Mexicos kvindefodboldlandshold repræsenterer Mexico i internationale fodboldturneringer for kvinder og styres af La Federación Mexicana de Fútbol (Mexicos fodboldforbund).

Aktuel trup
Følgende 19 spillere blev indkaldt til venskabskampen mod  den 8. juni 2017.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Hjemmeside
 FIFA profil

Kvindefodboldlandshold
Kvindefodboldlandshold

Mexicos kvindefodboldlandshold


SKP kan avse

 Skæppe (flademål)
 Sveriges kommunistiske parti
 Suomen kommunistinen puolue, finsk for Finlands Kommunistiske Parti

SKP


Hemming (født ca. 778, død 837) var den dansk kongeætling, søn af Halfdan og måske broder til Anulo, Harald Klak og Reginfred.

Liv og gerning

Han skal sammen med sin fader og sine brødre være kommet til Karl den Stores hof i 807. I 812 lykkes det kortvarigt slægten at tilbageerobre de danske besiddelser, idet broderen Anulo dog døde under krigsbegivenhederne. Hemming blev under krigen holdt som gidsel under krigen i 812, men blev frigivet på brødrenes anmodning. Hemming blev fulgt af en frankisk delegation til "normannernes grænse" (formentlig Ejderen) og Hemming blev overgivet til en dansk delegation på 16 mand i 813. Brødrene var ikke tilstede, da de formentlig var på togt til Vestfold ved Oslofjorden for at underkue et oprør. Men kong Godfreds sønner og andre stormænd, som var flygtet til Sverige, vendte tilbage, og fik igangsat et folkeligt oprør. De franske annaler oplyser, at "landsmænd fra alle egne af landet strømmede til i skarer" og fordrev brødrene fra landet "efter at have udkæmpet et slag". I 814 samlede brødrene en ny hær men led nederlag, og denne gang blev også broderen Reginfred dræbt.

I årene 807-837 var Hemming af Ludvig den Fromme blevet forlenet med Frisia Maritimaeque, hvor øen Walcheren udgjorde den største ø.

Han blev dræbt den 17. juni 837. Efter hans død overtog Harald, en brodersøn til Harald Klak, lenet frem til sin død i 852.

Noter

Litteratur
 Peter Sawyer: "Da Danmark blev Danmark. Fra ca. år 700 til ca. 1050" (i: Olaf Olsen (red.): Gyldendal og Politikens Danmarkshistorie; bind 3; København 1988; )
 Poul Skaaning: Vikingestormen. Togter mod Vesteuropa 793-937; Viborg 2006;

Personer fra vikingetiden

Hemming (død 837)


Erbprinzenpalais ist der Name folgender Gebäude:

 Erbprinzenpalais in Dessau, siehe Erbprinzliches Palais Dessau
 Erbprinzenpalais in Rastede, siehe Schloss Rastede#Das Erbprinzenpalais
 Erbprinzenpalais in Regensburg, siehe Kloster Prüfening #Stadtpalais
 Erbprinzenpalais in Saarbrücken, siehe Schloss Saarbrücken
 Erbprinzenpalais in Stuttgart, siehe Mittnachtbau#Vorgängerbauten
 Erbprinzenpalais in Wernigerode, siehe Lindenallee 27 (Wernigerode)
 Erbprinzenpalais in Wiesbaden, siehe Erbprinzenpalais

Erbprinzenpalais (Begriffsklärung)


الطقوس هي مجموعة من الإجراءات التي يؤديها بعض الأشخاص، والتي تُقام أساسًا لقيمتها الرمزية. وقد يحدد تلك الطقوس أو المراسم تراث الجماعة المشتركة، بما في ذلك المجتمعات الدينية. ويشير المصطلح عامةً إلى مجموعة الأفعال الثابتة والمرتبة، ويُستثنى من ذلك الأفعال التي يقوم بها المؤدون للطقوس اعتباطًا.

وقد وفرت الدراسات التي أُجريت في مجال الطقوس والمراسم مجموعة متضاربة من التعريفات للمصطلح، ومنها تعريف كيرياكيديس (2007) للمراسم بأنها فئة خارجية أو سلوكية (etic) تشمل مجموعة من الأنشطة (أو مجموعة من الأفعال) التي قد تبدو من الخارج أنها غير حكيمة، أو متنافرة، أو غير منطقية. أوقد يُستخدم المصطلح اجتماعيًا (emic)، بواسطة المؤدين للطقوس، للدلالة على إدراكه أن المشاهد لتلك الأفعال قد يظنها كذلك.

وقد تقام الطقوس في بعض المناسبات الخاصة، أو تحت طلب الأفراد أو المجتمعات. وقد يؤدي الطقوس شخصٌ واحدٌ، أو مجموعة من الأشخاص، أو مجتمعٌ بأكمله؛ في أماكن محددة، أو في أماكن محجوزة مخصصًا لذلك، سواء في الأماكن العامة، أو الخاصة، أو من قبل أشخاص معينين. وقد تقتصر الطقوس على جزء معين من المجتمع، أو قد تجتاز الطريق بين المؤسسات الدينية والمؤسسات المجتمعية.

هناك نظرية عن الطقوس تنص بأن القاعدة الأساسية للطقوس هي تطبيق القيم الطقوسية على الأشياء والحوادث والمناسبات التي يمكن اعتبارها بمثابة الأهداف ذات المصالح المشتركة التي تربط أعضاء المجتمع الواحد أو تمثل تمثيلاً رمزياً جميع الأشياء التي تستند على تأثير السلوك الرمزي بأنواعه المتعددة.

وتقام الطقوس للعديد من الأغراض، مثل: المناسبات الدينية، أو لإشباع بعض الحاجات الروحية والعاطفية للمؤدين، أو لتعزيز الروابط الاجتماعية، أو لبعض أغراض التربية المجتمعية والأخلاقية، أو كدليل على الاحترام والطاعة، أو دليل على انتماء الفرد، أو كمؤشر لبداية بعض الأحداث، أو قد تقام المراسم أحيانًا بهدف الترفيه فقط.

تعتبر المراسم والطقوس بأنواعها المختلفة أحد سمات كل المجتمعات الإنسانية، سواء في الماضي أو الحاضر. ولا تقتصر الطقوس والمراسم على الأنواع المختلفة من طقوس الـعبادة، أو الأسرار المقدسة في بعض الأديان أو الطوائف فقط، ولكنها تمتد أيضًا لتشمل طقوس العبور في بعض المجتمعات وطقوس الكفارة، وطقوس التطهير، وقسم الولاء، ومراسم التتويج، والافتتاحات الرئاسية، ومراسم الزواج، والجنازات، وتقاليد الدراسة والتخرج، والاجتماعات، والأحداث الرياضية، وحفلات الـهالووين، ومواكب المحاربين القدامى، وموسم تسوق عيد الميلاد، وغيرها الكثير. وهناك العديد من الأنشطة التي يتم تنفيذها ظاهريًّا لأغراض محددة، مثل؛ المحاكمات، وتنفيذ عقوبة الإعدام في المجرمين، والمؤتمرات العلمية، ولكنها مليئة بالإجراءات الرمزية التي تتحكم فيها القوانين أوالتقاليد، ولذا تعتبر مثل تلك الإجراءات مراسم وطقوس بالفطرة. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن كل الأفعال العامة التي نقوم بها يوميًّا مثل المصافحة أو حتى كلمة آلو تندرج تحت مسمى المراسم والطقوس.

ويُستخدم مصطلح طقوس في علم النفس أحيانًا ليشير إلى السلوكيات المتكررة التي يقوم بها الفرد لتقليل أو منع الخوف، وتعد أحد أعراض الوسواس القهري (obsessive–compulsive disorder).

المراجع

طقوس
أعراف ثقافية
شعائر

طقوس


Proljetna ofenziva ili Kaiserschlacht (njem. Kaiserova ili Careva bitka) naziv je za organizirani niz njemačkih napada na uporišta Antante na Zapadnom bojištu tijekom proljeća 1918. godine u Prvom svjetskom ratu. Predstavlja najveće napredovanje njemačke vojske na Zapadnom bojištu još od početka rata 1914. godine.

Njemačka je zaključio da joj je jedina mogućnost pobjede nad Antantnom napadom na njezina uporišta na Zapadnom bojištu, prije dolaska američkih snaga koje bi snagama Antante dale brojčanu, logističku i vojnu premoć. Njemački povod za pozadinu je imao veliku prednost u ljudstvu u oružju ostvarenu potpisivanjem Brestlitovskog mira, kojim je nakon ruske predaje uspjela povući 60 divizija s Istočnog bojišta.

Sastojala se od četiri njemačka napada (ofenzivna vala), nazvana kodnim imenima Michael, Georgette, Gneisenau i Blücher-Yorck, od kojih je najjači napad bio Michael. Njemačka namjera bila je odvlačenje snaga Antante od luka u La Manchu i Doverskom prolazu, koje su bile neophodne za britansku opskrbu. Njihovim osvajanjem, Nijemci bi napali i druge linije komunikacije i time prisilili britansko-francuske snage na predaju.

Vanjske poveznice

Bitke Prvog svjetskog rata na Zapadnom bojištu
Prvi svjetski rat

Njemačka proljetna ofenziva 1918.


La raya eléctrica colombiana o torpedo colombiano (Diplobatis colombiensis) es una especie de pez de la familia Narcinidae, endémico del mar Caribe colombiano.

Distribución y hábitat
Vive en el Atlántico occidental tropical, en un área restringida del mar Caribe colombiano, en la plataforma continental, a profundidades de entre 30 a 100 m. La región que habita se caracteriza por el fondo de arena dura con zonas de barro blando y áreas con desarrollo de arrecifes de coral. La zona tiene limitadas fluctuaciones de la salinidad. Se encuentra amenazada por la pesca de arrastre.

Descripción
Mide 17 cm de longitud. Margen del disco gruesa y suave; superficie dorsal color canela; manchas color marrón que van desde una cuarta parte al tamaño de las órbitas de los ojos, dispuestas bastante simétricamente en el disco, las aletas pectorales y la cola.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Torpediniformes
Peces del mar Caribe
Animales descritos en 1984

Diplobatis colombiensis


Petronila (Aurelia Petronilla)  é uma santa cristã primitiva. Ela é venerada como virgem pela Igreja Católica e Igreja Ortodoxa. Ela morreu em Roma no final do século 1.

Identidade
Petronila é tradicionalmente identificada como filha de Pedro, embora isso possa resultar simplesmente da semelhança de nomes. Acredita-se que ela pode ter sido convertida de Pedro (e, portanto, uma "filha espiritual"), ou uma seguidora ou serva. Diz-se que Pedro a curou da paralisia.

Inscrições romanas, no entanto, a identificam simplesmente como mártir. Ela pode ter sido relacionada com Domitila.

Histórias associadas a ela incluem aquelas que relatam que ela era tão bonita que Pedro a trancou em uma torre para mantê-la longe de homens elegíveis; que um rei pagão chamado Flaco, querendo se casar com ela, levou Petronila a fazer uma greve de fome, da qual ela morreu.

No catálogo romano do século IV das festas dos mártires, que é usado no Martyrologium Hieronymianum, seu nome parece não ter sido inserido. Ocorre no último martirológio, mas apenas como uma adição posterior. Seu nome é dado em 31 de maio e os Martirológios de Beda e seus imitadores adotam a mesma data.

A ausência de seu nome no calendário romano de festas do século IV sugere que Petronila morreu no final do primeiro ou durante o século II, já que nenhuma festa especial para mártires foi celebrada nesse período. Após a ereção da basílica sobre seus restos mortais e os de Nereu e Aquileu no século 4, seu culto se estendeu amplamente e seu nome foi, portanto, admitido mais tarde no martirológio. Uma lenda, cuja existência no século VI é comprovada pela sua presença na lista dos túmulos dos mártires romanos preparada pelo abade João no final deste século, considera Petronila como uma filha real do apóstolo Pedro. Nos apócrifos Atos de Pedro, datados do século II, é mencionada uma filha de Pedro, embora seu nome não seja dado.

Petronila foi identificada em Roma com essa suposta filha de Pedro, provavelmente por causa de seu nome e da grande antiguidade de seu túmulo. Ela aparece nos lendários Atos dos mártires Nereu e Aquileu e no Liber Pontificalis, mas como virgem e não como mártir. A partir desta lenda de Nereu e Aquileu, um aviso semelhante foi admitido nos martirológios históricos da Idade Média e daí no moderno Martirológio Romano.

