Claude Debussy (22 Ağustos 1862 - 25 Mart 1918), 20. yüzyılın Fransız bestecilerinden birisidir.

Müzikte empresyonizm (izlenimcilik) akımının en önemli temsilcidir.

Yaşamı

Paris yakınlarında doğan Claude Debussy'nin anne ve babası porselen eşya satan bir dükkân işletmekteydi. Müzikal yeteneği ilk defa Chopin'in bir öğrencisi olan piyano öğretmeni Bayan Maut de Fleurville tarafından keşfedilmiştir. Bayan Maut, onu Paris Konservatuvarı'na gönderdi ve Debussy orada 1872'den itibaren 10 yıl eğitim gördü. Debussy, başlangıçta piyano virtüözü olmak istiyordu fakat 1878 ve 1879'daki piyano sınavlarından kalınca bu fikirden vazgeçti; Ernest Guiraud'un kompozisyon derslerine devam etti ve bu sayede 1884'te Roma Ödülü'nü alarak Roma'da 3 yıl eğitim görme şansına erişti.

Claude Debussy, piyano öğretmeni Marmontel'in kendisini tavsiye etmesi üzerine 1879-1882 yılları arasında Bayan Nadezhda Filaretovna von Meck'in evinde özel piyanist olarak çalışma şansına erişmişti. Bir Rus mühendisin zengin dul eşi olan Bayan von Meck, evinde daima bir piyanist, bir kemancı ve bir çellocu bulundururdu. Bayan von Meck Tchaivkosky'nin finansal destekçisi idi ve iletişimini yıllar boyu sadece mektuplarla sürdürdüğü Tchaivkosky'e hayrandı. Debussy, onun evinde bol bol Tchaivosky'nin oda müziği eserlerini ve patronunun istekleri doğrultusunda doğaçlama eserler çaldı; çocuklara piyano dersi verdi ve bir yaz Bayan von Meck ile birlikte Floransa, Venedik, Viyana ve Moskova'yı gezdi. Bu gezi sırasında Viyana'da Wagner'in Tristan und Isolde operasını dinleyerek çok etkilendi. 1888-1889'da Bayreuth Festivali'ne giderek Wagner'in müziğini dinleyen ve etkisinde kalan Debussy, daha sonra Wagner'in müzik yaklaşımını reddetmiştir.

1890'lar Debussy'nin kariyerindeki en verimli dönemdir. Bu dönemin en önemli eseri Pellas et Melisande operasıdır. Bu eserin 1902'de seslendirilişi uluslararası bir başarı oldu. Pell as'dan sonra ünlenen Debussy, Avrupa başkentlerini gezerek eserlerini piyanist veya orkestra şefi olarak seslendirdi. Bu dönemde yazdığı makalelerle esprili bir eleştirmen olarak da tanındı.

1887'den itibaren kendisini bir besteci olarak gören Debussy, kendi eserlerini çaldığı bazı zamanlar hariç sahneye piyanist veya orkestra şefi olarak çıkmadı. Arkadaş çevresi müzisyenlerden değil, şair Stéphane Mallarmé'nin evine gidip gelen empresyonist şairler ve ressamlardan oluşuyordu. Bu çevrenin etkisi ilk önemli orkestra eseri L'aprésmidi d'un Faune (Bir tabiat ilahının öğleden sonrası) adlı senfonik şiirinde kendisini gösterir. Bu eserin 1894'te sahnelenmesi, empresyonist müziğin doğuşuna işaret eder ve Debussy'nin 20 yıl sürecek en verimli dönemini başlatır. Bu dönemde Noktürnler, Deniz, Tablolar adlı orkestra eserlerini, çok sayıda piyano eserini, çeşitli şarkılar ve oda müziği eserleri, bale müziği ve tek operasını yazdı.

Debussy'nin çok sayıda kadınla ilişkisi olmuştu. Bu kadınlardan metresi Gabrielle Dupont intihara teşebbüs etmiştir. Ayrıca Debussy de sanatçılara özgü bir tutku yoğunluğuyla sürekli intihar düşüncesi taşımaktaydı. 1899'da bir terzi olan Rosalie Texier ile evlendi. Rosalie Texier ile aralarındaki kültür farkı ve Texier'nin Debussy için kültürel anlamda yetersiz kalması sebebiyle Debussy 1904'te eşini, bir bankacının eşi olan amatör şarkıcı Emma Bardac için terk etti. Emma ile bir apartman dairesine taşındı ve ömrünün geri kalanını orada geçirdi. 1905'te Claude-Emma adlı kızı doğdu ve 1908'de Bayan Bardac ile evlendi. Children's Corner (Çocukların Köşesi) adlı eserini kızına adadı.

Kansere yakalanan ve bu hastalık yüzünden enerjisi tükenen Debussy, her şeye rağmen beste yapmayı sürdürdü ancak 1914'te I. Dünya Savaşı'nın patlak vermesi üzerine müziğe olan ilgisini kaybetti. "Bu kadar insan kahramanca ölümle yüzleşirken ne gülebildiğini ne de gözyaşı dökebildiğini" söyledi ve 1 yıl süren bir sessizliğe gömüldü. Ancak daha sonra besteleriyle mücadeleye katılması gerektiğini düşünerek en son eserlerini verdi. Son eseri olan piyano ve keman için sonatı 1917'de seslendirildi ve Debussy, piyanoyu kendisi çaldı. 1918'in Mart ayında Paris bombardımanında öldü.

Debussy, en önemli eserlerini piyano için bestelemiştir. Eserleriyle piyano çalma tekniklerinde devrim yaratmıştır. 20. yüzyılbaşında, çağdaşları üzerinde Debussy kadar etki yaratan Schönberg dışında kimse yoktur. Debussy adı yaşadığı dönemde empresyonizm ile özdeşleşmişti. Bunun yanı sıra piyano eserleri de büyük ilgi görür.

22 Ağustos 2013 günü 151. Doğum günü anısına Google tarafından özel bir doodle hazırlandı.

Seçilmiş eserleri

Orkestra

 Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune
 La Mer
 Nocturnes
 Printemps
 Images: Gigues, Ibéria, Rondes de printemps
 Marche éscossaise sur un thème populaire
 Fantaisie pour piano et orchestre
 Deux danses pour harpe chromatique et orchestre d'instruments à cordes
 Première Rhapsodie pour clarinette et orchestre

Piyano
 İki elle piyano için
 Préludes I et II
 Images I et II]]
 Claire de Lune
 Children's Corner (orkestrasyon:André Caplet)
 Estampes
 Suite bergamasque
 Etudes
 Deux Arabesques
 Le trouduce
 Pour le piano
 Valse romantique
 Nocturne
 Mazurka
 D'un cahier d'esquisses
 Hommage à Haydn
 La plus que lente
 La boite à joujoux 1913 (bale) (Orkestrasyon: André Caplet - ölümünden sonra)
 Berceuse héroique
 Dance Tarantelle styrienne (Orkestrasyon: Maurice Ravel)
 Le petit negre
 Dört elle piyano için
 Petite suite (Orkestrasyon:Henri Busser)
 Marche éscossaise sur un thème populaire
 Six èpigraphes antiques
 İki piyano için
 Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune
 Lindaraja
 En blanc et noir

Operalar
 Rodrigue et Chimène opera (1890–1892, unfinished)
 Pelléas et Mélisande opera (1893–1902)
 Le diable dans le beffroi (1902–1911, kısa opera  Poe'nun "The Devil in the Belfry"'i üzerine temllenmiş, bitmemiştir)
 La chute de la maison Usher (1908–1917, kısa opera  Poe'nun "The Fall of the House of Usher"i üzerine temllenmiş, bitmemiştir)

Oda müziği
 Trio pour Violon, Violoncelle et Piano" (16 yıl hazırlama)
 Quatuor à cordes Rhapsodie pour saxophone et piano (Orkestrasyon: Roger Ducasse 1919)
 Première rhapsodie pour clarinette et piano Petite pièce pour clarinette et piano Syrinx pour flûte solo Sonate pour violoncelle et piano Sonate pour flûte, alto et harpe Sonate pour violon et piano Koro
 Salut, printemps Invocation L'enfant prodigue La damoiselle élue Trois chansons de Charles d'Orleans Noël des enfants qui n'ont plus de maison Ode à'la France Kantatalar
 Nuit d'etoiles Beau soir Fleur des blés Mandoline Trois poémes de Stéphane Mallarmé Trois ballades de Francois Villon Le premenoir des deux amants Trois chansons de France Trois chansons de Bilitis Proses lyriques Fêtes galantes I et II Deux romances I et II
 Trois mélodies Dans le jardin Les angélus Cinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire Ariettes oubliées Musique Quatre mélodies pour Mme Vasnier Rondeau Zéphyr Paysage sentimentale Voici que le printemps La belle au bois dormant''

Örnek Eserleri

Dipnotlar

Ayrıca bakınız

 Opera bestecileri listesi

Dış bağlantılar
 IMSLP websitesi "Debussy,_Claude" maddesi   (Erişme:2.11.2010)
 Choral-Wiki websitesi "Claude_Debussy" maddesi   (Erişme:2.11.2010)
  Claude Debussy eserlerinin kronolojik katalogu   (Erişme:2.11.2010)
 Claude Debussy hakkinda dokumenter film  (Erişme:2.11.2010)
 http://www.doodle.web.tr/index.php/claude-debussynin-151-dogum-gunu

1862 doğumlular
Saint-Germain-en-Laye doğumlular
1918 yılında ölenler
Modern dönem bestecileri
Edward devri
Passy Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Fransız klasik müzik bestecileri

Claude Debussy


Lars Gösta Magnusson, né le , est un historien de l'économie suédois.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en juin 1952
Économiste suédois

Lars Magnusson (économiste)


Berlin Sobtacdoug (27. siječnja 1977.) je rukometni vratar iz Demokratske Republike Kongo. Nastupa za domaći klub JS Kinshasa i rukometnu reprezentaciju Demokratske Republike Kongo.

Natjecao se na Svjetskom prvenstvu u Egiptu 2021., gdje je reprezentacija DR Konga završila na 28. mjestu.

Izvori

Rukometaši iz Demokratske Republike Kongo
Rukometni vratari

Berlin Sobtacdoug


Trigonometri (Yunanca trigōnon "üçgen" + metron "ölçmek"), üçgenlerin açıları ile kenarları arasındaki bağıntıları konu edinen matematik dalı. Trigonometri, sinüs ve kosinüs gibi trigonometrik işlevlerin (fonksiyon) üzerine kurulmuştur ve günümüzde fizik ve mühendislik alanlarında sıkça kullanılmaktadır.

Tarihçe

Matematiğin doğrudan doğruya astronomiden çıkmış bir kolu olan trigonometrinin bazı ögeleri, daha Babilliler ve Eski Mısırlılar döneminde biliniyor, Sümerli astronomlar ilk kez bir çemberi 360 eşit parçaya bölerek açı ölçümünü yaptılar. Eski Yunanlar Menelaos'un küresel geometrisi aracılığıyla, bir daire içine çizilebilen dörtgenden yola çıkarak daire yaylarının kirişlerinin değerlerini veren çizgiler oluşturuyorlardı. Daha sonra Araplar, yay kirişlerinin yerine sinüsleri koyup; tanjant, kotanjant, sekant, kosekant kavramlarını geliştirdiler.[kaynak belirtilmeli].İlk kez Akdeniz in çevresi trigonometre ile Abbasiler döneminde ölçülmüştür.

Batıda Nasîrüddin Tûsî'den büyük ölçüde yararlanan Regiomontanus'un üçgen üstüne adlı eseriyle gerçek trigonometri doğmuş oldu. François Viète ve Simon Stevin, hesaplarda ondalık sayılardan yararlandılar. John Napier logaritmayı işe kattı. Isaac Newton ve öğrencileri trigonometri işlevlerinin ve logaritmalarının hesabına tam serileri uyguladılar. Daha sonra da Leonhard Euler, birim olarak trigonometrik cetvelin yarıçapını alarak, modern trigonometrinin temellerini attı.[kaynak belirtilmeli].

Genel bakış

Trigonometrik işlevler

Trigonometrik işlevler bir dik üçgen ya da birim çember üzerinden tanımlanır. Temel olarak üç tane trigonometrik işlev ve bunların çarpma işlemine göre terslerinden oluşan üç tane daha işlev vardır. Yandaki ABC üçgeninde

 Sinüs işlevi (sin), karşı kenarın hipotenüse oranıdır.

 Kosinüs işlevi (cos), komşu kenarın hipotenüse oranıdır.

 Tanjant işlevi (tan), karşı kenarın komşu kenarı oranıdır.

Bir de bu işlevlerin çarpmaya göre tersi vardır. kosekant, sekant ve kotanjant:

Bu işlevler geometrinin dolayısıyla fiziğin ve mühendisliğin pek çok alanında kullanılır. Sinüs ve kosinüs teoremleri bir üçgenin açıları ve kenarlarını hesaplamakta kullanılır ki herhangi bir çokgen üçgenlerin birleşimi olduğundan çokgenleri incelemede de yararlıdır.

Birim çember ve esas ölçü

Yukarıda dik üçgen üzerinden yapılan tanım sadece 0-90 derece aralığını kapsar (0-π/2 radyan).

90-360 derece arasındaki açıların trigonometrik değerleri birim çember üzerinden hesaplanır. 360 dereceden büyük açılar 360 üzerinden devrettirilerek 0-360 arasındaki esas ölçüsü bulunur.

 0° ≤x <360° ve k bir tam sayı olmak üzere ölçüsü (x + 360k) olan açıların esas ölçüsü x derecedir.
 0 ≤ x< 2π ve k bir tam sayı olmak üzere, ölçüsü (x + 2πk) olan açıların esas ölçüsü x radyandır.

