Lord Napier, of Merchistoun, is a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1627 for Sir Archibald Napier, 1st Baronet. Earlier that year, he already held the Napier Baronetcy, of Merchistoun in the County of Midlothian, created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia. The titles remained united until 1683, when the Baronetcy became dormant. It was revived in the early 19th century and is now held by another branch of the Napier family. Between 1683 and 1686, the Lords of Napier also held the Nicolson Baronetcy, of Carnock in the County of Stirling, and since 1725 the Scott Baronetcy, of Thirlestane in the County of Selkirk, both baronetcies created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia. The latter one is held till today. Additionally, the tenth Lord was created Baron Ettrick, of Ettrick in the County of Selkirk in the Peerage of the United Kingdom on 16 July 1872.

Lord Napier is the hereditary Clan Chief of Clan Napier.

The family seat is Thirlestane Castle, near Ettrick, Selkirkshire.

History

Napier

The earliest recorded mention of the name Napier in Scotland occurred in 1290, in a charter of Maol Choluim I, Earl of Lennox, granting lands at Kilmahew to the Napiers. They are said to have taken their name from a saying by King Alexander II of Scotland to one of the Earls of Lennox, after a battle, that Lennox had na peer (no equal).

Archibald Napier, son of John Napier, the inventor of logarithms, served as a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to King James VI of Scotland (I of England) and as a Lord of Session. On 2 March 1627 he was created a baronet, "of Merchistoun in the County of Midlothian", in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia. A few months later he was raised to the Peerage of Scotland as Lord Napier, of Merchistoun. His grandson, the third Lord, obtained an extension of the patent with limitation to (1) his heirs female and their heirs male and female, and (2) failing which to his sisters and their heirs whatsoever, the female heir being obliged to assume the name and arms of Napier. On his death in 1683 the baronetcy became dormant (it was later revived, see the Napier Baronetcy of Merchistoun) while he was succeeded in the Lordship (according to the new patent) by his nephew Sir Thomas Nicolson, 4th Baronet, of Carnock, who became the 4th Lord Napier. He was the son of Sir Thomas Nicolson, 3rd Baronet, of Carnock by his wife the Hon. Jean Napier, eldest daughter of the second Lord Napier. The 4th Lord Napier died unmarried at an early age and was succeeded in the Baronetcy by his cousin and heir male (see the Baron Carnock for later history of this title) and in the Lordship by his aunt, the fifth Lady Napier, the wife of John Brisbane.

Scott

Lady Napier was succeeded by her grandson, the sixth Lord. He was the son of Sir William Scott, 2nd Baronet, of Thirlestane by his wife
Elizabeth, Mistress of Napier. In 1725 he also succeeded his father as third Baronet of Thirlestane. (The Scott Baronetcy, of Thirlestane in the County of Selkirk, had been created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia on 22 August 1666 for Francis Scott). The titles remain united. His grandson, the eighth Lord, sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish Representative Peer from 1796 to 1806 and from 1807 to 1823 and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Selkirkshire from 1819 to 1823. He was succeeded by his son, the ninth Lord. He was a Scottish Representative Peer from 1824 to 1832 and served as Ambassador to China in 1833. His son, the tenth Lord, was a prominent diplomat. In 1872 he was created Baron Ettrick, of Ettrick in the County of Selkirk, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. This peerage gave him and his descendants an automatic seat in the House of Lords until the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999.  the titles are held by his great-great-great-grandson, the fifteenth Lord, who succeeded his father in 2012. He is styled "Lord Napier and Ettrick".

Lords Napier (1627); Barons Ettrick (1872)

Napier family
Archibald Napier, 1st Lord Napier (c. 1575–1645) (already received the Napier Baronetcy in 1627)
Archibald Napier, 2nd Lord Napier (c. 1625–1660)
Archibald Napier, 3rd Lord Napier (d. 1683) (Napier Baronetcy became dormant upon his death)

Nicolson family
Thomas Nicolson, 4th Lord Napier (1669–1688) (the only Lord Napier who held the Nicolson Baronetcy, from 1670 to 1688)
Margaret Brisbane, 5th Lady Napier (d. 1706) (aunt, wife of John Brisbane)

Scott family (adopted surname Napier)
Francis Napier, 6th Lord Napier (c. 1702–1773) (3rd Baronet, held the Scott Baronetcy from 1725 to 1773)
William Napier, 7th Lord Napier (1730–1775)
Francis Napier, 8th Lord Napier (1758–1823)
William John Napier, 9th Lord Napier (1786–1834)
Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier, 1st Baron Ettrick (1819–1898)
William John George Napier, 11th Lord Napier, 2nd Baron Ettrick (1846–1913)
Francis Edward Basil Napier, 12th Lord Napier, 3rd Baron Ettrick (1876–1941)
William Francis Cyril James Hamilton Napier, 13th Lord Napier, 4th Baron Ettrick (1900–1954)
Francis Nigel Napier, 14th Lord Napier, 5th Baron Ettrick (1930–2012)
Francis David Charles Napier, 15th Lord Napier, 6th Baron Ettrick (b. 1962)

The heir presumptive of the Lordship of Napier is the present holder's daughter, Hon. Sophie Eleanor Rose Napier, Mistress of Napier (b. 1999)
The heir presumptive of the Barony of Ettrick and the Scott baronetcy is the present holder's brother, Hon. Nicholas Alexander John Napier (b. 1971)
The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son, Charles Ludovic Percy Napier (b. 2005)

Scott baronets, of Thirlestane (1666)
Sir Francis Scott, 1st Baronet (1645–1712)
Sir William Scott, 2nd Baronet (c. 1680–1725)
Sir Francis Scott, 3rd Baronet (c. 1702–1773) (had already succeeded as 6th Lord Napier in 1706)

See also
Baron Carnock
Napier baronets of Merchistoun

Notes

References

Lordships of Parliament
Clan Napier

Noble titles created in 1627
Scott baronets

Lord Napier


දෘෂ්ටි විශුද්ධි /දිට්ඨිවිසුද්ධි  දිට්ඨි විසුද්ධි

539.ලක්ඛණ රස පච්චුපට්ඨාන පදට්ඨාන වසෙන නාමරූප පරිග්ගහො දිට්ඨිවිසුද්ධි නාම.(ලක්ෂණය රසය ප්‍රත්යුපස්ථානය පදස්ථානය යන මොවුන්ගේ වශයෙන් නාමරූපයන් පිරිසිද   දැනීම දෘෂ්ටි විශුද්ධි නමි) (අභිධර්මාර්ථ සංග්‍රහය) -රේරුකානේ චන්දවිමල මහනාහිමි-

ධම්ම පදය

1. චිත්ත වග්ගය (චිත්ත වර්ගය) -සිත ගැන වදාළ කොටස-

37.5.දූරංගමං ඒකචරං - අසරීරං ගුහාසයං

යේ චිත්තං සඤ්ඤමෙස්සන්ති - මොක්ඛන්ති මාරබන්ධනා

41.9.අචිරං වත'යං කායො - පඨවිං අධිසෙස්සති

ඡුද්ධෝ අපේත විඤ්ඤාණෝ - නිරත්ථං'ව කලිංගරං

2. භික්ඛු වග්ගය(භික්ඛු වර්ගය) - භික්ෂුව ගැන වදාළ කොටස -

367.8.සබ්බසෝ නාමරූපස්මිං - යස්ස නත්ථි මමායිතං

අසතා ච න සෝවතී - ස වේ භික්ඛු'ති වුච්චති

චතුධාතු වවත්ථානං

ධාතුමනසිකාරපබ්බං

(ත්‍රිපිටකය,මජ්ඣිම නිකාය,මූල පණ්ණාසකෝ,මූල පරියාය වග්ගෝ,සතිපට්ඨාන සුත්තං,ධාතුමනසිකාරපබ්බං)පුන ච පරං භික්ඛවේ භික්ඛු ඉමමේව කායං යථාඨිතං යථාපණිහිතං ධාතුසෝ පච්චවෙක්ඛති: අත්ථි ඉමස්මිං කායේ පඨවීධාතු ආපෝධාතු තේජෝධාතු වායෝධාතූති. සෙය්‍යථාපි භික්ඛවේ දක්ඛෝ ගෝඝාතකෝ වා ගෝඝාතකන්තේවාසී වා ගාවිං වධිත්වා චාතුම්මහාපථේ බිලසෝ පටිවිභජිත්වා නිසින්නෝ අස්ස. ඒවමේව ඛෝ භික්ඛවේ භික්ඛු ඉමමේව කායං යථාඨිතං යථාපණිහිතං ධාතුසෝ පච්චවෙක්ඛති: අත්ථි ඉමස්මිං කායේ පඨවීධාතු ආපෝධාතු තේජෝධාතු වායෝධාතූති. ඉති  අජ්ඣත්තං වා කායේ කායානුපස්සී විහරති. බහිද්ධා වා කායේ කායානුපස්සී විහරති. අජ්ඣත්තබහිද්ධා වා කායේ කායානුපස්සී විහරති. සමුදයධම්මානුපස්සී වා කායස්මිං විහරති. වයධම්මානුපස්සී වා කායස්මිං විහරති. සමුදයවයධම්මානුපස්සී වා කායස්මිං විහරති. අත්ථි කායෝති වා පනස්ස සති පච්චුපට්ඨිතා හෝති. යාවදේව ඤාණමත්තාය පතිස්සතිමත්තාය. අනිස්සිතෝ ච විහරති. න ච කිඤ්චි ලෝකේ උපාදියති. ඒවම්පි භික්ඛවේ භික්ඛු කායේ කායානුපස්සී විහරති.

ධාතු විභංග සුත්තං

ඡධාතුරෝ අයං භික්ඛු, පුරිසෝ'ති ඉති ඛෝ පනේතං වුත්තං. කිඤ්චේතං පටිච්ච වුත්තං. - පථවීධාතු, ආපෝධාතු, තේජෝධාතු, වායෝධාතු, ආකාසධාතු, විඤ්ඤාණධාතු. 'ඡධාතුරෝ අයං භික්ඛු, පුරිසෝ'ති ඉති යං තං වුත්තං, ඉදමේතං පටිච්ච වුත්තං.

ඡඵස්සායතනෝ අයං භික්ඛු, පුරිසෝ'ති ඉති ඛෝ පනේතං වුත්තං. කිඤ්චේතං පටිච්ච වුත්තං: චක්ඛුසම්ඵස්සායතනං, සෝතසම්ඵස්සායතනං, ඝානසම්ඵස්සායතනං, ජිව්හාසම්ඵස්සායතනං, කායසම්ඵස්සායතනං, මනෝසම්ඵස්සායතනං. 'ඡඵස්සායතනෝ අයං භික්ඛු, පුරිසෝ'ති ඉති යං තං වුත්තං, ඉදමේතං පටිච්ච වුත්තං.

අට්ඨාරසමනෝපවිචාරෝ අයං භික්ඛු, පුරිසෝ'ති ඉති ඛෝ පනේතං වුත්තං, කිඤ්චේතං පටිච්ච වුත්තං: චක්ඛුනා රූපං දිස්වා සෝමනස්සට්ඨානීයං රූපං උපවිචරති, දෝමනස්සට්ඨානීයං රූපං උපවිචරති, උපෙක්ඛාට්ඨානීයං රූපං උපවිචරති. සෝතේන සද්දං සුත්වා ....පෙ.... ඝානේන ගන්ධං ඝායිත්වා ...පෙ....  ජිව්හාය රසං සායිත්වා ...පෙ....  කායේන ඵොට්ඨබ්බං ඵුසිත්වා ...පෙ....  මනසා ධම්මං විඤ්ඤාය සෝමනස්සට්ඨානීයං ධම්මං උපවිචරති, දෝමනස්සට්ඨානීයං ධම්මං උපවිචරති, උපෙක්ඛාට්ඨානීයං ධම්මං උපවිචරති. ඉති ඡ සෝමනස්සුපවිචාරා ඡ දෝමනස්සුපවිචාරා ඡ උපෙක්ඛුපවිචාරා. 'අට්ඨාරසමනෝපවිචාරෝ අයං භික්ඛු, පුරිසෝ'ති ඉති යං තං වුත්තං, ඉදමේතං පටිච්ච වුත්තං.

චතුරාධිට්ඨානෝ අයං භික්ඛු, පුරිසෝ'ති ඉති ඛෝ පනේතං වුත්තං, කිඤ්චේතං පටිච්ච වුත්තං: පඤ්ඤාධිට්ඨානෝ සච්චාධිට්ඨානෝ චාගාධිට්ඨානෝ උපසමාධිට්ඨානෝ. 'චතුරාධිට්ඨානෝ අයං භික්ඛු, පුරිසෝ'ති ඉති යං තං වුත්තං, ඉදමේතං පටිච්ච වුත්තං.

පඤ්ඤං නප්පමජ්ජෙය්‍ය සච්චමනුරක්ඛෙය්‍ය චාගමනුබ්‍රෑහෙය්‍ය සන්තිමේව සෝ සික්ඛෙය්‍යා'ති  ඉති ඛෝ පනේතං වුත්තං, කිඤ්චේතං පටිච්ච වුත්තං: කථඤ්ච භික්ඛු, පඤ්ඤං නප්පමජ්ජති: ඡ ඉමා භික්ඛු, ධාතුයෝ: පථවීධාතු ආපෝධාතු තේජෝධාතු වායෝධාතු ආකාසධාතු විඤ්ඤාණධාතු.

කතමා ච භික්ඛු, පථවීධාතු: පථවීධාතු සියා අජ්ඣත්තිකා සියා බාහිරා. කතමා ච භික්ඛු, අජ්ඣත්තිකා පථවීධාතු: යං අජ්ඣත්තං පච්චත්තං කක්ඛළං ඛරිගතං උපාදින්නං. සෙය්‍යථිදං: කේසා ලෝමා නඛා දන්තා තචෝ මංසං න්හාරු අට්ඨි අට්ඨිමිඤ්ජා වක්කං හදයං යකනං කිලෝමකං පිහකං පප්ඵාසං අන්තං අන්තගුණං උදරියං කරීසං, යං වා පනඤ්ඤම්පි කිඤ්චි අජ්ඣත්තං පච්චත්තං කක්ඛළං ඛරිගතං උපාදින්නං. අයං වුච්චති භික්ඛු, අජ්ඣත්තිකා පථවීධාතු. යා චේව ඛෝ පන අජ්ඣත්තිකා පථවීධාතු යා ච බාහිරා පථවීධාතු, පථවීධාතුරේවේසා. 'තං නේතං මම, නේසෝහමස්මි, න මේසෝ අත්තාති ඒවමේතං යථාභූතං සම්මප්පඤ්ඤාය දට්ඨබ්බං. ඒවමේතං යථාභූතං සම්මප්පඤ්ඤාය දිස්වා පථවීධාතුයා නිබ්බින්දති, පථවීධාතුයා චිත්තං විරාජේති.

