USS Tripoli (LPH-10), an , was laid down on 15 June 1964 at Pascagoula, Mississippi, by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation; launched on 31 July 1965; sponsored by Jane Cates, the wife of General Clifton B. Cates, former Commandant of the Marine Corps; and commissioned on 6 August 1966 at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. Tripoli was the second US Navy ship named for the Battle of Derna in 1805. It was the decisive victory of a mercenary army led by a detachment of US Marines and US Army soldiers against the forces of Tripoli during the First Barbary War. It was the first recorded land battle of the United States fought overseas.

Following three months fitting out at Philadelphia, the ship put to sea on 6 November 1966, bound for the west coast. It transited the Panama Canal at mid-month and arrived at its home port, San Diego, on 22 November 1966. Final acceptance trials, shakedown training, and post-shakedown availability at Long Beach occupied the warship until it embarked Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron HMH-463, elements of Marine Observation Squadron VMO-6, and some members of the staff of the Commander, Amphibious Squadron 8 on 1 May 1967 and departed San Diego, bound for the western Pacific.

Vietnam Service, 1967–1973
Tripoli served on three deployments to Vietnamese waters during the Vietnam War, participating in numerous operations.

First tour
Except for a round-trip voyage to Okinawa early in September, the ship operated out of US Naval Base Subic Bay, Republic of the Philippines for the remainder of its deployment. Main propulsion plant problems, however, continued to plague it for, on the return trip, the ship went dead in the water not far to the northwest of Subic Bay.  went out and towed it into port. After repairs, Tripoli, occupied its remaining time in the Far East with amphibious exercises in the Philippines. On 11 December 1967,  relieved it as flagship of TG 76.4, and Tripoli headed for home. Tripoli arrived in San Diego on 23 December 1967 and remained there through the end of the year.

On 22 May 1967, Tripoli arrived in the combat zone off the coast of South Vietnam and disembarked HMH-463 and VMO-6 at Danang on the 23rd and 24th before joining TG 76.5, just then finishing up amphibious landing Operation Belt Tight in the I Corps zone just south of the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between North and South Vietnam. It headed for the Philippines on 25 May, arrived in Subic Bay on the 27th, and relieved  as flagship of Amphibious Ready Group (ARG) Bravo VTG 76.5. In that capacity, it embarked not only the task group commander's staff but also the staff of the Commander, Special Landing Force (SLF) Bravo CTG 79.5, the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marines, the men and aircraft of Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron HMM-164, Surgical Evacuation Team Bravo, and Detachment Bravo of Tactical Squadron (TacRon) 11. On 8 June, it departed Subic Bay for an extended tour of duty in Vietnamese waters.

During its 1967 deployment, Tripoli participated in eight amphibious operations, all conducted along the coast of the I Corps. Its first operation, codenamed Beacon Torch, began on 18 June when US Marines of SLF Bravo were flown into the vicinity of Hoi An, located on the coast midway between the DMZ and the southern limit of I Corps tactical zone. Between 18 June and 2 July, the Marines operated ashore, initially engaging an enemy force of about 100 men. After an air strike broke the enemy resistance, the Marines concluded their mission with a search and destroy sweep to wipe out the remnants of that force. All the while, Tripoli remained offshore providing logistic support, medical evacuation services for casualties and a platform from which to launch air support missions by the embarked Marine attack squadron. On 2 July, it received the special landing force back on board and immediately headed north to the coast of Quảng Trị Province to answer a call for assistance from Marine Corps units near Con Thien, which had suffered heavily from bombardments by the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN). The ensuing Operation Beaver Track pitted SLF Bravo against the PAVN troops to relieve the pressure on Marine Corps units based ashore with the III Marine Amphibious Force (MAF). Simultaneously with Operation Beaver Track, SLF "Alfa", embarked on USS Okinawa, went ashore to engage the same enemy force in Operation Bear Claw. The two battalion landing teams joined III MAF Marines based ashore in a week-long struggle, followed by an eight-battalion search and destroy sweep. Throughout the 12 days of "Beaver Track/Bear Claw," Tripoli steamed offshore within easy helicopter range to provide logistical, medical, and ground support. The two landing forces were later credited with a third of the 1,100 PAVN casualties and with no small part in breaking up the PAVN attack.

"Beaver Track/Bear Claw" ended on 14 July, and both battalion landing teams returned to their ships on the 7th. The respite from combat, however, proved brief. At dawn three days later, Tripolis Marines stormed ashore in a combined waterborne-airborne amphibious assault on the exposed seaward flank of the Viet Cong (VC) 806th Battalion near Quảng Trị City. The VC avoided contact with the Marines by retiring hastily to the west, where they were badly mauled by South Vietnamese troops. BLT 2/3 re-embarked in Tripoli on the 27th for another brief rest before the equally brief amphibious Operation Kangaroo Kick, which commenced on 1 August. Tripoli's Marines landed in Quảng Trị Province, north of Hue. Though the operation ended only three days later, the Marines did not re-embark for the voyage to Subic Bay. Instead, they changed operational control to III MAF, while Tripoli and the rest of TG 76.5 spent two weeks at the Philippine naval base for upkeep.

Tripoli returned to the Vietnamese coast near Huế on the 20th and backloaded SLF Bravo in time for the Marines to participate in Operation Belt Drive. On 27 August, the battalion landing team once more went ashore, via both helicopter and landing craft, in Quang Tri Province. PAVN/VC resistance proved slight; and, after a three-day sweep of the Hai Lang forest, the Marines reembarked in Tripoli on 5 September. That same day,  suffered a hit from enemy guns on Cape Lay, North Vietnam. Tripoli, located not far away, went to its assistance and evacuated 12 casualties by helicopter for treatment on board the ship. On the 17th, because its entire complement of CH-46A Sea Knight helicopters had been grounded, Tripoli launched the first all-boat landing from an LPH. In spite of swells  high, a rain squall, 30- to  winds, and visibility frequently less than , the boat landings for Operation Fortress Sentry came off almost without a hitch. Ashore near the Cua Viet River some  south of the DMZ, the Marines moved inland, but encountered no enemy resistance until the 23d. Then, artillery and air support quickly extinguished the PAVN's will to fight, and the operation was terminated on the 25th. The Marines reembarked between 25 September and 27 September, and the task group headed back to Subic Bay for six days in port.
Tripoli returned to Vietnam at Danang early in October and loaded 39 defective CH-46A helicopters for transportation to Okinawa, where their tail pylons were to be replaced. Shortly after it departed Danang on 7 October, its lookout spied an Air Force F-105 Thunderchief, which crashed into the sea about  ahead. One of its helicopters flew to the scene, rescued the pilot, and returned him to the ship for medical treatment. Not long thereafter, its lookouts caught sight of a second survivor of the crash. By the time its helicopter arrived on the scene, an Air Force chopper had already picked up the man. Tripoli's helicopter assisted in the operation by taking on board the Air Force crewman who had jumped in to assist the survivor into the lift harness.

Tripoli returned from the Ryukyus Islands (Japan) to Vietnamese waters at mid-month. On the 17th, CH-53 Sea Stallion helicopters carried the battalion landing team to a point  south of Phu Bai Combat Base in Thừa Thiên Province. The following day, the Marines changed operational control to III MAF ashore for a search and destroy sweep along Route 1. Meanwhile, Tripoli supplied logistic support until it cleared Vietnamese waters on 1 November, bound for Okinawa with another 18 defective CH-46A helicopters. After brief stops at Okinawa and Subic Bay, the ship returned to Danang on 10 November. After re-embarking SLF "Bravo," it prepared for its last amphibious operation of the deployment, Operation Badger Hunt. On the 14th, the landing force was lifted some  inland to the area near An Hoa Combat Base in Quảng Nam Province. After silencing sporadic enemy resistance near the landing site, Tripoli's Marines joined elements of the shore-based 7th Marines in a successful search-and-destroy operation. Tripoli supported the landing force through the end of the operation on the 27th, when the Marines returned to the ship. It entered Danang on the 29th and began transferring the Marines of the battalion landing team and their supporting elements to . The next day, 30 November, Valley Forge relieved Tripoli as flagship, TG 76.5; and Tripoli got underway to return to the United States via Okinawa and Yokosuka, Japan. It arrived in San Diego on 23 December 1967, and began post-deployment standdown.

Tripoli completed a restricted availability at Long Beach between late January and the end of March 1968. During the first three weeks of April, it conducted a series of individual ship exercises and then rounded out the month with amphibious training. From 6 to 17 May, the ship conducted refresher training and then returned to San Diego to prepare for its second WestPac deployment. On 12 June 1968, the ship stood out of San Diego on its way to the Far East. It stopped briefly at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and at Okinawa before arriving at Subic Bay on 1 July. Between the 2nd and the 5th, it embarked the 2nd Battalion, 7th Marines, HMM-265, Detachment Bravo of TacRon 13 and other supporting units of the ARG "Bravo." On the 6th, it departed Subic Bay and arrived the following day in the Vietnam combat zone.

Second tour
Tripoli's second tour of duty closely followed the pattern of the first. During the next seven months, it patrolled the coast of South Vietnam near the I Corps tactical in a position to launch its landing contingent quickly whenever they were needed by Marine Corps, Army and South Vietnamese forces operating ashore. The first of its eight amphibious operations came the day after it arrived in the combat zone. Following preliminary naval bombardment, Operation Eager Yankee opened with a combined airborne and waterborne assault. The Marines of SLF Bravo went ashore about  east of Phu Bai Combat Base. They then wheeled right and pressed north toward a known VC haven. The VC avoided contact; and, on the 16th, the Marines joined shore-based forces in Operation Houston IV. That operation ended on 22 July, and the battalion landing team returned to the ship the same day.

While Tripoli proceeded to the scene of a new operation, feverish preparations allowed it to send SLF Bravo ashore again just 17 hours after the completion of reembarkation. For Operation Swift Play, the Marines rode helicopters ashore to an area about  southwest of An Hoa, deep inland in Quảng Nam Province. The assault forces spotted several enemy formations, but no engagements resulted. The following day, BLT 2/7 transferred to the control of III MAF to conclude an operation designed to parry a major enemy thrust toward Danang. The landing force remained ashore operating under the commanding general, 1st Marine Division, in defense of Danang through the months of August, September and November. Meanwhile, Tripoli steamed on station offshore providing logistics and medical support, departing Vietnamese waters twice between 22 July and 5 November. In mid-August, it steamed to Subic Bay for repairs; and, in early October, it voyaged via Subic Bay to Kaohsiung, Taiwan, for a liberty call. During all other periods, it remained off the Vietnamese coast providing support services to the Marines of BLT 2/7 operating ashore.

On 5 November, the special landing force ended more than three months of combat duty ashore and re-embarked on Tripoli. Five days later, HMM-165's helicopters and Tripoli's landing craft carried the Marines ashore once again. In Operation Daring Endeavor, the Marines located, closed with and destroyed enemy fortifications and captured large quantities of rice. They concluded the action on the 17th and returned to the ship that same day. Three days later, Tripoli launched its fourth landing, another combined waterborne and airborne operation directed at an area in Quảng Nam Province, just south of Danang. During Operation Swift Move, initial opposition proved very light; and the landing force quickly transferred to the control of the 1st Marine Division for further action ashore in the continued defense of Danang against PAVN and Vietcong forces. Tripoli continued support activities for the battalion landing team until 3 December when it offloaded what remained aboard of the Marines' equipment at Danang, in preparation for departing Vietnam for a liberty call in Hong Kong. After a five-day visit, it continued on to Subic Bay for a two-week availability. On 27 December 1968, she headed back to Danang. On 1 January 1969, she embarked BLT 3rd Battalion, 26th Marines and HMM-164 to reconstitute SLF "Bravo."

