الاستمناء في الإسلام هو مسألة فقهية خلافية، لم يرد في القرآن ذكرٌ صريح لها أو حكمها، وذكرت في السنة النبوية بعض الأحاديث عنها ولكنها لا تصح، لذلك اختلف الفقهاء حول حكمها، فهناك من رأى بتحريمها تحريماً مطلقاً، وهناك من رأى بكراهيتها، وهناك من رأى بإباحتها وفق شروط وضوابط.

ترى فئة كبيرة تمثل أغلب فقهاء المذاهب «التحريم» وحصر قضاء الشهوة في الزوجة، وذكروا أن من طلب قضاء الوطر في غيرها فقد بغى وطغى، بينما يميل الرأي الثاني إلى أن الاستمناء لا يوجد دليل صريح على تحريمه ولا يتعدى حكمه الكراهية كونه ليس من مكارم الأخلاق، وهو رأي ابن حزم، وجابر بن زيد، والشوكاني والصنعاني. ورأي ثالث يقول بالتفصيل، وهو التحريم في حالة عدم الضرورة، والإباحة في حالة تقتضي ذلك، وهي الضرورة، كخوف من زنا، أو مرض، أو فتنة، وهو قول بعض الحنابلة والحنفية. وكل هذه الآراء تنطبق على المرأة كذلك.

في الشرع
لم يرد نص صريح في القرآن ولا في السنة النبوية يستدل به على الاستمناء، وما يروى في ذلك لم يصح إسناده، إلا الأية: ، من هنا الاختلاف بين أراء العلماء بين تحريمها وكراهيتها واباحتها، فالبعض يستدل بها علي تحريمها، وابن القيم وغيره نص على أنه يجوز ذلك عند الخوف من الوقوع في الزنا فأباحها لخوف الوقوع في كبيرة من الكبائر (الزنا) أو (اللواط)
ويذكر عن ابن عباس: الخضخضة خير من الزنا، وقد قال الإمَامُ أحمد: هي كالحجامة، ومن عمل بها لغير خوف الزنا عزر.

وجاء عند البخاري معلقاً أن جابر بن زيد التابعي «سُئِل عن رجل نظر فأنزل فقال: لا شيء عليه.»، وقد اعتمد هذا الشافعية وغيرهم في قولهم بأن الإنزال لا عن مباشرة لا يفسد الصوم، والنظر لا يعد مباشرة.

ويبيح الإسلام لكل من الزوجين الاستمتاع بالآخر على أي صفة كانت سواء كان ذلك باستمناء أو غيره.

التحريم
 يرى أصحاب المذهب المالكي بتحريم الاستمناء.
 يرى أصحاب المذهب الشافعي بتحريم الاستمناء.
 يرى أغلب أصحاب المذهب الحنفي بتحريم الاستمناء.
 يرى ابن تيمية أن الأصل في العادة السرية هو التحريم ويجب التوبة عنها، ولكنه روى عن بعض الصحابة والتابعين اعتقادهم في اباحتها للضرورة (مثل خشية الزنا)، أما لو كانت دون ضرورة فهي محرمة.
 يرى ابن باز بتحريم الاستمناء، إذ يقول: لا شك أن الاستمناء باليد، من المحرمات؛ لأن الاستمناء يخالف قول الله: . وهذا ابتغاء أمر آخر غير الاستمتاع بالزوجة والسرية، فيكون عادياً ظالماً.
 يرى الشيعة بتحريم الاستمناء.
 يرى أغلبية الزيدية بتحريم الاستمناء.

يحتج أغلب من قال بتحريم العادة السرية أن الله أمر بحفظ الفروج في كل الحالات، إلا بالنسبة للزوجة. واستدل بعضهم بالآية: ، بأن الأمر بالعفاف يقتضي الصبر عما سواه.

ويستعمل الفقهاء حجة أن الرسول محمد لم يرشد الشباب إلى الاستمناء وأنه لو كان في الاستمناء خير لأرشد إليه، وإنما أرشد إلى الزواج أو الصوم بقوله:

الإباحة
 قال عمرو بن دينار: ما أرى بالاستمناء بأسا.
 قال أبي الشعثاء: هُوَ مَاؤُكَ فَأَهْرِقْهُ.
 يروى عن ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ أنه قال: «وَمَا هُوَ إِلا أَنْ يَعْرُكَ أَحَدُكُمْ َّزُبَّهُ حَتَّى يُنْزِلَ مَاءً»، وجاء عنه قوله كذلك: إن نكاح الأمة خير من هذا، وهذا خير من الزنا.
 قال أحمد بن حنبل: المني إخراج فضله من البدن فجاز إخراجه.
 في مصنّف عبد الرزّاق: كان من مضى يأمرون شبّانهم بالاستمناء، والمرأة كذلك تدخل شيئاً. قلنا لعبد الرزّاق: ما تدخل شيئاً؟ قال: يريد السق. يقول تستغني به عن الزنا.
 أما ابن حزم فقد بنى إباحة نكاح الرجل ليده على مقدمتين، أولاهما أن ذلك يتم بلمس الرجل لذكره، وأن يتعمد بذلك إنزال المني. فالمقدمة الأولى مباحة بإجماع. والمقدمة الثانية مباحة أيضاً، لأنه لم يزد على المباح في الأمر الأولى إلا تعمد إنزال المني، فليس ذلك حراماً أصلاً، لقول الله: ، وليس هذا مما فُصِل فهو حلال لقول الله:  وليس هذا مما فُصِلَ تحريمه، كما يقول ابن حزم، فهو حلال، إلا أنه يعتبره مكروهاً لأنه ليس من مكارم الأخلاق ولا من الفضائل.
 قال ابن عقيل:

 اقرَ الشوكاني في رسالته بجواز الاستمناء بشكل مطلق حتى في غياب الزوجة، إلا أنه عاب هذا الفعل بقوله: لا شك أن هذا العمل هجنةً وخسةً وسقوط نفس وضياع حشمة وضعف همة.
 يرى عبد الباري الزمزمي، بجواز لجوء المرأة والرجل إلى ممارسة الاستمناء ولا حرج في ذلك. واستند في إباحته للعادة السرية للفتيات على أنها وسيلة تبعدهن عن الزنا، الذي يعد «حراماً صريحاً»، عكس الاستمناء الذي يغيب عنه آية أو حديث صريح. وكان العلماء يفتون للمرأة التي تأخرت عن الزواج أو غاب زوجها عنها لمدة طويلة، بممارسة العادة السرية لإشباع حاجاتها «مخافة الوقوع في المحظور». وحسب الزمزمي «تلجأ الفتاة إلى هذه الوسائل لتصون عرضها وكرامتها حتى لا تقع في الحرام، لكون حكم الرغبة الجنسية مثل حكم الجوع». ويقول الزمزي أن «من يكفيه الصيام فليصم»، لكنه يرى أن الصوم في عهد الرسول تغير عن الصوم في العصر الحديث، فحينها كانت الناس تقضي النهار في الصوم، ومع آذان المغرب يدخلون إلى البيت، لأنه لا حياة تستمر بحلول الظلام، عكس ما يجري اليوم، حيث تنطلق الحياة بعد آذان المغرب.

ملخص
جدول يوضح أراء الفقهاء والعلماء وغيرهم في حكم الاستمناء:

العادة السرية والعبادات
تعد العادة السرية من مبطلات بعض العبادات كالصلاة وقراءة القرآن فلا يجوز الصلاة أو قراءة القرآن في حالة الجنابة (الحدث الأكبر) إلا بعد الاغتسال والتطهر.

رمضان
اختلف الفقهاء في هذه المسألة قديما وحديثا والذين أوجبوا عليه القضاء احتجوا بالقياس على الجماع لكنهم تناقضوا فلم يوجبوا عليه الكفارة وهذا تحكم لا يرتضيه الشارع الإسلامي. ومنهم من احتج بأن الإنزال شهوة والصائم قد منع من مقارفة الشهوة لحديث: «يدع طعامه وشرابه وشهوته من أجلي»، وهؤلاء تناقضوا أيضا لأنهم يجوزون للصائم بعض الأمور التي تدخل في هذا الباب كالقبلة والمباشرة والتطيب والترفه وغير ذلك مما هو جائز ولو لم ينص عليه الشارع. فالمقصود بالشهوة في الحديث الجماع وهذا الذي كان يفتي به بعض الصحابة.

قال الصنعاني:
وإليه مال الشوكاني وهو مذهب ابن حزم.

هناك من يستدل على التحريم بالآية:

لكن لا دلالة في الآية على التحريم لحكم الاستمناء فالآية تتحدث عن النكاح، كما جاء في الآية: وقد فصل لكم ما حرم عليكم، كما استدل ابن حزم بذلك. وهو رأي الألباني الذي يقول أن الاستمناء لا يجوز في نهار رمضان ولكنه لا يفطر صاحبه وأن الكفارة والقضاء لا تكون إلا بالجماع.

وذكر بعض الآثار عن الصحابة أنهم كانوا يفعلون ذلك بالمغازي واستدل به على تحريم المتعة، وأما من قال باللإفطار وأن ذلك يفسد الصوم فلا دليل عليه أصلا وكذلك الكفارة لا يصح فيها دليل.

بينما يقول ابن باز:

والألباني رجح أن الاستمناء لا يجوز في نهار رمضان ولكنه لا يفطر صاحبه. وأن الكفارة والقضاء لا تكون إلا بالجماع. واحتج الشيخ بقول عائشة لمن سالها: ما يحل للرجل من امرأته صائما؟ قالت: «كل شيء إلا الجماع».، كما واحتج ابن حزم بنفس الحديث.

يجب التبيه أنه بين الاستمناء والإنزل عموم وخصوص فكل استمناء إنزال وليس كل إنزال استمناء. فإن الاستمناء هو ما اختلف فيه الفقهاء أما الإنزال بمجرد النظر أو بسبب التفكير بل لو تعمّد التفكير في الجماع فأنزل فهذا لا شيء عليه إطلاقا لا قضاء ولا كفارة ولا غيره وهو قول جمهور أهل العلم إن لم يكن إجماعا، لقوله رسول الله:

الحج
ذهب الفقهاء إلى أن الاستمناء لا يفسد الحج وعليه بدنة، ويرى المالكية أن الاستمناء يفسد الحج إذا كان ذلك قبل الوقوف بعرفه مطلقًا، سواء فعل شيءًا بعد إحرامه كالقدوم والسعى أم لا، أو وقع بعده بشرطين:
 إن وقع قبل طواف الإفاضة، ورمى جمرة العقبة يوم النحر، وقبله ليلة بالمزدلفة، وإلا بأن وقع قبلهما بعد يوم النحر، أو بعد أحدهما في يوم النحر، فعليه هدي واجب، ولا يفسد حجه.

الاعتكاف
يرى الفقهاء أن الاستمناء يفسد الاعتكاف، خلافًا للظاهرية الذين يرون أنه لا يفسد الاعتكاف في شيء إلا الخروج من المسجد.

انظر أيضا
 الموسيقى في الإسلام

مراجع

مصادر
 بلوغ المنى في حكم الاستمنا، محمد بن علي بن محمد الشوكاني.
 تحفة الشاب الرباني في الرد على الإمام محمد بن علي الشوكاني، مقبل الوادعي.
 الحقيقة الجلية في حرمة العادة السرية، محمد بن عمران.
 الاستقصا بأدلة تحريم الاستمنا، عبد الله بن الصديق الغماري.

وصلات خارجية
 حكم الاستمناء، دار الإفتاء المصرية
 الاستمناء (العادة السرية)، آية الله السيستاني

الجنسانية في الإسلام
الطهارة في الإسلام
عادات
استمناء

حكم الاستمناء في الإسلام


An Nevillea singularis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Esterh.. An Nevillea singularis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Nevillea, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Nevillea

Nevillea singularis


Inhibitorii pompei de protoni (IPP) reprezintă o clasă de medicamente a căror acțiune principală este diminuarea producerii de acid gastric. În cadrul acestei clase, nu există dovezi referitoare la eficacitatea relativă a fiecărui reprezentat față de restul.

Inhibitorii pompei de protoni sunt cei mai potenți agenți de reducere a secreției gastrice, depășind ca și utilizare în prezent medicamentele din clasa antagoniștilor receptorilor H2. De asemenea, sunt printre cele mai comercializate medicamente la nivel mondial, iar omeprazolul se află pe lista OMS a medicamentelor esențiale.

Reprezentanți
Cele mai comune exemple de inhibitori ai pompei de protoni sunt: omeprazolul, esomeprazolul, pantoprazolul, rabeprazolul, lansoprazolul și dexlansoprazolul.

Utilizări medicale
Această clasă de medicamente este utilizată în tratamentul multor afecțiuni, precum:
 Dispepsie
 Ulcer gastroduodenal
 Terapia de eradicare a infecției cu Helicobacter pylori, în asociere cu antibioterapie corespunzătoare
 Boală de reflux gastro-esofagian (BRGE)
 Esofagită eozinofilică
 Gastrită și ulcer induse de stres (profilaxtie) la pacienții aflați în terapie intensivă

Farmacologie

Mecanism de acțiune

Inhibitorii pompei de protoni acționează prin blocarea ireversibilă a sistemului enzimatic al pompei de protoni, denumit și hidrogen/potasiu-ATPaza (H+/K+ ATPaza) de la nivelul celulelor parietale gastrice. Această pompă reprezintă ultima etapă în secreția de acid gastric, fiind deci responsabilă de secreția ionilor de hidrogen H+ la nivel gastric. Datorită acestui fapt și al inhibării ireversibile, această clasă de medicamente este mult mai eficientă decât antagoniștii H2 în reducerea secreției acide gastrice.