කතමා ච භික්ඛු, ආපෝධාතු: ආපෝධාතු සියා අජ්ඣත්තිකා සියා බාහිරා. කතමා ච භික්ඛු, අජ්ඣත්තිකා ආපෝධාතු: යං අජ්ඣත්තං පච්චත්තං ආපෝ ආපෝගතං උපාදින්නං. සෙය්‍යථිදං: පිත්තං සෙම්හං පුබ්බෝ ලෝහිතං සේදෝ මේදෝ අස්සු වසා බේළෝ සිංඝාණිකා ලසිකා මුත්තං. යං වා පනඤ්ඤම්පි කිඤ්චි අජ්ඣත්තං පච්චත්තං ආපෝ ආපෝගතං උපාදින්නං. අයං වුච්චති භික්ඛු, අජ්ඣත්තිකා ආපෝධාතු. යා චේව ඛෝ පන අජ්ඣත්තිකා ආපෝධාතු යා ච බාහිරා ආපෝධාතු ආපෝධාතුරේවේසා. 'තං නේතං මම, නේසෝහමස්මි, න මේසෝ අත්තා'ති ඒවමේතං යථාභූතං සම්මප්පඤ්ඤාය දට්ඨබ්බං. ඒවමේතං යථාභූතං සම්මප්පඤ්ඤාය දිස්වා ආපෝධාතුයා නිබ්බින්දති, ආපෝධාතුයා චිත්තං විරාජේති.

කතමා ච භික්ඛු, තේජෝධාතු: තේජෝධාතු සියා අජ්ඣත්තිකා සියා බාහිරා. කතමා ච භික්ඛු, අජ්ඣත්තිකා තේජෝධාතු: යං අජ්ඣත්තං පච්චත්තං තේජෝ තේජෝගතං උපාදින්නං. සෙය්‍යථිදං: යේන ච සන්තප්පති, යේන ච ජීරීයති, යේන ච පරිඩය්හති, යේන ච අසිතපීතඛායිතසායිතං සම්මා පරිණාමං ගච්ඡති, යං වා පනඤ්ඤම්පි කිඤ්චි අජ්ඣත්තං පච්චත්තං තේජෝ තේජෝගතං උපාදින්නං. අයං වුච්චති භික්ඛු, අජ්ඣත්තිකා තේජෝධාතු. යා චේව ඛෝ පන අජ්ඣත්තිකා තේජෝධාතු යා ච බාහිරා තේජෝධාතු, තේජෝධාතුරේවේසා. 'තං නේතං මම, නේසෝහමස්මි, න මේසෝ අත්තා'ති ඒවමේතං යථාභූතං සම්මප්පඤ්ඤාය දට්ඨබ්බං. ඒවමේතං යථාභූතං සම්මප්පඤ්ඤාය දිස්වා තේජෝධාතුයා නිබ්බින්දති, තේජෝධාතුයා චිත්තං විරාජේති.

කතමා ච භික්ඛු, වායෝධාතු: වායෝධාතු සියා අජ්ඣත්තිකා සියා බාහිරා. කතමා ච භික්ඛු, අජ්ඣත්තිකා වායෝධාතු: යං අජ්ඣත්තං පච්චත්තං වායෝ වායෝගතං උපාදින්නං. සෙය්‍යථිදං: උද්ධංගමා වාතා අධෝගමා වාතා කුච්ඡිසයා වාතා කොට්ඨාසයා වාතා අංගමංගානුසාරිනෝ වාතා අස්සාසෝ පස්සාසෝ ඉති යං වා පනඤ්ඤම්පි කිඤ්චි අජ්ඣත්තං පච්චත්තං වායෝ වායෝගතං උපාදින්නං. අයං වුච්චති භික්ඛු, අජ්ඣත්තිකා වායෝධාතු. යා චේව ඛෝ පන අජ්ඣත්තිකා වායෝධාතු යා ච බාහිරා වායෝධාතු වායෝධාතුරේවේසා. 'තං නේතං මම , නේසෝහමස්මි , න මේසෝ අත්තා'ති ඒවමේතං යථාභූතං සම්මප්පඤ්ඤාය දට්ඨබ්බං. ඒවමේතං යථාභූතං සම්මප්පඤ්ඤාය දිස්වා වායෝධාතුයා නිබ්බින්දති, වායෝධාතුයා චිත්තං විරාජේති.

කතමා ච භික්ඛු, ආකාසධාතු: ආකාසධාතු සියා අජ්ඣත්තිකා සියා බාහිරා. කතමා ච භික්ඛු, අජ්ඣත්තිකා ආකාසධාතු: යං අජ්ඣත්තං පච්චත්තං ආකාසං ආකාසගතං උපාදින්නං, සෙය්‍යථිදං: කණ්ණච්ඡිද්දං නාසච්ඡිද්දං මුඛද්වාරං යේන ච අසිතපීතඛායිතසායිතං අජ්ඣෝහරති, යත්ථ ච අසිතපීතඛායිතසායිතං සන්තිට්ඨති, යේන ච අසිතපීතඛායිතසායිතං අධෝභාගා නික්ඛමති, යං වා පනඤ්ඤම්පි කිඤ්චි අජ්ඣත්තං පච්චත්තං ආකාසං ආකාසගතං අඝං අඝගතං විවරං විවරගතං අසම්ඵුට්ඨං මංසලෝහිතේහි උපාදින්නං. අයං වුච්චති භික්ඛු, අජ්ඣත්තිකා ආකාසධාතු, යා චේව ඛෝ පන අජ්ඣත්තිකා ආකාසධාතු යා ච බාහිරා ආකාසධාතු ආකාසධාතුරේවේසා. 'තං නේතං මම, නේසෝහමස්මි, න මේසෝ අත්තා'ති ඒවමේතං යථාභූතං සම්මප්පඤ්ඤාය දට්ඨබ්බං. ඒවමේතං යථාභූතං සම්මප්පඤ්ඤාය දිස්වා ආකාසධාතුයා නිබ්බින්දති, ආකාසධාතුයා චිත්තං විරාජේති.

පාළි ප්‍රත්යවේක්ෂා පාඨ

අතීත ප්‍රත්යවේක්ෂාව

1.චීවර ප්‍රත්යවේක්ෂාව

ධාතු වශයෙන් හා ප්‍රතිකුල වශයෙන්

යථාපච්චයං පවත්තමානං ධාතුමත්ත මෙවෙතං යදිදං චීවරං,තදුපභුඤ්ජකො ච පුග්ගලො ධාතුමත්තකො නිස්සත්තො නිජ්ජීවො සුඤ්ඤො සබ්බානි පන ඉමානි චීවරානි අජිගුච්ඡනීයානි ඉමං පූතිකායං පත්වා අතිවිය ජිගුච්ඡනීයානි ජායන්ති.

2.පිණ්ඩපාත ප්‍රත්යවේක්ෂාව

ධාතු වශයෙන් හා ප්‍රතිකුල වශයෙන්

යථාපච්චයං පවත්තමානං ධාතුමත්ත මෙවෙතං යදිදං පිණ්ඩපාතො,තදුපභුඤ්ජකො ච පුග්ගලො ධාතුමත්තකො නිස්සත්තො නිජ්ජීවො සුඤ්ඤො සබ්බො පිණ්ඩපාතො පනායං  අජිගුච්ඡනීයො.ඉමං පූතිකායං පත්වා අතිවිය ජිගුච්ඡනීයො ජායති.

3.සේනාසන ප්‍රත්යවේක්ෂාව

ධාතු වශයෙන් හා ප්‍රතිකුල වශයෙන්

යථාපච්චයං පවත්තමානං ධාතුමත්ත මෙවෙතං යදිදං සෙනාසනං   ,තදුපභුඤ්ජකො ච පුග්ගලො ධාතුමත්තකො නිස්සත්තො නිජ්ජීවො සුඤ්ඤො සබ්බානි පන ඉමානි සෙනාසනානි අජිගුච්ඡනීයානි. ඉමං පූතිකායං පත්වා අතිවිය ජිගුච්ඡනීයානි ජායන්ති.

4.ග්ලාන ප්‍රත්යය ප්‍රත්යවේක්ෂාව

ධාතු වශයෙන් හා ප්‍රතිකුල වශයෙන්

යථාපච්චයං පවත්තමානං ධාතුමත්ත මෙවෙතං යදිදං   ගිලානපච්චය භෙසජ්ජපරික්ඛාරෝ.   තදුපභුඤ්ජකො ච පුග්ගලො ධාතුමත්තකො නිස්සත්තො නිජ්ජීවො සුඤ්ඤො   සබ්බො  පනායං   ගිලානපච්චය  භෙසජ්ජපරික්ඛාරෝ අජිගුච්ඡනීයො.ඉමං පූතිකායං පත්වා අතිවිය ජිගුච්ඡනීයො ජායති.

   ග්‍රන්ථ:-
1.විශුද්ධි මාර්ගය

2.රේරුකානේ චන්දවිමල මහනාහිමි

()විදර්ශනා භාවනා ක්‍රමය

()අභිධර්මයේ මූලික කරුනු

()අභිධර්ම මාර්ගය

3.ත්‍රිපිටකය

(A) මහාරාහුලෝවාද සුත්තං(පාලි)/මහාරාහුලෝවාද සූත්‍රය(සිංහල)

(ත්‍රිපිටකය/මජ්ඣිම නිකාය/මජ්ඣිම පණ්ණාසකෝ/භික්ඛු වග්ගෝ)

(B) මහා සතිපට්ඨාන සුත්තං

(ත්‍රිපිටකය,මජ්ඣිම නිකාය,මූල පණ්ණාසකෝ,මූල පරියාය වග්ගෝ,සතිපට්ඨාන සුත්තං,ධාතුමනසිකාරපබ්බං)

(C) මහා හත්ථිපදෝපම සුත්තං

(ත්‍රිපිටකය,මජ්ඣිම නිකාය,මූල පණ්ණාසකෝ,ඕපම්ම වග්ගෝ,මහා හත්ථිපදෝපම සුත්තං)

(D) ධාතු විභංග සූත්‍රය සුත්තං

(ත්‍රිපිටකය,මජ්ඣිම නිකාය,උපරිපණ්ණාසකෝ,  )

4.ධාතුමනසිකාර දීපනී

5.මහා-සී විපස්සනා භාවනා ක්‍රමය

6.විපස්සනා භාවනා ක්‍රමය

7.විපස්සනාව පෙළස්ම

8.මොක්පුර රන්දොර

ඡායාරූප:-

බාගත කිරීමට හැකි ලිපිනයන්

විදර්ශනා භාවනා ක්‍රමය -රේරුකානේ චන්දවිමල මහනාහිමි-

  ත්‍රිපිටකය

  ත්‍රිපිටකය / සූත්‍ර පිටකය / මජ්ඣිම නිකාය

 ත්‍රිපිටකය / සූත්‍ර පිටකය / මජ්ඣිම නිකාය

   1.මූල පණ්ණාසකෝ   ඕපම්ම වග්ගෝ

(a)මහා හත්ථිපදෝපම සුත්තං

(ත්‍රිපිටකය,මජ්ඣිම නිකාය,මූල පණ්ණාසකෝ,ඕපම්ම වග්ගෝ)
    මූල පරියාය වග්ගෝ
(a) මහා සතිපට්ඨාන සුත්තං

(ත්‍රිපිටකය,මජ්ඣිම නිකාය,මූල පණ්ණාසකෝ,මූල පරියාය වග්ගෝ)

    ත්‍රිපිටකය / සූත්‍ර පිටකය / මජ්ඣිම නිකාය 2.මජ්ඣිම පණ්ණාසකෝ /
    භික්ඛු වග්ගෝ

 (b)මහාරාහුලෝවාද සුත්තං(ත්‍රිපිටකය මජ්ඣිම නිකාය මජ්ඣිම පණ්ණාසකෝ )
ත්‍රිපිටකය / සූත්‍ර පිටකය / මජ්ඣිම නිකාය  3.උපරිපණ්ණාසකෝ  /විභංග වග්ගෝ

(c) ධාතු විභංග සූත්‍රය සුත්තං(ත්‍රිපිටකය මජ්ඣිම නිකාය උපරිපණ්ණාසකෝ  )

මහා රාහුලෝවාද සුත්තං

(d) මහා හත්ථිපදෝපම සුත්තං
මහා සතිපට්ඨාන සුත්තං

දෘෂ්ටි විශුද්ධිය


Erivánskaya  es una stanitsa del raión de Abinsk del krai de Krasnodar en el sur de Rusia. Está situada en el borde septentrional del Cáucaso Occidental, al inicio de las llanuras de Kubán-Priazov, en la cabecera del río Abin, de la cuenca del río Kubán, 15 km al sur de Abinsk y 75 km al suroeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 650 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Svetlogórskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Эриванская.
  en Panoramio.
  en Panoramio.

Localidades del raión de Abinsk del krai de Krasnodar

Erivánskaya


Carrigaline () is a town and civil parish in County Cork, Ireland, situated on the River Owenabue. Located about  south of Cork city, and with a population of 18,239 people, it is one of the largest commuter towns in the county. The R611 regional road passes through the town, and it is just off the N28 national primary route to Ringaskiddy. Carrigaline grew rapidly in the late 20th century, from a village of a few hundred people into a thriving commuter town although some locals still refer to it as "the village". The town is one of the key gateways to west Cork, especially for those who arrive by ferry from France. Carrigaline is within the Cork South-Central Dáil constituency.

Economy
Carrigaline Pottery, situated in Main Street, closed in 1979, but was subsequently re-opened and run as a co-operative for many years after that. Despite its small size, the village also had a small cinema, owned and run by the Cogan family. Neither the pottery nor the cinema exist today. The Carrigdhoun Weekly newspaper is published in Carrigaline.

The town has four banks and a credit union. There is a long-established Supervalu supermarket, as well as a Dunnes Stores and Lidl. The four-star Carrigaline Court Hotel is located across from the Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady and St John. In addition to retail shops, Main Street has a number of pubs and restaurants. A Dairygold Co-op Superstore is located on Kilmoney Road.

Demographics
As of the 2016 census, Carrigaline had a population of 15,770. Of this population, 83% were white Irish, less than 1% white Irish traveller, 11% other white ethnicities, 2% black, 1% Asian, 1% other, and less than 1% had not stated their ethnicity. In terms of religion the town is 81% Catholic, 8% other stated religion, 11% with no religion, and less than 1% no stated religion. By the 2022 census, the population had grown to 18,239.

