The Yeniseian languages ( ; sometimes known as Yeniseic or Yenisei-Ostyak; occasionally spelled with -ss-) are a family of languages that are spoken by the Yeniseian people in the Yenisei River region of central Siberia. As part of the proposed Dené–Yeniseian language family, the Yeniseian languages have been argued to be part of "the first demonstration of a genealogical link between Old World and New World language families that meets the standards of traditional comparative-historical linguistics". The only surviving language of the group today is Ket.

From hydronymic and genetic data, it is suggested that the Yeniseian languages were spoken in a much greater area in ancient times, including parts of northern China and Mongolia. It has been further proposed that the recorded distribution of Yeniseian languages from the 17th century onward represents a relatively recent northward migration, and that the Yeniseian urheimat lies to the south of Lake Baikal.

The Yeniseians have been connected to the Xiongnu, whose ruling elite may have spoken a southern Yeniseian language similar to Pumpokol. The Jie, who ruled the Later Zhao state of northern China, are likewise believed to have spoken a Pumpokolic language based on linguistic and ethnogeographic data.

For those who argue the Xiongnu spoke a Yeniseian language, the Yeniseian languages are thought to have contributed many ubiquitous loanwords to Turkic and Mongolic vocabulary, such as Khan, Khagan, Tarqan, and the word for "god" and "sky", Tengri. This conclusion has primarily been drawn from the analysis of preserved Xiongnu texts in the form of Chinese characters.

Classification

Proto-Yeniseian (before 500 BC; split around 1 AD)
 Northern Yeniseian (split around 700 AD)
 Ket (550 speakers)
 Yugh
 Southern Yeniseian
 Kott–Assan (split around 1200 AD)
 Kott  (extinct by the mid-1800s)
 Assan  (extinct by 1800)
 Arin–Pumpokol (split around 550 AD)
 Arin  (extinct by 1800)
 Pumpokol  (extinct by 1750)
 ? Jie

It is theorized that the Xiongnu and Hunnic languages were Southern Yeniseian. Only two languages of this family survived into the 20th century: Ket (also known as Imbat Ket), with around 200 speakers, and Yugh (also known as Sym Ket), now extinct. The other known members of this family—Arin, Assan, Pumpokol, and Kott—have been extinct for over two centuries. Other groups—the  Buklin, Baikot, Yarin, Yastin, Ash, and Koibal—are identifiable as Yeniseic speaking from tsarist fur-tax records compiled during the 17th century, but nothing remains of their languages except a few proper names.

Distribution
Ket, the only extant Yeniseian language, is the northernmost known. Historical sources record a contemporaneous northern expansion of the Ket along the Yenisei during the Russian conquest of Siberia. Today, it is mainly spoken in Turukhansky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai in far northern Siberia, in villages such as Kellog and Sulomay. Yugh, which only recently faced extinction, was spoken from Yeniseysk to Vorogovo, Yartsevo, and the upper Ket River.

The early modern distributions of Arin, Pumpokol, Kott, and Assan can be reconstructed. The Arin were north of Krasnoyarsk, whereas the closely related Pumpokol was spoken to the north and west of it, along the upper Ket. Kott and Assan, another pair of closely related languages, occupied the area south of Krasnoyarsk, and east to the Kan River. From toponyms it can be seen that Yeniseian populations probably lived in Buryatia, Zabaykalsky, and northern Mongolia. As an example, the toponym ši can be found in Zabaykalsky Krai, which is probably related to the Proto-Yeniseian word sēs "river" and likely derives from an undocumented Yeniseian language. Some toponyms that appear Yeniseian extend as far as Heilongjiang.

Václav Blažek argues, based on hydronymic data, that Yeniseians were once spread out even farther into the west. He compares, for example, the word šet, found in more westerly river names, to Proto-Yeniseian sēs "river."

Origins and history

According to a 2016 study, Yeniseian people and their language originated likely somewhere near the Altai Mountains or near Lake Baikal. According to this study, the Yeniseians are linked to Paleo-Eskimo groups. The Yeniseians have also been hypothesised to be representative of a back-migration from Beringia to central Siberia, and the Dené–Yeniseians a result of a radiation of populations out of the Bering land bridge.

In Siberia, Edward Vajda observed that Yeniseian hydronyms in the circumpolar region (the recent area of distribution of Yeniseian languages) clearly overlay earlier systems, with the layering of morphemes onto Ugric, Samoyedic, Turkic, and Tungusic place names. It is therefore proposed that the homeland, or dispersal point, of the Yeniseian languages lies in the boreal region between Lake Baikal, northern Mongolia, and the Upper Yenisei basin, referred to by Vajda as a territory "abandoned" by the original Yeniseian speakers. On the other hand, Václav Blažek (2019) argues that based on hydronomic evidence, Yeneisian languages were originally spoken on the northern slopes of the Tianshan and Pamir mountains before dispersing downstream via the Irtysh River.

The modern populations of Yeniseians in central and northern Siberia are thus not indigenous and represent a more recent migration northward. This was noted by Russian explorers during the conquest of Siberia: the Ket are recorded to have been expanding northwards along the Yenisei, from the river Yeloguy to the Kureyka, from the 17th century onward. Based on these records, the modern Ket-speaking area appears to represent the very northernmost reaches of Yeniseian migration.

The origin of this northward migration from the Mongolian steppe has been connected to the fall of the Xiongnu confederation. It appears from Chinese sources that a Yeniseian group might have been a major part of the heterogeneous Xiongnu tribal confederation, who have traditionally been considered the ancestors of the Huns and other Northern Asian groups. However, these suggestions are difficult to substantiate due to the paucity of data.

Alexander Vovin argues that at least parts of the Xiongnu, possibly its core or ruling class, spoke a Yeniseian language. Positing a higher degree of similarity of Xiongnu to Yeniseian as compared to Turkic, he also praised Stefan Georg's demonstration of how the word Tengri (the Turkic and Mongolic word for "sky" and later "god") originated from Proto-Yeniseian tɨŋVr.

It has been further suggested that the Yeniseian-speaking Xiongnu elite underwent a language shift to Oghur Turkic while migrating westward, eventually becoming the Huns. However, it has also been suggested that the core of the Hunnic language was a Yeniseian language.

Vajda (et al. 2013) proposed that the ruling elite of the Huns spoke a Yeniseian language and influenced other languages in the region.

One sentence of the language of the Jie, a Xiongnu tribe who founded the Later Zhao state, appears consistent with being a Yeniseian language. Later study suggests that Jie is closer to Pumpokol than to other Yeniseian languages such as Ket. This has been substantiated with geographical data by Vajda, who states that Yeniseian hydronyms found in northern Mongolia are exclusively Pumpokolic, in the process demonstrating both a linguistic and geographic proximity between Yeniseian and Jie.

The decline of the southern Yeniseian languages during and after the Russian conquest of Siberia has been attributed to language shifts of the Arin and Pumpokol to Khakas or Chulym Tatar, and the Kott and Assan to Khakas.

Family features
The Yeniseian languages share many contact-induced similarities with the South Siberian Turkic languages, Samoyedic languages, and Evenki. These include long-distance nasal harmony, the development of former affricates to stops, and the use of postpositions or grammatical enclitics as clausal subordinators. Yeniseic nominal enclitics closely approximate the case systems of geographically contiguous families. Despite these similarities, Yeniseian appears to stand out among the languages of Siberia in several typological respects, such as the presence of tone, the prefixing verb inflection, and highly complex morphophonology.

The Yeniseian languages have been described as having up to four tones or no tones at all. The 'tones' are concomitant with glottalization, vowel length, and breathy voice, not unlike the situation reconstructed for Old Chinese before the development of true tones in Chinese. The Yeniseian languages have highly elaborate verbal morphology.

The following table exemplifies the basic Yeniseian numerals as well as the various attempts at reconstructing the proto-forms:

The following table exemplifies a few basic vocabulary items as well as the various attempts at reconstructing the proto-forms:

Proposed relations to other language families
Until 2008, few linguists had accepted connections between Yeniseian and any other language family, though distant connections have been proposed with most of the ergative languages of Eurasia.

Dené–Yeniseian

In 2008, Edward Vajda of Western Washington University presented evidence for a genealogical relation between the Yeniseian languages of Siberia and the Na–Dené languages of North America. At the time of publication (2010), Vajda's proposals had been favorably reviewed by several specialists of Na-Dené and Yeniseian languages—although at times with caution—including Michael Krauss, Jeff Leer, James Kari, and Heinrich Werner, as well as a number of other respected linguists, such as Bernard Comrie, Johanna Nichols, Victor Golla, Michael Fortescue, Eric Hamp, and Bill Poser (Kari and Potter 2010:12). One significant exception is the critical review of the volume of collected papers by Lyle Campbell and a response by Vajda published in late 2011 that clearly indicate the proposal is not completely settled at the present time. Two other reviews and notices of the volume appeared in 2011 by Keren Rice and Jared Diamond.

Karasuk

The Karasuk hypothesis, linking Yeniseian to Burushaski, has been proposed by several scholars, notably by A.P. Dulson and V.N. Toporov. George van Driem, the most prominent current advocate of the Karasuk hypothesis, postulates that the Burusho people were part of the migration out of Central Asia, that resulted in the Indo-European conquest of the Indus Valley.

Sino-Tibetan

As noted by Tailleur and Werner, some of the earliest proposals of genetic relations of Yeniseian, by M.A. Castrén (1856), James Byrne (1892), and G.J. Ramstedt (1907), suggested that Yeniseian was a northern relative of the Sino–Tibetan languages. These ideas were followed much later by Kai Donner and Karl Bouda. A 2008 study found further evidence for a possible relation between Yeniseian and Sino–Tibetan, citing several possible cognates. Gao Jingyi (2014) identified twelve Sinitic and Yeniseian shared etymologies that belonged to the basic vocabulary, and argued that these Sino-Yeniseian etymologies could not be loans from either language into the other. A link between the Na–Dené languages and Sino-Tibetan languages, known as Sino–Dené had also been proposed by Edward Sapir. Around 1920 Sapir became convinced that Na-Dené was more closely related to Sino-Tibetan than to other American families. Edward Vadja's Dené–Yeniseian proposal renewed interest among linguists such as Geoffrey Caveney (2014) to look into support for the Sino–Dené hypothesis. Caveney considered a link between Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dené, and Yeniseian to be plausible but did not support the hypothesis that Sino-Tibetan and Na-Dené were related to the Caucasian languages (Sino–Caucasian and Dené–Caucasian).

Dené–Caucasian

Bouda, in various publications in the 1930s through the 1950s, described a linguistic network that (besides Yeniseian and Sino-Tibetan) also included Caucasian, and Burushaski, some forms of which have gone by the name of Sino-Caucasian. The works of R. Bleichsteiner and O.G. Tailleur, the late Sergei A. Starostin and Sergei L. Nikolayev have sought to confirm these connections. Others who have developed the hypothesis, often expanded to Dené–Caucasian, include J.D. Bengtson, V. Blažek, J.H. Greenberg (with M. Ruhlen), and M. Ruhlen. George Starostin continues his father's work in Yeniseian, Sino-Caucasian and other fields.
This theory is very controversial or viewed as obsolete by other linguists.