During the remainder of its second tour of duty, Tripoli participated in two more amphibious operations. The first of these, Operation Bold Mariner, was hailed as the largest such maneuver since the Allied landings during World War II. Aimed at the Batangan Peninsula of Quảng Ngãi Province, where the entire population was considered hostile, the operation sought to cordon off the peninsula and trap the 300 or so Vietcong operating there. Both special landing forces "Alfa" and "Bravo," joined South Vietnamese troops and soldiers of the US Army's Americal Division in forming the cordon. Following a feint near Mo Duc, the amphibious force headed for the real landing area. Navy guns softened the objective beaches, and the Marines went ashore on 13 January, many by helicopter. Marines from Company H, 2nd Battalion, 26th Marines went ashore in landing craft, M-Boats carried platoons and reinforced companies which landing on the beach forming the east side of the cordon. While the operation continued, Tripoli remained offshore providing her Marines with the ever-needed logistical support and medical facilities. By 6 February, the soldiers and Marines ashore had thoroughly combed the peninsula for VC troops, so BLT 3/26 turned the mop-up operation over to the American and South Vietnamese soldiers and returned to the ship.

The re-embarkation of the Marines was completed by 9 February, just in time for Tripoli to launch its last amphibious operation of the deployment. The expected enemy Tet 1969 offensive required South Vietnamese troops to be withdrawn from Operation Taylor Common, then in progress near An Hoa in Quang Nam Province. SLF Bravo was to replace those troops in Operation Defiant Measure. The landings began at 08:00 on the morning of 10 February, and the offloading of men and equipment continued for several days. Tripoli remained in the area until the 16th. Operation Defiant Measure was concluded on that day, though the Marines remained ashore to continue Operation Taylor Common. HMM-164 was disembarked before Tripoli began its voyage home. It departed Vietnam that same day, and arrived in Subic Bay on the 18th. There, it turned over her duties to USS Valley Forge. On the 22nd, it got underway for badly needed repairs in Yokosuka, Japan, and before continuing on to the United States. It finally arrived back in San Diego on 19 March and began post-deployment standdown.

Tripoli remained on the west coast until November. After leave and upkeep, it began an availability period at the San Diego yard of the National Steel Company, which continued until 11 August. Following refresher training in September and amphibious training in October, it stood out of San Diego on 1 November to return to the Far East. After a brief stop at Guam on the 15th for fuel, it continued on to Danang, South Vietnam, arriving five days later.

Third tour
During Tripoli's third deployment to the western Pacific, the combat operations along the Vietnamese coast, which had characterized its first two deployments were totally absent. Instead it conducted a series of amphibious training exercises and a series of "Keystone" operations redeploying Marine Corps units. Its first mission, Operation Keystone Cardinal, began on 20 November 1969 when it loaded the Marines and equipment of BLT 3rd Battalion, 4th Marines for transportation to Okinawa. At Okinawa between 24 November and 2 December, it disembarked BLT 3/4 and embarked BLT 2/9, HMM-165, and supporting units to constitute SLP "Alfa." On 2 December, it departed Okinawa bound for the Philippines. It conducted upkeep at Subic Bay between 5 December and 12 December and two amphibious exercises at Zambales on the 13th and 14th.

Tripoli returned to Vietnamese waters on the 17th and cruised the area without incident until the 25th, when it headed back to Subic Bay. In the Philippines, minor repairs and more amphibious exercises occupied it until 6 January 1970. It made a six-day cruise to Vietnam and then returned to the Philippines on the 12th for more training. On the 25th, it disembarked SLF "Alfa" at Subic Bay in preparation for a voyage to Vietnam to pick up homeward-bound marines. It entered Danang on 31 January and began embarking personnel from HQ, III MAF, 1st Marine Air Wing, 1st Marine Division, and III MAF Logistics Command. Later that evening, it got underway for home. After a non-stop voyage of 17 days, the ship arrived in San Diego on 16 February. It moved to Long Beach on the 23d to replace a cracked screw and departed that port on the 27th to return to the western Pacific reaching Subic Bay on 15 March.

Tripoli operated in the Philippines and at Okinawa conducting amphibious exercises in preparation for an exercise with units of South Korean forces. It arrived in Korean waters on 18 April and, two days later, began Operation Golden Dragon. The combined American-South Korean amphibious exercise lasted until the 25th. Tripoli returned to Okinawa on the 27th. It briefly operated off Danang at the end of the first week in May and then visited Hong Kong for a week in mid-month. Late in May, it returned via Subic Bay to Okinawa to disembark SLF "Alfa" and then moved to Danang where it disembarked ComPhibRon 9 and his staff and took on cargo for the voyage home. Tripoli got underway on 7 June 1970 and reached San Diego on the 24th.
Tripoli spent the next 15 months on the west coast. Following post-deployment' upkeep and local operations, it conducted carrier qualifications in the southern California operation area in August and an amphibious exercise off Camp Pendleton. For the remainder of 1970, the ship occupied itself with individual ship's exercises and upkeep in preparation for an overhaul, which began on 1 February 1971. It left Hunters Point on 1 June, fully revitalized, and returned to San Diego on the 3rd to prepare for refresher training, which took place in late June and early July. Amphibious refresher training filled the latter half of July. It made two brief training cruises during the first week in August: one with NROTC midshipmen embarked and the other with Marine Corps reservists on board. Local operations and preparations for its fourth WestPac deployment occupied the rest of August and the entire month of September. On 1 October, Tripoli stood out of San Diego bound for the Far East. After stops at Pearl Harbor and Okinawa, it arrived in Subic Bay on the 28th.

The ship conducted amphibious training operations in the Philippines and made port visits to such places as Keelung and Kaohsiung in Taiwan and Sasebo, Japan. During its return from Sasebo to Subic Bay, it received orders to deploy to the Indian Ocean with TF-74, a special contingency task force built around  in response to the Indo-Pakistani War, which erupted on 3 December. The ship remained in the Indian Ocean for the duration of the brief war. The fighting ended on 15 December; and, two days later, Pakistan officially accepted the loss of its eastern provinces, which became the independent nation, Bangladesh. Tripoli remained with TF 74 in the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal until early 1972.

It returned to Subic Bay on 14 January and resumed training operations punctuated by visits to Singapore, Hong Kong and Kobe, Japan. It began operations in Vietnamese waters at the beginning of April, operating on Yankee Station to provide search-and-rescue and medical evacuation services. It departed the combat zone twice, once for upkeep at Subic Bay and later to exchange battalion landing teams at Okinawa. At the end of June, it resumed flight operations in connection with troop movements. However, instead of carrying embarked Marines inland for amphibious landings, its helicopters moved South Vietnamese troops from point to point ashore. On 29 June, Tripoli-assigned helicopters helped to transport 1,400 Vietnamese Marines from Tam My to the vicinity of Quang Tri City during the allied counteroffensive to recapture areas of the I Corps tactical zone, which had been overrun by PAVN during the Easter Offensive. As this operation, codenamed "Lam Son 72" progressed, Tripoli remained off shore, evacuating casualties and waiting should the reserves be required. That necessity came shortly before noon on 11 July, when its helicopters helped to insert the reserve Vietnamese Marines battalion, picking them up near Route 553 and landing them behind enemy lines, about  north-northwest of Quang Tri City. On the 20th, Tripoli departed Vietnamese waters bound for the Philippines where heavy monsoons had caused extensive flooding. It reached Subic Bay on 23 July and conducted relief operations until 4 August, at which time it set course for the United States.

Tripoli arrived at San Diego on 20 August and, remained there until 10 October. After a six-day amphibious exercise near Hunter Liggett Point, Tripoli returned to home port, where it stayed through the end of the year. During the first two months of 1973, it operated out of San Diego and prepared to deploy to the Far East once more. Tripoli stood out of San Diego on 6 March for its fifth deployment to the western Pacific. Steaming via Pearl Harbor, where it made a three-week stop for repairs to its high-pressure turbine, it arrived in Subic Bay on 17 April. The ship remained there and, when not plagued by material casualties to its main propulsion plant, conducted training preparatory to Operation End Sweep, the removal of American mines from North Vietnamese waters. Though scheduled to sail for Haiphong on 16 June, it was delayed by more problems in its propulsion plant. Nevertheless, early the next morning, Tripoli headed for North Vietnam and arrived at Haiphong on the 19th. The clearing of US mines in North Vietnamese waters, particularly Haiphong, was the last remaining precondition to the release of the US prisoners of war. That morning, the commander of TF 78, Rear Admiral Brian McCauley, embarked on the Tripoli and began negotiations with North Vietnamese representatives over the conduct of Operation End Sweep. McCauley spent his childhood in China and spoke fluent Chinese as the son of Commodore Cleaveland McCauley, who was military attache to China in the 1920s, and the negotiations were conducted in Chinese. Meanwhile, Tripoli's embarked air group began providing logistics support and inter-ship transportation services.

Major issues in the negotiations were resolved by 28 June, and minesweeping operations began early that morning. Throughout the operation, the ship provided a platform for helicopters engaged both in minesweeping operations and for those providing logistics and transport services. Periodically, it retired from the area to replenish and to evade typhoons. Otherwise, it remained in the minesweeping area until 18 July when it departed North Vietnamese waters in company with  and , bound for Luzon. Four days after its arrival back in Subic Bay, the last American operation in Vietnamese territory ended, and the End Sweep task force was dissolved. Operations reverted to CTG 76.5/ARG "Bravo." That organization lasted only two days because on the 27th, the Commander, PhibRon 1, broke his flag in Tripoli, and it became flagship for TG 76.4/ ARC "Alfa."

Operational readiness, 1974–1979
Between January 1974 and the end of 1976, Tripoli made two relatively routine deployments to the western Pacific. The first lasted from late July 1974 until late January 1975. During that time period, it operated out of Subic Bay and engaged primarily in amphibious training exercises in the Philippines. The second deployment, from mid-February to late October 1976, saw a repetition of this routine, but also included a voyage to Guam for disaster relief duty as a result of Super Typhoon Pamela. It also participated in two joint American-Korean amphibious exercises conducted near Pohang, Korea, in March and June, respectively. The second deployment ended on 25 October, when it arrived in San Diego, remaining there into 1977.

The first six months of 1977 were spent in a Planned Restricted Availability (PRAV) at Naval Station San Diego, for the purpose of increasing propulsion reliability during the next deployment. While the PRAV concluded on 28 June, it was necessary to tow Tripoli to the Long Beach Naval Shipyard to use the yard's extensive facilities for the reinstallation of Tripoli's low pressure turbine. The work was completed on 26 July; and, following successful sea trials, Tripoli returned to San Diego on 28 July. Succeeding months were spent in refresher training and workup for the ship's forthcoming deployment to the western Pacific. On 3 November, Tripoli departed San Diego. Chopping to control by the Commander, 7th Fleet, on 25 November, the ship spent the next seven months in WestPac, returning to San Diego on 22 July 1978. Following post-deployment standdown, Tripoli received an inspection by the Naval Board of Inspection and Survey in September. On 16 October, the ship commenced a three-month PRAV in preparation for a scheduled deployment to the western Pacific in 1979.

With the Vietnam War over, Tripoli was kept operationally ready through countless drills, exercises and maritime deployments. The Pacific Fleet introduction of the AV-8A Harrier occurred between 17 June and 13 August 1974. Also in 1974, after proving that it could handle Harrier flight operations, it became the first amphibious warfare ship to carry a full squadron of AV-8s.

1980s

Tripoli  sailed on 12 November 1981 from San Diego for a western Pacific and Indian Ocean deployment as flagship of Amphibious Ready Group Alpha/Amphibious Squadron One (, , ) during which USS Tripoli and Amphibious Squadron One visited Perth and Fremantle, in Western Australia for R&R from 28 January to 3 February 1982. Tripoli returned home to San Diego, on 15 May 1982.

In 1982, the ship was the test platform for the XV-15 experimental tilt-rotor aircraft, the precursor of the V-22 Osprey.