Veneração

Enterro
Quase todas as listas dos séculos VI e VII dos túmulos dos mártires romanos mais venerados mencionam o túmulo de Petronila como situado na Via Ardeatina, perto de Nereu e Aquileu. Esses avisos foram totalmente confirmados pelas escavações na Catacumba de Domitilla. Uma topografia das sepulturas dos mártires romanos, Epitome libri de locis sanctorum martyrum, localiza na Via Ardeatina uma igreja de Santa Petronila, na qual Nereu e Aquileu, bem como Petronila, foram enterrados.

Esta igreja, construída na catacumba acima mencionada, foi descoberta, e os memoriais encontrados nela removeram todas as dúvidas de que os túmulos dos três santos já foram venerados lá.

Uma pintura, na qual Petronilla é representada recebendo uma pessoa falecida (chamada Veneranda) no céu, foi descoberta na pedra de fechamento de uma tumba em uma cripta subterrânea atrás da abside da basílica. Ao lado da imagem da santa está o nome dela: Petronilla Mart. (ano). Que a pintura foi feita pouco depois de 356, é comprovado por uma inscrição encontrada na tumba.

Fica assim claramente estabelecido que Petronila foi venerada em Roma como mártir no século IV, e o testemunho deve ser aceito como certamente histórico, não obstante a lenda posterior que a reconhece apenas como virgem (veja abaixo). Outro memorial conhecido, mas infelizmente não mais existente, foi o sarcófago de mármore que continha seus restos mortais, sob o papa Paulo I trazido para a Basílica de São Pedro. No relato disso no Liber Pontificalis a inscrição esculpida no sarcófago é dada assim: Aureae Petronillae Filiae Dulcissimae ("de Petronila dourada, a filha mais doce"). O sarcófago foi descoberto, na própria capela dedicada a ela na Velha São Pedro, sob o papa Sisto IV, que se apressou a informar Luís XI da França. Os avisos existentes do século XVI sobre este sarcófago afirmam que a primeira palavra foi Aur, (Aureliae), de modo que o nome do mártir era Aurelia Petronilla. O segundo nome vem de Petro ou Petronius, e, como o nome do bisavô do cônsul cristão, Tito Flávio Clemente, era Tito Flávio Petro, é muito possível que Petronila fosse parente do cristão Flavii, que descendia da família senatorial dos Aurelii. Esta teoria também explicaria por que Petronila foi enterrada na catacumba da Flávia Domitila. Como esta última, Petronila pode ter sofrido durante a perseguição de Domiciano, talvez só mais tarde.

Referências

Fontes

Ligações externas

 Patron Saints Index: Petronilla
 Saints of May 31: Petronilla
 Altar in St Peter's Basilica
 Colonnade Statue St Peter's Square
 Image of Petronilla from catacomb

Aurelii
Mortos em ano desconhecido
Ano de nascimento desconhecido
Pedro (apóstolo)
Romanos antigos do século I
Mártires do século I

Santa Petronila


The Standing Conference of the Canonical Orthodox Bishops in the Americas (SCOBA) was an organization of bishops from Eastern Orthodox Christian jurisdictions in the Americas. It acted as a clearinghouse for educational, charitable, and missionary work in the Americas.  In 2010, it was replaced by the Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of North and Central America.

The members of SCOBA were the archbishops, metropolitan bishops, and bishops of the canonical Eastern Orthodox Churches in North and South America.  These are churches in full communion with the four ancient Greek Orthodox Patriarchates – Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey), Patriarch of Antioch (now in Damascus, Syria), Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria (Egypt), Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem – and with the Patriarchate of Moscow.

Jurisdictions
 Ecumenical Patriarchate
 Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
 Albanian Orthodox Diocese of America (not to be confused with the Albanian Orthodox Archdiocese in America, which is an archdiocese within the OCA)
 American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese
 Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA
 Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada
 Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of North America
 Russian Orthodox Church in the USA (parishes directly under the Patriarch of Moscow)
 Serbian Orthodox Church in the USA and Canada
 Romanian Orthodox Archdiocese in America and Canada
 Bulgarian Orthodox Church Diocese of America, Canada & Australia
 Orthodox Church in America (the only autocephalous Orthodox church in North America, its autocephaly granted by the Patriarch of Moscow, is however not recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, though still in communion with it)

Agencies

The main agencies of SCOBA along with their dates of establishment are

 The Orthodox Christian Education Commission (OCEC), 1960
 The Eastern Orthodox Committee on Scouting (EOCS), 1960
 The Orthodox Christian Fellowship (OCF) 1965, 2001
 International Orthodox Christian Charities (IOCC), 1992
 The Orthodox Christian Mission Center (OCMC), 1994
 The Orthodox Christian Network (OCN), 2003

See also
 Eastern Orthodoxy in North America
 Eastern Orthodox Church
 List of Eastern Orthodox jurisdictions in North America
 Archbishop of America

External links

 SCOBA members
 SCOBA on the website of the Orthodox Church in America
 Albanian Diocese affiliated with the Ecumenical Patriarchate

Eastern Orthodox Church bodies in North America
1960 establishments in the United States
20th-century Eastern Orthodoxy


Zanthoxylum hawaiiense es una especie de arbusto perteneciente a la familia de las rutáceas. Es nativa de las Islas Hawái. Se puede encontrar en elevaciones de 550-1,740 m  en los bosques secos, donde crece en suelos de lava y bosques mixtos  en la isla de Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Maui y Hawái. Está amenazada por la pérdida de hábitat.

Taxonomía
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense fue descrita por William Hillebrand y publicado en Fl. Hawaiian Isl. 76, en el año 1888.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

hawaiiense

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense


Johnnie B "Dusty" Baker Jr. (born June 15, 1949) is an American former professional baseball outfielder and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB). He played in MLB for 19 seasons, most notably with the Los Angeles Dodgers. During his Dodgers tenure, he was a two-time All-Star, won two Silver Slugger Awards and a Gold Glove Award, and became the first NLCS MVP, which he received during the 1977 National League Championship Series. He also made three World Series appearances, winning one in 1981.

After retiring as a player, Baker served as the manager of the San Francisco Giants from 1993 to 2002, the Chicago Cubs from 2003 to 2006, the Cincinnati Reds from 2008 to 2013, the Washington Nationals from 2016 to 2017, and the Houston Astros from 2020 to 2023. Baker was named NL Manager of the Year three times with the Giants and won the 2022 World Series with the Astros. At age 73, he is the oldest manager to win a championship in the four major North American sports. He was also the first MLB manager to reach the playoffs and win a division title with five different teams, having accomplished both feats with each team he managed. Baker ranks seventh in MLB managerial wins and has the most wins among African-American managers.

Early life
Baker grew up in Riverside, California, as the oldest of five children. He earned the nickname "Dusty" from his mother because of his propensity for playing in a dirt spot in the backyard. His father worked as an Air Force sheet metal technician at Norton Air Force Base. Baker played a variety of sports growing up, describing basketball as his very first love while also playing sports such as baseball, with his father being his coach for Little League, although this did not stop the elder Baker from kicking his son off of teams because of his tantrums. When the younger Baker wanted to quit baseball and have a paper route, his father told him that he did not raise a son who was a quitter as a way to try to encourage him to spin his attitude in a positive direction. In 1963, when Dusty was 14 years old, the Baker family moved to the Sacramento area near McClellan Air Force Base. Baker grew up as a fan of the Los Angeles Dodgers and described Tommy Davis as his hero, but the signing of Bobby Bonds in 1968 made him a fan of the San Francisco Giants.

Baker excelled in baseball, basketball, football, and track in Del Campo High School near Sacramento, California; and he was inducted into the Sac-Joaquin Section's Hall of Fame class in 2010 for his play at Del Campo. As such, he was offered a basketball scholarship by Santa Clara University. His father was so committed to his son going to college that he went around and told scouts that his son would go to college and play either football or basketball, as opposed to them wasting a draft pick on Baker. The one scout who saw something in Baker was Bill Wight, as he knew the situation between Baker and his family, which had just seen his father and mother go through a divorce that worried Baker about potentially being a burden to his parents.

Professional career

Draft and minor leagues
Baker was drafted by the Atlanta Braves in the 1967 amateur draft. On June 19 of that year, the Braves tasked Hank Aaron to try to influence Baker to sign with the team, with Aaron promising to both Baker and his mother Christine that he would take care of Baker as if he was his own son while guaranteeing that Baker would be in the majors before his college class graduated. Baker decided to sign with the team to the anger of his father, who sued to nullify the contract (and the $15,000 signing bonus), which led to a decision where the State of California appointed a trustee over his finances until his 21st birthday. Baker did not speak to his father for three years.

As an outfielder, Baker played his first baseball games in the Texas League in Austin in the AA classification, playing nine games in 1967. He then played in the Western Carolinas League and the Florida State League (mostly in the former) before playing six games in the majors the following year. It was also during the year that Baker would serve as a Marine Corps Reserve in motor transport mechanics for six years.

Atlanta Braves (1968–1975)

Baker made his debut as a call-up on September 7, 1968, against the Houston Astros. He went 0-for-1, and he appeared in five other games that year and collected two hits. He played in the minors for most of the next three seasons, playing just 45 games for the major league Braves during that time while batting over .300 for the Triple-A Richmond Braves in 1970 and 1971. Finally, Baker made the roster for Opening Day in 1972 to get a true start to his major league career. He played in 127 games while batting .321 (third best in the National League) with 143 hits, seventeen home runs and 76 runs batted in (RBI); he received votes for Most Valuable Player, finishing 22nd. It was during the 1970s that Baker played for the Yaquis de Obregón of the Mexican Pacific League in the offseason, stating it was the toughest league that he ever played in professionally. The following year, he would play in 159 games (a career high) and batted .288 while collecting 174 hits with 101 runs, 21 home runs, and 99 runs batted in with 24 stolen bases (the latter two were career highs). He played two further seasons with the Braves, batting over .255 in each as the center fielder, but it was a moment on April 8, 1974, that earned him a place in history. On that day Baker batted fifth in the lineup behind Hank Aaron. In the fourth inning, with Baker on deck, Aaron hit a shot to left field off Al Downing for his 715th home run to pass Babe Ruth in career home runs. After expressing a desire to be traded upon the closure of the 1975 season, Baker was traded on November 17, 1975, along with Ed Goodson to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Lee Lacy, Tom Paciorek, Jerry Royster, and Jimmy Wynn.

Los Angeles Dodgers (1976–1983)
Many of Baker's accomplishments as a player would come during his time with the Los Angeles Dodgers, where he spent the next eight seasons. His tenure began in 1976 with a meager .242 batting average in 112 games that saw him collect just 93 hits with 39 RBIs while suffering a problem with his stretched knee ligaments that required surgery after the season ended. However, he bounced back in 1977 by playing in 153 games that saw him bat .291 with 155 hits, thirty home runs and 86 runs batted in. It is believed that Baker played an integral part in the first-ever high five, which occurred between Baker and Dodgers teammate Glenn Burke on October 2, 1977, at Dodger Stadium, a story featured in the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary The High Five (2014), directed by Michael Jacobs. Vaunted historian and athletics instructor Dennis Pirkle disputes Baker's origin of the high five.

Baker would see the postseason for the first time in his career as the Dodgers won the National League West that season. The Dodgers faced the Philadelphia Phillies in the NLCS. Baker proved key in Game 2 when he hit a grand slam in the fourth inning to break a 1–1 tie that the Dodgers won 7–1. His second and last home run of the series proved just as important, as he hit a two-run shot off Steve Carlton in the second inning of Game 4 in a game the Dodgers won 4–1 to clinch the National League pennant. In total, he went 5-of-14 (.357) while driving in eight runs. For his efforts, he was awarded the first-ever National League Championship Series (NLCS) Most Valuable Player (MVP) award. The Dodgers faced the New York Yankees in the 1977 World Series. Baker collected one home run in the series (Game 3) while going 7-for-24 (.292) with five runs batted in, but the Dodgers lost the Series in six games. In the 1978 season, he batted .262 while collecting 137 hits.  The Dodgers and Phillies met up for a rematch. The result would be the same, as the Dodgers won the pennant in four games, and Baker went 7-of-15 (.467) with one run batted in. In the 1978 World Series, they met the Yankees again, with the same result for Baker and the Dodgers (complete with him hitting only one home run) as he batted .238 in the six-game loss.

