Docklands, also known as Melbourne Docklands, is an inner-city suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,  west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Melbourne local government area. Docklands recorded a population of 15,495 at the 2021 census.

Primarily a waterfront area centred on the banks of the Yarra River, it is bounded by Wurundjeri Way and the Charles Grimes Bridge to the east, CityLink to the west and Lorimer Street across the Yarra to the south.

The site of modern-day Docklands was originally swamp land that in the 1880s became a bustling dock area as part of the Port of Melbourne, with an extensive network of wharfs, heavy rail infrastructure and light industry. Following the containerisation of shipping traffic, Docklands fell into disuse and by the 1990s was virtually abandoned, making it the focal point of Melbourne's underground rave scene. The construction of Docklands Stadium in the late 1990s attracted developer interest in the area, and urban renewal began in earnest in 2000 with several independent privately developed areas overseen by VicUrban, an agency of the Victorian Government. Docklands subsequently experienced an apartment boom and became a sought-after business address, attracting the national headquarters of, among others, the National Australia Bank, ANZ, Myer, Medibank, and the Bureau of Meteorology, as well as the regional headquarters for Ericsson, Bendigo Bank and television networks Channel Nine and Seven Network Broadcast Centre.

Known for its striking contemporary architecture, the suburb is home to a number of heritage buildings that have been retained for adaptive reuse, and is also the site of landmarks such as the aforementioned Docklands Stadium, Southern Cross Station and the Melbourne Star Observation wheel.

Although still incomplete, Docklands' developer-centric planning has split public opinion with some lamenting its lack of green open space, pedestrian activity, transport links and culture.

History

Early history

Before the foundation of Melbourne, Docklands was a wetlands area consisting of a large salt lake and a giant swamp (known as West Melbourne Swamp) at the mouth of the Moonee Ponds Creek. It was one of the open hunting grounds of the Wurundjeri people, who created middens around the edges of the lake.

At Melbourne's foundation, John Batman set up his home on Batman's Hill at Docklands, marking the westernmost point of the settlement. However, the rest of the area remained largely unused for decades.

The advent of rail infrastructure in the late 1860s saw the city's industry gradually expand into the area.

The earliest extensive plans to develop the area was in the 1870s, when a plan was prepared to extend the Hoddle Grid westward, following the curve of the Yarra River and effectively doubling its size. The plan proposed several gridlike blocks with an ornamental public garden and lake in the shape of the United Kingdom, occupying the site of the salt lake. However, expansion of the grid westward was abandoned in favor of a northward extension.

Construction of Victoria Dock

Under the guidance of British civil engineer John Coode, a major engineering project began in the 1880s to reroute the course of the Yarra River, which resulted in the widening of the river for shipping and the creation of a new Victoria Dock (the name was previously used by one at Queens Bridge as early as the 1850s). The dock was lined with wharves and light industry grew around the nearby western rail yards of Spencer Street railway station (now Southern Cross railway station), which were used for freighting the goods inland.

Early to mid 20th century

During the wars, Victoria Dock was used as the main port for naval vessels and most of the Victorian troops returned from both wars to the docks.

By the 1920s, with shipping moved from the Yarra turning basin at Queensbridge, Victoria Dock and surrounding port had become Melbourne's busiest.

Disuse and rave epicentre
With the introduction of containerisation of Victoria's shipping industry in the 1950s and 1960s, the docks along the Yarra River, east of the modern Bolte Bridge, and within Victoria Harbour immediately to the west of the Central Business District, became inadequate for the new container ships.

The creation of Appleton Dock and Swanson Dock in an area west of the Moonee Ponds Creek, now known as West Melbourne, closer to the mouth of the Yarra, became the focus of container shipping, effectively rendering redundant a vast amount of vacant inner-city land to the immediate west of Melbourne's CBD.

Docklands became notable during the 1990s for its underground rave dance scene. The growth of the warehouse rave scene carried on from the earlier gay and lesbian warehouse party scene which had started in the early 1980s, and continued in the Docklands through parties such as The ALSO Foundation's Red Raw, Winterdaze, New Year's Eve, and Resurrection dance parties.

The site was also host to a number of dance parties by Future Entertainment and Hardware Corporation. DJs and performers such as Paul van Dyk, Carl Cox, Jeff Mills, Frankie Knuckles, David Morales, Marshall Jefferson and BT headlined these events. The biggest event hosted, in terms of attendance, was the "Welcome 2000" New Year's Eve dance party hosted on 31 December 1999.

Urban renewal

Docklands was seen as a large urban blight by the Cain Jr. State Government. Property consultants JLW Advisory carried out the first market demand assessment of the site.

The size of the Melbourne Docklands area meant that political influences were inescapable. The Docklands project was on top of the government's agenda, however, due to the poor condition of the wharf infrastructure, a further investment was required to initiate the project, which the government at the time could not afford. Nevertheless, the Docklands project stayed on the drawing board, but with little progress. In 1989, several architectural firms were invited to discuss how the area could best serve the Melbourne public.

In 1990, the Docklands Task Force was established to devise an infrastructure strategy and conduct the public consultation process. The Committee For Melbourne, a not for profit organization that brought together the private sector of Melbourne for a public good, was pursuing another planning strategy. It involved a bid for the Olympic Games and another proposal to turn the Docklands into a technology city, known as the Multifunction Polis (MFP). Both bids fell through in late 1990. Nevertheless, the Committee For Melbourne's approach became the preferred model in the proceeding strategies for the Docklands development, leading to the formation of the Docklands Authority in July 1991.

Kennett era
With a government running in budget deficits, not much progress was made on the Docklands project. In late 1992, Jeff Kennett was elected Premier. Kennett instituted many changes and turned the government's financial position around. He then embarked on a multitude of projects, which included Docklands. It was politically imperative to get the project rolling, the Docklands Authority opted for the concept of having leaving all design and funding of infrastructure to the developers. The development industry supported this, and claimed that the project would be more efficient. Docklands was divided into sections or precincts, which were to be tendered to private companies to be developed.

May 1996 saw the relaunch of the tender process. Few restrictions were applied to the bids from developers, and as the vision was to make Docklands 'Melbourne's Millennium Mark', the key criterion for a successful bid was to get projects going by 2000. It did not take long for the realisation that the lack of government coordination in infrastructure planning would create problems. Developers would not invest into public infrastructure, where benefits would flow on to an adjacent property. This was corrected by allowing developers to negotiate for infrastructure funding with the government. The Docklands Village precinct was planned for a residential and commercial mixed development, but, in late 1996, that plan was scrapped when it was announced a private football stadium would be built on the site. The site was chosen for its easy access to the then Spencer Street Station (now Southern Cross Station), and it was intended to be an anchor for the entire project and provide for a clear signal to the long-awaited start of the Docklands project. However, this would create a huge barrier between the City and Docklands.

In 1997, the Docklands commission engaged architects Ashton Raggatt McDougall to design the Docklands masterplan.

With the exception of Yarra Waters (later Yarra's Edge) bid by Mirvac, bid for every other precinct between 1998 and 1999 fell through, reasons for which were often unclear due to secrecy provisions and a change of government.

Through the tendering process for the sites, the business park was split once more and awarded to two consortia, becoming Entertainment City (renamed Paramount Studios) - a movie theme park with film studios, to be developed by a Viacom led consortium, and Yarra Nova (which later evolved into NewQuay), to the MAB Corporation consortium. The Paramount Studios proposal fell through, and the site was put to tender once more, as Studio City, and later awarded as two parts, becoming what is now the Central City Studios and Waterfront City.

Yarra Waters/Yarra Quays was awarded to Mirvac, later becoming Yarra's Edge.

The technology park was renamed Commonwealth Technology Port (or Comtech Port) before finally becoming Digital Harbour.

A number of other sites also encountered false starts, with Victoria Harbour originally being awarded to Walker Corporation, before being put out to tender again and finally being awarded to Lendlease in April 2001. The Batman's Hill precinct was originally awarded to Grocon, which had plans for what would have been the world's tallest building rising 560 m, dubbed Grollo Tower and featuring a mix of office, apartment, hotel and retail. This deal also fell through with the site being subdivided into 15 parcels as well as No 2 Goods Shed.

