biografía
Estudió en la Escuela Naval Arturo Prat. Se casó con Susana Browne Ross, con quien tuvo cuatro hijos (Margarita María, Jorge, Cristián y Juan Pablo). Fue Capitán de Navío, llegando a ser vicealmirante de la Armada. En los últimos años fue jefe de la Cámara de Almirantes.

Tras el golpe de Estado de Chile de 1973, las universidades fueron intervenidas por la Junta Militar. En la Universidad Católica, la intervención de los militares significó una estricta depuración de los académicos de izquierda, lo que terminó con el pluralismo ideológico del período de la Reforma Universitaria de 1967. El vicealmirante Jorge Swett asumió como rector delegado, y sus colaboradores más cercanos fueron los gremialistas.

Bajo su rectorado se produjo un ordenamiento del plantel, que logró ponerse a la par de la Universidad de Chile. Reaccionó contra algunas medidas de la reforma de 1967, e hizo suya la idea de que la universidad debe ser un centro científico, pensado en función de la ciencia. En cuanto a las finanzas, a excepción de la crisis de 1981 y 1982, se estableció una consolidación del régimen económico de la Universidad Católica.

Tras dejar el cargo fue nombrado comendador de la Orden de San Silvestre por la Santa Sede.

Falleció el 6 de febrero de 2010 en Santiago, a los 94 años de edad.

Referencias

Nacidos en Valparaíso
Marinos de Chile
Rectores de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Comendadores de la Orden de San Silvestre

Jorge Swett Madge


An Digitaria phaeothrix in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Bernhard von Trinius, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Parodi. An Digitaria phaeothrix in nahilalakip ha genus nga Digitaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Digitaria (Poaceae)

Digitaria phaeothrix


شركة تايتو هي شركة إنتاج ألعاب فيديو يابانية.
 تايتو (طوكيو) أحد أحياء العاصمة اليابانية طوكيو.

تايتو (توضيح)


Das Erinnerungsabzeichen der Schwarzen Legion () ist eine im Jahr 1943 gestiftete Auszeichnung des Unabhängigen Staates Kroatien. Verliehen wurde das Abzeichen als Anerkennung für die militärischen Leistungen der sogenannten "Schwarzen Legion", einer militärischen Elite-Einheit der Ustascha-Miliz.

Das Tragerecht hatten alle Angehörigen der "Schwarzen Legion" und anderer militärischer Formationen, welche in der Zeit zwischen Februar 1942 und dem 9. April 1942 an den Kämpfen gegen "die Rebellen an der östlichen Grenze Kroatiens" teilgenommen hatten. An diesem 9. April 1942 erreichte die Schwarze Legion nach schweren Kämpfen den Fluss Drina, die damalige Ostgrenze des Unabhängigen Staates Kroatien zu Serbien.

Das 6 × 6 cm große Abzeichen wurde auf der linken Brusttasche getragen; befestigt mit einer rückseitigen vertikalen Fibel. Es hat die Form und Aussehen eines gespaltenen Wappenschildes. Das erste Feld ist mit einer stilisierten Ziegelwand ausgefüllt; aufliegend das Staatswappen. Das zweite Feld füllt die stilisierte Darstellung des Flusses Drina mit der Feldüberschrift DRINA. Beide Felder werden von einem aus dem ersten Feld in das zweite Feld gerichteten Messer mit der Klingenaufschrift SLOBODA (FREIHEIT) überlagert. Entlang der Unterseite des gesamten Wappenschildes befindet sich die Aufschrift CRNA LEGIJA (SCHWARZE LEGION). Es ist aus minderwertigen Metall gefertigt und mit Lackfarbe koloriert. Hersteller war die Firma Braća Knaus in Zagreb.

Als Bestätigung der Verleihung erhielt der Ausgezeichnete eine kartenförmige Bescheinigung mit Lichtbild.

Siehe auch
 Liste der kroatischen Orden und Ehrenzeichen

Literatur

Orden und Ehrenzeichen (Kroatien)
Unabhängiger Staat Kroatien
Orden und Ehrenzeichen (Zweiter Weltkrieg)
Ustascha

Erinnerungsabzeichen der Schwarzen Legion (Ustascha)


أحمد عبد السلام المحلاوي (ولد 1 يوليو 1925م في محافظة كفر الشيخ - ) داعية مصري بارز في الإسكندرية.

تخرج من قسم القضاء الشرعي بكلية الشريعة جامعة الأزهر عام 1957م  وعمل الشيخ إماما وخطيباً بوزارة الأوقاف المصرية.

انتقل إلى الإسكندرية وعمل إماماً وخطيباً لمسجد سيدي جابر، ومن ثم لجامع القائد إبراهيم بمحطة الرمل بمدينة الإسكندرية قبل توقفه عن ذلك عام 1996م. تولى رئاسة لجنة سميت «لجنة الدفاع عن المقدسات الإسلامية» التي تأسست عقب تدنيس المصحف علي يد المحققين في جوانتانامو. تتلمذ على يده أشخاص من قبيل صفوت حجازي، عبد العزيز الرنتيسي، محمد إسماعيل المقدم.

الاعتقال
تم اعتقال أحمد المحلاوي ابان حكم الرئيس أنور السادات وتكلم عنه الرئيس السادات في خطاب ب5 سبتمبر قال فيه: «الرجل بتاع الإسكندرية.. الخطيب اللي كان بينال مني.. ومن بيتي أهو مرمي في السجن زي الكلب »
 بعض من خطاب السادات بالنص يوم 5 سبتمبر 1981م في جلسه مجلس الشعب والشوري عن الشيخ المحلاوي:
"بيتعرضلي انا شخصيا وعائلتي وبعدين في صلاء الجمعة منح تسهيلات امريكيه لمصر، شيخ ازهري واخد العالمية والمفروض انه يعرف الدين الإسلامي وبعدين يدعي انه داعيه إسلامي، بتاريخ 23 يناير 1981م تحدث بعد الصلاة بأنه لا توجد سيادة قانون في مصر لان القانون لا يحترم، وجه التحية للخميني وشعب إيران لما وصفه بازلال أمريكا خلال ازمة الرهائن، انتقد مجلس الشعب لانه لا يعبر عن ارادة الشعب، وزير الصحة اسرف في استهلاك الدوا، مفيش ديموقراطية، مناهج التربية والتعليم غلط، بيهاجم المعاهدة وانها تعتبر سيناء في حكم المحتلة لانها ستكون منزوعة السلاح وانه من البنود السرية للمعاهدة يعني أي كذب..اجرام...سفالة...بذاءة كل ده ميوفيش لانه لما يقف رجل معمم ومن الأزهر الشريف علشان يقول بنود سرية وهي مش موجودة والله ما هرحمه بالقانون، وديه ايه بقي من ضمن الجماعات الإسلامية يقولوله قول ومتخفش وهنقعدك ع المنبر ولا توقفك الحكومة أهو مرمي في السجن زي الكلب.

المنع من الخطابة
 أصدرت وزارة الأوقاف المصرية قرارا بمنع الشيخ المحلاوى من الخطابة عام 1996م من اعتلاء منبره لازال ساريا حتي الآن.

بعد ثورة يناير
في 4 فبراير 2011 قام المحلاوي بأداء خطبة في جامع القائد إبراهيم لأول مرة منذ خمسة عشر عاماً وكان ذلك في جمعة الرحيل في أعقاب ثورة 25 يناير وظل المحلاوي يحفز المتظاهرين بخطبه الحماسية حتى رحيل مبارك عن الحكم يوم الجمعة 11 فبراير 2011.

أثناء الإعلان الدستوري
احتجز داخل جامع القائد إبراهيم عندما حاصر مجهولون المصلين عقب صلاة الجمعة، احتجاجا على الإعلان الدستوري والاستفتاء على مسودة الدستور الجديد وذلك يوم 14 ديسمبر 2012م. واستمر الحصار 15 ساعة. وفي الأسبوع التالي، احتشد مؤيدوه وصلوا ورائه، ورجع المهاجمون عقب الصلاة فهاجموا الحشد إلا أن قوات الأمن التي كانت تتقاعس تدخلت وفرضت طوق أمني في محيط المسجد وفرضت الأمن.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 صفحته على موقع طريق الإسلام

أزهريون
أشخاص شاركوا في ثورة 25 يناير
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
دعاة مصريون
علماء دين سنة مصريون
مواليد 1343 هـ
مواليد 1925

أحمد المحلاوي


Kirschenbaum is a German surname of Lutheran or Ashkenazic origin meaning "cherry tree", written Kirschbaum in modern German (Kirschen means "cherries"; Baum means "tree"). It is uncommon as a given name. It was a common name that Jewish Refugees gave themselves during the 1940s when evading prosecution in Germany.

An orthographic variation of the name is Kirshenbaum.

People named Kirschenbaum or Kirshenbaum include:
 Alan Kirschenbaum, American television producer and writer
 Binnie Kirshenbaum, American novelist and short story writer
 Faina Kirschenbaum, Israeli politician
 Marc Kirschenbaum, American origami artist
 Moti Kirschenbaum, Israeli media personality and documentarian
 Sheril Kirshenbaum, American science writer
 Susan Kirshenbaum, American television writer

German-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin
Yiddish-language surnames

Kirschenbaum


පළමුවන ජයබාහු යනු පළමුවන විජයබාහුගේ සහෝදරයාය. ඔහුගේ පාලන සමය අවුරුද්දකි (1110 සිට 1111). ඔහුව පළමුවන වික්‍රමබාහු විසින් යුද්ධයකදී පරාජය කරන ලදී.

මහා විජයබාහු රජුගේ මරණයත් සමගම එවකට රුහුණේ සිටි ඔහුගේ පුත්‍ර වික්‍රමබාහුට නොදන්වා පොළොන්නරු වේ ප්‍රභූන් හා සංඝයා වහන්සේලා කුමන්ත්‍රණය කොට රජුගේ සොහොයුරු ජයභාහු රාජාභිශේක කලහ. අණතුරුව ජයබාහු සිය සොහොයුරන්ද සමඟ සේනා රැගෙන විත් වික්‍රමබාහු අල්ලනු පිණිස රුහුණු රට ආක්‍රමණය කළේය. කෙසේ වූවද සිය පිය රජුගේ සටන්කාමී ගුණ සහිතව සිටි වික්‍රමබාහු ඔවුන් පරාජය කොට පොළොන්නරුව අල්ලාගෙන පොළොන්නරු රාජධානියේ තෙවන රජු ලෙස කිරුළු පැළඳීය.

මේවාද බලන්න
 මහාවංශය
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජවරු
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉතිහාසය

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි

Monarchs of Polonnaruwa
J
J
J
Buddhist monarchs

පොලොන්නරුවේ පළමුවන ජයබාහු රජ


Laufitu je bila fidžijska plemkinja.

Muž gospe Laufitu bio je poglavica Rasolo, koji je bio Tu'i Nayau. Rasolo i Laufitu bili su roditelji Roka Malanija.

Laufitu je prva poznata osoba koja je bila Radini Nayau.

Izvori

Fidžijsko plemstvo

Laufitu


Roméo Lavia (Bruxelas, 6 de janeiro de 2004) é um futebolista profissional belga que atua como volante. Atualmente joga no Chelsea  e pela Seleção Belga.

Carreira

Anderlecht
Lavia é um produto da formação do clube belga Anderlecht, tendo integrado o seu centro de treinos em Neerpede, perto de Bruxelas, desde os seus 8 anos de idade.

Num torneio internacional juvenil local para jogadores menores de 15 anos, Lavia despertou a atenção de Pep Guardiola. O treinador espanhol encontrava-se presente a convite de Kevin De Bruyne, seu jogador no Manchester City e co-organizador do torneio, intitulado KDB Cup em sua homenagem.

Manchester City
No verão de 2020, com 16 anos, Lavia trocou o Anderlecht pelo Manchester City, assinando o seu primeiro contrato profissional pelos Citizens. Inicialmente integrou a equipa Sub-18, onde rapidamente se destacou. Em novembro, após apenas 11 jogos, Roméo tinha já sido promovido aos Sub-23. Em abril de 2021, integrando o Elite Development Squad do Manchester City, Lavia conquistou a Premier League 2 e foi eleito Melhor Jogador da Temporada.

A partir do verão de 2021, Lavia começou a treinar com a equipa principal do Manchester City. Roméo foi um dos inscritos pelos Citizens para a Liga dos Campeões 2021–22. A 21 de setembro de 2021, com 17 anos, Roméo estreou-se pela equipa principal, na 3ª ronda da Taça da Liga Inglesa 2021–22, contra o Wycombe Wanderers; o belga recebeu um cartão amarelo, numa vitória por 6–1 do Manchester City.