International relations
Carrigaline has town twinning agreements with the commune of Guidel in Brittany, France, and with the town of Kirchseeon, in Bavaria, Germany.

Transport
Carrigaline is served a number of Bus Éireann bus routes. These include route 220 (Ovens via Ballincollig, Cork City and Douglas), 220X (Ovens via Cork City onwards to Fountainstown and Crosshaven), 225 (Cork Kent railway station via Cork City and Cork Airport onwards to Haulbowline), and 225L (Carrigaline Industrial Estate via Ringaskiddy to Haulbowline).

Carrigaline railway station closed in 1932.

Culture

Sport
Local sporting organisations include association football (soccer) clubs Avondale United FC and Carrigaline United A.F.C., Gaelic Athletic Association club Carrigaline GAA, rugby union club Carrigaline RFC, and other tennis, badminton, basketball, golf, and martial arts clubs.

Religion
Carrigaline's Roman Catholic church, the church of 'Our Lady and John', was built in 1957. The local Baptist church was founded in 1987. The Church of Ireland (Anglican) church, St Mary's church, dates to 1824.

Notable people

 Francis Hodder (1906–1943), first-class cricketer, rugby union player and Royal Air Force officer
 Aaron Drinan (b.1998), association footballer
 Nicholas Murphy (b.1978), former Gaelic footballer
 Simon Coveney (b.1972), former Tánaiste and current Minister for Foreign Affairs has a constituency office in Carrigaline

See also

 Carrigaline railway station (1903–1932)
 Carrigaline Farmhouse Cheese

References

Towns and villages in County Cork
Civil parishes of County Cork

Carrigaline


The Unguided ist eine Melodic-Death-Metal-Band aus Falkenberg, Schweden.

Geschichte
Die Band wurde Ende 2010 gegründet, als Richard Sjunnesson seine alte Band Sonic Syndicate wegen musikalischer Differenzen verließ. Daraufhin gründete er mit dem ebenfalls bei Sonic Syndicate ausgestiegenen Sänger Roland Johannsson und dem Sonic-Syndicate-Gitarristen Roger Sjunnesson The Unguided. 2011 nahm die Band im Abyss Studio zusammen mit Produzent Jonas Kjellgren die EP Nightmareland auf, bei der Peter Tägtgren den Gastgesang beisteuerte. John Bengtsson (ebenfalls Sonic Syndicate), der bereits dort das Schlagzeug einspielte, wurde anschließend fester Schlagzeuger der Band, im Herbst 2011 schließlich wurde Henric Liljesand (Cipher System) fester Bassist.

Am 30. November 2011 erschien das Album Hell Frost auf dem Label Despotz Records, das am 9. Dezember 2011 Platz 44 der schwedischen Charts erreichte. Im April 2012 ging die Band auf ihre erste Tour durch Europa, um Deadlock auf ihrer "Bizarro World Tour" als Co-Headliner zu supporten.

Das zweite Studioalbum Fragile Immortality erschien am 31. Januar 2014 über Napalm Records. Die erste Single Inception wurde am 19. Dezember 2013 auf YouTube vorgestellt.

Das dritte Studioalbum Lust And Loathing erschien am 26. Februar 2016 über Napalm Records. Die erste Single The Worst Day (Revisited) wurde am 18. Dezember 2015 auf YouTube vorgestellt.

Am 10. Dezember 2016 verkündete die Band auf Facebook, dass Sänger und Gitarrist Roland Johansson aus zeitlichen Gründen seine Position an Jonathan Thorpenberg abgibt. Er wird der Band aber als Freund und für gelegentliche Konzerte erhalten bleiben. Am 23. Dezember 2016 veröffentlichten The Unguided ihre erste EP mit Jonathan Thorpenberg, Brotherhood.

Galerie

Diskografie

Alben
 2011: Hell Frost (Despotz Records)
 2014: Fragile Immortality (Napalm Records)
 2016: Lust and Loathing (Napalm Records)
 2017: And the Battle Royale (Napalm Records)
 2020: Father Shadow (Napalm Records)

EPs
 2011: Nightmareland (Despotz Records)
 2012: invaZion (Eigenproduktion)
 2014: Fallen Angels (Napalm Records)
 2016: Brotherhood (Napalm Records, nur digital)
 2019: Royalgatory (Napalm Records, nur digital)

Singles/Download-Tracks
 2011: Betrayer of the Code (Download-Track)
 2011: Inherit the Earth (Download-Track)
 2012: Phoenix Down (Single, Despotz Records)
 2013: Inception (Single, Napalm Records)

Musikvideos
 2012: Phoenix Down (Despotz Records)
 2012: Betrayer of the Code (Despotz Records)
 2013: Inception (Napalm Records)
 2014: Eye of the Thylacine (Napalm Records)
 2016: Enraged (Napalm Records)
 2016: Heartseeker (Napalm Records)
 2016: Operation: E.A.E. (Napalm Records)
 2016: Nighttaker (Napalm Records)
 2017: The Heartbleed Bug (Napalm Records)
 2018: A Link to the Past (Napalm Records)
 2019: Seth (Napalm Records)
 2020: Crown Prince Syndrome (Napalm Records)
 2021: Where Love Comes to Die (Napalm Records)

Weblinks

 offizielle Website
 offizielle Präsenz auf MySpace

Einzelnachweise

Melodic-Death-Metal-Band
Power-Metal-Band
Metalcore-Band
Alternative-Metal-Band
Schwedische Band

The Unguided


Tefekli, Samsun ilinin Alaçam ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Tefekli; daha önceleri bir köy iken, 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun ile mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Mahalle, Samsun il merkezine 78 km, Alaçam ilçe merkezine 7 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Alaçam'ın mahalleleri

Tefekli, Alaçam


Das Wadi Mudschib (; auch Wadi Mujib) ist ein Trockental im Bergland Jordaniens östlich des Toten Meeres und liegt 90 km südlich von Amman.

Das an vielen Stellen schluchtartig ausgeformte Tal endet 410 Meter unter dem Meeresspiegel am Toten Meer. Sie wird auch als "Grand Canyon Jordaniens" bezeichnet und ist das am tiefsten gelegene Naturschutzgebiet der Welt. Der nächstgelegene größere Ort Dhiban liegt 5 km nördlich. Die "Kaiserstraße" durchquert das Tal in zahlreichen Windungen.

Durch das Wadi Mudschib fließt der biblische Arnon, sofern er nicht oberhalb der Mujib-Talsperre während des Sommers zuweilen trocken fällt.

Geologie
Während der letzten Eiszeit erreichte der Wasserspiegel des Toten Meeres 180 m unter dem Meeresspiegel, etwa 230 m höher als heute. Es überflutet den unteren Bereichen des Canyons und entlang seiner Ufer und Buchten lagerten sich Sedimente ab. Vor etwa 20.000 Jahren veränderten sich die klimatischen Bedingungen und der Wasserstand des Toten Meeres sank erheblich ab. Das Wadi Mudschib wurde jedoch durch eine dichte Mergelschicht verschlossen, so dass der Abfluss verstopft wurde. Erst im Laufe der Zeit fraß sich der Fluss immer tiefer in den Sandstein und lagerte die mitgeführten Minerale und Sand im Toten Meer in einem riesigen Schwemmkegel ab.

Mudschib-Reservat
Das 215 km² große Reservat (arabisch ) wurde im Jahr 1987 von der Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) angelegt und ist von regionaler und internationaler Bedeutung. Es erstreckt sich auf das Bergland von Kerak und Madaba und erreicht bis zu 900 Meter über dem Meeresspiegel.

Der Höhenunterschied von 1.300 Meter und das ganzjährig fließende Wasser aus den sieben Nebenflüssen bedeutet für das Wadi Mudschib heute eine prächtige Artenvielfalt, die teilweise noch unerforscht und nicht völlig dokumentiert ist. Mehr als 300 Pflanzenarten, zehn Arten von Fleischfressern und zahlreiche Arten von einheimischen und Zugvögeln sind aktuell bekannt, allerdings sind einige der abgelegenen Berg- und Tallagen schwer zu erreichen. Sie bieten somit sichere Zufluchtsorte für seltene Arten von Katzen, Ziegen und andere Tiere.
Das Mudschib-Reservat besteht aus bergiger, felsiger und spärlich bewachsener Wüste (bis 800 m), mit Klippen, Schluchten und tiefen, durch Wadis durchschnittenen Plateaus. Ganzjährig wasserführende Bäche durchfließen die Wadis zu den Ufern des Toten Meeres.

Die Hänge des bergigen Landes sind sehr spärlich bewachsen, mit einer steppenartigen Vegetation auf den Hochebenen. Grundwasser tritt an einigen Orten entlang des Toten Meeres an die Oberfläche, zum Beispiel bei den heißen Quellen von Zara, die ein üppiges Dickicht aus Akazien, Tamarisken, Dattelpalmen, Oleander und sogar einem kleinen Sumpf erlauben. Die weniger schweren Steigungen des Reservates werden von Hirten für die Beweidung durch Schafe und Ziegen genutzt.

Sonstiges

Tourismus
 Die heißen Quellen von Hammamat Ma'in liegen nahe der Grenze des Reservats und werden stark für den Tourismus genutzt.
 Das Wadi wird für Wander- und Trekkingtouren und für Canyoning genutzt.

Mujib-Talsperre

Ein neuer großer Staudamm wurde 2003 im Wadi Mudschib fertiggestellt, wo nun die dort neu ausgebaute Königsstraße den Fluss überquert. Als Ergebnis hat sich ein großer Stausee gebildet, der die gefährlichen Sturzbäche des Wadis dämmt.

Militär
Das jordanische Militär unterhält zeitweise ein Lager im Süden des Reservats.

Literatur
 Baedeker Allianz-Reiseführer "Jordanien": 7. Auflage 2009, ISBN 978-3-8297-1153-1, Seite 245 bis 247

Einzelnachweise

Tal in Asien
Mudschib
Schlucht
Geographie (Jordanien)
Biosphärenreservat in Asien
Welterbekandidat in Asien
Welterbekandidat in Jordanien

Wadi Mudschib


Caroline Leaf (* 12. August 1946 in Seattle) ist eine amerikanisch-kanadische Animatorin und Malerin, die in London lebt und arbeitet.

Leben
Leaf studierte von 1964 bis 1968 Malerei am Radcliffe College und wurde 1969 von einem Lehrer an Derek Lamb empfohlen, der an der unweit gelegenen Harvard University unterrichtete. In seinem Kurs schuf sie bis 1969 ihren Debütfilm, die Sandanimation Sand or Peter and the Wolf. In ihrem nächsten Animationsfilm Orfeo experimentierte Leaf zum ersten Mal mit Farbe direkt auf Glas.

Sie erhielt 1972 eine Stelle am National Film Board of Canada (englischsprachige Abteilung) und zog nach Montreal. Ihr erster Film am NFB wurde 1974 The Owl Who Married a Goose, der auf einer Sage der Inuit beruht und als Teil der Reihe An Eskimo Legend erschien. Der Film wurde mehrfach ausgezeichnet und erhielt unter anderem eine BAFTA-Nominierung. Ihr zweiter Film The Street (1976) entstand als Öl-auf-Glas-Animation. Der auf einer Kurzgeschichte von Mordecai Richler beruhende Film um den Tod einer Großmutter aus der Sicht ihres Enkels wurde 1977 für einen Oscar als bester animierter Kurzfilm nominiert. Leafs Werke wurden in unterschiedlichsten Animationstechniken realisiert, so entstand ihr Kurzfilm Two Sisters (1990), indem sie die Zeichnungen direkt auf den Filmstreifen ätzte, während die Kafka-Interpretation The Metamorphosis of Mr. Samsa erneut in Sand animiert wurde. Neben ihrer Arbeit als Animationsfilmerin schuf Leaf zudem einige wenige Werbefilme für Pascal Blais Productions.

Leaf verließ das NFB 1991 und wandte sich danach unter anderem der Malerei zu. Leaf war von 1996 bis 1998 Dozent für Animation in Harvard. Im Jahr 2001 zog sie nach London und lehrte von 2005 bis 2009 Animation an der National Film and Television School in Beaconsfield bei London.

Filmografie
 1969: Sand or Peter and the Wolf
 1970: Orfeo
 1971: How Beaver Stole Fire
 1974: The Owl Who Married a Goose
 1976: The Street
 1977: The Metamorphosis of Mr. Samsa
 1979: Interview
 1981: Kate and Anna McGarrigle (Dokumentarfilm)
 1981: The Right to Refuse
 1982: An Equal Opportunity (Dokumentarfilm)
 1983: Pies
 1985: The Owl and the Pussycat
 1986: The Fox and the Tiger
 1986: A Dog's Tale
 1990: Two Sisters
 1991: I Met a Man
 1994: Fleay's Fauna Centre
 1996: Drapeau Canada
 1998: Absolut Leaf
 2001: Odysseus & The Olive Tree
 2004: Slavery

Auszeichnungen
 1976: BAFTA-Nominierung, bester Animationsfilm, für The Owl Who Married a Goose: An Eskimo Legend
 1976: Großer Preis des Ottawa International Animation Festival für The Street
 1977: Oscarnominierung, Bester animierter Kurzfilm, für The Street
 1977: Silberner Drache des Krakowski Festiwal Filmowy für The Street
 1978: Goldener Drache des  Krakowski Festiwal Filmowy für The Metamorphosis of Mr. Samsa
 1979: Preis der Jury des Montréal World Film Festival für Interview
 1980: Großer Preis des Melbourne International Film Festival für Interview
 1991: Grand Prize der World Animation Celebration für Two Sisters
 1992: Großer Preis des Ottawa International Animation Festival für Two Sisters
 1994: Norman McLaren Heritage Award des Ottawa International Animation Festival
 1996: Lifetime Achievement Award des Animafest Zagreb

Literatur
 Caroline Leaf. In: Anima Mundi (Hrsg.), Julius Wiedemann (Bearb.): Animation Now! Taschen, Köln u. a. 2004, S. 86–93.

Weblinks

 Website von Caroline Leaf
 Caroline Leaf auf The Canadian Encyclopedia
  beim NFB

Einzelnachweise

Person (Animation)
Kanadier
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1946
Frau

Caroline Leaf


Masaaki Ideguchi (født 10. april 1988) er en japansk tidligere professionel fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Yokohama FC.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Masaaki Ideguchi


Myfanwy es una canción popular galesa compuesta por Joseph Parry y publicada por primera vez en 1875. Parry escribió la música sobre un texto del poeta Richard Davies, «Mynyddog». Algunas fuentes refieren que la obra se compuso pensando en el amor juvenil de Parry, Myfanwy Llywellyn, aunque posiblemente se inspiró en realidad en la historia del  sobre Myfanwy Fychan del Castell Dinas Brân, Llangollen, del poeta Hywel ab Einion. Tal historia fue además objeto del poema popular de 1858 Myfanwy Fychan por John Ceiriog Hughes.

