Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman is an American superhero drama television series based on the DC Comics character Superman created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster. It stars Dean Cain as Clark Kent / Superman and Teri Hatcher as Lois Lane. The series aired on ABC from September 12, 1993, to June 14, 1997.

Developed for television by Deborah Joy LeVine, the series loosely followed the modern origin of Superman, established by writer John Byrne, in which Clark Kent is the true personality and Superman a disguise. The series focuses on the relationship and romance between Lois and Clark as much as the adventures of Clark's alter ego, Superman.

Premise
On May 17, 1966, Jonathan and Martha Kent witness the crash-landing of a small spaceship in Shuster's Field outside of Smallville, Kansas. They discover the baby Kal-El inside and raise him as their own, naming him Clark Jerome Kent.

The series opens twenty-seven years later, on the day Clark moves to Metropolis after leaving his position as a newspaper editor of Smallville Press and interviews for a job at the Daily Planet under editor Perry White. Clark becomes acquainted with photographer Jimmy Olsen and gossip columnist Cat Grant. Metropolis is a much more vibrant place than Smallville, but also more dangerous, and Clark becomes concerned at the difficulty of using his superhuman powers to help people without exposing his extraterrestrial nature and therefore ruining all chance for a normal life. His solution is to wear a costume, enabling him to freely use his powers in an alternate identity. However, he also frequently has to find a way to use his powers in secret, without the opportunity to discretely change into costume.

Soon after being hired at The Daily Planet, Clark is partnered with star reporter Lois Lane. Clark falls in love with Lois, but she instead becomes infatuated with Clark's alter ego, naming him Superman, while initially dismissing Clark as a dimwitted and sentimental hick. Where Clark excels at reporting human interest stories, Lois specializes in exposing political scandals and criminal operations, leading to her frequently ending up in perilous situations from which Superman must rescue her.

A hologram-projecting globe later reveals to Clark that he was not abandoned by his biological parents, but that they sent him to Earth in order to save him from the destruction of his home planet, which his parents were unable to escape.

Superman's mission interferes with the illegal dealings of Lex Luthor, a Metropolis business giant and philanthropist. Superman alone knows of Luthor's evil nature, and Luthor perceives Superman as a worthy opponent and a relief from his ennui.

Series history

Season 1 (1993–1994)

Teri Hatcher and Dean Cain received critical praise for their performances. The scene in the pilot in which Clark walks up a wall was accomplished with a special rotating room, which required Cain to time his approach to the wall to coincide with the room rotating to leave the wall on the bottom.

Luthor develops an interest in Lois Lane and through most of the season tries to woo her. Although Lois is receptive to his romantic advances, she remains infatuated with Superman. Lois also develops feelings for Clark, but represses or denies them. Luthor orchestrates multiple illegal schemes to acquire profit and power, in most cases with even Superman never realizing his involvement, and unable to prove that involvement in those cases where he is aware of it.

In the episode "The Green, Green Glow of Home", the Kents' neighbor Wayne Irig unearths a large chunk of kryptonite near the landing site of Clark's spaceship and sends a small sample of it to a lab for analysis. Clark destroys the large chunk in the same episode, but the small sample is stolen and would pass from one set of wrong hands to another throughout the series.

The season concludes with a two-part story in which Luthor's criminal activities are publicly exposed and he commits suicide to escape justice.

Lois & Clark was second in its time slot during the fall (behind Murder, She Wrote) and scored high with adults ages 18 to 49, a key demographic for which advertisers pay a premium, but finished at No. 65 out of 132 prime-time programs. ABC considered this an overall disappointing performance, though they approved a full second season in hopes that the changes being made to the production staff would yield an increase in ratings.

Season 2 (1994–1995)
In season two, the character of Cat Grant was dropped, Lex Luthor was eliminated from the main cast and became an occasional guest character, and Michael Landes was replaced with Justin Whalin as Jimmy Olsen. The Olsen role was recast because the show's new producers felt that Landes was too similar to Dean Cain in age and type. Series creator Deborah Joy LeVine wanted Lex Luthor to remain a regular cast member, but the network felt that having Superman fight the same villain every week without ever defeating him ultimately made Superman seem inept, and preferred a rotating cast of villains which would give the characters a variety of threats to overcome. LeVine, the visual effects supervisor, and the entire first-season writing team were also dismissed. Robert Singer, who took over from the original executive producer just six episodes into the first season, planned a stronger focus on action; the show also shifted its focus onto the budding romance between Lois and Clark.

With the show's budget increased and new visual effects supervisor Mark Zarate on board, the second season used more elaborate and convincing special effects than those seen in the first season. Zarate filmed lasers and composited them into shots to create more realistic visuals of Superman's heat vision and X-ray vision. The destruction and rebuilding of the Daily Planet building at the end of season one also gave Singer an excuse to build a new Daily Planet set, one more suited to the production demands of a weekly television show.

Though there was no central villain this season, the criminal organization Intergang served as an overarching menace; nearly half of the villains this season were directly or indirectly affiliated with Intergang. The removal of Lex Luthor as the main villain also allowed other villains from the comics to appear (such as The Prankster, Metallo, and the Toyman, though they generally went by their civilian names rather than their supervillain codenames). This season also featured the debut of fan-favorite villain Tempus and H. G. Wells appeared as a time-traveler.

The new writing staff all enjoyed coming up with excuses for Clark to use to terminate conversations so that he could run off and change to Superman, so these excuses and Lois's increasing hurt and frustration at them were made both an ongoing subplot and running joke throughout the season. To further increase the romantic drama, the writers introduced recurring characters to serve as romantic rivals: Mayson Drake, a district attorney who takes a romantic interest in Clark but has a total lack of regard for Superman, and Dan Scardino, a DEA agent who is a self-professed "loose cannon" in the tradition of Martin Riggs. In the season finale, Clark proposes to Lois but Lois' response is not shown as a cliffhanger for the next season. Season two became a success and garnered higher ratings in its initial airings, ending the season in 58th place.

Season 3 (1995–1996)
Season three averaged more than 18 million viewers per episode and ranked 44th for the season. Due to this strong performance, ABC renewed the series contract for an additional two seasons instead of just one.

In the premiere episode, Lois responds to Clark's marriage proposal by revealing that she figured out Clark's secret identity during the events of the season 2 finale, and she expresses concern about how she can trust him when he's kept that secret from her for so long. After they separate for a time, she and Clark carry out assignments where they either pose as a married couple or are alone together for an entire weekend, and they resolve their disagreements.

Lois finally accepts Clark's engagement ring in the seventh episode, "Ultra Woman". ABC announced that the wedding would occur on Valentine's Day weekend, with ABC sending heart-shaped "wedding invitations" to ABC News staff. A controversy erupted when ABC presented the viewers with a bogus wedding, with Clark unwittingly married to a clone of Lois. This was the start of a three-part story in which Lois is kidnapped by Lex Luthor and replaced by a clone. Once the real Lois is recovered, Lois and Clark's wedding plans are again interrupted when two other Kryptonians come to Earth, one of whom claims to be Clark's wife. Clark leaves Earth forever to become ruler of Kryptonian's world, New Krypton, in order to preempt the ascension of the evil Lord Nor to the throne and avert a civil war. Lois cannot accompany him because humans could never survive the conditions on New Krypton.

Season 4 (1996–1997)

The final season began with the resolution of the story involving a previously unknown colony of Kryptonians. Lois and Clark finally wed in the episode "Swear To God, This Time We're Not Kidding". The same week, DC Comics released Superman: The Wedding Album, featuring the marriage of Lois and Clark. The series ended on a cliffhanger in which Lois and Clark find an infant in Clark's old bassinet, along with a note that claimed the child belonged to them. Brad Buckner, executive producer, and writer for the third and fourth seasons, later revealed the planned story was that the child "was Kryptonian royalty, stashed by his mother to keep him safe from assassins".

The series weakened in its Sunday 8:00 pm timeslot and was shifted to 7:00 pm in January, and was moved to Saturdays in the spring. The ratings dropped even further, and the show finished its last season in 104th place, averaging less than 10 million viewers per episode. It was removed from the schedule in May 1997. When the network canceled plans for season five, the producers and writers of the show were unprepared. ABC paid an undisclosed sum to Warner Bros. in order to get out of the second half of the two-season commitment they signed at the end of season three.

Cast

Main

Recurring

Production

DC Comics president Jenette Kahn had been working for several years to sell the concept of a Superman television series, with the title "Lois Lane's Daily Planet". In 1991 Leslie Moonves and Deborah Joy LeVine helped sell the series to ABC television network with a new title, Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman. LeVine had never read a comic book before and was more interested in pursuing a romantic comedy angle than the superhero themes.

A few episodes directly emphasized that Clark was the dominant personality, not Superman. Unique to the series was the depiction of Clark Kent and Superman's traditional hairstyles being reversed—in this series, it is Superman whose hair is slicked back and Clark whose fringe falls more naturally. An additional element that reflected the post-Byrne comics was the portrayal of Lex Luthor as a corrupt corporate tycoon rather than the traditional mad scientist.

The illusion of Superman flying was accomplished by suspending actor Dean Cain with a flight harness and wires which were erased from the shots in post-production; anyone Cain was carrying was independently wired.

The sets were designed to have a timeless appearance, such that the show could seem to be taking place in the 1950s or the near future and not become dated in later years.

Casting
Initially, LeVine so strongly felt that Dean Cain was too young for the part of Clark Kent/Superman that after Cain finished his audition and left the room, she snapped at the casting director, "We're casting Superman, not Superboy!" However, after auditioning over a hundred prospects with none of them standing out as perfect for the role, Cain was included among the handful who got a callback for the part. Kevin Sorbo was the runner up for the part and was nearly cast in the role until the producers changed their minds and went with Cain. Levine said what ultimately won Cain the role was his reading for the scene where Clark talks with Jonathan Kent about feeling he does not fit in.

After Lane Smith was cast for the part of Perry White, LeVine decided to replace the character's catchphrase from the comics with "Great shades of Elvis!", since she thought it implausible that a Southerner would ever say "Great Caesar's ghost!". This led to Perry being portrayed as a consummate Elvis Presley fan.

John Shea was chosen for the part of Lex Luthor because he had the looks and charm of a romantic leading man; LeVine wanted a Lex Luthor who could serve as a romantic rival for Superman.

K Callan distinguished herself from the other actresses auditioning to play Martha Kent by wearing a pink track suit. Whereas the other actresses presented themselves as stereotypical farmers, Callan understood that the show's producers were looking for a modernized Martha Kent.

Broadcast

United States

From September 1997 to August 2003 all four seasons of the show were aired on TNT television network. The entire series became available on HBO Max in August 2021.

United Kingdom

The series premiered on BBC One on Saturday, January 8, 1994, with repeat showings until 2002. During its run on BBC One, the series was retitled "The New Adventures of Superman". The BBC held the rights to premiere the first three seasons. It also aired on CBBC's Saturday Aardvark strand (later known as Planet Saturday) at 8:30 am. BBC Two has also repeated the series at tea times alongside The Simpsons, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and many others. Sky One held the premiere rights to the fourth season in 1997 and broadcast the show under the original full title. The BBC broadcast the episodes a few weeks later. Sky One broadcast seasons one, two and three just before the premiere of season four in early 1997. UK Gold, Sky Living, Bravo, Channel One and ITV2 have also repeated the series. BBC2 last repeated season one in late 2005. Satellite channel Syfy repeated the first two seasons and the first half of season three in 2012, before replacing it with Smallville.

Republic of Ireland
The series aired on RTÉ One from 1995 to 1998 and regularly rerun on TG4 from 2000 to 2002.

Home media
Warner Home Video has released all four seasons of Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman on DVD in Regions 1, 2, and 4.

Awards and nominations

Soundtrack

 Mastered at Capitol Records, Hollywood
 Digital editing, pre-mastering: Bruno Coon
 Engineers:
 Greg Townley (all orchestral recording)
 Michael Eric Hutchinson
 Bobby Fernandez  ("Main Title Theme"  recording & mixing)
 Ray Pyle ("Main Title Theme extended mix"  recording & mixing)
 Art Direction: Doerte Lau
 Design: Andreas Adamec

Novels, collected editions and related merchandise
Lois & Clark: A Superman Novel by author C. J. Cherryh, based on the television series, was released in 1996. The novel was published in a Science Fiction Book Club hardcover edition and a paperback edition by Prima Publishing.

