Amadís (título original en francés, Amadis) es una ópera en tres actos de Jules Massenet y libreto en francés de Jules Claretie, basado en la novela de caballerías española Amadís de Gaula de Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. Se estrenó en la ópera de Montecarlo el 1 de abril de 1922, diez años después de la muerte del compositor.

Massenet comenzó a componer esta ópera y luego la dejó un lado para terminarla secretamente los últimos años de su vida. Amadís es una de las tres óperas de Massenet que fueron estrenadas tras su muerte, siendo las otras dos Panurge (1913) y Cléopâtre (1914).

Amadis no fue popular pero se vio relanzada (y registrada por el sello Koch Swann) tras el Festival Massenet de Saint-Étienne en 1988.

Personajes

Argumento
La historia se desarrolla en Armórica y concierne a los hermanos Amadís y Galaor, separados al nacer. Amadís mata a Galaor tras la escena final en un duelo por la princesa Floriane. Cuando Amadís descubre que la piedra mágica en torno al cuello de Galaor es idéntica a la suya, piedras entregadas por su madre a cada uno de ellos a él y a su hermano perdido, y se da cuenta de que a quien ha matado es a su hermano.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Óperas de Jules Massenet
Óperas en francés
Óperas de 1922
Óperas estrenadas en Montecarlo
Materia de Bretaña en la ópera

Amadís (Massenet)


Osamdesetogodišnji rat, Nizozemska revolucija ili Nizozemski rat za neovisnost (1568. – 1648.) započeo je kao ustanak sedamnaest nizozemskih provincija protiv Filipa II., suverena Habsburške Nizozemske.

Nakon početnih faza, Filip II. rasporedio je svoju vojsku i povratio kontrolu nad većinom pobunjeničkih provincija. No, pod vodstvom prognanog Vilima I. Oranskog, sjeverne provincije nastavile su s otporom i uspjele otjerati habsburšku vojsku te 1581. osnovale Nizozemsku Republiku sedam ujedinjenih nizozemskih provincija. Rat se nastavio i na drugim područjima, ali središte Republike više nije bilo ugroženo. Rat je završio 1648. Münsterskim mirom, kada je Nizozemska Republika priznata kao neovisna država.

Španjolska i velike europske sile priznale su Nizozemsku Republiku 1609. godine na početku dvanaestogodišnjeg primirja. Neprijateljstva su ponovo izbila oko 1619., kao dio šireg Tridesetogodišnjeg rata. Kraj je postignut 1648. godine Münsterskim mirom (ugovorni dio Westfalskog mira), kada je Nizozemska Republika definitivno priznata kao neovisna država koja više nije dio Svetog Rimskog Carstva. Münsterski mir ponekad se smatra početkom nizozemskog zlatnog doba. Međutim, unatoč stjecanju neovisnosti, od kraja rata 1648. postojalo je znatno protivljenje Münsterskom ugovoru u Stalelškoj skupštini Nizozemske, budući da je Španjolskoj dopušteno zadržati južne pokrajine i dopuštena vjerska tolerancija prema katolicima.

Uzroci rata
Postoje brojni uzroci koji su doveli do Osamdesetogodišnjeg rata, ali primarni razlozi mogu se klasificirati u dva: ogorčenost prema španjolskoj vladavini i vjerske napetosti. Prvi je u početku artikulirao nizozemsko plemstvo koje je željelo povratiti moć i privilegije koje je kralj izgubio, a tvrdili su da je Filip II. bio okružen zlim savjetnicima. To se na kraju razvilo u opće nezadovoljstvo protiv apsolutističkog španjolskog režima. S druge strane, vjerski otpor proizašao je iz nametanja crkvene hijerarhije za sve španjolske teritorije. To je stvorilo otpor u nizozemskim pokrajinama, koje su već prihvatile reformaciju.

U desetljećima koja su prethodila ratu, Nizozemci su postajali sve nezadovoljniji španjolskom vlašću. Značajan uzrok nezadovoljstva bili su teški porezi nametnuti stanovništvu, dok je podrška i vodstvo vlade bilo ometano veličinom Španjolskog Carstva. Nizozemske provincije stalno su kritizirane da djeluju bez dopuštenja prijestolja, a za njih je bilo nepraktično dobiti dopuštenje za djelovanje, jer bi na zahtjeve poslane prijestolju trebalo najmanje četiri tjedna da dobiju odgovor. Prisutnost španjolskih trupa pod zapovjedništvom vojvode od Albe, koji je doveden da nadgleda red, dodatno je pojačala ove nemire.

Španjolska je također pokušala nametnuti politiku stroge vjerske uniformnosti za Katoličku Crkvu unutar svojih domena, a to je provela pomoću inkvizicije. Reformacija je u međuvremenu proizvela brojne protestantske denominacije, koje su stekle sljedbenike u sedamnaest provincija. Među njima su bili luteranski pokret Martina Luthera, anabaptistički pokret nizozemskog reformatora Mena Simmonsa i reformirana učenja Jeana Calvina. Ovaj razvoj doveo je do Beeldenstorma 1566., "ikonoklastičkog bijesa", u kojem su mnoge crkve u sjevernoj Europi lišene svojih katoličkih kipova i vjerskih ukrasa.

Rat
U listopadu 1555., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva Karlo V. započeo je postupno odricanje od nekoliko svojih kruna. Njegov sin Filip II. preuzeo je dužnost suverena Habsburške Nizozemske, koja je u to vrijeme bila personalna unija sedamnaest pokrajina s malo toga zajedničkog izvan suverenog i ustavnog okvira. Ovaj okvir, sastavljen tijekom prethodnih vladavina burgundskih i habsburških vladara, podijelio je vlast između gradskih vlada, lokalnog plemstva, pokrajinskih država, kraljevskih staleža, nizozemske staleške skupštine i središnje vlade (koju je vjerojatno predstavljao regent) s pomoć triju vijeća: Državnog vijeća, Tajnog vijeća i Financijskog savjeta. Ravnoteža snaga bila je jako usmjerena prema lokalnim i regionalnim vlastima.

Filip II. nije upravljao osobno, već je imenovao Emmanuela Philiberta, vojvodu od Savoje, za generalnog guvernera da vodi središnju vladu. Godine 1559. imenovao je svoju polusestru Margaretu od Parme prvom regenticom, koja je vladala u bliskoj suradnji s nizozemskim velikanima poput Vilima I. Oranskog; Philippea de Montmorencyja, grofa od Horna; i Lamorala, grofa od Egmonta. Filip II. je u Državno vijeće uveo brojne savjetnike, među kojima je bio i Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle, burgundski kardinal koji je stekao značajan utjecaj u Vijeću, na veliko razočaranje članova nizozemskog vijeća.

Kad je Filip II. otišao u Španjolsku 1559. godine, porasla je politička napetost oko vjerske politike. Budući da nije imao liberalne poglede svog oca Karla V., Filip II. bio je gorljivi neprijatelj protestantskih pokreta Martina Luthera, Jeana Calvina i anabaptista. Karlo V. krivovjerje je zabranio na posebnim natpisima, čineći ga ozbiljnim prekršajem, podložnim gonjenju od strane nizozemske inačice inkvizicije, što je dovelo do pogubljenja više od 1300 ljudi između 1523. i 1566. Pred kraj Karlove vladavine, uspostava ovih zakona navodno je postala blaža. Filip II. međutim je inzistirao na rigoroznoj provedbi, što je izazvalo opći nemir. Kako bi podržao i osnažio pokušaje protureformacije, Filip II. je 1559. pokrenuo opsežnu organizacijsku reformu Katoličke Crkve u Nizozemskoj, koja je rezultirala uključivanjem četrnaest biskupija umjesto stare tri. Novu hijerarhiju trebao je predvoditi Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle kao nadbiskup nove nadbiskupije Mechelen. Reforma je bila posebno nepopularna u staroj crkvenoj hijerarhiji, budući da su se nove biskupije trebale financirati prijenosom brojnih bogatih opatija. Granvelle postao je žarište opozicije protiv novih struktura vlasti, a nizozemski plemići predvođeni Vilimom I. Oranskim organizirali su njegov opoziv 1564.