On 1 July 2007 Docklands became part of the City of Melbourne Local Government Authority, however, VicUrban retained planning authority until 2010.

Heritage

Significant heritage buildings include the No 2 Goods Shed (now a mixed use development), former railway offices at 67 Spencer Street (now the Grand Hotel), The Mission to Seafarers building, Victoria Dock and Central Pier, Queens Warehouse (adaptively reused as a vintage car museum), Docklands Park gantry crane and a small number of warehouses and container sheds.

Districts

The area is broken up into a number of precincts, which are each being designed and built by a different development company.

Batman's Hill
The Batman's Hill precinct is bordered by the Yarra River to the south, Spencer Street to the east, Docklands Stadium to the north and Victoria Harbour to the west. The precinct is named after the historical landmark Batman's Hill, which was once located within the area.

It is a mixed-use precinct including commercial and retail space, entertainment, hotels, residential sections, restaurants, cultural sites and educational institutions as well as the historic Rail Goods Shed No. 2, which was split in half to allow for the extension of Collins Street into Docklands, providing businesses with an address that is considered to be prestigious. The area is 100,000 square metres.

More than half the precinct is already built, committed or under construction, and includes the Watergate/Site One apartment and small office complex, 700 Collins Street (home to the Bureau of Meteorology and Medibank), 750 Collins Street (the Melbourne headquarters of AMP), Kangan Institute's Automotive Centre for Excellence (ACE) and the Fox Classic Car Museum, 717 Bourke Street (consisting of a 294-room Travelodge Hotel) and 737 Bourke Street (home to National Foods).

On 2 August 2007, it was reported that a $1.5 billion scheme had been earmarked for Collins Street by Middle Eastern investment company Sama Dubai, to be designed by architect Zaha Hadid and Melbourne firm Ashton Raggatt McDougall. The plan would consist of four buildings, including Docklands' tallest tower as well as civic spaces spanning two sites to be built on decking over Wurundjeri Way. The proposed tower will be between 50 and 60 storeys tall but did not proceed and VicUrban put the site back out to tender in early 2011.

The offices of Fairfax Media are at 643 Collins Street. The new building, known as Media House, comprises 16,000 m2 of office space accommodating 1,400 staff, on decking over railway lines opposite Southern Cross Station. The $110 million eight-storey facility was designed by architects Bates Smart to achieve a 5-star Green Star rating, and will feature a news ticker, outdoor screen and grassy plaza. It was developed by Grocon in 2009.

Collins Square

Collins Square (previously Village Docklands) is a ~2Ha site within the Batman's Hill precinct. It was developed by Walker Corporation.

Collins Square is the outcome of a split of precincts in the tender process in 2000, which resulted in Goods Shed South, 735 Collins Street and Sites 4A-4F, originally awarded to the Kuok Group and Walker Corporation.

A masterplan prepared by Marchese + Partners in conjunction with Bligh Voller Nield architects was approved in early 2002. It included a 60-storey Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts tower with a Collins Street address and a mix of commercial and residential towers, as well as the refurbishment of the southern half of Goods Shed No. 2 into a night market and food hall.

In mid-2007, a new masterplan was prepared by Bates Smart. In it a new 38-storey office tower replaced the Shangri La Hotel on Collins Street and the number of streets is reduced from four to three, replaced by pedestrian thoroughfares. Overall there will now be five office buildings, ranging in height from 155m (to roof) to 36m, a 10,000sqm retail and public space, and the refurbishment of the Goods Shed with a 'Lantern' structure addressing Collins Street. The entire precinct is aiming for a 5 Star Green Star rating.

Construction of Collins Square was completed in 2018.

Stadium Precinct

The Stadium Precinct, which sits on the eastern edge of Docklands, consists of Docklands Stadium, Seven Network's Melbourne digital broadcasting centre, Victoria Point, Bendigo Bank offices and Quest serviced apartments. It is linked to Southern Cross station and the Melbourne CBD by the Bourke Street pedestrian bridge, built over railway lines.

During the 2000 Docklands development tender process, the stadium precinct was divided into four corners, the North West Stadium Precinct (NWSP), North East Stadium Precinct (NESP), South East Stadium Precinct (SESP) and South West Stadium Precinct (SWSP). The NWSP was awarded to Channel 7/Pacific Holdings. The NESP was awarded to Pan Urban. The SWSP was awarded to Devine Limited/RIA Property Group and the SESP - Bourke Junction Consortium (ISPT, CBUS Property and EPC Partners).

Docklands Stadium (originally Colonial Stadium) was opened in March 2000. The ability for the structure to have both open and closed roof configurations has seen it host many sports events, including Australian Rules Football, soccer, cricket and rugby as well as concerts. The stadium complex is currently managed by Stadium Operations Ltd, which is owned by the Seven Network, with ownership transferring to the Australian Football League in 2025.

Developer Pan Urban has announced plans for a $300 million twin-tower apartment development, known as Lacrosse Docklands, for the NESP, with the towers set to rise 21 and 18 storeys respectively, above the stadium concourse, with restaurants and bars opening out on to the concourse, forming a retail plaza.

Plans for the site to be known as Bourke Junction include office towers of 29 and 21 storeys on the north-eastern and south-western corners of the SESP site, as well as three lower-rise buildings housing a 250-room hotel, a pub, medical centre, retail facilities, a business club and a two-level gymnasium.

Digital Harbour at Comtechport Precinct

Digital Harbour is a waterfront that has an area of 44,000 square metres, with development intended to expand to include 220,000 square metres of commercial, residential, SOHO units and retail space. At present only three buildings have been completed; 1010 LaTrobe Street/Port 1010 (home to VicTrack, Australian Customs and Border Protection Service), and the Innovation Building (home of the Telstra Learning Academy and Innovation Centre). A third building, Life.lab currently resides at 198 Harbour Esplanade, while a fourth, 1000 LaTrobe Street, is expected to commence shortly.

Port 1010 received the Commercial Architecture Award at the 2007 Victorian Architecture Awards, held on Friday 13 July.

The Digital Harbour Business Association was launched in 2011. This is a group of businesses established in the Digital Harbour precinct in the Docklands. The precinct is a destination for IT, Media and other related businesses. The aim of the association is to promote the businesses within Digital Harbour to the wider Docklands Community and the Melbourne CBD.

Victoria Harbour

The Victoria Harbour Precinct is the centrepiece of Docklands. The precinct includes a proposed extension of Collins Street and Bourke Street to meet at the water's edge. It has an area of 280,000 square metres, with 3.7 kilometres of waterfront. The 12-year construction plans for Victoria Harbour include residential apartments, commercial office space, retail space, community facilities and the development of public spaces such as Grand Plaza, Harbour Esplanade, Docklands Park and Central Pier.

One of the first completed office buildings in the precinct was the colourful National Australia Bank (NAB) headquarters, located at 800 Bourke Street, which accommodates approximately 3,600 staff. The building has large open floor plates, an atria, a campus-style workplace and a four-star energy rating.

Almost 1,000 Ericsson employees also call Victoria Harbour home, with the company's new Melbourne offices at 818 Bourke Street. Ericsson House sits on the water's edge next door to the National Australia Bank HQ and Dock 5 apartments

The first residential tower to be built at Victoria Harbour was Dock 5. Rising 30 storeys, it was designed by Melbourne firm John Wardle Architects and HASSELL. Dock 5 derives its name from its location, which was known as Dock 5.

The Gauge, at 825 Bourke Street, will house the new offices of developer Lend Lease and Fujitsu. The eight-storey building was designed to achieve a six-star energy rating, becoming the second building in Docklands to do so.

A Safeway supermarket opened in Merchant Street (opposite The Gauge) in 2008, along with a number of other retail tenancies at street level, including Australia Post, a childcare centre, and offices above, which have been occupied by LUCRF Super and the National Union of Workers since 2008.

