Amenhotep II (sometimes called Amenophis II and meaning Amun is Satisfied) was the seventh pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Amenhotep inherited a vast kingdom from his father Thutmose III, and held it by means of a few military campaigns in Syria; however, he fought much less than his father, and his reign saw the effective cessation of hostilities between Egypt and Mitanni, the major kingdoms vying for power in Syria. His reign is usually dated from 1427 to 1401 BC. His consort was Tiaa, who was barred from any prestige until Amenhotep's son, Thutmose IV, came into power.

Family and early life

Amenhotep II was born to Thutmose III and a minor wife of the king: Merytre-Hatshepsut. He was not, however, the firstborn son of this pharaoh; his elder brother Amenemhat, the son of the great king's chief wife Satiah, was originally the intended heir to the throne since Amenemhat was designated the 'king's eldest son" and overseer of the cattle of Amun in Year 24 of Thutmose's reign. However, between Years 24 and 35 of Thutmose III, both queen Satiah and prince Amenemhat died, which prompted the pharaoh to marry the non-royal Merytre-Hatshepsut.  She would bear Thutmose III a number of children including the future Amenhotep II. Amenhotep II was born and raised in Memphis in the north, instead of in Thebes, the traditional capital. While a prince, he oversaw deliveries of wood sent to the dockyard of Peru-nūfe in Memphis, and was made the Setem, the high priest over Lower Egypt. Amenhotep has left several inscriptions touting his athletic skills while he was a leader of the army before his crowning. Amenhotep was no less athletic than his powerful father. He claims to have been able to shoot an arrow through a copper target one palm thick, and that he was able to row his ship faster and farther than two hundred members of the navy could row theirs. Some scepticism concerning the truth of these claims has been expressed among Egyptologists.

Amenhotep acceded to the throne on the first day of the fourth month of Akhet, but his father died on the thirtieth day of the third month of Peret. If an Egyptian crown prince was proclaimed king but did not take the throne on the day after his father's death, it meant that he served as the junior coregent during his father's reign. A coregency with Thutmose III and Amenhotep II is believed to have lasted for two years and four months.

When he assumed power, Amenhotep II was 18 years old according to an inscription from his great Sphinx stela:
 "Now his Majesty appeared as king as a fine youth after he had become 'well developed', and had completed eighteen years in his strength and bravery."

After becoming pharaoh, Amenhotep married a woman of uncertain parentage named Tiaa. As many as ten sons and one daughter have been attributed to him. Amenhotep's most important son was Thutmose IV, who succeeded him; however, there is significant evidence for his having many more children. Princes Amenhotep, Webensenu, Amenemopet, and Nedjem are all clearly attested, and Amenemhat, Khaemwaset, and Aakheperure as well as a daughter, Iaret, are also possible children.

Papyrus B.M. 10056, which dates to sometime after Amenhotep II's tenth year, refers to a king's son and setem-priest Amenhotep. This Amenhotep might also be attested in a stele from Amenhotep II's temple at Giza, however the stele's name has been defaced so that positive identification is impossible. Stele B may belong to another son, Webensenu. Webensenu's name is otherwise attested on a statue of Amenhotep's chief architect, Minmose, and his canopic jars and a funerary statue have been found in Amenhotep II's tomb. Another Giza stele, stele C, records the name of a Prince Amenemopet, whose name is otherwise unattested. The same statue with the name Webensenu on it is also inscribed with the name of prince Nedjem, who is otherwise unattested.

There are other references to king's sons from this period who may or may not be sons of Amenhotep II. Two graffiti from Sahel mention a king's son and stable master named Khaemwaset, but specifically which king is his father is unknown. A figure with the name Amenemhet is recorded behind a prince Amenhotep in Theban tomb 64, and assuming this Amenhotep is indeed the king's son from B.M. 10056, Amenemhat would also be Amenhotep II's son. Additionally, a prince Aakheperure is mentioned in a Konosso graffito alongside a prince Amenhotep, and if one again assumes that this Amenhotep was the same person as the one in B.M. 10056, Aakheperure would also have been Amenhotep II's son. However, in both these cases the figure identified as Amenhotep has been identified by some as possible references to the later King Amenhotep III, which would make these two princes sons of Thutmose IV. In addition to sons, Amenhotep II may have had a daughter named Iaret, but she could have also been the daughter of Thutmose IV.

Two more sons had been attributed to Amenhotep II in the past; however, they have since been proven to be of other parentage. Gauthier catalogued one Usersatet, the "King's son of Kush,"  (i.e. Viceroy of Nubia) as a son of Amenhotep II, as well as one Re; however, both are now known to be unrelated to the royal family.
Usersatet merely served as Amenhotep's chief official in Nubia and was not a blood relative of the king.

Dates and length of reign

Amenhotep's coronation can be dated without much difficulty because of a number of lunar dates in the reign of his father, Thutmose III. These sightings limit the date of Thutmose's accession to either 1504 or 1479 BC. Thutmose died after 54 years of reign, at which time Amenhotep would have acceded to the throne. Amenhotep's short coregency with his father would then move his accession two years and four months earlier, dating his accession to either 1427 BC in the low chronology, or in 1454 BC in the high chronology. The length of his reign is indicated by a wine jar inscribed with the king's prenomen found in Amenhotep II's funerary temple at Thebes; it is dated to this king's highest known date—his Year 26—and lists the name of the pharaoh's vintner, Panehsy. Mortuary temples were generally not stocked until the king died or was near death; therefore, Amenhotep could not have lived much later beyond his 26th year. There are alternate theories which attempt to assign him a reign of up to 35 years, which is the absolute maximum length he could have reigned. In this chronology, he reigned from 1454 to 1419. However, there are problems facing these theories which cannot be resolved. In particular, this would mean Amenhotep died when he was 52, but an X-ray analysis of his mummy has shown him to have been about 40 when he died. Accordingly, Amenhotep II is usually given a reign of 26 years and said to have reigned from 1427 to 1401 BC.

Foreign affairs

Amenhotep's first campaign took place in his third regnal year. It is known that the pharaoh was attacked by the host of Qatna while crossing the Orontes river, but he emerged victorious and acquired rich booty, among which even the equipment of a Mitanni charioteer is mentioned. The king was well known for his physical prowess and is said to have singlehandedly killed 7 rebel Princes at Kadesh, which successfully terminated his first Syrian campaign on a victorious note.  After the campaign, the king ordered the bodies of the seven princes to be hung upside down on the prow of his ship. Upon reaching Thebes all but one of the princes were mounted on the city walls. The other was taken to the often rebellious territory of Nubia and hung on the city wall of Napata, as an example of the consequence of rising against Pharaoh and to demoralise any Nubian opponents of Egyptian authority there. Amenhotep called this campaign his first in a Stele from Amada, however he also called his second campaign his first, causing some confusion. The most common solution for this, although not universally accepted, is that this was the first campaign he fought alone before the death of his father and thus before he was the sole king of Egypt, and he counted his second campaign as his first because it was the first that was his and his alone.

In April of his seventh year, Amenhotep was faced with a major rebellion in Syria by the vassal states of Naharin and dispatched his army to the Levant to suppress it. This rebellion was likely instigated by Egypt's chief Near Eastern rival, Mitanni. His stele of victory carved after this campaign records no major battles, which has been read a number of ways. It may be that this campaign was more similar to one of the tours of Syria which his father had fought, and he only engaged minor garrisons in battle and forced cities to swear allegiance to him–oaths immediately broken after his departure. Alternatively, it appears that the two weeks when Amenhotep would have been closest to Mitanni are omitted from the stele, thus it is possible that his army was defeated on this campaign. Amenhotep's last campaign took place in his ninth year, however it apparently did not proceed farther north than the Sea of Galilee. According to the list of plunder from this campaign, Amenhotep claims to have taken 101,128 slaves. These numbers however are difficult to substantiate, leading some to question the accuracy of Amenhotep's court scribes. Others have suggested that such exaggerated figures may instead be simply due to compounded accounting mistakes. Examples include a possible recount of the 15,070 prisoners taken in his year 7 campaign in Nukhash being combined with the figures from his year 9 campaign.
After the campaign in Amenhotep's ninth year, Mitanni sought to make peace with Egypt, and from then on, their armies never fought again. Amenhotep records that the kings of Babylon, the Hittites, and Mitanni came to make peace and pay tribute to him after his ninth year, although this may be outlandish boasting. However, a second passage appears on the walls of Karnak, saying that the princes of Mitanni came to seek peace with Amenhotep, and this cannot be so easily explained away. The rising power of the Hittites eventually persuaded Mitanni to seek an ally, and there was definitely a treaty of some sort between Egypt and Mitanni by the time of Amenhotep's successor, but it may be that it was enacted after Amenhotep's campaigns, to try to prevent any more campaigns of mass deportations. Whenever formal peace was enacted, an informal peace was maintained between Amenhotep and the king of Mitanni. The new peace ties between the two benefitted both nations. For Mitanni, relaxing military conflict with Egypt to its south allowed it to focus more on the rising powers of the Hittites and the Assyrians to its north. For Egypt, it was able to begin extracting significant amounts of resources from Syria and Palestine and it was also now able to access Mediterranean trade routes with the Aegean. Thereafter, Amenhotep concentrated on domestic matters, with one possible exception. A shrine of Amenhotep's Nubian viceroy shows Amenhotep receiving tribute after a Nubian campaign, but it is not possible to date when this happened.

Construction projects

Since Thutmose III had devoted so much energy to expanding Karnak, Amenhotep's building projects were largely focused on enlarging smaller temples all over Egypt. In the Delta, his father's Overseer of Works, Minmose, is attested from an inscription at Tura as overseeing construction of more temples. In upper Egypt, small shrines are attested at Medamud, el-Tod, and Armant. Karnak, despite not receiving the attention given it by his father, also was not totally neglected. He commissioned a column to stand in the courtyard between the fourth and fifth pylons commemorating the reception of tribute from Mitanni. In Nubia, Amenhotep built at Qasr Ibrim and Semna, and ordered the decoration of the Temple at Kalabsha. However, his most famous Nubian temple was at Amada. Thutmose III had begun constructing a temple which, technically, was dedicated to Horus there, although the presence of Re-Harakhti and Amun-Re is easily observed. Amenhotep completed it and put in it the record of his year 3 campaign on a stele, which was until 1942 the source of most information about Amenhotep's wars.

He had a mortuary temple constructed at the edge of the cultivation in the Theban Necropolis, close to where the Ramesseum was later built, but it was destroyed in ancient times.

Personality and later life

A stela from this pharaoh's final years highlights his openly contemptuous attitude towards non-Egyptians. The document, which dates to "Year 23 IV Akhet [day] 1, the day of the festival" of Amenhotep II's accession to power, is a copy of a personal letter which the king composed himself to Usersatet, his viceroy of Kush (Nubia). In it, Amenhotep II reminded Usersatet of their military exploits together in Syria and proceeds to criticise the way this official conducted his office as Viceroy. Amenhotep writes:

Usersatet was so impressed (or fearful) of Amenhotep's message that he ordered a copy of it to be engraved on a stela "that was once [located] at the Second Cataract [in Nubia] and is now in Boston."

Amenhotep II did not openly record the names of his queens; some Egyptologists theorise that he felt that women had become too powerful under titles such as God's Wife of Amun. They point to the fact that he participated in his father's removal of Hatshepsut's name from her monuments and the destruction of her image.

The destruction of Hatshepsut's images began during the co-regency of Amenhotep when his father was very old, but stopped during his reign. However, the king may have harboured his father's concern that another woman would sit on the throne. Despite his efforts however it is possible that a female co-regent of Akhenaten ruled as pharaoh before the end of his own 18th dynasty.

Amenhotep II adopted a large number of Canaanite gods into the Egyptian pantheon, including Resheph, Hauron, Baal, Astarte, Qetesh, and a few others.

Death and burial

Amenhotep II was interred in his KV35 tomb in the Valley of the Kings; his mummy was found there within his original sarcophagus when the tomb was discovered in March 1898 by Victor Loret. The tomb also housed a mummy cache containing several New Kingdom pharaohs including Thutmose IV, Seti II, Ramesses III, Ramesses IV, and Ramesses VI. They had been re-buried in Amenhotep II's tomb by the 21st Dynasty High Priest of Amun, Pinedjem II, during Siamun's reign, to protect them from tomb robbers.