Nakon Granvellevog opoziva, Vilim I. Oranski uvjerio je Margaretu od Parme i vijeće da zatraže umjerenije stajalište o pravilima protiv hereze. Filip II. odugovlačio je s odgovorom, a u  tom je razdoblju protivljenje njegovoj vjerskoj politici dobilo širu podršku. Filip II. konačno je odbio zahtjev za umjerenošću u svojim Pismima iz šume Segovia u listopadu 1565. Kao odgovor, skupina nižeg plemstva, uključujući Louisa od Nassa, Vilimovog mlađeg brata, te braću Johna i Philipa od St. Aldegonde, pripremila je peticija za Filipa II. kojom se traži ukidanje inkvizicije. Ovaj kompromis plemića podržalo je oko 400 plemića, katolika i protestanata, a predstavljen je Margareti od Parme 5. travnja 1566. Impresionirana masovnom podrškom kompromisu, suspendirala je plakate, čekajući Filipovu konačnu odluku.

Izvori

Nizozemska vojna povijest
Španjolska vojna povijest
Sveto Rimsko Carstvo
Ratovi 16. stoljeća
Ratovi 17. stoljeća

Osamdesetogodišnji rat


Vacón (ya da Bakom), Peru askeri personeli ve yerel polisleri tarafından suçu önlemekte kullanılan melez savaş sanatıdır. 1980'lerin başlarında Villa el Salvador bölgesindeki eski bir deniz subayı ve Jujitsu uzman tarafından geliştirilmiştir.

Vacón, Jujitsu gibi eski savaş sanatları ile Lima'nın eteklerindeki yerleşim yerlerinde bilinen sokak dövüşü tekniklerinin bir karışımıdır. Sokaklarda kullanılan kendini savunma sisteminin en şiddetlilerinden biridir. Ana amaç rakibe muhtemel en büyük güçle saldırmak ve dengesini bozmaktır. Kol kilitleri ve eklemleri sıkıştırma büyük ölçüde kullanılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Melez savaş sanatları
Peru'da spor

Vacón


Langbold er et slagboldspil for to hold a 11 deltagere. Langbold var det dominerende boldspil i Danmark i sidste halvdel af 1800-tallet.

Eksterne henvisninger

Boldspil

Langbold


Picunçeler ("Kuzey insanı" anlamına gelen Mapudungun dilinde bir kelime) mapuçelerin veya Araukanyalıların kuzeyinde ve Diaguitaların güneyinde yaşayan Şilili insanlardır.

Tarım
Başlıca tarım ürünleri mısır ve patatestir, ahşap evlerde yaşarlar. İspanyolların Şili'ye ilk geldiklerinde İnka İmparatorluğu'nun bir parçasıydılar.

Mapuçe
Şili'de toplum
Şili'deki etnik gruplar
Şili tarihi
Kolomb-öncesi kültürler

Piçunçe


Fornelos (también llamada San Juan de Fornelos y oficialmente, San Xoán de Fornelos ) es una parroquia del municipio de Salvatierra de Miño, en la provincia de Pontevedra, España.

Entidades de población
Entidades de población que forman parte de la parroquia (entre paréntesis está el nombre oficial y en gallego siempre que difiera del español):

Demografía
{{Gráfica de evolución|tipo=demográfica|anchura=600|nombre=Fornelos|2000|745|2001|720|2002|717|2003|706|2004|704|2005|737|2006|740|2007|727|2008|740|2009|750|2010|762|2011|744|2012|766|2013|768|2014|745|2015|738|2016|733|2017|730|2018|714|notas=}}

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Parroquias de Salvatierra de Miño

Fornelos (Salvatierra de Miño)


Rábatöttös é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Vas. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 218 habitantes.

Localidades de Vas (Hungria)

Rábatöttös


A Série B1 do Campeonato Paraense de Futebol de 2023 é a 38ª edição da Segunda Divisão no estado do Pará. A competição concede duas vagas a primeira divisão do Campeonato Paraense de Futebol de 2024.

A competição começou no dia 16 de agosto e está prevista para terminar em 5 de novembro.

Regulamento

Primeira Fase
A Primeira Fase é disputada em fase de grupos de 5 equipes cada com 4 rodadas, 2 rodadas de mandante e 2 rodadas de visitante, os 1° melhores colocadas irão disputar as quartas de finais, enquanto os 2° e 3° colocados irão disputar a segunda fase, e as últimas piores equipes são rebaixadas à Série B2 de 2024.

Segunda Fase
A Segunda Fase é disputada por 8 equipes que terminaram em 2° e 3° colocado na primeira fase, as equipes se enfrentam ida e volta em caso de empate no agregado, as equipes decidiram a vaga na disputar de pênaltis, as equipes vencedoras jogam contra as melhores equipes da primeira fase.

Fase Final
A Fase Final é disputada por Quartas de Final com 8 equipes enfrentando-se ida e volta, e as 4 equipes vencedoras vão para a semifinal com partidas ida e volta, as duas equipes vencedoras ganham vaga no Campeonato Paraense de 2024 e disputam a Final para decidir o campeão da competição.

Critérios de Desempate

Primeira Fase
 Pontuação
 Vitórias
 Saldo de Gols
 Gols Pró

Equipes participantes

Primeira fase

Grupo A

Grupo B

Grupo C

Grupo D

Segunda fase

Playoffs das Quartas de Finais
Em itálico, as equipes que possuíam o mando de campo no primeiro jogo confronto e em negrito as equipes classificadas.

|}

Fase Final

Estatísticas

Artilharia

Classificação Geral

2023
Série B1 2023

Campeonato Paraense de Futebol de 2023 - Série B1


Esseker Zeitung je bio hrvatski list na njemačkom koji je izlazio dvaput tjedno u Osijeku. Bio je list za politiku, gospodarstvo i zabavu (Organ für Politik, Volkswirtschaft und Unterhaltung).

Povijest
Prvi broj izašao je 1874. godine, a zadnji prosinca 1878. s brojem 101. Uređivali su ga I. V. Hamann i N. B. v. Biedersfeld. Sadržavao je nedjeljni ilustrirani beletristički prilog.

Izvori

Hrvatski tjednici
Osječki tisak
Nijemci u Hrvatskoj

Esseker Zeitung


L'isoxaflutole est un composé de la famille des isoxazoles. Il est connu comme herbicide utilisé contre les graminées, entrant dans la composition de quinze formulations d'herbicides.

Il agit en inhibant l'enzyme 4-hydroxyphénylpyruvate dioxygénase (HPPD), facteur de la formation d'un caroténoïde essentiel à la photosynthèse. Ce mode d'action le range dans le  de la classification HRAC des herbicides.

Impact environnemental
L'isoxaflutole est un polluant qui possède une courte demi-vie, variant de 3,2 heures à 11,1 jours en fonction du milieu. Ainsi, il ne fait pas partie de la liste des polluants organiques persistants. Dans les sols, il se dégrade principalement en deux métabolites : le cyclopropylpropane-1,3-dione et l'acide trifluorométhylbenzoïque.

Il est retrouvé dans les milieux aquatiques, et la concentration dans les eaux servant à la production d'eau potable doit être inférieure à .

