Le patriotisme soviétique est le patriotisme socialiste impliquant l'attachement émotionnel et culturel du peuple soviétique à l'Union soviétique en tant que patrie.  Il a également été appelé nationalisme soviétique en raison de la politique souvent assimilationniste de l'Union soviétique, bien que ce nom ait été jugé inexact par certains en raison de la dénonciation par Vladimir Lénine du nationalisme comme "réactionnaire" et d'une création "bourgeoise".

Manifestation en URSS
Staline a souligné un patriotisme socialiste soviétique centraliste qui parlait d'un "peuple soviétique" collectif et identifiait les Russes comme étant les "frères aînés du peuple soviétique". Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le patriotisme socialiste soviétique et le nationalisme russe ont fusionné, dépeignant la guerre non seulement comme une lutte des communistes contre les fascistes, mais plutôt comme une lutte pour la survie nationale. Pendant la guerre, les intérêts de l'Union soviétique et de la nation russe ont été présentés comme les mêmes, et en conséquence, le gouvernement de Staline a embrassé les héros et les symboles historiques de la Russie et a établi une alliance de facto avec l'Église orthodoxe russe. La guerre a été décrite par le gouvernement soviétique comme la Grande Guerre patriotique. Après la guerre, cependant, l'utilisation du nationalisme russe a considérablement diminué et l'accent est revenu sur l'idéologie marxiste-léniniste.

Nikita Khrouchtchev a éloigné la politique du gouvernement soviétique de la dépendance de Staline au nationalisme russe.. Khrouchtchev a promu la notion du peuple de l'Union soviétique comme étant un "peuple soviétique" supranational qui est devenu une politique de l'État après 1961. Cela ne signifiait pas que les groupes ethniques individuels perdaient leur identité distincte ou devaient être assimilés, mais favorisaient plutôt une "alliance fraternelle" de nations qui visaient à rendre les différences ethniques non pertinentes. Dans le même temps, l'éducation soviétique mettait l'accent sur une orientation "internationaliste". De nombreux Soviétiques non russes soupçonnaient cette "soviétisation" comme une couverture pour un nouvel épisode de "russification", en particulier parce que l'apprentissage de la langue russe était une partie obligatoire de l'éducation soviétique et parce que le gouvernement soviétique encourageait les Russes de souche à sortir de la Russie.

Les efforts visant à parvenir à un peuple soviétique uni ont été gravement endommagés par les graves problèmes économiques en Union soviétique dans les années 1970 et 1980, ce qui a entraîné une vague d'antisoviétisme chez les non-Russes et les Russes. Mikhaïl Gorbatchev s'est présenté comme un patriote soviétique dédié à la résolution des problèmes économiques et politiques du pays, mais il n'a pas été en mesure de freiner la montée du nationalisme ethnique régional et sectaire, avec la dislocation de l'URSS en 1991.

Patriotisme socialiste et nationalisme bourgeois
Sous la perspective du communisme international qui était particulièrement forte à l'époque, Lénine séparait le patriotisme en ce qu'il définissait comme un patriotisme prolétarien et socialiste du nationalisme bourgeois. Lénine a promu le droit de toutes les nations à l'autodétermination et le droit à l'unité de tous les travailleurs au sein des nations, mais il a également condamné le chauvinisme et affirmé qu'il y avait des sentiments d'orgueil national justifiés et injustifiés. Lénine a explicitement dénoncé le nationalisme russe conventionnel comme le "chauvinisme grand-russe", et son gouvernement a cherché à accueillir les multiples groupes ethniques du pays en créant des républiques et des unités sous-républiques pour fournir aux groupes ethniques non russes une autonomie et une protection contre la domination russe. Lénine a également cherché à équilibrer la représentation ethnique des dirigeants du pays en promouvant des responsables non russes au sein du Parti communiste pour contrer la grande présence des Russes dans le parti. Cependant, même à cette première période, le gouvernement soviétique a parfois fait appel au nationalisme russe lorsqu'il avait besoin de soutien - en particulier sur les zones frontalières soviétiques dans les premières années de l'Union soviétique.

Patriotisme soviétique contemporain
Dans la Russie moderne, on dit souvent que le Parti communiste de la fédération de Russie suit l'idéologie du patriotisme soviétique.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Nationalisme
 Nationalisme russe
 Socialisme
 Néo-soviétisme
 Nostalgie de l'Union soviétique
 Internationalisme

Politique en Union soviétique
Patriotisme

Patriotisme soviétique


شدة المجال المغناطيسي  (بالإنجليزية magnetic field strength) هي قوة المجال المغناطيسي الموزع في كل نقطة في المكان في اتجاه معين منتظم. يرمز لها بالرمز H . وهي ترتبط بخاصية المادة بالمعادلة:

حيث B كثافة الفيض المغناطيسي.
 و
هي نفاذية المادة للمجال المغناطيسي.

في حالة الفراغ أو الهواء يمكن وضع  = 1 وبالتالي تصبح

في تلك الحالتين فقط، أما مع المواد الأخرى فيجب أخذ نفاذيتها للمجال المغناطيسي
في الحسبان. فمثلا
للحديد تكون كبيرة تصل إلى 10.000 أو أكثر بحسب نوع الحديد، هذا الرقم يعبر عن نفاذية الحديد للمغناطيسية بالنسبة إلى نفاذية الفراغ.

وحدة شدة المجال المغناطيسي هي أمبير/متر:

أشكال مختلفة للموصل

السلك المستقيم

تنشأ خطوط مجال (حقل) مغناطيسي حول سلك يمر فيه تيار كهربائي وتكون متساوية الشدة عبر طول السلك. فإذا كانت H هي شدة المجال المغناطيسي حول السلك وتبعد عن السلك المسافة r ، فتكون
I شدة التيار المستمر في السلك، وتكون r نصف قطر دوائر الخطوط المغناطيسية حول السلك، وتبلغ شدة المجال المغناطيسي باعتبار مادة السلك منتظمة النفاذية المغناطيسية، تنطبق المعادلة:

مثال عددي

إذا كانت r المسافة إلى السلك تبلغ 5 سنتيمتر، ويمر في السلك تيار مستمر I مقداره 50 A , فتكون شدة المجال المغناطيسي:

تيار يمر في سلك حلقي

إذا كان السلك في شكل حلقة واحدة دائرية ونصف قطرها
r ويمر فيها تيار I , فتبلغ شدة المجال المغناطيسي داخل الحلقة على مسافة x من مركز الحلقة:

لولب أسطواني

إذا كان طول اللولب
l وقطره D و N عدد اللفات وكانت شدة التيار]] ' المارة في اللولب ت، فإننا نقيس شدة المجال المغناطيسي H طبقا للمعادلة:

فإذا كان اللولب طويلا بحيث يزيد طوله كثيرا عن قطره (في حالة اللولب القصير توجد معادلة تقريبية) فيمكن تبسيط المعادلة اعلاه على الصورة:

يسمى حاصل الضرب I · N «عدد الأمبير واللفات» أو «الجهد المغناطيسي» Um ، ويرمز له أحيانا بالرمز Θ.

عند طرفي الملف تكون قيمة H قيمتها عند وسط الملف، أما داخل الملف فتكون شدة المجال المغناطيسي H متساوية ومنتظمة وتقريبا لا تعتمد على البعد من المحور المركزي للملف. اختلافات شدة المجال المغناطيسي تظهر فقط عن طرفي الملف.

 ملف هلمهولتز

يتكون ملف هلمهولتز من لولبين في لكل منهما عدد N من لفات السلك والمسافة بينهما قصيرة، فتنشأ بين الملفين منطقة كبيرة يكون فيها شة المجال المغناطيسي تكاد تكون متساوية. لملف هلمهولتز تنطبق المعادلة:

 العلاقة بين شدة المجال المغناطيسي وكثافة الفيض المغناطيسي

من المعادلات المادية للإلكتروديناميكا نجد العلاقة بين شدة المجال المغناطيسيH وكثافة الفيض المغناطيسي B ، وتكتب المعادلة في صيغة متجهات:

حيث μ النفاذية المغناطيسية عند نقطة المشاهدة.

تنتج العلاقة

من معادلات ماكسويل. وتعبرJ عن شدة التيار، ويعطي الشق الثاني في المعادلة تغير تيار الإزاحة الكهربائية D'' . وفي حالة السكون حيث لا يحدث تغير مع الزمن يختفي الشق الثاني من حاصل الجمع، وينطبق:

وهي تدل على أن خطوط المجال المغناطيسي تكون دورانية حول الموصل المستقيم.

اقرأ أيضا
 جهد (كهرباء)
 مغناطيسية
 موجة كهرومغناطيسية
 شدة المجال الكهربائي
 كهرومغناطيسية
 كثافة الفيض المغناطيسي

مراجع

فيزياء تمهيدية
كميات فيزيائية
كهرباء
مغناطيسية
مولدات كهربائية
هندسة الكهرباء

شدة المجال المغناطيسي


"අතර මැදි කටුස්සන් " යන අර්ථයෙන් යුත් මිසොසෝර් පර්මීය යුගයේ මුල් භාගයේ ජිවත් වූ කුඩා මුහුදු උරග ගණයකි.ගොඩබිම ජිවය පරිනාමය වූ පසු නැවත ජලජමය ජිවන රටාවකට යොමු වූ පළමු ජලචර උරග විශේෂය මිසොසෝරස් ය.

මිසොසෝරස්
හොඳින්ම දන්නා මිසොසෝර් මිසොසෝරස් වෙයි. මෙම සත්වයාගේ ෆොසිල නැම්බියාව, අප්‍රිකාව  සහ බ්‍රසීලය, උරුගුවේ , ආජන්ටිනාව හා පැරගුවේ යන දකුණු ඇමෙරිකාවේ කොටස් වලින් හමු වී ඇත. පෘථිවි සිතියමක එකිනෙක බද්ද කල හැකි හැඩයකින් යුත් මහාද්වීප වන අප්‍රිකානු හා දකුණු ඇමෙරිකානු මහාද්වීප වල  මෙම ෆොසිල වල පුළුල් ව්‍යාප්තිය මහාද්වීපික ප්ලාවිතය පිලිබඳ මතය තහවුරු කිරීමට උපකාර විය.

මිසොසෝරස් කුඩා කිඹුලෙකුට ආසන්න වශයෙන් සමාන කම් දැක්වුවද සුලබව හමුව ඇති නිදර්ශක දිගින් සෙ.මී. 40 ක්  පමණක් වෙයි. නමුත් සොයාගෙන ඇති විශාලතම නිදර්ශකයේ දිග ආසන්න වශයෙන් මීටර් 2 කි. බොහෝ විට එකල විසු විශාලතම මුහුදු උරගයා මෙසොසෝරස් විය හැක. මත්ස්‍යයින් හෝ ඇතැම් විට ක්‍රස්ටේශියාවන් මත යැපෙන්නට ඇතැයි විශ්වාස කෙරෙයි. මේ සඳහා නුතන තල්මසුන් මෙන් දත් පෙරනයක් මෙන් භාවිතා කරන්නට ඇත.

ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික උරගයෝ
මුහුදු උරගයෝ
උරගයෝ

මිසොසෝර්


César Alayola Barrera (San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche; 30 de junio de 1893 - Mérida, Yucatán; 27 de marzo de 1966) fue un abogado y político mexicano. Fue gobernador constitucional del estado de Yucatán entre 1934 y 1935 durante la presidencia del general Lázaro Cárdenas quien condujo el proyecto de la reforma agraria en México y, desde luego, en Yucatán. Anteriormente, fue gobernador interino de estado de Yucatán, durante la gubernatura de Felipe Carrillo Puerto de quien fue Secretario General de gobierno.

Datos históricos
Derrotado el delahuertismo en Yucatán y aplacados los rebeldes golpistas desde 1925, Bartolomé García Correa llegó a ser gobernador de Yucatán, cargo al que accedió en 1930. Al término de su mandato fue sustituido por César Alayola quien derrotó en las elecciones de Yucatán de 1933 a Antonio Mediz Bolio.

A partir de 1934 con la llegada al poder del presidente Lázaro Cárdenas, se activó en México el proceso de la reforma agraria, repartiéndose grandes extensiones de tierra entre los jornaleros y trabajadores del campo. En Yucatán había un estado de incertidumbre y aunque en 1935 se determinó la repartición de algunas haciendas henequeneras, particularmente en la zona de Tixkokob y sus comisarías Euán y Ekmul, no había claridad en lo que vendría después. Los hacendados y propietarios privados estaban en pie de alerta y presionaban para evitar la reforma. El gobernador Alayola Barrera era anti-agrarista y estaba en contra de la repartición de la haciendas. El general Cárdenas, había hecho saber, desde su campaña política por Yucatán, en los meses anteriores a su toma de posesión, que buscaría acciones agrarias más intensas y definitivas. Había gran tensión en el ambiente político de Yucatán.

Alayola, quien asumió la gubernatura estatal también en 1934, debió reconocer la falta de viabilidad política de su mandato y solicitó licencia para abandonar su cargo. Fue finalmente sustituido por Fernando López Cárdenas, el 5 de octubre de 1935, una vez que este fue designado por el congreso local.

La reforma agraria en Yucatán fue concretada en el mes de agosto de 1937, cuando ya era gobernador del estado Florencio Palomo Valencia, quien sucedió en el encargo a Fernando López Cárdenas, depuesto nueve meses después de haber accedido al poder ante serios conflictos sociales que se vivieron en Yucatán en 1936.

Véase también
 Gobernantes de Yucatán
 Revolución mexicana en Yucatán
 Industria henequenera en Yucatán
 Cardenismo

Referencias

Enlaces externos
  Con acceso el 7 de febrero de 2012.
  Con acceso el 8 de febrero de 2012.

Nacidos en San Francisco de Campeche
Fallecidos en Mérida (México)
Gobernadores de Yucatán del siglo XX

César Alayola Barrera


ඈයතනික නීතිය- ආයතන සංයුතිය

ලොව බලපැවත්වෙන සියලුම අධිකරණ නීතියකින්ම පාහේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි සමාගමක සතුව එහි සංයුතියක් පැවතිය යුතු වේ. මෙමගින් එම ආයතනයේ පැවැත්ම අර්ථ දැක්වෙන අතර එම ආයතනයේ ව්යුහය සහ පරිපාලනය විස්තර වේ.