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Anderson, G. (2003) 'Yeniseic languages in Siberian areal perspective', Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 56.1/2: 12–39. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
 Anonymous. (1925). The Similarity of Chinese and Indian Languages. Science Supplement 62 (1607): xii. [Usually incorrectly cited as "Sapir (1925)": see Kaye (1992), Bengtson (1994).]
 Bengtson, John D. (1994). Edward Sapir and the 'Sino-Dené' Hypothesis. Anthropological Science 102.3: 207–230.
 Bengtson, John D. (1998). Caucasian and Sino-Tibetan: A Hypothesis of S. A. Starostin. General Linguistics, Vol. 36, no. 1/2, 1998 (1996). Pegasus Press, University of North Carolina, Asheville, North Carolina.
 Bengtson, John D. (1998). Some Yenisseian Isoglosses. Mother tongue IV, 1998.
 Bengtson, J.D. (2008). Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages. In Aspects of Comparative Linguistics, v. 3., pp. 45–118. Moscow: RSUH Publishers.
 Blažaek, Václav, and John D. Bengtson. 1995. "Lexica Dene–Caucasica." Central Asiatic Journal 39.1: 11–50, 39.2: 161–164.
 Bleichsteiner, Robert. (1930). "Die werschikisch-burischkische Sprache im Pamirgebiet und ihre Stellung zu den Japhetitensprachen des Kaukasus [The Werchikwar-Burushaski language in the Pamir region and its position relative to the Japhetic languages of the Caucasus]." Wiener Beiträge zur Kunde des Morgenlandes 1: 289–331.
 Bouda, Karl. (1936). Jenisseisch-tibetische Wortgleichungen [Yeniseian-Tibetan word equivalents]. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 90: 149–159.
 Bouda, Karl. (1957). Die Sprache der Jenissejer. Genealogische und morphologische Untersuchungen [The language of the Yeniseians. Genealogical and morphological investigations]. Anthropos 52.1–2: 65–134.
 Donner, Kai. (1930). Über die Jenissei-Ostiaken und ihre Sprache [About the Yenisei ostyaks and their language]. Journal de la Société Finno-ougrienne 44.
 Van Driem, George. (2001). The Languages of the Himalayas. Leiden: Brill Publishers.
 (Dulson, A.P.) Дульзон, А.П. (1968). Кетский язык [The Ket language]. Томск: Издательство Томского Университета [Tomsk: Tomsk University Press].
 Dybo, Anna V., Starostin, G. S. (2008). In Defense of the Comparative Method, or the End of the Vovin Controversy. // Originally in: Aspects of Comparative Linguistics, v. 3. Moscow: RSUH Publishers, pp. 109–258.
 Georg, Stefan. (2007). A Descriptive Grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak), Volume I: Introduction, Phonology, Morphology, Folkestone/Kent: Global Oriental.
 Greenberg, J.H., and M. Ruhlen. (1992). Linguistic Origins of Native Americans. Scientific American 267.5 (November): 94–99.
 Greenberg, J.H., and M. Ruhlen. (1997). L'origine linguistique des Amérindiens[The linguistic origin of the Amerindians]. Pour la Science (Dossier, October), 84–89.
 Kaye, A.S. (1992). Distant genetic relationship and Edward Sapir. Semiotica 91.3/4: 273–300.
 Nikola(y)ev, Sergei L. (1991). Sino-Caucasian Languages in America. In Shevoroshkin (1991): 42–66.
 Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (2002). Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China (Collected Studies, 731).
 Reshetnikov, Kirill Yu.; Starostin, George S. (1995). The Structure of the Ket Verbal Form. // Originally in: The Ket Volume (Studia Ketica), v. 4. Moscow: Languages of Russian Culture, pp. 7–121.
 Starostin, George S. (1995). Morphology of the Kott Verb and Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Verbal System. // Originally in: The Ket Volume (Studia Ketica), v. 4. Moscow: Languages of Russian Culture, pp. 122–175.
 Ruhlen, M. (1997). Une nouvelle famille de langues: le déné-caucasien [A new language family: Dene–Caucasian]. Pour la Science (Dossier, October) 68–73.
 Ruhlen, Merritt. (1998a). Dene–Caucasian: A New Linguistic Family. In The Origins and Past of Modern Humans – Towards Reconciliation, ed. by Keiichi Omoto and Phillip V. Tobias, Singapore, World Scientific, 231–46.
 Ruhlen, Merritt. (1998b). The Origin of the Na-Dene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95: 13994–96.
 Rubicz, R., Melvin, K.L., Crawford, M.H. 2002. Genetic Evidence for the phylogenetic relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian speakers. Human Biology, Dec 1 2002 74 (6) 743–761
 Sapir, Edward. (1920). Comparative Sino-Tibetan and Na-Dené Dictionary. Ms. Ledger. American Philosophical Society Na 20a.3. (Microfilm)
 Shafer, Robert. (1952). Athapaskan and Sino-Tibetan. International Journal of American Linguistics 18: 12–19.
 Shafer, Robert. (1957). Note on Athapaskan and Sino-Tibetan. International Journal of American Linguistics 23: 116–117.
 Stachowski, Marek (1996). Über einige altaische Lehnwörter in den Jenissej-Sprachen. In Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 1: 91–115.
 Stachowski, Marek (1997). Altaistische Anmerkungen zum "Vergleichenden Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen". In Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 2: 227–239.
 Stachowski, Marek (2004). Anmerkungen zu einem neuen vergleichenden Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen. In Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 9: 189–204.
 Stachowski, Marek (2006a). Arabische Lehnwörter in den Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts und die Frage der Sprachbünde in Sibirien In Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 123 (2006): 155–158.
 Stachowski, Marek (2006b). Persian loan words in 18th century Yeniseic and the problem of linguistic areas in Siberia. In A. Krasnowolska / K. Maciuszak / B. Mękarska (ed.): In the Orient where the Gracious Light... [Festschrift for A. Pisowicz], Kraków: 179–184.
 (Starostin, Sergei A.) Старостин, Сергей А. (1982). Праенисейская реконструкция и внешние связи енисейских языков [A Proto-Yeniseian reconstruction and the external relations of the Yeniseian languages]. In: Кетский сборник, ed. Е.А. Алексеенко (E.A. Alekseenko). Leningrad: Nauka, 44–237.
 (Starostin, Sergei A.) Старостин, Сергей А. (1984). Гипотеза о генетических связях сино-тибетских языков с енисейскими и северокавказскими языками [A hypothesis on genetic relations of the Sino-Tibetan languages to the Yeniseian and the North Caucasian languages]. In: Лингвистическая реконструкция и древнейшая история Востока [Linguistic reconstruction and the prehistory of the East], 4: Древнейшая языковая ситуация в восточной Азии [The prehistoric language situation in eastern Asia], ed. И. Ф. Вардуль (I.F. Varduľ) et al. Москва: Институт востоковедения [Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences], 19–38. [see Starostin 1991]
 Starostin, Sergei A. (1991). On the Hypothesis of a Genetic Connection Between the Sino-Tibetan Languages and the Yeniseian and North Caucasian Languages. In Shevoroshkin (1991): 12–41. [Translation of Starostin 1984]
 Starostin, Sergei A., and Merritt Ruhlen. (1994). Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons. In M. Ruhlen, On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92. [Partial translation of Starostin 1982, with additional comparisons by Ruhlen.]
 Tailleur, O.G. (1994). Traits paléo-eurasiens de la morphologie iénisséienne. Études finno-ougriennes 26: 35–56.
 Tailleur, O.G. (1958). Un îlot basco-caucasien en Sibérie: les langues iénisséiennes [A little Basque-Caucasian island in Siberia: the Yeniseian languages]. Orbis 7.2: 415–427.
 Toporov, V.N. (1971). Burushaski and Yeniseian Languages: Some Parallels. Travaux linguistiques de Prague 4: 107–125.
 Vajda, Edward J. (1998). The Kets and Their Language. Mother Tongue IV.
 Vajda, Edward J. (2000). Ket Prosodic Phonology. Munich: Lincom Europa Languages of the World vol. 15.
 Vajda, Edward J. (2002). The Origin of Phonemic Tone in Yeniseic. In CLS 37, 2002. (Parasession on Arctic languages: 305–320).
 Vajda, Edward J. (2004). Ket. Lincom Europa, München.
 Vajda, Edward J. (2004). Languages and Prehistory of Central Siberia. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 262. John Benjamin Publishing Company. (Presentation of the Yeniseian family and its speakers, together with neighboring languages and their speakers, in linguistic, historical and archeological view)
 Vajda, Edward J. (2007). Yeniseic substrates and typological accommodation in central Siberia.
 Vajda, Edward J. (2008). "Yeniseic" a chapter in the book Language isolates and microfamilies of Asia, Routledge, to be co-authored with Bernard Comrie; 53 pages).
 Vajda, Edward J. (2010). "Siberian Link with Na-Dene Languages." The Dene–Yeniseian Connection, ed. by J. Kari and B. Potter, 33–99. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series, vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology.
 Vovin, Alexander. (2000). 'Did the Xiong-nu speak a Yeniseian language?' Central Asiatic Journal 44.1: 87–104.
 Vovin, Alexander. (2002). 'Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary', in Altaica Budapestinensia MMII, Proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Budapest, June 23–28, pp. 389–394.
 Werner, Heinrich. (1998). Reconstructing Proto-Yenisseian. Mother Tongue IV.
 Werner, Heinrich. (2004). Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft [On the Yeniseian-[American] Indian primordial relationship]. Wiesbaden: Harassowitz.

External links

 Results from the February 2008 Dene–Yeniseic Symposium
 A Siberian Link With Na-Dene Languages by Edward Vajda, a proponent of the Yeniseian-Na-Dene connection.
 Lecture notes on the Ket people  by Edward Vajda.
 Map of the Yeniseian family from the Santa Fe Institute.
 Comparison of Yeniseian and Na-Dene by Merritt Ruhlen.
 Yenisseian Etymology by S. A. Starostin.
 Sino-Caucasian [comparative phonology] by S. A. Starostin. 2005.
 Sino-Caucasian [comparative glossary] by S. A. Starostin. 2005.
 Article on Yeniseian languages
 Multimedia Database of Ket Language, Moscow State (Lomonosov) University
 Ket language vocabulary with loanwords (from the World Loanword Database)

Language families
Dené–Yeniseian languages
Paleo-Siberian languages

Yeniseian languages


Lički krumpir je hrvatski autohtoni proizvod registriran i zaštićen na zajedničkom tržištu EU, gdje je dobio oznaku izvornosti i zemljopisnog podrijetla u rujnu 2015. godine.

Specifičnog je brašnastog odnosno prhog okusa radi većeg postotka suhe tvari koji ga čini posebnijim u odnosu na krumpire proizvedene u drugim područjima.

Izvori

Izvorno hrvatsko
Pomoćnica
Povrće

Lički krumpir


Eiko Yamazawa (1899-1995), une photographe japonaise ;
 Seigo Yamazawa (1846-1897), un officier, lieutenant général, samouraï et baron japonais.

Yamazawa


Zé Arigó (pseudonym of José Pedro de Freitas 18 October 1921 – 11 January 1971) was a faith healer and proponent of psychic surgery. He claimed to have performed psychic surgery with his hands or with simple kitchen utensils while in a mediumistic trance, therefore he was also known as the Surgeon of the Rusty Knife. During his operations he supposedly embodied the spirit of Dr. Adolf Fritz.

Biography
Zé Arigó was born José Pedro de Freitas on a farm located 6 kilometers from Congonhas do Campo, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. His family was very poor and he could only study up to the third grade of school.  At the age of 14 he began working at a mine where he worked for 6 years. According to his autobiography, around 1950 he began to suffer from strong headaches, insomnia, trances, and hallucinations. One day he felt that the voice that had been pursuing him took over his body, and he had a vision of a bald man, dressed in a white apron and supervising a team of doctors and nurses in an enormous operating room. This entity identified itself as "Dr. Fritz."

After claiming to have channeled Dr. Fritz, Arigó began to perform operations using scalpels and needles. His reputation soared and spread throughout Brazil after it was alleged that he had removed a cancerous tumor from the lung of a well-known Brazilian senator. Over the next twenty years, thousands of people who mistrusted traditional medicine, or had not found help in it, came to Congonhas in search of a cure.

In 1956 Arigó was convicted of illegally practicing medicine. He was sentenced to 15 months in prison, but was pardoned by President of Brazil Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira. In 1962 he was arrested and held for seven months for practicing medicine without a license. However, he was allowed to continue treating people while held in jail. Arigó died in 1971 in an automobile accident.

Critical reception
Óscar González-Quevedo, a prominent Catholic critic of Brazilian Spiritism, published a follow-up survey of Arigó's clients in 1973. He reported that of 836 clients surveyed, three claimed a full cure, 15.5% improved, 55.5% had no long-term change, 25.1% had no response, and 3.9% self-reported injuries. González-Quevedo's website also accuses Arigó of having mistaken albinism for leprosy, and of having misdiagnosed a benign tumor as cancerous. He suspects Arigó of obtaining the names of medicines from conversations with doctors, and of obtaining medical conditions from his day job, where he worked with the personal files of pensioners and retirees.

Magician and skeptic James Randi considered the psychic surgery of Arigó to be the result of sleight of hand trickery. In his best-known book Flim-Flam! Randi published a photograph of himself performing a knife stunt that Arigó was alleged to have performed.

Skeptical investigator Joe Nickell has written that Arigó "prescribed various potions and concoctions that obviously depended for their effectiveness on the placebo effect. His prescriptions were filled at the only pharmacy in town run by the amateur doctor's brother. By such means were Arigo's alleged 'miracle healings' actually performed."

Martin Gardner withdrew his book in protest to its publisher, Crowell-Collier, publishing John G. Fuller's book Arigo.

Alan Arkin writes of the influence his knowledge of Arigó had on a specific time in his life in his book, Out Of My Mind:(Not Quite a Memoir).

See also
"John of God"
João Maria de Jesus
Kardecist Spiritism
Rubens Farias Jr.

References

Further reading

External links

1921 births
1971 deaths
Brazilian spiritual mediums
Channellers
Faith healers
Psychic surgeons
Recipients of Brazilian presidential pardons
Road incident deaths in Brazil

Zé Arigó


Lagash (sumerisk: Lagaški; "lagerhus"; akkadisk: Nakamtu; moderne Tell al-Hiba, provinsen Dhi Qar i Irak) ligger NV for sammenløbet for floderne Eufrat og Tigris og øst for Uruk, omkring 22 km øst for Ash Shatrah. Lagash var en af de ældste byer i oldtidens Mellemøsten. Den gamle lokalitet Surghul/Nina ligger ca. 10 km derfra. Bystaten Lagash omfatter også byen Girsu, ca. 25 km NV for Al-Hiba, som var det religiøse center. Tempelet i Lagash var E-Ninnu, viet til guden Ninurta.