Compușii ca atare sunt promedicamente care necesită activare. Așadar, ei se absorb în circulația sistemică, iar apoi se secretă în canaliculele secretoare din celulele parietale. În mediul acid de la acest nivel compușii sunt activați la un intermediar reactiv de tip sulfenamidă, și se leagă ireversibil de resturile de cisteină prin legături covalente disulfidice. Pentru o se relua secreția acidă, este necesară sinteza de noi pompe de protoni, iar până atunci secreția acidă va fi scăzută.

Vezi și
 Antiacid
 Antagonist al receptorilor H2

Referințe

Inhibitor al pompei de protoni


Olaylar
 1775 - Amerikan Devrimi başladı. Sömürgeci İngiliz birlikleri ile bağımsızlık savaşçıları, Massachusetts eyaletinin Lexington kentinde ilk çatışmaya girdi.
 1904 - Toronto'nun büyük bir kısmı, çıkan yangında harabeye döndü.
 1909 - Jeanne d'Arc, azize ilan edildi.
 1926 - Türk karasularında her türlü denizcilik işlerini Türk vatandaşlarına tahsis eden ve yabancıların kabotaj hakkına son veren Kabotaj Kanunu kabul edildi.
 1927 - Mae West'in "Sex" adlı oyundaki rolü, müstehcen bulunarak 10 gün hapse mahkûm oldu.
 1934 - Shirley Temple, Stand Up and Cheer adlı filmde ilk rolünü oynadı.
 1938 - Kırşehir ve çevresindeki 6,6 büyüklüğündeki depremde 149 kişi öldü.
 1943 - İsviçreli kimyager Albert Hofmann, çavdar mahmuzundan ürettiği LSD'nin etkilerini yaşayan ilk insan oldu.
 1943 - II. Dünya Savaşı: Alman askerleri Yahudileri toplamak için Varşova Gettosu'na girdi.
 1947 - Hindistan'da Kongre Partisi, ülkenin Hindistan ve Pakistan olarak iki ayrı devlete bölünmesini kabul etti.
 1948 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, yeni bir atom silahını Marshall Adaları'nda denedi.
 1951 - General Douglas MacArthur, Ordu'dan emekli olarak ayrıldı.
 1956 - Monako Prensi III. Rainier ile Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu Grace Kelly, Monte Carlo'da evlendi. Tören için 25 ülkenin temsilcileri Monako'ya geldi.
 1961 - 27 Mayıs'tan sonra ilk basın mahkûmiyeti: Ahmet Emin Yalman, 25 lira ağır para cezasına çarptırıldı.
 1961 - Küba'ya karşı yapılan Domuzlar Körfezi Çıkarması, ABD açısından başarısızlıkla sonuçlandı.
 1964 - Ford, Mustang modelini piyasaya sundu.
 1969 - Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi lideri Alparslan Türkeş, "doğum kontrolü suikasttır" dedi.
 1971 - Sierra Leone'de cumhuriyet ilan edildi.
 1971 - İlk uzay istasyonu Salyut 1, uzaya fırlatıldı.
 1971 - Amerikalı seri katil Charles Manson, aralarında Roman Polanski'nin hamile eşi Sharon Tate'in de olduğu beş kişiyi öldürdüğü için idam cezası aldı, cezası ömür boyu hapse çevrildi.
 1975 - Hindistan'ın ilk uydusu olan "Aryabhata" fırlatıldı.
 1980 - Ajda Pekkan, Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması'nda Şanar Yurdatapan'ın düzenlediği "Petrol" adlı şarkıyla, 19 yarışmacı arasında 15'inci oldu.
 1987 - Simpsonlar, televizyonda gösterime girdi.
 1989 - USS Iowa zırhlısının top taretlerinin birindeki patlama, 47 denizcinin ölümüne yol açtı.
 1995 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Oklahoma eyaletinde Alfred P. Murrah Federal Binası bombalandı, 168 kişi ölü.
 1999 - Almanya Federal Meclisi (Bundestag), Bonn'dan Berlin'e taşındı.
 2000 - Filipinler Havayolları'na ait Boeing 737-200 tipi bir yolcu uçağı, Davao (Filipinler) şehri yakınlarında düştü: 131 kişi öldü.
 2002 - İBDA/C'nin lideri Salih Mirzabeyoğlu'nun idam kararı, Yargıtay tarafından onandı.
 2005 - Katolik dünyasının yeni Papa'sı 78 yaşındaki Alman Kardinal Joseph Ratzinger oldu. Yeni Papa'nın, XVI. Benedictus adını kullanacağı belirtildi.
 2009 - Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti'nde VIII. dönem milletvekili seçimleri yapıldı. Oyların %43.97'sini alan Ulusal Birlik Partisi 26 milletvekili, %29.34'ünü alan Cumhuriyetçi Türk Partisi 15 milletvekili çıkardı. Bu sonuca göre, UBP tek başına Hükûmeti kuracak çoğunluğa sahip oldu.
 2021 - NASA'nın Ingenuity helikopteri, başka bir gezegende (Mars'ta) uçan ilk makine oldu.

Doğumlar
 1686 - Vasili Tatişçev, Rus İmparatorluk devlet adamı, tarihçi, filozof ve etnograf (ö. 1750)
 1721 - Roger Sherman, Amerikalı hukukçu ve siyasetçi (ö. 1793)
 1793 - I. Ferdinand, Avusturya İmparatoru (ö. 1875)
 1814 - Amédée Achard, Fransız şair ve gazeteci (ö. 1875)
 1832 - José Echegaray y Eizaguirre, İspanyol yazar ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1916)
 1867 - Elvira Rawson de Dellepiane, Arjantinli doktor.
 1882 - Getúlio Vargas, Brezilya Devlet Başkanı (ö. 1954)
 1883 - Richard von Mises, Avusturyalı bilim insanı ve matematikçi (ö. 1953)
 1886 - Hiroshi Ōshima, Japon asker ve bürokrat (ö. 1975)
 1889 - Otto Georg Thierack, Alman Nazi politikacı ve hukukçu (ö. 1946)
 1897 - Jiroemon Kimura, Japon süper asırlık (ö. 2013)
 1898 - Constance Alice Talmadge, Amerikalı sessiz sinema dönemi oyuncu (ö. 1973)
 1899 - George O'Brien, Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu (ö. 1985)
 1899 - Cemal Tollu, Türk ressam (ö. 1968)
 1903 - Eliot Ness, Amerikalı federal ajan (ö. 1957)
 1912 - Glenn T. Seaborg, Amerikalı kimyacı ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1999)
 1917 - Sven Hassel, Danimarka doğumlu asker ve savaş romanı yazarı (ö. 2012)
 1922 - Erich Hartmann, II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Nazi Almanyası Hava Kuvvetleri'nde Luftwaffe avcı savaş uçağı pilotu (ö. 1993)
 1925 - Hugh O'Brian, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2016)
 1932 - Fernando Botero, Kolombiyalı modern sanat ressamı
 1933 - Jayne Mansfield, Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu (ö. 1967)
 1934 - Salvador Sánchez-Terán, İspanyol siyasetçi (ö. 2022)
 1935 - Dudley Moore, İngiliz oyuncu ve komedyen (ö. 2002)
 1936 - Wilfried Martens, Flaman Belçikalı bir politikacı (ö. 2013)
 1937 - Joseph Estrada, Filipinli politikacı ve eski aktör
 1944 - James Heckman, Amerikalı ekonomist
 1944 - Cemalettin Sarar, Türk iş insanı ve Sarar Giyim Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı
 1946 - Duygu Asena, Türk gazeteci ve yazar (ö. 2006)
 1946 - Tim Curry, İngiliz aktör, seslendirme sanatçısı ve şarkıcı
 1950 - Jacques Herzog, İsviçreli mimar
 1950 - Yüksel Uzel, Türk ses sanatçısı
 1954 - Trevor Francis, İngiliz millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1957 - Mukesh Ambani, Hint iş insanı
 1960 - Nuh Ömer Çetinay, Türk şair ve mimar
 1965 - Galip Öztürk, Türk iş insanı ve Metro Şirketler Grubu'nun sahibi
 1968 - III. Mswati, 1986'dan beri görev başında olan Esvatini kralı
 1970 - Kelly Holmes, İngiliz atlet
 1972 - Binnur Kaya, Türk oyuncu
 1972 - Rivaldo, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 1974 - Başak Köklükaya, Türk oyuncu
 1976 - Sertan Güriz, Türk futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1978 - James Franco, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1978 - Gabriel Heinze, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1979 - Kate Hudson, Amerikalı yapımcı, yönetmen ve aktris
 1981 - Catalina Sandino Moreno, Kolombiyalı oyuncu
 1981 - Dmitro Kuleba, Ukraynalı politikacı ve Ukrayna Dışişleri Bakanı
 1981 - Hayden Christensen, Kanadalı oyuncu
 1982 - Kadir Doğulu, Türk oyuncu ve manken
 1984 - Kelen Coleman, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1984 - Lee Da-hae, Güney Kore asıllı Avustralyalı oyuncu
 1985 - Nicolas Maurice-Belay, Fransız futbolcu
 1986 - Alessio Alessandro, Belçikalı futbolcu
 1986 - Candace Parker, Amerikan basketbolcu
 1987 - Joe Hart, İngiliz futbolcu
 1987 - Mariya Şarapova, Rus tenisçi
 1987 - Oksana Akinşina, Rus oyuncu
 1988 - Luka Karabatić, Fransız hentbolcu
 1989 - Simu Liu, Kanadalı oyuncu
 1990 - Denis Harmaş, Ukraynalı futbolcu
 1991 - Kelly Olynyk, Kanadalı basketbolcu
 1991 - Russ Smith, Amerikalı basketbolcu
 1992 - Marko Todorović, Karadağlı basketbolcu
 1992 - Marshmello, Amerikalı DJ
 1993 - Junior Barros, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 1994 - Halit Kadirov, Çeçen futbolcu
 1995 - Elijah Bryant Amerikan basketbol oyuncusu

 2001 - Deniz Selin Ünlüdağ, Türk eskrimci
 2002 - Loren Gray, Pensilvanyalı İnternet fenomeni ve şarkıcıdır

Ölümler
 65 - Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Romalı düşünür, devlet adamı ve oyun yazarı (d. MÖ 4)
 1054 - IX. Leo, Katolik Kilisesi'nin 152. Papası (d. 1002)
 1390 - II. Robert, İskoçya Kralı (d. 1316)
 1506 - Marcus Antonius Coccius Sabellicus, Venedikli tarihçi (d. 1436)
 1552 - Olaus Petri, İsveçli Lüterci din adamı, yazar ve yargıç (d. 1493)
 1560 - Philipp Melanchthon, Alman filolog, filozof, teolog ve şair (d. 1497)
 1578 - Uesugi Kenshin, Japon daimyō (d. 1530)
 1588 - Paolo Veronese, Venedikli ressam (d. 1528)
 1689 - Christina, İsveç Kraliçesi (d. 1626)
 1768 - Canaletto, İtalyan ressam (d. 1697)
 1824 - George Gordon Byron, İngiliz şair ve yazar (d. 1788)
 1831 - Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger, Alman astronom (d. 1765)
 1878 - Władysław Tarnowski, Polonyalı şair, oyun yazarı, piyanist ve besteci (d. 1836)
 1881 - Benjamin Disraeli, İngiltere Başbakanı (d. 1804)
 1882 - Charles Darwin, İngiliz biyolog (d. 1809)
 1885 - Nikolay Kostomarov, Rus ve Ukraynalı tarihçi, yazar ve şair (d. 1817)
 1899 - Édouard Pailleron, Fransız şair, oyun yazarı ve gazeteci (d. 1834)
 1906 - Pierre Curie, Fransız fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (d. 1859)
 1914 - Charles Sanders Peirce, Amerikalı filozof (d. 1839)
 1916 - Colmar von der Goltz, Alman subay (Osmanlı ve Alman ordularında mareşal rütbesi sahibi) (d. 1843)
 1919 - Andrei Eberhardt, Alman kökenli Rus İmparatorluk Donanması Amirali (d. 1859)
 1949 - Ulrich Salchow, İsveçli buz patenci (d. 1877)
 1949 - Stephen Samuel Wise, Yahudi haham ve siyonist lider (d. 1874)
 1958 - Haykanuş Danielyan, Ermeni opera şarkıcısı (d. 1893)
 1959 - Wilhelm Nestle, Alman felsefeci ve dil bilimci (d. 1865)
 1963 - Vicente Ferreira da Silva, Brezilyalı filozof (d. 1916)
 1966 - Väinö Tanner, Finlandiya Başbakanı (d. 1881)
 1967 - Konrad Adenauer, Alman devlet adamı (d. 1876)
 1973 - Hans Kelsen, Avusturyalı-Amerikalı hukukçu (d. 1881)
 1979 - Wilhelm Bittrich, Alman SS Obergruppenführer ve Waffen-SS generali (d. 1894)
 1983 - Şahan Natali, Ermeni yazar (d. 1884)
 1987 - Maxwell Taylor, Amerikalı asker ve diplomat (d. 1901)
 1989 - Daphne du Maurier, İngiliz romancı ve oyun yazarı (d. 1907)
 1993 - David Koresh, Amerikalı dinî lider ve müzisyen (d. 1959)
 1993 - Sabahattin Kudret Aksal, Türk şair, öykücü ve oyun yazarı (d. 1920)
 1994 - Turgut Boralı, Türk sinema sanatçısı (d. 1923)
 1998 - Octavio Paz, Meksikalı diplomat, yazar ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (d. 1914)
 2004 - John Maynard Smith, İngiliz evrimsel biyolog ve genetikçi (d. 1920)
 2005 - Erkki Penttilä, Fin güreşçi (d. 1932)
 2005 - George Pan Cosmatos, Yunan asıllı İtalyan film yönetmeni (d. 1941)
 2007 - Helen Walton, Amerikalı iş insanı ve Walmart'ın Yönetim Kurulu Üyesi (d. 1919)
 2007 - Jean-Pierre Cassel, Fransız aktör (d. 1932)
 2008 - Ayvaz Gökdemir, Türk siyasetçi (d. 1942)
 2008 - Germaine Tillion, Fransız etnolog (d. 1907)
 2009 - J.G. Ballard, İngiliz romancı (d. 1930)
 2010 - Burkhard Ziese, Alman teknik direktör (d. 1944)
 2010 - Guru (Keith Edward Elam), Amerikalı rapçi (d. 1961)
 2011 - Ali Balkaya, Türk futbolcu (d. 1989)
 2011 - Elisabeth Sladen, İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1946)
 2012 - Levon Helm, Amerikalı rock müzisyeni ve The Band üyesi (d. 1940)
 2012 - Ümit Ömer Sevinç, Türk aşçı, eğitimci ve yemek uzmanı (d. 1952)
 2013 - Allan Franklin Arbus, Amerikalı moda fotoğrafçısı, dizi ve sinema oyuncusu (d. 1918)
 2013 - François Jacob, Fransız biyolog (d. 1920)
 2015 - Oktay Sinanoğlu, Türk kuantum kimyacısı ve moleküler biyolog (d. 1934)
 2016 - Estelle Balet, İsviçreli snowboardcu (d. 1994)
 2016 - Patricio Aylwin, Şilili siyasetçi ve avukat (d. 1918)
 2016 - Ronit Elkabetz, İsrailli oyuncu, senaryo yazarı ve sinema yönetmeni (d. 1964)
 2016 - Walter Kohn, Amerikalı fizikçi ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (d. 1923)
 2017 - Aaron Hernandez, Amerikalı futbolcu (d. 1989)
 2017 - Bülent Kayabaş, Türk sinema ve tiyatro sanatçısı (d. 1945)
 2019 - Martin Böttcher, Alman film müziği bestecisi, aranjör, söz yazarı ve orkestra şefi (d. 1927)
 2019 - Massimo Marino, İtalyan televizyon yapımcısı ve oyuncu (d. 1960)
 2019 - Patrick Sercu, Belçikalı bisiklet yarışçısı (d. 1944)
 2020 - Philippe Nahon, Fransız aktör (d. 1938)
 2020 - Sergio Onofre Jarpa, Şilili siyasetçi (d. 1921)
 2021 - Edward William Abel, Britanyalı kimyager (d. 1931)
 2021 - Walter Mondale, Amerikalı siyasetçi (d. 1928)
 2021 - James Steinman, Amerikalı besteci, şarkıcı, söz yazarı, müzik yapımcısı ve oyun yazarı (d. 1947)
 2022 - Kane Tanaka, Japon süper asırlık (d. 1903)

