ප්‍රධාන බුද්ධ ප‍්‍රතිමා වර්ග
ප‍්‍රධාන ලෙස කොටස් තුනකි

හිටි පිළිම
ප‍්‍රධාන ලෙස කොටස් තුනකි.බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ මහා කරුණාව හා නුවණ වැනි දේ පිළිබිඹු කරයි.

සම භංග

කිසිම දිශාවකට නොනැමී, ශරීරය ඍජුව තබා සිටී.

උදා:-
       *අවුකන
       *මාළිගාවිල
       *තිස්සමහාරාමය
       *මාගම සඳගිරි සෑය
       *යටාල දළදා වෙහෙර පිළිම
       *රැවන්වැලිසෑය සතර බුදු රූ
       *වල්ලිපුරම්
       *කුඹුක්ගැටේ ලෝකඩ
       *කුරුණෑගල ලෝකඩ
       *මැදවච්චිය ලෝකඩ
       *වෙහෙරගල රන් ආලේපිත

ආභංග ක‍්‍රමය
ඉණෙන් එක් පැත්තකට නැමී ඇත

උදා:-
රැස්වෙහෙර පිළිමය

ත‍්‍රි භංග ක‍්‍රමය

දණහිස, ඉන, බෙල්ල, යන ස්ථාන තුනෙන් නැමීීඇත

උදා:-
පොළොන්නරුව තිවංක පිළිමගේ පිළිමය

හිදි පිළිම

වාඩිවී සිටින ඉරියව්ව නොහොත් සමාධි ගත වී සිටින ඉරියව්ව මෙයට අයත් වේ.

උදා:- තොළුවිල බුද්ධ ප්‍රතිමාව

සැතපෙන පිළිමය

සැතපෙන ඉරියව්වෙන් සිටිනා පිළිම මෙයට අදාළ වේ.

උදා:- පොලොන්නරුව ගල් විහාර පිළිමය.

බුදු පිළිමයේ මුද්‍රා

මුද්‍රා වලින් සිදුවන්නේ යම්කිසි අදහසක් ලබා දීමයි.මේ එවැනි මුද්‍රා කිහිපයකි.

අභය මුද්‍රාව

මෙම මුද්‍රාව හිටි පිළිම වල දැකීමට හැකිය. මෙහි ඉරියව්ව ලෙස දකුණු අත්ල බැතිමතා දෙසට විවෘතව තිබීම දැකිය
හැකිය මෙයින් අදහස් කෙරෙනුයේ සියලූ දෙනා හට බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ ආරක්ෂාව පිහිට ලැබෙන බවය

උදා :- අවුකන බුදු පිළිමය රුස්වෙහෙර බුදු පිළිමය

විතරක මුද්‍රාව

ලංකාවේ බුදු පිළිම වල බොහෝසේ දක්නට ඇත. විතර්ක මුද්‍රාව, කටක මුද්‍රාව, ව්‍යාඛ්‍යාත මුද්‍රාව, ඥාන මුද්‍රාව,
සන්දර්ශන මුද්‍රාව, හැවින් මුද්‍රාව යන නම් වලින් ද හැදින්වේ. මෙහි ඉරියව්ව ලෙස අත්ල පසු පස පදෙසට ප‍්‍රමාණ
වන පරිදි දකුණු අත උඩට නමා දබර ඇගිල්ල මා පටගිල්ල උඩට කවයක් ඇතිවන ආකාරයෙන් තබා සිටීම මෙහි
ලක්ෂණ වේ. මෙයින් කිසියම් ධර්ම ගැටලූවක් විසදන ආකාරය කියවේ.

උදා :- පත් කුලිය පිළිමය

ධර්ම චක‍්‍ර මුද්‍රාව

මෙය බෙහෙවින් ජනප‍්‍රිය මුද්‍රාවකි. මෙහි ඉරියව්ව ලෙස දකුණු අත්ල පිටතට හරවා පපුවේ මට්ටමට තබා ගෙන එහි දබර
ඇගිල්ලේ හා මාපටගිල්ලේ තුඩු දෙක කවයක් සෑදෙන සේ එකට තබා ඇතුලට හැරවුණු වම් අතේ ඇගිල්ලක් ස්පර්ශ කරන
අයුරින් තබා සිටීම මෙහි ක‍්‍රමයයි. මෙයින් අර්ථ ගැන්වෙන්නේ බුදුන් වහන්සේ ප‍්‍රථම ධර්ම දේශනය පැවැත්වූ අයුරුයි.

උදා :- රංගිරි දබුළු පිළිමය

ධ්‍යාන මුද්‍රාව

ලාංකික බුදු පිළිමවල බහුලව හමුවන මුද්‍රාවකි. මෙය හිදි පිළිම වල පමණක් දක්නට ලැබේ. මෙහි ඉරියව් ලෙස වීරාසන හෝ
පද්මාසන ශෛලියෙන් හිද උඩ අතට විවෘත කළ වම් අත්ල උඩ දකුණු අත්ල පිහිටා සිටීම ධාන්‍ය මුද්‍රාව වශයෙන් හැදින්වේ.
මෙයින් අධ්‍යාමික ලක්ෂණ පෙන්වයි. ශාන්ත බව සන්සුන් ඉදුරන් ඇති බව හා දමනය කොටගත් අධ්‍යාත්මික ලක්ෂණ
පිළිඹිබු වේ.

උදා :- අනුරාධපුර සමාධි බුද්ධ ප‍්‍රතිමාව, තොළුවිල බුද්ධ ප‍්‍රතිමාව.

භූමි ස්පර්ශ මුද්‍රාව
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මෙය ලාංකික බුදු පිළිම වල දැකීමට නොහැකිය. භාරතීය පිළිම කලාවේ දක්නට ලැබේ. මෙහි ඉරියව්ව ලෙස දකුණු අත දකුණු
දණහිස උඩින් අත්ල ඇතුලට සිටින ආකාරයෙන් සියලූ ඇගිලි දිගහැර පහතට යොමුව තිබීම දැකිය හැකිය. ඉන්
අර්ථගැන්වෙන්නේ මාර පරාඡය කොට බුද්ධත්වය ලබනා විට මාර සේනාව හමුවේ සියලූ දෙනා ඉවත්ව ගියද ඉතිරිව සිටි
මිහිකතට කෘතගුණ සැලකීම මෙයින් අදහස්වේ.

උදා :- බොරෝ බුදුර් - ඉන්දුනීසියාව

වරද මුද්‍රාව

ලාංකීය බුදු පිළිම තුළින් සාක්ෂි හමු නොවේ. මෙහි ඉරියව් ලෙස දකුණු අත පහත් කොට ඉදිරියට දිගහැර අත්ල උඩු අතට
හරවා ඇගිලි දිග හැර තිබීම මෙහි ලක්ෂණය වේ. කිසියම් වරයක් ඉල්ලීම මෙයින් අදහස් වේ.

උදා :- සාරානාත් කෞතුකාගාරයේ තබා ඇති සාරානාත් බුද්ධ ප‍්‍රතිමාව.
අජන්තා ගල්ලෙන් පිළිම
නේපාලයේ සවයම් භූතාන්ති ප‍්‍රතිමාව

පරදුක්ඛදුක්ඛිත මුද්‍රාව

දෑත් පපුව මත තිබෙන මෙම මුද්‍රාව එතරම් සුලභ නොවේ .මහා කරුණා මුද්‍රාව යනුද මෙයට නමකි .පොලොන්නරු යුගයේ ගල් විහාරයෙන් ද ,තිස්සමහාරාමයේ යටාල චෛත්‍ය අසලින් ද මෙම මුද්‍රාව සහිත සෙල් පිළිම හමුවී ඇත .පොළොන්නරු යුගයේ ගල්විහාරයේ පර දුක්ඛ දුක්ඛිත මුද්‍රාපිත බුද්ධ ප්‍රතිමා වහන්සේගෙන් පසුව එම මුද්‍රාවෙන්  නිර්මිත ලක්දිව දෙවෙනියට උසම බුද්ධ ප්‍රතිමා වහන්සේ වර්තමානයේ දක්ෂිණ ලංකාවේ ගාලු දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ ඇල්පිටිය පුරවරයේ සිට කහදූව මාර්ගයේ කිලෝමීටර 4 1/2 ගිය තැන පිටුවල මංසන්ධියේ අභිමුඛව ඇති පිටුවල පුරාණ විහාරස්ථානයේ   දැකගත හැකිය .2020 වර්ෂයේදී අඩි 15 ක් උසැති තනි කළු ගලින් නිර්මිත  පරදුක්ඛ දුක්ඛිත මුද්‍රා නිරූපිත බුද්ධ ප්‍රතිමා වහන්සේ නිරාවරණ පුණ්‍ය මහෝත්සවය සිදු කරන ලදී .

මහනුවර සිරිමල්වත්ත ශ්‍රී බෝධිගල පුරාණ විහාරස්ථානයේ සමාධි පිළිම වහන්සේගේ දහරමන්ඩිය ඇතුලත නිර්මාණය කරන ස්වර්ණාලේපිත ශ්‍රී සම්බුද්ධ සුගන්ධ කුටියේ  කටක මුද්‍රාව භූමි ස්පර්ශ මුද්‍රාව අභය මුද්‍රාව නඛසිකා මුද්‍රාව ධම්ම චක්‍ර මුද්‍රාව ලෝකවිදු මුද්‍රාව ආශිර්වාද මුද්‍රාව විතර්ක මුද්‍රාව භේසජ්ජ මුද්‍රාව පරදුක්ඛ දුක්ඛිත මුද්‍රාව සහිත පිළිම වහන්සේ නිර්මාණය කර ඇත 2021.05.14 දින විවෘත කර ඇත

බුද්ධ ප‍්‍රතිමාවේ ආසන

මෙයින් අදහස් වන්නේ බුදු පිළිමයේ දෙපා තබා තිබෙන ආකාරයයි.

පද්මාසන

පද්මාසනයක් ආකාරයට ඉදගැනීම මෙයින් අදහස් වේ. මෙහි ඉරියව් ලෙස දනහිස් නමා පතුල් උඩු අතට හැරුනු
පරිදි දකුණු පාදය වම් කලවයට උඩින් ද වම් පාදය දකුණු කලවයට උඩින් ද සිටින ආකාරයෙන් හිදීම 	පද්මාසනයයි.

උදා :- 	මධුරා පුරා විද්‍යා කෞතුකාගාරයේ අභය මුද්‍රා බුදු පිළිමය.
බරණැස කෞතුකාගාරයේ ධර්ම චක‍්‍ර මුද්‍රාව
ටිබෙටය බුරුමය තායි සියම් පිළිම වල දක්නට ඇත.

වීරාසන

වම් පාදය දකුණු පාදය යටින් හා දකුණු වම් පාදය උඩින් සිටින අයුරින් තබා හිද ගැනීම වීරාසනයයි.

උදා :- පොලොන්නරුව ගල් විහාර හිදි පිළිමය.

භද්‍රාසන

තරමක් උසට තනන ලද විශේෂ ආසනයක් මත හිද කලවා දෙපසට විහිදුවා ආසනයෙන් පහතට වැටෙන පා දෙක පීඨයක මත
සිටිනා අයුරින් දැක්වෙන්නේ භද්‍රාසනයයි.

