Koka (lat. Erythroxylum), biljni rod od preko 250 vrsta grmova iz porodice kokovki (Erythroxylaceae), koji je raširen po Južnoj Americi.

Najpoznatija je Erythroxylum coca, biljka koja se kultivira zbog opojne droge kokaina. Vrsta E. vacciniifolium, narodno poznata kao katuaba, koristi se kao afrodozojak u brazilskim napicima i herbalnoj medicini.

Vrste

 Erythroxylum acrobeles W.A.Gentner
 Erythroxylum acuminatum Ruiz & Pav.
 Erythroxylum acutum W.A.Gentner
 Erythroxylum affine A.St.-Hil.
 Erythroxylum alaternifolium A.Rich.
 Erythroxylum amazonicum Peyr.
 Erythroxylum amplifolium Baill.
 Erythroxylum amplum Benth.
 Erythroxylum ampullaceum Baker
 Erythroxylum anceps O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum andrei Plowman
 Erythroxylum angelicae Loiola
 Erythroxylum anguifugum Mart.
 Erythroxylum annamense Tardieu
 Erythroxylum apiculatum Diogo
 Erythroxylum areolatum L.
 Erythroxylum argentinum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum armatum Oviedo & Borhidi
 Erythroxylum arrojadoi O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum australe F.Muell.
 Erythroxylum ayrtonianum Loiola & M.F.Sales
 Erythroxylum badium O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum banaoense Oviedo
 Erythroxylum bangii Rusby
 Erythroxylum baracoense Borhidi
 Erythroxylum barbatum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum bequaertii Standl.
 Erythroxylum betulaceum Mart.
 Erythroxylum bezerrae Plowman
 Erythroxylum bicolor O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum boinense H.Perrier
 Erythroxylum boivinianum Baill.
 Erythroxylum bradeanum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum brennae D'Arcy & Schanen
 Erythroxylum brevipes DC.
 Erythroxylum buxifolium Lam.
 Erythroxylum buxus Peyr.
 Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman
 Erythroxylum calyptratum Komada & Tagane
 Erythroxylum cambodianum Pierre
 Erythroxylum campestre A.St.-Hil.
 Erythroxylum campinense Amaral
 Erythroxylum carthagenense Jacq.
 Erythroxylum cassinoides Planch. & Linden
 Erythroxylum cataractarum Spruce ex Peyr.
 Erythroxylum catharinense Amaral
 Erythroxylum cincinnatum Mart.
 Erythroxylum citrifolium A.St.-Hil.
 Erythroxylum clarense Borhidi
 Erythroxylum coca Lam.
 Erythroxylum coelophlebium Mart.
 Erythroxylum cogolloi Jara
 Erythroxylum columbinum Mart.
 Erythroxylum compressum Peyr.
 Erythroxylum confusum Britton
 Erythroxylum cordato-ovatum Huber
 Erythroxylum coriaceum Britton & P.Wilson
 Erythroxylum corymbosum Boivin ex Baill.
 Erythroxylum couveleense Guillaumin
 Erythroxylum cuneatum (Miq.) Kurz
 Erythroxylum cuneifolium (Mart.) O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum cuspidifolium Mart.
 Erythroxylum daphnites Mart.
 Erythroxylum davidii D'Arcy & Schanen
 Erythroxylum deciduum A.St.-Hil.
 Erythroxylum dekindtii (Engl.) O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum delagoense Schinz
 Erythroxylum densum Rusby
 Erythroxylum dillonii Plowman ex Jara
 Erythroxylum discolor Bojer
 Erythroxylum distortum Mart.
 Erythroxylum divaricatum Peyr.
 Erythroxylum domingense Oviedo
 Erythroxylum dumosum Alain
 Erythroxylum ecarinatum Hochr.
 Erythroxylum elegans Baill.
 Erythroxylum ellipticum R.Br. ex Benth.
 Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn.
 Erythroxylum engleri O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum ferrugineum Cav.
 Erythroxylum fimbriatum Peyr.
 Erythroxylum firmum Baker
 Erythroxylum fischeri Engl.
 Erythroxylum flavicans Borhidi
 Erythroxylum foetidum Plowman
 Erythroxylum frangulifolium A.St.-Hil.
 Erythroxylum gaudichaudii Peyr.
 Erythroxylum gentryi Jara
 Erythroxylum gerrardii Baker
 Erythroxylum glaucum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum glaziovii O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum gonoclados (Mart.) O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum gracile O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum gracilipes Peyr.
 Erythroxylum grandifolium Peyr.
 Erythroxylum grisebachii Peyr.
 Erythroxylum guanchezii Plowman
 Erythroxylum guatemalense Lundell
 Erythroxylum hamigerum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum haughtii W.A.Gentner
 Erythroxylum havanense Jacq.
 Erythroxylum hildebrandtii O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum hondense Kunth
 Erythroxylum horridum Borhidi & Oviedo
 Erythroxylum hypericifolium Lam.
 Erythroxylum hypoleucum Plowman
 Erythroxylum impressum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum incrassatum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum jaimei Jara
 Erythroxylum jamaicense Fawc. & Rendle
 Erythroxylum kapplerianum Peyr.
 Erythroxylum kochummenii Ng
 Erythroxylum laetevirens O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum lanceolatum (Wight) Walp.
 Erythroxylum lanceum Bojer
 Erythroxylum lancifolium Peyr.
 Erythroxylum laurel Baill.
 Erythroxylum laurifolium Lam.
 Erythroxylum leal-costae Plowman
 Erythroxylum leandrianum Payens
 Erythroxylum lenticellosum Huber
 Erythroxylum leptoneurum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum ligustrinum DC.
 Erythroxylum lindemanii Plowman
 Erythroxylum lineolatum DC.
 Erythroxylum loefgrenii Diogo
 Erythroxylum longipes O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum longisetulosum Loiola & M.F.Sales
 Erythroxylum loretense Plowman
 Erythroxylum lygoides O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum macrocalyx Mart.
 Erythroxylum macrocarpum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum macrochaetum Miq.
 Erythroxylum macrophyllum Cav.
 Erythroxylum magnoliifolium A.St.-Hil.
 Erythroxylum mamacoca Mart.
 Erythroxylum mangorense H.Perrier
 Erythroxylum mannii Oliv.
 Erythroxylum maracasense Plowman
 Erythroxylum martii Peyr.
 Erythroxylum mattos-silvae Plowman
 Erythroxylum membranaceum Plowman
 Erythroxylum mexicanum Kunth
 Erythroxylum microphyllum A.St.-Hil.
 Erythroxylum mikanii Peyr.
 Erythroxylum minutifolium Griseb.
 Erythroxylum mocquerysii DC.
 Erythroxylum mogotense Oviedo
 Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb.
 Erythroxylum moonii Hochr.
 Erythroxylum mucronatum Benth.
 Erythroxylum myrsinites Mart.
 Erythroxylum myrtoides Bojer
 Erythroxylum nelson-rosae Plowman
 Erythroxylum nitidulum Baker
 Erythroxylum nobile O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum nordestinum Costa-Lima, Loiola & M.Alves
 Erythroxylum nossibeense Baill.
 Erythroxylum novocaledonicum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum novogranatense (D.Morris) Hieron.
 Erythroxylum nummularia Peyr.
 Erythroxylum oblanceolatum Craib
 Erythroxylum obtusifolium (Wight) Hook.f.
 Erythroxylum occultum Plowman
 Erythroxylum ochranthum Mart.
 Erythroxylum opacum Rusby
 Erythroxylum oreophilum (O.E.Schulz ex Pilg.) Steyerm. & Maguire
 Erythroxylum orinocense Kunth
 Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr.
 Erythroxylum oxycarpum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum oxypetalum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum pachyneurum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum pacificum D.R.Simpson
 Erythroxylum panamense Turcz.
 Erythroxylum paraguariense (Chodat & Hassl.) O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum parvistipulatum Peyr.
 Erythroxylum passerinum Mart.
 Erythroxylum patentissimum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum pauciflorum Rusby
 Erythroxylum pauferrense Plowman
 Erythroxylum pedicellare (Griseb.) O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum pelleterianum A.St.-Hil.
 Erythroxylum pervillei Baill.
 Erythroxylum petrae-caballi Plowman
 Erythroxylum × peyritschii O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum pictum E.Mey. ex Harv. & Sond.
 Erythroxylum platyclados Bojer
 Erythroxylum plowmanianum Cogollo & Pipoly
 Erythroxylum polygonoides Mart.
 Erythroxylum popayanense Kunth
 Erythroxylum pruinosum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum pulchrum A.St.-Hil.
 Erythroxylum pungens O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum pyrifolium Baker
 Erythroxylum raimondii O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum reticulatum Northr.
 Erythroxylum revolutum Mart.
 Erythroxylum rhodappendiculatum Costa-Lima
 Erythroxylum rignyanum Baill.
 Erythroxylum rimosum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum riparium T.Araújo & Amorim
 Erythroxylum riverae Jara & J.D.García-Gonz.
 Erythroxylum roigii Britton & P.Wilson
 Erythroxylum roraimae Klotzsch ex O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum rosuliferum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum rotundifolium Lunan
 Erythroxylum rufum Cav.
 Erythroxylum ruizii Peyr.
 Erythroxylum ruryi Plowman
 Erythroxylum santosii Plowman
 Erythroxylum sarawakanum R.C.K.Chung
 Erythroxylum schomburgkii Peyr.
 Erythroxylum schunkei Plowman
 Erythroxylum sechellarum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum seyrigi H.Perrier
 Erythroxylum shatona J.F.Macbr.
 Erythroxylum sideroxyloides Lam.
 Erythroxylum simonis Plowman
 Erythroxylum sinense Y.C.Wu
 Erythroxylum sobraleanum Loiola & L.S.Cordeiro
 Erythroxylum socotranum Thulin
 Erythroxylum sparsiflorum Baker
 Erythroxylum sphaeranthum H.Perrier
 Erythroxylum splendidum Plowman
 Erythroxylum spruceanum Peyr.
 Erythroxylum squamatum Sw.
 Erythroxylum stenopetalum Costa-Lima
 Erythroxylum steyermarkii Plowman
 Erythroxylum stipulosum Plowman
 Erythroxylum striiflorum H.Perrier
 Erythroxylum striolatum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum strobilaceum Peyr.
 Erythroxylum suberosum A.St.-Hil., A.Juss. & Cambess.
 Erythroxylum subglaucescens Mart. ex Peyr.
 Erythroxylum subracemosum Turcz.
 Erythroxylum subrotundum A.St.-Hil.
 Erythroxylum subsessile (Mart.) O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum substriatum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum subumbellatum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum tapacuranum Costa-Lima
 Erythroxylum tenue Plowman
 Erythroxylum tianguanum Plowman
 Erythroxylum timothei Loiola & M.F.Sales
 Erythroxylum tortuosum Mart.
 Erythroxylum tucuruiense Plowman
 Erythroxylum ulei O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum umbrosum Costa-Lima & M.Alves
 Erythroxylum umbu Costa-Lima
 Erythroxylum undulatum Plowman
 Erythroxylum urbanii O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum vaccinifolium Mart.
 Erythroxylum vaginatum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum vasquezii Plowman
 Erythroxylum vernicosum O.E.Schulz
 Erythroxylum virgultosum Mart.
 Erythroxylum williamsii Standl. ex Plowman
 Erythroxylum xerophilum H.Perrier
 Erythroxylum zambesiacum N.Robson
 Erythroxylum zeylanicum O.E.Schulz