La obra todavía es una favorita de los coros masculinos galeses. Existe una versión de John Cale, y también se incluyó en O Fortuna, el segundo álbum de Rhydian,, donde hace dúo con el barítono galés Bryn Terfel.

Letra

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Composiciones de Joseph Parry
Canciones de 1875
Canciones de Gales

Myfanwy


Ascalenia acaciella ist ein Schmetterling (Nachtfalter) aus der Familie der Chrysopeleiidae.

Merkmale
Die Falter erreichen eine Flügelspannweite von 6 bis 8 Millimeter. Kopf, Thorax und Tegulae glänzen graubraun. Die Spitzen der Schuppen sind hier heller. Die Fühler sind grau. Die Vorderflügel sind zeichnungslos und dunkelgrau und durch die helleren Spitzen der Schuppen gesprenkelt. Die Fransenschuppen sind grau. Die Hinterflügel sind ebenfalls grau.

Bei den Männchen ist der Uncus lang, sehr schmal und gebogen. Die Valven sind in den ersten beiden Dritteln bauchig, das letzte Drittel ist parallelwandig und hat einen quadratischen Apex. An der inneren Oberfläche befindet sich eine Gruppe langer Borsten. Am Apex sind die Borsten kurz und leicht gekrümmt. In der Nähe der Basis befindet sich eine einzelne große und gekrümmte Borste. Der Aedeagus ist nahezu gerade, er verjüngt sich distal und ist schräg abgeplattet. Die Genitalarmatur ähnelt der von Ascalenia antiqua, unterscheidet sich aber durch den langen schmalen Uncus und die quadratischen Spitzen der Valven.

Bei den Weibchen ist die schlitzförmige Ausbuchtung des siebenten Sternits groß und hat hinten ein schmales Band. Die Falte des sechsten Sternits ist groß und dreieckig und hat in der Mitte eine kurze Furche. Das Ostium ist an der Seite von großen, halbkreisförmigen Schildchen umgeben. Diese haben eine netzförmige Struktur und in der Mitte eine Gruppe von Nadeln. Zwei kleinere halbkreisförmige benadelte Bereiche liegen an der Ausbuchtung des siebenten Sternits. Der Ductus bursae ist lang und am Ostium breit. Anschließend verjüngt er sich und weitet sich allmählich in Richtung Corpus bursae. Das sklerotisierte Längsband ist schmal und weitet sich in Richtung Corpus bursae. Dieser ist klein und eiförmig, hat eine netzförmige Struktur und ist mit großen, gekrümmten, hornartigen Signa versehen.

Ähnliche Arten
Ascalenia acaciella kann von Ascalenia vanella und Ascalenia vanelloides anhand der einfarbigen Vorderflügel unterschieden werden.

Verbreitung
Ascalenia acaciella ist auf den Kanarischen Inseln (La Gomera), auf Malta, in Nordafrika sowie im Nahen- und Mittleren Osten beheimatet. Im Osten reicht das Verbreitungsgebiet bis Afghanistan und Pakistan.

Biologie
Die Raupen entwickeln sich in den Blütenköpfen der Süßen Akazie (Acacia farnesiana), der Schrecklichen Akazie (Acacia karroo) und der Schirmakazie (Acacia tortilis). Sie verpuppen sich in einem transparenten Kokon der mit Raupenkot bedeckt ist. Die Falter werden fast während des gesamten Jahres gefunden, vermutlich bildet die Art mehrere aufeinanderfolgende Generationen.

Systematik
Es sind folgende Synonyme bekannt:

 Scythris tergipunctella , 1924
 Scythris maculatella , 1937
 Tischeria nouiciata , 1960

Belege

Weblinks
 Lepiforum e. V. Taxonomie, Erstbeschreibung

Chrysopeleiidae
Chrysopeleiidae (Familie)

Ascalenia acaciella


Tubal ( ) () este în Geneza 10 ("Tabelul Națiunilor"), a fost numele  unui fiu al lui Iafet, fiul lui Noe.

EL este în general văzut ca strămoșul următoarelor grupuri etnice: Tabali, CIrcasieni, Cimmerieni?* (disputat),Georgieni, Armeni, Azerbaijeni, Basci, Iberici (include Spanioli si Portughezi), Italici,Irlandezi?*, Italieni* (unii), Venețieni (cel mai probabil) și popoarele inrudite

Personaje biblice

Tubal


Iliia Mokrețov (în , n. 17 aprilie 1984, Kazan) este un scrimer specializat pe sabie care a concurat mai întâi pentru Rusia, apoi pentru Kazahstan.

Carieră
S-a apucat de scrimă la vârsta de 12 ani sub îndrumarea lui Lev Belusov, după ce acesta l-a remarcat la patinoar. În anul 2000 s-a alăturat lotului rus de juniori, cu care a fost campion mondial pe echipe în 2002. A cucerit medalia de argint la individual la această competiție în 2004. La Universiada de vară din 2005 de la İzmir a concurat împreună cu campionii Aleksei Frosin, Aleksei Iakimenko și Aleksei Diacenko, obținând medalia de aur pe echipe.

La seniori a trecut printr-o perioadă grea. A fost selecționat la echipa națională a Rusiei numai în 2009 și în 2010, după ce marele campion Stanislav Pozdniakov s-a retras, dar nu a putut urca pe podium: echipa rusă s-a clasat pe locul 4 la Campionatul Mondial din 2009 și la Campionatul European din 2010.

În sezonul 2012-2013 a dobândit cetățenia kazahă. Sub noile culori a cucerit medalia de bronz pe echipe la Campionatul Asiatic din 2013. În 2016 s-a calificat la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 prin turneul preolimpic de la Praga. La Rio de Janeiro a pierdut în primul tur cu americanul Daryl Homer, care a devenit vicecampion olimpic în cele din urmă.

Referințe

Legături externe
  Prezentare  la Confederația Europeană de Scrimă
  Prezentare la Federația Rusă de Scrimă

Scrimeri ruși
Scrimeri kazahi
Sabreri
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016

Iliia Mokrețov


Trzcianka (; ) is a town in the Greater Poland region in northwestern Poland. Since 1999, it has been part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship and Czarnków-Trzcianka County. From 1975 to 1998, it was located in the Piła Voivodeship. In May 2007, Trzcianka had 17,131 inhabitants. Trzcianka is located on the , and three lakes, Sarcze, Okunie and Długie, are located within the town limits.

History

The settlement, initially named Rozdróżka, was probably founded in the 13th century. It was located on a trade route which connected Poznań and Kołobrzeg. Rozdróżka was mentioned in a document from 1245, when Duke Boleslaus V of Poland gave the land in the Noteć river valley, along with three villages (Biała, Gulcz, and Rozdróżka) to a Polish nobleman named Sędziwój of Czarnków. The new name of these three combined villages was Trzciana Łąka, as it appeared for the first time in 1565, and it was subsequently changed to Trzcianka in the 17th century.

Trzciana Łąka was a private village of Polish nobility, administratively located in the Poznań County in the Poznań Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown, and in the 17th century it became a settlement of weavers and clothiers. It was owned by the Gembicki family, thanks to whom it developed, and in 1679 Andrzej Gembicki referred to it as a town. In 1671 Polish King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki issued a privilege which established new annual fairs in Trzcianka. It was granted town rights by King Augustus II the Strong in 1731. In the mid-18th century it was owned by the magnate Stanisław Poniatowski, father of the last Polish King Stanisław August Poniatowski, and the Poniatowskis' Ciołek coat of arms has been the town's coat of arms since. In the 18th century, Trzcianka was one of the leading clothmaking centers in Greater Poland, however, after the late 18th century Partitions of Poland and the annexation of the town by Prussia in 1772, the local economy collapsed.

In 1807 the town was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw. In 1815, it was re-annexed by Prussia, and from 1871 it was also part of Germany and was known as Schönlanke. The Prussian Eastern Railway, inaugurated in 1851 brought an economic boom to the town. Schönlanke had belonged to the Czarnikau district in the Province of Posen until 1920, after which it became the seat of the newly established Netzekreis district in the Province of Posen-West Prussia.

In the final months of World War II, Soviet troops marching towards Berlin from the east entered the town on 27 January 1945. Around this time, about 500 people committed suicide. Following the war, the abandoned town was eventually restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which remained in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. In August 1980, employees of local factories joined the nationwide anti-communist strikes, which led to the foundation of the "Solidarity" organization.

Culture
There is a local historic museum (Muzeum Ziemi Nadnoteckiej) in Trzcianka.

Cuisine
The officially protected traditional food originating from Trzcianka is kiełbasa swojska nadnotecka, a local type of kiełbasa (as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland).

Notable people
 Michael Solomon Alexander, first Protestant Bishop of Jerusalem was born here
 Andrzej Aumiller (born 1947), Polish politician, and Member of Parliament was born here
 Krystian Feciuch (born 1989), Polish footballer
 Hubert Mickley (1918–1944), Wehrmacht officer
 Max Raphael (1889–1952), German-American art historian of art of the Upper Paleolithic
 Gustav Ferdinand Mehler (1835-1895), German mathematician

Gallery

References

External links
 Official page (English, German, Polish)
 Unofficial site of the city ( Polish)

Cities and towns in Greater Poland Voivodeship
Czarnków-Trzcianka County
13th-century establishments in Poland
Populated places established in the 13th century

Trzcianka


An Orthophytum leprosum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Christian Mez, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Christian Mez. An Orthophytum leprosum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Orthophytum, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Orthophytum

Orthophytum leprosum


Globe Jet SAL era uma companhia aérea com sede em Beirute, Líbano. Sua base principal era o Aeroporto Internacional de Beirute.

História
A companhia aérea foi fundada em dezembro de 2003, e iniciou suas operações em janeiro de 2004.

Em 2007, a companhia aérea encerrou todas as operações.

Destinos

Frota
A frota da Globe Jet consistia nas seguintes aeronaves:

Ver também

 Lista de companhias aéreas fora de operação

Ligações externas

 Sítio oficial

Empresas aéreas extintas em 2007
Empresas aéreas fundadas em 2003

Globe Jet


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට අයත් ගෙඩබිම් ප්‍රදේශ වලින් දේශීය ක්ෂීරපායි විශේෂ 91 හන්දුනා ගෙන ඈත. මීට අමතරව සමුද්‍රික ක්ෂීරපායි විශේෂ 26 ශ්‍රී ලංකාව අයත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයෙන් හමුවී ඇත.

ක්ෂීරපායීන්

ගෝත්‍රය ප්‍රොබෝසයිඩියා: හස්තියෝ

ගෝත්‍රය සිරේනියා: මුහුදු ගවයෝ

ගෝත්‍රය ප්‍රයිමේට්: අග්‍රේෂයෝ

ගෝත්‍රය ලැගොමෝෆා: හාවෝ

ගෝත්‍රය රොඩෙන්ෂියා: මූෂිකයෝ

ගෝත්‍රය සොරිකොමෝෆා: හික් මීයෝ සහ වැලි මීයෝ

ගෝත්‍රය ආටියොඩැක්ටිලා: යුග්ම-කුර සතුන්

ගෝත්‍රය සිටේෂියා: තල්මසුන් සහ ඩොල්ෆින්

ගෝත්‍රය කායිරොප්ටෙරා: වවුලෝ

ගෝත්‍රය ෆොලිඩෝටා: කායුරු ඈයෝ

ගෝත්‍රය කානිවෝරා: මාංසභක්ෂකයෝ

මූලාශ්‍ර

ලැයිස්තු

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ක්‍ෂීරපායි ලැයිස්තුව


La meseta de Makgabeng está situada a 45 km al oeste de Vivo, a 22 km al sudoeste de la montaña de Blouberg y a 40 km al sudoeste de la cordillera Soutpansberg, en el nordeste de Sudáfrica, entre los distritos de Seshego y Senwabarwana, en la provincia de Limpopo. Tiene una forma entre triangular y romboidea, con unos 15 km de lado, algo más de 200 km², una altura media de 1000 m y una ligera inclinación que desciende de este a oeste, desde los 1.300 hasta los 900 m de altitud. Se halla entre las coordenadas  en su extremo norte y  en su extremo sur. La máxima altitud, de 1350 m, se alcanza en la arista que mira hacia el este, acabando por ese lado en un acantilado de entre 100 y 200 m de altura. Por su parte occidental se une a la llanura sin apenas relieve o en un acantilado de menos de 100 m de altura. Los ríos que se forman en la meseta (solo hay uno cuyo caudal sea permanente) discurren de este a oeste para desembocar a una decena de kilómetros en el río Limpopo, que se dirige de sur a norte.

Geología
Makgabeng se caracteriza por estar formada por areniscas de grano fino y medio de una edad de 2.000 millones de años. En 1998, un grupo de geólogos propuso la teoría de que estas rocas, surcadas por profundas grietas, podrían ser los restos de un desierto fosilizado precámbrico. Los estratos inclinados serían los restos de arenas traídas por el viento, las cuales, antes de la fosilización, habrían formado barjanes  y dunas longitudinales. El paisaje árido contuvo una vez ríos y lagos, en los bordes de los cuales hay evidencias de cianobacterias fosilizadas (algas verdeazuladas), las primeras formas de vida de la tierra.

Las grietas que recorren la meseta, de varias decenas de metros de profundidad, son refugios para la vegetación y la fauna, y lo fueron para el hombre primitivo, que ha dejado numerosas muestras de arte rupestre san y sotho. Se cree que la ganadería fue introducida aquí en la Edad del Hierro ya que se han descubierto asentamientos en dos de las áreas de drenaje de la meseta, al oeste.