උදා :- අජන්තා චෛත්‍ය ගෘහයේ දක්නට ඇති ප‍්‍රතිමාව.
බොම්බායේ ප‍්‍රින්ස් ඔෆ් වේල්ස් කෞතුකාගාරය.
අම්බලන්තොට රිදියගම විහාරය.

වඡ්‍රාසනය

දනහිස නවා දෙපතුල් උඩු අතට දෙකලවා මත තබා ඒ මත දෙපතුල් තබා සිටීම වජ්‍රාසනයයි
.
උදා :- ටිබෙට්, චීන හා ජපන්  බුදු පිළිම.

සිවුර පොරවන ආකාරය

ඒකාංශ

වම් උරහිසට වඩා දකුණු උරහිස විවෘතව සිවුර පෙරවීම ඒකාංශ ක‍්‍රමය වේ. ලාංකීය බුදු පිළිමයන්හි බහුලව ඡනප‍්‍රිය ක‍්‍රමයකි.
මෙය භාරතයේ  එතරම් දැකීමට නොහැකිය.

උදා :- අනුරාධපුර සමාධි ප‍්‍රතිමාව, අවුකන බුද්ධ ප‍්‍රතිමාව.

උභයාංග ක‍්‍රමය

දෙවුරම වැසෙනසේ සිවුර පෙරවීම මෙයට අයත් වේ.

උෂ්ණීශය

බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ ශීර්ෂය මැද කෙස්වැටියක් ලෙස දක්වා තිබෙන කොටස උෂ්ණීෂයයි. මෙය බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ මහා පුරුෂ
ලක්ෂණ ඉස්මතුකොට දැක්වීමකි

උදා :- ගන්ධාරා,  මධුරා

සිරස්පත

බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ හිස් මුදුනෙහි ගිනි දැල්ලක් හෝ කේතුවක් දැක්වීම සිරස් පත වේ. මෙයින් හිස් මුදුනෙන් බුද්ධ රශ්මිය
විහිදෙන අයුරු කියාපායි.

උදා :- අවුකන බුද්ධ ප‍්‍රතිමාව

උර්ණ රෝමය

බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ දෙබැම ලඟ තිබෙන ලක්ෂණයකි. එය ඌර්ණව දකුණට කරකැවුණු දීර්ඝ වූ මෘදු මොලොක් රෝමයකි.
මෙය මහා පුරුෂ ලක්ෂණ වලින් එකකි.

උදා :- බෝරෝ බුදුන්ගේ බුද්ධ ප‍්‍රතිමාව - ඉන්දුනීසියාව

හිසකෙස් දැක්වීම.

බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ හිසකෙස් හැමවිටම කරකැවී තිබෙන්නේ අක් බඹරු ලෙසය. එකිනෙකට ඇලී ඇත.

ප‍්‍රභා මණ්ඩලය

බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ ශීර්ෂය වටා තිබෙන වෘත්තාකාර රුස් වලල්ලකි. බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ ඇති මානුෂීය බලය දැක්වීමට ගත්
උත්සාහයකි. අනුරාධපුර මුල් යුගයේ පිළිම වල දක්නට නොමැත. නුවර යුගයේ දී අතිශයින් ඡනප‍්‍රිය වේ.

පද්ම පීඨය

පිපිනු නෙලූම් මලක ස්වරූපය ගත් ආසන වල බුද්ධ ප‍්‍රතිමාව නිර්මාණය කිරීම පද්ම පීඨය ලෙස හැදින්වේ.

සබැදි පිටු
ශ්‍රී ලංකා‍වේ බුදු පිළිම
ලෝකඩ බුදු පිළිම සෑදීම
අවුකන බුදු පිළිමය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉපැරණි කලා ශිල්ප
සමාධි බුදු පිළිමය
පොළොන්නරු යුගයේ බුද්ධ ප්‍රතිමා

කියවීම සදහා පොත්
බුදු පිළිමය මුද්‍ර සහ ආසන- බෙල්ලන විමල රතන හිමි*
ලක්දිව බුදු පිළිමය- කඹුරුපි‍ටියේ වනරතන නාහිමි
ප්‍රතිමා ප්‍රමාණ මූලධර්ම- චන්ද්‍ර වික්‍රමගමගේ
බුදු පිළිම- චාල්ස් ගොඩකුඹුර*

බුදු පිළිම

බුද්ධ ප‍්‍රතිමා ශෛලීන්


ශ්‍රීනිවාසරාඝවන් වෙන්කටරාඝවන් ( (අනුචාරාත්මක ලෙසින් වෙන්කට්, උපත 21 අප්‍රේල් 1945) යනු, හිටපු  ඉන්දියානු ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෙකි.  ඉන්දියානු ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම සඳහා ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩා කල ඔහු, පසුව   විශිෂ්ට ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිල ටෙස්ට් මණ්ඩලයේ  ක්‍රීඩා විනිසුරුවෙකු බවට පත්විය.  ඉන්දියානු ක්‍රීඩකයන් අතුරින් දිගුතම ටෙස්ට් අභිවෘත්තිය වෙක හිමිකම් කියන්නේ ඔහුය.  1973 සිට 1975 දක්වා, ඔහු ඩාබිෂයර් සඳහා එංගලන්ත ප්‍රාන්ත ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩාවෙහි යෙදුනේය.

ආශ්‍රිත

1945 උපත්
ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ

ශ්‍රීනිවාසරාඝවන් වෙන්කටරාඝවන්


Aceasta este o listă de geografi greco-romani:
Grecia clasică pre-elenstică

Homer
Anaximandru
Hecataeus din Miletus
Massaliote Periplus (?)
Scylax de Carianda (secolul al VI-lea î.Hr.)
Herodotus

Perioada elenistică
Pytheas (decedat cca. 310 î.Hr.)
Periplus de Pseudo-Scylax (secolul al IV sau secolul al III-lea î.Hr.)
Megasthenes (decedat cca. 290 î.Hr.)
Autolycos din Pitana (decedat cca. 290 î.Hr.)
Dicaearchus (decedat cca. 285 î.Hr.)
Deimakos (3rd century î.Hr.)
Eratosthenes (cca. 276-194 î.Hr.)
Scymnus (fl. 180s î.Hr.)
Hipparchus (cca. 190-120 î.Hr.)
Agatharchides (secolul al II-lea î.Hr.)
Posidonius (cca. 135-51 î.Hr.)
Pseudo-Scymnus (cca. 90 î.Hr.)
Diodorus Siculus (cca. 90-30 î.Hr.)
Alexander Polyhistor (secolul I î.Hr.)

Perioada Imperiului Roman

Periplus Maris Erythraei
Strabo (64 î.Hr. - 24 AD)
Pomponius Mela (cca. anii 40 AD)
Isidore of Charax (secolul I AD)
Mucianus (secolul I AD)
Plinius cel Bătrân (23-79 AD), Istorie Naturală
Marinus of Tyre (c. 70-130)
Ptolemeu (90-168), Geografia
Pausanias (secolul al II-lea)
Agathedaemon of Alexandria (secolul al II-lea)
Dionysius Byzantinus (secolul al II-lea)
Agathemerus (secolul al III-lea)
Tabula Peutingeriana (secolul al IV-lea)
Alypius din Antioch (secolul al IV-lea)
Marcianus din Heraclea (secolul al IV-lea)
Julius Honorius (foarte nesigur: secolul IV, V sau VI)

Imperiul Bizantin
Hierocles (autor al Synecdemus) (secolul al VI-lea)
Cosmas Indicopleustes (secolul al VI-lea)
Stephanus Byzantinus (secolul al VI-lea)

Note

Vezi și
Istoria geografiei
 Listă de persoane din Antichitatea greacă

Legături externe
 Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Muller:
 Geographi graeci minores, Carolus Muellerus (ed.), 2 voll., Parisiis, editoribus Firmin-Didot et sociis, 1855-61: vol. 1 (1882 reprint), vol. 2, tabulae.
 Gottfried Bernhardy:
 Geographi graeci minores, Godofredi Bernhardy (ed.), Lipsiae in libraria Weidmannia, 1828: vol. 1.

Geografi
 Listă
Lumea greco-romană
Liste de geografi
Geografi antici
Istorie geografică
Geografie clasică
Geografi ai Greciei anticeGeografi din Roma antică

Listă de geografi greco-romani


Bülent Arınç (d. 25 Mayıs 1948, Bursa), Türk siyasetçi ve avukat. Eski Cumhurbaşkanı Vekili, 22. TBMM Başkanı ve Başbakan Yardımcısı.

2002-2007 yılları arasında 22. dönemde Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi başkanlığı görevini yürüttü. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Başkanlığı döneminde Cumhurbaşkanlığı'na vekâlet etti. 2009-2015 yılları arasında; 61. ve 62. hükûmetlerde başbakan yardımcısı olarak yer aldı. 2019 yılından beri üyesi olduğu Cumhurbaşkanlığı Yüksek İstişare Kurulundan 24 Kasım 2020 tarihinde istifa etmiştir.

İlk defa 24 Aralık genel seçimlerinde Refah Partisi Manisa milletvekili olarak meclise girdi ve aralıksız olarak 19,5 yıl boyunca milletvekili olarak görev yaptı. AK Parti'nin kurucularındandır.

İlk yılları ve eğitimi
Aslen Büyüksümbüller, Manisalı olan Arınç, 25 Mayıs 1948 tarihinde Jandarma Astsubayı İbrahim Arınç ile Sevdiye Arınç'ın (1919-2003) dördüncü çocuğu olarak, babasının görev yaptığı Bursa'nın Demirtaş beldesinde doğdu. 12 yaşındayken babasını kaybetti. Çocukluğu babasının görevi nedeniyle Van, Silopi, Beytüşşebap gibi yerlerde de geçti. İlkokula Ayvalık'ta başladı Elazığ'da devam etti. Daha sonra ailesinin memleketleri Manisa'ya dönmesi ile ilk orta ve lise eğitimini Manisa'da tamamlamasının ardından 1970 yılında Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'nden mezun oldu ve uzun süre Manisa'da serbest avukatlık yaptı.

Siyasi kariyeri

Erken siyasi kariyeri
Gençlik yıllarından itibaren siyasete ilgi duydu. Genel başkanlık görevini Necmettin Erbakan'ın üstlendiği, sağ görüşlü Millî Selamet Partisi'nde (MSP) 1974-1981 yılları arasında Manisa Gençlik Kolları Başkanlığı ve Manisa İl Başkanlığı görevlerinde bulundu. 13 Ekim 1985'te Refah Partisi'nin İzmir'de düzenlediği Refah Gecesi'nde yapılan konuşmalar nedeniyle daha sonra Devlet Güvenlik Mahkemesi'nde, aralarında RP Merkez Karar ve Yönetim Kurulu Üyesi Bülent Arınç'ın da bulunduğu partililer hakkında dava açıldı. Arınç yargılama sonunda iki yıl hapis cezasına çarptırıldı, ancak cezası Yargıtay tarafından iptal edildi.