සම්මුතියක් ලෙස බොහෝ පොදු නීති අධිකරණ බලතල මගින් ආයතනික සංයුතිය ලේඛන දෙකකට බෙදා දක්වයි. ඒවා නම්

 සාංගමික සංස්ථා පත්රය (සමහරක් රටවල සංස්ථාගත කිරීමේ ව්යවස්ථාවලිය හෝ සංස්ථාගත කිරීමේ සහතික පත්රය ලෙස්ද හැඬින් වේ) යනු ප්රාථමික ලියවිල්ලයි, මෙය ආයතනයේ භාහිර ලෝකයත් සමග ඇති කාර්යයන් නියම කරයි. උදාහරන ලෙස ආයතනයේ අරමුණු සහ බලතල මගින් එම ආයතනයේ අනුමත කොටස් ප්රාග්ධනය විදහා දක්වයි.

 සාංගමික ව්යවස්ථාවලිය (සමහර රටවල අතුරු ව්යවස්ථාව ලෙස හඬුන්වයී යනු ද්විතීය ලියවිල්ලයි. මෙය සාමාන්යයෙන් ආයතනයේ අභ්යන්තර සබඳතා සහ කලමනාකරනය නියාමනය කරයි. උදාහරණ ලෙස අධ්යක්ෂ මණ්ඩල රැස්වීම් සඳහා ක්රියා පතිපාටි සැකසීම, ලාභාංශ නිකුතු දැක්විය හැක.

බොහෝ රටවල ප්රාථමික ලියවිල්ල පමණක් ගොනු කරන අතර ද්වීත්යික ලියවිල්ල පුද්ගලිකව තබා ගනී. අනෙකුත් රටවල ලියවිලි ද්විත්වයම ගොනු කරනු ලබයි. සමහරක් රටවල් මගින් ආයතනයක තිබියයුතු සංයුතිය පිළිබඳ ව්යවස්ථාපිත ලේඛණයක් මගින් ඉදිරිපත් කරයි ( උදාහරණයක් ලෙස එක්සත් රාජධානියේ චක්රලේඛන ඒ සහ ඕස්ට්රේලියාවේ ප්රතිස්ථාපන නීති දැක්විය හැක .)

 සිවිල් නීති සංග්රහයන්ට අනුව ආයතනික ව්යුහය එක් ලියවිල්ලකට ගෙන හැර දක්වයි. මෙය අධිකාර පත්රය ලෙස හඳුන්වයි.

සාමාන්යයෙන් ආයතනික සාමාජිකයන් විසින් ආයතනික ව්යුහය අවශ්ය අමතර සැකස්මද සමග පරිපූර්ණය කරයි, උදාහරණ ලෙස කොටශිමි ගිවිසුම් දැක්විය හැක. එමගින් ඔවුන් තමාගේ සාමාජික එඓතිවාසිකම් අනුගමනය කිරීමට එකඟ වේ. සංකල්පමය වශයෙන් කොටස් හිමියන්ගේ ගිවිසුම බොහෝ ආයතනික ව්යුහයන් ඒ ලෙසින්ම සපුරාලනු ලබයි, නමුත් එය ගිවිසුමකි.  මෙමගින් එය යම්කිසි ලෙසකින් සඬහන් කර ඇත්නම් මිස නවක සාමජිකයන් ඒ සඳහා බැඳී නොසිටී. මෙහි එක් වාසියක් වන්නේ බොහෝ විට රහස්යගත වීමයි, මක්නිසාද යත් බොහෝ අධිකරණ සංග්රහයන් එය පොදුවේ ගොනු කිරීමට ඉල්ල නොසිටින බැවිනි.

අනෙක් පරිපූරණය සිදු කරන පොදු ක්රමය නම් ඡන්ද විශ්වාසය පලකිරීමයි, මෙය එක්සත්ජනපද අධිකරණය ශ සමහරක් අනෙකුත් අධිකරණ ප්රතික්ෂේප කයි.

සමහරක් නීති සංග්රහ ආයතනික මුද්රාව ව්යුහයේ පාර්ශවයක් ලෙස සලකනු ලබයි. නමුත් මෙය බොහෝ රටවල අත්යාවශ්ය නොවේ.

ඈයතනික නීතිය- ආයතන සංයුතිය


Makine Zekâsı Kavramı, anlam olarak Yapay zekâ kavramına yakın olsa da, aslında daha çok II. Dünya Savaşı'nın sonlarından masa üstü bilgisayarların yaygınlaşmasına kadar geçen sürede daha çok kullanılmıştır diyebiliriz. (1944 - 1977)

1970 li yıllarda, Apple, Xerox ve IBM gibi bilgisayar üreticileri Dijital elektronik masaüstü cihazları piyasaya çıkarmışlardı.

Makine Zekâsı, Daha önceden Elektro-Mekanik aygıtları andıran görünümleri ile mainframe (Büyük boyutlu) cihazları tanımlayan Makine ,kelimesi ile bilgi işleyen yazılımı temsil eden Zekâ kelimelerinden oluşmaktaydı.

Ancak II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Bletchley Park'taki çalışmaları ile tanınan büyük Bilgisayar bilimcisi Alan Turing, Makineler düşünebilir mi ? sorusunu ortaya atarak Makine Zekâsı kavramına farklı bir boyut kazandırmıştı.Bu yaklaşım makinelerin metodik olarak insan zekâsına benzer şekilde düşünüp düşünemeyeceğini sorguluyordu. Turing testi adıyla anılan test daha sonraları Hugh Loebner'ın sponsorluğunu üstlendiği Loebner ödülleri ile geleneksel olarak her yıl ABD de makine zekâsına sahip yazılımların üzerinde denenmeye başlandı. Bu yazılımlar, yapay zekânın alt kategorilerinden biri olan Doğal Dil işleme ile doğrudan ilişkilidir.

Eleştiriler
Bir kısım Bilgisayar bilimcileri, Turing testine katılan bu yazılımların chatbot (Diyalog Yazılımı) kategorisine girdiğini vurgulayarak bu yazılımların gerçekten düşünmediği, sadece konuştuğu eleştirisini getirmektedirler.Gerçekten de bir kısım makine zekâsı yazılımı eleştiri topladıkları gibi sadece konuşmayı taklit etmektedirler.Diğer bir grup yazılımcı, Yapay zekâ çalışmalarında insan beynindeki sisteme benzeyen YSA ( Yapay Sinir Ağları ) yaklaşımını benimsemektedir.

Yöntemler
Beynin gerek konuşurken, gerekse herhangi bir konuyu derinlemesine öğrenirken, dil şablonlarını daha çabuk benimsediği, gerek duyduğu takdirde, etkili bir karşılaştırma,ölçme ve değerlendirme işlemini uyguladığı beyindeki yönergelerin incelenmesi sonucunda ortaya çıkmaktadır.Antropolojik olarak derinlemesine bir değerlendirme yapıldığında zaten etkili düşünme eyleminin dilin icadı ile başladığı görülür.Kavramsal karşılaştırma ve kavramların yani kavramlara ait ham bilgilerin ( koku, ses, görüntü gibi. ) birbirlerine nöral bağlarla bağlanmasının daha zor olduğu, buna karşın bu kavramlara karşılık gelen dilsel kodların bağlanmasının ve üzerlerinde işlemler yapılmasının daha hızlı olduğu görülmektedir.Bu dilsel kodlamalar, örneğin "Kedi" kelimesi, ayrıca kediye ait görsel, işitsel ve diğer verilerle nöral bağlar ile bağlıdır.Kediyi düşündüğümüzde veya ondan bahsettiğimizde beyin gerek duyarsa ona ait ham bilgiler olan görüntü, ses gibi kavramları bilinç düzeyine çağırmaktadır.Ancak gerek duymadıkça bu çağrıyı yapmayan insan beyni düşünmek için yöntem olarak dili kullanarak kelimeler ile düşünmektedir.

Bu açılardan incelendiğinde Makine zekâsı veya Yapay zekâ sadece Bilgisayar biliminin konusu değildir.Makine Zekâsının biçimsel yöntemleri yani modellenirken hangi yazılım yöntemlerinin veya yazılım Algoritmalarının kullanılacağı ve düşünme modeli bilgisayar biliminin alanına girerken, düşünme,Dil kuramı açısından Dil biliminin,dilin evrimini anlamak açısından da Antropoloji biliminin alanına girmektedir. Bu yüzden son yıllarda Makine Zekâsı çalışmalarında Doğal Dil işleme önem kazanan bir çalışma alanı olmuştur.

Yaklaşımlar
 Sembolikler : Makinelerin veya yazılımcılığın geleneksel yöntemlerini kullanmaya devam ederek insan vücudunun veya beynin temel işlem basamaklarını bu yöntemlerle modelleyen bilimcilerdir. Sembolik yaklaşımı benimseyen bilimciler arasında Sentaktik Örüntü analizi yöntemlerini, kelimelerden oluşan dil kalıpları ile görüntüler ve sesler gibi algısal veriler ile bağlayarak karşılaştırma, ölçme, tanımlama ve çıkarımsama gibi ileri seviye bilişsel fonksiyonları modelleyen çalışmaları yürütenler vardır.

Bu çalışmalardan biri Türkiye'de yürütülen bağımsız bir proje olan D.U.Y.G.U. Projesi (Dil Uzam Yapay Gerçek Uslamlayıcı ) dir.

 Sibernetikler : Yazılım ve donanımda organik sistemlerin çalışma yöntemlerini birebir benzetimlendirmeye çalışanlar.YSA ( Yapay Sinir Ağları ) çalışmaları da kısmen bu gruba girmektedir.Sibernetikler doğal evrimin yolaçtığı tasarımın mükemmel olduğundan yola çıkarak, onu benzetimlendirmenin yeterli olduğunu düşünmektedirler.Ancak henüz YSAda da kavram bağlama, ölçme, tanımlama ve en önemlisi çıkarımsama yapma gibi gelişmiş bilinç fonksiyonları modellenebilmiş değildir.YSA ( Yapay Sinir Ağları ) projelerini şu anki haliyle tüm dünyada Uzman sistemler olarak adlandırabileceğimiz kategoriye sokabiliriz. Halen bu kategoride Savunma sanayi, madencilik, kimya gibi uzmanlık gerektiren alanlarda önemli yararlar sağlamaktadırlar.

Kaynakça
 Özgün Makale
 Duygu Projesi - Doğal dil işleme Araştırma Tezleri

Yapay zekâ
Bilgisayar bilimi
Sibernetik

Makine zekâsı


Bojana Bjeljac (Bosanski Novi, 10. travnja 1989.) hrvatska je atletska trkačica na duge staze i maratonka. Državna je rekorderka na 3000m, 5000m, 10000m i u maratonu. Prva je hrvatska atletičarka, računajući natjecanja i na otvorenom i u dvorani, koja je 3000m otrčala ispod devet minuta (2023.). Prvakinja Hrvatske u maratonu bila je 2017. A u polumaratonu 2018 i 2019. Srušila je seniorski rekord Hrvatske na 10000m na stazi 33:08,1 u Zagrebu 30.3.2019. I na 5000m u Regensburgu 29.5.2019. 15:43,73. U Berlinu 2021. postavila je rekord Hrvatske na 10km na cesti 32,12. Nastupila je na SP u polumaratonu u Valenciji 2018 i Gdynia 2020 i na SP u Londonu u maratonu 2017. Na EP u Berlinu 2018.na maratonu osvojila je 20.mjesto. Ima nastup na SP u maratonu Doha 2019. Na svojim prvim Olimpijskim Igrama u Tokiju 7. kolovoza 2021.završila je maratonsku utrku na 53.mjestu od 88 trkačica.

Trenira ju Mladen Kršek najuspješniji hrvatski dugoprugaški trener.
Osobni rekord joj je 2:27,42 na maratonu u Valenciji 1. prosinca 2019. To drugi rezultat svih vremena u Hrvatskoj i norma za OI u Tokiju 2020. U polumaratonu rekord joj je 1:11,12 Gdynia 17. listopada 2020. Članica je AK Dinamo Zrinjevac.

Izvori

Hrvatski dugoprugaši
Hrvatski atletičari olimpijci
Hrvatski športaši iz Bosne i Hercegovine

Bojana Bjeljac


Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles er en amerikansk tegnefilmserie fra 2018.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Animerede tv-serier fra USA
Science fiction-tv-serier fra USA
Amerikanske tv-serier fra 2010'erne
Amerikanske tv-serier fra 2020'erne
Tv-programmer fra Nickelodeon


පහත දැක්වෙන්නේ,  පෘතුගීසි ලංකාවේ  කැප්ටන්-මේජර්වරුන් ලැයිස්තුවකි. පෘතුගීසින් කෝට්ටේ රාජධානිය වෙත පැමිණියේ 1505 වසරෙහිදීය. 1551 වසර වන විට, වර්තමාන ශ්‍රී ලංකා දිවයිනෙහි එකල පිහිටි  ලංකාව යන නම් ලත් පෘතුගීසී අධිවාසිත ප්‍රදේශයක් පාලනය කිරීමට ඔවුහූ කැප්ටන්-මේජර්වරු පත් කළහ. එම කාලයේදී,1594 දක්වා බොහෝ කැප්ටන්-මේජර්වරු සේවය කළහ. 1518 වසරෙහිදී කැප්ටන්-මේජර් තනතුරට පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික වූයේ කැප්ටන් තනතුර විය. 1594 වසරෙහිදී, කැප්ටන්-මේජර් තනතුරට අනුප්‍රාප්තික වශයෙන් ආණ්ඩුකාර තනතුර පිහිටුවන ලදි.

කැප්ටන්-මේජර්වරුන්ගේ ලැයිස්තුව

මෙයද බලන්න
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජවරුන්ගේ ලැයිස්තුව
 ලංකාවේ පෘතුගීසි කැප්ටන්වරුන්ගේ ලැයිස්තුව
 ලංකාවේ පෘතුගීසි ආණ්ඩුකාරවරුන්ගේ ලැයිස්තුව
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉතිහාසය

ආශ්‍රිත
 ලිස්ට් ඔෆ් හෙඩ්ස් ඔෆ් ස්ටේට් ඔෆ් ශ්‍රී ලංකා

පෘතුගීසි ලංකාවේ කැප්ටන්-මේජර්වරුන්ගේ ලැයිස්තුව


Sweet Home (jap. , Suwīto Hōmu für englisch "Sweet home") ist ein japanischer Horrorfilm von Regisseur Kiyoshi Kurosawa und dem Produzenten Jūzō Itami aus dem Jahr 1989. Der Film wurde zeitgleich mit dem gleichnamigen Computer-Rollenspiel "Sweet Home" veröffentlicht, beide Produkte sind inhaltlich wie schöpferisch eng miteinander verbunden.