Vegetación
Como el valle del Limpopo, la meseta Makgabeng es un área semiárida, pero con ciertas diferencias; por ejemplo, aquí no hay baobabs ni mopanes ni bosques propiamente dichos, pero la meseta está densamente arbolada con una gran variedad de especies de bajo porte que crecen sobre las rocas y la arena endurecida. En las zonas de sabana arbolada, el bushveld, crecen las acacias (Acacia nigrescens), las kirkias (Kirkia wilmsii), varias especies de Combretum y los tambotis (Spirostachys africana). En las gargantas hay árboles de la especie Syzygium cordatum (waterberries o bayas de agua) y Albizia versicolor. De manera muy dispersa, se encuentran algunas acacias más grandes (Acacia xanthophloea), residuos de épocas más húmedas. (Edward B. Eastwood,Cathelijne Eastwood: Capturing the spoor: an exploration of southern African rock art)

Desgraciadamente, la caza mayor que existía a principios del  ha desaparecido, expulsada por sus habitantes actuales, que tienen sus asentamientos en los alrededores, los sotho del norte o bapedi, un conjunto de tribus que se caracterizan por hablar el idioma sesotho sa leboa. En las pinturas rupestres aparecen las especies desaparecidas, elefantes, búfalos y jirafas, aunque una de sus características más importantes es la presencia de cocodrilos, llamados koma por los sotho. Al parecer, el arte rupestre estaba muy relacionado con los ritos de iniciación, los cambios de estatus y la fertilidad.

Referencias
 Eriksson, P.G., Simpson, E.L., Eriksson, K.A., Bumby, A.J., Steyn, G.L. and Sarkar, S. (2000): "Muddy roll-up structures in siliciclastic interdune beds of the 1.8Ga Waterberg Group, South Africa". Palaios, 15. 177-183.
 Simpson, E.L., Eriksson, K.A., Eriksson, P.G. and Bumby, A.J. (in press): "Eolian dune degradation and generation of massive sandstones in the Palaeoproterozoic Makgabneg Formation, Waterberg Group, South Africa". Journal of Sedimentary Research.
 http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/handle/10539/7127
 Sharon Holt: The faunal remains from the Makgabeng Plateau, Limpopo province, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009
 http://lorettasteyn.blogspot.com/2009/01/weekend-on-makgabeng-plateau.html
 Shiona Moodley, Koma: The crocodile motif in the rock art of the Makgabeng Plateau, Limpopo Province, South Africa, University of Witwatersrand, 2004
 Edward B. Eastwood,Cathelijne Eastwood: Capturing the spoor: an exploration of southern African rock art
 http://www.south-africa-tours-and-travel.com/black-people-in-south-africa.html#The%20Northern%20Sotho%20%28Bapedi%29

Ecorregiones de Sudáfrica

Meseta de Makgabeng


Bucaramanga er hovedstad og største by i departementet Santander, Colombia. Bucaramanga er med 521.857 indbyggere den niende største by i landet.

Byen har den femte største økonomi med BNP i Colombia, har det højeste BNP pr. indbygger i Colombia, har den laveste arbejdsløshed.

Bucaramanga har over 160 parker spredt over hele byen.

Byer i Colombia

Bucaramanga


Kia Joice (type MT) var en MPV fremstillet af Kia Motors mellem august 1999 og marts 2003. På nogle asiatiske markeder blev modellen solgt som Kia Carstar.

Generelt
Joice blev præsenteret på biludstillingen i Seoul i marts 1999. Bilen var den første mellemklasse-MPV med syv siddepladser fra den koreanske fabrikant og ved præsentationen ligeledes den første bilmodel, som kom på markedet efter fusionen med Hyundai Motor Company. Joice havde et varebilsagtigt design, men ved hjælp af blandt andet en forkromet kølergrill lykkedes det at lave en tilstrækkeligt tidssvarende linjeføring. Som følge af sit kasseformede karrosseri havde Joice syv siddepladser fordelt på tre sæderækker i konfigurationen 2 − 3 − 2. Bilen havde en luftmodstandskoefficent på 0,40. Bagagerummet kunne ved at klappe den bageste sæderække frem udvides fra 210 til 1750 liter. Tanken kunne rumme 60 liter brændstof.

Kabinen var udstyret med materialer af middelgod kvalitet, men kunststofdelene var så godt monteret at forskydninger og derved opstående knirkelyde kunne elimineres. Den anden sæderække var konstrueret således, at den let kunne afmonteres eller laves om til et bord. Instrumenterne var indirekte belyst i grøn og kunne nemt aflæses. Der var også monteret højdemåler, kompas og barometer. De vigtigste betjeningselementer til radio og klimaanlæg var monteret på midterkonsollen.

Joice var ligesom Hyundai Santamo bygget på platformen fra Mitsubishi Space Wagon. Motoren var monteret fortil på tværs og drev forhjulene. For- og baghjulene var separat ophæng på MacPherson-ophæng med hydrauliske teleskopstøddæmpere og stabilisatorer. Bilen var som standard udstyret med femtrins manuel gearkasse, men kunne som ekstraudstyr leveres med firetrins automatgear.

Joice havde som standardudstyr to frontairbags, ABS og nakkestøtter på alle siddepladser. Som ekstraudstyr kunne den leveres med alufælge, klimaautomatik, radio/cd-afspiller og el-ruder foran.

Modellen blev ikke markedsført officielt i Danmark.

Motorer
I sit første modelår var Joice udstyret med en 2,0-liters firecylindret rækkemotor på 1997 cm³ fra Mitsubishi af typen "Sirius", som opfyldt Euro2 og havde variabel ventilstyring. Den 16-ventilede motor ydede 102 kW (139 hk) ved 6000 omdr./min. ved et maksimalt drejningsmoment på  ved 4000 omdr./min. Motoren gav bilen en accelerationstid fra 0 til 100 km/t på 10,5 sekunder og en topfart på . Benzinforbruget lå på 11,1 liter pr. 100 km ved et CO-udslip på 264 g/km.

I 2000 blev motoren modificeret for at kunne opfylde Euro3. Herved faldt effekten til 88 kW (120 hk) og drejningsmomentet til . Benzinforbruget faldt ligeledes til 9,7 liter pr. 100 km, mens CO-udslippet forblev uændret. Bilen accelererede fra 0 til 100 km/t på 11,5 sekunder og havde en topfart på .

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Joice
Store MPV'er
Forhjulstrukne biler
Biler introduceret i 1999
Biler fra 1990'erne
Biler fra 2000'erne

Kia Joice


رودريغو سيباستيان بالاسيو (مواليد 5 فبراير 1982 في باهيا بلانكا - الأرجنتين)  لاعب كرة قدم أرجنتيني سابق، كان يلعب لصالح نادي لدرجة الأولى نادي انترميلان الإيطالي منذ 2012 في مركز المهاجم الثاني كما يجيد اللعب في مركز الجناح.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
أرجنتينيون من أصل إسباني
أرجنتينيون مهاجرون إلى إسبانيا
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
إسبان متجنسون
رياضيون أرجنتينيون مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون من باهيا بلانكا
لاعبو الدوري الأرجنتيني برايم بي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو إنتر ميلان
لاعبو بانفيلد
لاعبو بريشيا
لاعبو بوكا جونيورز
لاعبو بولونيا
لاعبو جنوى
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الأرجنتيني
لاعبو كأس العالم 2006
لاعبو كأس العالم 2014
لاعبو كرة قدم أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية أرجنتينيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم من باهيا بلانكا
لاعبو كوبا أمريكا 2007
لاعبو منتخب الأرجنتين لكرة القدم
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1982
مواليد في باهيا بلانكا

رودريغو بالاسيو


Álsey es el nombre que recibe una isla volcánica del Océano Atlántico, que pertenece al país europeo de Islandia. Es una de las 15 islas que forman el archipiélago de Vestmannaeyjar. Posee una superficie estimada en 0,25 kilómetros cuadrados, administrativamente hace parte de la región de Suðurland.

Véase también
 Islas de Islandia

Referencias

Islas Vestman

Álsey


Celilkırı, Çorum ilinin Merkez ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Boluz ya da Buluz, 1928 yılı  kayıtlarında ise Celil Muhacir olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 2 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Çorum merkez belde ve köyleri

Celilkırı, Çorum


An Isachne ligulata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jason Richard Swallen. An Isachne ligulata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Isachne, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Isachne

Isachne ligulata


An Schoenoxiphium altum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ilkka Toivo Kalervo Kukkonen. An Schoenoxiphium altum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schoenoxiphium, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schoenoxiphium

Schoenoxiphium altum


IT (denumit și It: Capitolul Unu) este un film de groază american din 2017 regizat de Andy Muschietti, pe baza romanului cu același nume scris de Stephen King în 1986. Scenariul este scris de Chase Palmer, Cary Fukunaga și Gary Dauberman. Filmul spune povestea a șapte copii din Derry, Maine, care sunt terorizați de către It ("Pennywise, Clovnul dansator"), pentru ca în final să să-și înfrunte proprii demoni. Romanul a mai fost adaptat cinematografic în trecut, într-o miniserie din 1990.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Bill Skarsgård ca Pennywise, o ființă foarte veche, care se hrănește de frica altora; un rău transdimensional care se trezește la fiecare 27 de ani, are capacitatea de a se transforma într-un clovn sau în orice entitate malefică care provoacă teroare.
Jaeden Lieberher ca Bill Denbrough, liderul clubului Pierzătorilor, care promite să-l răzbune pe fratele său Georgie de monstrul Pennywise, cu ajutorul prietenilor săi. Este îndrăgostit de Beverly.
Finn Wolfhard ca Richie Tozier, cel mai bun prieten cu ochelari al lui Bill Denbrough. Cea mai mare frică al lui sunt clovnii, acesta fiind motivul pentru care Pennywise nu l-a atacat la început.
Sophia Lillis ca Beverly Marsh, singura femeie membră a clubului Pierzătorilor, care formează o uniune puternică cu Ben Hanscom. Cea mai mare frică a ei este tatăl său, de la care a suferit abuzuri grave. Este îndrăgostită de Bill.
Jeremy Ray Taylor ca Ben Hanscom, puștiul cel nou din școală care se alătură Pierzătorilor pentru a lupta împotriva clovnului Pennywise și este îndrăgostit de Beverly Marsh.
Jack Dylan Grazer ca Eddie Kaspbrak, a fost unul dintre membrii Clubului Pierzătorilor, care a luptat împotriva clovnului Pennywise. Din cauza mamei sale, are paranoi cu bolile.
Wyatt Oleff ca Stan Uris, evreul grupului. Spre deosebire de carte, unde a ascultat pașii copiilor morți, în film este tormentat de imaginea unei femei pictate în ulei pe o pictură.
Chosen Jacobs ca Mike Hanlon, un autodidact care retransmite incidentele trecutului în Derry pentru prietenii săi. El a fost, de asemenea, unul dintre membrii Clubului Losers care lupta împotriva clovnului Pennywise. Are un trecut foarte tragic din cauza morții părinților săi.
Nicholas Hamilton ca Henry Bowers, un tânăr sociopat care conduce Gang-ul Bowers, o bandă de hoți de liceu și terorizează Clubul Pierzătorilor.
Javier Botet ca leprosul, este una dintre aparențele pe care Pennywise o folosește pentru a-l speria pe Eddie.
Owen Teague ca Patrick Hockstetter, un psihopat care ține un frigider plin de animale pe care le-a ucis.
Jackson Robert Scott como Georgie Denbrough, fratele mai mic al lui Bill.
Stephen Bogaert ca Alvin "Al" Marsh, tatăl abuziv al lui Beverly Marsh.
Ari Cohen ca Rabbi Uris
Megan Charpentier ca Gretta Keene
Steven Williams ca Leroy Hanlon
Jake Sims ca Reginald "Belch" Huggins
Logan Thompson ca Victor Criss
Stuart Hughes ca Oscar "Butch" Bowers
Cyndy Day ca Farmaceutica Cashier
Pip Dwyer ca Sharon Denbrough
Tatum Lee ca Judith

Referințe

Legături externe

Filme din 2017
Filme în limba engleză
Filme cu monștri
Filme New Line Cinema
Filme Warner Bros.

It (film din 2017)


Arkle (19 April 1957 – 31 May 1970) was an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse. A bay gelding by Archive out of Bright Cherry, he was the grandson of the unbeaten (in 14 races) flat racehorse and prepotent sire Nearco. Arkle was bred by Mary Baker of Malahow House, near Naul, County Dublin, and was born at Ballymacoll Stud, County Meath. He was owned by Anne Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster, who named him after the mountain Arkle in Sutherland, Scotland, that bordered her Sutherland estate. Trained by Tom Dreaper at Greenogue, Kilsallaghan in County Meath, Ireland, he was ridden during his steeplechasing career by Pat Taaffe.

Arkle won three Cheltenham Gold Cups and a number of other top races before his career was cut short by injury. At 212, his Timeform rating is the highest ever awarded to a steeplechaser.

Early life

Arkle, a bay colt with no white markings, was bred by Mary Baker, who kept a few mares on the family farm at Malahow, near Naul in County Dublin. His dam was Bright Cherry, who had won seven times over jumps. His sire was Archive, who, although the offspring of leading sire Nearco, had never won a race and stood at the modest fee of 48 guineas. Arkle was foaled at Ballymacoll Stud in County Meath on 19 April 1957. He was gelded as a yearling.

In August 1960, the as yet unnamed gelding was sent to Goff's Bloodstock Sales in Ballsbridge, Dublin, where he was bought for 1,150 guineas by Tom Dreaper on behalf of the Duchess of Westminster. His new owner named him Arkle after a mountain overlooking her Scottish estate. After spending a year at Eaton Hall, the Westminster estate in Cheshire, Arkle returned to Ireland in August 1961 to go into training at Tom Dreaper's yard, Greenogue, at Kilsallaghan, north of Dublin.

Racing career

1961/1962 National Hunt season

Arkle's first racecourse appearance was on 9 December 1961 at Mullingar, where he came third of seventeen in the Lough Ennel Plate, a bumper. It was a race for amateur riders, and he was ridden by the Hon. Mark Hely-Hutchinson, son of Lord Donoughmore (one of Dreaper's major owners). On St Stephen's Day 1961, Arkle ran in another bumper, at Leopardstown. Again ridden by Hely-Hutchinson, her came fourth of ten.

In January 1962, Arkle had his first race over jumps in the Bective Novice Hurdle over three miles at Navan. Stable jockey Pat Taaffe had elected to ride the favourite Kerforo and the ride on Arkle was taken by stable lad Liam McLoughlin. Arkle defeated 26 runners to win by  lengths, prompting his trainer to say "I think we've got something there!" In his next race, the Rathconnel Handicap Hurdle over two miles at Naas, he was ridden for the first time by Taaffe. Starting at 2/1 favourite in a field of ten, he won by four lengths.

The season ended with two defeats in April 1962. Arkle, ridden by McLoughlin, finished unplaced in the two-mile Balbriggen Hurdle at Baldoyle, the only time in his career he would finish outside the first four. The pair then finished fourth in the New Handicap Hurdle at Fairyhouse, before Arkle went to spend the summer on his owner's farm at Bryanstown House, Maynooth, County Kildare.