In 2009 the Australia and New Zealand Banking Group's (ANZ) new world headquarters at 833 Collins Street have was completed. The office complex includes shops, car parking facilities and a YMCA. It enables 6,500 ANZ staff to work in one integrated area. The new ANZ headquarters, designed by HASSELL and developed by Lend Lease, was expected to become the largest office complex in Australia. Construction commenced in late 2006. It has been designed to achieve a six-star energy rating.

In 2007, Myer announced that it had chosen Victoria Harbour as the location for its new Corporate Store Support Offices. The new offices were built at 800 Collins Street, opposite ANZ.

NewQuay

NewQuay, opened in 2002, was one of the first residential and commercial developments in Docklands. It is a mixed-use precinct comprising a number of private residential, hotel accommodation, serviced apartment and retail/commercial properties, developed by the MAB Corporation. The flagship building, Palladio - which is shaped like the prow of a ship - is named after Italian architect Andrea Palladio. The podium building, Sant'Elia is named after another Italian architect, Antonio Sant'Elia. Other buildings are named after Australian artists: Nolan (Sidney Nolan), Arkley (Howard Arkley), Boyd (Arthur Boyd), and Conder (Charles Conder). In 2013, the construction of the twin residential towers "The Quays" was completed.

Aquavista, completed in May 2007, is a strata office development and the first commercial building to be completed in NewQuay, as part of the HQ NewQuay development. Another, the seven-storey 370 Docklands Drive, is currently under construction, with a further two buildings - Lots 5 & 9 - currently under design development.

On 17 October 2007, MAB Corporation launched 'The Avenues at NewQuay' development, consisting of three-storey townhouse residences, with park and waterfront frontages, to be built as part of NewQuay's western precinct. The development is being designed by Plus Architecture.

The ground level podiums contain a commercial precinct with a variety of restaurants and cafes including Italian, Indian, Middle Eastern, Cantonese, Moroccan, Cambodian and Modern Australian cuisines.

Yarra's Edge

Yarra's Edge is a residential precinct being developed by Mirvac, and the only Docklands precinct south of the Yarra River. When complete, it will consist of 11 apartment towers, costing A$1.3 billion, and cover 0.15 km2.

Yarra's Edge was one of the first developments in Docklands, with construction of Tower 1 commencing in 2000. It is divided into 3 smaller precincts:

The Marina Precinct - Comprising the marina and boardwalk, with six residential towers ranging in height from 25 to 47 storeys

The Park Precinct - Comprising Point Park and two residential towers

The River Precinct - Comprising a mix of lower-level, less intense terrace-style developments and three high-rise towers towards the Bolte Bridge

To date only five apartment towers have been completed, as well as the RekDek (located in the podium of Tower 1 and featuring a gymnasium and 25-metre lap pool), a public promenade, Point Park (with an outlook towards the Melbourne CBD) and a mix of restaurants, cafes and retail, including a day spa and a convenience store. Yarra's Edge also has a 175-berth marina, giving boat owners previously unavailable proximity to Crown Casino and the city.

Webb Bridge is a bridge designed by Denton Corker Marshall, in collaboration with artist Robert Owen, forming a cycling and pedestrian link to the main part of Docklands, through Docklands Park. It is the conversion of the former Webb Bridge rail link. The bridge is near the Charles Grimes Bridge, over the Yarra.

Waterfront City

Waterfront City is a shopping and entertainment area that includes The District Docklands shopping mall, Melbourne Star Observation wheel, Icehouse ice sports and entertainment centre, and numerous shops and cafes which are centred on this area.

The precinct features an integration of retail, waterfront entertainment, tourism, dining, commercial and urban community. It has an area of 193,000 square metres.

Stage One was completed in December 2005, in time for the Melbourne stopover of the Volvo Ocean Race in January – February 2006 and the Commonwealth Games in March 2006. The precinct originally featured a large circus tent, which hosted the International Circus Spectacular, as well as a mosaic of local entertainers and a number of bronze statues, including Kylie Minogue, John Farnham, Graham Kennedy, Nellie Melba and Dame Edna Everage.

Stage Two includes a public entertainment area incorporating the Melbourne Star (previously Southern Star), a  tall Ferris wheel in the shape of a seven-pointed star, and The District Docklands Shopping Mall. Waterfront city is home to Australia's first Costco Warehouse Store.

In May 2017 Lord Mayor Robert Doyle and Planning Minister Richard Wynne visited The District Docklands to announce a $150 million redevelopment of the centre including an eight-screen Hoyts cinema, which opened in 2018, and a full-line Woolworths supermarket due mid-2019.

During 2017–2018, a collaboration between The District Docklands and Renew Australia allowed the creation of an initiative called the Docklands Art Collective, which made a wing of The District Docklands complex available at very low rents to arts businesses and galleries. These included a photography studio, a puppetry workshop, a comics retailer and printery, a recycled art paper maker and the relocated Blender Studios.

Melbourne Central City Studios

When it opened in 2004, Central City Studios became Melbourne's largest film and television studio complex. The site is located approximately 2 km north west of the Central Business District. It has an area of 60,000 square meters and currently consists of five film and television sound stages.

The first major contract for the new studios was the American film Ghost Rider in 2005; with a budget of nearly $120 million, at the time it was the biggest feature film to be made in Victoria and features scenes involving Melbourne landmarks. Since then the studios have housed many international productions.

In 2009 the Government of Victoria, together with the Studios, undertook the Future Directions project. This resulted in the State Government committing the Studios to focus on both the international and domestic film and television industries. Further developments to the infrastructure of the site are planned, including a sixth sound stage.

On 11 October 2010 the studios were re-branded as Docklands Studios Melbourne, formally adopting the name by which the studios were commonly known.

Public art

There are approximately 68 pieces of public art in the Docklands Precincts, with works from Australian and New Zealand artists. There are self-guided tours and maps available for the public to discover the artworks.

Transport

Docklands has access to road, rail and water transports.

Docklands Highway or Wurundjeri Way is the main road bordering Docklands. It connects to the nearby Westgate Freeway on the southern end and links to the CBD including extensions from Flinders Street, Collins Street and La Trobe Street.

Southern Cross station, near the eastern edge of Docklands, is the closest passenger railway station. It is also the major interchange for metropolitan and intercity rail. Much of Docklands area remains covered by rail yards previously used for freight transport and rolling stock which are being progressively reclaimed or built over.

Trams in Docklands include the free City Circle tram, along Docklands Drive and to and from Waterfront City. As Docklands has developed, tram routes have been extended and rerouted into the area. Route 70 also runs to Waterfront City. Route 75 runs along Harbour Esplanade, terminating at Footscray Road. Routes 11 and 48 run along Collins Street to Victoria Harbour. Route 30 enters Docklands via La Trobe Street, terminating at the north end of Harbour Esplanade. Route 86 runs along La Trobe Street and Docklands Drive, terminating at Waterfront City.

Docklands also includes major pedestrian links with a concourse extending from Bourke Street and extensive promenades along the waterfront, including the wide Harbour Esplanade.

Several offroad bicycle paths run through Docklands, all of which connect through the central spine of Webb Bridge, Docklands Park and Harbour Esplanade, connecting Melbourne City Centre to the inner western suburbs and the Capital City Trail.

There are also three ferry terminals which connect Docklands to the Melbourne City Centre and inner bayside suburbs. One at Victoria Harbour, one at NewQuay and one at Yarra's Edge.

Sports
 The Docklands Stadium (currently known as Marvel Stadium), located just northwest of the Southern Cross railway station, is the home ground to five AFL football clubs (St Kilda, North Melbourne, Carlton, Essendon and Western Bulldogs), one A-League soccer club (Melbourne Victory), and one Big Bash League cricket team (Melbourne Renegades), and was briefly the home for the Melbourne Storm rugby team.  It was also one of the venues for the 2003 Rugby World Cup and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, and hosted the 2015 Speedway Grand Prix of Australia.
 The O'Brien Icehouse, located between the Moonee Ponds Creek (accessible via the creek trail) and the Melbourne Star observation wheel, is the largest ice sports venue and the only dual-rink facility in Australia.  It is the home to both of the two Victorian AIHL ice hockey teams, the Melbourne Ice and Melbourne Mustangs.
 The Docklands Sports Courts is a public urban park on Harbour Esplanade featuring two mixed-use court for basketball, netball, soccer/futsal and dodgeball and an outdoor ping-pong table, as well as children's play parks and shading parasols.  The Docklands Park is across the Esplanade, offering more green spaces with bicycle trails.
 Lasersports Australia operates a booking-based laser clay shooting business at New Quay.