Mummy
The mummy of the king was first examined, described, and photographed in January 1902 by Gaston Maspero in the company of Howard Carter, Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing, and Pierre Lacau.  The Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith examined Amenhotep's mummy in 1907. During this examination the linen still adhering to the face was removed for an unobstructed view. He found the body to be  tall and noted a strong facial resemblance to his son, Thutmose IV. The wavy brown hair present on his head is "abundantly interspersed with white." The arms are crossed low over the chest, with the right hand tightly clenched and the left less so. Unusually, the skin all over the body is covered with small tubercles though Smith could not say if they were the result of the embalming process or disease. Resin on the body preserved the impressions of jewellery; several rows of a beaded collar were present on the upper back, and a diamond-shaped geometric pattern seen on the back of the hips. Smith estimated he was forty to fifty at death based on his worn teeth and greying hair. His cause of death is unknown. His mummy has the inventory number CG 61069.

In 1980, James Harris and Edward F. Wente conducted X-ray examinations of New Kingdom Pharaoh's crania and skeletal remains, which included the mummified remains of Amenhotep II. The authors noted royal mummies like Amenhotep II showed features characteristic of North Mediterranean populations, or the Western world.

In April 2021 his mummy was moved from the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization along with those of 17 other kings and 4 queens in an event termed the Pharaohs' Golden Parade.

See also
Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt Family Tree
History of ancient Egypt
List of pharaohs

References

Sources

External links

Panorama view of the tomb of Amenhotep II

15th-century BC births
15th-century BC deaths
15th-century BC Pharaohs
14th-century BC Pharaohs
Ancient Egyptian mummies
Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Children of Thutmose III

Amenhotep II


Theliaceae, porodica pravih mahovina  u redu Hypnales. Ime je dobila po rodu Thelia. Postoje tri roda.

Rodovi
 Fauriella Besch.
 Myurella Schimp.
 Thelia Sull.

Izvori

Hypnales

Theliaceae


Serguéi Stanislávovich Rajmanin (en ruso: Сергей Станиславович Рахманин) (nacido el 18 de octubre de 1961 en Karl-Marx-Stadt, Alemania) es un piloto acrobático ruso de aviones con motor a pistón y planeadores. También es instructor de vuelo.

Biografía
Vive en San Petersburgo, Rusia. Está casado y tiene un hijo.

Títulos
Serguéi Rajmanin ganó el título en la categoría absoluta del Campeonato de Europa de Vuelo Acrobático en 1999 y de la FAI World Aerobatic Championships en el año 2003 y en 2005, ambas competencias de acrobacia aérea con motor (aviones con motor de pistón).

Ganó también la medalla de bronce en el Campeonato del Mundo de Vuelo a Vela de 1995  y el oro por equipos junto con Mijaíl Mamistov y Victor Tchmal; además, ganó la medalla de oro por equipos en el Campeonato de Europa de Vuelo a Vela de 1996  junto con Mijaíl Mamistov y Serguéi Krikaliov. Ambas competencias eran de acrobacia aérea sin motor (planeador)

Red Bull Air Races
He participó en 2007 y 2008 en el Red Bull Air Race World Championships.

Leyenda:
 CAN: Cancelado
 DNP: Did not participate (No participó)
 DNS: Did not show
 DQ: Disqualified (Descalificado)
 NC: Not classified (No clasificado)

Premios y honores
Ha sido premiado con el "Honored Master of Sport of Russia", y recibió en 2006 la FAI Air Sport Medal.

Véase también
 Competición de acrobacia aérea
 FAI World Aerobatic Championships
 FAI European Aerobatic Championships
 Maniobra acrobática

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Palmarés deportivo en competiciones internacionales de acrobacia aérea a motor, germanaerobatics.com
 sergeyrakhmanin.com

Pilotos acrobáticos
Pilotos Red Bull Air Race World Championship

Serguéi Rajmanin


ريناتو دولبيكو  (ولد في كاتنزارو بجنوب إيطاليا في 22 فبراير 1914 - 19 فبراير 2012) عالم فيروسات إيطالي. تقاسم جائزة نوبل في الطب سنة 1975 مع هوارد تيمن وديفيد بلتيمور، وذلك لأبحاثه عن إنزيم النسخ العكسي واكتشافه تداخل الفيروس السرطاني والمادة الوراثية للخلية، وكان قد حصل سنة 1973 على جائزة لويزا غروس هورويتز.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من تورينو
أشخاص من قطنصار
أطباء مسيحيون
أطباء من تورينو
أعضاء أجانب في الجمعية الملكية
أعضاء الأكاديمية الوطنية الأمريكية للعلوم
أعضاء الجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية
أعضاء مقاومة إيطاليون
أعضاء هيئة تدريس معهد كاليفورنيا للتقنية
أمريكيون حازوا جائزة نوبل
إيطاليون حازوا جائزة نوبل
حائزون على جائزة ألبرت لاسكر للأبحاث الطبية الأساسية
حائزون على جائزة لويزا غروس هورويتز
حائزون على جائزة نوبل في الطب
حائزون على جوائز الأكاديمية الوطنية للعلوم
حائزون على زمالة غوغنهايم
خريجو جامعة تورينو
عسكريون إيطاليون في الحرب العالمية الثانية
علماء فيروسات
علماء فيروسات إيطاليون
مسيحيون حازوا جائزة نوبل
مهاجرون إيطاليون إلى الولايات المتحدة
مواليد 1914
مواليد في قطنصار
وفيات 1433 هـ
وفيات 2012
وفيات في لاهويا

ريناتو دولبيكو


Gabriel Borgongino (Rio de Janeiro, 11 de setembro de 1997) é um ator brasileiro.

Carreira
Gabriel Borgongino começou sua trajetória profissional na TV Globo, interpretando "Gabriel Moraes" na novela Malhação: Seu Lugar no Mundo, "Moraes" foi um aluno engraçado e sem sorte com as garotas, estudante do primeiro ano do colégio público Leal Brazil. Posteriormente foi convidado para viver outros personagens em produtos da mesma emissora, tendo como principais trabalhos: "Rique" em A Força do Querer, no drama da baleia azul ao lado de "Yuri" (Drico Alves) e, atualmente, gravando para Cara e Coragem com o personagem "Bil", um jovem hacker, chefe de uma equipe de investigação contratado por "Ítalo" (Paulo Lessa) para investigar "Danilo" (Ricardo Pereira) no mistério que envolve a morte de "Clarice" (Taís Araújo).

Gabriel teve o primeiro contato com a interpretação cênica no Teatro O Tablado em 2012, local por onde atuou em diversos espetáculos teatrais dirigidos por professores renomados como Cico Caseira, Viviana Rocha, Lincoln Vargas e Cacá Mourthé. Anos depois, em 2015, foi convidado para ser diretor assistente do professor Cico Caseira na mesma instituição, aceitou e esteve lá por 4 anos co-dirigindo atores em espetáculos e festivais de teatro.

Concluiu o ensino fundamental e médio no Colégio Santo Agostinho, no Rio de Janeiro, onde fez parte do grupo de teatro "CASA", dirigido pelo escritor Miguel M. Abrahão. Após concluído o ensino médio e prestando o ENEM, decidiu que queria se profissionalizar na direção para o audiovisual e iniciou a graduação em Comunicação Social na Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, com dupla habilitação em Cinema e Jornalismo, do qual se encontra no último período em 2022.

Durante a faculdade, Gabriel trabalhou por 2 anos na GloboNews como Assistente de Produção e Administrativo, auxiliando repórteres, cinegrafistas, produtores e editores de reportagem. Esteve na equipe do Jornal GloboNews - Edição das 16h durante importantes coberturas, como no início e agravamento da Pandemia do COVID-19. Teve a chance de aprofundar seus conhecimentos de forma prática no jornalismo e audiovisual, além de aprender sobre processos e gestão de equipe.

Em 2020 decidiu que queria por em prática o que aprendeu sobre gestão e finanças e abriu seu primeiro negócio no mercado financeiro, fundando a Dream Bots, um serviço de automação de investimentos na B3. O negócio prosperou e, posteriormente, foi convidado pela XP Investimentos para ser embaixador de marca, cargo que exerce atualmente, fazendo publicidade de produtos de investimento.

Filmografia

Televisão

Cinema

Teatro

Ligações externas

Naturais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Atores de televisão do Brasil
Atores do Brasil
Brasileiros de ascendência italiana
Atores de teatro do Brasil
Atores de cinema do Brasil
Atores do estado do Rio de Janeiro
Cineastas do Brasil

Gabriel Borgongino


Vladimir Agura a fost un notar public și om politic român născut la 9 octombrie 1893.

Cariera
Începând din 1923 a fost notar public. Între 1933-1937 a fost consilier și președinte al delegației consiliului județean Ismail.

Decorații
Coroana României în grad de cavaler, gravată cu binecuvântarea Episcopului Dionisie al Cetății-Albe și Ismailului.

Note

Bibliografie
1.***, Figuri contemporane din Basarabia, vol. 1: A-D, Chișinău, Editura ARPID, 1939.

Nașteri în 1983
Politicieni români

Vladimir Agura


Crkva sv. Male Terezije, rimokatolička crkva u Donjem Vakufu.

Povijest
Donji Vakuf bio je dugo bez katoličke crkve i kapele. Inicijatori gradnje bili su bugojanski župnik fra Emil Miličević i banjalučki biskup msgr. fra Josip Garić. Biskup je pri jednom pastoralnom posjetu Donjem Vakufu predložio ondašnjem imućnom poduzetniku iz Donjeg Vakufa Augustu Mursalu gradnju jedne manje crkve. Prihvatili su prijedlog. Zahvaljujući materijalnoj pomoći Augusta Mursala crkva sv. Male Terezije sagrađena je ožujka 1934. godine. Podignuta je na vlastitom zemljištu. Vrhbosanski nadbiskup dr. Ivan Evanđelist Šarić slavio je Svetu misu u Donjem Vakufu 1938. godine i nijedan nadbiskup nije slavio misu u Donjem Vakufu sve do 2014. godine. Sve do 1990. nisu rađeni nikakvi veći zahvati na mjesnoj katoličkoj crkvi. Rekonstruirana je i preuređena 1990., pred rat.

Veći dio Domovinskog rata Donji Vakuf bio je pod kontrolom Republike Srpske. Za srpske okupacije katolička crkva je pretrpjela devastiranja. Grad je oslobođen pred sam kraj rata. Oslobađanjem Donjeg Vakufa stvorili su se uvjeti za povrat prognanika i izbjeglica i obnovu. Crkvica sv. Male Terezije obnovljena je nakon rata. Obnovili su ju župljani i Općina Donji Vakuf svojim radom i darovima u duhu propovijedanja vrhbosanskog nadbiskupa, mještanina Smiljana Franje Čekade, pravednika među narodima. 28. rujna 2014. nadbiskup metropolit vrhbosanski kardinal Vinko Puljić blagoslovio je obnovljenu crkvu i tom je prilikom otkrivena spomen-ploča. Danas je u Donjem Vakufu ostalo samo oko trideset vjernika katolika.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Župa Bugojno Filijalna crkva u Donjem Vakufu

Katoličke crkve u Bosni i Hercegovini
Donji Vakuf

Crkva sv. Male Terezije u Donjem Vakufu


Pro tempore, časopis je koji objavljuje znanstvene i stručne članke, eseje, intervjue, prikaze ili recenzije skupova i knjiga, nekrologe i druge priloge koji se dotiču povijesti i srodnih društveno-humanističkih znanosti.

Od 2009. godine u njemu su radove objavili mnogi domaći i međunarodni znanstvenici. Povijesni časopis, koji su 2004. godine osnovali studenti, 15 je godina objavljivala ISHA-Zagreb (zagrebačka sekcija Međunarodnog udruženja studenata povijesti) na Filozofskom fakultetu. Počevši s 16. brojem (2021. godina) časopis do danas izlazi uz potporu Odsjeka za povijest Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu. Časopis izlazi jednom godišnje na hrvatskom jeziku, uz pojedine priloge na engleskom jeziku.