Southampton
A 6 de julho de 2022, Lavia transferiu-se para o Southampton, assinando um contrato de 5 anos pelos Saints. A 6 de agosto, estreou-se pelo clube, numa derrota por 4–1 no terreno do Tottenham Hotspur. A 30 de agosto, marcou o seu primeiro golo, numa vitória por 2–1 sobre o Chelsea, tornando-se o primeiro jogador nascido em 2004 a marcar na Premier League.

Lavia terminou sua única temporada com 34 jogos na temporada passada, mas não conseguiu impedir que o Saints fosse rebaixado da Premier League.

Chelsea
Em 15 de agosto de 2023, o Chelsea acertou uma taxa de £ 53 milhões mais £ 5 milhões em complementos a contratação de Romeo Lavia, do Southampton.

Carreira Internacional
Nascida na Bélgica, Lavia tem ascendência ganesa. Em 2019, fez um jogo pela Bélgica Sub-15 e outro pela Bélgica Sub-16, marcando 1 golo neste último.

A 17 de março de 2023, Lavia foi pela primeira vez convocado para a Seleção principal da Bélgica pelo selecionador Domenico Tedesco, para um jogo de qualificação para o Euro 2024 contra a Suécia e um amigável contra a Alemanha.

Estilo de Jogo
Lavia é médio-defensivo. Como inspirações refere Sergio Busquets, do Barcelona, e Fernandinho, seu ex-colega de equipa no Manchester City. Destacou-se pela sua capacidade de recuperação de bola, pressionando o adversário intensamente graças a uma combinação de inteligência, tenacidade e velocidade e pelos seus passes em profundidade.

Estatísticas de Carreira

Clube

Títulos
Manchester City Sub-23

 Professional Development League: 2020–21

Nascidos em 2004
Pessoas vivas
Futebolistas da Bélgica
Futebolistas do Manchester City F.C.
Futebolistas do Southampton F.C.
Futebolistas do Chelsea F.C.
Jogadores da Seleção Belga de Futebol

Roméo Lavia


Esta é uma lista de freguesias da subregião do Algarve, ordenadas alfabeticamente dentro de cada município e por população de 2011 e 2021, através dos censos.

A sub-região do Algarve pertence à região com o mesmo nome, que registou , que registou, através dos censos de 2021, uma população de 467.475 habitantes, dividido entre 16 municípios e em 67 freguesias.

Freguesias por município
O Algarve é uma subregião dividido entre 16 municípios, sendo o município de Loulé com o maior número de fregesias da sub-região, tendo 9 freguesias, e o munícipo de São Brás de Alportel com o menor número de fregesias da sub-região, tendo uma única freguesia.

Lista de freguesias
Esta é uma lista de todas as 67 freguesias da sub-região do Algarve.

Listas de freguesias de Portugal
Freguesias do distrito de Faro

Lista de freguesias do Algarve


Pietro Gianelli (* 11 de agosto de 1807 em Terni , Itália ; † 5 de novembro de 1881 em Roma ) foi um teólogo italiano e cardeal da Cúria da Igreja Católica Romana

vida
Gianelli estudou filosofia, teologia e direito civil e canônico na Universidade de Perugia em Terni e na Universidade de La Sapienza em Roma. Foi ordenado sacerdote em 1831 e recebeu o título de prelado da casa papal. Eventualmente ele se tornou um auditor na Câmara Apostólica . Em 1851 tornou-se auditor da nunciatura em Nápoles, de 1852 a 1853 ocupou o mesmo cargo na nunciatura na França.

Após um período como auditor da Rota Romana a partir de 1852, o Papa Pio IX o nomeou. em março de 1858 núncio em Nápoles e no mês seguinte arcebispo titular de Sardes . A consagração episcopal concedida a ele em 6 de junho de 1858 o cardeal Costantino Patrizi Naro; Os co-consagradores foram Dom Antonio Ligi-Bussi e Dom Giuseppe Cardoni. Em 1861 tornou-se Pró-Secretário da Congregação e em março de 1868 seu Secretário, cargo que permaneceu até 1875. Lá ele se tornou um confidente próximo do Cardeal Prospero Caterini, cujas posições e atitudes conservadoras ele compartilhava. Ele esteve envolvido na preparação do Concílio Vaticano I , do qual participou de 1869 a 1870. Ele era um defensor do dogma papal da infalibilidade .

No consistório de 15 de março de 1875, Pio IX. ele como cardeal sacerdote de Sant'Agnese fuori le mura para o Colégio dos Cardeais. Em 1877 tornou-se Presidente do Pontifício Conselho para os Assuntos Públicos . Após a morte do Papa, o Cardeal Gianelli participou do conclave de 1878 convocado e foi eleito o Papa Leão XIII.

Morreu três anos depois em Roma, aos 74 anos, e foi sepultado no cemitério Campo Verano .

Link externo

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Pio IX

Pietro Giannelli


John Hanson (décédé vers 1860) était un afro-américain associé à l'American Colonization Society, qui cherchait à relocaliser les Noirs américains libres et émancipés au Libéria. Au Libéria, il a été sénateur du comté de Grand Bassa.

Il est né en esclavage, mais il a acheté sa liberté et a émigré de Baltimore au Libéria à l'âge de trente-six ans. Au Libéria, il a rejoint la classe marchande croissante. Élu au Conseil colonial en décembre 1840, il fut l'un des deux sénateurs du comté de Grand Bassa aux premières élections qui suivirent l'indépendance du pays. Il servit aussi comme commissaire dans le même comté pendant plusieurs années, fournissant une maison pour le stockage des armes et des munitions. Hanson est mort en 1860, et a été pleuré comme un "serviteur fidèle et patriotique" par le président libérien Stephen Allen Benson.

Le sénateur Hanson a parfois été mal identifié comme étant John Hanson, du Maryland, un politicien blanc qui a été président du Congrès continental pendant la Révolution américaine.

Biographie

Notes et références

Personnalité politique libérienne
Personnalité afro-américaine du XIXe siècle
Décès en 1860

John Hanson (homme politique)


Le Grand Prix moto de Catalogne 2022 est la neuvième manche du championnat du monde de vitesse moto 2022.

Cette  édition du Grand Prix moto de Catalogne s'est déroulée du  au  sur le Circuit de Barcelone-Catalogne à Barcelone.

Classement MotoGP

Classement Moto2

Classement Moto3

Classement provisoire au championnat

MotoGP

Moto2

Moto3

Notes

Références

2022
Sport en Espagne en 2022
Sport en juin 2022
Catalogne

Grand Prix moto de Catalogne 2022


Eurocom fue una empresa desarrolladora de videojuegos británica fundada en 1988, específicamente para desarrollar juegos para la Nintendo Entertainment System. Desde entonces Eurocom se fue expandiendo a otras plataformas, principalmente para Sega Mega Drive, y posteriormente a videoconsolas portátiles y videoconsolas de sobremesa más recientes como por ejemplo Xbox 360 y PlayStation 3.

La empresa fue famosa por sus ports de juegos arcade a consolas, pero posteriormente se hizo conocida por trabajar con licencias como Piratas del Caribe: En el Fin del Mundo, Ice Age 2: el deshielo, la serie James Bond 007 y Batman Begins.

El 7 de diciembre de 2012 Activision dio por concluidas las actividades de la división debido a las nulas ventas del videojuego 007 Legends.

Juegos de Eurocom
Magician (NES) (1991)
James Bond Jr. (NES, SNES) (1991)
Lethal Weapon (NES, Game Boy) (1992)
Rod Land (Game Boy) (1992)
Tesserae (PC, Game Boy, Game Gear) (1993)
Sensible Soccer (Game Gear) (1993)
Stone Protectors (SNES) (1994)
Dino Dini's Soccer (SNES) (1994)
Brutal: Paws of Fury (SNES) (1994)
Disney's The Jungle Book (Mega Drive/Genesis, NES, SNES) (1994)
Family Feud (PC, 3DO, Mega Drive/Genesis) (1994)
Super Dropzone (SNES) (1994)
Earthworm Jim (Game Boy, Game Gear) (1995)
Super Street Fighter II Turbo (PC) (1995)
Spot Goes To Hollywood (Mega Drive/Genesis) (1995)
Mortal Kombat 3 (PlayStation, Saturn) (1996)
Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 (PlayStation, Saturn) (1996)
Maui Mallard in Cold Shadow (SNES) (1996)
Cruis'n World (N64) (1997)
Hercules (PlayStation, PC) (1997)
War Gods (N64, PlayStation) (1997)
Duke Nukem 64 (N64) (1997)
Machine Hunter (PlayStation, PC) (1997)
Mortal Kombat 4 (N64, PlayStation, PC) (1998)
Disney's Tarzan (PlayStation, PC, N64) (1999)
Duke Nukem: Zero Hour (N64) (1999)
NBA Showtime: NBA on NBC (N64, PlayStation) (1999)
Hydro Thunder (N64, Dreamcast, PC) (1999)
Mortal Kombat Gold (Dreamcast) (1999)
40 Winks (N64, PlayStation) (1999)
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Game Boy Color) (2000)
The World Is Not Enough (N64) (2000)
Crash Bash (PlayStation) (2000)
NBA Hoopz (PlayStation, PlayStation 2, Dreamcast) (2001)
Atlantis: The Lost Empire (Game Boy Color, PlayStation) (2001)
Rugrats: I Gotta Go Party (Game Boy Advance) (2002)
James Bond 007: Nightfire (Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox) (2002)
Harry Potter y la cámara secreta (Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, Game Boy Advance) (2002)
Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Chaos Bleeds (Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox) (2003)
Sphinx y la maldita momia (Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox) (2003)
Athens 2004 (PlayStation 2) (2004)
Spyro: A Hero's Tail (Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox) (2004)
Robots (PlayStation 2, Xbox, Nintendo GameCube, PC) (2005)
Predator: Concrete Jungle (PlayStation 2, Xbox) (2005)
Batman Begins (Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox) (2005)
Ice Age 2: el deshielo (Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox, PC, Wii) (2006)
Piratas del Caribe: En el fin del mundo (Xbox360, PlayStation 3, Wii, PlayStation 2, PSP, PC) (2007)
Beijing 2008 (PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PC)  (2008)
The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (DS, PlayStation 2, Wii) (2008)
Quantum of Solace (PlayStation 2) (2008)
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, PS2, PC) (2009)
G-Force (PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, PS2, PC) (2009)Dead Space: Extraction (Wii) (2009)Vancouver 2010 (PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PC) (2010)Goldeneye 007 (Wii) (2010)Rio (PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii) (2011)Disney Universe (PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, PC) (2011)GoldenEye 007: Reloaded'' (PlayStation 3, Xbox 360) (2011)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web oficial de Eurocom
 Perfil de Eurocom en MobyGames

Empresas de videojuegos de Reino Unido
Empresas fundadas en 1988
Desarrolladoras de videojuegos

Eurocom


Johann Casimir (; 12 iunie 1564 – 16 iulie 1633) a fost Duce de Saxa-Coburg. El a fost descendent al ramurei ernestine a Casei de Wettin.

Tinerețe
Johann Casimir s-a născut la Castelul Grimmenstein din Gotha la 12 iunie 1564. A fost al doilea fiu din cei trei ai Ducelui Johann Friedrich al II-lea de Saxonia și a soției acestuia,  Elisabeta de Simmern-Sponheim. Din cauza sancțiunii Sfântului Imperiu Roman împotriva Gothei (Reichsexekution), tatăl său a pierdut la 15 aprilie 1567 dominioanele sale și libertatea. Johann Casimir  a locuit cu frații săi Frederic Henric (care a murit în 1572 la vârsta de 11 ani) și Johann Ernest și cu mama lor, prima dată la Eisenach, apoi la curtea unchiului său Johann Wilhelm la Weimar și în cele din urmă la Eisenberg, Thuringia.

În 1570 Dieta de la Speyer a restaurat fraților drepturile și privilegiile de la tatăl lor. Doi ani mai târziu, în vara anului 1572, mama lor s-a mutat în Austria pentru a se alătura soțului ei în captivitate. Câteva luni mai târziu, la 6 noiembrie 1572, cei doi fii ai ei au primit principatul de Saxa-Coburg-Eisenach. Principatul consta în zona de sud și de vest a Thuringiei, inclusiv orașele Eisenach, Gotha și Hildburghausen. Johann Casimir și fratele său s-au mutat la Coburg la 5 decembrie 1572.

Între 1578 și 1581 Johann Casimir a studiat la Universitatea din Leipzig. La 6 mai 1584 el s-a logodit, fără consimțământul tatălui ei, cu Anna de Saxonia, fiica lui Augustus de Saxonia, cu care s-a căsătorit la 16 ianuarie 1586 la Dresda. Numai după moartea Electorului Augustus de Saxonia la 11 februarie 1586, Ducele Johann Casimir la vârsta de 22 de ani a putut prelua, împreună cu fratele său, guvernarea principatului.