1962/1963 National Hunt season

The five-year-old Arkle started the 1962/1963 season with two wins over hurdles in Ireland, ridden on one occasion by Taaffe and on the other, when Taaffe was unable to make the weight, by his regular work rider, Paddy Woods. On 17 November 1962, Arkle ran for the first time over steeplechase fences in the Honeybourne Chase at Cheltenham. Ridden by Taaffe, who would go on to ride him in all his subsequent races over fences, Arkle started at 11/8 favourite and won by 20 lengths. It was his first race in England, and his victory earned him a mention in The Times, where he was described as a "promising type". As a preparation for the 1963 Cheltenham Festival, Arkle was entered in the Milltown Novice Chase at Leopardstown in February. He went off as 1/2 favourite and won by eight lengths. The race was later renamed the Arkle Novice Chase in his honour.

In March 1963, Arkle made his first appearance at the Cheltenham Festival. Having gone off as 4/9 favourite in the Broadway Novices' Chase, he put on a turn of speed from the second last and won by twenty lengths. The season ended with two more victories in Ireland before Arkle went on his customary summer break at Bryanstown.

1963/1964 National Hunt season

Arkle started the season with a win in the Donoughmore Plate, a flat race at Navan, in which he was ridden by former champion jockey T. P. Burns. There followed an easy victory in the Carey's Cottage Handicap Chase at Gowran Park, before he set off for England and a much-anticipated first meeting with the 1963 Gold Cup winner Mill House in the Hennessy Gold Cup at Newbury. In a field of ten, Mill House went off as 15/8 favourite and conceded 5 lbs to Arkle, who started at 5/2. Arkle was just a length behind the leader Mill House at the third last, when he slipped after landing and took a while to recover his momentum, finishing in third place.

There were three victories for Arkle in Ireland, in the Christmas Handicap Chase, the Thyestes Handicap Chase and the Leopardstown Handicap Chase, before another meeting with Mill House in the 1964 Cheltenham Gold Cup. Arkle avenged his previous defeat by beating Mill House (who had won the race the previous year) by five lengths to claim his first Gold Cup at odds of 7/4 with another previous winner and top class chaser,Pas Seul,twenty five lengths back in third place, and Kings Nephew, the only horse to have previously beaten Mill House, last of the four runners. It was the last time he did not start as the favourite for a race. Only two other horses entered the Gold Cup that year-and that became the norm for the next two years as there was no point in taking Arkle on at level weights so the remaining runners were racing for place money only.

Three weeks after his victory at Cheltenham, Arkle ran in the Irish Grand National at Fairyhouse. The racing authorities in Ireland took the unprecedented step in the Irish Grand National of devising two weight systems — one to be used when Arkle was running and one when he was not. Arkle won the 1964 race by only one length, but he carried 35 lbs more than his rivals.

1964/1965 National Hunt season

After a warm-up race in Ireland, Arkle returned to Newbury to avenge his defeat by Mill House in the previous year's Hennessy Gold Cup. In a field of nine, Arkle started at 5/4 favourite, with Mill House at 15/8. Taaffe let Arkle go to the front and jump alongside Mill House, who had nothing left as they entered the straight. Arkle strode away to win by ten lengths, with Mill House beaten into fourth place. Just a week later, Arkle was running in the Massey Ferguson Gold Cup at Cheltenham. He was beaten a length into third place by the grey mare Flying Wild, to whom he was conceding 32 lbs.

Arkle returned to Ireland to win the Leopardstown Handicap Chase for a second time before retaining his crown in the 1965 Cheltenham Gold Cup, this time beating Mill House by twenty lengths. His final race of the season was the Whitbread Gold Cup at Sandown Park. In spite of giving away at least 35 lbs to his six rivals, Arkle won by five lengths and netted the largest prize of his career to date, £8,230.

1965/1966 National Hunt season

Arkle was unbeaten in his five starts in the 1965/1966 season, winning the Gallaher Gold Cup at Sandown, the Hennessy Gold Cup for a second time, the King George VI Chase by a distance at Kempton, the Leopardstown Handicap Chase for the third time (beating Height O'Fashion by a neck conceding 42lbs in Arkle's first photo finish decider ), and the Cheltenham Gold Cup for the third time.

In the 1966 renewal, he was the shortest-priced favourite in history to win the Cheltenham Gold Cup, starting at odds of 1/10. He won the race by thirty lengths, hard held, from Dormant and just three other rivals, despite a mistake early in the race where he ploughed through the eleventh fence, while looking at his adoring fans in the stands. However, it did not stop his momentum, nor did he ever look like falling. Arkle had a strange quirk in that he crossed his forelegs when jumping a fence.

1966/1967 National Hunt season

In November 1966, Arkle returned to Newbury to attempt a third consecutive victory in the Hennessy Gold Cup. Without a preparatory race, having not run for eight months and having suffered a setback in training two weeks earlier, faced five rivals all of whom carried at least 33lbs less than him. It was outsider Stalbridge Colonist, receiving 35lbs, who challenged Arkle on the run-in and won by half a length. The scale of the task Arkle faced is shown by the race-fit winner coming a close second and third in the two following Cheltenham Gold Cups, while in third place receiving 33lbs was the future 1969 Gold Cup winner, What A Myth. It was Arkle's first defeat in nearly two years; racing commentator Peter O'Sullevan described it as "a magnificent, noble effort".

Arkle returned to his winning ways eighteen days later, when he landed the SGB Handicap Chase at Ascotcarrying his usual top weight of 12st 7lbs. He actually conceded 35lbs to Vultrix, himself a top class chaser who had won the race the previous year carrying top weight of 12st 1lb, and Arkle destroyed him by 15 lengths leaving his trainer, Ryan Price, to remark "Arkle is a living phenomenon". On 27 December 1966, Arkle ran in the King George VI Chase at Kempton Park but struck the guard rail with a hoof when jumping the open ditch, which resulted in a fractured pedal bone; despite this injury, he completed the race and was only overtaken on the run-in to finish second a half length behind the winner, Dormant to whom he was still conceding 21lbs. Visibly lame, Arkle was loaded into the horse-ambulance and taken back to the racecourse stables, where he remained for two months, his injured leg encased in plaster.

Retirement

Arkle was in plaster for four months and, though he made a good enough recovery to go back into training, he never ran again. He was retired and ridden as a hack at Bryanstown by his owner but in 1969 his condition deteriorated and he began to show signs of stiffness in his hind legs, possibly due to arthritis. As he found it increasingly difficult to walk and appeared to be in pain, he was put down in his box at Bryanstown on 31 May 1970 at the age of thirteen. He was buried in his field at Bryanstown.

Legacy

Arkle, known simply as "Himself", became a national hero and a legend during his lifetime.

Fan mail, sometimes addressed only to "Arkle, Ireland", arrived at the Greenogue yard from all over the world. When it was revealed that two pints of Guinness were added to his regular feed of oats every day, the Company undertook to supply the yard with a free supply in recognition of the "pleasant publicity".

At 212, Arkle's Timeform rating is the highest ever awarded to a steeplechaser. Only Flyingbolt, also trained by Dreaper, had a rating anywhere near his at 210. Next on their ratings are Sprinter Sacre on 192 and then Kauto Star and Mill House on 191. In 2004 he narrowly beat Desert Orchid to be named all-time favourite British or Irish racehorse in a Racing Post poll.

Arkle put in various public appearances including, after his retirement, one at the Horse of the Year Show in 1969. He has been celebrated in songs, appeared on stamps, and is commemorated with statues. In 1972 the Duchess of Westminster unveiled a statue at Cheltenham racecourse; in 2014 a 1.1 scale bronze statue was unveiled in Ashbourne, County Meath, the nearest town to the Greenogue yard.

Two races, both Grade 1, have been named in Arkle's honour: in 1969 the Arkle Challenge Trophy replaced the Cotswold Chase at Cheltenham Racecourse; the Milltown Novice Chase at Leopardstown was renamed the Arkle Novice Chase.

In 1976 the controversial decision was made to exhume Arkle's remain and mount his skeleton for display at the Irish National Stud. Amongst those who disapproved was Arkle's jockey Taaffe, who said: "I hated seeing his frame up there. I couldn't look at him for long".

Race record

Arkle won 27 of his 35 starts, including 22 wins from 26 steeplechases, and he was placed in the other 4 races with mitigating circumstances for each defeat. He carried more than 12th in weight in 14 of his races and won at distances from 1m 6f on the Flat up to 3m 5f over fences.

Besides winning three consecutive Cheltenham Gold Cups (1964, 1965, 1966) and the 1965 King George VI Chase, Arkle triumphed in a number of other important handicap chases, including the 1964 Irish Grand National (under 12-0), the 1964 and 1965 Hennessy Gold Cups (both times under 12-7), the 1965 Gallaher Gold Cup (conceding 16 lb to Mill House while breaking the course record by 17 seconds), and the 1965 Whitbread Gold Cup (under 12-7). In the 1966 Hennessy, he failed by only half a length to give Stalbridge Colonist 35 lb.

Arkle's full race record is listed below.

See also
 Repeat winners of horse races
 List of racehorses

References

1957 racehorse births
1970 racehorse deaths
Cheltenham Gold Cup winners
Cheltenham Festival winners
Thoroughbred family 41
Racehorses trained in Ireland
Racehorses bred in Ireland
National Hunt racehorses

Arkle


دورة المستذيب هي اٍحدى طريقتي تكاثر الفيروسات تسمى الدورة الأخرى بالدورة الحالة

تتميز دورة المستذيب بدمج حمض العاثية النووي في جينوم البكتيريا الثوية. المادة الوراثية المندمجة حديثا، تسمى طليعة العاثية و التي تنتقل اٍلى الخلايا البنات مع كل اٍنقسام خلوي.

مراجع

عاثيات
علم البكتيريا
علم الفيروسات

دورة المستذيب


Pink Friday je debitantski studijski album trinidadsko-američke reperice Nicki Minaj. Izdale su ga 19. studenoga 2010. diskografske kuće Young Money, Cash Money i Universal Motown. Album je ponovno izdan kao deluxe CD i sadržavao je hit singl Super Bass.

Izvori

Albumi Nicki Minaj
Albumi iz 2010.

Pink Friday


Uluborlu Barajı Isparta'da, Pupa Çayı üzerinde, sulama amacıyla 1977-1985 yılları arasında inşa edilmiş bir barajdır.

Toprak gövde dolgu tipi olan barajın gövde hacmi 1.800.000 m³, akarsu yatağından yüksekliği 75,00 m., normal su kotunda göl hacmi 21,30 hm³, normal su kotunda göl alanı 1,25 km²'dir. Baraj 1.808 hektarlık bir alana sulama hizmeti vermektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki barajlar listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Isparta ilindeki barajlar

Uluborlu Barajı


Mengistu Haile Mariam (amharíska: መንግሥቱ ኀይለ ማሪያም; f. 21. maí 1937) er eþíópískur stjórnmálamaður og fyrrum herforingi sem var einræðisherra í Eþíópíu frá 1977 til 1991. Mengistu leiddi kommúníska herforingjastjórn sem gekk undir nafninu Derg.

Eftir langvarandi uppreisn gegn stjórn Mengistu hrökklaðist hann frá völdum árið 1991 og flúði til Simbabve. Hann hefur búið þar alla tíð síðan þrátt fyrir að eþíópískur dómstóll hafi dæmt hann sekan að honum fjarstöddum fyrir þjóðarmorð.

Æviágrip
Mengistu Haile Mariam var einn af forsprökkum herforingjabyltingar sem gerð var gegn stjórn Haile Selassie Eþíópíukeisara árið 1974. Þremur árum eftir byltinguna varð Mengistu óumdeilanlegur leiðtogi byltingarráðs herforingjastjórnarinnar, sem gekk undir nafninu Derg. Mengistu hafði þá látið taka af lífi 57 embættismenn keisarans og rutt úr vegi öllum helstu keppinautum sínum. Herferð Mengistu gegn stjórnarandstæðingum sínum var kölluð "rauða ógnarstjórnin".

Árið 1975 lét Mengistu þjóðnýta allar jarðir Eþíópíu og samyrkjuvæða landbúnaðinn. Um svipað leyti hófust mótmælaaðgerðir stúdenta gegn stjórninni og gamlar aðskilnaðarhreyfingar juku virkni sína. Árið 1977 hófst Ogadenstríðið þegar Sómalía gerði innrás í Eþíópíu. Stjórn Mengistu var því í afar viðkvæmri stöðu.

Árið 1977 hlaut stjórn Mengistu ríkulega fjárhags- og hernaðaraðstoð frá Sovétríkjunum og Kúbu sem gerði henni kleift að sigrast á Sómölum í Ogadenstríðinu. Með þessari aðstoð varð Eþíópíuher einn sterkasti her í Afríku. Mengistu tók æ marxískari stefnu vegna bandalags síns við Austurblokkina og þáði hjálp austur-þýsku leyniþjónustunnar til að hreinsa burt andóf úr háskólum landsins. Af um 5.000 stúdentum í Háskólanum í Addis Ababa voru um 3.500 drepnir.

Mengistu reyndi að framfylgja byggðastefnu sem átti að stuðla að frekari þéttbýlismyndun í Eþíópíu. Stjórn hans sendi því hermenn til að safna saman fólkum úr ýmsum smáþorpum og þvinga það til að flytjast að fyrirhuguðum bæjarstæðum þar sem áttu að rísa nýir bæir. Sameining þorpa í smærri byggðir átti að auðvelda framkvæmd samyrkjubúskaparins. Stefnan leiddi til þess að víða var ræktað land skilið eftir óhirt. Alls er talið að um fjórar milljónir fólks hafi verið þvingaðar frá heimilum sínum á þennan hátt.

Árin 1984 til 1985 fylgdi Mengistu einnig byggðastefnu sem fól í sér að um 600.000 manns voru fluttir nauðunarflutningum með herflugvélum frá norðurhluta landsins, þar sem uppreisnarhópar höfðu töluverð ítök, til suðurhlutans. Samkvæmt mati Lækna án landamæra lést um einn af hverjum sex  í flutningunum. Stjórn Mengistu hætti þessum nauðungarflutningum eftir áköf mótmæli frá alþjóðasamfélaginu árið 1986 en byrjaði aftur árið 1988 og tilkynnti fyrirætlanir um flutninga á um 300.000 manns.

Hungursneyð reið yfir Eþíópíu á stjórnarárum Mengistu frá 1984 til 1985 vegna samyrkjuvæðingar og byggðastefnu stjórnarinnar og yfirstandandi styrjaldar gegn uppreisnarhópum. Um ein milljón manns lést í hungursneyðinni.