Demographics and industry
In the 2016 Census, there were 10,964 people in Docklands. 27.3% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were China 16.5%, India 12.7%, South Korea 3.1%, Malaysia 2.6% and England 2.3%. 34.4% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 18.3%, Hindi 4.9%, Cantonese 3.1%, Korean 2.9% and Telugu 2.4%. The most common response for religion in Docklands (State Suburbs) was No Religion at 38.1%.

Of the occupied private dwellings in Docklands, 97.1% were flats or apartments and 2.3% were semi-detached, row or terrace houses, townhouses, etc.

In 2009, there were just under 10,000 working mostly in office and retail industries.

In the 2021 Census, the Docklands had grown to a population of 15,495 people.

Local media

The precinct has two publications, Docklands News and 3008 Docklands Magazine.

The Docklands Community News' first edition was published in 2003, and both DCN & 3008 Docklands Magazine have grown with the Docklands precincts' population. Both publications are printed and distributed to all businesses and residences within Docklands, which allows for a regular readership of over 10,000. The DCN paper informs the community of relevant news relating to Docklands as well as supplying residents, business owners and workers with a platform for community discussion.

3008 Docklands Magazine also covers all matters relating to the Docklands community and businesses, but also covers events and news pertaining to Melbourne City and the surrounding suburbs, as Docklands is under the jurisdiction of the City of Melbourne. 3008 Docklands Magazine is a glossy, well-produced, stylish publication which is both informative and interesting and has been well received by its reader base since its first issue back in May 2006. 3008 Docklands Magazine has a significant online following.

Response and reception

The planning of Docklands has raised a large amount of public debate and the area has created significant controversy, particularly the failed Ferris wheel.

In 1999, Melbourne City Council Director of Projects criticised the disconnection of the precinct to the CBD, claiming that the lack of transport links, particularly pedestrian, meant Docklands was "seriously flawed".

The problem was exacerbated in 2005, when the pedestrian link between Lonsdale Street and Docklands proposed in 2001 was cut from the final design of the Southern Cross Station development due to budget blowouts.

In 2006, Royce Millar of The Age referred to it as a "wasted opportunity".

In 2008, the City of Melbourne released a report which criticised Docklands' lack of transport and wind tunnel effect, lack of green spaces and community facilities.

In 2009, Neil Mitchell wrote for The Age declaring Docklands as a planning "dud". The Lord Mayor, Robert Doyle, has been openly critical of Docklands, claiming in 2009 that it lacks any form of "social glue".

However, despite the local criticism, in 2009, Sydney travel writer Mal Chenu described Melbourne Docklands as "the envy of Sydneysiders".

In 2010, VicUrban's general manager David Young acknowledged that Harbour Esplanade "doesn't stack up". Kim Dovey, professor of architecture and design at the University of Melbourne, added that Harbour Esplanade was "too big" and claimed that Docklands was "so badly done" that it required a "major rethink".

The Docklands area came under heavy criticism for the failure to provide a school with families being forced out of the area or needing to commute to state schools already under pressure from the critical shortage of schools in the inner suburbs. A private school, Melbourne City School, opened on King Street in 2010 but closed in 2012 due to low enrollments. Docklands Primary School in NewQuay opened in January 2021. The Docklands Sports Club has run Junior Football and Cricket programs since Summer 2019.

George Savvides, CEO of Medibank, which has been based in Docklands since 2004, has been critical of the area's lack of soul and amenity, but the company has nevertheless chosen to remain committed to the area.

Notable residents
 Sally Capp – 104th Lord Mayor of Melbourne
 Sam Newman – former AFL player and sportscaster

See also
 History of Melbourne Docklands
 Australia Award for Urban Design

References

Further reading
 Kim Dovey: Fluid City: Transforming Melbourne's Urban Waterfront, London: Routledge, 2005

External links

3008 Docklands Magazine Website
Docklands Community News
NewQuay website
Waterfront City website
Victoria Harbour website
Yarra's Edge website
Digital Harbour website
Victoria Online - Docklands Authority
Australian Places - Docklands
How public is your private? Article about Docklands by Martin Musiatowicz

Docklands
Docklands
Planned communities in Australia
Redeveloped ports and waterfronts in Australia
Docks (maritime)
Yarra River
2006 Commonwealth Games venues
Port of Melbourne

Docklands, Victoria


Un atac aerian este o operațiune ofensivă efectuate de avioane de atac. Atacurile aeriene sunt executate de obicei de aeronave, cum ar fi avioane de vânătoare, bombardiere, avioane de atac la sol și elicoptere de atac. Definiția oficială include tot felul de obiective, inclusiv obiective aeriene inamice, dar în uzul popular termenul este de obicei redus la un atac tactic (pe scară mică) asupra unui obiectiv de la sol sau naval. Armele folosite într-un atac aerian pot varia de la proiective aruncate din aer și gloanțe de mitralieră, rachete și rachete de croazieră, până la diferite tipuri de bombe și chiar arme cu energie dirijată cum ar fi lasere. El este, de asemenea, menționat frecvent ca raid aerian.

În cazul unui sprijin aerian apropiat, atacurile aeriene sunt dirijate de obicei de observatori instruiți pentru coordonarea cu trupele proprii de la sol într-un mod derivat din tacticile de artilerie.

Istoric

Pe 1 noiembrie 1911 locotenentul aviator italian Giulio Gavotti a aruncat patru bombe asupra a două baze ale turcilor din Libia, efectuând primul atac aerian ca parte a Războiului Italo-Turc. Folosirea atacurilor aeriene a fost extinsă în Primul Război Mondial. De exemplu, în Bătălia de la Neuve Chapelle din 1915 britanicii au lansat bombe asupra liniilor de calea ferată germană. Cu toate acestea, Oxford English Dictionary a menționat termenul englez "air strike" abia în perioada celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, care a fost format din două cuvinte separate încă ceva timp după aceea. În timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial a avut loc o dezvoltare a munițiilor ghidate cu precizie, care a fost realizată de germani și a contribuit la sensul modern al "atacului" aerian, un atac ce viza o țintă precisă spre deosebire de bombardamentele de până atunci care vizau zone mai largi de la sol. Importanța direcționării precise nu poate fi supraevaluată: după unele statistici, peste o sută de raiduri au fost necesare pentru a distruge un punct țintă în cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial; în Războiul din Golful US Air Force a oferit mass-mediei imagini precise ale unor Bombe ghidate de radar care au lovit direct ținta, fără daune colaterale semnificative (folosind, de exemplu, sistemul de navigație LANTIRN). Paul Fussell a menționat în lucrarea sa The Great War and Modern Memory tendința populară în secolul al XX-lea de a susține că o bombă prost dirijată a lovit, de exemplu, o biserică a fost complet deliberată și evidenția comportamentul malefic al inamicului; de-a lungul timpului, așteptările de reducere a pagubelor colaterale au crescut până la punctul în care țările dezvoltate angajate în război împotriva unor țări mai puțin avansate din punct de vedere tehnologic au redus aproape de zero acest tip de pagube.

În anii 1950 bombardierele britanice grele Avro Lincoln, avioanele de luptă De Havilland Vampire, Supermarine Spitfire, Bristol Brigand, De Havilland Mosquito și o serie de alte avioane britanice au fost folosite în cadrul Războiului de Eliberare Antibritanică din Malaya. Cu toate acestea, climatul umed a afectat structura din lemn a avioanelor Mosquito, care au fost transferate curând în alte părți. Această perioadă a marcat, de asemenea, ultima utilizare în luptă a avioanelor Spitfire.