Ruinerne af Lagash blev undersøgt 1877–1900, og arkæologiske udgravninger har blandt andet afdækket et tempel for guden Ninurta og et for gudinden Inanna. Lagash var en betydningsfuld bystat og var sæde for flere tidlige kongedynastier. Efter det akkadiske imperium var gået til grunde, oplevede byen en storhedstid, hvor kong Gudea var en fremstående skikkelse.

Historie

Fra inskriptioner, som er fundet ved Girsu (som Girsu-cylinderne), synes det som om Lagash var en betydningsfuld by i Sumer i slutningen af 2.000-tallet f.Kr. Den var på denne tid styret af uafhængige konger Ur-Nanshe (2.300-tallet f.Kr.) og hans efterfølgere, og som var engagerede i en strid med elamitterne i øst og kongerne af "Kienĝir" og Kish i nord. En del af de tidligere værker fra før den akkadiske erobring er også af stor interesse, i særdeleshed Eannatums Gribbestele og Entemenas store sølvvase dekoreret med Ninurtas hellige dyr Anzu: en ørn med løvehoved og med vingene udstrakt griber om en løve i hver klo. Med den akkadiske erobringen af Lagash mistede byen sin uafhængighed. Dens hersker, eller ensi, blev en vasal af Sargon af Akkad og hans efterfølgere, men Lagash fortsatte med at være by med stor betydning og frem for alt et center med kunstnerisk udvikling.

Efter at Sargons rige faldt sammen, fik Lagash igen en blomstringsperiode under sine uafhængige konger (ensis), Ur-Bau og Gudea, og drev omfattende handel med fjerne riger. Ifølge hans egen optegnelse bragte Gudea cedertræ fra Amanus-bjergene i Anatolien og Libanon-bjergene i Syrien, mineralet diorit fra østlige Arabien, kobber og guld fra det centrale og sydlige Arabien, mens hans hærstyrker var optaget af krig med Elam i øst. Hans styre var en periode med særlig kunstnerisk aktivitet. Vi har en rimelig god forestilling om, hvordan Gudea så ud, eftersom han placerede talrige statuer af sig selv i en naturtro realisme i templerne. Hele 27 statuer af Gudea er hidtil blevet fundet. I Gudeas tid lå hovedstaden for Lagash i Girsu. Kongedømmet dækkede et område, som omtrentlig udgjorde 1.600 km². Det bestod af 17 større byer, otte distriktshovedstæder og talrige landsbyer, hvoraf omkring 40 er kendt ved navn. Efter en beregning var Lagash den største by i verden fra ca. 2.075 til 2.030 f.Kr.

Kort tid efter at Gudeas styre var ovre, blev Lagash absorberet i Ur III-staten som en af dets vigtigste provinser. Det er en del oplysninger om området i løbet af den gammelbabylonske periode. Efter dette synes det som om, at byen havde mistet sin betydning; i det mindste vides intet mere om den før opførelsen af en fæstning under Seleukideriget, da synes den at være blevet en del af det hellenistiske kongedømme Charakene.

Konflikt med Umma

Ca. 2.450 f.Kr. blev Lagash og nabobyen Umma kastet ud i en grænsestrid. Som beskrevet på Vultures-stelen blev kongen af Lagash, Eannatum, inspireret af guden for hans by, Ningirsu, til med sin hær at drage i krig mod den nærliggende by. De første detaljer om slaget er uklare, men stelen giver et par vage detaljer om begivenheden. Ifølge stelen valgte Eannatum, da de to parter mødtes på slagmarken, at stige ned fra sin vogn og ledede sine mænd til fods. Efter at have sænket deres spyd rykkede Lagash hær frem mod hæren fra Umma i en tæt falanks. Efter en kort sammenstød vandt Eannatum og hans hær sejr over hæren fra Umma. Ramt i øjet af en pil levede kongen af Lagash længe nok til at nyde sin hærs sejr. Denne kamp er en af de tidligste organiserede kampe kendt af forskere og historikere.

Dynastierne i Lagash

Disse dynastier er ikke fundet på den sumerisk kongeliste, men et yderst fragmentarisk supplement fundet på sumerisk, kendt som herskerne af Lagash. Det fortæller, hvorledes - efter oversvømmelsen - menneskeheden havde svært ved at dyrke mad til sig selv og udelukkende var afhængig af regnvand; yderligere omtales teknikker til vanding og dyrkning af byg, som derefter blev bibragt dem af guderne. I slutningen af listen er udsagnet "Skrevet i skolen", hvilket tyder på, at det var en skriftskoles produkt. Nogle af navnene på Lagash' herskere kan bestemmes, herunder ur-Nanshe, "Ane-tum," A-entar-Zid, Ur-Ningirsu, Ur-Bau, og Gudea.

Første dynasti i Lagash

Andet dynasti i Lagash

Arkæologi

Lagash er et af de største arkæologiske steder i regionen, måler omkring 3 x 1.5 km. Skøn over dens område spænder fra 400 til 600 hektar. Pladsen er opdelt af bredden af en kanal/flod, som løber diagonalt gennem højen. Stedet blev først udgravet, i seks uger, af Robert Koldewey i 1887. [9] Det blev inspiceret i løbet af en undersøgelse af området ved Thorkild Jacobsen og Fuad Safar i 1953, som fandt det første bevis på en identifikation som Lagash. Den største statsdannelse i regionen al-Hiba og Tello var tidligere blevet identificeret som ŠIR.BUR.LA (Shirpurla). Tell Al-Hiba blev igen undersøgt i fem sæsoner med udgravninger mellem 1968 og 1976 af et hold fra Metropolitan Museum of Art og Institut for fine Arts i New York University. Holdet blev ledet af Vaughn E. Crawford, og omfattede Donald P. Hansen og Robert D. Biggs. Det primære fokus var udgravningen af templet Ibgal for Inanna og templet Bagara for Ningirsu, samt et tilknyttet administrative område.

Holdet vendte tilbage 12 år senere, i 1990, for en sidste sæson med udgravninger ledet af D. P. Hansen. Arbejdet involverede primært områder der støder op til et hidtil uudgravet tempel. Resultaterne fra denne udgravningssæson er tilsyneladende endnu ikke offentliggjort.

Noter

Litteratur
 Robert D. Biggs, Inscriptions from al-Hiba-Lagash : the first and second seasons, Bibliotheca Mesopotamica. 3, Undena Publications, 1976,
 E. Carter, A surface survey of Lagash, al-Hiba, 1984, Sumer, vol. 46/1-2, pp. 60–63, 1990
 Donald P. Hansen, Royal building activity at Sumerian Lagash in the Early Dynastic Period, Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 55, pp. 206–11, 1992
 Vaughn E. Crawford, Lagash, Iraq, vol. 36, no. 1/2, pp. 29–35, 1974
 R. D. Biggs, Pre-Sargonic Riddles from Lagash, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 32, no. 1/2, pp. 26–33, 1973

Sumer
Mesopotamien
Højkulturer
Irak
Byhøje

Lagash


Wild Horses steht für:

 ein Musikstück der Rolling Stones: Wild Horses (Lied)
 die US-amerikanische Countryband Wild Horses (Countryband)
 die ehemalige US-amerikanische Glam-Metal-Band Wild Horses (Metal-Band)
 eine ehemalige englische Rockband gegründet von Brian Robertson und Jimmy Bain siehe Wild Horses (Rockband)
 einen Roman von Dick Francis:  in deutscher Übersetzung: Zügellos (Roman) von 1994 bzw. 1996
 einen Film von 1998, Drehbuch Soleil Moon Frye: Wild Horses (1998)
 einen Film von 2015: Wild Horses (2015)

Wild Horses


Abomasum deplasmanı veya abomasum kayması, ineklerde ana karnında büyüyen yavrunun baskısıyla dördüncü midenin normal yerinden sağa veya sola doğru bükülmesi (yer değiştirmesi). Doğumu takip eden iki-üç hafta içinde meydana gelir. Kesif yem - kaba yem dengesizliği, kaliteli kaba yem eksikliği ve geçiş dönemi besleme hataları bu yer değiştirmeye zemin hazırlar. Abomasum çoğunlukla sola doğru yer değiştirir.
genellikle 1.laktasyonda görülür.

Hastalığın görülme sıklığındaki artışı bilim insanları kültür ırklarının ıslahına bağlamaktadır.Yapılan ıslah çalışmaları sonucu ırkların cüsseleri artmış ve buna bağlı olarak karın içi basınç da artmıştır.Bu de deplasman riskini artırır.

Abomasum deplasmanı; organım deplase olduğu bölgeye göre iki ye ayrılır. Sola deplasman (LDA) ve sağa deplasman (RDA-RTA)

Deplasmanlar içerisinde sola deplasmanın (LDA) sağa deplasmanlardan (RDA) daha sık görüldüğü belirtilmiştir.Abomasum deplasmanları genellikle yüksek süt verimli ve cüsseli kültür ırkı ineklerde, erken laktasyon döneminde tanımlanmaktadırlar.

Yaş arttıkça abomasum deplasmanlarının şekillenme riskinin de arttığı, Guernsey'lerin Holstein'lara göre; dişilerin de erkeklere göre deplasmanlara daha duyarlı oldukları bildirilmiştir.

Abomasum deplasmanların ortaya çıkışında mastitis, metritis, retensiyo sekundinarum, hipokalsemi ve ketozis gibi hastalıkların predispozisyon hazırladığı bilinmektedir.

Sola deplasman (LDA)
LDA (Left displaced abomasi) olgularında abomasum normal bulunduğu pozisyondan (regio xiphoidea'nın caudali) kayarak sol karın duvarı ile rumen arasına sıkışır.

Abomasopeksie veya omentopeksie adlı cerrahi yöntemlerle organ normal konumuna getirilir.

Sağa deplasman ve torsiyon (RDA-RTA)
RDA-RTA (Right displaced abomasi-Right torsio abomasi) olgularında abomasum sağ tarafa doğru kendi ekseni etrafında 90 dereceden 360 dereceye varan oranlarda döner. 180 derece ve daha fazla bir dönmede olgu RTA adını alır. Çünkü pylorus-duodenum sınırı burulmuştur. Operasyonda sağ abomasopeksie yöntemi uygulanır.

Patogenez
Abomasumun deplase olmasını takiben, rumen içeriğinin ince bağırsaklara geçememesi nedeniyle özellikle RDA olgularında metabolik alkalozla birlikte hipokloremi, hiponatremi ve hipokalemi şekillenmektedir. Abomasumda atoni şekillenmesi ve hastalığın uzun süre devam etmesi nedeniyle ülserleşmeler gözlenebilir. Bu durum klinik olarak dışkı renginin değişimi ile izlenebilmektedir. İştahsızlık, süt veriminde düşme, hafif düzeyde kalp frekansı artışı, yüzlek solunum, dışkı miktarı ve rumen hareketkerinde azalma ile birlikte sol açlık çukurluğunda (fossa paralumbalis sinistra) genişleme belirlenmektedir. Deplase olunan bölgenin oskülte edilmesiyle tipik pink sesi alınabilmektedir. Klinik bulgulara ek olarak rektal muayene ile deplase olan abomasumun sol ya da sağ tarafta palpe edilmesi tanı aşamasında katkı sağlamaktadır. Ruminal timpani, pneumoperitoneum ve rumen atonosi gibi sol tarafta; sekal dilatasyon, spiral kolonda gaz birikimi, pneumorektum ve fizometra (uterusta gaz birikimi) gibi sağ tarafta dilatasyon ve pink sesine yol açan hastalıklardan abomasum deplasmanlarının ayırt edilmesi gerekmektedir. Biyokimyasal analizlerde serum elektrolitleri ve asit-baz dengesinde değişimler belirlenmekte; HCl'nin ruminoretiküler refluksu nedeniyle ruminal asidoz şekillenmektedir. Kan pH'sı ve bikarbonat düzeyi yükselirken, hipoglisemi ile birlikte hipokloremi ve hipokalemi de meydana gelmektedir. Serum kalsiyum düzeyinin alınım ve emilimindeki azalmadan dolayı düşebileceği belirtilmektedir. AST, GGT, total protein, albumin ve globulin gibi parametrelerin belirlenmesiyle karaciğer fonksiyonları değerlendirilmelidir. Zira deplasmanların karaciğer yağlanması ile ilgili olabileceği yapılan çalışmalarla ortaya konmuştur. Farklı yöntemler uygulanarak opere edilen abomasum deplasmanı olgularında farklı araştırmacılar tarafından değişen oranlarda başarılı sonuçlar alınmıştır.

Normal değerlere göre albumin konsantrasyonunun düşük, globulin konsantrasyonunun yüksek olması; deplasman olgularında karaciğer ile birlikte böbreklerin etkilenim derecesine ve akut faz proteinlerinin üretilmesine bağlanabilir.

Prognoz
LDA olgularında prognoz iyidir.Zira hastalık birkaç hafta içerisinde ortaya çıkar ve hafif seyreder. Müdahale edilmezse ölüm yaklaşık 4 haftada şekillenir.