Merkezi orijin ve yarıçapı 1 birim olan çembere birim çember veya trigonometrik çember denir.
Birim çemberin denklemi x2+y2=1 şeklindedir.

Sarma işlevi
Gerçel sayılar kümesinden birim çember üzerindeki noktalara tanımlanan işleve sarma işlevi denir.

Sarma işlevini s ile, birim çemberi de C ile gösterirsek işlev

şeklinde yazılabilir ve  oldugunda  olur. Başka bir deyişle, sarma işlevi, gerçel sayılar üzerinde dönemi (periyodu)  olan bir işlevdir.

İşlevler arasındaki ilişkiler
Yukarıdaki tanımlardan görülebileceği gibi, bu işlevler arasında

  (Pisagor teoremi)

ilişkileri vardır.

Sık kullanılan açıların trigonometrik oranları

Gerçek veya karmaşık değişkenlerin trigonometrik fonksiyonları

Trigonometrik fonksiyon grafikleri
6 ana trigonometrik fonksiyonun özelliklerini özetleyen diyagramlar:

Ters trigonometrik fonksiyonlar
6 ana trigonometrik fonksiyon periyodik olduğu için birebir değillerdir yani ters çevrilemezler, ancak trigonometrik bir fonksiyonun alanını kısıtlayarak ters çevrilebilirler.

Kullanım alanları

Trigonometri birçok fen biliminde, matematiğin diğer alanlarında ve çeşitli sanatlarda yaygın bir biçimde kullanılmaktadır. Trigonometriyi kullanan bazı dallar şunlardır:

jeofizik, kristalografi, ekonomi (özellikle de finansal pazarların analizinde), elektrik mühendisliği, inşaat mühendisliği, elektronik, jeodezi, makine mühendisliği, meteoroloji, müzik kuramı, sayı kuramı (ve dolayısıyla kriptografi), oşinografi (okyanus bilimi), farmakoloji (eczacılık), optik, fonetik, olasılık kuramı, psikoloji, sismoloji...

Trigonometri yukarıda örneklendiği gibi birçok farklı alana farklı katkılarda bulunmuştur. Örneğin Pisagor kuramının isim babası Pisagor matematiksel müzik kuramına ilk katkıda bulunan isimlerdendir. Oşinografide bazı dalgaların sinüs dalgalarına benzerliği ilgili incelemelerde trigonometrinin kullanımına olanak tanımıştır. Bunun dışında Fourier serileri sayesinde trigonometrik işlevler farklı fonksiyonları temsil etmekte kullanılırlar ve bu sayede trigonometri birçok yararlanılan dallarda kullanım olanağı bulmuştur.

Özdeşlikler

Üçgen özdeşlikleri

Sinüs teoremi

Kosinüs teoremi

Tanjant teoremi

Trigonometrik özdeşlikler

Euler bağıntısı

Bu bağıntıyla iki matematiksel ifade olan i ve  birbirine bağlanmış olur.

de Moivre formülü

Diğer özdeşlikler

Toplam fark formülleri
Trigonometrik değerleri bilinen iki açının toplamının veya farkının trigonometrik değerlerini hesaplamak için kullanılan formüllerdir.

sin(α+β) = sin α.cos β + cos α.sin β

sin(α-β) = sin α.cos β - cos α.sin β

cos(α+β) = cos α.cos β - sin α.sin β

cos(α-β) = cos α.cos β + sin α.sin β

tan(α+β) = (tan α + tan β) / (1 - tan α . tan β)

tan(α-β) = (tan α - tan β) / (1 + tan α . tan β)

cot(α+β) = (cot α . cot β - 1) / (cot α + cot β)

cot(α-β) = (cot α . cot β + 1) / (cot β - cot α)

Yarım açı formülleri
Yarım açı formülleri ya da iki kat açı formülleri, trigonometrik değerleri bilinen bir açının iki katının veya yarısının trigonometrik değerlerini hesaplamak için kullanılan formüllerdir.

sin2α = 2sin α.cos α

cos2α = cos2 α - sin2 α

cos2α = 2cos2 α - 1

cos2α = 1- 2sin2 α

tan2α = 2tan α / 1-tan2 α

tan2α = 2 / cot α - tan α

cot2α = cot2 α - 1 / 2cot α

Dönüşüm formülleri
Dönüşüm formülleri, toplam duruaki iki trigonometrik ifadeyi çarpım haline getirmeye yarar. Bu işlemin amacı bazı özel durumlarda işlem kolaylığı sağlamaktır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Trigonometrinin ana hatları

Notlar

Trigonometri


Jean Parker "Shep" Shepherd Jr. (July 26, 1921 – October 16, 1999) was an American storyteller, humorist, radio and TV personality, writer, and actor. With a career that spanned decades, Shepherd is known for the film A Christmas Story (1983), which he narrated and co-scripted, based on his own semiautobiographical stories.

Early life
Born in 1921 to Jean Parker Shepherd and his wife, Anna,  on the South Side of Chicago, Shepherd Jr. briefly lived in East Chicago, Indiana, and was raised in Hammond, Indiana, where he graduated from Hammond High School in 1939.

A Christmas Story is loosely based on his days growing up in Hammond's southeast side neighborhood of Hessville. As a youth, he worked briefly as a mail carrier in a steel mill and earned his amateur radio license (W9QWN) at age 16, sometimes claiming he was even younger. He sporadically attended Indiana University, but never graduated. During World War II, he served stateside in the U.S. Army Signal Corps. Shepherd then had an extensive career in a variety of media.

Career

Radio
After his military service, Shepherd began his broadcast radio career in early 1945 on WJOB in Hammond, Indiana, later working at WTOD in Toledo, Ohio, in 1946. He began working in Cincinnati, Ohio, in January 1947 at WSAI, later also working at Cincinnati stations WCKY and WKRC the following year, before returning to WSAI in 1949. From 1951 to 1953, he had a late-night broadcast on KYW in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after which he returned to Cincinnati for several different shows on WLW. After a stint on television there, he returned to radio. "Shep", as he was known, settled in at WOR radio New York City on February 26, 1955. On an overnight slot in 1956, he delighted his fans by telling stories, reading poetry (especially the works of Robert W. Service), and organizing comedic listener stunts.

I, Libertine Hoax
The most famous stunt was a hoax he created about a nonexistent book, I, Libertine, by a fake author "Frederick R. Ewing", in 1956. During a discussion on how easy it was to manipulate the best-seller lists based on demand, as well as sales, Shepherd suggested that his listeners visit bookstores and ask for a copy of I, Libertine, which led to booksellers attempting to order the book from their distributors. Fans of the show planted references to the book and author so widely that demand for the book led to claims of it being on The New York Times Best Seller list. Shepherd, Theodore Sturgeon, and Betty Ballantine wrote the long-awaited book, with a cover by illustrator Frank Kelly Freas, published by Ballantine Books.

Sweetheart Soap
When he was about to be released by WOR in 1956 for lack of sponsors, he did a commercial for Sweetheart Soap, not a sponsor, and was immediately fired. His listeners besieged WOR with complaints, and when Sweetheart offered to sponsor him, he was reinstated. Eventually, he attracted more sponsors than he wanted—the commercials interrupted the flow of his monologues. Former WOR engineer, Frank Cernese, adds, "The commercials of that era were on 'ETs' — phonograph records about 14" in diameter. Three large turntables were available to play them in sequence. Shepherd preferred the engineer to watch and listen to his stories. That left little time to load the turntables and cue the appropriate cuts. That was when he started complaining about "too many commercials".

His last WOR broadcast was on April 1, 1977. His subsequent radio work consisted of short segments on several other stations, including crosstown WCBS, and occasional commentaries on NPR's All Things Considered. His final radio gig was the Sunday-night radio show Shepherd's Pie on WBAI in the mid-1990s, which had him reading his stories uncut, uninterrupted, and unabridged. The show was one of WBAI's most popular of the period.

In addition to his stories, his shows also contained humorous anecdotes and commentaries about the human condition, observations about New York City life, accounts of vacations in Maine, and travels throughout the world. One striking program recounted his participation in the March on Washington in August 1963, during which Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I Have a Dream" speech, and another program that aired on November 25, 1963, covered the burial of assassinated President John F. Kennedy.

Throughout his radio career, he performed without scripts. His friend and WOR colleague Barry Farber marveled at how he could talk so long with so few notes. During a radio interview, Shepherd claimed that some shows took weeks to prepare, but this may have been in the planning rather than the writing of a script. On most of his Fourth of July broadcasts, he did read one of his most enduring and popular short stories, "Ludlow Kissel and the Dago Bomb that Struck Back", about a neighborhood drunk and his disastrous fireworks escapades. In the 1960s and 1970s, his WOR show ran from 11:15 pm to midnight, later changed to 10:15 pm to 11 pm, so his "Ludlow Kissel" reading was synchronized to many New Jersey and New York local town fireworks displays, which would typically reach their climax at 10 pm. It was possible, on one of those July 4 nights, to park one's car on a hilltop and watch several different pyrotechnic displays, accompanied by Shepherd's storytelling.

Print

Shepherd wrote a series of humorous short stories about growing up in northwest Indiana and its steel towns, many of which were first told by him on his programs and then published in Playboy. The stories were later assembled into books titled In God We Trust, All Others Pay Cash, Wanda Hickey's Night of Golden Memories: and Other Disasters, The Ferrari in the Bedroom, and A Fistful of Fig Newtons. Some of those situations were incorporated into his movies and television fictional stories. He also wrote a column for the early Village Voice, a column for Car and Driver, numerous individual articles for diverse publications, including Mad Magazine ("The Night People vs. Creeping Meatballism", March/April 1957), and introductions for books such as The America of George Ade, American Snapshots, and the 1970 reprint of the 1929 Johnson Smith Catalogue.

When Eugene B. Bergmann's Excelsior, You Fathead! The Art and Enigma of Jean Shepherd was published in 2005, Publishers Weekly reviewed:This prismatic portrait affirms Shepherd's position as one of the 20th century's great humorists. Railing against conformity, he forged a unique personal bond with his loyal listeners, who participated in his legendary literary prank by asking bookstores for the nonexistent novel I, Libertine (when publisher Ian Ballantine had Shepherd, author Theodore Sturgeon, and illustrator Frank Kelly Freas make the fake real, PW called it "the hoax that became a book"). Storyteller Shepherd's grand theme was life itself ... Novelist Bergmann (Rio Amazonas) interviewed 32 people who knew Shepherd or were influenced by him and listened to hundreds of broadcast tapes, inserting transcripts of Shepherd's own words into a "biographical framework" of exhaustive research.

Shep's Army: Bummers, Blisters, and Boondoggles, almost three dozen of Jean Shepherd's radio stories about the army, transcribed, edited, and introduced by Eugene B. Bergmann, is a book of stories by Shepherd. (Opus Books, August 2013)

Television and films

Early in his career, Shepherd had a television program on WLWT in Cincinnati called Rear Bumper. He claimed that he was recommended to replace the resigning Steve Allen on NBC's Tonight Show. Shepherd was reportedly brought to New York City by NBC executives to prepare for the position, but they were contractually bound to first offer it to Jack Paar. The network was certain Paar would hold out for a role in prime time, but he accepted the late-night assignment. However, he did not assume the position permanently until Shepherd and Ernie Kovacs had co-hosted the show.

In late 1960 and early 1961, he did a weekly television show, Inside Jean Shepherd, on WOR-TV (channel 9) in New York, but it did not last long. Between 1971 and 1994, Shepherd became a screenwriter of note, writing and producing numerous works for both television and cinema, all based on his originally spoken and written stories. He was the writer and narrator of the show Jean Shepherd's America, produced by Boston Public Television station WGBH for PBS, in which he  visited various American locales, and interviewed local people of interest. He used a somewhat similar format for the New Jersey Network TV show Shepherd's Pie.

He wrote and narrated many works, the most famous being the 1983 MGM feature film A Christmas Story, filmed at A Christmas Story House, which is now considered a holiday classic. Shepherd narrates the film as the adult Ralph Parker, and also has a cameo role playing a man in line at the department store waiting for Santa Claus.

PBS aired several television movies based on Shepherd stories, also featuring the Parker family. These included The Phantom of the Open Hearth (1976), which aired as part of the anthology series Visions; The Great American Fourth of July and Other Disasters (1982) and The Star-Crossed Romance of Josephine Cosnowski (1985), both as part of the anthology series American Playhouse; and Ollie Hopnoodle's Haven of Bliss (1988), a co-production with The Disney Channel.  All were narrated by Shepherd, but otherwise featured different casts.

Once Shepherd noticed the amount of money he was making from reruns of A Christmas Story (which was slowly becoming a television tradition), he abandoned television; in 1994,  A Christmas Story director Bob Clark and he returned to the same working-class Cleveland street neighborhood to film a sequel, It Runs in the Family (later known as My Summer Story), released by MGM in 1994 and (because the 11-year span between films caused almost all the actors to age out of their roles) featuring an almost entirely different cast from the previous film.

Live performances and recordings
On Saturday nights for several years, Shepherd broadcast his WOR radio program live from the Limelight Café in New York City's Greenwich Village, and he also performed at many colleges nationwide. His live shows were a perennial favorite at Rutgers to wildly enthusiastic standing-room-only crowds, and Fairleigh Dickinson Universities (he often referred to the latter as "Fairly Ridiculous University" on his WOR show).  He performed at Princeton University for over 30 years, beginning in 1956 until 1996, three years before his death.
He performed before sold-out audiences at Carnegie Hall and Town Hall.

He was also emcee for several important jazz concerts in the late 1950s. Shepherd's first known recording, the 1955 Abbott Records album Jean Shepherd... Into the Unknown with Jazz Music, featured his short comments interspersed with jazz pieces composed by Mitch Leigh and Art Harris. Shepherd improvised spoken-word narration for the title track on jazz musician Charles Mingus's 1957 album The Clown. Mingus was a fan of Shepherd's radio show and outlined a concept for Shepherd but encouraged him to elaborate and improvise.