Other novels based on the series include:
 Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman: Heat Wave
 Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman: Exile
 Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman: Deadly Games

DC Comics published a comic book trade paperback collected edition Lois & Clark, The New Adventures of Superman, in 1994, which featured a selection of modern era stories by John Byrne and other writers and artists. The collection includes an introduction by Byrne, with the show's stars Dean Cain and Teri Hatcher as Lois and Clark on the cover:
 Lois & Clark, The New Adventures of Superman – collects The Man of Steel #2, Superman Annual vol. 2 #1, Superman vol. 2 #9 and 11, Action Comics #600 and 655, Adventures of Superman #445, 462, and 466. (, 192 pages)

Skybox released in 1995 a series of trading cards based on the first season of the show. 90 trading cards were issued alongside 9 special cards, a series of temporary tattoos and two illustrated cards by well known artists Boris Vallejo and Julie Bell.

References

External links

 Official Warner Bros. site
 Official DC Comics site
 First Person Account from Season One Supervising Producer

 Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman on SupermanHomepage.com

1990s American drama television series
1990s American romance television series
1993 American television series debuts
1997 American television series endings
American fantasy drama television series
American romantic drama television series
American action adventure television series
American superhero television series
Cultural depictions of H. G. Wells
Fictional couples

Television shows based on DC Comics
American Broadcasting Company original programming
English-language television shows
Saturn Award-winning television series
Superman television series
Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios
Television shows set in the United States
Television shows adapted into novels


Quetiapina, vândută sub numele de marcă Seroquel, printre altele, este un antipsihotic atipic utilizat pentru tratamentul schizofreniei, tulburării bipolare și tulburării depresive majore. Este, de asemenea, utilizat ca ajutor pentru somn datorită efectului sedativ, dar această utilizare nu este recomandată. Este administrat oral.

Efecte secundare comune includ somnolență, constipație, creștere în greutate și gura uscată. Alte efecte secundare includ tensiune arterială scăzută în picioare, convulsii, erecție prelungită, hiperglicemie, diskinezie tardivă și sindrom neuroleptic malign. La persoanele în vârstă care suferă de demență, utilizarea sa crește riscul de deces. Utilizarea în al treilea trimestru de sarcină poate duce la o tulburare a mișcării pentru copil pentru un timp după naștere. Se crede că quetiapina funcționează prin blocarea unui număr de receptori, inclusiv cei ai serotoninei și dopaminei.

Quetiapina a fost creată în 1985 și aprobată pentru uz medical în Statele Unite în 1997. Este disponibilă ca medicament generic. În Statele Unite, costul en-gros este de aproximativ 12 pe lună în 2017. În Regatul Unit, o lună de aprovizionare costă NHS aproximativ GB£60 în 2017. În 2016, a fost al 86-lea cel mai prescris medicament din Statele Unite, cu peste 8 milioane de rețete.

Utilizare medicală

Quetiapina este utilizată în principal pentru a trata schizofrenia sau tulburarea bipolară. Quitapina tratează simptomele atât pozitive, cât și negative ale schizofreniei.

Schizofrenie
În 2013, un studiu comparativ a 15 antipsihotice folosite în tratarea schizofreniei, quetiapina a rezultat în eficacitate standard. A fost cu 13-16% mai eficientă decât ziprasidonă, clorpromazină, și asenapină și aproximativ la fel de eficientă ca haloperidol și aripiprazol.

O analiză Cochrane care a comparat quetiapina cu alte antipsihotice atipice a concluzionat provizoriu că aceasta poate fi mai puțin eficace decât olanzapina și risperidona, produce mai puține efecte secundare legate de mișcare decât paliperidona, aripiprazolul, ziprasidona, risperidona și olanzapina și duce la creștere în greutate similar cu risperidona, clozapina și aripiprazol. Autorii au ajuns la concluzia că este comparabilă cu antipsihoticele de primă generație cu privire la tentative de sinucidere, sinucidere, moarte, prelungirea intervalului QTc, tensiune arterială scăzută, tahicardie, sedare, ginecomastie, galactoree, neregularități menstruale și în numărul de celule albe din sânge.

Tulburare bipolară
La cei cu tulburare bipolară, quetiapina este utilizată pentru a trata episoadele depresive, episoadele maniacale acute asociate cu tulburarea bipolară I (fie ca monoterapie sau terapie adjuvantă pentru litiu, valproat sau lamotrigină) și continuarea tratamentului tulburării bipolare I (ca terapie adjuvantă pentru litiu sau divalproex).

Boala Alzheimer
Quetiapina nu scade agitația în rândul persoanelor cu Alzheimer. Quetiapina înrăutățește funcționarea intelectuală la persoanele în vârstă cu demență și, prin urmare, nu este recomandată.

Tulburarea depresivă majoră
Quetiapina este eficace în monoterapie, dar este adesea utilizată în asociere cu alte antidepresive pentru tratamentul tulburării depresive majore (TMD). În România, ANMDM recomandă utilizarea sa ca adjuvant al episoadelor depresive majore la pacienții cu tulburare depresivă majoră, care nu au răspuns optim la monoterapia cu antidepresiv. Principalul său dezavantaj este că poate produce somnolență.

Efecte adverse
Surse de listele de incidență:

 Efecte adverse foarte frecvente (incidența >10%)

 Gură uscată
 Amețeli
 Dureri de cap
 Somnolență (moleșeală; dintre 15 antipsihotice, quetiapina este al cincilea cel mai sedant medicament. Formulările cu eliberare prelungită (XR) au un efect sedativ mai mic decât formulări cu eliberare imediată)

 Efecte adverse frecvente (1-10% incidență)

 Hipertensiune
 Hipotensiune ortostatică
 Tahicardie
 Hipercolesterolemie
 Trigliceride serice crescute
 Dureri abdominale
 Constipare
 Apetit crescut
 Vomitare
 Enzime hepatice crescute
 Dureri de spate
 Astenie
 Insomnie
 Letargie
 Tremur
 Agitație
 Congestie nazală
 Faringitiă
 Oboseală
 Dureri
 Dispepsie
 Edem periferic
 Disfagie

 Efecte adverse rare (incidența <1%)

 Interval QT prelungit
 Infarct
 Sincopă
 Ketoacidoză diabetică
 Sindromul piciorului neliniștit
 Hiponatremie
 Icter
 Pancreatită
 Agranulocitoză
 Leucopenie
 Neutropenie
 Eosinofilie
 Anafilaxie
 Criză epileptică
 Hipotiroidism
 Miocardită
 Cardiomiopatie
 Hepatită
 Suicid
 Priapism
 Sindrom Stevens-Johnson

 Sindrom neuroleptic malign, o formă rară și cu potențial de complicație fatală a tratamentului cu medicamente antipsihotice. Acesta este caracterizat prin următoarele simptome: tremor, rigiditate musculară, hipertermie, tahicardie, modificări ale statusului mental (de exemplu, confuzie) etc.
 Diskinezie tardivă. O afecțiune neurologică rară și de multe ori ireversibilă caracterizată prin mișcări involuntare ale feței, limbii, buzelor și restul corpului. Cel mai frecvent apare după tratamentul prelungit cu medicamente antipsihotice. Acesta este considerat a fi deosebit de neobișnuit în cazul antipsihoticelor atipice, mai ales quetiapină și clozapină.

Întrerupere
Quetiapina trebuie întreruptă treptat, în urma unei analize atente a medicului, pentru a evita simptomele de sevraj sau recidivă.

Sarcină și alăptare
Expunerea placentei este cea mai redusă pentru quetiapină comparativ cu alte antipsihotice atipice. Dovezile sunt insuficiente pentru a exclude orice risc pentru făt, dar datele disponibile sugerează că este puțin probabil să rezulte malformații fetale majore. Medicamentul este secretat în laptele matern și, prin urmare, mamele care sunt tratate cu quetiapină sunt sfătuite să nu alăpteze.

Supradoză
Cele mai multe cazuri de supradoză acută rezultă în doar sedare, hipotensiune arterială și tahicardie, deși se întâmplă ca la adulți să survină și aritmii cardiace, comă și deces. Concentrațiile de quediapină din ser sau plasmă sunt de obicei de 1-10 mg/L în cazul supraviețuitorilor supradozei, în timp ce nivelurile sanguine post-mortem sunt de 10-25 mg/L în cazurile fatale. Nivelurile non-toxice în analize de sânge post-mortem pot ajunge până la 0,8 mg/kg, dar pot începe de la 0,35 mg/kg.

Chimie
Quetiapina este un compus tetraciclic și este similară din punct de vedere structural de clozapină, olanzapină, loxapină și alte tetraciclice antipsihotice.

Sinteză
Sinteza de quetiapină începe cu o dibenzotiazepinonă. Lactama este întâi tratată cu clorură de fosforil pentru a produce o dibenzotiazepină. O substituție nucleofilă este folosită apoi pentru a introduce catena laterală.

Note

Antipsihotice atipice
Sedative
Piperazine
Hipnotice
Eteri

Quetiapină


Schloss Aspach war ein Wasserschloss in der Marktgemeinde Aspach im Bezirk Braunau am Inn.

Geschichte

Während sich die erste urkundliche Erwähnung von Aspach auf das Jahr 1067 zurückdatieren lässt, als Passau das Chorherrenstift gründete, ist ein Robertus von Aspah erst ab 1140 nachzuweisen. Ein Sitz in Aspach ist seit mindestens 1465 bezeugt. Damals verkaufte Wolfgang der Hohentanner seinen Ansitz den Brüdern Wilhelm und Heinrich die Dachsberger (Daxberger). Allerdings siegelte auch ein Hanns der Dachsberger in einer Verkaufsurkunde von 1439 als Grundherr zu Aspach, sodass davon auszugehen ist, dass in Aspach sowohl ein Sitz der Tannberger wie auch der Dachsberger bestanden hat. Letzte Dachsbergerin war Anna Juliana, verehelichte Gräfin von Wartenberg. Mit ihr starben die Dachsberger am 3. Juli 1654 aus. Ihnen folgten die verschwägerten Grafen von Wartenberg. Durch eine Heirat einer Wartenbergerin kam Aspach an die Grafen von Alten-Franking, denen auch das Schloss Hueb gehörte. Seit damals haben in beiden Ansitzen immer die gleichen Besitzer gewechselt. Um 1721 war Aspach noch ein stark befestigtes, mit Türmen versehenes und von einem Wassergraben umgebenes Schloss mit einer Reihe dazugehöriger bäuerlicher Anwesen.

Vor dem Ende der Grundherrschaft 1839 wurde Aspach in private Hände verkauft. Der Besitzer Raschhofer baute 1835 das Schloss zu einem Gasthaus um. Danach folgten noch folgende Eigentümer: Freiherr von Lerchenfeld, von Prennberg, Gräfin Rogalla von Preysing und Rudolf Zwink. Letzterer verkaufte den Besitz 1898 an die Dr.-Lechner-Stiftung, ehe dieser später in den Besitz der Marienschwestern vom Karmel überging. Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges diente Aspach als Heim für Evakuierte.

Wasserschloss Aspach heute

Von dem Wasserschloss ist – wenn man von dem kleinen Teich vor dem Gebäude absieht – so gut wie nichts mehr erhalten. Das Gebäude des Kneippkurhauses, bis November 2017 von den Marienschwestern vom Karmel betrieben, wurde nämlich 1920 über dem alten Schloss errichtet. Das ansehnliche Wasserschloss und damit ein Teil der Geschichte Aspachs ist zugunsten eines schmucklosen Zweckbaues verschwunden. 2021 entschloss sich die Gemeinde, den letzten Rest des historischen Burggrabens zuzuschütten.

Literatur
 Herbert Erich Baumert, Georg Grüll: Burgen und Schlösser in Oberösterreich. Band 2: Innviertel und Alpenvorland. Birken-Verlag, Wien 1985, .