Handlung
Eine kleine Filmcrew, bestehend aus dem Direktor Kazuo, seiner Tochter Emi, der Produzentin Akiko, dem Fotografen Ryō und der Kunst-Restauratorin und Reporterin Asuka, möchte eine Dokumentation über den vor 30 Jahren verstorbenen Künstler Ichirō Mamiya drehen. Dieser hatte in seiner riesigen Villa mehrere Fresken von unschätzbarem Wert versteckt und war kurz darauf auf mysteriöse Weise umgekommen. Wie genau er verstarb, ist unbekannt, es scheint aber, dass sein Tod mit dem Selbstmord seiner geliebten Ehefrau in Verbindung steht. Kazuo gelingt es, den Schlüssel zum Herrenhaus bei einer Auktion zu ersteigern – er war allerdings der einzige Bietende, kein anderer Auktionsteilnehmer traut sich, die Villa zu betreten.

Das Team erreicht die Villa und erkundet das Haus sogleich. Schon kurze Zeit später findet das Team die Fresken und Asuka und Ryō beginnen sofort mit ihrer Arbeit. Doch während der Dreh- und Restaurierungsarbeiten kommt es zu unerklärlichen Zwischenfällen und Asuka scheint von einem bösartigen Geist besessen zu sein: Sie gräbt vor dem Hauseingang einen Babyleichnam aus und schlafwandelt immer wieder. Bald darauf kommen sie und Ryō zu Tode und Emi wird entführt. Ein zwielichtiger alter Mann namens Ken'ichi, der eine nahe gelegene Tankstelle unterhält, erklärt Kazuo und Akiko, was genau vor 30 Jahren geschehen war: Die Ehefrau von Ichirō, von allen nur Lady Mamiya genannt, hatte ihren einjährigen Sohn verloren, als dieser im riesigen Heizofen des Hauses gespielt hatte und verbrannt war. Schuld daran war sie selbst, nachdem sie es versäumt hatte, den Ofen vor der Anzündung zu kontrollieren. In ihrer Wut und Trauer verfiel Lady Mamiya dem Wahnsinn und begann, Kleinkinder aus der Umgebung zu entführen und zu töten, in dem Glauben, so ihrem verstorbenen Sohn Spielkameraden geben zu können. Die Bewohner der umliegenden Dörfer erwischten sie schließlich und trieben sie wutentbrannt in das Haus. Als sie die Täterin ergreifen wollten, warf sich Lady Mamiya selbst in den Heizofen. Ihr verwirrter und von Verzweiflung zerfressener Geist blieb jedoch im Haus zurück, noch immer auf der Suche nach dem verstorbenen Sohn. Ichirō starb wenig später während seiner Arbeiten an den Fresken an einem Herzinfarkt. Ken'ichi, Kazuo und Akiko vermuten nun, dass Lady Mamiya Emi entführt hatte, weil sie ein Ersatzkind wollte. Allerdings sehen die drei Emis Leben gefährdet und so beschließen sie, das Mädchen zu befreien. Als jedoch der Geist von Lady Mamiya feste Form annimmt, erschrickt Kazuo und läuft weg. Ken'ichi zerschmilzt bei lebendigem Leibe vor den Augen Akikos, obwohl er ein mächtiges Schutzamulett bei sich hatte. Akiko kommt schließlich die rettende Idee, den Sarg des Sohnes von Lady Mamiya mitsamt dem Leichnam ins Haus zu schaffen, um ihn der Mutter zu übergeben. Doch das Haus stürzt stellenweise ein und Akiko schafft es nur mit Mühe, den Heizofen, in welchem Emi gefangen ist, zu öffnen. Schließlich erscheint Lady Mamiya und bedrängt Akiko, es kommt zum erbitterten Kampf um Emi. Erst als Emi dem Geist von Lady Mamiya den Sarg mit dem Leichnam ihres Sohnes übergibt, beruhigt sich der Geist. Schließlich verschwindet er und Akiko und Emi können das Haus verlassen. Vor dem Eingang zum Herrenhaus treffen sie Kazuo wieder und alle drei suchen das Weite.

Hintergrund
"Sweet Home" war der erste Film im Spukhaus-Stil, den Kiyoshi Kurosawa gedreht hatte, er feierte ein großes Debüt mit seinem Werk. Kurosawas Arbeit war stark von Klassikern wie The Haunting von Robert Wise aus dem Jahr 1963 sowie Tobe Hoopers Poltergeist von 1982 beeinflusst. Trotz der zahlreichen Hollywood-Einflüsse gilt "Sweet Home" in Japan noch heute als traditioneller Spukhaus-Movie. In der Dokumentation "Building the inferno" von 2006 verriet Kyoshi Kurosawa, dass er ursprünglich den nicht minder bekannten Produktionsdesigner Haruyasu Kurosawa um dessen Unterstützung bitten wollte. Leider war Haruyasu mit eigenen Fernsehproduktionen stark ausgelastet, sodass er nicht genügend Zeit aufbringen konnte.

Zeitgleich zur Filmveröffentlichung wurde 1989 ein Computer-Rollenspiel mit dem gleichnamigen Titel "Sweet Home" herausgebracht, das von Capcom für den Famicon vertrieben wurde. Film und Spiel weisen immense inhaltliche Gemeinsamkeiten auf, was darauf zurückzuführen ist, dass der Produzent Jūzō Itami an beiden Werken mitgearbeitet hatte, Film und Spiel stammten also aus derselben Feder. Es gibt allerdings anhaltende Debatten darüber, was zuerst auf den Markt kam, der Film oder das Spiel. Grund hierfür ist zum einen, dass Tag und Datum der Filmveröffentlichung fehlen (das Spiel kam am 15. Dezember 1989 raus). Zum anderen wurde die Werbung zu Spiel und Film aus Ausschnitten von beidem zusammengesetzt und das Spiel machte Werbung für den Film und umgekehrt.

Sowohl der Film als auch das Spiel können dem traditionellen Schema des "rachsüchtigen Geists" zugeordnet werden. Dieser Typus geht auf japanische Legenden zurück, wie zum Beispiel der "Breitmaul-Frau" (Kuchisake-onna). Diesem weiblichen Yōkai wird u. a. nachgesagt, dass er kleine Kinder entführe und quäle. Auch in "Sweet Home" spielt eine rachsüchtige und kindertötende Mutter die tragende Feind-Rolle, die männlichen Protagonisten erweisen sich als eher schwächlich und nutzlos. Dabei wird ein traditionelles Gesellschaftschema aufgegriffen, nämlich der Aufruf, von moderner, westlich wirkender (vermeintlicher) Übermodernisierung zurück zu alten Traditionen zurückzukehren: Die Filmcrew von Kazuo hantiert mit modernsten Geräten und scheitert kläglich, der alte Yamamura hingegen vertraut auf Willenskraft und magische Amulette und kann den Feind immerhin schwächen. Die Storyline von "Sweet Home" inspirierte viele japanische Regisseure bei ihren späteren Werken des gleichen Genre, erwähnenswerte Beispiele sind Ju-on, Apartment 1303 und Carved. Film und Spiel dienten auch als direkte Vorlage zur berühmten Resident-Evil-Reihe (in Japan unter dem Titel "Biohazard" bekannt), tatsächlich war der erste Teil von Resident Evil zunächst als Neuauflage, dann als Fortsetzung zu "Sweet Home" vorgesehen. Dann aber wurde Resident Evil als neue, eigenständige Spielreihe konzipiert und veröffentlicht.

Produktion
Gedreht wurde in den Tōhō-Studios, eines der ältesten und größten Filmstudios Japans. Im Westen ist es vor allem wegen seiner Kaiju (Monsterfilme wie Godzilla) bekannt. Regie führte Kiyoshi Kurosawa, die Produktion leitete Jūzō Itami und den Schnitt übernahm Akira Suzuki. Die Musik komponierte Masaya Matsuura, die Kameraleitung oblag Yonezō Maeda und für die Maske waren Etsuko Egawa und Kazuhiro Tsuji zuständig. Über finanzielle Erfolge oder Auszeichnungen ist nichts bekannt.

Literatur
 Jay McRoy: Japanese Horror Cinema. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh (UK) 2005, ISBN 0-7486-1994-1
 Colette Balmain: Introduction to Japanese Horror Film. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh (UK) 2008, ISBN 0-7486-2475-9.

Weblinks

 Hintergrundinformationen zu Sweet Home auf Worldcinemadirectory (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Horrorfilm
Japanischer Film
Filmtitel 1989

Sweet Home (1989)


المضرب (أو الراحة ج. راح) أو المِيْجَار في الرياضة، هي مضرب كرات بعض الرياضات التي تعرف برياضات الراح. تشتمل كل راحة على مقبض للأيدي، ومتسع كي تضرب به الكرة. وتكون الراحة من خشب أو من مواد مثل التيتانيوم والألومنيوم.

التسمية
المِيْجَار: مضرب الكرة، مضرب كرة لعبة التَنِس. أما في القاموس المحيط: المِيْجَار شِبْهُ صَوْلَجانٍ تُضْرَبُ به الكُرَةُ.

انظر أيضًا

 مرفق لاعب التنس

مراجع

رياضات الراح
معدات رياضية
معدات كرة مضرب

مضرب


An Hordeum montanense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Frank Lamson Scribner ngan William James Beal. An Hordeum montanense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hordeum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hordeum

Hordeum montanense


FTP istemcisi, FTP protokolü üzerinden FTP Sunucu'ya bağlanarak dosya transferi gerçekleştiren yazılımlara denir.

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KDE ve GNOME gibi masaüstü yazılımları KIO ve GNOME VFS aracılığıyla entegre FTP erişimi sunarlar.

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İşletim sistemi ile beraber gelenlerin dışındakiler Shareware ya da Adware'dir.

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FTP İstemcisi


Le Fléau du Tulpan (titre original : ) est le deuxième tome de la série Frère Wulf signée Joseph Delaney et qui prend la suite de la série The Starblade Chronicles. Il est paru en 2021.

Résumé

Liens externes

  Site officiel de la série

L'Épouvanteur
Roman britannique paru en 2021
Roman de fantasy britannique
Roman pour l'enfance et la jeunesse
2021 en fantasy

Le Fléau du Tulpan


البابا بول الثالث (باللاتينية: Paulus III؛ 29 فبراير 1468 – 10 نوفمبر 1549)، الذي وُلد باسم أليساندرو فارنيزي، كان رئيسًا للكنيسة الكاثوليكية والدولة البابوية من 13 أكتوبر 1534 حتى وفاته في عام 1549.

صعد إلى العرش البابوي في عهد ما بعد احتلال روما عام 1527، وانتشار الشكوك في الكنيسة الكاثوليكية بعد الإصلاح البروتستانتي. كان منصبه البابوي سببًا في إصلاح مضاد مع مجمع ترينت في عام 1545، فضلًا عن الحروب الدينية مع الحملات العسكرية التي شنها الإمبراطور تشارلز الخامس ضد البروتستانت في ألمانيا. اعترف بأوامر دينية كاثوليكية ومجتمعات جديدة مثل اليسوعيين، وطائفة الكنائس، وكانت جهوده مشوشة بسبب المحسوبية في سبيل تعزيز قوة أسرته وثرواتها، بما في ذلك ابنه غير الشرعي بيير لويجي فارنيزي.

كان بول الثالث راعيًا هاما للفنانين بمن فيهم ميكيلانجيلو، وهو الذي أهدى له نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس أطروحته حول الشمس.

سيرة حياته

نشأته وأسرته
وُلد أليساندرو فارنيزي عام 1468 في كانينو، لاتيوم (التي كانت حينها جزءًا من الدولة البابوية)، وكان الابن الأكبر لبيير لويجي الأول فارنيزي وسينوري دي مونتالو (1435-1487)، وزوجته هي جيوفانا كايتاني، وهو أيضًا عضو في عائلة الكايتاني التي ينتمي إليها أيضًا البابا بونيفاس الثامن. تكاثرت الأسرة ونمت على مر القرون، لكن صعود أليساندرو إلى البابوية وتفانيه لخدمة مصالح الأسرة كان سببًا لأكبر زيادة في ثروة الأسرة وقوتها.

كان التعليم الإنساني لأليساندرو في جامعة بيزا وفي محكمة لورينزو دي ميديشي. تدرّب في البداية ككاتب عدل رسولي، وانضم إلى الكوريا الرومانية في عام 1491، وعيّنه البابا إسكندر السادس في عام 1493 كاردينالًا لسانتي كوسما دامانو. كانت هناك سمعةٌ حول أخته السيدة جوليا بأنها عشيقة إسكندر السادس، وربما كان لها دور فعّال في تأمين هذا المنصب لأخيها.

عاش أليساندرو كرجل ديّن شاب حياةً مختلّةً بشكل لافت للنظر، إذ عشق سيدةً تدعى سيلفيا روفيني، وأنجب منها ثلاثة أبناء وابنتين، بمن فيهم بيير لويجي الثاني فارنيزي، الذي جعله دوق بارما، ورانوشيو فارنيزي، وكوستانزا فارنيزي.

بصفته أسقف بارما، خضع لتأثير نائبه بارتولوميو جويدسيوني. أدى ذلك إلى قطع البابا للاقته مع عشيقته والتزامه بالإصلاح في مطرانية بارما. في عهد البابا كليمنت السابع (1523-1534)، أصبح كاردينال أسقفية أوستيا وعميد كلية الكاردينالات، وعند وفاة كليمنت السابع عام 1534، انتُخب وأصبح البابا بول الثالث.

السياسة والدين
كان البابا الرابع في أثناء فترة الإصلاح البروتستانتي، وأول من اتخذ تدابير إصلاحية نشطة في الرد على البروتستانتية. بعد فترة وجيزة من ترقيته في 2 يونيو 1536، استدعى بول الثالث مجلسًا عامًا للاجتماع في مانتوفا في مايو التالي؛ لكن معارضة الأمراء البروتستانتيين ورفض دوق مانتوفا تحمل مسؤولية الحفاظ على النظام قد أحبطا الأمر. أجّله بول الثالث سنةً، ثم ألغى المشروع كاملًا في النهاية.