Od 2022. godine časopis organizira i godišnje znanstveno-stručne skupove. Prvi skup, pod naslovom Civilizacijski i kulturni susreti, održan je 11. travnja 2022. godine na Filozofskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.

Časopis je ime dobio, kako navodi proslov prvoga broja, "budući da je svaka znanstvena spoznaja 'pro tempore' (lat. "za sada", "privremena") i da svaka generacija povjesničara donosi nove ideje."

Urednici i teme
Dosadašnji glavni urednici i teme časopisa:

 1. Slobodna tema (Ivan Dujmić)
 2. Slobodna tema (Maja Crnjac)
 3. Slobodna tema (Maja Crnjac)
 4. Slobodna tema (Goran Mihelčić)
 5. Rani novi vijek (Tomislav Bali)
 6./7. Kulturna povijest, Rodna povijest (Nikolina Sarić)
 8./9. Osamdeseta godišnjica časopisa Annales, Poduzetnička povijest (Filip Šimetin Šegvić)
 10./11. Oralna historija, Pomoćne povijesne znanosti (Tomislav Branđolica)
 12. Materijalni povijesni izvori kao osnova istraživanja povijesti (Porin Šćukanec Rezniček)
 13. Kultura sjećanja i pamćenja (Ivan Grkeš)
 14. Povijesne kontroverze, Odnos historiografije i književnosti (Mihaela Marić)
 15. Nasilje i identiteti – povijest marginaliziranih, Religija/Kultura (Saša Vuković)
 16. Slobodna tema (Filip Šimunjak)
17. Civilizacijski i kulturni susreti (Ivan Mrnarević)
18. Tijelo i emocije (Marko Zidarić)

Vanjske poveznice

 Pro tempore na Hrčku (svi do sada objavljeni članci)
 Web stranica časopisa Pro tempore
 ISHA Zagreb

Izvori

Hrvatski stručni i znanstveni časopisi
Povijesni časopisi

Pro tempore (časopis)


Aristobul al IV-lea (31-7 î.Hr.) a fost un prinț iudeu din dinastia irodiană, care s-a căsătorit cu verișoara lui, Berenice, fiica lui Costobarus și a Salomeei I. El a fost fiul lui Irod cel Mare și al celei de-a doua soții, Mariamna I, ultima din dinastia Hasmoneilor, și a fost, astfel, un descendent al hasmoneilor.

Biografie
Aristobul a trăit o mare parte a vieții sale în afara Iudeii, după ce a fost trimis în anul 20 î.Hr., la vârsta de 12 ani, împreună cu fratele său Alexandru, pentru a fi educat la curtea imperială de la Roma, chiar în casa împăratului Augustus. Aristobul avea numai trei ani atunci când mătușa sa paternă Salomeea a pus la cale executarea mamei lui pentru adulter. Când frații tineri și atrăgători s-au întors la Ierusalim în anul 12 î.Hr., populația i-a primit cu entuziasm. Aceste trăsături fizice, împreună cu presupusul lor stil poruncitor, datorat faptului că au trăit o mare parte din viața lor chiar în centrul puterii imperiale romane, l-au ofensat adesea pe Irod. De asemenea, ei au atras invidia fratelui lor mai mare, Antipater al II-lea, care a provocat abil mânia regelui bătrân prin furnizarea de zvonuri cu privire la lipsa de loialitatea a fiilor săi favoriți. După mai multe încercări eșuate de reconciliere între rege și moștenitorii săi desemnați, suferindul rege Irod a poruncit sugrumarea lui Aristobul și Alexandru pe baza unor acuzații de trădare în anul 7 î.Hr. și l-a ridicat pe Antipater la rangul de coregent și moștenitor.

Irod a păstrat, cu toate acestea, o afecțiune pentru copiii lui Aristobul, dintre care trei, Agrippa I, Irod din Chalcis și Irodiada, au îndeplinit roluri importante în cadrul următoarei generații de conducători evrei. Un al patrulea copil, fiica cea mai mare a lui Aristobul, Mariamna, a fost soția lui Antipater al II-lea la momentul executării lui și, ulterior, a devenit soția etnarhului Irod Archelaus.

Arbore genealogic

Note

Nașteri în 31 î.Hr.
Decese în 7 î.Hr.
Dinastia irodiană
Oameni executați pentru trădare
Oameni executați prin strangulare
Irod cel Mare

Aristobul al IV-lea


Emil Mats Teodor Berggren (født 3. august 1986 i Fors) er en svensk håndboldspiller, der spiller for HSG Wetzlar. Han kom til klubben i 2014. Han har tidligere optrådt for HK Eskil, Redbergslids IK, IK Sävehof, Bergischer HC og Aalborg Håndbold.

Han er kæreste med Team Tvis Holstebro's Jamina Roberts.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Spillerprofil - Aalborg Håndbold
 EHF - Emil Berggren

Håndboldspillere fra Sverige
Håndboldspillere fra Aalborg Håndbold
Håndboldspillere fra IK Sävehof
Håndboldspillere fra HSG Wetzlar

Emil Berggren (håndboldspiller)


Le  régiment aéroporté de la Garde ou  régiment parachutiste de la Garde (en russe : ) est un régiment des forces armées russes basé à Kostroma. Il est considéré comme une unité d'élite des forces russes.

Histoire

Création et Seconde Guerre mondiale

Guerres de Tchétchénie

Deuxième guerre d'Ossétie du Sud

Guerre russo-ukrainienne

Dans le Donbass (2014)

Le , lors de la guerre du Donbass, en Ukraine, qui oppose les forces du gouvernement aux séparatistes russophones, dix soldats du  régiment aéroporté de la Garde sont capturés par l'armée ukrainienne sur le sol ukrainien. Or, à cette époque, l'armée russe n'est pas censée participer au conflit. Les soldats affirment s'être trompés : selon eux, ils participaient à des manœuvres et se sont trouvés par erreur sur le sol ukrainien. Des photos de leurs visages et des vidéos dans lesquelles ils désavouent le Kremlin sont diffusées par les médias ukrainiens à des fins de propagande. L'un d'eux déclare ainsi : .

La même année, le  régiment aéroporté participe au siège d'Ilovaïsk, dans le Donbass, pour soutenir les séparatistes prorusses. Il est accusé d'avoir brisé le cessez-le-feu entre les deux parties pour tuer plusieurs centaines de soldats ukrainiens qui étaient censés pouvoir profiter de cette trêve pour pouvoir se replier.

Offensive de Kiev (2022)

Le  régiment aéroporté participe à l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022. Il entre en Ukraine depuis la Biélorussie, faisant partie d'une colonne dont le but est de prendre Kiev. Arrivé dans la banlieue de la capitale ukrainienne, il essuie de lourdes pertes : du 11 au 14 mars, lors de la bataille de Boutcha, le régiment subit de lourdes pertes de la part de l'artillerie ukrainienne. Des dizaines de soldats et officiers ont été tués, dont le commandant du , le colonel  et son adjoint le major Sergueï Krylov. La Russie communique très peu sur ses pertes, mais reconnaît la mort au combat le  du commandant du . Soukharev est nommé héros de la fédération de Russie à titre posthume. Une rue a été renommée en son honneur. Le régiment se retire en Biélorussie fin mars. Des vidéos datées du  montrent le  sans doute en train de se retirer en Biélorussie.

Le , dans un article pour la BBC, l'historien Mark Urban calcule qu'entre le début de l'invasion, le , et le , au moins  de ce régiment sont tués au combat, et sans doute  d'autres entre-temps. En revanche, il estime exagérées les rumeurs d'extermination de ce régiment qui courent en Ukraine. Des témoignages de proches des soldats à Kostroma laissent penser que les morts peuvent s'élever à une centaine.

Dans le Donbass (2022)
Début avril, les véhicules blindés du régiment avaient été transférés par chemin de fer de Baranavitchy à Belgorod, en Russie. Le même mois, le régiment s'engage dans la bataille d'Izioum, et fin mai le régiment est près de Popasna et s'engage dans la bataille de Popasna.

Dans un autre article du , Urban a rapporté que la BBC avait vérifié la mort d'au moins 23 des militaires du régiment depuis l'article précédent. Au total, 62 décès de militaires avaient été confirmés par la BBC. Si l'on ajoute les pertes non signalées et les soldats répertoriés comme , le nombre de morts peut atteindre 120. En supposant un ratio de 3:1 de blessés sur tués, la BBC a estimé que les pertes totales du régiment à la fin juin pourraient atteindre 400 ou 500. Le régiment aurait ainsi perdu la moitié de ses effectifs depuis février.

Annexes

Bibliographie

Notes et références

Unité de la Garde soviétique
Régiment de la fédération de Russie
Oblast de Kostroma

331e régiment aéroporté de la Garde


An Disa cylindrica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Peter Thunberg, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Olof Swartz. An Disa cylindrica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Disa, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Disa

Disa cylindrica


Humza Yousaf (* 7. April 1985 in Glasgow) ist ein schottischer Politiker und Mitglied der Scottish National Party (SNP). In einer Urwahl der rund 72.000 Mitglieder der Partei im März 2023 erreichte er 26.032 Stimmen und wurde damit zum Vorsitzenden (Leader) der SNP gewählt. Er wurde am 28. März 2023 vom schottischen Parlament mit den Stimmen der SNP und der Scottish Greens als Nachfolger von Nicola Sturgeon zum First Minister gewählt. Yousaf ist der erste Muslim, der an der Spitze einer der großen Parteien des Vereinigten Königreichs steht und Chef der Regierung eines Staats oder des Teils eines Staats in Westeuropa ist.

Leben
Als Sohn pakistanischer Einwanderer in Glasgow geboren, besuchte Yousaf die private Hutchesons Grammar School und anschließend die Universität Glasgow, die er mit einem Masterabschluss in Politik verließ. Vor seiner Wahl in das schottische Parlament arbeitete Yousaf in Glasgow in einem Callcenter. Er selbst gibt an, in dieser Zeit bei "verschiedenen gemeinnützigen und wohltätigen Organisationen und Einrichtungen" und in der Gemeindearbeit tätig gewesen zu sein. Des Weiteren arbeitete er bis zu dessen Tod 2009 für den Parlamentsabgeordneten Bashir Ahmad.

Bei der schottischen Parlamentswahl 2011 war Yousaf Kandidat der SNP auf der Wahlliste der Wahlregion Glasgow. Infolge des Wahlergebnisses zog er neben Bob Doris als einer von zwei Listenkandidaten der SNP in der Wahlregion in das Parlament ein. Bei den Parlamentswahlen 2016 bewarb sich Yousaf um das Mandat des Wahlkreises Glasgow Pollok. Er setzte sich gegen die Labour-Kandidatin Johann Lamont durch, die den Wahlkreis seit Einführung des schottischen Parlaments 1999 vertreten hatte.

Im Kabinett Sturgeon I fungierte Yousaf als Junior-Minister für Europa und Internationale Entwicklung. Im Kabinett Sturgeon II fungierte Yousaf von 2016 bis 2018 als Junior-Minister für Verkehr und die Inseln. Seit 2018 war er schottischer Justizminister. Im Rahmen einer Kabinettsumbildung wechselte er 2021 auf den Posten des Gesundheitsministers.

Nach der überraschenden Rücktrittsankündigung Nicola Sturgeons vom Amt der Ersten Ministerin Schottlands und vom SNP-Vorsitz erklärte Yousaf am 18. Februar 2023 seine Kandidatur für beide Ämter. Am 27. März 2023 wurde er in einer Urwahl der SNP-Parteimitglieder zum Parteivorsitzenden gewählt. Er setzte sich dabei gegen seine beiden Mitbewerberinnen Kate Forbes und Ash Regan durch und erhielt 48,2 % der Stimmen erster Präferenz. Nach Eliminierung der drittplatzierten Kandidatin erhielt er in der Stichentscheidung 52,1 % der Stimmen. Yousaf wurde dabei von der Mehrheit der schottischen SNP-Parlamentsabgeordneten und der SNP-Unterhausabgeordneten unterstützt. Er galt als Wunschkandidat der SNP-Parteispitze. Am 28. März 2023 wurde er im Parlament von Holyrood mit den Stimmen der SNP und der Scottish Greens (mit insgesamt 71 von 129 Stimmen) zum First Minister gewählt.