Stationed in the Arabian Sea, 1990–1995

In 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein became the focal point of international interest when, on 2 August his troops invaded Kuwait. Over 100 US Naval ships were sent in response, and on 1 December 1990, Tripoli was sent into action once again. Tripoli proceeded into the northern Persian Gulf and assumed duties as flagship for airborne mine countermeasures operations there with HM-14 and Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 773 (HMLA-773) deployed aboard. On the morning of 18 February 1991, at 04:36 Tripoli was rocked by a LUGM-145 mine explosion on her starboard bow. The explosion ripped a 16 by 20 ft hole in the ship's hull. After 20 hours of damage control, the ship was stabilized and was actually ready to resume operations. However its JP5 fuel tanks were damaged by the mine hit and she was unable to deploy her MH-53E Seadragons due to a lack of fuel. Tripoli remained on station for seven days before finally setting course for Jubail to allow HM-14 to crossdeck to the  and then to Bahrain's Arab Shipbuilding and Repair Yard Company. After 30 days of quick repairs, Tripoli returned to the Persian Gulf where it spearheaded the U.N. mine sweeping operation to clear the naval mine fields laid down by Iraq.

 and sister MSO's were her escorts. Impervious was responsible for removing these mines that threatened the Tripoli. Soon after the Iraqi invasion, it became clear that Iraq was laying mines in international waters. US ships discovered and destroyed six mines during December. The US Mine Countermeasures Group (USMCMG) was established with the objective of clearing a path to the beach for a possible amphibious landing and battleship gunfire support.

The minesweepers , Impervious and  along with the newly commissioned mine countermeasures ship  arrived in the Persian Gulf aboard the heavy-lift ship Super Servant III. More than 20 Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) teams were also deployed to support the mine countermeasures force. Allied minesweepers from Saudi Arabia, Great Britain and Kuwait, and the MH-53E Sea Dragons of Mine Countermeasures Helicopter Squadron 14 joined the mine countermeasure effort.

After months of training off Dubai, United Arab Emirates, USMCMG staff embarked on Tripoli on 20 January, and proceeded to the northern part of the Persian Gulf waters to perform their mission. As flagship for the combined operation, Tripoli's flight deck was the base for the mine-sweeping helicopters. Six British minesweepers joined their US counterparts, with UK and US warships providing air defense.

USMCMG began its work  east of the Kuwaiti coastline, working initially to clear a  long,  wide path. The mine-clearing task force spent the first few weeks of Desert Storm pushing  to Point Foxtrot, a  by  box, which became the battleship gunfire support area south of Faylaka Island. While sweeping further toward shore, the task group was targeted by Iraqi fire control radars associated with Silkworm missile sites inside Kuwait. Task force ships moved out of Silkworm range and worked to locate the radar site. During those maneuvers on 18 February, Iraqi mines found their mark. Within three hours of each other, Tripoli and  were rocked by exploding mines. As damage control teams successfully overcame fires and flooding aboard Tripoli and Princeton, Impervious, Leader, and Avenger searched for additional mines in the area. Adroit led the salvage tug  toward Princeton to tow her to safety.

Tripoli was able to continue her mission for several days, until it was relieved by  and  and proceeded to Bahrain for repairs. New Orleans provided the helicopter deck while the mine group staff moved aboard La Salle to coordinate the operation. Princeton restored her TLAM strike and AEGIS anti-air warfare defense capabilities within fifteen minutes of the mine strike, whereupon she reassumed duties as local anti-air warfare coordinator and remained on station, providing defense for the mine countermeasures group for an additional 30 hours, until relieved.
Charts and intelligence captured from Iraq showed the mine field where Tripoli and Princeton were hit was one of six laid in a  arc from Faylaka Island to the Saudi-Kuwaiti border. Within that arc, there were four additional mine lines—a total of more than 1,000 mines—laid over a five-month period. Three days later, the massive 31-ship amphibious task force moved north to assist in battlefield preparation as the deadline for the ground offensive neared. As Wisconsin and Missouri steamed in the vicinity of recently cleared Point Foxtrot, their gun crews continued to hit Iraqi targets. Marine AV-8B Harriers launched from the flight deck of Nassau conducted strikes ashore. Three crewmen received Bronze Stars, three others received Silver Stars and the ship was awarded the Combat Action Ribbon for exceptional performance during the incident.

When Somali warlords controlled the city of Mogadishu, Tripoli was ordered to respond. On 3 December 1992, Tripoli arrived off the coast of Somalia and conducted the first landing of forces in support of Operation Restore Hope. During the night landing, Tripoli's Marines were able to secure the airport and seaports in Mogadishu.

When Iraqi President Saddam Hussein began to redeploy his forces along the border of Kuwait in late 1994, Tripoli was sent as the initial show of force. Assuming duties with other ships in the northern Persian Gulf, Tripoli prepared to conduct amphibious operations in response to any further southward movement by Iraqi forces. Operation Vigilant Warrior resulted in the withdrawal of Hussein's forces from Kuwait's border.

Decommissioning

Tripoli was decommissioned in 1995 and as of 2004, she was on loan to the US Army, but remained laid up at Mare Island Naval Shipyard. In December 2006, the ship was towed to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, where it had a high-tech role as a launch platform with the United States' developing ballistic missile defense program. Three times the ship was towed some  off shore and used to launch small ballistic missiles, which were then intercepted by Terminal High Altitude Area Defense Missiles, test-fired from the Pacific Missile Range Facility. The last test in the series was performed 26 October, when the ship fired a "Scud-like" missile, which was successfully intercepted. The ship was towed back to the San Francisco Bay Area for the winter. As the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i lacked a suitable land-based launch site, and the costs of building one would far exceed the approximately $600,000 per year it costs to use the old warship, so the vessel returned to Pearl Harbor for a second series of tests in late spring 2008. In March 2015, the ship was towed back through the Panama Canal and stored with the Beaumont Reserve Fleet. In August 2016 the US Maritime Administration designated it for disposal. In July 2018, Tripoli was towed from Beaumont to Brownsville, Texas, for scrapping by European Metal Recycling.

Awards

 Joint Meritorious Unit Award
 Navy Unit Commendation with 4 awards
 Combat Action Ribbon with 5 awards
 Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation
 Navy Battle "E" Ribbon with 2 awards
 National Defense Service Medal
 Vietnam Service Medal with 9 awards
 Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
 Southwest Asia Service Medal
 Humanitarian Service Medal
 Philippines Presidential Unit Citation
 Republic of Vietnam Meritorious Unit Citation with 8 awards
 Vietnam Campaign Medal

Gallery

See also
 Vincent O'Rourke, commanding officer of Tripoli 26 August 1970 to 10 September 1971.
USS Iwo Jima Class Association, USS Iwo Jima Class Association

References

Maritime incidents in 1991
Iwo Jima-class amphibious assault ships
Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Vietnam War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Gulf War ships of the United States
Experimental ships of the United States
Missile defense
Ships of the United States Army
Ships built in Pascagoula, Mississippi
1965 ships

USS Tripoli (LPH-10)


Katarakt, göz içindeki lensin saydamlığını kaybederek opak bir görünüm alması, göz merceğinin yoğunlaşmasıdır.

Göz, kameraya benzeyen optik bir sistemdir. Dışarıdan gelen ışık ve görüntülerin görme merkezine net olarak ulaşabilmesi için, önce gözün en dış saydam tabakası olan korneada, sonra gözün içindeki lens tabakasında kırılması gerekir. Normal şartlarda bu iki tabaka da saydam yapıdadır.

Göz merceğinin yoğunlaşması görüntüyü bulanıklaştırır.

Türleri
Birçok tipi olmakla birlikte, kataraktlar genel olarak 3 ana grup altında incelenebilirler:

 Yaşa bağlı kataraktlar
 Doğumsal kataraktlar
 İkincil kataraktlar: Bazı ilaçların uzun süreli kullanımı (kortizon gibi), darbeler, metabolik hastalıklar (diyabet gibi) sonucunda oluşanlardır.

Ortaya çıkışı
Katarakt en sık yaşa bağlı olarak ortaya çıkar. Bilinen bir sebebi olmamakla birlikte beslenme, ultraviyole ışınları gibi birçok risk faktörü bulunmaktadır. Lensin opaklaşmasının durumuna göre hastalar önceleri uzak ya da yakın görme bozukluğundan şikayet ederler. Opaklaşma arttıkça hem uzak hem de yakın görmeler hastanın sosyal yaşantısını rahatsız edecek şekilde artar.

Tedavisi
Kataraktın ilaçla veya gözlükle tedavisi mümkün değildir. İlerlemesini de durdurabilecek etkili bir yöntem bulunabilmiş değildir. Tek tedavisi ameliyattır. Ameliyat, şeffaflığını kaybetmiş olan göz merceğinin alınıp yerine yeni bir göz merceğinin yerleştirilmesi sistemine dayanmaktadır.

Katarakt tedavisinin en güncel olan ameliyat sistemi Fako (Fakoemülsifikasyon) cerrahisidir. Fako cihazı, saniyede 40.000 defa titreşen ses dalgaları yardımıyla kataraktı göz içerisinde eritir. Böylece katarakt temizlendikten sonra, katlanabilir ve akrilik maddeden üretilmiş mercek göz içerisine yerleştirilir.

Fako cihazı sayesinde göz içerisine çok küçük bir bölgeden girilerek ameliyat tamamlanmaktadır. Her türlü katarakta uygulanabilmektedir. İşlem süresini kısalmakta ve ameliyatın emniyeti artmaktadır.

Ancak Anglia Ruskin Üniversitesi (ARU) Sağlık, Eğitim, Tıp ve Sosyal Bakım Fakültesi Dekan Yardımcısı Profesör Barbara Pierscionek liderliğindeki uluslararası bilim insanlarından oluşan bir ekip, katarakt önleyici bir ilaç olarak önerilen bir oksisterol bileşiği üzerinde gelişmiş optik testler yürütüyor. Laboratuvar denemelerinde, oksisterol bileşiği VP1-001 ile tedavi, lenslerin %61'inde kırılma indeksi profillerinde (yüksek odaklanma kapasitesini sürdürmek için gerekli olan önemli bir optik parametre) bir gelişme gösterdi. Bu, merceğin protein organizasyonunun eski haline döndüğü ve merceğin daha iyi odaklanabilmesiyle sonuçlandığı anlamına geliyor. Bu sonuç, ayrıca vakaların %46'sında gözlenen lens opaklığında azalma ile de desteklendi. Araştırmaların son derece yaygın görülen bir sağlık sorununu ameliyattan ziyade ilaçlarla tedavi etmeye yönelik önemli bir adım olduğunun da altı çiziliyor.

Dış bağlantılar
 Türk Oftalmoloji Derneği'nin hastalara yönelik sitesi

Göz hastalıkları

Katarakt


Ola Podrida ist eine US-amerikanische Indie-Rock-Band, die 2006 in Austin, Texas gegründet wurde.

Geschichte
Ola Podrida begann als Projekt von Filmkomponist David Wingo. Nach seinem Umzug nach New York im Jahr 2006 wurde Ola Podrida eine Live-Band, bestehend aus vier seiner ältesten Freunde aus der Heimat in Texas. Während sie in New York waren, wurde die Bühne mit Bands wie Fleet Foxes, Beach House, Blitzen Trapper und She & Him geteilt. Das selbstbetitelte Debütalbum erschien am 6. April 2007 bei dem Hamburger Indielabel Grand Hotel van Cleef für den deutschen Markt. Wingo zog 2009 zurück nach Austin und Ola Podrida ist inzwischen zu einer vollständig vier-köpfige Band mit Matt Clark, David Hobizal und Colin Swietek gewachsen.
Das zweite Album Belly Of The Lion erschien 27. November 2009 auf dem Label Western Vinyl für den deutschsprachigen Markt.
Im Jahr 2009 fand das Lied Lost And Found und im Jahr 2011 das Lied Run Off The Road, jeweils aus dem Debütalbum, als Soundtrack seinen Weg in die US-amerikanische Sitcom How I Met Your Mother.