Tatiller ve özel günler

0419
19

19 Nisan


صالح جاسم الشهاب، من مواليد 1924، توفي في 25 يوليو 1985 ، عمل في وزارة الإعلام الكويتية.

تلقى تعليمه في مدرسة عبد الله عبد اللطيف العثمان، وفي 1937 انتقل إلى المدرسة المباركية، ثم رشح في 1940 في بعثة طلابية للدراسة في الكلية الصناعية في البحرين، وفي 1942 انضم إلى مدرسة الشرقية ثم المدرسة القبلية ثم المدرسة المباركية.

قام بتدريس الأناشيد المدرسية والوطنية واللغة الإنجليزية والتربية البدنية، وبعد ذلك عين مديرا لمدرسة الرشيد في الدسمة، ثم عين رئيسا لقسم السياحة في وزارة الإعلام، وقد كان مهتم في الشؤون الرياضية، فساهم في تأسيس نادي العربي الكويتي وقد كان عضو اللجنة الأولمبية الكويتية والإتحاد الكويتي لكرة القدم.

تم تسمية المدرسة الثانوية للبنين في منطقة مشرف باسمه.

مصادر
 صالح جاسم الشهاب دخل في 25 يوليو 2008

أعضاء هيئة تدريس مدرسة المباركية
خريجو المدرسة المباركية
تربويون كويتيون
رياضيون كويتيون

صالح شهاب


Shinichi Sato (født 14. september 1975) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Cerezo Osaka og Sagan Tosu.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shinichi Sato


The Brussels Affair '73 ist ein 1973 im Rahmen der Europa-Tournee der Rolling Stones aufgenommenes Livealbum, das am 17. November 2011 veröffentlicht wurde. Es enthält eine Zusammenstellung von Aufnahmen zweier Konzerte, die die Band am 17. Oktober 1973 in der Brüssler Arena Forest National gab. Ein Album mit dem Titel Brussels Affair 1973 mit Aufnahmen dieser Darbietungen hatte zuvor bereits als Schwarzpressung Verbreitung gefunden und war für das autorisierte Album namensgebend. Nachdem es zunächst ausschließlich als Download angeboten worden war, wurde das Album 2012 im Rahmen verschiedener, in limitierter Stückzahl aufgelegter Boxsets auch auf LP veröffentlicht.

Geschichte
Während der vom 1. September bis zum 19. Oktober 1973 stattfindenden Europa-Tournee verweigerte die französische Regierung den Rolling Stones die Einreise nach Frankreich, weil Keith Richards wegen Drogen in Konflikt mit dem Gesetz geraten war. Die Band gab deshalb am 17. Oktober 1973 eines von zwei Konzerten im Forest National in Brüssel speziell für die französischen Fans. Diese konnten mittels von RTL Radio gemieteten Sonderzügen in die belgische Hauptstadt reisen.

Die beiden Auftritte wurden professionell aufgenommen. Pläne der Rolling Stones, daraus ein Livealbum zusammenzustellen, wurden bis 2011 jedoch nicht verwirklicht.
Es kursierten allerdings diverse Bootlegs mit Aufnahmen der Konzerte, darunter Alben mit den Namen Bedspring Symphony, The Rolling Stones in concert 1973 und Brussels Affair 1973.
Quelle für die Bootlegs war unter anderem die US-amerikanische Radiosendung King Biscuit Flower Hour, in der die professionellen Aufnahmen vom ersten Konzert am Nachmittag gesendet worden waren. Vom zweiten Konzert zirkulierten nur wenige Songs in deutlich schlechterer Qualität.

Erst 2011 kam es zu einer autorisierten Veröffentlichung, für die Bob Clearmountain die abschließende Mischung der Konzertaufnahmen, die Andy Johns im mobilen Rolling-Stones-Studio gemacht hatte, erstellte.
Das Album wurde in den USA ab dem 16. November 2011 von dem Internetdienst Google Music als erstes einer Serie von sechs Konzertalben der Band zum Kauf angeboten.
Der Vertrieb der Download-Alben dieser Rolling Stones Bootleg Series mit bis dahin offiziell unveröffentlichten Aufnahmen erfolgt ausschließlich über den Online-Shop von Google Play (in das Google Music seit März 2012 integriert ist, bis dahin lief der Online-Shop über Android Market).
Nur für Kunden aus Ländern, in denen Google Play nicht verfügbar ist, gibt es die Konzerte in Zusammenarbeit mit Google Music im Online-Shop des Rolling Stones Archive, einer am 17. November ins Leben gerufenen Internetseite, zu kaufen. Dies betraf zum Zeitpunkt der Veröffentlichung alle Kunden außerhalb der USA; seit 13. November 2012 können deutsche Kunden die Alben über Google Play erwerben.
Das Stones Archive wird von Bravado, dem Merchandising-Unternehmen von Universal Music, betrieben.

Wegen der Beliebtheit der bekannten Schwarzpressung wurde "Brussels Affair" im Titel beibehalten. Allerdings unterscheidet sich das Album inhaltlich von dieser und auch den anderen zuvor existierenden Bootleg-Veröffentlichungen.
Die im Rolling Stones Archive und bei Google Play abgebildeten Cover für das Album variieren hinsichtlich der Namensgebung: Im Rolling Stones Archive trägt es den Titel The Brussels Affair '73, bei Google Play den Titel Brussels Affair (Live 1973).

Enthalten ist eine Kombination von Aufnahmen des ersten und zweiten Auftritts der Band.
Doo Doo Doo Doo (Heartbreaker), Dancing with Mr. D, Star Star und Angie sind Lieder vom 1973er Studioalbum Goats Head Soup, an dessen Erscheinen sich die Europa-Tournee anschloss.

Titelliste

 Brown Sugar – 3:54
 Gimme Shelter – 5.31
 Happy – 3:13
 Tumbling Dice – 5:02
 Star Star – 4:15
 Dancing With Mr. D – 4:36
 Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo (Heartbreaker) – 5:01
 Angie – 5:13
 You Can't Always Get What You Want – 10:57
 Midnight Rambler – 12:49
 Honky Tonk Women – 3:10
 All Down The Line – 4:19
 Rip This Joint – 2:24
 Jumping Jack Flash – 3:26
 Street Fighting Man – 5:13

Brown Sugar, Midnight Rambler und Street Fighting Man sind Aufnahmen vom ersten Auftritt, die übrigen Titel vom zweiten (ein Gitarrensolo Mick Taylors in All Down The Line wurde allerdings der Aufnahme des Liedes vom ersten Konzert entnommen). Die Liederfolge entspricht der Setlist des zweiten Auftritts, welche abzüglich Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo (Heartbreaker) identisch ist mit der des ersten.

Fußnoten

Weblinks
 Informationen zu The Brussels Affair '73 und der Bootleg-Serie im Rolling Stones Archive (englisch)

Album (Rock)
Livealbum
Album 2011
The-Rolling-Stones-Album

The Brussels Affair ’73


Islas Brioni (en croata: Brioni e Brijuni; en italiano: Isole Brioni) son un grupo de catorce islas pequeñas pertenecientes a Croacia, que están en la parte norte del Mar Adriático, separadas de la costa oeste de la península de Istria, por el estrecho de Fažana. Famosas por su belleza, las islas son un lugar de veraneo y un parque nacional de Croacia (Nacionalni park Brijuni). Administrativamente dependen del Condado de Istria al norte de ese país en las coordenadas geográficas . En 1983, las islas fueron declaradas parque nacional de Yugoslavia.

Islas

Las islas más grandes son Veliki Brijun con 5,2 kilómetros cuadrados de superficie y a 2 km de la costa croata y Mali Brijun con 1,07 kilómetros cuadrados.

Las otras islas que integran el archipiélago son:

 Kabula
 Kadulja
 Kozada o Kotež
 Galija
 Gaz
 Grunj
 Madona o Pusti
 Vrsar
 Sv. Jerolim
 Sv. Marko
 Okrugljak o Obljak
 Vanga o Krasnica
 Supin
 Supinić

Véase también
 Geografía de Croacia
 Geografía de Europa

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de las Islas

Referencias

Brioni
Brioni
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 1983
Yugoslavia en 1983

hu:Brioni Nemzeti Park
lt:Brijuni nacionalinis parkas

Islas Brioni


William Hector McMillan (-) est un homme politique canadien de l'Ontario. Il est député fédéral libéral de la circonscription ontarienne de Welland de 1950 à 1965.

Biographie
Né à Blenheim en Ontario, McMillan étudie et pratique la médecine. Il entame une carrière publique en tant que maire de Thorold de 1948 à 1950.

Élu lors d'une élection partielle déclenchée à la suite du décès du député et ministre du Travail, Humphrey Mitchell, en 1950, il est réélu en 1953, 1957, 1958, 1962 et en 1963. Il ne se représente pas en 1965.

Résultats électoraux

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en janvier 1892
Naissance en Ontario
Député fédéral canadien provenant de l'Ontario
Député du Parti libéral du Canada
Maire de Thorold (Ontario)
Décès en septembre 1974
Décès à 82 ans

William Hector McMillan


This article presents the current language demographics of the Canadian province of Quebec.

Demographic terms
The complex nature of Quebec's linguistic situation, with individuals who are often bilingual or multilingual, requires the use of multiple terms in order to describe the languages which people speak.
Francophone Speaking French as a first language.
Anglophone Speaking English as a first language.
Allophone Having a mother tongue other than English or French.
 Mother tongue  The first language learned by a person, which may or may not still be used by that individual in adulthood, is a basic measure of a population's language. However, with the high number of mixed francophone-anglophone marriages and the reality of multilingualism in Montreal, this description does not give a true linguistic portrait of Quebec. It is, however, still essential, for example in order to calculate the assimilation rate. Statistics Canada defines mother tongue as the first language learned in childhood and still spoken; it does not presuppose literacy in that or any language.
 Home language  This is the language most often spoken at home and is currently preferred to identify francophones, anglophones, and allophones. This descriptor has the advantage of pointing out the current usage of languages. However, it fails to describe the language that is most used at work, which may be different.
 Knowledge of official languages  This measure describes which of the two official languages of Canada a person can speak informally. This relies on the person's own evaluation of his/her linguistic competence and can prove misleading.
 First official language learned Measures whether English or French are the first of the two official languages learned; it places allophones into English or French linguistic communities.
 Official language minority Based on first official language learned, but placing half of the people equally proficient since childhood in both English and French into each linguistic community; it is used by the Canadian government to determine the demand for minority language services in a region

Current demographics

Knowledge of languages
The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. The following figures are from the 2021 Canadian Census and the 2016 Canadian Census, and lists languages that were selected by at least one per cent of respondents.

Overview as of the 2016 census

Population: 8,164,361
Official language: French
Majority group: Francophone (77.1%)
Minority groups: Allophone (13.15%), Anglophone (7.45%), Aboriginals (0.6%), native speakers of two languages or more (2.3%)

Among the ten provinces of Canada, Quebec is the only one whose majority is francophone. Quebec's population accounts for 23.9% of the Canadian population, and Quebec's francophones account for about 90% of Canada's French-speaking population.

English-speaking Quebecers are a large population in the Greater Montreal Area, where they have built a well-established network of educational, social, economic, and cultural institutions. There are also historical English-speaking communities in the Eastern Townships, the Ottawa Valley, the Laurentians (such as Ste. Agathe des Monts, Ste. Adolphe de Howard, Arundel, Lachute, Mont Tremblant) and the Gaspé Peninsula. By contrast, the population of Quebec City, the second-largest city in the province, is almost exclusively francophone. Overall in the province the proportion of native English speakers dropped significantly between 1951 and 2001, from 13.8%  to 8% in 2001, while it has since stabilized.

The remaining 13% of the population, known as allophones, are native speakers of more than 30 different languages. With the exception of Aboriginal peoples in Quebec (the Inuit, Huron, Mohawks, Iroquois, Abenaki, Montagnais, Cree, Innu, Ojibway etc.), the majority are products of recent immigration and often come to adopt either English or French as home languages.

Numbers of native speakers

Of the population of 7,903,001 counted by the 2011 census, 7,815,955 completed the section about language. Of these, 7,663,120 gave singular responses to the question regarding their first language. The languages most commonly reported were the following:

Numerous other languages were also counted, but only languages with more than 2,000 native speakers are shown.(Percentages shown are the ratio between the number of singular responses and the number of total responses.)

Cities

All figures are rounded to 0.01%.

Montreal

There are today three distinct territories in the Greater Montreal Area: the metropolitan region, Montreal Island, and Montreal, the city. (The island and the city were coterminous for a time between the municipal merger of 2002 and the "demerger" which occurred in January 2006.)

Quebec allophones account for 9% of the population of Quebec. The vast majority of them (88%) reside in Greater Montreal. Anglophones are also concentrated in the region of Montreal (80% of their numbers).

Francophones account for 65% of the total population of Greater Montreal, anglophones 12.6% and allophones 20.4%. On the island of Montreal, the francophone majority dropped to 46.96% by 2011, a net decline since the 1970s owing to francophone outmigration to more affluent suburbs in Laval and the South Shore (fr. Rive-Sud) and an influx of allophone immigrants. The anglophones account for 16.64% of the population and the allophones 35.24%.

Bilingualism

According to the 2016 census, the rate of bilingualism in English and French is at 44.5 percent, a figure which continues to grow at a much faster rate in Quebec than in the rest of Canada. Bilingual speakers represented 42.6 percent in 2011, and 40.6 percent in 2006 (in 2016, it was 17.9 percent in Canada overall, up from just at 17.5 percent in 2011).

While 44.5 percent of the total population of Quebec reported being bilingual in 2016, this figure rose to 70 percent for those aged 14 to 17.

Almost 90 cities, towns or boroughs in Quebec are considered officially bilingual, a designation allowing them to offer services, post signage and mail communications in the country's two official languages.

Birth rate
At 1.74 children per woman, Quebec's 2008 fertility rate was above the Canada-wide rate of 1.59, and had increased for five consecutive years. However, it remained below the replacement fertility rate of 2.1. This contrasts with its fertility rates before 1960, which were among the highest of any industrialized society. Although Quebec is home to only 23.9% of the population of Canada, the number of international adoptions in Quebec is the highest of all provinces of Canada. In 2001, 42% of international adoptions in Canada were carried out in Quebec.

Immigration
In 2003, Quebec accepted some 37,619 immigrants. A large proportion of these immigrants originated from francophone countries and countries that are former French colonies. Countries from which significant numbers of people immigrate include Haiti, Congo-Brazzaville, Lebanon, Morocco, Rwanda, Syria, Algeria, France and Belgium. Under the Canada-Quebec Accord, Quebec has sole responsibility for selecting most immigrants destined to the province (see related article, Immigration to Canada).

Interprovincial migration

Interprovincial migration, especially to Ontario, results in a net loss of population in Quebec. The numbers of French-speaking Quebecers leaving the province tend to be similar to the number entering, while immigrants to Quebec are more likely to leave.  Outmigration has most affected the English-speaking minority in Quebec, accounting for its population being significantly reduced since the 1970s.

Legislation
 1988 – Official Languages Act (Federal)
 1982 – Articles 14, 16–23, 55 and 57 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (Federal)
 1977 – Charter of the French Language (Provincial)
 1974 – Official Language Act (Provincial)
 1969 – An Act to promote the French language in Quebec (Provincial)
 1969 – Official Languages Act (Federal)

There are two sets of language laws in Quebec, which overlap and in various areas conflict or compete with each other: the laws passed by the Parliament of Canada and the laws passed by the National Assembly of Quebec.

Since 1982, both parliaments have had to comply with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which constitutionalized a number of fundamental human rights and educational rights of minorities in all provinces (education is a provincial jurisdiction in Canada). Prior to this, Quebec was effectively the sole province required constitutionally to finance the educational needs of its linguistic minority. Ontario and Quebec are both required to finance schools for their principal religious minorities (Roman Catholic in Ontario, Protestant in Quebec), but only in Quebec is the minority almost completely composed of speakers of the minority language. (Quebec also provided English schools for anglophone Roman Catholics.) In 1997, an amendment to the constitution allowed for Quebec to replace its system of denominational school boards with a system of linguistic school boards.

The federal language law and regulations seek to make it possible for all Canadian anglophone and francophone citizens to obtain services in the language of their choice from the federal government. Ottawa promotes the adoption of bilingualism by the population and especially among the employees in the public service.

In contrast, the Quebec language law and regulations promote French exclusively as the common public language of all Quebecers.  Although Quebec currently respects most of the constitutional rights of its anglophone minority, it took a series of court challenges to enforce. The government of Quebec promotes the adoption and the use of French and limits the presence of English. This is to counteract the trend towards the anglicization of the population of Quebec.

In May 2022, The CAQ Quebec government of François Legault passed Bill 96, with 78 MNAs in favour (from the CAQ and Québec solidaire) and 29 against (from the Liberal Party and Parti Québécois). The bill strengthen the 1970s Charter of the French Language stronger. in that year François Legault coursed some controversy when he said that Quebec risked being a Louisiana (which used to be French speaking but longer) if Quebec doesn't have more control over immigration policy.

Anglicization and Francization
(see: Language contact, Stratum (linguistics), Linguistic description, Sociolinguistics)

The following table shows summary data on the language shifts which have occurred in Quebec between 1971, year of the first Canadian census asking questions about home language, and 2001 :

The second column starting on the left shows the number of native speakers of each language, the third shows the number of speakers using it at home.

The fourth column shows the difference between the number of speakers according to home language and those who speak it as mother tongue.

The fifth column shows the quotient of the division between the number of home language speakers and the native speakers.

Until the 1960s, the francophone majority of Quebec had only very weak assimilation power and, indeed, did not seek to assimilate non-francophones. Although the quantity of non-francophones adopted French throughout history, the pressure and, indeed, consensus from French-language and English-language institutions was historically towards the anglicization, not francization, of allophones in Quebec. Only a high fertility rate allowed the francophone population to keep increasing in absolute numbers in spite of assimilation and emigration. In the early 1960s, with the rise of irreligion, the fertility rate of the Quebecois began declining in a manner consistent with most developed societies, and some in Quebec's francophone majority feared the beginning of a demographic collapse: unlike the anglophone sphere, the francophone sphere was not assimilating allophones, and lower fertility rates were therefore much more determinative.

Quebec's language legislation has tried to address this since the 1960s when, as part of the Quiet Revolution, French Canadians chose to move away from Church domination and towards a stronger identification with state institutions as development instruments for their community. Instead of repelling non-Catholic immigrants from the French-language public school system and towards the Protestant-run English system, for instance, immigrants would now be encouraged to attend French-language schools.  The ultimate quantifiable goal of Quebec's language policy is to establish French as Quebec's common public language.

Recent census data show that goal has not been reached as successfully as hoped. After almost 30 years of enforcement of the Charter of the French Language, approximately 49% of allophone immigrants – including those who arrived before the Charter's adoption in 1977 – had assimilated to English, down from 71% in 1971, but still considerably more than anglophones' overall share of the province's population. This leads some Quebecers, particularly those who support the continued role of French as the province's common public language, to question whether the policy is being implemented successfully. The phenomenon is linked to the linguistic environments which cohabit Montreal – Quebec's largest city, Canada's second-largest metropolitan area, and home to a number of communities, neighbourhoods, and even municipalities in which English is the de facto common language. The anglophone minority's capacity to assimilate allophones and even francophones has therefore compensated to a large extent for the outmigration of anglophones to other provinces and even to the United States.

A number of socio-economic factors are thought to be responsible for this reality.  They include: the historic role of the English language in Canada and the U.S.; its growing influence in the business and scientific world; the perceived advantages of learning English that result from this prominence and which are particularly appealing to allophones who have yet to make a linguistic commitment; the historic association of English with immigrant Quebecers and French with ethnic French-Canadian Québécois, which plays into linguistic and identity politics; and the post-industrial clustering of anglophones into Montreal and away from regional communities.  These factors go not only to allophone immigrants' direct linguistic assimilation, but also their indirect assimilation through contact with the private sector.  Although the Charter of the French language makes French the official language of the workplace, the socio-economic factors cited here also often make English a requirement for employment, especially in Montreal, and to a lesser extent outside of it, notably in Canada's National Capital Region, bordering Ontario, and in the Eastern Townships, particularly Sherbrooke.

The result is a largely bilingual workforce. Francophones are often compelled to learn English to find employment (particularly in the Montreal area), while anglophones in the province are pressured to do the same with French, and allophones are asked to learn both. Census data adjusted for education and professional experience show that bilingual francophones had a greater income than bilingual anglophones by the year 2000.

In 2001, 29% of Quebec workers declared using English, either solely (193,320), mostly (293,320), equally with French (212,545) or regularly (857,420). The proportion rose to 37% in the Montreal metropolitan area, where bilingualism is common. Outside Montreal, on the other hand, the proportion of anglophones has shrunk to 3% of the population and, except on the Ontario and U.S. borders, struggles to maintain a critical mass to support educational and health institutions – a reality that only immigrants and francophones usually experience in the other provinces. Unilingual anglophones are however still on the decline because of the higher English-French bilingualism of the community's younger generations.

Not all analysts are entirely comfortable with this picture of the status of the English language in Quebec. For example, a more refined analysis of the Census data shows that a great deal of anglicization continues to occur in the communities traditionally associated with the English-language group, e.g., the Chinese, Italian, Greek and Indo-Pakistani groups. Nevertheless, a majority of new immigrants in every census since 1971 have chosen French more often than English as their adopted language. Statistics Canada's 2011 National Household Survey of Canada reported that for the first time in modern history, the first official language of more than half of Quebec immigrants was French. Those who spoke French as their first official language formed 51.1% of all immigrants to the province, while an additional 16.3% spoke both French and English; among those who immigrated to the province between 2006 and 2011, the proportion who spoke French as their first official language was 58.8%.

See also

Aboriginal peoples in Quebec
Bilingualism in Canada
Charter of the French Language
Children of Bill 101
Constitution of Canada
Demographics of Quebec
English-speaking Quebecer
French-speaking Quebecer
Language in Canada
Cahiers québécois de démographie academic journal

References

Bibliography

General studies

 Marmen, Louise and Corbeil, Jean-Pierre (2004). Languages in Canada 2001 Census, New Canadian Perspectives Series, Canadian Heritage,

Language shifts

 Lisée, Jean-François (2004). Conference: The French fact in Québec and Canada: The Hidden Storm, American University Summer Institute, Washington D.C.
 O'Keefe, Michael (2001). Francophone Minorities: Assimilation and Community Vitality, 2nd Edition, New Canadian Perspectives Series, Canadian Heritage,
 O'Keefe, Michael (1999). Francophone Minorities: Assimilation and Community Vitality, 1st Edition, New Canadian Perspectives Series, Canadian Heritage
 Castonguay, Charles (1999). "French is on the ropes. Why won't Ottawa admit it ?", in Policy Options / Options politiques, 20, 8 : 39-50
 Castonguay, Charles (1999). "Getting the facts straight on French : Reflections following the 1996 Census", in Inroads Journal, volume 8, pages 57 to 77
 Castonguay, Charles. (1998). Transcript of a Standing Joint Committee on Official Languages hearing, recorded on April 28

In French

General studies

 Bouchard, Pierre, Castonguay, Charles, Langlois, Simon, Pagé, Michel and Vincent, Nadine (2005). Les caractéristiques linguistiques de la population du Québec ; profil et tendances 1991–2001 (Fascicule 1), Office québécois de la langue française

Language at work

 Moffet, Virginie (2006). Langue du travail : indicateurs relatifs à l'évolution de la population active et à l'utilisation des langues au travail en 2001, Office québécois de la langue française
 Chénard, Claire and Van Shendel, Nicolas (2002). Travailler en français au Québec : les perceptions de travailleurs et de gestionnaires, Office québécois de la langue française

Language shifts

 Castonguay, Charles. "La force réelle du français au Québec" , Le Devoir, 20 December 2005
 Castonguay, Charles (2005). Les indicateurs généraux de vitalité des langues au Québec : comparabilité et tendances 1971–2001 (Étude 1), Office québécois de la langue française 48 pages
 Castonguay, Charles. "Quelle est la force d'attraction réelle du français au Québec? Analyse critique de l'amélioration de la situation du français observée en 2001" , Le Devoir, 10 December 2003
 Castonguay, Charles. Assimilation linguistique et remplacement des générations francophones et anglophones au Québec et au Canada dans Recherches sociographiques, 2002
 Castonguay, Charles (1999). Population history des minorités de langue officielle, Le Programme de contestation judiciaire du Canada, Conférence linguistique
 Castonguay, Charles (Fall 1992). "L'orientation linguistique des allophones à Montréal", in Cahiers québécois de démographie, volume 21, issue 2

Demolinguistic forecast

 Termote, Marc (2003). "La dynamique démolinguistique du Québec et de ses régions", in Piché, Victor and Le Bourdais, Céline (eds.), La démographie québécoise. Enjeux du XXIe siècle. Montréal, Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, collection "Paramètres", pages 264–299
 Termote, Marc (2002). "L'évolution démolinguistique du Québec et du Canada", in La mise à jour des études originalement préparées pour la Commission sur l'avenir politique et constitutionnel du Québec. Rapport soumis au ministre délégué aux affaires intergouvernementales canadiennes. Volume 2, livre 2. Québec, Conseil exécutif, Bureau de coordination des études, pages 161–244
 Termote, Marc (1999). Perspectives démolinguistiques du Québec et de la région de Montréal à l'aube du XXIe siècle : implications pour le français langue d'usage public, Conseil de la langue française, Montréal, 15 September 1999

Aboriginal languages

 Maurais, Jacques, (ed.) (1992). Les langues autochtones du Québec, Collection : Dossiers, 35, Pages : xviii, 455. Conseil de la langue française

External links
 The English Fact in Quebec – Google Books

Demographics of Canada
Culture of Quebec

Language demographics of Quebec


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Zvolen enthält die 65 nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Zvolen im Okres Zvolen.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

!
Zvolen


Fındıklı, Çorum ilinin Ortaköy ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1925 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. Daha önceleri Mecitözü ilçesi Ortaköy nahiyesine bağlıyken, 29 Nisan 1955'te Alaca ilçesine bağlandı. Ortaköy'ün ilçe olmasının ardından ise buraya bağlandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 43 km, Ortaköy ilçe merkezine 14 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Ortaköy belde ve köyleri

Fındıklı, Ortaköy


سوبر ماريو غالاكسي (بالإنجليزية: Super Mario Galaxy؛ باليابانية: スーパーマリオギャラクシー، سّوپّا ماريوه گيياراكوهشي) هي لعبة فيديو من نوع القفز على المنصة ثلاثي الأبعاد من تطوير فريق نينتندو للتحليل الترفيه والتطوير في طوكيو ونشر شركة نينتندو على نظام الوي. أطلقت هذه اللعبة في اليابان في 1 نوفمبر، 2007، وفي الولايات المتحدة في 12 نوفمبر، 2007، وفي كندا في 14 نوفمبر، 2007، وفي أوروبا في 16 نوفمبر، 2007، وفي أستراليا في 27 نوفمبر، 2007، وفي كوريا الجنوبية في 4 سبتمبر، 2008. اللعبة هي اللعبة الثالثة من نوع القفز على المنصة ثلاثي الأبعاد في سلسلة « سوبر ماريو »، من بعد سوبر ماريو 64 وسوبر ماريو سانشاين.

تتبع اللعبة البطل ماريو في السعي لانقاذ الأميرة بيتش من باوزر، الخصم الرئيسي في اللعبة. مستويات اللعبة هي مجرات مليئة بعلائم وكواكب صغيرة، في حين أن اللعب قد جرى استكماله مع تأثرات جاذبية وقوات ناشئة جديدة.

وفي تتمة جديدة لللعبة ب2010، سوبر ماريو غالاكسي 2. أظهر الإعلان فيديو الأول في إي3؛ في يونيو 2009.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية

 موفع رسمي
 موفع ياباني رسمي
 موفع أوروبي رسمي
 سوبر ماريو غالاكسي على Nintendo.com
 سوبر ماريو غالاكسي على Wii.com

ألعاب حصرية على وي
ألعاب عن الحياة خارج الأرض
ألعاب فيديو 2007
ألعاب فيديو أنتجها شيغيرو مياموتو
ألعاب فيديو تعاونية
ألعاب فيديو تقع أحداثها على كواكب خياليون
ألعاب فيديو تقع أحداثها في الفضاء الخارجي
ألعاب فيديو سجلها كوجي كوندو
ألعاب فيديو عن الحياة خارج الأرض
ألعاب فيديو فانتازيا علمية
ألعاب فيديو فردية وجماعية
ألعاب فيديو ماريو
ألعاب فيديو مطورة في اليابان
ألعاب قفز على المنصة ثلاثي الأبعاد
ألعاب منصات ثلاثية الأبعاد
ألعاب نينتندو
ألعاب نينتندو إنترتينمنت أنالسيس أند دفيلوبمنت
ألعاب نينتندو سويتش
ألعاب وي
الديناصورات في ألعاب الفيديو
الفضاء في الأعمال الخيالية
حائزون على جائزة أكاديمية الفنون والعلوم التفاعلية
سوبر ماريو

سوبر ماريو غالاكسي


Daglejer er en person, som ansættes en enkelt dag ad gangen eller i en tidsbegrænset periode til at udføre et arbejde.

Daglejerarbejde er ofte ufaglært og manuelt, og ses især i landbrug og byggebranchen.

Daglejere kan finde arbejde gennem organiseret arbejdsformidling eller mere uformelt ved at møde op på velkendte steder, såsom gårde, gadehjørner og pladser.

I Danmark har betegnelsen daglejer især været knyttet til løsarbejdere ved landbruget, og daglejere var tidligere en vigtig arbejdskraft på landet. I 1800-tallet var mange husmænd nødt til at supplere deres indkomst ved at tage arbejde som daglejere på de større bondebrug eller på godserne. Særligt til høsten var der efterspørgsel på arbejdskraft, og der blev tilbudt en højere løn end i resten af året.

I store dele af verden, herunder Sydeuropa, USA, Afrika og Asien, er daglejerarbejde stadig udbredt. I Europa og USA er der ofte tale om immigranter fra henholdsvis Afrika og Latinamerika.

Både historisk og i dag har daglejere ringe arbejdsrettigheder, fx ingen kompensation ved sygdom samt risiko for at blive snydt eller udnyttet. Det betyder, at ulykker, naturkatastrofer og økonomiske kriser kan føre til arbejdsløshed og sociale problemer blandt daglejere og deres familier. Det sås eksempelvis efter jordskælvet i Nepal i 2015 og under coronaviruspandemien i 2019-2020.

Forfatteren Hans Kirk har i romanerne Daglejerne og Nye tider fra 1936 og 1939 skildret overgangen fra bonde- til industrisamfund og husmændenes og daglejernes nye tilværelse som organiserede lønarbejdere.

Referencer

Arbejdsliv
Landbrug

Daglejer


An Gongora retrorsa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Gongora retrorsa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gongora, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Gongora

Gongora retrorsa


278 (CCLXXVIII) salı günü başlayan bir yıldır.

Olaylar
 Roma imparatoru Probus, Alamanlar'ı yenerek Neckar Vadisi'ne doğru ilerledi.

Doğumlar
 Maxentius, Roma İmparatoru (ö. 312)

Ölümler
 27 Aralık - Yang Hu, Çinli general ve siyasetçi (d. 221)
 Fu Xuan, Çinli tarihçi, şair ve siyasetçi (d. 217)

278


Starina je naseljeno mjesto u sastavu općine Zenice, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Stanovništvo
Prema popisu 1991. ovdje su živjeli:

 Muslimani - 722 (98,37%)
 ostali i nepoznato - 12 (1,63%)

Izvor

Naselja u Zeničko-dobojskoj županiji
Zenica

Starina (Zenica, BiH)


In der Liste der Baudenkmale in Steinhagen sind alle denkmalgeschützten Bauten der Gemeinde Steinhagen (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) und ihrer Ortsteile aufgelistet (Stand 10. Februar 2021).

Baudenkmale nach Ortsteilen

Steinhagen

|}

Neuendorf

|}

Quelle

Steinhagen
!Baudenkmale

Liste der Baudenkmale in Steinhagen (Mecklenburg)


Rami Mehmed Paşa (d. 1654 İstanbul - ö. 1704 Rodos) II. Mustafa saltanatında, 24 Ocak 1703 - 22 Ağustos 1703 tarihleri arasında 7 ay sadrazamlık yapmış Osmanlı devlet adamıdır. İstanbul'un Rami semtine adını vermiştir.

Hayatı
Rami Mehmed 1654 yılında İstanbul'un Eyüpsultan semtinde doğdu. Babası Terazici Hasan Ağa idi. Öğrenimini tamamladıktan sonra Reis-ül Küttaplık kalemi ve Divan-ı Hümayün kaleminde çalıştı. Rami mahlasıyla şiirler yazdı. Dönemin büyük şairleri olan Nâbi ve Sâmi gibi üstatlarla çalıştı.

1696 yılında Reis-ül Küttab oldu. Bu sıfatla 1699 yılında Karlofça Antlaşmasının müzakerelerinde önemli bir rol oynadı. 1703 yılında Daltaban Mustafa Paşa'nın azledilmesi üzerine sadrazam oldu. 7 ay kadar sadrazamlık yaptıktan sonra II. Mustafa'nın tahttan indirilmesi ile sonuçlanan Edirne Vakası nedeniyle görevden alındı. Kıbrıs ve Mısır Valiliği yaptı. Mısır Valisi iken Rodos'a sürgüne gönderildi ve oradayken 1704 yılında hayatını kaybetti.

Sadrazamlığı sırasında II. Mustafa tarafından İstanbul'un Eyüpsultan ilçesinde bir araziyle ödüllendirildi. Rami Çiftliği adı alan bu arazi sonradan İstanbul'un Rami semti haline geldi.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Danişmend, İsmail Hami (1971), Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, İstanbul: Türkiye Yayınevi.
 Buz, Ayhan (2009) " Osmanlı Sadrazamları", İstanbul: Neden Kitap, ISBN 978-975-254-278-5
 Toksoy, Celal, "Rami Mehmet Paşa" (1999), Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul:Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık A.Ş. C.1 s.149-150 ISBN 975-08-0072-9
 "e-tarih" Osmanlı devlet adamı Rami Mehmed Paşa

Osmanlı sadrazamları
1654 doğumlular
1704 yılında ölenler
İstanbul doğumlu devlet görevlileri
Osmanlı Mısır valileri
Osmanlı Kıbrıs valileri
Reisü'l-küttablar

Rami Mehmed Paşa


is a Shinto shrine on the island of Itsukushima (popularly known as Miyajima), best known for its "floating" torii gate.  It is in the city of Hatsukaichi in Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan, accessible from the mainland by ferry at Miyajimaguchi Station. The shrine complex is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the Japanese government has designated several buildings and possessions as National Treasures.

The Itsukushima shrine is one of Japan's most popular tourist attractions. It is most famous for its dramatic gate, or torii on the outskirts of the shrine, the sacred peaks of Mount Misen, extensive forests, and its ocean view. The shrine complex itself consists of two main buildings: the Honsha shrine and the Sessha Marodo-jinja, as well as 17 other different buildings and structures that help to distinguish it.

History

Origin
Itsukushima jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Aki Province.

It is said to have been erected in 593 supposedly by Saeki Kuramoto during the reign of Empress Suiko (592–628 CE). However, the present shrine has been popularly attributed to Taira no Kiyomori, a prominent noble of the Imperial Court and later Chancellor (Daijō-daijin), who contributed heavily to the construction of the shrine during his time as governor of Aki Province in 1168. Another renowned patron of the shrine was Mori Motonari, lord of Chōshū Domain, who was responsible for rebuilding the  in 1571. As a result of waging war against Sue Takafusa there in 1555, Motonari is said to have tainted the island's grounds by battling on the island. Spilling blood violated the strict taboos meant to preserve the sacred purity associated with Shinto shrines. The only surviving structure in Itsukushima shrine from the Kamakura period is the Kyakuden or "Guest-God's Shrine".

Kiyomori
It was not uncommon during the 12th century for the nobility to build shrines or take on other architectural projects in order to "reflect their power and splendor." The Taira are known specifically for their involvement in maritime trade with the Song dynasty (960–1279) and for attempting to monopolize overseas trade along the Inland Sea.

Kiyomori was at the height of his power when he established the Taira dominion over the island. He "ordered construction of the main hall of Itsukushima shrine as a display of reverence for the tutelary god of navigation and to serve as a base for maritime activities..." Miyajima soon became the Taira family shrine. Supposedly, Kiyomori chose the location also for the reason to further establish himself in the Heian aristocracy as one who deviated from the social norms of Shinto pilgrimage .  He lavished great wealth upon Itsukushima, and he enjoyed showing the place to his friends and colleagues, or even to royal personages..."

It is also said that Kiyomori rebuilt the shrine on account of a dream he had of an old monk who promised him dominion over Japan if he constructed a shrine on the island of Miyajima, and pay homage to its kami who are enshrined there for his success in life.   The renovations funded by the Taira allowed for Itsukushima to  "grow into an important religious complex."

Religious significance
The Itsukushima shrine is dedicated to the three daughters of Susano-o no Mikoto: Ichikishimahime no mikoto, Tagorihime no mikoto, and Tagitsuhime no mikoto. Otherwise known as the sanjoshin or "three female deities", these Shinto deities are the goddesses of seas and storms. Kiyomori believed the goddesses to be "manifestations of Kannon," therefore the island was understood as the home of the bodhisattva. In Japanese, the word Itsukushima translates to "island dedicated to the gods." The island itself is also considered to be a god, which is why the shrine was built on the outskirts of the island.  Adding to its sanctity, Mount Misen is the tallest peak at about 1,755 feet. Tourists can either hike or take a ropeway to the top.

Its treasures include the celebrated Heike Nōkyō, or "Sutras dedicated by the House of Taira."  These consist of thirty-two scrolls, on which the Lotus, Amida, and Heart sutras have been copied by Kiyomori, his sons, and other members of the family, each completing the transcription of one scroll, and it was "decorated with silver, gold, and mother-of-pearl by himself [Kiyomori] and other members of his clan."

Originally Itsukushima was a pure Shinto shrine "where no births or deaths were allowed to cause pollution. Because the island itself has been considered sacred, commoners were not allowed to set foot on it throughout much of its history to maintain its purity. Retaining the purity of the shrine is so important that since 1878, no deaths or births have been permitted near it. To this day, pregnant women are supposed to retreat to the mainland as the day of delivery approaches, as are the terminally ill or the very elderly whose passing has become imminent. Burials on the island are forbidden. To allow pilgrims to approach, the shrine was built like a pier over the water, so that it appeared to float, separate from the land. The red entrance gate, or torii, was built over the water for much the same reason. Commoners had to steer their boats through the torii before approaching the shrine.

Architecture

Japan has gone to great lengths to preserve the twelfth-century-style architecture of the Shrine throughout history. The shrine was designed and built according to the Shinden-zukuri style,  equipped with pier-like structures over the Matsushima bay in order to create the illusion of floating on the water, separate from island, which could be approached by the devout "like a palace on the sea." This idea of intertwining architecture and nature is reflective of a popular trend during the 16th century as well as the Heian period in which Japanese structures tended to "follow after their environment," often allowing trees, water, and other forms of natural beauty to enter into the decor of homes and buildings. This led to a far more intimate relationship between the two.

The most recognizable and celebrated feature of the Itsukushima shrine, is its fifty-foot tall vermilion otorii gate ("great gate"), built of decay-resistant camphor wood. The placement of an additional leg in front of and behind each main pillar identifies the torii as reflecting the style of Ryōbu Shintō (dual Shinto), a medieval school of esoteric Japanese Buddhism associated with the Shingon Sect.  The torii appears to be floating only at high tide. When the tide is low, it is approachable by foot from the island. Gathering shellfish near the gate is popular at low tide. At night, powerful lights on the shore illuminate the torii. Although a gate has been in place at the site since 1168, the current structure dates  to 1875.

Shinto architecture has many distinct parts, most of which include the shrine's  (main hall) and the unusually long haiden (main oratory), and its equally long heiden (offertory hall). The  "is an eight-by-four bay structure with a kirizuma roof surfaced in cypress bark." Its walls are decorated in white stucco; they were constructed using a process requiring fifteen coats of white stucco, with vermilion woodwork.

Extending from the sides of the haraiden of the main shrine is a noh stage which dates from 1590.  Noh theater performances have long been used to pay homage to the gods through the ritual acting out of key events in Shinto myth.

On September 5, 2004, the shrine was severely damaged by Typhoon Songda. The boardwalks and roof were partially destroyed, and the shrine was temporarily closed for repairs. Today anyone can go visit the shrine for 300 yen.

Gallery

Artwork

See also
Munakata Taisha which was dedicated to the same goddesses
List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts: others)
List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts: swords)
List of National Treasures of Japan (paintings)
List of National Treasures of Japan (shrines)
List of National Treasures of Japan (writings)
List of Shinto shrines
List of World Heritage Sites in Japan
Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines
Mont Saint-Michel, a sister city and a similar island-temple UNESCO World Heritage Site
Three Views of Japan
Tourism in Japan
Twenty-Two Shrines
Three Great Shrines of Benzaiten
Hiroshima to Honolulu Friendship Torii (Itsukushima replica)

References

External links

UNESCO World Heritage description

Miyajima Guide including Itsukushima Shrine
National Archives of Japan: Itsukushima kakei

Beppyo shrines
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1168
World Heritage Sites in Japan
Shinto shrines in Hiroshima Prefecture
Gates in Japan
Tourist attractions in Hiroshima Prefecture
National Treasures of Japan
16th-century Shinto shrines
12th-century Shinto shrines
6th-century Shinto shrines
Kanpei Taisha
Myōjin Taisha
Itsukushima shrines
Itsukushima
Buildings and structures in Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima
Torii
Hiroshima Prefecture designated important cultural property

Itsukushima Shrine


Takeda Izumo I. (jap. ; Geburtsdatum und -ort unbekannt; † 1747 in Ōsaka) war ein japanischer Puppentheater-Leiter und Autor.

Er war entweder der Sohn oder der Bruder von Takeda Ōmie, einem Herstellers mechanischer Puppen (Karakuri), und arbeitete zunächst an den Vorführungen dieser Puppen im Dōtonbori-Vergnügungsviertel Ōsakas mit. 1704 begann er am Bunraku-Theater Takemoto zu arbeiten, wo er bereits ein Jahr darauf zum Zamoto, dem ersten Puppenspieler, aufstieg. In den Folgejahren übernahm er immer mehr Leitungsaufgaben des Theaters und war dafür verantwortlich, dass sowohl der Erzähler (Tayū) als auch die Musiker und Puppenführer während der Aufführungen (Degatari) für das Publikum sichtbar waren. Ebenso sorgte er für eine prächtigere Kostümierung der Puppen und ein reichhaltigere Ausstattung des Bühnenbilds. Die Mechanik der Puppen selbst wurde unter seiner Leitung durch eine Übernahme verschiedener Vorrichtungen von den Karakuri verbessert, wodurch die Puppen größere Bewegungsmöglichkeiten erhielten und von da an durch drei, nicht mehr einem Puppenspieler geführt wurden.

Ab 1723 begann Takeda unter Anleitung von Chikamatsu Monzaemon mit Schreiben von Stücken für das Bunraku-Theater. Unter den elf Stücken, die er alleine verfasste, war das auch vom Kabuki-Theater adaptierte Stück Ashiya Dōman Ōuchi Kagami das erfolgreichste. Als Koautor (Gassaku) arbeitete er unter anderem mit Hasegawa Senshi und Hasegawa Bunkodō. Beteiligt war er auch an der Entstehung des Stückes Sugawara Denju Tenarai Kagami, einem bis heute im japanischen Theater aufgeführten Historiendrama (Jidaimono). Als Autor verwendete er ebenfalls die Namen Takeda Senzengen I. und Takeda Geki II.

Quellen
 Martina Schönbein: Die Michiyuki-Passagen in den Sewa-Jōruri des Dramatikers Chikamatsu Monzaemon (1653-1724): Struktur, literarische Stilmittel und Rezeption. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1994, ISBN 9783447034340, S. 273.
 Stanley Hochman: McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of world drama: an international reference work in 5 vol, Band 1, 2. Auflage, VNR AG, 1984, ISBN 9780070791695, S. 3
 Samuel L. Leiter: Historical dictionary of Japanese traditional theatre. Scarecrow Press, 2006, ISBN 9780810855274, S. 16.
 Samuel L. Leiter: New Kabuki Encyclopedia. A Revised Adaptation of Kabuki Jiten. Greenwood Press, Westport Connecticut und London 1997, ISBN 0-313-29288-4, S. 638.
 Hoshū Katsuragawa, Jacques Proust: Naufrage & tribulations d'un japonais dans la Russie de Catherine II: 1782-1792. Editions Chandeigne, 2004, ISBN  9782906462984, S. 50.

Autor
Drama
Literatur (Japanisch)
Literatur (18. Jahrhundert)
Theaterleiter
Japaner
Geboren im 17. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 1747
Mann

Takeda Izumo I.


معركة سيدان معركة وقعت خلال الحرب الفرنسية البروسية بين الجيش البروسي والجيش الفرنسي في 1 سبتمبر 1870. أسفرت عن إلقاء القبض على الإمبراطور نابليون الثالث. كان الألمان دحروا الفرنسيين بعدة معارك فرعية صغيرة. وكانت هذه المعركة الحد الفاصل، فقد خطط بسمارك لهذه الحرب مع أركان جيشه وعلى رأسهم هيلموت فون مولتكه منذ هزيمتهم للنمسا، بينما اعتمد الفرنسيون على أمجادهم وسمعة جيشهم. وكان (مولتكه) قد قسم قواته إلى ثلاثة جيوش لتتقدم في ثلاثة محاور وتلتقي في باريس. واستخدم الألمان المخترعات الحديثة في الحرب. فالسكك الحديدية لنقل الجنود، والأسلاك البرقية لإصدار الأوامر، ووضعوا المؤن والذخيرة في كل قرية باتجاه الحدود. اتجه الجيش الفرنسي بقيادة المارشال باتريس ماكماهون ويرافقه الإمبراطور نابليون الثالث في مهمة رفع الحصار عن متز، وارتكب القائد الفرنسي ماكماهون عدة أخطاء عسكرية، كبدت جيشه خسائر فادحة، اضطرته للتراجع إلى سيدان، وهناك استطاع (مولتكه) أن يحاصر القوات الفرنسية ويسلط عليها مدافعه. ولم يستسلم الفرنسيون بسهولة، بل اشتدت المعارك وتساقط القتلى من الطرفين. وأخيراً اضطر الإمبراطور نابليون الثالث الموجود بين جنوده المحاصرين أن يأمر ضباطه برفع العلم الأبيض لإنهاء هذه المجازر، وأرسل إلى ملك بروسيا الكتاب التالي:

بلغ قتلى الفرنسيين 1700 جندي وأسر 82 ألف مع الإمبراطور. وتقدمت القوات الألمانية باتجاه باريس وحاصرتها. وأنهت هذه المعركة الإمبراطورية الثانية في فرنسا، ومهدت لقيام الاتحاد الألماني.

مراجع

فرنسا في 1870
أحداث سبتمبر 1870
تاريخ الأردين
تاريخ شامبان أردان
معارك الحرب الفرنسية البروسية
معارك تشمل بافاريا
معارك تشمل بروسيا
معارك فرنسا
معارك في غراند إيست
نابليون الثالث
نزاعات في 1870

معركة سيدان


Raag may refer to
 Rāga, a melodic framework in Indian classical music
 Raag (film), a 2014 Assamese language drama film
 Raag (surname)
 Radio Amateur Association of Greece
 Right-angled Artin groups, a class of groups studied in geometric group theory

Raag


The Wiggles este o formație australiană de muzică pentru copii, înființată în 1991, la Sydney, New South Wales.

Membrii inițiali ai formației au fost Anthony Field, Phillip Wilcher, Murray Cook, Greg Page, și Jeff Fatt.

După 2013, membrii formației au fost: Anthony Field, Lachlan Gillespie, Simon Pryce și Emma Watkins.

Membri
 Anthony Field (n. 8 mai 1963) (1991-prezent)
 Simon Pryce (n. 7 martie 1972) (2013-prezent)
 Lachlan Gillespie (n. 23 octombrie 1985) (2013-prezent)
 Emma Watkins (n. 21 septembrie 1989) (2013-prezent)

Foști membri
 Murray Cook (n. 30 iunie 1960) (1991-2013)
 Jeff Fatt (n. 21 iulie 1953) (1991-2013)
 Greg Page (n. 16 ianuarie 1972) (1991-2006; 2012-2013)
 Phillip Wilcher (n. 16 martie 1958) (1991-1992)
 Sam Moran (n. 4 aprilie 1978) (2006-2012)

The Wiggles în România
The Wiggles s-a difuzat pe KidsCo în România în anul 2008.

Discografie

 The Wiggles (1991)
 Here Comes a Song (1992)
 Stories and Songs: The Adventures of Captain Feathersword the Friendly Pirate (1993)
 Yummy Yummy (1994)
 Big Red Car (1995)
 Wake Up Jeff! (1996)
 Wiggly, Wiggly Christmas (1996)
 The Wiggles Movie Soundtrack (1997)
 Toot, Toot! (1998)
 It's a Wiggly Wiggly World (2000)
 Wiggle Time! (2000)
 Yule Be Wiggling (2000)
 Hoop Dee Doo: It's a Wiggly Party (2001)
 Wiggly Safari (2002)
 Wiggle Bay (2002)
 Go to Sleep Jeff! (2003)
 Whoo Hoo! Wiggly Gremlins! (2003)
 Top of the Tots (2003)
 Cold Spaghetti Western (2004)
 Santa's Rockin'! (2004)
 Sailing Around the World (2005)
 Here Comes the Big Red Car (2006)
 It's Time to Wake Up Jeff! (2006)
 Splish Splash Big Red Boat (2006)
 Racing to the Rainbow (2006)
 Getting Strong! (2007)
 Pop Go the Wiggles! (2007)
 You Make Me Feel Like Dancing (2008)
 Sing a Song of Wiggles (2008)
 Go Bananas! (2009)
 Hot Poppin' Popcorn (2009)
 Let's Eat (2010)
 Ukulele Baby! (2011)
 It's Always Christmas with You! (2011)
 Surfer Jeff (2012)
 Taking Off! (2013)
 Furry Tales (2013)
 Pumpkin Face (2013)
 Go Santa Go! (2013)
 Apples & Bananas (2014)
 Wiggle House (2014)
 Rock & Roll Preschool (2015)
 Meet the Orchestra! (2015)
 Wiggle Town! (2016)
 Carnival of the Animals (2016)
 Dance Dance! (2016)
 Nursery Rhymes (2017)
 Duets (2017)
 Wiggly, Wiggly Christmas! (2017)
 Nursery Rhymes 2 (2018)
 Wiggle Pop! (2018)
 Big Ballet Day! (2019)
 Party Time! (2019)
 Fun and Games (2020)

Note

Formații australiene
Formații muzicale fondate în 1991
Cvintete muzicale
Cvartete muzicale

The Wiggles


Rábahídvég é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Vas. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 1.022 habitantes.

Localidades de Vas (Hungria)

Rábahídvég


Şevket Altuğ (13 Mart 1943, Balıkesir), Türk tiyatro ve sinema sanatçısı.

Hayatı
Aslen Trabzon, Sürmenelidir. Perihan Abla dizisindeki Şakir ve Süper Baba dizisindeki Fikret rolleri ile tanınmıştır. 1943 yılında  Balıkesir'in Bandırma ilçesinde doğdu. İlkokuldan itibaren öğrenim gördüğü Galatasaray Lisesi'nden 1960 yılında  mezun oldu. Aynı yıl girdiği İstanbul Üniversitesi Sinema ve Konservatuvarında dört sene eğitim gördü.

Tiyatro hayatı 1962 yılında başladı. Dostlar Tiyatrosu ve Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu'nda oyunculuk yaptı. 1971 yılında tiyatrocu Jale Erdoğdu ile evlendi. Çiftin, Kezban ve Kerem adında iki çocukları oldu.

1975 yılından itibaren sinema ve televizyon filmlerinde oyunculuk yaptı. Atıf Yılmaz'ın yönettiği İşte Hayat, rol aldığı ilk sinema filmi olmuştur. Aile Şerefi, Gölge Oyunu, rol aldığı sinema filmlerindendir.  Perihan Abla dizisinde  Şakir ve Süper Baba dizisindeki Fikret rolleri ile tanındı. 2003'den sonra oyunculuğu bıraktı.

Filmografi

Oyuncu olarak

 1975: İşte Hayat
 1976: Aile Şerefi
 1976:  Hababam Sınıfı Uyanıyor
 1976: Hasip ile Nasip
 1976: Kapıcılar Kralı
 1976: Mağlup Edilemeyenler
 1976: Meraklı Köfteci
 1976: Öyle Olsun
 1976: Gel Barışalım
 1977: Gülen Gözler
 1977: Şabanoğlu Şaban
 1977: Seyahatname
 1978: Hababam Sınıfı Dokuz Doğuruyor
 1979: Düşman
 1981: Hababam Sınıfı Güle Güle
 1982: Dolap Beygiri
 1982: Yedi Bela Hüsnü
 1983: Şekerpare
 1983: Tokatçı
 1986: Perihan Abla
 1990: Aşk Filmlerinin Unutulmaz Yönetmeni
 1991: İmdat ile Zarife
 1992: Gölge Oyunu
 1993: Süper Baba
 2002: Unutma Beni

Tiyatro
 Carmen
 Hababam Sınıfı Müzikali : Rıfat Ilgaz - Şan Tiyatrosu Müzikalleri
 Hava Duruşması
 Polisler
 Yumurta
 Gizli Ordu : Brendan Beehan - Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu (1963)
 Godot'u Beklerken : Samuel Becket - Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu (1963)
 Mezarsız Ölüler : Jean Paul Sartre - Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu (1963)
 Ölü Canlar : Nikolay Gogol/Arthur Adamov - Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu (1963)
 Rosenbergler Ölmemeli : Alain Decaux - Dostlar Tiyatrosu (1969)

Ödüller
 1995: En İyi Yerli Dizi Erkek Oyuncu Ödülü (Şevket Altuğ, Süper Baba, Altın Kelebek Ödülleri, 1995) (Süper Baba dizisi de En İyi Yerli Dizi ödülünü aldı)
 1997: En İyi Yerli Dizi Erkek Oyuncu Ödülü (Şevket Altuğ, Süper Baba, İletişim 97 Zirvedekiler, Marmara Üniversitesi, 1997) (En İyi Yerli Dizi Ödülü (Süper Baba), En İyi Yerli Dizi Senaryosu (Sulhi Dölek, Süper Baba), En İyi Yerli Dizi Yönetmeni (Orhan Oğuz, Süper Baba))
 2012: Sanatta 50.Yıl Teşekkür Plaketi (Emek Ödülü) (Altın Badem Sinema ve Kültür Festivali, 2012)
 2014: 3.Uluslararası İzmir Tiyatro Festivali Emek Ödülü (2014)
 2015: İstanbul Flaş 2015 Onur Ödülleri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1943 doğumlular
Türk erkek tiyatro oyuncuları
Bandırma doğumlular
Balıkesir doğumlu oyuncular
Galatasaray Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Türk komedyenler
Yaşayan insanlar

Şevket Altuğ


La 16ᵉ édition du tour international du cyclisme du Bénin a lieu du 17 au 22 mai 2021 au Bénin. L'édition est remportée par le Burkinabé Paul Daumont.

Participants
La saison 2021 connaît la participation de compétiteurs venant de six pays. Burkina-Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Sénégal et Nigeria, avec 37 cyclistes pour une distance de 632 kilomètres.

Parcours

Classement général

Étapes
 Etape 1 : Djougou - Boukoumbé, sur une distance de 123 km
 Etape 2 : Toukountouna-Djougou, sur une distance de 100 km
 Etape 3 : Critérium à Parakou, sur une distance de 105 km
 Etape 4 : Bohicon-Lokossa, sur une distance de 87 Km
 Etape 5 : Critérium Porto-Novo, sur une distance de 116 Km
 La dernière étape pour le critérium de Cotonou sur une distance de 101 km.

Notes et Références

Tour du Bénin
2021 au Bénin
Cyclisme en mai 2021

Tour du Bénin 2021


Ronald Paul Bucca (May 6, 1954 – September 11, 2001) was a New York City Fire Department Marshal killed during the September 11 attacks during the collapse of the World Trade Center. He was the only fire marshal in the history of the New York City Fire Department to be killed in the line of duty.

Military career
Bucca had served in the United States Army as a Green Beret during the Vietnam War. Later, he would serve the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) as an analyst. Becoming a reservist in 1986, he joined the FDNY. He was subsequently injured on the job, which cost him his qualifications as a paratrooper and ended his eligibility with the Army Special Forces, causing him to leave the service.

Firefighting career

Bucca was a 22-year veteran of the department; he was promoted to Fire Marshal in 1992. As such, he was one of the people who investigated the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the FDNY representative on the Joint Terrorism Task Force. By 2000, the fire department's seat was removed, and Bucca's position there relinquished.

After responding to the September 11, 2001 attacks, Bucca ascended to the impact zone at the Sky Lobby on the 78th floor of the South Tower of the World Trade Center, along with Battalion Chief Orio Palmer. The two men, both experienced marathon runners, are believed to have made it to the highest floor of any first responders in either tower before the building collapsed.

Legacy
In 2003, military police named the principal detainee holding camp in Iraq "Camp Bucca".

At the National 9/11 Memorial, Bucca is memorialized at the South Pool, on Panel S-14, along with those of other first responders killed in the attacks.

DIA honors Bucca each year through an annual award named after him. The award is given to a military reservist who demonstrates excellence in fulfilling the counterterrorism mission, the area that Bucca worked while at DIA.

Bucca's son, Ron Bucca Jr. joined the Green Berets at age 23, motivated to pursue terrorists like the ones that had murdered his father. He rose to the rank of Master Sergeant, and by 2021, had been through five combat tours.

References

External links

"Ronald Paul Bucca". Legacy.com.

1954 births
2001 deaths
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
Members of the United States Army Special Forces
New York City firefighters
Emergency workers killed in the September 11 attacks
Terrorism deaths in New York (state)
People murdered in New York City
Male murder victims
Filmed killings
People from Tuckahoe, Westchester County, New York
Burials at Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Hawthorne, New York)

Ronald Paul Bucca


El Comité Interdistrito o mezhraiontsy , fue una formación de las varias en las que se dividió el Partido Obrero Socialdemócrata de Rusia. Fundado en 1913, acabó uniéndose a los bolcheviques en su VI Congreso de julio de 1917.

Origen
La formación se creó en noviembre de 1913 en San Petersburgo. Su objetivo era la reunificación del Partido Obrero Socialdemócrata, dividido entre mencheviques y bolcheviques. Cercanos al programa de los bolcheviques, rechazaban sin embargo la postura contraria a la reunificación del partido que sostenía Lenin.

Durante la guerra mundial, sus postura era cercana a la de los internacionalistas no leninistas. Trotski apoyó al grupo desde su creación y publicó artículos en sus publicaciones.

La Revolución de Febrero

Durante el periodo del Gobierno Provisional Ruso, tras las Revolución de Febrero de 1917 que acabó con la autocracia zarista y la monarquía, la organización se hallaba encabezada por León Trotski, que había regresado a Rusia en mayo. Otros futuros destacados bolcheviques, como Anatoli Lunacharski, Moiséi Uritski, Adolf Joffe o Dmitri Manuilski formaban parte de la fracción. Esta, considerada la izquierda de los mencheviques, contaba con figuras de notable prestigio revolucionario, pero carecía de una organización de masas. Su influencia se limitaba a algunos barrios de la capital rusa, donde pronto perdió protagonismo frente a los bolcheviques.

Cada vez más cercana a los bolcheviques de Lenin —sus diferencias en realidad se debían a las pasadas desavenencias internas del POSDR—, la formación se presentó junto a ellos en las elecciones a los sóviets de la primavera de 1917. Las conversaciones para unificar los dos grupos habían comenzado ya durante la Revolución de Febrero. El , Lenin ofreció formalmente a la fracción el ingreso en el Partido Bolchevique, con puestos destacados tanto en la dirección como en la junta editorial de Pravda a los dirigentes del Comité. Ciertos desacuerdos de última hora (oposición de la dirección bolchevique a que Trotski se convirtiese en editor del diario del partido o el rechazo de Trotski a adoptar el apelativo de bolchevique) además de conveniencias tácticas —se consideraba que una unión sin premura podía lograr la absorción de todos los internacionalistas, incluidos los cercanos a Yuli Mártov en el partido— retrasaron el acuerdo.

El grupo publicó, con escaso éxito a pesar de sus brillantes articulistas, un periódico, Vperiod (Adelante) que, escaso de financiación y sin una gran organización para distribuirlo, apenas logró distribuir dieciséis números antes del ingreso de sus miembros en el partido bolchevique.

El partido se opuso a la condena de los anarco-comunistas por su intento de manifestación del  para forzar el derrocamiento del gobierno y el traspaso del poder a los sóviets, logrando el respaldo mayoritario del Sóviet de Petrogrado. Durante la preparación de la manifestación, Trotski había logrado el respaldo del partido a la misma, a pesar de la oposición de Lunacharski.

Se opuso además a las Jornadas de Julio, durante los debates sobre su conveniencia, en las que también la mayoría de los dirigentes bolcheviques se mostraron contrarios al intento de derribar al Gobierno y entregar el poder a los soviets.

La absorción del grupo por los bolcheviques se llevó a cabo finalmente durante el VI Congreso, con Lenin en la clandestinidad y Trotski en prisión y no sin ciertas reticencias por parte de algunos dirigentes del partido.

Notas y referencias

Bibliografía

Partidos políticos desaparecidos de Rusia

Comité Interdistrito


Arestul este acțiunea de privare a individului de libertate, în general în timpul investigației unui caz penal. Persoana este reținută în procedura care face parte din codul penal.

Arestarea este actul de reținere a unei persoane și de luare în custodie, de obicei pentru că a fost suspectată de săvârșirea sau de planificarea unei infracțiuni. După ce persoana este luată în custodie, ei pot fi interogați în continuare și / sau acuzați. Arestarea este o procedură în cadrul unui sistem de justiție penală.

Poliția și diverși ofițeri au puteri de arest. În unele locuri, arestarea unui cetățean este permisă; de exemplu, în Anglia și Țara Galilor, orice persoană poate aresta "pe cineva pe care are motive întemeiate să suspecteze să comită, să fi săvârșit sau să fie vinovat de săvârșirea unei infracțiuni imputabile", deși anumite condiții trebuie îndeplinite înainte de a lua o astfel de acțiune. Puteri similare există în Franța, Italia, Germania, Austria și Elveția, în cazul în care o persoană este prinsă într-un act de infracțiune și nu este dispusă sau capabilă să producă un act de identitate valabil.

Ca protecție împotriva abuzului de putere, multe țări cer ca un arest să fie făcut pentru un motiv bine justificat, cum ar fi cerința unei cauze penale în Statele Unite. În plus, timpul în care o persoană poate fi reținută este relativ scurt (în majoritatea cazurilor 24 de ore în Regatul Unit și Franța și 24 sau 48 de ore în Statele Unite) înainte ca persoana reținută să fie acuzată sau eliberată.

Etimologie
Cuvântul arest este de origine anglo-norman, derivat din cuvântul francez arrêt -  a opri, seminifică reținerea a unei persoane.

Arestul la domiciliu
Codul penal al României include, din 2014, măsura arestului la domiciliu. Această măsură vine ca o alternativă la arestul preventiv și poate fi aplicată în funcție de gravitatea faptelor săvârșite de inculpat.

Durata maximă a măsurii este de jumatăte din maximul pedepsei infracțiunii pentru care o persoană e trimisă în judecată, dar nu mai mult de 5 ani.

O lipsă de corelare a legislației în vigoare le permite acestora să rămână în funcție și să-și încaseze salariul lunar, în ciuda faptului că ei nu se mai prezintă la locul de muncă.

De asemenea, regula a fost criticată pentru faptul că unui om al străzii i se poate impune arestul la domiciliu deși nu are unde să locuiască.

Note

Legături externe

Justiție

Arest


Den indonesisksprogede wikipedia blev lanceret med den første artikel den 30. maj 2003, mens forsiden blev skabt seks måneder senere den 29. november 2003. Den indonesiske Wikipedia er den femte-hurtigst voksende Wikipedia på et asiatisk sprog efter japansk, kinesisk, koreansk og tyrkisk Wikipediaer. I november 2016 er den indonesisksprogede wikipedia den 24. største udgave af Wikipedia.

Milepæle
 1.000 artikler - 16. marts 2004
 10.000 artikler - 31. maj 2005
 50.000 artikler - 1. februar 2007
 100.000 artikler - 21. februar 2009
 180.000 artikler - 26. december 2011
 200.000 artikler - 27. marts 2012
 300.000 artikler - oktober 2013
 400.000 artikler - 27. april, 2017
 500.000 artikler - 15. august, 2019

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Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Wikipedia efter sprog
Etableret i 2003
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Indonesisk Wikipedia


William E. "Bill" Garity (Nueva York, 2 de abril de 1899-Los Ángeles, 16 de septiembre de 1971) fue un inventor y técnico estadounidense. Es más conocido por su trabajo en Walt Disney Studios, donde inventó la cámara mutiplano junto a Ub Iwerks, en 1937; y donde desarrolló Fantasound, uno de los primeros sistemas de sonido estereofónico, para la película Fantasía en 1940. Él fue incluido en el programa Disney Legends en 1999.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Bill Garity en Disney Legends

Inventores de Estados Unidos
Ganadores del premio Óscar honorífico

William Garity


Sinyaller ve sistemler kavram ve teorisi diğer birçok mühendislik ve bilim dallarıyla birlikte, elektrik ve elektronik mühendisliğinin hemen her alanında ve Biyomedikal mühendisliğinin tıbbi cihazlar ve biyoelektrik gibi elektrikle ilgilenen alt disiplinlerinde gerekli olup, haberleşme, EKG, EEG gibi tıbbi cihazlar, devreler ve sistemler ve kontrol sistemleri gibi alanlardaki ileri düzeyde çalışmaların matematiksel temelini oluşturur.

Elektrik ve Elektronik mühendisliği alt disiplinleri matematiksel ve fiziksel olmak üzere temelde iki köke bağlanırlar. Fiziksel köke bağlanan alanlar, mikroelektronik (VLSI), antenler ve mikrodalga, devreler ve sistemler, güç elektroniği ve sistemleri ve biyomedikal iken, Matematiksel köke bağlı olan alanlar haberleşme, kontrol, sinyal işleme, devreler ve sistemler ve bilgisayar sistemleridir. Matematiksel köke bağlı olan alanların ortak dili temelde iki konuyla özetlenir: 1- sinyaller ve sistemler teorisi, 2- olasılık ve rastgele süreçler teorisi.

Biyomedikal mühendisliğinin birçok alt disiplini arasından tıbbi cihazlar ve biyoelektrik gibi elektrikle ilgilenen alanları, sinyal işlemesinin yoğun olarak kullanıldığı alt dallardır. Özellikle vücuttan gelen sinyallerin toplanıp işlendiği ve bunlarla bir takım hastalık teşhislerinin konulmasına yardımcı olan EKG, EEG, EMG gibi tıbbi cihazlarda sinyal işlemesi çok önemlidir. Zira vücuttan alınan sinyallerin çoğunda gürültü oranı yüksektir. Ayrıca sinyallerin sadece belirli kısımları kullanılacağından mutlaka yükseltilmesi ve filtrelenmesi gerekir. Bunun için tıbbi cihazların içinde çok sayıda yükselteç devresi bulunur. Bu devreler elektrotlar yoluyla vücuttan alınan sinyallerin gürültüsünü süzer ve geriye sadece sinyalin kendisinin kalmasını sağlar. Daha sonra belirli filtrelerden geçirilen sinyal, son haliyle monitöre yansıtılır veya cihaza bağlı bir yazıcıyla çıktısı alınarak yetkili hekimin önüne gelir.

Klasik sinyaller ve sistemler teorisi, doğrusal ve zamanla değişmeyen sistemleri (DZD) inceler ve temelde matematiğin şu alanlarına dayanır: 1-İntegral ve diferansiyel hesap (Calculus) ve 2- Analiz (gerçel, karmaşık (kompleks), harmonik ve işlevsel (fonksiyonel) alt dalları olmak üzere). Ayrıca gerekirci (deterministik) olmayan durumlar için de rastgele süreçler teorisini kullanarak analiz yapar.

Yüksek lisans ve doktora seviyelerinde verilen şekli ile doğrusal sistemler teorisi (linear system theory) kapsamında, matematiğin doğrusal cebir, vektör uzayları konularını da içerecek şekilde genişleyerek modern analiz dilini (Hilbert Uzayları, Doğrusal Dönüşümler ve İntegral Dönüşümler) kullanmaya başlar.

Ayrık zamanlı sinyal işleme için yaygın olarak anahtarlı kapasite adlı elektronik devre elemanı kullanılır.

Sinyaller ve sistemlerin içeriği
 Doğrusal, Zamanla Değişmeyen sistemler (İngilizcesi: Linear-Time Invariant Systems)
 Sürekli zamanlı DZD bir sistemin tepkisi ve konvolüsyon entegrali
 Sürekli zamanlı, DZD sistemlerin özellikleri
 Sürekli zamanlı, DZD sistemlerin özfonksiyonları
 Türevsel denklemlerle tanımlanan sistemler
 Ayrık zamanlı, DZD bir sistemin tepkisi ve konvolüsyon toplamı
 Ayrık zamanlı, DZD sistemlerin özellikleri
 Ayrık zamanlı DZD sistemlerin özfonksiyonları
 Fark denklemleriyle tanımlanan sistemler
 Laplace dönüşümü ve sürekli zamanlı DZD sistemler
 Dönüşüm ve ayrık zamanlı DZD sistemleri
 Sürekli zamanlı sinyallerin ve sistemlerde Fourier teoremi
 Ayrık zamanlı sinyallerin ve sistemlerde Fourier teoremi
 Durum uzayı analizi
 Doğrusal zamanla değişmeyen sistemlerin ve çeşitli dönüşümlerin özellikleri

Sinyal işleme ile ilgili bazı örnekler
 analog sinyal işleme : telefon, televizyon, radar, dalak
 dijital sinyal işleme : mp3, mp4...
 video işleme : video editörler (Windows movie maker), rendering programları
 ses işleme : sony acid, ceptelefonlarının ses tanıma özellikleri vb.
 resim işleme : photoshop, microsoft picture manager

Sinyal işleme


Krizia, pseudonyme de Maria Mandelli, dite Mariuccia (née le  à Bergame et décédée le  à Milan) était une styliste et entrepreneuse italienne parmi les plus célèbres créatrices de mode de ce pays.

Le nom Krizia fait référence au titre du dernier Dialogue inachevé de Platon (Κριτίας, centré sur la vanité féminine).

Elle est la tante de Carolina Rosi.

Biographie
Née à Bergame en 1925, elle nourrit dès son plus jeune âge une irrépressible passion pour la mode, en démontrant très tôt un don pour la coupe, la couture et la conception de vêtements. Elle étudie en Suisse et, encouragée par une de ses tantes, elle se présente au concours pour devenir enseignante. Devenue institutrice, elle quitte son poste pour ouvrir un atelier à Milan, où elle se lance, avec son amie Flora Dolci, dans la production de jupes et robes simples aux lignes épurées.

La première manifestation publique à laquelle Krizia (nom emprunté à un des dialogues de Platon sur la vanité féminine) et ses modèles se présentent est le SAMIA (Salon du marché international de l'habillement) de Turin en 1957, jusqu'à son premier show en 1964 au Palais Pitti de Florence présentant une collection de "rupture" toute en noir et blanc, grâce à laquelle elle remporte le prix "Critica della Moda", décerné uniquement à Emilio Pucci auparavant. Elsa Robiola, figure clé de l'histoire du journalisme de mode italien écrit sur elle dans un article concernant l'événement : elle mentionne la nouvelle entreprise de mode qui présente des idées nouvelles.

Au cours de la deuxième moitié des années soixante, elle contribue à ce que les présentations des collections se déplacent de Florence à Milan, qui deviendra ainsi la capitale de la mode et du prêt-à-porter italien.

Vers la fin des années soixante, elle épouse Aldo Pinto. Au cours de la même période, elle donne naissance à la fois à Kriziamaglia, pour laquelle sont inaugurés de nouveaux espaces de production à Sesto Ulteriano et à Kriziababy, avec un établissement à Bergame. En 1971, alors que la mode prévoyait uniquement des modèles maxi ou midi, elle présente une collection de shorts très courts (hot pants), grâce auxquels elle remporte le prix "Tiberio d'oro" à Capri. Les formes et assemblages audacieux et l'utilisation de matériaux insolites tels que le caoutchouc, le liège et l'anguille lui valent le surnom de "Crazy Krizia", attribué par la presse américaine. Dans les années soixante-dix, un accord est signé avec l'entreprise Italo Cremona pour la production de lunettes de la marque Krizia.

En 1978, un accord est signé avec l'entreprise Florbath pour la production de parfums. Le premier parfum, K de Krizia, dont le flacon est conçu par Pierre Dinand et l'odeur signée Maurice Roucel, fait ses débuts en 1980. Dans les années qui suivent sont lancés les parfums Krizia Uomo (1983) et Teatro alla Scala by Krizia (1986). En 1982, Krizia fait partie d'un groupe composé de huit styliste internationaux envoyé par le MIT de Cambridge à l'exposition Intimate architecture: contemporary clothing design. En 1984, elle achète à la société Montecani le Palazzo Melzi D'Eril au numéro 19 de la rue milanaise Manin, et elle y transfère le siège de l'entreprise, ses ateliers et son showroom en 1985. Dans les alentours du nouveau siège social, au numéro 21, elle ouvre le Spazio Krizia, une salle destiné à accueillir les défilés, présentations et événements culturels. Au cours de la même année, elle devient associée de la maison d'édition La Tartaruga.

En 1986, elle est nommée, aux côtés de ses confrères Giorgio Armani, Gianfranco Ferré, Gianni Versace et Valentino Garavani, Commandeur de l'ordre du Mérite de la République italienne par le Président de la République Francesco Cossiga. En 1988, elle lance sa collection Krizia Uomo. Elle inaugure le K Club sur l'île de Barbuda, lieu qui fut choisi comme destination de vacances pendant plusieurs saisons par la Famille Royale anglaise. La collection de taille standard Per te by Krizia voit le jour grâce à un accord signé avec le groupe Miroglio d'Alba et sera suivie par la collection Per te Aktive by Krizia, destinée à une clientèle plus jeune. Dans les années quatre-vingt-dix, elle figure parmi les suspects dans le cadre du scandale Mains propres, accusée d'avoir versé des pots-de-vin à la brigade financière. En 1998, elle est acquittée par la Cour d'Appel.

En 1995, la rétrospective "Krizia. Una storia" est présentée à la Triennale de Milan pour célébrer les quarante ans de carrière de la styliste. En 1999, l'Université de New York lui ouvre les portes de sa Grey Art Gallery, une première pour un styliste, et accueille son exposition "Krizia", avec les décors de Dante Ferretti. Au cours de la même année, elle organise le défilé de présentation des propositions pour la saison printemps-été 2000 en ligne. L'entreprise Morris Profumi de Parme devient la nouvelle concessionnaire pour la collection de parfum. De nouvelles senteurs dont l'Eau de Krizia et les deux déclinaisons pour femme et pour homme d'Istinto sont mis en vente. En 2001, le Musée d'Art Contemporain de Tokyo accueille l'exposition "Krizia Moving Shapes", qui relate le travail de près d'un demi siècle de la styliste.

À partir du début des années 2000, elle collabore avec de jeunes talents pour la conception des collections. Parmi les plus connus figurent Alber Elbaz, Jean-Paul Knott, Hamish Morrow, Giambattista Valli et Gianluca Capannolo. Pendant plusieurs années, la société Miriade, en collaboration avec la société Krizia produit une gamme d'accessoires (sacs, ceintures et chaussures) pour la deuxième collection de la maison, KRIZIAPOI. La cible est jeune et les produits sont novateurs et branchés. En collaboration avec la société The First, nouveau concessionnaire des collections de parfums, le relooking et la relance des deux senteurs historiques de la maison de haute-couture K de Krizia et Krizia Uomo sont annoncées. En 2013, la collection Krizia Teen, pensée pour les plus jeunes est lancée.

Krizia meurt le , succombant des suites d'une attaque dans sa demeure à Milan.

Prix et distinctions
 Critica della Moda - Florence - 1964
 I Magnifici Sette - Pavie - 1969
 Tiberio d'Oro - Capri - 1972
 Prix Umberto Biancamano - Milan - 1982 (récompense attribuée aux personnes s'étant distinguées sur le plan politique, artistique et culturel pour l'importance de la contribution apportée au renforcement du concept d'Unité Européenne en Italie)
 The Best Six - Tokyo - 1986
 Premio Città di Sanremo - Sanremo 1984
 Nommée Commandeur de l'ordre du Mérite de la République italienne - Rome -1986
 Prix Minerva - Rome -1986
 Night of Stars - New York - 1987
 Prix Waterman Forum - Milan - 1988
 Donna Ideale Leader - Saint Vincent -1988
 Prix Accademia del Profumo - Bologne -1990
 Prix Ars et Labor Europa - Milan -1991
 Prix Donna e Società - Bergame -1991
 Prix Categoria Industria 1993 pour le packaging- Milan
 Prix Maschera D'Oro 1996
 Prix "Giuseppe Verdi. Una vita per la musica" - 2000
 Prix "Isimbardi per la Moda" – Milan 2001
 Prix "Sigillo Longobardo" - Milano 2002
 Récompense "Paul Harris" – Bergame – 2006
 Rosa Camuna – Milan 2010

Spazio Krizia
Le Spazio Krizia est une salle de spectacle multifonctionnelle conçue par Piero Pinto dans la cour du Palazzo Melzi d'Eril, au numéro 21 de la rue Daniele Manin à Milan. En capacité d'accueillir plus de 600 personnes, il s'agit d'un espace flexible et facilement transformable grâce à un système de mezzanine et d'estrades mobiles. À partir de 1985, année de son inauguration, l'espace accueille les défilés des collections de Krizia ainsi que de nombreux événements principalement ouverts aux écrivains, musiciens et designers. Ettore Sottsass, Isabel Allende, David Leavitt, Sting, Dario Fo, Bořek Šípek, Ingo Maurer et Catherine Dunne sont notamment montés sur la scène du Spazio Krizia.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Styliste italien
Entrepreneur italien
Naissance en janvier 1925
Naissance à Bergame
Décès en décembre 2015
Décès à Milan
Décès à 90 ans
Mononyme

Krizia