Références

Isoxazole
Trifluorométhylbenzène
Phénone
Benzosulfone
Cyclopropane
Herbicide

Isoxaflutole


Ebro Italia S.p.A. war ein italienischer Hersteller von Automobilen.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Das Unternehmen wurde 1986 in Rom als Tochterunternehmen des spanischen Fahrzeugherstellers Ebro gegründet. 1993 endete die Produktion.

Fahrzeuge
Das Unternehmen bot ab 1986 eine Lizenzversion des Geländewagens Nissan Patrol als Patrol Autocarro an. Für den Antrieb sorgte ein Vierzylinder-Dieselmotor mit 2800 cm³ Hubraum. Anfang 1987 kam der Ebro Vanette dazu. Dieser Kleinbus war wahlweise mit einem Ottomotor mit 1488 cm³ Hubraum oder einem Dieselmotor mit 1952 cm³ Hubraum erhältlich.

Literatur

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Italien)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Rom)
Gegründet 1986
Aufgelöst 1993

Ebro Italia


Hanns Kaiser (* 13. Juni 1921 in Lindau (Bodensee); † 9. Februar 2012) war ein deutscher Internist und Rheumatologe.

Leben
Kaiser wurde 1945 promoviert und anschließend im Wehrmachtslazarett St. Ottilien eingesetzt. Als dieses nach Kriegsende zum DP-Hospital wurde, wurde er als deutscher Arzt übernommen und betreute bis Mitte 1946 die Überlebenden der Arbeitslager des KZ Dachau.

Von 1963 bis 1984 war er Chefarzt am Westkrankenhaus Augsburg (ab 1982 Zentralklinikum Augsburg und seit 2019 Universitätsklinikum Augsburg). Ab 1975 war er Honorarprofessor an der Technischen Universität München.

Neben seiner klinischen Tätigkeit widmete er sich der Ärztefortbildung, der wissenschaftlichen Aufarbeitung der Cortisontherapie und der Information der Patienten. Bekannt wurde er vor allem durch ein Standardwerk zur Cortisontherapie, das von 1957 bis 2002 in 11 Auflagen erschienen ist.

Ehrungen
 Ehrenmitglied der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Rheumatologie
 Ehrenmitglied der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gerontologie
 Ehrenmitglied der Medizinischen Gesellschaft Augsburg
 Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande 1986
 Franziskus-Blondel-Medaille der Stadt Aachen für Verdienste um die Klinische Rheumatologie 1988

Literatur
 Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender 2009 – München: K. G. Saur Verlag, 2008

Einzelnachweise

Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Internist
Rheumatologe
Hochschullehrer (Technische Universität München)
Person (Universitätsklinikum Augsburg)
Deutscher
Geboren 1921
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Hanns Kaiser


Hrvatski kup u kuglanju za muškarce u sezoni 2018./19. je osvojio "Mertojak" iz Splita.
Kup je igran na proljeće 2019. godine, a prethodili su mu kupovi po županijskim i regionalnim savezima.

Rezultati

Osmina završnice
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
!datum !!mjesto odigravanja !!par !!rez. !!napomena
|-
|<small> 13. travnja 2019. ||Čakovec ||Željezničar Čakovec - Mertojak Split ||1:7 ||
|-
|<small> 13. travnja 2019. ||Plitvička Jezera ||Plitvice Plitvička Jezera - Medveščak 1958 Zagreb ||6:2 ||
|-
|<small> 13. travnja 2019. ||Otočac ||Zaprešić - Poštar Split ||8:0 ||
|-
|<small> 13. travnja 2019. ||Zagreb ||Centar Zagreb - Osijek ||2:6 ||
|-
|<small> 13. travnja 2019. ||Požega ||Nove nade Požega - Obrtnik-Torbar Zagreb ||7:1 ||
|-
|<small> 13. travnja 2019. ||Split ||Vrlika Split - Grmoščica Zagreb ||2:6 ||
|-
|<small> 13. travnja 2019. ||Ozalj ||Bjelovar - Zadar ||1:7 ||
|-
|<small> 13. travnja 2019. ||Zaprešić ||Velebit Otočac' - Kandit Osijek ||7:1 ||
|}

 Četvrtzavršnica

 Završni turnir
Igrano 8. i 9. lipnja 2019. u Splitu u kuglani "Poljud"''.

Povezani članci
 Kup Hrvatske u kuglanju za muškarce
 Hrvatska kuglačka liga za muškarce 2018./19.

Vanjske poveznice
 kuglanje.hr, Hrvatski kuglački savez
 kuglacki-savez-os.hr, Kuglački savez Osječko-baranjske županije

Izvori
 kuglanje.hr, Bilten , pristupljeno 13. lipnja 2019.
 kuglacki-savez-os.hr, Rezultati, pristupljeno 13. lipnja 2019.
 kuglacki-savez-os.hr, Kup RH za 2019, pristupljeno 13. lipnja 2019.
 kuglacki-savez-os.hr, Propozicije završnice ekipnog KUP-a Republike Hrvatske, objavljeno 13. travnja 2019., preuzeto 13. lipnja 2019.
 aplikacija.kuglanje.hr, Kup Republike Hrvatske - muškarci, pristupljeno 13. lipnja 2019.
 kuglanje.hr, EKIPNI KUP REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE za 2018./2019. godinu - MUŠKARCI, preuzeto 13. lipnja 2019.
 kuglacki-savez-os.hr, Kup Republike Hrvatske - 2019. - muškarci , preuzeto 13. lipnja 2019.

2018-19 kup M

Kup Hrvatske u kuglanju za muškarce 2018./19.


توماس مافروس ، (ولد في 31 مايو 1954 في كاليثيا، اليونان) وهو لاعب كرة قدم يوناني سابق كان يلعب في الخط الهجومي. يعتبر توماس واحد من أفصل لاعبي كرة القدم الذين لعبوا في الدوري اليوناني لكرة القدم حيث سجل فيه 260 هدفا ما يجعله الهداف التاريخي للدوري حتى اللحظة.

سجلات
 توماس هو الهداف التاريخي للدوري اليوناني لكرة القدم حيث سجل 260 هدفا في 501 مباراة.
 هو أصغر لاعب يسجل في الدوري اليوناني لكرة القدم حيث سجل هدف الفوز لنادي بانيونيس (1-0) في مباراة أمام نادي بايريكوس في 17 فيراير 1971، في ذلك الوقت لم يكن يبلغ توماس من العمر سوى 16 سنة، 8 أشهر و17 يوما.
 هو واحد من اللاعبين القلة الذين سجلوا 5 أهداف في مباراة واحدة في الدوري اليوناني.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من أثينا
أشخاص من جنوب أثينا
رياضيون من أثينا
لاعبو أيك أثينا
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1980
لاعبو كرة قدم من أثينا
لاعبو كرة قدم يونانيون
لاعبو منتخب اليونان لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي بانيونيوس
مواليد 1954
مواليد في كاليثيا

توماس مافروس


Stanley Bernard "Stan" Willemse (født 23. august 1924, død 5. august 2011) var en engelsk fodboldspiller (venstre back).

Willemse tilbragte de første tre år af sin karriere hos Brighton & Hove Albion i sin fødeby, men skiftede i 1949 til London-klubben Chelsea F.C.. Her var han i 1955 med til at sikre klubben dens første engelske mesterskab nogensinde. Han sluttede karrieren med et ophold hos en anden London-klub, Leyton Orient.

