Uvertira operete "Šišmiš" je skladba Johanna Straußa sina. Skladba sadrži teme iz operete koju je Strauß skladao 1874. godine. Opereta je od nastanka zadržala popularnost, a posebno uvertira koja se često samostalno izvodi na koncertima.

Kontekst i sadržaj

"Šišmiš" (njem. Die Fledermaus) je Straußova opereta u tri čina premijerno izvedena 5. travnja 1874. u Beču. Libreto su napisali Karl Haffner i Richard Genée.

Dr. Falke je dobio nadimak "Šišmiš" nakon neslane šale svog prijatelja Gabriela von Eisensteina i planira osvetu... nakon niza zavrzlama prepunih prelijepih melodija, sve se sretno završava: "šampanjac je kriv za sve".

Uvertira je na premijeri više puta prekidana aplauzom i uvelike je zaslužna za popularnost operete.

O glazbi
Orkestracija: pikolo, flauta, 2 oboe, 2 klarineta, 2 fagota, 4 roga, 2 trube, 3 trombona, timpani, udaraljke, gudači

Tonalitet: A-dur

Uvertira djeluje kao potpuri, ali je u stvari napisana u sonatnoj formi. Uvod sadrži Eisensteinov motiv iz pretposljednje scene operete (Ja, ich bin´s, den ihr betrogen - ja sam taj koji je prevaren) koji se ponavlja kroz cijelu uvertiru, zatim akord iz prvog čina (ulazak Adele) i za njim 6 otkucaja sata iz finala drugog čina. Ekspozicija počinje temom "osvete šišmiša" iz posljednje scene operete. Sporedna tema je valcer s kraja drugog čina. Završna grupa sastoji se od Rosalindine teme iz prvog čina, kad ispraća muža "u zatvor" (So muß allein ich bleiben - moram sama ostati) i kankan-teme (O Gott, wie rührt mich dies! - o bože, kako me to pogađa; tercet Adele, Rosalinde i Eisensteina). Kratak razvoj koristi Eisensteinovu temu i motiv. U reprizi se teme ponavljaju redom iz ekspozicije. Koda sadrži kankan-temu, a Eisensteinov motiv uvodi u blistavo finale.

Trajanje uvertire je oko 8 minuta.

Utjecaj
Uvertira se javlja na bezbrojnim trajnim zapisima. Često se izvodi kao uvertira koncerata klasične glazbe.
 Tom i Jerry dirigiraju izvedbom uvertire u crtanom filmu iz 1950. godine Tom and Jerry in the Hollywood Bowl

Izvori
 Uvertira operete "Šišmiš" u neslužbenom vodiču novogodišnjeg koncerta sa stranice "Rat protiv slova A"  (objavljeno: 25. prosinca 2018., pristupljeno: 11. svibnja 2020.)
 Detalji uvertire na stranici AEIOU, www.aeiou.at  (Pristupljeno: 11. svibnja 2020.)
 Video zapis uglazbljivanja crtanog filma Tom and Jerry in the Hollywood Bowl, www.youtube.com (pristupljeno: 22. kolovoza 2020.)
 Uvertira operete "Šišmiš", zvučni zapisi uvertire u više raznih izvođenja, MP3 Quack  (Pristupljeno: 19. rujna 2020.)

Skladbe klasične glazbe

Uvertira operete "Šišmiš"


تاريخ اليهود في تونس يغطي ما يقرب من 2,600 سنة. شوهدوا في القرن الثاني ولكن ربما أكثر، نمت الجالية اليهودية في تونس نتيجة لموجات متتالية من الهجرة وتبشير كبير قبل ما يعوق تنميتها عن طريق إجراءات معادية لليهودية في العصر البيزنطي.

بعد الفتح الإسلامي لتونس، مرت اليهودية التونسية بفترات من الحرية النسبية أو الأوج الثقافي إلى أوقات من التمييز ملحوظة. وصولا على أراضيها من اليهود الذين طردوا من شبه الجزيرة الايبيرية، في كثير من الأحيان عن طريق ليفورنو، يتغير بشكل ملحوظ وجهها. تحسن وضعهم الاقتصادي والاجتماعي والثقافي بشكل ملحوظ مع ظهور الحماية الفرنسية قبل أن يصبحوا في خطر أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية مع الاحتلال من قبل دول المحور. قيام دولة إسرائيل في عام 1948 أثار استجابة معادية للصهيونية واسعة الانتشار في العالم العربي، والتي من خلالها ظهر التحريض القومي، تأميم الشركات، تعريب التعليم وجزء من الإدارة. غادر اليهود تونس في كتلة بداية من أعوام 1950، بسبب المشاكل المذكورة والمناخ العدائي الذي خلقته أحداث بنزرت في عام 1961، وحرب الأيام الستة في عام 1967. عدد السكان اليهود في تونس والتي تقدر بحوالي 105,000 في عام 1948، لم يبق منها أكثر من 1,100 شخص في عام 2018. أي أقل من 0.1% من مجموع السكان فيما تذكر مصادر أخرى بأنه يوجد نحو 2.000 يهودي في تونس ويتمركزون بشكل أساسي في جزيرة جربة ومدينة حلق الوادي وحي لافيات بالعاصمة تونس.

يهود تونس يقيمون الآن في إسرائيل وفرنسا، حيث حافظة على هوية مجتمعها، من خلال تقاليده، ومعظمهم من روافد السفارديم اليهودية، ولكن مع الاحتفاظ على الخصوصيات الخاصة بهم. اليهودية الجربية على وجه الخصوص، تعتبر أكثر وفية للتقاليد منذ ظلت خارج نطاق تأثير الاتجاهات الحداثية، حيث تلعب دورا مهيمنا.

العمل السياسي
رشح بعض اليهود أنفسهم في قوائم الأحزاب التونسية لانتخابات المجلس الوطني التأسيسي في 23 أكتوبر 2011 ومنهم الحرفية والفنانة المعروفة صديقة كسكاس رئيسة قائمة الاتحاد الشعبي الجمهوري في دائرة تونس 2 وجيل يعقوب للوش (Gilles Jacob Lellouche) في المرتبة الثانية في نفس القائمة.

محرقة يهود تونس
حين وقعت فرنسا في أيدي الألمان في سنة 1940، أرغمت المستعمرات الفرنسية على العمل بسياسات حكومة فيشي. وفي نوفمبر تشرين الثاني 1942، وبعد غزو الحلفاء للمغرب والجزائر، حررت قوات الجيش الألماني، الفيرماخت، الأراضي التونسية ترافقها وحدة تابعة للإس إس كانت مهمتها تطبيق السياسة المناهضة لليهود في تونس.
وبلغ عدد اليهود الذين تم ترحيلهم إلى معسكرات الاعتقال النازية في أوروبا نحو 13 ألف يهودي. وباحتلال الحلفاء لشمال أفريقيا عام 1942، نجا يهود تلك المنطقة من مصير اليهود في أوروبا.

من أعلام اليهود التونسيين
 نسيم شمامة، وزير المالية للدولة الحسينية قبل الحماية.
 ألبير شمامة شيكلي، من رواد السينما التونسية.
 بول صباغ، مؤرخ ومناضل في الحزب الشيوعي التونسي في الأربعينات.
 ميشال بوجناح، ممثل فرنسي من أصل تونسي.
 ألبير ممي، كاتب تونسي.
 سيلفان شالوم، وزير إسرائيلي من أصل تونسي.
 كوليت فلوس، أديبة تونسية.
 جيلبار النقاش، أديب وكاتب تونسي.
 جورج عدة، سياسي ونقابي تونسي.
 ألبير بسيس، وزير وبرلماني تونسي.
 أندريه باروش، وزير وبرلماني تونسي.
 روجيه بيسموت، برلماني تونسي.
 حبيبة مسيكة، أحد أبرز مغني وممثلي تونس.
 الشيخ العفريت (1897– 1939)، مغني وأحد أبرز الفنانين التونسيين.
 روني الطرابلسي (1962–): وزير السياحة في تونس (2018 – )
 ديفيد جمالي، لاعب كرة قدم تونسي.
 فيكتور بيريز، ملاكم تونسي.
 عوفر لالوش، نحات ومصمم مطبوعات ورسام إسرائيلي من أصل تونسي.
 لويزا تونسية، مغنية وموسيقية تونسية.
 ريف كوهين، مغنية وكاتبة أغاني وممثلة إسرائيلية من أصل تونسي.
 بيار ليفي، هو فيلسوف فرنسي من أصل تونسي.
 أمير حداد، مغني ومؤلف موسيقي فرنسي إسرائيلي من أصل تونسي.
 جاكلين الطيب، هي كاتبة ومغنية وكاتبة أغاني فرنسيّة من أصل تونسي.

انظر أيضًا
 يهود العالم العربي
 تاريخ اليهود في الجزائر
 تاريخ اليهود في القيروان
 لهجة يهودية تونسية
 تفجير جربة 2002
 معبد موانسة
 كنيس كوهانيم جيرت

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 محرقة يهود شمال أفريقيا.

تاريخ اليهود في إفريقيا
تاريخ تونسي يهودي
مواضيع عن اليهود السفارديم
يهود عرب

تاريخ اليهود في تونس


An Phalaenopsis gigantea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Phalaenopsis gigantea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phalaenopsis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Phalaenopsis

Phalaenopsis gigantea


Ein Biomeiler (auch Kompostheizung oder Humusheizung) ist eine Anlage zur energetischen Nutzung von Biomasse, vornehmlich zur Erzeugung von Wärme für Heizungszwecke. Dazu wird meist Bioabfall, Heckenschnitt oder zerkleinertes Holz aufgeschichtet und Kunststoffleitungen hindurchgeführt. Durch mikrobiologische Abbauprozesse wird in einem Zeitraum von bis zu 12 Monaten Wärme frei, mit der Warmwasser erzeugt werden kann, welches u. a. direkt zur Heizung verwendet werden kann. Durch ausreichende Sauerstoffzufuhr wird die eingesetzte Biomasse im Rahmen einer aeroben Verwesung abgebaut. Nach der Nutzungsdauer ist aus den Holzabfällen wertvoller Kompost entstanden.

Die Methode wurde von dem französischen Forstwirt Jean Pain in den 1970er Jahren entwickelt. Heute werden Biomeiler als kleine Anlagen zur lokalen Nahwärmeversorgung genutzt. Lokal anfallende Abfälle (Waldabfälle, Strauchschnitt, feuchtgewordene – zum Verbrennen minderwertige – Hackschnitzel, Misthaufen) können so energetisch genutzt werden.

Bei Zuleitungsrohren und -schläuchen und Leitungen von und zu Umwälz-Wasserpumpen sollte der Durchmesser möglichst groß gewählt werden. Der Volumendurchfluss ist nämlich (aufgrund des Gesetzes von Hagen-Poiseuille) von der vierten Potenz des Radius abhängig. So würde beispielsweise eine Verringerung des Rohrdurchmessers auf die Hälfte den Strömungswiderstand auf das 16fache erhöhen oder eine Erweiterung des Rohrdurchmessers auf das Dreifache (eineinhalb Zoll statt Halbzoll) den Volumendurchfluss um das 81fache verbessern. Eine Vergrößerung des Rohrdurchmessers kann daher die Pumpleistung einer Pumpe erhöhen (mit dem Effekt größerer Pumphöhe oder mehr Durchfluss), wodurch schwächere Pumpen gewählt werden können, was die Energiekosten erheblich reduziert.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur

 Ida und Jean Pain: Die Methoden Jean Pain oder "ein anderer Garten". 1981. (online auf web.archive.org)

Bioenergie
Biotechnologie
Heizwerkstyp

Biomeiler


Brough Castle ruinen af en borg i den engelske landsby Brough i Cumbria. Borgen blev opført William Rufus omkring  1092, hvor det romerske fort Verterae var bygget under romersk britannien. Den beskytter en vigtig handelsrute i Penninerne. Den oprindelige motte and bailey blev angrebet og ødelagt af skotterne i 1174 under det store oprør mod Henrik 2.. Den blev genopført efter krigen som et firkantet keep. Resten af borgen blev genopført i sten.

Clifford-familien overtog ejerskabet af Brough efter den anden baronkrig i 1260'erne. Den byggede Cliffords Tower og gennemførte  renoveringer på borgen og skabte et forsvarsværk i typisk engelsk stil. I 1521 udbrød der brand på borgen, mens Henry Clifford holdt fest, og den ødelagde ejendommen. Borgen var forladt til lady Anne Clifford restaurerede den mellem 1659 og 1661, hvor hun brugte den som et af sine nordlige country houses. I 1666 udbrød der endnu en brand, der atter gjorde borgen ubeboelig. Brough Castle gik i forfald og mange sten blev brugt til byggerier i lokalområdet. Murene begyndte at kollapse omkring 1800.

