لاهوت العهود (المعروف أيضا باسم لاهوت العهد أو اللاهوت الفيدرالي) وجهة نظر وإطار يتم به تفسير الكتاب المقدس، وتعتبر فيه العهود مبدأ مرتباً للاهوت المسيحي.

الوصف العام
في لاهوت العهود، يتمّ وضع تاريخ معاملات الله مع البشر، والذي من الخلق إلى سقوط البشر إلى الخلاص إلى الإتمام، في إطار ثلاثة عهود لاهوتية، بما فيها عهد الخلاص وعهد الأعمال وعهد النعمة. وتسمّى العهود الثلاثة هذه بلاهوتية لأنها غير مذكورة صراحة في الكتاب المقدس، إلا أنها ضمنية في لاهوت الكتاب وتصف وتلخّص الإنجيل. وفي المسيحية المصلحة التاريخية، لا يعالج لاهوت العهود كعقيدة معينة فقط، بل يُعتبر مفهوم العهد الهيكل الذي يترتب به نص الكتاب.

كونه إطار تفسيري للكتاب المقدس، يختلف لاهوت العهود عمّا يسمّى بلاهوت التدابير بالنسبة للعلاقة بين العهد القديم مع دولة إسرائيل وبين العهد الجديد في دم المسيح. فبالنسبة للموقف اللاهوتي لليهود في العصر الحديث، يقول النقاد إن لاهوت العهود هو لاهوت الإلغاء والاستبدالية، نظراً للفكرة الخاطئة أن تعليمات لاهوت العهود تنص على أن الله قد تخلى عن وعوده مع اليهود واستبدلهم بالمسيحيين كشعبه المختار على الأرض. ولكن علماء لاهوت العهود ينكرون فكرة تخلي الله عن وعوده مع إسرائيل، وإنما يرون وفاء هذه الوعود في شخص وعمل المسيح يسوع الناصري، الذي أسّس الكنيسة في استمرارية عضوية مع إسرائيل، وليس كبديل تمام.

لاهوت العهود ميزة بارزة في البروتستانتية، وخاصة في الكنائس الكالفينية، مثل الكنائس المصلحة والكنائس المشيخية. وإضافة، يوجد لاهوت العهود بأشكال مختلفة في بعض الكنائس الميثودية والمعمدانية.

العهود اللاهوتية
لا تُعتبر علاقة الله العهدية من طبيعة تلقائية أو إلزامية، بل تنازل الله طوعاً من أجل إقامة الاتصال بواسطة العهد الذي يتم فيه وضع شروط العلاقة من قبل الله وحده وفقاً لإرادته فقط.
وبشكل خاص، ينص لاهوت العهود على إن الله قد إبرم عهدين مع البشر ينبعثان من العهد الأبدي داخل الثالوث والذي ينظم كيفية ارتباط الآخرين. وبالتالي، وفي التركز على علاقة الله والإنسان في عهدين، تعكس الكالفينية التاريخية التمييز البروتستانتي التقليدي بين الشريعة والإنجيل.

عهد الخلاص
عهد الخلاص هو الاتفاق الأزلي في الثالوث، والذي عيّن فيه الآب إبنه يسوع المسيح بقوة الروح القدس حتى يخلص شعبه المختار من ذنب وقوة الخطيئة. فعيّن الله المسيح ليحيا حياة كاملة الطاعة بالنسبة للشريعة ويموت كذبيحة عقابية عوضاً عن البشر وكممثّل عهدي لكل من يتكلون عليه.
أنكر بعض علماء لاهوت العهود عهد الخلاص بين أفراد الثالوث، أو شكوا في أعمال الابن المؤدية إلى كسب شعب الله، أو شكوا في الطبيعة العهدية لهذا الترتيب. ومن جهة أخرى، أشار مؤيدو هذا العهد إلى مقاطع الكتاب المقدس التي تصف مبدأ الأعمال المؤدية إلى المكافأة، وإلى المقاطع التي تصف هذا الترتيب كعهد.

عهد الأعمال
تم إبرام عهد الأعمال في جنات عدن بين الله وآدم الذي مثّل كل البشر كرأسه الفيدرالي. وكان هذا العهد ينص على الحياة مقابل الطاعة والموت مقابل المعصية. إلا أن آدم (وكل البشر في آدم) كسر هذا العهد، مستحقاً في ذلك الإدانة. وبعد سقوط آدم يظل عهد الأعمال يلعب دور القانون الأخلاقي.
ومع أنه لا يسمى بعهد في أوائل سفر التكوين، فإن مقارنة الرئاسة التمثيلية بين المسيح وآدم تؤيد هذه الفكرة، إضافة إلى المقارنة بين عهد الله مع داود وعهد الله مع الليل والنهار والسماوات والأرض. ولذلك يسمى عهد الأعمال بعهد الخلق أيضاً.

عهد النعمة
ينص عهد النعمة على المباركة الأبدية لكل من يتكلون على وعود الله المتعاقبة. والمسيح هو الوفاء النهائي لهذه الوعود، فهو الممثل العهدي الاستبدالي الذي استوفى شروط عهد الأعمال نيابة عنا، بما في ذلك تطلبات البر من الناحية الإيجابية والعقوبات الجزائية من الناحية السلبية. إنه التعبير التاريخي لعهد الخلاص الأزلي. ويُعتبر عادة وعد الله في التكوين 3:15 بنسل للمرأة سيسحق رأس الحية الافتتاح التاريخي لعهد النعمة.

وأصبح عهد النعمة الأساس لكل العهود التالية التي أبرمها الله مع البشر، بما في ذلك نوح وإبراهيم وداود، وأخيراً العهد الجديد المبرم والمحقق من قبل المسيح. وتسمى هذه العهود بعهود الكتاب لأنها توجد صراحة في الكتاب المقدس. وفي النظرة العهدية، يُعتبر السلوك وفقاً لحكم الله ولشريعته (وخاصة الوصايا العشر) برد على النعمة وليس وسيلة للحصول على قبول الله (ما يسمى بالقانونية). فحتى في إعطاء الوصايا العشر، قدّم الله شريعته بتذكير إسرئيل بأنه قد أخرجهم من العبودية في مصر (النعمة).

عهود الكتاب

العهد الآدمي
حسب لاهوت العهود، تم إبرام عهد الأعمال مع آدم في جنات عدن. وعند سقوط آدم، أبرم الله عهد النعمة بالوعد بالنسل، وأثبت عنايته المخلصة، إِذ كسا آدم وحواء رداءين من جلد، ما ربما يصور أول حالة تضحية بالحيوان. ويتم إبرام كل العهود التالية بعد سقوط آدم في إطار عهد النعمة.

العهد النوحي
يوجد العهد النوحي في التكوين 9. ومع أن أفكار الخلاص موجودة في نجاة نوح وأسرته من مياه الحكم، فإن قصة الطوفان تتركز على أفكار التكوين 1 في إزالة الخلق وإعادة الخلق. وأكدت شروط هذا العهد على النظام المخلوق العالمي أكثر مما أقامت وعداً جديداً.

العهد الإبراهيمي
يوجد العهد الإبراهيمي في التكوين 12، 15، و17. فتلقى إبراهيم وعداً بذرية وأرض، مع أنه لم يكن سيرى إثماره في حياته. وتشرح الرسالة إلى العبرانيين (11:10) أنه كان ينتظر مدينة سماوية ذات الأسس الثابتة، التي مهندسها وبانيها هو الله. وكتب بولس أن ألنسل الموعود به يشير إلى المسيح بشكل خاص (غلاطي 3:16).

العهد الموسوي
يوجد العهد الموسوي في سفري الخروج والتثنية، ويوسع الوعد لإبراهيم بشعب وأرض. فيذكر تكراراً وعد الرب: «سوف أكون إلهكم وسوف تكونون شعبي.» وهذا يظهر بشكل خاص في وجود مجده بين الشعب. ويرتبط هذا العهد الأكثر بعبارة العهد القديم.
ومع أنه عهد نعمة ابتداءً من عمل الله الخلاصي، فإن تبرز فيه الشريعة. وفي رأي تشارلز هودج، وهو كان عالم لاهوت أمريكي من القرن التاسع عشر، فإن شريعة موسى كانت تجديد عهد الأعمال فيما يتعلق بالموت والإدانة. كما كان عهداً وطنياً فيما يتعلق بالمباركات الوطنية والطاعة الوطنية، وفي هذا الصدد كان مجرّد قانوني. وفي نظام التضحية، يشير العهد إلى إنجيل الخلاص من خلال الوسيط.

العهد الداودي
يوجد العهد الداودي في سفر صموئيل الثاني 7، حيث أعلن الرب أنه سيبني بيتاً ونسباً لداود، مقيماً ملكوته وعرشه إلى الأبد. فتذكر الله هذا العهد فيما حافظ على أحفاد داود رغم شرهم، مع أنه لم يمنع وصول الدينونة في نهاية المطاف. وبين أنبياء المنفى في بابل، كان هناك أمل في العودة تحت ملك داودي كان سيجلب السلام والعدل.

العهد الجديد
كان يُتوقع العهد الجديد مع آمال في مسيح داودي، كما تم التعبير عنه الأكثر صراحة في تنبؤات النبي أرمياء. وعند العشاء الأخير، لمح يسوع إلى هذه النبوءة، إضافة إلى نبوءة إشعاء، حيث قال إن كأس وجبة الفصح هو العهد الجديد في دمه، كما تم تطوير استخدام رمزية العهد القديم في الرسالة إلى العبرانيين. فيسوع هو آدم الثاني وأمل إسرائيل وإتمام الشريعة والأنبياء. وهو النبي أكبر من يونس، والابن في البيت الذي كان موسى يخدم فيه، قائداً شعبه إلى الأرض السماوية الموعود بها. وهو الكاهن الأعظم أكبر من هرون، مقدماً نفسه كذبيحة كاملة مرة واحدة. وهو الملك أكبر من سليمان، حاكماً إلى الأبد على عرش داود.

رموز وأختام العهد
لأن لاهوت العهود موجود بشكل عام في الكنائس البروتستانتية والمصلحة، فإن تابعيه يعتبرون المعمودية والعشاء الرباني السرين المقدسين الوحيدين، على عكس الكنيسة الكاثوليكية التي تمارس سبعة أسرار مقدسة. والأسرار هي رمز وخاتم عهد النعمة. وعلاوة على الوعظ الكتابي، تعتبر الأسرار وسيلة نعمة عادية للخلاص. ونفع هذه الطقوس ليس في المشاركة فيها، بل في قوة الروح القدس المتلقاة بالإيمان.

العشاء الرباني
أسس يسوع العشاء الرباني عند وجبة الفصح، الذي أعاد تفسيره بشكل جذري. فعيد الفصح هو الاحتفال بإخراج الإسرائيليين من مصر، وخاصة دم الخروف الذي أمرهم الله بوضعه على العتبة العليا حتى يعبر ملاك الموت عن بيوتهم، فخلص الأبكار من الطاعون النهائي. ويفسر كاتبو العهد الجديد هذا الحدث بشكل رمزي: كما أنقذ دم الخروف الإسرائيليين من الطاعون، هكذا ينقذ موت يسوع الاستبدالي شعب الله في العهد الجديد من إدانة خطاياهم.

المعمودية
يرى علماء لاهوت العهود المؤيدون لمعمودية الرضع تدبير كل عهود الكتاب، بما في ذلك العهد الجديد، في إطار مبدأ الشمول العائلي والجماعي، أو ما يسمى بتعاقب الأجيال. ففي سفر أعمال الرسل 39-2:38، امتد الوعد إلى أطفال المؤمنين كما كان عليه في العهد القديم. وتشمل العهود الكتابية بين الله والإنسان رموز وأختام تمثل بشكل مرئي الحقائق وراء العهود. ويتم تدبير الرموز المرئية لخلاص الله العهدي بطريقة جماعية، وليس بطريقة فردية فقط.