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Aspach
Aspach (Oberösterreich)
Erbaut in den 1140er Jahren
Baudenkmal (Oberösterreich)
Bauwerk im Bezirk Braunau am Inn
Aspach

Schloss Aspach


Norafjorden er en fjordarm på nordsiden af Sognefjorden i Sogndal kommune i Vestland fylke i Norge. Fjorden strækker sig nordover til Sogndal, men bliver oftest kaldt Sogndalsfjorden indenfor Nornessundet ved Nornes. Den totale længde på fjorden ind til bunden af Barsnesfjorden er 21 kilometer. Fjorden har indløb mellem Fiksnes vest for bygden Slinde i nord og Meisurnæsset i syd. Fjorden går først østover og drejer  derefter nordover efter Nornessundet. Sydøst for Slinde ligger bygden Fimreite på sydsiden af fjorden.

«Nor» kommer af gammelnorsk og har ingenting med kompasretningen nord at gjøre. Ordet betyder «trangt sund», eller «trang passage» og hentyder til at fjorden smalner kraftig ind i forhold til hovedfjorden, og at der er flere næs og trange passager i fjorden. Navnet betyder med andre ord «den smale fjorden».

Riksvej 55 går på nordsiden af fjorden.

Referenser

Fjorde i Vestland
Sogndal

Norafjorden


Belknap Crater is a shield volcano in the Cascade Range in the U.S. state of Oregon. Located in Linn County, it is associated with lava fields and numerous subfeatures including the Little Belknap and South Belknap volcanic cones. It lies north of McKenzie Pass and forms part of the Mount Washington Wilderness. Belknap is not forested and most of its lava flows are not vegetated, though there is some wildlife in the area around the volcano, as well as a number of tree molds formed by its eruptive activity.

Belknap was named for J. H. Belknap, whose father R. S. Belknap developed Belknap Springs. Early routes through the area extended near Belknap and its lava fields, and in the early 20th century, herds of sheep were moved to the two steptoes that lie among the Little Belknap lava flows to graze. The Oregon Skyline Trail, which runs to the west of Belknap's lava flows, follows paths used by Native American populations, who harvested huckleberries in the area. Today, there are a number of trails that run near Belknap, including ones that extend to Little Belknap and Belknap Crater. Belknap can be seen by tourists at the Dee Wright Observatory, which was built in-part with lava blocks from Belknap Crater.

A precise determination for Belknap's age has not been made, as its early history remains obscure. Belknap has likely been built up by eruptive activity over a long period of time. Belknap Crater has had four Holocene eruptive periods confirmed by geological evidence. In total, the Belknap shield and its multiple vents were formed in less than 1,500 years, its last eruptive episode finishing about 1,500 years ago. Belknap formed on the lower slopes of Mount Washington, a highly eroded volcano, and is one of the larger mafic (rich in magnesium and iron) volcanoes in the Sisters Reach.

Belknap consists of a shield volcano and pyroclastic cone and consists of basaltic and basaltic andesite lava with sub-alkaline composition, and it is characteristic of High Cascade volcanism. Well-preserved, its core is made of cinder materials; its eruptive deposits have well-preserved pressure ridges (tumuli) and levees. There are a number of subfeatures including the Inaccessible Cones, Little Belknap, South Belknap, and Twin Craters, as well as the Belknap hot springs. Postglacial, mafic eruptions are more common in the Sisters Reach — which includes Belknap — than anywhere in the Cascade volcanic arc. However, the Volcano Hazards Program of the United States Geological Survey considers it unlikely that Belknap will erupt again soon.

Geography

Belknap Crater lies to the north of the Three Sisters, in the U.S. state of Oregon. Located within Linn County, it is part of the central Oregon segment of the Cascade Range. L. A. McArthur and L. L. McArthur (1984) described Belknap as "one of the important features of the Cascade Range." It lies to the north of McKenzie Pass and can be seen from McKenzie Highway.

Hildreth (2007) lists Belknap Crater's summit elevation at . McArthur and McArthur (1984) list its elevation at , while according to the U.S. National Geodetic Survey, Belknap reaches an elevation of , and has a "bald" appearance. The central Belknap shield volcano has a diameter of  and a volume of , with a maximum thickness of . The shield has proximal and draping reliefs of  and , which are the "difference between summit elevation and that of highest exposure of older rocks overlain by the edifice" and the "difference between summit elevation and that of lowest distal lavas of the edifice (not including distal pyroclastic or debris flows)," respectively. According to Hildreth (2007), Belknap Crater is a broad, low-angled shield volcano compared to other mafic (rich in magnesium and iron) volcanic cones. Belknap's summit cone rises about  above the base shield volcano, and the volcano itself rises about  above its surroundings.

Oregon Route 242, which follows the course of the McKenzie River, passes through the lava fields produced by Belknap Crater, the Yapoah cinder cone volcano, and a number of other volcanic vents. These fields consist of black, basaltic lava and encompass an area of .

Ecology

Belknap forms part of the Mount Washington Wilderness, which encompasses  of lava and plains. Lodgepole pine trees are common, and there are 28 lakes within the wilderness area. Belknap itself is not forested and its lava flows are generally not vegetated, though there were trees growing on its lava flow deposits in the 1960s according to Taylor (1965). He observed only sparse growth of trees on lava flows from Little Belknap in a report published in the 1980s, noting that soil from Belknap was about  thick and made up of lapilli and volcanic ash, which came mostly from Belknap Crater. Along the trail to Little Belknap Crater, there is a tree island with lodgepole pine, mountain hemlock, and true fir. There are also ground squirrels running around on lava flows from Belknap. Along the Oregon Skyline Trail, which passes west of Belknap, there are black-tailed and mule deer as well as lakes stocked with Eastern brook trout

Along the western flows produced by Belknap, there are several dozen tree molds, which range from  in diameter and  in depth. Some fell into the lava, forming hemi-cylinder-shaped trenches up to  in length. Taylor (1965) identified a system of radial roots that were charred from the lava under soil at one of the molds. The material underwent radiocarbon dating to determine an age of 360 ± 160 years A.D.

Geology

The Cascade Range resulted from the subduction of the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate under the North American tectonic plate, with the High Cascade subprovince in central Oregon forming about  east of the margin of convergence. The High Cascade platform of the Cascade Volcanic Arc consists of overlapping layers of lava flows produced by shield volcanoes within the past 2 million years. The Cascade shields are steeper and smaller than Hawaiian shield volcanoes, often featuring cinder cones at their summit.

Belknap is the youngest shield volcano in the Cascade arc by far, with rugged, barren lava fields that contrast with the forested fields of older Cascade shields. It lies within the central Oregon segment of the Cascades near the Three Sisters area, which is marked by closely clustered volcanic centers that include, from south to north, Mount Bachelor, the Three Sisters, and Belknap.

Known as the Sisters Reach, the cluster abruptly broadens first to a width of  then to  as it approaches its southern end, running for about  in length. There are at least 466 Quaternary volcanoes in the Sisters Reach, including several aligned segments of volcanic vents and rare eruptive units of rhyolite (uncommon elsewhere in the Cascade arc). Between the North Sister and Three Fingered Jack volcanoes, Holocene volcanism has been intense, with at least 125 volcanic centers becoming active between 4,000 and 1,300 years ago. Belknap was the last volcano to erupt in the Three Sisters area. Basaltic andesite dominates the eruptive material in the local mafic volcanoes, which range from early Pleistocene to Holocene age.

Belknap is one of the larger mafic volcanoes in the Sisters Reach, more than 30 of which run continuously along the segment. As with other mafic volcanic fields in and next to the Cascades, it does not exhibit a distinct pattern for compositional evolution over time like at the Hawaii hotspot. The area by Belknap and Mount Bachelor is marked by extensional tectonics, with a high density of mafic (rich in magnesium and iron) volcanic vents. There are clear trends among volcanic centers in the area including at Sand Mountain and Inaccessible Cone, suggesting underlying faults; according to Taylor (1965), Belknap's alignment with the Spatter Cone Chain and Blue Lake Crater might similarly indicate underlying faults or fractures connecting the vents at depth, though there are some irregularities. One important distinction is that almost all vent patterns in the area except the supposed Belknap–Blue Lake alignment individually trend north–south, no matter the alignment of the aggregate trend.

Belknap formed on the lower slopes of Mount Washington, a highly eroded volcano; Mount Washington's pinnacle lies about  from Belknap. Dissolved magmatic carbon dioxide flux at Mount Washington and Belknap Crater was calculated by James et al. (1999) to be  per year. Belknap consists of a shield volcano and pyroclastic cone, which form a late Holocene shield volcano complex. It is made up of basaltic and basaltic andesite lava, which is sub-alkaline. Mafic in composition, it is characteristic of High Cascade volcanism. In addition to its shield volcano vents, the Belknap complex also consists of lava flows and tephra deposits erupted from one central vent and several other flank vents. Its lava flows encompass about . It has a pyroclastic core. The more southern of the two craters on Belknap's summit cone has a depth of  and width of more than  at its rim.

Belknap is one of three major lava fields in its area with Sand Mountain and Yapoah–Four-in-One–Collier. Of these, Belknap is the largest, encompassing Belknap Crater's shield, Little Belknap, and South Belknap cone. Lava flows in the area have a black and glassy appearance with a vesicular texture. The basalt and basaltic andesite lava flows from Belknap include small plagioclase and olivine phenocrysts, which run for  across, as well as glomerocrysts, which are sparse and run up to  across. Some of the lava flows encased charcoal. Lava flows range from olivine basalt to basaltic andesite and generally show few signs of weathering or mineral alteration, with solid cores and outer surfaces with jagged volcanic blocks and flow breccia. The cores of lava deposits are inaccessible, except at lava tubes, lava gutters, road cuts, and quarries.

Belknap is well-preserved and serves as a good example of Holocene-era activity in the High Cascades. Its core consists of cinder, which is surrounded by a broad shield. It marks an intermediate scale between cinder cones that produced small lava flows such as Twin Craters or Yapoah and larger volcanoes like Mount Washington or Three Fingered Jack. Along with lava flows from the Sand Mountain Volcanic field and other young volcanic centers in the Santiam and McKenzie Pass area,  many of the lavas produced by Belknap have crusts with slag or volcanic blocks, with a smaller number having surfaces with ropy, pāhoehoe appearances. The deposits consist of piles of basaltic andesite shards arranged in piles as a result of collapsed lava tubes and breakage of lava crusts and interior lava flows that continued moving while their exteriors cooled; Taylor (1965) wrote that Belknap "is only a pile of cinders on the summit of a vast shield of recent lava." The estimated volume of cinders at Belknap Crater is .

Belknap's volcanic deposits have well-preserved pressure ridges (tumuli) and levees on their surfaces, and they were emplaced between 7,000 and 1,300 years ago. Tephra erupted from Sand Mountain Volcanic Field and Belknap forms a thick blanket across Santiam Pass and near McKEnzie Pass, with radiocarbon dating ages of 3,440 ± 250 to 1,600 years B.P. for deposits from source vents, making them younger than Mazama Ash deposits. Cinder cones near Inaccessible Cone have been nearly buried to completion by basalt and basaltic andesite erupted from Belknap. Belknap's ash deposits are recognizable by their dark color among road cuts and at near the base of lava flow margins.

Notable vents and subfeatures

Little Belknap shield, formed about 3,000 years ago, sits to the right of a  high scoria cone of the main Belknap Crater vent, with Mount Washington located to the right of both cones. It is about  east of Belknap shield's summit craters. Erupted on the flank of the much more extensive Belknap Crater, which also has its own secondary eruptive vents, Little Belknap lacks scoria cones, potentially because it was fed by magma that was degassed prior to its eruption.

Eruptions at Little Belknap were "quiet", but voluminous, creating the separate shield, which is topped with cinders and lava blocks with collapsed lava tubes radiating outward. A western tube forms a confluence with a vertical conduit that has a diameter of about . Little Belknap's lava flows extended to within  of Windy Point to the east and McKenzie Pass to the southeast, forming deposits over ash from Belknap Crater and covered by lava flows from Yapoah Cone. Along the Skyline Trail, one of the lava flows from Little Belknap peeled back on itself as it cooled, creating overturned slabs of hardened lava with widths up to  and lengths up to . The blocks are often parallel to the lava's flow direction; Taylor (1965) called them "lava curls".