I 1921 blev Brough Castle overdraget til staten, og i dag drives den af English Heritage som turistattraktion. Det er en listed building og scheduled monument.

Se også
 Liste over borge og slotte i England

Referencer

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

 English Heritage visitor information
 Verteris: Roman Fort  at Roman Britain Online

Slotte i Cumbria
Borgruiner i Storbritannien

Brough Castle


La Coupe du Portugal de football 1958-1959 est la  de la Coupe du Portugal de football, considéré comme le deuxième trophée national le plus important derrière le championnat.

La finale est jouée le 19 juillet 1959, au stade national du Jamor, entre le Benfica Lisbonne et le FC Porto. Le Benfica remporte son dixième trophée en battant le FC Porto 1 à 0.

Finale

Voir aussi
 Championnat du Portugal de football 1958-1959

1958-1959
Portugal
Sport au Portugal en 1958
Sport au Portugal en 1959

Coupe du Portugal de football 1958-1959


Events from the year 1762 in Canada.

Incumbents
French Monarch: Louis XV
British and Irish Monarch: George III

Governors
Governor of the Province of Quebec: Jeffery Amherst
Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Louis Billouart
Governor of Nova Scotia: Jonathan Belcher
Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Edwards

Events
 November 3 – According to the preliminaries of peace, signed at Fontainebleau, England is to have, with certain West Indies, Florida, Louisiana, to the Mississippi River (without New Orleans), Canada, Acadia, Cape Breton Island and its dependencies, and the fisheries, subject to certain French interests. Spain is to have New Orleans and Louisiana, west of the Mississippi, with an undetermined Western boundary.

Births
July 17 : Alexander Macdonell, Roman Catholic bishop (died 1840 in Scotland)

Deaths
August 28 : Augustin de Boschenry de Drucour, governor of Isle Royale.

Historical documents
Seeking to improve its fisheries position at peace talks, France captures Newfoundland, and loses it again three months later

France "renounces all Pretensions" to Nova Scotia and cedes Canada and Cape Breton to Britain, which grants religious liberty to Catholics

Seigneuries ("fiefs") of Canada are "deemed noble," with eldest son inheriting one half, and his male siblings sharing other half

"The Canadians [are], in general, of a litigious disposition" with "multiplicity of Instruments" (to be replaced by "short and well digested Code")

"Canadians in general are not much given to drunkenness, yet Men, Women and Children are used to drink a certain quantity of strong Liquors"

Jesuits have missions to Indigenous people near Quebec at Jeune-Lorette (Wendat) and at Tadoussac and Chicoutimi (Innu; Note: "savages" used)

Quebec general hospital is run by "ladies[...]of the best Families," but war and French king's unpaid debt must leave them in "utmost beggary"

Canadians being "extremely tenacious of their Religion," British by not altering it and rebuilding "their great Church" would earn their loyalty

Brief profiles of Innu, Huron-Wendat, Wolastoqiyik and Abenaki, with pledge of justice and instant redress of their complaints (Note: racial stereotypes)

Soil is good, but Canadians are lazy and "not much skilled in Husbandry," and corrupted by "avaricious Men" (which British rule will end)

With end of Canada's monopolies and more opportunity, trade in cod, whale products, naval stores, furs, hemp and flax, and potash will flourish

British will end Canadian gentry's privilege, should keep clergy "in proper subjection," and have won over peasantry with generosity and lenity

Excellent but misused iron industry near Trois-Rivières can be revived and expanded to supply Navy "with proper Iron for Ship Building"

After detailing fur trade abuses, Gen. Thomas Gage suggests limiting western posts to five: Kaministiquia, Michilimackinac, Detroit and two others

Catching whitefish at Sault Ste. Marie requires great skill in canoeing as well as netting

Nova Scotia Council worried about security with so many Acadian prisoners in Halifax, and even more so in small unprotected settlements

With Anglo-French hostilities ended, Commissioners for Trade and Plantations find it "neither necessary nor politic" to expel Acadians

Nova Scotia executive authorized to borrow up to £4,500 to cover unpaid bounties and public works expenses, and to suspend bounties

"Frauds and other Injuries [in] Trade and Dealing" committed against Indigenous people in Nova Scotia are to be prosecuted upon complaint

For dissent or desertion "in Times of imminent Danger," Nova Scotia militia officers will be cashiered and lower ranks fined or imprisoned

Seaman in St. John's harbor court-martial, sentenced for desertion to 600 lashes over 2 days, reprieved after first day for "imminent danger of his Life"

References

1760s in Canada
1762 in New France
Canada
62

1762 in Canada


දෙතිස් වධය යනු  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අතීතයේ රජසමයේ භාවිත වී ඇති දණ්ඩන ක්‍රම තිස් දෙකක් වේ.  ඊට පහත සඳහන් වධ දෙතිස ඇතුළත් වෙයි.

වේවැල් පහර 400 ක් තැලීම.
කස පහර 500 ක් තැලීම.
අත් කැපීම.
පා කැපීම.
අත් පා කැපීම.
කන් කැපීම.
නාසය කැපීම.
කන් නාසා කැපුම.
ඉස් කබල උගුලුවා කාඩි දිය දැමීම.
හිසේ හම උගුලුවා බොරළු දැමීම.
අඬුවෙන් කට හරවා පහන් වැටි දැමීම, රාහුමුඛ වධය.
ගිනිදැල් දැමීම, ජෝතිමාලක වධය.
දෙඅත් ගින ලෑම, හත්ථපජ්ජෝතින වධය.
කටියෙහි පටන් හම ඉඟිලීම, පාරකත්තික වධය.
තනපත්තෙහි පටන් හම ගලවා හිස ගහලන,චීරක වාචික නම් වධය.
දෙදන, දෙවැලමිට අල්වා යපන් ගසා යකඩ උල හීඳුවීමේ, පණ්‍යෙක නම් වධය.
යකඩ බිලීකටුවෙහි එල්වන්නාවූ, බලිස මාංසික වධය.
කහවණු මෙන් මස් කපා හරින, කහාපණ වධය.
ශරීරය කොටා ක්ෂාර ලුණු දමන, ඛාරාපතච්ඡික වධය.
බිම හොවා කණෙහි යවුල් ගසා පාදයෙන් කරකවන පලීඝ පරිවෘත්තික වධය.
ඇටමස් තලා පිදුරු බිස්සක් මෙන් කරන පලාප පීඨක වධය.
රත්කළ තෙල් ඉසීමේ වධය.
බල්ලන් ලවා කැවීමේ වධය.
කඩුවෙන් හිස සිඳීමේ වධය.
වධ බෙරයෙහි ලෑමේ වධය.
දිවස් හුල හිඳවීමේ වධය.
යටිපලු ඉරා ලුණු දැමීමේ වධය.
උණුකළ තෙල් කටාරමේ ලෑමේ වධය.
අඬුවෙන් දිව ඇද ලුණු වතුර ලීමේ වධය.
වෑයෙන් හතරැස් කිරීමේ වධය.
ඇස් උගුලුවා ලීමේ වධය.
මස් ලොඹුවේ තබා ශරීරය කැට කැට කොට කැපීමේ වධය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

දෙතිස් වධ


الشيخ عبد العظيم زاهر (22 فبراير 1904 - 5 يناير 1971) قارئ قرآن مصري ويعد أحد أعلام هذا المجال البارزين، من مواليد قرية مجول، مركز بنها، محافظة القليوبية. حفظ القران الكريم مبكرا وعمره لم يتجاوز الثامنة، التحق بالإذاعة سنة 1936، اختير قارئا بمسجد محمد على قبل الثورة، وانتقل بعدها لمسجد صلاح الدين.

تم منحه وسام الجمهورية من الطبقة الأولى في مصر في احتفال ليلة القدر سنة 1991 بعد وفاته والتي كانت في يناير 1971، أصدرت إمارة عجمان طابعًا بريديا يحمل صورته تكريمًا له.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
 إذاعة القرآن الكريم من القاهرة : القارئ الشيخ عبد العظيم زاهر 	الشيخ عبد العظيم زاهر.
 عالم القرآن الكريم : المكتبة الإلكترونية - الشيخ عبد العظيم زاهر.

أشخاص من قليوب
قراء مصريون
مواليد 1904
وفيات 1971

عبد العظيم زاهر


Svijet

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Jevgenij Borisovič Aleksejev, ruski botaničar († )

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Biologija u 1946.


An Habenaria elwesii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Habenaria elwesii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Habenaria

Habenaria elwesii


Malonogometni klub "Jastreb" (MNK Jastreb; Jastreb; MNK Jastreb Jastreb.; Jastrebarsko) je futsal (malonogometni) klub iz Jastrebarskoga, Zagrebačka županija, Republika Hrvatska.

O klubu
MNK "Jastreb je osnovan 1993. godine. Od 1997. do 2001. godine klub je bio član "1. HMNL", te se također natjecao i u 2. HMNL", te ostalim ligaškim natjecanjima, poput "ŽMNL Jastrebarsko".
Klub je organizirao "Tuenir jaskanskih ulica

Klub je također nastupao na poznatom turniru "Kutija Šibica".

Klub je zbog neaktivnosti i prestanka rada brisan iz članstva "NS Jastrebarsko 2017. godine, ali se poslije obnavlja i u siječnju 2020. godine sudjeluje na malongometnom turniru u Švicarskom gradu Zürichu, kojeg tradicionalno organizira klub NK "Croatia Zürich"''.

Uspjesi
 2. HMNL - Zapad
 prvak: 1996./97.

Plasmani po sezonama

Poznati igrači

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Jastrebarsko

Vanjske poveznice
 MNK Jastreb, facebook stranica
 sportilus.com, MALONOGOMETNI KLUB JASTREB JASTREBARSKO
 crofutsal.com, Prenosimo | Napokon loptanje na sjeveru, objavljeno 17. listopada 2010.

Izvori

 Zdenko Vuković - Cena: Nogomet u Zagrebačkoj županiji : uz 10. obljetnicu Nogometnog saveza Zagrebačke županije, Zagreb, 2005., ISBN 953-99936-0-1, str. 105-107
 ns-jastrebarsko.hr, ''O nama", pristupljeno 29. ožujka 2020.
 poslovna.hr, MNK Jastreb Jastreb
 fininfo.hr, MNK "JASTREB" JASTREB.
 mojatvrtka.net, Malonogometni klub Jastreb Jastrebarsko
 sites.google.com/site/gradjastrebarsko111, Sport , pristupljeno 29. ožujka 2020.

Šport u Jastrebarskom
Jastreb

MNK Jastreb Jastrebarsko


Theodor Constantin Botă () este un jucător al clubului  care joacă pe postul de atacant. Crescut la clubul de juniori Viitorul Mihai Georgescu, în 2015 a fost împrumutat la Sănătatea Cluj în liga a III-a până la sfârșitul anului. În acea perioadă, a început să joace la echipa națională sub 19 ani a României, unde s-a remarcat într-un meci în care a luat locul portarului eliminat în minutul 82 și a salvat un șut sub bară, dar a primit gol din penalty. La sfârșitul sezonului, a fost recrutat de FC Steaua București, dar a fost transferat pentru sezonul de primăvară la FC Gloria Buzău în Liga a II-a, unde a jucat 4 meciuri și a fost din nou convocat la naționala sub 19 ani. În vară, a revenit la Steaua și a debutat în Liga I în meciul cu CSM Politehnica Iași.

Note

Legături externe
 Theodor Botă  pe site-ul Stelei

Nașteri în 1997
Nașteri pe 24 mai
Atacanți
Fotbaliști români
Sportivi români în viață
Fotbaliști ai FC Steaua București

Theodor Botă


San Mateo Huitzilzingo  es una de las 12 localidades tipo pueblo del Municipio de Chalco,uno de los 125 municipios del Estado de México, forma parte de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México.

San Mateo Huitzilzingo se encuentra localizado aproximadamente a cinco kilómetros al suroeste de la ciudad de Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias, cabecera municipal, siendo sus coordenadas geográficas  y teniendo una altitud de 2 239 metros sobre el nivel del mar. De acuerdo al Censo de Población y Vivienda de 2010 realizado por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, tiene una población total de 15 389 personas, de las que 7 508 son hombres y 7 881 son mujeres; siendo por tanto la tercera localidad más poblada del municipio, tras la cabecera municipal y San Martín Cuautlalpan.

La principal vía de comunicación de la comunidad es una carretera estatal que la une hacia el noreste con Chalco y al sureste con las comunidades de Santa Catarina Ayotzingo y San Juan y San Pedro Tezompa en el mismo municipio de Chalco, y posteriormente con San Andrés Mixquic y San Pedro Tláhuac en el Distrito Federal.