Titler
Engelsk mesterskab
 1955 med Chelsea

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra England
Fodboldspillere fra Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Chelsea F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Leyton Orient F.C.
Personer fra Brighton

Stan Willemse


John Hancock Tower, llamada oficialmente Hancock Place y conocida coloquialmente como The Hancock, es un rascacielos de 60 plantas y 241 metros de altura situado en Boston. La torre fue diseñada por Henry N. Cobb de la firma I. M. Pei & Partners (actualmente conocida como Pei Cobb Freed & Partners) y fue completada en 1976. En 1977, el American Institute of Architects confirió a la empresa un National Honor Award para el edificio y en 2011 le confirió el AIA Twenty-five Year Award. Ha sido el edificio más alto de Boston durante más de 30 años, y es el edificio más alto de Nueva Inglaterra.

Su dirección es 200 Clarendon Street. La compañía usa ambos "Hancock Place" y "200 Clarendon Street" como dirección postal para sus oficinas en el edificio. John Hancock Insurance fue originalmente el principal inquilino del edificio, pero la compañía de seguros anunció en 2004 que algunas oficinas serían trasladadas a un nuevo edificio en 601 Congress Street, en Fort Point, Boston.

Diseño

Las estructuras altas y delgadas de cristal fueron una meta de la arquitectura moderna desde que Mies Van Der Rohe propuso un rascacielos de cristal para Berlín. Tales edificios, como Lever House, de Gordon Bunshaft; Edificio Seagram en Nueva York, de Mies; y Johnson Wax Headquarters de Frank Lloyd Wright, intentaron conseguir esta meta, pero muchos de sus diseños seguían usando artefactos estructurales que impedían un aspecto consistente y monolítico.

En 1972, el diseño de Cobb para Hancock Tower llevó el concepto de rascacielos monolito de cristal a nuevos niveles. La torre es un importante logro en el diseño de rascacielos minimalista y moderno.

El minimalismo fue el principio que rigió el diseño de la torre. Se usaron los cristales más grandes posibles. No hay enjutas, y los parteluces son mínimos. Cobb añadió una torsión geométrica moderna usando un paralelogramo para la forma de la planta de la torre. Desde la mayoría de vistas comunes, este diseño hace aparecer a las esquinas de la torre muy afiladas. El cristal de las ventanas altamente reflectivas está tintado ligeramente de azul, lo que resulta en un leve contraste con el cielo en un día claro. Por último, los lados pequeños del paralelogramo están marcados con una profunda mella vertical, que disgrega la masa de la torre y enfatiza su verticalidad. Por la tarde-noche, la mella vertical hacia el noroeste captura la última luz del cielo, mientras que las porciones mayores de cristal reflejan el crepúsculo.

Una importante preocupación de los arquitectos mientras diseñaban la torre fue su proximidad a Boston's Trinity Church, un destacado Hito Histórico Nacional. Esto les guio a rediseñar los planos de la torre, ya que había una protesta pública cuando se reveló que Hancock Tower proyectaría su sombra sobre la iglesia.

Problemas con el edificio

El edificio fue un hito muy adelantado de la firma de diseño más respetada del país, pero ha sido más notorio por sus defectos de ingeniería que por sus logros arquitectónicos. Su apertura se retrasó de 1971 a 1976, y se rumorea que el coste total habría ascendido de $75M a $175M. Fue una vergüenza para la firma, los arquitectos del momento y la industria arquitectónica.

Cimentación
Hancock Tower estuvo plagada de problemas antes de que empezara la construcción. Durante la excavación de los cimientos de la torre, se erigieron muros de contención temporales de metal para crear un vacío donde construir. Los muros se arquearon, dando paso al barro y la arcilla de Back Bay, lo que se suponía que retendrían. La curva hacia dentro de los muros de contención dañó las líneas de servicios públicos, la acera, y edificios cercanos como la histórica Trinity Church cruzando la calle. Hancock finalmente pagó por todas las reparaciones.

Caída de paneles de cristal

Inventar una manera para usar el cristal azul en una torre de acero alcanzó un alto precio. El defecto más peligroso y conspicuo del edificio fueron las ventanas de cristal defectuosas. Paneles enteros de 4' x 11' y 500-lb (1,2 x 3,4 m y 227 kg) se despegaron del edificio y se estrellaron con la acera decenas de metros debajo. La policía tenía que cerrar las calles cercanas cuando los vientos alcanzaban los 72 km/h (45 mph). Según el Boston Globe, un modelo a escala de la completa Back Bay fue construido en el Túnel de Viento de los Hermanos Wright en el MIT para identificar el problema. La investigación suscitó dudas sobre la integridad estructural de todo el edificio (debido a la torsión imprevista de la estructura), pero no explicó la caída de paneles de cristal. Un laboratorio independiente confirmó finalmente que el fallo del cristal era debido a oscilaciones y tensiones térmicas repetidas causadas por la expansión y contracción del aire entre los paneles de cristal interiores y exteriores que formaban cada ventana; la unión entre el cristal interno, material reflexivo, y el cristal exterior fue demasiado rígida trasmitiendo la fuerza al cristal externo (en lugar de absorberlo), causando que el cristal fallase.

En octubre de 1973, I.M. Pei & Partners anunció que los 10.344 paneles de ventanal serían reemplazados por un único cristal, tratado térmicamente, costando entre $5 millones y $7millones. Durante las reparaciones, hojas de contrachapado sustituyeron las ventanas vacías del edificio, ganándole los sobrenombres de "Palacio Contrachapado" y "Rancho Contrachapado" (el mismo nombre que una cadena de corrales de madera suburbanos del momento). La broma fue que Hancock Tower era el "edificio de contrachapado más alto del mundo".

Balanceo
Los ocupantes de las plantas superiores del edificio sufrían de cinetosis cuando el edificio era balanceado por el viento. Para estabilizar el movimiento, los contratistas instalaron un dispositivo llamado amortiguador de masa en la planta 58. Como fue descrito por Robert Campbell, crítico de arquitectura del Boston Globe:
Dos pesos de 300 toneladas se sitúan en extremos opuestos de la planta 58 de Hancock. Cada peso es una caja de acero, rellenada con plomo, 5,2 m de lado por 0,9 m de altura. Cada peso descansa en una placa de acero. La placa está recubierta con lubricante, por lo que el peso está libre para deslizarse. Pero el peso está unido a la estructura de acero del edificio por métodos de resortes y amortiguadores. Cuando Hancock balancea, el peso tiende a mantenerse inmóvil, permitiendo al suelo deslizarse bajo él. Entonces, ya que los resortes y amortiguadores se afianzan, comienzan a tirar del edificio. El efecto es como el de un giroscopio, estabilizando la torre. La razón es que hay dos pesos, en lugar de uno, lo que resulta en que pueden tirar en direcciones opuestas cuando el edificio se torsiona. El coste de los amortiguadores de masa fue de $3 millones. Los amortiguadores de masa están libres para moverse unos cuantos metros respecto a la planta.

Según Robert Campbell, se descubrió que (a pesar del amortiguador de masa) el edificio podría haberse hundido bajo un cierto tipo de vientos. Se evaluó como más inestable en sus lados estrechos que en los lados planos grandes. Se añadieron 1.500 toneladas de acero diagonal reforzante para prevenir este evento, costando $5 millones.

Clausura de la plataforma de observación
La plataforma de observación con vistas espectaculares de Boston fue una atracción popular. Sin embargo, fue cerrada tras los atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001. Debido a la clausura de la plataforma de observación de John Hancock Tower, el observatorio abierto al público más alto de Boston está ahora situado en Prudential Tower.