Yousaf ist der erste Muslim, der an der Spitze einer der großen Parteien des Vereinigten Königreichs steht und Chef der Regierung eines Staats oder des Teils eines Staats in Westeuropa ist. Er ist mit Nadia El-Nakla verheiratet.

Weblinks
 Website von Humza Yousaf
 Informationen auf den Seiten des Schottischen Parlaments
 Informationen auf den Seiten der SNP

Einzelnachweise

First Minister (Schottland)
Abgeordneter im Schottischen Parlament
Justizminister (Schottland)
Gesundheitsminister (Schottland)
Vorsitzender der Scottish National Party
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (Glasgow)
Schotte
Brite
Geboren 1985
Mann

Humza Yousaf


السرطانة الخلوية الكبدية أو سرطانة الخلية الكبدية  هي الخباثة الرئيسية التي تصيب الكبد، غالبية حالات سرطانة الخلية الكبدية تنشأ نتيجة لالتهابات الكبد الفيروسية أو تشمع الكبد. في الدول التي لا تنتشر فيها التهابات الكبد الفيروسية؛ تكون النقيلة هي المسبب الرئيسي لسرطان الكبد.

يعتمد مآل سرطانات الكبد على عدة عوامل منها حجم الورم وتصنيف مراحله ومدى تمايز خلاياه. عادة ما تكون نتائج سرطانة الخلية الكبدية غير مشجعة، حيث يمكن ل10-20 % فقط من الحالات أن تشفى بعد استئصال الورم، إذا لم يمكن استئصال الورم فإنه يكون قاتلاً خلال 3-6 شهور. يعزى سوء مآل سرطانة الخلية الكبدية إلى تأخر الكشف عنها نظراً لتأخر ظهور الأعرض، كما يلعب غياب الخبرة الطبية ووسائل التشخيص الصحيح المبكر دوراً في تأخر تشخيص المرض وبالتاني سوء مآله.

الأعراض
سرطان الكبد مثل أغلب أنواع السرطانات، لا تظهر أعراضُه في المراحل المبكّرة منه، ولذلك يصعبُ اكتشافه في هذه المرحلة، وتبدأ الأعراض بالظهور بعد تكوّن الخلايا السرطانيّة في الكبد ونموّها، لتصل إلى المراحل المتقدّمة من المرض، وهي كثيرة ويمكن الاستدلال عليها عن طريق ما يلي:

إذا شعر المصاب بالسرطان بألمٍ في منطقة البطن العليا جهةَ اليمين، خاصّة وأنّ الآلام قد تزدادُ لتشملَ مناطق أخرى، كمنطقة الظهر والأكتاف.

 ظهور نفخة في منطقة البطن.
 حدوث هزال، وفقد المريض وزنَه بشكل غير اعتياديّ في فترة قصيرة.
 فقد المصاب شهيّته.
 الإحساس بالإرهاق، والكسل، والإعياء الشديد.
 الإحساس بالغثيان، والتقيّؤ عند المصاب.
 تحوّل لون بشرة المصاب إلى اللون الأصفر، وذلك لانتشار العصارة الصفراويّة في الجسم وتحت الجلد؛ نتيجة الخلل في الكبد.
 حكّة في الجلد.
 إذا كان لونُ بول المصاب داكناً.
 في حالِ ارتفاع درجة حرارة المصاب التي قد تظهر بشكل متقطّع.
 براز أبيض طباشيريّ اللون.

عوامل الخطر
سرطان الخلية الكبدية غالبا ما يحدث في الأشخاص الذين يعانون من تليف الكبد، وبالتالي عوامل الخطر عموما تشمل العوامل التي تسبب أمراض الكبد المزمنة التي قد تؤدي إلى تليف الكبد. ومع ذلك، هناك عوامل خطر معينة ترتبط بشكل أكبر بكثير بسرطان الخلایا الکبدیة من غیرھا. على سبيل المثال، استهلاك الكحول الثقيل يسبب 60-70٪ من تليف الكبد، بينما الغالبية العظمى من سرطان الكبد يحدث بسبب التهاب الكبد الفيروسي. وتشمل عوامل الخطر المعترف بها ما يلي:
 التهاب الكبد الفيروسي المزمن (80٪ من حالات السرطان على مستوى العالم)
 التهاب الكبد ب (حوالي 50٪ من الحالات)
 التهاب الكبد C (حوالي 25٪ من الحالات)
 السموم:
 معاقرة الكحول: السبب الأكثر شيوعا لتليف الكبد.
 أفلاتوكسين
 (فرط حمل الحديد)
 الأيض
 مرض الكبد الدهني اللاكحولي: يصل إلى 20٪ إلى تليف الكبد
 السكري
 الاضطرابات الخلقية:
 عوز ألفا1 أنتيتريبسين
 داء ويلسون
 هيموفيليا
تتباين أهمية عوامل الخطر على الصعيد العالمي. في المناطق التي تتوطن فيها عدوى التهاب الكبد ب، مثل جنوب شرق الصين، يعتبر ذلك هو السبب السائد للسرطان. بينما في الولايات المتحدة يتم حماية المواطنين من التهاب الكبد ب باستخدام التطعميات ولذلك لا يعتبر التهاب الكبد ب هو السبب الرئيسي في حدوث السرطان وإنما البدانة وتعاطي الكحوليات بكثرة هو السبب الرئيسي للإصابة بسرطان الكبد.

قد ترتبط بعض أورام الكبد الحميدة، مثل الورم الحميد الكبدي بالتعايش مع سرطان الخلایا الکبدیة الخبيثة. هناك أدلة محدودة على حدوث حقيقي من الأورام الخبيثة المرتبطة بالأورام الحميدة. ومع ذلك، يعتبر حجم الورم الحميد الكبدي ليتوافق مع خطر الأورام الخبيثة.

الأطفال والمراهقين من غير المرجح أن يكون لديهم مرض الكبد المزمن، ومع ذلك، إذا كانوا يعانون من اضطرابات الكبد الخلقية، فان ذلك يزيد من فرصة تطوير سرطان الكبد. على وجه التحديد الأطفال الذين يعانون من رتق القناة الصفراوية، ركود صفراوي، وأمراض تخزين غلايكوجين، وأمراض الكبد الأخرى الكبدية مهيئة لتطوير سرطان الكبد في مرحلة الطفولة.

قد لا يكون لدى الشباب الذين يعانون من البديل النخاعي الليفي النادر من سرطان الكبد أي من عوامل الخطر النموذجية، أي تليف الكبد والتهاب الكبد.

الوبائيات

تَسبَّب سرطان الكبد في عام 2010 عالمياً بوفاة 754000 شخص مُرتفِعا عن 460000 شخص عام 1990، الأمر الذي يجعله ثالث سبب للوفاة بين الّسرطانات بعد سرطان الّرئة وسرطان المعدة. في عام 2012 شكّلت حالات سرطان الكبد 7% من الحالات المشخّصة عند الّذكور، خامس أكثر سرطان يتم تشخيصه في ذلك العام. من حالات الوفاة 340000 بسبب التهاب الكبد الوبائي بي، 196000 بسبب التهاب الكبد الوبائي سي، و 150000بسبب الكُحول. سرطان الخلايا الكبدية كان الأكثر شيوعا، واتخذ توزيعاً جغرافياُ واضحاً حيث مثّلَت الّصين 50% من الحالات، وأكثر من 80% من الحالات التي شُخِّصَت في أفريقيا وشَرق آسيا كانت بِسبَب التِهاب الكبِد الوبائي بي.

سرطان القنوات الّصفراويّة كان له أيضاً توزيعاً جغرافياً واضحاُ حيثُ كانت أعلى الِّنسَب في تايلاند بِسبَب الّدودة المثقوبة الكبديّة.

في المملكة المتحدة يشكِّل سرطان الكبِد ثامِن أكثر السرَطانات انتشارا. والّسبَب الّثاني عشر للوفاة بِسبَب الّسرطان.

أمريكا الشمالية وأوروبا الغربية
أكثر سرطانات الكبد هي لنقائل من الجهاز الهضمي خاصة سرطان الكولون، قلة من الحالات تكون سرطانة الخلية الكبدية ومعظم الحالات المكتشفة تكون عند مرضى مصابين بأمراض كبدية سابقة. نظراً للتقدم والإمكانات، فإن اكتشاف الحالات في هذه الدول يكون أبكر من مثيلاتها في باقي دول العالم ويتم كشفها عبر التحري بالتصوير بالتخطيط التصواتي .

باقي دول العالم
في بعض بقاع الأرض وتحديداً وسط أفريقيا وجنوب شرق آسيا، فإن سرطان الخلية الكبدية هو أكثر السرطانات شيوعاً، ويكون نتيجة لانتشار عدوى التهاب الكبد الفيروسي (ب) و(ج)، الفترة الفاصلة بين حدوث التهاب الكبد الفيروسي ب وتكون سرطان الخلية الكبدية قد تمتد لأعوام طويلة، لكن الفترة من تشخيص السوطان إلى الموت تبلغ فقط 5,9 شهر في الصين و3 شهور في أفريقيا الوسطى.

تكون المرض
مثل كل السرطانات؛ فإن نشأة السرطان تتبع طفرة جينية تأثر في ميكانيكية عمل الخلايا، مما يؤدي إلى زيادة في تنسخ الخلايا ومنع حدوث استموات الخلايا. يؤدي العدوى المزمنة بيفروسي التهاب الكبد (ب} و(ج) إلى الاستهداف المتكرر لخلايا الكبد (المصابة وغير المصابة) من قبل جهاز المناعة في الجسم، وتتكرر مراحل التضرر والإصلاح في خلايا الكبد مسببة تأثيرات مسرطنة.

تحدث سرطانة الخلية الكبدية في التهاب الكبد الفيروسي ج المزمن نتيجة تشمع الكبد، أما في حالات التهاب الكبد الفيروسي ب المزمن فتحدث سرطانة الخلية الكبدية نتيجة دمج الجينوم الفيروسي مع جينوم الخلايا المصابة التي لم تصل إلى مرحلة التشمع.

بالإضافة إلا التهابات الكبد الفيروسية والتشمع الكبدي وأمراض الكبد المتعلقة بالكحول فإن لداء البرفيرية بأنواعها وفرط تيروسين الدم دوراً في تكون سرطانة الخلية الكبدية. لذى يجب متابعة مرضى البرفيريا الحادة بشكل حثيث للكشف المبكر عن حدوث سرطانة الخلية الكبدية.

التحري والتشخيص
لتشخيص سرطان الكبد قد يلجأ الطبيب لأحد الفحوصات التالية:

- الفحص السريري

- الفحص المخبري لكيمياء الدم

- فحص وظائف الكبد

- التصوير الاشعاعي ( X-ray ) للكبد

- التصوير المقطعي المحوسب ( CT )

- التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي ( MRI )

- قد يحتاج الطبيب لأخذ خزعة من الكبد وتحليها مجهرياً ومخبرياً

تظهر سرطانة الخلية الكبدية عادة لدى المرضى المصابين التهابات الكبد الفيروسية (ب)و (ج) المزمنة في 20% من الحالات ولدى مرضى تشمع الكبد في 80% من الحالات. يعتبر المسح عبر التصوير بالموجات فوق السمعية أكثر طرق التحري استعمالاً لدى هؤلاء المرضى، إلا أن التصوير الطبقي المحوري هو أفضل طرق كشف سرطانات الكبد بمختلف أنواعها، يتم استخدام التصوير الطبقي المحوري مع التباين ويتم التصوير على 3 مراحل هي:

 قبل حقن صبغة التباين.
 مباشرة بعد حقن صبغة التباين.
 بعد حقن صبغة التباين بفترة زمنية (20-45 دقيقة).

تبدو سرطانة الخلية الكبدية في صور التصوير الطبقي المحوري كواحدة من الأنماط التالية:
 ورم أوحد كبير.
 عدة أورام صغيرة.
 ورم غير واضح الحدود مع نمو ارتشاحي.
تتميز سرطانة الخلية الكبدية بفرط واعئيتها مما يعطيها نمطاً مميزاً تسهل مشاهدته من خلال التصوير الطبقي المحوري حيث يكتسب الورم صبغة التباين بسرعة كبيرة.