Milletvekilliği
1991 Türkiye genel seçimlerinde Refah Partisi Manisa milletvekili adayı oldu fakat seçilemedi. 1994 Türkiye yerel seçimlerinde Refah Partisi'nden Belediye Başkan adayı oldu fakat seçimde başarısız oldu.

1995 Türkiye genel seçimlerinde tekrar Refah Partisi Manisa milletvekili adayı oldu ve seçimi kazanarak ilk defa TBMM'ye girdi. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Adalet Komisyonu ve Türkiye-AB Karma Parlamento Komisyonu'nda çalıştı. Yurt içi ve yurt dışı resmî toplantı ve sempozyumlara katıldı. 1999 Türkiye genel seçimlerinde Refah Partisi'nin kapatılmasından sonra kurulan Fazilet Partisi milletvekili olarak tekrar meclise girdi ve Fazilet Partisi Grup Başkan Vekilliği görevini icra etti.

TBMM Başkanlığı (2002-2007)
Bülent Arınç, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisinin (AK Parti) kurucuları arasında yer aldı ve 2002 Türkiye genel seçimlerinde AK Parti Manisa milletvekili olarak meclise girdi. Kasım 2002'de yapılan TBMM Başkanlığı seçiminde AK Parti'nin Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Başkan adayı oldu; birinci turda 369 oy alarak TBMM'nin 22. Başkanı seçildi. 8 Ekim 2004 tarihinde yapılan TBMM Başkanlığı seçiminde aynı göreve yeniden seçildi ve görevini 22 Temmuz 2007 tarihine kadar sürdürdü.

Başbakan yardımcılığı (2009-2015)
Arınç, 2007 Türkiye genel seçimlerinde tekrar AK Parti Manisa milletvekili olarak meclise girdi. 1 Mayıs 2009 tarihinde yapılan kabine revizyonunda Türkiye başbakan yardımcılığı makamında bulunan Hayati Yazıcı yerine Arınç getirildi. Hükûmet sözcülüğü görevini de üstlenen Arınç, 2011 Türkiye genel seçimlerinde AK Parti Bursa milletvekili olarak meclise girdi. AK Parti'nin seçim zaferi sonrası Recep Tayyip Erdoğan tarafından kurulan 61. Türkiye Hükûmeti'nde Başbakan Yardımcılığı görevini sürdürdü. Erdoğan'ın 2014 Türkiye cumhurbaşkanlığı seçiminde cumhurbaşkanı seçilmesinin ardından Ahmet Davutoğlu tarafından kurulan 62. Türkiye Hükûmeti'nde de görevine devam etti.

2 Ocak 2014 tarihinde KIRSİAD isimli derneğin açılış töreninde 2015 yılının ilk çeyreğinde yapılması planlanan genel seçimleri işaret ederek "Refah'tan bu yana da beş dönemdir parlamentoda milletvekiliyim. Kaldı şurada altı ayımız. Allah hayırlı, uzun ömür verirse altı ay sonra gençlere yerimizi terk edeceğiz. 'Bize bu kadar yeter kardeşim, biraz da kendimize gelelim, işimize bakalım, biraz dinlenelim, siyasete dışarıdan katkı sağlayabilirsek sağlayalım' diyeceğiz." diyerek siyasete devam etmeyeceğini açıklamış olsa da siyasi kariyeri devam etti.

Suikast iddiası ve kozmik oda araması (2009)
19 Aralık 2009'da Bülent Arınç'ın Ankara'daki evinin yakınlarında iki kişi, Bülent Arınç'a suikast yapılacağına dair bir telefon ihbarı alındığı iddiası ile TEM polisleri tarafından gözaltına alındı. Daha sonra Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri personeli olduğu anlaşılan kişilerin sorguları sürecinde Ankara'daki Özel Harp Dairesi'ne bağlı Seferberlik Tetkik Kurulu Ankara Bölge Başkanlığında arama yapıldı. Yakalanan subayların aslında bir casusluk faaliyetini deşifre etmek için görevde olduğu anlaşılmasına rağmen soruşturmaya devam edildi. Seferberlik Tetkik Kurulu'nda bulunan 11 ve 16 numaralı kozmik odalarda aramalar "devlet sırrı" gerekçesiyle hâkim Kadir Kayan tarafından yapıldı. Soruşturmanın başında dönemin Genelkurmay Başkanı İlker Başbuğ da dahil olmak üzere üst düzey askerler, devlet sırlarının gizliliğini ihlal edebileceği gerekçesi ile bu odaların aranmasına karşı çıksa da dönemin başbakanı Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, bizzat Başbuğ'dan odaların aratılmasını rica etmiştir. Bu arada, Arınç'ın evinin etrafında yakalanan iki subay tutuklanma talebiyle çıkarıldıkları mahkeme tarafından serbest bırakıldı.

2009 yılında soruşturmayı yürüten savcılar suikast gerçekleştireceğine dair hazırlanmış olduğu iddia edilen belgeler hakkında kriminal inceleme yapmadı. Fakat daha sonra 2014 yılında dosyaya yeni bir savcı atandı. Yakalanan subaylara ait olduğu iddia edilen suikast planları ve krokilerinin aslında o subaylara ait olmadığı, soruşturmayı yürüten polisler tarafından hazırlandığı kriminal inceleme sonucu tespit edildi. Bununla beraber suikastın yapılacağına dair TEM'e yapıldığı iddia edilen telefon aramasının da aslında hiç yapılmadığı, savcılığın HTS kayıtları incelemesi sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır.

Kozmik Oda soruşturmasını yürüten savcı Mustafa Bilgili, darbe girişiminin ardından Fetullahçı yapılanmaya mensup olduğu için kayıplara karıştı ancak 9 Kasım 2016 günü sahte kimlikle yakalandı. Kozmik odada arama yapan hâkim Kadir Kayan'ın ise; soruşturma esnasında elde edilen CD, dosya ve hard diskten oluşan devletin en gizli belgelerini yabancı şahıs ve kurumlara sızdırdığı ortaya çıktı. Aynı hakim, 2005 yılında da örgüt elebaşı Fethullah Gülen'e yönelik açılan davada beraat kararı veren hakimdir. Darbe girişiminin ardından hakim Kayan firar etti. Fethullahçı hâkim ve savcıların kozmik odada arama yapmasını sağlayan Genelkurmay Adli Müşaviri Muharrem Köse ise; 15 Temmuz'dan sonra tutuklandı, darbe girişiminin planlayıcılarından olduğu tespit edildi ve müebbet ceza aldı.

Emekli Korgeneral Erdoğan Karakuş, 3 Mayıs 2020'de Halk TV'ye yaptığı açıklamada kozmik odaların açılıp aranması sonrası devletin yabancı istihbarat servislerine ve terör örgütlerine yerleştirdiği görevlilerin ifşa edildiğini ifade etti. İfşa olmaları sonucu 848 Türk devlet görevlisinin şehit edildiğini iddia etti. Ayrıca bu aramaların Gülen Hareketi'ne mensup kişilerce tezgahlandığı belirtildi.

Bu durumların ortaya çıkması sonucu, Arınç'a sosyal medyadan önemli tepkiler geldi. Arınç'ın Gülen destekçileriyle hareket edip onların devlet sırlarını ifşasına önayak olduğu öne sürüldü. Bülent Arınç ise olay hakkında zaman içerisinde farklı açıklamalarda bulunmuştur. 2009 yılında Taraf gazetesine ve Star gazetesinden Şamil Tayyar'a hayatının tehlikede olduğunu, kendisine askerler tarafından bir suikast düzenleneceğine dair açıklamalar yapmıştır. Yaşanan bu suikast planını ise MGK'ya taşıyacağını ifade etmiştir. 2012 ve 2015 yılında yaptığı açıklamalarda ise olay hakkında tam tersi bir açıklama yaparak "bunun bir suikast olduğunu zannetmiyorum" demiştir. Hasan Hüseyin Türkoğlu ise yaşanan olaylar ile ilgili Arınç'ın kendisine "Biliyorum, bunun suikastla alakası yok ben bundan faydalanıyorum" dediğini ifade etmiştir.

Suikast iddiası sebebiyle kozmik odaların aranması neticesinde 16 Seferberlik Bölge Başkanlığı'nın 11'i tasfiye edilmiştir. Bununla beraber Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti'nin olası işgali sonucu uygulanacak sivil yapılanmanın planlamaları ve sivil direniş planlamaları yok edilmiş, bu birimler de etkisiz hale getirilmiştir.

Çözüm Sürecini İzleme Heyeti tartışması (2015)
Cumhurbaşkanı Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, 20 Mart 2015'te Çözüm sürecindeki ilerlemeyi gözlemleyecek bir 'izleme heyeti' kurulmasına sıcak bakmadığını söyleyerek, Bülent Arınç'ın da içerisinde bulunduğu 62. Türkiye Hükûmeti'ni eleştirdi.

Ertesi gün Bülent Arınç, Erdoğan ne zaman isterse kendisine bilgi verildiğini, dolayısıyla Erdoğan'ın izleme heyetinden habersiz olamayacağını ve Erdoğan'ın sözlerinin ancak 'kendi özgün düşünceleri' olarak yorumlanabileceğini söyledi. Ayrıca izleme heyetini kurmada hükûmet olarak kararlı olduklarını, heyeti de faydalı bulduklarını ve heyette yer alması muhtemel isimlerin de geçmişte Akil İnsanlar Heyeti'nde yer alan isimler olduğunu belirtti. Aynı gün, AK Parti milletvekili Mehmet Metiner, Arınç'a tepki gösterdi.

22 Mart'ta açıklama yapan Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan, İzleme Heyeti'ne karşı olduğunu yineledi ve "Hükümetle Cumhurbaşkanı her an her konuyu görüşüyor diye bir şey yok" diyerek izleme heyeti konusunda hükûmetin kendisi ile mutabakata varmadan hareket ettiği mesajını verdi.

Melih Gökçek'in yönelttiği suçlamalar (2015)

23 Mart 2015'te Ankara Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanı Melih Gökçek, Bülent Arınç'ın FETÖ'nün talimatıyla Erdoğan'a karşı çıkışlar yaptığını iddia etti ve artık AK Parti'ye yakışmadığını söyleyerek Arınç'ı istifaya çağırdı. Hatta istifa etmeyip direnmesi ihtimaline karşılık Arınç'ın direkt görevden alınması gerektiğini söyledi.

14 Mart 2017'de Melih Gökçek, Hüseyin Gülerce'ye dayandırdığı kaynağına göre Gezi Parkı protestoları başarıya ulaştığı takdirde, o sırada Fas'ta bulunan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan'ın görevden alınıp AKP içindeki FETÖ'cü milletvekilleri tarafından Bülent Arınç'ın başbakan yapılmak istendiğini iddia etti.

Ödüller
 Kızıl Elma Devlet Ödülü

Özel yaşamı
Münevver Arınç ile evliliğinden ikisi erkek üç çocuğu oldu. Oğullarından Mehmet Fatih Arınç 1997 yılında geçirdiği trafik kazasında 16 yaşında yaşamını yitirdi.

COVID-19 pandemisi sırasında koronavirüse yakalandığı 10 Eylül 2020 tarihinde basına yansıdı.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Bülent Arınç , TBMM

1948 doğumlular
Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi başkanları
Türk Sünniler
Türk İslamcılar
TBMM 20. dönem Manisa milletvekilleri
TBMM 21. dönem Manisa milletvekilleri
TBMM 22. dönem Manisa milletvekilleri
TBMM 23. dönem Manisa milletvekilleri
TBMM 24. dönem Bursa milletvekilleri
Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başbakan Yardımcıları
TBMM Fazilet Partisi Grup Başkanvekilleri
Osmangazi doğumlular
Bursa doğumlu siyasetçiler
Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Parlamenterler Asamblesi Türk Grubu
TBMM Adalet Komisyonu
TBMM Dışişleri Komisyonu
TBMM Anayasa Komisyonu
Yaşayan insanlar
Türkiye Hükûmet sözcüleri
Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi MYK üyeleri
21. yüzyıl Türk siyasetçileri
Refah Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
20. yüzyıl Türk siyasetçileri
TBMM Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi Grup Başkanları
Manisa Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
20. yüzyıl Türk avukatları
21. yüzyıl Türk avukatları
Türk muhafazakârlar

Bülent Arınç


වින්ඩෝස් සජීව චිත්‍රපට සාදන්නා (සංකේත නාමය Sundance) යනු වීඩියෝ සාදන/සංස්කරණය කරන වැඩසටහනක් වන අතර මයික්‍රෝසොෆ්ට් වින්ඩෝස් සජීව මුල් පිරීම් වලද කොටසකි. මෙය දැනට වින්ඩෝස් විස්ටා හී අඩංගු වන වින්ඩෝස් චිත්‍රපට සාදන්නා ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීමට බලාපොරොත්තු  වූවකි.

ඉතිහාසය

අනුවාදය 2009 (තරංගය 3)

අනුවාදය 2011 (තරංගය 4)

මේවාද බලන්න
වින්ඩෝස් සජීව
වින්ඩෝස් චිත්‍රපට සාදන්නා
වින්ඩෝස් සජීව ඡායා ප්‍රදර්ශනය
දෘෂ්‍ය සංස්කරණ මෘදුකාංග සැසදුම
වින්ඩෝස් සජීව අත්‍යවශ්‍යාංග

විමර්ශණ

බාහිර සැබැදි
වින්ඩෝස් සජීව චිත්‍රපට සාදන්නාගේ අවපතන පිටුව
වින්ඩෝස් සජීව චිත්‍රපට සාදන්නාගේ තොරතුරු සහ සම්පත්
වින්ඩෝස් සජීව ඡායා සහ දෘෂ්‍ය Blog - 	නිල වින්ඩෝස් සජීව චිත්‍රපට සාදන්නාගේ සමූහ blog
වින්ඩෝස් සජීව චිත්‍රපට සාදන්නාගේ සංසදය

වින්ඩෝස් සජීව චිත්‍රපට සාදන්නා


Havuç (Daucus carota), maydanozgiller (Apiaceae) familyasından, koni biçimindeki etli kökü için sebze olarak yetiştirilen iki yıllık otsu bir kültür bitkisi.

Türkçede yörelere göre gelinparmağı, pürçüklü, balkamış, deper otu, yerebatan, yer otu, yerekaçan, kızıl ot gibi değişik isimlerle kullanılır.

Yayılımı
Hem yazılı tarih hem de moleküler genetik araştırmalar havucun Orta Asya kökenli olduğunu göstermektedir. Akdeniz ülkelerinde, Afrika'da, Avustralya'da, Yeni Zelanda'da ve Amerika'da çok yaygın olan bir sebzedir. 60 kadar türü bilinmektedir .

Besin değeri
Havucun %85'ten fazlası sudan oluşur. Yaklaşık %10'u lif ve şeker, kalan kısmı az miktarda yağ, protein, vitamin ve minerallerdir. İçeriğinde A vitamini öncülü karotenoidler, B3, B6, C ve K vitaminleri ve folik asit bulunur. Havucun rengi içinde bulunan karotenoidin türüyle ilgilidir. Genellikle bilinen turuncu havuçta ß-karoten (beta karoten) bulunur. ß-karoten antioksidan kapasitesi yüksek bir bileşendir. Bulunduğu gıdaya sarı-turuncu renk verir. Havuç, ß-karoten yönünden en zengin sebzelerden biridir. Kışın hasat edilen bir havuçta 4,5-8 mg/100 gr kadar ß-karoten bulunabilir. Yazın hasat edilen havuçların karoten değeri daha azdır. 50-60 gram ağırlığındaki bir büyük boy havuç 35-40 kalori enerji verir. Havucun potasyum ve sodyum içeriği oldukça yüksek olmakla beraber fosfor, kalsiyum, magnezyum ile az miktarda demir ve çinko içerir.

Türleri
En yaygın olan türleri Daucus sativus, Daucus carota'dır .

Ayrıca bakınız
 Yabani havuç

Kaynakça

Daucus
Yenilebilir maydanozgiller
Asya'daki şifalı bitkiler
Avrupa'daki şifalı bitkiler
1753'te tanımlanan bitkiler
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Havuç


Utvrda Pustograd se nalazi na otoku Pašmanu iznad uvale Zaklopica.

Opis
Utvrda je sagrađena  u 6 stoljeću na otoku Pašmanu ispred koje je bilo naselje, u doba Bizanta. Izrađena je u svojstvu  vojne utvrde. Utvrda služi kao osmatračnica, kontrole Zadarskog i Pašmanskog kanala. Služila je kao zaklon stanovništva od napada gusara koji su živjeli oko utvrde.  Izgrađena je od debelih kamenih zidova s malim otvorima radi bolje zaštite. U unutrašnjosti utvrde je izgrađena dvokatnica, ista je upisana u registar RH kulturnog dobra.

Do utvrde se dolazi markiranom stazom od centra mjesta Tkon preko uvale Zaklopica  Utvrda je na nadmorskoj visini od 108 metara. S utvrde se proteže prekrasan pogled na Velebit, Vransko jezero, Sveto brdo i Crnopac, koji se vide kao na dlanu kao i cijeli niz otočja u blizini.

Izvori

Pašman
Hrvatska i Hrvati prije seobe
Bizantski arheološki lokaliteti u Hrvatskoj

Utvrda Pustograd Tkon


Friedrich Wilhelm Ulrich Freiherr Götz von König (Vienenburg, 13. rujna 1849. – Woltersdorf, 7. siječnja 1934.) je bio njemački general i vojni zapovjednik. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata zapovijedao je 3. landverskom divizijom, Landverskim korpusom i I. konjičkim korpusom na Istočnom bojištu.

Vojna karijera
Götz von König je rođen 13. rujna 1849. u Vienenburgu. Sin je Friedricha i Pauline König rođ. Bornemann. Nakon srednjoškolskog obrazovanja u Wernigerodeu i Celleu u travnju 1864. kao kadet stupa u hannoversku vojsku. U lipnju 1866. raspoređen je u 5. hannoversku pukovniju u sastavu koje sudjeluje u Austrijsko-pruskom ratu na strani Austrije kojoj je Kraljevstvo Hannover bilo saveznik. Tijekom Bitke kod Langensalze je zarobljen, te je ostatak rata proveo u pruskom zarobljeništvu. Nakon rata služi u braunschweigskoj husarskoj pukovniji u sklopu koje sudjeluje u Prusko-francuskom ratu. U tom ratu istakao se kod zauzimanja Saargemünda za što je odlikovan Željeznim križem. Nakon toga sudjeluje u bitkama kod Spicherna, Gravelottea, Orleansa i Le Mansa. Po završetku rata stupa u prusku vojsku služeći u husarskoj pukovniji "von Zieten". U studenom 1873. promaknut je u čin poručnika, nakon čega od svibnja 1876. kao pobočnik služi u 7. konjičkoj brigadi u Magdeburgu. Istu dužnost pobočnika obnaša od veljače 1879. u 3. gardijskoj konjičkoj brigadi u Berlinu. Te iste godine, u lipnju, unaprijeđen je u čin konjičkog satnika. Istodobno s tim promaknućem raspoređen je u 1. gardijsku ulansku pukovniju u Potsdamu.

Od prosinca 1886. služi u 2. gardijskoj ulanskoj pukovniji u Berlinu, a istodobno obnaša i dužnost stožernog časnika u stožeru IX. korpusa. Godinu dana poslije, u prosincu 1887., promaknut je u čin bojnika, te premješten na službu u stožer 2. šleske dragunske pukovnije "König Friedrich III". U travnju 1893. imenovan je, najprije privremenim, a od svibnja i stalnim zapovjednikom Rajnske ulanske pukovnije "Grossherzog Friedrich von Baden" smještene u Saarbrückenu. Neposredno prije tih imenovanja, u ožujku 1893., unaprijeđen je u čin potpukovnika. Novo promaknuće uslijedilo je u travnju 1896. kada je promaknut u čin pukovnika. U lipnju 1897. postaje zapovjednikom 22. konjičke brigade u Kasselu, nakon čega je u svibnju 1899. unaprijeđen je u čin general bojnika. U ožujku 1902. imenovan je najprije privremenim, a od idućeg mjeseca i stalnim glavnim inspektorom 4. konjičke inspekcije u Saarbrückenu. Istodobno je promaknut u čin general poručnika. Dužnost glavnog inspektora obnaša iduće tri godine, do svibnja 1905., kada je umirovljen. U mirovini se bavi znanstvenim radom, te je autor više radova o uporabi konjice.

Prvi svjetski rat
Na početku Prvog svjetskog rata König je reaktiviran, te je imenovan zapovjednikom 3. landverske divizije u Posenu. Navedena divizija nalazila se na Istočnom bojištu u sastavu Landverskog korpusa kojim je zapovijedao Remus von Woyrsch. S 3. landverskom divizijom sudjeluje u borbama u Poljskoj nakon čega početkom prosinca 1914. nasljeđuje Woyrscha na mjestu zapovjednika Landverskog korpusa. S Landverskim korpusom sudjeluje u ljeto 1915. u Ofenzivi Gorlice-Tarnow tijekom koje probija ruske položaje kod Ivangoroda, te prelazi Vislu. Za navedeni uspjeh 23. srpnja 1915. odlikovan je ordenom Pour le Mérite. U studenom te iste 1915. godine promaknut je u čin generala konjice.

U rujnu 1916. postaje zapovjednikom I. konjičkog korpusa zamijenivši na tom mjestu Manfreda von Richthofena. Navedeni korpus držao je položaje kod jezara Naroč, te je u studenom 1916. reorganizacijom postao LVI. korpus. Početkom siječnja 1917. korpus se nalazi u sastavu Armijskog odjela D, na dijelu bojišta kod Daugavpilsa. Nakon potpisivanja Brest-Litovskog mira korpus je u ožujku 1918. raspušten, te je König ponovno umirovljen.

Poslije rata
Nakon završetka rata König je živio na svom posjedu u Woltendorfu. Tu je i preminuo 8. siječnja 1934. godine u 85. godini života. Od srpnja 1870. je bio oženjen s Herthom von Cramm s kojom je imao dva sina, Lea i Krafta, te kćer Anu Paulownu.

Izvori
     Götz von König na stranici Prussianmachine.com
     Götz von König na stranici Deutsche-kriegsgeschichte.de

Njemački vojni zapovjednici u Prvom svjetskom ratu

Götz von König


Liberty or Death dvanaesti je studijski album njemačkog heavy metal sastava Grave Digger. Diskografska kuća Locomotive Records objavila ga je 12. siječnja 2007.

Popis pjesama

Tekstovi

 Pjevač Chris Boltendahl inspiriran je knjigom Sloboda ili smrt grčkog pjesnika Nikosa Kazantzakisa. Knjiga je inspirirana Grčkim ratom za neovisnost.
 Dvije pjesme govore o postupanju Njemačke prema Židovima u Drugom svjetskom ratu, a još dvije o više drevne židovske povijesti. "Ocean of Blood" govori o Mojsiju koji je razdvojio Crveno more, a pjesna "Massada" govori o opsadi Masade na kraju Prvog židovsko-rimskog rata. "March of the Innocent" govori o Holokaustu, a "Ship of Hope" govori o "Putovanju prokletih" SS St. Louisa.
 "Highland Tears" govori o slobodu u Škotskoj. "Forecourt to Hell" govori o gladijatorima u doba Rimskog Carstva. "The Terrible One" govori o Ivanu IV. "Until the Last King Died" govori o Francuskog revoluciji. "Shadowland" govori o zlodjelima Ku Klux Klanu u SAD-u a "Silent Revolution" govori o nenasilnoj borbi Mahatme Gandhija protiv ugnjetavanja indijskog naroda.

Osoblje

 Grave Digger

 Chris Boltendahl – vokal, prateći vokal, produkcija
 Manni Schmidt – gitara, produkcija, inženjer zvuka
 Jens Becker – bas-gitara
 Stefan Arnold – bubnjevi
 H.P. Katzenburg – klavijature

 Dodatni glazbenici

 Hacky Hackman – prateći vokal

 Ostalo osoblje

 Vincent Sorg – inženjer zvuka, miks, mastering
 Gyula Havencsák – naslovnica
 Jörg Umbreit – inženjer zvuka, miks
 Alex Kuehr – fotografije

Izvori

Albumi sastava Grave Digger
Albumi iz 2007.

Liberty or Death


The British Basketball League (BBL) is a men's professional basketball league in Great Britain and represents the highest level of play in the countries. The league is contested by 10 teams from England and Scotland. There are no clubs from Wales or Northern Ireland. The BBL runs two additional knockout competitions alongside the BBL Championship which are the BBL Trophy and the end-of-season BBL Playoffs. In March, there will be a BBL All-Star game which will replace the BBL Cup knockout competition.

The BBL sits above the National Basketball League and the Scottish Basketball Championship which effectively form the second tier of British basketball. There is currently no automatic promotion or relegation between the English and Scottish leagues and the BBL because of the franchise system in use in the BBL although several clubs have been successful in making the step up from the EBL in recent years.

The 10 member franchises of the BBL jointly own the league and a chairman is elected by the teams to oversee league operations. The head offices are located in Leicester where the country's oldest team the Leicester Riders are also based.

In partnership with Basketball England the BBL launched a women's league in 2014 branded as the Women's British Basketball League (WBBL).

History
See: List of British Basketball League seasons

Establishment (1987–1992)
The British Basketball League was formed in 1987, with leading clubs from the National Basketball League of England and Scottish National Basketball League.  In 1988, Portsmouth F.C. won the inaugural BBL Championship title; the following year saw Kingston win the first of three back-to-back league crowns.

Early growth (1992–2002)
The 1990s also saw a growth in popularity and commercialism within the league.  Games were televised and the league picked up sponsors such as Peugeot, Lego, Playboy and Budweiser, while attendances at games also increased. The Manchester Giants opened the 1995–96 season in front of a record 14,251 fans at the Nynex Arena against the London Leopards, a record crowd for a basketball game in Great Britain. It stood until 2006, when the NBA started staging games at the O2 Arena in London.

London clubs dominated the league, with London Towers, Crystal Palace and the Greater London Leopards all sharing success in the mid-1990s. In 1999, a Conference format similar to the NBA was introduced, with clubs split North and South.  The two Conference champions met in a Championship series to decide the champions for the next three years.

Tougher times (2002–2012)
A single division format returned in 2002 and five different franchises won the Championship title in the five years after that. The new millennium, however, also saw a series of setbacks for the BBL. The collapse of ITV Digital cost the league financially, with many franchises struggling to recover from the lost revenue that the £21 million contract was providing. Long established franchises such as the Manchester Giants, Essex Leopards, Derby Storm, Thames Valley Tigers and Birmingham Bullets withdrew from the league, though new teams have been formed under the Giants and Leopards names. The membership crisis brought about the addition of new franchises such as Guildford Heat (formed by supporters of the defunct Thames Valley Tigers), and elected teams from the lower-tier English Basketball League, including the Plymouth Raiders. Both teams made a refreshing impact on the old boys, with the Heat qualifying for the Play-offs in their rookie season.

During the same season Newcastle won 30 of their 40 regular season league fixtures to clinch the Championship crown – the previous season saw the Eagles win 31 matches but lose out to Chester Jets in the final week, by just two points. That title was one of four pieces of silverware won during the dubbed "clean-sweep" season of 2005–06, the Eagles marching on to claim the BBL Cup, BBL Trophy and Playoff's – the complete set.

Current setup (2012–present)
The intervening years saw the perennial success of the Newcastle Eagles, the reemergence of the Leicester Riders as a dominant force in the domestic game, and the rise and fall of teams based in London, Birmingham, Liverpool, Essex, Durham and Worthing. Long term franchise Milton Keynes relocated to London, to become a 2012 Olympics legacy tenant at the Copper Box Arena, and a new incarnation of the famous Manchester Giants name re-entered the league in the same year.

The 2015 Playoffs Final took place at The O2 Arena, London, following a string of sell-out attendances at Wembley Arena between 2012 and 2014. The event saw a record breaking crowd of 14,700.

The past decade has seen sustained growth across the league, with the biggest advances in facilities. Some clubs have now built their own venues, including Newcastle, Leicester, Sheffield and  Caledonia, and Manchester, Cheshire and Surrey and have moved into much improved facilities, while Plymouth, and the most recent election from the EBL, the Bristol Flyers, have announced plans for their own arenas. The 2018–19 season saw, for the first time in 11 years, British participation in European competition when Leicester competed in the Basketball Champions League and FIBA Europe Cup.

On December 2, 2021, the Miami-based investment firm 777 Partners bought 45.5% of the shares of the league. The company invested £7 million in the league, that also saw an organisational reform which included the appointment of a CEO.

Rules
The BBL had a salary cap in place, named the "Team Payments Cap", which limited teams to spend no more than £250,000 on player salaries. The aim was to keep overall costs down for the teams while also ensuring competitive balance. The salary cap was dropped starting from the 2022-23 season, as it was stated to hamper the growth of BBL teams playing in European competitions.

Teams

Current teams

 Notes

 An asterisk (*) denotes a franchise move. See the respective team articles for more information.
 The Hemel & Watford Royals, Leicester City Riders and Sunderland 76ers were all participants in the previous top-flight league, the NBL, when it changed administration to the BBL in 1987.
 The Cheshire Jets and Sheffield Sharks were both promoted from the NBL in 1991 and 1994 respectively.
 Bristol Flyers (2014) have acquired a franchise licence to compete in the BBL, having previously competed in the EBL.

Proposed new teams

Former teams

Apparel
As of the 2016–17 BBL season Italian sportswear manufacturer Kappa was the kit supplier for all teams.

Corporate structure
The league is an independent company owned by its member clubs and Miami-based investment firm 777 Partners, who bought 45.5% of the shares of the league, investing £7million, in December 2021.
Each club, or franchise, now has an equal shareholding of 5.45%. The 8-person Management Board is made up of an independent Chairperson, non-affiliated non-executives, Investor Directors and a minority representation of BBL Club Directors.  Sir Rodney Walker is the current elected chairperson.

Chairs
 John Deacon (1987 to 1988)
 Kevin Routledge (1988 to 2002)
 Vince Macaulay (2002 to 2006)
 Paul Blake (2006 to 2013)
 Ed Percival (2013 to 2015)
 Sir Rodney Walker (2016 to present)

Competitions

BBL Championship

The BBL Championship is the flagship competition of the British Basketball League and features all member teams playing a double round robin (home and away) league season, from September through to April. Matches are played according to FIBA rules and games consist of four-quarters of 10 minutes each. Two points are awarded for a win, with overtime used if the score is tied at the final buzzer – unlimited numbers of 5-minute overtime periods are played until one team is ahead when a period ends. At the end of the regular season, the team with the most points is crowned as winners of the BBL Championship, and thus British Champions. If points are equal between two or more teams then head-to-head results between said teams are used to determine the winners. In the case of a tie between multiple teams where this does not break the tie, the winners are then determined by the points difference in the games between said teams. Following the completion of the Championship regular season, the top eight ranked teams advance into the post-season Playoffs which usually take place during April.

In the regular season, team schedules are not identical and neither are matchdays, with games scheduled mainly around venue availability. Because of this teams may find themselves playing a series of four or five home games consecutively followed by a straight set of away games. As the regular season is also particularly short many games are played over weekends as 'doubleheaders', whereby a team will play games (possibly a home and away game) on consecutive days, something that is not commonplace in British sports, although often seen in the National Basketball Association and other North American sports.

Playoffs
The post-season Playoffs usually takes place in April, featuring the top eight ranked teams from the Championship regular season compete in a knockout tournament. Teams are seeded depending on their final positioning in the Championship standings, so first-place faces eighth-place, second versus seventh-place, third against sixth-place and finally fourth plays the fifth-placed team. Both the Quarterfinals and the succeeding Semifinals are played over a three-game series, with the higher seed getting two home games either side of the lower seeds home game. The team that wins two of the three games advances to the next round. As with the Quarterfinals, teams in the Semifinals are also seeded, with the highest-ranking team drawn against the lowest-ranking team in one Semifinal and the two remaining teams drawn together in the other Semifinal. The culmination of the post-season is the grand Final, held at The O2 Arena in London, which sees the two Semi-final winners play a one-game event to determine the Playoff Champions.

BBL Cup

The BBL Cup emerged from a breakaway of the English Basketball Association-organised National Cup and was contested for the first time in the 2003–04 season, when Sheffield Sharks were the inaugural winners. Since the 2019–20 season, the competition has a group stage followed by a knockout stage. The group stage consists of the teams being split into north and south groups and within each playing a double round-robin system. The top 4 teams from each group are then seeded with 1st of each group playing 4th in the other and 3rd in each group playing 2nd in the other. The winner of the Aggregate score going through to the semi-final. The winner of the aggregate score of each match in the semi-final then goes through to the BBL Cup Final. The Cup final is played at the Arena Birmingham in Birmingham, usually in early January.

BBL Trophy

The BBL Trophy traces its origins back to a previous competition known as the Anglo-Scottish Cup – and subsequently the British Master's Cup – which was founded in 1984 and was initially a competition between teams from both the English and Scottish leagues. Following the launch of the new British Basketball League administration in 1987 – who assumed control over the National Basketball League from the English Basketball Association – the British Master's Cup was scrapped and replaced with the newly formed League Trophy. The Trophy competition has historically had a round-robin group stage format used for the first round, however the current competition is a knockout tournament with pairings drawn completely at random – there are no seeds, and a draw takes place after the majority of fixtures have been played in each round. As well as including all BBL member clubs, invited teams from the English Basketball League, and occasionally the Scottish Basketball League, often take part in the Trophy. The Final is usually played in March at a neutral venue.

European Competition
In 2018, the Leicester Riders competed in Europe's third tier of continental basketball, the Basketball Champions League, losing in the first qualification round on aggregate to the Bakken Bears. They became the first British team to compete in European competition since the Guildford Heat featured in the ULEB Cup during the 2007–08 season.

Following their elimination from the Basketball Champions League, the Leicester Riders played in the 2018–19 FIBA Europe Cup, Europe's fourth tier.

To be eligible for entry into the Basketball Champions League or the FIBA Europe Cup, teams must play in arenas with a capacity of at least 2,000 people. Currently the BBL member teams that meet the tournaments' requirements are Leicester, Caledonia, London, Newcastle, Manchester and Sheffield. Bristol have begun work on a suitable arena.

Players

All-time statistics leaders
Bold indicates active BBL players.

Last Updated on 20 September 2012

Foreign imports
British Basketball League rules currently allow for each team to have a maximum of three "import" players – from outside of the European Union (EU) and require a work permit to play – whilst the remaining players on the roster must have citizenship of an EU country, either by birth or by naturalisation. The current ruling was integrated at the beginning of the 2006–07 season, reverting from the previous law which allowed for up to four non-EU players on a roster, along with naturalised players.

New rules introduced for the 2012–13 season allow teams to field a maximum of five non-British players per game (including up to three work permitted players), further demonstrating the League's commitment towards developing British players.

Transfer regulations
According to BBL rules, teams must field no more than six import (non-EU) players in any one season, though only three are allowed to be registered to a roster at any one time. Signings are allowed to be made throughout the pre-season and during the regular season until the league's transfer deadline on 28 February, or if during a leap year, the date is 29 February.

Notable former players

  Kieron Achara
  John Amaechi
  Andrew Betts
  Matthew Bryan-Amaning
  Steve Bucknall
  Dave Gardner
  Trevor Gordon
  Skouson Harker
  Chris Haslam
  Roger Huggins
  Iain MacLean
  Richard Midgley
  Robbie Peers
  Peter Scantlebury
  Greg Francis
   Ricardo Greer
  Pero Cameron
   Ted Berry
   Flinder Boyd
  Rod Brown
  Eric Burks
   Alton Byrd
  Terry Crosby
   Tony Dorsey
   Chuck Evans
  Kenny Gregory
   James Life
  Loren Meyer
   Terrell Myers
   Nate Reinking
  Craig Robinson
  Dennis Rodman
   Billy Singleton
  Andre Smith
   Lynard Stewart
  Clyde Vaughan
  Jerry Williams
   Tony Windless
  Voise Winters
   Charles Claxton

Results

League

Present clubs

Historical

Playoffs

Honours board

Media coverage
Basketball receives little national press coverage in the United Kingdom, although coverage is more extensive from the local newspapers in cities where BBL clubs are based, with publications such as The Plymouth Herald, Manchester Evening News, Leicester Mercury and the Newcastle Chronicle all having dedicated basketball reporters who cover the respective local team. Some national newspapers list results and occasionally provide short summaries of the League's news, but more extensive coverage remains minimal.

The history of television coverage of the BBL has been sporadic. Previously the League enjoyed coverage from Channel 4 in the 1980s and Sky Sports from 1995 to 2001, where audiences peaked at around 150,000 viewers.  The League signed a three-year broadcast deal with the ill-fated digital TV company ITV Digital in 2001, and coverage suffered a sharp decline as the broadcaster struggled and eventually went out of business, resulting in a significant loss of income to member clubs.  Television coverage was then infrequent until the 2007–08 season, when international broadcaster Setanta Sports signed a deal to screen one live game a week.  In 2010, the League agreed a broadcast rights deal with BSkyB network Sky Sports marking the return of BBL action on Sky Sports after a 9-year gap.  The League's own subscription-based online TV station, BBL TV, took over the broadcast of live games from 2013 to 2015, and during the 2013–14 season match highlights were also televised and featured on British Eurosport each week.

In July 2016, the league signed a two-year broadcast deal with the BBC, featuring both British Basketball League and Women's British Basketball League games. The games would be broadcast on the BBC Sport website with the showpiece finals also being broadcast on the BBC Red Button. Alongside the BBC deal, a six-year deal with Perform was signed which saw every BBL game broadcast via LiveBasketball.TV, and a deal followed a year later with UNILAD to broadcast one game a week live via Facebook. FreeSports signed a deal with the league in January 2018 to broadcast games for the remainder of the season, starting with the BBL Cup Final between Worcester Wolves and Cheshire Phoenix.

In November 2020, coverage of the league returned to Sky Sports in a new two-year deal which sees Sky broadcasting 30 games per season, including BBL Trophy Final, BBL Cup Final and BBL Playoffs. This has been extended to cover the 2022/23 season.

Awards
Most Valuable Player award
Coach of the Year award
All-Star Team award

See also

 Basketball in England
 National Basketball League (England)
 Super League (Ireland), featuring teams from Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland
 Women's British Basketball League
 List of professional sports teams in the United Kingdom
 Timeline of basketball on UK television

Notes

References

External links

1
Organisations based in Leicestershire
Professional sports leagues in the United Kingdom
Sport in Leicester
1987 establishments in the United Kingdom
Sports leagues established in 1987
United Kingdom

British Basketball League


Cocsul acicular este un cocs de petrol înalt cristalizat, utilizat în producția de electrozi pentru industria oțelului și aluminiului și este deosebit de valoros, deoarece electrozii trebuie înlocuiți periodic. Cocsul este produs exclusiv în CCSF (Cracare Catalitică în Strat Fluidizat) fie limpezit din petrol, cărbune sau smoală de gudron.

Singura fabrică din Europa ce a produs cocs acicular până în 1997 a fost Rafinăria Dărmănești.

Note

Combustibili

Cocs acicular


Naše kolo veliko je glazbeni album, splet hrvatskih dječjih folklornih pjesama prema izboru folklorista Gorana Kneževića, izdan 2003. u Zagrebu. Album objedinjuje izvedbe dječjih narodnih popijevki s područja Baranje, Hrvatskoga zagorja, Međimurja, Podravine, Posavine, Slavonije, Turopolja, Zagreba i okolice (Zagrebačka županija).

Pjesme na albumu otpjevali su Ante Romić, Branko Dobravc, Domagoj Vrbanović, Morana Varović, Antonija Vrbanović, Martina Bukić, Marina Orešković, Ines Kravaršćan i Ana Pavičić, dok je violinske dionice izveo Goran Kekić.

 Zastupljene skladbe (popijevke)
 Mali bratec Ivo (Međimurje)
 Šećem, šećem drotičko (Međimurje)
 Oj, suza suzena (Međimurje)
 Cin, can cvrgudan (Međimurje)
 Oj, na, na, na (Međimurje)
 Vrapček se je ženil (Međimurje)
 Srečali smo mravlju (Međimurje)
 Zginula je pikuša (Međimurje)
 Žuglej ga, žuglej (Hrvatsko zagorje)
 Diri, diri tago (okolica Samobora)
 Sova sedi (okolica Samobora)
 Miš posije proju (Baranja)
 Cunrege - ica- ica (Podravina)
 Birajmo si frajlicu (Podravina)
 Kvocalica (Podravina)
 Sedi maček (Hrvatsko zagorje)
 Loza vinova (Posavina)
 Škanjec (Posavina)
 Imala sam puža (Posavina)
 Burmutica (Posavina)
 Djeca bi se igrala (Posavina)
 Igra kolo (Slavonija)
 Biber gora (Slavonija)
 Oj, ptičice (Slavonija)
 Ja imado (Slavonija)
 Na drvenom konjicu (Slavonija)
 Mi smo djeca vesela (Slavonija)
 Lutko, ma (Zagreb)
 Novo leto (Hrvatsko zagorje)
 Nebo daj oku - Sv. Tri kralja (Hrvatsko zagorje)
 Oj, ulice baulice - Svijećnica (Baranja)
 Faljen Isus - Svijećnica (okolica Zagreba)
 Tu za repu - Poklade (Međimurje)
 Jurjevo (Turopolje)
 Pisana nedjelja (Međimurje)
 Križarice (Slavonija)
 Sveti Niko (č. s. L. Kozinović)
 Sveti Niko ide (č. s. L. Kozinović)
 Nikoljansko večer (č. s. L. Kozinović)
 Bog nam daj dobro (Međimurje)
 Zdravo djevice (Međimurje)
 Dvanajsta je sad vura (okolica Sv. Ivana Zeline)
 Na tom mladom letu (okolica Zagreb)

Izvori

Hrvatski glazbeni albumi
Albumi iz 2003.

Naše kolo veliko


An Eurycentrum in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Eurycentrum in nahilalakip ha familia nga Orchidaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eurycentrum

Eurycentrum


Big Springs Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Big Springs Township (Arkansas), im Marion County
 Big Springs Township (South Dakota)

Siehe auch:
 Big Spring Township

Big Springs Township


Cette page regroupe les résultats par département ou par territoire de l'élection présidentielle française de 2022. Le premier tour s'achève le dimanche  et le second tour le dimanche .

Le ministère de l'Intérieur publie des totalisations durant la nuit qui suit le scrutin, avant les éventuelles corrections par le Conseil constitutionnel le jeudi suivant le scrutin.

Les tableaux indiquent le nombre de voix par candidat ainsi que le pourcentage de chacun d'eux sur le nombre total de bulletins exprimés. Le taux de bulletins blancs et nuls ou de bulletins exprimés est indiqué par rapport au nombre total de votants.

Globaux

Analyse géographique

Premier tour

Résultats minimum et maximum par candidat

En métropole

Hors métropole

En métropole

Ain

Aisne

Allier

Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

Hautes-Alpes

Alpes-Maritimes

Ardèche

Ardennes

Ariège

Aube

Aude

Aveyron

Bouches-du-Rhône

Calvados

Cantal

Charente

Charente-Maritime

Cher

Corrèze

Corse

Corse-du-Sud

Haute-Corse

Côte-d'Or

Côtes-d'Armor

Creuse

Dordogne

Doubs

Drôme

Eure

Eure-et-Loir

Finistère

Gard

Haute-Garonne

Gers

Gironde

Hérault

Ille-et-Vilaine

Indre

Indre-et-Loire

Isère

Jura

Landes

Loir-et-Cher

Loire

Haute-Loire

Loire-Atlantique

Loiret

Lot

Lot-et-Garonne

Lozère

Maine-et-Loire

Manche

Marne

Haute-Marne

Mayenne

Meurthe-et-Moselle

Meuse

Morbihan

Moselle

Nièvre

Nord

Oise

Orne

Pas-de-Calais

Puy-de-Dôme

Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Hautes-Pyrénées

Pyrénées-Orientales

Bas-Rhin

Haut-Rhin

Rhône

Haute-Saône

Saône-et-Loire

Sarthe

Savoie

Haute-Savoie

Paris

Seine-Maritime

Seine-et-Marne

Yvelines

Deux-Sèvres

Somme

Tarn

Tarn-et-Garonne

Var

Vaucluse

Vendée

Vienne

Haute-Vienne

Vosges

Yonne

Territoire de Belfort

Essonne

Hauts-de-Seine

Seine-Saint-Denis

Val-de-Marne

Val-d'Oise

Hors métropole

Guadeloupe

Martinique

Guyane

La Réunion

Polynésie française

Mayotte

Nouvelle-Calédonie

Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon

Wallis-et-Futuna

Saint-Barthélemy

Saint-Martin

Français établis hors de France

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Élection présidentielle française de 2022
 Résultats détaillés de l'élection présidentielle française de 2022
 Résultats par département de l'élection présidentielle française de 2012
 Résultats par département de l'élection présidentielle française de 2017

Liens externes
 Résultats détaillés de l'élection présidentielle sur le site du ministère de l'Intérieur

Resultats par departement
2022 (départements)

Résultats par département de l'élection présidentielle française de 2022


كرم عصفور هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى نجد عكار.

المراجع

الشفت
قرى لبنان

كرم عصفور


Arheplastidi (lat. Archaeplastida; Plantae sensu lato),  jedna od glavnih skupina eukariota koja okuplja crvene alge (Rhodophyta) i glaukofite (Glaucophyta), kolektivno nazivane Biliphyta, zelene alge i kopnene biljke (Embryophyta).

Svi arheplastidi imaju plastide poznate kao kloroplasti, a molekularni dokazi pokazuju da su svi arheplastidi evoluirali iz endosimbiotskog odnosa između heterotrofnog protista i cijanobakterije. Organizmi svih ovih triju skupina, bilifita, zelenih alga i embriofita, imaju plastide okružene dvjema membranama, dok u svim ostalim skupinama, plastidi su okruženi s tri ili četiri membrane.

Crvene alge koje također spadaju u ovu skupinu, crvenu boju dobivaju od crvenog pigmenta fikoeritrina, koji prekriva klorofil pa im daje crvenu boju. Crvene i zelene alge uključuju jednostanične, višestanične i kolonijalne oblike.

Parožine (Charophyta) najbliži su kopneni srodnici zelenih morskih alga (Chlorophyta).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Eukarioti

Arheplastidi


Gullah (også kendt som Geechee) er et kreolsprog, der tales af Gullah-folket på Sea Islands og i kystområder af South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, og North Carolina. Sproget er et engelsk-baseret kreolsprog med påvirkninger fra vest- og centralafrikanske sprog.

Blandingssprog
Sprog i USA

Gullah (sprog)


La Estación Ferroviaria de Livração, también conocida como Estación de Livração, es una plataforma ferroviaria de las Líneas del Duero y Támega, que sirve a las parroquias de Constance, en el Distrito de Porto, en Portugal.

Características

Localización y accesos
Se encuentra en la localidad de Constance, con acceso por la Calle de la Estación.

Descripción física
En enero de 2011, la estación poseía 2 vías de circulación, ambas con 244 metros de longitud; las dos plataformas presentaban 197 y 125 metros de longitud, y una altura de 30 y 40 centímetros.

Servicios
Esta plataforma es servida por convoyes Regionales e Interregionales de la operadora Comboios de Portugal.

Véase también
Línea del Duero
Línea del Támega
Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses
Red Ferroviaria Nacional
Marco de Canaveses

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Livracao
Livracao
Livracao
Marco de Canaveses

Estación de Livração


South Beach, also nicknamed colloquially as SoBe, is a neighborhood in Miami Beach, Florida. It is located east of Miami between Biscayne Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. The area encompasses Miami Beach south of Dade Boulevard.

This area was the first section of Miami Beach to be developed, starting in the 1910s, due to the development efforts of Carl G. Fisher, the Lummus Brothers, and John S. Collins, the latter of whose construction of the Collins Bridge provided the first vital land link between mainland Miami and the beaches.

The area has gone through numerous artificial and natural changes over the years, including a booming regional economy, increased tourism, and the 1926 hurricane, which destroyed much of the area. As of 2010, 39,186 people lived in South Beach.

History

South Beach started as farmland. In 1870, Henry and Charles Lum purchased  for coconut farming. Charles Lum built the first house on the beach in 1886. In 1894, the Lum brothers left the island, leaving control of the plantation to John Collins, who came to South Beach two years later to survey the land. He used the land for farming purposes, discovering fresh water and extending his parcel from 14th Street to 67th in 1907.

In 1912, Miami businessmen the Lummus Brothers acquired  of Collins' land in an effort to build an oceanfront city of modest single family residences. In 1913, Collins started construction of a bridge from Miami to Miami Beach. Although some local residents invested in the bridge, Collins ran short of money before he could complete it.

Carl G. Fisher, a successful entrepreneur who made millions in 1909 after selling a business to Union Carbide, came to the beach in 1913. His vision was to establish South Beach as a successful city independent of Miami. This was the same year that the restaurant Joe's Stone Crab opened. Fisher loaned $50,000 to Collins for his bridge, which was completed in June, 1913. The Collins Bridge was later replaced by the Venetian Causeway.

On March 26, 1915, Collins, Lummus, and Fisher consolidated their efforts and incorporated the Town of Miami Beach. In 1920, the County Causeway (renamed MacArthur Causeway in 1942) was completed. The Lummus brothers sold their oceanfront property, between 6th and 14th Streets, to the city. To this day, this area is known as Lummus Park.

In 1920, the Miami Beach land boom began. South Beach's main streets (5th Street, Alton Road, Collins Avenue, Washington Avenue, and Ocean Drive) were all suitable for automobile traffic. The population was growing in the 1920s, and several millionaires such as Harvey Firestone, J.C. Penney, Harry C. Stutz, Albert Champion, Frank Seiberling, and Rockwell LaGorce built homes on Miami Beach. President Warren G. Harding stayed at the Flamingo Hotel during this time, increasing interest in the area.

Until the mid-1920s, antisemitic covenants were used in South Beach to exclude Jews from living or staying in neighborhoods north of Fifth Street. Explicit and covert policies targeted Jewish property owners, tourists, and tenants through racial covenants in property deeds and hotel policies.

In the 1930s, an architectural revolution came to South Beach, bringing Art Deco, Streamline Moderne, and Nautical Moderne architecture to the Beach.  South Beach claims to be the world's largest collection of Streamline Moderne Art Deco architecture. Napier, New Zealand, another notable Art Deco city, is architecturally comparable to Miami Beach as it was rebuilt in the Ziggurat Art Deco style after being destroyed by an earthquake in 1931.

By 1940, the beach had a population of 28,000. After the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, the Army Air Corps took command over Miami Beach. That year, tourism brought almost two million people to South Beach.

In 1964, South Beach became even more famous when Jackie Gleason brought his weekly variety series, The Jackie Gleason Show to the area for taping, a rarity in the industry. Beginning in the mid 1960s and continuing through the 1980s, South Beach was used as a retirement community with most of its ocean-front hotels and apartment buildings filled with elderly people living on small, fixed incomes. This period also saw the introduction of the "cocaine cowboys," drug dealers who used the area as a base for their illicit drug activities. Scarface, released in 1983, typifies this activity. In addition, television show Miami Vice used South Beach as a backdrop for much of its filming. A somewhat recurring theme of early Miami Vice episodes was thugs and drug addicts barricading themselves in run-down or empty buildings. Only minor alterations had to be made for these scenes because some buildings in South Beach were in poor condition at the time.

While many of the unique Art Deco buildings, such as the New Yorker Hotel, were lost to developers in the years before 1980, the area was saved as a cohesive unit by Barbara Baer Capitman and a group of activists who spearheaded the movement to place almost one square mile of South Beach on the National Register of Historic Places. The Miami Beach Architectural District was designated in 1979.

Before the days of Miami Vice, South Beach was considered a very poor area with a very high rate of crime. Today, it is considered one of the wealthiest and most prosperous commercial areas on the beach. Despite this, poverty and crime still exist in some isolated places surrounding the area.

In 2009, Natalie O'Neill of the Miami New Times said, "Until the 1980s, Miami Beach was a peculiar mix of criminals, Cubans, and little old ladies. Then the beautiful people moved in." In the late 1980s, a renaissance began in South Beach, with an influx of fashion industry professionals moving into the area. In 1989, Irene Marie purchased the Sun Ray Apartments (captured in the chainsaw scene in Scarface) located on Ocean Drive and opened Irene Marie Models.

Thomas Kramer is credited with starting the construction boom in South Beach, driving the gentrification of the area. It is now a popular living destination for the wealthy. Condominium units in the upscale high rises sell for millions. There are a number of vocal critics of the developments. The high-rise and high-density buildings are derided as a "concrete jungle". However, even critics concede that the development has changed the area into a pedestrian friendly, low-crime neighborhood.

Today
In both daytime and at nightfall, the South Beach section of Miami Beach is a major entertainment destination with hundreds of nightclubs, restaurants, boutiques and hotels. The area is popular with tourists from Canada, Europe, Israel and the entire Western Hemisphere, with some having permanent or second homes there.

South Beach's residents' varied backgrounds are evident in the many languages spoken. In 2000, 55% of residents of the city of Miami Beach spoke Spanish as a first language, while English was the first language for 33% of the population. Portuguese (mainly Brazilian Portuguese) was spoken by 3% of residents, while French (including Canadian French) was spoken by 2%, and German by 1%. Italian, Russian, Yiddish and Hebrew were all spoken by less than 1%.

Another unique aesthetic attribute of South Beach is the presence of several colorful and unique stands used by Miami Beach's lifeguards on South Beach. After Hurricane Andrew, Architect William Lane donated his design services to the city and added new stops on design tours in the form of lifeguard towers. His towers instantly became symbols of the revived City of Miami Beach.

LGBT Community

South Beach is considered a hub of LGBT lifestyle. In the 80s and 90s, South Beach was the center of Florida's gay life and nightlife. It is home to many hotels, clubs, and nightlife that caters to the LGBT community. Ocean Drive is a hotspot to socialize and there is LGBT friendly shopping and cocktailing on Lincoln Road. The World Erotic Art Museum on South Beach is considered a local favorite to visit.

South Beach is also the location of the Pride Parade and Pride Festival events during Pride Week of the annual Miami Beach Pride celebration. Both of the events run through Ocean Drive from Fifth to 15th Streets. First started in 2009, Miami Beach Pride now draws over 130,000 people to South Beach every year.

Geography
South Beach is traversed by numerical streets which run east–west, starting with Biscayne Street, now popularly known as South Pointe Drive, one block south of First Street and the largely pedestrianized Lincoln Road (running parallel between 16th and 17th streets). It also has 13 principal roads and avenues running north–south, which, from the Biscayne Bay side, are Bay Road, West Avenue, Alton Road, Lenox Avenue, Michigan Avenue, Jefferson Avenue, Meridian Avenue, Euclid Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, Drexel Avenue, Washington Avenue, Collins Avenue (State Road A1A), and Ocean Drive. There are three smaller avenues (that do not run the entire length of South Beach) in the Collins Park area, named Park, Liberty, and James. Most locals agree that South Beach's northern boundary runs along Dade Boulevard from Lincoln Road on the bay side of the island, and heads east-north-east until it connects with 24th Street, which forms the northern boundary on the ocean side.

Neighborhoods and islands
City Center
Flamingo/Lummus
SoFi- South of Fifth

Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as tropical monsoon (Am).

Parks

 Collins Park - Collins Ave and 21st St
 Flamingo Park- In between Michigan Ave and Meridian Av from 11th St to Española Way
 Lummus Park - Ocean Drive from 5th St to 14th St
 Maurice Gibb Park - Purdy Ave and Dade Blvd
 Miami Beach Golf Club - Alton Road and W 23rd St
 South Pointe Park - Washington Ave and South Pointe Dr
 Washington Park - Washington Ave and 2nd St

Transportation

South Beach, along with a handful of other neighborhoods in Greater Miami (such as Downtown and Brickell), is one of the areas where a car-free lifestyle is commonplace. Many South Beach residents get around by foot, bicycle, motorcycle, trolley, bus, or taxi as the neighborhood is very urban and pedestrian-friendly. Lincoln Road, Ocean Drive, Washington Avenue, and Collins Avenue are popular shopping, eating, and entertainment streets for pedestrians. Lincoln Road is a pedestrian-only shopping street, and Collins Avenue around 5th Street is mostly upscale retail.

Automobile congestion in the area is frequent, so getting around in South Beach by car can often prove more difficult than simply walking or bicycling. Recently, Miami Beach has begun bicycle initiatives promoting citywide bike parking and bike lanes that have made bicycling much more popular for residents and tourists. The Venetian Causeway, for example, is a popular bicycle commuter route that connects South Beach to Downtown.

Public transportation in South Beach, along with Downtown Miami and Brickell, is heavily used, and is a vital part of South Beach life. Although South Beach has no direct Metrorail stations, numerous Metrobus lines (operated by Miami-Dade Transit), connect to Downtown Miami and Metrorail (e.g., Metrobus lines S and 120). The Miami International Airport can be reached quickly from several bus stops in South Beach via the Airport-Beach Express (Metrobus line 150). That ride costs $2.35 and runs every 30 minutes from 6:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. seven days a week.

Various City of Miami Beach-operated trolley routes provide free rides throughout South Beach and connect it to the other major areas of Miami Beach: South Beach Loop travels throughout South Beach, Middle Beach Loop connects South Beach to Mid-Beach's main street (41st Street) via State Road A1A and along 41st Street, and Collins Express connects South Beach to Mid-Beach and North Beach via State Road A1A. Using Collins Express to connect to the North Beach Loop allows free travel from South Beach to several areas of North Beach. All four trolley lines operate from 8 a.m. to midnight on Sunday and from 6 a.m. to midnight the rest of the week.

Education

Elementary schools

Public schools
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates area public schools:

South Pointe Elementary School
Feinberg-Fisher Elementary School

Private schools
First Presbyterian International Christian School
Gordon Day School (Jewish)
Prima Casa Montessori School

High schools
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates area public schools:
Miami Beach Senior High School (public)
Rabbi Alexander Gross High School (private, Jewish)

Colleges and universities
The Florida International University School of Architecture has a sister campus at 420 Lincoln Road in South Beach, with classroom spaces for FIU architecture, art, music and theater graduate students
Lubavitch Educational Center (private, Jewish)
Miami Ad School (private)

Cultural institutions

Festivals and events
Art Basel Miami, art exhibition held in December
Food Network South Beach Wine and Food Festival, held in February
Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miami, held in July
Miami Fashion Week, held in March
Miami International Film Festival, held in March
Miami Marathon, held in January
Urban Beach Week, Memorial Day weekend, last weekend in May. Urban hip-hop festival since 2001.
White Party, held in Spring
Winter Music Conference, held in March

Libraries
Miami-Dade Public Library
Miami Beach Regional Library
South Shore Library
Wolfsonian-FIU Library

Museums and historic sites
ArtCenter/South Florida
Bass Museum
Miami Holocaust Memorial
Jewish Museum of Florida
Wolfsonian-FIU
World Erotic Art Museum Miami

Places of worship

 Miami Beach Community Church
 Pentecostal Church of God
 Saint Frances De Sales Church
 Temple Beth Shmuel

Theatres and performance arts
Colony Theater
Lincoln Theatre
Jackie Gleason Theater
Miami City Ballet
New World Center and New World Symphony Orchestra
SoBe Institute of the Arts (SoBe Arts)

Commercial and other areas

Lincoln Road
Lincoln Road is an open-air pedestrian mall, considered South Beach's premiere shopping area. While Lincoln Road was one time rather downtrodden, it began a renaissance in the 1980s as an arts and cultural center. It has "an esoteric chic that maintains its trendy appeal." It runs parallel in between 16th Street and 17th Street and spans the Beach in an east–west direction. Lincoln Road was fully accessible to automobile traffic until the 1950s when automobile access was limited from Alton Road to Biscayne Bay on the west end and Washington Avenue to the beach on the east end of Lincoln Road with Lincoln Mall limited to pedestrians stretching from Alton Road to Washington Avenue. Among the late 1990s restaurants on Lincoln Road was one owned by actor Michael Caine, and managed by one of his daughters. The restaurant has since closed. The Miami Beach Preservation Board approved the closure of automobile traffic on the westward part of Lincoln Mall, in favor of the renovation of the SunTrust building including the development of the 1111 Lincoln Road parking garage. Several other parking garages nearby greatly facilitate commerce.

Ocean Drive

Ocean Drive is the easternmost street in South Beach, and stems from South Pointe Drive to 15th Street, running in a north–south direction. Ocean Drive is responsible for the South Beach aesthetic that most out-of-town visitors expect. It is a popular tourist area. It is also home to several restaurants (including "A Fish Called Avalon"," "Mango's," and the MTV-popularized "Clevelander") and is the site of Gianni Versace's former ocean front mansion.

Collins Avenue
Collins Avenue runs parallel to Ocean Drive, one block west. It is also State Road A1A. Collins is home to many historic Art Deco hotels, and several nightclubs to the north, including Mynt and Rokbar.

Española Way
Española Way, which runs from Collins Avenue to Pennsylvania Avenue, was conceived by N.B.T. Roney (of Roney Plaza Hotel fame) in 1925 as "The Historic Spanish Village," modeled after Mediterranean villages found in France and Spain. Today it consists of restaurants, bars, art galleries, and shops.

Alton Road
Alton Road is the main westside north–south street located 1-3 blocks from Biscayne Bay. On the part that traverses South Beach, the road is host to many local businesses, including dry cleaners, small furniture stores, small grocery markets, non-chain restaurants and fast food restaurants. It is mainly residential once it crosses Michigan Avenue north of South Beach.

Washington Avenue
Washington Avenue is one of the best-known streets in South Beach. Running parallel with Ocean and Collins, Washington is notorious for having some of the world's largest and most popular nightclubs, such as Cameo and Mansion. During "season" the street is jammed with traffic until early in the morning (as late as 6 am) every night of the week. In the 1990s explosion of South Beach as a nightclub venue, its nightclub moguls included Ingrid Casares, whose investors included the singer Madonna.  Washington Avenue is also home to countless shops, hotels, and such noted architectural features as Temple Emanu-El.

West Avenue Corridor
The West Avenue Corridor extends from 5th Street north to 17th Street and is bounded by the east side of Alton Road and Biscayne Bay.  Development in the West Avenue Corridor began in the 1920s when three grand hotels were built on the shores of Biscayne Bay: The Flamingo, The Fleetwood and the Floridian.  Al Capone and vacationing billionaires from the Golden Age made these hotels their winter hideaway. By the 1950s the hotels fell into ruin and tourists abandoned this side of South Beach for the oceanside.

All three properties, along with the rest of the Corridor, have since evolved into a middle-class, mixed use residential neighborhood. Each passing decade saw the addition of new architectural styles that enhance the diversity and appeal of the neighborhood.  Amenities for residents and visitors include shopping, houses of worship, cafes, restaurants, parks and gyms.

Today, the West Avenue Corridor is one of the most desirable places to live in Miami Beach.  Vacationers, homeowners and renters can find an abode to suit any style in this neighborhood that supports a combination of single family homes, original art deco buildings, MiMo mid-rises and contemporary high density high-rises.

The Corridor is home to almost 10,000 residents, over 40 different condominiums, several single family homes and a number of rental buildings. The neighborhood has changed over the years. The recent Census shows the neighborhood to be much younger and more year-round than in years past.  It is highly walkable since it is a quiet neighborhood and is close to many amenities - Flamingo Park, Lincoln Road, the ocean, the nightlife of Ocean Drive and Washington Avenue, grocery stores and many restaurants.

Located at 10th Street and West Avenue, The Shoppes at West Avenue, built almost 12 years ago by Gumenick Properties, hosts a locus of business activity that complements the residential community. There is a parking garage disguised by the architecture and on the ground level are shops.

Adding the neighborhood's attractiveness is its proximity to the neighborhoods of South of Fifth, Sunset Harbor, Belle Isle, the Venetian Islands and North Bay Road. In the South of Fifth community is the highly rated South Pointe Elementary School, an "A" rated school boasting the highly coveted International Baccalaureate® program.

One could say the Corridor has come full circle - the forefathers intentions were to create a magical lifestyle in a tropical paradise, and the residents who now make their home along the Bay fulfill and continue that lifestyle.

In popular culture

Film
 South Beach is the setting of the fictional Birdcage drag nightclub in the comedy film The Birdcage (1996).
 Two films starring Will Smith and Martin Lawrence, Bad Boys (1995) and Bad Boys II (2003), were set in and around Miami and South Beach.
 The Last Resort is a 2018 documentary about South Beach in the 1960s, 70s and 80s.

Television
South Beach was infamously referenced by NBA superstar LeBron James in his 2010 TV special The Decision when he announced that he was "taking his talents to South Beach" by joining the Miami Heat over staying with his hometown Cleveland Cavaliers, which he eventually returned to in 2014. The quote became a punch line for critics.

See also
Mid-Beach
North Beach

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Florida, DK Eyewitness Travel Guides, 2004, pg. 67
 Muir, Helen. (1953) Miami, U.S.A. Coconut Grove, Florida: Hurricane House Publishers
 Saving South Beach. Stofik, M. Barron. 2005. University Press of Florida.

External links

Tourist attractions in Miami-Dade County, Florida
Neighborhoods in Miami Beach, Florida
Gay villages in Florida
Beaches of Miami-Dade County, Florida
Shopping districts and streets in the United States
Entertainment districts in Florida
Populated places established in 1915
Populated coastal places in Florida on the Atlantic Ocean
Beaches of Florida

South Beach