في عام 1536، دعا بول الثالث لجنة مؤلفة من تسع شخصيات بارزة، تميزت بالتعلم والتقوى على حد سواء، إلى تقديم تقرير عن إصلاح الكنيسة وإعادة بنائها. في عام 1537، أنتجوا ما عُرف بتقرير خطة إصلاح الكنيسة، فضحوا فيه الانتهاكات الجسيمة في الكوريا الرومانية، وإدارة الكنيسة، والعبادة العامة؛ وقدّموا مقترحات جريئة تهدف إلى إلغاء مثل هذه الانتهاكات. نُشر التقرير على نطاق واسع، وتناول البابا مشكلة الإصلاح بجدية. أدرك بوضوح أن الإمبراطور تشارلز الخامس لن يرتاح إلى أن يتم التعامل مع المشاكل بجدية.

ولكن في نظر البروتستانت، بدا التقرير بعيدًا كل البعد عن الشمول والكمال؛ كان مارتن لوثر قد استبق طبعته (1538) بعرض كرادلة ينظفون إسطبل أوجيان في الكنيسة الرومانية بذيول الثعالب بدلًا من المكانس. وفي النهاية، لم تُعطِ توصيات اللجنة أي نتائج.
نتيجة للحملة المكثفة ضد «الوثنية» في إنجلترا، والتي تُوّجت بتفكيك ضريح القديس توماس بيكيت في كانتربري، عزل البابا هنري الثامن في 17 ديسمبر 1538 وأصدر تحريمًا.

راعٍ للفنون
يمكن القول إن أهم عمل فني أُنتج في أثناء حكم بول كان لوحة الحساب الأخير لميكيلانجيلو في كنيسة سيستين بقصر الفاتيكان. على الرغم من أن العمل قد جرى بتكليف من سلف بول الثالث، البابا كليمنت السابع، بعد وفاة الأخير في عام 1534، فقد جدد بولس اللجنة وأشرف على إتمامها في عام 1541.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

انظر أيضًا
 تحالف "العصبة المقدسة" (1538).

أساقفة من بارما
إيطاليون في القرن 15
إيطاليون في القرن 16
باباوات
باباوات إيطاليون
باباوات روما
بابوات في القرن 16
خريجو جامعة بيزا
فارنيزي
مجمع ترنت
مدفونون في كاتدرائية القديس بطرس
مواليد 1468
وفيات 1549
وفيات في روما
أساقفة كاثوليك رومان إيطاليون في القرن 16

بولس الثالث


Manora (en urdu: جزیرہ منوڑا) es una pequeña península (de 2,5 km²), ubicada justo al sur del puerto de Karachi, Sindh, en el país asiático de Pakistán. Manora está conectada al continente por una calzada de 12 kilómetros de longitud, llamado Sandspit. Manora y las islas vecinas forman una barrera protectora entre el puerto de Karachi hacia el norte y el Mar Arábigo al sur. La bahía del oeste del puerto contiene bosques de manglares en peligro de extinción que limitan con bancos de arena y la isla de Manora. Al este se encuentra la bahía de Karachi, y las playas de Kiamari y Clifton.

Véase también
Geografía de Pakistán
Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Playas de Pakistán
Penínsulas de Pakistán

Manora (Pakistán)


Aglaonika (grčki Ἀγλαονίκη, Aglaoníkē; Aganika) bila je Grkinja koja je živjela u Tesaliji te ju smatraju prvim ženskim astronomom čije je ime poznato. Živjela je u drugom ili prvom stoljeću prije Krista. Otac joj je bio čovjek zvan Hegetor (ili Hegemon). Neke starogrčke astrologinje nazivane su "vješticama Tesalije" te su povezivane s Aglaonikom.

Plutarh je zapisao da je Aglaonika bila smatrana vješticom jer je znala predvidjeti pomrčine Mjeseca.

Po ovoj je ženi nazvan jedan krater na planetu Veneri.

Izvori

Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1986). Women in Science. The MIT Press. .
Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). "Aganice". Smith, William (urednici). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Boston.

Starogrčki astronomi

Aglaonika


David Bellini (Grosseto, Toscana; 7 de noviembre de 1972-Los Ángeles, California; 20 de octubre de 2016) fue un guionista, autor de televisión, director y documentalista italiano. Guionista de la serie de éxito Un medico in famiglia, autor de los programas de televisión Tetris y Festa italiana, creador y director de numerosas series de documentales como Passaggi Segreti y Tra cielo e terra.

Biografía

David Bellini nació en Maremma, hijo de un obrero y de una peluquera. En 1997 se licencia en Ciencias Políticas en La Universidad de Siena, pero durante sus años de estudio no se limita a prepararse para los exámenes sino que además funda la Asociación cultural Artículo 21, colabora con periódicos locales (Il Tirreno, La Gazzetta di Siena) y atiende a un curso de escritura creativa impartido por Vincenzo Cerami en la ciudad de Lucca.

La primera oportunidad para Bellini llegaría pronto. En 1998, es llamado por la Thunderfilm para escribir su primer guion, titulado San Donnino San Pechino, junto al cómico Andrea Muzzi y al guionista Massimo Sgorbani. De nuevo en colaboración con Muzzi y Sgorbani, realizará la tira cómica Attacchi di panico, que recibirá tres nominaciones al Merano Tv Festival 2000.

En 2000 se traslada a Roma donde emprende la actividad de editor para la sociedad Geca Italia, poco después se convertirá en el asistente de edición de Paola Pascolini en una de las series de mayor éxito en Italia Un medico in famiglia (adaptación de la serie tv española Médico de familia) temporada 3 . De Un medico in famiglia 3 será además guionista de los últimos dos episodios. Esta experiencia le abrirá mágicamente las puertas del mundo del espectáculo.

En los años siguientes, el trabajo de Bellini no tiene freno y el autor toscano se dedicará de forma paralela a su profesión como guionista y a la de documentalista. Escribe episodios para Un medico in famiglia 4, Un medico in famiglia 5, Un medico in famiglia 6, I Cesaroni (adaptación de la serie española Los Serrano) y Sottocasa además de realizar documentales y docudramas como Rudy, la vera storia di Rodolfo Valentino, Passaggi Segreti e In crociera!. La serie de documentales Passaggi segreti recibirá el Premio Marcopolo 2004.

Su infinita curiosidad lo llevaría muy pronto a interesarse también por los tv formats, muy pronto empieza a trabajar como autor de televisión. Firma con Raiuno la primera y la segunda edición del programa de la tarde Festa italiana, y los programas Notte d'amore y Se rinasco… canto para Rai 2. A partir de septiembre de 2007 es seleccionado como autor de Tetris, surreality sobre política y actualidad presentado por Luca Telese, producido por Wilder y transmitido por La7. Responsable de dos ediciones, que alcanzan audiencias excelentes. Más adelante volverá a trabajar en documentales, docudramas y series de televisión.

Crea L'Isola del gusto, kitchen comedy a la siciliana, para el canal Alice. Con Favole in verde realiza una deliciosa serie de 30 episodios sobre los jardines privados más sugestivos de Italia para el canal Leonardo. Entre los invitados especiales, el gran guionista Tonino Guerra y el pintor Antonio Saliola. Nos encontramos en el 2010 cuando con Tra cielo e terra, serie de 16 episodios de una hora para el canal Marcopolo, nos cuenta las historias más oscuras e intrigantes de los monasterios más fascinantes de Europa. En el mismo año escribe cuatro episodios de Un medico in famiglia 7.

A partir de noviembre de 2010, escribe y dirige la tercera serie de Sussurri e grida (cuatro documentales dedicados a la historia de Luis II de Baviera y sus fabulosos castillos), producida por Sitcom Televisioni y transmitida por Marcopolo. Poco después participará en la creación del piloto Perfetti innamorati, talent-show del amor presentado por Marco Liorni y Georgia Luzi, transmitido en Raiuno el 18 de enero de 2011 y producido por Toro Produzioni de Marco Tombolini y Pasquale Romano.

Televisión

Guionista
Un medico in famiglia 7 (Rai 1, 2011, 4 episodios)
Un medico in famiglia 6 (Rai 1, 2009, 4 episodios)
Famiglia Benincasa (Rai 1, 2009, 12 episodios)
L'isola del gusto (Alice, 2009, 25 episodios)
Un medico in famiglia 5 (Rai 1, 2007, 4 episodios)
I Cesaroni (Canale 5, 2006, 1 episodio)
Rudy. Il mito Rodolfo Valentino (History Channel, 2006)
Sottocasa (Rai 1, 2006, 1 episodio)
Un medico in famiglia 4 (Rai 1, 2004, 6 episodios)
Interno 4 (Piloto, 2004)
Un medico in famiglia 3 (Rai 1, 2001, 2 episodios)
Back Door (Piloto, 2000)
Attacchi di panico (Piloto, 2000)

Asistente de dirección de guionistas
Un medico in famiglia 3 (Rai 1, 2001, 24 episodios)

Autor de televisión
Sussurri e grida (Marcopolo, 2011, 4 episodios)
Perfetti innamorati (Rai 1, 2011)
Tra cielo e terra (Marcopolo, 2010-2011, 16 episodios)
Favole in verde (Leonardo, 2009-2010, 17 episodios)
Tetris (La7, 2007-2008, 18 episodios)
Festa italiana (Rai 1, 2005-2007, 370 episodios)
Se rinasco… canto (Rai 2, 2005)
Notte d'amore (Rai 2, 2005)
In Crociera! (Marcopolo, Leonardo World, 2004, 24 episodios)
Passaggi segreti (Marcopolo, Leonardo World, SKY 109, 2003, 12 episodios)

Director
Sussurri e grida (Marcopolo, 2011, 4 episodios)
Tra cielo e terra (Marcopolo, 2010-2011, 16 episodios)
Favole in verde (Leonardo, 2009-2010, 17 episodios)
Interno 4 (Piloto, 2004)
In Crociera! (Marcopolo, Leonardo World, 2004, 24 episodios)
Passaggi segreti (Marcopolo, Leonardo World, SKY 109, 2003, 12 episodios)

Publicaciones
Diario di un giovane sceneggiatore. Dino Audino Editore. SCRIPT N°34.
Adaptation, Il ladro di orchidee. Le narrative della mente. Dino Audino Editore. SCRIPT N°32/33.
Nascita, evoluzione e amministrazione della Provincia di Grosseto (1766-1865). Società Storica Maremmana. Bollettino SSM Vol.70-71.

Docencia
Enseñó escritura de guiones y escritura creativa en universidades, asociaciones y escuelas a estudiantes, aspirantes a escritores y a profesionales. Destacar sus conferencias en los cursos de actualización para guionistas organizado por Script y Rai Fiction, sus cursos para aspirantes a autores de televisión sostenidas en l'Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Brescia y el seminario sobre la adaptación presentado durante el curso de actualización para editores organizado por la Editorial Segnalibro.

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos
Ficha de David Bellini de Internet Movie Database

Ensayo de David Bellini sobre la película Adaptation (en italiano)
El casting técnico de Un medico in famiglia 6 en la página web Rai (en italiano)
El casting técnico de Un medico in famiglia 7 en la página web Publispei (en italiano)
Comunicado de prensa de Un medico in famiglia 7 (en italiano)
I Perfetti Innamorati (en italiano)
Casting artístico y técnico de I Cesaroni (en italiano)
Artículo sobre I Perfetti Innamorati con el casting (en italiano)
Artículo sobre "Tetris" con el casting (en italiano)
Database guionistas de las series tv italianas (en italiano)
Trovaset. Guía sobre el mundo del espectáculo en Italia (en italiano)
Página web oficial de David Bellini (en italiano)
Perfil de David Bellini en Linkedin

Directores de televisión de Italia
Directores de cine de Italia
Guionistas de cine de Italia
Guionistas de Italia
Directores de cine documental
Nacidos en Grosseto
Fallecidos en Los Ángeles

David Bellini


Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX or Explorer 83 or SMEX-7) was a NASA orbiting space telescope designed to observe the universe in ultraviolet wavelengths to measure the history of star formation in the universe. In addition to paving the way for future ultraviolet missions, the space telescope allowed astronomers to uncover mysteries about the early universe and how it evolved, as well as better characterize phenomena like black holes and dark matter. The mission was extended three times over a period of 10 years before it was decommissioned in June 2013. GALEX was launched on 28 April 2003 and decommissioned in June 2013.

Spacecraft
The spacecraft was three-axis stabilized, with power coming from four fixed solar panels. The satellite bus is from Orbital Sciences Corporation based on OrbView 4. The telescope was a  Modified Ritchey–Chrétien with a rotating grism. GALEX used the first ever UV light dichroic beam-splitter flown in space to direct photons to the Near UV (175–280 nanometers) and Far UV (135–174 nanometers) microchannel plate detectors. Each of the two detectors has a  diameter. The target orbit is  circular and inclined at 29.00° to the equator.

Launch
An air launched Pegasus launch vehicle, launched on 28 April 2003 at 11:59:57 UTC, placed the craft into a nearly circular orbit at an altitude of  and an orbital inclination to the Earth's equator of 29.00°.

Mission
The Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) which explored the origin and evolution of galaxies, and the origins of stars and heavy elements over the redshift range of Z between 0 and 2. GALEX conducted an all-sky imaging survey, a deep imaging survey, and a survey of 200 galaxies nearest to the Milky Way galaxy. As well, GALEX performed three spectroscopic surveys over the 135–300 nanometre band. GALEX had a planned 29 month mission, and is a part of the Small Explorer (SMEX) program.

The first observation was dedicated to the crew of the Space Shuttle Columbia, and was images in the constellation of Hercules taken on 21 May 2003. This region was selected because it had been directly overhead the shuttle at the time of its last contact with the NASA Mission Control Center, Houston, Texas.

After its primary mission of 29 months, observation operations were extended. In 2009, one of its detectors, which observed in far-ultraviolet light, stopped functioning. Late in the mission, observations of more intense UV sources were allowed, including the Kepler field.