Los dueños del edificio citan la seguridad como la razón de la clausura continuada. Han alquilado la plataforma para funciones privadas y han expresado su intento de sustituirlo con más espacio de oficinas. Los funcionarios de la ciudad de Boston afirman que las preocupaciones de seguridad son discutibles, desde que muchas atracciones similares han sido reabiertas. Además, hacen notar que una plataforma de observación pública fue un requisito de los permisos originales de construcción para ganar beneficio público de la alta torre. Sin embargo, no han sido capaces de localizar la documentación de este requisito.

Cambios de propiedad de octubre de 2006
En 2006, Broadway Partners adquirió Hancock Place por $1.300 millones. En 2009, habían impagado los préstamos que usaban para comprar el edificio, y cayó en ejecución de hipoteca. El 30 de marzo de 2009, Hancock Place fue vendido en subasta por $660 millones ($20 millones de nuevo capital social y $640 millones de deuda asumida por el comprador) a un consorcio de "Normandy Real Estate Partners" y "Five Mile Capital Partners". Las compañías habían estado incrementando lentamente su inversión durante los meses anteriores. En octubre de 2010, Boston Properties adquirió John Hancock Tower por $930 millones.

Nota sobre el nombre de la compañía

La compañía que construyó Hancock Tower y dos edificios anteriores de nombre similar es conocida imprecisamente como "John Hancock Insurance," o simplemente "John Hancock." Fue conocida como "The John Hancock Life Insurance Company" en la década de 1930 y como "The John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company" en la década de 1940. En 2000, la compañía dueña de los edificios era "John Hancock Financial Services, Inc." con varias filiales como "The John Hancock Variable Life Insurance Company" y "Signator Investors, Inc." En 2003, la compañía fue adquirida por la canadiense Manulife Financial Corporation, pero todavía usa el nombre de "John Hancock Financial Services, Inc." y los de sus varias filiales.

Cultura popular
 El edificio aparece en la película Godzilla: El rey de los monstruos donde Mothra atrapa a Ghidorah con seda en la fachada, para que Godzilla atacara a Ghidorah causando que el edificio se desplome.

Véase también

 Anexo:Edificios más altos de Estados Unidos por estado

Anexo:Edificios más altos de Boston

Referencias
Generales
Localización y tamaño de los amortiguadores de masa: conversación telefónica con Richard Henige, LeMessurier Consultants, Inc.
Oct. 15, 1973. "Those Window Pains" , TIME.
Harl P. Aldrich, James R. Lambrechts (Fall 1986). "Back Bay Boston, Part II: Groundwater Levels", Civil Engineering Practice, Volume 1, Number 2.
Específicas

Enlaces externos

 library-towers John Hancock Tower
 Architecture Week Cuando Pasan Cosas Malas a Edificios Buenos
 The Perfect Skyscraper El Rascacielos Perfecto
 Reporte especial en el Boston Globe; "The Hancock at 30" includes 4 audio slideshows
 Globe Critic, Robert Campbell, sobre los problemas de John Hancock Tower

Arquitectura de Estados Unidos de 1976
Rascacielos de oficinas de Boston
Obras de I. M. Pei
Rascacielos de Estados Unidos entre 200 y 249 metros
Edificios de oficinas de Estados Unidos de los años 1970
Rascacielos inaugurados en 1976
Arquitectura moderna en Massachusetts

John Hancock Tower


Diorit er navnet på en kornet eruptiv dybbjergart. Den består af natriumrig plagioklas, feldspat, biotit, hornblende og/eller pyroxen. Diorit er grå eller grønliggrå og ofte mørk. Dioritter med et højt indhold af kvarts kaldes kvartsdioritter. Diorit forekommer gerne i yderkanten af områder, hvor magma er trængt ind, men kan også forekomme selvstændigt.

Det er en forholdsvis sjælden bjergart i Skandinavien. Den benyttes til statuer og bygningsdele lige som granit.

Kilder og henvisninger
 Sten i farver, Karen Callisen og Helge Gry, København 1968
 Kortfattet Lærebog i Den almindelige Geologi, N.V. Ussing og O.B. Bøggild, København 1932
 General and Historical Geology, Yu. M. Vasiliev, V.S. Milnichuk og M.S. Arabaji, Moskva 1981

Magmatiske bjergarter

Diorit


Die Kirche St. Peter ist eine dem heiligen Petrus gewidmete römisch-katholische Pfarrkirche in Theley, einem Ortsteil der Gemeinde Tholey im Landkreis St. Wendel, Saarland. Sie gehört zum Dekanat St. Wendel und somit zum Bistum Trier. In der Denkmalliste des Saarlandes ist die Kirche als Einzeldenkmal aufgeführt.

Geschichte
Die Pfarrei Theley wurde erstmals 1330 in der Taxa generalis, einem Verzeichnis kirchlichen Besitzes des Erzbistums Trier, erwähnt. Theley ist mindestens seit 1569 Sitz eines Priesters, welcher bis 1624 vom Abt der Benediktinerabtei St. Mauritius in Tholey bestimmt wurde. Ab 1624 lag dieses Recht beim Bischof von Trier.

Zwischen 1716 und 1759 wurde ein neues Gotteshaus erbaut, welches im Jahre 1808 erweitert wurde. Da das Gebäude für die vielen Gottesdienstbesucher zu klein geworden war und sich viele Mängel aufwiesen, beschloss man die Kirche 1890 abzureißen und zu ersetzen.

Die neue Kirche wurde von Wilhelm Hector im neogotischen Stil nach Vorbildern der Frühgotik als dreischiffige Hallenkirche entworfen. Am 5. Oktober 1890 wurde der Grundstein gelegt. Die Benedizierung der fertiggestellten Kirche erfolgte am 6. Juni 1892 durch Dechant Querbach. Am 4. Juli 1895 wurde das Gotteshaus durch den damaligen Trierer Bischof Michael Felix Korum konsekriert.

Als die Gemeinde immer weiter wuchs, erweiterte man die Kirche 1966 um je ein Seitenschiff auf beiden Seiten. In dieser Form präsentiert sie sich heute noch als fünfschiffige Hallenkirche.

Glocken
Im Jahr 1954 goss die Saarlouiser Glockengießerei in Saarlouis-Fraulautern für die St.-Peter-Kirche in Theley drei Bronzeglocken mit den Schlagtönen: es′ – f′ – as′. Die Glocken haben folgende Durchmesser: 1305 mm, 1163 mm, 978 mm und wiegen: 1380 kg, 975 kg, 575 kg.

Orgeln

Walcker-Orgel (1896–1966)

Die erste Orgel wurde 1894 als Opus 669 durch die Firma E. F. Walcker & Cie. erbaut. Sie besaß 16 Register.

 Koppeln: II/I, I/I (Super), I/P, II/P
 Spielhilfen: Piano, Forte, Tutti

Anmerkung:

Mayer-Orgel (seit 1975)

Im Jahre 1975 entschied man sich für einen Orgelneubau, der durch die Firma Mayer aus Heusweiler ausgeführt wurde. Es entstand ein neobarock gestaltetes zweimanualiges Instrument mit 22 Registern. Die Orgel hat folgende Disposition:

 Koppeln: II/I, I/P, II/P
 Spielhilfen: 2 freie Kombinationen, 1 freie Pedalkombination, Crescendowalze

Literatur
 Katholischer Kirchenchor Sankt Peter <Theley>: 150 Jahre Katholischer Kirchenchor "St. Peter Theley". Theley 2008.
 Maria Hoffmann: 100 Jahre Pfarrkirche St. Peter Theley. Theley, 1992.
 Alte Kirchen in neuem Glanz: Pfarrkirche St. Peter in Tholey-Theley. 1991.

