Manuel de los Santos Pastor (Las Tablas, pedanía de Jerez de la Frontera, 25 de junio de 1936 - Jerez de la Frontera, 25 de diciembre de 2015), apodado y conocido artísticamente como Agujetas o Agujetas de Jerez, fue un cantaor flamenco, uno de los miembros más destacados de la "familia de los Agujetas", de reconocido prestigio en el mundo del flamenco. Heredó su apodo de su padre, Agujeta Viejo, que trabajaba cambiando las "agujas" de ferrocarriles.

Biografía
Este artista gitano empezó trabajando en la fragua de su padre, también cantaor, antes de irse a vivir en 1970 a Madrid, donde grabó su primer disco, producido por Manuel Ríos Ruiz y acompañado en la guitarra por Manolo Sanlúcar; con el apodo Agujetas (tomado de su padre) como nombre artístico.

Su padre le transmitió la tradición del cante jerezano heredado de Manuel Torre, El Marrurro y Tío José de Paula (y su madre, Ana Pastor Monje, que era de la familia de Negro de El Puerto). Casado con una japonesa, sus hijos Dolores Agujetas , Antonio Agujetas y Manuel también son cantaores, así como sus hermanos Juan, Paco, Diego y Luis. Participó en la grabación de la Magna Antología del Cante Flamenco, que fue recopilada por el musicólogo José Blas Vega.

En 1977 fue galardonado con el Premio Nacional de Cante de la Cátedra de Flamencología de Jerez.

Tras una prolongada estancia en Norteamérica contrajo una grave enfermedad, y los más destacados intérpretes del flamenco le rindieron en 1987 un homenaje en Jerez de la Frontera; un punto de inflexión a partir del cual la carrera de Agujetas se reactivó.

Agujetas apareció en la película Flamenco de Carlos Saura. Esta interpretación supuso uno de sus momentos más intensos: un martinete en el que se mostraba su cante ancestral, su rostro marcado por los años. A raíz de esta fecha, las grabaciones se sucedieron con asiduidad: Agujetas en París (1996), Agujeta en la soleá (1998).

En estos discos, Agujetas defendió el cante antiguo y la memoria oral, legados de los que, junto a pocos elegidos como El Chocolate y La Paquera, se sentía cancerbero. Esta y otras confesiones salpicaban el documental que la realizadora francesa Dominique Abel le dedicó en 2000, Agujetas cantaor, donde hace también aparición el guitarrista Moraíto Chico. Un par de años más tarde registró 24 quilates, donde insistía en reivindicar la escuela de Manuel Torre, de El Marrurro y de Tío José de Paula.

En el año 2013, su ciudad natal le brindó una avenida con su nombre y vuelve a los escenarios en 2014.

En 2015, se decidió instalar un monumento en su honor en Jerez, monumento que se suma al que tiene en la entrada de Rota.

Falleció en Jerez de la Frontera el 25 de diciembre de 2015.

En 2021 se estrenó el documental "Agujetas cantaor" de Dominique Abel

Discografía
 Viejo cante jondo, 1972
 Premio Manuel Torre de Cante Flamenco, 1974
 El color de la hierba, 1978
 Grandes Cantaores de flamenco: Agujetas, 1986
 Agujetas en París, 1996.
 El Querer no se puede ocultar, 1998
 Agujeta en la soleá, 1998.
 El querer no se puede ocultar, 1998.
 Agujetas cantaor, 1999
 24 quilates, 2002.
 El rey del cante gitano, 2003.
 Magna Antología del Cante Flamenco, Volumen 3, 2008.
 Agujetas: Historia, Pureza y Vanguardia del Flamenco, 2012, antología de cinco discos.
 Agujetas en Japón, grabado en 2013 (publicado en 2022)

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Alfredo Grimaldos, Historia social del flamenco, 2010.
 Ángel Álvarez Caballero, La Discografía ideal del cante flamenco, Barcelona, Planeta, 1995.

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de Agujetas en flamenco-world.com

 Los Agujetas, once años después

  (programa homenaje)

 Pedro Bacán y Agujeta,  emisión del 11 de dic. del 2014 del programa de Radio Clásica Nuestro flamenco, con José María Velázquez-Gaztelu: sobre el toque de Bacán y sobre el cante de Agujeta.

 Recuerdo de Manuel Agujeta:  emisión del 14 de enero del 2016 de Nuestro flamenco.

 Un año sin el eco de la tragedia:  emisión del programa Los caminos del cante dedicada a Manuel "Agujetas".

Cantantes en español
Cantaores de flamenco del siglo XX
Cantaores de flamenco del siglo XXI
Gitanos españoles
Músicos callejeros
Cantantes de Jerez de la Frontera
Nacidos en Jerez de la Frontera
Fallecidos en Jerez de la Frontera

Manuel Agujetas


William Perry (1927-), un homme politique américain ;
 William Perry (1930-), un compositeur américain ;
 William Perry (1962-), un joueur américain de football américain.

William Perry (homonymie)


Caldentey ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Bartolomé Caldentey (* 1951), spanischer Bahnradsportler
 Joan Aulí i Caldentey (1796–1869), mallorquinisch-spanischer Organist und Komponist
 Mariona Caldentey (* 1996), spanische Fußballspielerin

Caldentey


Inés Suárez, (um 1507 – 1580) var spænsk landvinningakona sem tók þátt í hernámi Chile ásamt Pedro de Valdivia, og tókst árið 1541 að verja bæinn Santíagó gegn árás innfæddra Mapuche-manna.

Æskuár
Suárez fæddist í Plasencia í Extremadura á Spáni árið 1507. Hún kom til Ameríku um það bil árið 1537, þrítug að aldri. Almennt er talið að hún hafi verið í leit að eiginmanni sínum, Juan de Málaga, sem hafði farið frá Spáni til að gegna herþjónustu í Nýja heiminum með Pizarro-bræðrum. Eftir að hafa leitað í langan tíma á fjölmörgum stöðum í Suður-Ameríku kom hún til Líma árið 1538.

Eiginmaður Suárez hafði dáið áður en hún kom til Perú (hún sagði samlanda sínum að hann hefði dáið á sjó) og það næsta sem vitað er um hana er þegar hún sótti um og var veittur lítill landskiki í Cuzco ásamt encomienda-rétti yfir fjölda indíána árið 1539 sem ekkja spænsks hermanns.

Stuttu síðar varð Suárez ástkona landvinningamannsins Pedro de Valdivia sem síðar lagði undir sig Chile. Fyrst var minnst á vináttu hennar og Valdivia eftir að hann sneri aftur úr orrustunni við Las Salinas (1538). Þótt þau væru frá sama héraði Spánar og að minnsta kosti einn skáldsagnahöfundur segi frá langvarandi ást á milli þeirra, eru engar heimildir fyrir því að þau hafi hist áður en hún kom til Cuzco.

Landvinningar í Chile
Síðla árs 1539, þrátt fyrir mótmæli Francisco Martínez en með stuðningi sumra foringja hans, bað Valdivia með aðstoð náðarprests um opinbert leyfi handa Suárez svo hún gæti verið hluti af hópi tólf Spánverja sem hann leiddi í suðurátt. Í bréfi sínu til Valdivia frá janúar 1540, sem veitti Suárez leyfi til að fylgja Valdivia sem þjónustustúlkan hans, ávarpaði Francisco Pizarro Suárez með eftirfarandi orðum, "Valdivia segir mér að mennirnir séu hræddir við að fara í svona langa ferð og þú hafir sýnt mikið hugrekki við að bjóða þig fram í þessa hættuför."

Í langri og erfiðri suðurferðinni hugsaði Suárez um Valdivia og hjúkraði sjúkum og særðum. Hún fann vatn fyrir þá í eyðimörkinni og bjargaði Valdivia þegar einn keppinautur hans reyndi að grafa undan leiðangrinum og myrða hann. Innfæddir, sem höfðu þegar upplifað árásir Spánverja eftir ferð Diego de Almagro 1535-1536, brenndu uppskeru sína og ráku búféð sinn burt, en skildu ekkert eftir fyrir flokk Valdivia og dýrin sem fylgdu þeim.

Í desember 1540, ellefu mánuðum eftir að þau fóru frá Cuzco, komust Valdivia og hópur hans að dalnum við ána Mapocho þar sem hann ætlaði að stofna höfuðborg. Dalurinn var breiður og þéttbyggður innfæddum. Jarðvegurinn var frjósamur og þar var mikið ferskvatn. Tvær háar hæðir voru upplagðar fyrir varðstöðvar. Skömmu eftir komu þeirra reyndi Valdivia að sannfæra innfædda um að áform hans væru friðsamleg með því að senda sendinefndir með gjafir handa höfðingjum þeirra.

Innfæddir héldu gjöfunum en sameinuðust undir forystu Michimalonco og réðust á Spánverja. Þeir voru í þann mund að yfirbuga þá þegar þeir köstuðu skyndilega frá sér vopnum sínum og flúðu. Handteknir indíánar lýstu því að þeir hefðu séð mann, ríðandi á hvítum hesti og með nakið sverð, svífa niður úr himninum og ráðast á þá. Spánverjar ákváðu að þetta væri kraftaverk Santo Iago (heilags Jakobs sem hafði áður sést í orrustunni við Clavijo við endurheimt Spánar) og í þakklætisskyni nefndu þeir nýju borgina Santiago del Nuevo Extremo. Borgin var formlega helguð honum 12. febrúar 1541.

Fyrsta eyðilegging Santiago
Í ágúst 1541, þegar Valdivia var upptekinn við ströndina, komst Suárez að öðru samsæri um að steypa honum af stóli. Eftir að hafa séð fyrir samsærismönnunum, beindi Valdivia athygli sinni að indíánum og bauð sjö höfðingjum að hitta sig til að skipuleggja afhendingu matvæla. Þegar þeir komu tók Valdivia þá í gíslingu til að tryggja afhendingu birgða og öryggi afskekktra landnemabyggða. Þann 9. september hélt Valdivia frá borginni með fjörutíu menn til að stöðva uppreisn indíána nálægt Aconcagua.

Snemma morguns þann 10. september 1541 bar ungur yanakuna Alonso de Monroy höfuðsmanni, sem hafði verið falin stjórn borgarinnar, þær fréttir að skógurinn í kringum borgina væri fullur af frumbyggjum. Suárez var spurð hvort hún teldi að láta ætti gíslana lausa til að reyna að semja um frið. Hún svaraði að henni þætti það slæm hugmynd; ef indíánarnir sigruðu Spánverja, myndu gíslarnir vera það eina sem þau hefðu til að semja með. Monroy samþykkti þetta og kallaði saman herráð.

Rétt fyrir dögun þann 11. september riðu Spánverjar út til að ráðast á indíánana, sem voru fyrst taldir vera 8.000 og síðar 20.000, og voru undir forystu Michimalonco. Þrátt fyrir að búa yfir bæði hestum og sverðum  neyddust Spánverjar um hádegið til að hörfa í austur, yfir Mapocho-ána; og um miðjan dag voru þeir komnir í sjálfheldu við borgina.

Bardaginn geisaði allan daginn. Eldörvar og kyndlar kveiktu í meirihluta borgarinnar. Fjórir Spánverjar voru drepnir ásamt fjölda hesta og annarra dýra. Ástandið varð örvæntingarfullt. Presturinn, Rodrigo González Marmolejo, sagði síðar að bardaginn hefði verið eins og dómsdagur fyrir Spánverja og aðeins kraftaverk hefði bjargað þeim.

Allan daginn bar Suárez mat og vatn til hermannanna, hjúkraði særðum og veitti þeim hvatningu og huggun. Suárez áttaði sig á örvæntingu hermannanna og þeirri hættu sem þau voru í. Hún setti því fram tillögu: Á hverjum degi höfðu höfðingjarnir sjö sem voru fangar Spánverja hrópað hvatningarorð til sinna manna. Suárez lagði til að Spánverjar myndu höggva höfuðin af þeim og kasta þeim út meðal indíánanna til að hræða þá. Nokkrir Spánverjar töldu að fall borgarinnar væri yfirvofandi og að fangarnir yrðu þá það eina sem þau hefðu til að semja um við indíánana, en Suárez var ákveðin í því að þetta væri eina raunhæfa lausnin á vanda þeirra. Hún fór síðan í húsið þar sem höfðingjanna var gætt af Francisco Rubio og Hernando de la Torre og gaf fyrirmæli um aftöku. Mariño de Lobera segir svo frá að La Torre hafi spurt: "Hvernig eigum við að drepa þá, frú mín góð?" "Svona", svaraði hún og greip sverð La Torre, sem hún notaði sjálf til að skera höfuðin af. Þegar höfðingjarnir sjö höfðu verið drepnir og höfðum þeirra kastað út meðal indíánanna, fór Suárez í brynju og hjálm, kastaði skinni yfir axlir sínar og reið út á hvítum hesti. Samkvæmt sjónarvottinum, "fór hún út á torgið og stillti sér upp fyrir framan hermennina og hvatti þá með svo ýktum lofsorðum að þeir tóku henni eins og hugrökkum foringja, ... í stað konu sem klæddist brynju til að þykjast vera hermaður."