Domnie

În 1596 frații au divizat principatul în două. Johann Ernest a primit principatul de Saxa-Eisenach și Casimir a continuat să domnească singur în Coburg. Dominioanele sale erau compuse din districtele Coburg  cu subdiviziunile Lauter, Rodach și Gestungshausen bei Sonnefeld, Heldburg cu subdiviziunea Hildburghausen, Römhild, Eisfeld, Schalkau, Sonneberg, Neustadt, Neuhaus, Mönchröden și Sonnefeld.

Sub Johann Casimir, orașul reședinței sale, Coburg, a cunoscut o viață culturală intensă și au început o serie de construcții moderne. Schloss Ehrenburg a fost reconstruit în stil renascentist. Fostul Schloss Callenberg a fost extins într-o magnifică cabană de vânătoare; capela sa a fost sfințită în 1618 ca primul sanctuar protestant din Coburg. Veste Coburg a fost transformat în Cetatea Ducală și arsenalul precum și clădirile guvernamentale au fost reconstruite.  Corul Bisericii Sf. Moriz fost înzestrat de către Johann Casimir în 1598, în onoarea părinții săi, cu una dintre cele mai frumoase epitafurile renascentiste din Germania - un monument alabastru înalt de 12 metri bogat sculptat. În plus, el a fondat Gimnaziul Casimirianum, a extins castelul familiei pentru a include moștenirea lui de colecții de cărți și l-a angajat în 1603 pe compozitor Melchior Franck ca Hofkapellmeister.

În timpul domniei sale, procesele de vrăjitoare și arderile au atins apogeul. El a permis continuarea a 178 procese de vrăjitoare. În 1593 Ducele Johann Casimir a divorțat de prima sa soție pentru adulter și a ținut-o captivă la Veste până la moartea ei. În 1599 s-a căsătorit cu Margaret, fiica Ducelui Wilhelm de Brunswick-Lüneburg. Johann a murit la  Coburg la 15 iulie 1633, la vârsta de 69 de ani. Pentru că nu a avut copii, moștenirea sa a revenit fratelui său, Johann Ernst de Saxa-Eisenach.

Note

Nașteri în 1564
Decese în 1633
Casa de Wettin
Duci de Saxa-Coburg-Eisenach
Duci de Saxa-Eisenach
Duci de Saxa-Coburg
Oameni din Gotha

Johann Casimir, Duce de Saxa-Coburg


جمعية الصداقة المغربية اللاتينية   هي جمعية مدنية ثقافية واجتماعية ورياضية مستقلة غير حكومية،  تعمل الجمعية على تدعيم الصداقة المغربية والعربية والإفريقية مع الدول اللاتينية سواء في ضفة البحر الأبيض المتوسط أو التي توجد على الساحل الغربي للمحيط الأطلسي فالأمل معقود على هذه الجمعية لتذليل الصعاب وتخطي العقبات وإبراز الصورة الحقيقية للمغرب العربي الكبير، وتسعى الجمعية إلى بث قيم الثقافة التشاركية بين الشعوب المغاربية واللاتينية، وتشجيع حوار الثقافات بمختلف مستوياتها الحضارية، وإشاعة روح التسامح بين الشعوب، والعمل بالأساس على أن تكون الجمعية مجالا للتفاعل الثقافي في مختلف المجالات. رفع مستوى التواصل بين الشعوب المغاربية واللاتينية، تطوير العلاقات، وتثمين مبادرات التضامن، والتكافل الاجتماعي، والتحسيس بأهمية الانفتاح، والتواصل اللغوي، والثقافي، وصياغة أفق لتحقيق صداقة مع جميع دول البحر المتوسط وأمريكا اللاتينية.

الاهتمام والتشارك في قضايا اللغة، والثقافة، والبيئة، والصحة، والطفولة، والشباب، وعقد شراكات للتعاون مع هيأت محلية، وجهوية، ووطنية، ودولية. تقوية العلاقة القائمة بين الجامعات والمختبرات المغاربية، والمساهمة في تسهيل ولوج طلبتنا المعاهد العليا والجامعات، ومختلف الفضاءات الأكاديمية بالخارج في ظل تشارك مع الدول المستقبلة وخاصة إسبانيا وفرنسا. والمساهمة في تفعيل التوأمة بين مدن مغاربية ومدن لاتينية، وتشجيع المبادرات لخلق مراكز ثقافية. وتأطير وإدماج الشباب والنساء في حركية التنمية المستدامة، وتنمية روح المواطنة ،وإنجاز مشاريع تنموية وبيئية، والتحسيس بأهمية التنمية والحفاظ على البيئة.

وصلات خارجية

علاقات المغرب الثنائية
نواد وجمعيات في المغرب

جمعية الصداقة المغربية اللاتينية


Pul-i-Alam (Puli-Alam/ پل علم) es la capital de la Provincia de Lawgar, Afganistán.
Cuenta con una población aproximada de 88.000 habitantes, mayoritariamente de las etnias pastunes y tayikos.

Las principales actividades económicas derivan de la producción de tabaco, azúcar y miel.

La ciudad es sede de un hospital provincial y un centro de salud, cuenta con educación primaria y secundaria.

Luego de la caída del régimen talibán, en Pul-i-Alam se ha puesto en marcha un plan de reconstrucción masiva
y tiene allí su base el equipo de reconstrucción checo Provincial Reconstruction Team Logar (PRT Logar).

Sin embargo los enfrentamientos continuaron. En marzo de 2002 fuerzas talibanes consiguieron controlar el distrito Charkh al sur de la ciudad pero fueron expulsados. Además, desde el 2004 hubo permanentes ataques con cohetes, bombas y ocasionales emboscadas, tanto en la ciudad y sus adyacencias como en la ruta que la une a Kabul.

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos
Mapa del distrito
Logar

Localidades de Afganistán

Pul-i-Alam


Limasol veya Leymosun (Yunanca: Λεμεσός, Lemesos), Kıbrıs'ta bir şehirdir. Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti'nin Limasol kazasının merkezidir. Bir liman kenti olup, ekonomisinde turizm sektörü de rol oynamaktadır. Nüfusu 168.400'dür.

Adanın en güneyinde olan şehir, adını verdiği körfezin kıyısına kurulmuştur. Şehrin batısında İngilizlerin Ağrotur Üssü bulunmaktadır. Şehirde Kıbrıs Türkünün nüfusu olmamasına rağmen eskiden kalan Türkçe cadde, sokak isimleri halen bulunmaktadır.

Kültür
Ünlü şarap festivali her yıl eylül ayının ilk çeyreğinde Limasol'da yapılmaktadır. Bu festival 10 gün sürmektedir. Diğer festivaller: Çiçek Festivali (Mayıs), Shakespeare Geceleri ve Eski Yunan Dram festivalleridir.

Şehir, ayrıca büyük bir hayvanat bahçesine sahiptir.

Tarih
Kıbrıslı korsanların Akdeniz'de seyreden Türk gemilerini rahatsız etmeleri, Venedikliler'in de buna ilgisiz kalmaları üzerine, Lala Mustafa Paşa'nın komutasındaki bir donanma Kıbrıs'a gönderildi, 1 Temmuz 1570 günü Türk gemileri Limasol limanına girdi. Ertesi gün Limasol'u savunan Leftari Kalesi kendiliğinden teslim oldu ve kent 300 yılı aşkın bir süre Osmanlı yönetiminde kaldı.

1974 öncesi burada hatırı sayılır bir Türk nüfus yerleşimi vardı.

Spor
Şehrin önemli spor kulüpleri: AEL, Türk Ocağı Limasol, Apollon, Doğan Türk Birliği ve Aris. Bu kulüplerin ortak kullandığı bir stadyum bulunmaktadır: Tsirion Stadyumu. Stadın kapasitesi 16.000 kişidir.

Şehrin Türk takımları da Türk Ocağı Leymosun (daha sonraları Türk Ocağı Limasol olarak değiştirildi) ve Doğan Türk Birliği'dir. 1974 Kıbrıs Harekâtı sonrası KKTC sınırları içindeki Girne şehrine taşınmışlardır. Ayrıca, Limasol ve çevresi, Kıbrıs Rallisi'nde ve Dünya Ralli Şampiyonası'nda geçit yeridir.

Resimler

Limasol kazasındaki yerleşim birimleri
Akdeniz'e kıyısı olan yerleşim birimleri

Limasol


Le  du Tour de Norvège a eu lieu du  au . La course fait partie du calendrier UCI ProSeries 2022 en catégorie 2.Pro. Elle est remportée par le Belge Remco Evenepoel de l'équipe Quick-Step Alpha Vinyl.

Parcours

Équipes
Dix-neuf équipes participent à la course : dix équipes World Tour, six équipes continentales professionnelles, et trois équipes continentales

Favoris

Étapes

Déroulement de la course

étape

étape

étape

étape

étape

étape

Classements finals

Classement général final

Évolution des classements

Notes et références

Liens externes

   Site officiel

2022
Sport en Norvège en 2022
Cyclisme sur route en 2022
Cyclisme en mai 2022

Tour de Norvège 2022


NGC 69 este o galaxie lenticulară din constelația Andromeda. Este o galaxie membră a grupului NGC 68. A fost descoperită de către astronomul irlandez R.J. Mitchell în 7 octombrie 1855.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 88
 NGC 70

Galaxii lenticulare
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Andromeda
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1855
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de R.J. Mitchell

NGC 69


Le Club Sport José Pardo, anciennement appelé Unión Tumán de Deportes, est un club péruvien de football basé dans le district de Tumán, dans la région de Lambayeque.

Histoire
Fondé dans une hacienda sucrière du district de Tumán en 1919 sous le nom de Club Federado José Pardo de Tumán – José Pardo y Barreda, président du Pérou, étant le copropriétaire de ladite hacienda – le club adhère à la ligue de football de Chiclayo dans les années 1930. Il change de nom en Unión Tumán de Deportes à la suite de la réforme agraire impulsée par le gouvernement du général Juan Velasco Alvarado en 1969.

En 1971, l'Unión Tumán se hisse à la  de la Copa Perú (derrière le FBC Melgar) et accède à la  la même année. Il atteint son meilleur classement en D1 en 1974 (). En 1975, il termine à la  (sur 18), mais est relégué en compagnie du dernier du classement puisque deux équipes de la même région (en dehors de Lima) ne pouvaient rester en D1 ensemble. Le Juan Aurich étant mieux classé, c'est à l'Unión Tumán de descendre.

Dans les années 1990, le club reprend son nom d'origine (CS José Pardo). Il évolue actuellement en Copa Perú.

Résultats sportifs

Palmarès

Bilan et records
 Saisons au sein du championnat du Pérou : 5 (1971-1975).
 Saisons au sein du championnat du Pérou D2 : 0.

Couleurs et logo

Maillot

Personnalités historiques du CS José Pardo

Joueurs

Anciens joueurs
De célèbres joueurs péruviens ont porté le maillot du CS José Pardo / Unión Tumán parmi lesquels Pedro Pablo León, Julio Meléndez ou encore Víctor Zegarra. L'Uruguayen Aníbal Ruiz, qui deviendrait un entraîneur à succès par la suite, y joua en 1972.

Effectif actuel

Entraîneurs

  Vito Andrés Bártoli (1971-1972)
  Diego Agurto (1973)
  José Tadormina (1975)
  Jaime 'Mito' Silva (2008-??)

Culture populaire

Rivalités
Le CS José Pardo maintient une rivalité locale avec le Deportivo Pomalca. Cette rivalité porte le nom de Clásico Azucarero (« classique sucrier »), puisque les deux clubs furent fondés dans des haciendas sucrières.

Notes et références

Lien externe

  CS José Pardo sur www.globalsportsarchive.com

Club de football fondé en 1919
Club de football au Pérou

Club Sport José Pardo


Ponto quente Jan Mayen (Jan Mayen hotspot) é um ponto quente mantélico instalado sob a junção tripla existente nas proximidades da ilha Jan Mayen, a nordeste da Islândia, de que resultou a formação de um complexo vulcânico que deu origem à atividade vulcânica que formou a ilha de Jan Mayen e mantém ativo o vulcão Beerenberg.

Ver também
Vulcão Beerenberg

Referências

Vulcanismo
Geologia do Atlântico Norte
Jan Mayen
Hotspots do Oceano Atlântico

Ponto quente de Jan Mayen


An Cymbidiella pardalina in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Cymbidiella pardalina in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cymbidiella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Cymbidiella

Cymbidiella pardalina


منطقة مبارك الكبير، منطقة من مناطق محافظة مبارك الكبير في الكويت. منطقة جنوبي العاصمة ب 18كم أطلقت الدولة عليها هذا الاسم في التسعينيات تكريماً لحاكم الكويت السابع الشيخ مبارك الصباح ((مبارك الكبير))، وقد توسع هذا المسمى فيما بعد ليشمل سادس محافظات الكويت، هي منطقة سكنية يوجد بها سوق مركزي جمعية مبارك الكبير التعاونية ومركز للشرطة وصالة أفراح ومنطقة مبارك الكبير التعليمية والعديد من المساجد والمدارس ومطاعم الوجبات السريعة والبنوك.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في الكويت
مناطق محافظة مبارك الكبير

مبارك الكبير (منطقة)


Dease Strait ist eine Meerenge zwischen der zum Festland gehörenden Halbinsel Kent Peninsula und der nördlich gelegenen Victoria Island, welche zum kanadisch-arktischen Archipel gehört. Sie verbindet den Queen Maud Gulf im Osten mit dem Coronation Gulf im Westen.