يمكن الاستعاضة عن التصوير الطبقي المحوري بالتصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي إلا أنه أكثر كلفة وأقل انتشاراً مما يجعل اعتماده كوسيلة مثلى للكشف عن السرطان متعذراً.

الوقاية
للوقاية من سرطان الكبد يحب اتباع التدابير الوقائية التالية :

 ممارسة التمارين الرياضية بشكل يومي ودوري وتقليل الوزن الزائد
 تناول طعام صحي ومتوازن
 الابتعاد عن القلق والتوتر
 الإقلاع عن التدخين
 عدم شرب المشروبات الكحولية
 اخد مطاعيم أمراض إلتهاب الكبد الوبائي

العلاج
جميع أنواع سرطان الكبد هي من بين الأمراض التي من الصعب معالجتها. في حالات قليلة، يتم اكتشاف السرطان الأولي في الكبد في مرحلة مبكرة - المرحلة التي تكون فرص معالجته جيدة. كذلك، تصعب معالجة سرطان الكبد الثانوي أو نقائل (Metastases) سرطان آخر قد انتشرت وانتقلت إلى الكبد، وذلك لأن السرطان في هذه الحالة يكون قد انتشر وتفشى.

زيادة على ذلك، فإن الشبكات المعقدة للأوعية الدموية وقنوات المرارة في الكبد تصعّب إجراء الجراحة. يرتكز علاج سرطان الكبد على تحسين شعور المريض ومحاولة إطالة حياته.

يمكن إزالة الأورام التي تم اكتشافها في المراحل الأولية، بواسطة الجراحة. ويكون المرضى الذين يتم اكتشاف الورم لديهم في مراحل أولية أصحاب أكبر فرص الشفاء. للأسف الشديد، في معظم حالات سرطان الكبد لا يمكن إجراء الجراحة، وذلك إما لأن السرطان قد أصبح في مرحلة متقدمة، وإما لأن الإصابة هي وخيمة جدا مما يحول دون قدرته على الصمود في الجراحة.

في حالات معينة يمكن تقليص حجم الأورام بواسطة المعالجة الكيميائية (Chemotherapy)، مما يمكن من إزالتها، بعد ذلك، بواسطة الجراحة.

من الممكن القيام بهذه العملية ذاتها، أحيانا، بواسطة الإيثانول (Ethanol)، بدلا من المعالجة الكيميائية. لا تتوفر إثباتات على أن المعالجة الكيميائية التالية للجراحة تزيد من فرص نجاة المريض. المرضى الذين نجحت معالجتهم فتراجع المرض لديهم إلى حالة الهدأة، ينبغي أن يظلوا تحت المراقبة والمتابعة اللصيقتين، وذلك للتأكد من عدم معاودة المرض ومن طرق العلاج :

 المعالجة بالتبريد (Cryotherapy): طريقة علاجية يتم خلالها تجميد الورم، والكيّ بواسطة طاقة موجات الراديو (RFA) بهدف إبادة الورم، وهي طريقة يمكن استخدامها في حالات معينة من سرطان الكبد.
 المعالجة الإشعاعية (Radiotherapy) - يمكن تنفيذ هذه العلاجات بطرق عدة، غير أن لها محدوديات، وذلك نظرا لانخفاض قدرة الكبد على تحمل الإشعاع. يستعمل الإشعاع لتخفيف الأعراض خارج الكبد أو لتخفيف الألم في الكبد، عن طريق تقليص الورم. في العلاج بواسطة الإصمام (Embolization)، يتم استخدام المعالجة الكيميائية أو المعالجة الإشعاعية، لوقف تزويد الورم بالدم. يمكن استعمال هذه الطريقة لمعالجة أورام كبيرة الحجم.
 زرع الكبد: هو خيار محفوظ لمعالجة المرضى الذين يعانون من سرطان الكبد والتليف الكبدي معا. هناك خطر كبير في هذه العملية، ولكن فيها أيضا فرصا للشفاء.

يشمل سرطان الكبد المتقدم استعمال علاج واحد بشكل مركّز. يمكن أحيانا وقف انتشار السرطان والتخفيف من الأوجاع، بواسطة استخدام المعالجة الكيميائية والمعالجة الإشعاعية بجرعات منخفضة. ولكن مع ذلك، فإن نجاح هذا النوع من العلاجات لهذا السرطان منخفضة.

يحصل معظم المرضى على مزيج من مسكّنات الأوجاع القوية وأدوية لتخفيف الغثيان والانتفاخ، أو لتحسين الشهية. يعتبر دواء سورافينيب (Sorafenib) هو الأول الذي يحقق تحسنا ملحوظا جدا في الوضع العام للمرضى المصابين بسرطان الكبد المتقدم، ومن غير الممكن معالجتهم بواسطة المعالجة الكيميائية.

يستطيع الأشخاص المصابون بسرطان الكبد المتقدم اختيار انضمامهم إلى أبحاث سريرية تفحص طرقا علاجية حديثة. تشمل هذه الأبحاث تجميد خلايا الورم بهدف إبادتها، استعمال وكلاء بيولوجيين (Biological agents)، مثل إنترفيرون (Interferon) أو إنترلوكين 2 (Interlokin 2) بهدف تحفيز جهاز المناعة على مهاجمة الخلايا السرطانية، بواسطة استخدام بروتينات اصطناعية أعدت خصيصا لإبادة أورام معينة.

انظر أيضا
 التهاب كبدي فيروسي
 تشمع الكبد
 اليوم العالمي لالتهاب الكبد الوبائي
 سرطانة الخلية الكلوية

المراجع

أسباب معدية للسرطان
أمراض مرتبطة بفيروس التهاب الكبد سي
أورام الجهاز الهضمي
سرطان
سرطانات الجهاز الهضمي
طب الكبد

سرطانة الخلية الكبدية


تعتبر طريقة بولتزمان للشبكات من الطرق الرياضية الإحصائية دارجة الاستخدام حالياً في حسابات الجريان بشكل عام.

يتم عبر هذه الطريقة الاستعاضة عن حل معادلات نافير-ستوكس للجريان بتجزئة معادلة بولتزمان الرياضية لحل الجريان النيوتوني عبر نموذج تصادمي كذلك المبسط الذي استنتجه العلماء باتناغر-غروس-كروك . لمحاكاة التفاعلات لعدد محدد من الجزيئات فإن السلوك اللزج للجريان ينبثق بشكل آلي من عملية التقدم والتصادم اللحظي للجزيئات.

مقدمة تاريخية
يرجع تطور هذه الطريقة إلى أختها المنطقية طريقة الغاز للشبكات. إلا أنها أيضاً تعتمد على معادلة بولتزمان المجزأة حيث يتم تجزئة الانتقال والزمن والسرعة أيضاً. ترتبط كل عقدة حل في الشبكة بجيرانها عبر عدد من السرعات الشبكية يتم تحديدها عبر النموذج المختار.

بعض الباحثين يتعبرونها أيضاً الحل المبسط لطريقة الفروق المحددة .

الخوارزمية العامة للحل
إن أهم تطبيق لهذه الطريقة هي معالجة أنظمة الجريان المعقدة، وعلى العكس من طرق حسابات الجريان التقليدية التي تقوم بحل معادلات المصونية للخواص الماكروية (كالكتلة وكمية الحركة والطاقة...إلخ) عددياً فإن هذه الطريقة تقوم بنمذجة جزيئات تخيلية تقون بإنجاز عملية التقدم والتصادم ضمن شبكة حل معينة.

تصنيف النماذج العام
يمكن للنماذج المتوفرة حالياً أن يتم تطبيقها على شبكات حل مختلفة أحادية أو ثنائية أو ثلاثية الأبعاد، متوزعة ضمن مثلث (هرم) أو مربع (مكعب). الشكل العام للتصنيف هو DnQm حيث D ترمز للبعد الفراغي، Q عدد الارتباطات لكل عقدة حل.

التطبيقات
يمكن تطبيق هذه الطريقة في المجالات التي تتعلق بالجريان ونذكر منها:
 محاكاة الجريان في أنبوب: وهي أبسط المسائل التي تعطي الحل المثالي.
 محاكاة الجريان في البنى المسامية
 محاكاة التبادل الحراري في بعض التطبيقات
 دراسةنفاذية التربة
 تستعمل في مجال الصناعة النفطية
 بدأ الباحثون بتطبيقها على محاكاة سلوك الدم في الأوعية والشرايين والأوردة الدموية

وغيرها من المجالات

محدودية الطريقة
على الرغم من الشعبية المتزايدة لهذه الطريقة فإن لها محدودية في التطبيق، مثال ذلك في مجال الإيروديناميك عدم إمكانية محاكاة الجريان ذي الرقم اللابعدي ماخ المرتفع، وغياب مخطط حل مستقر لمسائل الترموديناميك.

الشرح الرياضي
تعبّر معادلة بولتزمان عم معادلة التطور لتابع التوزيع الاحتمالي لجزيئة مفردة  :

كما تعطى كمية الحركة الموضعية:

بحوث متقدمة
 السلوك الحراري للمواد
 إنشاء شبكات تمتلك دقة موضعية ملائمة
 تطوير بعض الشروط الحدية الملائمة لهندسة شكل معقدة

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 XFlow: معلومات حول الجيل الجديد من برمجيات ديناميكا الموائع الحسابية.
 الموقع الرسمي للمؤتمر السنوي لباحثي هذه الطريقة

نماذج شبكية
ديناميكا موائع حسابية
طرق إحصائية

طريقة بولتزمان للشبكات


Notoscyphus, fosilni rod jetrenjarki smješten u vlastitu porodicu Notoscyphaceae, dio podreda Jungermanniineae. Opisan je 2015. godine.

Vrste

 †!Notoscyphus balticus Heinrichs, A.R. Schmidt, Schäf.-Verw., Gröhn & M.A.M. Renner
 †Notoscyphus grollei Váňa, Schäf.-Verw. & Heinrichs
 !Notoscyphus lutescens (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Mitt.

Izvori

Jungermanniineae

Notoscyphus


Taluzul continental, numit și povârniș continental, pantă continentală, abrupt continental, este o zona submersă submarină, în pantă, a scoarței terestre situată între 200 m și 2500–3000 m adâncime (și chiar mai mult până la 4000 m), situată între platforma continentală, în partea superioară, și fundul oceanului, în partea inferioară. Panta taluzului continental este cuprinsă între 4° și 30°, în partea superioară (taluzul propriu-zis), și 0°–1°, în partea inferioară (glacisul continental). Suprafața taluzului continental este de circa 55 milioane km2, adică 15% din suprafața oceanului planetar.

Note

Hidrografie

Taluz continental


Dumitru Ipsilanti (scris, de asemenea, Dimitrios, Dimitrie și/sau Ipsilantis; în ; 179316 august 1832) a fost un dragoman al Imperiului Otoman, ce a slujit ca ofițer în Armata Imperială Rusă din Moldova și a fost numit primul mareșal al Greciei moderne de către Ioannis Kapodistrias, erou al Războiului de Independență al Greciei. Ipsilanti a fost fratele lui Alexandru Ipsilanti, conducătorul organizației Filiki Eteria.

Primii ani
A fost membru al importantei familii fanariote Ipsilanti, fiind al doilea fiu al domnitorului Constantin Ipsilanti al Moldovei. El a fost trimis în Franța, unde a fost instruit la o școală militară franceză.

Unirea Moldovei și Valahiei
S-a distins ca ofițer rus în campania militară din 1814. În 1821 a izbucnit în Moldova o rebeliune greacă condusă de Dumitru Ipsilanti, de care au beneficiat în mod indirect principatele Moldova și Valahia.

Războiul de Independență al Greciei
În 1821 a plecat în Moreea, unde tocmai izbucnise Războiul Grec de Independență. El a fost unul dintre cei mai cunoscuți conducători fanarioți în primele etape ale revoltei, deși acțiunile sale au fost mult stânjenite de conducătorii militari locali și de fruntașii civili conduși de prințul Alexandru Mavrocordat; ca urmare, organizarea unei armate regulate a fost încetinită, iar operațiile militare au fost limitate.