Eftir því sem leið á níunda áratuginn versnaði staða stjórnar Mengistu í stríði gegn tveimur uppreisnarhreyfingum, Þjóðfrelsishreyfingu Tígra og Frelsisfylkingu Eritreuþjóðar (sem barðist fyrir sjálfstæði Eritreu undan Eþíópíu). Í nóvember 1989 tilkynnti Mengistu að haldið yrði til friðarviðræðna við stærstu uppreisnarhópana en hvatti jafnframt til herútboðs í landinu, hóf þjálfun fólks í meðferð skotvopna og gaf hverfasamtökum boð til að útvega 60 menn hvert í hernaðinn.

Í maí árið 1991 tókst bandalagi byltingarhópa í Eþíópíu, Lýðræðis- og byltingarhreyfingu eþíópísku þjóðarinnar, að sigra stjórn Mengistu. Mengistu flúði til Simbabve og fékk hæli hjá stjórn Roberts Mugabe í Harare.

Eftir að ný stjórn tók við í Eþíópíu setti hún á fót sérstakan stríðsglæpadómstól til að fara með mál Mengistu og samverkamanna hans. Mengistu var fundinn sekur um þjóðarmorð árið 2006 og dæmdur í lífstíðarfangelsi. Eftir áfrýjun þyngdi Hæstiréttur Eþíópíu dóminn og dæmdi Mengistu til dauða.

Tilvísanir

Forsetar Eþíópíu
Kommúnistaleiðtogar

Mengistu Haile Mariam


A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with significant levels of biodiversity that is threatened by human habitation. Norman Myers wrote about the concept in two articles in The Environmentalist in 1988  and 1990, after which the concept was revised following thorough analysis by Myers and others into "Hotspots: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions" and a paper published in the journal Nature, both in 2000.

To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot on Myers' 2000 edition of the hotspot map, a region must meet two strict criteria: it must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (more than 0.5% of the world's total) as endemics, and it has to have lost at least 70% of its primary vegetation. Globally, 36 zones qualify under this definition. These sites support nearly 60% of the world's plant, bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species, with a high share of those species as endemics. Some of these hotspots support up to 15,000 endemic plant species, and some have lost up to 95% of their natural habitat.

Biodiversity hotspots host their diverse ecosystems on just 2.4% of the planet's surface. Ten hotspots were originally identified by Myer; the current 36 used to cover more than 15.7% of all the land but have lost around 85% of their area. This loss of habitat is why approximately 60% of the world's terrestrial life lives on only 2.4% of the land surface area. Caribbean Islands like Haiti and Jamaica are facing serious pressures on the populations of endemic plants and vertebrates as a result of rapid deforestation. Other areas include the Tropical Andes, Philippines, Mesoamerica, and Sundaland, which, under the current levels at which deforestation is occurring, will likely lose most of their plant and vertebrate species.

Hotspot conservation initiatives
Only a small percentage of the total land area within biodiversity hotspots is now protected. Several international organizations are working to conserve biodiversity hotspots.
 Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a global program that provides funding and technical assistance to nongovernmental organizations in order to protect the Earth's richest regions of plant and animal diversity, including biodiversity hotspots, high-biodiversity wilderness areas and important marine regions.
 The World Wide Fund for Nature has devised a system called the "Global 200 Ecoregions", the aim of which is to select priority ecoregions for conservation from fourteen terrestrial, three freshwater, and four marine habitat types. They are chosen for species richness, endemism, taxonomic uniqueness, unusual ecological or evolutionary phenomena, and global rarity. All biodiversity hotspots contain at least one Global 200 Ecoregion.
 Birdlife International has identified 218 "Endemic Bird Areas" (EBAs) each of which holds two or more bird species found nowhere else. Birdlife International has identified more than 11,000 Important Bird Areas all over the world.
 Plant life International coordinates programs aiming to identify and manage Important Plant Areas.
 Alliance for Zero Extinction is an initiative of scientific organizations and conservation groups who co-operate to focus on the most threatened endemic species of the world. They have identified 595 sites, including many Birdlife's Important Bird Areas.
 The National Geographic Society has prepared a world map of the hotspots and ArcView shapefile and metadata for the Biodiversity Hotspots including details of the individual endangered fauna in each hotspot, which is available from Conservation International.
 The Compensatory Afforestation Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) seeks to control the destruction of forests in India.

Distribution by region

A majority of biodiversity exists within the tropics; likewise, most biodiversity hotspots are within the tropics. Of the 36 biodiversity hotspots, 15 are classified as old, climatically-buffered, infertile landscapes (OCBILs).  These areas have been historically isolated from interactions with other climate zones, but recent human interaction and encroachment have put these historically safe hotspots at risk. OCBILs have mainly been threatened by the relocation of indigenous groups and military actions as the infertile ground has previously dissuaded human populations. The conservation of OCBILs within biodiversity hotspots has started to garner attention because current theories believe these sites provide not only high levels of biodiversity, but they have relatively stable lineages and the potential for high levels of speciation in the future. Because these sites are relatively stable, they can be classified as refugia.

North and Central America
 California Floristic Province (8)
 Madrean pine–oak woodlands (26)
 Mesoamerica (2)
 North American Coastal Plain (36)

The Caribbean
 Caribbean Islands (3)

South America
 Atlantic Forest (4)
 Cerrado (6)
 Chilean Winter Rainfall-Valdivian Forests (7)
 Tumbes–Chocó–Magdalena (5)
 Tropical Andes (1)

Europe
 Mediterranean Basin (14)

Africa
 Cape Floristic Region (12)
 Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa (10)
 Eastern Afromontane (28)
 Guinean Forests of West Africa (11)
 Horn of Africa (29)
 Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands (9)
 Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany (27)
 Succulent Karoo (13)

Central Asia
 Mountains of Central Asia (31)

South Asia
 Eastern Himalaya (32)
 Indo-Burma, Bangladesh, India and Myanmar (19)
 Western Ghats and Sri Lanka (21)

Southeast Asia and Asia-Pacific
 East Melanesian Islands (34)
 New Caledonia (23)
 New Zealand (24)
 Philippines (18)
 Polynesia-Micronesia (25)
 Eastern Australian temperate forests (35)
 Southwest Australia (22)
 Sundaland, Indonesia and Nicobar islands of India (16)
 Wallacea of Indonesia (17)

East Asia
 Japan (33)
 Mountains of Southwest China (20)

West Asia
 Caucasus (15)
 Irano-Anatolian (30)

Critiques of "Hotspots"
The high profile of the biodiversity hotspots approach has resulted in some criticism. Papers such as Kareiva & Marvier (2003) have argued that the biodiversity hotspots:

 Do not adequately represent other forms of species richness (e.g. total species richness or threatened species richness).
 Do not adequately represent taxa other than vascular plants (e.g. vertebrates and fungi).
 Do not protect smaller scale richness hotspots.
 Do not make allowances for changing land use patterns. Hotspots represent regions that have experienced considerable habitat loss, but this does not mean they are experiencing ongoing habitat loss. On the other hand, regions that are relatively intact (e.g. the Amazon basin) have experienced relatively little land loss, but are currently losing habitat at tremendous rates.
 Do not protect ecosystem services.
 Do not consider phylogenetic diversity.

A recent series of papers has pointed out that biodiversity hotspots (and many other priority region sets) do not address the concept of cost. The purpose of biodiversity hotspots is not simply to identify regions that are of high biodiversity value, but to prioritize conservation spending. The regions identified include some in the developed world (e.g. the California Floristic Province), alongside others in the developing world (e.g. Madagascar). The cost of land is likely to vary between these regions by an order of magnitude or more, but the biodiversity hotspot designations do not consider the conservation importance of this difference. However, the available resources for conservation also tend to vary in this way.

See also

 : biodiversity hotspots in the open sea

References

Further reading
 Dedicated issue of Philosophical Transactions B on Biodiversity Hotspots. Some articles are freely available.
 Spyros Sfenthourakis, Anastasios Legakis: Hotspots of endemic terrestrial invertebrates in Southern Greece. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001

External links

A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance: Biodiversity Hotspots
Conservation International's Biodiversity Hotspots project
African Wild Dog Conservancy's Biodiversity Hotspots Project
Biodiversity hotspots in India
New biodiversity maps color-coded to show hotspots
Shapefile of the Biodiversity Hotspots (v2016.1)

Biodiversity
Environmental conservation
International environmental organizations

Biodiversity hotspot


Girolamo Diruta () a fost un compozitor, organist și teoretician al muzicii italiene. A fost renumit în domeniul teoretico-didactic pentru contribuțiile oferite studiului și practicării instrumentelor cu claviatură, în special a orgii, și a contrapunctului, expuse în tratatul Il Transilvano, publicat în Veneția în două cărți (1593 și 1609-10) și retipărit de mai multe ori.

Biografie
Girolamo Venturi, cunoscut apoi ca Girolamo Diruta, s-a născut în Deruta în anul 1546. Devenind călugăr în 1566, a locuit în mănăstirea franciscană din Perugia. În anii 1569-1574 a fost călugăr în mănăstirea din Correggio, unde a fost hirotonit preot. În 1578 și din nou în 1579, când fusese deja transferat la Veneția, a participat fără succes la un concurs pentru poziția de organist în bazilica Sf. Anton din Padova. În orașul lagună a avut ocazia să-i întâlnească pe Claudio Merulo, Gioseffo Zarlino și Costanzo Porta (franciscan și el) și e posibil să fi studiat cu unii dintre ei. Cu siguranță a studiat cu Merulo, care, într-o prefață "Pentru cititori", publicată în prima parte din Il Transilvano, l-a lăudat pe Diruta ca student. În 1580 a publicat Prima carte de contrapunct despre cantus firmus din antifoanele principalelor sărbători din timpul anului. La cinci voci (Veneția, A. Gardano), din care s-au păstrat doar părțile de canto și alto, dedicând-o preotului și clerului catedralei din Gubbio, unde a fost organist între 1580 și 1585. Întors la Veneția, a trăit în mănăstirea franciscană a lui S. Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, unde a fost și organist din 1586 până în 1589. Din 1593 a fost organist al catedralei din Chioggia. În acel an, a publicat tratatul care l-a făcut faimos: Il Transilvano. Dialogul cu privire la adevăratul mod de a cânta la orgă și la instrumente da penna al lui Girolamo Diruta perugianul din Ordinul Călugărilor Minori ai Sf. Francisc, dedicându-i-l lui Sigismund Bathory, principele Transilvaniei și nepot al regelui Poloniei. În 1602, într-o scrisoare adresată confraților mănăstirii din Deruta, și-a exprimat intenția de a se întoarce în orașul său natal, după aproximativ treizeci de ani de activitate ca organist, declarându-se disponibil pentru a organiza o școală de muzică.

Din 1604 până în 1610 a fost organist al catedralei din Gubbio. La 25 martie 1610, la Gubbio, a semnat dedicația pentru Leonora Orsini Sforza, nepoata Marelui Duce al Toscanei, Ferdinando I de Medici, din a doua parte a tratatului Il Transilvano.

În septembrie 1612 i s-a oferit funcția de organist al bisericii colegiului S. Maria Maggiore di Spello, pe care, însă, nu a acceptat-o.

Pe 5 martie 1613, capitolul general al fraților minori i-a conferit titlul de magister musices (lat. "profesor de muzică"). Probabil s-a întors la Gubbio, unde numele lui apare în unele fapte notariale în anii 1619-1624. A murit în Deruta în 1624 sau 1625.

Lucrări

Cea mai faimoasă lucrare a lui Diruta este Il Transilvano, tratat în două părți apărute la distanță de mulți ani (1593, 1609-10), dedicat învățării artei de a cânta la instrumente cu claviatură. Lucrarea este prezentată sub forma unui dialog între autor și Istvan de Joìka, un diplomat din Transilvania, care se află într-o misiune în Italia. Acesta este primul tratat care evidențiază o diferență între tehnica de orgă și cea a altor instrumente "da penna", mai exact clavecin și spinet. Prima parte a tratatului se concentrează asupra digitației și ornamentelor, exemplificate în unele fragmente muzicale ale autorului și ale altor compozitori precum Claudio Merulo, Andrea și Giovanni Gabrieli, Luzzasco Luzzaschi, Antonio Romanini, Paolo Quagliati, Vincenzo Bellavere, Giuseppe Guami. În a doua parte este expusă arta începeerii pieselor polifonice și teoria și practica contrapunctică. Apoi se dau exemple de cercetări și versete de organisti care urmează să fie alternate cu imnuri și Magnificat, proprii și ale altor compozitor (Luzzasco Luzzaschi, Adriano Banchieri, Gabriele Fattorini), precum și o explicație privind modul de utilizare a registrelor orgii.

Note

Bibliografie

 Galliano Ciliberti, Girolamo Diruta în istoriografia muzicală Cu ediția de "Note biografice" de Francesco Briganti și o bibliografie a lucrărilor, în Girolamo Diruta și timpul său, Lucrările conferinței: Deruta, 9 și 10 septembrie 2011, editat de Biancamaria Brumana și Carlo Segoloni, DSPU și Comune di Deruta 2012, pp. 63-116.
 Arnaldo Morelli, Diruta, Girolamo, în dicționarul biografic al italienilor, voi. 40, Roma, Institutul Enciclopediei Italiene, 1991 .
 Girolamo Diruta și timpul său, Lucrările conferinței: Deruta, 9 și 10 septembrie 2011, editat de Biancamaria Brumana și Carlo Segoloni, DSPU și Comune di Deruta 2012
  Eleanor Selfridge-Field, Muzică instrumentală venețiană, de la Gabrieli la Vivaldi, New York, Dover Publications, 1994.
  Articolul "Girolamo Diruta", în The New Grove Dicționar de muzică și muzicieni , ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol., Londra, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. ISBN 1-56159-174-2
  Gustave Reese, Muzică în Renaștere, New York, WW Norton & Co., 1954.
 Girolamo Diruta: 21 versuri pentru imnurile anului, 8 versete pentru tonurile Magnificatului și 3 versete de intonare, de Mario G. Genesi, Piacenza, PIL, 2005

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1554
Decese în 1610
Compozitori renascentiști
Compozitori italieni de muzică cultă
Organiști italieni

Girolamo Diruta


82071 Debrecen este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
82071 Debrecen este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Piszkesteto de Krisztián Sárneczky și László L. Kiss. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,38 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 6,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 82001-83000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

82071 Debrecen


Crkva Uznesenja Marijina nalazi se u Sutivanu na Braču.