There is a small lava cave system near the summit of Little Belknap, which has spatter material for a roof. The cave system is short with a number of lava tubes. At the bottom of the conduit lies another system of lava tubes, which served as a drain to create a lava tube system with two levels that are connected by this open conduit, which C. E. Skinner (1982) calls "quite unusual." The open vertical conduit cave has a diameter of , dropping  between the upper and lower cave systems. It has an ovular shape and a remelted lining with stalactites made from lava.

South Belknap is a small volcano  to the south of Belknap, which was breached on its southwestern side by lava flows that also extended over Belknap Crater's southern base. Early lava flows near South Belknap were covered by a later lava flow, which was produced by a vent located about  northwestward. This lava flow also overlapped with the western part of Belknap Crater's lava, and then it reached Lake Valley, where it formed the northern shore of the local Hand Lake. A deposit of alluvium abuts the margin of South Belknap's lava deposits.

On top of Belknap Crater, there is a  high cinder cone, which may be the surface extension of the inner pyroclastic core. Within it are three craters, all of different size, which align along a north–northwestern trend. The southern crater is large and produced most of the tephra that covers the surrounding area; the northernmost crater is smaller and erupted ash and a lava flow, which breached the rim of the crater. The Little Belknap volcano erupted lava flows that formed steptoes out of two hills by surrounding them with black, basalt. Its most recent eruptions filled its crater and created a mound of red rock with clinkers; there are a number of collapsed lava tubes diverging radially from the crater.

Besides the volcanic vents related to Belknap Crater, there are two volcanoes south of Belknap which were also recently active: Four-in-One Cone and Collier Cone. Another, unnamed cone at the northern end of Inaccessible Cone's alignment, which rises to a height of , was breached on its western and southwestern sides by gray basalt lava, which is older than Sand Mountain Volcanic Field and Belknap. There may have been a large lava field in the glacier valley north of the Twin Craters cone, but any evidence is now buried under the Belknap shield. There is a glaciated steptoe (island) in the western part of the Belknap lava field. Deposits from Belknap buried older lava flows from the Sand Mountain Volcanic Field as well as a series of four cinder cones located about  to the southwest of Mount Washington. There are also deposits from Belknap in the Lake Valley region between Belknap and both Sims Butte and Mount Mazama.

There are hot springs, known as the Belknap Hot Springs, on the northern bank of the McKenzie River. Located in Lane County, they were discovered by R. S. Belknap in November 1869. They lie  to the southwest of the wilderness area, ejecting water at a rate of  per minute with a temperature of . The hot springs are indicative of a fault that underlies the Cascade Volcanoes, onto which the east side dropped down and lava intrusions formed volcanic centers.

Eruptive history

Eruptions at Belknap Crater built up the main shield volcano over repeated activity from vents surrounding a composite summit cone. The lava had a fluid character, leading to inundation of an area that encompassed more than . Rather than forming extensive streams, the lava settled into shorter channels that intersected, leaving complicated drainage patterns. The volcano sits on top of the thick and extensive lava deposits left behind. Belknap Crater has been the focal point for Holocene volcanism producing basaltic and basaltic andesitic lava in its vicinity, which was complex and sustained over a long period of time.

According to the Global Volcanism Program, Belknap Crater had four Holocene eruptive periods confirmed by geological evidence including corrected radiocarbon dating and magnetism; their durations are not known. The first took place in 5050 BCE, producing the Tamolitch lava flow. The next eruptive event, which took place in 1030 BCE ± 300 years, had a VEI of 0 and took place at Little Belknap. The subsequent eruption at South Belknap and Twin Craters occurred in 800 BCE ± 300 years and had a VEI of 2 (Strombolian/Vulcanian); it was followed by the most recent identified event at Belknap Crater in 480, which also had a VEI of 2. According to the Global Volcanism Program, these four eruptions took place during the Holocene:

A precise determination for Belknap's age has not been made, as its early history remains obscure, though it is likely that Belknap has been built up by eruptive activity over a long period of time. Belknap's oldest exposed lava deposits are located on the eastern flanks of the volcano, produced by vents that may have been buried by later activity. They coursed mostly to the northeast and split into two lobes on both sides of the Dugout Butte ridge, extending about  from their source vent, along the eastern edges of the Deschutes National Forest.

Between 3,000 and 1,500 years ago during the late Holocene epoch, the Belknap shield volcano as well as the Belknap Crater cone and Little Belknap shield volcano erupted, generating lava flows that spread throughout the McKenzie Pass area. Belknap Crater's lava flows were produced from its northeastern base and extended  to the west, reaching the McKenzie River valley. These events represent one of the largest periods of recent volcanism in the Cascade Range, and were comparable in terms of effusion rates to the formation of Mount Bachelor.

The initial eruptions generated tephra, which covered an extensive area to the northeast and southeast, as well as basaltic lava flows that extended  from the burgeoning shield volcano edifice to the east. Thin scoria deposits occur west of Belknap; on the eastern slopes, lava deposits are covered with black ash and fine cinders. There is also an ash blanketing an expansive area from Dry Creek to the north to Black Crater to the south, with ash deposits as far as  eastward. These eruptions were produced from two, deep craters on top of Belknap's cone, forming lapilli tuff on their eastern rim walls. There are also thick rocks in the walls of the more southern crater, as well as some lava that breached the southwestern rim, which has been obscured by spatter. The northern crater contains spindle volcanic bombs at its western rim, which reach up to  in length. A broad pit formed at the northern base of Belknap's cone, running for  in length, and was likely blasted through a bocca. According to Taylor (1965), a strong prevailing wind moving east influenced the distribution of ash and cinders on Belknap's rim.

Eruptions during a subsequent phase about 2,900 years ago built a smaller shield volcano, Little Belknap. According to Sherrod et al. (2004), lava from Little Belknap formed a tree mold in the southern part of the Sand Mountain volcanic field, which was dated to 2,883 ± 175 years Before Present (B.P.) via radiocarbon dating. Sherrod et al. (2004) also describe charcoal detected under a lava flow that coursed down Belknap Crater's western flank, which yielded two radiocarbon dating ages: 1,590 ± 160 years B.P. and 1,400 ± 100 years B.P. These ages have overlap at the level of statistical certainty, indicating that they could have been erupted nearly simultaneously or as far apart as 800 years. Both flows came from the shield volcano's summit vent. Early lava flows at Belknap were erupted from actively erupting volcanic vents before Little Belknap formed, as demonstrated by stratigraphy.

A third eruptive period constructed the bulk of the volcanic complex with basaltic andesite lava from Belknap Crater's central vent about 1,500 years ago. This cone-building phase was also fed by eruptions about 1,700 years ago at a vent about  to the south, South Belknap. According to Sherrod et al. (2004), South Belknap formed charred roots at a tree mold with a radiocarbon dating age of 2,635 ± 50 years B.P., the same site that Taylor used to determine an age of 1,775 ± 400 years B.P. Taylor also argues that the cone was breached about 1,800 years ago before it was surrounded by basaltic andesite lava flows from another vent about 1,500 years ago. Sherrod et al. argue that the older date (2,635 ± 50 years B.P.) is more accurate because the deposit contains concentrated amounts of the cosmogenic nuclide isotope 3He, which would require a longer surface exposure than Taylor's calculation would allow, at least 2,000 years B.P.

A final eruptive phase produced lava flows that extended  to the west into the McKenzie River valley, also coursing to the north and south. These lava deposits have ropy surfaces and feature squeeze-ups between broken platforms of crust. The lava that moved south crossed over more ancient lava from Twin Craters, while the lava that ran to the west covered lava and cinder cones within the Inaccessible Cone lineament. The west-moving lavas also moved over Sand Mountain lava flows (erupted from the southern group of vents and the southern vent of Sand Mountain itself), entering the McKenzie Canyon. The lava from this eruption significantly influenced the McKenzie River, creating the upstream swamp known as Beaver Marsh, with the remnants of these lava streams now forming permeable sediment talus for the McKenzie River, which disappears into them before re-emerging at Tamolitch Falls. Erosion has altered the area downstream from these falls to a lateral terrace on the wall of the McKenzie Canyon,  above the river water level.

In total, the Belknap shield and its multiple vents were formed in less than 1,500 years, which was a comparable effusion rate to the Nash Crater scoria cone, the Sand Mountain Volcanic Field, and the Mount Bachelor chain. Eruption rates for Belknap were high, at  per 1,000 years, similar to the buildup of rhyodacite before the climactic eruption at Mount Mazama. Within the last 15,000 years, Cascades volcanoes have erupted about  of material excluding rear-arc volcanoes. Of this, about  (21 percent) came from 63 distributed or peripheral cones, shields, or mafic and intermediate composition chains, with Belknap and Mount Bachelor contributing 71 percent of that material. Over the course of its eruptive history, Belknap erupted  of material with several eruptive pulses.

Recent activity and potential hazards

Postglacial, mafic eruptions are more common in the Sisters Reach — which includes Belknap — than anywhere in the Cascade volcanic arc. A lava flow lies next to South Cinder Peak, the Nash Crater–Lost Lake cone cluster, Sand Mountain Volcanic Field, Inaccessible Cone chain, Blue Lake Crater, and a number of monogenetic scoria cones and chains. The McKenzie and Santiam Pass area saw more than a dozen distinct mafic eruptions between 4,500 and 1,100 years ago according to radiocarbon dating, which corresponded to a pulse of mafic eruptions in the late Holocene epoch. Other nearby mafic eruptive units occur at Sims Butte, Cayuse Crater, LeConte Crater, Mount Bachelor, the Egan Cone cluster, and the Katsuk-Talapus chain, which likely were all emplaced between 18,000 and 8,000 years ago. At the south of Sisters Reach, there is a postglacial, basalt lava flow that lies on the eastern flank of Sitkum Butte (a cone that is older than this lava flow). The recent eruptive activity at Belknap Crater means that it is one of the youngest mafic volcanoes in the Oregon Cascades.

There are about 6,500 people living within  of Belknap Crater, with a population of about 362,000 within . However, most eruption hazards from basaltic volcanoes are generally restricted to within  of the vent, with some exceptions. According to the Volcano Hazards Program of the United States Geological Survey's Cascades Volcano Observatory, the threat potential from Belknap is "Low/Very Low". It does not seem likely that Belknap Crater will erupt again, though eruptions with similar characteristics to its past eruptions might occur in the surrounding area, disrupting transportation on major highways in the vicinity including U.S. Route 20, Oregon Route 22, and Oregon Route 242. The eruption of tephra could pose a threat to surrounding communities, particularly within central Oregon to the east. High-volume lahars (mudflows or debris flows composed of a mix of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water) would travel far to the west. Moreover, low-volume lahars from eruptions would likely enter the McKenzie River valley, which is broad and fairly gently sloped, where they might move downstream through flood plains or small channels. Near Belknap Springs and McKenzie Bridge, deposits from the eruption could also block off water upstream, leading to downstream lahars and floods.

Human history

Belknap was named for J. H. Belknap, who lived along the McKenzie River and was the son of R. S. Belknap, responsible for developing Belknap Springs. J. H. Belknap had an interest in the toll road constructed over McKenzie Pass during the early 1870s. The Belknap family came to the state of Oregon in 1847 with the Orem family, followed by G. Belknap and J. Belknap in 1848. The Belknap Springs in Lane County were found by R. S. Belknap in November 1869 and developed them, and he became the postmaster for the Salt Springs post office, which was established in October 1874. The name for the Salt Springs office changed to Belknaps Springs in June 1875, then Belknap Springs in 1891.

During the days of the American pioneer, the Santiam and McKenzie passes were the two major routes through the Deschutes Forest area, eventually transforming into highways for Oregon's interior. The Willamette Pass to the south was used as a route by travelers as early as 1853, noting its difficult as the "route was far from a road." Still, the road was heavily used in spite of its poor conditions, later becoming the Willamette Pass Highway, better known as Oregon Route 58. In 1862, the Scott brothers and colleagues formed the McKenzie Fork Wagon Road Company to create a better road passing over lava fields in the area, then later the McKenzie River Wagon Road Company, which had as its objective a road that crossed the Cascade Range near the Three Sisters volcano complex at the Deschutes River. A third group followed that aimed to forge a road across the Deschutes north of the Sisters. The original route pursued by the Scott brothers reached the Belknap hot springs.

