The Republic of Ireland men's national football team () represents the Republic of Ireland in men's international football. It is governed by the Football Association of Ireland (FAI).

The team made their debut at the 1924 Summer Olympics, reaching the quarter-finals. Between 1924 and 1936, the team competed as the Irish Free State and from then until 1950, it was referred to by the FAI as Éire or Ireland. During the same period, another Ireland team also existed; this was overseen by the Irish Football Association (IFA) and had previously been the sole national team for the entire island of Ireland. In 1953, FIFA decreed that for competitive matches in tournaments that both Irish teams could enter, the FAI team would be officially called Republic of Ireland while the IFA team was to be named Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland was allowed to keep using the title Ireland by FIFA in the British Home Championship (which was discontinued in 1984). The Republic of Ireland was the first nation from outside the United Kingdom to defeat England at home, in a fixture played at Goodison Park, Liverpool, in 1949. The team reached the quarter-final stage of the 1964 European Nations' Cup, where they lost to the eventual champions Spain.

Under the guidance of Jack Charlton, the team enjoyed their most successful era, reaching their highest FIFA world ranking ever at sixth in August 1993, and qualifying for UEFA Euro 1988 in their first appearance at the UEFA European Championship, reaching the quarter-finals of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in their first ever appearance at the finals, as well as making the last 16 at the 1994 edition. Charlton's successor Mick McCarthy lost out on the next two major tournaments but ultimately qualified for the 2002 World Cup making it to the last 16 a feat repeated at the 2016 Euros by manager Martin O'Neill.

The team's home stadium is the Aviva Stadium, in Dublin, although some of their home games have been played in other stadiums across the country. Their traditional colours are green shirts and white shorts. The current head coach is Stephen Kenny, and the captain is Séamus Coleman.

History

1920s–1980s
Between 1882 and 1924, Ireland was represented by a single national football team organised by the Belfast-based Irish Football Association (IFA). In 1920, Ireland was partitioned into Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State (the latter in turn becoming Éire or Ireland after adopting a new Constitution in 1937, followed by declaring itself a republic in 1949.) Following the initial political upheavals surrounding Partition, a Dublin-based organisation calling itself the Football Association of the Irish Free State (FAIFS) split from the IFA in 1921 and began organising its own league and national football team.

In 1923, the FAIFS was recognised by FIFA as the governing body of football in the Irish Free State and at the 1924 Summer Olympics, the Irish Free State made their international debut. On 28 May, at the Stade Olympique, they beat Bulgaria 1–0, with Paddy Duncan scoring the team's first-ever goal. As a result, they qualified for the quarter-finals where they lost to the Netherlands. On 14 June 1924, the Irish Free State made their home debut against the United States, who had embarked on a brief European tour after competing in the same Summer Olympics. Ed Brookes scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 home win at Dalymount Park.

The Irish Free State did not play their next game until 21 March 1926, an away game against Italy lost 3–0. In subsequent years, the status of the Olympic Games football competition was downgraded and as a result, this game is widely regarded as the Irish Free State's first official game. On 25 February 1934, the Irish Free State made their FIFA World Cup debut, drawing 4–4 with Belgium at Dalymount Park in a 1934 FIFA World Cup qualifier. Paddy Moore scored all four of the Free State's goals and became the first player ever to score four goals in a World Cup game.

After 1936, they reverted to the designation "Football Association of Ireland" and began to refer to their team as Éire or "Ireland". During this entire period, there were two Irish international football teams, chosen by two rival Associations. Both Associations, the Northern Ireland-based IFA and the Irish Free State-based FAI claimed jurisdiction over the whole of Ireland and considered themselves entitled to select players from the entire island. At least 38 dual internationals were selected to represent both teams, however the overwhelming majority of these were Southerners who also agreed to play for the IFA team, with only a bare handful "crossing the border" in the other direction.

A 2–0 win over England at Goodison Park on 21 September 1949 was the first time England suffered a home defeat by a team outside the Home Countries of Scotland, Wales and the Ireland team run by the Belfast-based Irish FA. FIFA eventually intervened when both teams entered 1950 World Cup qualification, the first time they had entered the same competition. Four players – Tom Aherne, Reg Ryan, Davy Walsh, Con Martin – actually played for the two different teams in the same FIFA World Cup tournament. All four players concerned had been born in the Irish Free State and made their full international debut in FAI colours before agreeing to represent the IFA team. This may have alarmed the FAI since they subsequently lobbied FIFA to prevent the IFA from picking Southern-born players (as well as attempting to exert pressure on the players themselves, sometimes through their clubs). FIFA's response was to restrict the eligibility of players on the basis of the (political) border, further ruling in 1953 that neither team could be referred to as Ireland in competitions which both teams were eligible to enter; i.e., initially the FIFA World Cup and subsequently the European Nations Cup (now the UEFA European Football Championship). FIFA decreed that the FAI team officially be called the Republic of Ireland while the IFA team was to be named Northern Ireland.

In 1953, FIFA renamed the team from "Ireland" to "Republic of Ireland". The 1958 World Cup qualifiers saw the Republic of Ireland drawn with England. In their home game against England, Alf Ringstead put the hosts 1–0 up before John Atyeo equalised in the last minute to salvage a 1–1 draw for England. Under the rules of the day, a win for the Republic of Ireland would have meant a play-off with England for a place in the World Cup.

After reaching the quarter-finals of the 1964 European Nations' Cup, the Republic of Ireland was drawn to face Spain and Syria in 1966 World Cup qualifying. Despite Syria's withdrawal, this was still considered a qualifying group with the Irish winning 1–0 at home and losing 4–1 away. This meant a play-off at the Parc des Princes in Paris, which Spain won 1–0 Eamon Dunphy made his Ireland debut in this game. The play-off was originally scheduled to take place at Wembley Stadium in London, home to a large Irish diaspora, but the FAI agreed with the Royal Spanish Football Federation to have the match moved to Paris, where a large Spanish diaspora lived. The FAI was criticised for this move to boost revenue from gate receipts.

In 1965, the Republic of Ireland team made history when selecting Manchester United full-back Shay Brennan for the senior national team. This was the first instance of a player born outside the Republic being selected to play for the national team due to having an Irish parent. Since then, many of the Republic's most prominent players have been born in England, including Mark Lawrenson, David O'Leary, John Aldridge, Tony Cascarino and David Kelly. A number of players born in Scotland, including Ray Houghton, have since represented the Republic due to having Irish parentage. The selection rules were later relaxed to allow for the selection of players with an Irish grandparent.

In 1969, the FAI appointed Mick Meagan as the first permanent manager of the national side. His two years in charge were marked by exceptionally poor results, however with the team losing five out of six matches and gaining just one point in their 1970 World Cup qualification, and doing no better in the UEFA Euro 1972 qualifiers, leading to his dismissal. His replacement, Liam Tuohy, did a somewhat better in the 1974 qualification, and more importantly, oversaw major improvements to the national team's training facilities and persuaded many English club sides to end their policies of not releasing Irish players for international games during the domestic season. Ultimately, however, the team still failed to qualify for the World Cup, and Tuohy resigned following a dispute over his wages. Johnny Giles became the side's first player-manager in the 1970s. This was followed by the debut of a young Liam Brady and results improved markedly. The side missed out on the 1978 World Cup by two points, having defeated France at home during qualification. After a less than impressive performance at Euro 1980 qualifying, in which the team finished well behind group winners England and Northern Ireland, Giles resigned, saying that he had taken the national side as far as he could.

Eoin Hand took over as manager for the 1982 World Cup qualifiers, and once more the Republic of Ireland narrowly missed out on qualification, this time on goal difference behind France, whom they had defeated at home once more. Disappointing qualifying campaigns for both Euro 1984 and the 1986 World Cup followed, ending Hand's time in charge.

1986–1995: The golden generation
In 1986, the Republic of Ireland appointed Jack Charlton, a top rated English manager who had been part of England's World Cup-winning side of 1966. During the 1970s, he had developed Middlesbrough into a side which provided many players to the dominant Liverpool team of the time.

After taking charge of the Republic of Ireland, Charlton influenced changes in the national side which resulted in the most successful period of its history, qualifying for two World Cups and a European Championship. Prominent players in this period included Paul McGrath, Packie Bonner, Niall Quinn, and the Liverpool trio of Ray Houghton, John Aldridge and Ronnie Whelan.

Ireland's first appearance at a major finals tournament came in Euro 1988. With Ireland's fixtures already complete, qualification was secured through Gary Mackay's 87th-minute goal in Sofia when Scotland beat Bulgaria 1–0; the Scottish win left Ireland top of the group. In spite of the enforced absence of Liam Brady and Mark Lawrenson from their squad, in the finals in West Germany, Ireland shocked Europe by beating England 1–0 in Stuttgart with a header from Ray Houghton in their competitive debut; drew 1–1 with the Soviet Union in Hannover, with Ronnie Whelan the scorer; and lost to eventual champions the Netherlands 1–0 in Gelsenkirchen, coming within seven minutes of a draw that would have meant a semi-final place.

The Republic of Ireland's longest competitive winning streak was achieved in 1989 during the 1990 World Cup qualifying campaign. Five games against Spain, Northern Ireland, Hungary and Malta twice, were all wins. Subsequently, the side made it to the 1990 World Cup in Italy. Three draws in the group stage against England, Egypt and the Netherlands were enough to make the knockout stage. Virtually the entire country watched as they beat Romania on penalties, with Packie Bonner making a vital save and David O'Leary scoring the decisive spot-kick. Ireland was then beaten 1–0 by hosts Italy in the quarter-final at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome. During the tournament, the team had an audience with Pope John Paul II, the only team to do so.

After missing out on Euro 1992 (despite being unbeaten in qualifying), the Republic of Ireland qualified for the 1994 World Cup, held in the United States, via a qualification group which again included Spain and Northern Ireland, and ended with the Republic finishing above European champions Denmark by a very narrow margin (goals scored). In their first match at the 1994 finals, they beat the previous World Cup hosts and third-place finishers, Italy, 1–0 in their opening game at Giants Stadium just outside New York City, but lost to Mexico 2–1 at the Citrus Bowl in the heat and humidity of Orlando, Florida. They ended the group stage with a 0–0 draw with Norway at Giants Stadium, in East Rutherford, New Jersey. With these results, they made it to the second round, eventually losing 2–0 to the Netherlands in Orlando.

Ireland finished second behind Portugal in Euro 1996 qualifying's Group 6, but narrowly missed out on the Euro 1996 finals after losing 2–0 to the Netherlands in the qualifying play-off. Anfield in Liverpool was chosen as the neutral venue for the match between the two worst-ranked group runners-up, with Patrick Kluivert scoring both goals to send his team through. It was Jack Charlton's final game as manager.

1996–2007: Post Golden Generation and decline
Charlton was replaced by Mick McCarthy but Ireland still missed out on the next two major tournaments. Ireland just managed to finish second to Romania in their 1998 World Cup qualification campaign after Tony Cascarino scored a late goal to win the away match with Lithuania. A play-off with Belgium followed, with the match at Lansdowne Road finishing in a 1–1 draw, the match in Belgium finishing 2–1 to the home team and substitute David Connolly being sent off in the latter, preventing Ireland from progressing to the 1998 World Cup. FIFA awarded the FIFA Fair Play Award for 1997 to the Irish supporters "for their exemplary behaviour at Ireland team matches, especially the FIFA World Cup qualifying play-offs against Belgium". Ireland's opponents in UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying Group 8 were Yugoslavia, Croatia, Malta and North Macedonia (then known as FYRO Macedonia (see Macedonia naming dispute)). North Macedonia scored a last-minute equaliser that denied Ireland top spot in the group; instead, they faced Turkey in a play-off to decide which team would participate in Euro 2000. The match in Dublin finished in a 1–1 draw, although Turkey qualified through the away goals rule after a 0–0 draw, at the end of which Tony Cascarino became involved in a fight and retired from international football.

Ireland took on both Portugal and the Netherlands in 2002 World Cup qualifiers in UEFA's Group 2, ending the group in second place with 24 points from 10 matches (seven victories and three draws). Despite this unbeaten run, Ireland were drawn in a play-off with Iran. The match in Dublin finished in a 2–0 victory to Ireland with goals from Ian Harte (penalty) and Robbie Keane, while the match in Tehran, played in front of 100,000 spectators, finished in a 1–0 win for Iran. McCarthy thus managed to lead Ireland to the 2002 World Cup final stages, though only for the team to lose inspirational captain Roy Keane due to the pair's infamous public spat in Saipan. 1–1 draws with Cameroon and Germany were followed by a 3–0 victory over Saudi Arabia in Group E. The Irish once again progressed to the knockout stage, only losing narrowly 3–2 on penalties to Spain in Suwon after Robbie Keane's last minute equalising penalty kick forced the game into extra time.

After a poor start to qualifying for Euro 2004, McCarthy was replaced by Brian Kerr, but he too struggled to guide the side to the tournament or the subsequent 2006 World Cup in Germany, and was ultimately sacked in October 2005. Kerr was replaced by Steve Staunton (assisted by Bobby Robson in the position of "international football consultant") in January 2006. Under Staunton, results varied widely but the team still failed to qualify for Euro 2008 and Staunton lost the position in October 2007. His reign included a humiliating 5–2 defeat to Cyprus during the qualifiers' Group D, one of the worst defeats in the team's history.