Spánverjar notfærðu sér ringulreiðina sem blóðugir hausarnir ollu meðal indíánanna, og hvatningar Suárez og tókst að hrekja þá út úr bænum. Einn sagnaritari skrifaði, "Indíánarnir sögðu síðar að þeir hefðu sigrað þá kristnu ef ekki væri fyrir konu á hvítum hesti".

Hugmyndin um að Inés hafi fyrirskipað að sjö indíánaleiðtogar yrðu drepnir á meðan árásin á borgina stóð yfir hefur verið dregin í efa sumum fræðimönnum. Sumir benda á að Valvidia sagði aldrei Karli 5. konungi frá því í bréfum sínum.

Seinni æviár
Suárez hélt áfram að búa með Pedro de Valdivia opinberlega þar til kom að réttarhöldum yfir honum í Lima. Ein ákæra gegn honum var að hann, sem var giftur, bjó opinberlega með henni "eins og eiginkonu". Í skiptum fyrir frelsi og staðfestingu á skipun hans sem konunglegur landstjóri neyddist hann til að afneita henni og flytja eiginkonu sína, Marinu Ortiz de Gaete, til Chile. Hún komst ekki þangað fyrr en eftir dauða Valdivia árið 1554. Honum var líka skipað að gifta Suárez öðrum.

Suárez giftist einum foringja Valdivia, Rodrigo de Quiroga, árið 1549 þegar hún var 42 ára og hann 38 ára. Eftir það lifði hún rólegu lífi sem hún helgaði heimili sínu og góðgerðarstarfi. Hún naut mikillar virðingar í Chile fyrir hugrekki sitt. Eftir andlát Valdivia varð eiginmaður hennar konunglegur landstjóri tvisvar, árin 1565 og 1575. Þau dóu bæði í Santiago de Chile, með nokkurra mánaða millibili, árið 1580.

Arfleifð Suárez
Suárez er gjarnan kynnt sem táknmynd síleskrar konu sem stendur á sínu gagnvart yfirvöldum, eins og seinni tíma sjálfstæðishetjurnar Paula Jaraquemada og Javiera Carrera. Hún er enn fyrirmynd fyrir mótmælendur í samtímanum.

Suárez er aðalpersóna í nokkrum sögulegum skáldsögum, eins og Inés y las raíces de la tierra,  eftir María Correa Morande (ZigZag, 1964), Ay Mamá Inés - Crónica Testimonial (Andres Bello, 1993) eftir Jorge Guzmán, og Inés del alma mía eftir Isabel Allende (HarperCollins, 2006). Allende skrifar í athugasemdum: "Þessi skáldsaga er verk innsæis, en líkindi við atburði og einstaklinga sem tengjast sigri Chile eru ekki tilviljun." Skáldsagan eftir Allende var grunnurinn að spænsk-síleskum sjónvarpsþáttum árið 2020. Leikkonan Elena Rivera (27 ára á þeim tíma) lék Suárez.

Tilvísanir

Spænskir landvinningamenn
Spænskir landkönnuðir
Saga Síle
Fólk dáið árið 1580

Inés Suárez


The University of Houston (UH, UofH, or Houston) is a public research university in Houston, Texas. It was established in 1927 as Houston Junior College, one of multiple junior college institutions formed in the first decades of the 20th century. In 1934, HJC was restructured as a four-year degree-granting institution and renamed as the University of Houston. Today, Houston is the  university in Texas, awarding nearly 11,000 degrees annually adding to its worldwide alumni base of approximately 310,000.

The university consists of fifteen colleges and an interdisciplinary honors college offering some 310-degree programs and enrolls approximately 37,000 undergraduate and 10,000 graduate students.

Houston has nine professional schools: the Hines College of Architecture, Bauer College of Business, Hilton College of Global Hospitality, Law Center, College of Medicine, College of Nursing, College of Optometry, College of Pharmacy, College of Social Work,  and the Hobby School of Public Affairs. The university's campus, which is primarily in southeast Houston, spans , with the inclusion of its two instructional sites located in Sugar Land and Katy. The university is also the founding campus of the University of Houston System. Undergraduate admissions to the university is categorized in the second quintile, "more selective". Nearly 88% of the student body are from the state of Texas and 9% are international students representing over 130 nations.

The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" and spends approximately $240 million annually in research. The university operates more than 35 research centers and institutes on campus in areas such as superconductivity, space commercialization and exploration, biomedical sciences and engineering, energy and natural resources, and artificial intelligence. The economic impact of the university contributes over $6.4 billion annually to the Texas economy, while generating about 62,000 jobs.

The University of Houston hosts a variety of theatrical performances, concerts, lectures, and events. It has more than 500 student organizations and 17 intercollegiate sports teams. Annual UH events and traditions include The Cat's Back, Homecoming, and Frontier Fiesta. The university's varsity athletic teams, known as the Houston Cougars, are members of the Big 12 Conference and compete in the NCAA Division I in all sports. In 2021, the university received and accepted an invitation to join the Big 12 Conference. The football team regularly makes bowl game appearances, and the men's basketball team has made 23 appearances in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament—including six Elite Eight and Final Four appearances. The men's golf team has won 16 national championships—the most in NCAA history. In 2022, UH's men's track and field team earned its seventh Indoor Conference Championship title, and its swimming and diving team defended its American Athletic Conference title for the sixth straight season.

History

Founding
The University of Houston began as Houston Junior College (HJC). On March 7, 1927, trustees of the Board of Education of the Houston Independent School District (HISD) unanimously signed a charter founding the junior college. The junior college was operated and administered by HISD.

HJC was originally located on the San Jacinto High School campus and offered only night courses to train future teachers.

Its first class began June 5, 1927, with an enrollment of 232 students and 12 faculty recruited from Rice University, the University of Texas and Sam Houston State Teacher's College. The first session accepted no freshman students, and its purpose was to mainly educate future teachers about the college. In the fall semester, HJC opened enrolled to high school students. By then, the college had 230 students and eight faculty members holding evening classes at San Jacinto High School and day classes in area churches.

HJC's first president was Edison Ellsworth Oberholtzer, who was the dominant force in establishing the junior college.

University beginnings
The junior college became eligible to become a university in October 1933 when the governor of Texas, Miriam A. Ferguson, signed House Bill 194 into law. On September 11, 1933, Houston's Board of Education adopted a resolution to make HJC a four-year institution and changing its name to the University of Houston. Unanimously approved by the board, the formal charter of UH was passed April 30, 1934.

UH's first session as a four-year institution began June 4, 1934, at San Jacinto High School with an enrollment of 682. By the fall semester it had 909 students enrolled in classes taught by 39 faculty members in three colleges and schools – College of Arts and Sciences, College of Community Service and General College. In 1934, the first campus of the University of Houston was established at the Second Baptist Church at Milam and McGowen. The next fall, the campus was moved to the South Main Baptist Church on Main Street—between Richmond Avenue and Eagle Street—where it stayed for the next five years. In May 1935, the institution as a university held its first commencement at Miller Outdoor Theatre.

In the mission of finding UH a permanent home, heirs of philanthropists J. J. Settegast and Ben Taub donated  to the university for use as a permanent location in 1936. At this time, there was no road that led to the land tract, but in 1937, the city added Saint Bernard Street, which was later renamed to Cullen Boulevard. It would become a major thoroughfare of the campus. As a project of the National Youth Administration, workers were paid fifty cents an hour to clear the land. In 1938, Hugh Roy Cullen donated $335,000 () for the first building to be built at the location. The Roy Gustav Cullen Memorial Building was dedicated on June 4, 1939, and opened for classes officially on Wednesday, September 20, 1939. The building was the first air-conditioned college building constructed on a U.S. campus.
A year after opening the new campus, the university had over 2,000 students. As World War II approached, enrollment decreased due to the draft and enlistments. The university was one of six colleges selected to train radio technicians in the V-12 Navy College Training Program. By the fall of 1943, there were only about 1,100 regular students at UH; thus, the 300 or so servicemen contributed in sustaining the faculty and facilities of the Engineering College. This training at UH continued until March 1945, with a total of 4,178 students.

On March 12, 1945, Senate Bill 207 was signed into law, removing the control of the University of Houston from HISD and placing it into the hands of a board of regents. In 1945, the university—which had grown too large and complex for the Houston school board to administer—became a private university.

In March 1947, the regents authorized creation of a law school at the university. In 1949, the M.D. Anderson Foundation made a $1.5 million gift to UH for the construction of a dedicated library building on the campus. By 1950, the educational plant at UH consisted of 12 permanent buildings. Enrollment was more than 14,000 with a full-time faculty of more than 300. KUHF, the university radio station, signed on in November. By 1951, UH had achieved the feat of being the second-largest university in the state of Texas.

State university

In 1953, the university established KUHT—the first educational television station in the nation—after the four yearlong Federal Communications Commission's television licensing freeze ended. During this period, however, the university as a private institution was facing financial troubles. Tuition failed to cover rising costs, and in turn, tuition increases caused a drop in enrollment. That's when it was proposed that UH become a state-funded university.

After a lengthy battle between supporters of the University of Houston, led by school president A.D. Bruce, and forces from state universities, including the University of Texas, geared to block the change, Senate Bill 2 was passed on May 23, 1961, enabling the university to enter the state system in 1963.

The University of Houston, initially reserved for white and non-black students, was racially desegregated circa the 1960s as part of the civil rights movements. A group of students called Afro-Americans for Black Liberation (AABL) advocated for desegregation in that period. Robinson Block, a UH undergraduate student writing for Houston History Magazine, stated that as local businesses and student organization remained segregated by race, the first group of black students "had a hard time".

As the University of Houston celebrated its 50th anniversary, the Texas Legislature formally established the University of Houston System in 1977. Philip G. Hoffman resigned from his position as president of UH and became the first chancellor of the University of Houston System. The University of Houston became the oldest and largest member institution in the UH System with nearly 30,000 students.

On April 26, 1983, the university appended its official name to University of Houston–University Park; however, the name was changed back to University of Houston on August 26, 1991. This name change was an effort by the UH System to give its flagship institution a distinctive name that would eliminate confusion with the University of Houston–Downtown (UHD), which is a separate and distinct degree-granting institution that is not part of the University of Houston.

Restructuring and growth

In 1997, the administrations of the UH System and the University of Houston were combined under a single chief executive officer, with the dual title of chancellor of the UH System and president of the University of Houston. Arthur K. Smith became the first person to hold the combined position. Since 1997, the University of Houston System Administration has been located on campus in the Ezekiel W. Cullen Building.

On October 15, 2007, Renu Khator was selected for the position of UH System chancellor and UH president. On November 5, 2007, Khator was confirmed as the third person to hold the dual title of UH System chancellor and UH president concurrently, and took office in January 2008.

In January 2011, the University of Houston was classified by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching as a research university with very high research activity.

Campus

UH is in southeast Houston, with an official address of 4800 Calhoun Road. It was known as University of  from 1983 to 1991. The campus spans  and is roughly bisected by Cullen Boulevard—a thoroughfare that has become synonymous with the university. The Third Ward Redevelopment Council defines the University of Houston as being part of the Third Ward. Melissa Correa of KHOU also stated that the university is in the Third Ward.

The university campus includes numerous green spaces, fountains and sculptures, including a work by famed sculptor Jim Sanborn. Renowned architects César Pelli and Philip Johnson have designed buildings on the UH campus. Recent campus beautification projects have garnered awards from the Keep Houston Beautiful group for improvements made to the Cullen Boulevard corridor.

UH is the flagship institution of the University of Houston System (UH System). It has additional instructional sites located in Sugar Land and Katy. The university of  (UHCL), the University of Houston–Downtown (UHD), and the university of  (UHV) are separate universities; they are not instructional sites of UH.

Campus layout

The University of Houston's campus framework has identified the following five core districts: the Central District, the Arts District, the Professional District, the Residential District, and the Athletics District. In addition, the campus contains several outlying areas not identified among the five districts.

The Central Distinct contains the academic core of the university and consists of the M.D. Anderson Library, the College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, the College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, the College of Technology and the Honors College. The interior of the campus has the original buildings: the Roy G. Cullen Building, the Old Science Building, and the Ezekiel W. Cullen Building. Academic and research facilities include the Cullen Performance Hall, the Science and Engineering Research and Classroom Complex, and Texas Center for Superconductivity and various other science and liberal arts buildings. This area of campus features the reflecting pool at Cullen Family Plaza, the Lynn Eusan Park, and various plazas and green spaces.

The Arts District is located in the northern part of campus and is home to the university's School of Art, the Moores School of Music, the School of Theatre and Dance, the Gerald D. Hines College of Architecture and Design, and the Jack J. Valenti School of Communication. The district also has the Cynthia Woods Mitchell Center for the Performing Arts which houses the Lyndall Finley Wortham Theatre, the main stage of the School of Theatre and Dance, and Moores Opera Center. Other facilities include the Dudley Recital Hall and the Organ Recital Hall in the Fine Arts Building, the Quintero Theatre in the School of Theatre and Dance, and the Moores Opera House and Choral Recital Hall in the Moores School of Music Building.

The Professional District is located northeast and east of the university campus. The district has facilities of the University of Houston Law Center, the Cullen College of Engineering and the C.T. Bauer College of Business. This area of campus is home to Calhoun Lofts, which is an upper-level and graduate housing facility. The East Parking Garage is located on the east end of the district. Adjacent to the district is the University Center (UC), the larger of two student unions on campus.