Eight record albums of live and studio performances of Shepherd's were released between 1955 and 1975. In 1993, Shepherd recorded the opening narration and the voice of the Audio-Animatronics "Father" character for the updated Carousel of Progress attraction at Walt Disney World Magic Kingdom.

Music
On some of his broadcasts, he played parts of recordings of such novelty songs as "The Bear Missed the Train" (a parody of the Yiddish ballad "Bei Mir Bist Du Schoen") and "The Sheik of Araby". Sometimes, Shepherd would accompany the recordings by playing the Jew's harp, nose flute, or kazoo, and occasionally even by thumping his knuckles on his head.

The theme song of his show was "Bahn Frei!" by Eduard Strauss. The particular version Shepherd used was a recording by Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops, with arrangement by Peter Bodge, released in April 1946 by RCA Victor-Red Seal. This arrangement recast the 19th-century polka from one relating to travel by train to a fast-tempo piece directed to horses and a race track, principally achieved by opening with a well-known bugle call named "Call to the Post."

Personal life
When discussing his personal life, Shepherd was evasive to the point of being intentionally misleading about the actual details.

Shepherd lived in several New York City locations during his WOR days and for a time in New Milford, New Jersey and in Washington Township, Warren County, New Jersey.

Shepherd was married four times. He was briefly married in 1947 to Barbara Mattoon in Hammond. Shepherd had two children, a son Randall and daughter Adrian, with his second wife, the former Joan Laverne Warner. Randall has said that Mr. Shepherd left his mother shortly before they divorced in 1957.  His third wife was actress Lois Nettleton.  In 1984, he moved to Sanibel Island, Florida, with his wife Leigh Brown. He died in a hospital in Fort Myers, Florida, in 1999, of natural causes.

Shepherd maintained his interest in amateur radio throughout his life. As his career took him to different locations, he obtained new call signs:  W4QWN (Kentucky), W8QWN (Ohio), and W3STE (Pennsylvania). Upon his arrival at WOR in New York in 1955, he obtained the call K2ORS, with which he was often heard speaking to other ham radio operators for the remainder of his life.

Fact and fiction

To what extent Shepherd's radio and published stories were fact, fiction, or a combination of the two is unknown. The childhood friends included in many of his stories were people he claimed to have invented, yet high-school yearbooks and numerous other sources confirm that many of them, including school buddies "Flick" and "Schwartz", did indeed exist. His father was a cashier at the Borden Milk Company. Shepherd always referred to him as "the old man".  During an interview on the Long John Nebel Show — an all-night radio program that ran on WOR starting at midnight
— Shepherd once claimed that his real father was a cartoonist along the lines of Herblock, and that he inherited his skills at line drawings. This may well have not been true, but Shepherd's ink drawings do adorn some of his published writings, and a number of previously unknown ones were sold on eBay from the collection of his former wife, actress Lois Nettleton, after her death in 2008.

The 1930 Federal Census Record for Hammond, Indiana, indicates that Jean's father did work for a dairy company. His actual occupation reads "cashier". The 1930 census record (which misspells the last name as "Shephard" when searching) lists these family members: Jean Shepherd, age 30, head; Anna Shepherd, age 30, wife; Jean Shepherd Jr, age 8, son; and Randall Shepherd, age 6, son. According to this record, Jean Sr, Anna, Jean Jr, and Randall were all born in Illinois, and Jean Sr's parents (Emmett and Flora) were born in Kansas. However, all other decennial federal and state census records, as well as other official documents such as death certificates, indicate that Emmett and Flora were born in Indiana. Anna's parents, August and Katherine, were born in Germany.

The younger Jean Shepherd had two children, a son Randall, and a daughter Adrian, with his second wife Joan, but he publicly denied this, including in his last will and testament, executed some five months prior to his death. Randall Shepherd describes his father as having frequently come home late or not at all. Randall had almost no contact with him after his parents' divorce.

Legacy

Shepherd's oral narrative style was a precursor to that used by Spalding Gray and Garrison Keillor. Marshall McLuhan in Understanding Media wrote that Shepherd "regards radio as a new medium for a new kind of novel that he writes nightly." In the Seinfeld season-six DVD set, commenting on the episode titled "The Gymnast", Jerry Seinfeld said, "He really formed my entire comedic sensibility—I learned how to do comedy from Jean Shepherd." Furthermore, the first name of Seinfeld's third child is "Shepherd."  On January 23, 2012, the Paley Center for Media (formerly the Museum of Television and Radio) presented a tribute to Shepherd. Seinfeld was interviewed for the hour and discussed how Shepherd and he had similar ways of humorously discussing minor incidents in life. He confirmed the importance of Shepherd on his career.

Shepherd's life and multimedia career are examined in the 2005 book Excelsior, You Fathead! The Art and Enigma of Jean Shepherd by Eugene B. Bergmann.

Shepherd was an influence on Bill Griffith's Zippy comic strip, as Griffith noted in his strip for January 9, 2000. Griffith explained, "The inspiration—just plucking random memories from my childhood, as I'm wont to do in my Sunday strip (also a way to expand beyond Zippy)—and Shep was a big part of them".

In an interview with New York magazine, Steely Dan's Donald Fagen says that the eponymous figure from his solo album The Nightfly was based on Jean Shepherd. Fagen devoted a chapter of his autobiography, Eminent Hipsters, to Shepherd.

Though he primarily spent his radio career playing music, New York Top-40 DJ Dan Ingram has acknowledged Shepherd's style as an influence.

An article he wrote for the March–April 1957 issue of MAD, "The Night People vs Creeping Meatballism", described the differences between what he considered to be "day people" (conformists) and "night people" (nonconformists). The opening credits of John Cassavetes' 1959 film Shadows include "Presented by Jean Shepherd's Night People".

In 2005, Shepherd was posthumously inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame, and in November 2013, he was posthumously inducted into the Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia Hall of Fame.

Bibliography
 I, Libertine (1956, hoax novel perpetrated by Shepherd, written by Theodore Sturgeon as "Frederick R. Ewing")
 The America of George Ade (1960, edited and introduced by Jean Shepherd)
 In God We Trust: All Others Pay Cash (1966)
 Wanda Hickey's Night of Golden Memories: And Other Disasters (1971)
 The Ferrari in the Bedroom (1972)
 The Phantom of the Open Hearth (1978)
 A Fistful of Fig Newtons (1981)
 A Christmas Story (2003, posthumously)

Discography
 Jean Shepherd – Into the Unknown With Jazz Music (1955)
 Jean Shepherd and Other Foibles (1959)
 Will Failure Spoil Jean Shepherd? (1960)
 "Live" At The Limelight (1965)
 Declassified Jean Shepherd (1971)
 Jean Shepherd Reads Poems of Robert Service (1975)

Filmography

See also
 WOR (AM)

References

External links

 Jean Shepherd Historical Preservation Website
 Jean Shepherd Festival in Hammond, Indiana
Insomnia Theater 24 x7 free stream of Jean Shepherd programs
 Jean Shepherd Quest, a blog about Shepherd's life and work.
 The Night People vs Creeping Meatballism Mad 32 (March–April 1957) article by Jean Shepherd, illustrated by Wally Wood
 Jean's ham call on QRZ.COM
 Ralph Gardner's One Ralphie to Another

 Zoot Radio, free old time radio show downloads of 'Jean Shepherd.'

1921 births
1999 deaths
20th-century American male actors
Amateur radio people
American humorists
American short story writers
American talk radio hosts
Indiana University alumni
Male actors from Indiana
People from Sanibel, Florida
People from Hammond, Indiana
People from New Milford, New Jersey
People from Washington Township, Warren County, New Jersey
Radio personalities from Cincinnati
Radio personalities from Philadelphia
Radio personalities from New York City
Writers from Chicago
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army non-commissioned officers
Parker Family Saga
A Christmas Story

Jean Shepherd


The University of Salamanca () is a Spanish public research university, located in Salamanca, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It was founded in 1218 by King Alfonso IX. It is the oldest university in the Hispanic world and one of the oldest in the world in continuous operation. It has over 30,000 students from 50 different nationalities.

History

Prior to the foundation of the university, Salamanca was home to a cathedral school, known to have been in existence by 1130. The university was founded as a studium generale by the Leonese King Alfonso IX in 1218 as the scholas Salamanticae, with the actual creation of the university (or the transformation of the existing school into the university) occurring between August 1218 and the following winter. A further royal charter from King Alfonso X, dated 8 May 1254, established rules for the organisation and financial endowment of the university, and referred to it for the first time by that name. A papal bull of Alexander IV in 1255 confirmed the Royal Charter of Alfonso X and granted universal recognition to the university's degrees.

The historical phrases Quod natura non dat, Salmantica non praestat (what nature does not give, Salamanca does not lend, in Latin) and Multos et doctissimos Salmantica habet (many and very versed Salamanca has) give an idea of the prestige the institution rapidly acquired.

In the reign of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, the Spanish government was revamped. Contemporary with the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion of the Jews and Muslims, and the conquest of Granada, there was a certain professionalization of the apparatus of the state. This involved the massive employment of "letrados", i.e., bureaucrats and lawyers, who were "licenciados" (university graduates), particularly, of Salamanca, and the newly founded University of Alcalá. These men staffed the various councils of state, including, eventually, the Consejo de Indias and Casa de Contratacion, the two highest bodies in metropolitan Spain for the government of the Spanish Empire in the New World.

While Columbus was lobbying the King and Queen for a contract to seek out a western route to the Indies, he made his case to a council of geographers at the University of Salamanca. While the geographers were skeptical of Columbus and his voyage calculations, the University of Salamanca always defended the theory of unknown territories to the west, and supported Columbus' voyage, believing that new territories may be discovered. In the next century, the morality and laws of colonization in the Indies were debated by the School of Salamanca, along with the development of the study of science, geography and cartography of the Americas, and as well as the study of general subjects of economics, philosophy and theology.

Like Oxford and Cambridge, Salamanca had a number of colleges (Colegios Mayores). These were founded as charitable institutions to enable poor scholars to attend the university. By the eighteenth century they had become closed corporations controlled by the families of their founders, and dominated the university between them. Most were destroyed by Napoleon's troops. In the 19th century, the Spanish government dissolved the university's faculties of canon law and theology. They were later reestablished in the 1940s as part of the Pontifical University of Salamanca.

Related affairs
The faculty renovated the theology department, laid the foundation for modern-day law, international law, modern economic science and actively participated in the Council of Trent. The school's mathematicians studied the calendar reform, commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII and proposed the solution that was later implemented. By 1580, 6,500 new students had arrived at Salamanca each year, amongst the graduates were state officials of the Spanish monarchy administration. It was also during this period when the first female university students were probably admitted, Beatriz Galindo and Luisa de Medrano, the latter probably being the first woman ever to give classes at a university.

Sorcery
In popular belief, the university was associated with sorcery. A certain cave in Salamanca was considered the site of a school of black magic. In Spanish, Salamanca may mean "cave", "an evil iguana" and "hand trick" and the  (, the Spanish name is also derived from "salamander") is a reptile with magical attributes in Spanish tradition.
In Romanian folklore, the devil runs a school of black magic named .

The name is derived from "Salamanca" and the wise king "Solomon".

Present day
Salamanca draws undergraduate and graduate students from across Spain and the world; it is the top-ranked university in Spain based on the number of students coming from other regions. It is also known for its Spanish courses for non-native speakers, which attract more than two thousand foreign students each year.

Today, the University of Salamanca is an important center for the study of humanities and is particularly noted for its language studies, as well as in laws and economics. Scientific research is carried out in the university and research centers associated with it, such as at the Centro de Investigación del Cáncer [Cancer Research Centre], Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León or INCyL [Institute of Neuroscience of Castile and León], Centro de Láseres Pulsados Ultracortos Ultraintensos [Ultrashort Ultraintense Pulse Lasers Centre]. It is one of only two Hispanophone universities in the world that have a MoU with the United Nations to train language professionals for the organization. In conjunction with the University of Cambridge, the University of Salamanca co-founded the Association of Language Testers in Europe (ALTE) in 1989.

In 2018, the institution celebrated its eighth centennial.

Library
The library holds about 906,000 volumes.

Notable people

Notable staff
Juan de Galavís, professor of theology; later became Archbishop of Santo Domingo and Archbishop of Bogotá
Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola, professor of Philosophy of Law and Natural Law
Enrique Gil Robles, professor of Natural Law
Paul Nuñez Coronel (d.1534), professor of Hebrew
Miguel de Unamuno, writer
Beatriz Galindo, (d. 1534), professor of Latin and rhetoric
Luisa de Medrano (d. 1527) professor of Latin. The secondary school in Salamanca, IES Lucia de Medrano was named after her.

Notable students
Miguel de Cervantes, author
Luis de Góngora
Fray Luis de León
Francisco de Vitoria
Pedro Calderón de la Barca
Bartolomé de Las Casas
Beatriz Galindo
Miguel de Unamuno
Bernardino de Sahagún

Other notable students and academic teachers include:
Gustavo Petro, President of Colombia
Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez, President of Colombia
Aristides Royo, President of Panama
Francisco J. Ayala
Susana Marcos Celestino
Abraham Zacuto
Ignacio Baleztena Ascárate
Esteban de Bilbao Eguía
Domingo de Soto
Melchor Cano
Francisco Suárez
St. John of the Cross
Antonio de Nebrija
Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares
Gaspar Sanz
Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador
Cardinal Mazarin
Mateo Alemán
Diego de Torres Villarroel
Pedro Salinas
Adolfo Suárez
Juan Zarate
Manuel Belgrano
Luis de Onís
Pedro Nunes
Simón de Rojas
Antonio Tovar
Gaspar Cervantes de Gaeta
Xavier Becerra
Ángela Abós Ballarín
Juan Pizarro Navarrete

See also

School of Salamanca
Pontifical University of Salamanca
List of medieval universities

Notes and references

Literature
Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Luis E. Rodríguez San Pedro & Julián Álvarez Villar, The University of Salamanca, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 1992. .