تعتبر المعمودية الرمز المرئي للدخول إلى العهد الجديد، وبالتالي يتم تدبيره بشكل فردي للمؤمنين الجدد الذي يعترفون بإيمانهم علناً. ومؤيدو معمودية الرضع يعتقدون أن هذا يمتد إلى أهل بيت المؤمنين، بما فيها الأطفال. في هذه النظرة، المعمودية تحل محل الختان الذي تمت إقامته مع إبراهيم، وترمز إلى التطهير من الخطايا.

من جهة أخرى يعتقد مؤيدو معمودية البالغين أن المعمودية مقصورة على أولئك الذين يفهمون ويعترفون بإيمانهم. وفي إرمياء 31 ينص العهد الجديد على أن أعضاءه سيكون عندهم الشريعة مدونة على قلوبهم وسيعرفون الله شخصياً. ولهذا السبب، يعتقد علماء لاهوت العهود المعمدانيون أن عضوية العهد الجديد مقصورة على أولئك الذين ولدوا من جديد.

انظر أيضاً
 كالفينية

مراجع

أرمينيانية
حركات لاهوتية مسيحية
عبارات مسيحية

لاهوت العهود


Finhvaler (Balaenopteridae) er den største familie af bardehvaler og indeholder ni arter i to slægter. Alle arterne er karakteriseret ved at have lange og dybe bugfurer på undersiden af hovedet. Disse bugfurer gør at svælget kan udvide sig enormt og gør det muligt for dyrene at tage en meget stor mængde vand og føde ind i munden på en gang. Vandet presses ud igen, mens føden (krill, småfisk mm) holdes tilbage af barderne i overmunden. Ud over bugfurerne adskiller finhvalerne sig fra bardehvalerne ved at barderne er kortere, mundlinjen lige (i modsætning til den stærkt buede hos rethvalerne) og ved at have en rygfinne (heraf navnet finhval). Et ældre ord for finhvaler er rørhval (hvoraf det engelske navn rorqual er afledt), hvilket henviser til de rørlignende bugfurer.

Finhvalerne inddeles i to slægter: Balaenoptera, der bl.a. indeholder blåhval, finhval, sejhval og vågehval, og Megaptera, der kun indeholder én art, pukkelhval.

Finhvaler


Die Fatimakapelle ist eine Hofkapelle in Aitrach im Landkreis Ravensburg in Oberschwaben.

Beschreibung
Die nicht geostete Fatimakapelle wurde im Jahre 1950 erbaut. Sie befindet sich an der Kreisstraße 7922, die Aitrach mit Aichstetten verbindet. Sie liegt am Ufer der Aitrach und ist im Gegensatz zur, nur fünfhundert Meter entfernt an der Straße liegenden, Hofkapelle Schlecht von der Straße aus kaum erkennbar. Der Vater des heutigen Eigentümers der Hofstelle ließ sie aus Dankbarkeit errichten, dass der kriegsteilnehmende Sohn heil und gesund aus Krieg und Gefangenschaft des Zweiten Weltkrieges heimgekehrt war. Die Kapelle wurde der Madonna Unserer Liebe Frau zum unbefleckten Herzen von Fatima geweiht.

Die kleine Anlage wird von einem Zaun umschlossen. Ungefähr in der Mitte davon befindet sich die Kapelle. Sie hat ein steiles Satteldach, jeweils zwei Fenster zur Ost- und Westseite und ein Fenster auf der nördlichen Stirnseite mit den Initialen von Maria, oberhalb der Eingangstüre aus Holz. Die Bedachung ist aus Blech. Von innen ist das Dach mittels einer Nut-Feder-Verbindung aus Fichten- und Tannenholz verkleidet. Die Bestuhlung der Kapelle besteht aus vier symmetrisch platzierten Kniebänken und einer zentralen Kniebank vor dem Altar. Der hüfthohe aus Holz gefertigte Altar trägt die Inschrift "Unsere liebe Frau von Fatima bitte für uns!" Auf dem Altar befindet sich eine überlebensgroße Replik der Madonna von Fatima. An der linken Wandseite ist ein Kreuz mit Korpus angebracht.

Die Kapelle gehört zu dem Ensemble von vier Kapellen auf der Gemarkung von Aitrach.

Literatur

Weblinks

Bauwerk in Aitrach
Aitrach
Aitrach
Privatkapelle
Aitrach
Erbaut in den 1950er Jahren
Aitrach
Aitrach

Fatimakapelle (Aitrach)


Amauropelta, veliki rod papratnjača iz porodice Thelypteridaceae, dio reda osladolike. Rasprostranjen je po neotropima, nešto na Pacifiku, tropskoj Africi i Indijskom oceanu. Na popisu je 236 vrsta

Vrste

 Amauropelta achalensis (Hieron.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta aculeata (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta aliena (C. Chr.) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta altitudinis (Ponce) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta amambayensis (Ponce) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta amphioxypteris (Sodiro) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta andicola (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta angustifrons (Miq.) Y. H. Chang
 Amauropelta antillana (Proctor) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta appressa (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta araucariensis (Ponce) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta arborea (Brause) A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta arenosa (A. R. Sm.) A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta argentina (Hieron.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta arrecta (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta aspidioides (Willd.) Pic. Serm.
 Amauropelta atrorubens (Mett. ex Kuhn) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta atrovirens (C. Chr.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta aymarae (A. R. Sm. & M. Kessler) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta balbisii (Spreng.) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta barvae (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta basisceletica (C. Sánchez, Caluff & O. Alvarez) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta beddomei (Baker) Y. H. Chang
 Amauropelta bergiana (Schltdl.) Holttum
 Amauropelta binervata (A. R. Sm.) A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta boliviana A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta bonapartii (Rosenst.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta brachypoda (Baker) A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta brachypus (Sodiro) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta brausei (Hieron.) A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta burkartii (Abbiatti) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta campii (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta canadasii (Sodiro) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta caucaensis (Hieron.) A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta chaparensis (A. R. Sm. & M. Kessler) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta cheilanthoides (Kunze) Á. Löve & D. Löve
 Amauropelta chiriquiana (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta christensenii (Christ) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta cinerea (Sodiro) A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta cochaensis (C. Chr.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta cocos (A. R. Sm. & Lellinger) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta comptula (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta concinna (Willd.) Pic. Serm.
 Amauropelta conformis (Sodiro) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta consanguinea (Fée) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta cooleyi (Proctor) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta corazonensis (Baker) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta cornuta (Maxon) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta correllii (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta crassiuscula (C. Chr. & Maxon) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta ctenitoides (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta cystopteroides (D. C. Eaton) S. E. Fawc. & A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta decrescens (Proctor) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta decurtata (Link) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta deflectens (C. Chr.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta deflexa (C. Presl) Á. Löve & D. Löve
 Amauropelta delasotae (A. R. Sm. & Lellinger) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta demerarana (Baker) Boudrie & Cremers
 Amauropelta deminuta O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta demissa (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta denudata (C. Sánchez & Caluff) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta dodsonii (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta dudleyi (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta elegantula (Sodiro) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta enigmatica (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta eriosorus (Fée) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta euchlora (Sodiro) A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta euthythrix (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta exuta (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta fasciola (A. R. Sm. & M. Kessler) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta fayorum (A. R. Sm. & M. Kessler) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta firma (Baker ex Jenman) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta flabellata O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta fluminalis (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta frigida (Christ) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta funckii (Mett.) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta furfuracea (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta furva (Maxon) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta germaniana (Fée) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta glabrescens A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta glanduligera (Kunze) Y. H. Chang
 Amauropelta glandulosolanosa (C. Chr.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta globulifera (Brack.) Holttum
 Amauropelta glutinosa (C. Chr.) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta gomeziana (A. R. Sm. & Lellinger) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta gracilenta (Jenman) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta gracilis (Heward) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta grammitoides (Christ) S. E. Fawc. & A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta grantii (Copel.) Holttum
 Amauropelta grayumii (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta hakgalensis Holttum
 Amauropelta harrisii (Proctor) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta hastiloba (C. Chr.) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta heineri (C. Chr.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta heteroclita (Desv.) Pic. Serm.
 Amauropelta heteroptera (Desv.) Holttum
 Amauropelta hutchisonii (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta hydrophila (Fée) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta illicita (Christ) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta inabonensis (Proctor) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta inaequans (C. Chr.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta inaequilateralis (A. R. Sm. & M. Kessler) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta intromissa (C. Chr.) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta ireneae (Brade) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta jimenezii (Maxon & C. Chr.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta juergensii (Rosenst.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta jujuyensis (de la Sota) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta knysnaensis (N. C. Anthony & Schelpe) Parris
 Amauropelta laevigata (Mett. ex Kuhn) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta lanceolata A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta leoniae (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta lepidula (Hieron.) A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta limbata (Sw.) Pic. Serm.
 Amauropelta linkiana (C. Presl) Pic. Serm.
 Amauropelta longicaulis (Baker) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta longipilosa (Sodiro) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta longisora (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta loreae (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta loretensis (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta lumbricoides (A. R. Sm. & M. Kessler) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta macra (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta madidiensis (A. R. Sm. & M. Kessler) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta malangae (C. Chr.) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta manaiorum O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta margaretae (E. D. Br.) Holttum
 Amauropelta melanochlaena (C. Chr.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta membranifera (C. Chr.) Holttum
 Amauropelta mertensioides (C. Chr.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta metteniana (Ching) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta micula (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta minima (A. R. Sm. & M. Kessler) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta minutula (C. V. Morton) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta miyagii (H. Ito) S. E. Fawc. & A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta mombachensis (L. D. Gómez) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta mortonii (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta mosenii (C. Chr.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta mucosa (A. R. Sm.) Á. Löve & D. Löve
 Amauropelta muscicola (Proctor) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta muzensis (Hieron.) comb. ined.
 Amauropelta namaphila (Proctor) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta neglecta (Brade & Rosenst.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta negligens (Jenman) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta nephelium (A. R. Sm. & M. Kessler) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta nevadensis (Baker) S. E. Fawc. & A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta nitens (Desv.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta nockiana (Jenman) Pic. Serm.
 Amauropelta novaeana (Brade) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta noveboracensis (L.) S. E. Fawc. & A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta nubicola (de la Sota) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta nubigena (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta oaxacana (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta odontosora (Bonap.) Holttum
 Amauropelta oligocarpa (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Pic. Serm.
 Amauropelta ophiorhizoma (A. R. Sm. & Lellinger) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta opposita (M. Vahl) Pic. Serm.
 Amauropelta oppositiformis (C. Chr.) Holttum
 Amauropelta pachyrhachis (Kunze ex Mett.) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta paleacea (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta patula (Fée) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta pavoniana (Klotzsch) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta pelludia (A. R. Sm. & M. Kessler) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta peradenia (A. R. Sm.) A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta peruviana (Rosenst.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta phacelothrix (Rosenst.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta physematioides (Kuhn & Christ) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta piedrensis (C. Chr.) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta pilosissima (C. V. Morton) A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta pilosohispida (Hook.) A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta pilosula (Klotzsch & H. Karst. ex Mett.) Á. Löve & D. Löve
 Amauropelta pleiophylla (Sehnem) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta podotricha (Sehnem) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta proboscidea (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta proctorii (A. R. Sm. & Lellinger) A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta prolatipedis (Lellinger) A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta ptarmica (Kunze ex Mett.) Pic. Serm.
 Amauropelta ptarmiciformis (C. Chr. & Rosenst. ex Rosenst.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta pteroidea (Klotzsch) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta pusilla (Mett.) A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta raddii (Rosenst.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta randallii (Maxon & C. V. Morton ex C. V. Morton) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta rechingeri (Holttum) S. E. Fawc. & A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta recumbens (Rosenst.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta reducta (C. Chr.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta regnelliana (C. Chr.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta resinifera (Desv.) Pic. Serm.
 Amauropelta retusa (Sw.) Pic. Serm.
 Amauropelta rheophyta (Proctor) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta rigescens (Sodiro) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta rivularioides (Fée) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta roraimensis (Baker) A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta rosenstockii (C. Chr.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta rosulata (A. R. Sm. & M. Kessler) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta rudiformis (C. Chr.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta rudis (Kunze) Pic. Serm.
 Amauropelta rufa (Poir.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta ruiziana (Klotzsch) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta rupestris (Klotzsch) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta rupicola (C. Chr.) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta rustica (Fée) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta sabaensis F. S. Axelrod & A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta salazica (Holttum) Holttum
 Amauropelta sancta (L.) Pic. Serm.
 Amauropelta sanctae-catharinae (Rosenst.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta saxicola (Sw.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta scalaris (Christ) Á. Löve & D. Löve
 Amauropelta scalpturoides (Fée) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta sellensis (C. Chr.) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta semilunata (Sodiro) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta serrulata (Ching) S. E. Fawc. & A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta shaferi (Maxon & C. Chr.) O. Alvarez
 Amauropelta soridepressa (Salino & V. A. O. Dittrich) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta steyermarkii (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta stierii (Rosenst.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta straminea (Sodiro) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta strigillosa (A. R. Sm. & Lellinger) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta strigosa (Willd.) Holttum
 Amauropelta struthiopteroides (C. Chr.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta subacrostichoides A. R. Sm.
 Amauropelta subscandens (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta subtilis (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta supina (Sodiro) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta supranitens (Christ) Á. Löve & D. Löve
 Amauropelta tablana (Christ) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta tamandarei (Rosenst.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta tapantensis (A. R. Sm. & Lellinger) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta tenerrima (Fée) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta thomsonii (Jenman) Pic. Serm.
 Amauropelta tomentosa (Thouars) Holttum
 Amauropelta trelawniensis (Proctor) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta uncinata (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta vattuonei (Hicken) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta venturae (A. R. Sm.) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta vernicosa (A. R. Sm. & Lellinger) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta villana (L. D. Gómez) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta yungensis (A. R. Sm. & M. Kessler) Salino & T. E. Almeida
 Amauropelta zurquiana (A. R. Sm. & Lellinger) Salino & T. E. Almeida