The Residential District is in the southern portion of the campus, along Wheeler Avenue and east of Martin Luther King Boulevard. This area has undergraduate dormitories, the Conrad N. Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management, now Conrad N. Hilton College of Global Hospitality Leadership, and the College of Optometry. Dormitory facilities include the twin 18-story Moody Towers, Cougar Village, University Lofts, Cougar Place, and the recently demolished Quadrangle which had the following five separate halls: Oberholtzer, Bates, Taub, Settegast, and Law. The Quadrangle was rebuilt in 2020 and renamed The Quad, admitting sophomore level students and up. Adjacent to the Moody Towers and Lynn Eusan Park is the Hilton University of Houston Hotel.

The Athletics District covers the northwest and west part of campus. It includes athletic training facilities for UH sport teams and its stadiums. The western part of the district is home to TDECU Stadium, the football indoor practice facility and the Stadium Parking Garage. Across the parking garage, in the northwestern portion of the district, is the Hofheinz Pavilion. In 2018, the stadium was rebuilt and renamed to the Fertitta Center after UH received a $20 million donation from entrepreneur and UH System Board of Regents chairman Tilman Fertitta. Facilities surrounding the stadium are Carl Lewis International Track & Field Complex, Cougar Field, Softball Stadium, the Alumni Center and the Athletic Center.

Facilities

The university's Energy Research Park is a research park specializing in energy research, consisting of  and  of undeveloped land. Much of the physical property was originally developed in 1953 by the oilfield services company Schlumberger as its global headquarters. It was acquired by the university in 2009.

The University of Houston Libraries is the library system of the university. It consists of the M.D. Anderson Library and three branch libraries: the Music Library, William R. Jenkins Architecture, Design & Art Library and the Health Sciences Library. In addition to the libraries administered by the UH Libraries, the university also has the O'Quinn Law Library and the Conrad N. Hilton Library.

The Cullen Performance Hall is a 1,612 seat proscenium theater which offers a variety of events sponsored by departments and organizations at the university in addition to contemporary music concerts, opera, modern dance, and theatrical performances put on by groups in and outside the Houston area. The Blaffer Art Museum, a contemporary art museum, exhibits the works of both international artists and those of students in the university's School of Art.

The  Campus Recreation and Wellness Center, which is home to the nation's largest collegiate natatorium, was recognized by the National Intramural-Sports Association as an outstanding facility upon its completion in 2004.

The LeRoy and Lucile Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting houses the studios and offices of KUHT Houston PBS, the nation's first public television station; KUHF (88.7 FM), Houston's NPR station; the Center for Public Policy Polling; and television studio labs.

The  Science and Engineering Complex (SEC) was designed by architect César Pelli's firm, Pelli, Clarke & Partners. It houses facilities for many interdisciplinary research programs at UH, including bionanotechnology.

The university has an on-campus Hilton hotel that is part of the Conrad N. Hilton College of Global Hospitality Leadership. This hotel was established with a donation by the founder of Hilton Hotels, Conrad N. Hilton, and is staffed by students in the College of Global Hospitality Leadership

The University of Houston operates a  branch campus in Sugar Land. The campus was founded in 1995 as a higher education "teaching center" of the University of Houston System. The branch campus has three buildings for exclusive use by the university: the Albert and Mamie George Building, Brazos Hall, and the College of Technology building. Additionally, the University Branch of the Fort Bend County Libraries system is located on the campus for use by students and the Sugar Land community.

Institutional structure

Governance
The University of Houston (UH) is one of four separate and distinct institutions in the University of Houston System, and was known as University of  from 1983 to 1991. UH is the flagship institution of the UH System. It is a multi-campus university with a branch campus located in Sugar Land. The University of Houston–Clear Lake (UHCL), the University of Houston–Downtown (UHD), and the University of Houston–Victoria (UHV) are stand-alone universities; they are not branch campuses of UH.

The organization and control of the UH is vested in the UH System Board of Regents. The board consists of nine members who are appointed by the governor for a six-year term and has all the rights, powers and duties that it has with respect to the organization and control of other institutions in the System; however, UH is maintained as a separate and distinct institution.

Administration

The president is the chief executive officer (CEO) of the University of Houston, and serves concurrently as chancellor of the UH System. The position is appointed by its board of regents. As of January 2008, Renu Khator has been president of the University of Houston and chancellor of the UH System.

The administrations of UH and the UH System are located on the university campus in the Ezekiel W. Cullen Building. From 1961 until 1977, the Weingarten House in Riverside Terrace housed the president of UH. Currently, the chancellor/president resides in the Wortham House in Broadacres Historic District, provided by the UH System Board of Regents as part of the chancellor/president's employment contract.

Academics

The university offers over 276-degree programs. With final approval of a PhD in Communication Sciences and Disorders, a Doctorate in Nursing Practice, and a Doctorate in Medicine, university offers 51 doctoral degrees including three professional doctorate degrees in law, optometry, medicine and pharmacy.

In 2022, UH System Board of Regents unanimously approved the addition of a new degree program of the Bachelor of Arts in Mexican American and Latino/a Applied Studies.  Being located in a city with a large Hispanic/Latino population, the degree aims to focus on the experiences and contributions of the Latino community in the United States.

Awarding more than 9,000 degrees annually, UH's alumni base exceeds 260,000 and is the largest in the Houston area.

UH is one of four public universities in Texas with a Phi Beta Kappa chapter. The University of Houston's faculty includes National Medal of Science recipient Paul Chu from the Physics Department, and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Jody Williams.

The College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences (CLASS) has the Creative Writing Program which includes founders such as alumnus Donald Barthelme and offers degrees in poetry, fiction, and non-fiction. The Gerald D. Hines College of Architecture and Design is one of only 36 schools to have an accreditation from the National Architectural Accrediting Board.

In August 2016, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board approved the creation of the Hobby School of Public Affairs. The school, named in honor of former Texas Lt. Gov. Bill Hobby, builds on the existing educational and research programs of the Center for Public Policy, which was founded at UH in 1981. The designation officially moves the Master of Public Policy Degree from the UH College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences to the Hobby School of Public Affairs and approves the addition of a Master of Public Policy degree as a dual degree with the Graduate College of Social Work's Master of Social Work.

In October 2018, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board approved the creation of the College of Medicine. A site has been selected for the college's new building, and the inaugural class entered in 2020.

Rankings

UH was ranked in the top 50 colleges for Social Mobility in U.S. News & World Report's Best Colleges Rankings. The Princeton Review has listed UH as one of America's best colleges. The institution is among the Top 300 in the global Academic Ranking of World Universities.

The University of Houston Law Center was ranked tied for 60th among the nation's "Best Law Schools" in U.S. News & World Report, 5th in the state of Texas and 58th in the nation in 2023.
U.S. News & World Report ranked the C.T. Bauer College of Business as the top Undergraduate Business Program in Houston, 5th among public universities in the state of Texas. The Conrad N. Hilton College of Global Hospitality Leadership ranked 8th in the nation for its Hospitality & Leisure Management program and 19th for Hospitality and Tourism Management. The University of Houston Graduate School of Social Work ranked 28th nationally by the U.S. News & World Report 2022 Best Schools for Social Work ranking. The Wolff Center for Entrepreneurship at the C.T. Bauer College of Business undergraduate program for Entrepreneurship consistently ranks in the top 10 in the nation. The Princeton Review and Entrepreneur magazine ranked the program No. 1 in 2019, 2020 and 2021.

Research

The Carnegie Foundation classifies UH as a doctoral degree-granting institution with "highest research activity." The designation recognizes it as one of only nine universities in Texas with the classification.

According to the National Science Foundation, UH spent $177 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 123rd in the nation. It operates more than 40 research centers and institutes on campus, and through these facilities, UH maintains partnerships with government, health care and private industry. Areas of interdisciplinary research include nanotechnology, superconductivity, space commercialization and exploration, biomedical sciences and engineering, energy and natural resources, and artificial intelligence.

The university has five institutional research thrusts to address several research challenges aimed at economic development and improving the quality of life. The five thrusts include: Cyber and Physical Security, Drug Discovery and Development, Sustainable Communities and Infrastructure, Energy Security and Transition, and Accessible Health Care.

In 2018, UH launched its 50in5 initiative. Led by the Provost Paula Short and Vice President for Research Amr Elnashai, the university is working to increase research by 50 percent in five years. This includes the doubling of UH's national centers from five to 10, thereby improving its position for the Association of American University's membership.

In 2022, UH received $4 million for the expansion of its Center of Economic Inclusion.

Student life

The University of Houston is notable for its diverse student body, and U.S. News & World Report ranks the university as the second-most ethnically diverse research university in the United States. UH's Asian and Hispanic student population is among the highest in the state.  Due to the high percentage of Hispanic students on campus, UH has been deemed a Hispanic-serving institution. Its international student population is primarily from Asia.

Art, music and theatre

Located in the Fine Arts Building, Blaffer Art Museum is a contemporary art museum dedicated to emerging, mid-career, and underrepresented artists and bodies of work through exhibitions, publications, and public programs. Its educational programs include public lectures, artists' talks, docent tours, audio guides, and youth programs such as Studio Saturday, Summer Arts, and the Young Artist Apprenticeship Program.

The Cullen Performance Hall is a 1,612 seat proscenium theater located near Entrance 1. The hall offers a variety of events sponsored by departments and organizations at the university in addition to contemporary music concerts, opera, modern dance, and theatrical performances put on by groups in and outside the Houston area.

The Moores School of Music presents concerts in various campus venues: Dudley Recital Hall and the Organ Recital Hall in the Fine Arts Building, and in the Moores Opera House and Choral Recital Hall in the music building. Musical events range from opera to jazz with performers including students, faculty, and guest artists.

The School of Theatre and Dance offers a subscription series of five plays each year. Works by classical and modern dramatists, as well as new musical collaborators, are seen in full productions or "gypsy runthroughs."

The School of Art exhibits young artists several times a year, including the Master of Fine Arts exhibition held traditionally near the end of the spring semester in the Blaffer Art Museum. The School of Art also hosts presentations by numerous visiting artists and art historians throughout the academic year.

Housing

UH has several on campus dormitories: Moody Towers, The Quad, Cougar Village I & II, Cougar Place, University Lofts, Bayou Oaks, Cullen Oaks, and Cambridge Oaks.

Moody Towers, frequently just called "Moody," is one of the tallest complexes on campus and the largest area of residence halls. Each of the two towers consists of eighteen stories and together house 1,100 students. The Towers feature a newly renovated dining hall. The rooms in Moody were renovated during the summer of 2011.

The Quad is the newest dorm on campus, having been completed in the Fall of 2020. Named after the former dorms, "The Quadrangle," there are laundry facilities on each floor, as well as a recreational facility, computer lab, and an outdoor courtyard. An extension of The Quad, the Townhouses are single-student dorms right across from The Quad. In total, The Quad and Townhouses combine for 7 buildings that house almost 1,200 students.

In August 2009, University Lofts—a university-owned and operated residential facility aimed at graduate and professional students—opened and includes retail stores, lecture halls, and recreation facilities.

Cougar Village I & II are a freshman, including first year Honors students, dorm which opened in August 2010 and August 2013, respectively. The dormitory features themed floors with kitchens and lounges, a tutoring center, computer labs, multi-purpose rooms, study areas, a convenience store, a laundry facility, and a fitness center. Cougar Village I & II are exclusive only to freshman and Honors College students.

In addition to traditional dormitories, Cougar Place was an apartment-style housing complex consisting of 400 units. Cougar Place has since been demolished  and has been replaced with a new on-campus housing complex for sophomores. The university has privately owned apartment complexes on campus: Cullen Oaks, Bayou Oaks, and Cambridge Oaks.

In June 2017, a divided panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit found that the university did not violate the Constitution's Due Process Clause or Title IX when it expelled both a student for committing a campus sexual assault in a dorm room then abandoning the nude victim in a dorm elevator, as well as his girlfriend, who had recorded the assault and shared the video on social media.

Media
The official student newspaper is The Cougar, formerly The Daily Cougar, and has been published since 1927. Students also produce the Houstonian magazine, which is for graduating students; Cooglife, a monthly lifestyle magazine; and Transitions, a magazine for incoming students.

CoogTV is a live student-run TV network that appears on the University of Houston cable network.

CoogRadio, UH's student-run college radio station, made its debut on August 29, 2011.

Traditions

The seal of the University of Houston, officially adopted in 1938, is a stylized version of the coat-of-arms of General Sam Houston. The first official version was placed on the floor of the Roy Gustav Cullen Building.

UH's official colors are scarlet red and albino white. These were the colors of Sam Houston's ancestor, Sir Hugh de Paduinan, and were adopted by UH at the same time as the official seal. Scarlet red symbolizes courage or inner strength to face the unknown, and white symbolizes the goodness and purity of spirit embodied in helping one's fellow man.

Cougar Red Friday is part of the ongoing Keep Houston Red initiative at the University of Houston. Students and staff are encouraged to wear red shirts on Friday to show pride for the university.