External links

VIII Centenario website
University of Salamanca language courses. Official spanish courses website
Language courses in Salamanca University, marketed by a private company, Accom Consulting Spain S. L., an authorized University agent

Scholars and Literati at the University of Salamanca (1218–1800), in Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE.

Universities in Castile and León
1134 establishments in Europe
Educational institutions established in the 12th century
12th-century establishments in the Kingdom of León
Renaissance architecture in Salamanca
Public universities
Universities and colleges in Spain

University of Salamanca


Una patrulla de castidad (en hebreo: משמרת צניעות) es un tipo de banda criminal que combate mediante la violencia y la intimidación lo que considera violaciones de la Tzniut. Estos grupos operan en varias comunidades predominantemente haredíes de Israel.

Algunos de estos miembros han sido arrestados por la policía de Israel y al menos uno ha sido sentenciado a prisión por asalto. El público haredí ha tenido para con estos grupos muestras tanto de apoyo como de oposición. De acuerdo a las publicaciones del Haaretz, algunos de los incidentes violentos atribuidos a patrullas de modestia, tienen relación con el Committee for Preserving Our Camp's Purity, organización haredí de Jerusalem comandada por el rabino Yitzhak Meir Shpernovitz. Shpernovitz ha declarado que las patrullas de modestia son un mito periodístico y no existen.

Incidentes atribuidos a las patrullas de modestia
 En junio de 2008, una patrulla en Beitar Illit fue la sospechosa de verter ácido sobre una chica adolescente por llevar pantalones.
 En agosto de ese mismo año, la Oficina del Fiscal del Estado de Israel, encausó a varios hombres alegando su pertenencia a una patrulla por golpear a una mujer y amenazarla de muerte por haberla visto en varias relaciones con hombres. El cargo contra el grupo fue conspiración para cometer un crimen con el agravante de asalto y extorsión. Ese mismo mes, un hombre que dijo pertenecer a una patrulla fue enjuiciado por haber prendido fuego a una tienda que vendía reproductores mp4.

Véase también
 Pánico moral
 :en:Crime in Israel
 Mutaween

Referencias

Religión y violencia
Judaísmo y violencia
Organizaciones delictivas
Crimen en Israel
Terrorismo religioso judío
Vigilantes clandestinos
Terrorismo en Israel

Patrulla de castidad


جُوجِيّ خَان (1180 - 1227) هو أكبر أبناء القائد المغولي جنكيز خان الأربعة من زوجته بورتي وكان يشك في نسبه لأن أمه اختطفت من قبل الماركيت وولدته بعد أن حررها جنكيز خان.

مراجع

ملوك القرن 13 في آسيا
خوانين المغول
مغول
مواليد 1180
مواليد عقد 1180
مواليد في قراقورم
وفيات 1227
ملكيون في آسيا في القرن 13

جوجي خان


RSID eller rsid har flere betydninger:
 Rapid Stain Identification Series
 Reed-Solomon Identifier

RSID


Gradsko-kotarska nogometna liga Rijeka, također i pod nazivima Kotarsko nogometno prvenstvo Rijeke, Kotarska liga Rijeka je bila liga četvrtog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1957./58.
Liga je igrana u dvije skupine i to:
 "Primorska skupina" (grupa) – 9 klubova, prvak "Crikvenica"
 "Goranska skupina" (grupa) –

Primorska skupina

 Ljestvica

 ljestvica bez rezultata jedne utakmice

 Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Goranska skupina

 Sudionici

 Ljestvica

 Rezultatska križaljka

Povezani članci
 Podsavezna liga Rijeka 1957./58.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Oskar Valenčić, Slavko Gržinić: Zlatni pir Nogometnog kluba "Klana" : [1931-1981], Rijeka, 1981., UDK: 796.332::061.2(497.13 Klana)"1931/1981", str. 73-74
 Petar Pavlić: Crikvenička nogometna kronika : naših '90 let, Crikvenica, 2009., UDK: 796.332(497.5), str. 61-63, 210

1957-58 Rijeka
Rijeka-2
1957-58 Rijeka

Gradsko-kotarska nogometna liga Rijeka 1957./58.


Olaylar
 1719 - Daniel Defoe'nun ünlü romanı, Robinson Crusoe yayımlandı.
 1859 - Kızıldeniz ile Akdeniz'i birbirine bağlayacak olan Süveyş Kanalı'nın kazılmasına, Mısır'ın Port Said kentinde başlandı.
 1901 - New York, otomobillere plaka uygulamasını zorunlu hale getiren ilk eyalet oldu.
 1915 - İngiliz - Fransız kuvvetleri, Çanakkale'ye çıkarma harekâtı başlattı. Kara savaşları başladı.
 1915 - Seddülbahir Muharebeleri başladı.
 1915 - Arıburnu Muharebeleri başladı.
 1925 - Mareşal Hindenburg, Almanya'nın halk oyuyla seçilen ilk Cumhurbaşkanı oldu.
 1926 - İran'da Rıza Han Pehlevi, kendisini "Şah" ilan etti.
 1939 -  İstanbul- Berlin arasında 1 Haziran'dan başlayarak düzenli seferler yapılması konusunda Lufthansa ile sözleşme imzalandı.
 1945 - 46 ülkeden gelen delegeler, Milletler Cemiyeti'nin yerini alacak olan Birleşmiş Milletler'i kurmak üzere San Fransisco'da bir araya geldiler.
 1946 - İstanbul - Ankara hattında, yataklı tren seferleri başladı.
 1946 - Türkiye Garanti Bankası kuruldu.
 1952 - Başbakan Adnan Menderes ve Dışişleri Bakanı Fuad Köprülü, Yunanistan'a resmi ziyarette bulundu.
 1953 - Cambridge Üniversitesi'nde iki bilim insanı, kalıtsal özellikleri ebeveynden çocuğa taşıyan deoksiribonükleik asit (DNA) adını verdikleri molekül yapısını buldular.
 1957 - Muğla'nın Fethiye ilçesinde 7,1 büyüklüğünde bir deprem oldu: 67 kişi öldü.
 1962 - Anayasa Mahkemesi kuruldu.
 1968 - Andre Malraux'nun Türkçeye çevrilen "Umut" adlı kitabı "komünizm propagandası" yapıldığı gerekçesiyle toplatıldı.
 1974 - Portekiz'de Karanfil Devrimi: General Antonio Spinola'nın yönettiği askeri ayaklanmayla, Salazar'ın faşist diktatörlüğü devrildi.
 1975 - Portekiz'de Kurucu Meclis seçimlerini, Mario Soares'in liderliğindeki Sosyalist Parti kazandı.
 1976 - Portekiz'de faşist diktatörlük sonrasında yapılan ilk Parlamento seçimlerini, Mario Soares liderliğindeki Sosyalist Parti kazandı.
 1980 - Türkiye'de 12 Eylül 1980 Darbesi'ne Giden Süreç (1979- 12 Eylül 1980): Sol görüşlü Seyit Konuk, İbrahim Ethem Coşkun ve Necati Vardar adlı militanlar, İzmir'de müteahhit Nuri Yapıcı'yı öldürdüler. Yurt sathında 15 kişi öldürüldü.
 1983 - Pioneer 10, Plüton'un yörüngesini aştı.
 1990 - ABD uzay mekiği Discovery'nin mürettebatı, ilk uzay teleskobu Hubble'ı yer çevresinde yörüngeye oturtmayı başardı.
 2001 - Filipinler'in eski Devlet Başkanı Joseph Estrada, ülkesinin 80 milyon dolarını hortumlamak suçlamasıyla, Manila'daki evinde yakalanarak tutuklandı.
 2001 - Merkez Bankası'na özerklik getiren yasa TBMM'de kabul edildi.
 2005 - Bulgaristan ve Romanya'nın, Avrupa Birliği'ne girişi için müzakereler başladı.
 2005 - Japonya'da tren kazası: 107 ölü.
 2015 - Nepal'de 7,8 veya 8,1 şiddetinde deprem meydana geldi, 8.000'den fazla kişi öldü. 19.000 kişi yaralandı.
 2022 - Osman Kavala ağırlaştırılmış müebbet hapis cezasına çarptırıldı.

Doğumlar
 32 - Otho, Roma İmparatoru (ö. 69)
 1599 - Oliver Cromwell, İngiliz siyaset adamı ve asker (İngiltere'de mutlakiyetçiliğe karşı ayaklanmanın önderi) (ö. 1658)
 1657 - Tökeli İmre, Osmanlı Devletine sığınan Macar Kralı (ö. 1705)
 1725 - Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller, Alman zoolog (ö. 1776)
 1767 - Nicolas Oudinot, Fransız asker (ö. 1848)
 1776 - Mary (Gloucester ve Edinburgh düşesi),İngiliz kraliyet ailesi üyesi (ö. 1857)
 1815 - Mirza Şirazi, İslam alimi (ö. 1895)
 1823 - Sultan Abdülmecit, Osmanlı'nın 31. padişahı (ö. 1861)
 1824 - Gustave Boulanger, Fransız klasik figür ressamı ve doğa bilimci (ö. 1888)
 1843 - Alice (Birleşik Krallık prensesi), Hessen Grandüşesi (ö. 1878)
 1849 - Felix Klein, Alman matematikçi (ö. 1925)
 1852 - Leopoldo Alas, İspanyol yazar (ö.1901)
 1862 - Edward Grey, İngiliz liberal siyasetçi (ö. 1933)
 1874 - Guglielmo Marconi, İtalyan mucit, fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1937)
 1888 - Chojun Miyagi, Japon sporcu ve karateci (ö. 1953)
 1897 - Mary (Kraliyet prensesi ve Harewood kontesi), İngiliz kraliyet ailesi üyesi (ö. 1965)
 1900 - Wolfgang Pauli, Avusturyalı fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1958)
 1903 - Andrey Kolmogorov, Sovyet matematikçi (ö. 1987)
 1906 - Frank H. Netter, Amerikalı ressam ve tıp doktoru (ö. 1991)
 1908 - Edward R. Murrow, Amerikalı gazeteci ve haber spikeri (ö. 1965)
 1909 - William Pereira, Portekiz asıllı Amerikalı mimar (ö. 1985)
 1915 - Mort Weisinger, Amerikalı dergi ve çizgi roman editörü (ö. 1978)
 1917 - Ella Fitzgerald, Amerikalı şarkıcı (ö. 1996)
 1920 - Sabahattin Kudret Aksal, Türk şair, öykücü ve oyun yazarı (ö. 1993)
 1921 - Karel Appel, Hollandalı ressam ve heykeltıraş (ö. 2006)
 1927 - Albert Uderzo, Fransız çizgi roman sanatçısı ve senarist (ö. 2020)
 1931 - David Shepherd (sanatçı), İngiliz sanatçı ve ressam (ö. 2017)
 1932 - Lia Manoliu, Rumen disk atıcı (ö. 1998)
 1932 - Nikolay Kardaşev,   Rus astrofizikçi ve mucit (ö. 2019)
 1934 - Peter McParland, Kuzey İrlandalı eski milli futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1936 - Leonel Sánchez, Şilili futbolcu
 1937 - Marilyn B. Young, Amerikalı tarihçi ve akademisyen (ö. 2017)
 1939 - Tarcisio Burgnich, İtalyan futbolcu (ö. 2021)
 1940 - Al Pacino, Amerikalı oyuncu ve En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi
 1941 - Bertrand Tavernier, Fransız film yönetmeni, prodüktör, senarist ve oyuncu (d. 2021)
 1945 - Björn Ulvaeus, İsveçli müzisyen ve besteci
 1945 - Özdemir Özok, Türk hukukçu (ö. 2010)
 1946 - Vladimir Jirinovski, Yahudi asıllı Rus politikacı,türkolog ve avukat (ö. 2022)
 1946 - Talia Shire, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1947 - Johan Cruyff, Hollandalı futbolcu ve teknik direktör (ö. 2016)
 1947 - Jeffrey DeMunn, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1948 - Péter Andorai, Macar oyuncu (ö. 2020)
 1949 - Dominique Strauss-Kahn, Fransız ekonomist,avukat ve siyasetçi
 1952 - Jacques Santini, Fransız futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1952 - Vladislav Tretyak, Sovyet-Rus buz hokeyi oyuncusu
 1956 - Dominique Blanc, Fransız oyuncu
 1959 - Burhan Öçal, Türk perküsyon sanatçısı ve oyuncu
 1960 - Paul Baloff, Amerikalı şarkıcı (ö. 2002)
 1960 - Ramón Vilalta, Katalan kökenli mimar
 1963 - David Moyes, İskoç futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1964 - Hank Azaria, Amerikalı oyuncu ve yönetmen
 1965 - Édouard Ferrand, Fransız siyasetçi (ö. 2018)
 1965 - John Henson, Amerikalı animatör ve kukla ustası (ö. 2014)
 1966 - Femke Halsema, Hollandalı politikacı ve Amsterdam belediye başkanı
 1968 - Thomas Strunz, Alman futbolcu
 1968 - İdris Bal, Türk akademisyen ve siyasetçi
 1969 - Renée Zellweger, Amerikalı oyuncu ve En İyi Kadın Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü, En İyi Yardımcı Kadın Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi
 1970 - Jason Lee, Amerikalı oyuncu ve kaykaycı
 1973 - Charlene Aspen, Amerikalı eski pornografik film oyuncusu
 1976 - Tim Duncan, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbolcu
 1976 - Gilberto Da Silva Melo, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 1977 - Marguerite Moreau, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1977 - Konstandinos Hristoforu, Kıbrıs Rumu şarkıcı
 1980 - Alejandro Valverde, İspanyol yol bisikleti yarışçısı
 1981 - Felipe Massa, Brezilyalı Formula 1 pilotu
 1986 - Raïs M'Bolhi, Cezayir asıllı Fransız futbolcu
 1986 - Daniel Andrew Sharman, İngiliz oyuncu
 1987 - Jay Park, Amerikalı rapçi
 1988 - Laura Lepistö, Fin buz patencisi
 1988 - Sara Paxton, Amerikalı oyuncu,manken ve şarkıcı
 1989 - Aysel Teymurzade, Azeri şarkıcı
 1991 - Hüseyin Baş, Türk siyasetçi
 1991 - Alex Shibutani, Amerikalı buz patenci
 1991 - Jordan Poyer, Amerikalı Amerikan futbolu oyuncusu
 1993 - Raphaël Varane, Fransız millî futbolcu
 1994 - Kim Byeong-yeon, Güney Koreli futbolcu
 1994 - Pa Konate, İsveçli-Gineli futbolcu
 1994 - Nikola Radičević, Sırp profesyonel basketbolcu
 1995 - Ellen Benediktson, İsveçli şarkıcı ve şarkı yazarı
 1995 - Lewis Baker, İngiliz futbolcu
 1996 - Allisyn Ashley Arm, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1996 - Mack Horton, Avustralyalı serbest yüzücü
 1997 - Tsukasa Morishima, Japon futbolcu
 1998 - Satou Sabally, Gambiya asıllı Alman profesyonel basketbolcu
 1999 - Olimpiu Moruţan, Romanyalı profesyonel futbolcu