Referencias

Localidades del estado de México
Toponimia náhuatl del estado de México
Chalco

San Mateo Huitzilzingo


Edmund Brown or Browne may refer to:

Pat Brown (Edmund Gerald Brown, Sr., 1905–1996), the 32nd Governor of California
Jerry Brown (Edmund Gerald Brown, Jr., born 1938), Pat Brown's son and the 34th and 39th Governor of California
Edmund Browne (born 1937), Irish trade unionist
Edmund John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley (born 1948), member of the House of Lords and businessman

Edmund Brown


Volla es un personaje ficticio que aparece en Marvel Comics.

Historia de publicación
Volla apareció por primera vez en Thor #127 (abril de 1966), y fue adaptada de la mitología por Stan Lee y Jack Kirby.

El personaje apareció posteriormente en Thor #1-3 (julio-septiembre de 1998), #29 (noviembre de 2000), #32 (enero de 2001), #35 (mayo de 2001), y #43 (enero de 2002).

Biografía del personaje ficticio
De acuerdo con Thor #295, Erda es la hermana de Volla.

Volla muere después de dar a conocer sus profecías del Ragnarok. Aquellos con el coraje y la valentía de viajar hacia el Reino de los Muertos aún pueden obtener sus predicciones. Allí existe como un simple espectro. En Thor #276 Loki revela que Hela convocó su espíritu para que ella y Loki podieran oír cómo causar el Ragnarok.

Poderes y habilidades
Volla tiene poderes de precognición, que le permiten ver a los futuros alternativos.

En otros medios

Videojuegos
 Volla aparece como un personaje no jugable en Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, con la voz de Nika Futterman. Una de las misiones opcionales en Niffleheim consiste en encontrar un cofre que contiene su anillo y su llave está perdida. Esta ha sido robada por Kurse y Ulik. Si el jugador se recupera el anillo de Volla, ella le advertirá a Odín sobre un atentado contra su vida, que dará lugar a la captura de Surtur en los próximos años. Si no, ella no advertirá a Odín sobre un atentado contra su vida y la muerte de Odín hundirá a Asgard en años de caos durante los cuales Thor gobernará Asgard luego de que Sif muere en la batalla. En una nota lateral, ella tiene un diálogo especial con Ms. Marvel cuando el jugador la encuentra por primera vez, y con Blade después de que el jugador encuentra su anillo.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 El sitio oficial de los cómics de Thor
 Volla en MarvelDirectory.com
 Volla en Marvel Ultimate Alliance

Personajes de Marvel Comics
Personajes creados por Jack Kirby
Asgardianos de Marvel Comics
Diosas en la ficción

Volla (cómic)


Northfield puede referirse a:

Northfield (Illinois), villa en el condado de Cook, estado estadounidense de Illinois.
Northfield (Kentucky), ciudad en el condado de Jefferson, estado estadounidense de Kentucky.
Northfield (Maine), pueblo en el condado de Washington, estado estadounidense de Maine.
Northfield (Massachusetts), pueblo en el condado de Franklin, estado estadounidense de Massachusetts.
Northfield (condado de Franklin, Massachusetts), lugar designado por el censo en el condado de Franklin, estado estadounidense de Massachusetts.
Northfield (Minnesota), ciudad en el condado de Rice, estado estadounidense de Minnesota.
Northfield (Nueva Jersey), ciudad en el condado de Atlantic, estado estadounidense de Nueva Jersey.
Northfield (Nuevo Hampshire), pueblo en el condado de Merrimack, estado estadounidense de Nuevo Hampshire.
Tilton-Northfield, lugar designado por el censo ubicado en el condado de Merrimack en el estado estadounidense de Nuevo Hampshire.
Northfield (Ohio), villa en el condado de Summit, estado estadounidense de Ohio.
Northfield (Vermont), pueblo en el condado de Washington en el estado estadounidense de Vermont.
Northfield (condado de Washington, Vermont), villa en el condado de Washington, estado estadounidense de Vermont.
Northfield (Wisconsin), pueblo en el condado de Jackson, estado estadounidense de Wisconsin.

Northfield


Run for Cover ist ein Musikalbum des nordirischen Hardrock- und Blues-Gitarristen Gary Moore. Es erschien im September 1985 bei 10 Records / Virgin und gilt oft als Moores Durchbruch.

Geschichte
Das Album handelte bereits zum Teil von irischen Themen wie auch nachfolgende Veröffentlichungen. Bei den Aufnahmen wirkte unter anderem Phil Lynott mit. Out in the Fields, einer der größten Erfolge Moores, ist die letzte Aufnahme Lynotts vor seinem Tod 1986. Der frühere Deep-Purple-Bassist Glenn Hughes wirkte bei Reach for the Sky und All Messed Up mit. Die Ballade Empty Rooms ist ein Remake des bereits bekannten Stücks von Moore.

Kritik
Die Website Allmusic lobte die "fantastischen" Gesangsleistungen von Hughes und Lynott. Sie bewertete das Album mit vier von fünf Sternen.

Titelliste
Alle Titel stammen von Gary Moore, außer wo angegeben.

Original-LP

Seite eins
"Run for Cover" – 4:13
"Reach for the Sky" – 4:46
"Military Man" (Phil Lynott) – 5:40
"Empty Rooms" (Moore/Neil Carter) – 4:17

Seite zwei
"Out in the Fields" – 4:17
"Nothing to Lose" – 4:41
"Once in a Lifetime" – 4:18
"All Messed Up" (Moore/Carter) – 4:52
"Listen to Your Heartbeat" – 4:31

CD-Ausgabe
"Run for Cover" – 4:13
"Reach for the Sky" – 4:46
"Military Man" (Lynott) – 5:40
"Empty Rooms" (Moore/Carter) – 4:17
"Out of My System" – 4:01
"Out in the Fields" – 4:17
"Nothing to Lose" – 4:41
"Once in a Lifetime" – 4:18
"All Messed Up" (Moore/Carter) – 4:52
"Listen to Your Heartbeat" – 4:31

Die Remaster-Edition enthält folgende Bonus-Titel:
"Still in Love with You" (Thin Lizzy, Version von 1985)
"Stop Messin' Around" (live in Belfast, 17. Dezember 1984)
"Murder in the Skies" (live in Belfast, 17. Dezember 1984)

Besetzung
 Gary Moore – Gitarre, Leadgesang (bei allen Songs)
 Gary Ferguson – Schlagzeug ("Run for Cover", "Once in a Lifetime" und "All Messed Up")
 Glenn Hughes – Bass ("Run for Cover", "Reach for the Sky", "Out of My System", "Nothing to Lose" und "All Messed Up"), Gesang ("Reach for the Sky", "All Messed Up", "Nothing to Lose" und "Out of My System")
 Andy Richards – Keyboard (Alle außer "Nothing to Lose" und "All Messed Up")
 Neil Carter – Hintergrundgesang ("Run for Cover", "Empty Rooms", "Nothing to Lose", "Once in a Lifetime" und "Listen to Your Heartbeat"), Keyboards ("Out of My System", "Nothing to Lose", "Once in a Lifetime" und "Listen to Your Heartbeat")
 Charlie Morgan – Schlagzeug ("Reach for the Sky", "Military Man" und "Out in the Fields")
 Phil Lynott – E-Bass, Gesang ("Military Man" und "Out in the Fields")
 Don Airey – Keyboard ("Military Man" und "Out in the Fields")
 James (Jimbo) Barton – Gesampeltes Schlagzeug ("Empty Rooms")
 Paul Thompson – Schlagzeug ("Out of My System" und "Nothing to Lose")
 Bob Daisley – E-Bass ("Once in a Lifetime")

Charts

Auszeichnungen für Musikverkäufe

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 René Aagaard, Finn K. Jensen, The Gary Moore Bio-Discography 1969-1994, Søborg: Bidstrup, 1996. ISBN 87-983242-6-8.

Album 1985
Album (Hard Rock)
Gary-Moore-Album

Run for Cover (Gary-Moore-Album)


(4253) Märker ist ein Hauptgürtelasteroid, der am 11. Oktober 1985 von der US-amerikanischen Astronomin Carolyn  Shoemaker vom Palomar-Observatorium aus entdeckt wurde.

Weblinks

Hauptgürtelasteroid unter 50 km Durchmesser

(4253) Märker


László Bánhegyi, (nacido el 17 de enero de 1931 en Budapest, Hungría - Viena, 24 de diciembre de 2015), es un exjugador húngaro de baloncesto. Consiguió 2 medallas en competiciones internacionales con Hungría.

Enlaces externos
Perfil en sports reference

Baloncestistas de la selección de Hungría
Baloncestistas de Hungría
Nacidos en Budapest
Fallecidos en Viena

László Bánhegyi


În domeniul matematic al teoriei reprezentării, reprezentările grupurilor descriu grupuri abstracte în termeni de transformări liniare bijective (adică automorfisme) ale spațiilor vectoriale; în particular, ele pot fi folosite pentru a reprezenta elementele de grup ca matrice inversabile, astfel încât operația grupului poate fi reprezentată prin înmulțirea matricelor. Reprezentările grupurilor sunt importante deoarece permit ca numeroase probleme de teoria grupurilor să fie  la probleme de algebră liniară, care este bine înțeleasă. Ele sunt, de asemenea, importante în fizică, deoarece, de exemplu, ele descriu cum grupul de simetrie al unui sistem fizic afectează soluțiile ecuațiilor care descriu acest sistem.

Termenul reprezentare de grup este folosit și într-un sens mai general, cu referire la orice "descriere" a unui grup ca grup de transformări ale unui obiect matematic. Mai formal, o "reprezentare" înseamnă un omomorfism de la grup la grupul de automorfism al unui obiect. Dacă obiectul este un spațiu vectorial, atunci avem o reprezentare liniară. Unii oameni folosesc termenul realizare pentru noțiunea generală și rezervă cel de reprezentare pentru cazul special al reprezentărilor liniare.

Teoria grupurilor

Reprezentare de grup


47 الدب الأكبر ب هو كوكب خارج المجموعة الشمسية يدور حول النجم 47 الدب الأكبر في كوكبة الدب الأكبر كل 1039 يوما. يعتقد أنه كوكب غازي نظرا لكبر كتلته التي تعادل 836.1 من كتلة الأرض، أو 2.63 من كتلة المشتري. في حين يعتقد أن قطره يقارب ال 56000 كيلومتر. يعتقد أن معدل درجة الحرارة على سطح 47 الدب الأكبر ب يصل إلى 83 درجة مئوية تحت الصفر. يبلغ قطر مدار الكوكب 2.13 وحدة فلكية. اكتشف الكوكب سنة 1996 من قبل جيوفري مارسي ور. باول بتلر.

انظر أيضاً
 47 الدب الأكبر ج.
 الدب الأكبر 47.
 كوكبة الدب الأكبر.
 كوكب خارج المجموعة الشمسية.

انظر أيضاً
 4 الدب الأكبر ب

مراجع

اكتشافات جيفري مارسي
الدب الأكبر 47
كواكب خارج المجموعة الشمسية
كواكب خارج المجموعة الشمسية اكتشفت في 1996
كواكب خارج المجموعة الشمسية بأسماء أعلام
كواكب خارج المجموعة الشمسية مكتشفة بواسطة السرعة الشعاعية
كواكب عملاقة
كواكب عملاقة في النطاق الصالح للسكن

47 الدب الأكبر b


Agrilus nigroauratus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Hespenheide, em 1990.

Referências

nigroauratus

Agrilus nigroauratus


Chitrakoot es una localidad de la India situada en el distrito de Satna, en el estado de Madhya Pradesh. Según el censo de 2011, tiene una población de 23 316 habitantes.

Ubicada a orillas del río Mandakini, es un centro de peregrinaje repleto de templos antiguos, ghats (orillas escalonadas de un río), lagos sagrados y ashrams, casi todos los cuales recuerdan a los cuentos de la epopeya hindú Ramayana.

Referencias

Lugares de peregrinación hinduista
Localidades de Madhya Pradesh
Lugares del Ramayana
Ciudades de la Antigua India

Chitrakoot


Lago de Túnez (en árabe: البحيرة, en francés: Lac de Tunis) es una laguna natural ubicada entre la ciudad capital de Túnez y el golfo de Túnez (Mediterráneo). El lago cubre un total de 37 kilómetros cuadrados, en contraste con su tamaño, su profundidad es muy baja. Una vez fue el puerto natural de Túnez.

El norte del lago incluye la isla de Chikly, el hogar de una fortaleza española, y en la actualidad constituye (desde 1993) una reserva natural.

Debido a la continua agradación del lago durante el siglo XIX, las fuerzas coloniales francesas atravesaron el lago con un canal de 10 kilómetros de largo, 450 m de ancho y 6 m de profundidad.