The school's official mascot is a cougar, which was adopted in 1947 and later named Shasta. The university owned a series of female cougars, but this tradition ceased in 1989, upon the death of Shasta V. When a cougar cub was orphaned in Washington State and moved to the Houston Zoo in 2011, the university adopted it as its first live male cougar mascot and he was named Shasta VI. Shasta VI passed away in August 2022 from a progressive spinal disease. In November of the same year, the Houston Zoo received two orphaned male cubs from Washington State Fish & Wildlife Services and decided the cubs would carry the long-standing tradition of representing the University of Houston as Shasta VII and Louie.

The Frontiersmen—initially exclusive to members of the Sigma Chi fraternity, but later opened membership to the entire student body—is a group of students who participate in university events to drive school spirit. At football games, the Frontiersmen—donning cowboy hats, jeans and dusters for attire—run across the field with the university's flag and the Texas flag after each score.

The BLAZE is an oil field warning siren, operated by the Frontiersmen, that was chosen to represent the university's ties to the petroleum industry. The purchase of the siren was completed in 1991. The Sigma Chi Fraternity has overseen the siren and gave it the name "The BLAZE" in honor of its fallen brother, David Blazek.

Frontier Fiesta—a re-creation of a 19th-century Western town, with music, food and historical exhibits—is a major event on campus each spring semester. The student-led festival is a part of a long-standing tradition dating back to the 1940s established by Gan Bey which later became the Sigma Chi Fraternity's Epsilon Xi chapter at UH. Frontier Fiesta attained widespread notoriety when the Sigma Chi variety show performance known as "Bella Union" garnered national attention on the cover of Life magazine as "The Greatest College Show on Earth" and soon-after drew crowds numbered in the tens of thousands from all across the country to participate in the festivities.

Cougar First Impressions—a program headed by the UH Staff Council—takes place every year on the first two days of classes, when faculty and staff turn out to welcome new and returning students.

Weeks of Welcome is another program welcoming students to the university. Over the span of two weeks, departments and student organizations help students learn more about the university with a variety of events.

The Cougar Paw

The Cougar Paw is a popular hand sign used by University of Houston students, faculty, alumni, and athletics fans to represent camaraderie and support. The Cougar Paw tradition was adopted through several athletics events between the University of Houston and the University of Texas.

The University of Houston and the University of Texas played their first football game against one another in 1953. Since this was their first meeting, members of Alpha Phi Omega—the service fraternity in charge of taking care of Shasta I, the university's mascot—brought her to the game. During the trip, Shasta's front paw was caught in the car door and one toe was cut off. At the game, several Longhorn players saw what had happened and began taunting UH players by holding up their hands with the ring finger bent, suggesting the Cougars were invalids. Texas went on to win this game 28–7. UH students had been using the victory sign as a hand signal up to that time but they began using the bent-finger sign as a reminder that they would remember the taunts.

The Cougars did not play the Longhorns again until 1968. With UH fans holding up the new sign of Cougar pride, UH played UT to a 20–20 tie. They didn't meet again until 1976, the first year UH was a member of the Southwest Conference. In front of a record crowd at Texas' Memorial Stadium, UH defeated UT 30–0, a rout that signaled the beginning of the end for legendary Texas coach Darrell Royal. This solidified the use of the Cougar Paw as a tradition.

Athletics

UH's 17-sport intercollegiate program is a member of the Big 12 Conference. Houston was previously a member of Conference USA, of which it was a member from the time the conference was formed in 1995 until 2013, when they joined the American Athletic Conference. During that time span, the Cougars won 33 C-USA titles. Prior to 1995, Houston was a member of the Southwest Conference.

After 61 years of athletics at UH, other notable achievements include 16 national titles in men's golf, one national title in cross country, six NCAA Men's Basketball Final Four appearances, and two College World Series appearances.

More than 50 Olympic athletes have attended UH, bringing home 33 medals, including 19 gold. Former Olympian and UH alumnus Carl Lewis returned as the men's track and field head coach in 2022. In April 2014, Kelvin Sampson was named the eighth men's basketball head coach. Ronald Hughey is the current women's basketball coach. On January 1, 2019, Dana Holgorsen was named head coach of the Cougar football team.

UH has many recreational sport clubs, including rugby, NCWA wrestling, soccer, tennis, water polo, kendo, and gymnastics.

In addition to varsity sports, the University of Houston offers a variety of intramural sports programs.

Varsity sports

The university has an intercollegiate sports program that competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The NCAA's Division I sports at the University of Houston include baseball, basketball, cross country, American football, golf, and track and field for men; basketball, cross country, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, and track and field for women.

The Houston Cougars football team has made 27 post-season bowl appearances and has to its credit several Southwest Conference championships and Cotton Bowl Classic appearances, as well as the 2006 Conference USA Championship and the 2015 American Athletic Conference championship. The 1989 Heisman Trophy winner, Andre Ware, was a Cougar.

The men's basketball team has made 23 NCAA Tournament appearances, with six trips to the Final Four. See also Phi Slama Jama, the Cougars teams of the early 1980s that featured NBA legends Clyde Drexler and Hakeem Olajuwon.

Houston competes with other notable sports teams, such as the baseball team, which has made 21 NCAA Tournament appearances with two trips to the College World Series; the men's golf team, which has won 16 NCAA National Championships; the women's soccer team, which was rated as the top first-year women's program in the country in 1998; the swimming and diving teams, which have spawned multiple Olympians and All-Americans; the track and field team, which perennially ranks in the top 10 as an NCAA team; and the volleyball team, which had a streak of ten consecutive trips to the NCAA Tournament.

Notable people

Awarding more than 9,000 degrees annually, UH's alumni base exceeds 276,000. The University of Houston has seen many notable persons pass through its halls.

Jack Valenti, long-time president of the Motion Picture Association of America, creator of the MPAA film rating system, and a special assistant in the Lyndon B. Johnson administration, received his B.B.A. from UH.  Artist and filmmaker Julian Schnabel is also an alumnus.

Dwayne Michael Carter Jr., aka Lil Wayne, is a hip-hop artist from New Orleans. He enrolled in 2005 but dropped out shortly after.

Alice Sebold, a novelist known for Lucky and The Lovely Bones, and Matt Mullenweg, creator of WordPress (the most popular, open-source blogging platform), also attended the university.

Notable athletes within the list include NFL players Wilson Whitley, Glenn Montgomery, Alfred Oglesby, Craig Veasey, Donnie Avery, David Klingler, Kevin Kolb, Billy Milner, Sebastian Vollmer, Case Keenum, and Heisman Trophy winner Andre Ware; baseball stars Doug Drabek, Michael Bourn, and Brad Lincoln; golfers Fred Couples, Billy Ray Brown, Steve Elkington, and Fuzzy Zoeller; track and field legends Carl Lewis and Leroy Burrell; NBA basketball players Hakeem "The Dream" Olajuwon, Clyde "The Glide" Drexler and "The Big E" Elvin Hayes as well as Bo Outlaw, Don Chaney, Michael Young, Damon Jones, Carl Herrera and Otis Birdsong; and legendary Dallas Cowboys coach Tom Landry. The owner of the San Diego Padres and noted philanthropist John Moores holds both undergraduate and law degrees. Wade Phillips, a former head coach of the Denver Broncos, Buffalo Bills, and Dallas Cowboys, is a UH alumnus as well.

Elizabeth Warren, a U.S. senator from Massachusetts, a 2020 U.S. presidential candidate, and formerly a Harvard Law School faculty member and chair of the Congressional Oversight Panel created to oversee the U.S. banking bailout during the 2008–2009 financial crisis, received her B.S. from UH in 1970. Tom DeLay, a former member and majority leader of the U.S. House of Representatives, who represented Texas's 22nd congressional district from 1984 until 2006, also attended the University of Houston. Other politicians who attended UH include Gene Green, a Democratic politician and a U.S. congressman from the state of Texas representing that state's 29th congressional district, which includes most of eastern Houston, along with large portions of Houston's eastern suburbs; and Ted Poe, a Republican politician currently representing Texas's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. Poe's district includes most of northern Houston, as well as most of the Beaumont–Port Arthur metropolitan area.

Other alumni include Jim Parsons, star of the television series The Big Bang Theory, Brent Spiner of Star Trek: The Next Generation, actors Robert Wuhl, Loretta Devine, Dennis Quaid, Randy Quaid, Brett Cullen, comedian Bill Hicks and former attorney and talk show host Star Jones, Project Runway contestants Chloe Dao and Laura Bennett, sportscasters Jim Nantz and Robert Flores, YouTuber Liza Koshy, singer and rapper Lizzo, and country music stars Larry Gatlin and Kenny Rogers .

Crystle Stewart, Miss USA 2008 is a former student at the university, last attending in 2007. Jason Alkire, an artist and fashion designer, is a graduate as well.

Notable Texas politicians who are graduates of the UH Political Science program include Alfred H. Bennett, U.S. District Judge of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas; Carol Alvarado, Texas State senator for District 6; James White (Texas politician), State Representative Texas House District 19, Dylan Osborne, Harris County Treasurer; and Odus Evbagharu, Harris County Democratic Party Chair.

Alumni Association
The University of Houston Alumni Association is the official alumni association of the University of Houston. Formed in 1940, it is a nonprofit organization with a Life Membership Program of over 5,000 members. The alumni association is headquartered at the University of Houston's on-campus Athletics/Alumni Center. It can be found on the web at www.houstonalumni.com. It was previously known as the "Ex-Students Association" and the "Houston Alumni Organization."

Notes

References

Reference notes

Further reading

External links

 University of Houston Athletics website

Houston
University of Houston
Houston
1927 establishments in Texas

University of Houston


رحلة النسيان فيلم رومانسي مصري عرض العام 1978 وهو من بطولة نجلاء فتحي، محمود ياسين، هويدا وتهاني راشد، الفيلم عن قصة للكاتب والصحفي المصري موسى صبري ومن إخراج أحمد يحيى.

القصة
قصة الفيلم تدور حول خطيب

الفيلم صور في جمهورية مصر ودولة الكويت.

وصلات خارجية

أفلام محمود ياسين
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1978
أفلام نجلاء فتحي

رحلة النسيان (فيلم)


Mirrie Irma Hill, née Solomon le  et morte le , est une compositrice australienne.

Biographie
Mirrie Irma Jaffa Hill est née le  décembre 1889 dans la banlieue de Sydney à Randwick. Elle était la plus jeune des trois enfants de Levien Jaffa Solomon et de Kate Caroline.

Elle développe très tôt une oreille musicale, elle est notamment capable de détecter des dissonances et sort de la pièce en courant à chaque fois que sa tante jouait les Chansons sans paroles de Mendelssohn.

Elle étudie la composition avec Alfred Hill, qui deviendra plus tard son mari, à la Shirley School, Edgecliff.

La première œuvre orchestrale de Mirrie Hill, Rhapsody for Piano and Orchestra, est interprétée en 1914 à l'hôtel de ville de Sydney, avec Alfred Hill comme chef d'orchestre, Godfrey Smith et la Sydney Amateur Orchestral Society. La Première Guerre mondiale l'empêche de partir étudier en Allemagne, elle part donc au , où le directeur Henri Verbrugghen lui offre une bourse.

En 1918 après avoir terminé ses études au Conservatoire, Hill y est nommée professeure adjointe d'harmonie, de contrepoint et de composition.

Elle prend sa retraite du Conservatoire en 1944, Hill travail ensuite de 1959 à 1966 comme examinateur pour l'Australian Music Examinations Board.

Elle mène notamment des recherches musicales inspirée des peuples autochtones d'Australie. Projet qu'elle commence lorsque l'anthropologue Charles P. Mountford lui demande de composer la musique du film qu'il réalisait sur la vie aborigène. Pour l'inspirer, Mountford donne à Hill des enregistrements qu'il avait faits d'interprétations de chansons indigènes australiennes. Hill s'est inspirée de ces enregistrements pour sa suite Three Aboriginal Dances et Arnhem Land Symphony . Bien que les chansons autochtones aient fortement influencé la symphonie de Hill, elle a expliqué par la suite que la symphonie n'était pas censée être spécifiquement autochtone dans sa composition.

Mirrie Hill a décrit sa propre musique comme .

Elle compose dans de nombreux genres différents, avec une préférence pour la musique orchestrale classique. Elle crée plus de cinq cents pièces, allant de la musique de chambre, et musiques de films aux œuvres d'étude pour enfants.

Bien qu'elle ait créé de nombreuses pièces de musique plus longues pour orchestre et ensembles, Hill était connue comme une « miniaturiste » car la plus grande partie de ses œuvres publiées sont des œuvres courtes.

Vie privée
En 1921, elle épouse son ancien professeur, Alfred Hill, celui-ci a trois enfants d'un précédent mariage. Le couple n'aura pas d'enfants. Ils se marient dans la banlieue de Sydney, à Mosman, où ils construisent une maison, ils y vivront la majeure partie de leur vie.

Alfred Hill, son mari, fut un compositeur reconnu, aussi le travail de Mirrie Hill a souvent été négligé. Elle fit passer la carrière de son mari avant la sienne, mais après la mort de son mari, son œuvre fut redécouverte et elle connut une nouvelle reconnaissance.