În timpul Războiului din Vietnam, politica atacurilor aeriene a fost ajustată pentru a se potrivi avioanelor de luptă de tipul F-100 Super Sabre, F-105 Thunderchief, A-4 Skyhawk și F-4 Phantom, care au intrat atunci în dotarea U.S.A.F și U.S.N. Aceste aeronave puteau zbura mai repede, executând mai multe ordine și apărându-se mai bine decât avioanele de luptă F-4U Corsair și P-51 Mustang care au luptat în timpul Războiului din Coreea, și transportau arme și combustibil; situația s-a îmbunătățit ușor prin introducerea avioanelor de luptă O-37 Dragonfly, A-7 Corsair II și AC-130.

Atacurile aeriene, inclusiv atacurile aeriene cu drone, au fost utilizate pe scară largă în timpul Războiului din Golf, al Războiul împotriva terorismului, al Războiului din Afganistan, al Războiului din Irak, al Primului Război Civil Libian, al Războiului Civil Sirian, al Războiului Civil Irakian (2014-2017) și al Războiului Civil din Yemen (2015–prezent).

Moartea persoanelor necombatante

Atacurile aeriene cauzează de multe ori moartea personalului necombatant, inclusiv a civililor. Dreptul internațional utilizează principiile necesității militare, distincției și proporționalității. Aceste principii subliniază că un atac trebuie să fie îndreptat către o țintă militară legitimă, iar prejudiciul cauzat țintelor necombatante trebuie să fie proporțional cu avantajul obținut de pe urma unui astfel de atac.

Note

Atacuri aeriene

Atac aerian


Joujou Turenne, née en 1961 au Cap-Haïtien, est une conteuse, poète, formatrice et comédienne québécoise.

Biographie
Joujou Turenne est née en 1961 au Cap-Haïtien et a grandi à Montréal. Elle a fait des études en psychologie et en récréologie à l'Université d'Ottawa, en animation et en théâtre.

Conte
Turenne commence sa carrière de conteuse et de formatrice avec le grand public et pour les personnes en difficulté à partir de 1985 en suivant une formation pour acteurs avec Pol Pelletier, ainsi que grâce à l'encouragement de Cécile Gagnon. S'intéressant au conte en y intégrant le chant et la danse, elle suit plusieurs formations en danse africaines, caribéennes, orientales et jazz, et en voix et mouvement du Groupe de la Place Royale. Elle obtient également une bourse de perfectionnement en danse contemporaine et en danse thérapeutique de l'Ottawa Dance Center.

Turenne a publié son premier conte Joujou, amie du vent : contes, au Centre International de Documentation et d'Information Haitienne Caribéenne et Afro-canadienne, en 1998. Cette publication sera suivi de quatre titres chez Planète rebelle: Ti Pinge, avec des illustrations de Karen Hibbard ; traduit en anglais par Kathleen Fee (2000), Contes à rebours : voyages dans un espace nomade (2009), Contes de Joujou : le vent de l'amitié, avec des illustrations de Karen Hibbard (2010) et Joujou Turenne raconte Mandela, avec les illustrations de Patrick Noze (2018), pour lequel elle est finaliste au Prix Tamarac.

Elle a également fait paraitre Hansel et Gretel, avec des illustrations d'André Pijet aux Éditions Alexandre Stanké en 2005. Elle a reçu deux prix pour l'ensemble de sa carrière, soit le Prix Cator en 1998, et le prix Prix Anselme-Chiasson en 2011.

Elle a participé à de nombreux festivals, salons du livre, et événements culturels au Québec, au Canada, en Europe, en Afrique, au Moyen-Orient, dans la Caraïbe, et dans les Amériques.

Télévision
Turenne est également comédienne et scénariste. Elle a incarné le personnage de Passe-Tourelle dans la télésérie culte pour enfants Passe-Partout en 1987 et 1992. Elle a été scénariste et conteuse dans la télésérie pour enfants Mon amie Maya présentée à TVO et Canal Famille entre 1990 et 1996 ainsi que pour la fable-documentaire Tabala rythmes du vent produit en 1994 par Nutaaq media 1994.

En 2004, elle a collaboré avec l'Office National du Film pour « La lecture, quelle histoire! », un court métrage produit pour encourager la lecture chez les jeunes dès l'âge préscolaire.. Elle a eu des rôles dans plusieurs téléséries et films, dont Ma peau blanche réalisé par Daniel Roby (2004), Les Invincibles, réalisé par Jean-François Rivard (2009), The high cost of living, réalisé par Deborah Chow (2010) et Starbuck, réalisé par Ken Scott (2011).

Turenne vit et travail à Montréal, où elle poursuit sa carrière de conteuse, d'autrice et de formatrice.

Œuvres

Contes

 Joujou, amie du vent : contes, Montréal, CIDIHCA, 1998, 159 p.
 Ti Pinge, avec des illustrations de Karen Hibbard ; traduit en anglais par Kathleen Fee, (livre-disque), Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2000, n.p.
 Hansel et Gretel (livre-disque), avec des illustrations d'André Pijet ; adaptation audio, Claudie Stanké ; musique, Alexandre Stanké, Carignan, Éditions Alexandre Stanké, 2005, n.p.
 Contes à rebours : voyages dans un espace nomade (livre-disque), Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2009, n.p.
 Contes de Joujou : le vent de l'amitié, avec des illustrations de Karen Hibbard (livre-disque), Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2010, n.p.
 Joujou Turenne raconte Mandela, avec les illustrations de Patrick Noze, Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2018, 51 p.

Ouvrage collectif
 Le conte : témoin du temps, observateur du présent, sous la direction du Collectif Littorale, Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2011, 210 p.

Films
 1987-1992 - Passe-Partout, Radio-Québec (actrice, personnage de Passe-Tourelle)
1990-1996 - Mon amie Maya, TVO et Canal Famille (coscénariste, conteuse)
2004 - La lecture, quelle histoire! , réalisé par l'Office national du film (actrice)
 2004 - Ma peau blanche réalisé, réalisé par Daniel Roby (actrice)
2009 - Les Invincibles, réalisé par Jean-François Rivard (actrice)
2010 - The high cost of living, réalisé par Deborah Chow (actrice)
2010-2012 - Les rescapés, réalisé par Claude Desrosiers et Francis Leclerc (actrice)
2010-2014 - Trauma, réalisé par Francois Gingras (actrice)
2012 - Lance et compte: La déchirure, réalisé par Réjean Tremblay (actrice)
2014- 30 vies, Elsa Bennett et Hippolyte Dard (actrice)
 2011- Starbuck, réalisé par Ken Scott (actrice)

Prix et honneurs

 1998 - Prix Cator pour souligner l'ensemble de son travail
 2011 - Prix Anselme-Chiasson
2019 - Finaliste au Prix Tamarac pour Joujou Turenne raconte Mandela

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Planète rebelle
 Passe-partout

Liens externes

 Site personnel

Femme de lettres québécoise
Femme de lettres haïtienne
Poétesse québécoise
Poétesse haïtienne
Conteur québécois
Actrice québécoise de cinéma
Actrice québécoise de télévision
Naissance en 1961
Écrivain suivi par le projet Arts littéraires québécois

Joujou Turenne


An Tillandsia pseudomicans in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Werner Rauh. An Tillandsia pseudomicans in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Tillandsia

Tillandsia pseudomicans


An Calamagrostis macrophylla in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Pilg., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Pilg.. An Calamagrostis macrophylla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Calamagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Calamagrostis

Calamagrostis macrophylla


مارتين بيرغفولد (بالدنماركية:Martin Bergvold) (مواليد 20 فبراير 1984 في كوبنهاغن - الدنمارك) لاعب كرة قدم دنماركي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى ليفورنو الإيطالي منذ 2007 في مركز الوسط المحوري كما يجيد اللعب في مركز الوسط الأيسر .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية دنماركيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون دنماركيون مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الدانماركي
لاعبو دوري السوبر الدنماركي
لاعبو دوري جزر فارو الممتاز
لاعبو كرة قدم دنماركيون
لاعبو كرة قدم دنماركيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم من كوبنهاغن
لاعبو منتخب الدنمارك تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب الدنمارك لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب الدنمارك لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي إيسبيرغ
لاعبو نادي فينديياسيل
لاعبو نادي كوبنهاغن
لاعبو نادي ليفورنو
لاعبو نادي لينغبي
لاعبو هافنار بولتفيلاغ
مواليد 1984
مواليد في كوبنهاغن

مارتين بيرغفولد


Les Écoles militaires de santé de Lyon-Bron (EMSLB) sont le  pôle de formation des futurs médecins, pharmaciens, dentistes et infirmiers militaires du service de santé des armées.
Les EMSLB ont été créées par décision de la ministre des armées le , regroupant l'École de santé des armées ainsi que l'École du personnel paramédical des armées. Elles sont situées à Bron, sur le site de l'ancienne base aérienne de la ville.