Diskografie
 Ola Podrida (Plug Research/Grand Hotel van Cleef, 2007)
 Belly of the Lion (Western Vinyl Records, 2009)

Weblinks

US-amerikanische Band
Indie-Band

Ola Podrida


Sojeničko naselje iz mlađeg kamenog doba u Tuzli, BiH.

Najstarije je sojeničko naselje u Europi. Datira iz mlađeg kamenog doba. Razlikuje se od inih znanih europskih sojeničkih naselja što je starije, dok su ostala iz željeznog doba. S obzirom na to da je među brojnim neolitskim predmetima i posude za proizvodnju soli iz slane vode, to znači da su još u to doba ovdašnji ljudi eksploatirali slane izvore. Po tome su ovdašnji ljudi ispred ostalih europskih kultura, kod kojih se uporaba soli javlja tek u brončanom dobu. Time se pomiče ljudska povijesna granica poznavanja i upotrebe soli u ljudskoj ishrani iz bakrenog u mlađe kameno doba. Uzevši u obzir da je ovo naselje u središtu današnje Tuzle, to znači da je bilo početak kontinuiteta življenja na prostoru današnjeg grada, čime je Tuzla jedno od najstarijih naselja u Evropi s kontinuitetom življenja.

Prvi neolitski arheološki nalazi iz Tuzle iskopani su 1903. prigodom radova na reguliranju Appel Placa, danas Trga slobode. Bila su to tri probušena i polirana čekića, jedne keramičke noge rađene od zemlje s primjesama sitnog pijeska i jedne oveće kugle koja se upotrebljavala kao tucalo za žito. Nešto nađena materijala indiciralo je da je postojalo neolitsko naselje. Vejsil Ćurčić je stručno obradio i zaključio da je bilo neolitsko naselje čiji su stanovnici, uz tradicionalno gospodarstvo koristili i izvore slane vode. Svoja istraživanja na tu temu objavio je u "Glasniku Zemaljskog muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine", broj XX, iz 1908. godine. 1955. godine u Rudarskoj ulici, današnjoj Džafer mahali, nađeno je dovoljno arheološkog materijala čime se potvrdilo postojanje velika i bogata sojeničkog naselja iz mlađeg kamenog doba. Nađeni su ostatci sojenica: hrastove sohe i jelove grede. Nađeno je bogato nalazište fragmenata grube karamike (noge i dna posuda, rubovi, dijelovi trbuha posude i drške), fino glačani fragmenti posuda od crne, sive i crvene keramike raznovrsnih ornamenata, sjekire od glačanog kamena, kremeni nožići i strugalice te izrađevine od kosti (šila, igla, bodež, rogovi jelena). Vrhunski arheolozi onog vremena su procijenili da su pronađeni fragmenti bili od keramičkih posuda grube frakture koje su služile za isoljavanje slane vode. Rekonstruirane su dvije posude. Jednu su znanstvenici datirali u 3500. godina pr. Kr., a drugu u čak 5000. pr. Kr. Samo je nalazište u Švicarskoj veće od ovoga. Iskopano je mnogo životinjskih kostiju, ostatci pšenice i ječma, ljuski od lješnjaka, riječne školjke, što nam daje sliku da su se stanovnici ovog neolitskog naselja bavili lovom, stočarstvom, zemljoradnjom i sakupljačkom privredom. Nalazi po starosti se podudaraju s cvjetanjem kultura u Vinči i Butmiru. Izbor sojenice na močvarnom tlu što znači težu gradnju umjesto gradnje kuće na čvrstom tlu zacijelo je imao snažne gospodarstvene i strateške razloge. Tlo je bilo močvarno zbog izvora slane vode i rijeke Jale. Sojenice su bile sigurne od poplava a omogućavale su kontrolirati slane izvore.

Danas se unutar Kompleksa Panonskih jezera nalazi se Arheološki park – neolitsko sojeničko naselje. Predstavlja rekonstrukciju načina života kakav je bio ovdje prije više od 7.000 godina. Rekonstrukcija je napravljena po otkrivenim neolitskim predmetima, a čije je vrijeme nastanka potvrdio Arheološki institut u Beču upotrebom metode C4.

Izvori

Građevine u Tuzli
Arheologija
Prapovijest

Neolitsko sojeničko naselje u Tuzli


Kümbetyeniköy, Eskişehir ilinin İnönü ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya

Eskişehir iline 25 km, İnönü ilçesine 21 km uzaklıktadır.
Haritası:

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
Eskişehir Derneği

İnönü'nün mahalleleri

Kümbetyeniköy, İnönü


Dina Meyer (born December 22, 1968) is an American actress. She began her career appearing in a recurring role on the Fox teen drama series Beverly Hills, 90210 (1993–94), before landing a leading role opposite Keanu Reeves in the 1995 film Johnny Mnemonic.

Meyer has acted in a number of roles in films Dragonheart (1996), Starship Troopers (1997), Bats (1999), D-Tox (2002), and Star Trek: Nemesis (2002). She played Detective Allison Kerry in the Saw film franchise. On television, Meyer starred as Barbara Gordon/Oracle/Batgirl in the short-lived series Birds of Prey (2002–03) and was regular on Secret Agent Man (2000) and Point Pleasant (2005). She appeared as Kellie in the dystopian movie Amerigeddon in 2016.

Early life
Meyer was born in Queens, New York. In 1991, she graduated from Long Island University in Brookville, New York with a bachelor of business administration degree. She trained in acting for three years at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York.

Career
Meyer moved to Los Angeles in 1993 to appear in the Fox teen drama series Beverly Hills, 90210 in the recurring role of Lucinda Nicholson. Shortly afterwards, she was cast as the female lead in the action film Johnny Mnemonic opposite Keanu Reeves. The following year, she appeared in the fantasy film Dragonheart directed by Rob Cohen. In early 1997, Meyer had a recurring role as Kate Miller in the NBC sitcom Friends. Later that year, she went to appear alongside Casper Van Dien in the science-fiction film Starship Troopers directed by Paul Verhoeven. The film underperformed at box office. The following year, she starred alongside James Caan in the neo-noir film Poodle Springs, which was released on HBO. In 1999, she starred in the horror film Bats; the film was a moderate box-office success. In 2002, she appeared opposite Sylvester Stallone in the thriller film D-Tox. Also in 2002, Meyer appeared as Romulan Commander Donatra in the science-fiction film Star Trek: Nemesis.

In 2000, Meyer starred in the UPN spy drama series Secret Agent Man, which was cancelled after one season. From 2002 to 2003, she starred as Barbara Gordon/Oracle/Batgirl in the short-lived The WB superhero series Birds of Prey. She reprised this role in 2019, on the CW series The Flash during "Crisis on Infinite Earths" crossover. In 2003, she had a recurring role in the Fox comedy-drama Miss Match, and in 2005 was regular cast member in the Fox primetime soap opera, Point Pleasant. Meyer also played the leading roles in the Lifetime television movies Deception (2004), Crimes of Passion (2005), His and Her Christmas (2005), The Boy Next Door (2008), and Web of Desire (2009).

In 2004, Meyer played Detective Allison Kerry in the horror film Saw. She reprised her role in Saw II (2005),  Saw III (2006), and Saw IV (2007). She later starred in a number of straight-to-video horror films, include Crazy Eights (2006) and Decoys 2: Alien Seduction (2007). She appeared in the 2010 horror-comedy film Piranha 3D and 2017 horror film The Evil Within. In 2013, Meyer appeared in the Western film Dead in Tombstone opposite Mickey Rourke. Meyer also played the leading roles in two more Lifetime Movie Network films, Lethal Seduction (2015), as a sexy, psychotic woman determined to get her man, and Flight 192 (2016), playing an FBI agent who is caught in a dilemma when she learns shortly after boarding a flight to Washington, DC, that her husband and son have been taken hostage.

Meyer has made several guest appearances on television series, including Ally McBeal, Six Feet Under, Nip/Tuck, The Mentalist, Castle, NCIS, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, and American Horror Story. She had a recurring roles ABC comedy-drama Scoundrels in 2010, and on The CW teen drama 90210 from 2011 to 2012. In 2014, she starred opposite Patrick Warburton and Jesse Bradford in the Crackle series Sequestered. In 2018, she had a recurring roles on SyFy fantasy series The Magicians, as in the fourth season of Showtime's critically acclaimed drama, The Affair. In 2019, she began appearing in a recurring role in the CW sports drama All American as Gwen Adams, Asher's (played by Cody Christian) mother.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
American film actresses
American television actresses
Long Island University alumni
Actresses from Queens, New York
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses

Dina Meyer


هورون  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة فريسنو، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 3 مايو، 1951.

التركيبة السكانية
حدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية لهورون في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان هورون 6,306 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 1,378 أسرة وعدد العائلات 1,209 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 1,414 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 20.36% من البيض و0.32% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.98% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و0.40% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.13% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و74.77% من الأعراق الأخرى و3.04% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و98.27% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 1,378 أسرة كانت نسبة 70.1% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 58.9% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 18.9% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك،  بينما كانت نسبة 9.9% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 12.3% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 7.4% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 3.6% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 4.45، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 4.44.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 23.5 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 38.8% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 13% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 29% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 12.4% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 4.1% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 121.1 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 124.1 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المدينة 24,609 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 23,939 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 21,656 دولارًا مقابل 16,442 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمدينة 9,425 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 38.3% من العائلات ونسبة 39.4% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 48.8% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 10.7% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان هورون 6,754 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 1,532 أسرة وعدد العائلات 1,335 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 1,602 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 34.05% من البيض و0.98% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و1.14% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و0.58% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.09% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و58.69% من الأعراق الأخرى و4.47% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و96.64% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 1,532 أسرة كانت نسبة 66.9% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 53.1% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 24% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك،  بينما كانت نسبة 10.1% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 12.9% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 7.2% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 2.6% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 4.41، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 4.47.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 24.7 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 37.1% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 13.4% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 28.5% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 16.1% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 4.9% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 52.7% ذكور و47.3% إناث.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1888
مدن كاليفورنيا

مدن مقاطعة فريسنو (كاليفورنيا)

هورون (كاليفورنيا)


El ciprés de Cheng o Cupressus chengiana es una especie de conífera de la familia Cupressaceae. Se encuentra sólo en China.

Descripción
Son árboles que alcanzan un tamaño de 30 m de altura; tronco de 1 m de diámetro; ramitas densamente dispuestas, no glaucas, cilíndricas,  ascendentes, o caídas, pero sin colgar, grueso, de 1.2-2 mm de diam. Hojas en 4 variedades, escamosas, de 1-1.5 mm en ramitas finales, arqueadas (menguante) y con una visible, a menudo oscura glándula abaxial central, ápice obtuso ligeramente, por lo general de color verde opaco, no glaucos. Conos de polen 2-4 mm; microsporas 12-16. Conos de semillas de color marrón o marrón rojizo en la madurez, no glaucos, globosos a ovoides u oblonga subglobosos, 1.2-2 cm de diámetro; brácteas con un pequeño mucrón, libres en el ápice . Semillas ovado-triangulares, aplanados, 3-5 × 2-4 mm. Tiene un número de cromosomas de 2 n = 22 *.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en las pistas de montaña, y valles, a una altitud de 800-2900 metros en Gansu, Sichuan en China.

Taxonomía
Cupressus cashmeriana fue descrita por Shiu Ying Hu y publicado en Taiwania 10: 57. 1964.

Sinonimia
 Chamaecyparis chengiana (S.Y.Hu) Gaussen
 Cupressus chengiana var. kansouensis Silba
 Cupressus chengiana subsp. kansouensis (Silba) Silba
 Cupressus chengiana var. wenchuanhsiensis Silba
 Cupressus fallax Franco
var. jiangensis (N.Zhao) Silba
 Cupressus chengiana subsp. jiangeensis (N.Zhao) Silba
 Cupressus jiangensis N.Zhao

Referencias

Enlaces externos

chengiana
Árboles de China
Plantas descritas en 1964
Plantas descritas por S.Y.Hu

Cupressus chengiana


Boronia is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 37 km east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Knox local government area. Boronia recorded a population of 23,607 at the 2021 census.