Véase también
 Geografía de Túnez
 Geografía de África

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Mapa de localización del lago

Lagos de Túnez

Lago de Túnez


Podregija Zvornik (srp. Субрегија Зворник) je jedina od podregija mezoregije Bijeljine, odnosno u njenu je sastavu.

Zemljopis
Obuhvaća općine:
 Zvornik
 Osmaci
 Šekovići
 Bratunac
 Srebrenica
 Milići
 Vlasenica

Izvori

Regije Republike Srpske

Podregija Zvornik


Sv. Dionizije iz Aleksandrije, poznat kao "Veliki", bio je 14. papa Aleksandrije i patrijarh sv. Stolice Sv. Marka od 28. prosinca 248. do svoje smrti 22. ožujka 264.

Pregled

Najpoznatije informacije o njemu potječu iz sačuvane Dionizijeve prepiske. Do danas je preživjelo samo jedno izvorno pismo; preostala pisma su pronađena u djelima Euzebija. Dionizije, nazvan "Veliki" kako su ga vidjeli i doživjeli Euzebije, sv. Bazilije kao i još nekoliko suvremenika, bio je okarakteriziran u katoličkoj enciklopediji kao "nakon sv. Ciprijana, nesumnjivo najznačajnijeg biskupa iz trećeg stoljeća ... poput Sv. Ciprijana, ništa manje vrstan teolog nego što je bio veliki crkveni upravitelj."

Rani život

Dionizije je rođen bogatoj poganskoj obitelji negdje krajem 2. ili početkom 3. stoljeća. Proveo je većinu svog života čitajući knjige i pažljivo proučavajući tradicije heretika. Preobratio se na kršćanstvo u zrelo doba života i vodio raspravu o svom iskustvu obraćenja s Filemonom, prezbiterom pape Sikstom II. Dionizje se preobratio na kršćanstvo nakon ukazanja u kojem mu je zapovjeđeno da snažno proučava herezu koja se suočava s kršćanskom crkvom da bi ih mogao opovrgnuti doktrinarnim učenjem. Nakon obraćenja, pridružio se katehetskoj školi u Aleksandriji i bio je učenik Origena i pape Herakla. Na kraju je postao vođa škole i prezbiter kršćanske crkve, naslijedivši papu Herakla 231. godine. Kasnije, nakon smrti pape Herakla, je postao papa koptske pravoslavne Crkve Aleksandrije i patrijarh sv. Trona sv. Marka 248. godine.

Služba biskupa Aleksandrije

Za Dionizija bi se prije moglo reći da je bio vrstan i sposoban upravitelj nego što je bio veliki teolog, iako mu, prema informacijama o njegovu radu kao biskupu Aleksandrije koje se nalaze u njegovoj prepisci s drugim biskupima i svećenicima kršćanske crkve iz trećeg stoljeća, ne umanjuju vrijednost kao teologa, dapače, u njima se Dionizije nedvojbeno pokazao kao veliki poznavalac i tumač teologije jer su njegove rasprave uključivale značajna tumačenja evanđelja po Luki, evanđelja po Ivanu i knjige Otkrivenja.
Tijekom 249. godine u Aleksandriji dogodio veliki progon po naređenju rimskog cara Decija (249. – 251.) poznatoj i kao sedmi progon, koji su za njega izvršile poganske razbojničke skupine, pa su stotine kršćana bili napadnuti, kamenovani; njihove kuće i crkve spaljene ili srušene a sve zbog odbijanja da opovrgnu svoju vjeru. Dionizije je uspio preživjeti ovaj progon, kao i građanski rat koji je uslijedio.
U siječnju 250. car Decije ide korak dalje pa izdaje uredbu o pravnom progonu, naređujući svima u Rimskom Carstvu (osim židovskih patriota) da prinesu žrtvu rimskim bogovima za dobrobit cara. Iz straha od progona, mnogi su kršćani zanijekali svoju vjeru nudeći dokaz kako su prinijeli pogansku žrtvu, dok su drugi pokušavali doći do lažnih dokumenta kojima bi dokazali prinošenje žrtve. Ostali koji su odbili prinositi žrtvu, suočili su se s javnim ismijavanjem i zlostavljanjem, kako u svojoj obitelji, tako i među prijateljima, pa su bili prisiljeni na bijeg, a ako bi bili pronađeni živi, vlasti bi ih izložile brutalnom mučenju i pogubljenju. Tako su mnogi pobjegli iz grada u pustinju, gdje ih je najviše stradalo zbog izloženosti vrućini, gladi, žeđi ili napadima razbojnika ili divljih životinja.
Samog Dionizija je progonio župnik Sabinije, koji je poslao ubojicu da ga ubije čim ga ugleda. Dionizije je proveo tri dana skrivajući se, a onda, na četvrtu noć nakon objave Decijevog dekreta, sa svojim slugama i drugom lojalnom braćom odlučio se na pokret. Nakon nemilog susreta s grupom vojnika, imao je sreće pa je uspio pobjeći s dvojicom svojih sljedbenika, s kojima je nakon nekoliko dana bijega napravio stanište u Libijskoj pustinji, gdje je ostao sve do kraja progona sljedeće godine.
Po povratku u Aleksandriju, podržao je rimskog papu Kornelija (251. – 253.) u kontroverzi od 251., kada je Novacijan, učeni prezbiter Crkve u Rimu, postavio šizmatičku crkvu s rigoroznim položajem na preispitivanje svih onih kršćana koji su apostasirali tijekom Decijevog progona. Nasuprot Novanijevom učenju, Dionizije je naložio da se euharistija ne smije odbiti nikome tko ju je zamolio u trenutku smrti, pa čak ni onima koji su prethodno posrnuli u vjeri.
Godine 252. epidemija kuge je opustošila Aleksandriju i Dionizije je, zajedno s drugim svećenicima i đakonima, preuzeo na sebe pomoć bolesnim i umirućim. Progoni su malo popopustili za vrijeme vladavine rimskog cara Trebonijana Gala (251. – 253.). Kad je Gal preuzeo carstvo, oslobodio je sve vjernike koji su bili u zatvoru i vratio sve one koji su bili u izgnanstvu. Gal je Dioniziju i ostalim biskupima poslao pismo u kojem ih je uvjeravao u njihovu sigurnost prilikom otvaranja crkava. Međutim, nakon smrti cara Gala 253. godine, progoni su obnovljeni pod vladavinom njegovog nasljednika, cara Valerijana (253. – 260.). Valerijan je 258. godine, donio okrutan edikt, s ciljem progona kršćana. Naredio je, da se biskupi, svećenici i đakoni, ubiju odmah na licu mjesta. Senatorima, koji su bili kršćani, dao je oduzeti imovinu i osudio ih na smrt. Ostale kršćane je osudio na prisilni rad. U progonima su stradali papa Siksto II., Sveti Ciprijan Kartaški, sv. Lovro i mnogi drugi kršćani.

Proročka egzegeza

Otprilike 255. godine pojavio se spor oko milenijalističkih stavova podučavanih u "Opovrgavanju alegorista" koje je napisao Nepos, biskup u Egiptu, a koji je inzistirao na tumačenju knjige Otkrivenja doslovno kako je napisana: "tisućljeće tjelesnog luksuza" na zemlji. Budući da ga je podučavao Origen, Dionizije je uspio kroz usmene i pismene napore provjeriti to egipatsko oživljavanje milenijalizma, a posebno u svome djelu "Obećanje". Ponudio je neke kritične temelje za odbacivanje Knjige Otkrivenja, kao što je navodna razlika u stilu i dikciji i Ivanovom evanđelju i poslanicama. Dionizijeva je glavna pozicija bila tvrditi da knjigu Otkrivenja nije napisao Ivan: "Nisam se mogao izložiti opasnosti da odbacim knjigu, jer su se mnoga braća odnosila prama njoj s velikim poštovanjem", ali je, ipak, pripisao drugom Ivanu da ju je napisao - nekom "svetom i nadahnutom čovjeku" - ali ne apostolu Ivanu.
Njegov je utjecaj bio jako izražajan tijekom kasnijih godina u pogledu kanonizma Apokalipse, uzrokujući mnogo rasprava u crkvi, i, posljedično, zadržavajući se na Istoku sljedećih nekoliko stoljeća. Tako to je postalo razlogom da su se neke vođe počele povlačiti iz milenijalizma u točno onolikoj mjeri u kolikoj je filozofska teologija postajala utjecajnija.

Smrt i štovanje

Papa Dionizije je sjedio na prijestolju sv. Marka punih 16 godina i otišao u miru. Tijekom svoga službovanja ostao je nepokolebljiv u obavljanju svoje svete dužnosti širenja evanđelja i preobraćanja pogana i drugih nekšćana na kršćansku vjeru, a odlazi u vrijeme vladavine rimskog cara Postuma (260. – 269.) 22. ožujka (12. dan mjeseca Koiaka prema koptskom kalendaru) 264. AD. Pokopan je u Crkvi od Pećine u Aleksandriji.
Štuje se u Koptskoj pravoslavnoj Crkvi 17. studenoga (7. dan mjeseca Hatora prema koptskom kalendaru zabilježenom u sinaksarionu).

Ostavština

Sv. Bazilije piše papi Damazu, govoreći o pomoći koju je poslao papa sv. Dionizije crkvi u Cezareji. Ovu prepisku citira blaženi papa Pio IX. u enciklici "Praedecessores Nostros": lat.: naši prethodnici (Naprijed pomoć za Irsku) od 25. ožujka 1847.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Sinaksarion koptske Crkve
Khaled Gamelyan Coptic Encyclopedia,opensource

Google Books Radovi Gregory Thaumaturgus: Dionizije i Ahilije,archive.org
Pisma Dionizija od Aleksandrije papi Stjepanu (tertullian.org)
Bishop of Alexandria, Saint Dionysius, "St. Dionysius of Alexandria Letters and Treatises", edited by Charles Lett Feltoe, The MacMillin Company, London, 1918

Egipat
Koptski pape
Sveci

Dionizije Aleksandrijski


الصقور السعودية أو السرب الثامن والثمانون وهو فريق طيران استعراضي تابع للقوات الجوية الملكية السعودية، مكون من 7 طائرات بي أي إي هوك. يقدم الفريق عروض جوية في احتفلات رسمية ومهرجانات سياحية في السعودية وخارجها للتعريف بكفاءة وجاهزية القوات السعودية.

النشأة والتأسيس
أسس الفريق في 12 يونيو 1997، وقدم أولى مشاركته فوق سماء عاصمة المملكة العربية السعودية الرياض في 25 يونيو 1999 بمناسبة مرور 100 عام على تأسيس المملكة. أطلق على الفريق الاسم "الصقور السعودية" في 6 أغسطس 1998 من قبل الأمير سلطان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود. بدأ أول مشاراكاته بخمسة طيارين وخمس طائرات لمدة سنة، ثم ارتفع العدد إلى 7 طائرات. أنتقل الفريق في 16 فبراير 2000 وبعد سنتان من إنشائه من قاعدة الملك عبد العزيز الجوية بالظهران إلى قاعدة الملك فيصل الجوية بتبوك. في 16 فبراير 2000 شارك الفريق خارج المملكة لأول مرة بالمشاركة في احتفالات يوم قوة الدفاع لمملكة البحرين.

المشاركات
شاركت الصقور السعودية في العديد من المناسبات والمسابقات سواء في الاحتفالات الرسمية أو المهرجانات السياحية داخل السعودية وخارجها، وسجل الفريق أول مشاراكاته الدولية في 16 فبراير 2000 بمملكة البحرين الشقيقة خلال الاحتفال بيوم قوة الدفاع لمملكة البحرين، ثم شارك عالميا من خلال بطولة العالم للاستعراضات الجوية في مدينة العين وحصل على المركز الأول والميدالية الذهبية لعامين متتاليين 2004م و2005م، إضافة إلى المشاركات الأوروبية في كلاَ من المملكة المتحدة وبلجيكا والنمسا واليونان و إيطاليا واليونان وباكستان، الكويت، تونس

طائرات الفريق
هي طائرة (الهوك) المقاتلة بريطانية الصنع، وتستخدم لتدريب الطيارين المقاتلين وهي من أنسب الطائرات في العالم للقيام بهذه المهمة نظراً لحجمها المناسب وخفة ورشاقة حركتها، وقد تم  تعديلها داخليا وخارجيا لتناسب مهمة العروض الجوية، ويشترط لقيادتها أن يكون الطيار مقاتل عمل في الخطوط الأمامية للقوات الجوية ولديه أكثر من 800 ساعة طيران، يحمل رتبة نقيب فأعلى، ومؤهل لأن يكون مدرس طيار. تم طلائها بألوان علم المملكة الأخضر والأبيض، وتحمل حاويات الدخان الثلاثية لاستخدامها في العروض الجوية المكونة من ألوان الأبيض والأخضر والأحمر.