Sinonimi
 Thelypteris subgen.Amauropelta (Kunze) A.R.Sm.
 Oochlamys Fée
 Parathelypteris (H.Itô) Ching
 Wagneriopteris Á.Löve & D.Löve
 Amauropelta subg.Parathelypteris (H.Ito) S.E.Fawc. & A.R.Sm.

Izvori

Thelypteridaceae

Amauropelta


HMS Intrepid was one of nine s built for the Royal Navy during the 1930s.

Description
The I-class ships were improved versions of the preceding H-class. They displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ships had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by three Admiralty three-drum boilers. The turbines developed a total of  and were intended to give a maximum speed of . Intrepid only reached a speed of  from  during her sea trials. The ships carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of  at . Their crew numbered 145 officers and ratings.

The ships mounted four 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark IX guns in single mounts, designated 'A', 'B', 'X' and 'Y' from bow to stern. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, they had two quadruple mounts for the 0.5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun. The I class was fitted with two above-water quintuple torpedo tube mounts for  torpedoes. One depth charge rack and two throwers were fitted; 16 depth charges were originally carried, but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began. Intrepid was one of the four I-class destroyers fitted with minelaying equipment in late 1938 – January 1939 at Malta. This consisted of mounts for rails on the deck on which to carry the mines and an electric winch to move the mines down the rails. A pair of sponsons were added to the stern to allow the mines to clear the propellers when dropped into the sea. 'A' and 'Y' guns and both sets of torpedo tubes were modified to allow them to be removed to compensate for the weight of the mines. The ships could carry a maximum of 72 mines. The I-class ships were fitted with the ASDIC sound detection system to locate submarines underwater.

Construction and career
In the Second World War, Intrepid attacked and sank the  south-west of Ireland on 14 October 1939 in company with the destroyers  and .

During naval manoeuvres on the 17 March 1940 Intrepid collided with the Leith-based fishing trawler MV Ocean Mist sinking the smaller ship and killing two of her crew but rescuing the other eight

Intrepid participated in the pursuit and destruction of the  in May 1941, and in Operation Pedestal, the escorting of a convoy to Malta in August 1942.

Intrepid was adopted by the town of Uxbridge in 1942 to raise funds for the ship's costs.

Sinking

Intrepid was attacked by German Ju 88 aircraft and sank in Leros harbour in the Aegean Sea on 26 September 1943.

Notes

References

I-class destroyers of the Royal Navy
Ships built on the Isle of Wight
1936 ships
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
Destroyers sunk by aircraft
World War II shipwrecks in the Aegean Sea
Maritime incidents in September 1943
Ships sunk by German aircraft

HMS Intrepid (D10)


Ofninn (latína: Fornax) er dauft stjörnumerki á suðurhimni. Ofninn er umlukinn Fljótinu. Hann er eitt þeirra stjörnumerkja sem franski stjörnufræðingurinn Nicolas Louis de Lacaille lýsti á 18. öld eftir rannsóknir sínar í Suður-Afríku.

Tenglar
 Ofninn á Stjörnufræðivefnum

Stjörnumerki

Ofninn


Stade Parsemain Fransa'nın Istres şehrinde 2005 yılında çok amaçlı olarak inşa edilen bir stadyum

Stadyumda çoğunlukla futbol müsabakaları yapılmaktadır. Fransa'nın FC Istres takımının maçlarını yaptığı stadyum, 17.468 seyirci kapasitelidir.

Fransa'daki stadyumlar

Parsemain Stadyumu


Bursa Otomobil Sporu Sevenler Kulübü (BOSSEK), Türkiye'nin en eski otomobil sporları kulübü olup, 10 Eylül 1972 tarihinde Orhan Akiş'in kurucu başkanlığında kurulmuş ve 30 yıldan bu yana faaliyetlerini devam ettirmiştir.

Orhan Akiş'in ardından sırasıyla Feridun Pehlivan, Mahmut Erdilek, İsmail Koşarer, Sabri Ersavaş, Raşit Barışıcı, Selçuk Özsevinç, Fethi Önder ve Emin Akça başkanlık görevini yürütmüş ve son olarak da halen bu görevi sürdürmekte olan Erdal Elbay başkanlığındaki yönetim görevi devralmıştır.

Dış bağlantılar
 bossek.org
 tosfed.org.tr

Türkiye'de motor sporları
Bursa merkezli kuruluşlar
Türkiye merkezli dernekler
1972'de kurulan dernekler ve vakıflar

BOSSEK


Zilia Valeeva (în , în , ) este o figură publică și un politician în Republica Tatarstan, lucrător cultural onorat al Federației Ruse, doctor în studii filosofice (2010).

Timp de 20 de ani, în perioada 1992-2012, ea a acționat ca unul dintre cei mai înalți funcționari și ca cel mai influent politician feminin din Republica Tatarstan, remarcat în mod tradițional ca unul din regiunea musulmană patriarhală din Federația Rusă. Ea reprezintă în mod activ regiunea la nivel internațional.

În 2014, a semnat recursul colectiv al personalităților culturale din Federația Rusă în sprijinul politicii președintelui Vladimir Putin în Ucraina și în Crimeea, recurs care a fost publicat la 11 martie 2014 în ziarul Izvestia.

În prezent, Zilia Valeeva lucrează ca director al Complexului istoric și arhitectural al Muzeului de Stat al Kremlinului din Kazan, de asemenea, este președinta organizației publice a Femeilor din Tatarstan, președinta comisiei Republicii Tatarstan de la UNESCO.

Biografie
Între anii 1970-1980, ea a fost corespondent, ulterior șef al Departamentului de Literatură și Artă al ziarului republican de tineret Leninets (în ) din Ufa. În anii 1980 - 1982, a fost corespondent al ziarului Vechernyaya Kazan (în ) din Kazan. În perioada 1982 - 1990, ea a fost corespondent, șef de catedră pe probleme sociale la ziarul Sovetskaya Tatariya (în ) din Kazan.

În anii 1990 - 1992 a fost editor de politică la ziarul Izvestiya Tatarstana (în ) din Kazan. Între 1992-1995 Zilia Valeeva a fost prim-vicepreședinte al Sovietului Suprem al Republicii Tatarstan. În anii 1995-1999 ea a fost vicepreședinte al Consiliului de Stat al Republicii Tatarstan.

Din 1999 până în 2001 a avut funcția de Ministru al presei, radiodifuziunii și mass-media din Republica Tatarstan. În anii 2001-2005 ea a fost viceprim-ministru al Republicii Tatarstan. În perioada 2005-2011 Zilia Valeeva a fost viceprim-ministru - Ministrul Culturii al Republicii Tatarstan.

Între martie 2011 - mai 2012 Zilia Valeeva a fost viceprim-ministru al Republicii Tatarstan. Din 17 mai 2012 este director al Muzeului de Stat Complexul istoric și arhitectural al Kremlinului din Kazan (în , în ).

Premii
 Medalia pentru muncă valoroasă;
 Scrisoare de onoare a Republicii Tatarstan (2002);
 Medalie "În comemorarea celei de-a 300-a aniversări a Sankt Petersburgului" (în , 2003);
 Medalia "Cu ocazia aniversării a 1000 de ani de la fondarea orașului Kazan" (în , 2005);
 Scrisoare de apreciere din partea Președintelui Republicii Tatarstan (2007);
 Ordinul Prieteniei (în , 2008);
 Premiul de Stat al Federației Ruse pentru cultură (2009).

Referințe

Nașteri în 1952
Absolvenți ai Universității de stat din Moscova
Oameni în viață
Oameni din Ufa
Politicieni din Tatarstan

Zilia Valeeva


Directiva 2018/822/EU, cunoscută și ca DAC6, este o directivă prin care Uniunea Europeană dorește să introducă obligativitatea de raportare a schemelor transfrontaliere de optimizare fiscală ce prezintă anumite caracteristici specifice, pentru a construi un nou cadru de transparentizare fiscală.

Potrivit textului directivei, se implementează obligativitatea de raportare a schemelor transfrontaliere de optimizare fiscală atât pentru consultanții fiscali, contabilii, auditorii, avocații sau orice alte persoane care participă direct sau indirect la realizarea, comercializarea sau gestionarea schemelor de optimizare fiscală, cât și pentru contribuabili, în situația în care cei dintâi nu efectuează raportarea.

Directiva DAC6 trebuie să fie implementată în legislația națională a tuturor statelor membre a Uniunii Europene până la 31.12.2019. Cu toate acestea, trebuie să fie raportate schemele de optimizare fiscală ce au fost realizate începând cu data de 25.06.2018, indiferent de data la care prevederile directivei au fost transpuse în legislația locală. Obligativitea de raportare propriu-zisă a schemelor va intra în vigoare de la 01.07.2020.