An ihrem östlichen Ende beträgt ihre Breite lediglich 18 km.
Dort befindet sich auf Victoria Island die Siedlung Cambridge Bay.

Meerenge in Kanada
Meerenge (Arktischer Ozean)
Geographie (Nunavut)
Meerenge in Nordamerika

Dease Strait


Wernickeova ili senzorna afazija je nemogućnost prepoznavanja riječi ili smislenih vidnih i taktilnih informacija dok je produkcija govora uglavnom očuvana.

Izvori

Neurološki simptomi

Senzorna afazija


Olaylar
 1821 - Panama, İspanya'dan bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 1893 - Kadınlar ilk kez bir ulusal seçimde (Yeni Zelanda genel seçimleri) oy kullandı.
 1905 - İrlanda siyasi partisi, Sinn Féin kuruldu.
 1912 - Arnavutluk, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndan bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 1918 - Kâzım Karabekir Paşa'nın Kars'tan İstanbul'a gelişi.
 1920 - Mehmet Âkif Ersoy ve Eşref Edip "Sebilü'r-Reşad" dergisini, Kastamonu'da çıkarmaya başladılar.
 1922 - Bursa'nın İznik ilçesinin, Yunan işgalinden kurtuluşu.
 1925 - Kabul edilen Şapka Kanunu yürürlüğe girdi. Artık, başta memurlar olmak üzere "herkes şapka takacak."
 1934 - Hâkimiyet-i Milliye gazetesi, Ulus adıyla çıkmaya başladı.
 1936 - Japonya, İtalya'nın Habeşistan'ı ilhakını tanıdı.
 1938 - Atatürk'ün, 5 Eylül'de yazdırdığı vasiyetnamesi açıldı. Atatürk, vasiyetinde; parasının nemasından yakınlarına, manevi evlatlarına aylık, İnönü'nün çocuklarına yükseköğrenim ödeneği bağlanması koşuluyla parasını ve Çankaya'daki mülkünü CHP'ye bıraktı. Nemadan kalacak miktarın her yıl Türk Dil ve Tarih kurumlarınca paylaşılmasını istedi.
 1940 - II. Dünya Savaşı ortamında 500 kilogramdan fazla tahıl stoklarına, Ticaret Bakanlığınca el konulması kararlaştırıldı.
 1943 - Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt ve Josef Stalin Tahran'da toplandı.
 1951 - Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu kabul edildi. Kanun, 1 Ocak 1952'de yürürlüğe girdi.
 1958 - Türkiye-Fransa ve Türkiye-Belçika arasında mali yardım anlaşmaları imzalandı.
 1962 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Türkiye'deki orta menzilli Jüpiter füzelerini sökme kararı aldı.
 1964 - Süleyman Demirel, favori olan rakibi Saadettin Bilgiç'ten 1072 oy fazla alarak Adalet Partisi'ne Genel Başkan seçildi.
 1967 - NATO Genel Sekreteri Manlio Brosio, Ankara'da Dış İşleri Bakanı İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil ile görüştü ve Atina'ya geçti. Türk jetleri Kıbrıs üzerinde uyarı uçuşları yaptı.
 1968 - Eski CIA istasyon şefi, ABD'nin yeni Türkiye Büyük Elçisi Robert Komer'in Türkiye'ye gelişi İstanbul Yeşilköy'de protesto edildi. Protestoculardan Deniz Gezmiş, Rahmi Aydın, Mustafa Zülkadiroğlu, Toygun Erarslan ve Mustafa Gürkan tutuklandı.
 1974 - Ankara'daki Ağaç ve Metal İşleri Olgunlaşma Enstitüsü öğrencileri eğitim ve öğretim adı altında ucuz işçi olarak çalıştırıldıkları gerekçesiyle ölüm orucuna başladılar.
 1977 - CHP lideri Bülent Ecevit, Niğde'de "Tek yol devrim" sloganıyla karşılandı. Ecevit topluluğa "Tek yol oy" sözleriyle karşılık verdi.
 1977 - Yeni Zelanda'nın Auckland Uluslararası Havalimanı'nı ile Antarktika arasında gidiş-dönüş seferleri yapan McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 uçağı; Erebus Dağı, Ross Adası, Antarktika'da yere çakıldı. Kazada 257 kişi hayatını kaybetti.
 1979 - Vatikan Devlet Başkanı Papa II. Jean Paul, resmi ziyaret için Türkiye'ye geldi.
 1986 - Cumhurbaşkanı Kenan Evren, MGK toplantısında, "Nurcuların ve Süleymancıların yurtlarda çocukların taze beyinlerini yıkadıklarını" söyleyip hükûmete irtica uyarısı yaptı.
 1997 - Sivas'taki Madımak Oteli'nde, 2 Temmuz 1993'te 35 kişinin yakılması olayıyla ilgili olarak yargılanan 99 sanıktan 33'ü ölüm cezasına çarptırıldı.
 1998 - Hakkâri'nin Çukurca ilçesi yakınında bir askeri helikopter, teröristlerin açtığı ateşte pilotun vurulması sonucu düştü. 16 asker öldü.
 2002 - Kenya'da İsraillilerin sahibi olduğu bir otele düzenlenen intihar saldırısında 12 kişi öldü.
 2002 - Mombasa Hava Limanından kalkan bir İsrail uçağına iki füze atıldı.
 2010 - Haydarpaşa Garı'nın çatısında çıkan yangın sonucunda, çatısı ve 4. katı büyük zarar gördü.
 2015 - Diyarbakır Baro Başkanı Tahir Elçi, bir basın açıklaması yaptığı sırada başına isabet eden bir kurşun sebebiyle öldü.

Doğumlar
 1118 - I. Manuil, Bizans imparatoru (ö. 1180)
 1489 - Margaret Tudor, İskoçya Kraliçesi (ö. 1541)
 1632 - Jean-Baptiste Lully, İtalyan asıllı Fransız besteci, kemancı ve balet (ö. 1687)
 1757 - William Blake, İngiliz şair, ressam ve mistik vizyoner (ö. 1827)
 1772 - Luke Howard, İngiliz kimyager ve meteorolog (ö. 1864)
 1793 - Carl Jonas Love Almqvist, İsveçli romantik şair, feminist, realist, besteci, sosyal eleştirmen ve gezgin (ö. 1866)
 1820 - Friedrich Engels, Alman politik düşünür (ö. 1895)
 1829 - Anton Grigoryeviç Rubinstein, Rus bestekâr ve piyanist (ö. 1894)
 1857 - XII. Alfonso, 1874-1885 arasında İspanya kralı (ö. 1885)
 1858 - William Stanley, Amerikalı fizikçi ve mucit (ö. 1916)
 1866 - Henry Bacon, Amerikalı mimar (ö. 1924)
 1881 - Stefan Zweig, Avusturyalı yazar (intihar) (ö. 1942)
 1887 - Ernst Röhm, Alman subay, siyaset adamı ve SA'ların kurucusu ve kumandanı (ö. 1934)
 1896 - Lilia Skala, Avusturyalı-Amerikalı mimar ve oyuncu (ö. 1994)
 1898 - İhap Hulusi Görey, Türk grafik tasarımcısı ve illüstratör (ö. 1986)
 1904 - Nancy Mitford, İngiliz roman ve biyografi yazarı ve gazeteci (ö. 1973)
 1906 - Henry Picard, Amerikalı golfçü (ö. 1997)
 1907 - Alberto Moravia, İtalyan romancı (ö. 1990)
 1908 - Claude Levi-Strauss, Fransız antropolog (ö. 2009)
 1923 - Gloria Grahame, Amerikalı aktris (ö. 1981)
 1925 - József Bozsik, Macar futbolcu (ö. 1978)
 1926 - Lawrence Turman, Amerikalı film yapımcısı (ö. 2023)
 1927 - Abdülhalim Muazzam Şah, Malezya'nın 14. ve şimdiki Yang di-Pertuan Agong (devlet başkanı), yanı sıra Kedah'ın 27. ve eski sultanı (ö. 2017)
 1928 - Bano Qudsia, Pakistanlı kadın yazar (ö. 2017)
 1928 - Arthur Melvin Okun, Amerikalı ekonomist (ö. 1980)
 1931 - Joan Guinjoan, İspanyol besteci ve piyanist (ö. 2019)
 1931 - Tomi Ungerer, Alsaslı Fransız karikatürist, grafik sanatçısı ve yazar  (ö. 2019)
 1932 - Gato Barbieri, Arjantinli caz müzisyeni, bestecisi ve saksofoncu (ö. 2016)
 1933 - Hope Lange, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2003)
 1938 - Lale Belkıs, Türk ses sanatçısı ve oyuncu
 1941 - Laura Antonelli, İtalyan aktris (ö. 2015)
 1944 - Rita Mae Brown, Amerikalı yazar
 1945 - John Hargreaves, Avustralyalı aktör (ö. 1996)
 1946 - Joe Dante, Amerikalı film yapımcısı ve yönetmeni
 1947 - Maria Farantouri, Yunan şarkıcı ve siyasetçi
 1948 - Agnieszka Holland, Polonyalı televizyon ve film yönetmeni, senaristi
 1948 - Mine Mutlu, Türk oyuncu ve ses sanatçısı (ö. 1990)
 1949 - Victor Ostrovsky, Kanadalı yazar
 1950 - Ed Harris, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1950 - Russell A. Hulse, Amerikalı fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi
 1952 - S. Epatha Merkerson, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1954 - Necip Hablemitoğlu, Türk tarihçi ve yazar (ö. 2002)
 1955 - Alessandro Altobelli, İtalyan futbolcu
 1955 - Adem Jashari, Kosova Kurtuluş Ordusu (UÇK) kurucusu (ö. 1998)
 1959 - Judd Nelson, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1959 - Nancy Charest, Kanadalı siyasetçi (ö. 2014)
 1960 - John Galliano, Britanyalı-İspanyol moda tasarımcısı
 1961 - Alfonso Cuarón, Akademi Ödülü sahibi Meksikalı film yönetmeni
 1962 - Jon Stewart, Amerikalı televizyoncu
 1964 - Michael Bennet, Amerikalı iş insanı, avukat ve politikacı
 1964 - Roy Tarpley, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbolcu (ö. 2015)
 1966 - Erdinç Erişmiş, Türk müzisyen, besteci ve yorumcu
 1967 - Anna Nicole Smith, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2007)
 1969 - Sonia O'Sullivan, İrlandalı eski atlet
 1970 - Édouard Philippe, Fransız siyasetçi
 1972 - Paulo Figueiredo, Angolalı millî futbolcu
 1972 - Jesper Strömblad, İsveçli müzisyen
 1974 - apl.de.ap, Filipin asıllı Amerikalı şarkıcı ve yapımcı
 1975 - Sigurd Wongraven, Norveçli müzisyen
 1977 - Doğa Bekleriz, Türk manken, oyuncu ve sunucu
 1977 - Fabio Grosso, İtalyan millî futbolcu
 1978 - Mehdi Nafti, Tunuslu eski millî futbolcu
 1979 - Chamillionaire, Amerikalı hip hop şarkıcısı ve söz yazarı
 1979 - Hakan Hatipoğlu, Türk sutopu sporcusu, dizi oyuncusu ve sunucu
 1980 - Stuart Taylor, İngiliz futbolcu
 1982 - Leandro Barbosa, Brezilyalı basketbolcu
 1982 - Pero Pejić, Hırvat futbolcu
 1983 - Summer Rae, Amerikalı profesyonel güreşçi, model, aktris ve emekli Amerikan futbolcusu
 1983 - Nelson Haedo Valdez, Paraguaylı millî futbolcu
 1984 - Trey Songz, Amerikalı R&B şarkıcısı ve söz yazarı
 1984 - Mary Elizabeth Winstead, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1984 - Andrew Bogut, Avustralyalı basketbolcu
 1985 - Álvaro Pereira, Uruguaylı futbolcu
 1986 - Mouhamadou Dabo, Senegal asıllı Fransız futbolcu
 1987 - Karen Gillan, İskoç aktris ve eski manken
 1990 - Dedryck Boyata, Belçikalı futbolcu
 1990 - Edis Görgülü, Türk şarkıcı, söz yazarı ve oyuncu
 1992 - Adam Hicks, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1993 - Alysha Boekhoudt, Arubalı manken
 1995 - Chase Elliott, Amerikalı araba yarışçısı
 1995 - Nursevil Aydınlar, Türk voleybolcu