Baker batted .274 in 1979 before improving in 1980 with heightened contact, as he batted .294 with 170 hits, 29 home runs, and 97 RBIs. He finished fourth in MVP voting while winning the Silver Slugger Award. The 1981 season was shortened by a strike that saw a first and second half division champion, but Baker and the Dodgers were not slowed down. He played in 103 games and batted a career-high .320 with 128 hits and 49 RBIs that saw him named to his first All-Star Game. He was also awarded the Silver Slugger Award and the Gold Glove Award while finishing seventh in MVP voting. The Dodgers won the first-half NL West title and thus were matched against the second-half champion in the Houston Astros. Baker batted .167 in the Division Series, but the Dodgers won in five games. In the Championship Series against the Montreal Expos, he batted .316 with three runs batted in as the Dodgers won in a closely contested five-game series to win their third pennant in four years. Facing the New York Yankees in the 1981 World Series, Baker batted just .167 with one run batted in, but the Dodgers won in six games to win the title. The following year, Baker batted .300 in 147 games with 171 hits, 23 home runs and 88 RBIs to make his second and final All-Star Game. He closed out his Dodgers career in 1983 by batting .260 with 138 hits; curiously, this was the first season since 1975 where he drew more walks than strikeouts (in this case walking a career-high 72 times with 59 strikeouts). In the NLCS, he batted .357 while hitting a home run for his fifth and final career postseason home run; the Dodgers lost in four games.

San Francisco Giants (1984)
He became a free agent after the season and signed with the San Francisco Giants for the 1984 season. He played 100 games that year and batted .292 with 71 hits and three home runs.

Oakland Athletics (1985–1986)
He was traded to the Oakland Athletics on March 24, 1985, for two minor league players. While he would play the outfield during his time there, he also played first base at times, playing 61 games of his tenure at the position while also serving as a designated hitter for 28 total games. He played 111 games in 1985 and batted .268 with fourteen home runs and 52 RBIs. He played sparingly for his final season in 1986 with 83 games and a .240 batting average. He appeared in his final game on October 4, 1986, against the Kansas City Royals; he went 0-for-1 with two walks before being taken out for a pinch-runner in the seventh inning. While the Athletics offered to send him down to Triple-A for the 1987 season, Baker elected for free agency instead and subsequently retired.

In a career that spanned nineteen years, Baker played in 2,039 games while collecting 1,981 hits, 242 home runs, and 1,013 runs batted in while never going on the disabled list. Baker is noted for his love of toothpicks, saying, "Toothpicks are an excellent source of protein" while chewing at least one every game. He also uses the toothpick as a way to deter the use of chewing tobacco, which he used as a player. In his final season of 1986, he began wearing a wristband (featuring his face), which he has continued to do as a manager; he has stated it is to help wipe perspiration off his forehead.

Managerial career

San Francisco Giants (1993–2002)
Baker was working as a stockbroker in 1987 when he received a call from Hank Aaron, Joe Morgan, and Frank Robinson to go to Dallas, Texas to try to get jobs for minority baseball players after they finished their playing careers, which came in the wake of controversial remarks by Dodgers general manager Al Campanis on April 6, 1987. While in Dallas trying to find jobs for players, Bob Kennedy, senior baseball operations executive for the San Francisco Giants, told Baker that Al Rosen, general manager of the Giants, asked to see Baker about a possible job. On the advice of his father, Baker, alongside his brother and daughter, set out to Lake Arrowhead to pray and seek guidance to decide whether he should see Rosen and possibly return to baseball. However, while checking into the hotel, Baker encountered Bob Lurie, owner of the Giants, which seemed a sign for Baker to take an opportunity, if offered. When Baker eventually met with Rosen, Rosen stated interest in having him serve as a first base coach, which differed from Baker stating interest in possibly being an assistant general manager because Rosen thought he would be better suited to manage on the field. Baker set out a goal to try and manage within five years or he would step down. Baker's coaching career started as a first base coach for the Giants in 1988, and then he spent the following four years (1989–1992) as the hitting coach. In 1992, he managed the Scottsdale Scorpions in the Arizona Fall League.

In 1992, Giants manager Roger Craig was fired while Bob Quinn was named general manager (the week prior, Rosen resigned) by the new ownership that was led by Peter Magowan. On December 16, 1992, Baker was hired to manage the club, becoming the seventh black manager hired to manage a Major League Baseball team. He beat out four other candidates in John Wathan, Davey Lopes, Tom Trebelhorn, and Ron Gardenhire. In his first year as Giants manager, the team had acquired Barry Bonds the same month Baker was promoted. Baker
would win the NL Manager of the Year award (until 2021, he was the only Giant to win the award), leading the team to a 103–59 record. However, it was not enough for a playoff berth. They had led the National League West by  games on August 7, but they ended up losing the National League West to the Atlanta Braves. The Giants lost 12–1 on the final day of the season when a win could have forced a tiebreaking game with Atlanta for the division championship (the following year, a Wild Card was instituted in both leagues). It was the second-best record in baseball that year behind the 104–58 Atlanta Braves and 31 games better than their 72–90 finish the previous season. He was the first manager since Sparky Anderson (1970) to win 100 games as a rookie manager, and the fourth to do so. Since the Giants missed the playoffs (as only the division winners qualified before 1995), he also became the eighth and so far the last manager to lead a team to 100 wins without making it to the postseason.

His Giants went on to win division titles in 1997, and again in 2000; Baker won Manager of the Year honors in both of those years as well. He was the second person to win the award three times after Tony La Russa, and the first to do so with the same team all three times. His easy-going style of managing led to a description of him as a "player's manager", to where he learned Spanish to try to help relate to his players. It was also during his San Francisco tenure that the term "Dustiny" was coined by former Giants pitcher Rod Beck. However, the postseason would elude Baker and the Giants, as they fell in the NLDS in 1997 and 2000 while losing a tie-breaker game for the Wild Card spot in 1998.

In 2002, his Giants won 95 games and clinched the Wild Card by  games. In the 2002 National League Division Series, they faced the Atlanta Braves. The two teams split the first four games before a pivotal Game 5 in Atlanta, which the Giants won 3–1 to deliver their first postseason series victory since 1989. The Giants faced the St. Louis Cardinals (who had beaten the Arizona Diamondbacks, the defending champions) in the 2002 National League Championship Series. The Giants won the series in five games for their first pennant in thirteen years, winning on a walk-off single by Kenny Lofton. They advanced to the World Series against the Anaheim Angels, who were managed by his former Dodger teammate Mike Scioscia. The teams split the first two games in Anaheim before going to San Francisco. In Game 3, they were routed 10–4, but the Giants responded with a narrow 4–3 victory in Game 4 before a big win in Game 5 by a score of 16–4. The Giants were one victory away from the championship and had two games in Anaheim to do so. The Giants struck first in Game 6, scoring three runs in the fifth inning before adding runs in the sixth and seventh innings to make it 5–0. However, the seventh would start the unraveling of the game; in the inning, starting pitcher Russ Ortiz (who had 98 pitches) allowed consecutive singles after getting one out before Baker pulled him out for Félix Rodríguez. Scott Spiezio came up to the plate and soon hit a shot to right field to narrow the score to 5–3. In the next inning, Darin Erstad hit a leadoff line-drive shot for a home run before Tim Salmon and Garret Anderson hit singles that made Baker put in Robb Nen (battling a shoulder injury for most of the year) to try and close out the inning without allowing more runs. However, a double by Troy Glaus scored the runners to give the Angels a lead they would not relinquish. The five-run deficit was the largest comeback in an elimination game in the World Series. While the Giants scored first in Game 7, the Angels scored three runs in the third inning to build a cushion on their way to a 4–1 victory.

Despite Baker's success in San Francisco, he had an increasingly strained relationship with owner Peter Magowan, one that even the Giants' first pennant in 13 years could not mend. The Giants did not renew his contract after the season, letting him leave to manage the Chicago Cubs and hiring Felipe Alou to replace him. Baker finished his tenure with a record of 840 wins and 715 losses in the regular season and 11 wins and 13 losses in the post-season.

To date, Baker is one of only four African Americans to manage a World Series team. Cito Gaston was the first, managing the Toronto Blue Jays to championships in 1992 and 1993. Baker was the second, and Ron Washington and Dave Roberts have since joined Gaston and Baker by managing the Texas Rangers and Los Angeles Dodgers, respectively, to the World Series, with Roberts winning a championship in 2020. Baker left as the all-time winningest manager in the San Francisco era of Giants history; Bruce Bochy would later eclipse him alongside managing the Giants to World Series titles in 2010, 2012, and 2014.

Chicago Cubs (2003–2006)

It was speculated that Baker would be hired by the Chicago Cubs as soon as he was let go from the Giants. Cubs general manager Jim Hendry interviewed several managers for their open position such as Bob Melvin, Ken Macha, Buck Showalter and Fredi Gonzalez, but Hendry went with his first name in mind with Baker. On November 15, 2002, he was hired by the Chicago Cubs to a four-year deal to manage the team, replacing Bruce Kimm, who had taken over when Don Baylor was fired in the middle of the third 90-loss season in four years.

Baker would make a major impact in his first season as manager for the Cubs in 2003. In July of that year, Baker was the subject of some controversy when he stated that "black and Hispanic players are better suited to playing in the sun and heat than white players." Baker, defending his beliefs, later said, "What I meant is that blacks and Latinos take the heat better than most whites, and whites take the cold better than most blacks and Latinos. That's it, pure and simple. Nothing deeper than that."  With the help of an impressive pitching staff and big gun batters such as Sammy Sosa and Moisés Alou, the Cubs claimed their first division title in fourteen years. Baker led the Cubs to victory over the Atlanta Braves in the National League Division Series, the first postseason series victory for the team since the 1908 World Series. However, the hopes for the Cubs winning a World Series title were cut short during the 2003 National League Championship Series against the Florida Marlins. In Game 6, with Chicago, five outs away from the pennant and holding a 3–0 lead, the infamous Steve Bartman foul ball incident near the fans in left field would unravel the Cubs and derail the chance for their first World Series appearance in 58 years. The Bartman incident proved to be a distraction for fans and the media, but it was critical execution failures by the Cubs such as a wild pitch on a ball four, a fielding error on a potential inning-ending double play, and a bad throw from the outfield after a Marlins hit, which allowed the visitors from Miami to score eight runs in that eighth inning to win the game 8–3; Cubs player Doug Glanville also stated that the loss in Game 5 (where Josh Beckett threw a two-hit shutout) was the true turning point of the series. The Marlins would go on to win Game 7 at Wrigley Field on their way to winning the 2003 World Series.

In 2004, the team was involved in a heated wild card chase with the Houston Astros but fell out of contention near the season's end, losing six of their last eight games and missing the playoffs by three games. He also received criticism from television analyst Steve Stone, who blamed Baker for his players harassing him at team charters and hotels, which Baker waved off as being "grown men". On August 30, Baker won his 1,000th game as manager with a win over the Montreal Expos, doing so in his 1,848th game.

In 2005, the Cubs lost several of their key players, most notably ace pitchers Mark Prior and Kerry Wood, to injuries. The team finished the season with a 79–83 record, marking the first time in three years that the Cubs finished with a losing record. The Cubs' performance continued to decline in 2006 as they fell to 66–96 and finished last in the entire National League. Baker, an old-school baseball traditionalist, was scrutinized for the Cubs' declining productivity. Baker has said that putting men on base can be unimportant and merely "clogging up the bases." This position has made Baker a target among the sabermetric community. It was around this time that Baker came under scrutiny for his tendency to overuse pitchers, such as with Kerry Wood and Mark Prior. Wood and Prior suffered serious arm injuries following their first full seasons under Baker. Wood and Prior averaged 122 and 126 pitches per start, respectively, in their final six regular-season starts of 2003. However, the only season where Wood was used for a full season under Baker's tenure was in 2003, in which he pitched 211 innings, which was two innings more than he had pitched in 2002. In the next three seasons, Wood would only pitch a combined total of 226 innings due to injuries before the Cubs decided to try him as a reliever after 2006. Additionally, Wood and Prior have been quoted as not blaming Baker for what happened with his career, with Prior stating that he had to balance pitcher use with the decisions required to try and help the Cubs win games. Prior also cited him as an inspiration to stay in the game after he retired from pitching, with Baker describing baseball as a relationship.

A month after the 2006 season ended, the Cubs declined to renew Baker's contract. They allowed Baker to address the media in a press conference in early October, where he officially announced his departure. The Cubs turned to Lou Piniella to replace Baker for the 2007 season. Baker finished his tenure with a regular-season record of 322 wins and 326 losses and a postseason record of six wins and six losses.