La 15 ianuarie 1822 a fost ales președinte al Adunării Legislative. Cu toate acestea, din cauza eșecului campaniei sale în centrul Greciei și a faptului că nu a reușit să obțină o poziție de conducere la convenția națională de la Astros, el a fost obligat să se retragă în 1823.

În 1828 a fost numit de Ioannis Kapodistrias în funcția de comandant al trupelor din estul Greciei. La 25 septembrie 1829 el a reușit să-l determine pe comandantul turc Aslan Bey să capituleze în Pasul Petra, punându-se astfel capăt războiului de eliberare.

Relații
În plan sentimental, el a avut o relație de dragoste cu Manto Mavrogenous, eroină a Războiului de Independență al Greciei.

Moartea
A murit la Nafplion la 16 august 1832.

Moștenire
 Orașul Ypsilanti din statul Michigan al SUA – fondat în 1825, în timpul luptei grecești pentru independență – este numit astfel în onoarea sa. Un bust al lui Dumitru Ipsilanti se află amplasat între steaguri american și grec la baza Turnului de Apă Ypsilanti.
 Localitatea Ypsilanti din Dakota de Nord a fost numită de către o persoană din Ypsilanti, Michigan, și astfel este numită în mod indirect după Dumitru Ipsilanti.
 Ypsilanti din Comitatul Talbot, Georgia a fost cândva un  centru de colectare a bumbacului relativ important, dar "este acum (2010), doar o răscruce de drumuri cu cinci locuințe".

Referințe

Bibliografie
 East, The Union of Moldavia and Wallachia, 1859 - An Episode in Diplomatic History, Thirlwall Prize Essay for 1927, Cambridge University Press (1929).

Legături externe
 Demetrios Ypsilantis on LocalWiki

Vezi și
 Alexandru Ipsilanti (1725-1805), bunicul
 Constantin Ipsilanti, tatăl
 Alexandru Ipsilanti (1792-1828), fratele
 Manto Mavrogenous, logodnica și iubirea vieții sale

Nașteri în 1793
Decese în 1832
Politicieni greci
Fanarioți

Dumitru Ipsilanti


Diersch ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Frank Diersch (* 1965), deutscher Zeichner und Maler
 Margareta Diersch (1889–1921), deutsche Schriftstellerin

Siehe auch:
 Dirsch

Diersch


SDSS J013127.34-032100.1 ou SDSS J0131-0321 est un très lointain quasar et un potentiel blazar avec un redshift supérieur à 5. Ce quasar est un quasar à émission unique. Il se situe dans la constellation de la Baleine à plus de 7.1 milliards d'années-lumière

Découverte
SDSS J0131 a été découvert par le SDSS-DR5 survey. Le SDSS-DR5 survey est une étude du ciel dans le domaine du visible mais ce quasar a aussi été découvert dans la même période par le grand Télescope de Magellan. Cette étude a relevé plus d'un millier de quasars.

Caractéristiques

Catégorie de SDSS J01311
Ce quasar fait partie des quasars à grossissement rapide, et grossirait d'environ 10 masses solaires par an. Il fait aussi partie des quasars ionisateurs de deutérium, de tritium, d'hydrogène et d'hélium. Cette ionisation d'une multitude d'atomes a été trouvée grâce au relevé astronomique du 2MASS ainsi que ceux du SWIFT et du XRT. L'ionisation de tous ces types d'atomes fait principalement partie de la multi-émission de SDSS J0131.

Luminosité variable de SDSS J0131
SDSS J0131 est un quasar avec une luminosité très variable, la magnitude apparente de SDSS J0131 varie de 17.96 à 16.599 à 16.457 à 15.348, cette variabilité n'est pas régulière mais elle n'a pas encore été étudiée.

Masse de SDSS J0131
Selon la source la masse de SDSS J0131 serait de 11 milliards de masses solaires mais une autre méthode a relevé que la masse de SDSS J0131 serait de plus de 27 milliards de masses solaires.

Théorie du potentiel blazar
La théorie que SDSS J0131 serait un potentiel blazar vient du fait que le spectre de SDSS J0131 est très varié ; en effet il émet dans quasiment tous les domaines de la lumière. Cette théorie est aussi appuyée par le fait que SDSS J0131 a un spectre électromagnétique très énergétique (les longueurs d'onde de SDSS J0131 sont entre 15.47 jusqu'à 25.0 nanomètres) ; un tel spectre viendrait du fait que le champ magnétique de SDSS J0131 polariserait le vide. Pour qu'un champ magnétique polarise le vide il faut qu'il soit à environ  1015 teslas. Pour valider la théorie que SDSS J0131 soit un blazar il faudra attendre qu'un radiotélescope comme le VLBA se focalise dessus.

Référence

Quasar
Blazar
Trou noir supermassif
Constellation de la Baleine

SDSS J013127.34-032100.1


Aritmetik; matematiğin sayılar arasındaki ilişkiler ile sayıların problem çözmede kullanımı ile ilgilenen dalı. Aritmetik kavramı ile genellikle sayılar teorisi, ölçme ve hesaplama (toplama, çıkarma, çarpma, bölme, üs alma, kök alma) kastedilir. Bununla birlikte bazı matematikçiler daha karmaşık çeşitli işlemleri de aritmetik başlığı altında değerlendirirler.

Aritmetik, matematiğin en eski ve en temel dalıdır. Basit günlük hesaplamalardan ileri bilimsel ve işletme hesaplarına kadar birçok işte hemen herkes tarafından kullanılır.

Etimoloji
Türkçeye Fransızcadan geçen sözcük Yunanca "sayı" anlamına gelen arithmos (αριθμός) ve "sanat" anlamına gelen tekhnê kökünden gelir ve birebir anlamı sayma sanatıdır.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Çarpım tablosu

Fransızcadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler

Aritmetik


IV Corps was a corps-sized formation of the British Army, formed in both the First World War and the Second World War. During the First World War the corps served on the Western Front throughout its existence. During the Second World War it served in Norway and Britain until it was transferred to India, which was threatened with attack after Japan entered the war.

Prior to the First World War
In 1876 a Mobilisation Scheme for eight army corps was published, with '4th Corps' headquartered at Dublin and comprising the regular units of Irish Command, supported with militia. In 1880, it was organised as follows:
 1st Division (Dublin)
 1st Brigade (Dublin)
 1st Bn. 22nd Foot (Dublin), 82nd Foot (Dublin), 3rd Bn. Rifle Brigade (Dublin)
 2nd Brigade (Belfast)
 Queen's Edinburgh Light Infantry Militia (Dalkeith), 1st Lanark Militia (Hamilton), 2nd Lanark Militia (Lanark)
 Divisional Troops
 Highland Light Infantry Militia (Inverness), 3rd Dragoon Guards (Dublin), 19th Company Royal Engineers (Southampton)
 Artillery
 O/3rd Brigade RA (The Curragh)
 2nd Division (The Curragh)
 1st Brigade (The Curragh)
 1st Bn. 16th Foot (Athlone), 38th Foot (The Curragh), 95th Foot (The Curragh)
 2nd Brigade (The Curragh)
 1st West York Militia (Pontefract), 2nd West York Militia (York), 3rd West York Militia (Doncaster)
 Divisional Troops
 4th West York Militia (Leeds), 2nd Dragoon Guards (Dublin), 6th Company Royal Engineers (The Curragh)
 Artillery
 P/3rd Brigade RA (The Curragh), K/2nd Brigade RA (Kilkenny), I/2nd Brigade RA (Athlone)
 3rd Division (Cork)
 1st Brigade (Cork)
 1st Somerset Militia (Taunton), 2nd Somerset Militia (Bath), Hereford Militia (Hereford)
 2nd Brigade (Limerick)
 1st Warwick Militia (Warwick), 2nd Warwick Militia (Leamington Spa), Glamorgan Militia (Cardiff)
 Divisional Troops
 1st Bn. 7th Foot (Cork), 19th Hussars (Ballincollig), 18th Company Royal Engineers (Cork)
 Artillery
 N/3rd Brigade RA (Clonmel), M/3rd Brigade RA (Limerick), H/2nd Brigade RA (Fermoy)
 Cavalry Brigade (The Curragh)
 2nd Dragoons (Dundalk), 7th Hussars (Cahir), 20th Hussars (Newbridge), I Battery B Brigade RHA (Ballincollig)
 Corps Artillery
 H Battery B Brigade RHA (Newbridge), B Battery A Brigade RHA (Dublin), G Battery B Brigade RHA (Dublin)

This scheme had been dropped by 1881. The 1901 Army Estimates (introduced by St John Brodrick when Secretary of State for War) allowed for six army corps based on the six regional commands: IV Corps was to be formed by Eastern Command with headquarters in London. It was to comprise 27 artillery batteries (18 Regular, 6 Militia and 3 Volunteer) and 25 infantry battalions (8 Regular, 8 Militia and 9 Volunteers). Under Army Order No 38 of 1907 the corps titles disappeared, but Eastern Command continued to be a major administrative organisation, controlling two cavalry brigades and one infantry division (4th Division).

First World War
The Corps had its origin in a force operating independently against the German invasion of Belgium under the command of Lieut-Gen Sir Henry Rawlinson. It was transferred from War Office control to the British Expeditionary Force on 9 October 1914, and the BEF"s commander, Sir John French, constituted it as IV Corps. It bore part of the brunt of the defence in the early stages of the First Battle of Ypres. Initially it comprised the 7th Infantry Division and 3rd Cavalry Division, but these were transferred in late October. IV Corps was reconstituted on 6 November. It then fought at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle and subsidiary actions, the Battle of Aubers Ridge, and The Battle of Festubert, the Battle of Loos and associated actions. Rawlinson's failure to bring reserves to the IV Corps front lines allowed the Imperial German Army to regroup and caused the BEF counteroffensive to fail to break through.

In 1916 the corps was commanded by Sir Henry Wilson.
The corps was initially holding a stretch of five miles from Loos to just south of Givenchy, between Hubert Gough's I Corps in the north and French 9th Army Corps (part of Victor d'Urbal's Tenth Army) in the south. Wilson, noting the difference in quality between his divisions, took a keen interest in training and did much lecturing.

In March the British took over line from French Tenth Army. IV Corps was moved south of Givenchy, opposite Vimy Ridge, which gave the Germans the advantage of height. 47th Division conducted effective mining operations on 3 May and 15 May. A surprise German attack on the evening of Sunday 21 May moved forward 800 yards, capturing 1,000 yards of the British front line. The subsequent counterattack failed and Wilson was almost "degummed" (relieved of command).

Wilson resisted pressure from Haig to conduct a limited attack until after 1 September. With another "Big Push" due on the Somme in September, Wilson's attack was postponed until October, and GHQ now wanted the whole of Vimy Ridge taken, which would mean a joint attack with XVII Corps. Edmonds later wrote that Wilson's preparations had laid the foundations for the successful capture of Vimy Ridge in April 1917. The attack at Vimy never took place as IV Corps was incorporated into Gough's Reserve Army, where it remained in reserve during the Battle of the Ancre.

The corps also took part in the German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line, the Battle of Cambrai and associated actions, the First Battles of the Somme and associated actions, the Second Battle of the Somme, the Battle of St. Quentin Canal and associated actions, and the final advance in Picardy.

Composition in the First World War
The composition of army corps changed frequently. Some representative orders of battle for IV Corps are given here.

Order of Battle at Ypres 10 November 1914:

General Officer Commanding (GOC): Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Rawlinson
 Brigadier-General, General Staff: R.A.K. Montgomery
 Brigadier-General, Royal Artillery: A.H. Hussey
 Colonel, Royal Engineers: R.U.H. Buckland
 7th Division
 8th Division

By the time of the battles of Aubers Ridge and Festubert (May 1915), IV Corps still had 7th and 8th Divisions under command, but had been reinforced by 49th (West Riding) Division of the Territorial Force.

Order of Battle in 1916

Once the era of trench warfare had set in on the Western Front (1915–17), the BEF left its army corps in position for long periods, so that they became familiar with their sector, while rotating divisions as they required rest, training, or transfer to other sectors. Thirteen different divisions passed through IV Corps during Wilson's eleven-month tenure, and only one, the 47th, stayed for longer than six months.