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Kokovke

Koka


A Formação Yixian (chinês simplificado: 义县组; chinês tradicional: 義縣組; pinyin: Yìxiàn zǔ; anteriormente transcrita como Formação Yihsien) é uma formação geológica em Jinzhou, Liaoning, República Popular da China, que abrange o final estágios Barremiano e Aptiano inicial do Cretáceo Inferior. É conhecido por seus fósseis primorosamente preservados e é composto principalmente de basaltos intercalados com sedimentos siliciclásticos.

Datação
Por algum tempo, acreditou-se que a formação fosse do limite do Jurássico Superior ao Cretáceo Inferior, cerca de 145 milhões de anos atrás. Desde então, a datação radiométrica considerou que a formação é mais jovem; considera-se agora que a deposição de sedimentos ocorreram do Barremiano até o início do Aptiano, cerca de 126-124 milhões de anos.

A Formação Yixian forma a parte mais baixa do grupo Jehol, definido por Gu (1962 e 1983) como um grupo de formações geológicas incluindo os Leitos da Carvoaria Jehol, os Leitos de Xisto Betuminoso Jehol e as Rochas Vulcânias Jehol. A Formação Yixian é precedida pelas Camadas Daohugou mais antigas, de idade incerta do Jurássico ou Cretáceo Inferior, que às vezes são consideradas parte do grupo Jehol. A Formação Yixian (incluindo as formações sinônimas Jingangshan, Tuhulu, Jianchang, Vulcânica Inferior e Rocha Vulcânica) é seguida estratigraficamente pela Formação Jiufotang ligeiramente mais jovem e pela Formação Fuxin. Chiappe et ai. argumentou em 1999 que os leitos mais antigos do Yixian (aqueles que possuem uma fauna dominada por pássaros confuciusornitídeos) eram melhor separados como uma formação distinta, chamada de Formação Chaomidianzi, com uma localidade tipo na aldeia de Sihetun, aproximadamente 25 km ao sul da cidade de Beipiao.  No entanto, esta classificação caiu em desuso, e a Formação Chaomidianzi está em desuso como sinônimo do Leito Jianshangou da Formação Yixian.

A Formação Dabeigou em Fengning, Província de Hebei, pode preceder imediatamente a Yixian, ou pode ser equivalente aos mais antigos leitos Yixian. O Yixian também cobre a Formação Tuchengzi em alguns lugares.

Paleofauna

Ceratopsianos
Psittacosaurus

Saurópodes
Dongbeititan

Terópodes
Beipiaosaurus
Dilong
Mei
Microraptor
Sinosauropteryx
Tianyuraptor
Yutyrannus

Formações geológicas da China
Paleontologia na China

Formação Yixian


Russell Stewart Boyd, , ACS, ASC, (born 21 April 1944) is an Australian cinematographer. He rose to prominence with his highly praised work on Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975), the first of several collaborations with director Peter Weir.  Boyd is a member of both the Australian Cinematographers Society since 1975 and the American Society of Cinematographers since 2004.

Boyd served as cinematographer for Tender Mercies, a 1983 film about an alcoholic country singer played by Robert Duvall. Boyd largely utilized available light to give the film a natural feeling which director Bruce Beresford said was crucial to the movie. Actress Tess Harper said Boyd was so quiet during filming that he mostly used only three words: "Yeah, right and sure."

For his work on the 2003 film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, Boyd won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography. In 2021, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for "distinguished service to the visual arts as a cinematographer of Australian feature films and television productions" in the Queen's Birthday Honours.

Filmography

Short film

Feature film

Television
TV series

TV movies

Documentary works
Short films

Films

TV movie

Awards and nominations
Academy Awards

BAFTA Awards

Australian Film Institute Awards

Australian Cinematographers Society

Other Awards

References

Further reading

External links

1944 births
Living people
Officers of the Order of Australia
Australian cinematographers
Best Cinematographer Academy Award winners
Best Cinematography BAFTA Award winners
People from Victoria (state)

Russell Boyd


Der Family Circle Cup 2004 war ein Tennis-Sandplatzturnier für Frauen in Charleston. Es war als Turnier der Tier I-Kategorie Teil der WTA Tour 2004. Das Turnier fand vom 10. bis 18. April 2004 statt.

Das Finale im Einzel bestritten Venus Williams und Conchita Martínez, das Williams in drei Sätzen gewann. Im Doppel gewann die Paarung Virginia Ruano Pascual und Paola Suárez in zwei Sätzen gegen Martina Navratilova und Lisa Raymond.

Qualifikation
Die Qualifikation für den Family Circle Cup 2004 fand vom 10. bis 11. April 2004 statt. Ausgespielt wurden acht Qualifikantenplätze für das Einzel, die zur Teilnahme am Hauptfeld des Turniers berechtigten.

Einzel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Halbfinale, Finale

Obere Hälfte

Obere Hälfte 1

Obere Hälfte 2

Untere Hälfte

Untere Hälfte 1

Untere Hälfte 2

Doppel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Weblinks

Turnier der WTA Tour 2004
Tennisturnier in Charleston (South Carolina)

Family Circle Cup 2004


Euklidov algoritam je osnovni postupak pronalaženja najvećeg zajedničkog djelitelja ili najveće zajedničke mjere dvaju prirodnih brojeva u elementarnoj teoriji brojeva.

Ovaj je teorem i njegov dokaz prvi naveo Euklid u sedmoj knjizi čuvenih Elemenata. Algoritam je unatoč svojoj jednostavnosti i danas vrlo koristan te se i dalje uspješno primjenjuje.

Ako imamo neka dva prirodna broja  naći ćemo  tako da uzastopno oduzimamo  dok ne dođemo do prvog pozitivnog broja  manjeg od  Zatim oduzimamo višekratnike broja  od  i dobivamo  Sada računamo  na sličan način, itd. Uočimo da  dijeli svaku razliku  pa zato postupak ponavljamo konačno mnogo puta sve dok ne dođemo do

U dokazima Euklidova algoritma, često se koristi sljedeća važna lema.
Neka je  za prirodne brojeve . Tada vrijedi .

Naime, ako je  tada iz gornje jednakosti slijedi . No, onda mora biti  Analogno,  pa je .

Dobivamo , tj.
.

Geometrijski dokaz
Zamislimo da imamo dvije dužine  prirodnih duljina   te neka je  Dakle, zamišljamo da je  najdulja dužina od svih onih dužina koje možemo nanijeti prirodan broj puta, dakle bez ostatka, na obje dužine  Tada je naravno  Uočimo da ovdje znamo najveću zajedničku mjeru dužina  pa ćemo tako lagano pokazati valjanost algoritma.

Napomena. Ako je moguće neku dužinu  nanijeti prirodan broj puta i pokriti cijelu dužinu  te vrijedi , reći ćemo da  ulazi u

Očito  ulazi i u razliku  tj. od dužine  oduzimamo dužinu  onoliko puta dok ne dođemo do dijela dužine  koja nije duža od  i dobivamo dužinu  Očito  ulazi u  ali manji ili jednak broj puta nego u  jer je  Sada oduzimamo
 i tako dalje.

Svakim korakom od veće dužine oduzimamo kraću za onoliko puta koliko treba da od dulje dužine dobijemo dužinu kraću (ili jednako dugu) od dužine koja je u koraku prije bila dulja. Te su dužine zapravo uvijek višekratnici dužine  Ovaj postupak mora imati konačno mnogo koraka pa ćemo, prema tome, u nekom trenutku doći do dužina duljina  što zaista jest najveća zajednička mjera dužina  Time je algoritam opravdan.

Dodajmo još da je sličan dokaz ovome naveo i sam Euklid.

Učinkovitost algoritma
Neka imamo dva prirodna broja . Nije teško pokazati da za broj koraka  Euklidovog algoritma za brojeve  vrijedi

Izvori

Matematika
Algoritmi

Euklidov algoritam


Gogen Yamaguchi (Japonca: 山口剛玄; d. 20 Ocak 1909 - ö. 20 Mayıs 1989), karatenin başlıca dört kolundan biri olan Goju Ryu'yu örgütleyen hoca.

Hayatı
Japonyanın Kyushu Adasının güneyindeki Kagoshima şehrinde doğdu. Gerçek adı Jitsumi'dir. Gençliğinde Savaş sanatlarına büyük ilgi duydu. Eğitiminin ilk yıllarında Japon Kılıç Sanatı Kendo çalıştı. Okinavalı marangoz ustası Maruta gözetiminde Karate'nin Goju Ryu stilini öğrenmeye başladı. Yamaguchi'nin özverili çalışmasınından etkilenen Maruta, ona bildiği her şeyi öğretti.

Gogen Yamaguchi, 1928'de Kansei Üniversitesinde ve 1929-1937 yılları arasında Kyotodaki Ritsumeikan Üniversitesinde Hukuk eğitimi aldı. İlk Karate derslerini eğitim aldığı bu üniversitede vermiştir. Dojosu kısa zamanda, ağır eğitimi ve yorucu nefes egzersizleri ile tüm şehirde ünlü oldu. O günlerde, Karate eğitimi belirli hareketler sırası sabit olan Kata ve Yakusoku Kumiteden oluştuğu için bir karşılaşma düzenleme imkânı yoktu. Yamaguchi, serbest dövüş olarak bilinen jyu kumite kurallarını ve puan sistemini oluşturdu. Bu kuralların bazıları günümüzdeki
modern karşılaşmalarda hala geçerlidir.

1931 yılında, 22 yaşındayken, Karatenin Goju Ryu stilinin kurucusu Chojun Miyagi ile tanıştı. Bu tanışma Yamaguchi'nin Karateye bakışını tamamen değiştirdi. Daha önce karatede sadece bedensel çalışmaya önem verirken, Miyagi Usta ile tanıştıktan sonra ruhsal gelişime de önem vermeye başladı. Yine Miyagi Usta tarafından, Karatedeyi oldukça sert çalışmasından dolayı Gogen(Sert) takma adı verilmiştir. 1951 yılında, Chojun Miyagi tarafından, 10. derece onursal seviyesine layık görüldü ve Karate Sanatının En Büyük Ustaları arasında yerini aldı.

1938-1945 yılları arasında, askeri bir görevle Mançuryada kaldı. Günlerini her fırsatta yaptığı Karate ve zihinsel gelişim çalışmaları ile geçirmiştir. Japon-Rus savaşında esir düşerek Moğolistandaki bir kampa gönderildi. İki yıl çok ağır şartlar altında kaldı. Bu günleri, bedensel ve zihinsel yeteneklerin sınandığı dönemler olarak kabul etmiştir.

Çalışmaları
1950 yılında, Tokyoda Japonya Ulusal Goju Karate Federasyonunu kurdu. 1964 yılıdan ise Japonyanın bütün karate okullarının tek bir çatı altında toplandığı Japon Karate Federasyonunun kurulmasında önemli rol oynadı. O günlerde, Karate eğitimi belirli hareketler sırası sabit olan Kata ve Yakusoku Kumiteden oluştuğu için bir karşılaşma düzenleme imkânı yoktu. Yamaguchi, serbest dövüş olarak bilinen jyu kumite kurallarını ve puan sistemini oluşturdu. Bu kuralların bazıları günümüzdeki modern karşılaşmalarda hala geçerlidir.Serbest Dövüş kurallarını düzenleyerek, Karatenin Japonyada ve tüm dünyada daha popüler hale gelmesine neden olmuştur. Kataların daha kolay öğrenilmesi için adını verdiği başlangıç katalarını oluşturmuştur.

Karatenin zihinsel gelişim sağlayabilmesi için, Goju Ryu stiline Yoga ve Şinto dinine ilişkin ögeler katmıştır. Doğru nefes almanın verdiği konsantrasyon ile savaş sanatlarının özünün daha iyi kavranacağını ifade etmiştir. Bu yüzden Goju Ryu Karate, eşsiz olan Nefes Egzersizlerini(İbuki) eğitim sistemine sokmuştur.

Tekniklerindeki zarafet ve hız nedeni ile Kedi unvanını almıştır.

İmparator Hirohito tarafından 1969 yılında, Mavi Şerit (Ranju-Hosho) liyakat madalyasına layık görülmüştür.

Yamaguchi; Japon Savaş Sanatları Federesyonu Başkanı Prens Higashikuni tarafından, Başkan (Usta) unvanı ile Karate Bölüm Başkanlığına getirmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Headquarters of IKGA Japan
 Headquarters of IKGA Scandinavia and Europe
 Headquarters Sydney Australia

1909 doğumlular
Japon karateciler
Goju Ryu
1989 yılında ölenler
Kagoshima ili doğumlular
Kansai Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler

Gogen Yamaguchi


Alfa-fenilacetoacetonitril (APAAN) je vrsta tvari koja se može uporabiti za izradu droga ("prekursor"). Uvršten je u Hrvatskoj na temelju Zakona o suzbijanju zlouporabe droga na Popis tvari koje se mogu uporabiti za izradu droga - Europski klasifikacijski sustav ovisno o mogućnostima zlouporabe, Službeni list Europske unije od 18. veljače 2004. Kemijsko ime po CAS-u je 2-Phenylacetoacetonitrile, KN oznaka je 2926 90 95, CAS-ov broj je 4468-48-8.

Izvori

Psihoaktivne droge

Alfa-fenilacetoacetonitril


Prut Savaşı, Rusya Çarlığı ile Osmanlı Devleti arasında 1710-1711 yılları arasında yapılmış bir savaştır.

Nedenleri
Rusya, Osmanlı Devleti ile mücadelesinde kendi lehine bir zemin yaratmak istiyordu. Osmanlı içinde yaşayan Ortodoks toplumları kışkırtarak Osmanlı Devleti'ni zayıflatacak ve yapacağı savaşlarda daha önce kaybettiği toprakları geri alacaktı. Eflak ve Boğdan Beylerini Osmanlılara karşı kışkırtan Rus Çarı I. Petro, Poltova Muharebesi'nde İsveç Kralı Demirbaş Şarl'ı yenince, XII. Karl Osmanlılara sığındı. İsveç Kralı'nı kovalayan Rus birliklerinin Osmanlı topraklarına akınlar düzenlemesi ve Bender'de mülteci bulunan Karl'ın İstanbul'a yazdığı mektuplarla Rusya aleyhine yaptığı kışkırtmanın etkisi ile Sultan III. Ahmed 1710 yılında Rusya'ya karşı savaş ilan etti.

Berâil Kuşatması
Rus-Moldavya ordusu Prut boyunca ilerlerken, General Carl Ewald von Rönne komutasındaki Rus ordusunun bir kısmı, Tuna'nın sol kıyısında (Eflak'ta) bulunan büyük bir liman kenti olup ancak doğrudan Osmanlılar tarafından yönetilen bir kaza olan Berâil'e doğru ilerledi. Rus ordusu, hükümdar Constantin Brâncoveanu'nun emirlerine itaat etmeyen ve Ruslara katılan Spatharios (hükümdardan sonra ikinci en yüksek askeri komutan) Toma Cantacuzino'nun komutasındaki Eflak ordusunun bir kısmı ile bir araya geldi. İki ordu iki günlük bir kuşatmadan sonra Berâil'e saldırdı ve fethetti (13-14 Temmuz 1711).

Savaşın kazanılması

Sadrazamlığa getirilen Baltacı Mehmet Paşa, 120.000 kişilik bir orduyla Tuna'yı geçerek Eflak'a girdi.

Osmanlı donanması da Karadeniz'e açılarak ağır toplarının muharebe bölgesine nakli görevini üstlendi. Ardından ise Azak kalesini geri almak amacıyla Kırım ve Azak Denizi'ne yöneldi.

Osmanlı kuvvetleri, Kırım Ordusunun da desteği ile Rus birliklerini Prut Nehri kıyısında Stanileşti kasabası yakınında çember içine aldılar. O an için kurtuluş imkânı bulunmayan Rus Çarı Petro, Moskova'ya bir mektup yazarak durumun zorluğunu ve ümitsizliğini anlattı. Çariçe I. Katerina araya girerek Osmanlı Devleti'ne barış teklifinde bulundu. Hem Kırım Hanı, hem de İsveç Kralı saldırıya geçilip Rus ordusunun yok edilmesini savunuyorlardı. Ancak Baltacı Mehmed Paşa, Deli Petro'nun ordusunun etrafını sarmışken, isyan belirtileri gösteren Yeniçerilere güvenmemesi nedeniyle barışı kabul etmiştir. 22 Temmuz 1711'de taraflar arasında bir antlaşma yapılmıştır. Antlaşmanın imzalanmasından Sultan III. Ahmed de memnun olmuştu. Ancak ordusunu muhasaradan kurtaran Çar I. Petro'nun, vaatlerini yerine getirmemesi, sadrazama karşı İstanbul'da bir muhalefet grubunun oluşmasına yol açtı. Baltacı ile Katerina arasında ne tür bir ilişki kurulduğuna dair zaman içinde geniş kapsamlı söylentiler, tartışmalar ve literatür oluşmuştur. Ancak bilimsel anlamda yapılan araştırmaların, Prut Savaşı sırasında Baltacı ile Katerina arasında bir buluşmanın gerçekleşmediğini ortaya koyduğu belirtilmektedir.

Prut Antlaşması

Kuşatma sırasında yeni bir kutsal ittifakın oluşturulabileceği düşüncesine sahip olan ve Osmanlı ordusunun çok yıpranacağı endişesini taşıyan Baltacı Mehmet Paşa barış yapılmasını kabul etti (21 Temmuz 1711). İmzalanan Prut Antlaşması ile Azak Kalesi Osmanlılara geri verildi. Ruslar, İstanbul'da devamlı bir elçi bulundurmayacak ve İsveç Kralı Karl'ın serbestçe ülkesine dönmesine izin vereceklerdi. Rusya Lehistan'ın içişlerine karışamayacaktı. Osmanlı Devleti, 1700 yılında İstanbul Antlaşması'yla kaybettiği Azak Kalesi ve çevresini alarak Rusları Karadeniz'den uzaklaştırmış ve Karlofça Antlaşması'yla da kaybettiği yerleri geri alma konusunda ümitlenmiştir. Ayrıca Prut Savaşı sonunda Osmanlı-İsveç ilişkileri güçlenmiştir.

Osmanlı Devleti, Prut Savaşı sırasında elde ettiği avantajı antlaşmaya yansıtamamıştır. Bunda yeniçerilerin isteksiz davranışları ve Baltacı Mehmet Paşa'nın yeniçerilere güvenememesi etkili olmuştur.

Ayrıca bakınız
Hasan (Yeniçeri kâtibi)

Kaynakça

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun savaşları
Osmanlı-Rus savaşları
1710'larda çatışmalar
1710
1711
III. Ahmed
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun muharebeleri
Osmanlı donanması

Prut Savaşı


Rhopalomelus es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Rhopalomelus angusticollis Boheman, 1848
 Rhopalomelus bennigseni Alluaud, 1935
 Rhopalomelus ingens Alluaud, 1930
 Rhopalomelus stenoderus Alluaud, 1930

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Rhopalomelus en ION

Chlaeniina

Rhopalomelus


Paul Baloff (Oakland, Kalifornija, 25. travnja 1960. – 2. veljače 2002.) bio je američki pjevač. Najpoznatiji je kao pjevač thrash metal-sastava Exodus.

Životopis
Godine 1981. Baloff je upoznao Kirka Hammetta, gitarista sastava Exodus, s kojim se brzo sprijateljio. Iduće se godine Baloff pridružio tom sastavu.

U ljeto 1984. Exodus snima prvi studijski album Bonded by Blood. Album je objavljen 1985. Nakon turneje za Bonded by Blood Baloff je izbačen iz sastava zbog "glazbenih i osobnih razloga". Zamijenio ga je Steve "Zetro" Souza. Nakon što je otpušten iz Exodusa, pjevao je u sastavima kao što Heathen, Hirax i Piranha.

Kad je Exodus ponovno postao aktivan, Baloff mu se vratio. Godine 1997. objavljen je koncertni album Another Lesson in Violence. Godine 1998. sastav se ponovno raspao, ali je tri godine poslije ponovno postao aktivan.

Baloff je umro 2. veljače 2002. od moždanog udara. Godine 2004. Exodus je objavio album Tempo of the Damned, posvećen Baloffu.

Diskografija

 Exodus – Bonded by Blood (1985.)
 Exodus – Another Lesson in Violence (1997.)

Izvori

Američki pjevači heavy metala

Paul Baloff


Klaar kiming - Nordfriserne et mindretal er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1991 med instruktion og manuskript af Hans Wessing, Annette Bastiansen.

Handling
I det nordvestlige Sydslesvig mod grænsen til Danmark ligger Nordfrisland, et af de mindste sprogområder i Europa. Ved Vadehavet - på øer, halliger og fastlandet - bor 60.000 af frisisk herkomst, og 10.000 mennesker har stadig nordfrisisk som modersmål. Nordfriserne kæmper for sprogets overlevelse. I Nordfrisland tales stadig 9 dialekter samt tysk, plattysk, sønderjysk og dansk. En dreng siger i filmen: "Jeg snakker frisisk med min mor og tysk med min far, dansk i skolen og tysk med de fleste kammerater - og frisisk med kalvene og kattene." Filmen giver ordet til friserne. De lever i en sproglig og kulturel mangfoldighed, der nok kan opleves som truende, men som samtidig er værdifuld, fordi det enkelte menneske dagligt konfronteres med spørgsmål, der vedrører det sproglige og kulturelle tilhørsforhold, og som måske kan udvikle toleranceevnen over for andre kulturer.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1991

Frisisk sprog
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Klaar kiming


Premiile Leul Ceh (în ) sunt premii anuale care recunosc realizările valoroase din domeniul filmului și televiziunii. Este cel mai înalt premiu de film acordat în Republica Cehă. Juriul este format din membri ai Academiei Cehe de Film și Televiziune (ČFTA).

Filmele eligibile trebuie să fi fost lansate în anul anterior ceremoniei de premiere și trebuie să fi fost cel puțin co-produs de un studio de film ceh.

Ceremonia decernării premiilor Leul Ceh (la de-a 21-a ediție) au fost organizate în sala de concerte Rudolfinum din Praga pe 22 februarie 2014 și a fost difuzată de televiziunea cehă (Česká televiza).

Categorii
 Cel mai bun film
 Cel mai bun regizor
 Cel mai bun scenariu
 Cea mai bună imagine
 Cea mai bună muzică
 Cel mai bun montaj
 Cel mai bun sunet
 Cel mai bun actor în rol principal
 Cea mai bună actriță în rol principal
 Cel mai bun actor în rol secundar
 Cea mai bună actriță în rol secundar
 Cea mai bună contribuție artistică la cinematografia cehă
 Cel mai popular film
 Cel mai bun documentar
 Cel mai bun afiș de film

De asemenea:
 Premiul Magnesie pentru cel mai bun film străin
 Premiul Sazka pentru cel mai bun scenariu neecranizat
 Premiul criticilor de film
 Premiul cititorilor revistei Premiera

Premiul pentru cel mai bun film

Premiul pentru cel mai bun regizor

Premiul pentru contribuția extraordinară la cinematografia cehă

Referințe

Cultura Cehiei
Premiile Leul Ceh

Premiile Leul Ceh


Rudolf William Nilsen (født 28. februar 1901 i Kristiania, død 23. april 1929 i Paris) var en norsk digter. Han er kendt for sin arbejderklassedigtning og skildringer af livet i Oslos østlige by.

Han debuterede i 1925 med digtsamlingen På stengrunn, og nåede kun at udgive denne og På gjensyn (1926) før han døde 28 år gammel. Hans tredje digtsamling Hverdagen blev udgivet posthumt.

Forfattere fra Norge

Rudolf Nilsen


Bhatkal (en canarés: ಭಟ್ಕಳ ) es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Uttara Kannada, estado de Karnataka.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 9  a 493 km de la capital estatal, Bangalore, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 31 318 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades de Karnataka

Bhatkal


Peri Gilpin (born Peri Kay Oldham; May 27, 1961) is an American actress who portrayed Roz Doyle in the NBC sitcom Frasier and Kim Keeler in the ABC Family drama series Make It or Break It.

Early life

Gilpin was born in Waco, Texas, as Peri Kay Oldham, daughter of James Franklin Oldham, a broadcaster who became known as Jim O'Brien, and his wife Sandra Jo Hauck.  After her parents divorced, her mother married Wes Gilpin in 1969. Gilpin then took her stepfather's surname.

Gilpin grew up in Dallas, where her family encouraged her acting abilities. After studying at the Dallas Theater Center, she pursued acting at the University of Texas at Austin and the British American Drama Academy in London.

Career
Gilpin appeared on the TV series Cheers, playing Holly Matheson in the 21st episode of the 11th season, which aired in April 1993.

From 1993 until 2004, Gilpin played Roz Doyle in the television series Frasier, a spin-off of Cheers, starring Kelsey Grammer as Frasier Crane, the role he had played on Cheers since 1984. Along with the principal cast, Gilpin won a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 1999.

In 2009, Gilpin appeared in the ABC Family drama Make It or Break It, for which she received a Gracie Award in the category of "Outstanding Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Drama Series".

Gilpin and Frasier co-star Jane Leeves ran a production company, Bristol Cities (named from the cockney rhyming slang), whose projects included a Fox network pilot titled Minister of Divine, an American remake of the British sitcom The Vicar of Dibley with Kirstie Alley (another Cheers regular) in a starring role.

Gilpin is the voice artist for the character Jane Proudfoot in Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within. She also provided the voices of Desiree in the Nickelodeon animated television series Danny Phantom, Volcana in Superman: The Animated Series and Justice League, Hecate in Hercules, and Kate Corrigan in the Hellboy animated films. Gilpin also did voice work for several Wells Fargo and Johnsonville Meats TV commercials.

Gilpin has appeared on the television series Medium and Desperate Housewives. She has a supporting role on the television series Make It or Break It and has appeared on Law & Order: Criminal Intent. She starred alongside Teri Polo in the Lifetime film For the Love of a Child. In 2012, Gilpin guest-starred with another Cheers alum, Ted Danson, in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. She also had a recurring role in Men at Work on TBS as editor of Full Steam magazine. In the second season of Scorpion, she was introduced as Katherine Cooper, a team superior in homeland security.

Personal life
On July 31, 1999, Gilpin married painter Christian Vincent. They have twins born to a surrogate mother on May 7, 2004.

Since her mother's death from leiomyosarcoma in 1997, Gilpin has led efforts for cancer research awareness.

Gilpin's brother Marc Gilpin died July 29, 2023 from complications from glioblastoma, a brain tumor. He was a child star appearing in Jaws 2 as well as other movies and television shows. He was 56.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

Peri Gilpin Interview with Ability Magazine
Peri Gilpin at Allmovie

1961 births
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Living people
Skyline High School (Dallas) alumni
Actresses from Dallas
Actresses from Waco, Texas
University of Texas at Austin College of Fine Arts alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses

Peri Gilpin


Aleksandar Ale Guberina (Dolac (Šibenik), 14. svibnja 1946. – Šibenik, 31. listopada 2022.) bio je hrvatski likovni umjetnik, akademski kipar i slikar. Autor je 42 javna umjetnička djela, a za života priredio je i održao 99 samostalnih izložbi.

Životopis
Aleksandar Ale Guberina djetinjstvo je proveo u rodnome Šibeniku. Vlastitim je skulpturama od gline već kao osnovnoškolac iskazao nadarenost i sklonost likovnoj umjetnosti. Njegovim su umjetničkim talentom zadivljeni bili i učitelji likovnoga odgoja, koji su ga uputili u Školu za primijenjene umjetnosti u Splitu. Nakon položenih završnih ispita i mature, odlazi na odsluženje vojnoga roka u mornaricu negdašnje JNA, tijekom kojega također stvara i priređuje izložbe.

Po odsluženju vojnoga roka, Guberina se 1970. upisuje na Akademiju likovnih umjetnosti u Zagrebu. U vojsci je naučio izrađivati makete brodova i brodove u boci, koje je prodavao kako bi mogao studirati i prehraniti obitelj. Njegove su makete kupovali mnogi ugledni hrvatski pjevači, književnici, umjetnici i poznati Šibenčani, primjerice Arsen Dedić i Vice Vukov. U Zagrebu je neko vrijeme radio i stvarao u ateljeu Dušana Džamonje.

Likovnu je akademiju završio u redovnom roku: za završni je ispit pripremio trinaest skulptura i napisao diplomski rad Psihološki akt. Zbog lažnih optužbi da je psovao Jugoslaviju i govorio protiv Tita i Partije biva osuđen i u studenome 1975. odlazi na izdržavanje šestmjesečne stroge zatvorske kazne u KPD Stara Gradiška. No ni u zatvoru ne prestaje stvarati, a to mu je omogućio tadašnji upravitelj kaznionice Stevan Grbić.

Po povratku iz Stare Gradiške, ponovno se posvetio izradi suvenira, osobito izradi kopija djela Ivana Meštrovića. Postao je i članom Udruženja likovnih umjetnika u Zadru i Splitu. No 1979. godine opet – zbog sličnih i jednako pretjeranih optužbi, kao i 1975., da je govorio protiv Tita, Partije, Armije i Jugoslavije – biva poslan na šestmjesečnu robiju u KPD Stara Gradiška.

Nakon odslužene kazne, vraća se u Šibenik te nastavlja s vlastitim umjetničkim djelovanjem i izradom suvenira. Godine 1986. prihvaća savjet prijatelja Josipa Nemčića i odlazi u Sjedinjene Američke Države, u Los Angeles, gdje sljedeće četiri godine živi te marljivo stvara i izlaže vlastite umjetničke radove. Po povratku u Hrvatsku 1990. godine, bio je svjedokom demokratskih promjena u domovini, ubrzo potom i pobune dijela Srba u Kninu pa se početkom Domovinskog rata kao član Kriznoga stožera Šibenika pridružio obrani rodnoga grada i Hrvatske. Po završetku rata, sve do smrti ostaje vjeran rodnome Šibeniku i moru, koji su uvijek bili neodvojivi dio njegova života i umjetničkoga nadahnuća.

Nagrade i priznanja (izbor)
Aleksandar Guberina dobitnik je sedamnaest prvih, šest drugih i tri treće nagrade na raznim natječajima i izložbama likovnih umjetnika.
 Prva nagrada za najbolji suvenir SFRJ
 Prva nagrada na natječaju za spomenik Miljenku Smoji
 2003. – Nagrada Grada Šibenika

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Digitalna zbirka i katalog Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti: Guberina, Aleksandar
 Šibenski.hr – Prijatelji i sugrađani oprostili se od velikog kipara: "Ale Guberina bio je zaljubljen u život, Šibenik, Dalmaciju…"

Životopisi, Šibenik
Hrvatski kipari
Hrvatski slikari

Aleksandar Guberina


Wadi (en canarés: ವಾಡಿ ) es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Gulbarga, estado de Karnataka. Según el censo de 2011, tiene una población de 37.988 habitantes.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 432  a 531 km de la capital estatal, Bangalore, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades de Karnataka

Wadi (India)


Alofí er höfuðborg eyríkisins Niue í Kyrrahafi með tæplega 600 íbúa árið 2017. Alofi er næstfámennasta höfuðborg heims, á eftir Ngerulmud, höfuðborg Palaú.

Niue

Alofi


An Panicum peladoense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Jan Theodoor Henrard. An Panicum peladoense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Panicum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Panicum

Panicum peladoense


Ahmet Kurtcebe Alptemoçin (27 Ocak 1940, İstanbul) Türk siyasetçi ve iş insanı.

Hayatı
1962 yılında ODTÜ Mühendislik Fakültesi, Makine Mühendisliği Bölümünden "Yüksek Mühendis" ünvanı ile mezun oldu. Busiad ve TOSYÖV'ün kurucuları arasında yer aldı. TOSYÖV'ün Başkanlığını ve başkan yardımcılığını yürüttü. TBMM 17. ve 18. Dönem Bursa milletvekilliği, ayrıca farklı dönemlerde Devlet, Dışişleri, Maliye ve Gümrük bakanlığı yaptı. Dünya Kobi Birliği (WASME) eski başkanı olan Alptemoçin, hâlen Vakıf 2000, Erkurt Holding'in Yönetim Kurulu Başkanlığını yürütmektedir. Türkiye Jokey Kulübü ve Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü asil üyesidir. İngilizce, Almanca, İtalyanca bilmekte olup, evli ve bir çocuk babasıdır.

Kitapları
 Özallı Yıllar - Bir Rüyanın Ardından (2010)
 Ve Özal'dan Sonra - Kaybolan Yıllar (2011)

Dış bağlantılar
 TOSYÖV Resmi Sitesi
 Vakıf 2000 Resmi Sitesi

Kaynakça

1940 doğumlular
20. yüzyıl Türk iş insanları
21. yüzyıl Türk iş insanları
Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
TBMM 17. dönem Bursa milletvekilleri
TBMM 18. dönem Bursa milletvekilleri
Yaşayan insanlar
Avrupa Konseyi Parlamenter Meclisi Türk Grubu
Anavatan Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
Resim aranan siyasetçiler

Ahmet Kurtcebe Alptemoçin


The Shire of Moyne is a local government area in the Barwon South West region of Victoria, Australia, located in the south-western part of the state. It covers an area of  and in June 2018 had a population of 16,887. It includes the towns of Port Fairy, Koroit, Mortlake, Macarthur, Peterborough, Caramut, Ellerslie, Framlingham, Garvoc, Hawkesdale, Kirkstall, Panmure, Mailors Flat, Purnim, Wangoom and Woolsthorpe. It also entirely surrounds the City of Warrnambool, a separate local government area.  It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Belfast, Shire of Minhamite, Borough of Port Fairy, and parts of the Shire of Mortlake, Shire of Warrnambool, Shire of Dundas, Shire of Mount Rouse and Shire of Hampden.

The Shire is governed and administered by the Moyne Shire Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Port Fairy, it also has a customer service center in Mortlake, a works depot in Koroit, Mortlake and Macarthur. The Shire is named after the Moyne River, a major geographical feature that meanders through the LGA.

The industry base for the area includes:  Dairy, beef cattle, sheep, vegetable production, manufacturing, quarrying, food products, pharmaceuticals, seafood), tourism.

Traditional ownership
The formally recognised traditional owners for the area in which the Shire of Moyne sits are the Eastern Maar peoples and Gunditjmara people, who are represented by the Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation (EMAC) and the Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation (GMTOAC).

Council

Current composition
The council is composed of seven councillors elected to represent an unsubdivided municipality.

Administration and governance
The council meets in the council chambers at the Mortlake Municipal Office. Administrative activities are conducted at both the Port Fairy and Mortlake offices, which also provide customer services centers.

Townships and localities
The 2021 census, the shire had a population of 17,374 up from 16,495 in the 2016 census

^ - Territory divided with another LGA
* - Not noted in 2016 Census
# - Not noted in 2021 Census

See also
 List of localities in Victoria

References

External links

Moyne Shire Council official website
Metlink local public transport map
Link to Land Victoria interactive maps

Local government areas of Victoria (state)
Barwon South West (region)

Shire of Moyne


Codiaceae, biljna porodica iz reda Bryopsidales kojemu pripada preko 150 vrsta zelenih alga. Ime porodice dolazi po rodu Codium s ukupno 142 vrste

Rodovi i broj vrsta
 Abacella Maslov   1
 Appeninocodium O.Dragastan   1
 Arabicodium G.F.Elliott   2
 Bevocastria E.J.Garwood  2
 Botryella V.P.Shuysky   1
 Boueina F.Toula  2
 Codium Stackhouse   143
 Garwoodia Alan Wood 2
 Geppella Børgesen   3
 Hedstroemia A.Rothpletz  1
 Johnsonicodium O.Dragastan   1
 Neoanchicodium R.Endô   1
 Scotlandella O.Dragastan  1
 Succodium Konishi 6
 Tethysicodium  O.Dragastan  1

Izvori

Bryopsidales

Codiaceae


Wroughton is a large village and civil parish in northeast Wiltshire, England. It is part of the Borough of Swindon and lies along the A4361 between Swindon and Avebury; the road into Swindon crosses the M4 motorway between junctions 15 and 16. The village is about  south of Swindon town centre on the edge of the Marlborough Downs, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The town of Marlborough is about  to the south, and the World Heritage Site at Avebury is about  to the south.

The parish includes North Wroughton, formerly a small settlement on the road towards Swindon but now part of the built-up area; and the hamlets of Elcombe and Overtown.

History
The earliest evidence of human presence in the area is from the Mesolithic period, although this is fairly limited. More significant evidence of settlement and occupation in the area is available for the Neolithic period, most notably due to the extensive ritual complex at Avebury and scattered finds in the locality. The earliest archaeological evidence from within Wroughton dates from the Roman period (AD 43–410), showing a period of intensive settlement and farming in the area. Occupation of the area continued into the early Middle Ages (AD 410–1066) when two battles are understood to have taken place in the area: Breahburh (AD 567), thought to have been fought by Ceawlin of Wessex on the slopes of Barbury Hill, and Ellandun (AD 825) at Elcombe Hall by Egbert of Wessex. However, there is no agreement that the latter was here (it is known to have been south of Swindon). Burial sites in the vicinity are believed to be associated with these battles.

Until the 19th century it was just a country village. Wroughton is close to The Ridgeway, a national path which is connected to the ancient Uffington White Horse. In the 20th century the village grew but largely avoided the effects of suburbanisation while its larger neighbour Swindon expanded rapidly to the immediate north. The construction of the M4 motorway prevented Swindon from enveloping Wroughton, which has retained a village identity, albeit with the population of a small market town (approximately 8,000 residents) in the early 21st century.

In 1874, the village celebrated for two days after the horse George Frederick which was stabled in the High Street, won The Derby. The horse and its trainer, Tom Leader, who was born in Wroughton, were escorted from Swindon railway station by a brass band and received in the village which had declared all of its pubs to be open houses and provided free beer for the occasion.

Wroughton Feast
Between 1855 and 1930, there was an "annual feast"—a week-long summer fair attended by local farmers and residents from north Wiltshire in the school holidays. Events included "A Programme of Horse, Pony, Donkey and Foot racing; climbing the greasy pole ..." the prize being a leg of mutton at the end. The event was held at the rear of the Three Tuns pub with other local fairs and a grandstand was built in the field. The main event was the "Champion Gip Fight", a bare-knuckle boxing competition between a Gypsy champion and a challenger.

Frederick Large, in his book A Swindon Retrospect 1855–1930 comments:
"At Wroughton Feast, an annual festival lasting a week, it was the custom for many years for "the champion gip" to fight the best man who could be produced, for a purse of gold. The venue was the paddock at the back of the Three Tuns tavern, where the usual paraphernalia of fairs used to congregate in full force. The Feast always took place in the summer at a time which included a week of our school holidays. I was not more than seven or eight years of age when, without my parents' consent, I wandered over to Wroughton ... This annual event always commenced on a Sunday evening by friends and neighbours from Swindon, Wroughton and neighbouring villages congregating at the Three Tuns, where, crowded inside and out, large quantities of beer and spirits were consumed. A miniature grand stand was erected for Feast Week in an orchard adjoining the paddock, upon which many of the elite of the neighbourhood, both ladies and gentlemen, occupied seats, and indulged freely in choice fruits and refreshments."

Buildings and amenities

Schools
The Ridgeway School and Sixth Form College opened in 1967 as Wiltshire's first purpose-built comprehensive school. It teaches about 1,500 children aged 11–18. The catchment area includes Bishopstone, Hinton Parva, Wanborough, Liddington, Coate, Badbury, Chiseldon, Hodson, Uffcott, Broad Hinton and Winterbourne Bassett.

RAF Wroughton
RAF Wroughton, just south of the village, closed in the 1990s. The site is now the Science Museum at Wroughton, a part of the Science Museum Group and used as a storage site occasionally open to the public. Since 2016, television series The Grand Tour has used part of the northern perimeter road as a car test track.

Ellendune Centre
The Ellendune Centre is a sports and entertainment venue that boasts one of the larger amateur facilities in the local area. It plays host to amateur dramatic groups who use it to meet and perform, including the Ellendune Entertainers and WADAMS (Wroughton Amateur Dramatic and Musical Society).

Parish church

The Church of England parish church of St John and St Helen has Norman origins but is mostly from the 14th century, with a 15th-century tower. The church was restored by T.H. Wyatt in 1846 and again in 1852, the 1880s and 1905. It was designated as Grade I listed in 1955.

Wroughton reservoir
Wroughton reservoir on Overtown Hill Road is a live fishing site. The main types of fish are Tench, Bream, Crucian Carp, Rudd and Carp. The reservoir is 1.01 hectares in size and the water is fed from the large area of fields above.

Sport
Wroughton ASC Swimming Club trains young swimmers and competes in team galas both locally and across Wiltshire, as well as the annual Wiltshire County Championships.

A greyhound racing track was opened in the fields opposite the Black Horse Hotel and Inn in North Wroughton on 26 July 1930. The race distance was 500 yards. The racing was independent (not affiliated to the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club) and it was known as a flapping track which was the nickname given to independent tracks. It is not known when the racing ended.

For many years, the twinning committee organised a fun Bowls/Pétanque tournament. Some Saint-Germinois would come from the twin-town to play on Wroughton's boulodrome (pétanque terrain) and some Wroughtonians would return the compliment on St Germain's bowling green.