In the early 20th century, herds of sheep were moved to the two steptoes that lie among the Little Belknap lava flows to graze. The Oregon Skyline Trail, which runs to the west of Belknap's lava flows, follows paths used by Native American populations, who harvested huckleberries in the area.

Recreation

The Dee Wright Observatory was built with lava blocks from the lava fields produced by Belknap, Yapoah cinder cone, and other volcanoes. It offers views of local volcanoes; Belknap lies to the north. Both Belknap Crater and Little Belknap Crater can be reached from spurs of the Pacific Crest Trail. The round trip from intersection of the Pacific Crest Trail and Oregon Route 242 to Little Belknap Crater is about  and ranges in elevation from , with an easy to moderate difficulty level. The round trip to Belknap Crater is about  from the trailhead and is more difficult owing to the steep climb to the summit on fine cinders.

The trail offers views of nearby Mount Washington, Black Crater, and the Three Sisters, as well as lava features. Trees and other forms of wildlife are rare along the trail. There is also a trail that extends to Belknap Crater, which runs about  round trip, with an intermediate difficulty level. It can also be skied. The Oregon Skyline Trail, part of which runs for  through the Deschutes National Forest, passes westward of the Belknap lava fields. It has been recognized as a major scenic route since 1920.

Notes
 [a]  This volume comes from Hildreth (2007); Taylor (1981) estimated its volume to be .
 [b]  Taylor (1990) lists three principal eruptive episodes between about 3,000 and 1,500 years Before Present (BP). However, he still lists the four eruptions that the Cascades Volcano Observatory and Global Volcanism Program describe; he considers the two most recent eruptions to be part of the third major eruptive phase.
 [c]  Sherrod et al. (2004) disagree with this date for the eruptive phase at South Belknap. As mentioned in the text, Sherrod et al. calculated a radiocarbon dating age of 2,635 ± 50 years B.P. for the same site that Taylor used to generate this estimated age, which is equivalent to 1,775 ± 400 years B.P.

References

Sources

 .

 .
 .

External links

 "Little Belknap Crater". Oregon Adventures. Oregon Hiking Website.
 Sawiel, Michael. "Little Belknap Crater". Outdoor Project.

Shield volcanoes of the United States
Volcanoes of Oregon
Mountains of Oregon
Cascade Range
Subduction volcanoes
Cascade Volcanoes
Mountains of Linn County, Oregon
Willamette National Forest
Cinder cones of the United States
Volcanoes of Linn County, Oregon
Volcanoes of the United States

Belknap Crater


Better Call Saul (română: Mai bine chemați-l pe Saul) este un serial de televiziune dramatic și polițist american, creat de Vince Gilligan și Peter Gould. Este un spin-off prequel al serialului Breaking Bad. Povestea are loc începând cu anul 2002 și urmărește povestea avocatului James Morgan McGill, zis și Jimmy (Bob Odenkirk), iar acțiunea are loc cronologic cu șase ani înainte de acțiunea din Breaking Bad, unde personajul devine Saul Goodman; serialul spune povestea lui Saul atât înainte de Breaking Bad, dar expune și viața sa de după.

Primul sezon, care a avut premiera la AMC pe 8 februarie 2015, este format din 10 episoade. În mod analog, sezonul al doilea, cu 10 episoade, a avut premiera pe 15 februarie 2016. Un al treilea sezon cu 10 episoade  a avut premiera pe 10 aprilie 2017. Pe 27 iunie 2017, AMC a anunțat că în anul 2018 va apărea un al patrulea sezon, tot cu 10 episoade.

Episoade

Referințe

Seriale AMC
Seriale de televiziune americane
Seriale de televiziune din 2015

Better Call Saul


Minneapolis, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Ortabatı bölgesinde, Minnesota eyaleti içinde yer alan bir kenttir. Doğusunda olan ve yan yana bulunduğu St. Paul kenti ile birlikte, Twin Cities olarak bilinir.

Kentin nüfusu 2012 yılında tahminen 392.880'e ulaşmıştır. Bu nüfusla Birleşik Devletler'in en büyük 47. şehri unvanını elinde tutar.

Canlı bir kültürel hayata sahip olan Minneapolis, birçok ünlü sanayi kuruluşunun da merkezi olma özelliğini taşır. Kent nüfusu tarih içinde ağırlıklı olarak İskandinav va Alman kökenli göçmenleri barındırmış olsa da, günümüzde bu tabloya başta Somali ve Vietnam kökenliler dahil olmak üzere birçok değişik etnik grup eklenmiştir.

Kent aynı zamanda ülkenin öğrenci nüfusu bakımından en büyük okullarından biri olan Minnesota Üniversitesi'nin ana kampüsünün bulunduğu yerdir.

Semt bolgeleri

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 Merkezi is idare binaları
 önemli spor saha ve salonları
 Tiyatrolar,
 şehrin ana gece kulüpleri bölgesi
Not-  Warehouse Bölgesi, Loring Parkı, Elliot Parkı, Mississippi kenarında tarihi fabrika kalıntıları.
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 West Bank,
 Seward,
 Midtown,
 Nokomis,
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 Minnehaha Parki
 Minneapolis Güneybatı
Uptown,
Lyn-Lake,
Linden Hills,
Eat Street,
Chain of Lakes
 Kuzey
Near North,
Camden,
Bryn Mawr,
Theodore Wirth Parkı
 Minneapolis Kuzeydoğu
 Minneapolis kurulma bölgesi,
 Eski Saint Anthony,
 Nicollet Island'da eski Kraliçe Viktorya dönemi evleri,
 Daha kuzeyde eski işçi sınıfı evleri.
 Buyuyen görsel ve güzel sanatçıların yaşadığı semtler.
 Minneapolis Güneydoğu
 Dinkytown,
 Prospect Park,
 Como semtleri
 Minnesota Üniversitesi

Kardeş şehirler
Minneapolis'in resmen 10 tane kardeş şehri vardır::

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Video

Ayrıca bakınız
 Minneapolis'teki en yüksek binalar listesi

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Die Liste der deutschen Botschafter in Äquatorialguinea enthält die Botschafter der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in Äquatorialguinea. Von September 2010 bis Juli 2021 existierte eine deutsche Botschaft in Malabo, der Hauptstadt Äquatorialguineas. Zuvor und wieder seit Mitte 2021 war/ist der deutsche Botschafter in Yaoundé (Kamerun) auch in Äquatorialguinea akkreditiert. Die dortige Botschaft ist immer noch für Rechts- und Konsularangelegenheiten zuständig.

Äquatorialguinea eröffnete bereits 2005 eine Botschaft in Berlin.

Siehe auch
 Botschafter der DDR in Äquatorialguinea

Weblinks

Auswärtiges Amt: Länderinfo Äquatorialguinea

Einzelnachweise

Aquatorialguinea
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Loin de chez moi est un téléfilm français, en deux parties, réalisé par Frédéric Forestier, sur un scénario de Fanny Robert, Mathieu Missoffe et Malina Detcheva. Il a été diffusé pour la première fois, en Belgique, le  sur RTL TVI, puis, en France, le  sur TF1.

Synopsis
Morgane a 19 ans. Elle est engagée comme jeune fille au pair par un couple de Français vivant à Amsterdam. Craignant pour sa santé fragile, ses parents sont inquiets. Le couple qui l'accueille a deux enfants et surtout un secret : la fille au pair qui gardait les enfants a disparu. Morgane l'apprend et cherche à comprendre ce qui s'est passé.

Fiche technique

 Réalisation : Frédéric Forestier
 Scénario : Fanny Robert, Mathieu Missoffe et Malina Detcheva
 Production : Beaubourg Fiction/Beaubourg Audiovisuel en coproduction avec TF1
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue originale : français
 Format : couleur
 Genre : suspense
 Dates des premières diffusions :
  :  sur RTL TVI
  :  sur TF1

Distribution

 Marine Delterme : Victoire Thierry
 Marc Lavoine : Guillaume Thierry
 Lucie Fagedet : Morgane Ferrera
 Stanislas Merhar : Jan Koning
 Lucas Englander : Mathys
 Bella Boonsang : Bartender Mermaid
 Maarten Dannenberg : Passager
 Manuel Sinor : Inspector détective Beaumont

Tournage
Le téléfilm a été tourné principalement à Paris, malgré une intrigue qui se déroule à Amsterdam, aux Pays-Bas. Seules des scènes extérieures avec Lucie Fagedet ont été tournées dans la capitale néerlandaise. Marine Delterme avoue même n'avoir jamais mis les pieds à Amsterdam. En raison de la pandémie de Covid, le tournage aux Pays-Bas n'était pas possible. La Cité universitaire, à Paris, a pu faire illusion.

Accueil critique
Pour Ouest-France, . Le journal ajoute . Pour le site aufeminin, . Pour Mediacritik, .

Audience en France
Lors de sa diffusion sur TF1, le , le téléfilm se place à la deuxième place des audiences en France avec , soit 18,5 % de part d'audience, loin derrière L'amour est dans le pré proposé par M6.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Téléfilm diffusé en 2021
Téléfilm français des années 2020
Téléfilm tourné à Paris
Téléfilm tourné aux Pays-Bas
Téléfilm se déroulant aux Pays-Bas
Téléfilm de TF1
Téléfilm en français
Téléfilm dramatique

Loin de chez moi


Xfce ya da XFCE (XForms Common Environment Türkçe: XFormları Ortak Ortamı telaffuz: Eks ef si i); GNU/Linux ve Unix benzeri sistemlerle uyumlu bir masaüstü ortamı. GNU/Linux, BSD ve Solaris gibi çekirdeklerle çalışabilir ve düşük hızlardaki makineler için idealdir. Hafif yapısı ve GTK uyumu sayesinde birçok program sorunsuz çalışmaktadır. Ayrıca Xfce geliştirme ortamı sunmaktadır. Kendisi dışında Xfce kütüphanelerini kullanmakta olan Mousepad metin düzenleyici, Xfmedia medya oynatıcısı ve Terminal gibi üçüncü parti yazılımlar bulundurmaktadır.

Xfce, GNOME gibi GTK+ 2.x araçları kullanılarak geliştirilmektedir ve 4.6 sürümünden itibaren Thunar dosya yöneticisini kullanmaktadır. Xfce, ticari CDE'ye benzemektedir fakat her yeni sürümde biraz daha ileriye gitmektedir. Xfce masaüstü ortamı; sürüm 2'den 3'e ve sonrasında 4'e geçişte olmak üzere, toplamda iki defa baştan kodlandı.

Xfce kullanan dağıtımlar
Xfce, her ne kadar GNOME ya da KDE kadar yaygın bir şekilde varsayılan masaüstü ortamı olarak tercih edilmese de birçok dağıtımda alternatif paket olarak sunulmaktadır. Ayrıca Pandora oyun konsolu Xfce kullanmaktadır.

Varsayılan olarak Xfce'i kullanan bazı dağıtımlar:

 Archie
 BeleniX (OpenSolaris)
 Dreamlinux
 dyne:bolic
 FreeSBIE (FreeBSD Canlı CD)
 KateOS
 Kwort
 Pisi Linux
 SAM Linux
 Pardus

 SLAX (Popcorn Edition)
 Truva Linux
 Vector Linux
 Wolvix (Xfvm yerine Fluxbox kullanmaktadır)
 Xfld  (Xfce canlı CD)
 Xubuntu
 Zenwalk Linux
 Parted Magic
 SaxenOS

Xfce bileşenleri

 Thunar
 Xfburn, CD/DVD yazıcı
 Xfwm4, Xfce pencere yöneticisi
 Xfmedia, xine temelli medya yürütücüsü
 Xfprint, yazdırma yöneticisi

Ayrıca bakınız
 GNOME
 KDE
 Cinnamon
 LXDE
 LXQt

Dış bağlantılar
 Xfce Anasayfa
  (Flash)
 Xfce tema ve grafik
 Xfld "Xfce live demo" CD
 PardusWiki Xfce portali
 Xfce Türkiye yerelleştirme grubu
 Xfce ipuçları  (Özgürlükİçin)
 Xfce kurulumu  (Özgürlükİçin)
 Xfce'de çokluortam  (Özgürlükİçin)

Kaynakça

Masaüstü ortamları
Kullanılabilinir grafik arabirim kütüphaneleri
Unix yazılımları

Xfce


Kugi ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Georg Kugi (* 1961), österreichischer Dirigent
 Karl Kugi, österreichischer Bauingenieur
 Thomas Kugi (* 1964), österreichischer Saxophonist

Kugi


المعهد الأمريكي للفيزياء (ِAip) هو هيئة دولية تطرح الفيزياء وتنشرها في المجلات ذات الصلة. تأسس في العام 1931.