Cincinnati Reds (2008–2013)

On October 13, 2007, Baker was hired as manager of the Cincinnati Reds, replacing interim manager Pete Mackanin. He was the first black manager in Cincinnati Reds history; the Reds hired Baker on the heels of having fired Jerry Narron after another losing season (Baker became the fifth Reds manager since the year of 2003), with Baker being the first Reds manager hired with no prior ties to the organization since 1990. Baker and the Reds finished 74–88 and 78–84 in 2008 and 2009, finishing 5th and 4th in the NL Central. In 2010, the Reds enjoyed success as one of baseball's breakout teams (which included first baseman Joey Votto being named Most Valuable Player of the National League), and on September 28, 2010, the Reds won the Central title. This championship led to their first playoff appearance in 15 years. However, the appearance was short-lived as the Reds were swept by the Philadelphia Phillies in the NLDS. Baker signed a two-year contract extension with the Reds on October 4, 2010.

The Reds won 97 games in 2012 to win the National League Central for the second time in three seasons (only the Washington Nationals won more games than the Reds that year in the NL). In September 2012, Baker stayed in a Chicago hospital for treatment of an irregular heartbeat. At the time, Baker had been dealing with a longstanding heart problem. The Reds clinched the 2012 Central Division championship in his absence, their second in three years and Baker's fifth as a manager. In the 2012 National League Division Series, the Reds faced the San Francisco Giants. The Reds beat the Giants 5–2 and 9–0 in San Francisco to lead the series heading back to Cincinnati. Game 3 turned out to be a tight affair with the Reds on the wrong side of it, as a bobbled play by Scott Rolen led to the winning run by the Giants, and they tied the series with an 8–3 victory in Game 4. In Game 5, the Reds collapse became complete, as the Giants scored six runs in the fifth inning to win 6–4, making them the second team in NLDS history to blow a 2–0 series lead (after 1981) and the third team ever to blow a 2–0 lead in a best-of-five series. On October 15, 2012, he signed a two-year contract extension as manager of the Reds.

In 2013, the Reds won ninety games, but it was only good enough for a third-place finish in the division (the Cardinals won the division by seven games), and a five-game losing streak closed out the regular season. As such, they were the second Wild Card team and faced the division rival Pittsburgh Pirates (who won 94 games) in Wild Card game. Baker was fired by the Reds three days after the game. The Pirates, making their first postseason appearance since 1992, took the lead in the second inning and never relinquished it, cruising to a 6–2 victory. Reds general manager Walt Jocketty admitted the team's latest collapse played a role in the decision to fire Baker. Baker finished his tenure with a regular season record of 509 wins and 463 losses and a post-season record of two wins and seven losses; he was the first full-time Reds manager to finish with a winning record since Jack McKeon and he is currently the last Reds manager to have a winning record as of . On October 22, 2013, he was replaced by Reds pitching coach Bryan Price.

Washington Nationals (2016–2017)

In the two year gap between jobs, Baker called multiple franchises looking to fill their respective vacancies, such as the Detroit Tigers, the Seattle Mariners, and the San Diego Padres, but only the latter even gave him a callback (they later hired Andy Green).

On November 3, 2015, Baker was named the new manager for the Washington Nationals for the 2016 season, his first managerial position since being fired by Cincinnati in 2013; he was hired to replace Matt Williams after a deal with Bud Black fell through. At the time of his hiring, he was the only black manager in Major League Baseball and had the second-highest total for most wins in MLB. Comments made shortly after his hire raised attention when he suggested his Washington Nationals should field more players of color as "you've got a better chance of getting some speed with Latin and African-Americans." Baker said of the comments, "I'm not being racist. That's just how it is." The hire came with scrutiny that Baker would overuse pitchers as he was alleged to do before, but it was noted that his prior Reds teams featured players throwing fewer pitches, and some baseball writers have noted that there is no clear link between pitches thrown and injuries suffered.

The Nationals won the NL East in Baker's first season with 95 wins (a twelve-game improvement), which was the third time the team had won the NL East in the last five seasons. However, the Nationals lost in the NLDS in five games against the Los Angeles Dodgers after losing Game 4 and Game 5 (in the latter game, the Nationals gave up four runs in the seventh inning in a 4–3 loss). The following season, Baker led the Nationals to another NL East Championship. However, their postseason was once again cut short after losing in the 2017 NLDS to the Chicago Cubs in five games. Game 5 saw the Nationals lead 4–1 by the time of the second inning, but the game turned wildly in the fifth inning with four runs that were all scored on two outs, which included multiple hits, a passed ball, an error, catcher's interference, and a hit batter. While the Nationals tried to rally, the Cubs prevailed 9–8. The fifth game was the tenth time in fourteen years that a Baker-managed team had lost a "close-out" game with the opportunity to advance to the next round of the playoffs, which was a record; in both NLDS matchups, the Nationals had outscored their opponent but lost the series. On October 20, 2017, the Nationals announced that Baker and his entire coaching staff would not return as the team's manager in 2018.

Houston Astros (2020–2023)

In 2020, Baker was one of three finalists for the Philadelphia Phillies job, alongside Joe Girardi and Buck Showalter, but Girardi got the job.

2020
On January 13, 2020, the position for the managerial spot of the Houston Astros opened up, as A. J. Hinch had been fired in the wake of the Astros sign stealing scandal. Candidates for the position included Showalter, John Gibbons, Joe Espada, and Will Venable. On January 29, Baker became the Astros' third manager to be hired after the age of seventy and first since Jack McKeon; he is also the first manager in the two-league era to have coached over 3,000 games in one league before managing a single game in the other, as this was his first managerial job in the American League. The contract was for one year with a club option for a second year.

On July 28, 2020 (four days after the season started), the Astros picked up the 2021 option on Baker's contract. On September 25, the Astros clinched a playoff spot as the sixth seed in the pandemic-shortened season. Baker became the first baseball manager to lead five teams to the postseason. He also became the first manager to lead a team that finished under .500 in the postseason to a series win, having beaten both the Minnesota Twins and the Oakland Athletics to reach the American League Championship Series (ALCS).  It was the first time since 2003 that a Baker-led team had made the League Championship Series.  The Astros lost to the Tampa Bay Rays in seven games after having come back from 3–0. Baker's appearance in Game 7 (a winner-take-all) was his ninth as manager, setting a new record for most appearances by a manager in a winner-take-all game, although Baker has only won two of those games.

2021
On April 22, 2021, Baker secured his 1,900th win as a manager in the regular season, becoming the 14th manager to do so with an 8–2 victory over the Los Angeles Angels. Four days later, he passed Gene Mauch for 13th on the all-time wins list with a 5–2 win over the Seattle Mariners. On April 30, he passed Casey Stengel for 12th all-time with a 9–2 win over the Tampa Bay Rays, the teams' first meeting since the previous year's ALCS.

By winning the American League West division in 2021, Baker became the first manager in the major leagues to guide five different clubs to division titles. In the playoffs, the Astros first played the Chicago White Sox in the American League Division Series (ALDS).  The White Sox were led by Tony La Russa, whom Baker had faced as manager over 200 times previously, and whose careers both had intertwined and spanned more than five decades. They met most frequently in games in the National League Central when La Russa managed the St. Louis Cardinals, and Baker managed the Cubs and Reds.

The Astros faced the Boston Red Sox in the American League Championship Series (ALCS) for the AL pennant. On October 22, 2021, the Astros won Game 6 of the series to clinch the pennant, doing so in a dramatic comeback where they had lost two of the first three games to the Boston Red Sox (who had hit three grand slams in Game 2 and 3 combined) before winning three in a row to advance to the World Series. The nineteen-year gap between World Series appearances is the second longest all-time among managers (with the only greater one being by Bucky Harris), and Baker became the ninth manager in major league history to win a pennant in both leagues.  The Astros faced the Atlanta Braves in the Series and lost in six games.

2022
On November 5, 2021, Astros owner Jim Crane announced that Baker had agreed to a one-year extension to manage the club for the 2022 season.  He had managed over 24 major league seasons.  On May 3, 2022, Baker earned his 2,000th win as manager with a 4–0 victory over the Seattle Mariners at home in Minute Maid Park.  Coincidentally, both Baker's first win and his 2,000th win involved the father-son tandem of Peñas in the lineup, as Gerónimo Peña batted leadoff for the St. Louis Cardinals versus the Giants on April 6, 1993, and son Jeremy started the May 3 game as shortstop for the Astros.  Baker became the twelfth manager and first African American manager to reach the milestone.  Baker was named manager of the American League in the MLB All-Star Game played at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles.  The Astros won their 90th game of the season on September 11 versus the Angels, giving Baker a 12th season reaching that threshold in wins as manager. On September 19, the Astros clinched the AL West title, which is Baker's ninth division title as manager.  On September 24, the Astros won 11–10 over the Baltimore Orioles, their 100th of the season.  It made Baker the fourth manager to have 100-win seasons in both the American and National League, as Baker had achieved the mark with the San Francisco Giants in 1993; Baker went 23 seasons between 100-win seasons, the longest for any manager to have multiple 100-win seasons.  On October 2, the Astros won their 104th game, setting a new high in wins for a Baker-managed team. The Astros finished with a 2.90 ERA as a team, second best in MLB. When asked about what was necessary for good pitching, he stated "Control, control, control. Everybody talks about velocity all the time, but the velocity without command and control is no good."

In the 2022 postseason, the Astros were first matched up against the Seattle Mariners in the 2022 American League Division Series. The Mariners scored seven runs by the 7th inning of Game 1 and promptly scored two runs over the next 29 innings as the Astros rallied to win Game 1 and 2 before winning Game 3 in an eighteen-inning scoreless duel 1-0, as the Astros outscored the Mariners 13-9. It was Baker's first-ever LDS sweep as manager, and it guaranteed the Astros a sixth straight appearance in the ALCS. In the 2022 American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees, the Astros won narrowly in Game 1, 2, and 4 (with one blowout win in Game 3) to complete a sweep, making them the third team to sweep the LDS and LCS since 1995. The Game 4 win on October 23 clinched the fourth pennant in the last six seasons for the Astros and it was Baker's third pennant as a manager. It was his sixth postseason series victory with Houston, after having won three postseason matchups in his first 22 seasons.

The World Series would culminate a historic run for Baker and his Astros. They finished the year with an ERA of 0.83 that saw relievers allow five total earned runs, doing so with management of high-leverage players such as Bryan Abreu and Rafael Montero despite having a 1.15 regular season ERA (but high walk rate) in Ryne Stanek.
On November 3, Baker won his 50th postseason game as manager, becoming only the fourth in MLB history to do so. On November 5, the Astros defeated the National League champions, the Philadelphia Phillies, in Game 6 of the 2022 World Series, winning Baker his second World Series and first as a manager. At age 73, he is the oldest manager to win the World Series, surpassing Jack McKeon. It was his 28th postseason victory with the Astros, tying him with A. J. Hinch for most playoff wins as an Astro; the Astros went 11–2 in the postseason, becoming the fourth team in the Wild Card era (since 1995) to lose less than three times in the playoffs, and Houston never faced elimination at any point in their postseason; Baker won his first World Series title 40 years after winning one as a player, establishing a record for the longest gap between World Series championships by a player/manager in MLB history. Baker also became the seventh person in Major League history to win a World Series championship as both a player (1981) and a manager. He also became the third African-American manager to win a World Series after Cito Gaston (1992 and 1993) and Dave Roberts (2020).

2023
Baker passed Joe McCarthy for eighth all-time in wins on June 1, 2023, with a 5–2 victory versus the Los Angeles Angels.  Baker was named manager of the American League team for the 2023 MLB All-Star Game, played at T-Mobile Park in Seattle.  He invited former Dodgers teammate Billy North as an honorary coach, as well as Seattle manager Scott Servais, a former Giants teammate, to the coaching staff.  On August 9, an 8–2 win over Baltimore earned Baker his 2,159th win as manager to pass Bucky Harris for sole possession of seventh place all-time. The Astros clinched the AL West on the final day of the season to mark the tenth division title won by a team managed by Baker while making him the first Astros manager to lead a team to the playoffs in four consecutive seasons. They beat the Minnesota Twins in the 2023 American League Division Series to set the Astros up for another trip to the ALCS, this time against the Texas Rangers. The Astros victory in Game 1 of the ALDS gave Dusty Baker his 29th postseason win as the Astros skipper, passing A.J. Hinch the most winningest postseason manager in Astros history. Baker announced retirement on October 25, 2023.