Ölümler
 741 - III. Gregorius, 731 yılından 741 yılına kadar Papalık yapmıştır (d. 690)
 1290 - Kastilyalı Eleanor, I. Edward'ın ilk karısı olarak İngiltere Kraliçesi (d. 1241)
 1667 - Jean de Thévenot, Fransız Doğu gezgini (d. 1633)
 1680 - Gian Lorenzo Bernini, İtalyan Barok tarzında çalışan heykeltıraş (d. 1598)
 1680 - Athanasius Kircher, Alman Cizvit papazı ve yazıbilimci (d. 1601)
 1694 - Matsuo Bashō, Japonya'nın Edo dönemindeki şair (d. 1644)
 1794 - Cesare Beccaria, İtalyan hukukçu, filozof, ekonomist ve edebiyatçı (d. 1738
 1820 - Mütercim Âsım, Osmanlı yazar, mütercim ve ilim adamı (d. 1755)
 1852 - Emmanuil Ksantos, Yunan tüccar (d. 1772)
 1859 - Washington Irving, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1783)
 1861 - Manuel Antônio de Almeida, Brezilyalı yazar (d. 1831)
 1870 - Frédéric Bazille, Fransız izlenimci ressam (d. 1841)
 1893 - Alexander Cunningham, İngiliz arkeolog ve ordu mühendisi (d. 1814)
 1894 - Charles Thomas Newton, İngiliz arkeolog (d. 1816)
 1914 - Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, Alman fizikçi (d. 1824)
 1921 - Abdülbaha, Bahai dininin kurucusu Bahaullah'ın en büyük oğlu (d. 1844)
 1930 - VI. Konstantin, 262. Ekümenik Patriği olarak görev yapmıştır (d. 1859)
 1937 - Magnús Guðmundsson, İzlandalı politikacı (d. 1879)
 1938 - William McDougall, İngiliz psikolog (d. 1871)
 1939 - James Naismith, Kanadalı basketbol sporunun yaratıcısı, Amerikan Futbolu ve Kask'ın mucidi (d. 1861)
 1945 - Dwight F. Davis, Amerikalı tenis oyuncusu ve politikacı (d. 1879)
 1947 - Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Fransız general (d. 1902)
 1954 - Enrico Fermi, İtalyan fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (d. 1901)
 1960 - Richard Wright, Afrikalı-Amerikalı öykü, roman ve makale yazarı, şair (d. 1908)
 1962 - Wilhelmina, 1890'dan 1948'deki feragatına kadar Hollanda Kraliçesi (d. 1880)
 1964 - Jimmy McMullan, İskoç eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1895)
 1967 - Léon M'ba, bağımsız Gabon'un ilk devlet başkanı (d. 1902)
 1968 - Enid Blyton, İngiliz yazar (d. 1897)
 1976 - Rosalind Russell, Amerikalı aktris (d. 1907)
 1988 - Nuri Boytorun, Türk güreşçi (d. 1908)
 1992 - Sidney Nolan, Avustralyalı ressam (d. 1917)
 1994 - Jeffrey Dahmer, Amerikalı seri katil (d. 1960)
 1994 - Buster Edwards, Büyük Tren Soygunu'nda İngiliz suç çetesi elemanı olmuştu. Ayrıca boksör ve gece kulübü sahibi (d. 1931)
 1995 - Aziz Çalışlar, Türk çevirmen, araştırmacı, denemeci ve tiyatro yazarı (d. 1942)
 1995 - Rakım Çalapala, Türk gazeteci ve yazar (d. 1906)
 2001 - Grigori Çuhray, Sovyet yönetmen ve senaryo yazarı (d. 1921)
 2002 - Bülent Tanör, Türk akademisyen ve yazar (d. 1940)
 2002 - Melih Cevdet Anday, Türk şair, tiyatro oyunu, roman, deneme ve makale yazarı (d. 1915)
 2005 - Hatice Alptekin, Türk yazar (Ters Akıyordu Volga adlı kitabıyla beğeni kazanan) (d. 1923)
 2010 - Leslie Nielsen, Kanadalı oyuncu ve komedyen (d. 1926)
 2010 - Samuel T. Cohen, Amerikalı fizikçi ve nötron bombasını icat eden (d. 1921)
 2013 - Danny Wells, Kanadalı film ve televizyon oyuncusu ve seslendirme sanatçısı (d. 1941)
 2014 - Kirsten Lundsgaardvig, Danimarkalı ressam (d. 1942)
 2015 - Gerry Byrne, İngiliz eski millî futbolcu (d. 1938)
 2015 - Tahir Elçi, Kürt asıllı Türk hukukçu, aktivist ve Diyarbakır Baro Başkanı (d. 1966)
 2015 - Doug Lennox, Kanadalı aktör, yazar ve radyo programcısı (d. 1938)
 2016 - Ailton Canela, Eski Brezilyalı futbolcu (d. 1994)
 2016 - Mateus Caramelo, Brezilyalı futbolcu (d. 1994)
 2016 - Matheus Biteco, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1995)
 2016 - Dener, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1991)
 2016 - Gil, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1987)
 2016 - Josimar, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1986)
 2016 - Caio Júnior, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1965)
 2016 - Kempes, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1982)
 2016 - Filipe Machado, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1984)
 2016 - Arthur Maia, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1992)
 2016 - Marcelo, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1991)
 2016 - Ananias Eloi Castro Monteiro, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1989)
 2016 - Bruno Rangel, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1981)
 2016 - Cléber Santana, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1981)
 2016 - Mário Sérgio, Brezilyalı futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1950)
 2016 - Lucas Gomes da Silva, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1990)
 2016 - Guilherme Gimenez de Souza, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1995)
 2016 - Sérgio Manoel Barbosa Santos, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1989)
 2016 - Tiaguinho, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1994)
 2016 - Thiego, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1986)
 2017 - Şadiye, Mısırlı aktris ve şarkıcı (d. 1931)
 2018 - Nicanor de Carvalho, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu (d. 1947)
 2018 - Robert Morris, Amerikalı heykeltıraş, kavramsal sanatçı ve yazar (d. 1931)
 2019 - Endel Taniloo, Eston heykeltıraş (d. 1923)
 2019 - Pim Verbeek, Hollandalı futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1956)
 2020 - David Prowse, İngiliz oyuncu ve vücut geliştirici (d. 1935)
2021 - Mustafa Cengiz, Türk iş insanı, spor yöneticisi, eski bürokrat ve 37. Galatasaray Başkanı. (d. 1949)

Tatiller ve özel günler

1128
28

28 Kasım


Coffin corner may refer to:

 Coffin corner (aerodynamics), an unstable combination of speed and altitude
 A position in a bomber formation combat box
 Coffin corner (American football), a strategy used by a punter in American football
 The Coffin Corner, a magazine published by the Professional Football Researchers Association

See also
Coffins Corner, New Jersey

Coffin corner


La Intermedia era un campeonato de promoción en Perú entre la Primera División como categoría superior y la Segunda División y Copa Perú como categorías inferiores. Este sistema campeonato se fundó en 1984 y mantuvo vigencia hasta 1987. Cada región era libre de cómo organizar sus campeonatos regionales y intermedias. Con este modelo, los equipos podrían mantenerse o ascender a la primera profesional, mientras otros  mantenerse en la Intermedia o descender a la Copa Perú. En el caso particular de Lima, la Intermedia estaba dividida en dos. A su vez, los equipos que descendía, podría voluntariamente afiliarse a la Liga Mayor Fútbol de Lima.

Historia

Se desarrolló durante el sistema de Campeonatos Regionales entre los años 1984 y 1987, jugado entre los meses de octubre a febrero del siguiente año.

Al igual que la Primera División se encontraba dividida en cuatro zonas: Norte, Centro, Sur y Metropolitana. En las tres primeras participaban los peores de la respectiva zona en Primera División contra equipos provenientes de la Copa Perú. Los mejores equipos de cada zona clasificaban o se mantenía en la Primera División, para la siguiente temporada. Mientras que el resto, se mantenía en la Intermedia o descendía a la Copa Perú.

En el caso de la Zona Metropolitana se dividía en Intermedia A e Intermedia B. En Intermedia A jugaban los peores de la Zona Metropolitana de Primera y los mejores de Segunda División. Luego aquellos equipos ganadores y de mejor puntaje pasaban o se mantenía en la Primera División.

El resto de equipos de Segunda jugaban la Intermedia B contra los ganadores de las regiones IV y IX (equipos de Lima y Callao en su mayoría e Ica) de la Copa Perú para definir quienes enfrentarían a los equipos de Intermedia A que no habían logrado el ascenso en pos de obtener los últimos cupos a Primera División.

De la Intermedia B también salía el equipo que retornaba a la Copa Perú que se sumaba al descendido del torneo de Segunda División. Finalizadas ambas intermedias los equipos que no lograron ascender a Primera y evitaron el descenso a Copa Perú jugaban en Segunda División al año siguiente.

En 1986 no se disputó la Intermedia B; en 1987 se disputó con los equipos de la Región IV, el ganador de la Región IX accedió a la Segunda División 1988.

Campeonatos

Segunda División Metropolitana 1984

   Unión González Prada - a Intermedia A
  Juventud La Joya - a Intermedia A
  Deportivo San Agustín - a Intermedia B
  Deportivo AELU - a Intermedia B
  Alcides Vigo - a Intermedia B
  Deportivo Cantolao - a Intermedia B
   Centro Iqueño - a Intermedia B
  Deportivo Aviación de Pisco - a Intermedia B
  Defensor Mayta Cápac - a Intermedia B
   Juventud Progreso - a Intermedia B
  Atlético Independiente - a Intermedia B
  Miraflores FC - a Intermedia B

Intermedia 1984

Zona Metropolitana

Intermedia A
  Deportivo Municipal - a Primera División 1985
   Atlético Chalaco - a Primera División 1985
  Octavio Espinosa - a Primera División 1985
  Juventud La Joya - a Primera División 1985
  Juventud La Palma - a liguilla de promoción
  Unión González Prada - a liguilla de promoción

Intermedia B
  Deportivo San Agustín - a liguilla de promoción
  Deportivo AELU - a liguilla de promoción
  Alcides Vigo - a Segunda División 1985
  Deportivo Cantolao - a Segunda División 1985
  Centro Iqueño - a Segunda División 1985
  Grumete Medina - a Segunda División 1985
  Escuela Técnica del Ejército - a Segunda División 1985
  Deportivo Aviación - a Segunda División 1985
  Defensor Mayta Cápac - a Segunda División 1985
  Juventud Progreso - a Segunda División 1985
  Atlético Independiente - a Segunda División 1985
  Miraflores FC - a Copa Perú 1985

Liguilla de promoción
  Deportivo San Agustín - a Primera División 1985
   Juventud La Palma - a Primera División 1985
   Deportivo AELU - a Segunda División 1985
   Unión González Prada - a Segunda División 1985

Zona Norte
  Carlos A. Mannucci - a Primera División 1985
  José Gálvez - a Primera División 1985
  Deportivo Juan Aurich - a Copa Perú 1985
  Deportivo Sider Perú - a Copa Perú 1985
  Deportivo Cañaña - a Copa Perú 1985

Zona Centro
 León de Huánuco - a Primera División 1985
 Defensor ANDA - a Primera División 1985
 Hostal Rey - a Primera División 1985
 Deportivo Cooptrip - a Primera División 1985
 Deportivo Hospital - a Copa Perú 1985

Zona Sur
 Alfonso Ugarte - a Primera División 1985
 Cienciano - a Primera División 1985
 Atlético Huracán - a Primera División 1985
 Atlético Agrario - a Copa Perú 1985

Segunda División Metropolitana 1985
  Alcides Vigo - a Intermedia A
  Centro Iqueño - a Intermedia A
  Deportivo Cantolao - a Intermedia B
  Juventud Progreso - a Intermedia B
  Escuela Técnica del Ejército  - a Intermedia B
  Grumete Medina - a Intermedia B
  Deportivo Aviación  - a Intermedia B
   Atlético Independiente  - a Intermedia B
  Defensor Mayta Cápac - a Copa Perú 1986
Nota: Unión González Prada desistió de participar y Deportivo AELU fue inhabilitado por un año por una mala inscripción en 1984.