Contextul implementării DAC6

Cu toate că exista deja un instrument prin care autoritățile fiscale pot împiedica mutarea profiturilor (Directiva 2011/16/EU), acesta nu a avut efectele preconizate, fiind actualizat în repetate rânduri.

Planul de acțiuni pentru erodarea bazei impozabile și transferul profiturilor (BEPS) ce a fost aprobat în 2013 de către Organizația pentru Cooperare și Dezvoltare Economică și de grupul celor douăzeci de miniștri ai finanțelor și ai guvernatorilor băncilor centrale (G20), a adus în prim plan necesitatea îmbunătățirii intrumentelelor existente sau de a crea instrumente noi prin care să fie combătută mutarea profiturilor.

Orice contribuabil poate decide dacă dorește sau nu să depună raportul privind schemele de optimizare fiscală, dar dacă refuză va trebui să își asume sancțiunile ce vor fi stabilite de fiecare stat membru.

Obligațiile de raportare

Cu toate că DAC6 nu specifică în mod concis ce informații trebuie raportate, directiva prezintă un minim de informații pe care autoritățile fiscale trebuie să le modifice în cadrul schimburilor automate de informații cu privire la schemele transfrontaliere de optimizare fiscală.

Prin urmare, raportările schemelor transfrontaliere de optimizare fiscală ar trebui să includă cel puțin informațiile următoare:

- datele de identificare ale părților care participă direct / indirect la schema de optimizare fiscală;

- datele de identificare ale contribuabililor;

- detalii privind caracteristicile ce justifică raportabilitatea;

- data la care s-a efectuat punerea în aplicare a schemei de optimizare fiscală;

- valoarea modalității transfrontaliere care face obiectul raportării;

- orice alte informații utile legate de schemele de optimizare fiscală;

Concluzii

Este necesar ca toate informațiile despre schemele transfrontaliere de optimizare fiscală ce sunt comunicate autorităților fiscale dintr-un stat membru să fie schimbate automat între toate autoritățile fiscale din Uniunea Europeană.

Prin urmare, părțile direct sau indirect implicate în realizarea schemelor transfrontaliere de optimizare fiscală cât și contribuabilii, trebuie să acționeze activ în anticiparea transpunerii prevederilor Directivei DAC6 în legislație. Pentru a aborda potențialele riscuri care decurg din prevederile cesteia cu privire la obligația de raportare, este necesar să fie concepute procese interne care să evalueze domeniul de aplicare a obligațiilor de raportare.

Note

Uniunea Europeană
Legislația Uniunii Europene

Directiva DAC6


Sysmä es un municipio de Finlandia situado en la Provincia de Finlandia Meridional y es parte de la Región de Päijänne Tavastia. El municipio tiene una población de 3,616 habitantes al 31 de diciembre de 2020 y cubre un área de 936.18 km² de los cuales 269.14 km² son agua. La densidad de población es de 5.42 habitantes por km².

El municipio es unilingüe, de habla finesa.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Municipalidad de Sysmä – Página oficial
 Prehistoria de Sysmä

Sysmä

Sysmä


Dusit est l'un des 50 khets (circonscriptions) de la ville de Bangkok, en Thaïlande. Situé sur la rive gauche (orientale) de la Chao Phraya, il abrite notamment le domaine royal de Dusit, où réside habituellement le roi de Thaïlande, et les bâtiments du parlement de Thaïlande.

Histoire

Notes et références

Liens externes

Khet de Bangkok

Dusit


Chetham's School of Music () is an independent co-educational music school in Manchester, England. Chetham's educates students between the ages of 8 and 18, all of whom enter via musical auditions.

The music school was established in 1969 from Chetham's Hospital School, founded as a charity school by Humphrey Chetham in 1653. After becoming a boys' grammar school in 1952, the school turned to music as its speciality, at the same time becoming a private school and accepting its first female students. There are approximately 300 students on roll, including a large sixth form making up around half of the school. Approximately two-thirds of students board on site, with others travelling in as day students from around Greater Manchester. The oldest parts of the school date to the 1420s, when the building was constructed as a residence for priests of the church which is now Manchester Cathedral. These parts are listed buildings housing Chetham's Library.

Academic and music teaching moved into a new, building in 2012; this replaced the Victorian Palatine building and allowed easier access for concert visitors. A 482-seat concert hall, Stoller Hall, opened within the New School Building in 2017.

History

Beginnings

The school is built on the site of Manchester Castle, a fortified manor house owned by the Grelleys after the Norman Conquest, at the confluence of the River Irwell and the River Irk. Medieval Manchester grew around the manor house and the parish church, which eventually became Manchester Cathedral.

In the early 14th century, the de la Warre family acquired the land through marriage. Thomas de la Warre refounded the church as a collegiate church in 1421. De la Warre gave the site of his manor house for the construction of a college, where eight priests, four clerks and six lay choristers lived in the care of a warden. It is likely that building began between 1424 and 1429, and the main hall and cloister rooms finished by 1458. It remains the most complete building of its kind in the country, and at the time of its construction, was the second largest building in Manchester, surpassed only by the church.

The college was dissolved during the English Reformation in 1547, and purchased by Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby. It was re-founded by Queen Mary, before Elizabeth I refounded it as 'Christ's College' in 1578. This arrangement lasted until the foundation of Manchester Cathedral in 1847. The college buildings remained the property of the Stanleys, and wardens (including the Elizabethan astronomer and mathematician John Dee) lived on the premises with their families and servants. During the English Civil War, the college was used as a gunpowder factory and a prison and was left damaged by powder, disused and overrun by pigs. Lord James Stanley, a Royalist, was executed in 1651, and Parliament confiscated his property, including the college.

Humphrey Chetham

Humphrey Chetham (1580–1653) was an unmarried and childless financier, philanthropist and cloth merchant from Manchester. In the 1640s he provided money for the maintenance and education of fourteen poor boys from Manchester, six from Salford, and two from Droylsden.  In March 1649 he wrote to the Earl of Derby about his intention to establish a school. He attempted unsuccessfully to acquire the buildings, which were "spoyld and ruin'd and become like a dunghill", to provide a hospital, school and library. In his will, Chetham left over £8,000 from his estate (which was worth about £14,000 in total) to establish a hospital school for 40 poor local boys, between the ages of six and ten and from "honest" families, who should be taught and cared for until they were 14. His executors obtained the lease of the college in 1654 to house both the school and library.

Charity school
After repairs to the college were completed in mid-1656, the first admissions were made. The first headmaster, Richard Dutton, was appointed in 1655, and in 1665 the institution became an incorporated charity. The number of pupils grew, with admissions rising to 100 by the 1870s. Boys were admitted based on the parish they lived in, and on need, health and background of the family. Illegitimate boys were not admitted, and all boys had to be able to read to a certain standard that meant they were not hard to teach. In 1878, a new schoolroom designed by architect Alfred Waterhouse (who designed Manchester Town Hall) was built in a Tudor style. The number of boys admitted was reduced to 75 in 1908 to save money, though three years later admissions increased again to 99. In 1916, no boys were admitted due to lack of funding caused by World War I, and in 1918 the number was limited to 70. Successful public appeals resulted in the numbers rising to 97 in 1929. In 1926 a scheme was set up which allowed boys to apply for scholarships to join a grammar school, which meant that while they lived at Chetham's, they were educated elsewhere during the day. Further, they would stay at grammar school until at least the age of 16 and sometimes 18.

World War II and aftermath: 1939 to 1952
During World War II, the boys were evacuated to the seaside town of Cleveleys, Lancashire, where they shared accommodation with a primary school. Chetham's was damaged by an explosion in December 1940, when most of the windows were shattered and the roof set alight. The boys relocated to Chapel-en-le-Frith, Derbyshire, in 1943, although thirteen boys attending grammar school moved to Buxton College. By 1944 the governors believed that it would not be appropriate for the school to return to Manchester, and it was proposed the site become a religious education centre. However, after years of discussion, it was decided to return the school to Manchester. The Education Act 1944, which stipulated that schools should be classified as primary or secondary, complicated matters, since Chetham's went across the middle.  It was decided in 1950 that Chetham's should become a grammar school, and this change took place two years later. In 1950, Chetham's amalgamated with Nicholls' Hospital School, a similar school based in Ardwick which had been established in 1863. While it could take up to 100 boys, by the end of the war there were only 22 and it was considered beneficial for the schools to merge.

Later history: since 1952

After the change in organisation, Chetham's could no longer afford to provide education based on scholarships and other allowances, and began charging fees. In 1952, the school buildings were considered insufficient so a new block was built, it is currently known as the Nicholls Building and opened in 1955. By 1960 the numbers of boys admitted had increased significantly, particularly among day pupils; 230 non-boarding students attended that year, alongside 64 boarders.

Before becoming a specialist school, Chetham's had a good reputation for music, and on this basis the decision was made to become a co-educational music school in 1969. The former Palatine Hotel, which housed offices and shops, was converted into extra teaching space and practice rooms. In 1969, 50 students were admitted based on musical potential and by 1972 this had risen to 150, more than half of the entire school. In 1977 the school changed to its present name. In 1978 the Long Millgate building, the original home of Manchester Grammar School, was purchased to provide additional space to the campus. Also included with the building was The Whiteley Hall, a 200-seat central performance space which became the primary venue of Chetham's concerts until 2017.

New College House, a boarding house for girls at Chetham's, was opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in 1994. The boarding capacity at the school was further increased following an extension to the Nicholls Building in 2004. In 2012, a new school building adjacent to the existing site, purpose-designed for music teaching, was opened by the Earl of Wessex (Patron of the school). This included The Carole Nash Hall, a 100-seat recital hall, and space for a 400-seat concert hall, which would later open in 2017 as The Stoller Hall. The Long Millgate building continues to be used as a boarding house for students, as well as a dining space, a school gym and currently houses the school's art department. The Palatine Building was demolished in 2016 to reveal the previously hidden medieval buildings and allow easier access to the library.

In June 2021, a fire broke out within the Long Millgate building, beginning at approximately 2.20am within The Whiteley Hall. The adjacent student boarding houses, Millgate House and Victoria House, were reported to have been successfully evacuated with no harm caused to either the students or staff. Fire crews reportedly arrived immediately on the scene and contained the blaze, however the incident caused substantial damage to The Whiteley Hall itself, including the main stage and a pipe organ originally installed in 2002. The school gym on the lower levels also suffered water damage.

Historical abuse allegations and convictions (2013 onwards)
In February 2013, Michael Brewer, Director of Music from the late 1970s to the early 1990s, and his ex-wife, were convicted of indecently assaulting a pupil, Frances Andrade, between 1978 and 1982. Andrade committed suicide after giving evidence at their trial. Prosecutors claimed Brewer was forced to resign in the 1990s after an inappropriate relationship with a 16-year-old girl. The school's statement said the current staff were "shocked ... to the core" by the revelations of "the most appalling acts which took place during his time at the school ..." In March 2013, Brewer was found guilty of indecent assault and sentenced to six years imprisonment.

It was reported that allegations of assault were made against another teacher in the 1980s. On 12 February, Malcolm Layfield, Head of Strings at the Royal Northern College of Music resigned from the RNCM Board after claims of his previous sexual misconduct were brought up during the Brewer hearing. Before his appointment at RNCM, Layfield had admitted to having relationships with six Chetham's pupils aged between 16 and 18 whilst he taught there. Two RNCM teachers, including the Head of Keyboard Studies, Martin Roscoe, resigned in protest at his appointment in 2002. In October 2013 Layfield was arrested on suspicion of raping and indecently assaulting an 18-year-old woman between 1988 and 1999, but was found not guilty at a trial in 2015.