نبذة
المعهد الأمريكي للفيزياء يعمل تحت القانون القانون 501/3/(C) وهو جمعية غير ربحية عضوية، تم انشائه لغرض تعزيز التقدم ونشر المعرفة في الفيزياء، وتطبيقه على رفاهية الإنسان. إن مهمة المعهد هي خدمة علوم الفيزياء وعلم الفلك من خلال الخدمات التي يقدمها اعضاؤها للمجتمعات، ومن خلال تقديم الخدمات الفردية للعلماء، وبخدمة الطلاب وعامة الجمهور.

و كمثال على "مجتمع من المجتمعات"، يقوم المعهد بدعم عشرة من الجمعيات، ويقدم تشكيلة واسعة من الخدمات والبرامج المكرسة لإحراز تقدم في العلم وتحقيق الاحتراف في الفيزياء. والمعهد رائد في مجال النشر الرقمي، وهو أيضا واحد من أكبر دور النشر في العالم في مجال المجلات والمنشورات التي تختص بالفيزياء، ويقدم الدعم لمنشورات أكثر من 25 جمعية علمية وهندسية من خلال مقره في نيويورك بواسطة قسم النشر.

الجمعيات الأعضاء
 الجمعية الفيزيائية الأميريكية
 جمعية البصريات الاميريكية
 جمعية الصوتيات الأميريكية
 جمعية ريولوجيا
 الرابطة الأميريكية لمعلمي الفيزياء
 الرابطة الأميريكية البلورية
 الجمعية الفلكية الاميريكية
 الرابطة الأميريكية لعلماء الفيزياء في الطب
 الجمعية الفراغية الاميريكية : علوم وتكنولوجيا المواد، واجهات، وعمليات.
 الاتحاد الجيوفيزيائي الأمريكي
 مجتمع طلاب الفيزياء
 سيغما باي سيغما : جمعية الوفاء الوطني للفيزياء

الجمعيات المنتسبة
 الرابطة الأميريكية لتقدم العلوم في قسم الفيزياء
 الجمعية الكيميائية الأميريكية ، قسم الكيمياء الفيزيائية
 المعهد الأميريكي للملاحة الجوية والفضائية
 الجمعية الأميركية للأرصاد الجوية
 الجمعية النووية الأميريكية
 الجمية الأميريكية للمهندسين المدنيين
 ASM الدولية : تجهيزات مجتمع المعلومات
 الجمعية الفلكية في منطقة المحيط الهادئ
 جمعية الهندسة الطبية الحيوية
 مجلس الأبحاث الجامعية، شعبة الفيزياء والفلك
 جمعية الكهروكيميائية
 الجمعية الجيولوجية الأميريكية
 IEEE جمعية العلوم النووية والبلازما
 الرابطة الدولية للفيزياء الرياضية
 الاتحاد الدولي لعلم البلورات
 JCPDS : المركز الدولي للبيانات المحايدة
 معهد الليزر الأميريكي
 جمعية بحوث المواد
 الجمعية الأميريكية المجهرية
 الجمعية الوطنية لعلماء الفيزياء السوداء
 جمعية المعالجة المتعددة
 جمعية التطبيق الطيفي
  : الجمعية الدولية لهندسة البصريات

قائمة بمطبوعات المعهد
 رسائل في الفيزياء التطبيقية
 الموائع الحيوية الجزيئية
 نشرة اخبارية عن تاريخ الفيزياء ، المعهد الأمريكي للفيزياء مركز تاريخ الفيزياء.
 مجلة الفيزياء التطبيقية
 مجلة الفيزياء الكيميائية
 مجلة الفيزياء الرياضية
 مجلة الطاقة المتجددة والمستدامة http://jrse.aip.org
 المجلة الفيزيائية والكيميائية لمرجعية البيانات
 الفوضى
 فيزياء درجات الحرارة المنخفضة
 فيزياء السوائل
 فيزياء البلازما
 الفيزياء اليوم (مجلة) http://www.physicstoday.org/
 استعراض الأدوات العلمية

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 SPIE
 الاتحاد الدولي للتحكم الآلي

الروابط الخارجية
 موقع المعهد على شبكة الإنترنت
 صفحة مجلات المعهد

تأسيسات سنة 1931 في الولايات المتحدة
تعليم الفيزياء
تكتل منظمات
جمعيات فيزيائية
ماريلند
منظمات أكاديمية مقرها في الولايات المتحدة
مؤسسات أكاديمية

المعهد الأمريكي للفيزياء


Ølsfjorden er en sidefjord til Bjoafjorden i Vindafjord kommune i Rogaland fylke i Norge. De yderste dele af fjorden ligger også i Etne kommune i Vestland fylke. Etnefjorden er en sidefjord af Ølsfjorden som går mod øst til Etne. Fjorden har indløb i nord mellem Sardaneset i Etne i øst og Stavanes i vest. Den strækker sig 8 kilometer ind til Ølsvågen. Fjorden går først mod syd, før den efter 5 kilometer brat drejer mod vest.

I det sydøstlige hjørne af fjorden ligger landsbyen Ølen eller  Ølensjøen der er administrationsby i Vindafjord kommune. 3 kilometer længere mod vest ligger bygden Ølensvåg i bunden af fjorden. På nordsiden af Ølsvågen ligger Bergesneset industriområde og Ølen Betong.

Kilder og henvisninger

 Ølen på snl.no

Fjorde i Rogaland
Fjorde i Vestland
Vindafjord
Etne

Ølsfjorden


Latince "ölümsüz" demektir (immortalis).
 Immortal; Norveçli black metal grubu.
 Filmler:
 Immortal (1995) IMDB bağlantısı
 Immortal (ad vitam) (2004) IMDB bağlantısı
 "The Immortal" (2000) TV serisi (2000-2001) IMDB bağlantısı
 "The Immortal" (2000) TV filmi (1969) IMDB bağlantısı

Immortal


Riella, rod jetrenjarnica iz porodice Riellaceae, dio je reda Sphaerocarpales. Postoji dvadesetak i više vrsta

Vrste
 Riella affinis M. Howe & Underw.
 Riella alatospora F.H. Wigg.
 Riella americana M. Howe & Underw.
 Riella battandieri Trab.
 Riella bialata Trab.
 Riella capensis Cavers
 Riella choconensis Hässel de Menéndez
 Riella clausonis Letourn. ex Durieu
 Riella cossoniana Trab.
 Riella cyrenaica Maire
 Riella echinata (Müll.Frib.) Segarra, Puche & Sabovlj.
 Riella echinospora F.H. Wigg.
 Riella gallica Balansa ex Trab.
 Riella gamundiae Hässel
 Riella halophila Banwell
 Riella helicophylla Bory & Mont.
 Riella heliospora Segarra, Puche & Sabovlj.
 Riella indica Steph. ex Kashyap
 Riella mediterranea Segarra, Puche, Sabovlj., M. Infante & Heras
 Riella notarisii (Mont.) Mont.
 Riella numidica Trab.
 Riella pampae Hässel de Menéndez
 Riella parisii Gottsche
 Riella paulsenii Porsild
 Riella purpureospora F.H. Wigg.
 Riella reuteri Mont.
 Riella sersuensis Trab.
 Riella spiculata J. Taylor
 Riella trigonospora Segarra & Puche
 Riella undulata Hässel de Menéndez
 Riella vishwanathai Pandé, Misra & K.P. Srivast.

Izvori

Sphaerocarpales

Riella


El vinago patigualdo (Treron phoenicopterus) es una especie de ave columbiforme de la familia Columbidae. Está ampliamente extendido en Asia, encontrándose en Bangladés, Bután, Camboya, China, India, Laos, Birmania, Nepal, Pakistán, Sri Lanka, Tailandia y Vietnam. En la India se lo considera el ave estatal de Maharashtra.

Taxonomía
Se reconocen las siguientes subespecies:
 Treron phoenicopterus phillipsi
 Treron phoenicopterus chlorigaster
 Treron phoenicopterus phoenicopterus
 Treron phoenicopterus viridifrons
 Treron phoenicopterus annamensis

Referencias

Enlaces externos

phoenicopterus
Aves de Asia
Animales descritos en 1790
Taxones descritos por John Latham

Treron phoenicopterus


Far North es un distrito de la región de Northland, en la isla Norte de Nueva Zelanda.

Demografía
Según el censo de 2006, Far North tenía 55 842 habitantes (49,41% varones, 50,59% mujeres). Esta cifra es un 2,3% superior a la recogida en el censo de 2001 y lo sitúa como el decimoctavo distrito más poblado de Nueva Zelanda.

Hermanamientos
Far North está hermanado con:
  Duncan (Canadá) desde 1989.
  Yuasa (Japón) desde 1993.
  Liaoning (China) desde el 2000.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial del Ayuntamiento de Far North (en inglés).

Distritos de Nueva Zelanda

Far North (Nueva Zelanda)


Sarolta Varga (* 18. Februar 1983) ist eine ungarische Badmintonspielerin.

Karriere
Sarolta Varga war 2001 erstmals bei den nationalen Juniorenmeisterschaften erfolgreich. 2002 folgte ein weiterer Nachwuchstitelgewinn. Im Jahr 2005 siegte sie zum ersten Mal bei den Erwachsenen, wobei sie im Dameneinzel erfolgreich war. 2007 gewann sie einen weiteren Titel im Doppel, 2008 einen im Einzel.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen
Statistiken des Ungarischen Badmintonverbands

Badmintonspieler (Ungarn)
Ungar
Geboren 1983
Frau
Ungarischer Meister (Badminton)

Sarolta Varga


An Phalaenopsis lindenii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni August Loher. An Phalaenopsis lindenii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phalaenopsis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an.

Mabibilngan ini ha Philippines. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Phalaenopsis

Phalaenopsis lindenii


Ioan Cândea (n. 2 ianuarie 1855, Avrig, județul Sibiu – d. 22 august 1938) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918 .

Biografie
A fost funcționar la Consistoriul arhidiecezan, arhidiacon al Catedralei, între 1885-1938 protopop în funcțiune al Protopopiatului Avrig. A administrat totodată, timp de mai mulți ani și Protopopiatul Făgărașului și a fost deputat în Sinod și în Congresul Național-Bisericesc.

Activitatea politică
Ca deputat în Adunarea Națională din 1 decembrie 1918, Ioan Cândea a fost reprezentant al Protopopiatului Avrig.

Note

Bibliografie
Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)

Lectură suplimentară
Ioan I. Șerban, Nicolae Josan (coord.), Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Alba Iulia, Editura Altip, 2003.
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
 1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1855
Decese în 1938
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Protopopi români
Avrigeni

Ioan Cândea


Elena Armanda Nicolasa Sanz y Martínez de Arizala (Castellón de la Plana,  6 de diciembre de 1844-Niza, 23 de diciembre de 1898) fue una cantante lírica del  con tesitura de contralto.

Ha sido una de las más grandes voces de la ópera de todos los tiempos. Viajó por todo el mundo exhibiendo sus grandes dotes de cantante y presumiendo de española, pero donde más se valoró su arte fue en los teatros de París. Su gran valía artística ha quedado eclipsada por su biografía.

Castelar la describió como "de labios rojos, de piel color morena, la dentadura blanca, la cabellera negra y reluciente como de azabache, la nariz remangada y abierta, el cuello carnoso y torneado, una maravilla, la frente amplia como la de una divinidad egipcia, los ojos negros e insondables cual dos abismos que llaman a la muerte y al amor".

Biografía
Elena Armanda Nicolasa Sanz Martínez de Arizala Carbonell y Luna fue educada con su hermana Dolores en el Colegio de las Niñas de Leganés. En dicha institución entró a la edad de diez años con el objeto de aprender canto, formando parte del coro.