In December 1915 IV Corps consisted of 1st (formerly a regular division), 47th (London Territorials) and 15th (Scottish) Division and 16th (Irish) Division (both New Army). Henry Wilson was impressed by the standard of training in the 15th but not the 16th. In the spring it lost 1st, 15th and 16th Divisions and gained 2nd (formerly a regular division) from I Corps. IV Corps also gained 23rd (New Army). At this time, with the army having recently grown tenfold in size, there was little in the way of formal ongoing assessment of officers' performance, so Gough, the Reserve Army commander, passed on his informal (and low) opinion of the 2nd Division GOC William G. Walker, who was later relieved. (Wilson Diary 24 February 1916).

In early April the 23rd Division was taken away, and a number of guns with it. By August, IV Corps contained two divisions, the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division and the 9th (Scottish) Division (New Army). Some of IV Corps artillery was moved down to the Somme. Then the 63rd and 9th Divisions were taken away, then in October the whole Corps was transferred to Gough's Reserve Army on the Somme, although it was used as a holding formation rather than being deployed into the front line. At one point, by 18 October, IV Corps had no divisions at all.

During 1916, able staff officers were still in short supply and such men were poached from IV Corps and its component divisions by Rawlinson for Fourth Army HQ.

Order of Battle at the start of the final advance in Picardy (27 September 1918)

GOC: Lieutenant-General Sir George Harper
 5th Division
 37th Division
 42nd (Eastern Lancashire) Division
 New Zealand Division

Second World War

Norway
The Corps was reformed in Alresford in Hampshire in February 1940 in anticipation of operations in Norway, or perhaps Finland (part of a projected intervention in the Russo-Finnish Winter War). From March to May 1940 parts of the corps fought at Narvik and Trondheim in the Norwegian campaign. Its commander was Lieutenant General Claude Auchinleck.

Home Forces
After the Norwegian campaign ended, the Corps first commanded most of the armoured reserves preparing to face the proposed German invasion of Britain (Operation Sea Lion), while the other corps headquarters which had been evacuated from Dunkirk in Operation Dynamo were reorganised. IV Corps was envisaged as a counter-attack force under Lieutenant-General Sir Francis Nosworthy. Once the danger of invasion was over, the corps was heavily involved in training and developing tactical doctrine. The corps was based at Guilsborough House near Northampton until August 1940 when it moved to Latimer House near Chesham.

Order of Battle Autumn 1940
 2nd Armoured Division (16 June–4 August 1940)
 42nd (East Lancashire) Division (9 September–6 November 1940)
 43rd (Wessex) Division (19 June–5 November 1940)
 31st Independent Brigade Group (1 August 1940–15 February 1941)
 HQ Royal Artillery
 154th (Leicestershire Yeomanry) Army Field Regiment
 67th Medium Regiment

Iraq
In January 1942 the Corps headquarters was dispatched to Iraq, as part of Middle East Command. Its commander was Lieutenant General Thomas Corbett. In 1942, Corbett was appointed Chief of Staff of Middle East Command and Lieutenant General Noel Irwin took over IV Corps.

India / Burma
Following the Japanese conquest of Burma, several British divisions from Britain and the Middle East, and IV Corps headquarters, were deployed to India, then filled out with Indian Army Corps of Signals and line-of-communications units. It took over from the ad hoc Burma Corps headquarters, which was disbanded, at Imphal in Manipur in Northeast India. It reported to the Eastern Army. The Corps adopted a badge of a charging elephant, in black on a red background.

In July 1942, Irwin was promoted to command Eastern Army. His successor in command of IV Corps was Lieutenant-General Geoffry Scoones. It was engaged in patrol activity as far as the Chindwin River and construction of airfields and roads. From late 1943, the Corps formed part of the newly created Fourteenth Army.

In 1944 the Japanese sought to disrupt Allied attacks into Burma by launching an attack, codenamed U-Go, against Imphal, which led to the epic Battle of Imphal. At the start of the battle the Corps consisted of the Indian 17th, 20th and 23rd Divisions, with the Indian 50th Parachute Brigade and 254th Indian Tank Brigade. During the early stages of the battle, the 5th Indian Division was flown into Imphal to join the corps.

The Corps was surrounded by the Imperial Japanese Army but eventually defeated their attackers. Supplies and reinforcements were flown in to support the besieged troops, and casualties and non-combatants were flown out. The siege ended on 22 June, when troops from IV Corps met the relieving forces from XXXIII Corps north of Imphal. From then until the monsoon ended later in the year, formations from IV Corps (the 5th Indian Division and the newly arrived 11th East African Division) cleared the Japanese from east of the Chindwin, and established several bridgeheads across the river.

In November 1944, as the rains ended, Fourteenth Army prepared to make a decisive attack into Central Burma. Lieutenant General Scoones was appointed to Central Command, an army-level headquarters in India, and replaced in charge of IV Corps by Lieutenant-General Frank Messervy. In preparation for the offensive, several divisions were organised as motorised and air-portable formations.

The offensive began with IV Corps on the left of Fourteenth Army, led by the newly arrived 19th Indian Division. It became apparent that the Japanese had fallen back behind the Irrawaddy River. The 19th Division was transferred to XXXIII Corps and IV Corps was switched to the right flank of the Army, advancing down the Gangaw valley west of the Chindwin, led by the East African 28th Infantry Brigade and an ad-hoc infantry formation, the Lushai Brigade. In late February, the 7th Indian Infantry Division won bridgeheads over the Irrawaddy. The motorised 17th Indian Division, with the M4 Sherman tanks of the 255th Indian Tank Brigade, followed up through these bridgeheads and struck deep into Japanese occupied territory to capture the vital transport and supply centre of Meiktila. Reinforced by troops landed at the airfields near the town, it defended against Japanese counter-attacks during March.

Following the Japanese defeat in Central Burma, Fourteenth Army was reorganised. IV Corps now commanded the motorised 5th and 17th Indian Divisions, the 19th Indian Division (which remained on a mixed animal and motor transport establishment) and the 255th Tank Brigade. During April, the 5th and 17th Divisions alternated in the lead of the final drive on Rangoon down the Sittang River valley, while the 19th Division secured the corps' line of communications. By the start of May when the monsoon began, the Corps had been held up  from Rangoon. Rangoon was captured by an amphibious landing, Operation Dracula, having been abandoned by its garrison.

Shortly after the fall of Rangoon, IV Corps was withdrawn from the control of Fourteenth Army and placed under the newly activated Twelfth Army. Temporarily commanded by Lieutenant-General Francis Tuker, it was responsible for mopping up the remaining Japanese forces in Burma until the end of the war including the defeat of a large break-out in the Pegu Yoma. The Corps was deactivated shortly after the end of hostilities.

General Officers Commanding
Commanders have included:
 1 April 1903: General the Lord Grenfell
 6 June 1904: General the Lord Methuen (4th Army Corps was renamed Eastern Command 1 June 1905)
 Oct 1914 – Dec 1915 Lieutenant-General Henry Rawlinson
 Dec 1915 – end 1916 Lieutenant-General Henry Wilson
 1916–1918 Lieutenant-General Charles Woollcombe
 Mar 1918 – Jun 1919 Lieutenant-General George Harper
 Feb 1940 – May 1940 Lieutenant-General Claude Auchinleck
 Jul 1940 – Nov 1941 Lieutenant-General Francis Nosworthy
 Jan 1942 – Mar 1942 Lieutenant-General Thomas Corbett
 Apr 1942 – Jul 1942 Lieutenant-General Noel Irwin
 Aug 1942 – Dec 1944 Lieutenant-General Sir Geoffry Scoones
 Dec 1944 – Jul 1945 Lieutenant-General Sir Frank Messervy
 Jul 1945 – Aug 1945 Lieutenant-General Sir Francis Tuker

Notes

References

 Bryant, Sir Arthur, The Turn of the Tide: Based on the War Diaries of Field Marshal Viscount Alanbrooke, London: Collins, 1957.

 Dunlop, Col John K., The Development of the British Army 1899–1914, London: Methuen, 1938.

 Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, .

 JPS Cigarette card series, Army, Corps and Divisional Signs 1914–1918, John Player and sons, 1920s.
 Latimer, Jon Burma: The Forgotten War, London: John Murray, 2004 ()

External links
 The Long Long Trail
 way/index.htm Official history: Norway
 Royal Artillery 1939–45
 globalsecurity.org

British field corps
Corps of the British Army in World War I
Corps of the British Army in World War II
Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II

Military units and formations established in 1914
Military units and formations disestablished in 1919
Military units and formations established in 1940
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945

IV Corps (United Kingdom)


El Teatro Fundadores es el teatro más grande de la ciudad de Manizales, con capacidad para 1900 personas, posee varias salas, se ubica en el Parque del mismo nombre sobre la Avenida Santander, entre la carrera 21 y la calle 33, inaugurado en 1965, su diversos espacios permite la realización de gran variedad de eventos.

Historia
El edificio del Teatro Los Fundadores fue construido entre 1959 y 1965, el coordinador del proyecto de construcción fue el arquitecto Jorge Gutiérrez Duque. Entre el 22 y el 31 de octubre de 1965, fue inaugurado con diversos espectáculos artísticos y culturales, tales como: El Ballet de Bellas Artes de Cali, la Orquesta de Cámara de Estocolmo y la Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional, Conferencias, Recitales, etc. Así mismo el 31 de octubre del mismo año, se inauguró como Sala de Cine con la película CLEOPATRA.

Luego el Teatro debió cerrarse después de un temblor que estremeció la ciudad y que le ocasionó daños a su estructura el 23 de noviembre de 1979, lo que obligó a cerrarlo durante 6 meses para su reparación.

En 1992 se adoptó el nombre de Centro Cultural Los Fundadores, esto debido a que en junio de 1991 se trasladó a estas instalaciones la Biblioteca Pública Municipal la cual funcionaba en los bajos del edificio de la Licorera. Posteriormente, en noviembre de 2004 la Biblioteca se trasladaría a las instalaciones donde funciona actualmente.

En el mismo año de 1992 se realizó otra remodelación consistente en convertir la Sala de Ensayos en una pequeña Sala para Cine con capacidad de 172 butacas, esta se llamó Cinema Fundadores, sala que se cerró definitivamente en octubre de 2003.

Cabe anotar que la Beneficencia de Manizales debió cambiar de nombre en agosto del año 1991, para convertirse en EMSA (Empresa Municipal para La salud), empresa del orden municipal, industrial y comercial del estado. Esta empresa continuó administrando el Teatro Los Fundadores hasta agosto del año 2001 fecha en la cual y a través de un acuerdo municipal se entregó al recién creado Instituto de Cultura  y Turismo de Manizales (ambas entidades propiedad de la Alcaldía de Manizales), dicha entidad tuvo a cargo su administración hasta el 11 de enero de 2004, fecha en la que lo cerró mientras el concejo municipal debatía la conveniencia de convertirlo en un Centro Cultural y de Convenciones para lo que se decidió entregarlo a Infimanizales como propietario y efectuar la remodelación total para convertirlo en el Centro de Convenciones que es hoy.

Espacios

La Sala Fundadores posee un sistema de amplificación profesional e iluminación escénica con la última tecnología, paneles acústicos, piano de cola, plataforma giratoria sobre el escenario, foso de orquesta, equipos especializados para videoconferencia en tiempo real, equipos para la reproducción de audiovisuales, pantalla gigante, edificio de tramoya y todos los servicios de telecomunicaciones. Sala de Teatro con edificio de tramoya, camerinos, sala de ensayos, silletería tipo abatible y baterías sanitarias. Ideal parta la presentación de espectáculos conciertos, recitales, graduaciones y eventos de gran formato. Con capacidad de 1.232 sillas es la sala principal ideal para todo  tipo de eventos.

El Salon de Eventos posee sonido e iluminación ambiental, equipos especializados para videoconferencia en tiempo real, equipos para la reproducción de audiovisuales y todos los servicios de telecomunicaciones. En este salón se encuentra ubicada la sala telemática para atender las personas en condición de discapacidad que no puedan acceder a las salas de los otros pisos. Sala ideal para reuniones, juntas, asambleas, almuerzos, desayunos, cenas, refrigerios, cócteles, reuniones sociales en general, posee un bacón a la calle, baterías sanitarias y cocina dotada.Capacidad 100 sillas tipo apilable o para eventos sociales montaje con sillas y mesas.