On 14 February 2013, Wen Zhou Li, a violin teacher at the Royal Northern College of Music and former teacher at Chetham's, was arrested on charges of rape that allegedly occurred whilst he taught at the school. The case was dropped in 2016 before coming to trial, and Wen Zhou Li was told that he left court "without a stain on his character". Allegations of sexual abuse were also made against the pianist Ryszard Bakst, who died in 1999, and former violin teacher Christopher Ling. Ling, who had moved to Los Angeles in the 1990s, shot himself at his home when US marshals arrived in September 2015 with a provisional arrest warrant.

On 8 May 2013, the Greater Manchester Police reported that over 30 women had reported incidents of abuse relating to the school. The investigation into allegations of abuse made against individuals said by police to "have or have had connections with either Chetham's and/or Royal Northern College of Music and/or have taught music privately", was known as Operation Kiso. Thirty-nine individuals were named and 10 of these proactively investigated; the school stated that it was assisting the police with their inquiries, and had instigated an action plan to review their safeguarding processes and procedures. In 2013, two independent reports found that school "failed to follow its own guidelines to keep children safe. They also discovered that no formal, minuted meetings had taken place at the school to discuss the recent allegations and consider changes to its child protection policy."

Between September and October 2019, Chetham's School of Music gave evidence to the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse, after applying as a core participant along with four other residential music schools. In a statement from Chetham's, Alun Jones, the principal in 2019 commented, "I welcome this Inquiry. Victims and survivors of child sexual abuse need to know that they are being listened to and that changes happen as a result of what they say. As Principal of Chetham's I have a duty of care to our current and future students to make sure we also do everything possible to learn from victims and survivors' experiences."

In March 2022, the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse delivered its preliminary findings, which included damning statements about the conduct of senior staff at Chetham's School of Music, criticising a cultural reluctance to report serious safeguarding concerns, also seen across other participating schools within the inquiry. One such statement from the report read, "On occasion, when allegations of child sexual abuse arose, headteachers moved to protect the reputation of the school rather than the welfare of victims and other children at the school.". It concluded that the power and influence of its eminent music teachers at the time further compromised its pupils.

In October 2022, the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse made 20 recommendations within its final report. In a statement, Chetham's School of Music said, "To the victims and survivors of abuse including their families and loved ones, we are truly sorry [...] [This] report confirms above all else that there is no room for complacency. As the report says 'child sexual abuse is not a problem consigned to the past'. These mistakes must never be repeated, here or elsewhere. We therefore welcome all 20 recommendations in the report. [...] "None of this work can undo past failures, and our apologies will never be enough, but we will do everything in our power to ensure that young people across the UK today are safe and protected."

Academics and pastoral care

Admissions
Students are admitted to the school on musical ability and talent.  Funding for up to 100% of study and boarding fees is available to most students through the UK Government's Music and Dance Scheme.

Curriculum
As a specialist music school, Chetham's requires all students to study a curriculum that concentrates on music and other subjects in accordance with the National Curriculum. Students taking GCSEs and A-levels study music. All students study at least two instruments and choir practice is compulsory.

Ensembles form an important part of the musical curriculum, with all students taking part in at least one. The ensembles include Chetham's Symphony Orchestra, which has performed on BBC Radio 3. The award-winning Big Band played an integral part in the creation of a Jazz Studies programme, and has won many prizes, including The Daily Telegraph Young Jazz Competition, and the junior section of the BBC Radio 2 Big Band of the Year Competition three times. The Chamber Choir has performed on Songs of Praise and the BBC Proms and the Symphonic Wind Band and Orchestra have won prizes at the Boosey and Hawkes National Concert Festival.

School life
Chetham's admits boarding and day students to one of three houses: Victoria House, a mixed-gender house for students aged 8–13; Millgate House, for boys aged 13–18; and New College House aged 13–18. In senior houses, boarding students usually share rooms for four people, and in the sixth form students either have single rooms or share with one other person. Students have a personal tutor to discuss their progress, and boarding students have a house parent who communicates with parents at home.

Campus

Chetham's is situated in Manchester City Centre, close to Manchester Victoria railway station, The National Football Museum and Manchester Cathedral. There are several buildings on the site, many of which are listed. They surround a large open space, the north part is a car park and courtyard, and the south part is a playground.

College House

College House, the original 15th-century college, is a Grade I listed building built of sandstone in the shape of a lowercase 'b' with a slate roof. It is accessed by the original gatehouse; which was constructed on a plinth and contains the original timbers. The upper storey is accessed by an external staircase. Baronial Hall, once the Great Hall, contains many of its original features, such as its timber roof, dais and canopy. There is a large fireplace dating from the 19th century, and three windows likely to date from the 16th century. The Audit Room, originally a common room, contains a panelled ceiling with decorations suggesting it was installed by the Stanley family. The upper room, originally the warden's chamber, is now the library reading room, and contains a large bay window within an elaborate Tudor arch, as well as original 17th-century doors. The west part of the building surrounding the cloister courtyard contained accommodation known as sets, for people who lived in college. There were two rooms in each set on two floors, the lower floor being used as a study. Historian Clare Hartwell, describes the cobbled courtyard which has a restored well as "one of the most atmospheric spaces in the building". It is surrounded by many windows, which were probably originally unglazed. Inside there are several corridors and passages containing open beams and original stonework. To the east is the kitchen and associated rooms, and further east are rooms used for administration offices, most of which have been substantially altered.

New School Building
Constructed in 2012 opposite Manchester Victoria Station and connected by a bespoke link bridge to the original site at Chetham's, the New School Building contains most academic teaching rooms and all music teaching rooms across seven floors, as well as two performance spaces. The Carole Nash Hall is used regularly for recitals and masterclasses, including free Lunchtime Concerts which take place five times each week during the school term.  Its primary concert space, The Stoller Hall, was opened by Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex in 2017 and houses larger scale performances for audiences of up to 500. It was named after its chief benefactor Sir Norman Stoller, founder of The Stoller Charitable Trust.

Other buildings
The Millgate Building, the former site of Manchester Grammar School, is a Grade II listed building designed by Alfred Waterhouse in the 1870s. Attached to it is the Nicholls Building, which was originally built in 1955. Combined, they are known as The Long Millgate Buildings, which contain The Whiteley Hall, school gym, school kitchen and dining room, art department, and two student boarding houses. Following the opening of the New School Building in 2012, many of the old classrooms inside were repurposed and refurbished as student accommodation. A top-down extension of the Nicholls Building was completed in 2004, allowing for the construction of these additional boarding facilities. Originally purposed as sixth form accommodation, the Nicholls Building now only contains Victoria House for junior boarders.

The Waterhouse Building (formerly known as The Vallins Arts Centre) is another building on the site designed by Alfred Waterhouse in 1878. Waterhouse is Grade II listed and styled as a medieval chapel, it contains both upper and lower floor spaces often used as overflow classrooms and large ensemble rooms. Waterhouse was responsible for much of the alterations made to College House in the 19th century, and so the building was renamed in recognition of this. It formerly housed the school's drama department until the late 2010's, when the department was relocated to the lower levels of College House. It has been speculated that this building could eventually be repurposed as a future visitors centre for the adjacent Chetham's Library.

New College House is the third boarding house and was opened by HM Queen Elizabeth II in 1994. Located adjacent to what is now Urbis and Cathedral Gardens, it was originally purpose-built as the Girls' House. It now houses both middle and sixth form students, complete with its own sixth form common room.

A small section of the former Palatine Building (demolished in 2016) also remains at the disused entrance gates adjacent to Manchester Cathedral and The Glade of Light Memorial. This section remains due to Grade I restrictions in relation to the medieval outer walls at Chetham's.

Notable alumni

Chetham's, as a music school, has produced many notable alumni. Many of its students become professional musicians, as well as conductors, teachers and actors. This is a partial list of alumni:
 Max Beesley – actor
 Olivia Chaney – folk singer
 Jiafeng Chen – violinist
 Gareth Owen – classical pianist
 Gary Cooper – harpsichordist, fortepianist, and conductor
 Thangam Debbonaire – Labour MP
 Peter Donohoe – pianist
 Richard Egarr – conductor and harpsichord performer, music director of the Academy of  Ancient Music
 Daniel Harding – conductor
 David Hill – choral director
 Stephen Hough – pianist
 Guy Johnston – cellist
 Paul Lewis – pianist
 Mike Lindup – rock musician (Level 42)
 Grant Llewellyn – conductor
 Leon McCawley – pianist
 Kevin Mallon conductor and violinist
 Murray McLachlan – pianist
 Anna Markland – pianist
 Wayne Marshall – pianist, organist and conductor
 Doug Naylor – writer of Red Dwarf
 Jennifer Pike – violinist
 Robert Plane – clarinettist
 Greg Scott – violinist
 Dominic Seldis – double bassist
 Sam Shepherd aka Floating Points – electronic musician
 Gwilym Simcock – jazz pianist, composer
 Albert Cano Smit – pianist
 Iyad Sughayer – pianist
 David Thornton – euphonium player
 Adam Walker – flautist
 Andrew Wilde – pianist
 Roger Wright – former director BBC Proms, Chief Executive of Aldeburgh Music

See also

 Grade I listed buildings in Greater Manchester
 Listed buildings in Manchester-M3

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Chetham's School of Music official website
  Ian Herbert, The two sides of Chetham's: what the press reports – and what the parents see, The Independent, 2 March 2013

Music schools in England
Private schools in Manchester
Music in Manchester
01
Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
Educational institutions established in 1969
1969 establishments in England
Grade II listed buildings in Manchester
Grade I listed educational buildings
Charities based in Manchester

Chetham's School of Music


Viktor Borisoviç Şklovskiy (24 Ocak 1893, Sankt-Peterburg - 6 Aralık 1984, Moskova), Rus eleştirmen, kuramcı ve yazar.

Yüzyılın başındaki Rus Fütürizm Hareketinin kuramcısı ve Rus biçimciliği ekolünün öncüsü. Şklovskiy'ye göre, sanat, her zaman için, kendi kendine yeterli arı (saf) biçimler sorunu olmuştur ve bu özellik, ilk kez Fütürizm tarafından kabul edilmiştir. Böylece Fütürizm, tarihteki ilk sanat eylemidir ve Biçimci ekol, ilk bilimsel sanat ekolüdür. Biçimciliği fütürizme bir köprü olarak kullanarak, Devrime bağlamak ister Șklovsky. Ancak, Biçimcilik, Şklovsky, Zhirmunskiy, Jacobson ve benzerleri tarafından temsil edildiği haliyle, olgunlaşmamış, sorumsuz ve kendini beğenmiş, diğer yandan kendi kendine yeterli bir olgu olarak gözükmektedir.

Şklovskiy'in şu sözleri anımsanabilir: "Sanat her zaman hayattan bağımsız olmuştur ve sanatın rengi, hiçbir zaman Kent'in üstünde dalgalanan bayrağın rengini yansıtmamıştır."

Kaynak

1893 doğumlular
Sankt Peterburg doğumlu yazarlar
20. yüzyıl Rus yazarları
Rus edebiyat eleştirmenleri
1984 yılında ölenler
Moskova'da ölenler

Viktor Şklovski


فيصل فهد محمد علي الشايع، من مواليد 1952، نائب سابق في مجلس الأمة الكويتي، ورئيس ديوان المحاسبة الكويتي الحالي.

شارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1996 في الدائرة التاسعة، وحصل على المركز الثالث برصيد 786 صوت وخسر الانتخابات ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1999 في الدائرة التاسعة، وحصل على المركز الأول برصيد 1123 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2003 في الدائرة التاسعة، وحصل على المركز الثالث برصيد 886 صوت وخسر الانتخابات ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2006 في الدائرة التاسعة، وحصل على المركز الثاني برصيد 2349 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2008 في الدائرة الثالثة، وحصل على المركز الرابع عشر برصيد 4802 صوت وخسر الانتخابات.