Intermedia 1985

Zona Metropolitana

Intermedia A
  Deportivo San Agustín Deportivo San Agustín - a Primera División 1986
   Juventud La Palma - a Primera División 1986
  Unión Huaral - a liguilla de promoción
  Atlético Chalaco - a liguilla de promoción
   Alcides Vigo - a liguilla de promoción
  Centro Iqueño - a liguilla de promoción

Intermedia B
Norte
   Deportivo Cantolao - a preliguilla
  Juventud Progreso - a preliguilla
   Escuela Técnica del Ejército - a preliguilla
   Grumete Medina - a Segunda División 1986
   Defensor Lima - a Segunda División 1986
  Círcolo Sportivo Paramonga - a Segunda División 1986
  Aurora Miraflores - a Segunda División 1986
  Juventud Apurímac de Chosica- a Copa Perú 1986

Sur
  Deportivo Aviación - a preliguilla
    Atlético Independiente - a Segunda División 1986
  Guardia Republicana - a preliguilla
   Lawn Tennis - a preliguilla
   Walter Ormeño - a Segunda División 1986
  Atlético Peruano - a Segunda División 1986
  Deportivo Enapu - a Segunda División 1986
  Santos F.C. (Chincha) - a Segunda División 1986

Preliguilla
  Deportivo Cantolao - a liguilla de promoción
  Guardia Republicana - a liguilla de promoción
  Juventud Progreso - a Segunda División 1986
   Escuela Técnica del Ejército - a Segunda División 1986
  Lawn Tennis - a Segunda División 1986
  Deportivo Aviación - a Segunda División 1986

Liguilla de promoción
  Guardia Republicana - a Primera División 1986
  Unión Huaral - a Primera División 1986
  Centro Iqueño - a Segunda División 1986
  Atlético Chalaco - a Segunda División 1986
  Alcides Vigo - a Segunda División 1986
  Deportivo Cantolao - a Segunda División 1986

Zona Norte
 Atlético Grau - a Primera División 1986
 Atlético Torino - a Primera División 1986
 José Gálvez - a Copa Perú 1986
 Sport Guadalupe - a Copa Perú 1986
 Cultural Casma - a Copa Perú 1986

Zona Centro
 León de Huánuco - a Primera División 1986
 Unión Minas - a Primera División 1986
 Defensor ANDA - a Primera División 1986
 Deportivo Pucallpa - a Primera División 1986
 Chanchamayo FC - a Copa Perú 1986

Zona Sur
 Atlético Huracán - a Primera División 1986
 Mariscal Nieto - a Primera División 1986
 Cienciano - a Primera División 1986
 Diablos Rojos - a Copa Perú 1986
 Bancos Unidos - a Copa Perú 1986

Segunda División Metropolitana 1986

Zona Norte

  Internazionale - Clasifica a Liguilla
  Lawn Tennis - Clasifica a Liguilla
   Deportivo AELU - Clasifica a Liguilla
  Juventud Progreso - Clasifica a Liguilla
  Atlético Chalaco - a Segunda División 1987
  Aurora Miraflores - a Segunda División 1987
  Círcolo Sportivo Paramonga - a Segunda División 1987
   Esther Grande de Bentín - a Segunda División 1987
  Defensor Lima - a Segunda División 1987
  Atlético Peruano - a Copa Perú 1987

Zona Sur

   Walter Ormeño - Clasifica a Liguilla
   Deportivo CITEN - Clasifica a Liguilla
  Deportivo Aviación de Pisco - Clasifica a Liguilla
  Atlético Independiente - Clasifica a Liguilla
   Escuela Técnica del Ejército - a Segunda División 1987
  Deportivo Enapu - a Segunda División 1987
  Alcides Vigo - a Segunda División 1987
  Grumete Medina - a Segunda División 1987
  Santos FC (Chincha) - a Segunda División 1987
  Centro Iqueño - a Copa Perú 1987

Liguilla Final

  Internazionale - clasifica a Intermedia A
  Deportivo AELU - clasifica a Intermedia A
  Atlético Independiente - a Segunda División 1987
   Walter Ormeño - a Segunda División 1987
  Juventud Progreso - a Segunda División 1987
  Lawn Tennis - a Segunda División 1987
   Deportivo CITEN - a Segunda División 1987
  Deportivo Aviación de Pisco - a Segunda División 1987

Intermedia 1986

Zona Metropolitana

Intermedia A
  Internazionale - a Primera División 1987
  Colegio Nacional de Iquitos - a Primera División 1987
  Unión Huaral - a Primera División 1987
   Juventud La Joya - a Primera División 1987
   Circolo Sportivo Guardia Republicana - a Segunda División 1987
  Deportivo AELU - a Segunda División 1987

Intermedia B
No hubo torneo

Zona Norte
 Atlético Torino - a Primera División 1987
 Carlos A. Mannucci - a Primera División 1987
 Los Espartanos- a Copa Perú 1987
 Deportivo UNP- a Copa Perú 1987
 Libertad- a Copa Perú 1987

Zona Centro
 Mina San Vicente - a Primera División 1987
 Deportivo Junín - a Primera División 1987
 León de Huánuco - a Copa Perú 1987
 Universidad San Cristóbal de Huamanga - a Copa Perú 1987

Zona Sur
 Alfonso Ugarte - a Primera División 1987
 Atlético Huracán - a Primera División 1987
 Juvenil Los Angeles - a Primera División 1987
 Diablos Rojos - a Copa Perú 1987
 Mariscal Nieto - a Copa Perú 1987

Segunda División Metropolitana 1987

Primera fase
Norte
  Defensor Lima - a Segunda fase
  Deportivo CITEN - a Segunda fase
  Aurora Miraflores - a Segunda fase
  Guardia Republicana - a Segunda fase
  Juventud Progreso - a Intermedia B
 Grumete Medina - a Intermedia B
  Lawn Tennis - a Intermedia B
  Deportivo Enapu - a Intermedia B
  Círcolo Sportivo Paramonga - a Copa Perú 1988
Sur
  Deportivo AELU - a Segunda fase
   Walter Ormeño - a Segunda fase
  Escuela Técnica del Ejército - a Segunda fase
   Esther Grande de Bentín - a Segunda fase
  Santos FC (Chincha) - a Intermedia B
   Alcides Vigo - a Intermedia B
  Atlético Chalaco  - a Intermedia B
   Deportivo Aviación de Pisco  - a Intermedia B
  Atlético Independiente  - a Intermedia B

Segunda fase
  Deportivo AELU - a Intermedia A
  Walter Ormeño - a Intermedia A
  Deportivo CITEN.  - a Intermedia A
  Escuela Técnica del Ejército - a Intermedia A
  Defensor Lima - a Liguilla extra
   Esther Grande de Bentín - a Liguilla extra
   Aurora Miraflores - a Liguilla extra
  Guardia Republicana - a Liguilla extra

Liguilla extra
  Defensor Lima - a Intermedia A
  Guardia Republicana - a Intermedia B
   Esther Grande de Bentín - a Intermedia B
   Aurora Miraflores - a Intermedia B

Intermedia 1987

Zona Metropolitana

Intermedia A
  Deportivo AELU - a Primera División 1988
  Internazionale - a Primera División 1988
  Octavio Espinosa - a Primera División 1988
   Juventud La Joya - a Primera División 1988
   Juventud La Palma - a repechaje
  Walter Ormeño - a Segunda División 1988
  Sport Boys - a Segunda División 1988
  Defensor Lima - a Segunda División 1988
  Deportivo CITEN - a Segunda División 1988
  Escuela Técnica del Ejército - a Segunda División 1988

Intermedia B
Norte
   Alcides Vigo - a liguilla de promoción
  Hijos de Yurimaguas  - a liguilla de promoción
  Atlético Chalaco - a liguilla de promoción
  Juventud Progreso - a Segunda División 1988
  Aurora Miraflores - a Segunda División 1988
  Grumete Medina - a Segunda División 1988
Sur
   Guardia Republicana - a liguilla de promoción
   Lawn Tennis - a liguilla de promoción
  Deportivo Enapu - a liguilla promoción
   Deportivo Aviación - a Segunda División 1988
  Atlético Independiente - a Segunda División 1988
  Once Estrellas (Chincha) - a Segunda División 1988
  Esther Grande de Bentín - a Segunda División 1988
  Santos FC (Chincha) - a Copa Perú 1988

Liguilla de promoción
   Guardia Republicana - a repechaje
  Alcides Vigo - a Segunda División 1988
  Hijos de Yurimaguas - a Segunda División 1988
  Atlético Chalaco - a Segunda División 1988
  Lawn Tennis - a Segunda División 1988
  Deportivo Enapu - a Segunda División 1988

Repechaje
   Guardia Republicana - a Primera División 1988
  Juventud La Palma - a Segunda División 1988

Zona Norte
 Alianza Atlético - a Primera División 1988
 Atlético Grau - a Primera División 1988
 15 de Setiembre - a Primera División 1988
 Juan Aurich - a Primera División 1988
 Deportivo Cañaña - a Primera División 1988
 Atlético Torino - a Copa Perú 1988
 Estudiantes Casanovistas  - a Copa Perú 1988
 Deportivo UNP - a Copa Perú 1988

Zona Centro
 Asociación Deportiva Tarma - a Primera División 1988
 León de Huánuco - a Primera División 1988
 Alipio Ponce - a Primera División 1988
 Mina San Vicente - a Primera División 1988
 Defensor ANDA - a Primera División 1988
 Social Magdalena  - a Copa Perú 1988
 Universidad San Cristóbal de Huamanga  - a Copa Perú 1988
 Mariano Melgar (Andahuaylas) - a Copa Perú 1988

Zona Sur
 Melgar - a Primera División 1988
 Alianza Naval - a Primera División 1988
 Atlético Huracán - a Primera División 1988
 Diablos Rojos - a Primera División 1988
 Deportivo Tintaya - a Primera División 1988
 Juvenil Los Angeles  - a Copa Perú 1988
 Mariscal Nieto  - a Copa Perú 1988
 Centauro Guardia Republicana  - a Copa Perú 1988

Ascensos a la Intermedia
Los equipos que ascendía a la Intermedia B Metropolitana, generalmente era el campeón de la Etapa Regional Grupo IV (Se agrupaban los campeones de Lima Metropolitana, Lima Provincias, la Provincia Constitucional del Callao y el Departamento de Ica).
A su vez, el campeón (en ocasiones el subcampeón) de la Liga Mayor Fútbol de Lima.

Nota
Los equipos de la segunda división (en su mayoría de Lima y Callao), tenía dos chances de ascender a la primera división. Mediante la Intermedia A o la Intermedia B. Por supuesto, en esa época, los equipos tenían que estar mejor posicionados en el campeonato de la segunda profesional, para acceder a la Intermedia A o Intermedia B según sea el caso.

Referencias
Explicación de los campeonatos regionales y intermedia
 RSSSF - Peru 1987
 Intermedia - Segunda División 1984 al 1987
 De Chalaca - Interpretando el Intermedio
 De Chalaca - Inter-nacional
 De Chalaca - Camino al cadalso

Campeonatos de fútbol entre clubes de Perú

Intermedia (Perú)


Ivan Fyodorov or Ivan Fеdorov (; ; born c. 1510 or c. 1525 – died December 16, 1583) sometimes transliterated as Fiodorov, was one of the fathers of Eastern Slavonic printing (along with Schweipolt Fiol and Francysk Skaryna), he was the first known Russian printer in Moscow and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, he was also a skilled cannon maker and the inventor of a multibarreled mortar.

Name
In those times Russians still did not have hereditary surnames, but used patronymics or nicknames, which were also not stable. In his first book "Apostolos" (printed in Moscow in 1564) he called himself in typical Russian style Ivan Fedorov that is "Ivan, son of Fedor". In his other famous book "Ostrog Bible" (1581) he called himself in both Church Slavonic and Greek as "Ivan, son of Feodor (Феодоров сын, Θεοδώρου υἱός), a printer from Moscow". In the Greek version there was "from Great Russia" instead of "from Moscow". But when he was living for a long time in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, he adopted a local Ruthenian style patronymic in Polish spelling "Fedorowicz" and also added a nickname indicating his origin. In his Latin documents he signed Johannes Theodori Moscus (that is "a Muscovite"), or Ioannes Fedorowicz Moschus, typographus Græcus et Sclavonicus. As a result of the dialectical replacement of consonant  with  in early East Slavic the first letter F was sometimes changed, so the patronymic became Chwedorowicz or Chodorowicz. In his later Slavonic books (printed in PLC) he signed "Ioann (Ivan) Fe(o)dorovich" (with some orthographic differences), and added a nickname "a Muscovite printer" or just simply "a Muscovite".

Biography
Neither his place nor his date of birth are known. It is assumed that he was born  or , most likely in Moscow during the Grand Duchy period - he called himself a Muscovite even after his move to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and in his afterword to the Lviv edition of Apostle he named Moscow "our home, our fatherland and our kin". In 1935 a Russian historian of heraldry, , advanced the hypothesis that his printer's mark was the coat of arms of Rahoza, a Belarusian  family, and that Fyodorov had a connection with that family either by descent or by adoption. No subsequent researchers have accepted that theory other than Nemirovsky (2002), who agreed only with the possibility of adoption but not with the theory of Fyodorov's descent from the .