Elles délivrent un double cursus de formation, universitaire et militaire pour préparer les élèves à exercer partout où sont engagées les armées françaises.

Elles comptent désormais une centaine de cadres, 6 compagnies d'élèves praticiens et 3 compagnies d'élèves infirmiers, soit 930 élèves sur le site de Bron.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Militaires infirmiers et techniciens des hôpitaux des armées

Liens externes

Notes et références

École médicale militaire en France

Écoles militaires de santé de Lyon-Bron


Ricardo Álvarez puede referirse a:

 Ricardo Álvarez (futbolista mexicano) (19??-), conocido como «Changa» ;
 Ricardo Álvarez Arce (1993-), futbolista mexicano;
 Ricardo Álvarez Puig (1984-), futbolista español;
 Ricardo Gabriel Álvarez (1988-), futbolista argentino, conocido como «Ricky» Álvarez;
 Ricardo Álvarez (1963-), político hondureño; o
 Ricardo Álvarez (futbolista español) (19??-).
'''Ricardo Álvarez cantante chileno

Ricardo Álvarez (desambiguación)


Le pont-rivière du ruisseau de Claret, aussi appelé pont-canal du ruisseau de Claret, est un pont-rivière de France situé en Savoie, dans la vallée de la Maurienne, à Saint-Julien-Mont-Denis. Il permet au ruisseau de Claret de franchir l'autoroute A43 juste avant sa confluence avec l'Arc.

Articles connexes
 Pont-rivière du Glandon
 Pont-rivière du ravin Saint-Julien
 Pont-rivière du ruisseau Saint-Bernard
 Pont-rivière de la Griaz
 Pont-rivière de Dière

Ruisseau Claret
Ruisseau Claret
Canalisation
Maurienne

Pont-rivière du ruisseau de Claret


Samoilă Stoica (n. 14 iunie 1939, Telega, județul Prahova, România – d. 26 decembrie 2018, București, România) a fost general de armată român, inventator, inginer militar , cercetător științific principal. Samoilă Stoica a fost fondatorul sistemului antigrindină și creșterea precipitațiilor în România pentru protejarea și dezvoltarea agriculturii.

S-a stins din viață la vârsta de 79 de ani lucrând până în ultimele clipe ale vieții pentru dorința de a vedea întreg teritoriul României protejat de sistemul antigrindină și modificarea vremii.

A fost înmormântat cu onoruri militare în Telega, satul său natal.

Studii:
- Școala Militară de Artilerie AA. ;

-Academia Militară – Facultatea Radioelectronică ;

-Cursuri în specialitate militară , rachete și artilerie antiaeriană în țară și străinatate.

Profesie: inginer militar.

Titluri științifice deținute : Cercetător Științific Principal gradul III si II.

Lucrări științifice :
1. Elemente de Automatică în Tehnică Militară  - Editura MApN;

2. Articole științifice în Buletinul Tehnicii – Militară;

3. Comunicări științifice simpozioane  interne și internaționale;

Invenții:
- Sistem de reglare automată de mare viteza;

- Focos optoelectronic pentru rachete antiaeriene ;

- Sistem antigrindină optimizat;

- Rachetă antigrindină cu control electronic;

- Echipament de măsurare de mare precizie și viteză de raspuns pentru controlul dirijării rachetei antitanc.

Acte normative si reglementari procedurale:
- Elaborare propunere pentru Legea nr.173/2008 privind intervențiile active în atmosferă  (2005);

- .Elaborare  OUG  privind conversia industriei de apărare (1999);

-  Proiect HG. privind  ROF., structura ASNACP si Normele de aplicare a Legii nr. 173/2008 (2009);

-  Proiect HG. privind Programul de Realizare a Sistemului National Antigrindină și de Creștere a Precipitațiilor 2010 – 2024 (2010) ;

-  Proiecte HG. privind etapele anuale de dezvoltare a SNACP (1999 - 2011)

Propuneri  de acte normative și strategii de dezvoltare (2012 - 2016)

- Documente de constituire a Proiectantului General al SNACP (2013 – 2015 )

- Proiectul Planului de Cercetare – Dezvoltare 2016 – 2024 pentru implementarea Programului de realizare a SNACP 2010 – 2024 ;

- Norme Metodologice de aplicare a Legii nr. 173/2008 pentru toate activitățile prevăzute de Legea nr. 173/2008.

Activitatea în domeniul cercetării științifice și dezvoltării tehnologice:
•Inginer proiectant în domeniul rachete și artilerie 1969 – 1979 ICSUTEM – București;

•Cercetător științific principal III

 - Șef proiect 1972 – 1976 ICSITEM – București

•Cercetător științific principal III si II

- Șef proiect complex 1977 – 1981 INCAS – Henry Coandă;

•Cercetător știintific  principal

- Șef proiect complex 1981 – 1982  UM 02481 – Ploiești ;

• Coordonator Program rachete 1982 – 1985 MApN – Departamentul  Înzestrare al Armatei;

•Coordonator  Programe :
- Rachete

- Electronică

- Noi tehnologii  1985 – 1990 CNȘT

•Coordonator Programe rachete 1990 – 1991 MApN Departamentul Inzestrare al Armatei;

•Consilier industria de apărare

- Programe de cercetare, Ministerul industriilor 1991 – 1996

•Consilier probleme speciale

- Electronică

- Rachete 1997 – 2000 Guvernul României

•Director Programe :
- Programul Antigrindină

- Program SIMIN 2001 – 2002 Administratia Nationala de Meteorologie

• Coordonator Programe  Antigrindina  2001 – 2010 MADR;

• Inginer, consilier 2010 - 2018

- Departamentul Antigrindina  - SC. General Conf Grup Bucuresti.

Legături externe
https://www.senat.ro/legis/PDF/2006/06L488CR.pdf

http://pub.osim.ro/publication-server/pdf-document?PN=RO123596%20RO%20123596&iDocId=5567&iepatch=.pdf

https://www.ziaruldevrancea.ro/actualitatea/stiri-locale/8743-noi-promisiuni-pentru-proiectul-antigrindina.html

Nașteri în 1939
Decese în 2018
Generali români
Inventatori români
Ingineri români

Samoilă Stoica


Victor Poruțiu (n. 1861, Ceanul Deșert – d. secolul al XX-lea, Oravița) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie

Victor Poruțiu a studiat teologia la Blaj, fiind preot și din 1916 protopop la Vărădia. A activat în Despărțământul Oravița al "Astrei". A acordat atenția cuvenită afirmării poporului român și drept urmare a sprijinit mișcarea corală de masă, fenomen specific Banatului. Astfel, în 1916 a contribuit direct la reorganizarea corului din localitatea în care păstorea. Victor Poruțiu a activat în cadrul "Astrei", despărțământul Oravița.

În 1919 V. Poruțiu s-a ocupat de întâmpinarea trupelor române sosite în zonă cu prilejul instaurării administrației românești. Atunci, mai multe coruri, reunite sub bagheta dirijorului Paul Farca din Vărădia, au susținut un spectacol în cinstea ostașilor români. Până în anul 1924, Victor Poruțiu va sluji ca protopop la Vărădia, localitate situată în vecinătatea Oraviței, oraș unde, de altfel, va și muri.