The area was originally occupied by the Wurundjeri, Indigenous Australians of the Kulin nation, who spoke variations of the Woiwurrung language group.

History

Prior to European settlement, Boronia and surrounding suburbs were often visited by Aboriginals from the Westernport and Yarra Yarra tribes, hunting during the summer months in the Dandenong Ranges and its foothills. The Wurundjeri people of the Kulin nation are the acknowledged traditional custodians of the land on which Boronia and all of City of Knox is located (source: Knox City Council publication).

In its early days of European settlement, Boronia was predominantly an orchard, flower growing and farming area.

Boronia was named in 1915 by local Councillor A. E. Chandler (prior to this, Boronia was considered part of Bayswater). Chandler named the suburb Boronia after the plant, boronia, which grew on his property at The Basin. The plant was discovered by Ferdinand von Mueller, an Austrian botanist, who came to Australia during the colonial period.

Boronia railway station opened in 1920, leading to an influx of residents and Boronia Post Office opened on 1 October 1920. A further influx occurred in the 1960s and 1970s.

The flowers most impressive historical building is Miller Homestead. Originally built in 1888 for John Miller, who was originally from Bayswater, London and the first president of the Shire of Fern Tree Gully (from which City of Knox separated in 1963) and justice of the peace. The original property included stables and horse training facilities and was over  in size. The property was sub-divided in 1971. Miller homestead is classified by the National Trust of Australia (Vic).

Boronia is a tree-lined suburb, with views of the National Park and the city of Melbourne (from the foothills themselves). There are also nature reserves and extensive bike paths/lanes. Boronia includes sections of the Dandenong Ranges foothills and thus possesses many hills itself. It has the beautiful, natural, green backdrop of the hills and the Dandenong Ranges National Park. Knox City Council have endeavoured to protect this green backdrop to Melbourne by developing pro-environment planning guidelines.

For years, Boronia had been split in two by the Belgrave railway line and a bottleneck railway crossing across the two main thoroughfares—Boronia and Dorset Roads. This crossing was the scene of a level crossing accident on 1 June 1952 that took 13 lives and was regarded at the time as one of the worst level crossing tragedies in Victoria's history. In the mid-1990s, VicRoads proposed the reconstruction the Boronia and Dorset Roads intersection, with the railway line being located underground and a new railway station built in a concrete cutting—ending the separation of the two-halves of the suburb and uniting Boronia. The new tunnel and intersection opened in 1998, with the land which the railway used to occupy (housing the Country Fire Authority, railway station and large playground/park) being converted into a new shopping centre and carpark.

Community groups

There are numerous community and service groups in Boronia, including a Lions Club, a Rotary Club, the Returned and Services League (RSL), YWCA Women's Group, Probus Clubs, Country Women's Association, VIEW Club, Scouts and various church groups that build community and/or provide meals, such as St Paul's Anglican, Boronia Road Uniting Church, Mountain District Vineyard, Boronia Church of Christ and St Joseph's Catholic Church.

Sport and leisure

Amenities include a 24-hour gymnasium and Knox Leisureworks, a swimming pool and exercise centre proudly managed by Belgravia Leisure.

The suburb has an Australian Rules football team, the Boronia Hawks, competing in the Eastern Football League. The club is based at Tormore Reserve, which is a cricket ground in the summer months as the home ground of the Boronia Cricket Club.

Other activities include the Boronia Bowls Club, health and fitness centres, netball clubs, an internet cafe, swimming schools/clubs, martial arts schools, a pool club, rehabilitation clinics, bike paths and numerous small parks and playgrounds, Boronia Weightlifting Club and calisthenics schools. Knox Basketball Stadium, which was built in 1975 and slated for decommissioning in 2017, is located in Boronia and is home to Knox Basketball Incorporated. There is also a library and a radio-control car club and raceway in the basketball stadium precinct. A new Dance and Cheerleading school was opened in February 2008.

Boronia Soccer Club is based in the neighbouring suburb of Ferntree Gully. It has teams from U12 - U18. It also has a junior's program, which anyone from the age of 6-18 can attend.

The Eastern Raptors play rugby league in NRL Victoria.

Retail

Boronia Junction, a relatively new shopping centre, was completed over 2000–2001. Boronia Junction includes an AMF Bowling Centre, a number of restaurants and a hairdresser. There has been a cinema in Boronia for many decades (although not continuously). Metro Cinemas opened in 2005 (in the former Village Cinemas complex in Dorset Square). Boronia boasts over 11 restaurants, including Indian, Thai, Malaysian, Chinese and Italian cuisine.

The other two shopping precincts in Boronia are Boronia Village and Dorset Square (including Boronia Mall). There is also the Dorset Arcade and Chandler Arcade, both run by the Boronia Chamber of Commerce. Boronia is currently being targeted by Knox City Council for rejuvenation, in consultation with resident interest groups. Major works are intended for the Dorset Square retail and entertainment precinct during 2008.

Dorset Calisthenics College is also located in Boronia.

Education

There are a number of kindergartens located in Boronia. There are also four primary schools in Boronia; Knox Central Primary School, Boronia Heights Primary, Boronia West Primary and St Joseph's Catholic Primary school.

Boronia K-12 College, established in 2012 merged with Boronia Primary School, Allendale Kindergarten and Boronia Heights College on Boronia Primary School's campus. It ran concurrently as the Rangeview Campus, until the Mountview Campus (Boronia Heights College) closed in 2014.

Boronia High School (also known as Tormore Secondary College) closed in 1991.

Newspaper

The offices of the Knox Leader weekly local newspaper (part of the News Corporation group) are located in Boronia. The Boronia and The Basin Community Newspaper (BBCN) is also produced and distributed locally by volunteers and focuses on local stories and history, including feature articles on immigrants' stories and local businesses. The community newspaper is produced on a monthly basis.

Places of worship

There are a number of groups providing for the local community. These include; St Paul's Anglican Church, Boronia Uniting Church, Boronia Community Church of Christ, The Potter's Church, Vineyard Church, Wesleyan Methodist Church of Boronia (pictured), Jehovah's Witnesses of Bayswater and Boronia, Christadelphian Hall of Boronia, Knox Community Baptist Church, Martin Luther Home for the Aged, Tenrikyo Melbourne Shinyu Church and St Joseph's Catholic Church.

Wadi Street, Boronia, is also the location of the first Templer Community Church Hall in Australia. Built in 1957 entirely by local volunteer Templers, the building, with its unusual belltower and the attached nine-pin bowling alley, has been assessed by the Heritage Council in 2003 as "culturally significant" and placed on the Register of Heritage Victoria.

Notable former residents
 Davey Lane – Guitarist of rock band You Am I, grew up in Boronia.
 Shane Bourne – Comedian, attended Boronia High School. Has also made references to growing up in Boronia before it was a bona fide suburb.
 Ian Turpie – TV personality, attended Boronia High School in the early 1960s.
 Boronia was the residence of several members of the folk-pop band The Triangles.
 Bill Scott – 1980 Olympian
 Tenille Dashwood – Professional wrestler, grew up in Boronia.
 Robert Haupt – Writer, journalist and television news commentator, moved to Boronia in 1957, grew up in Catherine Street, and attended Boronia State School and Boronia High School.

Street names

Many of the streets in Boronia follow a botanical theme, such as Sycamore Crescent, Cypress Avenue, Daffodil Road, Iris Crescent, Pine Crescent, Tulip Crescent, Hazelwood Road, Olive Grove and Oak Avenue. Others are named after important local residents; Chandler Road, Rathmullen Road, Dinsdale Road, Kleinert Road.

References

External links

Suburbs of Melbourne
Suburbs of the City of Knox

Boronia, Victoria


Love Is Stronger Than Pride est une chanson du groupe britannique Sade, parue sur leur troisième album studio Stronger Than Pride (1988). Elle est écrite par Sade Adu, Andrew Hale et Stuart Matthewman. La chanson est sortie le  chez Epic Records en tant que premier single de l'album.

Accueil critique
La critique Sophie Heawood du journal The Guardian a commenté : . Frank Guan de Vulture, site du New York Magazine à propos de la chanson : .

Crédits
 Sade
 Sade Adu : chant
 Andrew Hale : synthétiseur
  : guitare basse
  : guitare, saxophone

Classements hebdomadaires

Notes et références

Chanson interprétée par Sade
Chanson d'amour
Ballade
Single publié par Epic Records
Single musical sorti en 1988

Love Is Stronger Than Pride


A Hindenburg Research LLC é uma empresa de pesquisa de investimentos dos EUA com foco em vendas a descoberto fundada em 2017.    Com o nome do desastre de Hindenburg de 1937, que eles caracterizam como um desastre causado pelo homem,  a empresa gera relatórios públicos que alegam fraude corporativa e prevaricação por meio de seu site.  As empresas que foram objeto de seus relatórios incluem o Adani Group, a Nikola,  Clover Health,  Block, Inc.,  Kandi,  e Lordstown Motors.  Esses relatórios também apresentam defesas da prática de venda a descoberto e explicações de como elas podem "desempenhar um papel crítico na exposição de fraudes e na proteção dos investidores".

Operações
A Hindenburg Research prepara um relatório de investigação sobre uma empresa-alvo examinando seus registros públicos, documentos corporativos internos e conversando com seus funcionários. O relatório é então distribuído aos sócios limitados de Hindenburg, que, juntamente com a companhia, assumem uma posição na empresa-alvo antes de divulgar publicamente o relatório.

Referências

Empresas de pesquisa e análise dos Estados Unidos

Hindenburg Research


El reyezuelo sátrapa o reyezuelo de moño dorado (Regulus satrapa) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Regulidae. Es nativo de Canadá, San Pedro y Miquelón, Estados Unidos, México y Guatemala. Su hábitat consiste de bosque templado y bosque montano tropical y subtropical.

Subespecies
Se distinguen las siguientes subespecies:
 Regulus satrapa amoenus
 Regulus satrapa apache
 Regulus satrapa olivaceus
 Regulus satrapa satrapa

Referencias

Enlaces externos

satrapa
Aves de América Central
Aves de América del Norte

Regulus satrapa


سرعة الهواء المبينة أو السرعة الجوية المبينة  هي القراءة المبينة على مؤشر سرعة الهواء الموجود بالطائرة وهو يعمل بنظام بيتوت ستاتيك. ومرتبط بسرعة الجوية المعدلة ولكن بإضافة خطأ قراءة العداد وخطأ قراءة الموقع.
قراءة السرعة هي بالعقدة.

السرعة الجوية المبينة وسرعة الطائرة

بحالة مستوى سطح البحر وبالمقاييس الجو الدولية (15 م, 1013 مللي بار, 0%رطوبة) ولا توجد رياح، تكون السرعة المبينة مساوية تماما للسرعة الحقيقية للطائرة. لكن وبسبب تأثير الضغط الجوي والكثافة على سرعة الهواء المبينة (IAS) والسرعة المعدلة (CAS) وخصائص رحلة الطائرة بنفس الطريقة. لذا فإن سرعة الهواء المبينة (IAS) والسرعة المعدلة (CAS) لهما أهمية للتحكم بالطائرة، وسرعة الطائرة عادة هو IAS.