Observation operations were extended to almost 9 years, with NASA placing it into standby mode on 7 February 2012. NASA cut off financial support for operations of GALEX in early February 2011 as it was ranked lower than other projects which were seeking a limited supply of funding. The mission's life-cycle cost to NASA was US$150.6 million. The California Institute of Technology (Caltech) negotiated to transfer control of GALEX and its associated ground control equipment to the California Institute of Technology in keeping with the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act. Under this Act, excess research equipment owned by the U.S. government can be transferred to educational institutions and non-profit organizations. On 17 May 2012, GALEX operations were transferred to Caltech.

On 28 June 2013, NASA decommissioned GALEX. It is expected that the spacecraft will remain in orbit for at least 65 years before it will re-enter the atmosphere.

Science mission

The telescope made observations in ultraviolet wavelengths to measure the history of star formation in the universe 80% of the way back to the Big Bang. Since scientists believe the Universe to be about 13.8 billion years old, the mission studied galaxies and stars across about 10 billion years of cosmic history.

The spacecraft's mission was to observe hundreds of thousands of galaxies, with the goal of determining the distance of each galaxy from Earth and the rate of star formation in each galaxy. Near-UV (NUV) and Far-UV (FUV) emissions as measured by GALEX can indicate the presence of young stars, but may also originate from old stellar populations (e.g. sdB stars).

Partnering with the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) on the mission were the California Institute of Technology, Orbital Sciences Corporation, University of California, Berkeley, Yonsei University, Johns Hopkins University, Columbia University, and Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, France.

The observatory participated in GOALS with Spitzer Space Telescope, Chandra X-ray Observatory, and Hubble Space Telescope. GOALS stands for Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey, and Luminous Infrared Galaxies were studied at the multiple wavelengths allowed by the telescopes.

Science objectives
The primary objective of the Galaxy Evolution Explorer was to learn what factors trigger star formation inside galaxies; how quickly stars form, evolve and die; and how heavy chemical elements form in stars. Additional goals include:

 Determining how fast stars are forming inside each galaxy
 Determining when and how the stars we see today formed
 Creating the first map of the ultraviolet universe
 Helping scientists find and understand ultraviolet bright quasars. These objects can serve as background sources for the Hubble Space Telescope and FUSE as it probes the gases from which galaxies form stars

To accomplish its objectives, the Galaxy Evolution Explorer will conduct eight surveys, grouped into two broad categories – a local universe investigation and a star formation history investigation. The local universe investigation includes the following four surveys:

 All-sky imaging survey – will look at the entire sky and develop a comprehensive catalogue of ultraviolet galaxy images, useful to map the distribution of star formation within the local universe
 Nearby galaxy survey – will study about 150 nearby galaxies that are familiar to scientists to understand how stars formed in individual galaxies
 Wide-field spectroscopic survey – will analyze the light wavelengths of galaxies in a wide swath of the sky
 Medium spectroscopic survey – will examine the light properties of galaxies within a narrower portion of the sky

The star formation history investigation will take information gathered by the local universe investigation and apply it to more distant galaxies by looking further back in time. It includes the following four surveys:

 Deep imaging survey – will look at a portion of the sky to study the distribution of star formation in the deep universe
 Deep spectroscopic survey – will look for the most distant galaxies
 Ultra-deep imaging survey – will look as deep as possible at a very small portion of the sky
 Medium imaging survey – will study star formation in galaxies beyond our local cosmic neighborhood, but not as deep as the deep imaging survey

Telescope specifications
The telescope had a  diameter aperture primary, in a Ritchey–Chrétien telescope f/6.0 configuration. It can see light wavelengths from 135 nanometres to 280-nm, with a field of view of 1.2° wide (larger than a full Moon). It had gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells which supply nearly 300 watts to the spacecraft.

Experiment

Ultraviolet telescope
GALEX carries a single f/6.0, Ritchey–Chrétien telescope, with a  diameter primary, and a  secondary mirror. Beam-splitters direct the Near UV (NUV) and Far UV (FUV) components to separate photoelectric detectors of diameter . In each, the photoelectrons are multiplied by a microchannel plate, and detected by the anode grid. The grid enables determination of the exact position of electron impact, by the time delay of each pulse at the two ends. The telescope has a field of view (FoV) of 1.2°, and a resolution of five arcseconds, and enables either imaging or spectral composition of a single star/galaxy, by a rotatable wheel containing a clear window and a Grism (Grism is a cross between a grating and a prism).

Pre-launch images

See also

 Explorer program
 Ultraviolet astronomy
 GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey
 Arecibo Observatory
 Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey, with GALEX participation

References

External links

 GALEX website by the California Institute of Technology
 GALEX website by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
 GALEX data archive by the STScIMAST
 GALEXView Search Tool by the STScIMAST
 GALEX Ultraviolet Sky Survey at Wikisky.org

Satellites orbiting Earth
Explorers Program
Space telescopes
Ultraviolet telescopes
Spacecraft launched in 2003
Spacecraft launched by Pegasus rockets

GALEX


شعار اليمن هو الشعار الرسمي للجمهورية اليمنية وهو عبارة عن نسر يفرد جناحيه، ويمسك بلوحة كتب عليها «الجمهورية اليمنية». كما يوجد اثنان من أعلام اليمن؛ أحدهما على اليمين، والآخر على اليسار، وعلى صدر هذا النسر درع عليه صورة لسد مأرب وشجرة البن ترميزاً لتاريخ اليمن العريق. أستخدمت دولة سبأ اليمنية هذا الشعار قبل أكثر من ثلاثة الف عام وهو من أقدم الشعارات المتداولة في العالم. وأعيد استخدام هذا الشعار في سبعينيات القرن العشرين كرمز للجمهورية العربية اليمنية من ثم للجمهورية اليمنية عقب الوحدة اليمنية عام 1990م.

التاريخ

شمال اليمن
منذ 1918 حتى 1990 كانت اليمن مقسمة بين اليمن الشمالي واليمن الجنوبي، وكان شعار الشمال مشابه أكثر للشعار المعمول به حالياً.

جنوب اليمن
كان شعار جنوب اليمن هو الشعار القومي العربي «نسر صلاح الدين» (على غرار شعار مصر وشعار العراق).

شرق اليمن
في أواخر عام 1967، أطاح القوميين بالسلاطين في انقلاب عسكري. وقد أعلنت جمهورية حضرموت العربية الموحدة من قبل ضباط جيش البادية الحضرمي ولم تر النور.
هو الشعار العربي «صقر قريش» (على غرار شعار ليبيا وشعار سوريا).

مقالات ذات صلة
 علم اليمن

مراجع

رموز اليمن الوطنية
سياسة اليمن
يمن
يمن
شعارات وطنية

شعار اليمن


Annus Mirabilis, das Jahr der Wunder, ist ein Gedicht des englischen Dichters John Dryden aus dem Jahr 1666. Dryden schrieb das Gedicht in Charlton, Wiltshire, wohin er vor der Pestepidemie in London geflohen war.

Das Gedicht behandelt die Englisch-Niederländischen Seekriege sowie den Großen Brand von London.

Es enthält 1216 Zeilen, die in 304 Quartetten angeordnet sind. Jedes Quartett folgt dem Reimschema .

Weblinks
 Text des Gedichts bei online-literature.com
 Werner von Koppenfels, Friedhelm Kemp: Engl. und amerik. Dichtung: Engl. Dichtung: von Dryden bis Tennyson. Verlag C.H.Beck, 2000, S. 2 ff

Gedicht
Literatur (Englisch)
John Dryden
Literarisches Werk
Literatur (17. Jahrhundert)

Annus mirabilis (Gedicht)


Imortalitatea biologică (uneori menționată ca mortalitatea bio-nedefinită) este o stare în care rata mortalității de la senescență este stabilă sau descrescătoare, astfel decuplându-se de la vârsta cronologică. Diferitele specii unicelulare și multicelulare, inclusiv unele vertebrate, ating această stare fie pe parcursul existenței fie după ce au trăit suficient timp. O ființă vie, biologic vorbind poate să moară si din alte mijloace decât senescența, cum ar fi prin răni sau boală.

Această definiție a nemuririi a fost pusă în discuție în Manualul Biologiei Îmbătrânirii , deoarece creșterea ratei de mortalitate ca funcție a vârstei cronologice poate fi neglijabilă la vârstele extrem de vechi, o idee numită mortalitatea la sfârșitul vieții platou. Rata mortalității poate înceta să crească la vârste înaintate, dar în majoritatea cazurilor această rată este de obicei foarte ridicată. Ca exemplu ipotetic, există doar o șansă de 50% ca un om să supraviețuiască unui alt an la vârsta de 110 ani sau mai mult.

Referințe

Imortalitate

Nemurire biologică


Fradswell es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Stafford, en el condado de Staffordshire (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Fradswell tiene una superficie de 5,84 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Fradswell tenía 174 habitantes (51,15% varones, 48,85% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 29,79 hab/km². El 16,09% eran menores de 16 años, el 68,39% tenían entre 16 y 74, y el 15,52% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 44,27 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 15,75% estaban solteros, el 63,7% casados, y el 20,55% divorciados o viudos.

Todos los habitantes eran blancos y originarios del Reino Unido. El cristianismo era profesado por el 91,38% de ellos, mientras que el 6,32% no eran religiosos y el 2,3% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo. Había 54 hogares con residentes y 3 vacíos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Staffordshire
Parroquias civiles de Staffordshire

Fradswell


Vlasnjača (vlas djevičji, lat. Poa), biljni rod iz porodice trava, koji je porodici Poaceae dao svoje ime. Postoji preko 560 vrsta. U Hrvatskoj raste 20–tak vrsta vlasnjača, među kojima: planinska vlasnjača (P. alpina) u planinskim predjelima, močvarna vlasnjača (P. palustris) po močvarama, lukovičasta vlasnjača u primorju (P. bulbosa), jednogodišnja vlasnjača (Poa annua) i druge.

Vlasnjača naraste od 5 cm pa do 150 cm, na čijem se vrhu nalazi metličast cvat s mnogobrojnim klasićima s 2 do 10 dvospolnih cvjetova, vrlo rijetko jedan.