Ölümler
 1077 - I. Géza, Macaristan Krallığı'nın 7. Kralı (d. 1040)
 1185 - Antoku, Japonya'nın 81. İmparatoru (d. 1178)
 1342 - XII. Benedictus, Katolik Kilisesi'nin 197. Papası (d. 1285)
 1472 - Leon Battista Alberti, İtalyan ressam, şair ve filozof (d. 1404)
 1566 - Louise Labé, Fransız şair (d. 1524)
 1644 - Chongzhen, Çin'in Ming Hanedanı'nın 16. ve son İmparatoru (d. 1611)
 1667 - Pedro de Betancur, İspanyol Hristiyan azizi ve misyoner (d. 1626)
 1744 - Anders Celsius, İsveçli gök bilimci (d. 1701)
 1800 - William Cowper, İngiliz şair ve hümanist (d. 1731)
 1820 - Constantin François de Chassebœuf, Fransız filozof, tarihçi, doğu bilimci ve politikacı (d. 1757)
 1840 - Siméon Denis Poisson, Fransız matematikçi ve fizikçi (d. 1781)
 1878 - Anna Sewell, İngiliz roman yazarı (d. 1820)
 1914 - Géza Fejérváry, Macar asker ve Macaristan Krallığı'nın Başbakanı (d. 1833)
 1928 - Pyotr Vrangel, Rus asker (Karşı devrimci Beyaz Ordu'nun liderlerinden) (d. 1878)
 1941 - Salih Bozok, Türk asker, Atatürk'ün yaveri ve Milletvekili (d. 1881)
 1956 - Paul Renner, Alman grafik tasarımcısı ve eğitmen (d. 1878)
 1972 - George Sanders, İngiliz aktör (d. 1906)
 1976 - Sir Carol Reed, İngiliz film yönetmeni ve yapımcısı (d. 1906)
 1982 - W.R. Burnett, Amerikalı romancı ve senaryo yazarı (d. 1899)
 1988 - Clifford D. Simak, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1904)
 1990 - Dexter Gordon, Amerikalı caz saksafoncusu (d. 1923)
 1995 - Ginger Rogers, Amerikalı aktris ve dansçı (d. 1911)
 1996 - Saul Bass, Amerikalı grafik tasarımcısı film yapımcısı ve Oscar Ödülü sahibi (d. 1920)
 2001 - Michele Alboreto, İtalyan yarış pilotu (d. 1956)
 2002 - Lisa Lopes, Amerikalı şarkıcı (d. 1971)
 2003 - Lynn Chadwick, Britanyalı heykeltıraş (d. 1914)
 2006 - Jane Jacobs, Amerikalı-Kanadalı kadın gazeteci, yazar ve aktivist (d. 1916)
 2007 - Alan Ball Jr., İngiliz eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktördür (d. 1945)
 2009 - Beatrice Arthur, Amerikalı aktris ve şarkıcı (d. 1922)
 2011 - Osman Durali, Türk asıllı Bulgar güreşçi (d. 1939)
 2011 - Güven Sazak, Türk iş insanı ve Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü Başkanı (d. 1935)
 2012 - Louis le Brocquy, İrlandalı ressam (d. 1916)
 2012 - Paul L. Smith, Amerikalı oyuncu, komedyen ve seslendirme sanatçısı (d. 1936)
 2013 - Virginia Gibson, Amerikalı şarkıcı, dansçı ve oyuncu (d. 1925)
 2014 - Tito Vilanova, İspanyol futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1968)
 2015 - Dan Fredinburg, Amerikalı bilişimci ve bilgisayar mühendisi (d. 1981)
 2015 - Otakar Krámský, Çek otomobil yarışçısı (d. 1959)
 2016 - Samantha Schubert, Malezyalı aktris ve Güzellik Kraliçesi (d. 1969)
 2017 - Philippe Mestre, Fransız siyasetçi (d. 1927)
 2017 - Yelena Rjevskaya, Sovyet yazar (d. 1919)
 2017 - Munyua Waiyaki, Kenyalı siyasetçi ve hekim (d. 1925)
 2018 - Şöhret Abbasov, Özbek aktör, film yönetmeni, senarist ve film yapımcısı (d. 1931)
 2018 - Michael Anderson İngiliz film yönetmeni (d. 1920)
 2018 - Abbas Attar, İranlı fotoğraf sanatçısı (d. 1944)
 2018 - Edith MacArthur, İskoç kadın oyuncu (d. 1926)
 2019 - Robbert de Graaf, Hollandalı bisiklet yarışçısı (d. 1991)
 2019 - John Havlicek, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbol oyuncusu (d. 1940)
 2019 - Larry Jenkins, Amerikalı oyuncu, film yapımcısı, yönetmen ve senarist (d. 1955)
 2019 - Faty Papy, Burundili millî futbolcu (d. 1990)
 2020 - Alan Abel, Amerikalı müzisyen, eğitimci ve mucit (d. 1928)
 2020 - India Adams, Amerikalı şarkıcı, dublaj sanatçısı ve oyuncu (d. 1927)
 2020 - Erin Babcock, Kanadalı hemşire ve siyasetçi (d. 1981)
 2020 - Ricardo Brennand, Pernambuco eyaletinde Brezilyalı iş insanı, mühendis ve sanat koleksiyoncusu (d. 1927)
 2020 - Ricardo Divila, Brezilyalı motor sporları tasarımcısı (d. 1945)
 2020 - Henri Kichka, Belçikalı yazar (d. 1926)
 2020 - Robert Mandell, Amerikan asıllı İngiliz orkestra şefi (d. 1929)
 2020 - Gunnar Seijbold, İsveçli fotoğrafçı ve müzisyen (d. 1955)
 2021 - Hamid Casimiyan, İranlı futbolcu (d. 1936)
 2022 - Susan Jacks, Kanadalı şarkıcı, söz yazarı ve müzik yapımcısı (d. 1948)
 2022 - Ursula Lehr, Alman akademisyen, yaş araştırmacısı ve siyasetçi (d. 1930)
 2023 - François Léotard,  Fransız siyasetçi (d. 1942)
 2023 - Harry Belafonte, Amerikalı şarkıcı (d. 1927)

Tatiller ve özel günler

 Karanfil Devrimi (Portekiz)
 Dünya Penguen Günü

Kaynakça

0425
25

25 Nisan


The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), also known as the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale (BNAS), was developed in 1973 by Dr. T. Berry Brazelton and his colleagues. This test purports to provide an index of a newborn's abilities, and is usually given to an infant somewhere between the age of 3 days to 4 weeks old. The test is designedf to describe the neonate's response to the environment after being born. This approach was innovative for recognizing that a baby is a highly developed organism, even when just newly born. The profile describes the baby's strengths, adaptive responses and possible vulnerabilities. This knowledge may help parents develop appropriate strategies for caring in intimate relationships to enhance their earliest relationship with the child.

Test procedure
The Brazelton scale produces a total of 47 scores, of which 27 are behavioral related and 20 are elicited responses. These scores measure a variety of areas including the "neurological, social, and behavioral aspects of a newborn's functioning." Additionally, "factors such as reflexes, responses to stress, startle reactions, cuddliness, motor maturity, ability to habituate to sensory stimuli, and hand-mouth coordination are all assessed."

Validity evidence is strong for the Brazelton scale, providing a considerable research base. This scale has been used widely as a research tool as well as a diagnostic tool for special purposes. Following is a list of various research projects that have implemented the Brazelton scale:
"Used to evaluate the effects of low birth weight on premature infants"
"Used it to study the effects of cocaine use in pregnancy"
"Prenatal alcohol exposure"
"Prenatal Iron deficiency"
"Prenatal maternal mood"
"Prenatal maternal dopamine levels"
"Environmental agents"
"Parent-infant attachment"
"Gender differences in newborns"
"High-risk neonates"

Despite the influence of the Brazelton scale, it has some drawbacks. The biggest is that no norms are available. Therefore, as examiners and researchers say that one infant scored higher than another one, there is no standard sample with which to compare. NBAS examiners are trained to encourage neonates to demonstrate a full range of their behavioral capabilities in an attempt to mitigate this potential drawback.

Further, the scores are not completely understood; further testing is required. As for validity, it has "poorly documented predictive and construct validity." It also does not do a good job at predicting later intelligence, although the scale is supposed to assess the "infant's role in the mother-infant social relationship" from which high scores are supposed to presume "high levels of intelligence.".

A 2018 systematic review of the NBAS on its relationship to supporting  caregivers and improving outcomes for caregivers and infants found only very low-quality evidence for improving parent-infant interaction for mostly low-risk, first time caregivers and their infants.

Therefore, the primary value of the test is as a research tool and a supplement test to other medical testing procedures.

Training is necessary for effective and reliable administration of the NBAS.

References

Further reading

External links
The Brazelton Institute

Neonatology
Medical assessment and evaluation instruments

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale


Michael Fassbender (n. 2 aprilie 1977) este un actor germano-irlandez. care joacă în blockbustere și filme independente.

A fost nominalizat la Premiile Oscar, BAFTA, Globul de Aur și SAG pentru rolul lui Steve Jobs din filmul cu același nume.

Filmografie selectivă
 300 (2007), în rolul lui Stelios
 Hunger (2008)
 Blood Creek (2009)
 Fish Tank (2009)
 Inglourious Basterds (2009), în rolul locotenentului Archie Hicox
 Centurion (2010)
 Jonah Hex (2010), în rolul lui Burke
 Jane Eyre (2011)
 X-Men: Cei dintâi (2011), în rolul lui Erik Lehnsherr / Magneto
 A Dangerous Method (2011)
 Shame (2011)
 Haywire (2012)
 Prometheus (2012), în rolul androidului David 8
 12 Years a Slave (2013), în rolul lui Edwin Epps
 The Counselor (2013)
 Frank (2014)
 X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014), în rolul lui Erik Lehnsherr / Magneto (cel tânăr)
 Slow West (2015)
 Macbeth (2015)
 Steve Jobs (2015), în rolul lui Steve Jobs
 Trespass Against Us (2016)
 The Light Between Oceans (2016)
 X-Men: Apocalypse (2016), în rolul lui Erik Lehnsherr / Magneto / Henryk Gurszky
 Assassin's Creed (2016), în rolul lui Callum Lynch și Aguilar de Nerha
 Weightless (2016)
 The Snowman (2017), în rolul lui Harry Hole
 Alien: Covenant (2017), în rolul androizilor David 8 și Walter One

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1977
Nașteri pe 2 aprilie
Actori germani
Actori irlandezi

Michael Fassbender


Phoolan Devi (), cunoscută popular ca Regina bandit, a fost o bandită indiană și mai târziu membră a parlamentului statului Uttar Pradesh.

Biografie
Născută într-o familie din cea mai joasă castă, în mediu rural, în statul indian Uttar Pradesh, Phoolan a îndurat sărăcia de mic copil și a avut o primă căsătorie la 11 ani, înainte de a începe viața de bandit.

Evadarea. Printre bandiți
Având conflicte majore cu rudele ei și cu soțul ei, adolescenta Phoolan a căutat scăpare cu fuga și a intrat într-o gașcă de bandiți. Ea a fost singura femeie din gașcă, și relația ei cu un membru al bandei, împreună cu alți factori minori, au provocat un schimb de focuri între membrii bandei. Iubitul lui Phoolan a fost ucis în schimbul de focuri. Facțiunea vistorioasă, formată din membri ai castei superioare Rajput, o prind pe Phoolan și o duc în satul lor Behmai, o sechestrează într-o cameră, unde este violată mai multe zile de bărbați din sat.
După ce evadează, Phoolan se întoarce la ce mai rămăsese din facțiunea fostului soț, își ia un alt iubit dintre supraviețuitori și continuă cu banditismul. Câteva luni mai târziu, noua ei bandă coboară în satul Behma, pentru ca ea să se răzbune pentru ce a îndurat aici. Nu mai puțin de 22 de bărbați aparținând castei Rajput sunt aliniați și împușcați.
Eroina presei
Deoarece Phoolan era dintr-o castă inferioară, iar bărbații uciși dintr-o castă superioară, presa a înfățișat ceea ce s-a numit masacrul din Behmai ca pe un act de dreptate făcut castei inferioare și ca o rebeliune, iar pe Phoolan ca pe o feministă Robin Hood  asuprită. Mass-media și publicul au supranumit-o respectuos "Devi".