En 1975, elle est nommée membre à vie de la Fellowship of Australian Composers et, en 1980, elle est nommée OBE (Officier of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire).

Travaux

 Rhapsodie pour piano et orchestre (1914)
 Les ruelles feuillues du Kent (1950)
 Trois pièces miniatures pour piano
 Trois danses aborigènes (Brolga, Les femmes Kunkarankara, Nalda de l'écho) (1950)
 Symphonie de la Terre d'Arnhem (1954)

Ses œuvres ont été enregistrées et publiées sur CD, notamment :

 Danse des hommes sauvagesŒuvres australiennes de musique pour piano du début du

Les travaux supplémentaires incluent :

 Méditation (1954)
 Marche d'un robot (1973)
 Danse de la souris rusée (1973)
 Mon oiseau chante (1973)
 Joyeux diablotin (1976)
 Viens l'été (1969)
 Trois belles souris (1970)
 Bobine de tuyau (1970)
 Fantasmes d'enfant (1935)
 Croquis de jardin (1934)
 M. Roo (1948)
 Oiseaux cloches (1952)
 Le faon dansant (1969)
 Airs de fête (1957)
 Tout en un jour (1950)
 Trois airs des Highlands (1971)
 Pieds dansants (1950)
 Vent de saule (1973)
 Perdu - mon petit chiot noir : il s'enfuit (1949)
 À louer (1949)
 Rêves (1942)
 Valse (1942)

Articles connexes
 Alfred Hill (compositeur)
 Musique australienne
 Musique aborigène

Notes et Références

Notes

Références

Bibliographie

Compositrice australienne de musique classique
Étudiant de l'université de Sydney
Officier de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique
Naissance en décembre 1889
Naissance à Sydney
Décès en mai 1986
Décès à Sydney
Décès à 96 ans

Mirrie Hill


Wilfried Guemiand Bony () este un  fotbalist ivorian care joacă pe postul de atacant pentru Swansea City și pentru echipa națională a Coastei de Fildeș.

După ce și-a început cariera sa la Issia Wazi, Osos a ajuns la Sparta Praga în 2007, ajutând echipa să câștige campionatul în sezonul 2009-10. În ianuarie 2011, el a semnat cu clubul olandez Vitesse, unde a fost golgheterul în Eredivisie în 2012-13, ceea ce a dus la o sumă de transfer de 12 de milioane de lire din partea echipei Swansea City. Bony a marcat 35 de goluri în 70 de meciuri pentru Lebede și în ianuarie 2015 a fost transferat de Manchester City pentru 28 de milioane de lire. Bony a revenit la Swansea la 31 august 2017.

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1988
Fotbaliști ai Campionatului Mondial de Fotbal 2014
Atacanți
Fotbaliști ivorieni
Fotbaliști internaționali ivorieni
Ivorieni în viață
Fotbaliști ai Manchester City FC
Fotbaliști ai Premier League
Fotbaliști ai Stoke City FC
Fotbaliști ai Swansea City AFC
Nașteri pe 10 decembrie
Sportivi în viață

Wilfried Bony


SC Paderborn 07 je njemački nogometni klub iz Paderborna. Od sezone 2019./20. se natječe se u Bundesligi, prvoj ligi njemačkog nogometa.

Povijest
Klub je osnovan 1907. godine kao SV 07 Neuhaus. Godine 1973. mijenja ime u TuS Schloß Neuhaus. Sadašnji naziv usvaja 1985. godine. Većinu svog postojanja je proveo u nižim ligama njemačkog nogometa. U sezoni 2013./14. osvaja drugo mjesto u 2. Bundesligi, te se prvi put uspijeva kvalificirati u 1. Bundesligu. Međutim, tada se u prvoj ligi zadržao samo jednu sezonu. U 2018./19. opet osvaja 2. mjesto i plasira se u 1. ligu.

Hrvatski igrači u Paderbornu
 Srđan Lakić

Uspjesi
 Oberliga Westfalen
  (1): 2000-01
 Regionalliga Nord
  (1): 2004-05
 2.Bundesliga
  (1): 2013-14

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena stranica

Njemački nogometni klubovi

SC Paderborn 07


හැදින්වීම
1963 වර්ෂයේ දංකොටුව ගෝනවිල ශාන්ත	ජොශප් එල්ලේ ක්‍රීඩා සමාජයට ක්‍රීඩා කරමින් එල්ලේ ක්‍රීඩාවට පිවිස ඇති අතර පසුව දංකොටුව සුහද ක්‍රීඩා සමාජයට එක්ව දක්ෂ්කම් දක්වමින් පසුව කණ්ඩායම මෙහෙයවමින් සුහද කණ්ඩායම එල්ලේ ලෝකයේ ඉහල තලයකට රැගෙන යාමට මහත් කැපකිරිමක් කර ඇති ප්‍රභල ක්‍රීඩකයෙකු වශයෙන් හැදින් විය හැක. සුහද කණ්ඩායම මෙහෙයවමින් දිවයින පුරා එල්ලේ ක්‍රීඩාව ජනප්‍රියතාවයට පත්ව තිබු එම වකවානුව තුලදී ජාතික ශුරතාවයන් ඇතුලත්ව ශුරතාවයන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් ජයග්‍රහනය කර ගැනීම පිණිස දක්ෂතා පෙන්වන ලදී.

එල්ලේ පිටියේදී දිගු පහරවල් එල්ල කරමින් තම පිලට ලකුණූ ලබා දෙමින් අඩු ලකුණු ගනනකට තම කණ්ඩායම දැවි ගොස් ජයග්‍රහනය අසීරැ අඩියකට පත්වූ විට කණ්ඩායමේ බර කරට ගනිමින් තම පිත්තේ අණසක පිටිය පුරා පතුරවමින් අනෙකුත් ක්‍රීඩකයිනට ආදර්ශයක් ගෙන දෙමින් පන්දු රකිමින් සිටින ප්‍රතිවාදී ක්‍රීඩකයින් අතරින් බිම දිගේ සමාන්තර පහරවල් එල්ල කරමින් තමන්ට රිසි සේ ලකුණු ලබාගන්නා ක්‍රීඩකයෙකු වශයෙන් ක්‍රීඩා ලෝලින් අතර නමක් තබා ඇති ක්‍රීඩකයෙකු විය.

උපන් දිනය

ඉගෙන ගන්නා ලද පාසැල

ප්‍රථමයෙන් ක්‍රීඩා කරන ලද එල්ලේ කණඩායම්
ශාන්ත ජෝශප් එල්ලේ කණඩායම දංකොටුව

තරග කරන ලද කණ්ඩායම්
-දංකොටුව සුහද එල්ලේ කණ්ඩායම,පුත්තලම් දිස්ත්‍රීක්ක එල්ලේ කණඩායම,ගම්භද එල්ලේ කණ්ඩායම
ක්‍රීඩා කරන ස්ථානය:-තුන් ඉරියව්වේ ක්‍රීඩක එල්ලේ ක්‍රීඩා පිටියේ සෑම ස්ථානයක්ම,පන්දු යැවීමේ විශේෂ දක්ෂතාවයකි.

රැකියාව
රියදුරැ වෙන්නප්පුව - දංකොටුව විවිධ සේවා සමූපාකාර සමීතිය
ක්‍රීඩා කරනලද තරගමාලාවන්

ප්‍රධාන තරගයන්

1974 වසරේ අනුරාධපුර මහජන ක්‍රීඩාංගනයේ පැවැත්වූ ජාතික ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේ ජාතික ශුරතාවය දිනා ගැනිමට දංකොටුව සුහද එල්ලේ කණ්ඩායම මෙහෙයවීමේ වගකීමද මෙම දක්ෂ ක්‍රීඩකයා විසින් දරන ලදී.1974 වර්ෂයේ ජාතික ශූරයා වශයෙන් සුහද ක්‍රීඩා සමාජයේ මෙන්ම එල්ලේ ක්‍රීඩා පිටියේ දක්ෂ ධාවකයෙකු වශයෙන් හදුන්වනු ලැබූ ඒ ඩී රේමන් අප්පුහාමි ජය සංකේත ලබා ගන්නා ලදී.

 1976 වසරේ ත්‍රීකුනාමලයේ මැක්හෙයිසර් ක්‍රීඩාංගනයේ පැවති ජාතික ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේ ශුරතාවයද සිරිල් පෙරේරා මෙහෙයවන ලද දංකොටුව සුහද පිල විසින් දිනා ගන්නා ලද අතර එම වසරේ ජාතික ශුරයා වශයෙන් සුහද ක්‍රීඩා සමාජයේ ඒ ඩි ඇන්ටනි අප්පුහාමි විසින් දිනා ගන්නා ලදී.
 1977 වසරේ කොළඹ සුගතදාස ක්‍රීඩාංගනයේ පැවැත්වු ජාතික ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේ ජාතික එල්ලේ අනු සුරතාවය නැවත වරක් මෙම ක්‍රීඩකයාගේ නායකත්වය යටතේ ලබා ගැනීමට හැකි විය.
 1979 වර්ෂයේ මාතර උයන් වත්ත ක්‍රීඩාංගනයේ පැවති ජාතික ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේ එල්ලේ ජාතික ශුරතාවය වයඹ පලාත නියෝජනය කරන ලද එච් ඒ සිරිල් පෙරේරා විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද දංනොටුව සුහද ක්‍රීඩා සමාජය විසින් දිනා ගන්නා ලද්දේ මෙම ක්‍රීඩකයාගේ පන්දුවට පහර දීමේදි පන්දු එවීමේ පන්දු රැකිමේ පන්දු එවිමේ මෙන්ම කන්ඩායම මෙහෙයවිමේ දක්ෂතා නිසාය..
 1980 වර්ෂයේ බදුල්ල මහජන ක්‍රීඩාංගනයේදී පැවැත්වූ ජාතික ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේ ජාතික එල්ලේ ශුරතාවය පැවත වරක් වයඹ පලාත නියෝජනය කරන ලද දංකොටුව සුහද පිළ විසින් දිනා ගන්නා ලදි .මෙම තරගමාලාව සදහා කණ්ඩායමේ නායකත්වය දරන ලද්දේ තුන් ඉරියව් ක්‍රීඩකයෙකු වු රේමන් අප්පුහාමි විසිනි.එහෙත් තම නව නායකයාහට අනගි සහයක් ලබා දෙමින් හා උපදෙස් මෙන්ම දක්ෂ ලෙස ක්‍රීඩා කරමින් තරගමාලාව ජයගැනීම පිණීස මහත් කැපවීමක් සිරිල් පෙරේරා විසින් තම කණ්ඩායමට ලබා දෙන ලදී.

සිරිල් පෙරේරාගේ නායකත්වය යටතේ ක්‍රීඩා කරනලද තරගමාලාවන්
අතුරින් අමතක කළ නොහැකි තරගමාලාවන්.

 1976 වර්ෂයේ පවත්වන ලද ජාතික එල්ලේ ශුරතා තරග මාලාවේ එක් තරගයකදී පුත්තලම් දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ එල්ලේ සූරයින් තෝරා ගැනීම සදහා පැවති අවසන් මහා තරගයේදී කටුණේරිය ශාන්ත ජුඩ් එල්ලේ කණ්ඩායම හා තරග වැදුන දංකොටුව සුහද එල්ලේ කණ්ඩායම වට දෙක්ම ලබා ගන්නා ලද්දේ වට 17 ක් පමණ්ක විය.එහෙත් කටුණේරිය ශාන්ත ජූඩ් එල්ලේ කණෟඩායම ප්‍රථම වටය සදහා පමණක් වට 16 ක් ලබා ගනිමින් ප්‍රභල ස්ථානයක සිටියද පිරිපුන් නායකත්වයක් පෙන්නා දෙමින් තම කණෟඩායමේ ක්‍රීඩකයින් දිරිමත් කරමින් ජයග්‍රහනය සදහා අවශ්‍යව තිබූ වට දෙක ලබා නොදෙමින් ලකුණු බිංදුවකට කටුනේරිය ශාන්ත ජූඩ් එල්ලේ කණ්ඩායම පරදවමින් එම තරගමාලාවේදි පුත්තලම් දිස්ත්‍රීක්කය නියෝජනය කරමින් සමස්ත ලංකා එල්ලේ තරගමාලාව නියෝජනය කරන්නට අවශ්ථව උදා කර ගන්නා ලදී.මෙම තරගය හලාවත නගර සභා ක්‍රීඩාංගනයේදී විශාල නරඹන්නන් පිරිසක් මධයයේ පවත්වන ලදී.

නායකත්වය යටතේ ක්‍රීඩා කරනලද ආරාධිත තරගමාලාවන් ==
අතුරින් අමතක කළ නොහැකි තරගමාලාවන්.