Vrste

 Poa abbreviata R.Br.
 Poa acicularifolia Buchanan
 Poa acinaciphylla É.Desv.
 Poa acroleuca Steud.
 Poa adusta J.Presl
 Poa aequalis (Swallen & Tovar) Refulio
 Poa aequatoriensis Hack.
 Poa aequigluma Tovar
 Poa affinis R.Br.
 Poa afghanica Bor
 Poa aitchisonii Boiss.
 Poa ajanensis Prob.
 Poa akmanii Soreng, P.Hein & H.Scholz
 Poa alberti Regel
 Poa albescens Hitchc.
 Poa almasovii Golub
 Poa alopecurus (Gaudich. ex Mirb.) Kunth
 Poa alpigena Lindm.
 Poa alpina L.
 Poa alsodes A.Gray
 Poa alta Hitchc.
 Poa amplexicaulis C.M.Weiller & Stajsic
 Poa amplivaginata (Tovar) Refulio
 Poa anae Tovar
 Poa anceps G.Forst.
 Poa androgyna Hack.
 Poa angustifolia L.
 Poa ankaratrensis A.Camus & H.Perrier
 Poa annua L.
 Poa antipoda Petrie
 Poa apiculata Refulio
 Poa arachnifera Torr.
 Poa araratica Trautv.
 Poa arctica R.Br.
 Poa arechavaletae Parodi
 Poa arida Vasey
 Poa arnowiae Soreng
 Poa arzhanensis Nosov
 Poa asirensis Cope
 Poa asperifolia Bor
 Poa astonii Petrie
 Poa atropidiformis Hack.
 Poa atropurpurea Scribn.
 Poa attenuata Trin.
 Poa aucklandica Petrie
 Poa auriculata Soreng & P.M.Peterson
 Poa aurigae Veldkamp
 Poa austro-uralensis Tzvelev
 Poa ×austrohercynica Wein
 Poa autumnalis Muhl. ex Elliott
 Poa ayacuchensis Tovar
 Poa ayseniensis Hack.
 Poa babiogorensis Bernátová & Májovský & Obuch
 Poa bactriana Roshev.
 Poa badensis Haenke ex Willd.
 Poa bajaensis Soreng
 Poa balbisii Parl.
 Poa bergii Hieron.
 Poa beringiana Prob.
 Poa bigelovii Vasey ex Scribn.
 Poa binata Nees
 Poa binodis Keng f. ex L.Liu
 Poa bolanderi Vasey
 Poa boliviana Refulio
 Poa bomiensis C.Ling
 Poa bonariensis (Lam.) Kunth
 Poa borbonica Poir.
 Poa boreorossica Tzvelev
 Poa borneensis Jansen
 Poa boxiana Luces
 Poa bradei Pilg.
 Poa breviglumis Hook.f.
 Poa brevis Hitchc.
 Poa bromoides Vahl
 Poa buchananii Zotov
 Poa bucharica Roshev.
 Poa bulbosa L.
 Poa burmanica Bor
 Poa bussmannii H.Scholz
 Poa cabreriana Anton & Ariza
 Poa calchaquiensis Hack.
 Poa calliopsis Litv. ex Ovcz.
 Poa callosa Stapf
 Poa calycina (J.Presl) Kunth
 Poa candamoana Pilg.
 Poa carazensis Pilg.
 Poa carpatica (V.Jirásek) Chopik
 Poa caucasica Trin.
 Poa celebica Veldkamp
 Poa celsa Edgar
 Poa cenisia All.
 Poa chaixii Vill.
 Poa chamaeclinos Pilg.
 Poa chambersii Soreng
 Poa chapmaniana Scribn.
 Poa chathamica Petrie
 Poa cheelii Vickery
 Poa chirripoensis R.W.Pohl
 Poa chokensis S.M.Phillips
 Poa cita Edgar
 Poa clavigera Veldkamp
 Poa clelandii Vickery
 Poa clivicola Vickery
 Poa ×coarctata Haller f. ex Gaudin
 Poa cockayneana Petrie
 Poa colensoi Hook.f.
 Poa ×complanata Schur
 Poa compressa L.
 Poa confinis Vasey
 Poa congesta Refulio
 Poa cookii (Hook.f.) Hook.f.
 Poa cooperi Noltie
 Poa costiniana Vickery
 Poa crassicaudex Vickery
 Poa crassicaulis Pilg.
 Poa crassinervis Honda
 Poa cucullata Hack.
 Poa cumingii Trin.
 Poa curtifolia Scribn.
 Poa cusickii Vasey
 Poa cuspidata Nutt.
 Poa cyrenaica E.A.Durand & Barratte
 Poa czazhmensis Prob.
 Poa damavandica Assadi & Kavousi
 Poa darwiniana Parodi
 Poa davisii Bor
 Poa deminuta Refulio
 Poa densa Troitsky
 Poa denticulata Hack.
 Poa dentigluma Tovar
 Poa denudata Steud.
 Poa diaboli Soreng & Keil
 Poa ×digena Melderis
 Poa dimorphantha Murb.
 Poa dipsacea Petrie
 Poa disjecta Ovcz.
 Poa dissanthelioides Tovar
 Poa diversifolia (Boiss. & Balansa) Hack. ex Boiss.
 Poa dolichophylla Hack.
 Poa dolosa Boiss. & Heldr.
 Poa douglasii Nees
 Poa dozyi Veldkamp
 Poa drummondiana Nees
 Poa dudkinii Prob.
 Poa durifolia Giussani, Nicora & Roig
 Poa dzongicola Noltie
 Poa egorovae Tzvelev
 Poa eleanorae Bor
 Poa ensiformis Vickery
 Poa epileuca (Stapf) Stapf
 Poa erectifolia Hitchc.
 Poa exigua Hook.f.
 Poa faberi Rendle
 Poa falconeri Hook.f.
 Poa fauriei Hack.
 Poa fawcettiae Vickery
 Poa fax J.H.Willis & Court
 Poa fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey
 Poa fernaldiana Nannf.
 Poa ferreyrae Tovar
 Poa fibrifera Pilg.
 Poa ×figertii Gerhardt
 Poa filiculmis Roshev.
 Poa fischeri Prob.
 Poa flabellata (Lam.) Raspail
 Poa flaccidula Boiss. & Reut.
 Poa flexuosa Sm.
 Poa foliosa (Hook.f.) Hook.f.
 Poa fordeana F.Muell.
 Poa ×fossae-rusticorum Wein
 Poa fragilis Ovcz.
 Poa gamblei Bor
 Poa gammieana Hook.f.
 Poa ×gandogeri Fedde
 Poa garhwalensis D.C.Nautiyal & R.D.Gaur
 Poa gaspensis Fernald
 Poa gayana É.Desv.
 Poa gigantea (Tovar) Refulio
 Poa gilgiana Pilg.
 Poa glaberrima Tovar
 Poa glauca Vahl
 Poa gnutikovii Prob.
 Poa golestanensis H.Scholz & Akhani
 Poa grandis Hand.-Mazz.
 Poa granitica Braun-Blanq.
 Poa greuteri Gabrieljan
 Poa grisebachii R.E.Fr.
 Poa gunnii Vickery
 Poa gymnantha Pilg.
 Poa hachadoensis Nicora
 Poa hackelii Post
 Poa hakusanensis Hack.
 Poa halmaturina J.M.Black
 Poa hartzii Gand.
 Poa harveyi Chrtek
 Poa hedbergii S.M.Phillips
 Poa helenae Veldkamp
 Poa helmsii Vickery
 Poa hentyi Veldkamp
 Poa ×herjedalica Harry Sm.
 Poa hesperia Edgar
 Poa hideaki-ohbae Rajbh.
 Poa hiemata Vickery
 Poa hieronymi Hack.
 Poa himalayana Nees ex Steud.
 Poa hirtiglumis Hook.f.
 Poa hisauchii Honda
 Poa hissarica Roshev.
 Poa hitchcockiana Soreng & P.M.Peterson
 Poa holciformis J.Presl
 Poa homomalla Nees
 Poa hookeri Vickery
 Poa horridula Pilg.
 Poa hothamensis Vickery
 Poa howellii Vasey & Scribn.
 Poa huancavelicae Tovar
 Poa hubbardiana Parodi
 Poa huecu Parodi
 Poa humilis Ehrh. ex Hoffm.
 Poa humillima Pilg.
 Poa hybrida Gaudin
 Poa hylobates Bor
 Poa hypsinephes Veldkamp
 Poa ibarii Phil.
 Poa iberica Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall.
 Poa igoshinae Tzvelev
 Poa imbecilla Biehler
 Poa imperialis Bor
 Poa inconspicua Veldkamp
 Poa induta Vickery
 Poa infirma Kunth
 Poa interior Rydb.
 Poa ×intricata Wein
 Poa intrusa Edgar
 Poa iridifolia Hauman
 Poa irkutica Roshev.
 Poa jansenii Veldkamp
 Poa jaunsarensis Bor
 Poa ×jemtlandica (Almq.) K.Richt.
 Poa jeremiadis Veldkamp
 Poa jubata A.Kern.
 Poa jugicola D.I.Morris
 Poa juncifolia Scribn.
 Poa ×jurassica Chrtek & V.Jirásek
 Poa kamczatensis Prob.
 Poa keckii Soreng
 Poa kelloggii Vasey
 Poa kenteica N.R.Ivanov
 Poa kerguelensis (Hook.f.) Steud.
 Poa keysseri Pilg.
 Poa khasiana Stapf
 Poa khokhrjakovii Prob.
 Poa kilimanjarica (Hedberg) Markgr.-Dann.
 Poa kirkii Buchanan
 Poa klokovii Tzvelev
 Poa koelzii Bor
 Poa koksuensis Golosk.
 Poa kolymensis Tzvelev
 Poa korshinskyi Tzvelev
 Poa krasnoborovii Stepanov
 Poa kronokensis Prob.
 Poa krylovii Reverd.
 Poa kuborensis Veldkamp
 Poa kulikovii Tzvelev
 Poa kurdistanica Chrtek & Hadac
 Poa kurtzii R.E.Fr.
 Poa kurynica Prob.
 Poa labillardierei Steud.
 Poa lachenensis Noltie
 Poa laetevirens R.E.Fr.
 Poa lamii Jansen
 Poa lanata Scribn. & Merr.
 Poa langtangensis Melderis
 Poa languidior Hitchc.
 Poa lanigera Nees
 Poa lanuginosa Poir.
 Poa lavrenkoi Kuczerov
 Poa laxa Haenke
 Poa laxiflora Buckley
 Poa legionensis (Laínz) Fern.Casas & M.Laínz
 Poa lehoueroui Dobignard & Portal
 Poa leibergii Scribn.
 Poa lepidula (Nees & Meyen) Soreng & L.J.Gillespie
 Poa leptalea Veldkamp
 Poa leptoclada Hochst. ex A.Rich.
 Poa leptocoma Trin.
 Poa lettermanii Vasey
 Poa levitskyi Nosov
 Poa lhasaensis Bor
 Poa ligularis Nees ex Steud.
 Poa ligulata Boiss.
 Poa lilloi Hack.
 Poa ×limosa Scribn. & T.A.Williams
 Poa lindebergii Tzvelev
 Poa lindsayi Hook.f.
 Poa linearifolia Refulio
 Poa lipskyi Roshev.
 Poa litorosa Cheeseman
 Poa longifolia Trin.
 Poa longii Noltie
 Poa longiramea Hitchc.
 Poa lowanensis N.G.Walsh
 Poa lunata Chase
 Poa macrantha Vasey
 Poa macroanthera D.F.Cui
 Poa macrocalyx Trautv. & C.A.Mey.
 Poa macusaniensis (E.H.L.Krause) Refulio
 Poa madecassa A.Camus
 Poa ×magadanensis Prob.
 Poa magadanica Kuvaev
 Poa maia Edgar
 Poa mairei Hack.
 Poa maniototo Petrie
 Poa mannii Munro ex Hillebr.
 Poa marcida Hitchc.
 Poa margilicola Bernátová & Májovský
 Poa markgrafii H.Hartmann
 Poa maroccana Nannf.
 Poa marshallii Tovar
 Poa masenderana Freyn & Sint.
 Poa matris-occidentalis P.M.Peterson & Soreng
 Poa matsumurae Hack.
 Poa matthewsii Petrie
 Poa megalantha (Parodi) Herter
 Poa meionectes Vickery
 Poa menachensis Schweinf.
 Poa mendocina Nicora & F.A.Roig
 Poa minimiflora Stapf
 Poa minor Gaudin
 Poa moabitica Bor
 Poa molineri Balb.
 Poa mollis Vickery
 Poa morrisii Vickery
 Poa mucuchachensis Luces
 Poa muktinathensis Rajbh.
 Poa mulalensis Kunth
 Poa mulleri Swallen
 Poa multinodis Chase
 Poa muricata Veldkamp
 Poa mustangensis Rajbh.
 Poa myriantha Hack.
 Poa nankoensis Ohwi
 Poa napensis Beetle
 Poa navashinii Nosov
 Poa ×nematophylla Rydb.
 Poa nemoraliformis Roshev.
 Poa nemoralis L.
 Poa neosachalinensis Prob.
 Poa nepalensis (Wall. ex Griseb.) Duthie
 Poa nervosa (Hook.) Vasey
 Poa nitidespiculata Bor
 Poa nivicola Ridl.
 Poa ×nobilis Skalinska
 Poa novae-zelandiae Hack.
 Poa novarae Reichardt
 Poa nubensis Giussani, Fern.Pepi & Morrone
 Poa nubigena Keng f. ex L.Liu
 Poa obvallata Steud.
 Poa occidentalis (Vasey) Vasey
 Poa olajensis Prob.
 Poa orba N.G.Walsh
 Poa orientalis Tzvelev
 Poa orizabensis Hitchc.
 Poa orthoclada N.G.Walsh
 Poa paczoskii Tzvelev
 Poa pagophila Bor
 Poa palmeri Soreng & P.M.Peterson
 Poa paludigena Fernald & Wiegand
 Poa palustris L.
 Poa pannonica A.Kern.
 Poa paposana Phil.
 Poa papuana Stapf
 Poa paramoensis Laegaard
 Poa parva Veldkamp
 Poa parvifolia Refulio
 Poa pattersonii Vasey
 Poa pauciflora Roem. & Schult.
 Poa paucispicula Scribn. & Merr.
 Poa ×pawlowskii V.Jirásek
 Poa pearsonii Reeder
 Poa pedersenii Nicora
 Poa pentapolitana H.Scholz
 Poa perconcinna J.R.Edm.
 Poa perennis Keng ex Keng f.
 Poa perligulata Pilg.
 Poa perrieri A.Camus
 Poa petrophila Vickery
 Poa pfisteri Soreng
 Poa phillipsiana Vickery
 Poa physoclina N.G.Walsh
 Poa pilata Chase
 Poa pilcomayensis Hack.
 Poa pitardiana H.Scholz
 Poa planifolia Kuntze
 Poa platyantha Kom.
 Poa plicata Hack.
 Poa poiformis (Labill.) Druce
 Poa polycolea Stapf
 Poa polyneura Bor
 Poa ×poppelwellii Petrie
 Poa populetorum Prob.
 Poa porphyroclados Nees
 Poa pratensis L.
 Poa prichardii Rendle
 Poa primae Tzvelev
 Poa pringlei Scribn.
 Poa pseudamoena Bor
 Poa pseudoabbreviata Roshev.
 Poa pseudoattenuata Prob.
 Poa pseudobulbosa Bor
 Poa pseudoschimperiana Chiov.
 Poa pseudotibetica Noltie
 Poa pulviniformis (Veldkamp) Veldkamp
 Poa pumila Host
 Poa pumilio Hochst.
 Poa pusilla Berggr.
 Poa pygmaea Buchanan
 Poa qinghaiensis Soreng & G.H.Zhu
 Poa quadrata Veldkamp
 Poa radula Franch. & Sav.
 Poa raduliformis Prob.
 Poa ragonesei Nicora
 Poa rajbhandarii Noltie
 Poa ramifera Soreng & P.M.Peterson
 Poa ramoniana Soreng & Sylvester
 Poa ramosissima Hook.f.
 Poa rauhii (Swallen & Tovar) Refulio
 Poa reclinata (Swallen) Soreng & P.M.Peterson
 Poa reflexa Vasey & Scribn.
 Poa rehmannii (Asch. & Graebn.) K.Richt.
 Poa reitzii Swallen
 Poa remota Forselles
 Poa resinulosa Nees ex Steud.
 Poa rhadina Bor
 Poa rhizomata Hitchc.
 Poa rigidula Veldkamp
 Poa rodwayi Vickery
 Poa royleana Nees ex Steud.
 Poa ruprechtii Peyr.
 Poa ruwenzoriensis Robyns & Tournay
 Poa ×sachalinensis (Koidz.) Honda
 Poa saksonovii Tzvelev
 Poa sallacustris N.G.Walsh
 Poa saltuensis Fernald & Wiegand
 Poa sanchez-vegae Soreng & P.M.Peterson
 Poa sandvicensis (Reichardt) Hitchc.
 Poa ×sanionis Asch. & Graebn.
 Poa scaberula Hook.f.
 Poa scabrivaginata Tovar
 Poa schimperiana Hochst. ex A.Rich.
 Poa schistacea Edgar & Connor
 Poa schizantha Parodi
 Poa schoenoides Phil.
 Poa ×sclerocalamos Facchini ex Ambrosi
 Poa secunda J.Presl
 Poa sejuncta Bernátová & Májovský & Obuch
 Poa seleri Pilg.
 Poa sellovii Nees
 Poa senex Edgar
 Poa serpana Refulio
 Poa setulosa Bor
 Poa shumushuensis Ohwi
 Poa sibirica Roshev.
 Poa sichotensis Prob.
 Poa sieberiana Spreng.
 Poa sierrae J.T.Howell
 Poa sikkimensis (Stapf) Bor
 Poa simensis Hochst. ex A.Rich.
 Poa sinaica Steud.
 Poa sintenisii H.Lindb.
 Poa siphonoglossa Hack.
 Poa skvortzovii Prob.
 Poa smirnowii Roshev.
 Poa soderstromii Negritto & Anton
 Poa spania Edgar & Molloy
 Poa speluncarum J.R.Edm.
 Poa sphondylodes Trin.
 Poa spiciformis (Steud.) Hauman & Parodi
 Poa spicigera Tovar
 Poa stapfiana Bor
 Poa stebbinsii Soreng
 Poa stellaris Veldkamp
 Poa stenantha Trin.
 Poa sterilis M.Bieb.
 Poa stewartiana Bor
 Poa stiriaca Fritsch & Hayek
 Poa strictiramea Hitchc.
 Poa stuckertii (Hack.) Parodi
 Poa suavis Veldkamp
 Poa subinsignis Prob.
 Poa sublanata Reverd.
 Poa sublimis Edgar
 Poa subspicata (J.Presl) Kunth
 Poa subvestita (Hack.) Edgar
 Poa sudicola Edgar
 Poa sugawarae Ohwi
 Poa suksdorfii (Beal) Piper
 Poa sunbisinii Soreng & G.H.Zhu
 Poa supina Schrad.
 Poa swallenii Refulio
 Poa sylvestris A.Gray
 Poa szechuensis Rendle
 Poa takasagomontana Ohwi
 Poa talamancae R.W.Pohl
 Poa tanfiljewii Roshev.
 Poa tangii Hitchc.
 Poa ×taurica H.N.Pojark.
 Poa tayacajaensis Soreng & Sylvester
 Poa telata Veldkamp
 Poa tenera F.Muell. ex Hook.f.
 Poa tenkensis Prob.
 Poa tennantiana Petrie
 Poa tenuicula Ohwi
 Poa thessala Boiss. & Orph.
 Poa thomasii Refulio
 Poa tianschanica (Regel) Hack. ex O.Fedtsch.
 Poa timoleontis Heldr. ex Boiss.
 Poa tolmatchewii Roshev.
 Poa tonsa Edgar
 Poa tovarii Soreng
 Poa trachyantha Hack.
 Poa trachyphylla Pilg.
 Poa tracyi Vasey
 Poa trichophylla Boiss.
 Poa tricolor Nees ex Steud.
 Poa trinervis (Hack.) C.Monod ex P.Royen
 Poa triodioides (Trin.) Zotov
 Poa trivialiformis Kom.
 Poa trivialis L.
 Poa trollii (Pilg.) Refulio
 Poa tuberifera Faurie ex Hack.
 Poa tucumana Parodi
 Poa tzvelevii Prob.
 Poa ×tzyrenovae Prob.
 Poa ullungdoensis I.C.Chung
 Poa umbricola Vickery
 Poa umbrosa Trin.
 Poa unilateralis Scribn. ex Vasey
 Poa unispiculata Davidse, Soreng & P.M.Peterson
 Poa ursina Velen.
 Poa urssulensis Trin.
 Poa urubambensis Sylvester & Soreng
 Poa uruguayensis Parodi
 Poa ussuriensis Roshev.
 Poa uzonica Prob.
 Poa vaginata Pamp.
 Poa verae Prob.
 Poa veresczaginii Tzvelev
 Poa versicolor Besser
 Poa vorobievii Prob.
 Poa vvedenskyi Drobow
 Poa wardiana Bor
 Poa wendtii Soreng & P.M.Peterson
 Poa wheeleri Vasey
 Poa wilhelminae Veldkamp
 Poa ×wippraensis Wein
 Poa wisselii Jansen
 Poa wolfii Scribn.
 Poa xenica Edgar & Connor
 Poa xingkaiensis Y.X.Ma
 Poa yaganica Speg.
 Poa yatsugatakensis Honda
 Poa zhirmunskii Prob.
 Poa zhongdianensis L.Liu