Notable people

Fiona Benson, poet, born in Wroughton in 1978
Sir Henry Langton, later Calley (1914–1997), RAF pilot, county councillor and Chairman of Wiltshire County Council, lived at Wroughton
Geoffrey Cox, Attorney General for England and Wales and MP for the Torridge and West Devon constituency, born in Wroughton
Jahméne Aaron Douglas, singer, runner-up to James Arthur on the ninth series of The X Factor in 2012, brought up in Wroughton
William Gosling (VC) (1892–1945), recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1917, farmer at Wroughton

Twin Town
Wroughton is twinned with
 Saint-Germain-lès-Corbeil, France

References

External links

 Wroughton Parish Council
 Wroughton Parish Church

Civil parishes in Wiltshire
Villages in Wiltshire
Borough of Swindon

Wroughton


In mathematics, theta functions are special functions of several complex variables. They show up in many topics, including Abelian varieties, moduli spaces, quadratic forms, and solitons. As Grassmann algebras, they appear in quantum field theory.

The most common form of theta function is that occurring in the theory of elliptic functions. With respect to one of the complex variables (conventionally called ), a theta function has a property expressing its behavior with respect to the addition of a period of the associated elliptic functions, making it a quasiperiodic function. In the abstract theory this quasiperiodicity comes from the cohomology class of a line bundle on a complex torus, a condition of descent.

One interpretation of theta functions when dealing with the heat equation is that "a theta function is a special function that describes the evolution of temperature on a segment domain subject to certain boundary conditions".

Throughout this article,  should be interpreted as  (in order to resolve issues of choice of branch).

Jacobi theta function

There are several closely related functions called Jacobi theta functions, and many different and incompatible systems of notation for them.
One Jacobi theta function (named after Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi) is a function defined for two complex variables  and , where  can be any complex number and  is the half-period ratio, confined to the upper half-plane, which means it has positive imaginary part. It is given by the formula

where  is the nome and . It is a Jacobi form. The restriction ensures that it is an absolutely convergent series. At fixed , this is a Fourier series for a 1-periodic entire function of . Accordingly, the theta function is 1-periodic in :

By completing the square, it is also -quasiperiodic in , with

Thus, in general,

for any integers  and .

For any fixed , the function is an entire function on the complex plane, so by Liouville's theorem, it cannot be doubly periodic in  unless it is constant, and so the best we could do is to make it periodic in  and quasi-periodic in . Indeed, since and , the function  is unbounded, as required by Liouville's theorem.

It is in fact the most general entire function with 2 quasi-periods, in the following sense:

Auxiliary functions

The Jacobi theta function defined above is sometimes considered along with three auxiliary theta functions, in which case it is written with a double 0 subscript:

The auxiliary (or half-period) functions are defined by

This notation follows Riemann and Mumford; Jacobi's original formulation was in terms of the nome  rather than . In Jacobi's notation the -functions are written:

The above definitions of the Jacobi theta functions are by no means unique. See Jacobi theta functions (notational variations) for further discussion.

If we set  in the above theta functions, we obtain four functions of  only, defined on the upper half-plane. These functions are called Theta Nullwert functions, based on the German term for zero value because of the annullation of the left entry in the theta function expression. Alternatively, we obtain four functions of  only, defined on the unit disk . They are sometimes called theta constants:

with the nome .
Observe that .
These can be used to define a variety of modular forms, and to parametrize certain curves; in particular, the Jacobi identity is

or equivalently,

which is the Fermat curve of degree four.

Elliptic nome

Definition and identities to the theta functions
Since the Jacobi functions are defined in terms of the elliptic modulus , we need to invert this and find  in terms of . We start from , the complementary modulus. As a function of  it is

Let us define the elliptic nome and the complete elliptic integral of the first kind:

These identites exist between the elliptic integral K, the modulus k, the nome q function and the theta functions:

These are two identical definitions of the complete elliptic integral of the first kind:

An identical definition of the nome function can be produced by using a series. Following function has this identity:

By solving this function after q we get this result:

Karl Heinrich Schellbach wrote his derivation of this number sequence in his work Die Lehre von den elliptischen Integralen und den Thetafunktionen on page 60 down. He figured these coefficients of the fourth root of the elliptic nome out by doing substitution calculations.

The Schellbach Schwarz numbers are in the numerators and the doubles of the powers of sixteen are in the denominators.

In relation to this following limits are valid:

This table shows numbers of the Schellbach Schwarz integer sequence A002103 accurately:

Elliptic integer sequences

The Silesian German mathematician Hermann Amandus Schwarz wrote in his work Formeln und Lehrsätze zum Gebrauche der elliptischen Funktionen in the chapter Berechnung der Grösse k on pages 54 to 56 the described integer number sequence that was researched by Karl Heinrich Schellbach too. Furthermore, his Schellbach Schwarz number sequence Sc(n) was analyzed by the mathematicians Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass and Louis Melville Milne-Thomson in the 20th century. The mathematician Adolf Kneser determined a synthesis method for this sequence based on the following pattern:

The mathematician Karl Heinrich Schellbach also researched this integer sequence relation and in his work Die Lehre von den elliptischen Integralen und den Thetafunktionen he dealt with it in detail. The Schellbach Schwarz sequence Sc(n) is entered in the online encyclopedia of number sequences under the number A002103 and the Kneser sequence Kn(n) is entered under the number A227503. The Kneser integer sequence Kn(n) can be constructed in this way:

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Executed examples:

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The Kneser sequence appears in the Taylor series of the period ratio (half period ratio):

The derivative of this equation after  leads to this equation that shows the generating function of the Kneser number sequence:

This result appears because of the Legendre's relation  in the numerator.

Following table contains the Schellbach Schwarz numbers and the Kneser numbers and the Apery numbers:

This is the mentioned pattern formula for the Schellbach Schwarz number sequence:

In the following, it will be shown as an example how the Schellbach Schwarz numbers are built up successively. For this, the examples with the numbers Sc(4) = 150, Sc(5) = 1707 and Sc(6) = 20910 are used:

Jacobi identities
Jacobi's identities describe how theta functions transform under the modular group, which is generated by  and . Equations for the first transform are easily found since adding one to  in the exponent has the same effect as adding  to  (). For the second, let

Then

Theta functions in terms of the nome
Instead of expressing the Theta functions in terms of  and , we may express them in terms of arguments  and the nome , where  and . In this form, the functions become

We see that the theta functions can also be defined in terms of  and , without a direct reference to the exponential function. These formulas can, therefore, be used to define the Theta functions over other fields where the exponential function might not be everywhere defined, such as fields of -adic numbers.

Product representations
The Jacobi triple product (a special case of the Macdonald identities) tells us that for complex numbers  and  with  and  we have

It can be proven by elementary means, as for instance in Hardy and Wright's An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers.

If we express the theta function in terms of the nome  (noting some authors instead set )  and take  then

We therefore obtain a product formula for the theta function in the form

In terms of  and :

where  is the -Pochhammer symbol and  is the -theta function. Expanding terms out, the Jacobi triple product can also be written

which we may also write as

This form is valid in general but clearly is of particular interest when  is real. Similar product formulas for the auxiliary theta functions are

In particular, so we may interpret them as one-parameter deformations of the periodic functions , again validating the interpretation of the theta function as the most general 2 quasi-period function.

Integral representations
The Jacobi theta functions have the following integral representations:

The Theta Nullwert function  as this integral identity:

This formula was discussed in the essay Square series generating function transformations by the mathematician Maxie Schmidt from Georgia in Atlanta.

Based on this formula following three eminent examples are given:

Furthermore, the theta examples  and  shall be displayed:

Explicit values

Lemniscatic values

Proper credit for most of these results goes to Ramanujan. See Ramanujan's lost notebook and a relevant reference at Euler function.  The Ramanujan results quoted at Euler function plus a few elementary operations give the results below, so they are either in Ramanujan's lost notebook or follow immediately from it. See also Yi (2004). Define,

with the nome   and Dedekind eta function  Then for

If the reciprocal of the Gelfond constant is raised to the power of the reciprocal of an odd number, then the corresponding   values or  values can be represented in a simplified way by using the hyperbolic lemniscatic sine:

With the letter  the Lemniscate constant is represented.

Note that the following modular identities hold:

where  is the Rogers–Ramanujan continued fraction:

Equianharmonic values
The mathematician Bruce Berndt found out further values of the theta function:

Further values
Many values of the theta function and especially of the shown phi function can be represented in terms of the gamma function:

Nome power theorems

Direct power theorems

For the transformation of the nome in the theta functions these formulas can be used:

The squares of the three theta zero-value functions with the square function as the inner function are also formed in the pattern of the Pythagorean triples according to the Jacobi Identity. Furthermore, those transformations are valid:

These formulas can be used to compute the theta values of the cube of the nome:

And the following formulas can be used to compute the theta values of the fifth power of the nome:

Transformation at the cube root of the nome
The formulas for the theta Nullwert function values from the cube root of the elliptic nome are obtained by contrasting the two real solutions of the corresponding quartic equations:

Transformation at the fifth root of the nome
The Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction can be defined in terms of the Jacobi theta function in the following way:

The alternating Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction function S(q) has the following two identities:

The theta function values from the fifth root of the nome can be represented as a rational combination of the continued fractions R and S and the theta function values from the fifth power of the nome and the nome itself. The following four equations are valid for all values q between 0 and 1:

Modulus dependent theorems

Im combination with the elliptic modulus, following formulas can be displayed:

These are the formulas for the square of the elliptic nome:

And this is an efficient formula for the cube of the nome:

For all real values  the now mentioned formula is valid.