Tuvo un primer hijo, Jorge, de padre desconocido en el año 1871. Posteriormente, tuvo dos hijos varones más, con el rey Alfonso XII de España, Alfonso (1880) y Fernando (1881). Los tres hijos llevaron sus apellidos de soltera, ya que el rey Alfonso XII murió a los 28 años sin reconocer a Alfonso y a Fernando.

Novela
En 2013 el escritor Tomás Gismera Velasco (Atienza, 1958) quedó finalista del premio "Hispania" de novela histórica, con la obra "Elena Sanz: Tu serás mi reina".

Elena Sanz en la literatura

En el episodio nacional Cánovas de Benito Pérez Galdós se narra su relación con el monarca Alfonso XII.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Bastardos y borbones. Los hijos secretos de la dinastía, por José María Zavala, Ediciones Debolsillo. Madrid, 2011. ISBN 9788499893648
 La Favorita. La verdadera historia de Elena Sanz, por Miren Urgoiiti. ISBN 978-84-697-6691-0.
"Los hermanos Sanz. Origen misterioso, destino incierto..." por Miren Urgoiti. Punto Rojo Libros, Sevilla 2021. ISBN 978-84-18-926-00-6

Contraltos de España
Cantantes de la Comunidad Valenciana
Amantes reales femeninas
Mezzosopranos y Contraltos en el Teatro Real
Músicos de España del siglo XIX
Nacidos en Castellón de la Plana
Fallecidos en París

Elena Sanz


Orsat Miljević (Dubrovnik,15. rujna 1968.), bivši hrvatski ministar pravosuđa.

Izvori

Ministri pravosuđa Vlade Republike Hrvatske
Životopisi, Dubrovnik

Orsat Miljenić


Permiyen, jeolojik zaman cetvelinde, yaklaşık 298,9 milyon yıl öncesinden 251,9 milyon yıl öncesine kadar süren ve büyük çevresel değişikliklere sahne olan bir jeolojik dönemdir. Bu dönemde kara yaşamında bir dönüşüm görülmesine ek olarak hayvanlar ve bitkilerin evrimsel tarihinde dikakte değer olaylara sahne oldu. Permiyen Dönemi'nin adı, Rusya'da Ural Dağları çevresindeki çalışmalar sırasında, İngiliz jeolog Sir Roderick Impey Murchison tarafından 1841 yılında tarihe kazandırıldı. Permiyen Dönemi, Karbonifer Dönemi ile Triyas Dönemi arasında yer alır ve bu dönemde gerçekleşen çeşitli birçok olaydan dolayı karada yaşayan canlı türlerinin evriminde ve çeşitliliğinde bir dönüm noktası olarak görülür.

Permiyen Dönemi'nin jeolojik geçmişi, Sisuralyen, Guadalupiyen ve Lopingiyen olmak üzere üç ana bölüme ayrılmıştır. Sisuraliyen, Ural Dağları'nın batı yamaçlarındaki katmanlarla tanımlanmışken, Guadalupiyen adını Teksas ve New Mexico'daki Guadalupe Dağları'ndan alır. Lopingyen ise adını Çin'in Jiangxi eyaletine bağlı Leping şehrinden alır. Permiyen Dönemi boyunca, karasal yaşam kayda değer ölçüde değişti ve özellikle bitki örtüsünde çeşitlilik arttı. Dünya'daki kara parçalarının çoğunluğu Pangea kıtasında toplandı ve iklim dalgalanmaları meydana geldi.

Hayvanlar alemi de Permiyen Dönemi'nde değişikliklere uğradı. Deniz yaşamı, Permiyen-Triyas yok oluşu olarak bilinen bir soy tükenmesi olayıyla sona erdi. Kara yaşamında ise sürüngenlerin atası olan sinapsidler ve daha gelişmiş omurgalı grupları evrimsel olarak belirdi. Ancak Permiyen-Triyas yok oluşu, deniz canlılarının %90 ila %95'inin, kara canlılarının ise %70'inin neslinin tükenmesine sebep oldu.

Permiyen Dönemi, sadece biyolojik evrimde değil, aynı zamanda iklimsel ve jeolojik süreçlerde de dikkate değer değişikliklere sahne olan bir dönem olarak yerküre tarihinde öne çıkar. Yanardağ faaliyetlerinin yanı sıra atmosferdeki karbondioksit seviyelerinin yükselmesi ve sürekli arazi değişiklikleri, bu dönemin ana özellikleri olarak kabul edilir. Permiyen Dönemi'nin sona erdiği dönemde gerçekleşen yok oluş, yerküre tarihindeki en büyük yok oluşlardan biridir ve bilim insanları için hâlâ birçok soru işareti barındırır.

Deniz yaşamı
Karbonifer Dönemin sonunda bir yok oluş yaşanmadığı için deniz yaşamı da kara yaşamı gibi Karbonifer'in devamı niteliğindedir.

Kara hayatı
Karaların büyük bir bölümünde süren kurak iklim yağmur ormanlarını olumsuz etkilemiştir. Dönemin sonlarında doğru yağmur ormanları neredeyse tümüyle ortadan kalkmıştır. Karasal flora baskın olarak kozalaklı bitkilerin de arasında bulunduğu açık tohumlularca oluşturuluyordu.

Permiyen omurgalı faunası yaygın bir gelişme ve çeşitlenme yaşadı. İki yaşamlı Labyrinthodontlar ve memeli benzeri sürüngenler de dahil, sürüngenlerin yükseldiği dönemdir. Permiyen sürüngenlerinin fosil kayıtları oldukça kalabalıktır.

Kitlesel yok oluş
Permiyen sonunda görülen ve tüm türlerin %90-95'inin ortadan kalktığı yok oluş Fanerozoiğin en büyük yok oluşudur. Karasal yaşamın görece daha az etkilendiği yok oluşta, omurgalı, böcek ve bitkilerin dahil olduğu karasal türlerin %70'i ortadan kalktı. Bitkiler de yok oluştan ciddi biçimde etkilendi; ancak, büyük bitki grupları hayvanlar gibi tamamen yok olmadı.

Bu kitlesel yok oluşa neyin ya da nelerin neden olduğu bugün için hâlen tartışmalı bir konudur. Pek çok bilim insanı bir gök cisminin dünyaya çarpması tezini kabul ederken, deniz yaşamının %90'ı ortadan kalkmasına karşın kara sürüngenlerinin üçte ikisinin kurtulmuş olması, başkaca nedenlerin olması gerektiğini savunan bilim adamları için gerekçe teşkil etmektedir. Küresel soğuma, deniz tabanındaki ve özellikle Sibirya'daki volkanik etkinlikler bu nedenler arasındadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Permiyen-Triyas yok oluşu

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Permiyen - Bilgem Tübitak

Permiyen


es un rascacielos situado en el barrio especial de Shibuya, Tokio, Japón. Con  de altura, es el tercer edificio más alto de Tokio. Después de la instalación de un reloj en 2002, el edificio se convirtió en la torre de reloj más alta del mundo (En 2012 se construyó el conjunto de edificios Abraj Al-Bait, del cual forma parte una torre que pasaría a ser la torre de reloj más alta del mundo)

Características
NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building es propiedad del grupo NTT Docomo. A pesar del nombre del edificio, éste no actúa como cuartel general de la compañía, el cual está situado en las plantas más altas de Sannō Park Tower. El edificio alberga algunas oficinas, pero es usado principalmente para equipo técnico (conmutadores, etc.) del servicio de telefonía móvil de la compañía.

Para conmemorar el 10º aniversario de NTT Docomo, un reloj de 15 metros de diámetro fue puesto en funcionamiento en noviembre de 2002. La instalación de este reloj hizo al rascacielos la torre de reloj más alta del mundo, sobrepasando al Palacio de la Cultura y la Ciencia de Varsovia, al que se le añadió un reloj en 2000. La porción superior del edificio también presenta luces coloreadas que indican si el pronóstico del tiempo prevé lluvias en dicho día.

La energía solar es utilizada parcialmente para suministrar energía al edificio. Un sistema de separación de basuras empleado en las oficinas ayuda a reducir el desperdicio y aumentar el reciclado. El agua residual es reciclada para volver a usarla, y el agua de lluvia se usa para los aseos del edificio.

El edificio no tiene restaurantes ni otras atracciones turísticas; tampoco se permite la entrada a turistas dentro del edificio.

Véase también

 Anexo:Rascacielos más altos
 Anexo:Rascacielos de Japón

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Rascacielos inaugurados en 2000
Rascacielos de Japón del siglo XXI
Rascacielos de Tokio
Rascacielos de Japón entre 250 y 299 metros
Japón en 2000

NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building


Petr Pavel (* 1. November 1961 in Planá) ist ein tschechischer Politiker und seit dem 9. März 2023 der vierte Staatspräsident der Tschechischen Republik.

Der General a. D. der Tschechischen Armee war bis 2015 Leiter des Generalstabs, anschließend bis 2018 Vorsitzender des NATO-Militärausschusses.

Biographie

Ausbildung
Pavel besuchte von 1979 bis 1983 die Hochschule des Heeres in Vyškov (Vysoká vojenská škola pozemního vojska ve Vyškově). Darüber hinaus absolvierte er Fortbildungen von 1995 bis 1996 am Staff College in Camberley sowie 2005 am Royal College of Defence Studies in London. Von 1985 bis 1989 war er Mitglied der Kommunistischen Partei der Tschechoslowakei.

Militärische Laufbahn

Pavel begann seine Laufbahn als Führer eines Aufklärungszuges. Nach einigen Jahren wechselte er zum Nachrichtendienst, wo er vom 1. November 1997 bis zum 31. März 1999 den Befehl über die 601. Spezialkräftegruppe innehatte.

Von 2003 bis 2005 war Pavel stellvertretender Oberbefehlshaber der tschechischen Streitkräfte und danach bis 2007 Leiter der operativen Abteilung, der Stabshauptabteilung für die Entwicklung der Teilstreitkräfte. Am 1. Juli 2011 erfolgte seine Ernennung zum stellvertretenden Chef und am 1. Juli 2012 zum Chef des Generalstabs. Er trat damit die Nachfolge von Vlastimil Picek an.

Darüber hinaus durchlief er mehrere Auslandsverwendungen. Von 1992 bis 1993 war er für die UNPROFOR in der Republik Serbische Krajina tätig. Dort gelang es den unter seinem Befehl stehenden Fallschirmjägern, eine französische Einheit, die infolge einer kroatischen Offensive in eine auswegslose Lage geraten war, im Rahmen einer einwöchigen Aktion aus der Gefahrenzone zu evakuieren. Dafür wurde er von Verteidigungsminister Pierre Joxe mit dem Militärverdienstkreuz mit bronzenem Stern ausgezeichnet.

In den Jahren zwischen 1993 und 1994 war er Stellvertreter des tschechischen Militär- und Luftwaffenattachés in Belgien. Von 1999 bis 2002 war er Verbindungsoffizier im Hauptquartier AFCENT sowie Stellvertreter des Befehlshabers des aus AFCENT hervorgegangenen Regionalkommandos AFNORTH. In der Zeit von 2007 bis 2009 war er Stellvertreter des militärischen Vertreters der Tschechischen Republik in der EU und von 2010 bis 2011 vertrat er sein Land bei SHAPE. Seine Beförderung zum Generalleutnant erfolgte am 8. Mai 2012, die zum General (Armádní generál) genau zwei Jahre später. Pavel war Mitglied einer Fachkommission, die 2011 das tschechische "Weißbuch über die Verteidigung" erstellte.

Zum 1. Juli 2012 wurde Petr Pavel durch den damaligen Präsidenten Václav Klaus zum Chef des tschechischen Generalstabs ernannt. Aus diesem Amt schied Pavel am 30. April 2015 aufgrund seiner Berufung zum 31. Vorsitzenden des NATO-Militärausschusses. Sein Nachfolger als Generalstabschef wurde Josef Bečvář. Pavel stand als erster Vorsitzender aus einem ehemaligen Mitgliedsstaat des Warschauer Pakts bis 29. Juni 2018 an der Spitze des höchsten militärischen Organs der NATO.