 1983 වර්ෂයේ පෙබරවාරි මස 04 වෙනිදින තිස්පස් වෙනි නිදහස් සමරැ දිනය වෙනුවෙන් කොළඹ අලුත් කඩේ ග්‍රාෙමා්දය මණ්ඩලය විසින් පැවැත්වූ ලෙස්ලි යාහතුගොඩ විසින් සංවිධානය කරන ලද මැදකොළඹ ශ්‍රී විජය කණ්ඩායමත් දංකොටුව වෙන්නප්පුව එකාබද්ධ කණ්ඩායම අතර තරගය
 හැදල එක්සත් එල්ලේ කණ්ඩායම විසින් සංවිධානය කරන ලද ඇස් සෙල්වරාජා විසින් සංවිධානය කරන ලද එල්ලේ තරග මාලාව. මෙම තරග මාලාව වත්තල ශාන්ත අන්තෝනි විදුහල් ක්‍රීඩාංගනයේ පැති අතර එහිදී ප්‍රභල තරගයකින් පසුව මැදකොළඹ ශ්‍රී විජය කණ්ඩායමට පරාජය විය.
 1979 වර්ෂයේ ශ්‍රී තංකා එල්ලේ සම්මේලනය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ජාතික එල්ලේ හුරතා තරග මාලාවේදී අර්ධ අවසන් පූර්ව වටයේදී පරාජයට පත්වෙන ලදී.
 1982 වර්ෂයේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා එල්ලේ සම්මේලනය විසින් සංවිධානය කරන ලද ජාතික ශුරතා තරල මාලාවේ අර්ධ අවසන් පූර්ව වටයේදී ප්‍රශල තරගයක් ලබා දෙමින් පරාජයට පත් විම.මෙම තරග කොළඹ ටොරින්ටන් චතුරශ්‍රෙය්දී පවත්වන ලදී.
 1987 වසරේ ගම්උදාව නිමිත්තෙන් කොළඹ ටොරින්ටන් චතුරශ්‍ර තුරග තරග පිටියේ පැවති ආරාධිත තරග මාලාවේදී අවසන් පූර්ව වටයේදී පරාජයට පත්වීම්.
සිරිල් පෙරේරාගේ නායකත්වය යටතේ ක්‍රීඩා කරනලද තරගමාලාවන් කිහිපයක්
 සදලංකාව තරැණ තරැ එල්ලේ කණඩායම විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද දීප ව්‍යාප්තඑල්ලේ තරගමාලාව..
 වත්තල සිනමා රසික සංගමය හැදල සවිබල එල්ලේ කණ්ඩායම විසින් සංවිධානය කරන ලද ඒ තරගමාලාව. .
 පෑලියගොඩ කුමුදු එල්ලේ කණ්ඩායම වින් සංවිධානය කරන ලද එල්ලේ තරගමාලාව.
 කදාන සංසයින් එල්ලේ කණ්ඩාය විසින් සංවිධානය කරන ලද ආරාධීත කණ්ඩායම් විස්සක් අතරේ පැවති තරගමාලාව.
 කිත්තම්පහුව ගාමිණී කණ්ඩායම සංවිධානය කරන ලද එල්ලේ තරගමාලාව.
 හැදල සාගර කණ්ඩායම විසි සංවිධානය කරන ලද තරගමාලාව.
 හැදල ඇකන්ද තරැණ කැල විසින් සංවිධිනය කරන ලද කණ්ඩායම් දහසයක් අතරේ වූ ආරාධිත එල්ලේ තරගමාලාව.
 1985 වර්ෂයේ රෙජී රොරිගෝ මහතා විසින් සංවිධානය කරමි් මාතලේ බර්නාඩ් අලුවිහාරේ ක්‍රීඩා පිටියෙදී පවත්වන ලද කදුරට ආරාිත එල්ලේ තරගමාලාව.
 හැදල මාටාගොඩ දීප්ති ප්‍රජාමණ්ඩලය විසින් සංවිධානය තරන ලද දීප ව්‍යාප්ත එල්ලේ තරග මාලාව.
 කදාන ලින්ටන් ආතනය විසින් සංවිධානය කරන ලද නාගොඩ ලිංටන් ක්‍රීඩාංගනයේ පැවති එල්ලේ තරගමාලාව.
 හැදල මාටාගොඩ ආනන්ද එල්ලේ කණ්ඩායම විසින් සංවිධානය කරන ලද එල්ලේ තරගමාලාව.
 උදම්මිට ගාමණී එල්ලේ කණ්ඩායම විසින් සංවිධානය කරන ලඑල්ලේ තරගමාලාව.
 කණෟඩායම් තිස් දෙකක් අතරේ ජාඇල ශාන්ත මරියා එල්ලේ කණ්ඩායම විසින සංවිධානය කරන ලද එල්ලේ තරගමාලාව.
 බස්නාහිර පලාත් සභා මන්ත්‍රී ඩග්ලස් ප්‍රනාන්දු එල්ලේ ශුරතා තරගමාලාව.
 කදවල සික්ටීන බ්‍රදර්ස් එල්ලේ කණ්ඩයම විසින් සංවිධානය කරන ලද එල්ල් තරගමාලාව
ඉහත සදහන් එල්ලේ තරගමාලාවන් වලදී දංකොටුව සුහද එල්ලේ කණ්ඩායම වෙනුවෙන් කැප වෙමින් දක්ෂකම් දක්වමින් වසර 30 කට අධික කාලයක් එල්ලේ ක්‍රීඩාවේ නිරත වෙමින් දංකොටුව සුහද එල්ලේ කණ්ඩායම ලංකාවේ ප්‍රභලතම එල්ලේ කණ්ඩායම් අතරට රැගෙන යමින් දංකොටුව ග්‍රාමයටත් එල්ලේ ක්‍රීඩාවටත් මහත් මෙහෙවරක් ඉටුකරමින් කණ්ඩායම් නායකත්වය විනය ගරැකව ඉටුකරලීමට සමත්කම් දැක්වූ මෙම දක්ෂ එල්ලේ ක්‍රීඩකයා තම ජීවිත කාලයෙන් වැඩි හරියක්ම ගෙවාදමා ඇත්තේද එල්ලේ ක්‍රීඩාව වෙනුවෙනි.

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
සිංහලයෝ
එල්ලේ ක්‍රීඩකයින්
එල්ලේ
1943 උපත්

එච් ඒ සිරිල් පෙරේරා


Enlige mødre er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1954, der er instrueret af Solveig Ersgaard og Henning Ørnbak efter manuskript af Eva Hemmer Pihl.

Handling
Den enlige mor er alene om at bære to menneskers pligter og byrder i et samfund, der er indrettet på, at hver familie har både en mor og en far. Men mange flere familier, end man tror, har kun en forsørger, og det er næsten altid en mor. Hun er ikke gift mere, er enke, skilt, separeret eller måske ugift. Og hun har mange bekymringer og problemer. Hvordan klare at få børnene passet, når hun selv skal på arbejde? Og særlig når de er syge? Hvordan undgå, at de kommer under dårlig påvirkning? Hvordan få tid til virkelig at tage sig af sine børn? Tid til at dygtiggøre sig, tid og kræfter til at holde nøden ude? Filmen viser, hvordan dagen går for en enlig mor; den fortæller om hendes tilværelse og søger at skabe sympati for hende, en af de mange, der er alene om et ansvar.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1954

Enlige mødre


En la legislación española, un Expediente de Regulación de Empleo, abreviado y también conocido popularmente como ERE, es un procedimiento mediante el cual una empresa en una mala situación económica busca obtener autorización para suspender o despedir trabajadores. Tiene como finalidad obtener de la autoridad laboral competente un permiso para suspender o extinguir las relaciones laborales en un marco en el cual se garantizan ciertos derechos de los trabajadores.

Se trata de un procedimiento administrativo-laboral de carácter especial que por ser tramitado así sigue las causas siguientes:

 Despidos colectivos. Despidos colectivos fundamentados en causas económicas, técnicas, organizativas o de producción.

 Suspensión o extinción de la relación laboral por fuerza mayor.

 Suspensión de la relación laboral fundamentada en las mismas causas del apartado primero.

 Extinción de la relación laboral por extinción de la personalidad jurídica del contratante.

Especificaciones

Exención de autorización administrativa

No será necesario solicitar autorización administrativa para despedir colectivamente (aunque sí de realizar consultas con los posibles representantes de los trabajadores) en los casos de:

 Declaración de quiebra veraz, cuando los síndicos hubieran acordado la no continuidad de la actividad empresarial o de concurso de acreedores de empresario no comerciante

 Supuestos de cese de actividad de la empresa por decisión judicial.

Causas económicas, técnicas, organizativas y de producción

Como se ha comentado anteriormente, los supuestos de despido colectivo obedecen a causas económicas, técnicas, organizativas y de producción.
La Ley no define estas causas pero (al igual que sucede cuando regula el despido objetivo por motivos empresariales) establece la relación que tiene que haber entre ellas y la extinción de los contratos.

 Se entenderá que concurren las causas económicas de extinción contractual colectiva "cuando la adopción de las medidas propuestas contribuya a superar una situación económica negativa de le empresa.

 Se entenderá que concurren las causas técnicas, organizativas o de producción cuando la adopción de las medidas propuestas contribuya a garantizar la viabilidad futura de la empresa y del empleo en la misma a través de una mejor organización de los recursos.

Límite temporal

El despido colectivo debe producirse para ser procedente en un periodo de 90 días. Los despidos colectivos que excedan de este plazo deberán canalizarse a través de sucesivos expedientes de regulación de empleo o serán nulos.

Si, con objeto de eludir el procedimiento de despido colectivo, se realizan por las mismas causas, despidos objetivos "en cadena" en sucesivos periodos de 90 días, los que superen el primer periodo de 90 días y sean impugnados serán considerados en fraude de ley, y declarados nulos y sin efecto.

Ejemplo de fraude de ley: quiero despedir a 40 trabajadores

 1º mes despido a 10
 2º mes despido a 10
 3º mes despido a 20

 Partes involucradas
 Colectivo laboral
 El despido, en este caso, se caracteriza porque afecta a un colectivo laboral (temporal y/o fijo). Este colectivo es distinto en el caso de cesación de la actividad empresarial que en el caso de reducción de plantilla.
 a) Se entiende que estamos ante un despido colectivo cuando se proceda a la extinción de los contratos de trabajo de la totalidad de la plantilla de la empresa siempre que el n.º de trabajadores afectados sea superior a 5. En este caso la empresa no puede seguir existiendo sin trabajadores si no cesa totalmente su actividad empresarial.
 b) Se entiende que estamos ante un despido colectivo cuando la reducción de la plantilla (no de centro de trabajo) afecte a:
 10 trabajadores, en las que se ocupen menos de 100.
 El 10% de los trabajadores, en las que ocupen entre 100 y 300
 30 trabajadores, en las que ocupen 300 o más.

Para el cómputo de las extinciones de contratos han de tenerse en cuenta los despidos objetivos por causas empresariales y las extinciones pactadas en las que se adivine alguna motivación económica bajas incentivadas).
No han de tenerse en cuenta, a tales efectos, los despidos disciplinarios, los despidos por incapacidad o conducta de los trabajadores, ni las extinciones de contratos por expiración del tiempo convenido o realización de la obra o servicio pactados.

En consecuencia, los despidos por causas económicas, técnicas, productivas, organización o de producción que no excedan los umbrales anteriormente citados, deberán realizarse acudiendo a la extinción por causas objetivas.

Procedimiento

Requisitos

Los dos se hacen simultáneamente. Aunque lo lógico es hacer primero las consultas y cuando hay un mínimo de acuerdo solicitar la autorización administrativa. Se iniciaría el periodo de consultas de manera informal con carácter previo.

a) Abrir un periodo de consultas con los representantes de los trabajadores
En este sentido son representantes de los trabajadores: los comités de empresa y delegados de personal de los centros posiblemente afectados por la reducción de plantilla, el comité intercentros si tiene asumida competencia en este tema, y los delegados sindicales que existan en la empresa.

Si no existen representantes de los trabajadores en el centro o centros afectados, los trabajadores podrán intervenir directamente si su número es inferior a 10, o por medio de 5 representantes ad-hoc (como máximo) si exceden de este número.
No obstante, hay que tener en cuenta que el empresario tiene que solicitar un informe a los representantes de los trabajadores en los casos de reestructuración y ceses de plantilla. El informe debe ser enviado a la autoridad laboral al finalizar el periodo de consultas.

b) Solicitar a la autoridad laboral competente una autorización administrativa para despedir
La autoridad laboral competente podrá ser la Administración Central o la de las comunidades autónomas que hayan recibido el traspaso de las competencias en materia de regulación de empleo.

Período de consultas

a) Documentación

La apertura del proceso de consultas con los representantes de los trabajadores se llevará a cabo mediante la remisión a los mismos de:

 Un escrito solicitando las consultas
 La documentación necesaria para acreditar las causas motivadoras del expediente
 La documentación necesaria para acreditar la justificación de las medidas a adoptar
 Plan que contemple medidas para atenuar las consecuencias del expediente de regulación de empleo, siempre que la empresa tenga 50 o más trabajadores: PLAN DE ACOMPAÑAMIENTO SOCIAL.

Asimismo, cuando la extinción afecte a más del 50% de la plantilla de la empresa, se dará cuenta por el empresario de la venta de los bienes de aquella, o sea de los medios de producción.