مراجع

أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1999
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2006
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2013
مواليد 1952

فيصل الشايع


Risdon Cove is a cove located on the east bank of the Derwent River, approximately  north of Hobart, Tasmania. It was the site of the first British settlement in Van Diemen's Land, now Tasmania, the island state of Australia. The cove was named by John Hayes, who mapped the river in the ship Duke of Clarence in 1794, after his second officer William Bellamy Risdon.

In 1803 Lieutenant John Bowen was sent to establish a settlement in Van Diemen's Land. On the advice of the explorer George Bass he had chosen Risdon Cove. While the site was a good one from a defensive point of view, the soil was poor and water scarce.
 anchored at Risdon on the eastern shore of the Derwent River on Wednesday 8 September 1803, five days before the whaler  arrived with Lt. Bowen on board.
The 49 people aboard the Lady Nelson and Albion made a curious party of soldiers, sailors, settlers and convicts.

In 1804 Lieutenant Colonel David Collins arrived in the Derwent from Port Phillip on Ocean. Within a few days he rejected Risdon Cove as a suitable settlement site, for its inadequate source of fresh water, and moved his party across the river to Sullivans Cove. The military and convicts disembarked from Ocean near Hunter Island on 20–21 February 1804 and thus beginning what is now Hobart. Lady Nelson landed the free settlers at New Town Bay on 22 February.

One of the first land grants at Risdon Cove was made to Dr William F A I'Anson, the chief surgeon who arrived with Lieutenant-Governor Collins in 1804.

3 May 1804

The original records show that a large group of Aboriginals walked into the fledgling settlement. The settlement's guards mistakenly thought they were under attack and killed some of the intruders.

About 300 aboriginals, men, women and children, who had banded together approached the Risdon Cove settlement whilst occupied on a kangaroo hunt. The Aboriginal people had arrived at the settlement and some were justifiably upset by the presence of the colonists. There had been no widespread aggression, but if their displeasure spread and escalated, Lt. Moore, the commanding officer at the time, and his dozen or so soldiers, could not be expected to be able to protect the settlement from a mob of such size. The soldiers were therefore ordered to fire a 12-pounder carronade (a short-barrel, heavy calibre naval cannon known to sailors as "the smasher") in an attempt to disperse the aboriginals. Reverend Robert Knopwood heard "roar of the cannon at Risdon at 2 p.m".  That being said, at least a second shot would be necessary to adjust the elevation and windage. The 12-pounder carronade was one of two ordered to be salvaged from the ship Investigator, by Governor King and given to Lieutenant Bowen, "unmounted". The 12-pounder carronade weighed 330kg 728 pounds.  A carronade is a short, smoothbore, cast-iron cannon which was used by the Royal Navy. It was first produced by the Carron Company, an ironworks in Falkirk, Scotland, and was used from the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century. It was probably a blank round, although some historians allege grape shot was used to explain an alleged but uncorroborated high figure of deaths.

In addition, two soldiers fired Brown Bess muskets in protection of a Risdon Cove settler being beaten on his farm by aboriginals carrying waddies (clubs). Bear in mind a well disciplined and trained soldier could reload and fire the flintlock musket once every 20 seconds. The Brown Bess musket is a muzzle-loading, smooth bore, 990mm long barrel, flintlock, weighing about 5kg, shooting a 0.75 calibre projectile.  Better used as a club.  It was that inaccurate.  Its effective firing range is 100 to 300 metres.  Infantrymen did not aim their muskets but more or less pointed them in the direction of the enemy. The Brown Bess did not have sights, like modern rifles or shotguns.  The affray began at 11:00 in the morning and the final shot, the carronade was heard in Hobart 3 hours later.  That is 10,800 seconds.  The Rate of Fire is 20 seconds so there were 540 reloads and shots fired, if a soldier's powder was dry and there were no misfires.  When you multiply that by the number of soldiers armed with the Brown Bess musket and there would be thousands of musket balls, but the only musket balls found were slag, in a fireplace, along with a musketball probably to emit heat on cold damp nights.

In the 1814 "To All Sportsmen", Colonel George Hanger wrote, "A soldier's musket, if not exceedingly ill-bored (as many are), will strike a figure of a man at 80 yards; it may even at a hundred; but a soldier must be very unfortunate indeed who shall be wounded by a common musket at 150 yards, providing his antagonist aims at him; and as to firing at a man at 200 yards with a common musket, you may as well fire at the moon and have the same hope of hitting him. I do maintain and will prove that no man was ever killed at 200 yards, by a common musket, by the person who aimed at him."

These soldiers killed one aboriginal outright, and mortally wounded another, who was later found dead in a valley. Moore's account lists three killed and some wounded. It is therefore known that in the conflict some aboriginals were killed, and that the colonists "had reason to Suppose more were wounded, as one was seen to be taken away bleeding". It is also known that an infant boy about 2–3 years old was left behind in what was viewed as a "retreat from a hostile attempt made upon the borders of the settlement".

"There were a great many of the Natives slaughtered and wounded" according to the Edward White, an Irish convict who later spoke before a committee of inquiry nearly 30 years later in 1830, but could not give exact figures. White alleged to have been an eyewitness, although he was working in a creek bed where the escarpment prevented him from viewing events. Claiming to be the first to see the approaching aboriginals, he also said that "the natives did not threaten me; I was not afraid of them; (they) did not attack the soldiers; they would not have molested them; they had no spears with them; only waddies". That they had no spears with them is questionable, and his claims need to be assessed with caution.

In a recently released book, titled, "TRUTH-TELLING AT RISDON COVE" ISBN 978-0-646-85716-9 documented evidence has been presented proving that the Edward White who gave eye-witness testimony before the 16 March 1830 Broughton Committee, was not actually there.  The only possible Edward White, who boarded the Atlas 1 in Cork, 29 November 1801, did not arrive at Port Jackson 7 July 1802.

Consider this.  Historical records cite the following, "Atlas's 222-day voyage was one of the worst in the history of transportation to Australia. During the voyage 64 people died; another four dying shortly after disembarkation. The remainder were "in a dreadfully emaciated and dying state" (Governor King). Governor King asked a committee of enquiry whether Captain Brooks' private trade goods which took up space in the hospital and prison and the unnecessary stops en route to Australia contributed to the deaths. The committee stated that mortality had been caused by "the want of proper attention to cleanliness, the want of free circulation of air, and the lumbered state of the prison and hospital"."

The other Edward Whites transported to the colony were:

 Edward White, one of 175 convicts transported on the Morley,     November (1816)
 Edward White, one of 10 convicts transported on the Seppings, (01     December 1839)
 Edward White, one of 230 convicts transported on the Elphinstone, (06     April 1842), who arrived in Van Diemen's Land
 Edward White, one of 389 convicts transported on the Moffatt, (10     August 1842), who arrived in Van Diemen's Land
 Edward White, one of 204 convicts transported on the Bangalore, (28     March 1848), who arrived in Van Diemen's Land
 Edward White, one of 300 convicts transported on the Randolph, (24     April 1849)
 Edward White transported on the London, (December 1850)
 Edward White, one of 270 convicts transported on the Lord Raglan, (03     March 1858)
 Edward White, one of 210 convicts transported on the Adelaide, (13     May 1863)It should be obvious, that none of the other nine Edward Whites could have been at Risdon Cove, 3 May 1804.

His contemporaries had believed the approach to be a potential attack by a group of aboriginals that greatly outnumbered the colonists in the area, and spoke of "an attack the natives made", their "hostile Appearance", and "that their design was to attack us".

A macabre postscript to the story was an allegation that the bones of some of the Aboriginal people were shipped to Sydney in two casks. There is no documentary evidence of this or of a massacre.

20th century
The site at Risdon Cove was farmed until 1946. By the 150th anniversary celebrations (September 1954) land had been acquired by the State Government to add to the reserve. Angela McGowan excavated the site in 1978-80.

The hand-over of the Risdon Cove site, which includes the Bowen Memorial, was part of the Aboriginal Lands Act 1995. The transfer occurred on 11 December 1995, and since then Aboriginal Tasmanians have maintained and developed the site as a cultural and an educational facility.

References

Coves of Australia
History of Hobart
Geography of Hobart
1803 establishments in Australia
Genocides in Oceania-Pacific

Risdon Cove


ITV plc is a British media company that holds 13 of the 15 regional television licences that make up the ITV network (Channel 3), the oldest and largest commercial terrestrial television network in the United Kingdom.

ITV plc is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

History

Pre-merger

ITV plc was the result of a merger between Granada and Carlton following the various mergers between the companies of the ITV network that had taken place from 1993 when the ownership rules were relaxed.

The first wave of mergers began with Yorkshire Television acquiring Tyne Tees Television in 1992, forming a parent group called Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television Holdings. In 1994, Carlton Communications – which had owned a 20% stake in Central Independent Television – acquired the remainder of the company and, because of Central's shareholdings, inherited a 20% stake in Meridian Broadcasting. Later that year, Granada acquired London Weekend Television through a hostile takeover worth in the region of £750 million. MAI, which controlled Meridian Broadcasting, acquired Anglia Television; MAI became United News & Media after merging with United Newspapers – owners of The Daily Express in 1996. Ownership rules, that previously restricted ownership of ITV licences by one company to two outright, plus 20% in a third, were relaxed, and so Carlton went on to acquire Westcountry Television (later re-branding it Carlton, along with Central), Granada acquired Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Holdings (with the parent group becoming Granada Media, later simply Granada) and United acquired HTV.

The idiosyncrasies and business model of the future ITV plc operation can be found in the way these new conglomerates operated their franchises. Carlton re-branded all of its stations with its own name, creating a single identity across the whole expanse of its territory. By contrast, Granada and United, while keeping the franchisees' names, centralised their continuity departments – Granada in Leeds and United in Southampton. All three, however, merged the network production operations of their franchises, creating Carlton Productions, Granada Content and United Productions.

By the end of the 1990s, there were three dominating owners of the ITV franchises in England and Wales: Carlton Communications, Granada plc and United News and Media. In 2000, after an aborted merger attempt with Carlton, UNM decided to leave ITV and Granada bought all the UNM franchises, but sold HTV to Carlton in order to comply with the permitted audience percentage covered by a single broadcasting interest. It kept the production arm of HTV, however, renaming it Granada Bristol and moving it out of Bath Road to a new, smaller office in Whiteladies Road (near the BBC). This arm of the company closed in 2006, following later rationalisation of ITV's production operations. The last remaining independent ITV franchise in England and Wales, Border Television, had been bought by Capital Group in 2000, and was sold on to Granada in 2001, with Border's radio assets being retained by Capital Radio plc.

The merger

In 2004, Granada and Carlton merged to become ITV plc, creating a single company for all ITV franchises in England and Wales. One of the consequences of the merger was (according to the company) an over-capacity of studio facilities and production units around the country, which had previously been rivals, but were now all part of the same group. In order to make cost savings, several large regional headquarters, studio sites and programme departments closed and merged. Among the casualties were network production and studio facilities of Tyne Tees in Newcastle upon Tyne, Meridian in Southampton, Central in Nottingham and Anglia in Norwich. In all cases, ITV moved the regional franchisee to a new location complete with hi-tech facilities for news production, but with a minimal number of (physically smaller) studios and the loss of many jobs. Tyne Tees' factual department merged with Yorkshire's in Leeds (which has since closed and re-emerged as Shiver Productions); Meridian's factual and sport production moved to London; all network production in Nottingham was re-allocated to London, Manchester or Leeds (and the local Central News studio moved to Birmingham), and Anglia Factual, reduced to a satellite operation of ITV Studios and primarily producing output for the international market or occasionally third parties in the UK, was eventually closed in January 2012.