أعضاء الفريق
يتكون الفريق من 50 شخصا موزعين على ثلاثة أطقم وهي:

 الطاقم الجوي المكون من الطيارين الذين يقومون بأداء العروض الجوية وعددهم سبعة.
 الطاقم الفني وهو المسؤول عن الشؤون الإمدادية ومهمة صيانة وتجهيز الطائرات للطيارين والتأكد من السلامة الأرضية.
 الطاقم الإداري وهو المسؤول عن الأمور الإدارية.

معرض الصور

مصادر

 نبذة عن الصقور السعودية.

المراجع

أسراب القوات الجوية السعودية
القوات الجوية الملكية السعودية
تاريخ السعودية العسكري في عقد 1990
فرق استعراض جوي

الصقور السعودية


Eduviges Jagellón (, , ; Poznań, 15 de marzo de 1513-Neuruppin, 7 de febrero de 1573) era miembro de la dinastía Jagellón, y tras casarse con el príncipe elector Joaquín II de Brandeburgo, se convirtió en electora de Brandeburgo.

Biografía

Primeros años de vida
Eduviges nació el 15 de marzo de 1513 como la hija mayor del rey polaco Segismundo I Jagellón el Viejo y su primera esposa, la condesa húngara Bárbara de Zápolya, hermana del posterior rey Juan I de Hungría. Su madre, Bárbara, murió en 1515 posiblemente por complicaciones durante el parto de su segunda hija, Ana, que vivió solamente 5 años de edad. Tras la muerte de Bárbara, el rey Segismundo se volvió a casar con la princesa milanesa Bona Sforza y con ella tuvo varios hijos, entre ellos su posterior sucesor y heredero al trono.

Eduviges, como hija mayor del rey y única sobreviviente de su primer matrimonio, recibió atención especial, y si bien creció en la corte con sus medios hermanos, siempre tuvo tutores y nodrizas particulares. La corte polaca la conocía bajo el sobrenombre de la ″reginula″.

La princesa polaca fue descrita por Olaus Magnus, que la conoció en 1528, como una "damisela muy hermosa, sabia [...] más delicada que todas las riquezas que he mencionado, y merecedora de un santuario glorioso". Su mano primero fue pedida por el rey Gustavo I de Suecia, quien estaba decidido a hacerla su primera esposa. En 1526, Johannes Magnus fue enviado a Polonia por el rey sueco para negociar el matrimonio. A pesar de la insistencia, el rey Segismundo no aceptó la petición del rey Gustavo, luego de enterarse de las relaciones tensas entre el monarca sueco y la Iglesia católica (posteriormente la medio hermana de Eduviges, Catalina Jagellón, finalmente fue dada como esposa a Juan III de Suecia, hijo de Gustavo).

Matrimonio

El 29 de agosto de 1535, Eduviges se casó con Joaquín II de Brandeburgo (1505-1571), príncipe elector de Brandeburgo (1535-1571). La boda se celebró en Cracovia, y el príncipe elector prometió que no haría cambiar de confesión religiosa a su nueva esposa Eduviges, pues la familia real polaca era católica y Joaquín simpatizaba con las ideas de Martín Lutero. En el contrato matrimonial también estaba registrado que ella podía llevar consigo un sacerdote católico y podía ejercer su confesión religiosa libremente.

El matrimonio no fue del agrado de la suegra de Eduviges, Isabel de Dinamarca, una protestante devota, así, los servicios católicos fueron llevados a cabo en una capilla privada. Igualmente, Isabel estaba insatisfecha porque Eduviges no hablaba alemán.

Luego de lastimarse la espalda tras una caída durante una cacería, Eduviges tuvo problemas para caminar los 22 años del resto de su vida. El accidente significó el colapso de su matrimonio, el cual ya estaba en crisis por diferencias de religión e idioma. Eduviges fue reemplazada lentamente por la amante de su esposo, Anna Sydow, a quien Joaquín trató como su esposa y con la que se aparecía en actos públicos abiertamente.

Eduviges murió en Neuruppin el 7 de febrero de 1573, dos años después de su esposo.

Ella es uno de los personajes de la famosa pintura del polaco Jan Matejko, El Tributo Prusiano.

Hijos
Eduviges y Joaquín tuvieron seis hijos:
 Isabel Magdalena (6 de septiembre de 1537 - 22 de agosto de 1595), esposa de Francisco Otón, duque de Brunswick-Luneburgo.
 Segismundo (2 de diciembre de 1538 - 14 de septiembre de 1566), obispo de Magdeburgo y Halberstadt.
Eduviges (2 de marzo de 1540 - 21 de octubre de 1602), esposa de Julio, duque de Brunswick-Luneburgo.
 Sofía (14 de diciembre de 1541 - 27 de junio de 1564), esposa del conde Guillermo de Rosenberg.
 Joaquín (1543 - 23 de marzo de 1544)
 Hija de nombre desconocido nacida en 1545.

Referencias

Eduviges Jagellon
Polacas del siglo XVI
Consortes de miembros de la casa de Hohenzollern
Eduviges Jagellon
Nacidos en Poznan
Electoras consortes de Brandeburgo
Alemanas del siglo XVI

Eduviges Jagellón


Sammi Smith  (5 de agosto 1943 - 12 de febrero 2005)  fue una cantante y compositora country estadounidense.

Nacida Jewel Faye Smith, se la conoce por su éxito "Help Me Make It Through the Night", escrita por Kris Kristofferson. Fue una de las pocas mujeres en el movimiento Outlaw country durante los años 70.

Discografía
Discografía de Sammi Smith

Premios

CMA
 1971: Single del año por "Help Me Make It Through the Night"

Premios Grammy
 1972: Mejor interpretación vocal country, femenina por "Help Me Make It Through the Night".

Nominaciones

CMA
 1971: Álbum del año por Help Me Make It Through the Night
 1971: Vocalista femenina del año

Referencias

 All Music
 Countrypolitan
 Sammi Smith At CMT.com
 Tucker, Stephen R. (1998). "Sammi Smith". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 492.
 Wolff, Kurt. Country Music: The Rough Guide.

Cantantes de country
Fallecidos en Oklahoma City

Sammi Smith


Timi Holm Hansen, poznatiji pod umjetničkim imenom Grabber, (Frederiksberg, Danska, 28. listopada 1958. – 4. studenoga 2019.) bio je danski basist. Svirao je u danskom heavy metal sastavom Mercyful Fate od 1981. do 1985. i od 1992. do 1993. te u njegovom nasljednom projektu King Diamond od 1985. do 1987.

Životopis

Glazbenu karijeru započeo je u punk sastavu Brats u kojem su svirali i Hank Shermann i King Diamond. Godine 1981. sastav se raspao i njegovi članovi osnivaju Mercyful Fate.

Kad se Mercyful Fate raspao, Hansen se s Michaelom Dennerom pridružio samostalnom sastavu King Diamond. Napustio ga je nakon turneje albuma Abigail. Godine 1988. s Hankom Shermannom i Michaelom Dennerom osnovao je sastav Lavina koji je objavio jedan album.

Godine 1993. Mercyful Fate ponovo se aktivirao. Nakon albuma In the Shadows Hansen je sastav 1994. ponovo napustio. Radije je svirao prstima nego trzalicom.

Dana 1. kolovoza 2019., King Diamond je najavio da će Mercyful Fate svirati na Copenhellu i na nekim koncertima turneje, ali Hansen nije htio prisustvovati i zamijenio ga je Joey Vera. Preko Livije Zite objasnio je da se bori protiv raka. Hansen je umro 4. studenoga 2019., tjedan dana nakon svog 61. rođendana.

Diskografija

 S Mercyful Fateom
 Mercyful Fate (1982.)
 Melissa (1983.)
 Don't Break the Oath (1984.)
 The Beginning (1987.)
 Return of the Vampire (1992.)
 In the Shadows (1993.)
 The Bell Witch (1994.)
 The Best of Mercyful Fate (2003.)

 S Kingom Diamondom
 No Presents for Christmas (1985.)
 Fatal Portrait (1986.)
 Abigail (1987.)
 The Dark Sides (1989.)
 In Concert 1987: Abigail (1991.)
 A Dangerous Meeting (1992.)
 The Best of King Diamond (2003.)
 Dreams of Horror (2014.)

Izvori

Danski glazbenici
Basisti heavy metala

Timi Hansen


Petru Groza (7 December 1884 – 7 January 1958) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian politician, best known as the first Prime Minister of the Communist Party-dominated government under Soviet occupation during the early stages of the Communist regime in Romania, and later as the President of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly (nominal head of state of Romania) from 1952 until his death in 1958.

Groza emerged as a public figure at the end of World War I as a notable member of the Romanian National Party (PNR), preeminent layman of the Romanian Orthodox Church, and then member of the Directory Council of Transylvania. In 1925–26 he served as Minister of State in the cabinet of Marshal Alexandru Averescu. In 1933, Groza founded a left-wing Agrarian organization known as the Ploughmen's Front (Frontul Plugarilor). The left-wing ideas he supported earned him the nickname The Red Bourgeois.

Groza became Premier in 1945 when Nicolae Rădescu, a leading Romanian Army general who assumed power briefly following the conclusion of World War II, was forced to resign by the Soviet Union's deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Andrei Y. Vishinsky. During Groza's tenure, Romania's King, Michael I, was forced to abdicate as the nation officially became a "People's Republic". Although his authority and power as Premier was compromised by his reliance upon the Soviet Union for support, Groza presided over the onset of full-fledged Communist rule in Romania before eventually being succeeded by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej in 1952 and became the President of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly until his death in 1958.

Early life
Born as one of the three sons of a wealthy couple in Bácsi (now called Băcia), a village near Déva (today Deva) in Transylvania (part of Austria-Hungary at the time), his father Adam was a priest. Groza was afforded a variety of opportunities in his youth and early career to establish connections and a degree of notoriety, which would later prove essential in his political career. He attended primary school in his native village, then in Kastély (now Coștei) and Lugos (now Lugoj) in the Banat. In 1903, he graduated from the Hungarian Reformed high school (now the Aurel Vlaicu High School) in Szászváros (now Orăștie). That autumn, he began his law and economics training in Hungary, studying at the University of Budapest. In 1905, he took courses at the University of Berlin, heading to Leipzig University in 1906. He obtained a doctorate from the latter institution in 1907.

Career
After completing his studies, Groza returned to Deva to work as a lawyer. During World War I he served as a soldier in the 8th Honvéd Regiment. In 1918, at the war's end, he emerged on the political scene as a member of the Romanian National Party (PNR) and obtained a position on the Directory Council of Transylvania, convened by ethnic Romanian politicians who had voted in favour of union with Romania; he maintained his office over the course of the following two years.

Throughout this period of his life, Groza established a variety of political connections, working in various Transylvanian political and religious organizations. From 1919 to 1927, for example, Groza obtained a position as a deputy in Synod and Congress of the Romanian Orthodox Church. In the mid-1920s, Groza, who had left the PNR after a conflict with Iuliu Maniu and had joined the People's Party, served as the Minister for Transylvania and Minister of Public Works and Communications in the Third Averescu cabinet.

During this period in his life, Groza was able to amass a personal fortune as a wealthy landowner and establish a notable reputation as a prominent layman within the Romanian Orthodox Church, a position which would later make him invaluable to a Romanian Communist Party (PCR) that was campaigning to attract the support of Eastern Orthodox Christians who constituted the nation's most numerous religious group in 1945.

Politics

Rise to power

Despite having briefly retired from public life in 1928 after holding a series of political posts, Groza reemerged on the political scene in 1933, founding a peasant-based political organization, the Ploughmen's Front.

Although the movement originally began in order to oppose the increasing burden of debt carried by Romania's peasants during the Great Depression in Romania and because the National Peasants' Party could not help the poorest peasants, by 1944 the organization was essentially under Communist control. The Communist Party wished to seize power but was too weak to seize it alone – post-communist historiography would later claim that in 1944 it had only about a thousand members. Accordingly, the Romanian communist leaders decided to create a broad coalition of political organizations.

This coalition was composed of four major front organizations: the Romanian Society for Friendship with the Soviet Union, the Union of Patriots, the Patriotic Defense, and, by far the most widely backed by the Romanian populace, Groza's Ploughmen's Front. Being a chief political actor in the largest of the Communist front organizations, Groza was able to assert himself in a position of eminence within the Romanian political sphere as the Ploughmen's Front joined the Communist Party to create the National Democratic Front in October 1944 (it also included the Social Democrats, Mihai Ralea's Socialist Peasants' Party and the Hungarian People's Union, as well as other minor groups). He was first considered by the Communist Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu for the post of Premier in October 1944.

Groza's prominent status within the National Democratic Front afforded him the opportunity to succeed General Nicolae Rădescu as premier when, in January 1945, top Romanian communist leaders, namely Ana Pauker and Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej rebuked Rădescu with allegedly failing to combat "fascist sympathizers". With the help of Soviet authorities, the Communists soon mobilized workers to hold a series of demonstrations against Rădescu, and by February many had died because the demonstrations often led to violence. While the communists claimed that the Romanian Army was responsible for the deaths of innocent civilians, Rădescu weakened his own popular support by stating that the communists were "godless foreigners with no homeland". In response, Andrei Y. Vishinsky, the Soviet vice commissar of foreign affairs, traveled to Bucharest and allegedly gave King Michael an ultimatum—unless he sacked Rădescu and replaced him with Groza, Romania's independence would be at risk.
The king had hoped that General Gheorghe Avramescu, who commanded the Romanian 4th Army in the fight to liberate Transylvania and Hungary, would be designated the next prime minister, but, while Michael was waiting on 2 March for Avramescu to return from the front to Bucharest, the NKVD arrested Avramescu in Slovakia, and he died the next day. Faced with mounting Soviet pressure, Michael complied, and Groza became prime minister on 6 March 1945.

The Groza cabinets
Groza gave key portfolios such as defence, justice, and the interior to the Communists. It nominally included ministers from the National Liberals and National Peasants as well, but the ministers using those labels were fellow travellers like Groza, and had been handpicked by the Communists.

Despite the annoyance of the two powers, the Communists constituted only a minority in Groza's cabinet. The leading figures in the Romanian Communist Party, Pauker and Gheorghiu-Dej, wanted the Groza government to preserve the façade of a coalition government and thus enable the Communists to win the confidence of the masses, since right after the Second World War the communists enjoyed very little political support. For this reason top communist figures like Pauker and Gheorghiu-Dej did not join Groza's cabinet. They planned to gradually impose an out-and-out Communist regime under the veil of the existing coalition government.  By conflating the successes of the regime with their Party, Pauker and Gheorghiu-Dej hoped to win support for the party and lay the foundations for a one-party state. Accordingly, Groza maintained the illusion of a coalition government, appointing members of diverse political organizations to his cabinet and formulating his government's short-term goals in broad, non-ideological terms. He stated at a cabinet meeting on 7 March 1945, for example, that the government sought to guarantee safety and order for the population, implement desired land reform policies, and focus on a "swift cleanup" of the state bureaucracy and immediate prosecution of war criminals, i.e., officials of the Fascist wartime regime of Marshal Ion Antonescu (see Romania during World War II and Romanian People's Tribunals).

To confirm Groza in office, elections were held on 19 November 1946. The count was rigged in order to give an overwhelming majority to the Bloc of Democratic Parties, a Communist-dominated front that included the Ploughmen's Front. Years later, historian Petre Țurlea reviewed a confidential Communist Party report about the election that showed the BPD had, at most, won 47 percent of the vote.  He concluded that had the election been conducted honestly, the opposition parties would have won enough votes between them to form a coalition government—albeit with far less than the 80 percent support long claimed by opposition supporters.

In the mind of the Groza government, the 1946 election confirmed it in office. This claim was made in the face of protests by the United States and the United Kingdom who held that, pursuant to the agreements reached at the Yalta Conference in 1945, only "interim governmental authorities broadly representative of the population", should be supported by the major powers. As a result, Groza's government was permanently estranged from the United States and the United Kingdom, who nominally supported the waning influence of the monarchist forces under King Michael I.

As Prime Minister

Within days of becoming premier, Groza delivered his first major success. On 10 March 1945, the Soviet Union agreed to return to Romania Northern Transylvania, a territory of over  that had been assigned to Hungary through the 1940 Second Vienna Award sponsored by Germany and Italy. Groza promised that the rights of each ethnic group within the restored territory would be protected (mainly, as a reference to the Hungarian minority in Romania), while Joseph Stalin declared that the previous government under Rădescu had permitted such a large degree of sabotage and terrorism in the region that it would have been impossible to deliver the territory to the Romanians. As a result, only after Groza's guarantee of ethnic minority rights did the Soviet government decide to satisfy the petition of the Romanian government. The recovery of this territory, nearly fifty-eight percent Romanian in 1945, was hailed as a major accomplishment within the formative stages of the Groza regime.

Groza continued to improve the image of his own government while strengthening the position of the Communist Party with a series of political reforms. He proceeded to eliminate any antagonistic elements in the government administration and, in the newly acquired Transylvanian territory, removed three city prefects, including that of the region's capital, Cluj. The prefects removed were immediately replaced by loyal government officials directly appointed by Groza, so as to strengthen loyalist elements in local government in the region. Groza also promised a series of land reform programs to benefit military personnel, which would confiscate and subsequently redistribute all properties in excess of  in addition to all the property of traitors, absentees, and all who collaborated with the wartime Romanian government, the Hungarian occupiers during Miklós Horthy and Ferenc Szálasi's régimes, and Nazi Germany.

Despite giving the appearance of liberal democracy by granting women's suffrage, Groza pursued a series of reforms attempting to clamp down on the prominence of politically dissident media outlets in the nation. During the first month of his premiership, Groza acted to close down Romania Nouă, a popular newspaper published by sources close to Iuliu Maniu, leader of the traditional National Peasants' Party who disagreed widely with Groza's attempted reforms. Within a month of his assumption of the premiership, Groza shut down over nine provincial newspapers and a series of periodicals which, Groza declared, were products of those, "who served Fascism and Hitlerism". Groza soon continued this repression by limiting the number of political parties allowed within the state. Although Groza had promised to purge only individuals from the government bureaucracy and diplomatic corps immediately after assuming power, in June 1947 he began to prosecute entire political organizations, as, after the Tămădău Affair, he arrested key members of the National Peasants' Party and sentenced Maniu to life in prison "for political crimes against the Romanian people". By August of that year, both the National Peasants' Party and the National Liberal Party had been dissolved and in 1948, the government coalition incorporated the Romanian Workers' Party (the forced union of communists and Romanian Social Democrats) and the Hungarian People's Union, effectively minimizing all political opposition within the state.

Royal strike and political crisis
On August 18, Roy Melbourne presented to Foreign Minister Gheorghe Tătărescu a verbal note showing that the American government "wants the establishment of a representative regime made up of all democratic groups in this country". Consequently, the US will only sign a final peace treaty with a fully recognized democratic government. Both Groza and Tătărescu rejected the note, declaring it null and void. They argued that the US could not address a government it did not recognize. British diplomats also sent such a note, but the government had the same attitude.

Faced with Groza's refusal to resign, King Mihai instituted, on August 21, the royal strike and no longer agreed to countersign the government's documents. At the December 1945 Conference, it was decided that the situation should be resolved by appointing one PNL and PNȚ member each to the government, after which free elections would be organized and freedom of "press, speech, religion and association " would be ensured. Maniu warned that without the neutrality of the Ministries of Interior and Justice, free elections could not take place in Romania, but the decision had to be followed. On January 7, 1946, they took the oath as ministers Emil Hațieganu, from PNȚ, and Mihail Romniceanu, from PNL. Basically, the decisions in Moscow represented the victory of the Soviet point of view, the government of Petru Groza being recognized by the USA and Great Britain on February 5, 1946.

During his term as premier, Groza also clashed with the nation's remaining monarchist forces under King Michael I. Although his powers were minimal within Groza's regime, King Michael symbolized the remnants of the traditional Romanian monarchy and, in late 1945, the King urged Groza to resign. The King maintained that Romania must abide by the Yalta accords, allowing the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union to each have a hand in post-war government reconstruction and the incorporation of a broader coalition force he had already organized. Groza flatly rejected the request, and relations between the two figures remained tense over the next few years, with Groza and the King differing on the prosecution of war criminals and in the awarding of honorary Romanian citizenship to Stalin in August 1947.

Early on the morning of 30 December 1947, Groza summoned Michael back to Bucharest, ostensibly "to discuss important matters"; the king had been preparing for a New Year's party at Peleș Castle in Sinaia. When Michael arrived, Groza presented the king with a pretyped instrument of abdication and demanded that Michael sign it. According to Michael's account, when he refused, Groza threatened to launch a bloodbath and arrest thousands of people. Michael eventually signed the document, and a few hours later parliament abolished the monarchy and declared Romania a republic.

The elections of November 1946
After the failure of the royal strike, Mihai adopted a more cautious position with the government. In view of the elections, the governmental political forces constituted, on May 17, 1946, the Bloc of Democratic Parties to submit joint lists for the elections. BPD consisted of PCR, PSD, PNL-Tătărescu, PNȚ-Alexandrescu, FP and PNP. Instead, the democratic parties, PNȚ, PNL and PSDI, failed in their attempt to create a common opposition front. The government also amended the electoral law, so that for the first time in history, women could also participate in the electoral process.
The election campaign was carried out by numerous and serious abuses by government forces and exacerbated opposition attacks against them. Although Washington and London repeatedly gave Maniu guarantees that the elections to be held would be free and supervised by the Western powers, the government did not hesitate to use Stalin's dictum in the electoral process: "It doesn't matter who votes with whom, it matters who count the votes". The elections took place on November 19, 1946, with a massive turnout. The official published results were: BPD - 69.81%, PNȚ - 12.88%, UPM - 8.32%, PNL - 3.78%, PȚD - 2.36%.

Immediately, the opposition accused the government of fraud, with Maniu claiming that the results had been reversed, so that in fact the PNȚ had won. Instead, the governing parties claimed that the election results reflected the citizens' adherence to the BND program, and the minor incidents that occurred were provoked by the opposition. In fact, it was the same Romanian electoral tradition that the government declared that the elections were fair, while the opposition accused them of fraud.

The same divergence existed between Moscow and the British and American officials. Reports arrived in Washington from the diplomatic mission of the Western powers and from the Ministry of the Interior in Bucharest, which had the same divergent content. The US and Great Britain limited themselves to some formal declarations, the agreement on the division of spheres of influence having been taken a long time ago. The memoirs prepared by Maniu and Brătianu were not taken into account, and on December 1, 1946, King Mihai delivered the Opening Message of the Assembly of Deputies: "I am happy to be among the representatives of the country, gathered today for the first time, after a long interruption of parliamentary life."

On February 10, 1947, Romania signed the Peace Treaty with the Allied and Associated Powers, so the regime of the Armistice Convention officially ended. This fact meant that Great Britain and the USA no longer had any leverage to intervene in favor of the opposition, Romania passing under the exclusive control of the USSR.

Removal of opposition
After the parliamentary elections, the essential political objective of the Groza government was to seize all power in the state and liquidate any forms of opposition. The plan was drawn up by the Minister of the Interior, Teohari Georgescu, and Panteley Bodnarenko, a Soviet intelligence officer. Since the beginning of 1947, the communist authorities have carried out numerous arrests against political opponents by committing serious abuses. On July 14, 1947, the Home Office authorities managed to set a trap for the main peasant-national leaders, who were preparing to leave for Great Britain to inform Western diplomats about the real situation in the country. The staging in Tămădău was labeled as an act of national treason and turned into a major political case.

In order to allow the involvement of PNȚ and Iuliu Maniu, the authorities extended the charges from fraudulent attempt to leave the country to activities of a political nature. On July 30, 1947, through a journal of the Council of Ministers, it was decided to dissolve the National Peasant Party. On the same day, the Assembly of Deputies was convened, during which, based on a report drawn up by Teohari Georgescu, the dissolution was approved with 294 votes for and one against. The diary stated:"The National-Peasant Party under the presidency of Mr. Iuliu Maniu is and remains dissolved on the date of publication in the Official Monitor of this Journal. The same dissolution decision also includes all county, network and communal organizations of the aforementioned party, military, youth, women's organizations and any other organizations or associations led by this party".

On November 1, the National Liberal Party decided to cease its activity. Five days later, the Assembly of Deputies adopted a motion of no confidence in Gheorghe Tătărescu, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the vice-president of the Council of Ministers. The following day, PNL-Tătărescu representatives resigned from the government. The trial of the PNȚ leaders took place between October 29 and November 4.

The sentence was established in advance, based on accusations without material cover, based not on evidence, but on political indications coming from Moscow and presented in legal form in Bucharest. Iuliu Maniu and Ion Mihalache were the only ones sentenced to hard prison for life.

Proclamation of the Republic
On November 12 , King Mihai and Queen Mother Elena went to London to witness the marriage of Princess Elizabeth, the heir to the British Crown. Here, he met Princess Ana de Bourbon-Parma. The two went to Lausanne, Switzerland, where they unofficially got engaged on December 6, 1947. Asking for the approval of the Romanian government, the answer that came 10 days later states that the marriage was not opportune at that time.

The international press was already starting to speculate that the Romanian sovereign would stay abroad for a woman, abandoning his constitutional prerogatives. To refute the speculations, on December 18, Mihai boarded the train in Lausanne and arrived in Bucharest three days later. After a meeting with Petru Groza, where no conclusion was reached, Mihai and his mother went to Sinaia for the winter holidays. On Christmas Eve, Emil Bodnăraș was inaugurated as Minister of National Defense, who, according to some information, had just arrived from Moscow, where he had received from Stalin the instructions regarding the organization of the abdication of King Mihai.
Prime Minister Groza gives the opening address on Russian-Romanian relations.
At around 20:30 on the evening of December 29, King Mihai was informed about Petru Groza's formal request to grant him an audience the next day, at 10:00. Initially, he assumed it was about his marriage. In the morning of December 30, 1947, the king, together with the queen-mother and some people from the Court moved to Bucharest, and around 12:00 they arrived at the palace on Kiseleff road. In 15 minutes Petru Groza also arrived, who was accompanied by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. Groza was the first to address, "Well, Your Majesty, the time has come to arrange an amicable parting." Surprised, Mihai asked what he meant by these words. "The problem of ending the monarchy. After all, I warned you that you need to prepare for something like this. You must understand that there is no place for a king in Romania anymore," Groza declared. The king retorted, "It is not you who can tell me to go. This matter must be decided by the people".

Groza states that the government will arrange the material problems so that the royal family can lead a comfortable life. Also, Gheorghiu-Dej alluded to a possible lawsuit that could be filed "His Majesty". At that moment, Mihai declared that "your proposal raises serious constitutional issues". "We've thought of everything," Groza replied, pulling out a sheet of white parchment paper from the folder he'd been holding since the audience began. "I will study this paper," declares the king, hoping to buy more time. Precise horror: "You must read now. We are not leaving this house until the paper is signed, even if we have to stay here until tonight. Our people are waiting for the news of the abdication. If we don't have your signature, there will be trouble."

At that point, the king went into the next room, where the Palace Marshal informed him that the guard had been changed, the palace was surrounded by troops, and telephone communications were down. When he returned to the room, Mihai asked why all these measures were taken. "The people are impatient Sire, we have been here for quite a long time," answered Groza. "What if I refuse to sign"?, asked the king. Groza resorted to a last threat: "You saw, everything was foreseen. A civil war may break out. We cannot be responsible for anyone's security. And you will bear the responsibility".

In a report from December 1990, Mihai claimed that Groza and Gheorghiu-Dej resorted to blackmail: "They told me that the members of the government, that is, the communists, would have to, in order to counteract any form of opposition, execute over a thousand of students among those who had been arrested in the last year". He also stated that Groza "came up to me and asked me to feel his waistcoat near the pocket. He said to me: Touch! And he had the gun in his pocket, giving the explanation: So that what happened to Antonescu doesn't happen to me." After this, Mihai sits down at the table and signs the abdication document.

At 15:30 the Council of Ministers met. Petru Groza announced the act of abdication and a government proclamation was issued to the country. This informed the king's abdication and appreciated that "Thus, the Romanian people acquired the freedom to build a new form of state - the People's Republic". At 19:10, under the presidency of Mihail Sadoveanu, the extraordinary meeting of the Assembly of Deputies opened.

Two bills were unanimously approved. The first took note of the abdication of King Mihai I, for himself and his descendants, the Constitution of Romania was abrogated, and the new official name of the state became the Romanian People's Republic. It was also specified that the legislative power will be exercised by the Assembly of Deputies until its dissolution and the meeting of a Constituent National Assembly, which will be held at a date fixed by the Assembly of Deputies. It will adopt the new Constitution of the RPR. Through the second project, the members of the Provisional Presidium of the RPR were appointed: Constantin Ion Parhon, president, Mihail Sadoveanu, Ștefan Voitec, Gheorghe Stere and Ion Niculi, vice presidents. The meeting ended after only one hour.

President of the MAN presidium
On February 24, 1948, the Assembly of Deputies was dissolved . Three days later , the People's Democracy Front was established , an electoral alliance formed by the Romanian Workers' Party (the new name adopted by the communists following the merger with the PSD), the Plowmen's Front , PNL -Bejan and the Hungarian People's Union . On March 28, the elections were held for the Grand National Assembly, the unicameral legislative forum of the RPR. The first objective of the Great Assembly was to draft a new fundamental law. The Constitution of the Romanian People's Republic was promulgated on April 13, 1948 .

Groza kept his mandate as prime minister until June 2, 1952. Ten days later he replaced Constantin Ion Parhon as president of the presidium of the Great National Assembly, the institution that symbolically ensured the leadership of the RPR. He remained in this position until the end of his life.
Prime Minister Petru Groza, delivering his speech on the occasion of the installation of the Provisional County of the People's Council of the Capital.
Starting from 1948, the communist authorities began to impose the Stalinist model of organization and management of society. On June 11, 1948, the Groza government passed the law for the nationalization of industry. This measure aimed at the destruction of private property and generalized public ownership in industry, banking and transport. The State Planning Committee was created, which ensured economic development on a planned basis, based on economic centralism. Starting from 1951, the economic organization plan was for five years (the five-year plan).

Also following the Soviet model, the Collective Agricultural Farms and the State Agricultural Farms were established, which indicated the types of crops and fixed the prices of agricultural goods. Peasants were allowed to keep small plots of land, but which did not exceed 0.15 ha.

On the international level, Romania was a founding member of CAER (1949) and of the Warsaw Treaty (1955).
Groza's statue, in Mogoșoaia.
Old and sick, he was forced to accept, on February 7 , 1953, the dissolution of the Plowers' Front, a competitor and thorn in the eyes of the communists. However, Groza did not join the PMR, thus achieving the political feat of placing himself in leading positions within the regime without ever having been a party member. One explanation may be the ability with which he managed to attract the support and trust of Stalin, recalled in one of his political notes:I approached him. He was sitting on a kind of shack, slightly higher than the floor. I threw myself on my knees, kissed his feet, and said to him: At last I have attained my ideal of a little child. This day will be the most beautiful day of my life. Stalin, obviously impressed, took me by the arm, lifted me up, hugged me. My circus made a special impression on him and I won him over. I was an unparalleled theatrical artist!

Death
Groza stepped down as premier in 1952, and was succeeded by Gheorghiu-Dej. He was then named president of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly (de facto president of Romania), a post he held until 1958, when he died from complications following a stomach operation. He was buried at Ghencea Cemetery; his remains were later moved to the Carol Park Mausoleum, and finally to the cemetery in his native village, Băcia.

His daughter Maria Groza, who had served as his personal secretary, was later active in her own right as a diplomat and politician.

Legacy

The mining town of Ștei in Bihor County was named Dr. Petru Groza after him, a name it kept until after the Romanian Revolution of December 1989. After his death in 1958, Transylvania Boulevard in Bucharest was renamed Dr. Petru Groza Boulevard; it is now named after Gheorghe Marinescu. There are streets named after Groza in Cluj-Napoca, Galați, and Medgidia.

A  bronze statue of Groza, placed on a red Carrara marble pedestal, was unveiled in Deva in 1962. The monument, designed by sculptor , was removed in 1990, and replaced in 1999 by a statue of Trajan; in 2007, Groza's statue was transported to Băcia. Another statue of him, sculpted by , was inaugurated in the Cotroceni neighborhood of Bucharest in 1971; this statue was taken down in 1990, and replaced in 1993 by a monument to the Artillery Heroes. As of 2010, it lies in an open field near the Mogoșoaia Palace, next to a statue of Vladimir Lenin that used to be in front of Casa Scînteii.

References

Notes

Literature

Adrian Cioroianu (2005) Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc ("On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism"), Editura Curtea Veche, Bucharest,

1884 births
1958 deaths
People from Hunedoara County
Romanian Austro-Hungarians
Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Romania
Eötvös Loránd University alumni
Leipzig University alumni
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
20th-century Romanian lawyers
Romanian socialists
Eastern Orthodox socialists
Romanian Christian socialists
Christian communists
People's Party (interwar Romania) politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Romanian Ministers of Public Works
20th-century Romanian politicians
Romanian people of World War II
Heads of state of Romania
Prime Ministers of Romania
Deputy Prime Ministers of Romania
Leaders of political parties in Romania
Members of the Great National Assembly
Communism in Romania
Romanian National Party politicians
People of the Cold War
20th-century landowners

Petru Groza


Die Avenida Marechal Craveiro Lopes ist eine übergeordnete Innerortsstraße im Norden der portugiesischen Hauptstadt Lissabon. Sie ist Teil der autobahnähnlich ausgebauten Straßenspange 2ª Circular (Teil der Europastraße 1) und führt vom Viadukt am Campo Grande zur Rotunda do Aeroporto.

Geschichte
Die Avenida Marechal Craveiro Lopes wurde fünfeinhalb Jahre nach seinem Tod per Erlass der Câmara Municipal von Lissabon am 12. Februar 1970 nach dem General und Staatspräsidenten Francisco Craveiro Lopes (1894–1964) benannt.

Bauten
An der Avenida Marechal Craveiro Lopes liegen unter anderem ein Hotel der Kette Radisson Blu sowie zahlreiche Fabrik- und Verwaltungsgebäude. Sie führt südlich am Gelände des Flughafens vorbei.

Weblinks
 Toponímia de Lisboa (portugiesisch)

Marechal Craveiro Lopes
Bauwerk in Alvalade (Lissabon)
Bauwerk in Lumiar
Bauwerk in Olivais (Lissabon)
Straße in Europa

Avenida Marechal Craveiro Lopes


Adenocritonia, rod glavočika iz tribusa Eupatorieae, dio potporodice Asteroideae. Postoji svega dvije vrste, jedna iz Gvatemale i druga s Jamajke

Vrste
 Adenocritonia adamsii R.M.King & H.Rob.
 Adenocritonia steyermarkii H.Rob., Gvatemala

Izvori

Eupatorieae

Adenocritonia


21 er det andet studiealbum fra den britiske sangerinde Adele. Det blev udgivet den 24. januar 2011 i de fleste europæiske land og den 22. februar 2011 i nordamerika. Albummet fik titel efter sangerens alder, mens det blev produceret. 21 dele den folk og motownsoul inspirerede lyd, som hendes debutalbum 19 har, men blev yderligere inspireret af amerikansk country og blues, som Adele havde været udsat for under hendes turne i 2008-09 i USA kaldet An Evening with Adele. Det blev komponeret i efterdønningerne fra sangerens brud med sin partner, og albummet omhandler hjertesorg og tilgivelse.

Spor

Hitlister

Ugentlige hitlister

All-time charts

Referencer

Album fra 2011
Adele-album

21 (album)


Replantasyon Türk El Cerrahisi Derneği tarafından cerrahi olarak vücudun kopan bir parçasının işlevini yeniden kazandırmak amacıyla tüm yapılar ile beraber yeniden onarılması olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu kopan uzuvlar genellikle  parmak, el, kol, bacak, saçlı deri, penis, kulak olmaktadır.

Tarihçe
Tarihteki ilk replantasyon 1962 yılında başasistan olan Dr. Ronald Malt tarafından 12 yaşındaki bir çocuğa Massachusetts General Hospital'da uygulanmıştır (Boston, Massachusetts, ABD). Humerus seviyesinden kopan kolu başarıyla yerine dikilmiştir. Büyütme araçları kullanılarak yapılan ilk replantasyon Zhong-Wei Chen liderliğindeki ekip tarafından 1963 yılında Şangay'da gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bir makinistin ön kol uç seviyesinden kopan eli başarıyla yerine dikilmiştir. O dönemde çinde mikro dikişler olmadığı için damarlar birleştiriciler ile onarılmıştır.

Parmakta kısmi kopma sonrası ilk damar onarımı: Kleinert, ABD (1963)

İlk parmak replantasyonu: Komatsu & Tamai, Japonya (1965)

Teknik
Parmak veya ekstremite replantasyonlarında başarı ölçüsü sadece kopan parçayı yaşatmaktan ibaret değildir. Replante edilen parçanın fonksiyonlarının bir protezden daha iyi olması, motor, duyu fonksiyonları ve eklem hareketlerinin en az %60-80'inin kazanılması durumunda başarıdan söz edilir. Sonucun iyi olması kopan uzvun tüm yapılarının, yani kemik, kas, tendon, damar ve sinir gibi oluşumlarının hepsini uygun şekilde karşı karşıya getirilmesine bağlıdır. Bu yüzden replantasyon cerrahisi için özel donanım, özel teknik, deneyimli ve sabırlı cerrah ve yardımcılar gereklidir. Bunun yanında çok iyi bir rehbilitasyon uygulaması gerekir. Bunlardan birinin eksik veya yetersiz olması, replantasyon sonrası başarıyı olumsuz yönde etkiler, hatta replantasyon yapılmasını imkânsız kılar.