Activitatea politică

Ca deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918 a reprezentat Protopopiatul greco-catolic Vărădia.  A activat în Despărțământul Oravița al "Astrei"

Note

Bibliografie

 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7
Ioan Munteanu, Dumitru Tomoni, Vasile M. Zaberca, Banatul și Marea Unire. Bănătenții la Alba Iulia, Editura Partoș, Timișoara, 2018

Lectură suplimentară

 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Legături externe

 Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
 1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Nașteri în 1861
Decese în secolul al XX-lea
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Oameni din județul interbelic Cluj
Preoți români

Victor Poruțiu


Die römisch-katholische Pfarrkirche Groß (Patrozinium: hl. Veit) ist eine im Kern romanische und barockisierte Saalkirche mit hochgotischem Südturm und im Kern gotischen Kapellenanbauten. Sie befindet sich in der Ortsmitte von Groß und gehört zum Dekanat Hollabrunn. Die erste Kirchweihe und Erhebung zur Pfarrkirche wurde 1141 urkundlich genannt.

Äußeres
Vom romanischen Kern des Langhauses sind Eckquader bis zur ursprünglichen Bauhöhe und südseitig ein rundbogiges, abgefastes Portalgewände erhalten. Im 17. Jahrhundert wurde das Langhaus im barocken Stil erhöht. Es verfügt über Volutengiebel mit Dreieckspitzen aus der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts oberhalb der Fassade sowie über eine barocke Portalvorhalle. Im Norden sind gotische Anbauten unter einem Pultdach, östlich eine quadratische Kapelle aus der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts. Die Kapelle hat barocke Rechteckfenster und wurde in der zweiten Bauphase gegen Westen um zwei Joche erweitert. Diese Erweiterung hat Spitzbogenfenster und eine Vierpassluke sowie ein genutetes Portal aus dem 18. Jahrhundert. Südseitig befindet sich ein gotischer, zweijochiger Sakristei- oder ursprünglicher Kapellenanbau unter einem Pultdach. Der eingezogene, zweijochige Chor mit Fünfachtelschluss wurde um 1400 erbaut und verfügt über abgetreppte Strebepfeiler mit Giebel- und Maßwerkblenden, Spitzbogenfenster und eine ehemalige Öffnung zur Gruft im Scheitel des Sockels. Im nördlichen Winkel ist der Chor durch einen barocken Einbau aus dem dritten Viertel des 18. Jahrhunderts erweitert. Der um 1400 begonnene Südturm beim Chor hat ein vermauertes Spitzbogenfenster, rechteckige und spitzbogige Schlitzfensterchen, barocke Rundschallfenster und Uhrengiebel sowie einen Pyramidenhelm.

Inneres
An eine kreuzgratgewölbte Vorhalle schließt ein schlichtes Langhaus an, wo an der Westwand noch die ursprüngliche romanische Bauhöhe durch einen Rücksprung erkennbar ist. Das Langhaus hat über einer barocken Wanderhöhung über einem kräftigen Gesimse eine gekehlte Flachdecke aus dem Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts mit einem spätbarocken Stuckspiegel. Die schlichte Orgelempore wurde um 1900 eingebaut. Der eingezogene spitzbogige abgefaste Triumphbogen entstand um 1400. Die Nordwand des Langhauses hat zwei gedrückte Rundbogenarkaden zu den seitenschiffartigen Nebenräumen, der östliche quadratische Raum  um 1400 ist eine kreuzgratgewölbte Kapelle mit Schlussstein über Absenklingen. Der zweijochige Chor mit Fünfachtelschluss hat ein Kreuzrippengewölbe, welches in parallel aufgereihten Absenklingen in nasenförmigen verzierten Abfasungen übergehend das umlaufende Kaffgesims durchstößt und oben mit reliefierten Schlusssteinen Adler, Lamm Gottes und Christusbüste abschließt. Im ersten Chorjoch rechts ist ein profiliertes Sakristeiportal mit Schulterbogen um 1500 mit einem beschlagenen Holztor und links ein barockes Portal aus dem 18. Jahrhundert mit einem rautenförmige aufgedoppeltem Holztor. Im Chorschluss ist eine Sessionsnische mit vegetabiler Einfassung und einem Maßwerkschleier um 1400 und eine kleine Spitzbogennische mit Dreipassbogen. Die Boden der Kirche ist mit Kelheimer Platten ausgelegt. Die Sakristei im Turmerdgeschoss hat ein nasenförmig abgesetztes Kreuzrippengewölbe mit einer Schlusssteinrosette um 1400, der anschließende Anbau ein zweijochiges abgefastes Kreuzrippengewölbe aus dem 15. Jahrhundert. Ein nördlicher Anbau mit Stichkappentonne für die Stiege zur Kanzel ist aus dem zweiten Viertel des 18. Jahrhunderts. Die Glasmalerei der Heiligen Anna und Markus schuf 1893 Eduard Kratzmann und der Heiligen Georg und Regina schuf 1910 E. Zseller.

Ausstattung
Der Hochaltar mit Tabernakelaufbau wurde Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts geschaffen. Er hat eine marmorierte, klassizistische Säulenädikula mit Dreiecksgiebel und Attikaaufsatz und zeigt im Altarblatt das Bild Martyrium des heiligen Veit. Der Kapellenaltar hat ein Schnitzkruzifix um 1700 und einen Adorationsengel aus dem 18. Jahrhundert. Die runde Kanzel aus dem dritten Viertel des 18. Jahrhunderts ist mit Evangelistensitzfiguren und Reliefs der Kirchenväter ausgestattet. Den Schalldeckel krönt die Figur des Guten Hirten. Eine Schnitzfigur des heiligen Johannes Nepomuk stammt aus der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Der spätgotische polygonale Taufstein ist gotisch. Die Kommunionsbank aus dem zweiten Viertel des 18. Jahrhunderts besteht aus Sandstein. Das Gestühl ist neobarock. Die Kreuzwegbilder sind aus der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Das Vortragskreuz ist aus dem 19. Jahrhundert.

Die Orgel mit dem Gehäuse im Stil der Neorenaissance baute Franz Capek um 1900. Es gibt eine Rotmarmorgrabplatte Gelabrunner 1503 mit Wappenrelief.

Glocken

Vor 1917
Vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg hatte die Pfarrkirche Groß vier Glocken:
 Glocke mit der Aufschrift "Davit Wesnizer in Wien gos mich in 1634". Diese Glocke ist erhalten und wird als Zügenglöcklein verwendet.
 Glocke mit einem Gewicht von 131 kg, einem Durchmesser von 61 cm, der Aufschrift "Ulrich Scheichel goß mich in Wien anno 1753" und dem Bildnis der Heiligen Johannes der Täufer und Sebastian.
 Glocke mit einem Gewicht von 230 kg, der Aufschrift "In Znaim anno 1811 goß mich Anton Aufheimer" und vier Reliefs: ein Kruzifix und die Heiligen Florian, Vitus und Donatus.
 Glocke mit einem Gewicht von 62 kg, einem Durchmesser von 49 cm, der Aufschrift "Mich goß Barth. Kaffl, k.k. Hofglockengießer in Wien 1848" und einer Darstellung des Erzengels Michael.

Am 24. Mai 1917 wurden die beiden jüngeren Glocken vom Baumeister Alois Geist aus Theras abgenommen und für Kriegszwecke verwendet. Sie wurden am Pfingstmontag, dem 28. Mai 1917 vor dem Gottesdienst abtransportiert. Für ein Kilogramm Glockenmetall wurden vier Kronen bezahlt und in einem Glockenfonds angelegt, der zur Anschaffung neuer Glocken nach dem Krieg dienen sollte.

1917 bis 1945
Als Ersatz für die beiden im Jahre 1917 eingeschmolzenen Glocken ließ die Gemeinde im Jahre 1920 durch einen Uhrmacher in Wullersdorf eine Stahlglocke anfertigen, sodass die Kirche nun über drei Glocken verfügte.

Am 26. Februar 1942 wurde die Glocke aus dem Jahre 1753 ohne finanzielle Gegenleistung als "Metallspende des deutschen Volkes" beschlagnahmt, von der Firma Neumayer aus Hollabrunn abgenommen und eingeschmolzen. Auch die älteste und kleinste der drei Glocken sollte abgeliefert werden, wogegen man für die Stahlglocke aus dem Jahre 1920 keine Verwendung hatte. Gegen den Abtransport der kleinen Glocke setzte sich der Pfarrer zunächst zur Wehr. Als die Ablieferung urgiert wurde, erklärte die Haushälterin des Pfarrers, sie würde gleichzeitig mit der Glocke einer anderen Kirche aus dem Dekanat mitgeliefert werden. Beim Abtransport jener Glocke vergaß man die kleine Glocke aus Groß, sodass sie auch den Zweiten Weltkrieg überlebte.