Kandidatur zur Präsidentschaftswahl
Am 29. Juni 2022 kündigte Pavel an, zur Präsidentschaftswahl in Tschechien 2023 anzutreten. Sein Wahlkampf begann am 6. September 2022. Am 4. Oktober 2022 erhielt er als einer von drei Kandidaten offizielle Unterstützung des SPOLU-Wahlbündnisses. Beim ersten Wahlgang am 13. und 14. Januar 2023 erhielt Pavel mit 35,4 Prozent die meisten Stimmen. Knapp dahinter lag mit 35,0 Prozent der ehemalige Ministerpräsident Andrej Babiš.

Die Stichwahl zwischen Pavel und Babiš fand am 27. und 28. Januar statt, die Pavel mit 58,32 % der Wähler für sich mit einem pro-europäischen und NATO-Kurs entscheiden konnte. Vorteile gegenüber Babiš im Wahlkampf waren hier unter anderem mehrere Vorwürfe der Korruption gegen Babiš sowie dessen Anti-NATO-Aussagen in Bezug auf den russischen Überfall auf die Ukraine. Pavel wurde vor allem von jüngeren Menschen und Städtern gewählt.

Präsidentschaft

Bereits vor seiner Inauguration kontaktierte Pavel mehrere andere Staatsoberhäupter, darunter Wolodymyr Selenskyj. Er telefonierte auch mit der taiwanischen Präsidentin Tsai Ing-wen, wogegen die Volksrepublik China Protest einlegte.

Am 9. März 2023 wurde Pavel bei einer feierlichen Sitzung der beiden Parlamentskammern Senat und Abgeordnetenhaus in der Prager Burg in sein Amt eingeführt. Als Nachfolger von Miloš Zeman wurde er somit der zweite direkt gewählte Präsident Tschechiens. Eine Umfrage zeigte in der Folge einen Anstieg des Vertrauens in den Staatspräsidenten auf 58 Prozent im Vergleich zu 38 Prozent gegen Ende von Zemans Amtszeit.

Politische Positionen
Pavel bezeichnet seine politische Position als "rechts der Mitte", gilt in sozialen Fragen aber teilweise als progressiv. Er befürwortet etwa die gleichgeschlechtliche Ehe.

Pavel tritt für eine starke militärische Unterstützung der Ukraine ein.

Privates
Pavel ist zum zweiten Mal verheiratet. Seine Frau Eva Pavlová ist Soldatin im Rang eines Oberstleutnants. Aus der ersten, geschiedenen Ehe stammen zwei Söhne.

Auszeichnungen (Auswahl)
 Medaille für Heldentum (1995)
 Croix de la Valeur militaire mit bronzenem Stern (1995)
 Offizier der Ehrenlegion (2012)
 Großkreuz des belgischen Kronenordens (2018)
 Commander der Legion of Merit (2018)

Weblinks

 Biografie (englisch)
 Pavel als Mitglied der Weißbuch-Fachkommission (tschechisch)
 Bericht über die Tätigkeit Pavels für die UNPROFOR (tschechisch)
 Statement Pavels zum Smart-Defence-Konzept (tschechisch)
 Pavel als Mitglied der Ständigen Vertretung der Tschechischen Republik in der EU während der tschechischen EU-Ratspräsidentschaft (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Präsident (Tschechien)
Amtierendes Staatsoberhaupt
Chef des Generalstabes der Streitkräfte der Tschechischen Republik
Stellvertreter des Chefs des Generalstabes der Streitkräfte der Tschechischen Republik
Militärperson (NATO)
Armeegeneral (Tschechien)
Mitglied der Ehrenlegion (Offizier)
Träger des belgischen Kronenordens (Großkreuz)
Träger des Ordens Legion of Merit (Kommandeur)
Kandidat für das Präsidentenamt (Tschechien)
KSČ-Mitglied
Tscheche
Tschechoslowake
Geboren 1961
Mann

Petr Pavel


Pita-gigante (Hydrornis caeruleus) é uma espécie de ave da família Pittidae.

Distribuição e habitat

É nativa de Brunei, Indonésia, Malásia, Mianmar e Tailândia. Habita florestas primárias e secundárias altas em altitudes de até . Parece preferir áreas pantanosas densamente vegetadas, mas raramente tem sido relatada a partir de vegetação mais seca e secundária.

Conservação
A espécie é classificada como quase ameaçada pela IUCN. O tamanho total da população é desconhecido, mas acredita-se que seja escasso a raro, e acredita-se que esteja sob pressão da rápida perda de floresta em seu habitat nativo.

Tyranni
Aves descritas em 1822
Aves da Malásia
Aves da Indonésia
Espécies quase ameaçadas

Pita-gigante


Uma vaca canulada ou fistulada refere-se a uma vaca que foi cirurgicamente equipada com uma cânula. Uma cânula atua como um dispositivo semelhante a uma vigia que permite o acesso ao rúmen de uma vaca, para realizar pesquisas e análises do sistema digestivo e permitir que os veterinários transplantem o conteúdo do rúmen de uma vaca para outra.

A prática da canulação ruminal foi documentada pela primeira vez em 1928 por Arthur Frederick Schalk e R.S. Amadon do North Dakota Agricultural College.

Implantação cirúrgica

A canulação requer a instalação de um cilindro de borracha flangeado na lateral de uma vaca, atrás de sua 13.ª costela. O cilindro normalmente é equipado com uma tampa de plástico, borracha ou metal para manter o rúmen anaeróbico.

A cânula de borracha é implantada cirurgicamente enquanto a vaca está de pé e acordada, com anestesia local. A vaca é obrigada a jejuar e abster-se de beber água por 24 horas antes da cirurgia. Em seguida, o veterinário extirpa um pequeno pedaço da pele da vaca, faz uma incisão no rúmen e costura os lados abertos do rúmen nas bordas da pele, para evitar que o conteúdo do rúmen vaze para o resto da cavidade abdominal. Finalmente, o flange interno da cânula é empurrado para dentro do rúmen e tampado.

Implicações éticas
Embora veterinários e criadores de bovinos apontem para a eficácia da transfaunação no tratamento de doenças digestivas, muitos grupos de direitos dos animais argumentam que a prática é desnecessariamente prejudicial à qualidade de vida da vaca canulada. O uso de um coletor de líquido ruminal em vez de fistulação é bem tolerado pela vaca doadora. A PETA aponta para o período de recuperação de quatro a seis semanas da cirurgia e sugere que os argumentos para os benefícios da canulação para a saúde obscurecem o lucro da indústria de laticínios: "Enquanto alguns afirmam que essa transferência pode melhorar a saúde das vacas, o procedimento parece principalmente para beneficiar os resultados das indústrias de carne e laticínios — otimizando alimentos e digestão para animais que serão explorados e abatidos." Da mesma forma, a Sociedade Antivivissecção da Nova Zelândia descreve a prática como "cruel, insensível e bárbara [...] o epítome de usar vacas como meros objetos, como carros com tanques de combustível."

O sítio de verificação de fatos Snopes determinou que a descrição de um vídeo circulante de uma vaca canulada como "abuso" é uma "categorização incorreta", dizendo que a canulação "não é uma forma de abuso nem um método para aumentar a produção de laticínios." No entanto, a canulação do rúmen tem sido usada há muito tempo pela indústria de laticínios para estudar métodos que melhoram a produção de leite. Por exemplo, um estudo de 1940 usou vacas canuladas para determinar que uma dieta rica em vitaminas produz mais leite antiescorbútico do que uma dieta pobre em vitaminas, e um estudo de 2004 usou vacas canuladas para avaliar tratamentos para um desequilíbrio de pH chamado acidose ruminal subaguda que preocupa os produtores de leite principalmente porque prejudica a produção de leite.

Bovinos

Vaca canulada


سوق وادي بردى، قرية سورية في منطقة الزبداني بمحافظة ريف دمشق. وفقًا لمكتب الإحصاء المركزي السوري بلغ عدد سكان سوق وادي بردى عام 2014 ما يقارب 3678 نسمة. غالبية سكانها من المسلمين السنة.

انظر أيضا
قائمة بلدات سوريا

مراجع وهوامش

أماكن مأهولة في منطقة الزبداني
تجمعات سنية في سوريا
بلدات سوريا
قرى محافظة ريف دمشق

سوق وادي بردى


Les élections au Conseil de la République en Ille-et-Vilaine ont lieu le dimanche  pour l'élection des  délégués au suffrage universel et le  pour le vote de ces délégués.

Elles ont pour but d'élire les 3 conseillers représentant le département au Conseil de la République pour un mandat de neuf années.

Mode de scrutin

Le mode de scurtion est très complexe. Héritier de la volonté d'avoir deux chambres législatives du MRP et des radicaux, mais également de l'opposition très forte du PCF et de la SFIO à l'ancien mode de désignation des sénateurs (loi du 10 décembre 1884), le compromis trouvé pour le mode de scrutin ménage une grande part de désignation direct par les électeurs. Mais l'Assemblée vote pour élire certains membres, ceux de l'outre-mer sont élus par les élus locaux...

200 conseillers élus à la proportionnelle

Première phase le 24 novembre 1946

Le système électoral commence par une élection de délégués au scrutin direct.
 Dans chaque canton, les citoyens votent pour une liste de candidats. Ces derniers sont élus à la Proportionnelle à la plus forte moyenne.
 Il y a un délégué par tranche de 300 inscrits dans le canton. Les cantons dépassant  inscrits sont divisés en sections comprises entre  et  inscrits.
 Le panachage est interdit.
 Environ  délégués sont élus durant cette phase, dont  dans le département.

Seconde phase le 8 décembre 1946

 Les délégués élus dans les cantons le 24 novembre, ainsi que les députés et les conseillers généraux sont convoqués au chef-lieu de département pour voter pour un (ou des) "Conseiller de la République" par tranche de  ou fraction de ce nombre.
Par exemple l'Ille-et-Vilaine en élit deux, étant peuplé de , soit un pour le seuil de  et un autre car elle dépasse ce seuil. Les deux candidats du MRP sont élus directement.

Le but est d'élire 200 Conseillers, mais le seuil d'habitants très haut ne permet pas d'atteindre ce chiffre et seulement 127 personnes sont élues directement.

 Pour obtenir les 200 élus, il est procédé à une centralisation de tous les votes obtenus dans chaque département par chaque candidat de chaque parti, dans une "commission centrale de recensement" à Paris.
 Les 73 sièges restant à pourvoir sont attribués aux partis selon la proportionnelle à la plus forte moyenne, en tenant compte des sièges déjà obtenu par chacun d'eux.
 Ensuite, ce ne sont pas les partis qui choisissent les élus. Ce sont les "meilleurs" non-élus, c'est-à-dire ceux qui ont obtenus la part de voix la plus haute dans leur département, sans toutefois être élus, qui deviennent Conseillers ; c'est ainsi qu'Eugène Quessot est élu

Sénateurs sortants

Élections des délégués ()

Les délégués sont élus le  au suffrage universel. Ils sont élus au niveau cantonal à raison d'un délégué pour 300 électeurs. Le scrutin est proportionnel, à la méthode de la plus forte moyenne.

Élections des Conseillers ()

Listes candidates

Résultats

 Eugène Quessot (SFIO) est élu au titre de la répartition interdépartementale des 73 conseillers non élus directement.

Conseillers de la République élus

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Élections sénatoriales françaises de 1946
 Grand électeur
 Liste des sénateurs d'Ille-et-Vilaine
 Sénat

Lien externe

1946
Ille-et-Vilaine

Élections sénatoriales de 1946 en Ille-et-Vilaine


ولد بـقرية عمروس، بمركز الشهداء محافظة المنوفية. مجدي العمروسي أقرب أصدقاء عبد الحليم حافظ إلى قلبه و مدير أعماله وخزينة أسراره.
مجدي العمروسي، اسم ملازم لحليم باعتباره صديق عمره، والذي ظل مجدداً لذكراه من خلال مفاجأة يتحفنا بها في كل عام، وهي غالباً ما تكون ألبوم جديد يضم أغنيات نادرة من خلال شركته «صوت الفن»..

وصلات داخلية
 مصر
 عبد الحليم حافظ
 محافظة المنوفية

روابط خارجية

مصادر

صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة (أشخاص أحياء)
محامون مصريون

مجدي العمروسي