2008–2019: Trapattoni & O'Neill spells in charge and Mick McCarthy's return

Giovanni Trapattoni was appointed manager in February 2008 following a spell with assistant coach Don Givens in charge. Trapattoni went through all ten first round 2010 World Cup qualifying games unbeaten, winning four of the ten games. Ireland lost out on a place in the finals, however, after a controversial, narrow loss to France in the play-offs. Ireland went down 1–0 in the first leg, and lost 2–1 on aggregate, with William Gallas scoring a controversial goal in extra time in the second leg after Thierry Henry had handled the ball before crossing for Gallas to score. This followed another controversy over FIFA's last-minute decision to seed the play-off draw.

In 2011, Ireland hosted and won the inaugural Nations Cup with wins against Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland without conceding a goal.

In their Euro 2012 qualifying group, Ireland finished second, losing only the home fixture against Russia. They thus reached the play-offs and were drawn against Estonia, whom they beat 5–1 on aggregate. Euro 2012 was Ireland's first major tournament since 2002, but in Group C they lost all three matches, against Croatia, Spain, and Italy. UEFA, however, announced a special award for the fans of the Irish team, who notably sang in the last few minutes against Spain, despite trailing 4–0.

Ireland was drawn in Group C of UEFA's 2014 World Cup qualification alongside Germany, Sweden, Austria, the Faroe Islands and Kazakhstan. On 12 October, Ireland suffered their largest ever competitive home defeat, 6–1 against Germany, at the Aviva Stadium. Ireland then lost against Sweden and Austria in early September 2013, effectively ending the qualification campaign, and Giovanni Trapattoni resigned as team manager the following day. Noel King was appointed interim senior manager on 23 September 2013 following his resignation.

On 5 November 2013, the FAI announced that Martin O'Neill would be Trapattoni's replacement as manager, with former team captain Roy Keane as his assistant. They assumed their roles when the team met on 11 November where they won against Latvia 3–0 and drew against Poland 0–0.

For the Euro 2016 qualification phase, the Republic of Ireland was drawn in Group D against Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Poland and Scotland. The team played against Gibraltar for the first time, beating them 7–0, and achieved an away draw against World Cup champions, Germany, a few days later in October 2014.

On 8 October 2015, the Republic of Ireland beat world champions Germany 1–0 in a Euro 2016 qualifier at the Aviva Stadium. Shane Long scored the game's only goal with an excellent finish in the 70th minute, rewarding the Republic of Ireland's impressive defensive display. The result, hailed as one of the Republic of Ireland's greatest, guaranteed the Republic of Ireland a play-off place at least, with hopes of automatic qualification still a reality going into the final group game against Poland in Warsaw. A win, or a draw of 2–2 or more, would guarantee at least second place in the group and ensure automatic qualification for the finals in France. The Republic of Ireland, however, lost 2–1, thus entering them into the play-offs.

The draw for the Euro 2016 Play-off was held in Nyon, Switzerland, on 18 October 2015. Ireland were unseeded in the draw, meaning they could face one of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ukraine, Sweden or Hungary. Ireland were drawn against Bosnia and Herzegovina, the top seeded team in the play-off. The only previous meeting between the teams resulted in a 1–0 win for the Republic of Ireland in a friendly in 2012, Shane Long scoring the game's only goal. Owing to injuries and suspensions, Ireland had only the "B" squad available for the first leg of the play-off, played in Bilino Polje Stadium. A goal from Robbie Brady almost secured a victory for the Irish until Edin Džeko equalised 1–1 to end off the match. In the second leg played at the Aviva Stadium, Jonathan Walters scored two goals leading to a 2–0 victory for the Irish. In the end, Ireland won the play-off 3–1 on aggregate, qualifying them for Euro 2016.

At the tournament's final stages in France, Ireland were drawn into Group E against Italy, Belgium and Sweden. In their opener at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, Paris, Wes Hoolahan scored the opener with a spectacular half-volley off a Séamus Coleman cross, but Sweden equalised after Ciaran Clark headed into his own net attempting to clear a cross from Zlatan Ibrahimović, leading to a 1–1 draw. At the Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux against Belgium, the Belgians cruised to a 3–0 victory after two goals from Romelu Lukaku and one from Axel Witsel, leaving Ireland needing to win their final match against already qualified Italy to qualify for the knockout stage. Against Italy at the Stade Pierre-Mauroy in Villeneuve-d'Ascq, Lille, Ireland played strongly but were five minutes plus stoppage time away from elimination when Robbie Brady headed in Hoolahan's cross. The Republic held on to win 1–0, sending Ireland through as one of the four best third-place teams. On 26 June, Ireland played France in the round of 16 in Lyon. Ireland took the lead in the match with an early penalty from Robbie Brady, but France went on to win 2–1 to advance to the quarter-finals.

The 2018 World Cup qualification draw took place on 25 July 2015 when the team were drawn in Group D against Austria, Georgia, Moldova, Serbia and Wales. Ireland started qualifying strongly with a hard-fought 2–2 draw away to Serbia preceding two impressive victories over Georgia and Moldova.

On 12 November 2016, Ireland beat Austria in Vienna to go top of the 2018 World Cup qualifying group. However, a run of three draws against Wales, Austria and Georgia followed by a devastating 1–0 loss at home to Serbia looked to have diminished any chances of the Republic of Ireland qualifying for the 2018 World Cup. The Republic of Ireland were soon back on form however after securing a 2–0 victory at home to Moldova thanks to a brace from Daryl Murphy.

On 9 October 2017, Ireland defeated Wales 1–0 in Cardiff to qualify for the qualification play-offs after a James McClean goal fired Ireland to second place in the group. They went on to play Denmark in the play-offs.

In the first leg of the play-offs on 11 November, Ireland drew 0–0 against Denmark in Copenhagen. In the second leg on 14 November in Dublin, Ireland lost 5–1 to Denmark after taking the lead in the game. Shane Duffy's early header looked to have given the Republic of Ireland hope in qualifying for their first World Cup since 2002, however, an Andreas Christensen goal, a Christian Eriksen hat-trick and a late Nicklas Bendtner penalty shattered Irish dreams.

Ireland competed in the first UEFA Nations League from September to November in 2018 and went on to finish bottom of their group, picking up just two points in two 0–0 draws against Denmark and were relegated to League C for the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League.

On 21 November 2018, Martin O'Neill and Roy Keane left their posts with the Ireland senior team following a run of poor results.

The FAI confirmed on the weekend of 23 November 2018, Mick McCarthy's appointment as the Republic of Ireland manager after the 59-year-old agreed to return to the role following a meeting with chief executive John Delaney. McCarthy appointed Terry Connor as his assistant, who he had worked with at Wolverhampton Wanderers and Ipswich Town respectively. Ireland's record goalscorer Robbie Keane was announced as a member of the backroom team. He started poorly with an unconvincing 1–0 win over Gibraltar after having previously beaten them 7–0 and 4–0 in the past. However, a good performance against Georgia saw another 1–0 win thanks to a Conor Hourihane free kick. The wins left them top of the group, a position they still held three matches later in mid-September 2019, with just three matches remaining. Ireland failed to automatically qualify and were placed into a semi-final play-off against Slovakia.

2020–present: Stephen Kenny era
On 4 April 2020, amid the global COVID-19 pandemic, McCarthy stood down as manager and was immediately replaced by Stephen Kenny. On 3 September 2020, Ireland drew 1–1 away to Bulgaria in Kenny's first match as manager. The following month, Ireland played its postponed Euro 2020 semi-final play-off match against Slovakia. The match finished 0–0 after extra time and a 4–2 penalty shootout defeat saw Slovakia progress to the play-off final.

In March 2021, Ireland played two 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers; losing 3–2 away to Serbia before losing at home 1–0 to Luxembourg. Ireland would ultimately fail to qualify for the World Cup as they ended the campaign with a third-place finish in their group.

On 8 June 2021, Chiedozie Ogbene became the first ever African-born player to represent the Republic of Ireland, when he made his debut in a 0–0 draw away to Hungary.

Team image

Kits

Traditionally, the team has played in a home strip of green shirt, white shorts and green socks. The second strip is usually the reverse of these colours, although there have been exceptions, such as an orange shirt in the late 1990s. The shirts worn in the team's first international match in 1924 were St. Patrick's blue; this was their second strip at the time, but the match was an away fixture against Bulgaria, whose home strip was green. Squad numbers are either white with an orange trim, on the home shirts, or green with an orange trim. The FAI logo appears at the bottom of the numbering.

A limited edition grey shirt was used just once, in a match against Wales on 17 November 2007. A black jersey with a green stripe across the chest was worn in the final game of the 2011 Nations Cup against Scotland and in a friendly against Italy in Liège, Belgium.

The previous kit was supplied by Umbro since 1994. In March 2009, Umbro signed a deal with the FAI to keep them as kit suppliers to the team until 2020. However New Balance became kit suppliers in August 2017. This deal only lasted 3 years before Umbro returned as kit suppliers in November 2020. Umbro's return was also brief however, with Castore taking over in 2023.

Home stadium and other venues

Since the 1980s, most home matches have been played at Lansdowne Road, Dublin, the national rugby stadium owned by the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU). The ground was closed for redevelopment in 2007, with the replacement ground, the Aviva Stadium, opening on 14 May 2010. The first football match in the Aviva was Manchester United against a League of Ireland XI side, managed by Damien Richardson, on 4 August 2010. Manchester United won the game 7–1, with Park Ji-Sung scoring the first ever goal in the Aviva Stadium. Aviva Stadium is jointly owned by the IRFU and FAI, although it will return to solely IRFU ownership on expiry of the current 60-year lease. The first football international played at Lansdowne Road by a FAI team was a friendly against Italy in 1971 (an IFA team first played in 1878 against England); a 5–0 victory over San Marino in a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying Group D match on 15 November 2006 was the last game there before the reconstruction. The all-seater capacity of Lansdowne Road prior to the renovation was 36,000, although higher attendances, using the standing only areas, were permitted for friendly matches. The Aviva Stadium's status as an all-seater increased capacity for competitive games to 51,700. The opening game at the Aviva Stadium, a controversial 1–0 friendly defeat to Argentina, was noted for Robbie Keane securing his membership in the FIFA Century Club and manager Giovanni Trapattoni's absence due to surgery, with assistant manager Marco Tardelli taking charge.

With the announcement of the rebuilding of Lansdowne Road, a new venue was required to stage the Republic of Ireland's home internationals. The only stadium in Ireland deemed suitable to stage international football was the 84,500 capacity Croke Park, home of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). To accommodate this, the GAA temporarily relaxed its rule governing the playing of "foreign" games on its property. Initially, four UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying Group D matches were played at Croke Park in 2007, resulting in two wins and two draws. The GAA initially agreed to allow the FAI use until the end of 2008, and later extended the permission until the completion of Aviva Stadium. The Hill 16 end of Croke Park is a terrace, which means like Lansdowne Road before it, the capacity of the stadium was reduced to around 74,500 for competitive matches as temporary seating must be used.

Prior to the 1980s, the Republic of Ireland played most home games at Dalymount Park, home of Bohemians, but progressively more games were played at Lansdowne Road following a safety review which reduced Dalymount's capacity. The last international match played there was against Morocco in 1990. The Republic of Ireland have also played home matches in Tolka Park (twice) and the RDS Arena in Dublin as well at the Mardyke and Flower Lodge grounds in Cork. These games in Cork were, until 2009, the only two home Irish internationals played outside of Dublin. During the construction of the Aviva Stadium, two friendly games were played in Thomond Park, Limerick, in 2009. Two further friendlies were played in the RDS Arena in May 2010. Ireland played a friendly against Belarus in Cork's 7,000 capacity Turners Cross stadium in May 2016.

Media coverage
Ireland matches currently broadcast by Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) (qualifiers only), Sky Sports, and highlights on Virgin Media Television. Sky Sports shows most of Ireland's friendly matches, while RTÉ shows competitive games such as World Cup and European Championship qualifiers. RTÉ briefly lost its broadcast rights in 2002 when the FAI controversially sold them in a multi-million deal to Sky Sports, a subscription based satellite channel. The decision was criticised by fans and politicians, and the Consumers' Association of Ireland (CAI) described the FAI as "greedy". The FAI was eventually forced to reverse its decision and to allow RTÉ to continue its broadcasts after the government intervened to stop the sale of important Irish sporting events to non-terrestrial television broadcasters. RTÉ (for qualifiers) and Eir Sport (for friendlies) will hold the rights until 2018.

Selection and nationality issues
The selection of young players born in Northern Ireland, especially those who have already represented Northern Ireland at youth level, into Republic of Ireland national teams has been controversial, as these players are able to claim Irish nationality even though born and brought up outside the Republic's territory. This has led to accusations of unfairness and predatory behaviour. In Northern Ireland it is seen by Northern Ireland supporters as having the effect of dividing international football in their country along sectarian lines, whereby Nationalists will declare for the Republic of Ireland while Unionists continue to play for Northern Ireland. It has also been argued that it is actually the sectarian divisions, which already existed in Northern Irish football, that are a factor in a number of players switching to the Republic. The switches of Darron Gibson, and James McClean brought matters to a head in the 2010,'s as a previous unspoken reluctance to be seen to 'pilfer' players, and some ambiguity on the rules, broke down after the Good Friday Agreement clarified in both British and Irish law the right of anyone born in Northern Ireland to Irish citizenship as a birthright. FIFA accepting this gave any northern born players the right to switch to play for the Republic unless they had a full competitive cap for Northern Ireland. Traditionally, those in Northern Ireland who identify as Irish, predominantly Catholics and nationalists, support the Republic of Ireland team. Martin O'Neill, captain of the 1982 Northern Ireland  team that reached the World Cup that year in Spain, has managed the Republic, and Brendan Rodgers,and Neil Lennon , both high profile Northern Ireland football figures have been linked with the next vacancy.