Fyodorov graduated from the University of Kraków in 1532 with a bachelor's degree.

In 1564–5 Fedorov accepted an appointment as a deacon in the church of Saint Nicolas (Gostunsky) in the Moscow Kremlin.  Together with Pyotr Timofeev from Mstislavl (i.e. Mstislavets), he established the Moscow Print Yard and published a number of liturgical works in Church Slavonic using moveable type. This technical innovation created competition for the Muscovite scribes, who began to persecute Fyodorov and Mstislavets, finally forcing them to flee to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania after their printing workshop had been burned down (an alleged arson, as related by Giles Fletcher in 1591).

The printers were received by the Great Lithuanian Hetman Hrehory Chodkiewicz at his estate in Zabłudów (northern Podlaskie), where they published Yevangeliye uchitel'noye (Didactic Gospel, 1569) (see Zabłudów Gospel) and Psaltir' (Psalter, 1570).

Fyodorov moved to Lviv in 1572 and resumed his work as a printer the following year at the  Saint Onuphrius Monastery. (Fyodorov's tombstone in Lviv is inscribed with the phrase "renewed neglected printing".) In 1574 Fyodorov, with the help of his son and Hryn Ivanovych of Zabłudów published the second edition of the Apostolos (Apostle, previously published by him in Moscow), with an autobiographical epilogue, and an Azbuka (Alphabet book).

In 1575 Fyodorov, now in the service of Prince Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski, was placed in charge of the Derman Monastery near Dubno; in 1577–9 he established the Ostrog Press, where, in 1581, he published the Ostrog Bible  — the first full version of the Bible in Church Slavonic printed in moveable type — as well as a number of other books. Fyodorov returned to Lviv after a quarrel with Prince Konstantyn Ostrogski, but his attempt to reopen his printing shop was unsuccessful. His printing facilities became the property of the Lviv Dormition Brotherhood (later the Stauropegion Institute). The brotherhood used Fyodorov's original designs until the early 19th century.

In 1583 he visited Vienna and Kraków, where he showed the Emperor his latest inventions. He then returned to Lviv, where he died on December 16, 1583; he was buried there on the grounds of the Saint Onuphrius Monastery.

Publications

1. Apostolos (Apostol). Moscow, 17 April 1563 – 3 March 1564, 6 unnumbered and 262 numbered leaves (in Cyrillic numerals) sized at least 285 x 193 mm, in two colours, edition of about 1,000 copies of which at least 47 copies are extant.

2 and 3. Two editions of Book of Hours (Chasovnic). Moscow, 7 August – 29 September 1565 and 2 September – 29 October 1565, 173 (172 in the second edition) unnumbered leaves sized at least 166 x 118 mm, printed in two colours, at least 7 copies are extant today.

4. Didactic Gospel (Yevangeliye uchitelnoye). Zabłudów, 8 July 1568 – 17 March 1569, 8 unnumbered and 399 numbered leaves sized at least 310 x 194 mm, printed in two colours, at least 31 copies are extant today.

5. Psalms with Book of Hours. Zabłudów, 26 September 1569 – 23 March 1570, 18 unnumbered leaves with two separately numbered sets of 284 and 75 leaves sized at least 168 x 130 mm (a heavily cropped copy), printed in two colours. A very rare edition: only three extant copies are known, all of them incomplete. The first Cyrillic book with ruled tables. A digital version is available.

6. Apostolos. Lvov, 25 February 1573 – 15 February 1574, 15 unnumbered and 264 numbered leaves sized at least 300 x 195 mm, printed in two colours, edition of 1,000–1,200 copies, at least 70 copies are extant today. Similar to the Moscow edition of 1564 with a little more refined design. An electronic version of an almost complete copy is available online.

7. Primer. Lviv, 1574, 40 unnumbered leaves, frame (type page) of 127,5 x 63 mm, printed in two colours, edition of probably 2,000 copies, but only a single one is known to have survived (stored in the library of Harvard University).

8. Greek-Russian Church-Slavonic Reader. Ostrog, 1578, 8 unnumbered leaves, frame of 127,5 x 64 mm, printed in one colour, set in two columns (parallel Greek and Slavonic text) for the first time in Fyodorov's books, only one copy is in existence (stored in the State Library of Gotha, East Germany). This copy is bound with a copy of the Primer of 1578 (see below), which makes them appear as one book referred to as Ostrog Primer of 1578. A digital version is available online.

9. Primer. Ostrog, 1578, 48 unnumbered leaves, frame of 127,5 x 63 mm, printed in one colour, the edition was of many copies, but only two incomplete copies exist (one is already mentioned above, the other one is kept in the Royal Library of Copenhagen). A reprint of the Lviv's Primer of 1574 with the added "On the Letters" by Chernorizets Hrabar. A digital version is available online.

10. New Testament with Psalms. Ostrog, 1580, 4 unnumbered + 480 numbered leaves sized at least 152 x 87 mm, printed in two colours, the number of copies is unknown, at least 47 copies are extant.

11. Alphabetical index to the previous edition ("Knizhka, sobraniye veschey ..."). Ostrog, 1580, 1 unnumbered and 52 numbered leaves, frame of 122 x 55 mm, printed in one colour, at least 13 copies are extant (often added to the previous book, but evidently printed and issued separately as a special edition).

12. Chronology of Andrew Rymsha ("Kotorogo sya m(s)tsa shto za starykh věkov děyelo korotkoye opisaniye"). Ostrog, 5 May 1581, two-page leaflet (text printed on the inside of the pages), frame of about 175 x 65 mm. The only known copy is stored in the Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library in St.Petersburg.

13. Bible. Ostrog, 1581. 8 unnumbered leaves with five separately numbered sets of 276, 180, 30, 56 and 78 leaves sized at least 309 x 202 mm, text set in two columns, including some in Greek, mainly printed in one colour (vermilion is used only for the title), edition of 1,500 copies of which approximately 400 are extant.

See also
 Moscow Print Yard

Notes

Citations

References

Further reading
In Church Slavonic

In Russian

In Ukrainian

Ukrainian printers
Russian printers
Russian inventors
1583 deaths
1525 births
Jagiellonian University alumni
Ukrainian inventors

Ivan Fyodorov (printer)


බොහෝමයක් රූපවාහිනී පර්යේෂකයන් වර්ණ රූප සම්ප්‍රේශණය අගය පැසසීමට ලක් කරයි. 1889 දී රුසියාවේ දී යාන්ත්‍රිකව පරිලෝකනය වන වර්ණ පද්ධති සඳහා වූ පේටන්ට් යෙදුම වර්ණයේ වැදගත්කම කෙතරම් කාලයකට කලින් තේරුම් ගියේ ද යන්න පෙන්වයි. ජෝන් ලොගී බෙයාර්ඩ් 1928 ජූලි 3 වනදා ප්‍රථම වර්ණ සම්ප්‍රේශණය ප්‍රදර්ශණය කරන ලදී. මේ සඳහා ඔහු සම්ප්‍රේශණ හා ප්‍රතිග්‍රාහක කෙළවරවල පරිලෝකනය කිරීමේ තැටි දඟර ඇත උපකරණ 3ක් සමඟ යොදා ගත් අතර එක් එක් දඟරය වෙනස් ප්‍රාථමික වර්ණවල පෙරහනක් සමඟ වූ අතර ප්‍රතිග්‍රාහක අන්තයෙහි ආලෝක ප්‍රභව තුනක් හා ඒවායේ දීප්තිය විචල්‍ය කිරීමට කොමියුටේටරයකින් ද යුක්ත විය.බෙයාර්ඩ් 1938 පෙබරවාරි 4 වනදා යාන්ත්‍රිකව පරිලෝකනය කරන ලද 120-line රූපයක් බෙයාර්ඩ්ගේ ක්‍රිස්ටල් පැලස් රූපාගාරයේ සිට ලන්ඩනයේ ඩොමීනියන් රංග ශාලාවේ ප්‍රක්ෂේපණ තිරයකට යැවීමෙන් ලොව ප්‍රථම වර්ණ විකාශනය සිදු කරන ලදී. 1938 දී වර්ණ රූපවාහිනී සඳහා වූ ෂැඩෝ මාස්ක් තාක්ෂණය සඳහා ජර්මනියේ වර්නර් ෆ්ලෙෂිග්  විසින් පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය ලබා ගන්නා ලදී. 1939 දී බර්ලින්හි වූ අන්තර් ජාතික රේඩියෝ ප්‍රද‍ර්ශනයේ දී වර්ණ රූපවාහිනී ප්‍රදර්ශනය කරන ලදී. 1944 අගෝස්තු 16 වනදා බෙයාර්ඩ් විසින් සම්පූර්ණයෙන් ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික වර්ණ රූපවාහිනී සංදර්ශකයක ප්‍රථම නිරූපනය ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදී. ඔහුගේ 600-line වර්ණ පද්ධතිය එක් එක් පින්තූරය සෑදීම සඳහා පරිලෝකන 6ක් යොදා ගන්නා අතර එය ත්‍රිත්ව අතුරු වියමන යොදා ගනී.

වර්ණ රූපවාහිනී


Ladenburg je grad na sjeverozapadu Baden-Württemberga u Njemačkoj. Leži na desnoj obali rijeke Neckar, 10 km sjeverozapadno od Heidelberga i 10 km istočno od Mannheima.

Povijest grada seže u keltsko i rimsko doba, kada se zvao Lopodunum. Car Trajan podigao ga je u gradski status ('civitas') 98. godine. Povijesni stari grad i njegov Fachwerkhäuser potječu iz kasnog srednjeg vijeka. Izumitelj automobila Carl Benz također je živio u Ladenburgu. Kroz grad prolazi Spomen-put Bertha Benz, nazvan po njegovoj supruzi Berthi.

Geografija

Položaj i prirodni okoliš
Okrug leži na aluvijalnom konusu Neckar na nadmorskoj visini od 96 do 106 metara u metropolitanskoj regiji Rajna-Neckar u ravnici Gornje Rajne. Južno od izgrađenog područja Kandelbach se ulijeva u Neckar. Okrug se prostire na 1900 hektara. Od toga je 24,7% naselja i prometa, 71,8% koristi se za poljoprivredu i 2,8% vode.

Podjela grada
Zaseoci Neubotzheim i Neuzeilsheim i okrug Rosenhof pripadaju gradu Ladenburg. Na području grada su Wüstungen iz Botzheima, Meerhof i Zeilsheim.

Susjedni gradovi
Ladenburško gradsko područje graniči se s Ilvesheimom na zapadu niz rijeku Neckar, Heddesheimom na sjeveru, gradić Leutershausen u Hirschbergu slijedi na sjeveroistoku prema Odenwaldu, južno od Leutershausena leži grad Bergstrasse Schriesheim praćen Dossenheimom na jugoistoku. Tok rijeke Neckar čini granicu prema Edingen-Neckarhausenu.

Klima
Ladenburg, poput Heidelberga, pripada najtoplijem području Njemačke. Količina oborina u okrugu raste od zapada prema istoku i oscilira između 650 i 800 mm. Najbliža klimatska stanica u Heidelbergu izmjerila je prosječnu temperaturu od 11,1°C i padalina od 745 mm godišnje između 1971. i 2000. Najtopliji je mjesec srpanj s prosječnom temperaturom od 20,1°C, najhladniji je siječanj s 2,5°C.

Povijest

Antika
Ladenburg se opisuje kao najstariji grad u Njemačkoj s desne strane Rajne. Prvo naselje u gradu dogodilo se negdje između 3000. i 200. godine prije nove ere. Ladenburg je u početku postojao kao keltsko naselje Lokudunom, što znači morski dvorac. Godine 200. pr. Kr. keltsko središte Gaume premješteno je iz Heiligenberga blizu Heidelberga u Ladenburg. 40. godine Rimljani su naselili Nijemce iz Suebske Labe kao seljačku miliciju. U rimskim izvorima nazivaju se Suebi Nicrenses (Neckarsueben). Godine 74. poslije Krista Rimljani su tamo osnovali pomoćnu utvrdu s logorskim selom (vicus), jezgrom kasnijeg grada. U garnizonu je bila pomoćna konjička divizija njemačkih Cananefatesa, njihovo ime znači "majstori poriluka".

Godine 98. Car Trajan uzdigao je naselje Lopodunum do civitas (gradski status) i do glavnog grada Civitas Ulpia Sueborum Nicrensium; nakon carevog gentilnog imena - Ulpije - mjesto je dobilo epitet Ulpija. Naselje je procvjetalo u drugom i početkom trećeg stoljeća, o čemu svjedoče brojni arheološki nalazi.