And for this fomula two examples shall be given:

First calculation example with the value  inserted:

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Second calculation example with the value  inserted:

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The constant  represents the Golden ratio number  exactly.

Some series identities

Sums with theta function in the result

The infinite sum of the reciprocals of Fibonacci numbers with odd indices has this identity:

By not using the theta function expression, following identity between two sums can be formulated:

Also in this case  is Golden ratio number again.

Infinite sum of the reciprocals of the Fibonacci number squares:

Infinite sum of the reciprocals of the Pell numbers with odd indices:

Sums with theta function in the summand
The next two series identities were proved by István Mező:

These relations hold for all . Specializing the values of , we have the next parameter free sums

Zeros of the Jacobi theta functions
All zeros of the Jacobi theta functions are simple zeros and are given by the following:

where ,  are arbitrary integers.

Relation to the Riemann zeta function
The relation

was used by Riemann to prove the functional equation for the Riemann zeta function, by means of the Mellin transform

which can be shown to be invariant under substitution of  by . The corresponding integral for  is given in the article on the Hurwitz zeta function.

Relation to the Weierstrass elliptic function
The theta function was used by Jacobi to construct (in a form adapted to easy calculation) his elliptic functions as the quotients of the above four theta functions, and could have been used by him to construct Weierstrass's elliptic functions also, since

where the second derivative is with respect to  and the constant  is defined so that the Laurent expansion of  at  has zero constant term.

Relation to the q-gamma function

The fourth theta function – and thus the others too – is intimately connected to the Jackson -gamma function via the relation

Relations to Dedekind eta function
Let  be the Dedekind eta function, and the argument of the theta function as the nome . Then,

and,

See also the Weber modular functions.

Elliptic modulus
The elliptic modulus is

and the complementary elliptic modulus is

Derivatives of theta functions

These are two identical definitions of the complete elliptic integral of the second kind:

The derivatives of the Theta Nullwert functions have these MacLaurin series:

The derivatives of theta zero-value functions are as follows:

The two last mentioned formulas are valid for all real numbers of the real definition interval:

And these two last named theta derivative functions are related to each other in this way:

The derivatives of the quotients from two of the three theta functions mentioned here always have a rational relationship to those three functions:

For the derivation of these derivation formulas see the articles Nome (mathematics) and Modular lambda function!

Integrals of theta functions

For the theta functions these integrals are valid:

The final results now shown are based on the general Cauchy sum formulas.

A solution to the heat equation

We take the Jacobi theta function definition by Edmund Taylor Whittaker and George Neville Watson that is accurately this product definition:

The Jacobi theta function is the fundamental solution of the one-dimensional heat equation with spatially periodic boundary conditions.  Taking  to be real and  with  real and positive and the nome formula , we can write down that formula:

This formula is concordant with the product formula by Whittaker and Watson.

In this case the big low leveled N shall represent Non-dimensional sizes!

This function solves the pattern of the heat equation:

This theta-function solution is 1-periodic in , and as  it approaches the periodic delta function, or Dirac comb, in the sense of distributions:

General solutions of the spatially periodic initial value problem for the heat equation may be obtained by convolving the initial data at  with the theta function. The mentioned differential equation is corresponding to the Heat equation in a homogenous medium:

In this formula the letter  in the expression  is the Temperature at the corresponding location and time. Die mentioned up directed Delta triangle  stands for the Laplace operator that is the Divergence of the Nabla Gradient operator. Furthermore t stands for the time itself,  stands for the vector of the location and  represents the Thermal diffusivity that is the quotient of Thermal conductivity  divided by the product of Density  and Specific heat capacity :

For the change in temperature in a thin and relatively long rod that is made of solid material, this heat equation is valid:

And this equation can be solved according to the above-mentioned pattern:

Relation to the Heisenberg group
The Jacobi theta function is invariant under the action of a discrete subgroup of the Heisenberg group. This invariance is presented in the article on the theta representation of the Heisenberg group.

Generalizations

If  is a quadratic form in  variables, then the theta function associated with  is

with the sum extending over the lattice of integers . This theta function is a modular form of weight  (on an appropriately defined subgroup) of the modular group.  In the Fourier expansion,

the numbers  are called the representation numbers of the form.

Theta series of a Dirichlet character

For  a primitive Dirichlet character modulo  and  then

is a weight  modular form of level  and character

which means

whenever

Ramanujan theta function

Riemann theta function
Let

be the set of symmetric square matrices whose imaginary part is positive definite.  is called the Siegel upper half-space and is the multi-dimensional analog of the upper half-plane. The -dimensional analogue of the modular group is the symplectic group ; for , . The -dimensional analogue of the congruence subgroups is played by

Then, given , the Riemann theta function is defined as

Here,  is an -dimensional complex vector, and the superscript T denotes the transpose. The Jacobi theta function is then a special case, with  and  where  is the upper half-plane. One major application of the Riemann theta function is that it allows one to give explicit formulas for meromorphic functions on compact Riemann surfaces, as well as other auxiliary objects that figure prominently in their function theory, by taking  to be the period matrix with respect to a canonical basis for its first homology group.

The Riemann theta converges absolutely and uniformly on compact subsets of .

The functional equation is

which holds for all vectors , and for all  and .

Poincaré series
The Poincaré series generalizes the theta series to automorphic forms with respect to arbitrary Fuchsian groups.

Theta function coefficients

If  and  are positive integers,  any arithmetical function and , then

The general case, where  and  are any arithmetical functions, and  is strictly increasing with , is

Derivation of the theta values

Identity of the Euler beta function
In the following, three important theta function values are to be derived as examples:

This is how the Euler beta function is defined in its reduced form:

In general, for all natural numbers  this formula of the Euler beta function is valid:

Exemplary elliptic integrals

In the following some Elliptic Integral Singular Values are derived:

Combination of the integral identities with the nome

The elliptic nome function has these important values:

For the proof of the correctness of these nome values, see the article Nome (mathematics)!

On the basis of these integral identities and the above-mentioned Definition and identities to the theta functions in the same section of this article, exemplary theta zero values shall be determined now:
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Partition sequences and Pochhammer products

Regular partition number sequence

The regular partition sequence  itself indicates the number of ways in which a positive integer number  can be splitted into positive integer summands. For the numbers  to , the associated partition numbers  with all associated number partitions are listed in the following table:

The generating function of the regular partition number sequence can be represented via Pochhammer product in the following way:

The summandization of the now mentioned Pochhammer product is described by the Pentagonal number theorem in this way:

The following basic definitions apply to the pentagonal numbers and the card house numbers:

As a further application one obtains a formula for the third power of the Euler product:

Strict partition number sequence

And the strict partition sequence  indicates the number of ways in which such a positive integer number  can be splitted into positive integer summands such that each summand appears at most once and no summand value occurs repeatedly. Exactly the same sequence is also generated if in the partition only odd summands are included, but these odd summands may occur more than once. Both representations for the strict partition number sequence are compared in the following table:

The generating function of the strict partition number sequence can be represented using Pochhammer's product:

Overpartition number sequence

The Maclaurin series for the reciprocal of the function  has the numbers of over partition sequence as coefficients with a positive sign:

If, for a given number , all partitions are set up in such a way that the summand size never increases, and all those summands that do not have a summand of the same size to the left of themselves can be marked for each partition of this type, then it will be the resulting number of the marked partitions depending on  by the overpartition function  .

First example:

These 14 possibilities of partition markings exist for the sum 4:

Second example:

These 24 possibilities of partition markings exist for the sum 5:

Relations of the partition number sequences to each other
In the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS), the sequence of regular partition numbers  is under the code A000041, the sequence of strict partitions is  under the code A000009 and the sequence of superpartitions  under the code A015128. All parent partitions from index  are even.

The sequence of superpartitions  can be written with the regular partition sequence P and the strict partition sequence Q can be generated like this:

In the following table of sequences of numbers, this formula should be used as an example:

Related to this property, the following combination of two series of sums can also be set up via the function :

Notes

References

. (for treatment of the Riemann theta)

 (history of Jacobi's  functions)

Further reading

Harry Rauch with Hershel M. Farkas: Theta functions with applications to Riemann Surfaces, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore MD 1974, .
 Charles Hermite: Sur la résolution de l'Équation du cinquiéme degré Comptes rendus, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Nr. 11, March 1858.

External links

Elliptic functions
Riemann surfaces
Analytic functions
Several complex variables

Theta function