Results and fixtures

The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

2023

Coaching staff
The senior men's management team includes:

Coaching history
Between 1921 and 1969, a committee of selectors chose the team, on occasions a coach or team manager was appointed; Mick Meagan was the first manager to actually select the team. Managers from the periods in which the national side was known as the Irish Free State or simply Ireland are obscure and many are not currently known, however it is known that Val Harris, Bill Lacey and Alex Stevenson managed the side.

Players

Current squad
The following players were called up for the UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying Group B fixtures against Greece and Gibraltar on 13 and 16 October 2023.

Caps and goals updated as of 16 October 2023, after the match against Gibraltar.

Recent call-ups
The following players have also been called up to the Republic of Ireland squad within the last 12 months.

INJ Withdrew from latest squad due to injury
PRE Preliminary squad / standby
RET Player retired from the national team
SUS Player is suspended
COVID Withdrew from latest squad due to Covid-19 protocols

Player records

Players in bold are still active with Ireland.

Most caps

Most goals

Competitive record

FIFA World Cup

In the 1934 qualifiers, Paddy Moore (v. Belgium) became the first player anywhere to score 4 goals in a World Cup match. For the 1950 World Cup, after three qualified teams withdrew, FIFA invited the FAI to compete as a replacement, however they declined. During qualification for the 1962 World Cup, it was the only qualifying tournament in which the team had a 0% record. During qualification for the 1966 World Cup, Ireland reached their first play-off against Spain. Goal difference did not count, so a play-off was contested at the Stade Colombes, Paris, and Ireland failed to progress. Ireland almost qualified but lost on goal difference to France in a tough and tight group. Fans lamented some controversial refereeing decisions.

For the 1990 World Cup, Ireland reached the quarter finals of the tournament for the first time in their history. It was Ireland's first ever participation in a FIFA World Cup. Ireland played England in the first drawing 1–1. Ireland drew the next two matches but ultimately qualified for the knockout stages where they played Romania. The match ended 0–0 and Ireland won on penalties 5–4 which sent Ireland into the quarter-final showdown against the tournament host Italy. There Ireland lost 1–0 via a Salvatore Schillaci goal in the 38th minute that sent the Irish out of the competition.

In 1994, Ireland participated in their second consecutive World Cup. This time they were drawn with Mexico, Norway and Italy. Ireland won their first game against Italy which was the first time Ireland had won a World Cup match and their first ever victory over Italy with a notable goal from Ray Houghton. Ireland lost against Mexico in the second group match and drew with Norway but still made to the knockout phase where they faced the Netherlands. Ireland lost 2–0.

For the 1998 qualification campaign, Ireland scraped into the play-offs largely due to Tony Cascarino's seven goals in ten games. They lost in the play-off against Belgium, drawing 1–1 in the first leg then losing 2–1 in the second leg. Although for next campaign Ireland were drawn with two big European nations, the Netherlands, Portugal. Ireland went the whole campaign unbeaten, beating the Netherlands 1–0 in the process; Jason McAteer scored the sole goal.

At the start of the tournament, captain Roy Keane and manager Mick McCarthy where involved in a "bust up" and Keane was sent home. Despite this, McCarthy did not call up a replacement and continued with 22 players. Ireland drew in their first match against Cameroon and in their second match they drew again against the tournaments runner up Germany. In Ireland's final group match, they defeated Saudi Arabia, their second ever victory in a World Cup and progressed them to the round of 16. Ireland met Spain and lost in penalty shootout.

With failure to qualify for the 2006 World Cup, Ireland reached a play-off against France for a place at the 2010 World Cup.

France's Thierry Henry's handball stirred international controversy after the move set up William Gallas to score in extra-time of the second leg of the play-off; the referee did not notice and allowed the goal to stand, leading to widespread media controversy, protests at the French embassy in Dublin and comments from senior government officials from both countries.

Draws include knockout matches decided via penalty shoot-out.

UEFA European Championship

Ireland reached the quarter finals of the 1964 European Nations Cup.

Ireland did not qualify for a European Championship until Euro 1988. On 12 June 1988 in Stuttgart, the Irish team took to the pitch in its first match at a major championship finals against England. Ray Houghton of Liverpool scored the only goal of the match as Ireland recorded a memorable and historic victory. The game is fondly remembered in Irish folklore through the song "Joxer goes to Stuttgart" by Irish folk legend Christy Moore. Ireland took on the former Soviet Union next and took the lead late in the first half via a spectacular volley from Liverpool's Ronnie Whelan. Unfortunately for both Whelan and Ireland the lead was cancelled out midway through the second half by Oleh Protasov as the match ended in a 1–1 draw. In their final match, Ireland lost out to the Netherlands 1–0.

It was not until 2011 that Ireland clinched a place at another European Championship, qualifying for Euro 2012 with a 5–1 aggregate victory over Estonia. At the tournament itself, however, Ireland lost all three of its matches and conceded nine goals, the nation's worst performance in a major tournament to date.

Ireland qualified to Euro 2016 following a play-off victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the group stages they drew 1–1 with Sweden, having initially taken the lead through a Wes Hoolahan strike, before being beaten 3–0 by Belgium in the following game. However, a 1–0 victory over Italy in their final game, courtesy of a late header from Robbie Brady, earned the side a spot in the round of 16, the first time the team had ever advanced from the group stage at a European Championship. In the round of 16, Ireland faced the hosts France and, after taking an early lead through a Brady penalty, were beaten 2–1.

UEFA Nations League

*Denotes draws including knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.
**Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won.
***Red border colour indicates tournament was held on home soil.

Other tournaments

Opponents

The team's head-to-head records against all 80 nations whom they have played to date ( 'B' internationals were played against Italy and West Germany in the past), including friendly internationals: Three of these teams no longer exist (Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia), so Ireland have played against 80 of the 211 FIFA members: 52 UEFA, 8 CONMEBOL, 7 CAF, 6 CONCACAF, 6 AFC and 1 OFC members as of 9 June 2022. The only UEFA members against whom Ireland have not played are Kosovo and Slovenia.

Honours

Major:
FIFA World Cup
Quarter Finalists : 1990
Round of 16: 1994, 2002
UEFA European Championship
Round of 16: 2016
Summer Olympics
Quarter-Finalists: 1924

Minor:
Celtic Nations Cup
Winners: 2011
Iceland Triangular Tournament
Winners: 1986

Other:
FIFA Fair Play Award: 1997
Unofficial Football World Championships:
Holders: 30 March 1977 – 1 July 1977, 31 March 2004 – 29 May 2004

See also
Republic of Ireland B national football team
Republic of Ireland women's national football team
Republic of Ireland national under-21 football team
Republic of Ireland national under-19 football team
Republic of Ireland national under-17 football team

References

External links

 Republic of Ireland at FIFA
 Republic of Ireland at UEFA
 Archive of most-capped players and highest goalscorers at RSSSF
 Reports for all matches of Republic of Ireland national football team
 Complete results and line-ups

1924 establishments in Ireland
Ireland, Republic of
Football Association of Ireland
National sports teams established in 1924


Stadtallendorf er en by i Landkreis Marburg-Biedenkopf  i den tyske delstat Hessen, 18 Kilometer øst for Marburg.

Geografi

Stadtallendorf ligger geologisk og landskabsmæssigt i den . Byen ligger i  denne henseende på Oberhessischen Schwelle, der deler  Amöneburgerbæknet  mod vest fra  Schwalmbebæknet mod øst. Her ligger også  i den nordøstlige del, højdedraget  Neustädter Sattel der er en del af Rhinen-Weser-vandskellet

På et areal af  78,3 kvadratkilometer lever omkring 21.600 mennesker. Den største udstrækning i nord-sydlig retning er  17,5 km, og øst-vestlig er det  10,38 km. Det højeste punkt err Kohlkopf im Wald ved Wolferode (371 moh.), og det laveste punkt er ved floden  Ohm ved Schweinsberg med 200 moh. Hovedbyen ligger omkring  250 moh..

Gennem Stadtallendorf og kommunen løber flere bække, der for de fleste løber ud i Ohm der i området kun løber i udkanten af  (Schweinsberg). I kommunens område er også udspringet  til  Wiera, dere løber ud i  Schwalm og som ligger i  Weser s afvandingsområde.  Rhein-Weser-vandskellet ligger nær kommunegrænsen til  Neustadt.

Nabokommuner
Stadtallendorf grænser mod nord til byen  Rauschenberg (Landkreis Marburg-Biedenkopf) og kommunen Gilserberg (Schwalm-Eder-Kreis), mod øst til kommunen Neustadt, mod sydøst til byen  Kirtorf, mod syd til byen  Homberg (Ohm) (begge i Vogelsbergkreis), samt mod vest til byerne  Amöneburg og Kirchhain (begge i Landkreis Marburg-Biedenkopf).

Inddeling
 Hovedbyen Stadtallendorf Kernstadt (omkring 16.900 indbyggere)
 Niederklein (omkring 1.700 Einwohner)
 Schweinsberg (an der Ohm) (omkring 1.100 indbyggere)
 Erksdorf,  (omkring 950 indbyggere)
 Hatzbach (omkring 550 indbyggere)
 Wolferode (omkring 450 indbyggere)

Kilder og henvisninger

 Officielt websted

Byer i Hessen
Kommuner i Hessen

Stadtallendorf


Super Bowl XLVIII je bio završna utakmica 94. po redu sezone nacionalne lige američkog nogometa. U njoj su se sastali pobjednici AFC konferencije Denver Broncosi i pobjednici NFC konferencije Seattle Seahawksi. Pobijedili su Seahawksi rezultatom 43:8, kojima je to bio prvi osvojeni naslov.

Utakmica je odigrana na MetLife Stadiumu u East Rutherfordu u New Jerseyu, kojem je to bilo prvo domaćinstvo utakmice Super Bowla.

Tijek utakmice

Statistika utakmice

Statistika po momčadima

Statistika po igračima

Najviše jardi dodavanja

Najviše jardi probijanja

Najviše uhvaćenih jardi dodavanja

Napomena: * - broj kompletiranih dodavanja/ukupno dodavanja, ** - ukupno jardi dodavanja, *** - broj touchdownova (polaganja), **** - broj izgubljenih lopti

Izvori

2013

Super Bowl XLVIII


Moraceae Rosales takımına bağlı bir bitki familyasıdır.

Meyve nus, bazılarında ise çekirdekli sulu meyvedir. Çoğu kez bunlar bir araya gelerek mürekkep meyveleri oluşturur. Öz odunları koyu, diri odunu sarı renklidir.

Taksonomi
Moraceae familyasına bağlı cinsler:
 Artocarpus - J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.
 Batocarpus - H. Karst.
 Brosimum - Sw.
 Broussonetia - L'Hér. ex Vent.
 Castilla - Cerv.
 Dorstenia - L.
 Fatoua - Gaudich.
 Ficus - L.
 Maclura - Nutt.
 Milicia - Sim
 Morus - L.
 Pseudolmedia - Trécul
 Streblus - Lour.
 Treculia - Decne. ex Trécul
 Trophis - P. Browne

Dış bağlantılar
 Moraceae  in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.

Kaynakça

Rosales

Moraceae


Rochovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Rožňava din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 349 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Magnezitovce.

Istoric
Localitatea Rochovce este atestată documentar din 1318.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Rochovce


Les élections législatives de 1898 ont eu lieu les 8 et 22 mai 1898.

Résultats à l'échelle du département

Résultats par arrondissement

Arrondissement de Largentière

Arrondissement de Privas

1ère circonscription

2ème circonscription

Arrondissement de Tournon

1ère circonscription

2ème circonscription

Notes et références

Législatives, 1898
Alpes-Maritimes

Élections législatives de 1898 dans l'Ardèche


عزام سلطان التميمي ناشط سياسي وأكاديمي فلسطيني بريطاني. ولد في 15 مارس لعام 1955 بمدينة الخليل بفلسطين.

شغل منصب مدير معهد الفكر السياسي الإسلامي بلندن. يعتبر د. عزام التميمي أحد رموز العمل الإسلامي في بريطانيا؛ فهو عضو بارز بالرابطة الإسلامية في بريطانيا وعضو مجلس إدارة قناة الحوار الفضائية. له نشاط إعلامي، ويظهر على شاشات الجزيرة الفضائية بمحطتيها العربية والإنجليزية، وكذلك يقدم بعض البرامج على قناة الحوار الفضائية وغيرها من القنوات العربية والإنجليزية. كما تنشر له بعض المقالات والآراء في صحيفة الغارديان البريطانية.
وله عدة مؤلفات باللغة الإنجليزية حول الفكر السياسي الإسلامي والحركات الإسلامية.

السيرة الشخصية والمهنية

الحياة الشخصية
ولد عزام التميمي بمدينة الخليل بالضفة الغربية، جنوب القدس، وعاش بها حتى السابعة من عمره. حارب والد عزام ضد إسرائيل في فلسطين. ثم انتقل للعيش بالكويت عندما هاجرت عائلته من فلسطين. سافر د. عزام إلى لندن واستقر فيها، ويعيش حاليا في حي ويليزدين، وقد حصل مع زوجته وأبنائه الثلاثة على الجنسية البريطانية.