Weblinks

 Pfarrgemeinde St. Peter Theley auf der Website der Pfarreiengemeinschaft am Schaumberg

Einzelnachweise

Theley, Peter
Theley, Peter
Tholey
Peter
Theley, Peter
Theley, Peter
Theley, Peter
Theley, Peter
Bauwerk in Tholey
Religion (Tholey)

St. Peter (Theley)


Fisyon, kütle numarası çok büyük bir atom çekirdeğinin parçalanarak kütle numarası küçük iki veya daha fazla çekirdeğe dönüşmesi olayıdır. Fisyon reaksiyonlarında radyoaktif elementler kullanılır ve tepkimeler için bir ilk enerjiye (aktiflenme enerjisi) ihtiyaç vardır. Reaksiyon sonucunda kararsız çekirdekler ve nötron oluşur. Oluşan nötronların her biri yeni bir uranyum atomu ile tepkimeye girer. Bu esnada açığa çıkan nötronlar ortamdan uzaklaştırılmazsa tepkime zincirleme olarak devam eder.

Fisyon reaksiyonları kontrollü olarak gerçekleştirilmelidir. Eğer reaksiyonlar kontrol altına alınmazsa açığa çıkan enerji büyük bir patlama oluşturur. Buna nükleer bomba ya da atom bombası denir. Bu olayda büyük miktarda enerji açığa çıkar. Bölünme tepkimeleri atom bombalarının yapımında ve nükleer santrallerde enerji üretiminde  kullanılır.

Mesela Uranyum-235 nötron bombardımanına tutulur. Bombardımanda uranyum bir adet nötron alarak Uranyum-236 haline geçer ve kendiliğinden parçalanarak baryum-142 ve kripton-91'e dönüşür. Bununla birlikte üç nötron salar. Eğer salınan 3 nötron ortamdan alınmazsa bu nötronlar diğer Uranyum-235 atomlarının yapısına katılır ve bu tepkime zincirleme olarak devam eder. Her bir Uranyum-236 atomu parçalandığı sırada saldığı 3 nötron yanında enerji de açığa çıkarır. Açığa çıkan bu enerji 20.000 ton TNT'nin enerjisine eşittir. Fisyon tepkimelerinde açığa çıkan enerji, nükleer reaktörlerde kontrollü olarak kullanılarak enerji elde edilebilir. Ayrıca açığa çıkan alfa ve gama ışınları bilimsel deneylerde kullanılır.

Ayırca bakınız
Fizyon iz tarihlendirmesi

Kaynakça

Alman icatları
Nükleer fizik
Nükleer kimya
Nükleer enerji
Nükleer silahlar
Radyoaktivite

Nükleer fisyon


Der Coup der 7 Asse (Originaltitel: Sette volte sette) ist ein 1968 gedrehter Kriminalfilm mit humoristischen Absichten, den Michele Lupo inszenierte und der erst am 18. Juni 1973 in deutsche Kinos kam. Der DDR-Fernsehtitel lautet 7 Asse, die späteren Video-Veröffentlichungen sind stark gekürzt.

Handlung
Sieben Gefängnisinsassen, Spezialisten auf ihrem Fachgebiet, nutzen die Fußballbegeisterung des Wachpersonals während eines Entscheidungsspiels um die Meisterschaft, um aus ihren Zellen auszubrechen, um aus der Notenbank von England Wasserzeichenpapier zum Gelddruck zu rauben und wieder in das Gefängnis zurückzukehren. Der minutiös geplante Coup gelingt trotz des Herztodes eines der Räuber; das gestohlene Papier erweist sich allerdings als wertlos.

Kritik
Der Film bleibt immer "auf den eingeleisigen Pfaden einer Komödie, versprüht zwar deutlich den Geist jener Tage, erreicht aber nie den Charme solcher Streifen" (wie Top Job oder Das Superhirn), schreibt Michael Cholewa. Das Lexikon des internationalen Films sah eine "(w)eitgehend schwunglose, nur mäßig unterhaltsame Gaunerkomödie."

Bemerkungen
Der 101 Minuten lange Film war in seiner Videoausgabe auf knapp 78 Minuten gekürzt worden.

Das Lied "Seven Times Seven" singen die Casuals.

Das gezeigte Spiel ist das Endspiel um den FA Cup zwischen dem FC Everton und Sheffield Wednesday 1966.

Weblinks

 Der Film bei comingsoon

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1968
Italienischer Film
Kriminalfilm
Filmkomödie
Heist-Movie

Der Coup der 7 Asse


Marskálkur Frakklands (franska: Maréchal de France) er nafnbót í her Frakklands.

Frakklandsher

Marskálkur Frakklands


Al-Bab ( (AL-LC): al-Bāb ) este un oraș "de-jure", aparținând administrativ de guvernoratul Alep a Republicii Arabe Siriene. În decembrie 2016, orașul a intrat sub controlul milițiilor pro-turce, ca parte a ocupației turcești a Siriei de Nord și a zonei de influență turcești. Al-Bab se află la 30 de kilometri în nord-est de Alep, la sud cu granița turcă și are o suprafață de 30 de km2. Al-Bab are o altitudine de  471 metri. Potrivit Biroului Central de Statistică (CBS), acesta a avut o populație de 63.069 de locuitori în 2004.

Referințe

Orașe din Siria

Al-Bab


The political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina were created by the Dayton Agreement. The Agreement divides the country into two federal entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and the Republika Srpska (RS) and one condominium named the Brčko District.

The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) is composed of mostly Bosniaks and Croats, while the Republika Srpska (RS) is composed of mostly Serbs.

Each entity governs roughly one half of the state's territory. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina itself has a federal structure and consists of 10 autonomous cantons.

Overview

The Federation and the Republika Srpska governments are charged with overseeing internal functions. Each has its own government, flag and coat of arms, president, legislature, police force, customs, and postal system. The police sectors are overseen by the state-level ministry of safety affairs. Since 2005, Bosnia and Herzegovina has had one set of Armed forces.

The Inter-Entity Boundary Line is not determined by natural geographical features of the country. It rather follows the military front-lines as they were at the end of the Bosnian War. On the ground, there is no active border between RS and FBiH, and one would generally not know the difference when crossing from one entity into another.

The city of Brčko in northeastern Bosnia is a seat of the Brčko District, a self-governing administrative unit; it is part of both the Federation and Republika Srpska. The district remains under international supervision.

The Federation is further divided into ten cantons, which are then subdivided into municipalities. The Republika Srpska is divided directly into municipalities.

List

See also
 Proposed Croat federal unit in Bosnia and Herzegovina

References

Further reading

External links

 A precarious peace, The Economist, 22 January 1998
 The EU's pseudosuccess in Bosnia, Centre for Eastern Studies 2011
 Bosnia and Herzegovina: Ongoing erosion of the State, Centre for Eastern Studies 2011

Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Political divisions
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina


George Robert Gray  (8 July 1808 – 6 May 1872) was an English zoologist and author, and head of the ornithological section of the British Museum, now the Natural History Museum, in London for forty-one years. He was the younger brother of the zoologist John Edward Gray and the son of the botanist Samuel Frederick Gray.

George Gray's most important publication was his Genera of Birds (1844–49), illustrated by David William Mitchell and Joseph Wolf, which included 46,000 references.

Biography

He was born in Little Chelsea, London, to Samuel Frederick Gray, naturalist and pharmacologist, and Elizabeth (née Forfeit), his wife. He was educated at Merchant Taylor's School.

Gray started at the British Museum as Assistant Keeper of the Zoology Branch in 1831.

He began by cataloguing insects, and published an Entomology of Australia (1833) and contributed the entomogical section to an English edition of Georges Cuvier's Animal Kingdom. Gray described many species of Lepidoptera. In 1833, he was a founder of what became the Royal Entomological Society of London.