مؤشر العدادات المعدنية للسرعة الجوية يقل عند زيادة الارتفاع بسبب هبوط الضغط الجوي، وهذا يؤدي وبشكل واضح إلى هبوط بالسرعة الجوية كلما ارتفعت الطائرة. لأجل ذلك فبيانات نظام عدم تجاوز السرعة ورمزه (VNE) تكون عادة معطاة بالدليل التشغيلي لكل طائرة وبارتفاعات محددة سلفا، الجدول التالي يوضح هبوط السرعة (VNE) كلما ازداد الارتفاع:

السرعة المبينة والملاحة

بالملاحة لتحويل السرعة الجوية المبينة إلى سرعة أرضية يجب استخدام الخطوات التالية:

 تصحيح السرعة المبينة إلى السرعة المعدلة باستخدام جدول تصحيح توصيف الطائرة
 تحويل السرعة المعدلة إلى السرعة المكافئة بواسطة ادخال تأثير الانضغاطية (مع عدم الأخذ بالاهتمام مدى السرعة أو الارتفاع)
 تحويل السرعة المكافئة إلى السرعة الحقيقية بواسطة التعرف بالمتغيرات بالكثافة والارتفاع. ثم بالآخر
 تحويل السرعة الحقيقية إلى سرعة أرضية بالتعرف على مدى تأثير الرياح.

كل مما سبق كان نظام قديم، أما حاليا فإن نظام الملاحة GPS فإنه يقوم بجميع العمليات الحسابية الآنفة ويعطي للطيار القراءة المباشرة للسرعة الأرضية وأيضا السرعة الحقيقية.

اقرأ أيضا

 سرعة جوية
 نظام الملاحة GPS
 أجهزة قياس طيران
 السرعة الجوية الصحيحة
 سرعة جوية معدلة
 في سبييدس

مراجع

مصطلحات الطيران
سرعة الهواء

سرعة جوية مبينة


Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport  is an international airport located  north-west of downtown Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, though still within its city limits. The airport is served by passenger, courier and air freight operators. It is named for John Diefenbaker, the 13th prime minister of Canada.

The airport has nine passenger bridges, three ground loading positions, 32 check-in points, and a customs/immigration arrivals area.

The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). CBSA officers at this airport can handle aircraft with no more than 200 passengers. However, they can handle up to 300 if the aircraft is unloaded in stages.

In 2019, the airport saw a total of 1.49 million passengers pass through, a decrease of 1.9% over the previous year.

History

On June 1, 1929, the city of Saskatoon was given a "Licence For Air Harbour" and the airport was established. This provided a home for the Saskatoon Aero Club.

From 1940 to 1947, the city leased the airport to the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). The airport became RCAF Station Saskatoon. The station was a part of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, and the station was home to No. 4 Service Flight Training School. To support these operations four large hangars were built as well as support buildings including a hospital and control tower.

After the war (1947) the airport was transferred to the Canadian Department of Transport for civilian use. That year Trans-Canada Air Lines, now known as Air Canada, started providing passenger service using DC-3 aircraft.

Air Canada in 1950 began operating the Canadair North Star at the airport, followed by the Vickers Viscount in 1955. A new terminal building was also constructed in 1955 by Transport Department architects.

The primary runway (09/27) was lengthened in 1954 and again in 1960 to . The secondary runway (15/33) was lengthened in 1963 to .

From 1950 to 1978 the Airport was again made a station of the RCAF. The station was named RCAF Station Saskatoon.

On January 1, 1971, the City of Saskatoon annexed the airport and surrounding lands totalling 2,111.7 acres. The nearby area containing personnel housing and support services was annexed by the city in 1965.

Due to larger aircraft and more frequent flights, in 1972 plans were drafted for a new terminal building. The new terminal built by Holiday and Scott was completed and opened on November 29, 1975. The former terminal was renovated in 1977. From 1977 to 1984 Boeing 747 charter flights were operated by Wardair to Europe until Wardair was bought by Canadian Airlines International.

In 1993 the name of the airport was changed to recognize Canada's 13th Prime Minister John Diefenbaker. In 1995 under the Canada-US Open Skies agreement Northwest Airlines started service to Minneapolis – Saint Paul. In 1996 WestJet began Boeing 737 service. In 1999 the airport was turned over to the Saskatoon Airport Authority (now known as Skyxe), as part of the National Airports Policy.

In 2000, Nav Canada constructed a new control tower and the airport authority began renovations and expansions to the terminal building. In October 2002 the first two phases of renovations to the air terminal building were completed at a cost of $18 million. The updated terminal facilities are designed to handle 1.4 million passengers annually was designed by Kindrachuk Agrey Architects. In 2005 additional renovations were completed to the check-in area and baggage screening as well as the addition of a fifth bridge. In 2006 the airport also expanded public parking to 500 stalls. In March 2008 work started on the rehabilitation of runway 09/27, taxiway Foxtrot and Alpha at a cost of $16 million.

Between October 2005 and May 2008, Air Canada ended "mainline" service into Saskatoon, turning over routes to Air Canada Jazz. In 2006, Pronto Airways started operating at the airport. In 2006 Transwest Air introduced service to Fort McMurray, Alberta. For a short period of time between 2006 and April 2007 Northwestern Air also operated flights to Fort McMurray. In 2008, United Airlines began non-stop regional service from Denver that operated until 2015. In 2009, United Airlines announced regional service from Chicago that operated until 2014.

In March 2015, Missinippi Airways began thrice-weekly service to Saskatoon direct to Flin Flon, Manitoba, with a one-stop connection to The Pas, Manitoba. Missinippi Airways ceased flying out of Saskatoon three months later. In June, 2016, New Leaf Airlines announced they would begin flying to Kelowna and Hamilton direct from Saskatoon twice weekly beginning July 27, 2016. New Leaf cancelled service to Saskatoon in November 2016.

Expansion 2010s
In 2009, Skyxe announced a new expansion for the terminal. The plan included nine bridgeable gates and a food court, including a full-service restaurant and bar (post-security). Also included in the plan was more retail, including a duty-free outlet, and another food court before the security area. The new design moved security for more room for retail, but also planned to double the size of the security area. The check-in area was not included in the expansion. A new Canadian Customs and Immigration area was put in, as well as two more baggage carousels. The designers also left space that was meant for an American Pre-Customs and Immigration area, so in the future YXE can be upgraded to have U.S. Pre-Clearance area.

In 2010 construction started on apron improvements, remote stands and preparatory work to start on reconstruction of the terminal building in 2011. The expansion was designed to accommodate eight bridges, expanded passenger waiting areas, a business/first class lounge and expanded baggage claim area. Phase 1 of Saskatoon International Airport expansion began in 2012. The expansion virtually doubled the size of the air terminal building to . In 2013, Skyxe completed its phase 1 terminal expansion. In October, the airport welcomed its first arriving and departing passengers into the expanded terminal. In April 2015, construction of the terminal was completed at overall cost of the project was $53 million.

In February 2016, Skyxe issued request for proposals for Air Terminal Building Groundside Departures Hall Expansion, West Aero Park Development, and Saskatoon International Airport rebranding. Skyxe issued additional request for proposals for Shuttle Parking Lot Development and Apron III and V Pavement Rehabilitation.

Passenger services

The airport contains a small historical display on the main floor. There are also numerous art/photography displays by local artists around the terminal. There are a full restaurant, a Tim Hortons and a Starbucks in the post-security area, and a Relay store near the entrances.

In February 2015, St. John's Ambulance introduced therapy dogs to the airport, providing a service to put nervous passengers at ease.

Ground transportation
Saskatoon Transit (Route 11) provides city bus service between the airport and the downtown core.

Taxis and several car rental agencies are available from the airport.

Other air side services
The airport has a variety of additional buildings. These include the International Aviation Terminal (used by Air Canada Cargo, Anderson Aviation, Dryden Air-services). Twenty-three former Air Canada Jazz and Canadian Regional Airlines Fokker F28 aircraft have been stored at the airport since they were retired from the fleet in 2003.

The Saskatchewan Air Ambulance provides fixed wing air ambulance services, and has its headquarters and main base at the airport. There is a hangar for a Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society helicopter out of the Saskatoon airport.

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

Cargo

Statistics

Annual traffic

Facilities
Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker Regional Airport Fire Department operates two crash tenders (Oshkosh Striker 3000) in a renovated (2008) fire station to provide fire and rescue services at the airport.

Garda Security is contracted by the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority to provide security screening for passengers, non-passengers, and baggage screening. All Screening Officers wear CATSA uniforms. However, they are not Government of Canada employees, but rather are employed by the contractor.

Accidents and incidents
On April 1, 2011, a Fugro Aviation Canada Limited CASA C-212, C-FDKM, carrying three crew, crashed while attempting a landing at Saskatoon Airport. After declaring an emergency with an engine failure, the aircraft crashed on a Saskatoon street (Wanuskewin Drive) and hit a concrete sound barrier. One person was killed, and two were injured.

See also
 Saskatoon/Banga International Air Aerodrome
 List of airports in Saskatchewan

References

External links

 Saskatoon/John G. Diefenbaker International Airport Homepage

 Video from Plane landing in Saskatoon

Certified airports in Saskatchewan
Transport in Saskatoon
Airports of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
John Diefenbaker
National Airports System


Caribbean Star Airlines era uma companhia aérea com sede em Antígua e Barbuda. Operou serviços regulares de passageiros em conjunto com a Leeward Islands Air Transport (LIAT) para destinos no leste do Caribe. Sua base principal era o Aeroporto Internacional V. C. Bird.

História
A companhia aérea foi constituída em Antígua em janeiro de 2000 e iniciou suas operações com o turboélice regional Dash 8 em junho de 2000. Era de propriedade do empresário texano Allen Stanford, por meio de sua empresa Stanford Financial Group. Sua companhia aérea irmã, Caribbean Sun Airlines Inc., lançou seu voo inaugural três anos depois. Os dois eram empresas afiliadas, mas separadas.

Em janeiro de 2007, a companhia aérea anunciou uma fusão com a LIAT, e eles entraram em uma aliança comercial, voando em um horário combinado. Todos os voos foram comercializados sob o código de companhia aérea da LIAT, embora as companhias aéreas continuassem a operar separadamente usando seus próprios certificados de operador aéreo até a conclusão da fusão. A fusão foi finalizada em 15 de junho de 2007, com a LIAT se tornando a transportadora sobrevivente.

Destinos

Frota

Frota atual

A frota da Carribean Star Airlines consistia nas seguintes aeronaves (Março de 2007):

Frota Histórica

A frota da Carribean Star Airlines também consistiu nas seguintes aeronaves:

Ver também

 Lista de companhias aéreas fora de operação

Ligações externas

 Sítio oficial

Empresas aéreas extintas da Antígua e Barbuda
Empresas aéreas fundadas em 2001
Empresas aéreas extintas em 2007

Caribbean Star Airlines


Pungino more (Punga Mare) je jezero u sjevernoj polarnoj regiji Titana, najvećeg Saturnovog mjeseca. Nakon Krakenovog mora i Ligejskog mora, treće je najveće poznato tijelo tekućine na Titanu. Sastoji se od tekućih ugljikovodika (uglavnom metana i etana). More je smješteno gotovo uz sjeverni pol na 85,1 °S, 339,7 °Z, te je dugo otprilike 380 km (236 milja), veće od duljine Viktorijinog jezera na Zemlji. Njegov imenjak je Punga, u māorskoj mitologiji predak morskih pasa, rasa i guštera i sin Tangaroe, boga mora.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Označena karta Titanove sjeverne polarne regije na temelju radarskih slika, koja pokazuju jezera i mora

Površinske karakteristike Titana

Punga Mare


Curt Jany (né le  à Memel et mort le  à Berlin) est un général de division prussien et historien militaire et récipiendaire de la médaille d'argent Leibniz.

Biographie

Origine
Jany est issu d'une famille d'officiers. Son grand-père est le major Wilhelm Jany (1796-1888), qui fonde l'Association prussienne à Königsberg en 1848 et une institution pour les sourds-muets en 1873. Ses parents sont le lieutenant-colonel Victor Jany (1836-1919) et son épouse Marie, née Bernhardi (1842-1877), fille du pharmacien Adolf Bernhardi de Königsberg. Sa tante Elfriede Jany fonde le premier jardin d'enfants Fröbel à Königsberg. Son frère Wilhelm Jany (1873-1954) est député de la Chambre des représentants de Prusse, le zoologiste et chercheur du Sahara Eberhard Jany (né en 1917) est son neveu et éditeur de certaines des œuvres de son oncle.