التدرج الأكاديمي
حيث سافر إلى لندن لإتمام دراسته الجامعية، بجامعة ساندلاند، ثم حصل على الدكتوراة في الفلسفة السياسية من جامعة ويست مينستر بلندن في عام 1998. عمل باحثاً بجامعة ويست مينستر في الفترة من (سبتمبر 1992 حتى يونيو 1999)، ثم عمل محاضرًا في معهد ماركفيلد للدراسات العليا ببريطانيا من سبتمبر 2000 وحتى نهاية مارس 2004، بعدها عمل أستاذًا زائرًا لمدة ستة أشهر بجامعة كيوتو في اليابان في الفترة من الحادي والثلاثين من مارس وحتى الثلاثين من سبتمبر لعام 2004، وبعدها عمل بجامعة ناغويا اليابانية لمدة ثلاثة أشهر من الثلاثين من ديسمبر 2005 وحتى الثلاثين من مارس لعام 2006.

تجارب إعلامية
شارك د. عزام عام 2006 في تأسيس قناة الحوار الفضائية التي انطلق بثها من لندن في يوليو عام 2007. ومن الجدير بالذكر أن لعزام التميمي مشاركات دورية على قناة الحوار أهمها برنامج مراجعات الذي عرض فيه مذكرات مصورة لكثير من الشخصيات المعروفة مثل: إبراهيم منير والشيخ رائد صلاح. وله أيضا مشاركات إعلامية عديدة في قناة الجزيرة بلغتيها، وكذلك في ال بي بي سي وغيرها من
القنوات الإنجليزية، بوصفه خبيرًا في الحركات الإسلامية والقضية الفلسطينية.

آراء وتوجهات

الحرب على الإرهاب
يرى د.عزام التميمي أن ما يسمى بالحرب على الإرهاب التي تشنها كلا من الولايات المتحدة وحلفائها منذ الحادي عشر من سبتمبر، ما هي إلا حرب على الإسلام- في رأي العالم الإسلامي. ويرى عزام أن جورج دبليو بوش لقد حاول محاربة الإرهاب بالحروب والظلم السياسي وانتهاكات حقوق الإنسان، وأن تلك الوسائل لن تغير في الوضع بل ومن شأنها أن تحدث مفعولا معاكسا.

القضية الفلسطينية
يعتبر التميمي أحد مؤيدي حركة حماس، إلا أنه نادى بضرورة قيام حماس بإجراء بعض التعديلات في ميثاقها لتزيل منه نظريات المؤامرة والعداء لليهود، وتحدد الخصم في الصهيونية واحتلالها لفلسطين. «عندما تراجع الوثيقة، سيحذف كل الكلام غير المهم الذي يتعلق ببروتوكولات حكماء صهيون ونظريات المؤامرة، فمثل هذه الأشياء كانت لا تستوجب الذكر من الأساس. بيد أن الوثيقة ستظل تنادي بنهاية دولة إسرائيل وإقامة دولة فلسطينية على كامل الأراضي الفلسطينية».أكد د. عزام التميمي، في عام 2004, أنه، بصفته مواطنا فلسطينيا، لا يقبل الاعتراف بشرعية إسرائيل، وأن هذه الدولة أنشئت «على أرض سرقت من جدي وأبي وأمي». ، كما يرى د. عزام أن «الصهيونية ما هي إلا مذهب عنصري». لا يرى عزام أرضية لمفاوضات بين الفلسطينيين وإسرائيل في ظل الحصار والعقوبات الجماعية التي تغلق الطريق أمام إمكانية التعايش.

مؤلفات-
كتب د. عزام التميمي عدة كتب باللغة الإنجليزية حول الحركات الإسلامية وتاريخها. وقد صدر له عدة كتب عن دور نشر مختلفة، مثل كتابه "الإسلام والعلمانية في الشرق الأوسط" الصادر عن دار هيرست ببريطانيا وجامعة نيويورك بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000، وكتابه "راشد الغنوشي: ديمقراطي بين الإسلاميين" الصادر عن جامعة أكسفورد في عام 2001, وكتابه "حماس: فصول لم
تكتب" الصادر عن دار هيرست البريطانية في خريف 2006، ثم كتابه "حماس تاريخ من الداخل" الصادر عن دار إنترلينك الأمريكية في خريف 2007.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 جمعية حقوقية سويسرية تدافع عن زيارة عزام التميمي لسويسرا
 لقاء مع قناة TRT التركية عن مقتل جمال خاشقجي على موقع يوتيوب

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من الخليل
أكاديميون بريطانيون
إخوان مسلمون فلسطينيون
خريجو جامعة سندرلاند
خريجو جامعة وستمنستر
سياسيون إسلاميون
سياسيون فلسطينيون
مهاجرون فلسطينيون إلى المملكة المتحدة
مسلمون بريطانيون
مسلمون فلسطينيون
مواليد 1374 هـ
مواليد 1955
ناشطون بريطانيون

عزام التميمي


Min velsignede bror er en dokumentarfilm fra 2003 instrueret af May el-Toukhy efter manuskript af May el-Toukhy.

Handling
Et søskendepars forsøg på at finde et ståsted i deres søgen efter identitet og i frigørelsen fra hinanden.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2003

Min velsignede bror


Gunni Busck (født 11. maj 1798 i København, død 28. marts 1869) var en dansk præst. Han var farbror til grossereren Gunni Busck.
Efter at have gennemgået von Westens Skole blev han 1815 dimitteret til universitet og tog derpå fat på det juridiske studium. I året 1818 blev han forlovet med Andrea Pouline Gutfeld, en datter af provst Gutfeld ved Holmens Kirke, og ved at færdes i sin svigerfaders hus fik han lyst til at blive præst. Han læste Luthers skrifter, og en from gammel krokone i Vedbæk, hvor hans forældre boede om sommeren, påvirkede ham stærkt i religiøs henseende. Hvis han havde måttet følge sit eget ønske, havde han helst opgivet juraen, men hans fader ville have, at det begyndte studium skulle føres til ende. I 1820 tog da Busck fuldstændig juridisk eksamen, og derpå begyndte han at forberede sig til den teologiske, som han underkastede sig i efteråret 1823. Et halvt år efter blev han præst i Stigs Bjergby og Mørkøv ved Holbæk, og der til hjemførte han sin brud. Under hans 20-årige ophold i Stigs Bjergby faldt den store kirkekamp i anledning af Grundtvigs Kirkens Genmæle, og Busck stillede sig i flere småskrifter på Grundtvigs side. Hans stridsskrifter udmærke sig ved en mild og hensynsfuld form, og hans breve fra kampens år viser, at han gjorde sig umag for at stemme Grundtvig venlig over for Mynster.

I 1832 døde Buscks hustru, og 1835 ægtede han Juliane Maria Bech (datter af konferensråd Herman Bech). I 1844 blev han kaldet til Brøndbyøster og -vester ved København, og også der virkede han med stor nidkærhed i sit kald. Men det var ham en stadig sorg, at han kun så ringe frugter af sin gerning. Også fra Brøndbyerne tog han del i den kirkelige forhandling og skrev navnlig et par småskrifter mod biskop Martensen (1863) og biskop Brammer (1867). Han døde agtet og elsket både af venner og kirkelige modstandere. Lige til sin død stod han i et nøje forhold til Grundtvig. Dette var indledet den gang, da Busck stillede sig ved Grundtvigs side i kirkekampen, men det var blevet styrket i de år, da Grundtvig var uden embede i København. Thi da bad Busck, der havde arvet en stor formue efter sin fader, om tilladelse til at komme Grundtvig til hjælp af sin overflod, især for at denne skulle have tid og lejlighed til at arbejde på sit Sangværk. Derfor priste Grundtvig i et mindedigt sin milde og elskelige ven som den, der "købte lovsang til Guds Hus".

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Præster fra Danmark
Danskere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra København
Artikler fra 1. udgave af Dansk biografisk leksikon

Gunni Busck (præst)


Las elecciones generales 2011 de la Provincia de Mendoza se realizaron el domingo 23 de octubre de 2011 junto con las elecciones presidenciales en Argentina. Se eligieron gobernador y vicegobernador, 5 diputados nacionales, 19 senadores provinciales, 24 diputados provinciales, 16 intendentes y la mitad de los Concejos Deliberantes de 16 municipios. Fue elegido gobernador Francisco Pérez.

Renovación legislativa

Resultados

Consulta Popular

Consulta popular para aprobar cambios a la constitución provincial en donde las consultas populares deberán tener una mayoría de votos positivos en vez de una mayoría de electores registrados. No fue aprobada ya que el "Sí" no obtuvo más del 50% sobre los electores registrados

Gobernador y vicegobernador

Cámara de Diputados

Resultados por secciones electorales

Cámara de Senadores

Resultados por secciones electorales

Referencias

Mendoza
Elecciones en la provincia de Mendoza

Elecciones provinciales de Mendoza de 2011


الجمعية التونسية للنساء الديمقراطيات هي جمعية نسائية في تونس ظهرت في الثمانيات، وتجمع في صلبها نخبة من النساء ذوات الحساسية اليسارية والعلمانية. ترأسها سعيدة راشد.

ظهورها
تعود الجذور الأولى لهذه الجمعية إلى أواخر السبعينات عندما تجمع عدد من المثقفات في نادي الطاهر الحداد بالعاصمة التونسية لتدارس بعض القضايا المتعلقة بالمرأة. ثم أصدرن في أفريل/نيسان 1985 مجلة نساء التي صدر منها حتى مارس/ آذار 1987 : ثمانية أعداد. وطورن عملهن بعد ذلك من خلال تأسيس الجمعية التونسية للنساء الديمقراطيات التي حصلت على تأشيرة العمل القانوني في 6 أوت/آب 1989.

أهدافها
تعمل جمعية النساء الديمقراطيات على تحقيق عدد من الأهداف:
- إلغاء كل مظاهر التميز ضد المرأة؛
- توعية النساء بحقوقهن والدفاع عن مكاسبهن
- العمل على تغيير المنطق الأبوي السائد ثقافيا
- تحقيق المواطنة الكاملة للمرأة.

قيادتها
 تأثرت توجهات هذه الجمعية بالموقع الاجتماعي المرموق لمناضلاتها إذ تشتغل أغلبهن في المهن الحرة من محاماة وطب وفي الصحافة والجامعة. وقد انعكس ذلك على هيئتها المسيرة ومن بين من ترأسها الجامعية خديجة الشريف والمحامية بشرى بالحاج حميدة والطبيبة أحلام بلحاج.
 تتركب الهيئة التي أفرزها المؤتمر السابع للجمعية المنعقد في جوان/حزيران 2006 من العناصر التالية:
الرئيسة : خديجة الشريف؛ الكاتبة العامّة : سعيدة قراج؛ أمينة المال : صفية فرحات؛ العلاقات الخارجيّة : حفيظة شقير؛ الإعلام : كوثر عبّاس؛ الصحّة : حياة ورتاني؛ الشؤون القانونيّة : سعاد محمود؛ الشغل : وسيلة عيّاشي؛ التربية والثقافة : رجاء الدهماني.
 وفي المؤتمر الثامن المنعقد بين 28 و30 نوفمبر 2008 انتخبت على رأس الجمعية: سناء بن عاشور.
 تترأسها حاليا سعيدة راشد. وقد ترأستها في السابق أحلام بالحاج.

نشاطها ومواقفها
 عقدت الجمعية إلى الآن سبع مؤتمرات انعقد آخرها في الفترة بين 9 و11 جوان/حزيران 2006 وكان تحت شعار «لا مواطنة دون مساواة ولا ديمقراطية في غياب الحريات». وهو ما يعكس مواقفها السياسية.
 أعربت من جهة أخرى عن معارضتها لمشروع «عمل النساء نصف الوقت»، وأصدرت في هذا الشأن بيانا بتاريخ 22 أفريل / نيسان 2006.
 بقيت هذه الجمعية نخبوية نتيجة التركيبة المهنية والعمرية لمناضلاتها فبقي نشاطها محدودا يكاد يقتصر على بعض الندوات الفكرية والورشات والبيانات الصحفية، ومن أهم ما قامت به في هذا الصدد أنا فتحت مركزا مختصا في التصدّي لكل أنواع العنف المسلط على النساء ومن ضمنه مشكل التحرّش الجنسي.

مراجع

تاريخ تونس الاجتماعي
تأسيسات سنة 1989 في تونس
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Musa (), Hristiyanlık, İslam ve Bahâîlik gibi İbrahimî dinlerde önemli bir peygamber, Yahudilikte ise en büyük peygamber kabul edilen İbrani din büyüğüdür. İsrail'in on iki oğlundan biri olan Levi'nin soyundan geldiğine inanılır. Tanah'taki anlatımlara göre İsrailoğulları'nın önderi ve kanun koyucusu olan Musa, Tanah'ın ilk beş kitabının birleşimi olan Tevrat'ın gökten indiricisi olarak atfedilir.

Rabbânî Yahudilik Musa'nın MÖ 1391–1271 aralığında yaşadığını, tarihçi Hieronymus MÖ 1592,  ise MÖ 1571 aralığında yaşadığını iddia etmektedir. Bilim dünyasının ortak fikir birliği Musa benzeri bir figürün yaşamış olma olasılığı göz önünde bulundururken, daha çok efsanevi bir figür olduğu yönündedir. Çıkış Kitabı'na göre Musa, halkının, yani köleleştirilmiş bir azınlık halk olan İsrailoğullarının nüfuslarının arttığı ve bu nedenle Firavun'un, İsrailoğlullarının Mısır'ın düşmanları ile iş birliği kuracağı endişesini duyduğu bir dönemde doğdu. Firavun, İsrailoğullarının nüfusunu azaltmak için tüm yeni doğan İbrani erkek çocuklarının öldürülmesini emrettiğinde, Musa'nın annesi Yohebed onu gizlice sakladı.

Firavun'un kızı 'nın, Nil Nehri'nin yakınlarında bulunurken bebek olan Musa'yı bulması ve onu büyütmek istemesiyle Musa, firavun kraliyet ailesiyle birlikte büyüdü. Bir gün Musa, Mısırlı bir köle efendisinin bir İbrani'yi dövdüğünü gördü ve kimse olmadığını anlayınca yetkilerini kullanarak köle efendisini öldürtüp kuma gizletti. Ertesi gün iki İbrani'nin kavga ettiğini gördü ve haksız olana, "Niçin kardeşini dövüyorsun?" diye sordu. İbrani, "Kim seni başımıza yönetici ve yargıç atadı? Mısırlıyı öldürttüğün gibi beni de mi öldürtmek istiyorsun?" dedi. Musa korkuya kapılarak, "Bu iş ortaya çıkmış!" diye düşündü ve orada uzaklaşarak Medyen'a gitti. Orada, 'ında, yanan bir çalının ardında görünen  ile karşılaştı ve onunla konuştu.

YHVH, İsrailoğulları ve Firavun arasında barış yapmak için Musa'yı Mısır'a geri gönderdi. Lisanı daha düzgün olduğunu ve kendisini doğrulamasını sağlaması için Musa'nın ağabeyi Harun'un da Musa'ya eşlik etmesini emretti. On Bela'dan sonra Musa halkını,  yerin ötesine götürdü. Ardından Musa'nın On Emir'i aldığı Sina Dağı'na yerleştiler. Yaklaşık kırk yıl bu topraklarda yaşadıktan sonra Musa, Nibu Dağı'nda, Vadedilmiş Topraklar üzerinde yaşamını yitirdi.

Adının etimolojisi

Musa isminin kökeni hakkında çeşitli savlar öne sürülmüştür. Antik Mısır dilindeki mys ("oğlu", "çocuğu") kökünden türemiş olabileceği yüksek olası bir alternatiftir.  ("Thoth'un çocuğu") veya Ramses ("Ra'nın çocuğu") örneklerinde olduğu gibi teoforik bir isimdir ve kişi isimlerini birleştirildiği şekliyle geçmişte sıklıkla kullanılmıştır. Bu nedenden ötürü Musa isminin önündeki ilâh isminin düşmesi ile tek başına kullanılan bir isme dönüştüğü öne sürülmüştür. , Tanah'taki yazımına bakarak ismin "su" veya "tohum" ile "göl, büyük miktarda su" anlamına gelen terimlerin birleştirilmesi ile mw-še sözcüğünden geldiğini öne sürmüş, bu ismin "Nil'in oğlu" manasında kullanıldığını iddia etmiştir.

Musa'nın doğumunun Tanah anlatımı ise Musa ismini firavunun kızının verdiği yönündedir; Firavunun kızı çocuğu evlat edinir ve: "Onu sudan çıkardım" (mešitihu) diyerek adını Musa (Moşeh) koyar. Bu açıklama genellikle halk etimolojisi olarak sınıflandırılır ve Musa'nın Mısırlı kökenlerini gizlemek için oluşturulmuş olabileceği düşünülür.

Musa'nın ismi, Filon ve Josephus gibi Yahudi tarihçiler tarafından da Mısırca etimolojilere dayandırılmıştır. Filon, Musa isminin Mısırca "su" manasına gelen mōu sözcüğünden türediğini belirtmiş, bu ismi Nil'de bulunma hikâyesine bağlamıştır. Josephus ise Antiquitates Iudaicae eserinde, Filon ile aynı görüşü paylaşmış, ancak ismin sonunda yer alan -esês kısmının "kurtarılanlar" anlamına geldiğinden de bahsetmiştir. Thermutis veya Bithiah olarak bilinen Mısırlı Firavun'un kızının nasıl İbranice konuşmuş olabileceği Abraham ibn Ezra ve Hezekiah ben Manoah gibi Orta Çağ Yahudi yorumcuları tarafından da irdelenmiştir.

Tarihsellik
Musa'yla ilgili ilk yazılı kaynak Babil Sürgünü sırasında üretildiği düşünülen metinlerdir. Bu metinler Musa'nın yaşadığına inanılan dönemden yaklaşık olarak 1000 yıl sonrasına denk geliyor ve Musa veya Kutsal kitap ile ilgili bazı anlatıların Babil-Sümer anlatıları ile benzerliklerine de ışık tutabilir. Musa ile Çıkış Kitabı ve Tesniye Kitabı'nda yaşanan olaylar hakkında Antik Mısır kaynaklarında hiç atıf yer almamakta olup, Mısır ve Sina Yarımadası'nda keşfedilmiş arkeolojik deliller, Musa'nın ana figür olduğu hikâyeleri desteklememektedir. Musa'nın doğumu ve büyütülmesi ile ilgili anlatılan öykülerin bir kısmı Akad kralı Sargon, Hint Karna ve Yunan Oedipus öyküleri ile örtüşür. Sargon'un hikâyesi Akad kaynaklarında şu şekilde ele alınmıştır:

Başrahibe annem hamile kaldı; beni gizlice doğurdu
Beni bir sepete koydu, bitümle kapağımı kapattı
Beni üstümden yükselen nehre attı.

Modern bilimsel fikir birliği, Musa'nın efsanevi bir figür olduğu yönündedir, lakin Amerikalı arkeolog  MÖ 13'üncü yüzyıl civarında Musa benzeri bir figürün yaşamış olabileceği fikrini dile getirmiştir. Buna rağmen Dever tarafından arkeolojik delillerin var olmadığı da belirtilmiştir.

Sigmund Freud, Musa'nın Antik Mısır'ın Akhenaton'u tarafından oluşturulmuş ve monoteist ögeler taşıyan Atenizm dinine mensup bir rahip olduğunu ve Yahudi mistisizminin de bu dinin izlerini taşıdığını düşünüyordu. Akhenaton'un Aton için yazdığı düşünülen övgü şiiriyle Mezmurlar 105 arasında paralel ifadeler bulunur. Mısırlı araştırmacı Ahmad Osman'a göre ise Musa, Aten'in kendisidir.

Senenmut Mısırlı bir mimar ve hükûmet yetkilisiydi. Senenmut'un Musa olduğunu ileri süren görüşler de vardır.

Mısır'dan çıkış ile Hyksos'un Firavun I'nci Ahmose tarafından Mısır'dan arkeolojik olarak kanıtlanan sürgünü arasında benzerlikler vardır. I'nci Ahmose döneminde, fırtına stelinde anlatılan bir doğal afet meydana geldi. Bu doğal afetin tanımı, Tanah'taki On Belanın tanımını çok andırıyor. Ipuwer Papirüsü bu doğal afetin daha ayrıntılı bir tanımını içerir. Jan Assmann ve Donald B. Redford Mısır'dan çıkışın tarihselliğini savunanlar arasındadır.

Ayrıca, Minos patlamasıyla (Santaroni volkanik patlaması) Mısır'dan Çıkış ve On Bela arasında bağlantı kuranlar da mevcuttur.

Hollandalı teolog , İbrahimî dinlerdeki Tanrı'nın atasını oluşturan YHVH'in aslen Midyanlı bir tanrı olduğunu ve İsrailoğulları'na Musa vasıtasıyla tanıtıldığını öne sürmüştür. Musa'nın yaşamıyla Moav Kralı Meşa'ya atfedilen hikâyeler de paralellik göstermektedir. Meşa, Musa'ya atfedilen hikâyelerde olduğu gibi baskıya karşı direnmiş, kendi halkına İsrail'den çıkmaları için liderlik etmiş ve ilk doğan oğlu Kir-hareseth'in duvarında öldürülmüştür.

İbrahimî dinlerde

Yahudilikte

Yahudilikte Moşe ben Amram () veya Moşe Rabbenu (), gelmiş geçmiş tüm peygamberler arasında en önemlisi ve kanun koyucusu olarak kabul edilir. Tanah'taki Moşe anlatılarının çoğu Çıkış, Levililer, Sayılar ve Tesniye kitaplarından gelir. Bilim insanlarının birçoğu bu kitapların derlemesinin MÖ 538–332'deki Pers dönemine kadar gittiğini, ancak daha önceki yazılı ve sözlü geleneklere uyuştuğunu düşünmektedir.

Yahudi apokrifinde ve Midraş olarak bilinen rabbinik tefsiri türünde ve ayrıca Yahudi sözlü yasasının başlıca eserleri olan Mişna ve Talmud'da Moşe hakkında çok sayıda hikâye ve ek bilgi vardır. Ayrıca Yahudi geleneğinde Moşe'ye bir dizi yan isim verilir. Midraş Moşe'yı, çeşitli isimlerle anılan, yedi İbrani Kutsal Kitabı kişiliğinden biri olarak tanımlar. Moşe'nın diğer isimleri: Yekutiel (annesinin verdiği), Heber (babasının verdiği), Yered (Miriam'ın verdiği), Avi Zanoah (Harun'un verdiği), Avi Gedor (Kehah'ın verdiği), Avi Soco (süt hemşiresinin verdiği), Şemaiah ben Netanel (Yahudi halkının verdiği). Ayrıca Moşe için Toviah (ilkisimi) ve Levi (aileismi) (Vayikra Rabbah 1:3), Heman, veya Mechoqeiq (kanuni 'Kanunî') ve Ehl Gav Ish () isimlerini de kullanılır.

Başka bir tefsirde Moşe, Horeb Dağı'nda, Yanan Çalı arasında İlahi görüşü gördükten sonra Cennetin yedinci katına kadar yükselmiş, hatta Cennet ve Cehennemi canlı canlı ziyaret ettiği anlatılır.

Hristiyanlıkta

Hristiyanlıkta Moşe, Yeni Ahit'te, Eski Ahit din büyükleri arasında en çok bahsedilen ve peygamber kabul edilen kişidir. Hristiyanlar için Moşe, Yeşua'nın öğretilerinde pekiştirildiği ve açıklandığı şekliyle, genellikle Tanrı'nın yasalarının bir sembolüdür. Yeni Ahit yazarları, Yeşua'nın misyonunu açıklamak için sık sık Yeşua'nın sözlerini ve yaptıklarını Moşe ile karşılaştırdılar. Örneğin  ve 51–53'te altın buzağıya tapan Yahudilerin Moşe'yi reddetmesi, günümüzde geleneksel Yahudiliğin ve Yahudilerin Yeşua'yı reddetmesine benzetilir.

İslam'da

İslam'da Mūsā Alėyhîssalam (موسى عليه السلام) şeklinde anılır, peygamber olarak kabul edilir. Musa Kur'an'da, Muhammed dahil diğer tüm İslami peygamberlerden daha çok kendisinden bahsedilen kişidir.

Kur'an'da Mūsā, tıpkı Muhammed gibi hem nebî hem de resûl olarak tanımlanır; ikinci tanımlama Mūsā'nın, kavmine ayetler ve kanunlar getiren peygamberlerden biri olduğuna işaret eder. Hadislerden biri veya Muhammed'in yaşamıyla ilgili geleneksel anlatılar—Müslümanların 5 vakitlik ibadetleri ile sonuçlanan—Mūsā ile Muhammed arasında, cennette gerçekleşen bir karşılaşmayı anlatır. Huston Smith bu buluşmanın, "Muhammed'in hayatındaki en önemli olaylardan biri" olduğunu söylüyor.

Kur'an'da Mūsā'dan isimli veya isimsiz atıflarla 502 kere bahsedilir; bahsi geçen ayetler arasında 2:49–61, 7:103–60, 10:75–93, 17:101–04, 20:9–97, 26:10–66, 27:7–14, 28:3–46, 40:23–30, 43:46–55, 44:17–31, 79:15–25 ve diğerleri bulunur. Kutsal Kitap'ta anlatılan Mūsā'nın yaşamındaki kilit olayların çoğu ve Kutsal Kitap'ta bulunmayan Hızır'la karşılaşma hikâyesi Kur'an'ın farklı Surelerine dağılmış olarak bulunur.

Mūsā'nın Kur'an'daki hikâyelerinde, bebekken bir tekneye konulup Nil'in sularına saklaması ve böylece onun tamamen Allah'ın korumasına terk etmesi, annesine Allah tarafından emredilir. Ancak Kur'an'a göre, Tanah ve Kutsal Kitap'takinin aksine Mūsā'yı Nil'in sularında yüzerken Firavun'un kızı değil karısı (Rivayetlere göre adı  idi) bulur. Asiye Firavun'u Mūsā'yı oğulları olarak sahiplenmeye ikna eder.

Kur'an'daki başlıca Mūsā anlatıları; Firavun'a, Allah'ın varlığını ve ilahi mesajlarını kabul ettirmeye çalışmasını, ve İsrailoğullarının kurtuluşuna giden yolda liderlik misyonu yapmasını vurgulamaktadır. Allah Mūsā ve kardeşi Haruna İsrailoğullarını Mısır'dan çıkartmalarını emreder. Çıkış sonrası Sina dağına ulaşırlar ve Mūsā, Onları Kenan'a girmeye teşvik eder, ancak İsrailliler Kenanlılarla savaşacakları ve bir ihtimal yenilgi yaşayacakları korkusuyla Kenan'a girmek istemezler. Bunun sonrasında İsrailliler için çölde 40 yıllık göçebe yaşamı başlar.

Bazı İslami geleneklerin iddialarına göre M´ūsā, Eriha'daki Makam El-Nabi M´ūsā'ya gömülmüştür.

Suhuf
Kur'an'da iki kez Suhuf'i Musa (Musa'nın sayfaları, ) ibaresi geçer.

Müslümanlar bu sahifelerin Musa'ya vahyolunduğuna, ancak zaman içerisinde bunların kaybolduğuna veya bozulduğuna inanırlar. Bu ibare(Suhuf-i Musa)'nin neye karşılık geldiği (Musa'nın taş tableti, parşömenler veya Musa'nın beş kitabı) tamamen spekülatif bir yaklaşımdır.

Birçok bilgin "Musa'nın Kitapları"nın (parşömenler) Tevrat'a mı yoksa Musa'nın diğer kutsal yazılarına mı atıfta bulunduğu konusunda spekülasyonlar yapmıştır. Kur'an yorumcusu Abdullah Yusuf Ali bunun İsraillilerin kayıp bir kitabına olası bir referans olabileceğinden bahsederek, 'te atıfta bulunulan apokrif bir kitap olan "The Wars of the Lord" (Efendinin Savaşları) kitabını önerir.

Bununla birlikte, Yahudilerin genellikle Tevrat'a Musa'nın Beş Kitabı olarak atıfta bulundukları iyi bilinmektedir. En önemlisi Tesniye, beşinci kitap, birçok yönden farklıdır ve Tevrat'ın bir incelemesi 'Mishneh Tora' olarak anılır. Dini yazıcıların her kitap arasında dört boş satır bırakmasını gerektiren eski bir kılavuz da var. Bu gelenek (Babil Talmud'unda kayıtlıdır, bava batra sf. 13), Muhammed'den yüzlerce yıl önceye dayanmaktadır. Bu nedenle, Kur'an'ın, bilindiği gibi Musa'nın beş tomarına atıfta bulunduğunu varsaymak akla yatkındır.

Mormonizm'de
İsa Mesih'in Son Zaman Azizler Kilisesi üyeleri (halk dilinde Mormonlar olarak adlandırılırlar) genellikle Moşe'ye diğer Hristiyanların bakış açısı gibi bakarlar. Bununla birlikte Mormonlar, Hristiyan Kutsal Kitabı'ndaki Moşe anlatımını kabul etmenin yanı sıra, Kutsal Yazılar'ın bir parçası olarak 'ndan seçmeleri de kabul ederler. Bu kitabın, Moşe'ye tercüme edilmiş yazıları olduğuna inanılıyor ve 'nde yer alıyor.

Son Zaman Azizleri, Moşe'nin ölümünü görmeden cennete götürüldüğüne inanma konusunda da benzersizdir. Ayrıca Joseph Smith ve Oliver Cowdery 3 Nisan 1836'da, Moşe'nin kendilerine yüceltilmiş, ölümsüz ve fiziksel bir biçimde,  (Kirtland, Ohio'da) göründüğünü ve onlara, "dünyanın dört bir yanından İsrail'in toplanmasının anahtarlarını ve kuzey ülkesinden kayıp on kabilenin önderliğini" verdiğini iddia ettiler.

Politika ve hukuktaki mirası
Hristiyan geleneğinde "Musa", mecazi manada, insanları korkunç bir durumdan kurtaran lider olarak anılır. B.D. başkanları arasında Musa'nın sembolizmini kullandığı bilinen, seçmenlerinden "Musa nesli" olarak bahseden Harry S. Truman başta olmak üzere Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush ve Barack Obama vardır.

Bazı teologlar ise Musa'nın On Emirler'ini erken demokrasinin oluşumuyla ilişkilendirirler. İskoç teolog William Barclay emirler için "Her şeyin ebedî temeli … emirlerin olmadığı bir durumda bir millet olmak mümkün değildir. Toplumumuz bunlar üzerine kurulmuştur." dedi. 2015'te Papa Francis, Birleşik Devletler Kongresi'ne yaptığı ziyarete hitaben yaptığı konuşmada, tüm insanların "adil yasama yoluyla birlik duygularını canlı tutmaları" gerektiğini "… [ve] Musa figürünün bizi doğrudan Tanrı'ya ve dolayısıyla sevginin haysiyetine götürdüğünü" belirtti.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Yahudilik
 İbrahimî dinlerdeki peygamberler tablosu
 Musa'nın soyağacı
 Senenmut

Notlar

Kaynaklar

Yahudilikteki peygamberler

Musa


Vila Wagner je zgrada u mjestu i općini, Samobor. Zaštićeno je kulturno dobro.

Opis
Slobodnostojeća jednokatnica, okružena perivojem, sagrađena je 1891. g. na parceli koja se pruža duž sjeverne strane Langove ulice. Početkom 20. stoljeća dograđeno joj je stražnje prizemno krilo. Katni volumen pravokutnog tlocrta s altanom na prednjoj južnoj strani i rizalitnim istakom na stražnjoj strani zaključen je četverostrešnim krovištem. Unutarnji prostor podijeljen je na reprezentativni dio orijentiran na park s južne strane i gospodarski stražnji dio. U pročeljnoj artkulaciji dominiraju prozori prizemlja svojom arhitektonskom plastikom koju čine profilirani okviri, klupčice i nadstrešnice. Značajan je primjer vile s kraja 19. stoljeća na području Samobora.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4731 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "profana graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene stambene građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji
Građevine u Samoboru

Vila Wagner


Falcon Heavy er en genbrugelig flertrins-raket til supertunge nyttelaster, designet og fremstillet af SpaceX. Raketten (der tidligere blev omtalt som Falcon 9 Heavy) er en variant af Falcon 9-raketten; den er opbygget af en forstærket Falcon 9 som kerne, med yderligere to Falcon 9 som boosterraketter. Med Falcon Heavy er den øvre grænse for nyttelast til lavt jordkredsløb blevet hævet til 63.800 kg; grænsen var tidligere henholdsvis 22.800 kg for Falcon 9 og 27.500 kg for NASAs nu pensionerede rumfærge. Falcon Heavy var fra start designet til at flyve mennesker til rummet, herunder til både Månen og Mars. Pr. 5. februar 2018 er der dog ingen planlagte missioner, der involverer en besætning. Falcon Heavy forventes i stedet brugt til at fragte last som for eksempel store satellitter.

Den 6. februar 2018 kl. 15.45 EST opsendte SpaceX Falcon Heavy for første gang. Opsendelsen skete fra Kennedy Space Center i Florida, USA. På jomfrurejsen medbragte Falcon Heavy den røde Tesla Roadster som SpaceX's grundlægger Elon Musk havde stillet til rådighed til formålet. Bag rattet i bilen, der nu er bragt i kredsløb om Solen, sidder en mannequin iført rumdragt. Denne mannequin har fået kælenavnet Starman.

Referencer

Raketter

Falcon Heavy


Olaylar

 364 - I. Valentinianus, Roma İmparatoru oldu.
 1618 - Osmanlı Sultanı, I. Mustafa tahttan indirildi ve yerine II. Osman Padişah oldu.
 1658 - Danimarka ve İsveç arasında, Roskilde Antlaşması imzalandı.
 1815 - Napolyon Bonapart, Elba'dan kaçtı.
 1848 - Fransa'da İkinci Cumhuriyet ilan edildi.
 1870 - New York'ta ilk metro çalışmaya başladı.
 1910 - İstanbul'da ilk solcu dergi, "İştirak" yayımlanmaya başladı. Dergi Hüseyin Hilmi tarafından çıkarıldı.
 1917 - Nick LaRocca'nın Original Dixiland Jazz Band orkestrası, ilk caz plağını Victor Talking Machine Company adlı plakçılık şirketi'nin, New York stüdyolarında doldurdu.
 1925 - Fransızların yönetiminde bulunan Tütün Rejisinin (tekelinin), 1 Mart 1925'ten itibaren lağvedildiğine ilişkin yasa, TBMM'de kabul edildi.
 1926 - Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (o dönemki adıyla Merkezi İstatistik Dairesi) kuruldu.
 1934 - İstanbul Belediyesi, evlerin bazılarında görülen "kafes"lerin (cumbaların) kaldırılmasını kararlaştırdı.
 1936 - Fatih-Harbiye tramvayı, Beyoğlu'nda devrildi; iki kişi öldü, 30 kişi yaralandı.
 1943 - İstanbul'da Varlık Vergisi'ni ödemeyen 160 kişi, Aşkale'ye gönderildi.
 1952 - Winston Churchill, Birleşik Krallık'ın atom bombasına sahip olduğunu ilan etti.
 1967 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, 25 bin askerle Vietkong'a saldırıya geçti.
 1976 - Türkiye ile Amerika Birleşik Devletleri arasında, "Savunma İşbirliği Anlaşması" imzalandı.
 1981 - Uğur Mumcu'dan 12 Eylül değerlendirmesi: "Bir parlamento, anarşi ve teröre karşı çaresiz kalmışsa kendi kendini 'tasfiye' etmiş demektir! Ülkemizde 12 Eylül öncesi durum buydu. Bu yüzden 12 Eylül öncesi Türkiye'sinde anayasal düzenden, temel hak ve özgürlüklerden ve insan haklarından söz etmenin olanağı yoktu."
 1985 - Tarık Akan 35. Berlin Film Şenliğinde Jüri Özel Ödülü'nü kazandı. Ödül, Zeki Ökten'in yönettiği Pehlivan adlı filmdeki rolüyle verildi. Ancak, Tarık Akan pasaport verilmediği için ödül almaya gidemedi.
 1991 - Saddam Hüseyin, Bağdat radyosunda yaptığı açıklamada, Irak Ordusunun Kuveyt'ten çekildiğini duyurdu.
 1992 - 200 metre uzunluğunda tünel kazan 11 tutuklu, Kayseri Cezaevi'nden firar etti.
 1992 - Hocalı Katliamı: Azerbaycan'ın Hocalı kentine giren silahlı Ermeni gruplar, 613 Azeri'yi öldürdü.
 1993 - New York'ta bulunan World Trade Center'in altındaki otoparkta, bir kamyonda meydana gelen patlamada 6 kişi öldü, binden fazla kişi yaralandı.
 1998 - Nutuk, Rumcaya çevrildi.
 1999 - İran'da 1979 İslam Devrimi'nden sonra ilk belediye seçimleri yapıldı. Cumhurbaşkanı Muhammed Hatemi'yi destekleyen ılımlı adaylar, Tahran Belediye Meclisindeki, 15 sandalyeden 13'ünü kazandılar.
 2001 - Taliban örgütü mensupları, Afganistan'ın Bamyan kentindeki Buda heykellerini tahrip etti.
 2004 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, 23 yıldır sürdürdüğü Libya'ya seyahat yasağını sona erdirdi.
 2004 - Makedonya Devlet Başkanı Boris Trajkovski, ile beraberindekilerden 8 kişi, uçağın Bosna-Hersek'in Mostar kenti yakınlarında düşmesi sonucu öldü. Trajkovski'nin yerine, 12 Mayıs'ta Branko Srvenkovski geçti.
 2007 - Diyarbakır 5. Ağır Ceza Mahkemesi, Hizbullah adına 1990-1994'te çok sayıda kişinin öldürülmesi ve yaralanması eylemlerini gerçekleştirdikleri gerekçesiyle 13 yıldır yargılanan 34 sanıktan, 20'sini ağırlaştırılmış müebbet hapis cezasına çarptırdı.
 2011 - Nintendo, yeni oyun konsolu Nintendo 3DS'yi, Japonya'da piyasaya sürdü.
 2022 - Rusya'nın Ukrayna'yı işgalinden iki gün sonra Mikolayiv Muharebesi başladı.

Doğumlar
 1416 - Bavyeralı Christopher, Kalmar Birliği döneminde Danimarka, İsveç ve Norveç Kralı (ö. 1448)
 1564 - Christopher Marlowe, İngiliz şair ve oyun yazarı (ö. 1593)
 1671 - Anthony Ashley-Cooper, İngiliz düşünür (ö. 1713)
 1715 - Claude Adrien Helvétius, Fransız filozof (ö. 1771)
 1725 - Nicolas Joseph Cugnot, Fransız mucit ve bilim insanı (ö. 1804)
 1754 - Ferdinando Marescalchi, İtalyan diplomat ve siyasetçi (ö. 1816)
 1786 - François Jean Dominique Arago, Fransız fizikçi, matematikçi, astronom, mason ve politikacı (ö. 1853)
 1794 - Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt, Belçika Başbakanı (ö. 1874)
 1799 - Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron, Fransız mühendis ve fizikçi (ö. 1864)
 1802 - Victor Hugo, Fransız yazar (ö. 1885)
 1805 - Melek Cihan Hanım, İran Şahı Muhammed Şah'ın eşi (ö. 1873)
 1807 - Théophile-Jules Pelouze, Fransız kimyager (ö. 1867)
 1808 - Honoré Daumier, Fransız ressam, heykeltıraş ve karikatürist (ö. 1879)
 1821 - Félix Ziem, Fransız ressam, gezgin (ö. 1911)
 1825 - James Skivring Smith, Liberyalı doktor ve siyasetçi (ö. 1892)
 1825 - Ludwig Rütimeyer, İsviçreli doktor, anatom, jeolog ve paleontolog (ö. 1895)
 1829 - Levi Strauss, Alman tekstil tasarımcısı (ö. 1902)
 1846 - "Buffalo Bill" (William Frederick Cody), Amerikalı asker, bizon avcısı ve şovmen (ö. 1917)
 1849 - Leonid Pozen, Rus-Ukraynalı heykeltıraş ve avukat (ö. 1921)
 1849 - Geneviève Halévy, Fransız salonniére (ö. 1928)
 1858 - William Joseph Hammer, Amerikalı elektrik mühendisi (ö. 1934)
 1860 - Stiliyan Kovaçev, Bulgar asker (ö. 1939)
 1861 - I. Ferdinand, Bulgaristan'ın ilk Çarı (ö. 1948)
 1869 - Nadejda Krupskaya, Rus devrimci ve Lenin'in eşi (ö. 1939)
 1870 - Thomas Byles, İngiliz Katolik rahip (ö. 1912)
 1876 - Agustín Pedro Justo, Arjantin'in Devlet Başkanlarından (ö. 1943)
 1880 - Lionel Logue, Avustralyalı konuşma ve dil terapisti ve amatör sahne oyuncusu (ö. 1953)
 1882 - Husband Kimmel, Amerikalı komutan (ö. 1968)
 1882 - Umberto Cisotti, İtalyan matematikçi ve fizikçi (ö. 1946)
 1885 - Aleksandras Stulginskis, Litvanya'nın ikinci Cumhurbaşkanı (ö. 1969)
 1886 - Mihri Müşfik Hanım, Türk ressam (ö. 1954)
 1887 - Akaki Şanidze, Gürcü dilbilimci ve filolog (ö. 1987)
 1893 - I. A. Richards, İngiliz edebiyat eleştirmeni ve retorikçi (ö. 1979)
 1894 - Wilhelm Bittrich, Alman SS Obergruppenführer ve Waffen-SS generali (ö. 1979)
 1896 - Andrey Jdanov, Sovyet politikacı (ö. 1948)
 1896 - Evans Carlson, Amerikalı Kolordu komutanı (ö. 1947)
 1900 - Halina Konopacka, Polonyalı atlet, disk ve gülle atıcı (ö. 1989)
 1902 - Jean Bruller, bir Fransız yazar ve illüstratördü (ö. 1991)
 1903 - Giulio Natta, İtalyan kimyager ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1979)
 1908 - Tex Avery, Amerikalı film yapımcısı, animatör ve oyuncu (ö. 1980)
 1909 - Talal, Ürdün Kralı (ö. 1972)
 1916 - Jackie Gleason, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 1987)
 1918 - Pyotr Maşerov, Sovyet Beyaz Rus komünist lider (ö. 1980)
 1918 - Theodore Sturgeon, Amerikalı kurgu yazarı ve edebiyat eleştirmenidir (ö. 1985)
 1920 - Jose Mauro de Vasconcelos, Brezilyalı yazar (ö. 1984)
 1920 - Tony Randall, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2004)
 1921 - Betty Hutton, Amerikalı eski bir oyuncu ve komedyendir (ö. 2007)
 1922 - Margaret Leighton, bir İngiliz aktrisdi (ö. 1976)
 1922 - Paatje Phefferkorn, Hollandalı eğitimci ve uygulamalı karma dövüş sanatçısı (ö. 2021)
 1924 - Noboru Takeshita, Japon siyasetçi (ö. 2000)
 1926 - Doris Belack, Amerikalı oyuncudur (ö. 2011)
 1926 - Verne Gagne, eski Amerikalı profesyonel güreşçi ve antrenörü (ö. 2015)
 1928 - Fats Domino, Amerikalı rock and roll, reggae müziği sanatçısı, şarkıcı ve söz yazarı (ö. 2017)
 1928 - Ariel Şaron, İsrailli siyasetçi (ö. 2014)
 1929 - Osep Minasoğlu, Türkiye Ermenisi fotoğraf sanatçıcı (ö. 2013)
 1932 - Johnny Cash, Amerikalı müzisyen (ö. 2003)
 1933 - Salvador Martínez Pérez, Meksikalı Katolik Piskopos (ö. 2019)
 1942 - Jozef Adamec, Slovak eski futbolcu, teknik direktör (ö. 2018)
 1943 - Paul Cotton, Amerikalı country-rock şarkıcısı, müzisyeni ve söz yazarı (ö. 2021)
 1943 - Bill Duke, Amerikalı aktör ve film yönetmenidir.
 1946 - Ahmed H. Zewail, Mısırlı kimyacı ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2016)
 1946 - Colin Bell, İngiliz millî futbolcu (ö. 2021)
 1947 - Sandie Shaw, İngiliz şarkıcısı
 1949 - Elizabeth George, Amerikalı bir yazardır
 1949 - Emma Kirkby, İngiliz soprano
 1950 - Ali Rıza Binboğa, Türk pop şarkıcısı
 1950 - Helen Clark, eski Yeni Zelanda başbakanı
 1951 - Ferhan Şensoy, Türk sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (ö. 2021)
 1953 - Michael Bolton, Amerikalı şarkıcı
 1953 - Barbara Niven, Amerikalı dizi ve sinema oyuncusudur
 1954 - Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Türkiye'nin 12. cumhurbaşkanı
 1955 - Suna Yıldızoğlu, İngiliz asıllı Türk oyuncu
 1958 - Michel Houellebecq, Fransız yazar
 1958 - Tim Kaine, Amerikalı hukukçu
 1959 - Ahmet Davutoğlu, Türk akademisyen ve siyasetçi
 1960 - Jaz Coleman, İngiliz müzisyen, şarkıcı, besteci ve yapımcı
 1961 - Virginie Lemoine, Fransız aktris
 1964 - Mark Dacascos, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1966 - Necva Kerem, Lübnanlı şarkıcı
 1967 - Kazuyoshi Miura, Japon futbolcu
 1970 - Mehmet Ali Ilıcak, Türk gazeteci ve medya patronu
 1971 - Erykah Badu, Grammy Ödüllü Amerikalı şarkıcı-şarkı yazarı, yapımcı, aktivist ve oyuncu
 1971 - Max Martin, İsveçli müzik prodüktörü ve söz yazarı
 1971 - Hélène Ségara, Fransız şarkıcı ve söz yazarı
 1973 - Ole Gunnar Solskjær, Norveçli millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1974 - Sébastien Loeb, Fransız ralli pilotu
 1975 - Öykü Serter, Türk televizyon sunucusu ve oyuncu
 1978 - Abdoulaye Faye, Senegalli millî futbolcu
 1979 - Pedro Mendes, Portekizli futbolcu
 1982 - Na Li, Çinli profesyonel tenisçi
 1982 - Nate Ruess, Amerikalı şarkıcı ve şarkı yazarı
 1983 - Pepe, Brezilya asıllı Portekizli futbolcu
 1984 - Natalia Lafourcade, Meksikalı pop şarkıcısı, söz yazarı ve müzisyen
 1984 - Beren Saat, Türk oyuncu
 1984 - Emmanuel Adebayor, Togolu futbolcu
 1985 - Fernando Llorente, İspanyol futbolcu
 1986 - Teresa Palmer, Avustralyalı aktris
 1988 - Deniz Yılmaz, Türk futbolcu
 1990 - Sergi Enrich, İspanyol futbolcu
 1991 - CL, Güney Koreli rapçi, şarkıcı ve söz yazarı
 1992 - Demet Özdemir, Türk oyuncu
 1993 - Maria Ehrich, Alman aktris
 1996 - İlayda Alişan, Türk oyuncu
 1998 - Ege Tanman, Türk oyuncu

Ölümler
 420 - Porphyrius, Gazze piskoposu (d. 347)
 1154 - II. Rugerro, Sicilya Kralı (d. 1095)
 1577 - XIV. Eric, İsveç kralı (d. 1533)
 1603 - Maria, Kutsal Roma imparatoriçesi (d. 1528)
 1770 - Giuseppe Tartini, İtalyan besteci ve kemancı (d. 1692)
 1811 - James Sharples, İngiliz portre ressamı (d. 1751-1752)
 1828 - Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein, Alman ressam (d. 1751)
 1878 - Angelo Secchi, İtalyan gök bilimci (d. 1818)
 1907 - Charles William Alcock, İngiliz sporcu, gazeteci, yazar ve spor yöneticisi (d. 1842)
 1909 - Hermann Ebbinghaus, Alman psikolog (unutma eğrisi ve aralık etkisinin keşfi ile tanınan) (d. 1850)
 1921 - Carl Menger, Avusturyalı iktisatçı (d. 1840)
 1929 - Giriftzen Asım Bey, Türk neyzen, grifitzen ve besteci (d. 1851)
 1930 - Ahmet Rıza Bey, Türk siyasetçi ve Jön Türk hareketinin önderlerinden (d. 1858)
 1930 - Mary Whiton Calkins, Amerikalı filozof ve psikolog (d. 1863)
 1931 - Otto Wallach, Alman kimyacı ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (d. 1847)
 1939 - Vlas Çubar, Bolşevik devrimci (d. 1891)
 1943 - Theodor Eicke, Alman Nazi subayı (d. 1892)
 1952 - Theodoros Pangalos, Yunan asker ve siyasetçi (d. 1878)
 1952 - Josef Thorak, Alman heykeltıraş (d. 1889)
 1961 - Hasan Âli Yücel, Türk öğretmen, siyasetçi ve eski Millî Eğitim Bakanlarından (d. 1897)
 1969 - Karl Jaspers, Alman yazar (d. 1883)
 1969 - Levi Eşkol, İsrail Başbakanı (d. 1895)
 1971 - Fernandel, Fransız aktör (d. 1903)
 1984 - Hasan Hüseyin Korkmazgil, Türk şair (d. 1927)
 1985 - Tjalling Koopmans, Hollandalı ekonomist ve Nobel Ekonomi Ödülü sahibi (d. 1910)
 1988 - Akşit Göktürk, Türk eleştirmen, yazar ve dil bilimci (d. 1934)
 1991 - Slim Gaillard, Amerikalı caz şarkıcısı, piyanist ve gitarist (d. 1916)
 1994 - Bill Hicks, Amerikalı Stand-Up komedyeni (d. 1961)
 1994 - Tarık Buğra, Türk yazar ve gazeteci (d. 1918)
 1998 - Theodore Schultz, Amerikalı iktisatçı ve Nobel Ekonomi Ödülü sahibi (d. 1902)
 2002 - Lawrence Tierney, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1919)
 2004 - Boris Traykovski, Makedon siyasetçi (d. 1956)
 2009 - Wendy Richard, İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1943)
 2011 - Arnošt Lustig, Çek yazar (d. 1926)
 2013 - Stéphane Hessel, Fransız diplomat, direnişçi, yazar (d. 1917)
 2014 - Mehmet Gün, Türk ressam (d. 1954)
 2015 - Nadia Hilou, İsrailli siyasetçi ve sosyolog (d. 1953)
 2015 - Avijit Roy, Bangladeşli yazar (d. 1972)
 2016 - Andy Bathgate, Kanadalı profesyonel buz hokeyi oyuncusu (d. 1932)
 2016 - Karl Dedecius, Polonyalı-Alman çevirmen ve yazar (d. 1921)
 2016 - Eri Klas, Eston orkestra şefi ve yayıncı (d. 1939)
 2017 - Katalin Berek, Macar aktris (d. 1930)
 2017 - Eugene Garfield, Amerikalı dilbilimci ve iş insanı (d. 1925)
 2017 - Preben Hertoft, Danimarkalı psikiyatrist ve profesör (d. 1928)
 2018 - Mies Bouwman, Hollandalı kadın televizyon sunucusu (d. 1929)
 2018 - Tatyana Karpova, Sovyet-Rus oyuncu (d. 1916)
 2018 - Benjamin Melniker, Amerikalı film yapımcısı (d. 1913)
 2019 - Aytaç Arman, Türk sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1949)
 2019 - Christian Bach, Arjantinli-Meksikalı oyuncu ve film yapımcısı (d. 1959)
 2019 - Mitzi Hoag, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1932)
 2019 - Jeraldine Saunders, Amerikalı televizyon ve köşe yazarı, model ve öğretim görevlisi (d. 1923)
 2020 - Sergey Dorenski, Sovyet-Rus piyanist ve eğitimci (d. 1931)
 2020 - İskender Hamidov, Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti eski İçişleri Bakanı ve Korgeneral (d. 1948)
 2020 - Necmiye Hoca, Arnavut komünist aktivist (d. 1921)
 2021 - Tarık El-Bısri, Mısırlı yargıç ve yazar (d. 1933)
 2021 - Ronald Gillespie, Kanadalı kimya profesörü (d. 1924)
 2021 - Desmond McAleenan, İrlandalı-Amerikalı eski profesyonel futbolcu ve kaleci antrenörü (d. 1967)
 2021 - Michael Somare, Papua Yeni Gineli politikacı (d. 1936)
 2022 - Antonio Seguí, Arjantinli ressam, baskı, karton, kitap illüstrasyon sanatçısı ve heykeltıraş (d. 1934)
 2023 - Ziya Şengül, Türk eski milli futbolcu, teknik direktör ve futbol yorumcusu (d. 1944)

Tatiller ve özel günler

0226
26

26 Şubat


تشير المنطقة التنفسية السفلى إلى أجزاء الجهاز التنفسي من القصبة الهوائية إلى الرئتين.

روابط خارجية
 The Virtual Airway Device, a free resource about airway devices, including a video library

صور إضافية

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 أمراض السبيل التنفسي السفلي.
 انسداد مجرى الهواء.
 انسداد مجرى الهواء الراجع.

طرق إعطاء الدواء
جهاز تنفسي
رأس وعنق الإنسان

سبيل تنفسي سفلي


An Setaria vaginata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Spreng.. An Setaria vaginata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Setaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Setaria

Setaria vaginata


حنيدر هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى الدريب الأوسط.

المراجع

قرى لبنان
وادي خالد

حنيدر


El coquí martillito (Eleutherodactylus locustus) es una especie de rana nativa de Puerto Rico perteneciente a la familia Eleutherodactylidae. Se encuentra amenazada por la pérdida de su hábitat natural.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

locustus
Anfibios de Puerto Rico
Fauna endémica de Puerto Rico
Animales descritos en 1920

Eleutherodactylus locustus


Danişment, Çorum ilinin Osmancık ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Danişmend olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 69 km, Osmancık ilçe merkezine 16 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Osmancık belde ve köyleri

Danişment, Osmancık


XVI. Ljetne paraolimpijske igre višešportsko su natjecanje koje se održava u Tokiju od 24. kolovoza do 5. rujna 2021. Prvotno su Igre trebale biti održane od 21. kolovoza do 6. rujna 2020., no otkazane su zbog javnozdravstvenih razloga. Unatoč jednogodišnjem kašnjenju, u službenom je nazivu Igara zadržana 2020. godina. Na Igrama su paraolimpijskim športovima priključeni badminton i taekwondo.

Ukupno se na Igrama natječe više od 4400 športaša u 22 športa iz 162 države, članice Međunarodnog paraolimpijskog odbora.

Ovim domaćinstvom Tokio je postao prvi grad koji je dvaput ugostio Paraolimpijske igre, nakon domaćinstva 1964. Igre ulaze u povijest kao prve Paraolimpijske igre bez gledateljstva na svečanostima otvaranja i zatvaranja te na samim natjecanjima.

Igre je, na Nacionalnom stadionu u Tokiju, službeno otvorio car Naruhito. Svečani mimohod športaša otvorili su sirijska atletičarka Alia Issa i afganistanski plivač Abbas Karimi. Hrvatsku zastavu ponijela je altetičarka Mikela Ristoski.

Paraolimpijske igre
Tokio
Međunarodna višešportska natjecanja u Japanu

XVI. Ljetne paraolimpijske igre – Tokio 2020.


Edna Ann Proulx ( ; born August 22, 1935) is an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. She has written most frequently as Annie Proulx but has also used the names E. Annie Proulx and E.A. Proulx.

She won the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction for her first novel, Postcards. Her second novel, The Shipping News (1993), won both the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction and was adapted as a 2001 film of the same name. Her short story "Brokeback Mountain" was adapted as an Academy Award, BAFTA and Golden Globe Award-winning motion picture released in 2005.

Personal life
Proulx was born Edna Ann Proulx in Norwich, Connecticut, to Lois Nellie ( Gill) and Georges-Napoléon Proulx. Her first name honored one of her mother's aunts. She is of English and French-Canadian ancestry. Her maternal forebears came to America in 1635, 15 years after the Mayflower arrived.

She graduated from Deering High School in Portland, Maine, then attended Colby College "for a short period in the 1950s", where she met her first husband, H. Ridgely Bullock, Jr. She later returned to college, studying at the University of Vermont from 1966 to 1969, and graduated cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa with a B.A. in history in 1969. She earned her M.A. from Sir George Williams University (now Concordia University) in Montreal, Quebec in 1973 and pursued, but did not complete, a Ph.D. In 1999, Concordia awarded her an honorary doctorate.

Proulx lived for more than 30 years in Vermont, has married and divorced three times, and has three sons and a daughter (Jonathan, Gillis, Morgan, and Sylvia). In 1994, she moved to Saratoga, Wyoming, spending part of the year in northern Newfoundland on a small cove adjacent to L'Anse aux Meadows. As of 2019, Proulx lived in Port Townsend, Washington.

Writing career and recognition
Starting as a journalist, her first published work of fiction is "The Customs Lounge", a science fiction story published in the September 1963 issue of If, under the byline "E.A. Proulx".

A year later, her science fiction story "All the Pretty Little Horses" appeared in the teen magazine Seventeen in June 1964. She subsequently published stories in Esquire magazine and Gray's Sporting Journal in the late 1970s, eventually publishing her first collection in 1988 and her first novel in 1992. She was awarded a NEA fellowship in 1992 and a Guggenheim fellowship in 1993.

She had the following comment on her celebrity status:

In 1997, Proulx was awarded the Dos Passos Prize, a mid-career award for American writers. Proulx has twice won the O. Henry Prize for the year's best short story. In 1998, she won for "Brokeback Mountain", which had appeared in The New Yorker on October 13, 1997. Proulx won again the following year for "The Mud Below", which appeared in The New Yorker June 22 and 29, 1999. Both appear in her 1999 collection of short stories, Close Range: Wyoming Stories. The lead story in this collection, entitled "The Half-Skinned Steer", was selected by author Garrison Keillor for inclusion in The Best American Short Stories 1998, (Proulx herself edited the 1997 edition of this series) and later by novelist John Updike for inclusion in The Best American Short Stories of the Century (1999).

In 2007, the composer Charles Wuorinen approached Proulx with the idea of turning her short story "Brokeback Mountain" into an opera. The opera of the same name with a libretto by Proulx herself premiered January 28, 2014, at the Teatro Real in Madrid. It was praised as an often brilliant adaptation that clearly conveyed the text of the libretto with music that is rich in imagination and variety. In 2017, she received the Fitzgerald Award for that year for Achievement in American Literature.

Bibliography

Nonfiction

 Plan and Make Your Own Fences & Gates, Walkways, Walls & Drives (1983),
The Fine Art of Salad Gardening. 1985.
 The Gourmet Gardener: Growing Choice Fruits and Vegetables with Spectacular Results (1987),

 Bird Cloud: A Memoir (2011),
Foreword (2018) In: Wild Migrations: Atlas of Wyoming's Ungulates. Alethea Y. Steingisser, Emilene Ostlind, Hall Sawyer, James E. Meacham, Matthew J. Kauffman, and William J. Rudd (Eds.).
Fen, Bog & Swamp: A Short History of Peatland Destruction and Its Role in the Climate Crisis (2022)

Essay
 Swamps Can Protect Against Climate Change, If We Only Let Them. In: The New Yorker, June 27, 2022 (July 4, 2022).

Novels
 Postcards (1992),
 The Shipping News (1993),
 Accordion Crimes (1996),
 That Old Ace in the Hole (2002),
 Barkskins (2016),

Short fiction

Collections
 Heart Songs and Other Stories (1988), ; republished with altered but similar content as trade paperback Heart Songs (1994)
 Close Range: Wyoming Stories (1999),
 Bad Dirt: Wyoming Stories 2 (2004),
 Fine Just the Way It Is: Wyoming Stories 3 (2008),

Stories

Awards and recognition
 1993—PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction (Postcards)
 1993—Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize for Fiction The Shipping News
 1993—Irish Times International Fiction Prize The Shipping News
 1993—National Book Award, Fiction The Shipping News
 1994—Pulitzer Prize, Fiction The Shipping News
 1997—Shortlisted for the 1997 Orange Prize (Accordion Crimes)
 1997—John Dos Passos Prize for Literature (for body of work)
 1998—"Half-Skinned Steer", The Best American Short Stories 1998
 1998—"Brokeback Mountain", O. Henry Awards O. Henry Awards: Prize Stories 1998
 1998—"Brokeback Mountain", National Magazine Award
 1999—"The Mud Below," O. Henry Awards: Prize Stories 1999
 1999—"The Bunchgrass Edge of the World," The Best American Short Stories 1999
 1999—"Half-Skinned Steer", The Best American Short Stories of the Century, edited by John Updike
 2000—The New Yorker Book Award, Best Fiction 1999 (Close Range: Wyoming Stories)
 2000—English-Speaking Union's Ambassador Book Award (Close Range: Wyoming Stories)
 2000—"People in Hell Just Want a Drink of Water," The Best American Short Stories 2000
 2000—Borders Original Voices Award in Fiction (Close Range, Wyoming Stories)
 2000—WILLA Literary Award, Women Writing the West
 2002—Best Foreign Language Novels of 2002 / Best American Novel Award, Chinese Publishing Association and Peoples' Literature Publishing House (That Old Ace in the Hole)
 2004—Aga Khan Prize for Fiction for "The Wamsutter Wolf"
 2012—United States Artists Fellow award
 2017—National Book Foundation Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters (lifetime achievement)
 2018—Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction

Adaptations
 The Shipping News (2001) was directed by Lasse Hallström and featured Kevin Spacey as the protagonist Quoyle, Judi Dench as Agnis Hamm and Julianne Moore as Wavey Prowse.
 Brokeback Mountain (2005), directed by Ang Lee and starring Heath Ledger and Jake Gyllenhaal, was based on a story of the same name in Proulx's collection of short stories, Close Range.
 Barkskins, a National Geographic television series based on Proulx's 2016 novel, premiered on May 25, 2020.

References

Further reading
 "Annie Proulx." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2011.
 Hennessy, Denis M. "Annie Proulx." American Short-Story Writers Since World War II: Fifth Series. Ed. Richard E. Lee and Patrick Meanor. Detroit: Gale, 2007. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 335.

External links

Books That Changed My Life PEN World Voices at the New York Public Library May 4, 2008
An Interview with Annie Proulx , Bookslut, December 2005.
 Interview with Annie Proulx in the Fall 2005 Wyoming Library Roundup (PDF 3.69 MB)

1935 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
American women novelists
Postmodern writers
National Book Award winners
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winners
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction winners
American people of English descent
American people of French-Canadian descent
Writers from Portland, Maine
Novelists from Connecticut
Novelists from Vermont
Writers from Wyoming
Colby College alumni
Sir George Williams University alumni
University of Vermont alumni
Concordia University alumni
The New Yorker people
Novelists from Maine
People from Saratoga, Wyoming
Deering High School alumni

Annie Proulx


Halil, puhačko glazbalo, starinsko glazbalo, vrsta frule, slična flauti i oboi. Vrlo prastaro glazbalo koje je Egipćanima bilo poznato još oko 3000. godine pr. Kr. Spominje se u Bibliji. (1 Samuel 10:5; 1 Kraljeva 1:40; Izaija 5:12; Jeremija 48:36)

Izvori

Puhačka glazbala

Halil (glazbalo)


Čajničko evanđelje  ili Čajničko četveroevanđelje je četveroevanđelje iz 15. stoljeća. Pisano je ćirilicom na pergamentu. Po mjestu nalaza Čajniču nazvano je čajničkim.
Pripadao je vlasteoskoj obitelji Rađenovićima, sudeći po zapisima na margini rukopisa. Ukupno gledano jezik je bosanska redakcija starocrkvenoslavenskog jezika.

Dokument osim ćirilićnih sadrži glagoljična slova. Azbučni red s tumačenjima pokazuje da u onodobnoj Bosni glagoljica nije više bila uobičajeno pismo. Uz to i druga evanđelja pokazuje se da su u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni popovi glagoljaši koji su njegovali liturgiju na narodnom jeziku i da su u glagoljaši u Bosni postojali već u 13. stoljeću te da je Katolička crkva u Bosni prisutna i prije franjevaca te da su oni u posvemašnjoj nestašici klera potporu tražili i nalazili u svećenicima glagoljašima. Čajničko je evanđelje jedino povijesno evanđelje iz Bosne koje je do danas sačuvano u Bosni i Hercegovini.
Povjerenstvo za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika BiH proglasilo ga je krajem travnja 2013. za nacionalni spomenik BiH - pokretno dobro. Čuva se u Muzeju Crkve Uspenja Bogorodice i Crkve Vaznesenja Hristovog u Čajniču.
Glagoljica iz evanđelja ne odgovara onodobnoj hrvatskoj, nego odgovara starijem stanju hrvatske glagoljice. Nedostaje početni i krajnji dio teksta. Primjer je degeneriranoga pisma, glagoljice koja se u 13. stoljeću vjerojatno upotrebljavali u Bosni. Nakon 13. stoljeća razvoj glagoljice u Bosni bio je zaustavljen i neki smatraju da je takva glagoljica služila kao tajnopis.

Izvori

Rimokatolička Crkva u Bosni i Hercegovini
Glagoljski zapisi
Nacionalni spomenici Bosne i Hercegovine
Čajniče

Čajničko evanđelje


Olaylar
 25 Ocak - Portekizli kâşif Vasco da Gama, güneydoğu Afrika'da bulunan Quelimane ve Mozambik'i ziyaret etti.
 Leonardo da Vinci, Duke Lodovico Sforza'nın isteği üzerine yaptığı Son Akşam Yemeği adlı eserini tamamladı.

Doğumlar
 5 Nisan - Giovanni dalle Bande Nere, ya da Lodovico de Medici, İtalyan condottieri (ö. 1526)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Hieronymus Bock, Alman botanikçi, fizikçi ve ayrıca Protestan rahip (ö. 1554)
 Seydi Ali Reis, Türk amirali, ayrıca coğrafya, matematik ve astronomi bilgini, divan şairi (ö. 1562)

Ölümler
 7 Nisan - VIII. Charles, Fransa Kralı (d. 1470)
 16 Eylül - Tomás de Torquemada, İspanya kralı V. Ferdinand döneminde görev yapan İspanyol engizisyonu lideri (d. 1420)
 24 Eylül - Cristoforo Landino, İtalyan hümanist ve Floransa Rönesansı'nın en önemli ismi (d. 1424)
 20 Ekim - Koca Davud Paşa, Osmanlı Sadrazamı
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 III. Muhammed, Mısır Memlûk Sultanı (d. 1470)
 Çiçek Hatun, Fatih Sultan Mehmed'in eşi, Cem Sultan'ın annesi (d. 1443)
 Domenico Rosselli, İtalyan heykeltıraş (d. 1439)

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