Gray's original description of Gray's grasshopper warbler, which was named for him, appeared in 1860. The specimen had been collected by Alfred Russel Wallace in the Moluccas. In a brief biography dealing with Gray's work on phasmids, Bragg credits Gray with more than doubling the number of named species of phasmids with three publications (in 1833, 1835 and 1843); three species of phasmids were subsequently named after Gray.

Works
1831 The Zoological Miscellany Zool. Miscell. (1): [1] 1–40
1833 The Entomology of Australia, in a series of Monographs. Part I. The Monograph of the Genus Phasma. London.
1835 Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae. London, Longmans. 48pp.
1844 List of the specimens of birds in the collection of the British Museum. London, Trustees of the British Museum.
1846 Descriptions and Figures of some new Lepidopterous Insects chiefly from Nepal. London, Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
1843 Description of several species of the genus Phyllium. Zoologist, (1)1: 117–123.
1852 Catalogue of Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum. Part 1. Papilionidae. [1853 Jan], "1852" iii + 84pp., 13pls.
1871 A fasciculus of the Birds of China. London, Taylor and Francis.
with Richard Bowdler Sharpe, The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Erebus & HMS Terror. Birds of New Zealand., 1875. The revised edition of Gray (1846) (1875).

See also
 European and American voyages of scientific exploration

References

Biographies for Birdwatchers, Mearns and Mearns, .

External links

Plates and text from Gray's 1833 Monograph on Phasmidae (archived)
Digitised works by or about George Robert Gray at Biodiversity Heritage Library

English taxonomists
1808 births
1872 deaths
English ornithologists
English lepidopterists
Employees of the Natural History Museum, London
Fellows of the Royal Society
19th-century British zoologists
Scientists from London
19th-century English writers

George Robert Gray


Enfilade and  defilade are concepts in military tactics used to describe a military formation's exposure to enemy fire. A formation or position is "in enfilade" if weapon fire can be directed along its longest axis. A unit or position is "in defilade" if it uses natural or artificial obstacles to shield or conceal itself from enfilade and hostile fire. The strategies, named by the English during the Hundred Years' War, use the French enfiler ("to put on a string or sling") and défiler ("to slip away or off") spoken by English nobility of the time.

Enfilade fire—gunfire directed against an enfiladed formation or position—is also commonly known as "flanking fire". Raking fire is the equivalent term in naval warfare. Strafing, firing on targets from a flying platform, is often done with enfilade fire. It is a very advantageous, and much sought for, position for the attacking force.

Enfilade

A formation or position is "in enfilade" if weapon fire can be directed along its longest axis. For instance, a trench is enfiladed if the opponent can fire down the length of the trench. A column of marching troops is enfiladed if fired on from the front or rear such that the projectiles travel the length of the column. A rank or line of advancing troops is enfiladed if fired on from the side (from the flank).

The advantages of enfilading missiles have been appreciated since antiquity, whether in pitched battles such as the Battle of Taginae or in fortifications designed to provide the defenders with opportunities to enfilade attacking forces. Although sophisticated archery tactics grew rare in Western Europe during the Early Middle Ages, enfilade fire was reemphasized by the late medieval English using ranked archers combined with dismounted knights, first employed at the Battle of Dupplin Moor in 1332 and used to devastating effect against the French in the Hundred Years War. The benefit of enfilading an enemy formation is that, by firing along the long axis, it becomes easier to hit targets within that formation. Enfilade fire takes advantage of the fact that it is usually easier to aim laterally (traversing the weapon) than to correctly estimate the range to avoid shooting too long or short. Additionally, both indirect and direct fire projectiles that might miss an intended target are more likely to hit another valuable target within the formation if firing along the long axis.

When planning field and other fortifications, it became common for mutually supporting positions to be arranged so that it became impossible to attack any one position without exposing oneself to enfilading fire from the others, this being found for example in the mutually supporting bastions of star forts, and the caponiers of later fortifications.

Fire is delivered so that the long axis of the target coincides or nearly coincides with the long axis of the beaten zone.

Defilade

A unit or position is "in defilade" if it uses natural or artificial obstacles to shield or conceal. For an armored fighting vehicle (AFV), defilade is synonymous with a hull-down or turret-down position.

Defilade is also used to refer to a position on the reverse slope of a hill or within a depression in level or rolling terrain. Defiladed positions on hilltops are advantageous because "dead space" – a space that cannot be engaged with direct fire – will be created in front of the position. Ideally, this dead space should be covered by the interlocking fields of fire of other nearby positions, and/or by pre-planned indirect fire such as mortars or other forms of artillery.

In the case of antitank weapons, and especially short-range man-portable antitank rockets, defiladed positions behind a hill have several important advantages. This is because the dead space created by the intervening crest of the hill prevents an approaching tank from using the range of its direct-fire weapons, and neither the attacker nor defender will have a clear shot until the tank is within range of the defending antitank weapon. In such engagements the tank is usually at a further disadvantage because the defender will often be camouflaged while the attacking tank will be silhouetted against the sky, giving the defender an easier shot.

In addition, if the tank fails to detect the defending antitank weapon while the tank is still defiladed, but advances beyond that position to the crest of the hill, it may expose the relatively thinner armor of its lower hull or belly to the defender. Early detection and elimination of antitank threats is an important reason that tanks attack with infantry support.

Artificial entrenchments can provide defilade by allowing troops to seek shelter behind a raised berm that increases the effective height of the ground, within an excavation that allows the troops to shelter below the surface of the ground or a combination of the two. The same principles apply to fighting positions for artillery and armored fighting vehicles.

Enfilade–defilade combination
A unit sited in defilade threatens an enemy that decides to pass it and move forward, because the enemy would be put in an enfiladed position when moving in a rank. The friendly unit would be in a position that is shielded by terrain from direct enemy fire, while still being able to fire on the enemy in an effective manner.

See also

 Crossing the T
 Plunging fire
 Reverse slope defence

References

Further reading

Tactical formations of the Napoleonic Wars
Tactical formations
Weapon operation
Military terminology

Enfilade and defilade


The Hanshin Tigers (Japanese: 阪神タイガース Hanshin Taigāsu) are a Nippon Professional Baseball team playing in the Central League.  The team is based in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, next to their main stadium, Koshien Stadium.

The Tigers are owned by Hanshin Electric Railway Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Hankyu Hanshin Holdings Inc.

The Hanshin Tigers are one of the oldest professional clubs in Japan.  They played their first season in 1936 as the Osaka Tigers and assumed their current team name in 1961.

History

The Hanshin Tigers, second of the oldest professional clubs in Japan, were founded on December 10, 1935, with the team being formed in 1936. The team was first called "Ōsaka Tigers". In 1940, amid anti-foreign sentiment and the Tojo government's ban on English nicknames, the Tigers changed the name to simply "Hanshin". In 1947, the team reverted to "Ōsaka Tigers" after the JPBL mandated English nicknames. The current team name was assumed in 1961, due to the team playing in the suburb of Nishinomiya, which is not in Osaka Prefecture.

The Tigers won four titles before the establishment of the two league system in 1950. Since the league was split into the Central League and the Pacific League, the Tigers have won the Central League pennant six times (1962, 1964, 1985, 2003, 2005, 2023) and the Japan Series once (1985).

When the 2004 Major League Baseball season opened in Japan, the Tigers played an exhibition game against the New York Yankees at the Tokyo Dome on March 29.  The Tigers won 11–7.

In each of 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009, more than three million people attended games hosted by the Tigers.  The Tigers were the only one of the 12 Nippon Professional Baseball teams to achieve this.

On January 31, 2007, the Tigers presented uniforms for the 2007 season.  For the home uniforms, yellow, one of the colors of the team, was used again.