Managerial record

Baseball career accomplishments
First manager in major league history to lead five different teams to division titles
Ninth manager to win both an AL pennant and an NL pennant.
Twelfth manager and first African American manager with 2,000 victories, and first African American manager with 50 postseason victories
Oldest manager to appear in, and win, the World Series (2022)

Broadcasting career
Baker served as an ESPN analyst during the 2006 MLB postseason and served in a similar role during the 2007 season. In 2015, Baker joined TBS as a studio analyst for the final two weeks of their regular season coverage and for their coverage of the National League playoffs.

Personal life

Baker was a member of the United States Marine Corps Reserve from 1969 through 1975. Baker's son, Darren Baker, was rescued by J. T. Snow from being run over at home plate as a batboy during the 2002 World Series. In 2017, Darren was drafted in the 27th round of the MLB draft by the team his father managed at the time, the Washington Nationals. He decided to play as infielder for the California Golden Bears, and in 2021 he was drafted by the Nationals in the tenth round of the amateur draft, where this time he signed to join the organization. On the same day that Baker won his 2,000th game, his son Darren scored the winning run home for his High A team in Delaware on a sacrifice fly.
Baker and his family reside in Granite Bay, California.
In the winter of 2001, Baker was diagnosed with prostate cancer during a routine check-up (his father had been diagnosed with the disease eight years prior). Baker had had surgery in December of that year to remove his prostate (his fears over potentially having the cancer return led him to name his three-year-old son as a batboy to "show him the world"). Near the end of the 2012 baseball season, Baker was hospitalized for both an irregular heartbeat and a "mini-stroke".

For some time, Baker had troubles with the Internal Revenue Service, who had determined that his investments in tax shelters for some years (as guided by his brother Victor) were to be disallowed, which would have resulted in penalties of at least a million dollars with interest. When managing the Giants, the IRS garnished his paychecks, leaving him with less than a percent of his $900,000 salary to live on a month; around the time of negotiating his contract in 1999, Magowan loaned him money in case he needed to deal with the IRS, which Baker repaid later. With the help of a tax crisis lawyer (over several years), the issue was resolved, roughly around the time the news was broken by the media in late 2002.

Baker is a member of the National Advisory Board for Positive Coaching Alliance, a national non-profit organization committed to providing student-athletes with a positive, character-building youth sports experience. Baker has appeared in several videos and webinars for this organization, all of which can be found on the group's YouTube channel. Dusty is also owner of Baker Family Wines, along with owner and winemaker Chik Brenneman. Baker was inducted into the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame in 2015. He returned to the Giants organization in 2018 as a Special Advisor to the CEO.

Legacy
Due to his presence at various moments in baseball history, Baker has been frequently cited as baseball's Forrest Gump equivalent. These moments include the following:
Baker was on the on-deck circle when Hank Aaron hit his record 715th career home run.
Baker was in the home dugout at Dodgers Stadium when Rick Monday prevented an American flag from getting burnt on the field on April 25, 1976. Monday would become teammates with Baker from the following season to the end of Baker's Dodgers tenure in 1983.
Baker's purported co-invention of the high five alongside Glenn Burke, his teammate and the first-confirmed LGBT player in MLB, on October 2, 1977.
Baker was on the opposing Dodgers when Reggie Jackson hit three home runs in Game 6 of the 1977 World Series, earning himself the moniker of "Mr. October". Jackson would join the Astros' front office in 2021, the second season of Baker's tenure as the Astros' manager.
Baker represented the final out of Nolan Ryan's fifth no-hitter in 1981, surpassing Sandy Koufax for most career no-hitters.
Baker was a coach for the Giants during the 1989 World Series, and was in Oakland Coliseum with the team when the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake struck the San Francisco Bay Area.
Baker was manager of the Giants when Barry Bonds set the single-season home run record in 2001.
Baker was manager of the Cubs when the Steve Bartman incident occurred during the 2003 National League Championship Series. Baker did not directly witness the play, as his view from Wrigley Field's home dugout was obstructed.
Baker was present as a manager for two of the three no-hitters thrown during the postseason. He was manager of the losing Reds when Roy Halladay threw a no-hitter against them in the 2010 National League Division Series, and he was manager of the winning Astros when they threw a no-hitter against the opposing Phillies in the 2022 World Series.
Baker was manager of the Nationals when Max Scherzer tied the single-game strikeout record on May 11, 2016. He had previously managed Kerry Wood, one of the players who is also tied for the record, during his Cubs tenure.

See also

Cincinnati Reds award winners and league leaders
List of Major League Baseball All-Star Game managers
List of Major League Baseball career assists as a left fielder leaders
List of Major League Baseball career games played as a left fielder leaders
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a left fielder leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball managers by wins
Los Angeles Dodgers award winners and league leaders
List of people from Riverside, California

Notes

References

External links

Dusty Baker Baseball Camp

Dusty Baker's Awards
Images of Darren Baker at home plate during the 2002 World Series 1 2
Venezuelan Professional Baseball League statistics

1949 births
Living people
African-American baseball coaches
African-American baseball managers
African-American baseball players
Arizona Instructional League Braves players
Atlanta Braves players
Austin Braves players
Baseball players from Los Angeles
Chicago Cubs managers
Cincinnati Reds managers
ESPN people
Gold Glove Award winners
Greenwood Braves players
Houston Astros managers
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball center fielders
Major League Baseball left fielders
Manager of the Year Award winners
National League All-Stars
National League Championship Series MVPs
Oakland Athletics players
Richmond Braves players
San Francisco Giants coaches
San Francisco Giants managers
San Francisco Giants players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Tiburones de La Guaira players
Yaquis de Obregón players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
United States Marine Corps reservists
United States Marines
West Palm Beach Braves players
People from Granite Bay, California
Washington Nationals managers
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Baseball players from Riverside, California
World Series-winning managers
Baseball players from Placer County, California

Dusty Baker


Kiki Bertens (* 10. Dezember 1991 in Wateringen) ist eine ehemalige niederländische Tennisspielerin.

Karriere
Bertens begann im Alter von sechs Jahren mit dem Tennissport.
Den ersten Sieg auf der WTA Tour sicherte sie sich am 28. April 2012 mit dem Gewinn des Turniers in Fès, bei dem sie als Qualifikantin an den Start gegangen war. Auf ihrem Weg zum Titel besiegte sie unter anderem die als Nummer 6 gesetzte Chanelle Scheepers sowie die an Position 5 gesetzte Simona Halep.

Bei den French Open stand sie 2014 erstmals im Achtelfinale eines Grand-Slam-Turniers; sie unterlag dort Andrea Petković knapp mit 6:1, 2:6 und 5:7.

Im Doppel feierte sie 2015 ihren ersten WTA-Titel, als sie an der Seite von Johanna Larsson das Turnier von Hobart gewann. Im selben Jahr gewann sie auch die Doppelkonkurrenz von Båstad.

Ihren zweiten WTA-Titel gewann sie 2016 beim Nürnberger Versicherungscup. Auch bei diesem Turnier musste sie erst die Qualifikation überstehen. Anschließend gewann sie auch noch die Doppelkonkurrenz; es war bereits ihr dritter Doppeltitel mit Johanna Larsson als Partnerin. Bei den French Open erreichte sie, unter anderem nach einem Auftaktsieg über Angelique Kerber, erstmals das Halbfinale eines Grand-Slam-Turniers. Dort unterlag sie Serena Williams in zwei Sätzen. Im Saisonverlauf sicherte sie sich mit Larsson außerdem die Doppeltitel in Linz und Luxemburg.

Beim Nürnberger Versicherungscup 2017 konnte sie ihren Vorjahrestitel im Einzel verteidigen; es war ihr dritter WTA-Einzeltitel. Sie ist die bislang einzige Spielerin, die dieses Turnier zweimal gewinnen konnte. Im Damendoppel gewann sie im selben Jahr mit Johanna Larsson auch das Turnier in Auckland; es war ihr sechster Doppeltitel auf der WTA Tour.

Seit 2011 spielte Bertens auch äußerst erfolgreich für die niederländische Fed-Cup-Mannschaft; von ihren 32 Partien hat sie 27 gewonnen (Einzelbilanz: 21:2).

In der deutschen Bundesliga spielte Kiki Bertens für den TC Blau-Weiss Bocholt, mit dem sie 2011 Vizemeisterin sowie 2012, 2013 und 2014 deutsche Mannschaftsmeisterin wurde. Seit der Saison 2016 spielt sie für den Bundesligaaufsteiger DTV Hannover.

Nach den Olympischen Sommerspielen in Tokio 2021 beendete sie ihre Karriere.

Turniersiege

Einzel

Doppel

Turnierbilanz

Einzel

Doppel

Weblinks

 Website von Kiki Bertens (niederländisch)

Einzelnachweise

Billie-Jean-King-Cup-Spielerin (Niederlande)
Olympiateilnehmer (Niederlande)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2016
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2020
Niederländer
Geboren 1991
Frau

Kiki Bertens


Sublativ er i grammatik en kasus, der betegner et sted, hvor noget bevæger sig hen. Det svarer til et præpositionsled på dansk med »til« og »ind i«.

Sublativ findes som adverbialkasus i finsk og som lokalkasus i ungarsk.

På ungarsk har sublativ endelserne -re og -ra, og betydningen er som på tysk auf + akkusativ.

Sublativ bruges på finsk ved et mindre antal pronominer som overleverede former, ikke-produktive former.

Grammatik
Kasus

Sublativ


11595 Monsummano este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11595 Monsummano este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la San Marcello Pistoiese de Andrea Boattini și Luciano Tesi. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,26 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 5,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1995
Centura de asteroizi

11595 Monsummano


Et falseben er et fladt værktøj lavet ef ben, elfenben (gamle eksemplarer) eller f.eks. plast med en spids ende og en rund ende. Det bruges til at lave falser i papir, pap og skind. Et falseben anvendt korrekt sætter ikke mærker i skind eller papir, der bruges til at beklæde et bogbind eller en æske, når man bøjer det rundt og presser det på plads. Et falseben finder også anvendelse ved fremstilling af f.eks. tasker og tegnebøger.

Se også
Fals (typografi)

Bøger
Værktøj

Falsben


An Maxillariella diuturna in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames ngan Charles Schweinfurth, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Mario Alberto Blanco och Germán Carnevali. An Maxillariella diuturna in nahilalakip ha genus nga Maxillariella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Maxillariella

Maxillariella diuturna


Pavao Muhić (Požega, 1. siječnja 1811. – Zagreb, 17. listopada 1897.) bio je hrvatski pravnik i političar, akademik.

Životopis
Pavao Muhić je rođen 1812. godine u Požegi. Pravo je studirao u Zagrebu, a doktorirao je 1843. godine u Pešti. Od 1835. do 1850. godine predaje na Pravnome fakultetu Kraljevske akademije znanosti u Zagrebu. Nakon toga je profesor, te od 1850. do 1871. godine i ravnatelj Pravoslovne akademije.

Predavao je političku ekonomiju i financijske znanosti. Prema zabilješkama njegovih tadašnjih slušača njegova su predavanja bila podijeljena u četiri cjeline: Uvod, Politička ekonomija, Narodno gospodarska politika i Gospodarstvo javno (financije). Te cjeline su se u budućnosti osamostalile kao zasebne znanosti i posebne katedre fakulteta.

Od 1861. do 1866. godine zastupnik je u Hrvatskome saboru, a od 1872. do 1881. predstojnik je Odjela za bogoštovlje i nastavu Zemaljske vlade Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije.

Redoviti član Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti postaje 1866. godine, a njezin predsjednik je od 1887. do 1890. godine.

Izvori
Bilješke i literatura
 Muhić, Pavao, Hrvatska enciklopedija, www.enciklopedija.hr, pristupljeno 5. prosinca 2021.
 Katedra za političku ekonomiju: Pavao Muhić (1835-1850), www.pravo.unizg.hr, arhivirano 22. prosinca 2014., pristupljeno 5. prosinca 2021.

Vanjske poveznice
Mrežna mjesta
 Muhić, Pavao, Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon

Hrvatski pravniciHrvatski političariŽivotopisi, PožegaAkademici HAZU

Pavao Muhić


الإحليل التحتي هو عيب خلقي في مجرى البول عند الذكور يتضمن فتحات بولية غير طبيعية. بدلا من الفتحة في غيض من الحشفة من القضيب ومجرى البول hypospadic يفتح في أي مكان على طول خط (الإخدود الإحليلي) يمتد من الحافة على طول الجانب السفلي (الجانب البطني) من العمود إلى تقاطع القضيب والصفن أو العجان. ويجوز أن يحدث الإحليل التحتي حتى في الصبية غير المختونين من القلفة تشكلت بشكل غير طبيعي والميل نحو الانخفاض للحشفة.