Predarea
Phoolan a evitat capturarea ei timp dedoi ani după masacrul din Behmai; după doi ani, ea și puținii supraviețuitori ai găștii s-au predat poliției în 1983. Ea a fost acuzată de patruzeci și opt de infracțiuni majore, inclusiv mai multe crime, jaf, incendiere și răpire pentru răscumpărare.

Parlamentară
Phoolan și-a petrecut următorii unsprezece ani în închisoare. În 1994, guvernul condus de Mulayam Singh Yadavdin din partidul Samajwadi a retras sumar toate acuzațiile împotriva ei și Phoolan a fost eliberată. Apoi ea a candidat la alegerile pentru parlament pentru partidul Samajwadi și a fost aleasă de două ori la Lok Sabha ca membră a  Mirzapur.

Asasinarea
În 2001, a fost împușcată în ușa bungaloului său oficial  (alocat pentru ea ca MP) în New Delhi de către foștii bandiți rivali, ale căror rude au fost masacrate în Behmai de banda ei. Filmul  Bandit Queen - 1994 (făcut după eliberarea sa din închisoare) este bazat, în linii mari, pe viața ei până în acel moment.

Referințe

Bibliografie
Cărți despre Phoolan Devi
 Devi: The Bandit Queen, by Richard Shears, Isobelle Gidley. Published by Allen & Unwin, 1984. .
 India's Bandit Queen: The True Story of Phoolan Devi, by Mala Sen. Published by HarperCollins Publishers, 1993. .
 I, Phoolan Devi: The Autobiography of India's Bandit Queen, by Phoolan Devi, Marie-Thérèse Cuny, Paul Rambali. Published by Little, Brown and Co., 1996. .

 Phoolan Devi, with Marie-Therese Cuny, and Paul Rambali, The Bandit Queen of India: An Indian Woman's Amazing Journey from Peasant to International Legend, Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press, 2006.
 Phoolan Devi - by N.Pugazhendhi, Coimbatore in TAMIL translated from Malayalam.

Alte surse
 Gabriel, Karen (2009). "Reading Rape: Sexual Difference, Representational Excess and Narrative Containment". pp. 9–16.
 India's Bandit Queen by Mary Anne Weaver
 Peacock, J. Sunita "Phoolan Devi: The Primordial Tradition of the Bandit Queen." in: Transnationalism and the Asian American Heroine: Essays on Literature, Film, Myth and Media. pp. 187–195.

Legături externe
 A collection of links related to Phoolan Devi (the page is quite old, and many of the links are broken).
 The Phoolan Devi Murder
 Crime Library article on Phoolan Devi

Nașteri în 1963
Decese în 2001
Tâlhari
Deputați indieni
Politicieni indieni
Decese prin împușcare

Phoolan Devi


Total Death šesti je studijski album norveškog black metal-sastava Darkthrone. Album je 15. siječnja 1996. godine objavila diskografska kuća Moonfog Productions.

O albumu
Za rezliku od prethodnih albuma grupe na kojima su većinu tekstova pjesama napisali pjevač, basist i bubnjar Fenriz te norveški glazbenik Varg Vikernes (Vikernesovi se tekstovi pojavljuju na albumima Transilvanian Hunger i Panzerfaust), Total Death sadrži tekstove pjesama koje su napisali gitarist, pjevač i basist Nocturno Culto te članovi ostalih black metal sastava. Nocturno Culto je skladao glazbu za vlastite tekstove, dok je Fenriz skladao glazbu za Garmove (Ulver, Arcturus, Borknagar), Ihsahnove (Emperor), Satyrove (Satyricon) te tekstove Carla-Michaela Eidea (Ved Buens Ende, Aura Noir, Virus).

Album je izvorno 15. siječnja 1996. godine na CD-u i u vinilnoj inačici objavio izdavač Moonfog Productions. Iako su prethodni albumi grupe koji pripadaju black metal žanru sadržavali crno-bijele naslovnice, na naslovnici CD inačice Total Deatha nalazi se slika svemira kojom dominira plava boja, dok se na vinilnoj inačici nalazi slika planine pokrivene snijegom u crnoj i bijeloj boji. U ožujku 2011., Peaceville Records je ponovno objavio Total Death te je ta verzija albuma sadržavala bonus pjesmu i dodatni CD s auditivnim komentarima članova sastava. Bonus pjesma, "God of Disturbance and Friction", bila je snimljena u otprilike isto vrijeme kao i ostatak albuma te se prvi put pojavila na kompilaciji Moonfog Productionsa.

Glazbeni stil i tekstovi pjesama
Darkthrone odbacuje brzi ritam koji je prevladavao na albumu Transilvanian Hunger i žestok zvuk uvelike inspiriranim Celtic Frostom s Panzerfausta te na Total Deathu prigrljuje black metal stil inspiriran europskim thrash metalom. Neki su recenzenti izjavili kako glazbeni stil albuma djelomično podsjeća na grupe Celtic Frost i Sodom, dok u isto vrijeme sadrži elemente svojstvene tradicionalnom nordijskom black metalu; također su komentirali kako produkcija albuma puno bolja u usporedbi s onom na prijašnjim albumima. U službenoj je biografiji sastava glazbeni stil albuma bio uspoređivan s onim na prvim dvama black metal glazbenim izdanjima grupe te ga je diskografska kuća opisala "ružnim ali atmosferičnim, što samo Darkthrone može [postići i] biti".

Tekstovi pjesama govore o raznim temama poput kraja svijeta te rata protiv kršćana i njihovih svetišta.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije
Mnogi su obožavatelji sastava negativno reagirali na Total Death, izjavljujući kako je označio početak doba u kojem sastav više nije bio inovativan te smatrajući Panzerfausta posljednjim klasikom grupe. John Chedsey, recenzent sa stranice Satan Stole My Teddybear, opisao je album kao "bezličnu jurnjavu kroz hodnike black metala" te je komentirao kako je vremenski period sastava tijekom kojeg je bio objavljen ovaj album "najmanje zanimljiv".

S druge strane, Skeggjadr, recenzent sa stranice sputnikmusic.com, smatra kako je Total Death najviše podcijenjen album sastava; komentirao je kako je po njegovom mišljenju ovo jedan od njegovih najboljih albuma te da je čak superioran u usporedbi sa svojim prethodnicima. Ralf iz Metal Observera također je pozitivno ocijenio album te ga je imenovao najboljim i najsvestranijim Darkthroneovim albumom nakon A Blaze in the Northern Skyja. Također je komentirao kako album "pripada među najveće klasike [...] ovog sastava [...]. Svi koji žele znati kako zvuči black metal bez ukrasa trebaju nabaviti ovaj album."

Osoblje

Darkthrone
 Nocturno Culto – vokali, gitara, bas-gitara, produkcija, dizajn
 Fenriz – vokali, bas-gitara, bubnjevi

Ostalo osoblje
 Tomas Lindberg – logotip
 Union of Lost Souls – dizajn
 Günther Pauler – mastering
 P.A. Roald – inženjer zvuka

Izvori

Albumi iz 1996.
Albumi sastava Darkthrone

Total Death


Sofie Schieker-Ebe (auch: Sophie Schieker-Ebe, * 12. Februar 1892 in Ulm als Sofie Ebe; † 18. September 1970 in Stuttgart) war eine deutsche Schriftstellerin.

Leben

Sofie Schieker-Ebe war seit 1920 verheiratet mit dem Pädagogen Friedrich Schieker. Ab 1948 wirkte sie als Lektorin im Stuttgarter Gundert-Verlag.

Sofie Schieker-Ebe war Verfasserin vielgelesener Kinder- und Jugendbücher. Ihr erfolgreichster, 1930 erschienener Roman Was tun, Sibylle? erreichte bis Anfang der 1950er Jahre eine Gesamtauflage von über 70.000 Exemplaren und wurde 1938 unter der Regie von Peter Paul Brauer verfilmt.

Werke

 Die Wanderung, Stuttgart 1925
 Was tun, Sibylle? Stuttgart 1930
 Sibylle blickt ins Leben, Stuttgart 1931
 Kathinkas Würfel fallen, Stuttgart 1933
 Tines Fahrt ins Blaue, Stuttgart 1935
 Die Gasse im Dorf, Stuttgart 1936
 Im Lenz des Lebens, Stuttgart 1937
 Kaja kennt keine Angst, Stuttgart 1937
 Karin und ihr Ring, Stuttgart 1938
 Der umgepflügte Acker, Stuttgart 1944
 Machet auf das Tor, Stuttgart 1946
 Redliches Tun, Stuttgart 1946
 Du schöner grüner Wald, Stuttgart 1949
 Das Haus an der Stadtmauer, Stuttgart 1949
 Johanne Fabricius, Stuttgart 1949
 Der neue Tag, Stuttgart 1949
 Auf die Waage gelegt, Heilbronn a.N. 1950
 Bastelbuch, Stuttgart 1950 (zusammen mit Walter Schellenberger und Christof Schellenberger)
 Kleine Geschichten, Stuttgart 1950
 Krippenspiel, Stuttgart 1950
 Die liebe Weihnachtszeit, Stuttgart 1950
 Das Haus Nr. 100, Stuttgart 1951
 Daß die Seele nicht zerrinne, Heilbronn 1952

Weblinks
 Informationen über die Filmfassung von Was tun, Sibylle? im Filmportal

Autor
Kinder- und Jugendliteratur
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1892
Gestorben 1970
Frau

Sofie Schieker-Ebe


අන්‍යාගමීකරණය හා ජිහාඩය වෙනුවෙන් වූ සාම්ප්‍රදායේ ජනතා සභාව ( )—නැතහොත් ඔවුන්ගේ Hausa බසින් බෝකො හරාම් (Boko Haram) ("බටහිර අධ්‍යාපනය පවිටුයි (Haraam)")—යනු ඉස්ලාමීය ජිහාඩ්වාදී සහ takfiriවාදී, නයිජීරියාව, උතුරු කැමරූනය සහ නයිජර් යන රටවල් පදනම් කර ගනිමින් ක්‍රියාත්මක වන ඉස්ලාමීය ත්‍රස්ත සංවිධානයකි. එය 2002 වසරේදී, මොහොමඩ් යූසුෆ් (Mohammed Yusuf) විසින්, ෂරියා නීතිය යටතේ පාලනය වන "ශුද්ධ" ඉස්ලාමීය දේශයක් ගොඩනැංවීම හා එම රටවල් බටහිරකරණයට ලක්වීම වැලැක්වීම අරමුණු කර ගනිමින් බිහි කරන ලද්දකි.

මෙම කුරීරු ඉස්ලාමීය ත්‍රස්තවාදී සංවිධානය විසින්, ක්‍රිස්තියානුවන්ට සහ රජයේ ඉලක්කයන් වෙත බහුල වශයෙන් ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කිරීම සිදු කරනු ලබයි. ක්‍රිස්තියානි පල්ලි තුල බෝම්බ පුපුරුවා හැරීම, පාසල් සහ පොලිස් ස්ථාන වලට ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කිරීම, බටහිර විදෙස් සංචාරකයින් පැහැර ගැනීම, හා එසේම සමහර ඉස්ලාමීය ආයතනයන් හී පුද්ගලයින් ඝාතනය කිරීම වැනි දරුණු ක්‍රියාවන් රැසක්, පසුගිය කාලය තුල ඔවුන් විසින් වාර ගණනාවකදී දියත් කොට තිබුණි. බෝකො හරාම් ත්‍රස්තවාදීන්ට සම්බන්ධ ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ක්‍රියා හේතුවෙන්, 2002 - 2013 අතර කාල සීමාව තුල පුද්ගලයින්  10,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් ඇතැයි සඳහන් වෙයි.

වර්ථමානය වනවිට (2014 මැයි) නයිජීරියාවේ බොර්නො (Borno), Adamawa, Kaduna, Bauchi, යොබ් (Yobe) සහ Kano වැනි ප්‍රදේශ තුල, බෝකො හරාම් ත්‍රස්ත බලපෑම් තදින් ක්‍රියාත්මක වන අතර, එම කලාප තුල හදිසි තත්වයක් නම් කොට තිබෙන බව සඳහන් වෙයි. මෙම ත්‍රස්ත සංවිධානයේ සැකැස්ම සහ ඊට අදාල නායකත්ව දාමය පිළිබඳව පැහැදිලි තොරතුරු නොවන අතර, එය පුළුල්ව "ව්‍යාප්ත වූ" සහ බෙදී ගිය කොටස් සහිත ජාලාත්මක සංවිධානයක් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙයි. වාර්ථාවන්ට අනූව බෝකො හරාම් සංවිධානය කොටස් තුනකින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉන් එක් කොටසක් ලෙස Ansaru කණ්ඩායම හඳුනාගෙන තිබෙයි. එම කණ්ඩායමේ වත්මන් නායකයා අබුබකාර් ශෙකාවු වන අතර, ආයුධ නිපදවීම පිළිබඳ විශේෂඥකු වන මොමදු බාමා (Momodu Bama) එහි දෙවන අණදෙන්නා බව පැවසෙයි.