The home field, Koshien Stadium, is used by high school baseball teams from all over Japan for play in the national championship tournaments in spring and summer. The summer tournament takes place in the middle of the Tigers' season, forcing the Tigers to go on a road trip and play their home games at Kyocera Dome Osaka. Fans call this "The Road of Death".

Famous players in Hanshin Tigers history include Fumio Fujimura, Masaru Kageura, Minoru Murayama, Yutaka Enatsu, Masayuki Kakefu, Randy Bass, Taira Fujita, and many others.

Koshien Stadium
The home field of the Tigers, Hanshin Koshien Stadium, is one of three major natural grass baseball stadiums in Japan. The others are the Mazda Zoom-Zoom Stadium Hiroshima (Hiroshima Toyo Carp), and Hotto Motto Field Kobe (part-time home of the Orix Buffaloes). Of the three, only Koshien has an all-dirt infield (the other two have an American-style infield). There are numerous smaller grass field ballparks around the country; Japanese baseball teams frequently play games in small cities.

Koshien Stadium is the oldest ballpark in Japan; built in 1924, the stadium was once visited by American baseball legend Babe Ruth on a tour of Major League stars in 1934. There is a monument commemorating this visit within the stadium grounds, in an area called Mizuno Square.

Koshien is revered as a "sacred" ballpark, and players traditionally bow before entering and before leaving its hallowed field. The stadium hosts the annual Japanese High School Baseball Championship in the summer and Japanese High School Baseball Invitational Tournament in the spring. The losing team in any high school baseball game played at the ballpark is allowed to scoop up handfuls of Koshien infield dirt, stuffing holy soil into their cleat bags as hordes of Japanese media snap photos at arm's length.

Curse of the Colonel

As with many other underachieving baseball teams, a curse is believed to lurk over the Tigers. After their 1985 Japan Series win, fans celebrated by having people who looked like Tigers players jump into the Dōtonbori Canal. According to legend, because none of the fans resembled first baseman Randy Bass, fans grabbed a life-sized statue of Kentucky Fried Chicken mascot Colonel Sanders and threw it into the river (like Bass, the Colonel had a beard and was not Japanese). After many seasons without a pennant win, the Tigers were said to be doomed never to win the season again until the Colonel was rescued from the river.

In 2003, when the Tigers returned to the Japan Series after 18 years with the best record in the Central League, many KFC outlets in Kōbe and Ōsaka moved their Colonel Sanders statues inside until the series was over to protect them from Tigers fans.

The top half of the statue (excluding both hands) was finally recovered on March 10, 2009, and the bottom half and right hand shortly after, in the canal by construction workers while constructing a new boardwalk area as part of a beautification project. The statue is still missing its left hand and glasses. The KFC outlet where this statue once stood has since closed; the statue is now at the KFC headquarters in Yokohama. It is not viewable by the public; only employees and special guests are permitted to gaze into the rescued Colonel's eyes. Since then, the Hanshin Tigers made the 2014 Japan Series, but lost to the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks in 5 games.

Fandom

Tigers fans are known as perhaps the most fanatical and dedicated fans in all of Japanese professional baseball. They often outnumber the home team fans at Tigers "away" games. Tigers fans also once had a reputation for rough behavior and a willingness to brawl with other fans or with each other, although fights are rare these days.

A famous Tigers fan tradition (done by other teams of NPB as well) is the release, by the fans, of hundreds of air-filled balloons immediately following the seventh-inning stretch and the singing of the Tigers' fight song. This tradition is carried out at all home and away games, except at games against the Yomiuri Giants in the Tokyo Dome due to the Giants' notoriously authoritarian and heavy-handed rules for controlling behavior by visiting fans.

The Tigers-Giants rivalry is considered the national Japanese rivalry, on par with the San Francisco Giants vs Los Angeles Dodgers and the Yankees–Red Sox rivalry in Major League Baseball or Real Madrid vs. FC Barcelona in Spanish football.

Fight song
"", as known as "", lyrics by  and composed by , is a popular song in the Kansai area. It is the official fight song of the Tigers. In Japan, wind which blows down from a mountain is known to be cold and harsh, hence the song symbolizes the Tiger's brave challenge under hardship. The song can even be found on karaoke boxes.

Regular season records

NOTE: The 1944 Japanese Baseball League season was cut-short, the 1945 season was cancelled due to the ongoing war (World War II) with many players being enlisted to fight, and the 2020 Nippon Professional Baseball season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

List of managers

Players of note

Current roster

Former players

 (藤田 平)

 (掛布 雅之) – IF

 (亀山 努, 亀山 つとむ) – OF

Retired numbers

MLB Players

Kenji Johjima (2006-2009)
Ryan Vogelsong (2000–2006, 2011–2017)
Tsuyoshi Shinjo (2001–2003)
Keiichi Yabu (2005, 2008)
Cecil Fielder (1989)
Glenn Davis (1984–1993)
Chris Oxspring (2005)
Kei Igawa (2007–2010)
Marvell Wynne (1983–1990)
Craig Worthington (1988–1992, 1995–1996)
Jeff Williams (1999–2002)
Marc Valdes (1995–1998, 2000–2001)
Tony Tarasco (1993–1999, 2002)
Jerrod Riggan (2000–2003)
Alonzo Powell (1987, 1991)
Matt Murton (2005–2009)
Leon McFadden (1972)
Seung-hwan Oh (2016–2019)
Kyuji Fujikawa (2013-15)
Pierce Johnson (2020-present)
Robert Suarez (2022-present)
Shintaro Fujinami (2023-present)

Media relating to the Tigers

Mascots
 is a mascot character of the Tigers. With his girlfriend Lucky, he entertains spectators at team games. His uniform number is 1985, because his first appearance was in 1985. His name is a combination of two separate Japanese words, , meaning tiger and  meaning lucky. His name therefore means "lucky tiger" in Japanese.

To Lucky's first appearance was on the screen at Hanshin Koshien Stadium in 1985. He appeared as a live-action character in 1987. His design was updated in 1992.

Aside from To-Lucky, the other mascots of the Tigers are Lucky ( ラッキー  Rakkii), his girlfriend, and the most recent addition, Keeta (キー太), Lucky's little brother. Keeta's uniform number is 2011, because he was introduced to the Tigers in 2011. He wears a backwards cap. Lucky's cap is pink unlike her boyfriend's and little brother's.

Newspapers
Daily Sports (デイリースポーツ, published by the Kobe Shimbun, except Hiroshima region)
Nikkan Sports (日刊スポーツ, affiliated company of the Asahi Shimbun, Kansai region)
Sankei Sports (サンケイスポーツ, published by the Sankei Shimbun Osaka Head Office)
Sports Nippon (スポーツニッポン, affiliated company of the Mainichi Shimbun, Kansai region)

Stations
(Broadcasting):
Mainichi Broadcasting System, Inc. (MBS, 毎日放送, Radio and TV)
Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ABC, 朝日放送, Radio and TV)
Kansai Telecasting Corporation (関西テレビ, TV)
Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation (読売テレビ, TV)
Television Osaka, Inc. (テレビ大阪, TV)
SUN-TV (サンテレビ, TV)

See also
Central League
Western League
Hankyu Hanshin Toho Group – Hanshin Electric Railway Co., Ltd.
Tampere Tigers

References

External links

 Official website
 Suicide Spurs Reflections on Japanese Baseball – The New York Times
 Appetite for Hanshin - Hanshin Tigers English news website

Baseball teams established in 1935
Nippon Professional Baseball teams
1935 establishments in Japan
Hankyu Hanshin Holdings

Hanshin Tigers