حوالي 50-75 ٪ من الحالات تشمل الفتحة البولية على حشفة القضيب، وهذا النوع يصنف من الدرجة الأولى. أما الدرجة الثانية (عندما يفتح الإحليل على الرمح)، والدرجة الثالثة (عندما يفتح الإحليل على العجان) فتمثل ما يصل إلى 20 و 30 ٪ من الحالات على التوالي. الدرجات الأكثر شدة من المرجح أن يكون مرتبطا بانحناء القضيب، وهو ما يعني أن القضيب غير كامل وفصلها عن العجان أو لا يزال نزوليا المربوطة من النسيج الضام، أو مع عدم نزول الخصيتين (اختفاء الخصيتين).

احتمالات الإصابة
إحلیل تحتي : هي من بين أكثر العيوب شيوعا أداة تناسلية ذكورية (الثانية لاختفاء الخصيتين)، ولكن المتباينة حوادث أفادت التقارير الواردة من بلدان مختلفة، من لا تزيد على 1 في 4000 ليصل إلى 1 في 125 من الفتيان.

كان هناك بعض الأدلة على أن الإصابة hypospadias في جميع أنحاء العالم قد تزايد خلال العقود الأخيرة. في الولايات المتحدة، واثنين من دراسات المراقبة ذكرت أن الإصابة قد ارتفع من حوالي 1 في 500 من مجموع المواليد (1 في 250 من الفتيان) في 1970s إلى 1 في 250 من مجموع المواليد (1 في 125 من الفتيان) في 1990s. على الرغم من حدوث زيادة طفيفة في جميع أنحاء العالم في hypospadias أفيد في 1980s، دراسات في مختلف البلدان والمناطق أسفرت عن نتائج متضاربة وبعض السجلات وذكرت النقصان.

الأسباب
معظم تواجدات hypospadias متفرقة، من دون تكرار الميراث أو الأسرة، ومع ذلك، فإنه يمكن أن تنجم عن الوراثة (أ انعكاس pericentric من كروموسوم 16). لمعظم الحالات، لا يمكن تحديد سبب على الرغم من أن عددا من الفرضيات المتعلقة تأثير عدم كفاية الاندروجين، أو العوامل البيئية التداخل مع تأثير الاندروجين، وقد عرضت. من بين العوامل البيئية يشتبه بها المواد الكيميائية، التي توصف أحيانا بأنها لاضطرابات الغدد الصماء ليالي، التي تتفاعل مع مستقبلات الستيرويد. المفترض اختلال الغدد الصماء وتشمل الفثالات ق، دي دي تي، والكلور s. ثنائي الفينيل  والجمعيات غير مؤكدة حتى الآن من دراسات إضافية أو غيرها من الوسائل. وهناك أيضا دلائل على أن الفثالات الواردة في مثبتا للشعر يمكن أن تزيد من خطر من قبل أكثر من ضعف إذا كانت الأم عرضة لتركيزات عالية من مثبتات الشعر أثناء الحمل (مثل العاملين في صالونات تصفيف الشعر).

التستوستيرون قبل الولادة، وتحويلها في الجلد الأعضاء التناسلية للديهدروتستوستيرون، وأسباب الهجرة من الخلايا الليفية الجلد بالكامل أرفق الأخدود إحليلي الذكور في الجنين، وعادة ما أسفر عن وجود الإحليل المغلقة القضيب من الثلاثة أشهر الثانية من الحمل. فشل كافية المفعول قبل الولادة الاندروجين لذا يعتقد أنه متورط في العديد من الحالات، مما يجعل hypospadias جدا على شكل خفيف من intersex (تحت virilization من الذكور وراثية). منذ ما بعد الولادة نقص الاندروجين يمكن إلا أن يكون أظهر في أقلية من الحالات، كان من المقترح أن نقص عابر التستوستيرون يمكن أن يحدث خلال فترات حرجة من الأعضاء التناسلية للتنمية الجنين، وذلك بسبب ارتفاع المضادة للهرمون Müllerian درجات أو أكثر مكرا من القصور النخامي gonadal. وفي الآونة الأخيرة، من تشوهات عامل النسخ ق وقد المقترحة.

في الحيوانات، والمخدرات علم المسوخ عدة جيم أو المواد الكيميائية يمكن أن تسبب hypospadias عن طريق التداخل مع عمل الاندروجين في الجنين. تكهنات بأن العوامل البيئية، لاضطرابات في الغدد الصماء ليالي، قد يكون التداخل مع نظم هرمون لم يثبت. العوامل التي تسببت في hypospadias في عدد صغير من الأولاد وقد تم استخدام الأمهات من البروجستين الاصطناعية ليالي وفيناستريد في الاثلاث الأولين من فترة الحمل. في عام 2008، اقترح أن استخدام الأمهات من diethylstilbestrol، وهو هرمون الاستروجين الاصطناعية، أسفرت عن 20 أضعاف الزيادة في انتشار hypospadias  على الرغم من متابعة الدراسة اظهرت ان خطر، رغم وجودها، أن تكون أقل بكثير.

في أقلية من الحالات بعد الولادة من نقص، أو انخفاض حساسية ل، الاندروجين ق (التستوستيرون وديهدروتستوستيرون) ويمكن التدليل عليه. وهذه غالبا ما ترتبط chordee، وفي بعض الحالات الشديدة لافتتاح المتبقية العجان البولي التناسلي والقضيب الصغير. هذا المزيج من العيوب الخلقية ويشار إلى المبال التحتاني العجان الصفني الكاذب المهبلي وجزء من الطيف من الأعضاء التناسلية غامضة. المعاملة مع هرمون التستوستيرون بعد الولادة، لا يغلق مجرى البول.

العوامل الوراثية يحتمل أن تشارك في بعض الحالات على الأقل، كما أن هناك حوالي 7 ٪ العائلية تكرار خطر.

تم الإبلاغ عن إصابات مجرى البول علاجي المنشأ نادرة مشابهة لإحليل تحتاني بعد إجراءات مثل الجراحة أو القسطرة أو الختان .

.

العلاج
hypospadias درجة الأولى هي في المقام الأول وجود خلل ومستحضرات التجميل ويكون لها أثر يذكر على وظيفة باستثناء اتجاه تدفق البول. إذا لم يعالج، وهو الثاني أو الثالث hypospadias درجة يمكن أن تجعل الذكور تتبول بشكل غير إرادي، التي كان أداؤها يتطلب أن يكون الجلوس، ويضعف إيصال السائل المنوي في المهبل، (وربما خلق مشاكل مع الخصوبة)، أو تتداخل مع s. الانتصاب في البلدان المتقدمة، ومعظم hypospadias يتم إصلاحه جراحيا في مهدها. إجراء عملية جراحية لhypospadias الأولى والدرجة الثانية هو دائما تقريبا الناجحة في إجراء واحد، وعادة ما تتم في السنة الأولى من العمر من الأمراض البولية أو جراح التجميل.

عندما hypospadias هو الدرجة الثالثة، أو وجود العيوب الخلقية المرتبطة بها مثل أنحاء القضيب أو اختفاء الخصيتين، وإدارة أفضل قرار يمكن أن يكون أكثر تعقيدا. وينبغي ليكشف النمط النووي عدة والتقييم الغدد الصماء أن يؤديها للكشف عن أوجه قصور أو ظروف intersex الهرمون. إذا كان القضيب الصغير، التستوستيرون أو الإنسان المشيمي gonadotropin (hCG) الحقن يمكن أن تعطى لرؤيتها كبيرة قبل الجراحة.

إجراء عملية جراحية لhypospadias الشديدة قد تتطلب إجراءات متعددة والمخاطية التطعيم. الجلد Preputial غالبا ما يستخدم للتطعيم والختان ينبغي تجنبها قبل الإصلاح. في فئة قليلة من المرضى الذين يعانون من hypospadias جراحة تعطي نتائج مرضية، مثل خاتم ندبة، انحناء، أو تشكيل ناسور احليلي ثانية، diverticula، أو قيود. والناسور افتتاحية غير المرغوب فيها من خلال الجلد على طول مجرى البول، ويمكن أن يؤدي إلى تسرب البول أو تيار غير طبيعي. و diverticulum هو "outpocketing" من بطانة الإحليل الذي يتداخل مع تدفق البول ويمكن أن يؤدي في مرحلة ما بعد تسرب البول. وضيق هو تضييق الإحليل شديدة بما يكفي لعرقلة تدفق. انخفاض معدلات المضاعفات حتى بالنسبة للدرجة الثالثة إصلاح (على سبيل المثال، ناسور معدلات أقل من 5 ٪) قد ذكرت في السنوات الأخيرة من مراكز ذوي الخبرة الأكبر، وإجراء عملية جراحية يتم الآن تنفيذ بالنسبة للغالبية العظمى من الأطفال الرضع مع hypospadias.

بسبب الصعوبات التي وانخفاض معدلات نجاح الترميم الجراحي لدرجة أشد من تحت virilization، فإن بعض هذه الذكور وراثيا ولكن بشدة undervirilized الرضع قد تم تعيينه وأثيرت الفتيات، مع تأنيث التعمير الجراحية. الرأي قد تحول ضد هذا النهج في العقد الماضي بسبب الكبار الوظيفة الجنسية بوصفها أنثى غالبا ما كان الفقراء، وتنمية الهوية الذكور بين الجنسين على الرغم من إحالة الإناث الجنس وتربية الأطفال، قد وقعت في بعض الأطفال س ص بعد إعادة التكليف لنوع أكثر حدة من الأعضاء التناسلية عيب خلقي، exstrophy cloacal.

العيوب الخلقية
hypospadias الخفيف غالبا ما يحدث بمثابة عيب معزولة الولادة دون شذوذ كشف ما تبقى من الجهاز التناسلي أو الغدد الصماء. بيد أقلية من الأطفال الرضع، وخاصة تلك بدرجات أشد من hypospadias سيكون إضافية شذوذ بنيوي من الجهاز البولي. تصل إلى 10 ٪ من الذكور مع hypospadias واحد على الأقل عدم نزول الخصية، وعدد مماثل لها الفتق الإربي. وقريبة البروستات الموسع للبروستاتا هو شائع عند hypospadias شديد (الصفن أو العجان)، ويمكن أن تهيء للعدوى المسالك البولية ق الزائفة، سلس البول، أو حتى تشكيل الحجر.

مبال فوقاني
وهناك نوع من النادر جدا وغير ذات صلة من تشوه مجرى البول هو مبال فوقاني هذه ليست مشكلة من مجرى البول أو أخدود meatus، ولكن فشلا للانصهار القضيب خط الوسط في وقت أبكر بكثير في مرحلة التطور الجنيني. افتتاحية المعزولة من الظهرية («كبار») الجانب من القضيب نادر الحدوث، ومعظم هؤلاء الأطفال لديهم الكثير من عيوب خطيرة وتنطوي على القضيب الصغير وأشرم مع exstrophy المثانة أو أشد، exstrophy cloacal تنطوي على العجان بأكملها. سبب هذا الخلل في مرحلة التطور الجنيني المبكر غير معروف ولكن لا تنطوي على الأندروجينات.

انظر أيضًا
 طب المسالك البولية لدى الأطفال
 طب الذكورة
 إكشاف مثاني، إكشاف مذرقي
 إحليل تحتي، عوز الإنزيم المختزل 5-ألفا
 التدخلات الطبية لثنائيي الجنس
 متلازمة عدم الحساسية للأندروجين

المراجع

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ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ් () යනු එන්ගලන්තයේ පිහිටි නගරයක් වෙයි.

ඔක්වර්ඩ් එංගලන්තෙය් නගරයකි.එය ඔක්ස්වර්ඩ්ෂයර් ප්‍රාන්ත නගරය සහ එකම නගරයයි.2017 දී එහි ජනගහනය 152,450 ක් ලෙස ගණන් බලා ඇත.එය ලන්ඩනයට වයඹ දෙසින් සැතපුම් 56 (කි.මී. 90), බර්මින්හැම් සිට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් සැතපුම් 64 (කි.මී. 103) සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් සිට ඊසාන දෙසින් සැතපුම් 61 (කි.මී. 98) කි.මෙම නගරය ඉංග්‍රීසි කතා කරන ලෝකයේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ නිවහන වන අතර දිවංගත ඇන්ග්ලෝ සැක්සන්ගේ ඉංග්‍රීසි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ සෑම ශෛලියකින්ම ගොඩනැගිලි ඇත. ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ් හි කර්මාන්තවලට මෝටර් නිෂ්පාදන, අධ්‍යාපනය, ප්‍රකාශන, තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණය සහ විද්‍යාව ඇතුළත් වේ.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි

 Bishop of Oxford
 Earl of Oxford
 List of attractions in Oxford
 List of Oxford architects
 Mayors of Oxford
 Oxfam
 Oxford bags
 The Oxfordian Age – a subdivision of the Jurassic Period named for Oxford

මූලාශ්‍ර

උපහරණ

භාහිර සබැඳි

 Oxford City Council official website
 Thames Valley Guide – Oxford

Cities in South East England
County towns in England
Local authorities adjoining the River Thames
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Populated places established in the 8th century
Oxford
Non-metropolitan districts of Oxfordshire
8th-century establishments in England
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ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ්


Marcolino José Dias (1830? - 1888) foi um abolicionista brasileiro que lutou pela liberdade e igualdade de direitos da população negra durante o período escravista no Brasil. Ele também participou da Guerra do Paraguai como comandante da Segunda Companhia de Zuavos, onde obteve destaque na tomada do forte Curuzú.
Moldados a partir dos Zuavos da França e das Tropas de elite da Argélia, os Zuavos da Bahia comandados por Marcolino participaram das Batalhas de Uruguaiana, Batalha do Avaí, a tomada do Forte de Itapiru, na Batalha de Tuiuti e na Batalha de Curupaity. O comandante foi o primeiro soldado brasileiro a levantar o Pavilhão Nacional no Forte de Curuzu, enfrentando sozinho dezenas de soldados paraguaios, sendo ferido no braço.

Biografia
Há poucos registros precisos sobre a juventude de Marcolino José Dias, mas sabe-se que ele nasceu em meados dos anos 1830 após a Independência do Brasil e foi escravizado pelo casal Manoel José Dias e Maria Angélica Dias. Como escravizado, Marcolino enfrentou diversas privações e violências, assim como outros membros da população negra do Brasil na época. Ele só obteve sua liberdade em 1838, condicionada à morte de seus senhores. Após o falecimento de Manoel Dias, a viúva abriu mão da liberdade condicionada de seus escravos, tornando Marcolino efetivamente livre em 1845.

Luta pela liberdade
Marcolino José Dias foi um militante abolicionista brasileiro que lutou pela liberdade e igualdade de direitos da população negra durante o período escravista no Brasil. A partir da data de sua libertação, Marcolino tornou-se um militante abolicionista brasileiro, dedicando-se à luta pela liberdade e igualdade de direitos da população negra durante o período escravista no Brasil. Além disso, ele mobilizou redes de alianças para ajudar a proteger os direitos da população negra, incluindo a defesa do direito à liberdade religiosa de culto ao candomblé.

Guerra do Paraguai
Em meados de 1860, Marcolino recebeu uma nomeação importante do presidente da Província da Bahia. Ele foi escolhido para liderar a Segunda Companhia de Zuavos, um grupo de combatentes negros organizados pelo governo brasileiro para ajudar na luta contra o Paraguai. Durante a Guerra do Paraguai, Marcolino provou sua coragem e habilidade militar ao fincar o pavilhão brasileiro na tomada do forte Curuzú. Como reconhecimento por seus serviços, ele recebeu o título de capitão e cavaleiro da Ordem do Cruzeiro. Quando Marcolino voltou para a Bahia, sua volta foi celebrada e registrada no jornal O Alheiro. Ele foi recebido como um herói de guerra e sua história de bravura e determinação inspirou muitas pessoas em todo o país.

Ativismo Político e Social
Em 1860, a oposição à escravidão era algo muito forte na Bahia. Marcolino José Dias foi exemplo de tal embate e, na década de 1870, envolveu-se com o movimento abolicionista no estado. Em 10 de abril de 1883, liderou uma ação ao lado de Pamphilo da Santa Cruz, Sérgio Cardoso e Manuel Júlio dos Santos, impedindo a viagem de escravos que estavam sendo embarcados para Canavieiras. Ao som de gritos de "morte aos escravocratas" e "viva a liberdade", impediu também o envio de escravos do Barão de Guaíba para sua fazenda em Belmonte.
A partir daí, Marcolino tornou-se uma figura proeminente na luta pela libertação dos escravos na Bahia, liderando diversas ações de resistência e se tornando um dos principais articuladores do movimento abolicionista no estado. Mesmo sendo preso várias vezes nunca deixou de defender essa causa. Tais atividades ocorreram em um contexto de crescimento do sentimento abolicionista na Bahia desde a década anterior, em que a oposição à escravidão saiu do campo da contestação judicial para a ação radical nas ruas, especialmente no porto.
Marcolino José Dias atuou na fundação da Sociedade Protetora dos Desvalidos (SPD), organização que tinha como objetivo fornecer assistência e proteção aos negros pobres e marginalizados da sociedade baiana. Ele foi um dos membros fundadores e participou ativamente das atividades da SPD, inclusive sendo responsável por colocar a efígie do Marechal Henrique Dias, um antigo combatente negro dos tempos coloniais, na sala das sessões da organização em 1882.

Morte e Legado
Em 20 de fevereiro de 1888, Marcolino José Dias faleceu, aos cerca de 50 anos de idade. Seu falecimento foi lamentado por diversos jornais do país, que destacaram sua trajetória marcante. Marcolino, assim como Cândido da Fonseca Galvão, mais conhecido como Dom Obá II d'África, filho de africano forro e oficial do Exército brasileiro na guerra contra o Paraguai, representa a luta pela liberdade e igualdade de direitos de uma população marginalizada e invisibilizada na construção da história do Brasil. Apesar de ter falecido antes da Abolição da escravidão no Brasil, Marcolino José Dias foi lembrado nos festejos comemorativos pelo Batalhão dos Defensores da Liberdade. Sua trajetória representa a resistência dos trabalhadores negros ao regime escravista e a luta pelo fim da escravidão. A Abolição ainda é vista por muitos como uma ação da elite branca, mas figuras como Marcolino e outros foram importantes na construção da liberdade dos negros no Brasil.

Referências

Abolicionistas do Brasil
Ativismo político

Marcolino José Dias


Dunbar dans le Haddingtonshire était un Burgh royal qui a élu un Commissaire au Parlement d'Écosse et à la Convention des États.

Après les Actes d'Union de 1707, Dunbar, North Berwick, Haddington, Jedburgh et Lauder ont formé le district de Haddington, envoyant un membre à la Chambre des communes de Grande-Bretagne.

Liste des commissaires de burgh

 1661–63, 1665 convention, 1667 convention, 1669–74: James Lauder, marchand-bourgeois
 1678 convention: James Kellie, marchand, bailli
 1681–82: James Hamilton, merchant, bailie
 1685–96, 1689 convention, 1689–90: James Smith, marchand (expulsé)
 1693–1701: Robert Fall, baili
 1702–07: Robert Kellie, baili

Références

Article connexe
 Liste des circonscriptions au Parlement d'Écosse au moment de l'Union

Circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse (jusqu'en 1707)
Politique dans l'East Lothian

Dunbar (circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse)


Das Fichtenmarderfell wird im Rauchwarenhandel in der Regel als Amerikanischer Zobel oder Kanadischer Zobel gehandelt. Die Struktur des Fells ist dem Zobel zwar ähnlich, auch gehört der Fichtenmarder zur Gattung der Echten Marder, doch gleicht er in Gestalt, Färbung und Lebensweise eher dem europäischen Baummarder. Wegen seiner Ähnlichkeit mit dem wertgeschätzten russischen Zobel gehört der Pelz zu den begehrten Fellarten. Der Fichtenmarder lebt in bewaldeten Landstrichen von Neufundland, Kanada und Alaska, außerdem im Westen der USA südlich bis Neu-Mexiko und der Sierra Nevada.

Fell
Das Fell männlicher Fichtenmarder hat eine Kopfrumpflänge von 55 bis 64 Zentimeter, das weiblicher Tiere von 49 bis 60 Zentimeter, der dicht behaarte Schweif ist 15 bis 20 bzw. 13,5 bis 18 Zentimeter lang. Das dichte, weiche, feinseidige bis seidige, mittellange Haar übertrifft noch das des Baummarders, so dass das Fell höher als der Baummarder aber niedriger als der Russische Zobel bewertet wird. Im Gegensatz zum Winterpelz ist das Sommerfell kurz und grob. Der Fellwechsel findet nur im Sommer statt und erstreckt sich über einen längeren Zeitraum. Bereits im zeitigen Frühjahr beginnen die Leithaare auszufallen und im Sommer wird die Unterwolle abgestoßen. In dieser Zeit erscheint auch der sonst buschige Schweif schlank. Mitte Oktober ist der Winterpelz voll ausgebildet. Die Braunfärbung des Haares zeigt je nach Herkommen hellere, dunklere, gelblichbraune bis tiefdunkelbraune Schattierungen, mitunter erscheint es fast schwarz, die Bauchseite ist heller. Die Unterwolle ist lohfarben. Der Kehlfleck ist oft tieforangefarben, mitunter sind es auch nur angedeutete kleine weißgraue Flecken.

Der Haltbarkeitskoeffizient für Fichtenmarderpelz wird mit 40 bis 50 Prozent angegeben, an anderer Stelle mit 50 bis 60 Prozent. Bei einer Einteilung der Pelztiere in die Feinheitsklassen seidig, fein, mittelfein, gröber und hart wird das Fichtenmarderhaar als fein eingestuft.

Handel, Geschichte

Der Wert des Amerikanischen bzw. Kanadischen Zobels wurde immer geringer eingeschätzt als das Fell des russischen Zobels. Die wertvollsten Felle haben wie der russische Zobel ein silbriges Grannenhaar. Ein amerikanischer Fellhändler berichtet 1927 vom Hörensagen von weißen Zobeln aus Alaska, er selbst hat in seiner Laufbahn nur ein Fell gesehen. Es hieß, die Einheimischen schätzten die weißen Felle so sehr, dass sie im Tausch 20 bis 30 Biberfelle dafür hergaben. Hellfarbige Felle gingen noch Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts häufig in den Orient, wo unter anderem die Ehrenkhalate, die der Sultan verschenkte, damit gefüttert wurden.

Der jährliche Fellanfall kann mitunter beträchtlich schwanken. Offenbar wegen Nahrungsmangel verschwinden die Tiere etwa alle zehn Jahre aus manchen, bisher bewohnten Gebieten und wandern in andere Regionen ab. Auch können Waldbrände die Populationen erheblich beeinträchtigen.

Vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg gab es in Kanada etwa 11 Farmen für die Fichtenmarderzucht; im Verlauf des Krieges und einer gewissen Vernachlässigung der Fellart durch die Mode in der Nachkriegszeit stellten sämtliche Farmen ihren Betrieb ein.

Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts kamen jährlich Tausende von Fellen nach Europa. Infolge der übermäßigen Nachstellung war das Tier jedoch immer seltener geworden. 1936 wurden auf der Wildschutzkonferenz in Washington deshalb Schonzeiten eingeführt sowie der Fang genau geregelt und den jeweiligen Beständen angepasst, so dass der jährliche Anfall nur für Kanada 1985/86 wieder 180.000 Felle betrug. Über 75 Prozent des Anfalls kommen aus Kanada, der Rest aus Maine, aus den Bergregionen der westlichen USA und aus Alaska.

Die besten Felle liefert das Gebiet der Hudson Bay, Fort George (FG) und East Maine (EM). Neufundlandfelle sind ebenfalls dunkel und fein im Haar. Felle aus Alaska und dem Nordwesten der USA sind dagegen meist heller, braungelb und etwas gröber.

Eastern kommen aus Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Neufundland und Maine. Felle aus dieser Gegend sind tendenziell kleiner und heller in der Farbe als die aus dem Westen. Die besten Qualitäten kommen aus Labrador, sie sind schwer und haben ein sehr dichtes und kräftiges Haar. Die nächstbesten kommen aus Ontario und Zentralquebec, das Haar ist weniger dicht und sie haben ein mittleres Gewicht. Felle aus Zentral- und Nordwest-Ontario und dem südlichen Quebec sind geringer in der Qualität und leichter. Die Pelze aus New Brunswick und Maine sind besonders leicht und tendenziell klein. Felle dieser drei Regionen werden teilweise in eigenen Sortimenten gehandelt.

Handelsbrauch, nach Bachrach

Der New Yorker Fellhändler Max Bachrach schreibt im Jahr 1930 über den Handel mit Amerikanischen Mardern. Üblicherweise brachten die Einheimischen die Pelze zu den Haupthandelsplätzen, rund abgezogen, mit dem Haar nach innen, damit sie während des schwierigen, risikoreichen Transports durch das eisbedeckte Land nicht beschädigt werden. Die Felle wurden zu Bündeln geschnürt auf dem Rücken getragen, dann in Hundeschlitten und mit dem Kanu befördert, bis sie den Handelsstützpunkt erreichen. Der Aufkäufer drehte die Felle dann in der Regel auf die Haarseite, um sie besser sortierbar zu machen und um Schadstellen besser erkennen zu können. Rücksichtsvollere Käufer strapazierten das Leder nicht durch Wenden, zahlten dann aber pro Fell 10 Cent weniger, als Ausgleich, dass sie Fellfehler möglicherweise nicht bemerken konnten.

Zu den Handelssorten sagt Bachrach:

Die kräftige dunkle Fichtenmarderfarbe ist im Allgemeinen auf die Arten, die aus den östlichen kanadischen Sektionen kommen beschränkt, aber nicht alle von dort sind dunkel. Der Farbbereich erstreckt sich von einem blauschwarzen Farbton bis hin zu einem blassen Kanariengelb, der kanariengelbe Ton ist nur gefärbt zu gebrauchen.

Gruppe A des westlichen Typs (Western) sind durchschnittlich weniger unterschiedlich in der Farbe als die meisten der übrigen, weil sie nicht so extrem dunkle Felle enthalten wie sie in den östlichen (Eastern) gefunden werden, es gibt keine so sehr blassen, die ein Färben erfordern. Die meisten dieser Felle werden im Oberhaar geblendet.

Eine Ausnahme jedoch findet sich im Anfall aus der Kaskadenkette, eine Gebirgskette in den Rocky Mountains, die in den Staaten von Oregon, Washington und Lower Columbia liegt. Bei dieser Art hat die Farbe eine orange Tönung, besonders im hinteren Körperteil, sie eignen sich nur zum Färben, da ein Blenden die kräftige Tönung nicht ausreichend überdecken würde.

Gruppe B, ausgenommen ein paar dunkle Exemplare aus den nördlichen Teilen, ist üblicherweise mittelbraun bis blass in der Farbe, erreicht jedoch nicht das Kanariengelb, das bei den östlichen Varietäten gefunden wird, die Felle sind so hell, dass sie ebenfalls einen Farbprozess erfordern.

Die Sortierung nach Farbe entspricht der des Eastern Typs mit seinen dunklen Fellen: besonders Dunkel (Choice Dark), Dunkel, Dunkelbraun, Braun, Blass, Rötlich. Überhaupt sollten die Farbbezeichnungen zwischen den Regionen übereinstimmen, dunkle Marder aus den Hudson Bay Distrikten sollten im Grad der Dunkelung beispielsweise denen der Provinz Quebec entsprechen.

Die Größen werden in jeder Sektion unabhängig von den anderen klassifiziert, die Größenbezeichnungen sind Extra Large, Large, Medium und Small. Die Felle der Gruppe B, im Western Typ, sind die größten, wohingegen die Eastern die kleinsten sind. Die Gruppe A der Western liegt zwischen diesen beiden Typen.

Die Hudson's Bay Company unterschied nach
 Herkommen:
 MKR (Mackenzie River), WA (Westarktis), EB (Eskimo-Bai), FG (Fort George), EM (East Main), MR (Moose River), LS (Oberer See), CANA (Kanada), ALASKA, YUKON, NW (Nordwest), Coast (Küstenregion)
 Größen:
 exlarge (über 21 inch), large (über 18 inch), medium, small (unter 18 inch)
 Sorten:
 I, II, III, IV, smalls, slightly and badly damaged, low grades, thin
 Farben:
 exdark, ark, brown, light brown, pale, light pale

Verarbeitung
Dunkelfarbige Felle wurden meist naturell verarbeitet, die meisten fallen hell an und werden entweder gebleicht, gefärbt oder aber geblendet. Beim Blenden wird die Farbe vom Haar her mit der Bürste aufgetragen, so dass das unterste Haar ungefärbt bleibt und damit der Eindruck einer natürlichen Färbung erhalten bleibt. Blenden und Färben sollen in der Regel das Fell dem russischen Zobel ähnlicher machen, aber auch Fantasiefarben, insbesondere der jeweiligen Textilmode entsprechend, werden angeboten. Sehr häufig werden die Felle gebleicht, um dann als Amerikanischer oder Kanadischer Goldzobel in den Handel zu kommen.

Die Fellverarbeitung entspricht der des russischen Zobels. Für Mäntel und Jacken werden, je nach Mode und Modell, die Felle entweder übereinander gesetzt oder ausgelassen verarbeitet. Beim Auslassen werden die Felle auf Kosten der Breite durch V- bzw. A-förmige Schnitte verlängert. Bei dieser Arbeitstechnik entstehen schmale Streifen in der Länge des Kleidungsstücks, das dadurch gleichzeitig einen besonders fließenden Fall bekommt. Auch komplizierte Streifenführungen lassen sich hiermit verwirklichen. Für Streifen, die über eine einfache Jackenlänge hinausgehen, werden zuvor Felle in schwieriger Kürschnerarbeit zu scheinbar einem Fell ineinander geschnitten. Seit etwa vor 2000 wird jedoch bei allen Pelzarten, ganz besonders aber beim Zobel, zunehmend die aufgesetzte Verarbeitung bevorzugt (2012).

Die Verwendung ist die gleiche wie die des russischen Zobels, hauptsächlich für Besätze und Großkonfektion (Jacken und Mäntel, gelegentlich Felldecken); auch die Verarbeitung ist wie die des russischen Zobelfells. Im Jahr 1965 wurde der Fellverbrauch für eine für einen Amerikanischer-Zobel-Mantel ausreichende Felltafel mit 60 bis 70 Fellen angegeben (sogenanntes Mantel-"Body"). Zugrundegelegt wurde eine Tafel mit einer Länge von 112 Zentimetern und einer durchschnittlichen Breite von 150 Zentimetern und einem zusätzlichen Ärmelteil. Das entspricht etwa einem Fellmaterial für einen leicht ausgestellten Mantel der Konfektionsgröße 46 des Jahres 2014. Die Höchst- und Mindest-Fellzahlen können sich durch die unterschiedlichen Größen der Geschlechter der Tiere, die Altersstufen sowie deren Herkunft ergeben. Je nach Pelzart wirken sich die drei Faktoren unterschiedlich stark aus.

Die bei der Verarbeitung abfallenden Fellreste werden wie bei den meisten anderen Fellarten ebenfalls genutzt. Insbesondere die Pfoten, Köpfe, Kehlen, vorderen Bruststücke (Nourkulemi) und hinteren Bauchstücke (Thiliki)  werden zu Bodys zusammengesetzt, um dann als Pelzhalbfabrikate weiter gehandelt und verarbeitet zu werden. Hauptorte der Pelzresteverwertung, aus Ursprüngen im 14. bis 15. Jahrhundert entstanden, sind das griechische Kastoria und der in der Nähe gelegene kleinere Ort Siatista. Die Schweife werden besonders geschätzt, vor allem in Nordamerika, wo sie zur Herstellung der fast wagenradgroßen Kopfbedeckung chassidischer Juden, dem Schtreimel, verwendet werden. Sie erzielen einen höheren Preis als die Schweife russischer Zobel und werden seit Jahren zur Verwendung für Schtreimels auch aus Europa nach Amerika reimportiert (2009).

Zahlen
Detaillierte Handelszahlen über nordamerikanische Rauchwaren finden sich bei
 Emil Brass: Aus dem Reiche der Pelze. 2. verbesserte Auflage, Verlag der "Neuen Pelzwaren-Zeitung und Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1925
 Emil Brass: Aus dem Reiche der Pelze (1911) im Internetarchiv:
 Milan Novak u. a., Ministry of Natural Resources: Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America.  Ontario 1987 (englisch). ISBN 0-7778-6086-4
 Milan Novak u. a., Ministry of Natural Resources: Furbearer Harvests in North America, 1600-1984, Anhang zu vorstehendem Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America.  Ontario 1987 (englisch). ISBN 0-7729-3564-5

 1658 handelten die American Companies 6 Felle, für die zehn Jahre bis 1674 ebenfalls jährlich je 6 Stück (dies sind die frühesten Zahlen einer Statistik des Ministry of Natural Resources aus dem Jahr 1987, die Aufzeichnungen über den Anfall nordamerikanischer Rauchwaren umfasst. Diese nicht wahrscheinliche, jährlich gleiche Handelsmenge der Gesellschaft wird dort nicht näher erläutert).
 1700 verzeichnete die Hudson's Bay Company ein Aufkommen von 6291 Amerikanischen Zobelfellen.
 Von der Hudson's Bay Company gelangten folgende Mengen Amerikanischer Zobel zum Verkauf, in den Jahren
 1726: 5680 Stück, höchster Preis 10/ [engl. ₤] p. St.
 1727: 5940, höchster Preis 7/10 p. St.
 1728: 9520, höchster Preis 7/ p. St.
 1729 betrug der Preis  5/8-10/ per Stück.

 1733 betrug die Einfuhr der Hudson's Bay Company  4559 Zobel, gerechnet im Wert von 1519 Bibern (die damals dort übliche Verrechnungseinheit).

 1740, am 20. Dezember verkaufte die Hudson's Bay Company in London 16.300 Zobel à 7/10 [₤] per Fell und 2360 beschädigte Zobel à 4 sh. per Fell.

 1743, im November kamen durch die Hudson's Bay Company 12.370 Zobel zum Verkauf zu einem Gesamtpreis von 4242,7 ₤ und 2360 beschädigte zu 442,10 ₤. Die Haupt-Auktion folgte aber erst März 1744, wobei das doppelte Quantum [aller Fellarten] verkauft, im Gesamtwert [aller Fellarten] von ca. 40.000 ₤. Im ganzen also ca. 60.000 ₤ Gegenwert für die im Jahre 1740 herausgesandten 3800 ₤ europäische Waren [unklar].

 1752-1890

 1855 kam mit 176.000 Stück aus dem Hudsongebiet und 15.000 aus Kanada und den USA die größte jährliche Anzahl von Fellen im 19. Jahrhundert in den Handel.

 1874 kamen aus dem Hudsonsbaygebiet 125.000 und aus dem übrigen Nordamerika 32.000 Felle; ein Jahr später 87.000 und 34.000. Im 19. Jahrhundert wurde danach die Hunderttausend nicht wieder erreicht.

 Um 1910 betrug der Jahresanfall an Fichtenmarderfellen wegen der reduzierten Bestände nur noch 8000 Felle.

 Vor 1926 kamen aus dem Hudsonsbaygebiet  jährlich 30.000 bis 500.000 Felle, außerdem brachte die Firma C. M. Lampson 20.000 bis 30.000 Felle zum Verkauf. Der Preis je Fell betrug je nach Qualität 100 bis 200 Mark. Hauptabnehmerländer waren zu der Zeit England und die USA, in Deutschland wurde die Pelzart verhältnismäßig wenig gekauft.

 1930

 1982/83, in dieser Saison belief sich der gesamte Jahresanfall in Nordamerika auf 150.000, davon in Kanada auf 100.000 Felle.

 1985/86, in dieser Saison betrug der Jahresanfall nur in Kanada 180.000 Felle.

 1985/86  kamen dank vorangegangener umfangreicher Schutzmaßnahmen und strenger Regelung allein aus Kanada wieder 180.000 Felle auf den Markt.

Siehe auch

 Pelz
 Weitere Pelzarten
 Kürschner
 Pelzreste

Anmerkung

Einzelnachweise

Pelzart

Fichtenmarderfell


was a town located in Shimoge District, Ōita Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,215 and the density of 28.39 persons per km2. The total area was 183.70 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Yabakei, along with the towns of Hon'yabakei and Yamakuni, and the village of Sankō (all from Shimoge District), was merged into the expanded city of Nakatsu.

An area of lush forests and mountains, Yabakei was known for its beautiful autumn leaves. It also was home to the Aonodōmon, a legendary tunnel said to have been dug through solid rock by a single man over 30 years, and Rakanji, a famous mountain temple.

Dissolved municipalities of Ōita Prefecture

Yabakei, Ōita