Post-merger
Prior to the merger, and despite being rivals within ITV, Granada and Carlton had already been involved in several joint ventures, including the digital terrestrial television operator ITV Digital that went bankrupt, and collapsed in 2002. They also owned the digital channel ITV2, which had launched in December 1998, and 65% of the (re-branded) ITV News Channel, previously owned by ITN and was originally launched as the ITN News Channel. As well as consolidating its (now 40%) shareholding in ITN itself, the newly merged company was able to buy the final 35% stake in the ITV News Channel from ITN's original partners NTL in April 2004. In November the same year, and following a frantic last-minute deal with BSkyB to buy its half of the Granada Sky Broadcasting joint venture, they launched the digital channel ITV3, replacing Granada Plus which ITV plc closed down on satellite and cable. A year later they launched ITV4. However, due to multiplex issues (and the fact that it was losing money) the ITV News Channel controversially had its hours on Freeview reduced, and was finally closed down on 23 December 2005, with its Freeview space being taken over by replacements ITV4 and CITV, which launched in November 2005 and March 2006, respectively.

On 27 April 2005, ITV plc bought SDN, the digital terrestrial franchise holder of Multiplex A (now transmitting ten channels) from its shareholders, S4C and UBM for £134 million.

In April 2006, the participation channel ITV Play was launched. It was also an overnight block on ITV1. Following a series of scandals surrounding participation TV, the dedicated ITV Play channel was closed down in March 2007, followed by the late-night phone-in quiz shows on the ITV Network in December 2007, however the brand continued to be used for a time for part of the gaming section of itv.com.

In August 2006, the company sold its 45% shareholding in TV3 Ireland, which had been bought by Granada in 2001, to Doughty Hanson & Co.

Reorganisation

There were rumours of take-over and merger bids during 2006.  For example, on 9 November 2006, NTL announced that it had approached ITV plc about a proposed merger. The merger was effectively blocked by British Sky Broadcasting on 17 November 2006 when it bought a 17.9% stake in ITV plc for £940 million, a move that attracted anger from NTL shareholder Richard Branson and an investigation from media and telecoms regulator Ofcom.  On 6 December 2006, NTL announced that it had complained to the Office of Fair Trading about BSkyB's move. NTL stated that it had withdrawn its attempt to buy ITV plc, citing that it did not believe that there was any possibility to make a deal on favourable terms. At the same time as the NTL bid, RTL, the then-owner of Channel 5, was also rumoured to be preparing a bid for ITV plc, with the possibility of a stock-swap with BSkyB; the plan would have seen RTL acquiring BSkyB's stake in ITV plc (with the aim of further acquisitions of shares in the future) in exchange for BSkyB taking full control of Channel 5.
In the end, no movement was made on this possible deal and RTL sold Channel 5 to Richard Desmond's Northern & Shell Network in July 2010.

The company then entered into a series of disposals of non-core activities: in March 2009 the company sold its investment in Friends Reunited (a website dedicated to reunited former school friends or colleagues in a number of countries) which it had acquired in December 2005. Also in May 2009 the company sold Carlton Screen Advertising (the largest cinema advertising business in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland and now known as Wide Eye Media).

In 2010, a large-scale business reorganisation, called the "five-year Transformation Plan" was launched. Thanks to stringent working capital management and cost management some of the set goals were already achieved in 2012. These include a ranking upgrade (from BB- to BB+), an increase in audience share and reduction of debt (from net debt of £730 million at the end of 2008, to a positive net cash position of £16 million at the end of the first quarter 2012).

In December 2013 the company sold its remaining shareholding in STV Group plc (owner of the Scottish and Grampian ITV franchises) which had been bought by Carlton in 1999.

On 17 July 2014, BSkyB's 6.4% stake in ITV was sold to Liberty Global, valued at £481 million.

On 19 August 2015, ITV purchased UTV for £100m ensuring that 13 out of the 15 licences (it does not hold the two in Scotland) were in its control.

In July 2016 the company sold UTV Ireland to Virgin Media.

In August 2016, it was revealed that ITV had made an offer to acquire Canadian multinational film and television distributor Entertainment One for around £1 billion. On 10 August 2016, it was announced that eOne had rejected the offer, considering it to be "fundamentally undervalued".

In 2017, it was announced that ITV plc had acquired a majority stake in British Production company World Productions, behind the hit BBC series Line of Duty. As a result of the deal, World Productions is now part of ITV Studios.

In 2022, the company announced the arrival of ITVX, which it said would be Britain's first integrated advertising and subscription funded streaming platform, and would compliment its catch-up service, ITV Hub, and would include access to BritBox.

On 1 June 2022, it was announced that it will be demoted from the FTSE 100, and became a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index on 20 June.

Operations

Organisation
ITV plc is divided into two divisions:
 Media and entertainment, which operates the TV networks (including the ITV News Group, which runs the ITV regional licensees)
ITV Studios, which comprises both UK and international production, ITV's facilities businesses and Global Entertainment which exploits programme rights.

Network licences

Through ITV Broadcasting Ltd, ITV plc holds 13 of a total 15 ITV network licences, with STV holding two ITV licences in Scotland. ITV plc holds all licences in England and Wales, and the single ones in both the Channel Islands and Northern Ireland:

 Owned by Granada plc until 2004:
 North West England: Granada Television. Service now named ITV Granada.
 London (on weekends): London Weekend Television. Now part of the ITV London service.
 North East England: Tyne Tees Television. Service now named ITV Tyne Tees.
 East of England: Anglia Television. Service now named ITV Anglia.
 Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and North Norfolk: Yorkshire Television. Service now named ITV Yorkshire.
 English-Scottish border and Isle of Man: Border Television. Service now named ITV Border (broadcasting for the Isle of Man was taken over by ITV Granada).
 South and South East England: Meridian Broadcasting. Service now named ITV Meridian.
 Owned by Carlton Communications plc until 2004:
 London (on weekdays): Carlton Television. Now part of the ITV London service.
 Midlands: Central Independent Television. Service now named ITV Central.
 South West England: Westcountry Television. The service was renamed ITV Westcountry until 2009, before it was merged with ITV West to form the new non-franchise ITV West & Westcountry region (rebranded as ITV West Country shortly after). This service became a licence in its own right from 1 January 2014 when it split from Wales and has an opt-out for the western sub-region (formerly the Westcountry region).
 West of England and Wales: HTV (Harlech Television). The franchise was renamed ITV Wales & West, since it has traditionally held a "dual-region" licence for two areas, each one with its own service: ITV West (now the eastern sub-region of ITV West Country) and ITV Cymru Wales. From 1 January 2014 the dual-region licence was split into two separate licences for Wales and South West England (combining the former West and Westcountry regions).
 Owned by UTV Media plc until 2016:
 Northern Ireland: UTV
 Former independently owned:
 Channel Islands: Channel Television, service now named ITV Channel Television (since 2011).

ITV plc is also the sole owner of the ITV national breakfast television franchise ITV Breakfast, formerly known as GMTV, which airs and produces Good Morning Britain, and Lorraine.

Channels

ITV plc wholly owns all of its channels through ITV Digital Channels apart from ITV1. ITV plc also operates Timeshift services and HD feeds for ITV1, ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and ITVBe.

Children's television blocks
ITV plc runs children's programming through children's television blocks. First is the long running children's block CITV (formerly known as Children's ITV) that launched 3 January 1983 on ITV. Currently the block is broadcast on ITV2 after being moved 2 September 2023, the morning after the closure of the CITV Channel. It is currently being broadcasts between 5am and 9am everyday.
The second is the dedicated preschool block, LittleBe that launched on 3 September 2018. It is currently broadcast between 9am and 12am everyday on ITVBe. The launch of this block was to be a replacement for its predecessor called Mini CITV, originally launched 7 January 2014 on the CITV Channel. Mini CITV ended 7 January 2014 when the CITV Channel remove all preschool programming from both its weekday and weekend schedules with the exception of Sooty.

Streaming
ITV launched its first on demand service as ITV Catch Up. It was rebranded ITV Player on 5 December 2008. On 23 November 2015, the app and website were rebranded as ITV Hub. A paid subscription service allows users to watch ad-free and download content.

In November 2022, ITV announced a new streaming service to replace ITV Hub. It launched on 8 December 2022. ITVX will provide archive ITV shows, shows and films for which ITV plc owns the license, live events and original programming. In total, ITV says the service will have 10,000 hours of content. There will be a free ad-supported tier and a premium subscription which will be ad-free and allow access to BritBox.

References

External links

ITV plc

British companies established in 2004
Mass media companies established in 2004
ITV (TV network)
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Mass media companies based in London
Mass media companies of the United Kingdom
2004 establishments in the United Kingdom

ITV plc


Pogradaş (), güneybatı Arnavutluk'ta Görice ilinde bulunan bir şehirdir. Şehir, Ohrid Gölü'nün güneydoğu kıyısında yer almaktadır.  Yüzölçümü 594.77 km² olan şehrin nüfusu 2011 tahminlerine göre 61,530'dur.

Tarihçe
Pogradaş'ın tarihi İlirya kabilelerinin dönemiyle başlamaktadır. Osmanlı döneminde ise İstarova veya İstarye adlarıyla bilinmekte olup Balkan Savaşları'ndan önce Manastır Vilayeti'nin Görice Sancağı'nda bir kaza merkezi idi. Pogradaş, sosyalist dönemde birçok hükûmet yetkilisi ve özellikle Enver Hoca'nın tercihi olan bir yaz tatili kasabasıydı.

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi site

Kaynakça

Arnavutluk'taki şehirler
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Korice İli

Pogradaş


An Carex peruviana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jan Svatopluk Presl ngan Karel Presl. An Carex peruviana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex peruviana


Krefeld (do 1929. Crefeld), grad u njemačkoj saveznoj pokrajini Sjeverna Rajna-Vestfalija. Naziva se "gradom svile i satena". Smješten je sjverozapadno od Düsseldorfa, uz rijeku Rajnu. Naseljava ga oko 225 000 stanovnika.

Stanovnici Krefelda govore njemačkim standardnim jezikom (Hochdeutsch), ali i dijalektima donjonjemačkog jezika. Kroz Uerdigen, istočnu četvrt grada uz obalu Rajne, prolazi tzv. Uerdingenska crta, predstavlja izoglosu glavnih dviju skupina njemačkih dijalekata.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice grada - www.krefeld.de

Gradovi u Njemačkoj

Krefeld


التلوث الوراثي  هو انتقال غير محبذ لجين معين من تجمع إلى تجمع آخر غريب عنه  ، عادة ما يشير هذا المصطلح إلى انتقال جين من كائنات معدلة وراثياً إلى أخرى غير معدلة وراثياً، ويستخدم البيولوجيون المحافظون هذا المصطلح في الحديث عن انتقال الجينات من الكائنات الحية المستأنسة أو المروضة إلى الأنواع البرية. كما ويمكن تعريف التلوث الوراثي بأنه  انسياب جينات مطلق وغير مرغوب فيه إلى داخل الحيوانات البرية.

الاستخدام
	لطالما استخدم كل من علماء حفظ البيئة ودعاة حركة حفظها مصطلح التلوث الجيني لوصف انسياب الجينات من الأنواع المستأنسة والوحشيّة والأنواع المدخلة (المستقدمَة) أو الأنواع المجتاحة إلى حيوانات برية متوطنة.
 ارتبط هذا المصطلح مؤخرا بانسياب الجينات من عضيات معدلة أو مهندسة وراثيا إلى عضيات أخرى لم تخضع للهندسة أو التعديل الوراثي.

الأنواع الدخيلة
بينما استخدم مصطلح التلوث الجيني في مجال الزراعة ونظام الزراعة الحراجي وتربية الحيوان لوصف انسياب جينات غير مستحب بين الأنواع المهندسة وراثيا وبين الأنواع البرية القريبة لها، فإنه فلطالما استخدم علماء الحفاظ على البيئة ودعاة حركة هذا الحفاظ نفس المصطلح لوصف انسياب جيني غير مرغوب من الأنواع المدجنّة والوحشيّة والأنواع المدخلة (المستقدمة) أو الأنواع الدخيلة إلى حيوانات برية متوطنة أو فطرية.

على سبيل المثال، تمثل منظمة ترافيك (بالإنجليزية: TRAFFIC) الشبكة العالمية لمراقبة التجارة في الحياة البرية حيث تعمل هذه الشبكة على التأكد من أن المتاجرة في النباتات والحيوانات البرية لا تشكل تهديدا لحفظ الطبيعة. تروج هذه الشبكة للوعي بالآثار الضارة للأنواع المدخلة التي يتم تقديمها في الطبيعة والتي قد «تهجن مع الأنواع الأصلية مما يسبب حدوث التلوث البيئي». أما اللجنة المشتركة للحفاظ على الطبيعة (وتعرف اختصارا بـ JNCC) فتعمل كمستشار قانوني لحكومة المملكة المتحدة والحفاظ البيئي الدولي على الطبيعة. ويساهم عملها في حفظ وإثراء التنوع الحيوي والتثقيف حول الآثار الضارة لتقديم الأنواع المدخلة أو المستقدمة. وفي هذا السياق تتلخص الاستشارة التي تقدمها هذه اللجنة في أن الأنواع المدخلة:
"ستعمل على تعديل بركة الجينات (وهي عملية تدعى بالتلوث الجيني) وهو تغيير لا رجعة فيه."

تأثير التلوث الجيني على الأنواع المهددة بالانقراض
إن الوصول إلى تسوية بخصوص نبتة برية معينة أو فصائل حيوانية مهددة بالانقراض قد يكون له أثر محدد في حالة هذه التجمعات القريبة ذات الصلة من الأصناف المهددة. مثال على ذلك هو الكلب البري الإفريقي المهدد بالانقراض حيث إن حالة الحفاظ عليه قد تم تقويضها ليس بفعل خسارة الموطن الطبيعي الذي يعيش فيه فقط بل بسبب خليط من انسياب الجينات من الكلبيات المدجنة وذلك عند تهجين الكلاب المستأنسة التي ترافق التجمعات البشرية مع الفصائل البرية.

الهندسة الوراثية
يظهر استخدام مصطلح التلوث الجيني بهذا المعنى في وقت لاحق في تقييم واسع النطاق للأخطار البيئية المحتمل حدوثها بسبب الهندسة الوراثية في مجلة عالم البيئة في يوليو 1989. وقد اشتهر هذا التقييم أيضا عندما أشار إليه البيئي جيرمي ريفيكين في كتابه الذي نشر عام 1998 بعنوان قرن التكنولوجيا الحيوية.
، بينما يوصف تهجين السلالات المقصود بين نوعين مختلفين وراثيا بالتهجين مع الانجبال الداخلي المتعاقب للجينات، استخدم ريفكين والذي لعب دورا رائدا في الجدال الأخلاقي حول التلوث الوراثي لحوالي عقد من الزمن مصطلح التلوث الجيني لوصف المخاطر التي قد تحصل نتيجة لعملية تعديل وراثي غير مقصودة تقوم خلالها الكائنات المعدلة وراثيا بتوزيع جيناتها داخل البيئات الطبيعية عن طريق التزاوج مع النباتات أو الحيوانات البرية.

و تعرف منظمة الأغذية والزراعة (الفاو) التلوث الوراثي على أنه: :"الانتشار غير المنظم للمعلومات الجينية (ترانسجينوم) إلى الشيفرة الجينية لكائنات لم تكن تحوي هذه المعلومات الجينية من قبل"

يوجد سجل للتلوث الجيني منذ عام 2005 وتم إطلاقه من أجل منظمتي جين واتش البريطانية والسلام الأخضر الدولية ويقوم هذا السجل بتوثيق كل الحوادث المتعمدة أو الإطلاق غير المتعمد  للكائنات المعدلة وراثيا.

تمت دراسة 4 محاصيل مختلفة خلال 10 سنوات ولم يثبت أن أيا من هذه الكائنات التي تم تعديلها وراثيا هي دخيلة أو أكثر ثباتا من نظيرتها التقليدية. كثيرا ما يتم الاستشهاد مثلا على حالات التلوث الجيني بالاكتشاف الشهير للجينات المتقولة من الذرة المحورة وراثيا في أصناف الذرة البلدية في أواكساكا في المكسيك وتمتع التقرير الذي أصدرته كويست وكابيلا  منذ ذلك الحين بمصداقية تقوم على أسس منهجية.

توصلت المجلة العلمية التي نشرت الدراسة أول مرة إلى نتيجة مفادها أن: «الدليل الموجود ليس كافيا لتبرير نشر الورقة العلمية الأولى»، وقد خلصت محاولات أخرى حديثة حاولت تكرر الدراسات الأصلية إلى أن الذرة التي حورت وراثيا قد اختفت من منطقة جنوب المكسيك في عامي 2003 و2004. لطالما شكّل الغرض من المحاصيل المحورة وراثيا وهو المساعدة في تطوير القابلية وحالة مخزون العالم من الغذاء نوعا من الصراع مع العموم ومع المخاوف الصحية التي أثيرت بخصوص سلامة الغذاء في المنتج الذي يتم استهلاكه أخيرا.

كشفت دراسة أجريت قرب حقل أوريغون التجريبي على نوع محور وراثيا من أعشاب البنتاجراس الزاحفة (باللاتينية: لأغروستيس الرئدي) أن الجينات وسماتها المرتبطة بها (مثل المقاومة لمبيدات الگلايفوسيت) يمكن أن تنتقل عن طريق تلقيح الرياح للنباتات المستوطنة من أصناف الأغروستيس المختلفة حتى على بعد 14 كم من منطقة الاختبار. في عام 2007، وافقت شركة سكوتس المنتجة للبنتاجراس المحور وراثيا على دفع غرامة مدنية بلغ مقدارها 500,000 دولارا أمريكيا لمنظمة الغذاء الأمريكية (USDA). زعمت المنظمة أن الشركة «فشلت في إدارة تجربة في حقل أوريغون الاختباري في عام 2003 بطريقة تؤكد أنه لا عشب البنتاجراس الزاحف الملائم لمبيدات الگلايفوسيت ولا أنساله قد تستمر في الحياة في البيئة».

التلوث الوراثي مصطلح مثير للجدل
سواء أكان هناك جدل بأن التلوث الجيني أو المصطلحات المشابهة له مثل «التدهور الوراثي» و«الغمر الجيني» و«الاستيلاء الجيني» و«العدوان ÀČČČ» هي وصف علمي مناسب لأحيائية الأصناف الدخيلة فإن كلا من هايمر وسيمبيلروف يجادلان بأن هذه المصطلحات:
«... تفترض بأن الهجائن أقل قدرة على التوائم من آبائها وهي ليست بغيتنا أو أن هناك قيمة متوارثة في بركة الجينات» النقية"".

يوصي هذان الاثنان بأن يدعى انسياب الجينات من الأصناف الدخيلة بالخليط الجيني بما أن:
" «الخلط قد لا يحتاج إلى أن يتم إجراء انحياز قيمي له ونستخدمه هنا للإشارة إلى خلط بركات الجين سواء أترافق ذلك أم لم يترافق مع انخفاض في الكفاءة».

يشكك علماء البيئة مثل باتريك مور وهو عضو سابق ومؤسس في منظمة السلام الأخضر في كون الغرض من وراء مصطلح التلوث الوراثي سياسيا أكثر منه علميا. حيث يعتبر أن المصطلح يثير مشاعر عاطفية تجاه الموضوع. وعلق مور على المسألة في إحدى المقابلات  بقوله:
«إن أخذت في الاعتبار مصطلحا شائعا في هذه الأيام وهو مصطلح» التلوث الوراثي«أو ما يسمى بالتلوث الجيني فإنه مصطلح إعلامي وليس تقنيا أو علميا. إن كلمة تلوث هي أحكام قيمة. إن استخدام كلمة» وراثي«يعطي العامة انطباعا بأنهم يتحدثون عن أمر علمي أو تقني-كما لو وجد أمر كهذا يعبّر عن الجينات التي تصل إلى حد التلوث»

انظر أيضًا
 تنوع حيوي
 أخلاقيات بيولوجية
 الحفاظ على البيئة
 تحسين النسل
 بركة مورثات

مراجع

أنواع مجتاحة
تلوث أحيائي
تهجين
دواجن
عرق (أحياء)
علم الأحياء التطوري
علم البيئة
علم حفظ الأحياء
كائنات معدلة وراثيا
مخلفات
مصطلحات الموائل الطبيعية
مصطلحات بيئية
هندسة وراثية
وراثيات سكانية

تلوث وراثي


Apasa fue una ciudad del oeste de Anatolia, la última capital del reino de Arzawa, en la época de Uhha-Ziti, un vasallo del Imperio hitita de Mursili II, derrotado por el monarca hitita tras una guerra difícil en el año 1322 a. C.

Ha sido comúnmente identificada con Éfeso, debido a una gran proximidad fonética entre los dos topónimos que podría explicarse por un nexo etimológico: Ἔφεσος (/'Ephesos/) sería la forma helenizada de Apasa. En la colina de Ayasuluk hay algunos vestigios —sobre todo una tumba— y material cerámico datados del siglo XIV a. C., que confirman la existencia de un asentamiento anterior a la ciudad griega arcaica. El hecho de que la inscripción de Karabel, redactada por un rey de Mira-Kuwaliya, uno de los reinos sucesores del de Arzawa en el siglo XIII a. C., se encuentre en el interior de Éfeso, indica que es probable que el reino de Arzawa se hubiera extendido hasta el Mar Egeo, y que, por lo tanto, hubiera incluido el territorio circundante de Éfeso.

Bibliografía
 S. Heinhold-Krahmer, Arzawa : Untersuchungen zu seiner Geschichte nach den hethitischen Quellen, Heidelberg, 1977, p.93.
 J. D. Hawkins, «Tarkasnawa King of Mira 'Tarkondemos', Boğazköy Sealings and Karabel», en Anatolian Studies 48, 1998, pp.1-31.
 P. Scherrer (dir.), Ephesos, The New Guide, Selçuk, 2000, p.14

Enlaces externos
 Relato de la derrota de Arzawa y la toma de Apasa según los Anales de Mursili II (en francés)

Ciudades hititas
Éfeso

Apasa


Le Liechtenstein participe aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 à Pékin en Chine du 9 au . Il s'agit de sa vingtième participation à des Jeux d'hiver.

Il n'y aura pas de sportifs à la cérémonie d'ouverture ces derniers souhaitant se consacrer à la compétition.

Athlètes engagés

Résultats

Ski alpin

Trois quotas ont été attribués au comité national au terme de la saison 2021-2022. Cependant les deux quotas féminins ont été refusés. Tina Weirather, médaillée de bronze aux derniers Jeux de Pyeongchang en 2018 en Super G, a cessé la compétition internationale en 2021.

Ce seront les troisièmes Jeux pour Marco Pfiffner.

Ski de fond

Un quota a été décroché chez les femmes : Nina Riedener sera engagé sur le  skiathlon et  classique.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Liechtenstein aux Jeux de Pékin 2022 sur le site du CIO

Liechtenstein
2022
2022 au Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022