Opis
Vrijeme nastanka je od 16. do 19. stoljeća. Na zapadnoj strani luke u Sutivanu na predjelu zvanom Donja lučica smještena je u ulici don Tome Ivanovića 3 župna crkva Uznesenja Marijina. Prva crkva sagrađena je nakon osamostaljenja župe od Donjeg Humca oko 1590. godine i više puta je obnavljana. Oko 1800. crkva je barokizirana i pridodan joj je zvonik kojeg je izradio mletački altarista Petar Pavao Bertapelle. Nad skošenim podankom su dva kata punog korpusa zvonika i na trećem katu je loža s lanternom u obliku osmerokuta i lukovicom. Župna crkva je jednobrodna kamena građevina s polukružnim prozorima građena u jednostavnim oblicima dalmatinskog kasnog baroka.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-3408 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Uznesenja Marijina
Uznesenja BDM, Sutivan

Crkva Uznesenja Marijina u Sutivanu


Damian Kądzior ( [damʲan kɔɲd͡ʑɔɔr]; )  un fotbalist polonez care joacă pe postul de mijlocaș central pentru clubul croat Dinamo Zagreb.

Cariera pe echipe
Kądzior s-a născut în Białystok, Polonia, jucând pentru echipa de tineret a lui Jagiellonia Białystok.

Jagiellonia Białystok
Kądzior a început să joace pentru echipa mare a lui Jagiellonia în 2012 și a a jucat 3 meciuri înainte de a fi împrumutat.

Împrumutul la Motor Lublin
Kądzior a fost împrumutat de Motor Lublin timp de doi ani. La Lublin a marcat opt goluri.

Împrumut la Dolcan Ząbki
În ianuarie 2015, Kądzior a ajuns la Dolcan Ząbki, pentru care a jucat 33 de meciuri, marcând 8 goluri.

Împrumutul Wigry Suwałki
La 29 februarie 2016, Kądzior a fost împrumutat la Wigry Suwałki până la sfârșitul sezonului. A înscris 4 goluri în 14 meciuri pentru club.

Wigry Suwałki
La 1 iulie, a semnat un nou contract cu Wigry Suwałki, de această dată din postura de jucător liber de cotnract. În cei doi ani petrecuți la acest club, a marcat în total 20 de goluri în 53 de meciuri.

Górnik Zabrze
La 4 iulie 2017 a ajuns la Górnik Zabrze. El și-a făcut debutul pentru echipă pe 15 iulie, într-o victorie cu 3-1 împotriva lui Legia, jucând în total 62 de minute. A marcat primul său gol pe 10 septembrie, într-o victorie scor 2-1 cu Temalica. Pe 20 octombrie a marcat două goluri în remiza, scor 3-3 cu Korona Kielce. Ultima sa apariție pentru club a fost într-o victorie de 2-0 cu Wisła Cracovia.

Dinamo Zagreb
În primele zile ale lunii iunie, mai multe site-uri croate de sport, cum ar fi 24sata, au anunțat faptul că Kądzior este dorit de campioana Croației, Dinamo Zagreb. La 18 iunie, clubul a anunțat oficial că Kądzior, alături de câțiva alți jucători, a semnat cu clubul croat, cu suma de transfer fiind de aproximativ 500.000 de euro, iar clubul a anunțat că va purta tricoul cu numărul 92.

La națională
În luna mai a anului 2018 a fost inclus de selecționerul Poloniei, Adam Nawałka, în lotul lărgit format din 35 de jucători, în vederea participării la Campionatul Mondial din Rusia  El nu a făcut parte din lotul final de 23 de jucători. El și-a făcut debutul pentru țara sa la 11 septembrie 2018 într-un amical împotriva Irlandei.

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1992
Nașteri pe 16 iunie
Fotbaliști ai Górnik Zabrze
Fotbaliști ai Jagiellonia Białystok
Fotbaliști internaționali polonezi
Fotbaliști polonezi
Mijlocași
Sportivi polonezi în viață
Oameni din Białystok

Damian Kądzior


විජයකලා මහේෂ්වරන්, එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂ මන්ත්‍රී වරියකි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

1972 උපත්

විජයකලා මහේෂ්වරන්


121016 Christopharnold este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
121016 Christopharnold este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Drebach de Jens Kandler. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,32 ua, o excentricitate de 0,28 și o înclinație de 26,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 121001-122000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

121016 Christopharnold


යුධෝපක්‍රම (ග්‍රීක  Takkike : හමුදාවක් සංවිධානය කිරීමේ කලාව) යනු සටනේ දී සතුරාව පරාජයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා අවිආයුධ හා හමුදා ඒකක සංකලනය කර භාවිත කිරීමේ ක්‍රමවේදයයි. දර්ශනයේ හා තාක්ෂණයේ සිදුවු වෙනස්කම් යුධෝපක්‍රම වල වෙනස් වීම් වලට බලපා ඇත.

දහනවන වන සියවස දක්වාම විවිධ යුධෝපක්‍රම විවෘත භූමි වලදී හමුදා ඒකක හැසිරවීම වැනි සටන් බිමේ කරුණු වල පමණක් සීමා විය. වර්තමාන හමුදා චින්තනය තුළ යුධෝපක්‍රම යනු, පුද්ගලයින් දුසිම් ගණනක සිට සිය ගණනක් අන්තර්ගත වන පහළම මට්‍ටමේ සලසුම් කිරීමයි. බළ ඇණි වල ක්‍රියාකාරී යොදාගැනීම නම් උසස් සැලසුම් කිරීමේ මට්ටමක් ඇතුලත් වන හැඩගැසීම් වලට ඒකක  සංවිධානය කරයි. හමුදා සැලසුම් වල තුන්වන ශ්‍රේණිය වන්නේ සැලසුම් සකස් කිරීම වන අතර, දිගුකාලීන අරමුණක් සාක්ෂාත් කර ගැනීම සඳහා අවශ්‍ය සැලසුම් හා ක්‍රියාමාර්ග පිලිබඳ කටයුතු කරයි. ක්‍රියාකාරී යුධ මාර්ග ඒ අනුව ගත් කල සැලසුම් (ඉහළ ශ්‍රේණිය) යුධෝපක්‍රම (පහලම ශ්‍රේණිය) දක්වා පරිවර්ථනය කර අතරමැදි ශ්‍රේණියකි.

විවිධ අවස්ථාවන්ට විශේෂිත වූ යුධෝපක්‍රම ඇත. කාමරයක් හෝ තනි ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් අත්පත් කර ගැනිමේ සිට යම් කලාපයක් පුරාවට ගුවන් බලය පවත්වා ගැනීම වැනි විශාල පරිමාණයේ මෙහෙයුම් දක්වා  ඒවා විහිදේ. වර්තමානයේදී තනි සෙබළුන්, සෙබල කණ්ඩායම් සිට සම්පූර්ණ හමුදාවන් දක්වා සියළුම අණදෙන  ශ්‍රේණි වලදී යුධෝපක්‍රම භාවිතා කරයි. අනිවාර්යයෙන්ම යුද්ධයේදී භාවිතා කරන ඒකක එම කාලයේ පවතින යුධෝපක්‍රමවල ප්‍රතිබිම්භයක් වන අතර ඒවායේ විශාලත්වය හා සැදුම්ලත් සම්මිශ්‍රණය අදාල ලෙස වෙනස් වේ.

එක්සත් ජනපද හමුදා ක්ෂේත්‍ර අත් පොත 3-0 යුධෝපක්‍රම සම්බන්ධයෙන් පහත නිර්වචන ලබා දෙයි.

යුධෝපක්‍රම- (ආරක්ෂක දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව)

1. සටන් වලදී හමුදා ඒකක වල භාවිතය.

2. ස්වයංක්‍රීය සම්පූර්ණ විභවය භාවිතා කල හැකි පරිදි තම තමන්ට හෝ හතුරාට සාපේක්ෂව හමුදා ඒකක ක්‍රමානුකුල සකස් කිරීම හා ස්ථානගත කිරීම මේ සඳහා තම තමන්ටත්, භුමියටත් සතුරාටත් සාපේක්ෂව ක්‍රමානූකූලව ඒකකයක් හැසිරවීම මඟින් සටන් කිරීමේ හැකියාවේ විභවය සටන් ජයග්‍රහණය දක්වා පරිවර්ථනය කිරීම අදාල වේ. (FM 3-0)

එක්සත් ජනපද හමුදාව සාමාන්‍ය ශ්‍රේණි 3 ක් ඔස්සේ යුද්ධය නිර්වචනය කරයි.

1.	සැලසුම් ශ්‍රේණිය: මේ සඳහා ජාතික මෙන්ම සටහන් ආඥා කාලයද ඇතුලත් වේ.

2.	මෙහෙයුම් ශ්‍රේණිය: ඒකාබද්ධ කාර්ය සාධක බලකාය (භුමි මෙහෙයුම් ඒකකය, උපාය ඒකක, ගුවන් හා නාවික යන බලමුළු වල එකතුවෙන්) සිට භට කණ්ඩායම් පෙළගැස්වීම දක්වා විහිදේ.

3.	යුධෝපක්‍රම ශ්‍රේණිය: භට කණ්ඩායම් හැසිරවීමේ සිට තනි තනි සොල්දාදුවා දක්වා වූ පහලම සටන් ඒකක දක්වා විහිදේ.

බොහෝ දෙනා හමුදා වචන මාලාව දැනගෙන සිටිමුත් සැලසුම් හා යුධෝපක්‍රම යන වචන දෙක හුවමාරු කිරීමට පෙලඹේ.

යුධෝපක්‍රම යනු විද්‍යාවක් හා කලාවකි. දෙන ලද අවස්ථාවකට ස්වයංක්‍රීයව ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීමට හුරුකරවන 'සටන් සරඹ' හා විශාල උපදෙස් හා අවවාද මාලාවක් සියවස් ගණනක් ඔස්සේ ලියවී ඇත. සමහරුන්ට යුධෝපක්‍රම සහ‍ජයෙන්ම පිහිටා ඇත. සමහර අවස්ථා වලදී ඒවා ඉගැන්විය හැක. නමුත් මූලිකවම යුධෝපක්‍රම යනු මනෝ විද්‍යාව, භෞතික විද්‍යාව හා සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන අඩංගු වු වෙනස් වන සම්මිශ්‍රණයකි.

සමහර භාවිතයන් හා පුරුදු යුද්ධයන්හි ආරම්භ‍යේ සිටම නොවෙනස්ව පවතී. සැගවී සිට පහරදීම්, සොයාගෙන ගොස් වටකිරීම, තොරතුරු රැස් කිරීම, පවත්වා ගැනීම, බාදක හා ආරක්ෂක විධිවිධාන සකස් කිරීම හා භාවිතය වැනි නොයෙකුත් කරුණු මෙයට අඩංගු වේ. භූමිය උපරිම වාසිදායක ලෙස යොදා ගැනීම ද නොවෙනස්ව පැවතී ඇත. උස්බිම්, ගංගා හා වගුරු බිම්, කුඩා දිය ඇලි, ස්වභාවික සැඟවුම් ස්ථාන යන මේ සියල්ලම විවිධ ආකාරයට භාවිතා කල හැක.

නිරන්තරයෙන්ම වෙනස් වන කොටස වන්නේ තාක්ෂණික මානය හා සටන්කරුවන්ගේ සමාජවිද්‍යාත්මක පැතිකඩයි. රෝම සොල්දාදුවකු, මොන්ගෝලියානු අශ්වාරෝහයෙකු,දුනුවායෙකු, චීන හරස් දුනුකරුවකු, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රෙඩ්කොට් වරයෙක්, ගුවන් භටයෙකු වැනි විවිධ වර්ගයේ භටයින් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට බලපෑ තාක්ෂණික හා සමාජ විද්‍යාත්මක වෙනස්කම් මොනවාදැයි කෙනෙකු සිතා බැලීමට තීරණය කළ හැක. මොවුන් තම ආයුධ, හමුදා උපකරණ සැපයීමේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ග හා සමාජීය තරාතිරම මඟින් සීමා කරනු ලැබ, සටන් බිම විවිධ අයුරින් භාවිත කිරීමට පෙළඹුන ද සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ඔවුන්ගේ යුධෝපක්‍රම භාවිතයෙන් එකම අරමුණක් සාක්ෂාත් කිරීමට පෙළඹේ.

සටහන්

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යුධෝපක්‍රම


Motiv je književni pojam, najčešće imenica, koji se gotovo uvijek pronalazi u pjesmama, ali i ostalim književnim vrstama, on je najmanja jedinica nekog književnog djela. Budući da se radi o najmanjim građevnim književnim elementima, oni se udružuju u teme ili komplekse motiva. Kada se autor u svojem djelu često koristi jednim motivom, on se zove provedbeni motiv ili lajtmotiv.

Kompozicijsko značenje
Kompozicijski, motiv je najuža jedinica koja se više ne može raščlaniti. Ovakvi se motivi dijele na statične i dinamične.

Statični motivi opisuju situacije, osjećaje, stanja, raspoloženje, atmosferu, predmete i ambijent. Za vrijeme pripovijedanja, ovi motivi zaustavljaju tijek radnje ili ga sasvim usporavaju. Njihova je funkcija opisivanje likova, vanjskog ili unutrašnjeg prostora te predmeta.

Dinamični motivi imaju glavnu ulogu kod tijeka radnje pripovijednog i dramskog dijela te epa, spjeva i epske i pripovjedne pjesme. Oni pokreću zbivanje i uspostavljaju daljnji slijed radnje. Što se tiče ove funkcije, oni mogu biti glavni i sporedni, to jest vezani za glavnu ili sporednu radnju.

Tematsko-povijesno značenje
Tematsko-povijesno, motiv može imati tri značenja:

 Može se pojavljivati u djelima različitih vremenskih razdoblja i naroda. Obično su to motivi poput smrti, slobode, ljubavi, sukoba i obiteljskih odnosa.

 Motivi se mogu pojavljivati i kao osjećaji i ideje koji se pojavljuju u više dijela istog autora, na primjer: snovi, nemir, tjeskoba, pogled, magla, mjesečina i drugi.

 Mogu odgovarati na pitanje što je autora djela potaknulo da napiše pjesmu, roman ili dramu.

Druge podjele
Neki autori sami su napravili svoje podjele. Boris Viktorovič Tomaševski motive je podijelio na slobodne i vezane s obzirom na to sudjeluju li u glavnom tijeku radnje ili na dinamične i statične s obzirom na to upućuju li na same događaje ili na stanje.

Strukturalisti su motive odlučili preimenovati u funkciju.

Ruski su formalisti proširili njegovo određenje i on uz tematsku čini i najmanju sintaktičku cjelinu koja ulazi u veću cjelinu narativnoga teksta.

Izvori

Književnost

Motiv