Además, los representantes de los trabajadores accederán a la documentación que obre en poder de la autoridad laboral ante la que se tramita el expediente de regulación den empleo.

b) Duración de las consultas

Hablamos de duración formal. La duración de las consultas será la siguiente:

 No más de 30 días naturales si la empresa tiene más de 50 trabajadores.
 No más de 15 días naturales si la empresa tiene menos de 50 trabajadores.

c) Contenido de las consultas. Forma

Las consultas del empresario con los representantes de los trabajadores versarán sobre los siguientes temas:

 Las causas motivadoras del expediente de regulación de empleo
 La posibilidad de reducir o evitar sus efectos
 Las medidas necesarias para atenuar sus consecuencias para los trabajadores afectados
 Las medidas necesarias para posibilitar la continuidad y viabilidad del proyecto empresarial (sólo en caso de despido parcial de la plantilla).

El empresario y los representantes de los trabajadores deberán negociar de buena fe, lo que significa que deberán hacer lo posible para conseguir un acuerdo. Debe haber un INTERÉS REAL por negociar. Suele haber también un pacto no escrito por el cual los trabajadores no quieren ser consultados porque no quieren tomar responsabilidad en las decisiones de la empresa.

El contenido de las consultas deberá reflejarse en actas y, en todo caso, en un acta final, en la que se deje constancia de las negociaciones mantenidas y de la documentación e informes examinados entre el empresario y los representantes de los trabajadores.

d) Resultado del periodo de consultas

La consecución de un acuerdo válido durante el periodo de consultas requiere que se logre de conformidad entre el empresario y la mayoría de los miembros del comité o comités de empresa, de los delegados de personal o, en su caso, de las representaciones sindicales, si las hubiere.

En este sentido, para que se logre un acuerdo válido durante el periodo de consultas, han de votar a favor:

1. Si se negocia con la representación unitaria:

 La mayoría de los miembros del comité de empresa
 La mayoría de los miembros de cada uno de los comités de empresa de los centros de trabajo afectados por el expediente.
 La mayoría de los delegados de personal de los centros de trabajo afectados por el expediente.

2. Si se negocia con representación sindical, la mayoría de los delegados sindicales que, en su conjunto, representen a la mayoría de los representantes unitarios de aquellos centros afectados.

El acuerdo durante el período de consultas puede sustituirse por un árbitro, por laudo dictado. El citado laudo, si se solicitó por el empresario y los representantes de los trabajadores con legitimación suficiente para negociar, tendrá el valor de acuerdo sobre despido colectivo.

El resultado del periodo de consultas deberá ser comunicado a la autoridad laboral por el empresario. Asimismo, el empresario deberá remitir a la autoridad laboral las actas y el acta final en la que conste el contenido de las consultas.
Se puede llegar o no a un acuerdo.

Solicitud de autorización administrativa

La solicitud de autorización administrativa, que deberá tramitarse simultáneamente por el empresario desde el inicio del periodo de consultas, que tendrá que remitir a la autoridad laboral competente:

 Copia del escrito solicitando las consultas a los representantes de los trabajadores
 La documentación necesaria para acreditar las causas motivadoras del expediente
 La documentación necesaria para acreditar la justificación de las medidas a adoptar
 Plan de "acompañamiento social" que contemple medidas para atenuar las consecuencias de la regulación de empleo, siempre que la empresa tenga más de 50 trabajadores

La solicitud de iniciación del procedimiento de regulación de empleo se formalizará con el contenido mínimo siguiente:

 Memoria en el que se expliquen las causas del despido colectivo. En el caso de causas económicas será necesario aportar la documentación debidamente auditada acreditativa del estado y evolución de la situación económica, financiera y patrimonial de la empresa en los últimos años
 Número y categorías de los trabajadores empleados por la empresa durante el último año
 Número y categorías de los trabajadores que vayan a ser afectados por la regulación de empleo
 Criterios que se han tenido en cuenta para designar a los trabajadores afectados por el proceso de regulación de empleo
 Periodo, a lo largo del cual, se prevé efectuar las extinciones de los contratos de trabajo
 Copia del escrito por el cual se solicita a los representantes de los trabajadores sobre la reestructuración de plantilla y cese de aquella y sobre las reducciones de jornada y traslado total o parcial de las instalaciones.

Recibida esta documentación por la autoridad laboral, dispondrá de 10 días, como máximo, en el caso de defectos u omisiones. La copia del escrito deberá remitirse a los representantes de los trabajadores.

Actuaciones de la autoridad laboral

Una vez recibida la solicitud de autorización administrativa, la autoridad laboral llevará a cabo las siguientes actuaciones:

 Comunicará la iniciación del expediente y remitirá la documentación que obre en su poder a la entidad gestora de la prestación por desempleo (INEM), por si quiere emitir informe al respecto
 Recabará, con carácter preceptivo, informe de la Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad Social, sobre las causas motivadoras del expediente. Para hacerlo habrá 10 días naturales cuando la empresa tenga más de 50 trabajadores y 5 en el caso de que tenga menos
 Recabará, discrecionalmente, cuantos otros informes resulten necesarios para resolver fundadamente el expediente de regulación de empleo
 Recabará del empresario y de las autoridades competentes la inmediata paralización del todas aquellas medidas adoptadas por el primero, de las que tuviera conocimiento durante la tramitación del expediente, que pudieran hacer ineficaz el resultado del pronunciamiento sobre el despido colectivo
 Dará audiencia del expediente a las partes, en el plazo de 3 días a contar desde la finalización del periodo de consultas "en el caso de que figuren en el procedimiento y puedan ser tenidos en cuenta en la resolución otros hechos, alegaciones y pruebas distintos de los aducidos por las mismas"

Resolución de la autoridad laboral

a) Acuerdo con los representantes de los trabajadores

Si el periodo de consultas concluye con acuerdo, la autoridad laboral, una vez que el empresario se lo comunique, deberá dictar su resolución, autorizando la extinción de las relaciones laborales.
La Administración competente tendrá 7 días naturales para pronunciarse, a contar desde la comunicación mencionada en el párrafo anterior. Si no hay pronunciamiento expreso dentro de este plazo, se entenderá silencio administrativo positivo.
La autoridad laboral podrá adaptarse de los referido anteriormente en los siguientes casos, en principio:

 Si apreciase fraude, dolo, coacción o abuso de derecho en la conclusión del acuerdo con los representantes de los trabajadores.
 Cuando de oficio o a petición de la Entidad Gestora de la prestación por desempleo (INEM), estime que el acuerdo tiene por objeto esencial la obtención indebida de prestaciones por parte de quienes vayan a ser despedidos

b) Sin acuerdo con los representantes de los trabajadores

Si el periodo de consultas concluye sin acuerdo, la autoridad laboral, haciendo uso de su poder discrecional, dictará una resolución en que estimará o desestimará, en todo o en parte, lo solicitado por el empresario.

La autorización administrativa únicamente procederá cuando de la documentación que obre en el expediente se desprenda que las medidas propuestas por el empleador son razonablemente necesarias para lograr, bien superar una situación negativa de la empresa, bien garantizar su viabilidad futura y la del empleo.

Para dictar resolución en el caso de falta de acuerdo, la autoridad laboral tiene 15 días naturales, a contar desde que se comunique la finalización del periodo de consultas.

Si no hay pronunciamiento expreso dentro del plazo indicado, se entenderá silencio administrativo positivo.

Despido colectivo

Una vez obtenida la autorización administrativa, el empresario podrá comenzar a despedir.
Aunque la Ley no fija plazo para hacerlo, hay que tener en cuenta los límites temporales de despido colectivo anteriormente citado (se suele hacer en los 90 días posteriores), la posible caducidad de la licencia administrativa, las previsiones que sobre la extinción se hicieron en la solicitud de autorización o, incluso, lo que al respecto se pueda establecer en la resolución misma que se dicte en respuesta a la mencionada solicitud.

La Ley no establece la forma de despedir. Sin embargo, la extinción ha de ser comunicada de manera fehaciente, haciendo constar en la comunicación la existencia de la autorización administrativa.

La selección de los trabajadores a despedir la hará el empresario, ateniéndose a lo que proyectó en la solicitud y respetando sus derechos constitucionales, los derechos laborales en la medida de lo posible y las exigencias del principio de buena fe.
Además hay que tenerse en cuenta que la Ley establece la prioridad de permanencia en la empresa de los representantes de los trabajadores en el supuesto del despido colectivo.

Cada trabajador tiene derecho a la percepción de una indemnización de 20 días por año de servicio, prorrateándose por meses los periodo inferiores a 1 año (indemnización igual a la del despido objetivo). Esta indemnización deberá ser puesta a su disposición simultáneamente a la adopción de la decisión extintiva.

La indemnización será abonada por el Fondo de Garantía Salarial "FOGASA" (con el límite máximo de una anualidad, sin que el salario diario, pueda exceder del doble del salario mínimo interprofesional), en caso de insolvencia, suspensión de pagos, quiebra o concurso de acreedores del empresario.

En todo caso, en empresas de menos de 25 trabajadores, FOGASA abonará el 40% de la indemnización legal que corresponda, siempre bajo los límites del párrafo anterior.

Legislación aplicable

 Estatuto de los Trabajadores

Véase también
  Expediente de Regulación Temporal de Empleo (ERTE)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social del Gobierno de España

Derecho laboral de España
Eufemismos

Expediente de regulación de empleo


برما، أصل التسمية من (بر وماء) لكثرة ينابيع المياه الموجودة فيها ولجمال الطبيعة وهي من البلدات الأردنية التابعة لمحافظة جرش، تقع على بعد 30 كم غرب محافظة جرش، ويشقها الطريق المؤدي من محافظة جرش إلى الأغوار الوسطى، وطبيعة برما متنوعة التضاريس فيها السهول الواسعة، وفيها الجبال العالية، وتكسو جبالها غابات حرجية كثيفة رائعة من أشجار الصنوبر والأرز والبلوط والسنديان والبطم والخروب والزيتون والزعرور وغيرها، وجبالها مقابلة لجبال العاصمة عمان من جهة الشمال تماما ويربطها بها طريق مختصر يمر من فوق نهر الزرقاء ملتقيا مع طريق عمان إربد.

يقطن البلدة 6057 نسمة حسب إحصاء 2015.

أما من الناحية الإدارية فبرما مركز قضاء ومجمع بلديات للمناطق التابعة لها مثل دبين والجزازة وخشيبة وعليمون وهمتا والهونة والمجدل، وفيها ثلاثة مراكز صحية ومركز للدفاع المدني وعدد من المدارس الثانوية للذكور وأخرى للإناث، وعدد كبير من المدارس الابتدائية للجنسين، موزعة على التجمعات السكانية في البلدة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء برما

برما (الأردن)


Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (Originaltitel: The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel) ist eine britische Komödie aus dem Jahr 2011, die am 15. März 2012 in den deutschen Kinos anlief. Sie basiert auf dem im Jahr 2004 erschienenen Roman These Foolish Things von Deborah Moggach.

Handlung
Eine Gruppe britischer Senioren reist aus den unterschiedlichsten Gründen nach Indien und landet dort im "Best Exotic Marigold Hotel" in Jaipur. Sie sind die einzigen Gäste des völlig heruntergekommenen Hotels. In der Handlung des Films werden die Schicksale der einzelnen Hotelgäste miteinander verwoben.

Jean, die in unglücklicher Ehe mit Douglas lebt, signalisiert Graham ihr Interesse an ihm. Norman und Madge suchen in einem Club für Reiche nach neuen Bekanntschaften und täuschen jeweils Identitäten als Mitglieder des britischen Königshauses vor. Nach dem Tod von Graham reisen einige der Hotelbewohner zu dessen Feuerbestattung nach hinduistischem Ritus. Jean erfährt durch ihre Tochter, dass ihre Vermögenslage sich erheblich verbessert hat und sie nach England zurückreisen können. Jean überrascht ihren Mann Douglas und Evelyn in einem vertrauten Gespräch und macht Douglas eine Szene.

Währenddessen lässt Sonnys Mutter Gutachter in das Hotel kommen, die es für einen Verkauf schätzen sollen. Muriel macht sich am Bürocomputer zu schaffen und findet heraus, dass die wirtschaftliche Lage des Hotels gar nicht so schlecht ist, es müsste nur besser geführt werden.

Sonnys Mutter verbietet ihm die Heirat mit Sunaina, muss sich aber von einem alten Mitarbeiter daran erinnern lassen, dass auch ihr verstorbener Mann, Sonnys Vater, sie einst gegen Widerstände von dessen Familie geheiratet hatte. Schließlich willigt sie in die Hochzeit ein. Muriel ihrerseits gelingt es, den beabsichtigten Verkauf des Hotels abzuwenden.

Douglas und Jean bereiten die Abreise nach England vor. Unter einem Vorwand will Douglas sich von Evelyn unter vier Augen verabschieden, diese versteckt sich aber. Auf dem Weg zum Flughafen geraten Douglas und Jean in einen Verkehrsstau. Die einzige Möglichkeit, das Flugzeug noch zu erreichen, ist die Fahrt mit einer Rikscha. Der Fahrer kann aber nur zwei Personen ohne Gepäck oder eine Person mit Gepäck mitnehmen. Jean sagt Douglas, sie reise allein mit Gepäck. Das sei ein Wink des Schicksals, dass sie sich trennen sollten; jeder habe etwas Besseres verdient. Sie sagt Douglas Lebewohl und lässt sich zum Flughafen bringen. Douglas kehrt auf Umwegen ins Hotel zurück.