Endikasyon ve kontraendikasyonlar

Yaş
Her yaşta replantasyon yapılabilir. Ancak, küçük yaşlarda, özellikle parmak replantasyonlarında damar çaplarının küçüklüğü anastomoz zorluğu yaratır. Ameliyat sonrası anksiyeteye bağlı vazospazm ve rehabilitasyon çocuklarda sorun olabilir. Üst yaş sınırını belirlemek zordur. Hastanın fizyolojik durumu, başka hastalıklarının varlığı, genel aktivite seviyesi iyi değerlendirilmelidir. Yaşlı kişilerde replantasyon sonuçları çok iyi değildir.

Yaralanma şekli, kopan parçanın durumu
Temiz ve giyotin kesisi şeklindeki kopmalarda replantasyon başarısı yüksektir. Minimal lokal ezilmeli ve minimal distal ve proksimal yaralanması olan kopmalarda, ezilmiş ve hasarlı bölgenin temizlenmesi sonrası kısalık oluşturularak başarılı sonuçlar alınabilir. Çekme kuvveti sonucu oluşan avulsiyon tipi kopmalarda yaralanan doku seviyeleri farklı olabileceğinden çok iyi değerlendirme sonucu replantasyon yapılmalıdır. Özellikle oluşan atardamar eksikliğini kapatmak için araya toplardamar yamaları kullanmak gerekebilir. Kopan parçada ilave yaralanmalar olması replantasyon başarısını azaltır hatta imkânsız hale getirebilir. Geniş doku ezilmesi olan ve kirli kontamine kopmalarda replantasyon yapılmamalıdır. Çünkü, hem damar hasarından dolayı beslenmeyi sağlamak zordur, hem de enfeksiyon riski fazladır.

Kopma düzeyi
Genç ve sağlıklı insanlarda eğer yaralanma temiz ve giyotin kesisi şeklinde ise humerus, dirsek veya önkol proksimalinden olan kopmalarda replantasyon başarılı sonuç verebilir. Sinir iyileşmesinin yavaş olması, kas atrofisi, eklem sertliği gelişmesi gibi nedenlerle omuza yakın replantasyonlarda sonuç el fonksiyonları yönünden iyi değildir. Özellikle yaşlılarda bu seviyede yapılan replantasyon sonuçları daha kötüdür. Bilek ve alt seviyeden olan replantasyonlarda motor ve duyu geri dönüşü iyidir. Başparmak amputasyonu hangi seviyeden olursa olsun replante edilmelidir. Fakat tek parmak amputasyonu kesin replantasyon endikasyonu taşımaz. Eğer çok sayıda parmak amputasyonu varsa en az iki parmak işaret ve yüzük parmak fonksiyonu görecek şekilde replantasyon yapılırsa başparmak ile tutma ve yakalama görevi sağlanmış olur. İki taraflı amputasyonlarda replantasyon her iki tarafa da yapılmalıdır. Eğer bir taraf replantasyon için uygun değilse karşı tarafta uygun olan kompmuş parçalar diğer taraftaki uyan güdüğe replante edilebilir.

Sıcak iskemi zamanı
İskelet kasları 6 saatlik kansızlıktan sonra normal ısıda nekroze olmaya başlar. Kopan parça +4 dereceye yakın soğutulursa bu değişiklikler geciktirilip iskemi zamanı uzatılabilir. Fakat adaleler için üst sınır tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Bilek seviyesi üzerinde olan kopmalarda 6-8 saatten önce kanlanma sağlanamayacaksa replantasyon yapılmamalıdır. Eğer yapılır ise replante edilen parçanın kaslarının sebep olduğu hiperkalemi, asidozis, myoglobulinüri, aritmi, böbrek hasarı ve metabolik asidoz yapabilir sonuçta hastanın hayatı riske girebilir. Ayrıca enfeksiyon riski artar ve uzuv yaşarsa ileride fonksiyonu kötü olur. Adale taşımayan parmak kopmalarında sıcak iskemi zamanı 8 saat olup parmak +4 derecede saklanırsa bu süre 30 saate kadar çıkabilir.

Hastanın durumu
Kaza nedeniyle hayatı tehdit eden kafa, göğüs veya karın travması olan hastalarda uzun süre anestezi verilemeyeceği ve kan kaybı nedeniyle replantasyon yapılmayabilir.
Romatoid artrit, diyabet, SLE, kalp krizi, kronik kalp, akciğer ve böbrek hastalıkları, kanser hastalığı olan hastalarda anestezi riski ve damar sorunu nedeniyle; psikiatrik hastalarda ise rehabilitasyon güçlüğü nedeniyle replantasyon yapılmaması daha uygundur.

Hasta ve kopan parçanın taşınması
Replantasyonda başarı faktörlerinden biri de hasta ve kopan parçanın replantasyon merkezine en kısa ve en uygun şekilde gönderilmesidir. Uygun olmayan bir taşıma replante edilebilecek özellikte bir kopmayı replante edilemez hale getirebilir. Kaza geçiren ve bir uzvu kopan hastanın öncelikle genel durumu değerlendirilmeli, kanama kontrol altına alınmalıdır. Kanamayı kontrol için genellikle basınçlı sargılar yeterli olur. Damarlar klempe edilmemeli veya bağlanmamalıdır. Çünkü bu şekilde oluşan damar hasarı tekniği zorlaştırır. Basınçlı sargı ile kanama kontrol altına alınamıyorsa geçici turnike kullanılabilir. Kopan uzvun tüm parçaları korunmalıdır. Doku temizliği gerektirecek şekilde kirlenme varsa, kopan parça nazikçe temizlenmeli ve bulaşan artıklardan kurtarılmalıdır. Doku temizliğinde tentürdiyot, zefiran, oksijenli su gibi antiseptikler asla kullanılmamalıdır. Daha sonra kopan parça serum fizyolojik veya ringer laktat ile nemlendirilmiş bir beze sarılarak sağlam bir naylon torbaya konup torbanın ağzı bağlanmalıdır. Torbanın içerisine alkol veya formaldehit gibi sıvılar kesinlikle konulmamalıdır. Replantasyon merkezi yaralanma yerine yakın değilse, iskemi zamanını uzatmak için kopan parçayı +8 veya +4 dereceye soğutarak göndermek gerekir. Bu durumda bir buzlu su (1/3 oranında su, 2/3 oranında buz) torbası hazırlanır. Daha önce hazırlanan kopan parça torbası ile bu iki torba bir arada bir kap içerisine konarak gönderilir. Parça buz kalıbı üzerine konulmamalıdır, çünkü donma sonucu replantasyon şansı kalmaz. Bu nedenle buzlu su hazırlanırken buz kalıp halinde değil küçük parçalar halinde torbaya konulmalı, buzlu su torbasının her tarafı aynı soğuklukta olmalıdır.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Rekonstrüktif Mikrocerrahi Derneği
 Acil El cerrahisi ve Mikrocerrahi Derneği
 TİSK Mikrocerrahi ve Rekonstrüksiyon Vakfı
 Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi derneği

Cerrahi
Plastik cerrahi
Ampütasyonlar

Replantasyon


Vartal je najstarija antologija hrvatske lirike. Djelo je od kapitalne važnosti za hrvatsku književnost. Sastavio ga je hrvatski pjesnik i sakupljač književnih djela i povijesnih dokumenata Petar Lucić. Predstavlja zbornik pjesničkih i proznih djela što ih Lucić sakupio koncem 16. stoljeća. U Vartal je uvrstio hrvatske autore od Zadra do Dubrovnika, od poznatih poput Marka Marulića, Šiška Menčatića, Mavra Vetranovića, Nikole Dimitrovića, preko manje poznatih, do sasvim nepoznatih. Vartlom je sastasvljač dokazao čvrstu povezanost hrvatske književne djelatnosti i uopće pismenosti od Dubrovnika do Zadra i otpornost toga stvaralaštva prema prolaznosti i nedaćama vremena. Pronašao ga je Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski, u trogirskome benediktinskom samostanu sv. Nikole 1854. godine. Danas se kodeks čuva u Arhivu HAZU (sign. IV. a. 31), a njegovo cjelovito znanstveno izdanje priredio je 1990. Nikica Kolumbić.

Izvori

Hrvatski pjesnici
Knjige

Vartal


David John Bardsley (født 11. september 1964 i Manchester, England) er en engelsk tidligere fodboldspiller (forsvarer).

I løbet af sin 20 år lange karriere spillede Bardsley for blandt andet Blackpool, Watford og Queens Park Rangers. Han var med Watford med til at nå FA Cup-finalen i 1984, der dog blev tabt til Everton.

Bardsley spillede desuden to kampe for det engelske landshold, en venskabskamp mod Spanien i 1992 og en VM-kvalifikationskamp mod Polen året efter.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra England
Fodboldspillere fra Watford F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Blackpool F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Queens Park Rangers F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Oxford United F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Northwich Victoria F.C.
Personer fra Manchester

David Bardsley


Boffa steht für:
 Boffa (Stadt), eine Stadt in Guinea
 Boffa (Präfektur), eine Präfektur in der Region Boké in Guinea
 Boffa (Insel), eine antarktische Insel

Boffa ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 François de Boffa, Schweizer Fechter
 Giuseppe Boffa (1923–1998), italienischer Journalist, Historiker und Politiker
 Mennato Boffa (1929–1996), italienischer Automobilrennfahrer
 Paul Boffa (1890–1962), maltesischer Politiker
 Stefania Boffa (* 1988), Schweizer Tennisspielerin

Boffa


Andrijevica (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Андријевица, ) is a town and the seat of Andrijevica Municipality in Polimlje region in eastern Montenegro. According to the 2011 census, it has a population of 1,048.

History
The town of Andrijevica is a relatively new settlement, as its first rudiments begin in the middle of the nineteenth century. However, the territory the municipality is for a long time the area of human activity and space with numerous settlements that appeared and disappeared during the history.

Archaeological research of the Institute for monuments protection from Cetinje in 1956, it was discovered that traces of materialculture from Neolithic period exist in Berane valley. In addition, traces of the Illyrian culture were found also, so it can be assumed that the environment of Andrijevica was ecumenical space of numerous groups of people. Remainders of Roman settlements are also present in Berane valley, as well as in the vicinity of Andrijevica town.

During the Middle ages, the fort of Grace existed, 1 km from today's town of Andrijevica. The fort was probably guarding the road along the Lim River, which was part of the main road network between the regions of Raška and Zeta. This period saw emergence of a number of smaller villages and settlements, all of which predate the Andrijevica town.

During the rule of House of Nemanjić, it was noted that the area of Andrijevica was densely populated with Orthodox Christian population. In the Nemanjić era, the center of the area was Budim grad, some 15 km from today's town. A descendant of the Nemanjić house, Andrija, built a church called Andrijevina, which was razed by the Ottomans in 1765.

In nineteenth century, the warrior tribe of Vasojevići, which was frequently rebelling against Ottoman rule, began forming a settlement around the new church of Andrijevina, which will eventually become Andrijevica. In 1858, Vasojević Duke Miljan Vukov proclaims Vasojevići region a part of Montenegro.

From that point, the settlement gradually expands into town, but World War I interrupt its development. Andrijevica was center of the county (Okrug) from the 1918 to 1921, and the inter-war period was a time of rapid development for the town.

In July 1944, the German SS Skanderbeg division massacred more than 400 Orthodox Christian civilians in the town. After World War II, the town was first the seat of the district (srez), and then of municipality (opština) until 1960. Andrijevica was restored with municipality status in 1991.

The economy of Andrijevica was struck heavily by the decline of industry during the Yugoslav Wars, hence the population of municipality declined slowly but steadily.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Andrijevica had 1,048 inhabitants.

Sports
The local football team is FK Komovi, who have spent recent seasons in the country's third tier. They play their home games at the Stadion Prljanije. The town's handball team is RK Komovi.

Transport

Andrijevica is connected with rest of Montenegro by two-laned motorways. Local roads connect Andrijevica with Berane and Kolašin (both around  away), where local roads merge with E65/E80 road, which is main road connection of Montenegro's coast and Podgorica with northern Montenegro and Serbia. Andrijevica is on the corridor of the future Bar-Boljare motorway.

Podgorica Airport is around  away, and has regular flights to major European destinations.

Tourism

Andrijevica is surrounded by the mountains of Komovi, Bjelasica and Prokletije, situated on a terrace 40m above river Lim. Tourist activities in the area includes mountaineering (alpinism, hiking), biking, rafting, sports (soccer, basketball), fishing, etc. Main tourist attraction is mountain Komovi (2461 m). This mountain can be accessed by a car in less than 45 minutes, by the mountainous Andrijevica - Mateševo road.

Notes

References

External links
 Official site

Populated places in Andrijevica Municipality
Accursed Mountains
Serb communities in Montenegro

Andrijevica