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Poinae

Vlasnjača


Ein Ausmalbild ist eine markante Strichzeichnung auf Papier – etwa im Format DIN A 4 –, die Kinder mit Bunt- oder Filzstiften ausmalen können. In einem Malbuch sind Ausmalbilder in einem Buch zusammengefasst.

Malbuch für Erwachsene
Zunehmend entdecken immer mehr Erwachsene das Ausmalen von Bildern als eine Freizeitbeschäftigung. Es dient dem Ausgleich und der Entspannung. Besonders gefragte Motive sind Mandalas. Sie haben eine beruhigende Wirkung. Auf dem Büchermarkt erscheinen immer mehr Titel, die sich auch an Erwachsene oder gezielt nur an Erwachsene wenden. Auch der Verkauf von Farbstiften steigt entsprechend.

Siehe auch
 Mandala
 Lineart

Weblinks

Grafik

Ausmalbild


Immortal Memory  is an album by Dead Can Dance member Lisa Gerrard and Irish classical composer Patrick Cassidy, released in 2004. It was Gerrard's first studio release since 1998's Duality with Pieter Bourke.

Overview

Gerrard first met Cassidy in 2000 in Los Angeles (where he lives), when she came to work on the Gladiator soundtrack, and they planned to work together one day. When they eventually found a shared two-month break, they joined at Gerrard's Australian studio for this record.

The W. B. Yeats poem "Sailing to Byzantium" inspired the track of the same name.

The lyrics utilise three ancient languages:

 Gaelic (ancient Irish) in "The Song of Amergin" (based on the first song supposedly sung by a mortal on Irish soil).
 Aramaic in "Maranatha" (meaning "come lord, come teacher"), and "Abwoon" (meaning "our father", a rendition of the "Lord's Prayer" in the language of Jesus).
 Latin in "Psallit in Aure Dei" (meaning "singing in the ear of God", a dirge for Patrick Cassidy's late father).

Track listing

Music by Lisa Gerrard (tracks 1-9) and Patrick Cassidy (tracks 1-10).

Personnel

 Musical

 Lisa Gerrard – arranger, vocals
 Patrick Cassidy – arranger, synthesized instruments

 Technical

 Simon Bowley – mixing
 David Badrick – mixing assistance
 Don C. Tyler – mastering
 Chris Staley – mastering assistance
 Jacek Tuschewski – technical assistance

 Graphical

 Jacek Tuschewski – sleeve design, paintings
 Chris Bigg – sleeve design
 Mark Magidson – sleeve photography (Uluru tree)
 Greg Barrett – sleeve photography (portraits)

Notes

References
 Track-by-track commentary by Lisa Gerrard as reposted on the Lisa Gerrard Message Board (scroll down)

External links

2004 albums
Lisa Gerrard albums
Patrick Cassidy (composer) albums
4AD albums

Immortal Memory


Das Kriegsdrama Afghan Breakdown (, Afganski islom) ist eine sowjetisch-italienische Koproduktion unter der Regie von Wladimir Bortko aus dem Jahre 1990. Der Spielfilm stellt die Situation kurz vor dem Abzug der Sowjetarmee aus Afghanistan im Jahre 1989 am Ende der Sowjetischen Intervention in Afghanistan dar. Sämtliche Dreharbeiten fanden in Tadschikistan statt. Der Film wurde im Mai 1991 in Frankreich uraufgeführt. Produziert wurde er von Lenfilm.

Handlung
Der Film beginnt mit der expliziten Darstellung einer Beschneidung eines afghanischen Säuglings.

Mittelpunkt der Handlung ist ein sowjetisches Militärlager in Afghanistan kurz vor dem Abzug der Sowjetarmee im Jahre 1989. Major Bandura, Kompanieführer einer Einheit Fallschirmjäger, muss schwere Verluste im Kampf gegen die afghanischen Rebellen unter Führung des Mudschahed Adil hinnehmen. Neuankömmling Oberleutnant Nikita ist gegen den Willen seines Vaters, eines russischen Generals, in den Krieg gezogen. Der Vater sorgt sich in der Heimat um das Wohlergehen seines Sohnes und vereinbart telefonisch mit dem Lagerkommandanten (Oberst), die Kampfeinsätze seines Sohnes auf ein Minimum zu beschränken.

Bei einem Marktbesuch der Truppe erschießt der nervöse Soldat Ivanov einen verdächtigen Händler. Major Bandura steckt dem Toten eine Handgranate zu, um ihn als Attentäter darzustellen/zu denunzieren. Ein sowjetischer Versorgungskonvoi wird von afghanischen Rebellen angegriffen. Für Major Bandura kommt nur Adil als Täter in Frage und er hält einen Vergeltungsschlag für die einzig angemessene Reaktion. Der Oberst lehnt ab und ordnet die Übergabe von Geschenken (50 Maschinengewehre, Munition und ein paar Sack Mehl) zur Besänftigung an. Der Dorfbewohner Gulakhan fungiert hierbei als Mittelsmann. Adil gibt sich nicht zufrieden und fordert noch während der Übergabe weitere Geschenke.

Kurz darauf wird erneut ein sowjetischer Versorgungskonvoi angegriffen. Nikita wird dabei schwer verletzt, da er zum Geleitschutz des Konvois gehörte. Später wird ihm ein Fuß amputiert. Nun ist auch der Oberst für einen Vergeltungsschlag. Adils Dorf soll angegriffen werden. Gulakhan versichert jedoch Adils Unschuld. Diesmal waren die Attentäter pakistanische Mudschaheddin.

Ein russischer General besucht die Truppe im Lager. Er berichtet von einem Friedensabkommen zwischen der sowjetischen Regierung/Militärführung und den islamistischen Rebellen. Durch den Anschlag, bei dem Nikita verletzt wurde, ist das Abkommen nun jedoch gefährdet. Ein Angriff auf die pakistanischen Rebellen wird vorbereitet. Diesmal soll Adils Dorf, in dem sich auch die pakistanischen Rebellen aufhalten, ausgelöscht werden. Adil soll verschont werden, wenn er sich neutral verhält. Drei Panzer machen sich auf den Weg zu Adils Dorf. Der Angriff unter der Führung Banduras beginnt. Im Häuserkampf tötet Bandura versehentlich Gulakhans Familie. Schließlich wird das gesamte Dorf bombardiert. Ein kleiner Junge überlebt den Angriff und erschießt Bandura mit einer Kalaschnikow. Es ist Gulakhans Sohn. Der Truppenabzug beginnt.

Kritik

Auszeichnungen
Tatjana Dogilewa wurde für ihre Rolle auf dem Offenen russischen Filmfestival von Sotschi mit dem Preis für die beste Schauspielerin ausgezeichnet.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Anmerkungen

Filmtitel 1990
Italienischer Film
Sowjetischer Film
Afghanistankrieg im Film

Afghan Breakdown


නිකිණි මාසයට ඇසළ සහ බිනර අතර චන්ද්‍ර මාසයයි.

වදන
එම තේරුම ලැබී ඇත්තේ "වැසි නැති" යන අර්ථයෙනි. මෙම මාසය ආදී සිංහලයන් විසින් වැව් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීමට යොදා ගෙන ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත

චන්ද්‍ර මාස

නිකිණි මාසය


An Platythelys venustula in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Platythelys venustula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Platythelys, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Platythelys

Platythelys venustula


The  Ulster Scots (Ulster-Scots: Ulstèr-Scotch; ), also called Ulster Scots people (Ulstèr-Scotch fowk) or, in North America, Scotch-Irish (Scotch-Airisch) or Scots-Irish, are an ethnic group in Ireland, who share a common history, culture and ancestry, some of whom speak an Ulster Scots dialect of the Scots language, a West Germanic language. As an ethnicity, they descend largely from Scottish and English settlers who moved to the north of Ireland, during the 17th century.

Found mostly in the province of Ulster, and to a lesser extent in the rest of Ireland, their ancestors were Protestant, mainly Presbyterian, Anglican, and Methodist settlers who migrated from the Scottish Lowlands and Northern England during the Plantation of Ulster. The largest numbers came from Dumfries and Galloway, Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, Ayrshire, Scottish Borders, Northumberland, Cumbria, Durham, Yorkshire and to a much lesser extent, from the Scottish Highlands. Northern Ireland is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. The majority of people living in Northern Ireland are British and/or Irish citizens.

The Ulster Scots migrated to Ireland in large numbers both as a result of the government-sanctioned Plantation of Ulster, a planned process of colonisation which took place under the auspices of James VI of Scotland and I of England on land confiscated from members of the Gaelic nobility of Ireland who fled Ulster, and as part of a larger migration or unplanned wave of settlement.

Ulster Scots people emigrated from Ireland in significant numbers to the American colonies, later the United States, and elsewhere in the British Empire.  Scotch-Irish (or Scots-Irish) is a traditional term for Ulster Scots who emigrated to America.

History

Early development

The first major influx of border English and Lowland Scots into Ulster came in the first two decades of the 17th century.

First, before the Plantation of Ulster and even before the Flight of the Earls, there was the 1606 independent Scottish settlement in east Down and Antrim. It was led by adventurers James Hamilton and Sir Hugh Montgomery, two Ayrshire lairds. Montgomery was granted half of Lord of Upper Clandeboye Conn McNeill O'Neill,'s land, a significant Gaelic lordship in Ulster, as a reward for helping him escape from English captivity. Hamilton forced himself in on this deal when he discovered it and, after three years of bickering, the final settlement gave Hamilton and Montgomery each one-third of the land.

Starting in 1609, Scots began arriving into state-sponsored settlements as part of the Plantation of Ulster. This scheme was intended to confiscate all the lands of the Gaelic Irish nobility in Ulster and to settle the province with Protestant Scottish and English colonists. Under this scheme, a substantial number of Scots were settled, mostly in the south and west of Ulster, on confiscated land.

While many of the Scottish planters in Ulster came from southwest Scotland, a large number came from the southeast, including the unstable regions right along the border with England (the Scottish Borders and Northumberland). These groups were from the Borderers or Border Reivers culture, which had familial links on both sides of the Anglo-Scottish border. The plan was that moving these Borderers to Ireland would both solve the Borders problem and tie down Ulster. This was of particular concern to James VI of Scotland when he became King of England, since he knew Scottish instability could jeopardise his chances of ruling both kingdoms effectively.

During the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the native Irish gentry attempted to extirpate the English and Scottish settlers in revenge for being driven off their ancestral land, resulting in severe violence, massacres and ultimately leading to the deaths of between four and six thousand settlers over the winter of 1641–42. Native Irish civilians were massacred in return. By 1642, native Irish were in de facto control of much of the island under a Confederate Ireland, with about a third under the control of the opposition. However, many Ulster-Scots Presbyterians joined with the Irish in rebellion and aided them in driving the English out.

The Ulster-Scottish population in Ireland was quite possibly preserved from complete annihilation during the subsequent Irish Confederate Wars, when a Scottish Covenanter army was landed in the province to protect the Ulster-Scottish settlers from native Irish landowners. The war itself, part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, ended in the 1650s, with the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. At the head of the army, Oliver Cromwell conquered all of Ireland. Defeating the Irish Confederates and English Royalists on behalf of the English Parliamentarians, he and his forces employed methods and inflicted casualties among the civilian Irish population that have long been commonly considered by contemporary sources, historians and the popular culture to be outside of the accepted military ethics of the day (see more on the debate here). After the Cromwellian war in Ireland was over, many of their soldiers settled permanently in eastern Ulster.

Under the Act of Settlement 1652, all Catholic-owned land was confiscated and the British Plantations in Ireland, which had been destroyed by the rebellion of 1641, were restored. However, due to the Scots' enmity to the English Parliament in the final stages of the English Civil War, English settlers rather than Scots were the main beneficiary of this scheme.

There was a generation of calm in Ireland until another war broke out in 1689, again due to political conflict closely aligned with ethnic and religious differences. The Williamite war in Ireland (1689–91) was fought between Jacobites who supported the restoration of the Catholic James II to the throne of England and Williamites who supported the Protestant William of Orange. The majority of the Protestant colonists throughout Ireland but particularly in Ulster, fought on the Williamite side in the war against the Jacobites. The fear of a repeat of the massacres of 1641, fear of retribution for religious persecution, as well as their wish to hold on to lands which had been confiscated from Catholic landowners, were all principal motivating factors.

The Williamite forces, composed of British, Dutch, Huguenot and Danish armies, as well as troops raised in Ulster, ended Jacobite resistance by 1691, confirming the Protestant minority's monopoly on power in Ireland. Their victories at Derry, the Boyne and Aughrim are still commemorated by the Orange Order into the 21st century.

Finally, another major influx of Scots into northern Ireland occurred in the late 1690s, when tens of thousands of people fled a famine in Scotland to come to Ulster.

It was only after the 1690s that Scottish settlers and their descendants, the majority of whom were Presbyterian, gained numeric superiority in Ulster, though still a minority in Ireland as a whole. Along with Catholics, they were legally disadvantaged by the Penal Laws, which gave full rights only to members of the Church of Ireland (the Anglican state church), who were mainly Anglo-Irish (themselves often absentee landlords), native Irish converts or the descendants of English settlers. For this reason, up until the 19th century, there was considerable disharmony between Dissenters and the ruling Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. With the enforcement of Queen Anne's 1703 Test Act, which caused further discrimination against all who did not participate in the established church, considerable numbers of Ulster-Scots migrated to the colonies in British America throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. In fact, these 'Scots-Irish' from Ulster and Lowland Scotland comprised the most numerous group of immigrants from Great Britain and Ireland to the American colonies in the years prior the American Revolution, with an estimated 150,000 leaving northern Ireland at the time.

Towards the end of the 18th century, many Ulster-Scots Presbyterians ignored religious differences and, along with many Catholic Gaelic Irish, joined the United Irishmen to participate in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 in support of republican and egalitarian ideals.

Scotch-Irish

Just a few generations after arriving in Ulster, considerable numbers of Ulster-Scots emigrated to the North American colonies of Great Britain. Between 1717 and 1775, an estimated 200,000 migrated to what became the United States of America. Around the same time, the British took control of the territory of New France, allowing many Ulster-Scots to migrate to these areas as well. These people are known as the Scotch-Irish Canadians.

In the United States census of 2000, 4.3 million Americans (1.5% of the population of the United States) claimed Scotch-Irish ancestry. Author and former United States Senator Jim Webb suggests that the true number of people with some Scots-Irish heritage in the United States is more—over 27 million—possibly because contemporary Americans with some Scotch-Irish heritage may regard themselves as either Irish, Scottish, or simply American instead.

Culture

Over the centuries, Ulster Scots culture has contributed to the unique character of the counties in Northern Ireland. The Ulster Scots Agency points to industry, language, music, sport, religion and myriad traditions brought to Ulster from the Scottish lowlands. In particular, the origin of country and western music was extensively from Ulster Scots folk music, in addition to English, German, and African-American styles.

The cultural traditions and aspects of this culture including its links to country music are articulated in David Hackett Fischer's book, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. In 2010's documentary The Hamely Tongue, filmmaker Deaglán Ó Mocháin traces back the origins of this culture and language, and relates its manifestations in today's Ireland. The film's title refers to James Fenton's book, The Hamely Tongue: A personal record of Ulster-Scots in County Antrim.

Most Ulster Scots speak Ulster English as a first language. Ulster Scots is the local dialect of the Lowland Scots language which has, since the 1980s, also been called "Ullans", a portmanteau neologism popularised by the physician, amateur historian and politician Ian Adamson, merging Ulster and Lallans – the Scots for 'Lowlands' – but also said to be a backronym for 'Ulster-Scots language in literature and native speech'.

Hereditary disease
The North American ancestry of the X-linked form of the genetic disease congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus has been traced to Ulster Scots who travelled to Nova Scotia in 1761 on the ship Hopewell.

See also

 Anglo-Irish people
 British Americans
 History of Northern Ireland
 History of Scotland
 Immigration to the United States
 Irish Catholics
 Orange Order
 Plantation of Ulster
 Presbyterian Church in Ireland
 Republic of Ireland
 Scotch-Irish Americans
 Society of United Irishmen
 Ulster
 Ulster Covenant
 Ulster loyalism
 Ulster Protestants
 Ulster-Scots Agency
 Ulster Scots dialect
 Unionism in Ireland
 William III of England

Footnotes

References

External links
 Ulster-Scots Academy
 Ulster-Scots Agency
 The Ulster-Scots Society of America
 BBC Ulster-Scots—culture and language portal
 The Scot in Ulster: Sketch of the History of the Scottish Population in Ulster (by John Harrison, 1888)
 Inconvenient Peripheries Ethnic Identity and the United Kingdom Estate The cases of "Protestant Ulster" and 'Cornwall' by Prof Philip Payton
 The Scots in Ulster and the Colonial "Enterprise" of Walter Devereux, Earl of Essex, 1573-1575 at University of Glasgow

Ethnic groups in Ireland
Ethnic groups in Northern Ireland
Scottish diaspora in Europe

Ulster Scots people


An Tetraria involucrata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Christen Friis Rottbøll, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Charles Baron Clarke. An Tetraria involucrata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tetraria, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tetraria

Tetraria involucrata


Keith Rowe (born 16 March 1940 in Plymouth, England) is an English free improvisation tabletop guitarist and painter. Rowe is a founding member of both AMM in the mid-1960s and M.I.M.E.O. Having trained as a visual artist, his paintings have appeared on most of his albums. He is seen as a godfather of EAI (electroacoustic improvisation), with many of his recordings having been released by Erstwhile.

Biography
Rowe began his career playing jazz in the early 1960s with Mike Westbrook and Lou Gare. His early influences were guitarists Wes Montgomery, Charlie Christian, and Barney Kessel. But he grew tired of what he considered the genre's limitations. He began experimenting. An important step was a New Year's resolution to stop tuning his guitar—much to Westbrook's displeasure. He began playing free jazz and free improvisation, abandoning conventional guitar technique.  He was featured in 'Crossing Bridges', a 1985 music programme based around jazz guitar improvisation, and broadcast by Channel 4

His change was partially inspired by a teacher in a painting class who told him, "Rowe, you cannot paint a Caravaggio. Only Caravaggio can paint Caravaggio." Rowe said that after considering this idea from a musical perspective, "trying to play guitar like Jim Hall seemed quite wrong." For several years he contemplated how to reinvent his approach to the guitar, again finding inspiration in visual art, specifically American painter Jackson Pollock, who abandoned traditional painting methods to forge his style. "How could I abandon the technique? Lay the guitar flat!"

Rowe developed prepared guitar techniques: placing the guitar flat on a table and manipulating the strings, body, and pick-ups in unorthodox ways. He has used needles, electric motors, violin bows, iron bars, a library card, rubber eraser, springs, hand-held electric fans, alligator clips, and common office supplies in playing the guitar. Rowe sometimes incorporates live radio broadcasts into his performances, including shortwave radio and number stations (the guitar's pick-ups will also pick up radio signals, and broadcast them through the amplifier).

Percussionist Eddie Prévost of AMM said Rowe finds radio broadcasts which seem to blend ideally with, or offer startling commentary on, the music. (Prévost, 18). On AMMMusic, towards the end of the cacophonous "Ailantus Glandolusa", a speaker announces via radio that "We cannot preserve the normal music." Prevost writes that during an AMM performance in Istanbul, Rowe located and integrated a radio broadcast of "the pious intonation of a male Turkish voice. AMM of course, had absolutely no idea what the material was. Later, it was complimented upon the judicious way that verses from The Koran had been introduced into the performance, and the respectful way they had been treated!"

In reviewing World Turned Upside Down, critic Dan Hill writes, "Rowe has tuned his shortwave radio to some dramatically exotic gameshow and human voices spatter the mix, though at such low volume, they're unintelligible and abstracted. Rowe never overplays this device, a clear temptation with such a seductive technology – the awesome possibility of sonically reaching out across a world of voices requires experienced hands to avoid simple but ultimately short-term pleasure. This he does masterfully, mixing in random operatics and chance encounters with talk show hosts to anchor the sound in humanity, amidst the abstraction."

Rowe has worked with Oren Ambarchi, Burkhard Beins, Cornelius Cardew, Christian Fennesz, Kurt Liedwart, Jeffrey Morgan, Toshimaru Nakamura, Evan Parker, Michael Pisaro, Peter Rehberg, Sachiko M, Howard Skempton, Taku Sugimoto, David Sylvian, John Tilbury, Christian Wolff, and Otomo Yoshihide.

In 2008 at Tate Modern, London, Rowe performed a live collaborative work The Room with film makers, Jarman award winner Luke Fowler, and Peter Todd as a part of the programme accompanying the major retrospective of the painter Mark Rothko. The Room featured films by Fowler and Todd and live guitar improvisation by Rowe with subsequent iterations being presented in France and Spain and the Netmage festival in Bologna Italy. The Room is also the title of a work by Rowe issued on CD in 2007 followed by The Room Extended in 2016 on a four CD set both from erstwhile records.

References

External links
Discography, links, mp3 samples
A 2001 interview
A 2007 interview
In Conversation with Richard Pinnell on the Audition Radio Show, Dublin, 01.04.06

1940 births
Living people
20th-century English painters
21st-century English painters
English male painters
English experimental musicians
Electroacoustic improvisation
English male guitarists
Free improvisation
Alumni of the Plymouth College of Art
20th-century English male artists
21st-century English male artists

Keith Rowe


Hello Internet este un podcast audio creat și întreținut de autorii de clipuri pe YouTube  și . A apărut în 2014 și în aprilie 2020 avea 136 de episoade și încă 18 speciale. În august 2017, Grey estima numărul de ascultători între 600.000 și 900.000 de persoane.

Cel mai recent episod al podcastului a fost lansat la 28 februarie 2020; gazdele nu au anunțat închiderea acestuia, ci doar o pauză.

Descriere

În podcast, gazdele discută despre viața lor ca youtuberi profesioniști, conținutul filmulețelor pe care le crează, cât și interesele lor și lucrurile care îi deranjează. Temele de discuție includ eticheta în tehnologie, recenzii ale filmelor și serialelor, accidente aviatice, vexilologie, futurologie, de asemenea diferențele între personalitățile și stilurile de viață ale lui Grey și Haran. Ascultătorii pot comenta podcastul în  lui Grey sau în subreddit-ul podcastului însuși. Fiecare episod începe de obicei cu opiniile protagoniștilor asupra feedback-ului primit.

Podcastul are un drapel oficial, numit "Nail & Gear" (din  – traducere aproximativă). Acesta a fost ales de comunitatea de ascultători din 5 candidaturi, utilizând  și sistemul de .

În 2015, Brady Haran și podcastul au obținut faimă prin inventarea termenului "freebooting" pentru a descrie fenomenul de încălcare a drepturilor de autor prin re-încărcarea materialelor video pe platforme ca Facebook, practicat de obicei pentru a extrage profit din vizualizări. Facebook a luat măsuri pentru a combate fenomenul.

Fiecare episod, începând cu cel de-al 123-lea, este însoțit de câte un episod de podcast mai scurt, intitulat Goodbye Internet, care este destinat exclusiv fanilor care susțin podcast-ul prin .

Episoade
Către sfârșitul anului 2019, Hello Internet avea 136 de episoade obișnuite (numerotate) și încă 18 speciale (nenumerotate). Cele speciale includ un episod-bonus, trei episoade de Crăciun în care gazdele discută despre filmele Star Wars, 12 episoade scurte lansate la sfârșitul lui 2018 într-o serie numită "Twelve Days of Christmas" și două episoade care nu au fost lansate în format digital. Unul din aceste două a fost lansat pe un disc de gramofon, iar al doilea pe un cilindru de ceară.

Recepție
Podcastul a ajuns pe locul 1 în clasamentul de podcasturi al iTunes în Regatul Unit, Statele Unite, Germania, Canada și Australia. În 2014, a fost declarat de către Apple unul din cele mai bune podcasturi noi. Ziarul The Guardian a inclus podcastul în clasamentul celor mai bune 50 de podcasturi din 2016, numind episodul al 66-lea ("A Classic Episode") episodul anului; episodul a fost descris ca având "dezbateri detaliate și o luare în zeflemea cu adevărat amuzantă".

În 2017, în urma implicării comunității de ascultători, Brady Haran a câștigat titlul de "Campion de Radio și Podcast" la Radio Times (în ).

Note

Legături externe
Site oficial
Lista episoadelor

Podcasting

Hello Internet


ماجد الخواجا باحث وناشط سياسي وكاتب صحفي أردني. كتب في مجال الكتابة الناقدة والساخرة في الصحف الأردنية. له كتب في مجال الكتابة الناقدة والساخرة بعنوان «كلّه تمام- خلقنا لنعترض». يحمل درجة الدكتوراه في إعادة هندسة الإدارة. عمل مستشاراً إعلاميا ومديراً في التدريب المهني. يكتب في العديد من الصحف الأردنية والعربية والمجلات العلمية. ومن كتبه الساخرة المنشورة «خلقنا لنعترض»، و«كله تمام».

مراجع

صحفيون أردنيون
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة (أشخاص أحياء)
كتاب ساخرون
ناشطون أردنيون

ماجد الخواجا