Oko 220. godine rimski grad imao je forum s tržnicom bazilikom, tjednom tržnicom, hramovima, rimskim kazalištem, termalnim kupalištima, palačama i gradskim zidom. Javne zgrade bile su neobično velike u usporedbi s ostalim naseljima u regiji. Ozidana površina iznosila je oko 32 hektara, raštrkani nalazi zauzimaju čak i područje naselja od oko 45 hektara. Tako je Ladenburg bio najveći rimski grad u današnjem Baden-Württembergu, čak i prije Rottweila, Rottenburga, Bad Cannstatta, Bad Wimpfena, Heidenheima i Heidelberga.

Godine 260. ili malo prije, očito su Alamani uništili grad nakon što su carske trupe napustile dekumatsku zemlju. Međutim, neki su mještani ostali i tako se zadržalo rimsko ime mjesta. Car Valentinijan I. ponovno je zauzeo naselje 369. godine i dao sagraditi ladanjski dvorac, kasnoantičku lučku utvrdu, u koju se moglo ući samo s Neckara. Otprilike sredinom 5. stoljeća, vjerojatno 454. godine nakon sloma Hunskog carstva, rimskoj vladavini na području Ladenburga konačno je došao kraj.

Razdoblje migracija i srednji vijek
Već 496. Merovinzi su sagradili kraljevski dvor u Ladenburgu koji je predan kao palača. Lobdenburg je postao glavni grad Lobdengaua. 628. franački kralj Dagobert I. grad je i regiju "predao" biskupiji Worms. Godine 874. kralj Ludwig Nijemac dokumentirao je Lobetenburg. U karolinško doba Ladenburg je bio jedan od rijetkih gradova u carstvu koji su bili označeni kao Civitas Publica, što pretpostavlja daljnje postojanje kraljevskog dvora. Već u 10. stoljeću izgrađene su prve srednjovjekovne gradske zidine. Kralj Heinrich II., Svetac, je 1006. godine biskupu Wormsa potvrdio sve posjede katedralnog samostana Ladenburg, a pet godina kasnije biskupu je dodijelio županiju Lobdengau.

Godine 1253. zajednica se prvi put pojavila sa Schultheißom, starcima i građanima. Godine 1385. gospodstvo nad Ladenburgom podijeljeno je između Worms-a i Palatinata nakon krvave zavade.

Godine 1400. građani Wormsa nisu poslušali svog biskupa i protjerali ga, nakon čega je Ladenburg postao sjedište biskupa. Godine 1412. biskup Johann II. Von Fleckenstein dao je sagraditi južni toranj crkve sv. Galusa, "jer on kao biskup ima pravo na dvije kule", dakle na katedralu. Za vrijeme biskupa Johanna III. Von Dalberga (1455. – 1503.) Ladenburg je doživio najveći procvat. Godine 1512., na pragu modernog doba, grad je posjetio njegov prijatelj car Maksimilijan.

Moderna vremena
Kasniji reformator Reuchlin bio je zadužen za zbirku knjiga, koja je preuzeta od opatije Lorsch i dopunjena Dalbergovim fundusom, a danas je poznata kao Bibliotheca Palatina. Na Badnjak 1564. godine izbila je tučnjava između reformiranog svećenika Eckarda i biskupa Bettendorfa u St. Gallusu. Sljedeće se godine Bettendorf pomirio s Wormserima i napustio Ladenburg, preostalo sekundarno prebivalište. Potom je Frederick III., Kalvinistički izbornik Palatinata, na Veliki petak opljačkao crkvu sv. Galusa i uništio katoličke slike (Kurpfälzer Bildersturm).

Tijekom Tridesetogodišnjeg rata, grad je djelomično uništio Peter Ernst II od Mansfelda 1622. godine, a opljačkao ga je general Mélac tijekom Palatinskog rata za nasljedstvo (1689. – 1693.). Godine 1705. braća izbornik Johann Wilhelm i biskup Franz Ludwig von Pfalz-Neuburg dogovorili su se o većoj razmjeni teritorija. Ladenburg je zajedno s Neckarhausenom u potpunosti pripao Izbornom palatinatu, koji je u Ladenburgu osnovao Oberamt (viši ured) sa sjedištem grada.

Nakon Francuske revolucije Ladenburg je okupiran u koalicijskim ratovima 1799., a Napoléon Bonaparte preuređuje političku kartu Europe. Kurpfalz je raspušten i grad je pripao Badenu. Službeno je prebivalište ostalo do 1863. godine, kada je uključeno u okružni ured u Mannheimu. Kada je Badenska revolucija ugušena 1849. godine, Neckar Bridge u Ladenburgu bio je žestoko osporavan. Revolucionari su uspjeli osvojiti grad koji su okupirali Prusi, pokrivajući tako povratnički marš glavnih snaga.

Politički gledano, socijaldemokrati su bili najjača snaga u Ladenburgu od 1903. godine. Tijekom Weimarske Republike privremeno ih je zatamnio Zentrum zbog usitnjavanja spektra ljevičarske stranke. Od 1930. NSDAP je bila najjača stranka koja je na izborima za Reichstag u ožujku 1933. dobila 34,2 posto glasova.

Raspadom Landkreisa, Mannheim Ladenburg postao je dijelom novog Rhein-Neckar-Kreisa 1973. Altstadtfest (Festival starog grada) održan je prvi put 1974. godine i od tada se razvio u magnet za posjetitelje. Godine 1979. gradu zlatnu plaketu dodijelio saveznički predsjednik Walter Scheel na saveznom natjecanju "Stadtgestalt und Denkmalschutz im Städtebau" (urbani dizajn i zaštita spomenika u urbanom razvoju). Godine 1998. grad je proslavio 1900. godišnjicu. Iste godine bio je domaćin "Heimattage Baden-Württemberg". Godine 2005. u Ladenburgu se održao Grünprojekt 2005 (Zeleni projekt), poznat i kao mali Landesgartenschau

Povijesno stanovništvo

Politika

Gradonačelnici
Popis gradonačelnika:

Općinsko vijeće
Općinsko vijeće Ladenburga ima 22 člana, koji se biraju na neposrednim izborima na pet godina. Uz to, načelnik je predsjednik općinskog vijeća. Općinski izbori 2019. doveli su do sljedećeg rezultata (u zagradama: razlika do 2014.):

Blazon grba glasi: U štitu dijagonalno podijeljenom srebrnom i plavom bojom, crveni dvorac s otvorenim vratima i uzdignutim srebrnim lukama u kositrenom i natkrivenom niskom središnjem dijelu, između dvije šiljaste vanjske kositrne kule, dvije dijagonalno prekrižene plave boje ključevi (okrenute brade). Vraća se pečatu iz 1253. godine. Srebrna i plava boje, koje su uspostavljene tek u 19. stoljeću, predstavljaju Kurpfalz. Prekriženi ključevi potječu s grba biskupije Worms. Dvorac bi se vjerojatno trebao smatrati gradskim vratima i stoga se odnosi na gradska prava. Zastava je plavo-bijela.

Značajne ličnosti

 Johann Friedrich von Seilern (1646–1715), sin farbara, a kasnije carskog grofa, rođen je u Ladenburgu
 Johann Christoph Sauer (1695. – 1757.), prvi tiskar i izdavač na njemačkom jeziku u Sjevernoj Americi, rođen je u Ladenburgu
 Braća Franz Xaver von Hertling (1780-1844) i Friedrich von Hertling (1781-1850), obojica bavarski ratni ministri, rođeni su u Ladenburgu
 Michael Frey (1787. – 1832.), Skladatelj, violinist i dirigent
 Friedrich August Lehlbach (1805. – 1875.), Pastor, član Baden Landtaga i otac američkog političara Hermana Lehlbacha
 Lambert Heinrich von Babo (1818. – 1899.), Kemičar
 Heinrich Siegel (1830. – 1899.), Pravni povjesničar i profesor na Sveučilištu u Beču
 Carl Benz (1844. – 1929.), izumitelj automobila, suprug Berthe, živio je u Ladenburgu od 1906. do svoje smrti 1929. godine.
 Bertha Benz, (1849. – 1944.), Prva osoba koja je vozila automobil na velike daljine, supruga Karla, živjela je u Ladenburgu do svoje smrti 1944. godine
 Martin Hartmann (odvjetnik) (1870. – 1931.), Odvjetnik, šef ureda u Badenu
 Elisabeth Trippmacher (1878. – 1969.), Autorica, Ehrenbürgerin iz Ladenburga, dobitnica Ordena za zasluge Savezne Republike Njemačke, rođena je u Ladenburgu
 Hermann Hohn (1897. – 1968.), Njemački general, služio je u oba svjetska rata, primatelj Viteškog križa s hrastovim lišćem i mačevima, bio je gradonačelnik Ladenburga 12 godina
 Karl Langenbacher (1908. – 1965.), Grafički dizajner, autor knjiga i Hörspiele (radio drama), rođen je u Ladenburgu
 Karl Wolf (1912. – 1975.), Bacač kladiva i sudionik Ljetnih olimpijskih igara 1952. godine
 Reinhold Schulz (1931-2008) bio je gradonačelnik 28 godina, počašćen kao Ehrenbürger, Reinhold-Schulz-Waldpark nazvan je po njemu
 Karin Radermacher (1945-), političarka stranke SPD, bivša članica Bavarskog Landtaga
 Gerhard Kleinböck ( 1952- ), političar stranke SPD, trenutni član Landtaga Baden-Württemberga
 Alexandra Philipps (1975-), model, izbor ljepote, pobjednica Miss Njemačke 1999

Međunarodni odnosi

Gradovi blizanci
Ladenburg je bratimljen sa:

 Garango, Burkina Faso, since 1983
 Paternion, Austria, since 1984

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Automuseum dr. Carl Benz
 Spomen put Bertha Benz
Stranice s nepregledanim prijevodima
Gradovi u Njemačkoj

Ladenburg


est un film américain, sorti en 2010.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre français :
 Réalisation : Jackson Douglas
 Scénario : Jeff Lewis
 Musique : Tim Myers
 Pays d'origine : États-Unis
 Genre : comédie
 Date de sortie : 2010

Distribution
 Sara Rue : Candy
 Alex Borstein : Mme. Marcus
 Ike Barinholtz : Buster Cherry
 Will Sasso : Alan
 Kyle Bornheimer : Tony
 Armin Shimerman : le pape
 William Morgan Sheppard : le père Monahan
 Michael Hitchcock : Tom
 Judith Shekoni : Mia do'em
 Jason Barry : le père Beckman
 Scott L. Schwartz : Gordy
 Liam Tuohy : l'archevêque Duffin

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2010
Comédie américaine
Film indépendant américain
Film sur la pornographie
Film sur le catholicisme

For Christ's Sake


Coeliades es un género de lepidópteros ditrisios de la subfamilia Coeliadinae  dentro de la familia Hesperiidae. Se encuentra en África.

Especies
Listado de especies.
 Coeliades aeschylus (Plötz, 1884)
 Coeliades anchises (Gerstaecker, 1871)
 Coeliades bixana Evans, 1940
 Coeliades bocagii (Sharpe, 1893)
 Coeliades chalybe (Westwood, 1852)
 Coeliades ernesti (Grandidier, 1867)
 Coeliades fervida (Butler, 1880)
 Coeliades fidia Evans, 1937
 Coeliades forestan (Stoll, [1782])
 Coeliades hanno (Plötz, 1879)
 Coeliades keithloa (Wallengren, 1857)
 Coeliades libeon (Druce, 1875)
 Coeliades lorenzo Evans, 1947
 Coeliades pisistratus (Fabricius, 1793)
 Coeliades rama Evans, 1937
 Coeliades ramanatek (Boisduval, 1833)
 Coeliades sejuncta (Mabille & Vuillot, 1891)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Tree of Life

Coeliadinae

Coeliades


كارل ويمان  فيزيائي أمريكي، حصل على جائزة نوبل للفيزياء عام 2001 عن «تكثيف سائل بوزا-أينشتاين في الغازات ذات التركيز المخفف من ذرات العناصر القلوية.» وعن مجهوداته في دراسة خواص السوائل المكثفة. وقد اشترك معه في نيل جائزة نوبل العالمان إيريك ألين كورنيل و ولفجانج كيترلي.

ولد كارل ويمان  في 26 مارس 1951 بمدينة كورفاليس بولاية أوريغون ب الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من كورفاليس
أعضاء الأكاديمية الوطنية الأمريكية للعلوم
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة ميشيغان
أمريكيون حازوا جائزة الملك فيصل العالمية
أمريكيون حازوا جائزة نوبل
أمريكيون من أصل ألماني
حائزون على جائزة الملك فيصل العالمية في العلوم
حائزون على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء
حائزون على زمالة غوغنهايم
خريجو جامعة ستانفورد
خريجو معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا
علماء الفيزياء البصرية
فيزيائيون أمريكيون
فيزيائيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
مواليد 1951
مواليد في كورفاليس
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة كولورادو بولدر
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة كولومبيا البريطانية
حاصلون ميدالية بينجامين فرانكلين

كارل ويمان