RDA olgularında ise prognoz şüpheli-kötüdür.Çünkü hem organ timpanik bir hal almaya başlamıştır hem de burulmanın şiddetine göre organda iskemik nekroz ve bunu izleyen süreçte perforasyon görülür. Müdahale edilmezse 1 hafta içinde ölüm şekillenir.

RTA olgularında ise prognoz kötüdür. Vakit kaybetmeden hayvan kesime sevkedilir. Müdahale edilmediği takdirde 2-3 gün içinde ölüm şekillenir.

Önleyici tedbirler
 Vücut ağırlığının en az %1'i kadar kaliteli kuru ot verilmelidir.
 Kuru dönemde silaj tüketimi kısıtlanmalıdır.
 Mastitis, şişman inek sendromu, süt humması, sonun atılamaması gibi problemler yer değiştirmeye neden olacağından, bu problemler için önlem alınmalıdır.
 Kuru dönemde, özellikle doğuma iki hafta kala ineğe verilen kesif yem 100 kg ağırlığa 750 g oranını geçmemelidir. Örneğin; 500 kg ağırlığındaki ineğe verilen kesif yem 3.750 g'dan fazla olmamalıdır. Çok fazla mısır silajı verilmemelidir.

Güncel bilgiler ve araştırmalar
Geishauser ve arkadaşları subklinik ketozisin de abomasum deplasmanları için risk oluşturduğunu; Massy ve arkadaşları da hipokalsemi geçiren ineklerde LDA şekillenme riskinin 4.8 kat arttığını tespit etmişlerdir. Yine Retensiyo sekundinarum gibi toksemik olgularda endotoksin ya da endojen pirojenlerin (interleukin-1) etkisi ile gastrik motilitenin azalıp abomasum deplasmanına yol açabileceği bildirilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalarda deplasmanların gelişiminde insulin ve gastrin sekresyonlarındaki artışların da etkili olabileceği bildirilmiştir.

Abomasum deplasmanlarının, yapılan çalışmalarla karaciğer yağlanması ile ilgili olabileceği tespit edilmiştir.

Geishauner ve arkadaşları yaptıkları çalışmalarda yüksek AST aktivitesinin abomasum deplasmanlarında, özellikle LDA olgularının tanımlanmasında önemli olduğunu vurgulamışlardır.

Kaynakça
 Aytuğ CN, Alaçam E, Görgül S. (1991): Sığır Hastalıkları, Tüm-Vet Hayvancılık Hizmetleri Yayını.
 Batmaz H. (1997): Sığır İç Hastalıkları. Danış San Ofset, Bursa, 86-87.
 Blikslager AT, Anderson KL, Bristol DG, Fubini SL, Anderson DE. (1995): Repeat laporatomy for gastrointestinal disorders in cattle: 57 cases (1968-1992), J Am Vet Med Assoc., 207(7): 939-943.
 Blood, DC, Radostits OM. (1989): Veterinary Medicine, 7th edit., Bailliere Tindall, London.
 Buchanan M, Cousin DA, MacDonald NM, Armour D. (1991): Medical treatment of right-sided dilatation of the abomasum in cows. Vet. Rec., 129(6): 111-112.
 Cable CS, Rebhun WC, Fubini SL, Erb HN, Ducharme NG. (1998): Concurrent abomasal displacement and perforating ulceration in cattle: 21 cases(1985-1996). J.Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 212(9): 1442- 1445.
 Constable PD, Miller GY, Hoffsis GF, Hull BL, Rings DM. (1992): Risk factors for abomasal volvulus and left abomasal displacement in cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res., 53(7):1184-1192.
 Delgado-Lecaroz R, Warnick LD, Guard CL, Smith MC, Barry DA. (2000): Cross-sectional study of the association of abomasal displacement or volvulus with serum electrolyte and mineral concentrations in dairy cows. Can Vet J, 41(4):301-305.
 Fubini SL, Grohn YT, Smith DF. (1991): Right displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus in dairy cows: 458 cases (1980-1987). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 198(3):460-464.
 Geishauser T, Leslie K, Duffield T, Edge V.(1997): Evaluation of aspartate transaminase activity and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration in blood as tests for prediction of left displaced abomasum in dairy cows. Am J Vet Res, 58(11): 1216-1220.
 Geishauser T, Leslie K, Duffield T, Sandals D, Edge V. (1998): The association between selected metabolic parameters and left abomasal displacement in dairy cows. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A, 45(8): 499-511.
 Geishauser T, Leslie K, Duffield T. (2000): Metabolic aspects in the etiology of displaced abomasum. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract., 16(2): 255-265
 Geishauser T, Reiche D, Schemann M. (1998): In vitro motility disorders associated with displaced abomasum in dairy cows. Neurogastroenterol Motil., 10(5): 395-401.
 Geishauser T, Seeh C. (1996): Duodeno-abomasal reflux in cows with abomasal displacement. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A, 43(7):445-450.
 Guard C. (1990): Deseases of the alimentry systems. In "Large Animal Internal Medicine", Edit by B.P. SMITH, Mosby Comp., Philadelphia, 792-797.
 Gul Y, Grunder HD. (1990): Results of liver function tests in abomasal displacement and ketosis of cattle. Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr., 97(3):126-130.
 Hirvonen J, Pyorala S. (1998): Acute-phase response in dairy cows with surgically-treated abdominal disorders. Vet. J., 155(1): 53-61.
 Holtenius P, Traven M. ( 1990): Impaired glucose tolerance and heterogeneity of insulin responses in cows with abomasal displacement. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A, 37(6):445-451.
 Itoh, N., Koiwa, M., Hatsugaya, A., Yokota, H., Taniyama, H., Okada, H., Kudo, K. (1998): Comparative analysis of blood chemical values in primary ketosis and abomasal displacement in cows. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A., 45(5): 293-298
 Jubb TF, Malmo J, Davis GM, Vawser AS.(1991): Left-side displacement of the abomasum in dairy cows at pasture. Aust. Vet. J., 68(4):140-142.
 Katoh, N., Nakagawa-Ueta, H. (2001): Concentrations of apolipoprotein C-III in healthy cows during the prepartum period and cows with milk fever. J. Vet. Med.Sci., 63(6): 597-601
 Kumper H. (1995): Right displacement of the abomasum in cattle. 1. Pathogenesis, clinical course and prognosis. Tierarztl Prax., 23(4):351-359.
 Massey CD, Wang C, Donovan GA, Beede DK.(1993): Hypocalcemia at parturition as a risk factor for left displacement of the abomasum in dairy cows. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 203(6):852-853.
 Meylan, M. (1999): Prognostic indicators in cattle with right-sided displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus. Schweiz Arch. Tierheilkd, 141(9): 413-418
 Mudron P, Sallmann HP, Rehage J, Holtershinken M, Kovac G, Bartko P, Scholz H.(1994): Effects of a surgical reposition of left-sided abomasal displacement on parameters of energy metabolism in dairy cows. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr., 101(9):376-378.
 Müller K.E. (1998): Some aspects of pathogenesis and therapy of abomasal displacements in cattle. Cattle Practice, 6(1): 41-44.
 Nakagawa H, Katoh N. (1996): Reduced activity of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in the serum of cows with ketosis and left displacement of the abomasum. Vet Res Commun., 22(8): 517-524.
 Oikawa S, Katoh N, Kawawa F, Ono Y. (1997): Decreased serum apolipoprotein B-100 and A-I concentrations in cows with ketosis and left displacement of the abomasum. Am J Vet Res., 58(2): 121-125.
 Ok M, Şen I, Birdane FM, Sevinç M, Aslan V, Alkan F. (2000): Concentration of insulin and glucose in dairy cows with abomasal displacement. Indian Vet J., 77, 961-962.
 Özkan K. (1994): Abomasumun sola deplasmanı olgularında modifiye hannover (Danimarka) yöntemi omentopeksi uygulamasıyla şirurjikal sağaltım. Vet Cer. Kong., 30.
 Rehage J, Mertens M, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Kaske M, Scholz H. (1996): Post surgical convalescence of dairy cows with left abomasal displacement in relation to fatty liver. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 138(7): 361-368.
 Rohrbach BW, Cannedy AL, Freeman K, Slenning BD. (1999): Risk factors for abomasal displacement in dairy cows. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 214(11): 1660-1663.
 Roussel AJ, Cohen ND, Hooper RN. (2000): Abomasal displacement and volvulus in beef cattle: 19 cases (1988-1998). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 216(5): 730-733.
 Sattler N, Fecteau G, Helie P, Lapointe JM, Chouinard L, Babkine M, Desrochers A, Couture Y, Dubreuil P. (2000): Etiology, forms, and prognosis of gastrointestinal dysfunction resembling vagal indigestion occurring after surgical correction of right abomasal displacement. Can. Vet. J., 41(10): 777-785.
 Steen, A. (2001): Field study of dairy cows with reduced appetite in early lactation:clinical examinations,
blood and rumen fluid analyses. Acta Vet Scand., 42(2): 219-228.
 36. Şahal M, Öcal N, Özgencil E, Beşaltı Ö, Tanyel B.(1997): Abomasum deplasmanlı süt ineklerinde kan serumu, rumen sıvısı, tükrük ve idrarda biyokimyasal incelemeler. Ankara Üniv. Vet Fak Derg., 43, 1-6.
 Şen I, Ok M, Turgut K, Birdane FM, Güzelbektaş H.: The role of gastrin in the etiology of abomasal displacement in dairy cows. J. Vet. Med. A. (in press).
 Taguchi K. (1995): Relationship between degree of dehydration and serum electrolytes and acid-base status in cows with various abomasal disorders. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 57(2): 257-260.
 Vlamick L, Martens A, Steenhaut M, Gasthuys F, Desmet P, Moor D. (1996): Surgical correction of abomasal displacement in cows: A review of 163 cases. Cattle Practice, 4(2): 201-207.
 Vlamick L, Steenhaut M, Gasthuys F, Martens A, Desmet P, Van Brantagem L, Moor D. (2000): Omentopexy for correction of right abomasal displacement: Results in 135 cows. Vlaams Diergeneeskunding Tijdschrift, 69, 190-196.
 Vlamick L, Steenhaut M, Gasthuys F, Martens A, Desmet P, Vanden Abeele K, Moor D. (1998): Omentopeksy for correction of left displaced abomasum: Outcome results in 53 cattle. Vlaams Diergeneeskunding Tijdschrift, 67, 118-122.
 Yamamoto, M., Nakagawa-Ueta, H., Katoh, N., Oikawa, S. (2001): Decreased concentration of serum apolipoprotein C-III in cows with fatty liver,ketosis,left displacement of the abomasum, milk fever and retained placenta. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 63(3): 227-231.

Boynuzlugiller hastalıkları
Memeli anatomisi
Çift toynaklılar

Abomasum deplasmanı


Iosif Bologa (d. 6 iunie 1937, Brașov) a fost o personalitate importantă care a luptat în slujba idealului național în străinătate în 1918.

Biografie
A fost profesor.  Între 1917-1918 a fost membru al Biroului de Presă al Legației române din Stockholm. La 1918 a dus o activitate în străinătate în slujba idealului național. După Marea Unire a fost director al liceului "Andrei Șaguna" din Brașov. A murit la 6 iunie 1937, în Brașov.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Cluj-Napoca, 1993
Neamțu, Gelu, Vaida-Voevod, Mircea, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. I+II)
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Decese în 1937
Profesori
Profesori români

Iosif Bologa


بلدية أوريس (بالكاتالانية: Orís) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 286 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة

أورياس (برشلونة)


December Back 2 June é uma canção da cantora e compositora  americana Alicia Keys. Foi lançada como primeiro single de seu nono álbum de estúdio, Santa Baby.

Composição
"December Back 2 June" foi escrita por Keys, Tayla Parx, Em Walcott, Joshua Conerly, Thomas Lumpkins e produzida por Tommy Parker e NG Josh.

Videoclipe
O videoclipe mostra Keys dando uma festa em sua casa, celebrando a vida ao lado da familia e amigos. O video contém a participação de amigos famosos como: Keke Palmer, Tierra Whack, Jason Bolden, Lenny S e seu marido,  o produtor Swizz Beatz. Foi lançado em 4 de Novembro de 2022 em seu canal oficial do Youtube.

Recepção da Crítica
Rachel Brodsky do portal Stereogum, elogiou dizendo que "Keys entrou no modo Soul Train dos anos 70 com o primeiro single do seu novo disco, que a faixa em camadas (mas não sobrecarregada) tem jingles, scooby-doo-bops e um ritmo de bem-estar que honestamente mostra muito mais esforço do que você pensaria que Keys gostaria de colocar neste estágio confortável de sua carreira". Mya Abraham da Vibe disse que "é uma jam feita para os amantes sobre ter uma abundância de amor e alegria que dura o ano todo e que embora pareça que há um sample não creditado dos Jackson 5 presente com a linha repetitiva, "it's just Christmas time", a música convidativa e original desbloqueia o mundo de "Keys-mas".

Faixas e formatos

Histórico de lançamento

Canções gravadas por Alicia Keys
Canções compostas por Alicia Keys
Canções de 2022
Músicas de Natal
Canções de R&B contemporâneo

December Back 2 June


Richard Fisk es un personaje ficticio, un criminal que aparece en los cómics estadounidenses publicados por Marvel Comics. El personaje aparece por primera vez en The Amazing Spider-Man # 83 (abril de 1970) y fue creado por Stan Lee y John Romita, Sr. Es el hijo de Kingpin, Vanessa Fisk y el hermano adoptivo de  Echo. Aunque originalmente fue retratado en un villano, más tarde se convirtió en el antihéroe.

Una versión más joven del personaje apareció en la película animada de 2018, Spider-Man: Un nuevo universo.

Historia de publicación
El personaje de Richard Fisk aparece por primera vez como El Intrigante en The Amazing Spider-Man #83 (abril de 1970), y fue creado por Stan Lee y John Romita, Sr. Apareció por primera vez como La Rosa en The Amazing Spider-Man #253 (junio de 1984), pero no fue revelado como La Rosa hasta The Amazing Spider-Man #286 (marzo de 1987).

Biografía del personaje ficticio
Richard Fisk creció como un niño privilegiado, creyendo que su padre Wilson Fisk era un hombre de negocios respetable y honorable. Wilson era a veces abusivo con Richard, pero Richard todavía lo amaba. En un momento él y su amigo de la infancia, Samuel Silke vieron a Wilson maltratar a alguien. Fue cuando él estaba asistiendo a una universidad prestigiosa en Suiza que descubrió que su padre era, en realidad, el Kingpin, Rey del Crimen. Consciente de que los lujos de su juventud fueron financiados por un imperio criminal, Richard estaba angustiado y se comprometió a hacer expiación por los crímenes de su padre. Cuando sus padres recibieron la noticia de que Richard había muerto en un accidente de esquí, ellos sospecharon que en realidad era un suicidio después de que Richard supo la verdad de la identidad de su padre. Afligido y furioso de que su hijo podría haber actuado sin carácter, Kingpin se hundió en una racha de depresión.

Intrigante
No mucho tiempo después, una nueva banda surgió en Nueva York, dirigida por una figura misteriosa que se hace llamar el Intrigante. A diferencia de la mayoría de las bandas en Nueva York, la organización de El Intrigante parecía inclinada únicamente a desmantelar el imperio de Kingpin. Después de una serie de enfrentamientos, Kingpin y El Intrigante finalmente se encontraron cara a cara. Fue entonces que El Intrigante reveló que su rostro era una máscara de verdad, y que su verdadero rostro era el de Richard Fisk. Richard explicó que había fingido su muerte en los Alpes y estaba devolviendo el golpe a su padre usando su propio dinero. Este golpe final fue demasiado para Kingpin de llevar, y se dejó caer en catatonia. Esto finalmente hizo que Richard se diera cuenta de lo mucho que había herido a su padre, y se lanzó a encontrar una manera de curar su estado de coma. Richard se unió al grupo terrorista internacional HYDRA, convirtiéndose en líder del fragmento de Nevada de HYDRA y, finalmente, llegando al rango de Hydra Supremo. Ahora, con los amplios recursos médicos de HYDRA a su disposición, Richard pudo regresar a su padre a la plena salud. Kingpin, aparentemente demostró que había vuelto a la normalidad en la clandestinidad asumiendo como mandatario de HYDRA. Sin embargo, pronto se reveló que el verdadero líder de HYDRA era el supervillano nazi el Cráneo Rojo, y los Fisk tuvieron que formar un equipo con el Capitán América y el Halcón para detener al dictador loco. Richard fue gravemente herido en la batalla final, y Kingpin tenía a su hijo colocado en animación suspendida, finalmente curándolo desviando alguna fuerza vital de Spider-Man. Después de esto, padre e hijo parecían estar reconciliados.

Rosa
Varios años más tarde, Richard se unió a la organización de su padre, llamándose a sí mismo Rosa, un señor del crimen bajo el control de Kingpin. Sin embargo, todo esto era una artimaña para socavar el imperio de Kingpin desde adentro. Ayudando a Richard en este esquema estaba su buen amigo Alfredo Morelli y Ned Leeds, al que le lavaron el cerebro para que actúe como el supervillano Hobgoblin. Sin embargo, el subterfugio de La Rosa dio lugar a una explosiva guerra de bandas que desgarró la ciudad de Nueva York. Durante un tiroteo Richard disparó y mató a un oficial de policía, un acto que se convirtió en un punto de inflexión para él - ya no podía considerarse a sí mismo moralmente superior a su padre. Después de la muerte de Leeds y el final de la guerra de bandas, Richard se resignó a su derecho de nacimiento y se reunió con la organización de Kingpin como él mismo. Sin embargo, el deseo de derrocar a su padre una vez más apareció, y Richard y Alfredo conspiraron para hacer que el Kingpin pensara que Richard estaba listo para heredar la posición de su padre. Alfredo tuvo una cirugía plástica para parecer igual que Richard (ya que él tenía más experiencia de combate), y poco a poco empezó a subir la escalera del poder. Sin embargo, cuando Kingpin fue derrocado por las fuerzas combinadas de Daredevil y HYDRA, Alfredo traicionó a su viejo amigo al sostener que él era verdaderamente Richard, y asumió el control como el nuevo Kingpin. Richard se convirtió entonces en la Rosa Sanguinaria, un vigilante como el Castigador, y comenzó a matar a tiros a los criminales en una sangrienta purga de la ciudad. La Rosa Sanguinaria incluso disparó e hirió a Alfredo, que más tarde regresó con el alias de Guantelete, aunque fue derrotado finalmente por Vigilante Nocturno y encarcelado. Finalmente capturado por Spider-Man y detenido, Richard entró en el Programa de Protección de Testigos.

Nueva Vida
Años más tarde, Wilson Fisk, una vez más recuperó el manto del Kingpin, y Richard volvió a surgir a la vida pública y se reunió a la organización de Kingpin, una vez más prometiendo no volver a intentar derrocar a su padre. Sin embargo, tras reunirse con su amigo de la infancia, el ambicioso ejecutor Silke, Richard pensó que al fin había encontrado la manera perfecta para que su padre pague por sus crímenes. El intento de asesinato de Silke casi tuvo éxito, apuñalando e hiriendo gravemente a Kingpin (ya cegado de un intento anterior contra su vida). Sin embargo, Richard no contó con la tenacidad de su madre, Vanessa. Vanessa hizo rápidamente un sorprendente contraataque, eliminando la rebelión y vendiendo el territorio de su esposo para que él pudiera viajar a Europa y recuperarse. Richard la acorraló, insistiendo en que al deshacerse del Kingpin ellos podrían ser libres para tener una nueva vida, pero Vanessa con frialdad mató a su hijo de un tiro, eliminándolo como una amenaza de una vez por todas.

Richard fue resucitado más tarde por su padre, asumiendo una vez más la personalidad de Rosa.

Durante la historia de "Devil's Reign", Rosa ayudó a su padre a detener a los superhéroes después de que el alcalde Fisk los prohibiera. Después de visitar la estación de policía donde Ben Reilly como Spider-Man estalló, el miembro de Beyond Corporation, Marcus Momplaiser, fue emboscado por Rosa. Rosa se enfrenta a dos agentes de Thunderbolts que afirman que Spider-Man se escapó. Después de ahuyentar a los agentes de los Thunderbolts, Rosa recurre al Plan B y se prepara para torturar a su Marcus. Rosa no ha podido obtener ninguna información útil de Marcus y aún le será útil. Al convertirse en Spider-Man, Ben Reilly encuentra a los agentes de los Thunderbolts arrestando a alguien disfrazado de Spider-Man. Spider-Man derrota a los agentes de Thunderbolts y descubre que Marcus estaba vestido como Spider-Man mientras le aconseja a Spider-Man que se escape. En ese momento, Rosa aparece con la misma arma de S.H.I.E.L.D. que algunos agentes de Thunderbolts usaron con él y ataca a Spider-Man, donde revela que pinchó el disfraz de Spider-Man de Marcus con electrodos que usa para electrocutarlos. Antes de que Rosa pueda terminar con Spider-Man, Marcus usa uno de los palos eléctricos de los agentes Thunderbolts que lo ayuda a noquear a Rosa. Los agentes de los Thunderbolts traen a la policía de Nueva York a alguien disfrazado de Spider-Man. Está desenmascarado para ser una Rosa amordazada con las palabras "Aquí está Johnny" en la cinta que cubre su boca.

Poderes y habilidades
Richard Fisk no tiene poderes sobrehumanos, sin embargo él está entrenado en el uso de armas de fuego y tiene algo de entrenamiento en artes marciales. Él es altamente inteligente y también tiene una serie de contactos criminales. Como La Rosa viste un traje que es a prueba de balas. Siempre lleva una pistola y con frecuencia lleva a una gran variedad de mini-granadas.

Otras versiones
Otra versión de Richard Fisk apareció en el arco de la primera historia de Punisher MAX llamado "Kingpin". Aquí, él es representado como un niño de ocho años en lugar de un adulto joven, y su muerte es causada por la toma de posesión de la mafia por parte de su padre. Durante su enfrentamiento final con Fisk, el jefe de la mafia Rigoletto toma a Richard como rehén y lo amenaza con matarlo, pero Fisk, que no muestra preocupación por el destino de su hijo, se queda de brazos cruzados mientras Rigoletto le corta la garganta. Fisk luego reflexiona que siempre pensó que estaba tratando de avanzar en su carrera criminal por el bien de su hijo, mientras que en realidad era solo para él. El destino de Richard hace que Vanessa Fisk planee la caída de su marido separado.

En otros medios

Televisión
 Richard Fisk aparece en Spider-Man: la serie animada con la voz de Nick Jameson. En esta continuidad, Richard es leal a su padre y dirige una compañía pantalla llamada Fisktronics. En el episodio de dos partes de Inculpado y El hombre sin miedo, Richard inculpa a Peter Parker de vender secretos del gobierno con la ayuda del Camaleón. Spider-Man se alía con Daredevil en un intento por limpiar su nombre. Capturan a Richard Fisk que es arrestado. En la corte, él junto con Camaleón y la Agente Federal pícara Susan Choi son encontrados culpables y enviados a prisión por sus crímenes. Así, Peter fue exonerado de todos los cargos. En "Culpable", Richard se alía con Lápida (quien fue encarcelado en la misma prisión dos episodios después que Richard) y acepta culpar a Joseph Robbie Robertson. Ellos lo secuestraron, le pusieron un arma en la mano mientras estaba inconsciente y fue enviado a juicio por un crimen que no tenía intención de cometer. Él originalmente iba a ir a la Penitenciaría del Estado de Nueva York, pero con la ayuda del padre de Richard, Robbie fue reasignado a la Isla Ryker, donde Richard y Lápida permanecían encarcelados y estarían allí durante los próximos quince años. Pero Spider-Man al parecer descubrió acerca del plan de Richard y Lápida e irrumpió en la Isla Ryker para salvar a Robbie. Y justo cuando Richard y Lápida despegaban con su valioso compañero de celda en un helicóptero, Spider-Man accidentalmente hace que el helicóptero se estrelle, pero no antes de salvar a Robbie (y al piloto) y hace que Richard y Lápida caigan de regreso a la isla Ryker irónicamente. Richard hizo su última aparición en el show en el final de la temporada 4, El Merodeador, apareciendo en un flashback cuando fue salvado por Hobie Brown, de perder la vida por bolsas de pólvora de otro criminal encarcelado. Richard le dijo a su padre de la noticia consiguió que Hobie saliera de la cárcel. Después de que la serie había terminado, el productor John Semper explicó que si la serie continuase con una sexta temporada habría habido una historia donde Richard inculparía a Ned Leeds.

Película
 Richard Fisk aparece brevemente en Spider-Man: Un nuevo universo. Esta versión creció sin saber el comportamiento criminal de Wilson Fisk. Cuando él y Vanessa Fisk presencian a Wilson luchando contra Spider-Man, huyen aterrorizados. Vanessa y Richard son vistos mientras conducen cuando son golpeados por un camión que se aproxima y, presumiblemente, son asesinados. Esto motiva a Wilson a crear un acelerador de partículas para encontrar versiones alternativas de su familia en otros universos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Richard Fisk at the Marvel Universe wiki

Asesinos ficticios
Villanos de Marvel Comics
Personajes creados por Stan Lee
Agentes de Hydra
Vigilantes ficticios
Personajes creados por John Romita Sr.
Personajes de Spider-Man

Richard Fisk


Inari may refer to:

Shinto
 Inari Ōkami, a Shinto spirit
 Mount Inari in Japan, site of Fushimi Inari-taisha, the main Shinto shrine to Inari
 Inari Shrine, shrines to the Shinto god Inari
 Inari-zushi, a type of sushi

Places
 Inari, Finland, municipality
 Inari (village), in the municipality of the same name in Finland
 Lake Inari, Finland
 Inari Station, a railway station in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Japan

Astronomy
 1532 Inari, a main-belt asteroid

Given name
 Inari Karsh (born 1953), professor of Middle East and Mediterranean Studies at King's College London

Anthropology
 Inari Sami people, a Sami people of Finland
 Inari Sami language, the language spoken by the Inari Sami

See also
Enaree, a Scythian shaman
HINARI
Hinari
Inaria

Inari


Amancio Amaro Varela eller bare Amancio (født 16. oktober 1939 i La Coruña, Spanien, død 21. februar 2023) var en spansk fodboldspiller (højre fløj) og senere -træner.

Klubkarriere
Amancio startede sin karriere i fødebyen hos Deportivo La Coruña, hvor han spillede i fire sæsoner, frem til 1962. Herefter skiftede han til Real Madrid.

Hos Real Madrid spillede Amancio de følgende 12 år næsten 350 ligakampe og var en del af holdets guldalder. Han var med til at vinde hele ni spanske mesterskaber, tre Copa del Rey-titler samt Mesterholdenes Europa Cup finale 1966. I 1964 blev han nr. 3. i Ballon d'Or, kåringen af Europas bedste fodboldspiller.

Landshold
Amancio spillede desuden 42 kampe for det spanske landshold. Han blev europamester med Spanien ved EM 1964 på hjemmebane og deltog også ved VM 1966 i England.

Træner
Efter at have indstillet sin aktive karriere gjorde Amancio karriere som træner hos Real Madrid og var træner både for klubbens første- og andethold.

Titler
La Liga
 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1975 og 1976 med Real Madrid

Copa del Rey
 1970, 1974 og 1975 med Real Madrid

Mesterholdenes Europa Cup
 1966 med Real Madrid

EM
 1964 med Spanien

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Spanien
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1966
Fodboldspillere fra Deportivo La Coruña
Fodboldspillere fra Real Madrid CF
Fodboldtrænere fra Spanien

Amancio Amaro


Harry Hill, senere døbt The All-New Harry Hill Show og også kaldet The Harry Hill Show, var et britisk stand-up comedy sketch show, der blev præsenteret af komikeren Harry Hill og sendt i fire sæsoner fra 1997 til 2003 på Channel 4 og ITV.

Udsendelserne

Channel 4 (1997–2000)
Den oprindelige Channel 4-programserie med Harry Hill blev bestilt i kølvandet på succesen Fruit Fancies, en serie på BBC Two bestående af seks korte komediefilm med manuskript og skuespil af Hill, og en udsolgt turné i 1996, der blev fremragende modtaget af både kritikere og fans. Channel 4-serien blev bestilt i januar 1997. Programmets titel, som den vises i titelsekvensen, var blot Harry Hill, men blev i visse programoversigter ofte refereret til som The Harry Hill Show.

Harry Hill skrev og producerede selv størstedelen af programmet, der også havde tilbagevendende optrædener af Al Murray, der spillede Harrys storebror, Alan, Burt Kwouk, der optrådte som sig selv, Steve Bodwitch, der spillede Harrys ledende videnskabsmand, Finnsbury Park, og Matt Bradstock, der spilles Harrys tre-årige adopterede søn, Alan Hill Jr. Hver episode blev introduceret af Barrie Gosney.

Hver episode havde også tilbagevendende indslag, såsom Burt Kwouk med sangen Hey Little Hen, Grævlingeparaden, nyhederne oplæst af Harry forklædt som Zainab Badawi, og med jævne mellemrum en historie fortalt af Nana Hill, Harrys 82-årige barnepige. Channel 4-programserien kørte i tre år, mellem den 30. maj 1997 og den 24. april 2000, og affødte tre serier. Channel 4-programserien blev produceret af Avalon Television. I forbindelse med serien udgav Channel 4 bogen Harry Hill's Fun Book i julen 1998.

ITV1 (2003)
Efter succesen med Harrys senesete tv-serie, TV Burp, som blev sendt på ITV, besluttede ITV at opkøbe rettighederne til The Harry Hill Show af Channel 4. I forbindelse med programmtes genoplivning blev det omdøbt til The All-New Harry Hill Show, og en sæson af seks episoder blev sendt mellem 9. februar og 16. marts 2003.

Nye indslag inkluderede "The Hamilton Challenge", hvor Neil Hamilton og Christine Hamilton tog imod en af en række forskellige udfordringer; "Celebrity hobby that you didn't know about.... but will in a minute" (Oversættelse: "Kendis-hobby som du ikke kendte til.... men vil om et øjeblik") I dette indslag inviterer Harry en kendis, som så vil afsløre sin hemmelige hobby, og "the Bouncy Castle", hvor udsendelsen slutter med, at hele publikummet kommer op på scenen og hopper i en kæmpe hoppeborg.

Selvom seertallene var høje nok, besluttede ITV sig for ikke at producere endnu en sæson, eftersom fans af den oprindelige Channel 4-programserie var utilfredse med, hvad der blev kaldt den "ringe ITV genoplivning."

Revival (2012)
Som en del af Channel 4s kommende Funny Fortnight genoplivede Hill serien i juni 2012 og optog en komisk dokumentar kaldet Whatever Happened to Harry Hill?. Dokumentaren bygger på historien fra den oprindelige Channel 4-programserie og inkluderer interviews med Alan Hill (Al Murray), Burt Kwouk and Grævlingerne.

Dokumentaren påstår på komisk vis, at Hill i virkeligheden var årsagen til programmets død, mens det egentligt var Channel 4s budgetmæssige begrænsninger og en kommende aftale med ITV, der førte til den oprindelige programseries lukning. Dokumentaren indeholder også en falsk fortælling om, at Hill er blevet afhængig af sild og hunser med programmets medvirkende samt et par nye sketches døbt som den "omskrevne slutning".

I den omskrevne slutning medvirkede Alan Hill som Rizzle Kicks og Hill, Alan, Kwouk og Stouffer som dommerne fra The Voice UK, der optræder med en fortolkning af Jessie Js Price Tag. Dokumentaren blev sendt den 23. august 2012 sammen med genudsendelser af episoder fra første og tredje sæson af programmet.

Episoder

Sæson 1 (1997)
 Episode 1 (30. maj 1997) – Gæster: Keith Harris & Orville
 Episode 2 (6. juni 1997) – Gæst: Chas & Dave
 Episode 3 (13. juni 1997) – Gæst: Gary Bushell
 Episode 4 (27. juni 1997) – Gæst: Billy Bragg
 Episode 5 (4. juli 1997) – Gæst: Ian Lavender
 Episode 6 (11. juli 1997) – Gæst: Rustie Lee
 Episode 7 (18. juli 1997) – Gæst: Peter Davison
 Episode 8 (18. juli 1997) – Gæst: Todd Carty

Sæson 2 (1998)
 Episode 1 (30. oktober 1998) – Gæster: Little and Large
 Episode 2 (6. november 1998) – Gæst: Jan Leeming
 Episode 3 (13. november 1998) – Gæst: Bill Pertwee
 Episode 4 (20. november 1998) – Gæst: Mystic Meg
 Episode 5 (27. november 1998) – Gæst: Huffty
 Episode 6 (11. december 1998) – Gæst: Peter Baldwin
 Episode 7 (18. december 1998) – Gæst: The Wurzels
 Episode 8 (18. december 1998) – Gæst: Sweep
 Harry Hill's Christmas Sleigh Ride (23. december 1998) – Gæster: Acker Bilk and Ted Rogers

Sæson 3 (2000)
 Harry Hill's Christmas Memory Lane of Laughter (23. december 1999) – Gæst: Frank Skinner
 Episode 1 (27. februar 2000) – Gæst: Phil Jupitus
 Episode 2 (5. marts 2000) – Gæst: Russ Abbot
 Episode 3 (12. marts 2000) – Gæst: Ian Lavender
 Episode 4 (19. marts 2000) – Gæst: Bobby Davro
 Episode 5 (26. marts 2000) – Gæst: Barbara Dickson
 Episode 6 (9. april 2000) – Gæst: Karl Howman
 Episode 7 (16. april 2000) – Gæst: David Soul
 Episode 8 (24. april 2000) – Gæster: Sarah Greene and Mike Smith

Sæson 4 (2003)
 Episode 1 (9. februar 2003) – Gæst: Nigel Havers
 Episode 2 (16. februar 2003) – Gæster: Gail Porter and Dan Hipgrave
 Episode 3 (23. februar 2003) – Gæst: Dora Bryan
 Episode 4 (2. marts 2003) – Gæst: Les Dennis
 Episode 5 (9. marts 2003) – Gæst: Rick Parfitt
 Episode 6 (16. marts 2003) – Gæst: Busted

Specialudsendelser (2012)
 Whatever Happened to Harry Hill? (23. august 2012) – Gæst: Paul Burling

Eksterne links

 Harry Hill  i Det Britiske Filminstituts (BFI) database
 The All-New Harry Hill Show  i Det Britiske Filminstituts (BFI) database

Stand-up-comedy-shows
Tv-programmer fra Channel 4
Tv-programmer fra ITV
Britiske tv-serier fra 1990'erne
Britiske tv-serier fra 2000'erne

Harry Hill (tv-serie)


كفرصغاب هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء زغرتا في محافظة الشمال.

تعريف عام
تقع كفرصغاب على الجهة الشمالية لوادي قاديشا. تتكون كفرصغاب من تجمعين سكانين منفصلين جغرافياً: كفرصغاب وهي قرية جبلية مرتفعة قريبة من اهدن و مرح كفرصغاب وهي قرية منخفضة الارتفاع قريبة من زغرتا. وينتقل السكان بين القريتين وفقاً للموسم: صيفاً في كفرصغاب وشتاءً في المرح. عدد اللبنانيين في العالم العائدة اصولهم لكفرصغاب يناهز 20,000 نسمة  ويتوزعون على بلاد الاغتراب وخاصةً الولايات المتحدة الاميريكية وأستراليا. لا يتعدى القاطنون في كفرصغاب 1,000 نسمة. وسكان كفرصغاب من الموارنة.

اصل التسمية
يتالف الاسم من مركبين ساميي الاصل:
 كفر ومعناها قرية
 صغاب وقد يكون اسم علم أو الارجح مرادفاًً لكلمة «صعب» العربية

بما قد يُفسر إذا سلمنا بالمعنى الأخير بالقرية «الصعبة المنيعة»

تاريخ موجز

من الارجح ان تكون كفرصغاب سابقة لانتشار المسيحية في لبنان. لكنها دخلت التاريخ كمعظم القرى المحيطة مع انتشار الموارنة في لبنان. وقد بقيت حتى منتصف القرن الثامن عشر قرية متواضعة لا يتجاوز عدد سكانها 150 نسمة

حقبة المماليك

ذُكِرت كفرصغاب للمرة الأولى في أخباريات المؤرخين الموارنة في سنة 1283 عند اجتياح المماليك لجبة بشري في اواخر الحقبة الصليبية. وفي سنة 1470، بُنيت كنيسة القديس أوتل.

حقبة العثمانيين

في القرن السادس عشر، أُدرجت كفرصغاب في لوائح الضرائب العثمانية. ففي سنة 1519، ذكر المرجع السابق وجود 14 رجل فوق سن الخامسة عشر. وفي تعداد سنة 1571، كان العدد 12رجل جميعم مسيحيين ومتزوجين. وقرابة سنة 1600، نزح إلى كفرصغاب اهالي قرية موسى المجاورة بعد خراب قريتهم لأسباب غامضة بعض الشيء واندمجوا مع اهلها ليشكلوا قريةً واحدة مذاك.

في بدايات القرن السابع عشر، عرفت منطقة كفرصغاب حركة نزوح كثيفة بتشجيع من الأمير فخر الدين المعني الثاني، الذي أراد إعمار جبال لبنان الجنوبية الشبه خالية من السكان والأغنى زراعياً. لكن النهاية المفجعة لأول إمارة لبنانية مستقلة في سنة 1635، تركت فراغاً سياسياً كبيراًً وخاصةً في شمال لبنان.  شهدت هذه الفترة الأخيرة من القرن تقاتلاً على السلطة بين الزعامات المحلية وعرفت منطقة كفرصغاب خراباًً كبيراً أخلاها من بقية من تبقى.  و لإرجاع النظام وضبط الأوضاع، عينت السلطة العثمانية اَل حمادة حكاماً للمنطقة.  و مع نهاية القرن، نجح مشايخ اَل حمادة في سعيهم وعمدوا إلى تشجيع الفلاحين الموارنة الموجودين في مناطق حكمهم في جبيل والبترون للمجيء إلى شمال لبنان لإعمار المنطقة. فابتأدت آنذاك غالبية العائلات التي تشكل كفرصغاب الحديثة بالوفود إليها.

تاسيس كفرصغاب الحديثة
و مع حلول منتصف القرن الثامن عشر، ابتدأ الوافدون بمقاومة حكم آل حمادة. وقرابة 1760، نجح الأهالي بالتخلص من آل حمادة بمساعدة والي طرابلس ودعم الأمير يوسف الشهابي حاكم جبل لبنان. وعين والي طرابلس آل أبو يوسف الياس مشايخا لكفرصغاب وثلاث قرى أخرى. وقد استمرت هذه العائلة (التي عُرِفت لاحقاً بآل اٍسطفان نسبةً لأحد فروعها) بحكم كفرصغاب خلال مئة عام لحين قدوم متصرفية جبل لبنان.

الاغتراب

ابتداءً من 1850ولغاية 1875، دفع الضغط السكاني ناشئي القرية للانضمام إلى الرهبانيات على نطاق واسع. وتشير التقديرات إلى أن 10٪ من السكان البالغين الذكور انضووا للحياة الرهبانية خلال القرن التاسع عشر.

غير أن الصعوبات الاقتصادية لصناعة الحرير، والوضع السياسي المجحف لنظام متصرفية جبل لبنان (1865-1915) وتغيرظروف التعيينات المناطقية للرهبانيات أجبرت أهالي كفرصغاب إلى إيجاد منافذ اقتصادية جديدة من خلال الهجرة على نطاق واسع ابتداءً من عام 1885 فصاعدا إلى الولايات المتحدة وأستراليا. ويقدر أن كفرصغاب فقدت خلال الخمسة عشر عام الأخير من هذا القرن 20٪ من سكانها.

وتوقفت الهجرة بسبب الحرب العالمية الأولى، لكنها عادت واستأنفت تواصلها على نطاق واسع ابتداءً من العام 1925. ولم يؤثرالانتداب الفرنسي وتشكيل لبنان الحديث في عام 1925 على الهجرة. وقد استمر تواصل الهجرة طوال القرن 20، لا سيما خلال الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية (1975-1990). يقدر عدد الكفرصغابيين حول العالم بعشرين ألف نسمة، ألف منهم يعيشون في القرية الأم.

الجغرافيا

المناخ

الاقتصاد

اللهجة العربية

انظر أيضا
تاريخ كفرصغاب

وصلات خارجية
 / kfarsghab.net, useful information
  The Australian Kfarsghabian community website
  The American Kfarsghabian community website

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
قضاء زغرتا
مدن لبنان

كفرصغاب


The Reverend John Galbraith Graham MBE (16 February 1921 – 26 November 2013) was a British crossword compiler, best known as Araucaria of The Guardian. He was also, like his father Eric Graham, a Church of England priest.

Career

Graham was born in Oxford, where his father, Eric Graham, held the post of dean of Oriel College. The family moved to a country rectory in Wiltshire.
After attending St Edward's School, Oxford, he obtained a place to read classics at King's College, Cambridge, leaving to join the RAF when the Second World War began. After the war he returned to King's to read theology. In 1949 he joined the staff of St Chad's College, Durham as Chaplain and Tutor where he worked until 1952. On Graham's departure the Principal, Theo Wetherall, paying tribute to his good nature, wrote that "he squandered his sensitive taste and knowledge of Classics on 1B Greek with unfailing patience enlivened by rare expressions of nausea". He later became a vicar in Huntingdonshire.

Writing his first puzzle for The Guardian in July 1958, he eventually took to compiling crosswords full-time when his divorce in the late 1970s lost him his living as a clergyman (he was reinstated after the death of his first wife). In December 1970, The Guardian began publishing its crosswords under the pseudonyms of their compilers, at which point Graham selected the name "Araucaria".

Besides Araucaria's cryptic crosswords in The Guardian, of which he produced around six per month, he also set around a third of the quick crosswords for The Guardian, cryptic crosswords as Cinephile in the Financial Times and puzzles for other publications. In 1984, he founded 1 Across magazine as a way of providing more of his puzzles to subscribers who wanted them; the magazine still publishes five crosswords monthly: four new puzzles by various setters, and one by Araucaria taken from the extensive 1 Across archive.

He took his pseudonym from the monkey-puzzle tree, whose Latin name is Araucaria araucana. Another name for this tree is the "Chile Pine", of which "Cinephile" is an anagram, demonstrating his love for film.

Graham lived in Somersham, Cambridgeshire. He was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 2005 New Year's Honours, for services to the newspaper industry. In July 2011 Graham was the subject of the BBC radio programme Desert Island Discs, in which he revealed that he always used Scrabble tiles as an aid when compiling.

The December 2012 issue of 1 Across magazine printed an Araucaria puzzle which revealed that Graham had oesophageal cancer. The puzzle was reprinted as Guardian cryptic No. 25,842 on 11 January 2013.  The puzzle had a supplementary narrative beginning "Araucaria has 18 down of the 19, which is being treated with 13 15". Those who solved the puzzle found the answer to 18 down was "cancer", to 19 "oesophagus", and to 13 and 15 "palliative" and "care". Other clues had answers such as "Macmillan Nurse", "stent", "chemotherapy", "endoscopy" and "sunset". Araucaria said this particular puzzle had not taken him very long, adding that a crossword had seemed the most fitting way to make the announcement. "It seemed the natural thing to do somehow," he said. "It just seemed right."

The last Araucaria puzzle published before Graham's death also had some hidden meanings: it included answers such as "cottage hospital", "nil by mouth" and "time to go". Fellow Guardian crossword compiler and friend Sandy Balfour was with Graham on the night of his death, reading to him. A year after his death, on 27 November 2014, The Guardian published a crossword with the grid and some clues compiled by him but completed by his friend and fellow compiler 'Philistine'. He was described as having a "mischievous erudition, humility and courage."

Style

Graham's clue-writing style made him one of the best-loved of all setters. His style falls into a grouping sometimes referred to as "Araucarian". This style, of which The Guardian'''s Bunthorne was another notable exponent, has influenced most of the current crop of Guardian setters and contrasts with the more rigid "Ximenean" style favoured by The Times.

Widely admired for his clever use of cross-references and special themes, he was usually called upon to produce the extra-large puzzles printed in The Guardian on bank holidays; these sometimes even included two grids, with complicated rules governing the placing of answers in each.

He is also credited with creating a new format of crossword, the "alphabetical jigsaw" in which the clues are labelled with letters rather than numbers, and the grid has no markers to indicate the placement of solutions. Instead the clues are arranged in alphabetical order of their answer – usually labelled with the beginning letter, with either one or two clues for each letter. The answers are to be placed "jigsaw-wise, however they may fit," though of course only one arrangement will work. These puzzles have been christened 'araubeticals' by fans on the crossword website www.fifteensquared.net. Araucaria's clues to the alphabetical jigsaws are often in the form of rhyming couplets in iambic pentameter. In a few puzzles, an additional clue is given which describes a phrase or set of words placed around the edge of the grid (alternate squares of the perimeter being black) to give a starting point for placing some of the answers.

His clues often included long anagrams, with his favourite appearing in a Christmas puzzle: O hark the herald angels sing the boy's descent which lifted up the world,
an anagram of "While shepherds watched their flocks by night, all seated on the ground".

Another much-quoted example of his brilliance in clue-setting is the following:Poetical scene with surprisingly chaste Lord Archer vegetating (3, 3, 8, 12)which yields "The Old Vicarage, Grantchester". This is the title of a poem by Rupert Brooke. The anagram was a topical reference to Jeffrey Archer who was the vicarage's current owner and was lying low there at the time following a sex scandal.

Books
Several collections of his crosswords have been published. His crosswords have also been included in many other compilations, not listed here.Monkey Puzzles (2002)Monkey Puzzles volume 2 (2004)Chambers Book of Araucaria Crosswords Volume 1 (2003)Chambers Book of Araucaria Crosswords Volume 2 (2005)Chambers Book of Araucaria Crosswords Volume 3 (2006)Chambers Book of Araucaria Crosswords Volume 4 (2008)

References

External links
The Monkey Puzzler – 80th birthday tribute from The GuardianObituary – from The GuardianProfile – Araucaria's crosswords from 1999 to 2013 in The Guardian''
John Graham on Desert Island Discs – BBC Radio 4 podcast

1921 births
2013 deaths
People from Oxford
Academics of Durham University
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Crossword creators
20th-century English Anglican priests
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at St Edward's School, Oxford
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
The Guardian journalists
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Staff of St Chad's College, Durham

John Galbraith Graham


TWO er en dansk kortfilm fra 2014 instrueret af Dylan Cawthorne efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Mason har endelig samlet mod til at fri til sin kæreste Sophie. Han har fundet den perfekte ring og det perfekte sted. Nu mangler han kun sin fars velsignelse. Men på dagen for frieriet bliver Masons verden vendt på hovedet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2014

TWO


Onocleaceae, biljna porodica papratnjače, dio reda osladolike. Tipični rod Onoclea se vodi kao monotipičan, dok su ostale vrste uključene u rodove Matteuccia, Onocleopsis i Pentarhizidium

Porodica je raširena po Sjevernoj Americi i Euroaziji.

Sinonimi
 Dryopteridaceae Tribus Onocleeae Tod.

Izvori

Osladolike

Onocleaceae


An Orinus anomala in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Keng f.. An Orinus anomala in nahilalakip ha genus nga Orinus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Orinus

Orinus anomala


Olga Roxana Gianina Zumarán Burga (Lima, 21 de mayo de 1960), conocida como Olga Zumarán, es una primera actriz, modelo, presentadora de televisión, locutora de radio y exreina de belleza peruana. Es más conocida por sus roles televisivos de Eva Olazo en 1000 oficios, Mercedes Graña en Así es la vida y Yolanda Arriola en Al fondo hay sitio.

Biografía
Hija del Teniente Coronel EP José Zumarán, natural de Arequipa, y Socorro Burga. Realizó sus estudios escolares en el colegio San José de Cluny de la ciudad de Lima. Estudió Psicología en la Universidad Femenina del Sagrado Corazón.

A los 18 años, ganó el certamen Miss Perú Universo representando a la Ciudad de Arequipa, evento que se realizó en el Teatro Municipal de Lima. Zumarán, quedó entre las finalistas (Top 12) del Miss Universo 1978 realizado en México.

En 1981 ganó el título Miss Perú Mundo 1981 y representó a su país en Miss Mundo 1981 realizado en Londres.

En 2002 inició su carrera en la actuación incorporándose al elenco principal de la serie Mil Oficios. En 2004 actuó en la serie Así es la vida de América Televisión.

En 2009 fue elegida Señora Perú Mundo, en una cita realizada en el Palacio Municipal. Representó a su país en noviembre del mismo año en Vietnam.

En 2010 tuvo una corta participación en la serie Al fondo hay sitio.

En 2012 regresó como locutora de radio con el magacín En privado con Olga.

Filmografía

Cine
Como En El Cine (2015) como Sofia Vittorelli.
Sahara Hellen: El Regreso del Vampiro (2019) como Madre de Hellen.
Sugar en Aprietos (2022).

Televisión

Series y telenovelas
 Mil Oficios o 1000 Oficios (2001–2003) como Eva Olazo.
 Así es la vida (2004–2008) como Mercedes "Mechita" Graña Montero de Sánchez.
 Fuego cruzado: Vidas extremas (2009) como Ella misma.
 Las Locas Aventuras de Jerry y Marce (2009) como Mercedes "Mechita" Graña Montero de Sánchez.
 Al fondo hay sitio (2010) como Yolanda Arriola.
 Solamente milagros (2012) como Mamá (Episodio: Discriminada).
 Los amores de Polo (2012).
 ¿O Besas o no Besas? (2018).

Programas

 Dr. TV (2012; 2013; 2015; 2016) como Invitada.
 En qué andas Arequipa (2013) como Presentadora.
 A las once (2013) como Invitada.
 Pandora Slam (2016) como Invitada.
 La Banda del Chino (2021) como Invitada.
 América hoy (2021) como Invitada.
 América espectáculos (2021) como Invitada.
 Plano detalle (2021) como Invitada.

Vídeos musicales

 Yolanda "Que mujer más bella" (2010) como Yolanda Arriola.

Teatro
 Locura de amor (2003) como Elena (Director: Efraín Aguilar Pardavé).
 Papito piernas largas (2016).
 Voces del corazón (2017) como Felicia Barandiarán.
 Tres mujeres y un gigolo (2017).

Radio
En privado con Olga (2012) como locutora.
Que hacer (2018) como locutora. Emitido en Radio Nacional.

Eventos

Certámenes de belleza
El Miss Universo Perú 1978 (1978) como Concursante.
El Miss Universo 1978 (1978) como Concursante.
El Miss Perú Mundo 1981 (1981) como Candidata.
El Miss Mundo 1981 (1981) como Candidata.
El Señora Perú Mundo (2009) como Concursante.
El Miss Perú Tusán como Jurado.
El Miss Perú 2016 (2016) como Jurado.
El Miss Perú 2016 Universo (2016) como Jurado.

Otros

 Campaña Útero Sin Vergüenza (2021–presente) como Embajadora.

Distinciones

Certámenes de belleza
Miss Universo Perú 1978.
Miss Perú Mundo 1981.
Señora Perú Mundo 2009.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Lima
Alumnado de la Universidad Femenina del Sagrado Corazón
Misses de Perú
Modelos femeninas de Perú
Actrices de televisión de Perú
Locutores de radio de Perú
Ganadoras de Miss Perú

Olga Zumarán


Alexander Soros (né le 27 octobre 1985 à New York) est le fils de George Soros. Il est vice-président de l'Open Society Foundations et l'un des jeunes leaders mondiaux du Forum économique mondial de 2018.

Enfance et éducation
Alexander Soros est le fils du milliardaire George Soros et de Susan Weber Soros. Il a grandi à Katonah, New York et a un frère cadet, Gregory. Alex a fréquenté King Low Heywood Thomas à Stamford, Connecticut. Il est diplômé de l'Université de New York en 2009 et a obtenu en 2018 un doctorat en histoire de l'Université de Californie à Berkeley.

Philanthropie
Soros s'est imposé comme philanthrope avec une première contribution majeure au Fonds juif pour la justice .

Selon une biographie de 2011 dans le Wall Street Journal, Soros se concentre sur « des causes progressistes qui pourraient ne pas bénéficier d'un large soutien ». Depuis lors, il a rejoint le conseil d'administration d'organisations telles que Global Witness (en tant que membre du conseil consultatif), qui milite contre les atteintes à l'environnement et aux droits humains associées à l'exploitation des ressources naturelles ; les Open Society Foundations, qui s'emploient à établir la responsabilité des gouvernements et les processus démocratiques à l'échelle internationale ; et Bend the Arc (qui a été formé par la fusion de l' Alliance juive progressiste et des Fonds juifs pour la justice en 2012).

Soros continue également de faire des dons à des causes politiques. En mars 2012, il a fait don de 200 000 dollars au Conseil juif pour l'éducation et la recherche, l'organisation à l'origine du « Great Schlep » de 2008 en soutien au candidat de l'époque, Barack Obama . Alex est récipiendaire du prix de la Fondation Gordon Parks 2017 pour son soutien philanthropique aux arts et sciences humaines.

Fondation Alexandre Soros
En 2012, Soros a créé la Fondation Alexander Soros, qui se consacre à la promotion de la justice sociale et des droits de l'homme. Parmi les premiers bénéficiaires de la fondation figurent Bend the Arc, la National Domestic Workers Alliance, qui représente les droits de 2.5 millions de travailleurs domestiques aux États-Unis, et Make the Road New York, qui renforce le pouvoir des communautés latino-américaines et ouvrières pour parvenir à la dignité et à la justice.

Aux côtés de la Fondation Ford et de l'Open Society Foundations, la Fondation Alexander Soros a financé la toute première étude statistique nationale sur les travailleurs domestiques (Home Economics: The Invisible and Unregulated World of Domestic Work, publiée le 26 novembre 2012).

Prix de la Fondation

 En juillet 2012, la Fondation Alexander Soros a remis son premier prix ASF pour La défense de l'environnement et des droits de l'homme au militant libérien Silas Siakor.
 En 2013, le prix a été décerné à Chut Wutty, le militant cambodgien mort en défendant la forêt de Prey Lang.
 En 2014, le prix a été décerné à titre posthume à Edwin Chota, Jorge Ríos Pérez, Leoncio Quincima Meléndez et Francisco Pinedo, un groupe de dirigeants autochtones du Pérou qui ont été assassinés en raison de leur travail visant à mettre fin à l'exploitation forestière illégale dans leur communauté dans la forêt tropicale du Pérou.
 En 2015, le prix a été décerné à Alphonse Muhindo Valivambene et Bantu Lukambo pour leur dévouement à la défense du parc national des Virunga contre des intérêts corrompus tentant d'ouvrir le parc au forage pétrolier illégal et au braconnage.
 En 2016, le prix a été décerné à Paul Pavol, un villageois de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée qui dénonce l'appropriation de la forêt tropicale dans son district natal de Pomio par le conglomérat forestier malaisien Rimbunan Hijau.
 En 2017, Antônia Melo da Silva, une militante environnementale brésilienne de longue date, a reçu le prix de la Fondation Alexander Soros pour l'activisme environnemental et des droits de l'homme pour son rôle inspirant à la tête de campagnes visant à arrêter la construction du barrage de Belo Monte et d'autres projets d'infrastructure nuisibles dans la forêt amazonienne.

Autres activités
Alex Soros est crédité en tant que producteur de plusieurs films, dont L'Épreuve du feu et The Kleptocrats<ref></ref>.

En 2021, il se déclare en faveur de la décriminalisation de la consommation de drogues.

La même année, il célèbre en République Tchèque la Journée Internationale du Peuple Rom.

Ouvrages
En 2014, Soros a contribué un essai au livre God, Faith and Identity from the Ashes: Reflections of Children and Grandchildren of Holocaust Survivors.

Des écrits de Soros ont paru, entre autres, dans The Guardian, Politico, The Miami Herald, The Sun-Sentinel et The Forward.

Vie privée
Soros a des maisons à North Berkeley, Lower Manhattan et South Kensington, Londres.

Articles connexes
 Georges Soros
 Fondations de la société ouverte
 Fondation des marées

Références

Liens externes

 Fondation Alexandre Soros
 Fondation Open Society: Alexander Soros

Étudiant de l'université de Californie à Berkeley
Étudiant de l'université de New York
Naissance en octobre 1985
Naissance à New York
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Alexander Soros


Templul Brihadeeswarar este un templu hindus din Thanjavur, India. Se mai numește și RajaRajeswara sau Rajarajeswaram. Ca o atracție importantă, templul este unul dintre cele mai vechi din întreaga Indie, făcând parte din patrimoniul mondial UNESCO.

Istorie și arhitectură
Construcția templului a început în anul 1002, din ordinul regelui Raja Raja Chola I (985-1014) din dinastia Chola. Motivul construirii templului a fost apariția zeului Shiva într-o noapte în visul regelui. Construcția s-a încheiat în anul 1014, rezultând un edificiu impozant care să arate puterea și bogăția dinastiei Chola.

Templul Brihadeeswarar este unul dintre primele exemple de locașuri monumentale construite sub patronajul dinastiei Chola. Aici au avut loc cele mai importante ritualuri și ceremonii regale, cum ar fi ungerea noului rege și legarea sa de zeul Shiva. Arhitectul care a proiectat templul a fost legendarul Perunthachan, care a urmat cu exactitate tiparele stabilite în Vastu shastra.

Templul se înalță pe o platformă de 5 metri și este înconjurat de un zid ce marchează limita exterioară a sanctuarului. La intrare se află două gopurame (turnuri-poartă) înalte de 30 de metri. Sikhara (vimana) templului are o înălțime de 60, 96 de metri. Acest lucru este neobișnuit deoarece în general gopuramul este mai înalt decât vimana. Fațada templului prezintă numeroase nișe cu statui reprezentând zeități din mitologia hindusă.

Cea mai importantă parte a templului este altarul principal unde se află statuia zeului Shiva alături de un lingam masiv din piatră. Shiva este zeul distrugerii și al dansului și este zeitatea principală venerată la Brihadeeswarar. De asemenea există altare secundare ale altor zeități precum Surya, Indra, Agni, Varuna, Ganesha sau Nandi.

Templul Brihadeeswarar are o mare importanță culturală. În anul 2010 s-au împlinit 1000 de ani de la construirea sa. În anul 2015 a avut loc o procesiune religioasă cu idolii templului urcați în care. O astfel de procesiune nu a mai avut loc la Brihadeeswarar de cel puțin 100 de ani.

Fotogalerie

Temple hinduse

Templul Brihadeeswarar


ධාවන මාර්ගයක් යනු විලාසිතා සංදර්ශණයක් අතරතුර දී නිරූපිකාවන් විසින් ඇඳුම් පැලඳුම් නිරූපණය කිරීම සඳහා යොදා ගන්නා ප්‍රේක්ෂකාගාරය දෙසට දිවෙන සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ඔසවන ලද පටු වේදිකාවකි.

එය සමහරක් විටක රෑම්ප් ලෙස ද හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ. (රෑම්ප් මත ඇවිදී මෙන්)

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway_%28fashion%29

විලාසිතා-ධාවන මාර්ගය


Germaine Mornard, née le 27 mars 1955 à Montréal, est une poète, essayiste et enseignante québécoise.

Biographie
Détentrice d'un baccalauréat et d'une maîtrise en création littéraire de l'Université du Québec à Montréal, Germaine Mornard enseigne la littérature au Collège Édouard-Montpetit.

Germaine Mornard publie plusieurs poèmes dans des revues littéraires spécialisées au Québec. Elle participe aussi au collectif Manifeste d'écrivaines pour le 21e siècle sous la direction de France Théoret ainsi qu'au collectif Dialogues dans l'espace-temps sous la direction de Marc Séguin, Benoît Villeneuve et Jean-François Poupart.

En poésie, elle fait paraître Doigts d'ombre (Éditions du Noroît, 1995), Inclinations (Éditions du Noroît, 1999), Lumière des puys (Éditions du Noroît, 2002) ainsi que La fille orange (La Courte échelle, 2003).

Elle publie également deux livres d'artistes, soit Sein d'attrait (Éditions Cul Q, 1977) ainsi que Sensitive cirée (Éditions Cul Q, 1978).

Germaine Mornard est membre de l'Union des écrivaines et des écrivains québécois.

Œuvres

Livres d'artiste
Sein d'attrait, Montréal, Editions Cul Q, 1977, 34 p.
Sensitive cirée, Montréal, Editions Cul Q, 1978, 40 p.

Poésie
Doigts d'ombre, avec les gravures de Noëlline Proulx, Montréal, Éditions du Noroît, 1995, 76 p.
Inclinations, Montréal, Éditions du Noroît, 1999, 57 p.
Lumière des puys, Montréal, Éditions du Noroît, 2002, 69 p.
La fille orange, avec des eaux-fortes de Catherine Farish, Montréal, La Courte échelle, 2003, 35 p.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 France Théoret
 Marc Séguin
 Benoît Villeneuve
 Jean-François Poupart
 Éditions du Noroît
 La Courte Échelle

Liens externes

Femme de lettres québécoise
Essayiste québécois
Poétesse québécoise
Écrivain suivi par le projet Arts littéraires québécois

Germaine Mornard


Claudio Ranieri (fæddur 20. október árið 1951) er ítalskur knattspyrnustjóri og fyrrverandi leikmaður. Hann stýrði síðast Watford FC.

Hann spilaði fyrir nokkur ítölsk félög frá 1973 til ársins 1986. Síðan árið 1987 hefur hann stýrt hinum ýmsu liðum, m.a. Valencia CF (1997–99, 2004–05), Atlético Madrid (1999-2000), Chelsea (2000-2004), Juventus (2007-2009), A.S. Roma (2009-2011), Leicester (2015-2017) og Fulham (2018-2019). Hann var síðast knattspyrnustjóri hjá ítalska liðinu U.C. Sampdoria.

Heimild
 Claudio Ranieri, transfermarkt.com

Ítalskir knattspyrnustjórar
Ítalskir knattspyrnumenn

Claudio Ranieri


Dudley Castle er ruinen af et fæstningsværk i byen Dudley i West Midlands i England. Dudley Zoo ligger på borgens område på Castle Hill. Den ligger i udkanten af kalkstensminen Wenlock Group, hvor der blev drevet udstrakt minedrift under den industrielle revolution, og som nu fredet sammen med Wren's Nest Hill, som de bedste eksempler på kalkstensindustrien i Dudley. Ruinen er listed building af første grad. Dudley Tunnel løber under Castle Hill, men ikke under selve fæstningen.

Ifølge legenden opførte sakserne allerede i 700-tallet en fæstning i træ, som de kaldte Dud. Det bliver ikke taget seriøst af historikerne, der daterer borgen til 1066 i forbindelse med den normanniske erobring af England.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Luftfoto  af Dudley Castle.
The Friends of Dudley Castle

Slotte i West Midlands
Dudley

Dudley Castle


Daniel "Daan" Wepener Bekker (Dordrecht, JAR, 9. veljače 1932. – Pretoria, JAR, 22. listopada 2009.) je pokojni južnoafrički boksač u teškoj kategoriji.

Karijera
Bekker je nastupio na Olimpijadi u Melbourneu 1956. gdje je stigao do polufinala. Ondje je poražen od američkog predstavnika Petea Rademachera, kasnijeg olimpijskog pobjednika. Međutim, unatoč porazu, sam nastup u polufinalu osigurao mu je olimpijsku broncu.

1958. godine boksao je na Igrama Commonwealtha u velškom Cardiffu gdje je bio prvak.

Nakon tog uspjeha nastupio je i na Olimpijadi u Rimu. Tamo je stigao do samog finala teške kategorije, ali ga je nakon 90 sekundi borbe nokautirao domaći protivnik Francesco De Piccoli.

Bekker je umro 22. listopada 2009. nakon duge borbe s Parkinsonovom i Alzheimerovom bolešću.

Izvori

Boksači
Južnoafrički športaši

Daniel Bekker