කෙසේ නමුදු බෝකො හරාම් ත්‍රස්තවාදීන්, නයිජීරියාවෙන් බාහිරව වූ ජිහාඩ්වාදීන් සමග සම්බන්ධතා පවත්වන්නේද නැද්ද යන්න අර්බුධකාරී වෙයි. අමෙරිකානු හමුදා සේනාධිපතිට අනූව, බෝකෝ හරාම් ත්‍රස්තවාදීන් ඉස්ලාමීය Maghrebයේ අල්-කයිඩා (AQIM) වට සම්බන්ධව කටයුතු කරන බව පැවසෙයි, නමුත් සමහර තොරතුරු වලට අනූව, බෝකො හරාම් ත්‍රස්ත සංවිධානය වෙත ද්‍රව්‍යමය වශයෙන් ජාත්‍යන්තර සහායක් හිමිවන බවට සාක්ෂි නොමැති බව පැවසෙන අතර, ඔවුන් විසින් ජාත්‍යන්තර වශයෙන් දියත් කොට ඇති ප්‍රහාර සංඛ්‍යාවද බොහෝ දුරට සීමා සහිත බව පැවසෙයි. 2013 නොවැම්බර් 13 වන දිනදී, එක්සත් ජනපද රජය විසින්, බෝකො හරාම් සංවිධානය ත්‍රස්තවාදී සංවිධානයක් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.

කරුණු මෙසේ සිදුවූවත් 2013 වසරේ මුල් කාර්තුවේදී, බෝකො හරාම් ත්‍රස්තවාදීන් ලෙස සැකකෙරුණු පුද්ගලයින් 950 දෙනෙකු, නයිජීරියානු හමුදා ඒකාබද්ධ කාර්ය බලකායේ (Nigeria's military Joint Task Force) රැඳවුම් භාරය යටතේදී මරණයට පත්වීමේ සිදුවීමක් සම්බන්ධව මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය වූවේ යැයි කියමින් ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්ෂමා සංවිධානය, නයිජීරියානු රජයට චෝදනා එල්ල කරන ලදී. මෙම ඉස්ලාමීය ත්‍රස්තවාදී සංවිධානය නිසා හටගත් ගැටුමේ හේතුවෙන් 2011 වසර වන විට පුද්ගලයින් 90,000 ක ප්‍රමාණයක් අවතැන්ව ඇතැයි වාර්ථා වෙයි. හියුමන් රයිට්ස් වොච් සංවිධානය පවසන පරිදි, මෙම ත්‍රස්ත සංවිධානයේ වැඩ කටයුතු වෙනුවෙන් වයස අවුරුදු 12 පමණ වන ළමා සොල්දාදුවන්ද, යොදවා තිබෙයි.

මේවාද බලන්න
2014 චිබොක් පැහැරගැනීම

ආශ්‍රිත

බෝකෝ හරාම්


Miloš Roman (né le  à Kysucké Nové Mesto en Slovaquie) est un joueur professionnel slovaque de hockey sur glace. Il évolue au poste d'attaquant.

Biographie

Carrière en club
Formé au HC Oceláři Třinec en Tchéquie, il joue son premier match en senior dans l'Extraliga en 2016-2017. Il est choisi au premier tour, en sixième position de la sélection européenne 2017 de la Ligue canadienne de hockey par les Giants de Vancouver. Il part alors en Amérique du Nord et évolue trois saisons dans la Ligue de hockey de l'Ouest. Il est choisi au quatrième tour, en cent-vingt-deuxième position par les Flames de Calgary lors du Repêchage d'entrée dans la LNH 2018. Il remporte l'Extraliga 2021 avec le HC Oceláři Třinec.

Carrière internationale
Il représente la Slovaquie au niveau international. Il prend part aux sélections jeunes. Il participe à son premier championnat du monde senior en 2021. Il est sélectionné pour les Jeux olympiques de 2022 et remporte la médaille de bronze avec la Slovaquie.

Statistiques
Pour les significations des abréviations, voir statistiques du hockey sur glace.

En club

| 2016-2017 || HC Oceláři Třinec || Extraliga || 1|| 0|| 0|| 0|| 0|| -|| -|| -|| -|| -
|-
| 2016-2017 || HC Frýdek-Místek || 1.liga || 29|| 4|| 2|| 6|| 24|| 10|| 1|| 1|| 2|| 2
|-
| 2017-2018 || Giants de Vancouver || LHOu || 39|| 10|| 22|| 32|| 10|| 7|| 3|| 3|| 6|| 4
|-
| 2018-2019 || Giants de Vancouver || LHOu || 59|| 27|| 33|| 60|| 21|| 22|| 4|| 8|| 12|| 12
|-
| 2019-2020 || Giants de Vancouver || LHOu || 62|| 24|| 23|| 47|| 28|| -|| -|| -|| -|| -
|-
| 2020-2021 || HC Oceláři Třinec || Extraliga || 34|| 7|| 5|| 12|| 10|| 16|| 2|| 1|| 3|| 2
|-
| 2021-2022 || HC Oceláři Třinec || Extraliga ||46 || 10|| 14|| 24|| 16|| 14|| 2|| 3|| 5|| 2
|-
| 2022-2023 || HC Oceláři Třinec || Extraliga || 47|| 4|| 5|| 9|| 10||22|| 0|| 3|| 3|| 6
|-
| 2023-2024 || HC Oceláři Třinec || Extraliga || || || || || ||

Références

Naissance en novembre 1999
Naissance en Slovaquie
Attaquant de hockey sur glace
Joueur international slovaque de hockey sur glace
Joueur de hockey sur glace aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Médaillé de bronze olympique slovaque
Médaillé aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Choix de repêchage du HC Slovan Bratislava
Choix de repêchage des Flames de Calgary
Joueur des Giants de Vancouver
Joueur du HC Oceláři Třinec

Miloš Roman


Westhagemann ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Michael Westhagemann (* 1957), deutscher Manager und Politiker (parteilos)
 Volker Westhagemann (* 1964), deutscher Sprinter

Westhagemann


Therese Shaheen (夏馨) is an American businesswoman and entrepreneur who served as Chairman and Managing Director of the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) from 2002 to 2004.

Education
Shaheen earned her BA from Georgetown University School of Foreign Service and her MA in International Public Policy from Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies.

Career
Shaheen founded an investment and technology development company focused on emerging economies in Asia in 1987. Over the years, her company has had offices in Seoul, Tokyo, Taipei, Beijing, and other Asian capitals. With the authorization of Taiwan Relations Act in 2002, she was tapped by President George W. Bush to serve as the first woman Chairman of the American Institute in Taiwan. She served during an important period in U.S.–PRC–Taiwan history, and was seen as a forceful representative of the United States.

After the Taiwan elections in March 2004, Shaheen resigned her position to return to private sector businesses. She has served as an Adjunct Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, and remains a popular figure in Taiwan for her outspoken support of the island's commitment to freedom and self-government. Shaheen was an early observer of the challenges facing the PRC, speaking and writing while at AIT and since about how those challenges will limit PRC economic growth and other government objectives. Shaheen is a contributor to National Review and publishes and speaks frequently about economic issues in Asia.

References

American women diplomats
Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni
Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Chairs of the American Institute in Taiwan
21st-century American women

Therese Shaheen


الأضرحة الميغاليتية (الدولمن) بمدينة عين البرج

غير بعيد عن المدينة التاريخية تيجسيس حوالي 200 متر يتربع أكبر ضريح ميغاليتي أو الدولمن في ولاية أم البواقي على تلة مرتفعة بالمنطقة المسماة ولاد سعيد، إذ تبلغ مساحته حوالي 250 مترا مربعا، محاطا بسور دائري قطره 30 مترا وهو مكون من صف واحد من الصخور المنحوتة، ثم نجد صور دائري ثاني يبلغ قطره حوالي 10 أمتار ويتوسطه الضريح الذي هو عبارة عن صخرة مسطحة ضخمة مسندة على ركائز حجرية، حيث يشبه المائدة في شكله.
ويعتقد أن الضريح هو لأحد كبار الزعماء النوميديين القدماء لأنه يختلف عن باقي القبور الميغاليتية بحجمه وبطريقة بنائه، ومن المحتمل أنه يحوي رفات أب ماسينيسا ڨولة أو غولة على حسب تسميته.
كما أنه يوجد عدة قبور أخرى من أشهرها قبر عشة العبرى حسب التسمية التي أطلقها عليه سكان المنطقة وقبور أخرى المسماة علميا  قبور التيميليس القديمة، وهي موجودة بكثرة على جوانب المدينة الأثرية تيجسيس.

علم الآثار

الغولة


Julianna Bodó () este o antropologă română de etnie maghiară. Este soția lui Zoltán A. Biró.

Carieră
Julianna Bodó a obținut diploma de licență în filologie de la Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai în 1979. După aceea, a predat la o școală din Miercurea Ciuc, iar apoi a devenit cercetătoare în cadrul Centrului de Cercetări Regionale și Antropologice din Miercurea Ciuc. În anul 2003 a obținut diploma de doctor de la Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai. Astăzi, este profesor universitar la Universitatea Sapientia din Miercurea Ciuc.

Publicații
Elvándorlók? Vendégmunka és életforma a Székelyföldön, Pro-Print Könyvkiadó, Miercurea Ciuc, 1996.
Fényes tegnapunk. Studii asupra perioadei socialismului, red. Bodó Julianna. Pro-Print Könyvkiadó, Miercurea Ciuc, 1998.
Așa ne-au colectivizat... Analiză antropologică despre două sate din Secuime, Pro-Print Könyvkiadó, Miercurea Ciuc, 2004.
Helykeresők? Roma lakosság a Székelyföldön, Pro-Print Könyvkiadó, Miercurea Ciuc, 2002.
Miénk a tér? Simbolika spacuzo en Székelyföld, Pro-Print Könyvkiadó, Miercurea Ciuc, 2000.
A terep, ahol élünk, Analizoj antropologiaj. Státus Kiadó, Miercurea Ciuc, 2007.
Diskurzusok és életutak a migráció tükrében. Scientia Humana, Budapesta, 2008.
A formális és informális szféra ünneplési gyakorlata az 1980-as években. Scientia Humana, Budapesta. 2004

Note

Nașteri pe 12 iunie
Nașteri în 1954
Antropologi români
Maghiari din Transilvania
Oameni din Miercurea Ciuc
Profesori universitari români
Maghiari din România

Julianna Bodó


Haus Erprath war ein Rittergut in Tönisberg, Kempen. Im Jahre 1873 verkaufte Robert Georg Wilhelm von Pelden gent. Cloudt den Besitz an Anton Hamers aus Krefeld. Das Herrenhaus stammt aus dem 19. Jahrhundert. Es ist seit 1992 als Baudenkmal in Kempen eingetragen.

Literatur
 Richard Verhuven: Rittergut Erprath bei St. Tönisberg im Kreise Kempen-Krefeld und seine Besitzer. Verlag Verhuven & Berns, 1934.

Weblinks
 Denkmale in der Stadt Kempen. Lfd.-Nr. 189

Erprath
Baudenkmal in Kempen
Bauwerk in Kempen
Unternehmen (Kreis Viersen)
Organisation (Kempen)

Haus Erprath (Tönisberg)


Gülben Ergen, sanatçının kendi adını taşıyan beşinci albümü. 17 Haziran 2006 tarihinde piyasaya çıkmıştır. Albümdeki tüm şarkıların eşit önemi olduğu için, albüm ismi "Gülben Ergen" kondu. Albüm, 180.000 adet sattı.

Şarkılar
 "Yani" (Söz-Müzik: Sezen Aksu)
 "Mış Gibi" (Söz-Müzik:Sezen Aksu)
 "Amor" (Söz-Müzik: Şehrazat)
 "Belki" (Söz-Müzik:Şehrazat)
 "Ben Olsaydım" (Söz-Müzik:Metin Özülkü)
 "Lay La Lay Lalay" (Söz-Müzik:Yıldız Tilbe)
 "Yalnızlık" (Söz-Müzik:Fettah Can-Alper Narman)
 "Aşksın Sen" (Söz-Müzik:Yalın)
 "Olta" (Söz-Müzik:Nazan Öncel)
 "Nihayet" (Söz-Müzik:Fettah Can-Alper Narman)
 "Bu Gece" (Söz-Müzik:Zenfira Aliskizi)
 "Bile Bile" (Söz-Müzik:Mete Özgencil)

Klipler
Albümdeki şarkılardan "Yalnızlık", "Lay La Lay Lalay", "Yani" ve "Aşksın Sen" şarkılarına klip çekildi.

Sertifikalar ve satışlar

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Gülben Ergen albümleri
2006 albümleri
Seyhan Müzik albümleri

Gülben Ergen (albüm)


Ronquils (sometimes spelt ronchils) is a small family marine ray-finned fish, the Bathymasteridae. These fishes are found only in Arctic and North Pacific waters. This family contains just seven species in three genera. The larger species are important to commercial fisheries as food fish. Ronquils are most closely related to the eelpouts and prowfish in the suborder Zoarcoidei of the order Scorpaeniformes.

Taxonomy
The Bathymasteridae was first proposed as a family in 1883 by the American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan and Charles Henry Gilbert. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this family within the suborder Zoarcoidei, within the order Scorpaeniformes. Other authorities classify this family in the infraorder Zoarcales wihin the suborder Cottoidei of the Perciformes because removing the Scorpaeniformes from the Perciformes renders that taxon non monophyletic. The monophyly of the Zoarcoidei has still not been fully ascertained but it is generally accepted that the most basal family is Bathymasteridae.

Etymology
The name ronquil is said to be an anglicization from the Spanish ronco, ronquillo being a diminutive, and which means "one who grunts". The family name Bathymasteridae is derived from the type genus Bathymaster and this can be translated from the Greek to mean "deep searcher".