In der Schlussszene arbeitet Muriel, die wieder gehen und stehen kann, am Hotelempfang und begrüßt neue Gäste. Das Hotel macht einen renovierten Eindruck.

Personen
Evelyn Greenslade hat kürzlich ihren Mann verloren, der ihr einen Schuldenberg hinterlassen hat. Sie musste daher ihre Wohnung verkaufen, ihre Ersparnisse sind aufgebraucht. Deshalb wagt sie in Indien einen Neuanfang und sucht sich dort einen Job. Sie findet ihn in einem Call-Center, dessen Mitarbeiter sie in der Gesprächsführung schulen soll. Inhaber ist Sunainas Bruder, auch Sunaina arbeitet dort.

Muriel Donnelly war Haushälterin und auch für Finanzen zuständig. Jetzt sitzt sie im Rollstuhl und muss an der Hüfte operiert werden. Obwohl sie große Vorurteile gegenüber Ausländern hat, fliegt sie schließlich nach Indien, um dort sofort operiert zu werden, da die Wartezeit für eine Hüft-Operation in England sechs Monate betragen würde. In Jaipur angekommen, wird sie schon nach wenigen Tagen operiert.

Douglas und Jean Ainslie sind seit 39 Jahren verheiratet. Douglas hat fast alle ihre Ersparnisse in die Firma seiner Tochter investiert. Aber die Firma läuft nicht besonders gut. Um einen vermeintlich höheren Lebensstandard für weniger Geld genießen zu können, fliegt das Ehepaar zusammen nach Indien.

Graham Dashwood ist ein angesehener High-Court-Richter und hat seine ersten 18 Lebensjahre in Indien verbracht. Anlässlich seiner Pensionierung entschließt er sich, nach Indien zu fliegen, um dort die Erlebnisse seiner Jugend erneut aufzurollen. Er outet sich den Mitreisenden gegenüber als homosexuell und sucht seine Jugendliebe, den er in Begleitung von Evelyn und Douglas schließlich findet. Nach der Rückkehr ins Hotel stirbt Dashwood an einem Herzinfarkt.

Norman Cousins ist auf der Suche nach einer Frau. Da er in England dabei nicht sonderlich erfolgreich war, entscheidet er sich für einen Flug nach Indien, um sich dort umzusehen.

Madge Hardcastle war schon mehrmals verheiratet, hatte aber bisher nie Glück in der Ehe. Auch sie möchte in Indien einen Neuanfang wagen und einen geeigneten Ehemann finden.

Sonny Kapoor ist der Leiter des "Best Exotic Marigold Hotels". Er steckt in finanziellen Schwierigkeiten, sodass die Schließung des Hotels droht. Außerdem hat er familiäre Probleme, weil seine Mutter mit seiner Freundin Sunaina nicht einverstanden ist.

Schauspieler, Rollen und Synchronsprecher

Kritiken
Melanie Lauer schrieb in der Kritik von filmstarts.de, dass sich bei diesem Film "Jung und Alt gleichermaßen zurücklehnen – und mit einem lachenden und einem weinenden Auge viel über die Irrungen und Wirrungen des Lebens und nicht zuletzt auch über ungeahnte Chancen lernen" können.

Johannes von der Gathen lobte in der stern.de-Kritik vom 15. März 2012 die Darsteller des Films als "ein glänzend aufgelegtes Ensemble hochkarätiger angelsächsischer Charakterdarsteller von Judi Dench über Tom Wilkinson und Bill Nighy bis zu Maggie Smith, die diese Reise ins indische Jaipur zu einem echten Genuss machen."

Tim Lindemann schreibt hingegen auf schnitt.de: "The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel ist durchzogen von einer derart plumpen neo-kolonialen Ideologie, daß man abwechselnd vor Scham im Kinosessel versinken oder fassungslos mit dem Kopf schütteln möchte."

Auszeichnungen
Der Film bekam schon vor seinem deutschen Kinostart von der Filmbewertungsstelle Wiesbaden das Prädikat Besonders wertvoll verliehen.

Bei der Verleihung des Europäischen Filmpreises 2012 wurde Best Exotic Marigold Hotel für den Publikumspreis nominiert.

Fortsetzung
2015 wurde eine Fortsetzung realisiert, Kinostart in Deutschland war am 2. April 2015. Der deutsche Titel lautet Best Exotic Marigold Hotel 2, im Original ist er mit The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel betitelt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2011
Britischer Film
Filmdrama
Filmkomödie
Alter im Film
Culture-Clash-Komödie
Hotel im Film

Best Exotic Marigold Hotel


Marija (grč. Μαρία) bila je carica Bizantskog Carstva kao žena bizantskoga cara Leona III. Izaurijskog. Njezini su roditelji nepoznati te nije poznato kada se udala.

Djeca Marije i Leona:
Ana
Konstantin V. Kopronim
Irena
Kosmo

Izvori i bilješke

Bizantske carice

Marija Izaurijska


Héctor Miguel Herrera López (født 19. april 1990 i Tijuana, Mexico), er en mexicansk fodboldspiller (midtbane). Han spiller for den amerikanske Major League Soccer-klub Houston Dynamo.

Klubkarriere
På ungdomsniveau spillede Herrera for CF Pachuca i hjemlandet, og i 2011 debuterede han for klubben i den mexicanske liga. Efter to år i klubben blev han solgt til FC Porto i Portugal for en pris på 8 millioner euro. Fra 2019 til 2022 spillede han i den spanske klub Atletico Madrid.

Landshold
Herrera står (pr. november 2022) noteret for 103 kampe og ti scoringer for Mexicos landshold, som han debuterede for 16. oktober 2012 i en VM-kvalifikationskamp mod El Salvador. Han var med i den mexicanske trup til både VM 2014 i Brasilien, VM 2018 i Rusland og VM 2022 i Qatar.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Mexico
Fodboldspillere fra CF Pachuca
Fodboldspillere fra FC Porto
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2014
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2018
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2022

Héctor Herrera


الإخوان المسلمون في أمريكا لهم أنشطة عديدة في الولايات المتحدة، حيث قاموا بإنشاء العديد من المؤسسات والمنظمات الإسلامية ومنها:
 الجمعية الإسلامية الأمريكية والتي يتبعها العشرات من المؤسسات الإسلامية الاخري the Muslim American Society in 1992
 the American Muslim Council in 1990
 الجمعية الإسلامية لأمريكا الشمالية the Islamic Society of North America in 1981
 المعهد العالمي للفكر الإسلامي the International Institute of Islamic Thought in the 1980s
 North American Islamic Trust in 1971
 رابطة الطلاب المسلمين the Muslim Students Association 1963

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الإخوان المسلمين في الولايات المتحد، ستيفين ميرلي، إخوان ويكي
 أ/ مصطفى مشهور المرشد العام للإخوان المسلمين وكلمة لرابطة الشباب المسلم بأمريكا
 الولايات الأمريكية الإسلامية بقلم دانيال بايبس
 غزو الإخوان المسلمين لأوروبا - الموقع الأمريكي منتدي الشرق الأوسط
 محمد الأحمري .. نشاطات التجمع الإسلامي وأهدافه، محمد حامد الأحمري رئيس التجمع الإسلامي في أميركا الشمالية، برنامج لقاء اليوم، قناة الجزيرة، 24 فبراير 2002م
 A rare look at secretive Brotherhood in America - chicago tribune
 THE WORLD AFTER 9/11 : The Muslim Brotherhood In America - In Search Of Friends Among The Foes - washington post
 American film The Brotherhood
 من تاريخ الحركة الإسلامية في أمريكا، إسلام أون لاين، 29 أبريل 2008م
 قيادات وجمعيات الإخوان المسلمين السرية في أمريكا، جريدة الفجر المصرية

أمريكا

الإخوان المسلمون في أمريكا


අමිල සම්පත් අබේසේකර (උපත 1983 මාර්තු 7: ), ශ්‍රී ලංකා සිනමාවේ සහ රූපවාහිනියේ නළුවෙකි. වැඩිපුරම රූපවාහිනියේ නියැලී සිටින අබේසේකර වඩාත් ප්‍රචලිත වන්නේ 2009 වසරේ ජනප්‍රියම නළුවාට හිමි සම්මානය දිනාගත් ''පබා'' කතාමාලාවේ ''අමන්ත'' චරිතයත් සමගයි. ඔහු Derana Dream Star රියැලිටි වැඩසටහනේ පූරකවරයා ලෙස වාර හතරක් ඉදිරිපත් කර ඇත.

පෞද්ගලික ජීවිතය
අමිල අබේසේකර උපන්නේ 1983 මාර්තු 7 මහනුවරදිය. වයස අවුරුදු 10 දී ඔහුගේ පවුල මහරගම පදිංචියට ගියා. ඔහුට බාල සහෝදරයන් දෙදෙනෙක් සිටී. ඔහු මහනුවර ධර්මරාජ විද්‍යාලය වෙතින් අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබීමට පටන් ගත් අතර පසුව මහරගම ජනාධිපති විද්‍යාලය වෙත ගියේය. ඔහු පාසල් කාලයේ ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩා කළ අතර එහිදී ඔහු රංගනයට පිවිසීමට පෙර සමාජ ශාලාවලට ක්‍රීඩා කළේය.

ඔහු විවාහ වී සිටින්නේ තේජා ජයවර්ධන සමඟයි. විවාහ මංගල්යය 2010 දී සමරනු ලැබූ නමුත් විවාහ මංගල්යය 2004 දී ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ඇය දැනට එමිරේට්ස් ගුවන් සේවය හි ගුවන් සේවිකාවක් ලෙස සේවය කරයි.

වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය
1998 දී ස්වර්ණවාහිනියේ සහකාර නිවේදකයකු ලෙස සේවය කිරීමට අබේසේකරට අවස්ථාව ලැබුණි. ඔහු රංගන දිවිය ආරම්භ කළේ 2000 වසරේ තිරගත වූ "දෙපත් නයි" කතා මාලාවෙනි. ඔහුගේ මංගල සිනමා රංගනය 2008 වසරේ "හතර දෙනම සූරයෝ" චිත්‍රපටය හරහා සිදු වූ අතර එය නීල් රූපසිංහ විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද 1971 බ්ලොක්බස්ටර් හි ප්‍රතිනිර්මාණයකි. ඔහු එම චිත්‍රපටයේ "ලින්ටන්" නම් සහාය චරිතයක් රඟපෑවේය. 2012 වසරේ ඔහු ප්‍රධාන නළුවා ලෙස "සිහිනය දිගේ එන්න" චිත්‍රපටයේ රඟපෑවා.

ඔහු ජාතික රූපවාහිනිය හි විකාශය වූ "රදම් චැට්" සංගීත වැඩසටහන මෙහෙයවීය.

චිත්‍රපටකරණය

සම්මාන

රයිගම් ටෙලීස්

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||2009 ||| පබා || රයිගම් ටෙලීස් ජනප්‍රියම නළුවා සම්මානය ||

References

External links
 බිරිඳ සේවය කරන ගුවන් යානයේම ගිය අමිල
 අමිල අපහාස කලා යයි පවසන පුවත
 අමිල නයනාට වැඳ සමාව ගනි කියන කතාව
 අමිල වැඳ සමාව ගත්තේ නෑ ලු
 නිළියෝ වැරදි ව්‍යාපාර කරනවා - Amila abeysekara
 අමිල අබේසේකර - Hiru Gossip
 අර නිළියට වඩා වැඩියෙන් ගාණ කියන්න ඕනෙ" කියලා හිතුවොත් අපිට ගෙදරටම වෙලා ඉන්න වෙන්නෙ…" – අමිල අබේසේකර

ශ්‍රී ලාංකික නළුවෝ
සිංහල ජනයා

අමිල අබේසේකර


Giuseppe Meazza (født 23. august 1910, død 21. august 1979) var en italiensk fodboldspiller (angriber/offensiv midtbane) og senere -træner. Han har lagt navn til AC Milan og Inters stadion Stadio Giuseppe Meazza.

Landshold
Meazza blev verdensmester med Italiens landshold ved både VM 1934 på hjemmebane, og ved VM 1938 i Frankrig.Ved begge turneringer spillede han alle italienernes kampe, og var i 1938-turneringen desuden holdets anfører. I alt nåede han at spille 54 kampe og score 33 mål for landsholdet.

Klubkarriere
På klubplan repræsenterede Meazza blandt andet begge de store store Milano-klubber Inter og AC Milan, samt Juventus.Han vandt tre italienske mesterskaber med Inter, i henholdsvis 1930, 1938 og 1940. Han vandt desuden pokalturneringen Coppa Italia med Inter i 1939.

Træner
Efter at have indstillet sin aktive karriere var Meazza i en årrække træner, blandt andet for sin gamle klub som aktiv, Inter, samt for det italienske landshold. Han stod i spidsen for italienerne ved OL 1952 i Helsinki.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Italien
Fodboldspillere fra FC Internazionale Milano
Fodboldspillere fra Juventus F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra AC Milan
Verdensmestre i fodbold
Fodboldtrænere fra Italien
Fodboldtrænere fra FC Internazionale Milano
Personer fra Milano

Giuseppe Meazza