La Sala Cumanday tiene sonido e iluminación ambiental, equipos especializados para videoconferencia en tiempo real, equipos para la reproducción de audiovisuales, sistema de aire acondicionado y todos los servicios telecomunicaciones. Sala múltiple con posibilidad de dividirse en 2 o 3 salas más pequeñas, con papeles divisorios, espacio para muestras comerciales, baterías sanitarias y cocineta. Ideal para simposios, charlas académicas, capacitaciones, congresos, seminarios, juntas, asambleas, entre otros. Capacidad total de 260 sillas tipo universitario.

La Sala Oscar Naranjo cuenta con un sistema de amplificación, equipos especializados para videoconferencia en tiempo real, equipos para la reproducción de audiovisuales, sistema de aire acondicionado y todos los servicios telecomunicaciones, sala intermedia del CCCTF empleada para cócteles, recepciones sociales, charlas, simposios o pequeñas nuestras comerciales. Allí se desarrollan de manera permanente exposiciones artísticas, organizadas por el Museo de Arte de Caldas. Cuenta con una zona de acreditación, baterías sanitarias y cocineta, Capacidad de 300 sillas tipo apilable.

La Sala de Ensayos tiene Iluminación ambiental, paredes con espejos en su totalidad, barra para calentamiento y  practica de danza, piso en madera, espacio para las prácticas previas a la presentación de los espectáculos en la sala Fundadores, idónea para los ensayos de grupos artísticos que requieran realizar ensayos de danzas y otras  expresiones de baile, paredes con espejos en su totalidad, barra para calentamiento y  practica de danza y piso en madera, con capacidad para 50 personas.

El Auditorio Olimpia cuenta con un sistema de amplificación ambiental, diseñada para una excelente acústica, equipos especializados para videoconferencia en tiempo real, equipos para la reproducción de  audiovisuales, sistema de aire acondicionado y todos los servicios telecomunicaciones, sala tipo cinema especial para proyección de películas, documentales, congresos, seminario, clausuras, graduaciones, asambleas, cómodo hall de acceso que se utiliza para la realización de pequeñas muestras comerciales o certámenes sociales, tiene baterías sanitarias y cocineta, capacidad para 119 sillas tipo abatible

Véase también
Parque Fundadores
Manizales

Referencias

Teatros de Manizales
Arquitectura de Colombia de 1965
Edificios y estructuras terminadas en 1965

Teatro Fundadores


est un shōnen manga écrit et dessiné par Kei Kamiki. Il est prépublié du  au  dans le Weekly Shōnen Jump, puis publié en volumes reliés par l'éditeur japonais Shūeisha.

Synopsis
Magu Menueku, dieu de la destruction, a été invoqué par le culte du Chaos. Les honorables Chevaliers Sacrés sont le dernier espoir de l'humanité ! La bataille pour sauver l'humanité a eu lieu il y a des centaines d'années, mais maintenant une fille, Ruru Miyanagi, libère le légendaire Dieu de la destruction qui avait été piégé dans un joyau magique ! Est-ce que Magu-chan, dévoreur de natto et destructeur de faisceaux, remplira le monde d'un chaos complet ?

Personnages

C'est une collégienne, elle est gentille et insouciante mais crédule et un peu idiote. Son père est mort quand elle était jeune, et sa mère, Rui, est rarement à la maison car elle travaille loin, donc Ruru est souvent seule.

C'est un Dieu du Chaos, classé dans le Premier Pilier, et le Dieu de la Destruction, qui a d'énormes capacités de destruction. Mais après avoir été scellé dans un cristal, son corps physique est beaucoup plus petit, ressemblant à une pieuvre, et ses pouvoirs beaucoup plus faibles. Son but est de retrouver ses pouvoirs et d'amasser des adeptes comme l'ancien Culte du Chaos, ce qu'il pense faire en faisant signer aux autres leur nom dans "Le Livre des Serments de Sang des Disciples de la Destruction".

C'est le camarade de classe et ami de Ruru qui a le béguin pour elle. Contrairement à Ruru, Ren se méfie des Dieux et jure de la protéger. Il essaie de se rapprocher de Ruru et de l'inviter à sortir, mais la plupart des rendez-vous sont gâchés car Magu l'accompagne toujours. Pour que Magu ne sache pas qu'il a le béguin pour elle, Ren est le premier à signer "loyauté" à Magu dans son carnet. Sa famille possède et gère un restaurant local.

C'est également un Dieu du Chaos, classé dans le Cinquième Pilier. Il est le Dieu de la Folie, ce qui lui vaut le surnom de "Naputaaku le Fou", et a le pouvoir de contrôler les êtres vivants en instillant la folie dans leur esprit. Lui aussi a perdu sa taille et ses pouvoirs à cause d'un cristal de scellement, et ressemble désormais à une étoile de mer. Il ne peut recruter qu'une armée de 100 bernard-l'ermite pour exécuter ses ordres. Naputaaku se lie d'amitié avec Ren et commence à travailler dans le restaurant de sa famille, où il découvre une passion pour la cuisine.

C'est un Dieu du Chaos, classé dans le Quatrième Pilier, qui les a trahis et s'est rangé du côté des Chevaliers Saints, ce qui a conduit Magu et les autres Dieux à être scellés dans les cristaux qu'elle a créés. Elle est le Dieu de la Providence, et peut insuffler de la magie aux objets en modifiant les lois de la nature. Contrairement à Magu et Naputaaku, Uneras est bien informée et curieuse de la société humaine moderne. Elle feint d'être capturée par les Chevaliers afin de pouvoir profiter du luxe qu'ils lui offrent en échange de sa protection contre les autres Dieux. Comme son vrai corps est enfermé dans le quartier général des Chevaliers Saints, elle apparaît sous la forme d'une clione qui se cache dans une manche d'Izuma.

Un jeune homme de 16 ans, descendant des Chevaliers Saints. Il a juré d'éradiquer les Dieux du Chaos et peut détecter "l'aura de chaos" qu'ils dégagent. Izuma a l'impression que Ruru est sous le contrôle du Magu maléfique et tente à plusieurs reprises de la sauver. Il possède un pigeon voyageur qui lui sert de vigie. Incapable de battre Magu, Izuma finit par s'inscrire au collège de Ruru pour garder un œil sur lui, bien qu'il soit en âge de fréquenter le lycée..

Manga
Magu-chan: God of Destruction a débuté dans le  numéro du Weekly Shōnen Jump le  et s'est terminé dans le  numéro du Weekly Shōnen Jump le . Un chapitre additionnel de 41 pages sera publié dans le Jump GIGA SPING 2022. Depuis, la série est éditée sous forme de volumes reliés par Shūeisha et compte 7 tomes en . Les éditeurs Shūeisha et VIZ Media ont commencé à publier la série en version anglaise le jour même de sa sortie au Japon, sur la plateforme Manga Plus.

Liste des volumes

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Produits dérivés

Motion comic
Les trois premiers chapitres de Magu-chan: God of Destruction ont fait l'objet d'une adaptation en motion comic, où les voix, la musique et les effets sonores sont entendus pendant que les images du manga apparaissent à l'écran. Les épisodes ont été publiés sur la chaîne YouTube officielle de Jump Comic, avec le premier chapitre publié en deux parties le 18 novembre 2020 et le 19 novembre 2020, et les deuxième et troisième chapitres publié respectivement le 6 janvier 2021 et le 7 janvier 2021.

Goodies
Les premiers goodies créées pour la série étaient des mini peluches de Magu-chan, qui sont sorties le 19 juillet 2021 et se sont vendues immédiatement.

Réception
Magu-chan: God of Destruction a été nominé pour le meilleur manga imprimé aux Next Manga Awards 2021, où il s'est classé 15e sur 50 nominés.

Reiichi Narima de Real Sound a décrit la série comme une comédie de gags se déroulant dans la vie réelle et s'inspirant du Mythe de Cthulhu, et l'a comparée à Obake no Q-Tarō de Fujiko Fujio. Selon lui, si cette combinaison peut sembler surprenante, elle fonctionne de la même manière que d'autres séries japonaises qui font interagir joyeusement les yōkai et autres monstres avec les enfants. Narima a qualifié les paysages de la ville où se déroule le manga de "frais" et de "point fort caché". Il a qualifié Magu-chan: God of Destruction d'"oasis pour l'esprit" après avoir lu d'autres séries du Weekly Shōnen Jump comme Jujutsu Kaisen et Chainsaw Man, et a exprimé son souhait qu'il se poursuive longtemps. Hannah Collins de Comic Book Resources a également comparé Magu-chan à Cthulhu de H. P. Lovecraft.

Notes et références

Sources

Œuvres
Édition japonaise

Liens externes
 sur Weekly Shōnen Jump

Série manga
Manga d'aventure
Manga humoristique
Manga fantastique
Manga paru dans le Weekly Shōnen Jump
Manga des années 2020

Magu-chan: God of Destruction


Alt gezegen, Güneş etrafındaki yörüngesi yer yörüngesine göre Güneş'e daha yakında olan gezegenler.

Bu terim ilk kez Kopernik tarafından kullanılmıştır. Merkür ve Venüs birer alt gezegendir.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Üst gezegen
 İç gezegen
 Dış gezegen
 Karasal gezegen

Gök mekaniği
Güneş Sistemi'nin gezegenleri

Alt gezegen


Philippe Cattiau () a fost un scrimer francez care a practicat floreta și spada. Din cinci participări a cucerit opt medalie olimpice, inclusiv trei de aur. A fost și de patru ori campion mondial la spadă, inclusiv de două ori la individual.

Carieră
S-a apucat de scrimă din copilărie sub îndrumarea tatăl său, care era el însuși maestru de scrimă la regimentul 47 infanterie. La vârsta de 15 ani a devenit campion din Britania, apoi s-a alăturat unității speciale pentru instructori sportivi a armatei franceze, așa-numitul "Batalionul din Joinville". În timpul Primului Război Mondial a fost rănit la picior. În anul 1921 a devenit campion din Franța la floretă.

În anul 1920 a luat parte la Jocurile Olimpice pentru prima dată, cucerind argintul la floretă atât la individual, tot pe echipe. La ediția de la Paris în 1924 a luat aurul la floretă pe echipe, dar titlul individual l-a ocolit din nou. În 1929 a cucerit aurul individual la spadă din cadrul Campionatului Internațional de la Napoli. Și-a aparat titlul în anul următor. La Olimpiada din 1932 de la Los Angeles a fost laureat cu aur pe echipe atât la floretă, cât și la spadă. Ultime medalia olimpică a obținut-o la Olimpiada din 1936 de la Berlin.

După cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial a devenit căpitanul echipei din Franța care a fost campioana olimpică la Londra 1948.

Referințe

Note

Legături externe

Scrimeri olimpici francezi
Medaliați olimpici cu aur francezi
Medaliați olimpici cu argint francezi
Medaliați olimpici cu bronz francezi
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1920
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1924
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1928
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1932
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1936
Spadasini
Floretiști

Philippe Cattiau


The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixted-Up Zombies este un film de groază britanic din 1964 regizat de Ray Dennis Steckler. Rolurile principale sunt interpretate de actorii Ray Dennis Steckler și Brett O'Hara.

Prezentare

Distribuție
 Ray Dennis Steckler - Jerry
 Brett O'Hara - Madame Estrella
 Atlas King - Harold
 Sharon Walsh - Angela
 Pat Kirwood - Madison
 Erina Enyo - Carmelita
 Toni Camel - Stella
 Don Russell - Ortega
 William Turner - Himself
 Steve Clark - 2nd Policeman
 Neli Stillman - Barker
 Joan Howard - Angela's Mother
 Titus Moede - Hobo
 Gene Pollock - Night Club Manager
 Son Hooker - 1nd Policeman

Note

Filme din 1964
Filme de groază
Filme britanice
Filme de groază din anii 1960
Filme în limba engleză

The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies