Anna Marie "Patty" Duke (December 14, 1946 – March 29, 2016) was an American actress and mental health advocate. Over the course of her acting career, she was the recipient of an Academy Award, two Golden Globe Awards, three Primetime Emmy Awards, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

At age 15, Duke portrayed Helen Keller in the film The Miracle Worker (1962), a role she had originated on Broadway. She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance. The following year, she played the dual role of "identical cousins" Cathy and Patty Lane on her own network television series The Patty Duke Show (1963–1966). She progressed to more mature roles, such as Neely O'Hara in the film Valley of the Dolls (1967) and Natalie Miller in the film Me, Natalie (1969). The latter earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical. From 1985 to 1988, she served as president of the Screen Actors Guild.

Duke was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 1982. Following her diagnosis, she devoted much of her time to advocating for and educating the public on mental health. She was also an occasional singer and author.

Early life
Duke was born at Bellevue Hospital in Manhattan. the youngest of three children of Frances Margaret (née McMahon), a cashier, and John Patrick Duke, a handyman and cab driver of Irish descent. She was raised Roman Catholic.

Duke spent her early life in the Elmhurst neighborhood of Queens, where her brother Raymond, her sister Carol, and she experienced a difficult childhood. Their father was an alcoholic, and their mother suffered from clinical depression and was prone to violence. When Duke was six, her mother forced her father to leave the family home. When Duke was eight, her care was turned over to talent managers John and Ethel Ross, who after promoting Patty's brother, were looking for a girl to add to their stable of child actors.

The Rosses' methods of managing Duke's career were often unscrupulous and exploitative. They consistently billed Duke as being two years younger than she actually was and padded her resume with false credits. They gave her alcohol and prescription drugs, took unreasonably high fees from her earnings, and made sexual advances to her. She never saw her father and saw her mother only when she visited to do the Rosses' laundry. In addition, the Rosses made Duke change her name. "Anna Marie is dead," they said. "You're Patty now." They hoped that Patty Duke would duplicate the success of Patty McCormack.

Career

Acting

1950s–1990s
One of Duke's early acting roles was in the late 1950s on the soap opera The Brighter Day. She also appeared in print ads and in television commercials. In 1959, at the age of 12, Duke was a contestant on The $64,000 Question and won $32,000; her category of expertise, according to her autobiography Call Me Anna, was popular music. The game show was revealed to have been rigged, and she was called to testify before a panel of the United States Senate. Duke eventually testified before congressional investigators and broke into tears when she admitted she had been coached to speak falsely.

Also in 1959, Duke appeared in a television adaptation of Meet Me in St. Louis as Tootie Smith, the role that had originated in the film version by Margaret O'Brien. Duke's first major starring role was Helen Keller (with Anne Bancroft as Anne Sullivan), in the Broadway play The Miracle Worker, which ran from October 1959 to July 1961. Duke originated the role of Keller on Broadway, although Patty McCormack actually originated the role in its earlier original presentation as a live television drama on Playhouse 90. During the run, Duke's name was elevated above the play's title on the theater's billboard, believed to be the first time this had been done for such a young star. The play was subsequently made into a 1962 film for which Duke received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Before the film started shooting, the actress and activist Helen Keller briefly met. At 16, Duke was the youngest person at that time to have received an Academy Award in a competitive category. Duke returned to television, this time starring with Laurence Olivier and George C. Scott in a television production of The Power and the Glory (1961).

Duke's own series, The Patty Duke Show, created by Sidney Sheldon especially for her, began airing in September 1963. At that time, Duke had not been diagnosed as having bipolar disorder, but Sheldon did notice that she had two distinct sides to her personality, so he developed the concept of identical cousins with contrasting personalities. Duke portrayed both main characters: Patricia "Patty" Lane, a fun-loving American teenager who occasionally got into trouble at school and home, and her prim and proper "identical cousin" from Scotland, Catherine "Cathy" Lane. William Schallert portrayed Patty's father, Martin, and his twin brother, Kenneth, Cathy's father; Jean Byron played her mother, Natalie; Paul O'Keefe was her younger brother, Ross; and Eddie Applegate portrayed her boyfriend, Richard Harrison (though the actor was more than a decade  older than Duke). The show also featured such high-profile guest stars as Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford, Paul Lynde, and Sal Mineo. The series lasted three seasons and earned Duke an Emmy Award nomination. In 1999, the program's characters were revisited and updated in The Patty Duke Show: Still Rockin' in Brooklyn Heights, with Cindy Williams taking on the villain role of Sue Ellen Turner when Kitty Sullivan was unable to reprise her role.

After the cancellation of The Patty Duke Show in 1966, Duke began her adult acting career by playing Neely O'Hara in Valley of the Dolls (1967). The film was a box-office success, but audiences and critics had a difficult time accepting all-American-teenager Duke as an alcoholic, drug-addicted singing star. While the film has since become a camp classic—thanks in large part to Duke's over-the-top performance—at the time it almost ruined her career. In 1969, Duke starred in Me, Natalie, in which she played an "ugly duckling" Brooklyn teenager struggling to make a life for herself in the Bohemian world of Greenwich Village. Duke won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress (Musical or Comedy) for the role.

Duke returned to television in 1970, starring in a made-for-TV movie, My Sweet Charlie. Her portrayal of a pregnant teenager on the run won Duke her first Emmy Award. Her acceptance speech was rambling and disjointed, leading many in the industry to believe she was drunk or using drugs at the time. In fact, Duke was experiencing a manic phase of her bipolar disorder, which remained undiagnosed until 1982. She received her second Emmy in 1977 for the TV miniseries Captains and the Kings and her third in 1980 for a TV version of her 1979 stage revival of The Miracle Worker, this time playing Anne Sullivan to Melissa Gilbert's Helen Keller. Her turns in the made-for-TV movies The Women's Room (1980) and George Washington (1984) both garnered her Emmy nominations. In the 1980s, Duke was cast in a number of short-lived TV series. The ABC sitcom It Takes Two, from Soap and Benson creator Susan Harris, was cancelled after one season; Hail to the Chief, in which she appeared as the first female President of the United States; and a comedy, Karen's Song, which aired on the fledgling Fox network.

Duke's film roles in the 1980s included the Canadian film By Design (1981), which garnered her a Genie Award nomination for Best Foreign Actress, and the made-for-TV movie A Time to Triumph (1986), the true story of Concetta Hassan, a woman who struggles to support her family after her husband is injured, but who eventually becomes a United States Army helicopter pilot. In 1990, Duke's autobiography, Call Me Anna, was adapted for television; she played herself from her mid-30s onward. In 1992, Duke portrayed the mother of Meg Ryan's character in the film adaptation of the play Prelude to a Kiss. Duke received an Emmy nomination in 1999 for her appearances in three episodes of Touched by an Angel.

In 1985, Duke became the second woman, after Kathleen Nolan, to be elected president of the Screen Actors Guild, a post she held until 1988. Her tenure as president was marked by factional in-fighting and controversy; however, she gained respect for managing to maintain solidarity among the guild's members. During her term, she led industrial actions and contract negotiations and oversaw the relocation of the guild's headquarters.

Later years
Duke gradually reduced her work schedule in the 2000s but took occasional TV roles, including guest appearances on shows such as Glee and the reboot of Hawaii Five-0. In 2011, she joined the cast of the drama The Protector. She also returned to the stage on occasion—in 2002 as Aunt Eller in a revival of Oklahoma! on Broadway and in 2009 as Madame Morrible in the San Francisco production of the musical Wicked. In May 2011, Duke directed the stage version of The Miracle Worker at the now defunct Interplayers Theater in Spokane, Washington. In 2010, she hosted a PBS TV special When Irish Eyes Are Smiling: An Irish Parade Of Stars. The special was part of the My Music series and featured Irish and Irish-American folk music and sentimental standards.

In 2011, Duke appeared in public service announcements for the U.S. government, promoting the Social Security website. In several, she appeared as Patty and Cathy using split-screen effects. In others, she appeared with George Takei wearing a Star Trek-like costume. In 2015, Duke made her final TV appearance, guest-starring on Liv and Maddie as Grandma Janice and Great-aunt Hilary, a pair of identical twins.

Singing
Like many teen stars of the era, and bolstered somewhat by her appearance in the musical Billie, Duke had a successful singing career, including two top-40 hits in 1965, "Don't Just Stand There" (number eight) and "Say Something Funny" (number 22). She also performed on TV shows such as The Ed Sullivan Show.

Mental health advocacy
In 1987, Duke revealed in her autobiography that she had been diagnosed with manic depression (now called bipolar disorder) in 1982, becoming one of the first public figures to speak out about her personal experience of mental illness. She also suffered from anorexia nervosa and during her teenaged years, weighed as little as 76 pounds. She attempted suicide in 1967 and was again hospitalized for mental health problems in 1969, eventually being diagnosed as manic depressive in 1982. Her treatment, which included the use of lithium as medication and therapy, successfully stabilized her moods. She subsequently became an activist for mental health causes. She lobbied the United States Congress and joined forces with the National Institute of Mental Health and the National Alliance on Mental Illness to increase awareness, funding, and research for people with mental illness. In 2007, Duke appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show, talking about her bipolar disorder.

Memoirs
Duke wrote three books. Her autobiography, Call Me Anna () was published in 1987 and Brilliant Madness: Living with Manic Depressive Illness () was published in 1992.
The third, In The Presence of Greatness—My Sixty Year Journey as an Actress () (with William J. Jankowski), published posthumously in February 2018, is a collection of essays about her experiences with other artists and celebrities.

Recognition
Over the course of her career, Duke received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, three Emmy Awards in 10 nominations, and two Golden Globe Awards amongst four nominations. In 1963, when she won her Academy Award, Duke became the youngest person to ever win an Academy Award in a competitive category.

On August 17, 2004, Duke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contribution to the motion-picture industry. On December 14, 2007, her 61st birthday, Duke was awarded an honorary doctorate in humane letters degree from the University of North Florida for her work in advancing awareness of mental health issues. On March 6, 2010, she was awarded an honorary doctorate in humane letters degree from the University of Maryland Eastern Shore.

Personal life
Duke was married four times and had three children. A Catholic, Duke had dreams of becoming a nun in her youth. In her later life, she studied a number of different religions, commenting in 1995: "To suggest that one must spout Moses or Jesus or Buddha or chant like Tibetan monks in order to be religious, I believe, is not to walk in the path of Christ... I have been a Christian Scientist. If there's a religious definition of 'dabbler', I guess that would be me. I have studied Buddhism. There was a time when I very seriously considered Judaism. And, yes, I do go to church now. I go to a Unity Church. I also go to Catholic church occasionally because the child in me desperately needs the bells and smells."

In 1965, Duke married director Harry Falk, who was 13 years her senior. It led to the end of Duke's relationship with her childhood guardians, the Rosses. During their marriage, she had repeated mood swings, drank heavily, became anorexic, and overdosed on pills a number of times. The couple divorced in 1969.

In early 1970, at the age of 23, Duke became involved with three men at the same time — 17-year-old Here's Lucy star Desi Arnaz Jr., actor John Astin, who was 16 years her senior, and rock music promoter Michael Tell. The relationship with Arnaz was widely publicized, due in part to the vocal and public opposition of Arnaz's mother, actress and production company executive Lucille Ball. By late spring, Duke and Arnaz had broken off their relationship.

In June 1970, Duke learned that she was pregnant; she then married Michael Tell on June 26, 1970, during a manic phase, to "give (her child) a name." Their marriage lasted 13 days before ending in an annulment on July 9, 1970; Her son, actor Sean Astin, was born on February 25, 1971. In 1985, she told Sean that Arnaz Jr. was Sean's biological father. Duke said in her 1987 autobiography that the marriage to Tell was never consummated and that Astin was the actual biological father of Sean. Several chapters in her book emphasized these assertions about her relationship with Tell and the paternity of her son. It turned out that all three statements were incorrect: in 1994, when her son Sean underwent biological testing to determine his real paternity, the results showed that Tell was his biological father.

Duke married John Astin on August 5, 1972. Astin adopted Sean and the couple had a son, actor Mackenzie Astin. Duke and Astin worked together extensively during their marriage, and she took his name professionally, becoming "Patty Duke Astin". During this period, Duke underwent a hysterectomy. Duke adopted Astin's three sons, and years later in 1998, Astin's sons reversed the adoption with Duke's approval. The couple divorced in 1985.

Duke married her fourth husband, drill sergeant Michael Pearce, in 1986, and remained married to him until her death 30 years later. Duke and Pearce had met during the production of A Time to Triumph, for which Pearce served as a consultant. The couple moved to Hayden, Idaho, and adopted a son, Kevin, who was born in 1988. From her marriage to Pearce until her death in 2016, Duke occasionally used the name "Anna Duke-Pearce" in her writings and other professional work.

Duke had three granddaughters by her eldest son Sean, actresses Alexandra, Elizabeth, and Isabella.

Death
Duke died on the morning of March 29, 2016, in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, of sepsis from a ruptured intestine at the age of 69. Her son Sean Astin invited the public to contribute to a mental health foundation in his mother's name, the Patty Duke Mental Health Initiative. She was cremated and her ashes were interred at Forest Cemetery in Coeur d'Alene.

Filmography

Films

Television

Awards and nominations

Discography

Albums

Singles

See also
 List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees

References

Further reading
 Duke, Patty; Kennen Turan (1987). Call Me Anna: The Autobiography of Patty Duke. Bantam Books. p. 231. .

External links

 Patty Duke Death

1946 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Activists from New York (state)
Actresses from New York City
American child actresses
American film actresses
American memoirists
American people of German descent
American people of Irish descent
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American women memoirists
American women pop singers
Audiobook narrators
Catholics from New York (state)
Deaths from sepsis
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Infectious disease deaths in Idaho
American trade union leaders
New Star of the Year (Actress) Golden Globe winners
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from Elmhurst, Queens
People from Hayden, Idaho
People with bipolar disorder
Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild
Writers from Queens, New York

Patty Duke


Darmstadtska Gospa, poznata i kao Gospa Jakoba Meyera zum Hasena, je ulje na drvetu koje je naslikao Hans Holbein mlađi, njemački renesansni slikar, oko 1526. godine u Baselu. Slika prikazuje baselskoga gradonačelnika, Jakoba Meyera zum Hasena, njegovu prvu ženu (koja je preminula prije), njegovu drugu ženu i kćerku okupljene oko Gospe s Djetetom. Značenje druge dvije muške figure na lijevoj strani, kao i cjelokupne ikonografije djela, nije jasno. Slika je trebala posvjedočiti gradonaćelnikovo pristupanje katoličanstvu i njegov otpor protestantskoj reformaciji.

Na sliku je utjecalo talijansko renesansno vjersko slikarstvo s elementima flandrijskog portretnog slikarstva. Slika je bila u posjedu grofova Hessena i izložena u Darmstadtu, po čemu je i dobila svoje ime. No, od 2004. do 2011. slika je bila izložena u Städelu u Frankfurtu. Sliku je Donatus, grof Hessena, privatno prodano kolekcionaru Reinholdu Würthu preko posrednika Christopha Grafa Douglasa za više od 70 milijuna dolara, dospjevši tako na popis najskupljih slika.

Od 2012. godine slika je izložena u crkvi Johanniterkirche u mjestu Schwäbisch Hall.

Bilješke

 Hans Holbeins Madonna im Städel. Der Bürgermeister, sein Maler und seine Familie, izložbeni katalog, Petersberg 2004.

Renesansne slike
Ikonografija Isusa
Marija u umjetnosti
Slike iz 1520-ih

Darmstadtska Gospa


Lucas Rodrigues (Porto, 24 de agosto de 2000), mais conhecido como Lucas with Strangers, é uma personalidade de mídia social portuguesa. Começou a publicar vídeos no TikTok e Instagram em março de 2021. Atualmente, o seu perfil do TikTok conta com mais de 1,7 milhão de seguidores, tendo se tornado um dos influenciadores digitais portugueses mais seguidos na plataforma. A sua página tem como objetivo fazer os outros felizes, realizando os sonhos de pessoas que encontra na rua.

Vida pessoal e carreira
Lucas nasceu a 24 de agosto de 2000, no Porto. Aos 4 anos começou a tocar a piano, sendo até hoje um dos seus hobbies. Quando era mais novo, quis ser médico, advogado, músico e ator, mas nunca gostou de redes sociais. Em 2018, acabou por entrar na faculdade, na área de Gestão e Marketing, desistindo passado apenas um ano, para tentar seguir uma carreira como gestor.

Em janeiro de 2020, quando estava a acampar, Lucas foi sequestrado no decorrer de um assalto à mão armada, em Vila Nova de Gaia. Devido a este acontecimento, desenvolveu stress pós-traumático, que o incapacitou de sair de casa durante quase um ano, e de prosseguir com os seus planos de carreira. Começou consultas de psicoterapia, psiquiatria e neuropsicologia.

Depois de ver o filme "Yes Man", desafiou-se a si próprio a dizer que sim a tudo. Isto levou-o a começar a sair de casa e, desafiado por uma amiga, criar uma conta no TikTok e no Instagram, onde começou a publicar vídeos com estranhos na rua para  superar o seu medo de interagir com desconhecidos e de sair à rua.

Atualmente, coleciona cerca de dois milhões de seguidores no TikTok. Começou o seu projeto viral fazendo felizes outras pessoas, nomeadamente em qualquer momento ou lugar.

Em 2022, Lucas lança o seu livro, intitulado "Como te posso fazer feliz?", pergunta que ficou conhecido nos seus vídeos. No seu livro, partilha 13 das muitas histórias que fez e continua a fazer feliz. A mensagem que Lucas quer passar com o seu livro é que todos nós devemos seguir os nossos sonhos, mesmo quando toda a gente diz que não vai dar certo.

Influenciadores digitais de Portugal
Tiktokers

Lucas with Strangers


U marksističkoj filozofiji, kulturna dominacija je dominacija kulturno različitog društva od strane vladajuće klase koja manipulira kulturom društva - uvjerenjima, pojmovima, percepcijama, vrijednostima i običajima - tako da mentalni sklop vladajuće klase postane prihvaćena kulturna norma. Kao univerzalna dominantna ideologija, vladajuća stranka pogrešno predstavlja sebe kao društveni, politički i ekonomski status quo , te prirodne i druge društvene uvjete koji pogoduju svakoj društvenoj klasi, jer te umjetne društvene strukture koriste vladajućoj klasi.

U filozofiji i sociologiji, oznake i predznake pojma kulturna hegemonija potječu od starogrčke riječi hegemonia (ἡγεμονία), koja označava vodstvo i režim hegemona. U političkoj znanosti, dominacija je geopolitička dominacija koju provodi carstvo, hegemon (vodeća država) koja vlada nad državama carstva pomoću prijetnji i intervencije, neizravnim sredstvima moći, a ne prijetnjom,vojnom agresijom - prijetnja izravnom vladavinom te teritorijalnom okupacijom .

Pozadina

Povijesna pozadina
Godine 1848. Karl Marx je izjavio da će ekonomske krize i proturiječja kapitalističkog gospodarstva potaknuti radničku klasu na kapitalističku revoluciju, srušiti kapitalizam, te preoblikovati društvene institucije (ekonomske, političke, društvene) prema razumnim modelima socijalizma, i tako započeti prijelaz u komunističko društvo. Dakle, filozofske promjene u funkcioniranju ekonomije jednog društva određuju njegove društvene postavke (kultura i politika).

U tu je svrhu Antonio Gramsci predložio osnovnu razliku između politike koja je vezana za pozicijski i eksperimentalni rat. Pozicijski rat je intelektualna i kulturna borba u kojoj anti-kapitalistički revolucionar stvara određenu kapitalističku kulturu koja se suprotstavlja kulturnoj dominaciji buržoazije . Kapitalistička kultura povećava klasnu svijest, poučavarevolucionarnu teoriju i povijesnu analizu, te razvija revolucionarnu organizaciju među društvenim klasama. Nakon pobjede u pozicijskom ratu, revolucionari bi imali potrebnu političku moć i podršku javnosti za revolucionarni socijalizam kroz realizaciju eksperimentalnog rata.

Politička ekonomija
Kao marksistička filozofija, kulturna dominacija analizira zadatke ekonomske klase unutar baza i komponenti, iz čega Gramsci razvija zadatke društvene klase unutar društvenih struktura stvorenih od strane kulturne dominacije. U praksi kolonijalizma, kulturna dominacija se događa kada radničke i seljačke klase vjeruju i prihvaćaju da vladajuće strukture društva (dominantna ideologija nametnuta od strane vladajuće klase) realno opisuju prirodni poredak u društvu.

U ratu za položaj, inteligencija radničke klase politički obrazuje radničku klasu da postane svjesna da vladajuće strukture društva nisu prirodne i neizbježne, te da prepoznaju društvenu strukturu buržoazijske kulture koja funkcionira kao instrument socio-ekonomske dominacije, npr. institucije (država, crkva i društveni slojevi), kultura (običaji i tradicija) i uvjerenja (religije i ideologije) itd. Da bi ostvarili kulturu radničke klase, radnici i seljaci, putem svojih intelektualaca, moraju napraviti potrebnu analizu svoje kulture i nacionalne povijesti kako bi kapitalizam promijenio stari način razmišljanja poretka stvari u društvu pod kulturnom dominacijom imperijalnih sila.

Društvena dominacija
Kulturna hegemonija nije niti sekularna intelektualna praksa (politika i politike), niti jedinstveni sustav vrijednosti (ideologija), već kompleks društvenih odnosa proizvedenih društvenom stratifikacijom pojedinačnih društvenih struktura, te društvene slojeve. Društvena kohezija proizlazi iz toga što svaka društvena i ekonomska klasa ima specifičnu svrhu, a svaka klasa ima unutar-grupnu kontra-kulturu koja dopušta specifično ponašanje koje je različito od ponašanja drugih društvenih klasa; društvene strukture uspostavljaju i povezuju poredak. Slijedom dodijeljenih socio-ekonomskih ciljeva, društvene će se klase intelektualno stopiti u društvo s većim osjećajem nacionalne svijesti, određene dominantnom ideologijom vladajuće klase.

Gramsci je rekao da bi kulturne i povijesne analize "prirodnog poretka stvari u društvu" uspostavljene dominantnom ideologijom mogle omogučiti muškarcima i ženama da razumno sagledaju društvene strukture buržoazijske kulturne dominacije. U svakoj sferi života (privatnoj i javnoj) zdrav razum je nešto s čime se ljudi nose i shvaćaju svoj svakodnevni život unutar svog društvenog sloja, te unutar šireg društvenog poretka; međutim zdravi razum spriječava predožbu o iskorištavanju radnika što je omogućila kulturna hegemonija. Obzirom na poteškoće u analiziranju status quo u buržo-azijskoj kulturi (društvene i ekonomske klase), većina ljudi se bavi svojim osobnim problemima a ne preispituju temeljne izvore svoje društveno-ekonomske, individualne i kolektivne obespravljenosti.

Inteligencija
Da bi uočili kulturnu hegemoniju vladajuće klase i borili se protiv nje, radnička i seljačka klasa ovise o moralnom i političkom vodstvu svog urođenog intelekta, učenjaka, akademika i nastavnika, znanstvenika, filozofa, administratora itd. iz njihovih specifičnih društvenih klasa; po tome Gramsci politički razlikuje intelektualce buržoazije od intelektualaca radničke klase te muškaraca i žena koji su zagovornici i protivnici kulturnog statusa quo:Budući da ove različite kategorije tradicionalnih intelektualaca kroz esprit de corps doživljavaju svoj neprekinuti povijesni kontinuitet i svoje posebne kvalifikacije, oni se stoga ističu kao autonomni i nezavisni od ove dominantne društvene skupine. Ovo samoprocjenjivanje nije bez posljedica u ideološkom i političkom smislu i posljedice su širokog opsega. Cjelokupna idealistička filozofija lako se može povezati s ovom pozicijom, koju zauzima društveni kompleks intelektualaca, i može se definirati kao izraz te društvene utopije, prema kojoj intelektualci misle o sebi kao o "neovisnim" ,autonomnim, ostvareni vlastitim karakterom, itd.
Izbori iz Zatvorskih bilježnica Antonija Gramscija (1971.), str. 7-8.Tradicionalni i nepristojni tipovi intelektualca koji nam daju književnici, filozofi i umjetnici. Stoga se i novinari, koji za sebe kažu da su književnici, filozofi, umjetnici, smatraju "pravim" intelektualcima. U suvremenom svijetu tehničko obrazovanje industrijskih radnika, čak i u primitivnim i nekvalificiranim uvjetima proizvodi nove tipove intelektualaca...Postojanje novih intelektualaca ne može se više bazirati na rječitosti, koja je vanjski i trenutni pokretač osjećaja i strasti koja je aktivni sudionik u stvarnom životu sudjelovanju u praktičnom životu, kao stalni graditelj a ne samo pripovjedač.

Izbor iz zatvorskih bilježnica Antonija Gramscija (1971.), str. 9-10.

Nakon Gramscija

Njemački studentski pokret
Vođa njemačkog studentskog pokreta, Rudi Dutschke, je 1967. primijenio Gramscijeve analize kulturne hegemonije na politiku i društvo Zapadne Njemačke koristeći izraz "Dugi marš kroz institucije" da bi opisao koji ideološki posao je potreban za realizaciju pokreta. Asocijacija na Dugi marš (1934.–35.) Kineske narodno-oslobodilačke vojske upućuje na veliki posao koji je učinila radnička inteligencija da bi proizvela popularnu kulturu radničke klase koja će zamjeniti dominantnu ideologiju nametnutu kulturnom dominacijom.

Ideološki državni aparati
U Ideologiji i ideološkim državnim aparatima (1970.), Louis Althusser opisuje kompleksne društvene odnose u različitim organima države te opisuje dominantnu ideologiju koja je popularna u društvu. Ideološki državni aparati (ISA) su mjesta ideoloških sukoba između društvnih klasa i društva kao npr. vojske i policije te represivnog državnog aparata (RSA), ISA potoji višestruko unutar samog društva.

Unatoč tome što vladajuća klasa kontrolira RSA, ideološki aparati države su mjesta gdje dolazi do klasne borbe, jer ISA nije jedinstvena društvena jezgra i postoji unutar društva..U javnoj i privatnoj klasnoj borbi ideološki aparati države (ISA) su preosjetljive zone jer se sastoje od elemenata dominantnih ideologija i prethodnih razmišljanja i zbog toga su mjesta kontinuirane klasne borbe zato je potrebna kontinuirana politička aktivnost u:

 religija ISA (svećenstvo)
 obrazovavnje ISA (javni i privatni školski sustavi)
 obitelj ISA (patrijarhalna obitelj)
 pravo ISA (policijski i pravni, sudski i kazneni sustavi)
 politički ISA (političke stranke)
 udruženje sindikata ISA
 mediji ISA (tisak, radio, televizija, internet, kino)
 kultura ISA (književnost, umjetnost, sport itd. )

Parlamentarne strukture države, pomoću kojih izabrani političari provode volju naroda, također su ideološki aparat države jer daju kontrolu državi nad stanovništvom koje sudjeluje u političkim strankama. Politički sustav je sam po sebi ideološki aparat, jer podrazumijeva prihvaćanje ideološke fikcije od strane građana koja odgovara nekoj "određenoj" stvarnosti, da su sastavni dijelovi [političkog] sustava, kao i princip njegova funkcioniranja, temelje se na ideologiji 'slobode' i 'jednakosti' pojedinačnih birača i 'slobodnog izbora' predstavnika naroda, od strane pojedinaca koji 'čine' narod".

Reference

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Vanjske poveznice

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Socijalizam
Socijalni koncepti

Kulturna dominacija


Walter Gröbchen (* 17. April 1962 in Wien) ist ein österreichischer Journalist, Blogger, Autor und Musikverleger.

Leben
Walter Gröbchen besuchte von 1972 bis 1980 das Bundesrealgymnasium Waltergasse.

Erste Erfahrungen in der Medienbranche sammelte Gröbchen Anfang der 1980er Jahre als Mitbegründer und Redakteur von etcetera – Zeitschrift für Jugendkultur. Von November 1981 bis 1993 war er ständiger freier Mitarbeiter des ORF-Radios und arbeitete für die Sendungen Musicbox, Freizeichen, Rot-Weiß-Rotes Radio, Radio Gaga und Nachtradio auf Ö3 sowie Diagonal auf Ö1. Ab 1992 war Gröbchen zuständig für die Ö3-Programmbeobachtung und -entwicklung. Neben seiner Tätigkeit als Radiomacher publizierte er als freiberuflicher Journalist unter anderem in profil, Die Zeit, Weltwoche, Der Standard, Wiener, Financial Times, Rolling Stone, Datum, Falter und Wiener Zeitung.

Ab 1993 war Gröbchen auch als A&R-Manager für diverse Musikkonzerne wie BMG, Warner Music und Universal Music in Deutschland und Österreich zuständig.

Seit dem Jahr 2000 ist Gröbchen auch unternehmerisch tätig, und zwar zunächst als Gesellschafter der Exozet Neue Medien Produktion Wien GmbH (bis 2008) und als Aufsichtsrat der Neue Sentimental Film Austria AG (bis 2009).

Seit Februar 2000 ist Gröbchen unbeschränkt haftender Gesellschafter der Monkey Music, Gröbchen & Partner OG und seit Jänner 2005 geschäftsführender Gesellschafter der monkey.moods Verlags GmbH. Über letztgenannte Firma hält er 5 % der Anteile an der Entspannungsfunk Gesellschaft mbH, die den Radiosender LoungeFM betreibt, und fungiert dort als "Head of Music". monkey. ist eine Kommunikations- und Consulting-Agentur mit angeschlossenem Label und Verlag. Der Arbeitsschwerpunkt liegt in "Promotion- und Produktionsdienstleistungen für die Musik- und Medienindustrie im gesamten deutschsprachigen Raum."

Gröbchen ist Autor der wöchentlichen Kolumne MASCHINENRAUM die zunächst in der Presse am Sonntag später im Feuilleton der Wiener Zeitung erschien. Er veröffentlicht diese Beiträge auch in seinem Weblog Grob. Gröber. Gröbchen.

Des Weiteren kuratiert Gröbchen die Reihe Live@RKH (ein Podium für neue Popmusik aus Österreich) im Großen Sendesaal des ORF-Funkhauses in Wien.

Seine Tochter Nicola Löwenstein aus einer Beziehung mit Martina Rupp war Fernsehmoderatorin bei ServusTV.

Auszeichnungen
 1981: Jugend-Lyrikwettbewerb der Stadt Wien (1. Preis)
 2011: Dr.-Karl-Renner-Publizistikpreis (Auszeichnung in der Kategorie Online)

Werke
 Walter Gröbchen (Hrsg.): Heimspiel. Eine Chronik des Austro-Pop, Hannibal, St. Andrä-Wördern 1995. ISBN 3-85445-112-1.

Literatur
 Alfred Komarek: Zeitgeist für beide Ohren: 25 Jahre Ö3, Orac, Wien 1992. ISBN 3-7015-0271-4, S. 146
 Nora Frey: Ö3 – Die Story, Ueberreuter, Wien 1988. ISBN 3-8000-9035-X, S. 150–153

Weblinks

 Grob. Gröber. Gröbchen.
 Interviewprojekt "WIENPOP – zur Geschichte der Wiener Popmusik" der Wienbibliothek, im Onlinearchiv der Österreichischen Mediathek

Einzelnachweise

Journalist (Österreich)
Autor
Person (Falter, Wochenzeitung)
Person (Der Standard)
Österreicher
Geboren 1962
Mann

Walter Gröbchen


Burl Icle Ivanhoe Ives () a fost un cântăreț, actor de teatru, televiziune și film american.

El și-a început cariera artistică pe post de cântăreț ambulant și la banjo, și-a lansat propria emisiune de radio, The Wayfaring Stranger, care a popularizat cântecele populare tradiționale. În 1942, el a apărut în comedia This is the Army a lui Michael Curtiz, iar apoi a devenit o vedetă de prima mână a postului de radio CBS.
În 1960, el a trecut cu succes în muzica country, înregistrând hit-uri precum "A Little Bitty Tear" și "Funny Way of Laughing". A fost un popular actor de film în anii 1940 și 1950, jucând în filme precum So Dear to My Heart și Pisica pe acoperișul fierbinte, precum și rolul Rufus Hennessey în The Big Country, pentru care a câștigat Premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun actor în rol secundar.

Ives este adesea amintit pentru rolul său în emisiunea specială de Crăciun stop-motion Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer din 1964, care continuă să fie difuzată de CBS în fiecare sezon de Crăciun, ca voce a lui "Sam, omul de zăpadă", naratorul și gazda emisiunii.

Filmografie

Smoky (1946) - Willie
Green Grass of Wyoming (1948) - Gus
Station West  (1948) - reepționerul
So Dear to My Heart (1948) - unchiul Hiram Douglas
Sierra (1950) - Lonesome
 1955 La est de Eden (East of Eden) - Samuel The Sheriff
The Power and the Prize (1956) - George Salt
A Face in the Crowd (1957) - el însuși (necreditat)
 1958 Patima de sub ulmi (Desire Under the Elms) - Ephraim Cabot
Wind Across The Everglades (1958) - Cottonmouth
 1958 Pisica pe acoperișul fierbinte (Cat on a Hot Tin Roof) - Big Daddy Pollitt
 1958 Ferma din Arizona (The Big Country) - Rufus Hannassey
Day of the Outlaw (1959) - Jack Bruhn
 1959 Omul nostru din Havana (Our Man in Havana) - dr. Hasselbacher
Let No Man Write My Epitaph (1960) - judecătorul Bruce Mallory Sullivan
The Spiral Road (1962) - dr. Brits Jansen
Summer Magic (1963) - Osh Popham
The Brass Bottle (1964) - Fakrash
Ensign Pulver (1964) - căpitanul Morton
The Daydreamer (1966) - Father Neptune (voce)
Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon (1967) - Phineas T. Barnum
The Other Side of Bonnie and Clyde (1968) - naratorul (voce)
The McMasters (1970) - McMasters
The Heart Farm (1973)
Hugo the Hippo (1975) - naratorul (voce)
Baker's Hawk (1976) - dl. McGraw
Just You and Me, Kid (1979) - Max
Earthbound (1981) - Ned Anderson
White Dog (1982) - Carruthers
Uphill All the Way (1986) - șeriful John Catledge
Two Moon Junction (1988) - șeriful Earl Hawkins
Alex Saves Christmas (2011) (cântece)

Referințe

Legături externe

 en Burl Ives la Internet Broadway Database
 Official website for Burl Ives
 Burl Ives Papers, 1913–1975, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
 Burl Ives Collection at the Library of Congress
 Burl Ives Profile at the Association for Cultural Equity
 Burl Ives Performance Review
 Burl Ives – Discography
 Lithograph of Burl Ives  done by Thomas Hart Benton, titled The Hymn Singer
 Article in Scottish Rite Journal
 Burl Ives interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs, 3 aprilie 1979
 Burl Ives addressing The New York Herald Tribune Book and Author Luncheon, 10 februarie 1954, broadcast by WNYC.

Nașteri în 1909
Decese în 1995
Cântăreți de muzică country americani
Câștigători ai premiului Oscar pentru cel mai bun actor într-un rol secundar
Muzicieni ai Columbia Records
Muzicieni ai Decca Records
Câștigătorii premiilor Grammy
Muzicieni din statul Illinois

Burl Ives


Thomas J. Peters (born November 7, 1942) is an American writer on business management practices, best known for In Search of Excellence (co-authored with Robert H. Waterman Jr.)

Life and education
Peters was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He went to Severn School, a private, preparatory high school, graduating in 1960. Peters then attended Cornell University, receiving a bachelor's degree in civil engineering in 1964, and a master's degree in 1966.

He returned to academia in 1970 to study business at Stanford Business School receiving an MBA followed by a PhD in Organizational Behavior in 1977. The title of his dissertation was "Patterns of Winning and Losing: Effects on Approach and Avoidance by Friends and Enemies." Karl Weick credited Peters' dissertation with giving him the idea for his 1984 article: "Small wins: Redefining the scale of social problems."

While at Stanford, Peters was influenced by Jim G. March, Herbert Simon (both at Stanford), and Karl Weick (at the University of Michigan). Later, he noted that he was influenced by Douglas McGregor and Einar Thorsrud.

In 2004, he also received an honorary doctorate from the State University of Management in Moscow.

Career
From 1966 to 1970, he served in the United States Navy, making two deployments to Vietnam as a Navy Seabee, then later working in the Pentagon.  From 1973 to 1974, he worked in the White House as a senior drug-abuse advisor, during the Nixon administration. Peters acknowledged both the influence of military strategist Colonel John Boyd and OODA loops in his later writing.

From 1974 to 1981, Peters worked as a management consultant at McKinsey & Company, becoming a partner and Organization Effectiveness practice leader in 1979. In 1981, he left McKinsey to become an independent consultant.

In 1990, Peters was referred to in a British Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) publication as one of the world's Quality Gurus.

In 1995, the New York Times referred to Peters as one of the top three business experts in the highest demand as a speaker along with Daniel Burrus and Roger Blackwell.

By 2000, Peters was noted for his ever-increasingly aggressive and sometimes "crackpot" demeanor while at the same time his target audiences had changed towards the considerably lower ranks of SMI management.

In 2017, "Thinkers50" awarded Peters with its Lifetime Achievement Award for his paving the way for the "thought leadership" and business book industries.

In Search of Excellence
The publication of the popular business book In Search of Excellence in 1982 marked a turning point in Peters' career.

Peters states that directly after graduating with a PhD from Stanford in 1977, and returning to McKinsey, the new managing director, Ron Daniel, handed him a "fascinating assignment." Motivated by the new ideas coming from Bruce Henderson's Boston Consulting Group, Daniel noted that businesses often failed to effectively implement new strategies, so Peters "was asked to look at 'organization effectiveness' and 'implementation issues' in an inconsequential offshoot project nested in McKinsey's rather offbeat San Francisco office."

In Search of Excellence  became a bestseller, gaining exposure in the United States at a national level when a series of television specials based on the book and hosted by Peters appeared on PBS. The primary ideas espoused solving business problems with as little business-process overhead as possible, and empowering decision-makers at multiple levels of a company.

The December 2001 issue of Fast Company quoted Peters admitting that he and Waterman had falsified the underlying data for In Search of Excellence. He is quoted as saying, "This is pretty small beer, but for what it's worth, okay, I confess: We faked the data. A lot of people suggested it at the time." He later insisted that this was untrue and that he was the victim of an "aggressive headline."

Later work
In 1987 Peters published Thriving on Chaos: Handbook for a Management Revolution.

In later books, Peters has encouraged personal responsibility in response to the "New Economy."

More recent books are The Excellence Dividend, released in April 2018, and Excellence Now: Extreme Humanism, released in 2021.

Peters currently lives in South Dartmouth, MA with his wife Susan Sargent, and continues to write and speak about personal and business empowerment and problem-solving methodologies.

His namesake company "Tom Peters Company" is based in Essex, UK.

Works
 1982 – In Search of Excellence (co-written with Robert H. Waterman, Jr.)
 1985 – A Passion for Excellence (co-written with Nancy Austin)
 1987 – Thriving on Chaos
 1992 – Liberation Management
 1994 – The Tom Peters Seminar: Crazy Times Call for Crazy Organizations
 1994 – The Pursuit of WOW!
 1997 – The Circle of Innovation: You Can't Shrink Your Way to Greatness
 1999 - The Reinventing Work Series 50List Books
 1999 – The Brand You 50: Or: Fifty Ways to Transform Yourself from an "Employee" into a Brand That Shouts Distinction, Commitment, and Passion!  (Reinventing Work Series)
 1999 - The Project50: Fifty Ways to Transform Every "Task" into a Project That Matters! (Reinventing Work Series)
 1999 - The Professional Service Firm50: Fifty Ways to Transform Your "Department" into a Professional Service Firm Whose Trademarks are Passion and Innovation! (Reinventing Work Series)
 2003 – Re-imagine! Business Excellence in a Disruptive Age
 2005 – Talent
 2005 – Leadership
 2005 – Design
 2005 – Trends (co-written with Martha Barletta)
 2010 – The Little Big Things: 163 Ways to Pursue Excellence
 2018 – The Excellence Dividend: Meeting the Tech Tide with Work That Wows and Jobs That Last
 2021 – Excellence Now: Extreme Humanism
 2022 – Tom Peters' Compact Guide to Excellence [with Nancye Green]

References

Further reading
Speechtek biography
 Stewart Crainer: Corporate Man to Corporate Skunk: The Tom Peters Phenomenon, Oxford, 1997
 Winfried W. Weber: Innovation durch Injunktion, Goettingen, 2005
 Tom Peters: The Bestselling Prophet of the Management Revolution (part of a 4-book series of business biographies on Peters, Bill Gates, Peter Drucker, and Warren Buffett)
 The Brand Called You FastCompany magazine, 1997.
 Tom Peters Interview - The Excellence Dividend Online Personals Watch, 2018.

External links

tompeters – official site

1942 births
American business writers
American management consultants
Business speakers
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Living people
McKinsey & Company people
Writers from Baltimore
People from Tinmouth, Vermont
Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni
Writers from Vermont

Tom Peters


Fabian Núñez (also transcribed variously as Fabián Núñez, Fabian Nuñez and Fabian Nunez; born December 27, 1966) is an American politician and labor union adviser. A member of the Democratic Party, he served three two-year terms as a member of the California State Assembly, leaving office in late 2008. During his last two terms, Núñez served as the 66th Speaker of the California State Assembly.

Early life
Fabian Núñez is the tenth of twelve children. He was born in San Diego, California, to Mexican parents, but the family lived in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico until Núñez was 7 years old. He spent the rest of his youth in the Logan Heights neighborhood of San Diego. His parents eventually became United States citizens. At the age of 31, Núñez earned Bachelor of Arts degrees in both political science and education from Pitzer College in Claremont, California.

From 1996 to 2000, Fabian Núñez served as the Political Director for the Los Angeles County Federation of Labor and, between 2000 and 2002, was the Government Affairs Director for the Los Angeles Unified School District.

California State Assembly
Núñez was elected to the California State Assembly to represent the 46th district in 2002. Later, on February 9, 2004 he was selected as the Speaker of the California Assembly.

When Núñez was elected, the Los Angeles Times reported that he promised to "foster a spirit of bipartisanship in the Assembly ..." He was quoted saying, "We should reestablish this great legislative body as the house of ideas. And more importantly, we must work together for the benefit of all Californians." During his tenure as speaker, the San Francisco Chronicle editorialized that the 2005/2006 "legislative session represented one of the most productive in recent memory."

Throughout his term, Núñez authored several laws including a $1.25 increase in the minimum wage, and a measure to promote competition among cable television providers.

In August 2005, Núñez traveled to Mexico to meet with then-president of Mexico, Vicente Fox, other high level government officials, and business leaders. The declared purpose of his journey was to strengthen ties between Mexico and California that he claimed had deteriorated under California's governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger. At Núñez's invitation, president Fox eventually traveled to Sacramento and addressed a special joint session of the California State Legislature.

Núñez supported and advocated for the passage of the 2006 infrastructure bonds. He authored both the education (Proposition 1B) and water levee bond (Proposition 1D) in the Legislature. Former Assembly Speaker Bob Hertzberg spoke about Núñez' involvement with the passage of the bonds on May 17, 2006: "And ultimately credit goes to Speaker Fabian Núñez, who is a very keen legislator who understands how to put the pieces and parts together and see the big picture. He was instrumental in taking what was failure last time and putting it all together this time. Fabian is willing to work with all sides and wants to get things done."

Núñez passed a law in 2006 to establish a program to provide prescription drugs at discount prices to about five million uninsured and underinsured Californians. The new law will require the state department of Health Services to negotiate discounts with drug manufacturers. In 2006, he also authored AB 32, which was signed into law by Schwarzenegger. AB 32 created the nation's first cap on greenhouse gas emissions. The law set new regulations on the amount of emissions utilities, refineries and manufacturing plants are allowed to release into the atmosphere.

In 2007, Núñez was named "Public Official of the Year" by Governing Magazine. The magazine highlighted his legislative leadership and accomplishments:

Fabian Núñez doesn't think compromise is a dirty word. California's Assembly speaker has played a classic legislative leadership role as the bridge between Republican governor and a strongly liberal majority Democratic caucus, helping to forge and shepherd through a long list of impressive legislation over the past couple of years.His personal scorecard includes a $40 billion infrastructure bond package, a $7 billion prison building and rehabilitation measure, and a landmark global-warming law that is already being imitated by other states. "Some people feel you can't compromise because you're setting your values aside," he continues. "I believe the opposite. You're fighting for your beliefs when you can move the ball forward."

On October 10, 2007, the Los Angeles Times reported that Núñez had allegedly spent tens of thousands of dollars of campaign money for personal expenses. However, October 27, 2009, Political Blotter reported that the FPPC had cleared Núñez of all accusations.

Due to term limits, Núñez had to retire from the Assembly after 2008. Starting in fall 2007, he actively campaigned in support of a statewide proposition to amend the term limits law, including being made eligible to serve an additional six years as speaker. This ballot measure, California Proposition 93 (2008), was widely seen as a power grab on the part of Núñez and Senate Majority Leader Don Perata. On February 5, 2008 election, a majority of California voters rejected Proposition 93. Núñez was succeeded by Karen Bass.

After serving as speaker of the Assembly, Núñez was named as co-chair of the Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential bid. He joined a national bipartisan public strategy firm, Mercury, as a partner managing the Sacramento and Los Angeles offices. Núñez also serves on the Board of Directors for the U.S Soccer Federation and previously serviced on the University of California Board of Regents.

In 2010, Núñez filed paperwork to run for the California State Senate but withdrew. Núñez created a campaign finance committee and announced that he would run for California State Treasurer in 2014, when incumbent Bill Lockyer was termed out. Núñez formed an exploratory committee for California State Treasurer in 2018.

Núñez is currently a partner at the public relations and lobbying firm Actum.

References

Newspaper profiles
"On the rise", sacbee.com, February 7, 2004
[https://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-nunez5oct05,0,2294927.story?coll=la-home-center "Nuñez travels the world like a high-roller"], Los Angeles Times, October 5, 2007''
How Núñez rose to power so fast -- Champion of Prop. 93, in Assembly only 5 years, had modest beginnings, sfgate.com

External links
 Official California State Assembly profile

1966 births
Living people
American politicians of Mexican descent
Pitzer College alumni
Speakers of the California State Assembly
Democratic Party members of the California State Assembly
Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in California
Politicians from Los Angeles
University of California regents
21st-century American politicians

Fabian Núñez


Die Fennistik Greifswald ist Teil des Instituts für Fennistik und Skandinavistik an der Universität Greifswald. Mit der Begründung des ersten Lektorats für Finnisch in Deutschland 1921 sowie des damaligen Instituts für Finnlandkunde leistete die Universität bei der Etablierung des Forschungsgebietes in Deutschland Pionierarbeit. 2011 feierten Universität und Lehrstuhl das 90-jährige Bestehen des Finnischunterrichts in Deutschland mit zwei Fachkonferenzen sowie mehreren Ausstellungen. Im Rahmen eines akademischen Festakts zum 100. Jubiläum 2021 wurde der finnischen Sprachwissenschaftlerin Kaisa Häkkinen im Rahmen eines akademischen Festakts die Ehrendoktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät verliehen.

Geschichte
Die Beziehungen der Universität Greifswald zu Finnland reichen weit in die Zeit vor der Gründung des ersten Finnischlektorats 1921 zurück, was unter anderem durch die gemeinsame Zeit Vorpommerns und Finnlands unter schwedischer Herrschaft begründet ist. Wissenschaftsgeschichtlich ist die Greifswalder Alma Mater die nach der Göttinger Georgia Augusta wohl wichtigste Geburtsstätte der deutschen Finnlandkunde. Eine große Rolle dabei spielte der Historiker Friedrich Rühs, dessen 1809 veröffentlichtes Werk Finnland und seine Bewohner die erste deutschsprachige Finnlandmonografie darstellte und das deutsche Finnlandbild auf lange Zeit prägte. Eine 1827 herausgegebene Neufassung durch Adolf Iwar Arwidson war sogar in Finnland selbst jahrzehntelang konkurrenzlos.

Im Jahre 1917 beschloss das Preußische Abgeordnetenhaus im Rahmen einer verstärkten Pflege der Auslandsstudien an den Universitäten Preußens, auch Nordeuropa in diese einzubeziehen. Greifswalds traditionelle Beziehungen zu Schweden aufgrund der 170-jährigen Zugehörigkeit zum schwedischen Reich machten die dortige Universität zum idealen Standort des neuzubegründenden Instituts. Am 4. Oktober 1918 wurde das Nordische Institut feierlich eröffnet. Die bis 1933 gültige Satzung nannte als Zweck des Institutes "die Aufgabe, durch Forschung und Lehre die Erkenntnis von Land, Volk und Kultur der nordischen Staaten zu fördern." Das neue Institut gehörte keiner Fakultät an, sondern war direkt der Universität unterstellt. Zum Vorstand sowie auch zum Lehrkörper gehörten nicht nur Philologen, sondern auch Geografen, Juristen, Historiker und Nationalökonomen. Dementsprechend vielfältig war das Lehrangebot, das weit über Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft hinausging. Dennoch lag das Hauptaugenmerk auf den beiden genannten Bereichen, was eine grundlegende Neuerung im deutschen Universitätswesen darstellte.

Im November 1920 erhielt das Nordische Institut eine Finnlandabteilung, die im Februar 1922 durch Ministeriumserlass als Institut für Finnlandkunde weitgehend selbstständig wurde. Die Aufgabe dieses Instituts war im Wesentlichen deckungsgleich mit der des Nordischen Instituts, allerdings mit Finnland im Fokus. Entscheidend war die Vermittlung der finnischen Sprache, wofür 1921 ein Lektorat eingerichtet wurde, das erste Finnischlektorat auf deutschem Boden. Finanziell unterstützt wurde dieses Vorhaben durch die Kordelinische Stiftung in Finnland mit jährlich 12.000 Finnmark. In finnischen Wissenschaftskreisen bestand großes Interesse an der Finnlandforschung in Greifswald, was sich auch in der Gründung einer "Gesellschaft von Freunden der finnischen Abteilung am Nordischen Institut" in Helsinki zeigte. Der erste Finnischlektor Greifswalds – und damit auch Deutschlands – war der Oberlehrer Arvid Rosenqvist, ein Germanist, der ab Oktober 1921 seine "Finnischen Übungen" anbot. Neben dem Sprachunterricht gehörten zum Aufgabengebiet des Lektors auch Bibliotheksarbeit sowie ein bis zwei Wochenstunden Vorlesungen, deren Themen je nach Kenntnis und Interesse des jeweiligen Lektors von Literatur und Kultur über finnougrische Sprachgeschichte bis zur finnischen Wirtschaft reichten.

Der erste Direktor des Instituts für Finnlandkunde, der Geographieprofessor Gustav Braun, sah dessen Ausrichtung eher im geographischen und wirtschaftlichen Bereich, was sich auch in der Wahl von Rosenqvists Nachfolger widerspiegelte, Yrjö Vemmel, ein Diplomkaufmann ohne philologische Ausbildung.

Das IfF veröffentlichte im Zeitraum von seiner Gründung bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg mehrere wissenschaftliche Serien: die Schriften aus dem Institut für Finnlandkunde (1923–1928) mit umfangreichen Abhandlungen, die Berichte (seit 1922) mit kleineren Beiträgen zu verschiedensten Themen, die Mitteilungen (1921–1938) mit größeren und kleineren Aufsätzen, eine Pressekorrespondenz (bis 1927, wieder ab 1934) sowie gemeinsam mit dem Nordischen Institut die Vierteljahresschrift Nordische Rundschau (seit 1928), die 1936 als Sondernummer ein illustriertes Kalevala-Heft herausbrachte. Im besagten Zeitraum wurde das Vorlesungsprogramm des Instituts auch durch zahlreiche Gastvorträge aus Finnland bereichert, unter anderem von V. A. Koskenniemi und P. Katara.

Ab 1933 änderte sich einiges für das Institut. Aufgrund seiner Ausrichtung auf ein nordisches Land fiel ihm besonderes Interesse von Seiten der Nationalsozialisten zu. Obwohl man bei der Forschungsarbeit um Objektivität bemüht war, verfielen doch einige Wissenschaftler der herrschenden Ideologie und räumten dem Thema Rassenprobleme in den Publikationen bedeutend mehr Raum ein als zuvor. Auch beteiligte sich das Institut an der Intensivierung der deutsch-finnischen Militärbeziehungen. Lehre und Forschung standen bis zum Kriegsbeginn weiterhin im Vordergrund, erst 1939 änderte sich das Aufgabengebiet des Instituts für Finnlandkunde grundlegend. Die Forschungsarbeit wurde stark eingeschränkt, die Publikationstätigkeit eingestellt und das Institut aufgefordert, seine "Auslandsbeziehungen in den Dienst des deutschen Abwehrkampfes zu stellen." Der Finnischunterricht sowie auch restliche Institutsarbeit wurden durch den Einzug der Mitarbeiter zum Militärdienst stark beeinträchtigt.
Aufgrund der genannten Entwicklungen war das Institut nach Kriegsende sowohl in Finnland als auch bei den Machtorganen in Nachkriegsdeutschland kompromittiert, was einen Neuanfang des Fachgebiets erforderlich machte.

Im Jahre 1945 wurde die Institutstätigkeit vollständig eingestellt, die Zukunft der Greifswalder Finnlandkunde war ungewiss. Erst 1954 wurde das Nordische Institut reaktiviert und 1955 genehmigte das Staatssekretariat für Hochschulwesen der DDR die Einrichtung eines Finnischlektorats. Lektor wurde Reino Järvinen, der bereits vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg diese Position innegehabt hatte. Seine erste Aufgabe war die Neuordnung der Fachbibliothek, ab Februar 1956 erteilte er wieder Finnischunterricht. Entsprechend der Greifswalder Tradition und den außenpolitischen Absichten der DDR war die Ausrichtung des neuen Nordischen Instituts, dem die Greifswalder Finnlandkunde angegliedert wurde, nicht rein philologisch. So wurden neben Sprache, Literatur und Kultur Finnlands auch dessen Ökonomie, Innenpolitik und internationalen Beziehungen gelehrt. Aufgabe des Institutes war es, Fachleute für nordeuropäische Fragen auszubilden. Dieses Ausbildungsprofil wurde später dahingehend geändert, dass nunmehr Sprachmittler (Übersetzer und Dolmetscher) und Regionalwissenschaftler ausgebildet wurden. Die Immatrikulation für Fennistik war im Zwei-Jahresturnus möglich. 1977 wurde in Greifswald ein Lehrstuhl für Fennistik geschaffen, der wie bereits das Lektorat 1921 ein Novum auf deutschem Boden war. Erster Lehrstuhlinhaber war Kurt Schmidt.
Aufgrund der politischen Lage war der direkte Kontakt der Studierenden zu Finnland stark eingeschränkt, was die Lektorinnen durch Kontakt zu Muttersprachlern bei Betreuungsaufgaben und Dolmetschereinsätzen teilweise zu kompensieren versuchten.

Die Einschränkungen in Lehre und Forschung wurden durch die Wende 1989 über Nacht aufgehoben, sie löste jedoch auch andere Vorgänge aus, die letztendlich dazu führten, dass keiner der ursprünglichen mit Finnland befassten Mitarbeiter am Institut verblieb. Der Lehrstuhl für Fennistik blieb jedoch bestehen, und das neue Kultusministerium in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern betrachtete den Fortbestand des Studienganges als wünschenswert. Die nicht-philologisch ausgerichteten Teile des Lehrangebots wurden jedoch gestrichen. Der Finnischunterricht wurde kontinuierlich weitergeführt und der seit 1993 vakante Lehrstuhl im Frühjahr 1994 von Pekka Lehtimäki (1934–2013) und sechs Jahre später von Sirkka-Liisa Hahmo übernommen. Das Nordische Institut war seit 2008 als "Nordische Abteilung" Teil des Institutes für fremdsprachliche Philologien. Im Jahr 2013 hat es seine Eigenständigkeit zurückerhalten und heißt nunmehr Institut für Fennistik und Skandinavistik. Die Studierendenzahl befindet sich in den letzten Jahren im stetigen Wachstum.

Derzeit (Stand 2021) studieren ca. 50 Studierende Fennistik in Greifswald. Lehrstuhlinhaber ist seit 2008 Marko Pantermöller, der vorher sechs Jahre lang als Assistent am Lehrstuhl tätig war. Das Lektorat für Finnisch hat seit dem Wintersemester 2016 Dr. Jutta Salminen inne. Des Weiteren sind Dr. des. Yvonne Bindrim und Dr. Thekla Musäus als wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterinnen mit Lehrverpflichtung am Lehrstuhl beschäftigt. Reine Forschungsaufgaben leisten im Rahmen von Drittmittelprojekten die Mitarbeiter Dr. Santeri Junttila und Benjamin Schweitzer.  Die Greifswalder Fennistik ist Erasmus-Partnerhochschule der Universitäten in Helsinki, Turku, Tampere, Jyväskylä, Tallinn und Tartu sowie der Universität Ostfinnland.

Studierende und Lehrkörper der Fennistik sind jedes Jahr bei der Ausrichtung des Nordischen Klangs in Greifswald, des größten skandinavischen Kulturfestivals außerhalb Skandinaviens, beteiligt, an dem regelmäßig namhafte Musiker und Autoren aus Finnland teilnehmen.

Lehrangebot
Am Lehrstuhl für Fennistik in Greifswald kann das Fachgebiet sowohl als eines von zwei Fächern im Bachelor sowie darauf aufbauend als Schwerpunktfach im integrierten linguistischen Masterstudiengang Sprachliche Vielfalt studiert werden. Beide Studiengänge beinhalten neben dem Sprachunterricht im Finnischen (sowie für Masterstudenten auch in Finnlands zweiter Landessprache, dem Schwedischen) Seminare und Vorlesungen zu Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft sowie Landes- und Kulturstudien. In Zusammenarbeit mit der Greifswalder Skandinavistik werden auch Kenntnisse der skandinavischen Literatur- und Kulturgeschichte vermittelt. Im Oktober 2019 wurde mit Unterstützung des estnischen Bildungsministeriums ein Gastlektorat für estnische Sprache und Kultur am Lehrstuhl für Fennistik eingerichtet.

Der finnische Staat unterstützt den Lehrstuhl jährlich durch eine Reihe von Gastdozenten, die Blockseminare zu fennistischen Themen anbieten. Des Weiteren gibt es regelmäßig Gastvorlesungen von Dozenten und Professoren der Fennistik bzw. Finnougristik anderer Universitäten, wie z. B. von der Partneruniversität in Poznań. Gemeinsam mit den Universitäten Warschau, Prag und Köln hat die Greifswalder Fennistik seit 2017 eine jährliche internationale Herbstschulserie der Auslandsfennistik für Masterstudierende und Promovierende initiiert, die vom finnischen Zentralamt für Unterrichtswesen finanziert wird.

Weiterhin haben die Studierenden die Möglichkeit zur Teilnahme an Übersetzungsworkshops, deren Ergebnisse jedes Jahr im Rahmen der Tagung Junge Literatur in Europa der Hans-Werner-Richter-Stiftung präsentiert werden, an der traditionell ein finnischer und ein estnischer Autor teilnimmt.

Jubiläumsjahr 2011 – 90 Jahre Finnischunterricht in Deutschland
Im Jahr 2011 feierte die Greifswalder Fennistik das 90-jährige Jubiläum des Finnischunterrichts in Deutschland. Im Wintersemester 1921/22 war erstmals in Greifswald – und damit auch in Deutschland – regelmäßiger Finnischunterricht Teil des Vorlesungsverzeichnisses gewesen. Anlässlich dieses Ereignisses erklärten die Greifswalder Fennisten das Jahr 2011 zum Jubiläumsjahr "90 Jahre Finnisch in Deutschland – Suomen kieli Saksassa 90 vuotta".

Studierendenkonferenz: Silta Suomeen
Auftakt der Jubiläumsfeierlichkeiten bildete die am 12.–14. Mai abgehaltene Studierendenkonferenz "Silta Suomeen – Brücke nach Finnland", zu der Studierende finnlandkundlicher Fächer oder mit Finnlandinteresse aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum sowie der europäischen Partnerhochschulen eingeladen waren. Organisiert wurde die Konferenz von den Masterstudentinnen der Fennistik. Das Teilnehmerfeld kam schließlich aus ganz Deutschland, Österreich und Finnland. Im Mittelpunkt der insgesamt 13 Vorträge standen hauptsächlich studentische Qualifikationsarbeiten, die von den Teilnehmern vorgestellt wurden. Einen kulturellen Rahmen lieferte der gleichzeitig stattfindende XX. Nordische Klang.

Ausstellung: Alte finnische Drucke
Von Mitte September bis Anfang Oktober wurden im Rahmen der Jubiläumsfeierlichkeiten die wertvollen alten Fennica der Universitätsbibliothek in deren Foyer ausgestellt. Nach 1988 war diese Ausstellung erst die zweite Präsentation der alten Drucke in der Öffentlichkeit. Sie erfreute sich eines überraschend großen Medieninteresses. So berichtete neben den lokalen Zeitungen auch der NDR über Greifswalds finnische Schätze. Die Finissage der Ausstellung Anfang Oktober war Startschuss des wissenschaftlichen Höhepunkts des Jubiläumsjahres, einer internationalen Fachtagung.

Internationale Fachtagung zur finnischen Sprache und Literatur
Zur Fachtagung "Finnische Sprache und Literatur im Europäischen Kontext – Historische Perspektiven und aktuelle Herausforderungen" am 6.–7. Oktober 2011 kamen Fachleute aus Finnland, Deutschland, den Niederlanden und Polen, deren Beiträge von sprach- und literaturpolitischen bis zu wissenschaftsgeschichtlichen Themen reichten. Im Fokus der wissenschaftsgeschichtlichen Vorträge standen dabei die geistig-kulturellen Beziehungen zwischen Finnland und Deutschland. Sprach- und literaturpolitisch standen hingegen vornehmlich aktuelle Fragen im Mittelpunkt. Aus verschiedenen Perspektiven wurde beleuchtet, welche Rolle das Finnische aber auch das Estnische und die Literatur Finnlands und Estlands im zusammenwachsenden Europa spielen und vor welchen Herausforderungen sie dabei stehen. Passend zum Anlass des Jubiläums wurden des Weiteren auch Fragen der finnischen Sprach- und Kulturvermittlung behandelt. Ein Tagungsband ist bereits erschienen.

Jubiläumsjahr 2021 - 100 Jahre Finnlandkunde
Mit einem akademischen Festakt beging die Universität Greifswald am 1. Oktober 2021 den einhundertsten Gründungstag des ersten Lektorats für finnische Sprache und Kultur im deutschsprachigen Raum im Beisein der finnischen Botschafterin Anne Sipiläinen. Im Rahmen des Festaktes wurde der finnischen Sprachwissenschaftlerin Prof. Dr. Kaisa Häkkinen die Ehrendoktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät verliehen. Im Umfeld des Jubiläums fanden an der Universität Greifswald eine internationale fennistische Herbstschule für Masterstudierende und Promovierende und eine Arbeitstagung der Finnischenlehrenden des deutschsprachigen Raums statt.

Bibliothek
Die Einrichtung einer umfangreichen finnlandkundlichen Bibliothek gehörte von Anfang an zu den Zielen des einstigen Instituts für Finnlandkunde. Ein Grundstock dafür befand sich bereits vor der Institutsgründung im Universitätsbesitz. Greifswald und Finnland gehörten beide bis Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts zu Schweden, und obwohl ein Greifswalder Anrecht auf Pflichtexemplare der Druckereien im schwedischen Reich wie bei den anderen schwedischen Universitäten nicht nachweisbar ist, kamen auf Anregung des damaligen Bibliothekars Johann Carl Dähnert ab 1774 alle in Schweden erschienenen Druckerzeugnisse auch nach Greifswald. So lässt sich erklären, dass die Greifswalder Universitätsbibliothek auch eine stattliche Anzahl an Drucken aus Finnland besitzt, das bis 1809 zu Schweden gehörte. Dies betrifft ein Fünftel der 600 zwischen 1775 und 1809 in finnischer Sprache erschienenen Druckerzeugnisse. Ein Großteil davon wurde jedoch – möglicherweise der für die Bibliothekare unverständlichen Sprache wegen – nicht inventarisiert und fand sich erst 1891 bei Bauarbeiten auf dem Dachboden der Universitätsbibliothek an.

1939 erstellte Ewald Kuhr einen Katalog aller vor 1809 erschienenen finnischsprachigen Druckerzeugnisse, die sich im Besitz der Greifswalder Universitätsbibliothek befinden. Dies beinhaltet 156 finnische Bücher, 10 anderssprachige Drucke zum Finnischen und der finnischen Literatur, 16 Schriften mit größeren Abschnitten zur finnischen Sprache sowie weitere, bibliografisch unselbstständige Publikationen wie Beilagen zu Amtsblättern und Glückwunschgedichte.
Beim ältesten Druckerzeugnis in Greifswalder Besitz handelt es sich um das nur in wenigen Exemplaren erhaltene Lexicon Latino-Scondicum von Ericus Schroderus, das erste Wörterbuch, das finnische Lexik enthält. Das wertvollste Exemplar der alten Greifswalder Fennica ist die erste vollständige finnische Bibelübersetzung Biblia, se on: Coco Pyhä Ramattu suomexi, die als zweitschönstes Buch der alten finnischen Literatur gilt. Die Greifswalder Sammlung beinhaltet auch zahlreiche Dissertationen der Universität Turku, darunter Peter Bångs Kirchengeschichte Priscorum Sveo-Gothorum ecclesia aus dem Jahr 1675, die neben dem Verzeichnis der finnischen Götter von Mikael Agricola auch die erste Veröffentlichung eines finnischen Runenliedes enthält. Prominent vertreten sind in der Greifswalder Sammlung weiterhin Henrik Gabriel Porthan, der "Vater der finnischen Geschichtsschreibung", von dem die Universität unter anderem Teile des Jugendwerkes De poesi fennica und sein historisches Hauptwerk, die Turkuer Bischofschronik besitzt, sowie Christfried Ganander, dessen bekanntestes Werk Mythologia Fennica (1783) ebenso wie die erste finnischsprachige Tierheilkunde Eläinden Tautikirja (1803) zu den Schätzen der Greifswalder Universitätsbibliothek gehört.

Neben den genannten alten finnischsprachigen Druckerzeugnissen gehört zu den Sammlungen der Universitätsbibliothek auch eine große Zahl an anderssprachigen Schriften finnischer Verfasser aus den vergangenen Jahrhunderten. Mit der Gründung des Instituts für Finnlandkunde wurde außerdem eine umfangreiche Fachbibliothek angelegt, die vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg auf ca. 13.000 Bände angewachsen und der Stolz der Greifswalder Finnlandforscher war. Nach Kriegsende bis Mitte der 1950er Jahre lagerte die Bibliothek auf dem Dachboden des Instituts für Slawistik, da Finnlandkunde in diesem Zeitraum an der Greifswalder Universität keine Rolle spielte. Versuche der Berliner Finnougristik in diesem Zeitraum, die Bestände als Leihgabe für die eigene Bibliothek zu erhalten, blieben zum Glück für die Greifswalder Fennistik erfolglos.
Als die Bibliothek 1955 neu geordnet wurde, stellte man fest, dass nur noch 7000 Bände vom einstigen Bestand vorhanden waren. Dies ist zum Teil sicher auf die nach Kriegsende erfolgte Aussonderung "faschistischer und militaristischer Literatur" zurückzuführen.

Personen
Finnischlektoren:
(u. a.)
 Niilo Mäki (1932), bedeutendster finnischer Neuropsychologe seiner Zeit
 Arvi Kivimaa (1932–1934), späterer Generalintendant des finnischen Nationaltheaters, Schriftsteller, Lyriker, Essayist
 Lauri Posti (1934), später international anerkannter Fennougrist und Mitglied der Finnischen Akademie
 Ilmari Lahti (1934–1935), Romanist, Germanist, Fennist, Journalist, Hochschullehrer in Turku
 Atso Vuoristo (1957–1962), Direktor des Turkuer Sprachinstituts
 Kaija Menger (1963–1995), nach Ende der Lektorentätigkeit Mitarbeiterin an Wörterbuchprojekten im Rahmen der Arbeitsgruppe von Jarmo Korhonen, Germanistisches Institut der Universität Helsinki

Lehrstuhlinhaber (Lehrstuhlgründung 1977):
 Kurt Schmidt (1977–1993)
 Pekka Lehtimäki (1994–2000)
 Sirkka-Liisa Hahmo (2000–2008)
 Marko Pantermöller (2010–; Lehrstuhlvertretung 2008–2010)

Monografien und Sammelbände der Greifswalder Fennisten (Auswahl)
 Mikko Bentlin: Niederdeutsch-finnische Sprachkontakte : der lexikalische Einfluß des Niederdeutschen auf die finnische Sprache während des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit – Helsinki : Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 2008
 Yvonne Bindrim: Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des Schwedischen und des Finnischen in Finnland. Eine empirische Untersuchung. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2023
 Sirkka-Liisa Hahmo: Grundlexem oder Ableitung? die finnischen Nomina der Typen kämmen und pähkinä und ihre Geschichte. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki 1994
 Sirkka-Liisa Hahmo (Hrsg.): Omaa vai lainattua: itämerensuomen germaanisiin lainasanoihin liittyviä kirjoitelmia. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki 1988
 Sirkka-Liisa Hahmo, Osmo Nikkilä (Hrsg.): Vieraan ymmärtäminen: kirjoituksia kielestä ja kulttuurista. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki 1996
 Sampsa Holopainen, Santeri Junttila: Die alten arischen und baltischen Lehnverben der uralischen Sprachen. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, Beiheft 33. Röll, München 2023
 Marja Järventausta, Leena Kolehmainen, Pekka Kujamäki, Marko Pantermöller (Hrsg.): Kontakte, Kontraste und Kooperationen: Begegnungen zwischen Finnland und dem deutschsprachigen Raum. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki CVIII. Turenki 2022
 Marja Järventausta, Marko Pantermöller (Hrsg.): Finnische Sprache, Literatur und Kultur im deutschsprachigen Raum – Suomen kieli, kirjallisuus ja kulttuuri saksankielisellä alueella. VSUA 85 Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2013, 372 Seiten. (ISBN 3-447-06938-4)
 Stephan Kessler, Marko Pantermöller (Hrsg.): Sprachpflege in der Übersetzungspraxis: Beiträge zur Praxis der Sprachpolitik in kleineren Sprachgemeinschaften.  Lang, Frankfurt am Main u. a. 2011
 Stephan Kessler, Marko Pantermöller (Hrsg.): The Social Status of Languages in Finland and Lithuania – A Plurimethodological Empirical Survey on Language Climate Change. Lang, Berlin u. a. 2020
 Andries D. Kylstra, Sirkka-Liisa Hahmo, Tette Hofstra, Osmo Nikkilä: Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen. Rodopi, Amsterdam u. a. 1991–2012
 Pekka Lehtimäki: Hämeenkyrön murrekirja. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki 2002
 Pekka Lehtimäki: Liistoin Kallei Karkkilasta: murreretki Uudellemaalle. WSOY, Porvoo u. a. 1997
 Pekka Lehtimäki (Hrsg.): Sprachen in Finnland und Estland. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1999
 Thekla Musäus: Wasser, Wälder und graue Dörfer: Karelien in der finnischen und sowjetischen Literatur 1931–1957. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2019
 Marko Pantermöller: Der finnische Abessiv : ein Kasus zwischen spontanem Wandel und gezielter Sprachplanung. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2010
 Marko Pantermöller: Zur orthographischen Integration von Fremdwörtern im Finnischen. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2003
 Dörte Putensen: Zwischen zwei Sprachwelten: Festschrift für die Fennistin Kaija Menger zum 75. Geburtstag. Scheunen-Verl., Kückenshagen 2009
 Riitta Pyykkö, Mikko Tolonen, Kimmo Levä, Seija Mahlamäki-Kultanen, Marko Pantermöller, Torsten Pettersson, Sini Saarinen und Mira Huusko: Humanistisen alan korkeakoulutuksen arviointi. Opetushallitus, Kansallisen koulutuksen arviointikeskus, Tampere 2020
 Jutta Salminen: Epäilemisen merkitys : epäillä-sanueen polaarinen kaksihahmotteisuus kiellon ja kielteisyyden semantiikan peilinä. Helsingin yliopisto, Helsinki 2020

Weiterführende Literatur
 Wilhelm Friese: 75 Jahre Nordisches Institut der Universität Greifswald. Vorabdruck zum 21. Oktober 1993. Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald 1993.
 Rainer Höll: Die Nordeuropa-Institute der Universität Greifswald von 1918 bis 1945. Mit vergleichenden Betrachtungen zur Greifswalder Nordeuropa-Forschung nach 1945. Überarbeitung der Dissertation von 1984, Greifswald 1997.
 Leena Kärnä, Tiina Lehmusvaara: Suomen kielen opetuspisteet ulkomaisissa yliopistoissa. – In: Tiina Lehmusvaara (Hrsg.): Kielisiltoja maailmalle. Suomen kielen ja kulttuurin opetus ulkomaisissa yliopistoissa. Helsinki 2009, S. 48–147.

 Ewald Kuhr: Alte finnische Drucke in der Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald. Aus den Schätzen der Universitätsbibliothek zu Greifswald 13; zugl.: Berichte aus dem Institut für Finnlandkunde der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald  11. Greifswald 1939.
 Dora Kurtz: Zu einigen Fragen der Bestandsvermehrung durch Johann Carl Dähnert. – In: Johann Carl Dähnert (1719–1785): Bibliotheksgeschichtliche Beiträge anläßlich seines 200. Todestages. Wissenschaftliche Beiträge der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, S. 24–34. Greifswald 1986.
 Kaija Menger: Alte finnische Drucke an der Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald. – In: Nordeuropa-Studien 26, S. 48–55. Greifswald 1990.
 Manfred Menger: Zur Geschichte des Finnischlektorats an der Universität. In: Deutsch-Finnische Gesellschaft e. V. (Hrsg.): Zwischen zwei Sprachwelten. Festschrift für die Fennistin Kaija Menger zum 75. Geburtstag. S. 33–52. Kückenshagen 2009.
 Manfred Menger, Dörte Putensen: Finnlandkundliche Traditionen der Universität Greifswald. – In: Pauli Kettunen, A. Kultanen, Timo Soikkanen (Hrsg.): Jäljillä. Kirjoituksia historian ongelmista, Osa 2, S. 37–59. Turku 2000.
 Marko Pantermöller: 90 Jahre akademischer Finnischunterricht in Deutschland. Jahrbuch f. finnisch-deutsche Literaturbeziehungen 2011, 43: S. 177–186.

Weblinks
 Homepage des Instituts für Fennistik und Skandinavistik der Universität Greifswald
 Fachbeschreibung der Fennistik auf der Website der Universität Greifswald
 Offizieller Internetauftritt der Greifswalder Fennistik
 Forschungsdatenbank der Greifswalder Fennistik
 Artikel: Greifswaldin yliopistossa suomen kielen tutkimuksella on pitkät perinteet (finnisch)

Einzelnachweise

Universität Greifswald
Kultur (Finnland)
Kulturwissenschaft
Finnougristik

Fennistik Greifswald


Kardinalnost (kardinalitet) je pojam iz matematike iz teorije skupova.
U matematici, kardinalnost skupa označava broj elemenata tog skupa. Na primjer, skup A = {2, 4, 6} sadrži 3 elementa, dakle kardinalnost skupa A je 3.

Kardinalnost skupa A se obično označava kao |A|. Pošto je ovaj zapis isti kao i za apsolutnu vrijednost, značenje zapisa ovisi o kontekstu.

Dva su skupa jednake kardinalnosti odnosno ekvipotentni su ako postoji bijekcija

 onda je izraz

Postoji li injekcija

 onda je izraz

a ako postoji surjekcija

, onda je izraz

Ovdje je implicitno uporabljen aksiom izbora.

Kardinalnost skupa prirodnih brojeva zove se alef nula i formalni zapis je

Ako za skup A postoji bijekcija

,

onda je kardinalnost skupa A jednak kontinuum i u formalnom jeziku

.

Izvori

Teorija skupova

Kardinalnost


Rodrigo Bustos Singer (n. 1970 ) es un botánico, profesor argentino, que desarrolla actividades académicas en Brasil.

En 1993, obtuvo su licenciatura en Biología por la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina, y la maestría en Botánica por la Universidad Federal de Paraná, en 1997; y el doctorado en Biología Vegetal por la Universidad Estatal de Campinas, en 2001.

Algunas publicaciones
 . 2011a. Typifications and new synonymies in Capanemia (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae). Novon (Saint Louis, Mo.) 21: 28-33

 -------------------, ----------------. 2011b. Zygostates dasyrhiza (Kraenzl.) Schltr. (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae), a new record from Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biociências (impreso) 9 (1): 130-132

 -------------------, . 2011c. A comparative survey of floral characters in Capanemia Barb.Rodr. (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae). Annals of Botany (impreso) 109: 135-144

 . 2011d. Study of acute toxicity and investigation of the presence of β-Nmethylamino- L-alanine in Gunnera manicata L. a species native to southern Brazil. RBCF. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Farmacêuticas (Cessou em 2008. Cont. ISSN 1984-8250 Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences) 47: 623-628

 -------------------------------------------, . 2011e. Evaluation of anti-estrogenic or estrogenic activities of aqueous root extracts of Gunnera manicata L. RBCF. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Farmacêuticas (cesó en 2008. Cont. ISSN 1984-8250 Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences) 47: 601-604

 . 2011f. (2036) Proposal to conserve the name Brasiliorchis against Bolbidium (Orchidaceae). Taxon 60 (6): 1774-1775

 . 2010a. O gênero Capanemia (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae) na região Sul do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biociências (impreso) 8 (4): 309-329

 -------------------, . 2010b. O gênero Cattleya (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) no Rio Grande do Sul. Revista Brasileira de Biociências (impreso) 8 (4): 388-398

 . 1997. Morfologia floral e biologia da polinização de Orchidaceae de Curitiba. Disertación tesis Maestría en Botánica, Universidad Federal de Paraná, Brasil

 Libros
 . 2008. Anatomia e morfologia de plantas aquáticas da Amazônia utilizadas como potencial alimento pelo peixe-boi amazônico''. Belém: Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (IDSM). Vol 1. 188 pp.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Botánicos de Argentina
Profesores de Argentina
Alumnado de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
Profesores de la Universidad Federal de Río Grande del Sur

Rodrigo Bustos Singer


Kaledibi, Hani - Diyarbakır ili Hani ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kaledibi, Düzce - Düzce ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kaledibi, Olur - Erzurum ili Olur ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kaledibi, Alucra - Giresun ili Alucra ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kaledibi, Çanakçı - Giresun ili Çanakçı ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kaledibi, İskenderun - Hatay ili İskenderun ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kaledibi, Türkoğlu - Kahramanmaraş ili Türkoğlu ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kaledibi, Ünye - Ordu ili Ünye ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kaledibi, Divriği - Sivas ili Divriği ilçesine bağlı köy

Kaledibi


Avşa ( Afisia, Orta Çağ Yunancası: Ἀφουσία Aphousia), Marmara Denizi'nde ada.

İstanbul'a deniz otobüsüyle 3  Erdek'e ise gemiyle 1 saat 50 dakika uzaklıktadır. Balıkesir'in Marmara ilçesine bağlı bir yerleşim yeridir. İlçe merkezine 11 km,
il merkezine 155 km uzaklıktadır. Avşa adasının diğer adı "Türkeli" adasıdır. Fakat "Türkeli" ismi "Avşa" olarak değişmiştir.

Takımadalar arasında, kapla alan bakımından, Avşa Adası Marmara ve Paşalimanı Adalarından sonra gelir. Uzunluğu 7 km, genişliği 4 km.'dir. 1965 yılında 1146 nüfusu olan adada, son nüfus sayımına göre 2000, gayriresmî olarak da 2500 kişi yaşamaktadır. Yazın ise Avşa Adası yoğun geçen turizm sezonu dolayısıyla 90.000 - 100.000 insanı barındırmaktadır. Gerek eğlence ve gerekse dinlence bakımından imkanları bulunan Avşa Adası'na yaz sezonunda İstanbul'dan her gün 2 ya da 3 deniz otobüsü ve İDO' ait gemi tarifeli sefer yapmaktadır, hafta sonları ek seferler de konulmaktadır.

Tarihçe
Avşa'nın ilk yerli halkı hakkındaki ilk  yazılı bilgiler coğrafyacı Strabon ve tarihçi Plinius'un kitaplarında bulunmaktadır. Toprak durumu bakımından hiçbir zaman zengin olamamış, bağımsız bir idareye kavuşamamış olan ada, tarih içinde, çevresinde hakim olan kuvvetin arkasından gitmiştir. Hristiyan din adamları için bir sürgün yeri olarak kullanılmış ve bütün Orta Çağ boyunca boş kalmıştır. Şimdiye kadar hiçbir sistematik kazı yapılmamıştır. Ancak adada, anakara Kapıdağ Yarımadası'ndan  ayrılmadan önce bazı ilkel toplulukların yaşadığı, avcılıkla geçindiği, anakara ile bağlantı kesilince yeni bir yaşam biçimi geliştirdikleri, avcılığı azaltarak tarım,  besicilik ve balıkçılıkla geçindikleri bazı buluntular nedeniyle anlaşılmaktadır.

Avşa'nın yüzyıllar içinde değişerek gelen birçok ismi vardır. Kyzikos'lu Diogenes, Propontis adalarını anlatırken Ofiousa ile Fisia'yı birbirinden ayırmıştır. Plinius bu adaya OPHiUSSA der. Bizans tarihinde ise adanın ismi AFOUSiA'dır. La Mottraye 17. yüzyıl başında, adaya buradaki Meryem Ana Manastırı nedeniyle Pnagia adı verildiğinden bahseder. Marmara Adalarında tarihi incelemeler yapan Gedeon'a, Patrikhane tarafından verilen 1892 tarihli vasiyetnamede ise, adanın ismi AOSiA şeklinde yazılmıştır. Rumlar adayı terk etmeden önce ise AFISSIA ismini kullanmışlardır. Ada'nın ismi daha sonraki zamanlarda Araplar Adası olarak da anılmıştır.

adanın resmi adı Türkeli olmuştur. Daha sonraları günümüzde adanın tarihi isminin Türkçeleştirilmiş şekli olan AVŞA kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.

 tarihinde "Avşa Adası" adı altında belediye statüsü alarak beldeye dönüştü. 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun ile mahalle oldu.

Coğrafi yapısı

Marmara Denizi'nin güney batısında 3 büyük (Marmara-Avşa-Paşalimanı) ve 9 küçük ada vardır. Marmara adaları ismini taşıyan bu adalar, yapı ve yer şekilleri bakımından Kapıdağ Yarımadası'nın Marmara Denizi'ndeki uzantısı görünümündedirler. 4. zamanın sonlarında deniz seviyesinin yükselmesi ve alçak kesimlerin sular altında kalması sonunda, anakara Kapıdağ Yarımadası'ndan ve birbirinden ayrılarak bugünkü şekillerini almışlardır.

Avşa Adası'nın Marmara ve diğer adalarla arasındaki derinlik 16–35 m arasındadır. Sadece Ekinlik Adası'nı birleştiren kara parçası 1–4 m derinlikte olduğundan sakin havalar da bu bağlantıyı izlemek mümkün olmaktadır. Adanın uzunluğu 9 km, eni 4 km kadardır. Toplam yüzölçümü 36 km²'dir. Adanın batısında üzerinde bir deniz feneri bulunan Hayırsız Ada yer alır.

Takımadalara adını veren ve grubun en büyüğü olan Marmara Adası orta kesiminde 700 metreyi bulan yüksek bir ada görünümünde iken, Paşalimanı, Avşa ve Ekinlik adaları yüksekliği 100-250 metre arasında değişin basık ve yumuşak görünümlü yassı adalardır ve İstanbul'a yaklaşık 65 (64.840) Mil uzaklıktadırlar. İstanbul'un kirli kıyılarından kaçanlar ile deniz ve tatil hasretlerini gidermek isteyen Ankaralılar gözlerini Marmara'nın bu güzel adalarına çevirdiler. İlk öncüler Marmara Adası'na ayak bastılarsa da kıyıdaki kumsalların azlığı hemen arkada yükselen ve dikleşen arazi ile Beldeye Teşkilatının katı imar kuralları yüzünden gözlerini biraz ötede kıyıları boyunca uzanan geniş ve ince kumlu plajlar, yumuşak arazi yapısına sahip Avşa Adası'na çevirdiler. Ayrıca henüz konut yapımına daha yumuşak bakan Köy Kanunları (1992'de belediye oldu) geçerli idi. Bu nedenle 1969 yılından itibaren Avşa Adası Marmara Bölgesi'nin vazgeçilmez turistik merkezi durumuna geldi. Bu olay köy ekonomisinin birdenbire gelişmesine ve aranan her şeyi kolayca bulunduğu bir konuma getirdi.

Avşa Adası, diğer adalar gibi anakara Kapıdağı'na bağlı idi. Dördüncü zamanın sonunda deniz seviyesinin yükselmesi ile anakaradan ve birbirlerinden ayrıldılar. Bu nedenle Avşa ile Marmara Adası arasındaki derinlik 35 metrede kalır. Avşa ile diğer adalar ve Kapıdağ arasındaki derinlikler 16 metreyi geçmez. Özellikle Avşa ile ekinlik adasını birleştiren kara parçası 1 metre ile 4 metre derinliği ancak bulur. Sakin havalarda bu bağlantıyı izlemek mümkündür.Adanın yapılan zemin etütlerinde granit taştan oluşmuş olduğu uzmanlar tarafından belgelenmiştir. 17 Ağustos 1999'da yaşanan depremden sonra adada hiçbir yıkım olmamıştır.

Nüfus

İklim
Avşa Adası Marmara'nın orta bölümünde bulunduğu için bölge iklimi gibi bazı özellikler taşır. Akdeniz ikliminin birçok özelliğini yansıttığı gibi Karadeniz'in etkisi de kendini gösterir. Kış döneminde bu bölgenin güneyinde ve Akdeniz üzerinde oluşan hava akımları alanı orta ve doğu Avrupa üzerinde bulunan kuzey cephenin güney doğru kayması sonucu batıdan gelen kar ve yağmur getiren siklonların ve bunların cephesel faaliyetlerinin etkisinde kalır. Yaz dönemleri ise bu faaliyetler ortadan kalkar. Bunun yerini farklı bir sistem alır. Bu değişiş güneşin görünürdeki hareketi ile Büyük sahra üzerindeki yüksek basınç kuşağının Akdeniz üzerine yerleşmesi ve bu iklim bölgesinin Marmara'yı etkisel altına almasında ileri gelir.

Ortalama sıcaklık ile en soğuk ay Ocak'tır. Yaz döneminde bir tarafta Basra Körfezi'nde oluşan alçak basınç, diğer taraftan Avrupa üzerindeki yüksek basıncın sonucu ada kuzey, kuzeybatı yönlü rüzgarların etkisinde kalır. İki farklı iklim bölgesi ortasında yer aldığı için ada yazın kuzeydeki soğuk cephenin dalgalanışına bağlı olarak bazen kısa süreli fırtınaların etkisinde kalır. En sıcak ay 24.6 ortalama sıcaklık ile Temmuz'dur. Yağmurlar en çok Aralık ayında görülür. Çok nadir olarak yağan kar Ocak Şubat aylarında düşer.

Ekonomi
Ada, İstanbul'a olan yakınlığı nedeniyle yerli turistler için cazip bir tatil noktasıdır. Turizmden daha fazla faydalanabilmek için Avşa, nispeten sakin bir tatil seçeneği sunan Kuzey Ege'deki tatil yerlerinin aksine birçok tesisle turistlere renkli bir gece hayatı da sunmaktadır. Ayrıca Marmaradaki adalara ait Adakarası üzümünden üretilen şarap sayesinde bağcılık ve şarap fabrikaları, turizme paralel olarak gelişerek yeni iş imkânları yaratmaktadır.

Koylar
Avşa Adası'nda oldukça fazla koy bulunmaktadır. Bunlara ulaşım zor olsa da, gerek teknelerle gerekse binek araçlarla ulaşmak mümkündür. Avşa Adası'nın belli başlı koyları şunlardır; Mavi koy, Altınkum Koyu, Manastır Koyu, Tavşanlı Koyu, Çınar Koyu, Kumtur Koyu, Atanaş Koyu, Yiğitler Koyu.

Ulaşım
İstanbul, Bostancı ve Yenikapı'dan İDO hızlı feribotları ile; Tekirdağ, Akport Limanı'ndan, Erdek'ten feribot ile sağlanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Marmara Adaları
Balıkesir iline bağlı adalar
Marmara Denizi'ndeki adalar
Marmara'nın mahalleleri

Avşa


Hildegard Lehnert (Berlim, 6 de janeiro de 1857 — Berlim, 8 de julho de 1943) foi uma pintora, fotógrafa, escritora e diretora de escola alemã.

Biografia
Lehnert nasceu em 1857 em Berlim, na Alemanha. Ela estudou pintura com Clara Lobedan e Karl Gussow na Academia de Berlim . Lehnert continuou os seus estudos em Paris com Edmond Yon. Lehnert exibiu o seu trabalho no Woman's Building na Exposição Colombiana Mundial de 1893 em Chicago, Illinois.

Lehnert faleceu em 1943.

Galeria

Ligações externas

 Imagens do trabalho de Lehnertna ArtNet

Pintores da Alemanha do século XX
Pintores da Alemanha do século XIX
Pintoras da Alemanha
Mulheres artistas da Alemanha
Naturais de Berlim

Hildegard Lehnert


Robert Thoeren, gebürtig Robert Thorsch (* 21. April 1903 in Brünn, Österreich-Ungarn; † 13. Juli 1957 in München, Deutschland), war ein österreichisch-böhmischer Schauspieler, Schriftsteller und Drehbuchautor.

Leben
Robert Thorsch wurde als zweiter Sohn von Siegfried "Fritz" Thorsch (1862–1937) und Emelie "Emma" Thorsch, geb. Wertheimer, verw. Mändl, (1868–1954) geboren. Er begann seine Laufbahn im Alter von 19 Jahren als Schauspieler beim Theater, 1928/29 war er auch an Berlins Reinhardt-Bühnen tätig. Daneben trat er gelegentlich, vor allem zu Beginn der 30er Jahre, in Filmen auf, wo er gut gekleidete Männer aller Arten verkörperte. In Joe Mays "…und das ist die Hauptsache" spielte er beispielsweise einen Fürsten in Phantasieuniform.

Gleich nach dem Machtantritt der Nationalsozialisten emigrierte Thoeren nach Frankreich. Dort begann er seine Tätigkeit als Drehbuchautor und verfasste zusammen mit Michael Logan das Originalmanuskript zu "Fanfares d'amour", welches 23 Jahre später die Grundlage für Billy Wilders Komödienklassiker Manche mögen's heiß bot. Wilders Verfolgungs- und Verkleidungskomödie wurde zu einem Welterfolg. Schließlich verließ Thoeren Paris und emigrierte im Mai 1938 in die USA, wo er noch im selben Jahr Anschluss an die Filmindustrie fand.

In Hollywood schrieb er vor allem Melodramen und Abenteuerstoffe mit Exotikflair, zu manchen Filmen erstellte er nur die Storyvorlage. Längere Phasen mangelnder Drehbuchangebote überbrückte der Besitzer einer kleinen Plantage mit dem Verkauf von Orangen aus eigener Ernte. 1943 beantragte Thoeren die US-amerikanische Staatsbürgerschaft. 1949 ging Thoeren für eine Drehbuchmitarbeit nach London. 1951, dem Jahr, in dem in der Bundesrepublik sein Drehbuch zu "Fanfares d'amour" (hier als Fanfaren der Liebe) erstmals neuverfilmt wurde, kehrte er wieder nach Deutschland zurück. Nach fünf Jahren Filmabstinenz verfasste Robert Thoeren ab 1955 wieder einige Drehbücher; seine ersten in deutscher Sprache.

Robert Thoeren war in erster Ehe mit Manina, geb. Tischler, verheiratet. Aus dieser Ehe stammt die Tochter Nina Babette (1939–1960), die als Studentin in Los Angeles ermordet wurde. 1957 heiratete er in zweiter Ehe die Schauspielerin Erica Beer, sein (Adoptiv-)Sohn Konstantin Thoeren geborener Beer, arbeitete als Produzent und Produktionsleiter.

Im Juli 1957 kam Thoeren bei einem Verkehrsunfall in München ums Leben, er wurde im Familiengrab in Wien an der Seite seiner Eltern beigesetzt.

Filmografie

Literatur
 Kay Weniger: Das große Personenlexikon des Films. Die Schauspieler, Regisseure, Kameraleute, Produzenten, Komponisten, Drehbuchautoren, Filmarchitekten, Ausstatter, Kostümbildner, Cutter, Tontechniker, Maskenbildner und Special Effects Designer des 20. Jahrhunderts. Band 7: R – T. Robert Ryan – Lily Tomlin. Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-89602-340-3, S. 657 f.
 Kay Weniger: "Es wird im Leben dir mehr genommen als gegeben …". Lexikon der aus Deutschland und Österreich emigrierten Filmschaffenden 1933 bis 1945. Eine Gesamtübersicht. ACABUS Verlag, Hamburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-86282-049-8, S. 506.
 Thoeren, Robert, in: Joseph Walk (Hrsg.): Kurzbiographien zur Geschichte der Juden 1918–1945. München : Saur, 1988, ISBN 3-598-10477-4, S. 350

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Autor
Drehbuchautor
Emigrant aus dem Deutschen Reich zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
Unfallopfer (Straßenverkehr)
Person (Cisleithanien)
Österreicher
Geboren 1903
Gestorben 1957
Mann

Robert Thoeren


في الجبر الخطي، مصفوفة الوحدة  هي مصفوفة مربّعة (مربعة أي ان عدد صفوفها يساوي نفس عدد اعمدتها كما هو واضح في المثال التالي) تساوي جميع عناصرها صفرًا، باستثناء تلك الواقعة على قطرها الرئيس حيث تساوي كلّها واحدا.

من أهم خواص مصفوفة الوحدة هو أنّ حاصل ضرب أي مصفوفة  مع مصفوفة الوحدة يساوي المصفوفة  نفسها.

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