Genera
The ronquil family is divided into three genera as follows:

Characteristics
Ronquils have elongate with long dorsal and anal fins which are even in height along all of their length. These fins are separated from the large, truncate to round caudal fin by a clear caudal peduncle. There are between 43 and 49 branched and unbranched rays in the dorsal fin while the anal fin contains between 31 and 36 rays. These ray counts include between 1 and 6 weak, pliant to the front of the dorsal fin and 1 or 2 similar spines in the front of the anal fin. The pectoral fins are large and rounded while the  pelvic fins are located on the thorax, and have a single spine and 5 soft rays. There is a single pair of nostrils. The scales vary from weakly ctenoid, nearly smooth, to strongly ctenoid. There are sensory pores on the upper head of head and on the cheeks and these are obvious. The lateral line is clearly visible and runs on the upper body, straight to the rear of the dorsal fin, and has between 75 and 105 scales. The roof of the mouth has palatine and vomerine teeth. The bill membrane is separate from the isthmus, in most cases. There is no swim bladder. These fishes may be olive brown to dull red, bluish black, or purplish in their overall colour, they can be marked with bright green, blue, yellow, red, orange, and white bars, spots or other markings. The colour and patterns often vary between populations  or be an expression of sexual dimorphism. Ronquins vary in size  from a  total length of  in Ronquilus jordani to more over  for Bathymaster signatus.

Distribution, habitat and behaviour
Ronqulis inhabit cold waters in the North Pacific where they have a wide range from Baja California to the Sea of Japan,  ronquils are benthic animals, spending most of their time on or near the bottom.  These fishes are typically found in shallow coastal waters down to depths of around , however, Bathymaster signatus has been taken from depths in excess of  in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands.

Ronquils feed primarily on small benthic crustaceans and mollusks, and the stomachs of some specimens sampled contained only nudibranch]s. Little is known about predators of ronqulis but it is presumed that most larger carnivores that occur in the same areas as them, especially predatory fishes, will prey on them. Although considered fairly common, ronquils are rarely observed; this is likely owing to their secretive nature.

Few specifics are recorded regarding ronquil spawning, but the males are known to guard the brood. The males have been known to cannibalize some of the eggs they are guarding.

See also
List of fish common names
List of fish families

References

Zoarcoidei
Taxa named by David Starr Jordan
Taxa named by Charles Henry Gilbert

Ronquil


A cantar de gesta is the Spanish equivalent of the Old French medieval chanson de geste or "songs of heroic deeds".

The most important cantares de gesta of Castile were:
 The Cantar de Mio Cid, where the triumph of the true nobility, founded on effort, merit and optimism is narrated, as opposed to the blood nobility that the fictitious characters Infantes of Carrión represent.
 The Poema de Fernán González, which presents a mix of history and legend concerning the first Count of Castile, Fernán González.
 The Cantar de los Siete Infantes de Lara, where a right revenge long delayed is narrated.
 The Cantar de Bernardo del Carpio, that narrates the tragic history of a bastard of noble origin attempting to procure the release from prison of his father, Count of Saldaña, jailed for having secretly married the King's sister; in his efforts to rehabilitate the family honor, he is unfairly treated by his king Alfonso the Chaste.
 The Mocedades de Rodrigo composed around 1360 is the latest epic cantar épico that is conserved. It is based on an earlier cantar of the youth of Rodrigo that dates from the second half of the 13th century. It narrates events in the youth of El Cid.

Smaller importance had the Mainete, the Cantar del Cerco de Zamora and others. However, only the Cantar de Mio Cid, the Cantar de Rodrigo and a few verses of the Cantar de Roncesvalles have been preserved in written form. The philologues have reconstructed other passages of the lost Castilian epic from fragments turned into prose in chronicles, where they served as sources of information.

The characteristics of the Spanish cantares de gesta are:
 Irregular verses, mainly between 14 and 16 syllables, divided in two hemistiches and with assonant rhyme, as opposed to regular verses and consonant rhyme of French chansons de geste.
 Predominance of realism and historicity as opposed to the more legendary and less historical character of French chanson de geste.
 Use of expressions that demand the attention of the public.
 Very abundant verbs, because the action predominates.
 Suppression of formulas that introduce the direct dialogue with the purpose of making the narration more agile, perhaps because some passages of Spanish cantares de gesta were semi-enacted (thereof also its greater realism).
 Use of brief descriptions, full of plasticity.
 Use of epic names to characterize the individuals.
 Use of the paragogic e.

See also
Mester de Juglaría
Mester de Clerecía

Spanish literature

Epic poetry

es:Cantar de gesta

Cantar de gesta


In the Irish Calendar  The Old Cows Days/The Days of the Brindled Cow are the last days of March and the first three days of April; in .

The term comes from a folk tale, illustrating the unpredictability of the weather at this time of year in Ireland. The tale relates how the bó riabhach, "the brindled cow", complained at the beginning of April to her companions in the herd of the terrible harshness of the previous month of March. As the grumbling of the cow continued, the at first uninterested March began to take umbrage and decided to teach the speckled cow a lesson she would never forget. So March "borrowed" the first three days of April but made them so bitterly cold and miserable that before they were ended the unlucky bó riabhach had died. The purported lesson of the "days of the brindled cow" is that complaining about the harshness of the weather is done at one's peril.

The same story can be found in different versions all over Ireland and Europe in general.

The brindled cow or the bó riabhach referred to are once common but now rare native Irish cow breed

See also
 Dog days

References

Irish fairy tales


Gastronomi
 Mesir macunu, 20'den fazla çeşidi olan yoğun ve yapışkan tatlı
 Gencer macunu, üzüm suyu ve şeker ihtiva eden, macun kıvamında beyaz ve akışkan tatlı
 Macun şekeri, Çocuk tatlısı
 Macun (meyve şekerlemesi) Kıbrıs Türk mutfağına özgü reçel-meyve şekerlemesi arası tatlı

Hamur kıvamına getirilmiş madde
 Isı macunu, ısı iletimini sağlamak için kullanılan bir macun
 Diş macunu, diş temizliğinde kullanılan macun
 Macun (malzeme), ev yapımında kullanılan sızdırmazlık maddesi

Yerleşim yeri

 Macun, Beypazarı - Ankara ili Beypazarı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Macun, Polatlı - Ankara ili Polatlı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Macun, Elmalı - Antalya ili Elmalı ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Macun


Egelsdorf ist ein Stadtteil der Stadt Königsee im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt (Thüringen).

Geografie
Egelsdorf liegt auf der unbewaldeten Hochfläche im Vorland des Thüringer Waldes zwischen Rinnetal im Norden und Schwarzatal im Süden in einer Höhe von etwa 600 Meter über NN etwa einen Kilometer östlich von Dröbischau. Die Kreisstraße 134 verbindet das Dorf mit der Landesstraße 2389.

Geschichte
Am 23. August 1316 wurde die urkundliche Ersterwähnung von Egelsdorf im Urkundenbuch vom Kloster Paulinzella unter Nummer 171 archiviert.
Sowohl Egelsdorf als auch Dröbischau gehörten zu den Besitzungen der Grafen von Schwarzburg (Schwarzburg-Rudolstädter Oberherrschaft). Fuhrmannsgewerbe, Weberei und Olitäten- und Glaswarenhandel sowie Tourismus waren neben einer begrenzt möglichen landwirtschaftlichen Produktion Erwerbsquellen dieser Bürger. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde im Ort der Weg der ostdeutschen Agrarpolitik eingeführt.

Am 1. Juli 1950 wurde Egelsdorf zu Dröbischau eingemeindet. Seit dem 1. Januar 2019 ist der Ort ein Teil der Stadt Königsee.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Dorfkirche Egelsdorf

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Geographie (Königsee)
Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Ersterwähnung 1316
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt)
Gemeindeauflösung 1950

Egelsdorf (Königsee)


මිතාලි රාජ් යනු ඉන්දියානු කාන්තා ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමෙහි නායිකාව වෙයි.

මුල් දිවිය සහ පසුබිම
1982 දෙසැම්බර් 3 දිනදී මිතාලි රාජ්  උපන්නේ, රාජස්තානයෙහි, ජෝද්පූර්හී දෙමළ පවුලකට දාවය. මිතාලිගේ මවු බස දෙමළ වන අතර, ඇයගේ පියා, ඩොරයි රාජ්, ඉන්දියානු ගුවන් හමුදාවෙහි නිලධාරියෙක් වූ අතර ඇයගේ මව නමින් ලීලා රාජ් විය. වයස අවුරුදු 10 ක් වත්ම ක්‍රීඩාවෙහි නියැලීම ඇරඹූ මිතාලි, වයස වසර 17 ක් වක්ම ඉන්දියානු කණ්ඩායමට තෝරා ගනු ලැබුවාය. ඇයගේ එදිජා මංගලාවතරණ, 1999 වසරෙහිදී  මිල්ටන් කේන්ස් හිදී අයර්ලන්තයට එරෙහිව සිදු විය. ඇය ජීවත් වන්නේ හයිද්‍රබාදයෙහි, තෙලන්ගනහීය. ඇයගේ පාසැල් සමයෙහිදී හයිද්‍රබාදයෙහි, ශාන්ත ජෝන්ස් පාසැලෙහි ක්‍රිකට් පුහුණුව සඳහා ඇය සහභාගි වූයේ ඇයගේ වැඩිමහළු සෙහොයුරා සමගය. මිතාලි,  සිකැන්ද්‍රබාද් හී, කීස් කාන්තා උසස් පාසැලෙහි ක්‍රීඩා පුහුණුවෙහි යෙදුණු අතර, බොහෝ විට පුහුණු පරිශ්‍රයෙහි පිරිමි ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයින් හා තරග වැදුණි. ඇය වසර අටක් පුරාවට සම්භාව්‍ය නැටුම් පුහුණු වූ අතර  ඇයගේ ක්‍රිකට් අභිවෘත්තිය නොනැවති කරගෙන යෑම සඳහා නැටුම් වෙතින් ඉවත් විය.

අභිවෘත්තිය
ඉන්දියාවෙහි කාන්තා ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම වෙනුවෙන්, ටෙස්ට් සහ එක් දින ජාත්‍යන්තර යන අංශ දෙකෙහිම රාජ් විසින් ක්‍රීඩා කර ඇත. ඇයගේ එක් දින ජාත්‍යන්තර මංගලාවතරණය 1999 වසරෙහිදී අයර්ලන්තයට එරෙහිව මිල්ටන් කේන්ස් හිදී  සිදුවූ අතර එහිදී ඇය නොදැවී ලකුණු  114 ක් රැස් කළාය. 2001-02 කාල සීමාවෙහිදී ලක්නව් හිදී දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවට එරෙහිව ඇයගේ ටෙස්ට් මංගලාවතරණය සිදු විය. 2002 අගෝස්තු 17 දිනදී, වයස 19 වත්ම, ඇයගේ තෙවන ටෙස්ට් තරගයෙහිදී, ලෝකයෙහි ඉහළතම පුද්ගලික ටෙස්ට් ලකුණු රැස් කිරීම වූ කැරන් රෝල්ටන්ගේ ලකුණු 209* වාර්තාව ඇය විසින් බිඳ දැමුවේ නවතම ඉහළ ලකුණු සංඛ්‍යාවක් වූ ලකුණු 214 ටෝන්ටන්හි, කවුන්ටි ක්‍රීඩා පිටියෙහිදී එංගලන්තයට එරෙහිව පැවති දෙවන සහ අවසාන ටෙස්ට් තරගයෙහිදී රැස් කර ගනිමිනි. පකිස්තානයෙහි කිරන් බාලුක් විසින් මෙම වාර්තාව 2004 මාර්තු මාසයෙහිදී බිඳ දමන ලද්දේ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් කණ්ඩායමට එරෙහිව ලකුණු 242 රැස් කර ගනිමිනි.

2002 වසරෙහි ක්‍රික්ඉන්ෆෝ කාන්තා ලෝක කුසලාන තරගාවලියෙහිදී, ටයිෆොයිඩ් මාදිළියක් වැළඳීම නිසා මිතාලි රෝගී වු අතර ඉන්දියාවෙහි  ප්‍රගතිය බරපතල ලෙසින් අවහිර විය. කෙසේවෙතත්, දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවෙහිදී ඔවුන්ගේ පළමු ලෝක කුසලාන අවසන් තරගය වෙතට 2005 වසරෙහිදී ඇය විසින් කණ්ඩායම මෙහෙයවූ නමුදු, ප්‍රතිමල්ලව ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව ප්‍රබලත්වයෙන් වැඩි බව අවබෝධ විය. 2006 අගෝස්තුවෙහිදී,  ඔවුන්ගේ පළමු ටෙස්ට් සහ තරගමාලා ජයග්‍රහණය වෙත එංගලන්තයෙහිදී ඇය විසින් කණ්ඩායම මෙහෙයවූ අතර වසර කෙළවරදී ආසියානු කුසලාන දිනා ගත්තේ - මාස 12 ක් ඇතුළත දෙවන වරට - එකදු තරගයක් හෝ පරාජය නොවෙමිනි.

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි

ප්‍රොෆයිල් ඔෆ් මිතාලි රාජ්
ක්‍රිකට්ආකයිව්

1982 උපත්
ජීවත්වන්නෝ
අර්ජුන සම්මානය ලැබුවෝ
ඉන්දියානු කාන්තා ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
ඉන්දියානු කාන්තා එක් දින ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
ඉන්දියානු කාන්තා විස්සයි20 ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
ජෝද්පූර්හී උපන් ජනයා
ඉන්දියාවෙහි හයිද්‍රබාද්හී උපන් ජනයා
එක් දින ජාත්‍යන්තර මංගලාවතරණයෙහි ශතකයක් රැස් කළ කාන්තා ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
ක්‍රීඩාවෙහිදී පද්ම ශ්‍රී සම්මානය ලැබූවෝ
ඉන්දියානු කාන්තා ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
එයාර් ඉන්ඩියා කාන්තා ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
මධ්‍යම කලාපය කාන්තා ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
දුම්රිය සේවා කාන්තා ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
ඉන්දියානු කාන්තා ක්‍රිකට් නායිකාවෝ
රාජස්තානයෙහි උපන් ක්‍රීඩිකාවෝ

මිතාලි රාජ්