Carrière
Il étudie aux universités de Leipzig et de Berlin. En 1888, Jany entre au  d'infanterie de l'armée prussienne, où il est employé comme officier de compagnie et adjudant de bataillon. En octobre 1896, il est commandé à l'Académie de guerre pendant trois ans pour une formation complémentaire. Il est ensuite affecté à l'armée suisse, où il peut perfectionner sa connaissance du français. En 1903, Jany rejoint l'état-major en tant que capitaine, où il restera jusqu'au déclenchement de la Première Guerre mondiale. Entre-temps, de 1906 à 1908, il commande des troupes comme commandant de compagnie au  d'infanterie. Pendant la guerre, il est commandant de bataillon dans le  et commandant du  d'infanterie de réserve.

Son activité à l'état-major général est toujours la recherche en histoire militaire. Il écrit de nombreuses publications individuelles. Ses travaux les plus importants sont Urkundlichen Beiträge und Forschungen zur Geschichte des preuß. Heeres. C'est et reste le récit le plus complet de l'armée brandebourgeoise-prussienne, puisque les documents originaux sont perdus lors du raid aérien sur Potsdam le 14 avril 1945.

Jany décède le 18 février 1945 à Berlin.

Publications
 Die brandenburgischen Hilfstruppen Wilhelms von Oranien 1688. 1889.
 Lehndienst u. Landfolge unter dem Großen Kurfürst. 1895.
 Urkundliche Beiträge und Forschungen zur Geschichte des preußischen Heeres. 1901.
 Hochkirch. In: Militär-Wochenblatt. 1905, Beiheft 3.
 Das Treffen bei Burkersdorf 1762. Militär-Wochenblatt. 1907, Beiheft 3.
 Übersicht der Entwicklung der Königlich Preußischen Armee und des Deutschen Reichsheeres von den Anfängen bis zur Mobilmachung von 1914. 1921.
 Geschichte der Königlich Preußischen Armee. 4 Bände, 1928–1933.

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Generalmajor prussien
Historien militaire
Naissance en octobre 1867
Naissance à Memel
Naissance dans la province de Prusse
Décès en février 1945
Décès à Berlin
Décès à 77 ans

Curt Jany


Potentilla pensylvanica es una especie de planta herbácea perteneciente a la familia Rosaceae.

Descripción
Planta de tallos robustos, de 40-90 cm, erectos, grisáceos, pelosos; hojas grandes, vede oscuro, casi sin pelos por arriba y claro y muy pelosas por debajo, divididas hasta el nervio central, generando 5-11 segementso opuestos, alargados y profundamente dentados. Las flores de primavera hasta el otoño, que se abren paulitanamente, forman grupos numerosos; tienen 5 pétalos amarillos que duran poco, de unos 5 mm, de igual tamaño que los verdes sépalos del cáliz.

Distribución y hábitat
Originaria de Estados Unidos y Canadá, crece también en la península ibérica. Vive en taludes, cunetas o zonas arenosas.

Taxonomía
Potentilla pensylvanica fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Mantissa Plantarum 1: 76. 1767.
Etimología
Potentílla: nombre genérico que deriva del latín postclásico potentilla, -ae de potens, -entis, potente, poderoso, que tiene poder; latín -illa, -illae, sufijo de diminutivo–. Alude a las poderosas presuntas propiedades tónicas y astringentes de esta planta.

pensylvanica: epíteto geográfico que alude a su localización en Pensilvania.
Variedad aceptada
 Potentilla pensylvanica var. litoralis (Rydb.) B.Boivin
Sinonimia
 Potentilla absinthifolia Douglas ex Lehm.
 Potentilla agrimonioides subsp. oreodoxa (Soj k) Soj k
 Potentilla arachnoidea Douglas ex Lehm.
 Potentilla atrovirens Rydb.	Synonym	H
 Potentilla bipinnatifida var. glabrata (Hook.f.) Kohli & Packer
 Potentilla hispanica var. nivea Andr.
 Potentilla hispanica subsp. oreodoxa (Soj k) Soj k
 Potentilla hispida Willd.
 Potentilla nudicaulis Kurbatski
 Potentilla oreodoxa Soj k
 Potentilla paucijuga Rydb.
 Potentilla pectinata Fisch. ex Lehm.
 Potentilla platyloba (Rydb.) Rydb.
 Potentilla pseudosericea auct.
 Potentilla pubescens Moench
 Potentilla sanguisorbifolia Favre ex Zimmeter
 Potentilla sibirica Patrin ex Th.Wolf
 Potentilla strigosa (Pall. ex Pursh) Tratt.
 Potentilla strigosa auct. ross.
 Potentilla strigosa Juz.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Cody, W. J. 1996. Fl. Yukon Terr. i–xvii, 1–669. NRC Research Press, Ottawa.
 Cronquist, A.J., N. H. Holmgren & P. K. Holmgren. 1997. Vascular plants of the intermountain west, U.S.A., subclass Rosidae (except Fabales). 3A: 1–446. In A.J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
 Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
 Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S.. New York Botanical Garden, New York.
 Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
 Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
 Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California 1–1400. University of California Press, Berkeley.
 Kearney, T. H. & R. H. Peebles. 1960. Arizona Fl. (ed. 2) 1032 pp.
 Moss, E. H. 1983. Fl. Alberta (ed. 2) i–xii, 1–687. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
 Scoggan, H. J. 1978. Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). 3: 547–1115. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.

Enlaces externos

pensylvanica
Flora de la península ibérica
Flora de Estados Unidos
Plantas descritas en 1767
Plantas descritas por Linnaeus

Potentilla pensylvanica


Barry Mendel (* 1963) ist ein Filmproduzent.

Leben
Mendel etablierte sich recht schnell in der Filmbranche und konnte bereits mit seinem zweiten Film als Regisseur eine Oscar-Nominierung erlangen. Sein nächster großer Erfolg war München mit Eric Bana, Geoffrey Rush und Daniel Craig in den Hauptrollen und unter der Regie von Steven Spielberg, für den er eine weitere Oscarnominierung verbuchen kann.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1998: Rushmore
 1999: The Sixth Sense
 2000: Unbreakable – Unzerbrechlich (Unbreakable)
 2001: Die Royal Tenenbaums (The Royal Tenenbaums)
 2004: Die Tiefseetaucher (The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou)
 2005: Serenity – Flucht in neue Welten (Serenity)
 2005: München (Munich)
 2008: The Happening
 2009: Wie das Leben so spielt (Funny People)
 2009: Funny People: HBO Behind the Comedy (TV)
 2009: Roller Girl – Manchmal ist die schiefe Bahn der richtige Weg (Whip It)
 2010: Peacock
 2010: Shanghai
 2011: Brautalarm
 2012: Immer Ärger mit 40 (This Is 40)
 2015: Dating Queen (Trainwreck)
 2017: The Big Sick
 2020: The King of Staten Island

Auszeichnungen
 2000: BAFTA Award: Nominierung in der Kategorie Bester Film für Sixth Sense
 2000: Oscar: Nominierung in der Kategorie Bester Film für Sixth Sense
 2006: Oscar: Nominierung in der Kategorie Bester Film für München
 2009: Goldene Himbeere: Nominierung in der Kategorie Schlechtester Film für The Happening

Weblinks

Filmproduzent
Geboren 1963
Mann

Barry Mendel


පූජනීය ස්ථානයකට, හෝ රාජකීය ස්ථානයකට පිවිසෙන දොරටු අභියස පියගැටපෙළ පාමුල සඳකඩපහණ දෙපස පිහිටන මුරගල හෙළ කලාකරුවාගේ මා හැඟි නිර්මාණයකි. දිගු කලක් මුළුල්ලේ විකාශනය වූ මුරගල ආරක්ෂක ගල්, දොරටුපාල ගල් නමින්ද හැඳුන්වයි.

මුරගලෙහි ආරම්භය

ආරම්භයෙහි හුදු ගල් පතුරක් පමණක් ම වූ මුරගල, කොරවක්ගල සඳහා වූ කූඤ්ඤයක්විය. උදාහරණ වශයෙන්
නිතුලත් පහණේ මුරගල
රාජාංගනයේ වටදාගෙයි මුරගල
වෙස්සගිරියේ මුරගල
සඳහන් කළ හැකිය. පළමුවෙන් ගලෙහි උඩු අයින් අර්ධ කවාකාරව කපා එය විචිත්‍රකිරිම අරඹා ඇත. යටිකුරු පලිහ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන මෙබඳු මුරගල් බුත්තල කෝරළයේ ගල්බුදුන්තැන්නෙන් හමුවේ

පුන්කළස සහිත මුරගල

දේශීය සංස්කෘතියේ අනන්‍යතාවය දනවන පුන්කළස මුල්කාලීනව මුරගලට එක් විය. සෞභාග්‍යය, සශ්‍රීකත්වය, දියුණුව හොබවන පුන්කළස ප්‍රථම භාගයේ රේඛාවකින් සටහන්ව ක්‍රමයෙන් විසිතුරු විය.
වෙල්ගම් වෙහෙර
මඟුල් මහා විහාරය
මිහින්තලේ කළුදිය පොකුණ
අනුරාධපුරයේ නෙළුවිල
ඇති මුරගල් මීට උදාහරණ වේ. මින් විශිෂ්ට මුරගල වන්නේ නෙළුවිල මුරගලයි.

වාමනයා සහිත මුරගල

හාස්‍ය රස දනවන බහිරවයා සහිත මුරගල මුරගලෙහි දෙවන අවස්ථාවයි. බහිරව මුරගල ප්‍රධාන කොටස් දෙකකි. ඉන් බහිරවයාගේ හිස මත හක්ගෙඩියක සළකුණක් සහිත මුරගල සංඛ ලෙසත්, පද්මයක සළකුණ සහිත මුරගල පද්ම ලෙසත් හැඳින්වෙයි. මෙබඳු මුරගල් බහුලව දැකගත හැකිවේ. කුවේරයාගේ පරිවාර ජනයා (පද්ම නිධි සහ සංඛ නිධි) මෙනම් වූ බව සෙනරත් පරණවිතාන මහතාගේ අදහසයි.
අභයගිරිය
මිහින්තලේ රාජගිරිගලෙන
මෙබඳු මුරගල් දක්නට ලැබේ. තොලුවිල දක්නට ඇති මුරගල් ඉන්දීය කැටයම් ආභාෂය ලබා ඇති බව පෙනේ.

නා රුව සහිත මුරගල

නා රුව සහිත මුරගල්, මුරගල් වශයෙන් නොසැලකෙන බව චාල්ස් ගොඩකුඹුර මහතාගේ අදහසයි. කෙසේ වෙතත් මේ යුගයේ බහිරව විමානයට නාගයකු රිංගා ගැනීමට දැරූ උත්සාහයක් මුරගලේ විකාශනය තුළ පෙනේ. නා රුව සහිත මුරගල් විශේෂයෙහි ද වර්ග දෙකක් දැකගත හැකිය. එනම් පෙන පහක් සහිත නාග රුව සහ පෙන හතක් සහිත නාග රුව සහිත මුරගල් වශයෙනි.
පොළොන්නරුවේ තිරියායෙන්
කුට්ටම් පොකුණෙන්

මෙබඳු මුරගල් හමුවේ. මේ මුරගල් ජලය සංකේතවත් කළ බවට විශ්වාසයක් පවතී.

නාරජු සහිත මුරගල

මුරගලේ විශිෂ්ටතම අවස්ථාව නාරජු සහිත මුරගල් අවස්ථාව වේ. එතෙක් පැමිණි මුරගල් සියල්ලෙහිම වූ සියළු අංග නාරජු සහිත මුරගල තුළ දක්නට ලැබේ. ඒ අනූව පුන්කළස රුව නාරජුගේ අත්ල මතද, බහිරව රූ එකක් හෝ සමහරවිට දෙකක් නාරජුගේ පය පාමුලද, නාග පෙන නාරජුගේ හිසවටාද සංඛේතවත් කොට තිබේ.
අනුරාධපුරයේ රත්න ප්‍රාසාදයේ මුරගල මීට හොඳම උදාහරණයයි. පස් වන සියවසට අයත් මේ මුරගල මිහිඳු රජ දවස නිමවූවක් බව හොරාකොට් මහතාගේ අදහසයි. දුටුවන් මන බඳනා රාගී හැඟීම් ඉස්මතු කළ නා රජ රුව තාරුණ්‍යයෙන් පිරිපුන් ය. රත්න ප්‍රාසාදයේ මුරගල භාරතයේ තෙලිසා මන්දිරයේ ඇති දානපති යුවල නම් මුරගලට සමාන වේ. පොළොන්නරු යුගයට අයත් විශිෂ්ඨතම මුරගල වටදාගේ නැඟෙනහිර ද්වාරයෙහි පිහිටා ඇත.

මේවාද බලන්න
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කැටයම් කලාව

ආශ්‍රිත ග්‍රන්ථ
ගුණරත්න බණ්ඩාර,ජී.ආර්. මහරච්චිමුල්ලේ : අපේ සංස්කෘතික දායාද
මද්දුමගේ ,මිල්ටන් :චිත්‍ර කලා අධ්‍යයනය

මුරගල්

මුරගල


Prospect puede referirse a:
 La palabra inglesa para prospección

 Prospekt, la palabra rusa para perspectiva (проспе́кт), aplicada como nombre de grandes avenidas
Nevski Prospekt
Prospekt de Moscú (nombre de varias)

Topónimos

Australia
 Prospect (Nueva Gales del Sur), localidad en Blacktown, Sídney.
 Division of Prospect, distrito electoral correspondiente a esa localidad.
 Prospect (South Australia), localidad de Adelaida.
 Prospect (Queensland), localidad de Queensland.
 Prospect (Tasmania), localidad de Launceston (Tasmania).

Canadá
 Prospect (Nueva Escocia)
 Prospect Bay
 Lower Prospect

Estados Unidos
 Prospect (Carolina del Norte)
 Prospect (Connecticut)
 Prospect (Kentucky)
 Prospect (Luisiana)
 Prospect (Maine)
 Prospect (Nueva York)
 Prospect House (Princeton, Nueva Jersey)
 Prospect (Ohio)
 Prospect (Oregón)
 Prospect (Pensilvania)
 Prospect (Virginia)
 Prospect (condado de Topping, Virginia)

Reino Unido
 Prospect (Cumbria)
 Prospect (Condado de Antrim), localidad del Condado de Antrim (Irlanda del Norte)

San Vicente y las Granadinas
 Prospect (Sain Vicente y las Granadinas), localidad de San Vicente y las Granadinas

Publicaciones
 Prospect, revista británica.
 Prospect, revista de arquitectura.
 The American Prospect, revista estadounidense.

Otros usos
 Prospect Pictures, productora de televisión en Londres.
 The Prospect Studios, estudios de cine en Los Ángeles.
 Prospect (grupo musical), esloveno.
 Prospect (Terror Squad), cantante de ese grupo musical.
 Prospect, película estadounidense de 2018.
 ''Prospekt, banda de Metal Progresivo inglesa proveniente de Oxford.

Prospect


Hrvatski otoci:
 Školjić Veli (Krk) (Veliki Školjić, Školj, Školjić, Kirinčić), nenaseljeni otočić u uvali Soline, zaljevu na istočnoj obali otoka Krka
 Veliki Školj (Klek) (Veliki Školjić), otok uz zapadnu (vanjsku) obalu poluotoka Kleka, oko njega se spore BiH i Hrvatska
 Školjić Veli (Dolin), otočić kod Dolina
 Veli Školjić (Vrgada), kod otoka Vrgade

Veliki Školjić


Iteration marks are characters or punctuation marks that represent a duplicated character or word.

Chinese
In Chinese,   or  (usually appearing as , equivalent to the modern ideograph ) or  is used in casual writing to represent a doubled character. However, it is not used in formal writing anymore, and it never appeared in printed matter. In a tabulated table or list, vertical repetition can be represented by a ditto mark ().

History
Iteration marks have been occasionally used for more than two thousand years in China. The example image shows an inscription in bronze script, a variety of formal writing dating to the Zhou Dynasty, that ends with , where the small  ("two") is used as iteration marks in the phrase  ("descendants to use and to treasure").

Malayo-Polynesian languages

In Filipino, Indonesian, and Malay, words that are repeated can be shortened with the use of numeral "2". For example, the Malay  ("words", from single ) can be shortened to , and  ("to walk around", from single ) can be shortened to . The usage of "2" can be also replaced with superscript "" (e.g.  for ). The sign may also be used for reduplicated compound words with slight sound changes, for example  for  ("commotion"). Suffixes may be added after "2", for example in the word  ("Western in nature", from the basic word  ("West") with the prefix  and suffix ).

The use of this mark dates back to the time when these languages were written with Arabic script, specifically the Jawi or Pegon varieties. Using the Arabic numeral , words such as  (, butterfly) can be shortened to . The use of Arabic numeral  was also adapted to several Brahmi derived scripts of the Malay archipelago, notably Javanese, Sundanese, Lontara, and Makassaran. As the Latin alphabet was introduced to the region, the Western-style Arabic numeral "2" came to be use for Latin-based orthography.

The use of "2" as an iteration mark was official in Indonesia up to 1972, as part of the Republican Spelling System. Its usage was discouraged when the Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System was adopted, and even though it commonly found in handwriting or old signage, it is considered to be inappropriate for formal writing and documents.

Japanese
Japanese has various iteration marks for its three writing systems, namely kanji, hiragana, and katakana, but only the (horizontal) kanji iteration mark () is commonly used today.

In Japanese, iteration marks called , , , or  are used to represent a duplicated character representing the same morpheme. For example, , "people", is usually written , using the kanji for  with an iteration mark, , rather than , using the same kanji twice. The use of two kanji in place of an iteration mark is allowed, and in simple cases may be used due to being easier to write.

In contrast, while  is written with the iteration mark, as the morpheme is duplicated,  is written with the character duplicated, because it represents different morphemes ( and ). Further, while  can in principle be written (confusingly) as ,  cannot be written as , since that would imply repetition of the sound as well as the character. In potentially confusing examples such as this, readings can be disambiguated by writing words out in hiragana, so  is often found as  or even  rather than .

Sound changes can occur in duplication, which is not reflected in writing; examples include  and  being pronounced  () or  and  being pronounced  (gemination), though this is also pronounced .

Kanji
The formal name of the kanji repetition symbol () is  but is sometimes called  because it looks like the katakana  and . This symbol originates from a simplified form of the character , a variant of  written in the grass script style.

Although Japanese kanji iteration marks are borrowed from Chinese, the grammatical function of duplication differs, as do the conventions on the use of these characters.

While Japanese does not have a grammatical plural form per se, some kanji can be reduplicated to indicate plurality (as a collective noun, not many individuals). This differs from Chinese, which normally repeats characters only for the purposes of adding emphasis, although there are some exceptions (e.g., , , "person"; , , "everybody").

;
;

However, for some words duplication may alter the meaning:

;
;
;

Using  instead of repeating kanji is usually the preferred form, with two restrictions:
 the reading must be the same, possibly with sound change (as above), and
 the repetition must be within a single word.
When the reading is different, the second kanji is often simply written out to avoid confusion. Examples of such include:

The repetition mark is not used in every case where two identical characters appear side by side, but only where the repetition itself is etymologically significant—when the repetition is part of a single word. Where a character ends up appearing twice as part of a compound, it is usually written out in full:

, from  +  ("democracy" + "principle"); the abbreviated  is only occasionally seen. One notable exception is in signs for  – the name of neighborhoods often end in , which is then suffixed with  yielding , which is then informally abbreviated to , despite the word break.

Similarly, in certain Chinese borrowings, it is generally preferred to write out both characters, as in  ( Chinese multiplication table) or  ( dan dan noodles), though in practice  is often used.

In vertical writing, the character  (Unicode U+303B), a cursive derivative of  ("two", as in Chinese, above), can be employed instead, although this is increasingly rare.

Kana
Kana uses different iteration marks; one for hiragana, , and one for katakana, . The hiragana iteration mark is seen in some personal names like   or  , and it forms part of the formal name of the car company .

Unlike the kanji iteration marks, which do not reflect sound changes, kana iteration marks closely reflect sound, and the kana iteration marks can be combined with the  voicing mark to indicate that the repeated syllable should be voiced, for example  . If the first syllable is already voiced, for example  , the voiced repetition mark still needs to be used:  rather than , which would be read as .

While widespread in old Japanese texts, the kana iteration marks are generally not used in modern Japanese outside proper names, though they may appear in informal handwritten texts.

Repeating multiple characters

In addition to the single-character iteration marks, there are also two-character-sized repeat marks, which are used to repeat two or more characters. They are used in vertical writing only, and they are effectively obsolete in modern Japanese. The vertical kana repeat marks  (unvoiced) and  (voiced) resemble the hiragana character , giving them their name, . They stretch to fill the space typically occupied by two characters, but may indicate a repetition of more than two characters—they indicate that the preceding word or phrase be repeated. For example, the duplicated phrase  may be repeated as —note that here it repeats four characters. If a  (voiced mark) is added, it applies to the first sound of the repeated word; this is written as . For example,  could be written horizontally as ; the voiced iteration mark only applies to the first sound .

In addition to the single-character representations  and , Unicode provides the half-character versions ,  and , which can be stacked to render both voiced and unvoiced repeat marks:

As support for these is limited, the ordinary forward slash  and backward slash  are occasionally used as substitutes.

Alternatively, multiple single-character iteration marks can be used, as in  or . This practice is also uncommon in modern writing, though it is occasionally seen in horizontal writing as a substitute for the vertical repeat mark.

Unlike the single-kana iteration mark, if the first kana is voiced, the unvoiced version  alone will repeat the voiced sound.

Further, if  is present, then no iteration mark should be used, as in . This is prescribed by the Japanese Ministry of Education in its 1981 Cabinet notification prescribes, rule #6.

Nuosu

In the Nuosu language,  is used to represent a doubled sound, for example , . It is used in all forms of writing.

Tangut

In Tangut manuscripts the sign  is sometimes used to represent a doubled character; this sign does not occur in printed texts. In Unicode this character is  , in the Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation block.

Egyptian hieroglyphs
In Egyptian hieroglyphs, the signs: zp:Z1*Z1   —   , literally meaning "two times", repeat the previous sign or word.

Khmer, Thai and Lao
In Khmer,  () as for Thai,  () and Lao,  () represent a repeated syllable where as it besides the word. This used to be written as numeral two () and the form changed over time. A repeated word could be used either, to demonstrate plurality, to emphasize or to soften the meaning of the original word.

Ditto mark

In English, Spanish, French, Italian, German, Portuguese, Czech, Polish and Turkish lists, the ditto mark (″) represents a word repeated from the equivalent position in the line above it; or an evenly-spaced row of ditto marks represents any number of words repeated from above. For example:

 Two pounds of lettuce
 Three   ″         ″  tomatoes
 Four      ″      ″ onions
 One pound     ″ carrots

This is common in handwriting and formerly in typewritten texts.

In Unicode, the ditto mark of Western languages has been defined to be equivalent to the . The separate character  is to be used in the CJK scripts only.

The convention in Polish handwriting, Czech, Swedish, and Austrian German is to use a ditto mark on the baseline together with horizontal lines spanning the extent of the word repeated, for example:

See also
Japanese typographic symbols

References

External links

Punctuation
East Asian typography
Kana
Kanji

Iteration mark