Nach 1945
Im Jahre 1955 wurden zwei neue Bronzeglocken für 46.000 Schilling bestellt und von der Glockengießerei in St. Florian geliefert. Für sie wurde ein neuer Glockenstuhl für 6000 Schilling angeschafft.

Die kleinere der beiden neuen Glocken trägt die Inschrift "Ich grüße dich zur Stund mit Gabriella Mund. Ave! Pfarre Gross 1955" und die Darstellungen der Immaculata und des heiligen Vitus.

Die größere Glocke trägt die Inschrift "Du Sieger, du König, unser erbarme Dich! Den Gefallenen der Pfarrgemeinde Gross. Gross 1955" und die Darstellung des Auferstandenen.

Die Glockenweihe erfolgte am 21. August 1955.

Pfarrhof
Der Pfarrhof steht nördlich der Pfarrkirche. Der Rechteckbau mit einem hohen Walmdach wurde am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts erbaut. Hakenförmig schließt ein Wirtschaftstrakt an.

Literatur
 Dehio Niederösterreich nördlich der Donau 1990, Groß, Pfarrkirche hl. Veit, in der Ortsmitte, Pfarrhof, S. 316f.

Weblinks

 Pfarrkirche Groß im Webauftritt der Erzdiözese Wien

Einzelnachweise

Gross
Gross
Gross
Baudenkmal (Niederösterreich)
Gross
Gross

Pfarrkirche Groß


Joseph Robert Millson es un actor inglés, más conocido por sus numerosas participaciones en teatro y por haber interpretado a Sam Morgan en la serie Peak Practice y a Luc Hemingway en la serie Holby City.

Biografía
Entrenó en el Rose Bruford Acting School.

En 1997 comenzó a salir con la cantante y actriz Caroline Fitzgerald, con quien se casó 1999 y tuvo una hija, Jessica Millson, y un hijo. Más tarde la pareja se divorció en 2011.

En 2012 comenzó a salir con la actriz Michelle Dockery; sin embargo, después de cinco meses, la relación terminó. Joseph comenzó a salir con la actriz inglesa Sarah Jane Potts; la pareja se comprometió y se casaron en el Año Nuevo de 2013.

Carrera
Joseph ha aparecido como invitado en series como Ashes to Ashes, Survivors, The Sarah Jane Adventures, Midsomer Murders, New Tricks, ShakespeaRe-Told y Doctors, entre otras.

En 2002 apareció como invitado en la exitosa y aclamada serie británica EastEnders, donde interpretó a Jason James. En 2006 obtuvo el papel del agente del MI6 Carter en la película Casino Royale. En 2008 obtuvo un pequeño papel en la película Telstar: The Joe Meek Story. En 2009 apareció en la obra de teatro Every Good Boy Deserves Favour.

En 2011 se unió al elenco de la serie médica británica Holby City, donde interpretó al doctor de trauma Luc Hemingway hasta 8 de enero de 2013. Anteriormente interpretó a Paul Fry durante el episodio "Time to Kill" en 2002. En 2015 apareció en la serie Banished, donde dio vida al mayor Ross.

Filmografía

Series de televisión

Películas

Videojuegos

Productor

Teatro

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Joseph Milligan Biography & Filmography Website

 Joseph Millson on TV.com

Actores de televisión de Inglaterra

Joseph Millson


Kastros is an early Neolithic settlement in Cyprus.

Location
It lies at the north-easternmost tip of the Karpasia Peninsula (Cape Apostolos Andreas), about 4 km north of Apostolos Andreas Monastery. The settlement is situated on a little plateau at the steep flank of the limestone promontory, about halfway between the main plateau of the peninsula and the sea in a very inaccessible situation.

History of excavations
Between 1970 and 1973 three campaigns of excavations have been conducted by a French team headed by Alain Le Brun.
The excavation was interrupted by the 1974 war in Cyprus. Today, the structures remain open to the sky and are slowly eroding.

Houses
The settlement consists of small round or roundish houses. Their diameter is between 2.5 and 2.8 m, which gives a living surface of between 5 and 6.8 m2. The houses contain a hearth and sometimes container-bins in the floor. The walls are thin, composed of a single course of dry stone walling. Sometimes several of these are arranged around a common courtyard or stand on small platforms levelled into the hillside.
Only one house has a more substantial wall (1.70 m thick) and the excavator thinks it might have had a function different from the rest of the structures.

Other structures
There are some small pits filled with charcoal and burned stones. It is believed they may have been used to prepare food or to smoke meat, in the manner of the Polynesian pit ovens or the Irish fulachtaí fia.

Burials
One burial was discovered in a shallow trapezoidal pit measuring 0.75x0.45 m. The body lay on the back, with flexed legs, the head to the northeast, the face turned to the southeast. This type of burial is known from Khirokitia as well (group II). The burial was situated near a house, but at the outside, in contrast to Khirokitia, were all burials are situated inside the houses.
The grave contained four small shells with drilled holes and one dentalium shell.

Dating
The site belongs to the aceramic Neolithic (PPN B) and dates to the 6th Millennium BC.
There are three radiocarbon dates from the site (uncalibrated):

Finds
The houses contain querns. Further finds include stone-vessels (shallow bowls and pots) and flint tools made from local flint from the Pentadaktylos mountains.

Economy
The carbonised remains of einkorn, emmer and  some barley have been found. The relatively high proportion of rye-grass (Lolium sp.) has led van Zeist to suppose that it might not have been a weed, but grown as a crop. Among the pulses, lentils dominate, but peas, vetch and bitter vetch are represented as well. Pistachio, figs and olives, all of them wild forms, were part of the nutrition too.

Sources
A. Le Brun, Cap Andreas – Kastros (Chypre). "Quelques resultats de la campagne de 1973." Paléorient 3, 1975/77, 305–310.
 Julie Hansen, "Ancient Neolithic plant remains in Cyprus: Clues to their origins?" In: S. Swiny, The earliest prehistory of Cyprus. From Colonization to exploitation. Cyprus American archaeological research institute Monograph Series 2 (Boston American School of oriental research 2001), 119–128.

Archaeological sites in Cyprus
Former populated places in Cyprus

Kastros


Tesselaar ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Jeroen Tesselaar (* 1989), niederländischer Fußballspieler
 Piet Tesselaar (* 1945), niederländischer Radsportler

Tesselaar


Felix Hoffmann (21 January 1868 – 8 February 1946) was a German chemist notable for re-synthesising diamorphine (independently from C.R. Alder Wright who synthesized it 23 years earlier), which was popularized under the Bayer trade name of "heroin".  He is also credited with synthesizing aspirin, though whether he did this under his own initiative or under the instruction of Arthur Eichengrün is contested.

Career
Felix Hoffmann was born on 21 January 1868 in Ludwigsburg, Germany, the son of an industrialist. In 1889, he started studying chemistry at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich to study pharmacy and ended it in 1890 with the pharmaceutical state exam. In 1891 he graduated magna cum laude from the University of Munich. Two years later he earned his doctorate, also magna cum laude, after completing his thesis entitled "On certain derivatives of dihydroanthracene". In 1894, he joined Bayer as a research chemist.

On 10 August 1897 Hoffmann synthesized acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) while working at Bayer under Arthur Eichengrün. By combining salicylic acid with acetic acid, he succeeded in creating ASA in a chemically pure and stable form. The pharmacologist responsible for verifying these results was skeptical at first, yet once several large-scale studies to investigate the substance's efficacy and tolerability had been completed, it was found to be an analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory substance. The company then worked to develop a cost-effective production process that would facilitate the promising active ingredient to be supplied as a pharmaceutical product. In 1899 it was marketed for the first time under the trade name "Aspirin", initially as a powder supplied in glass bottles.

He also synthesized diamorphine (heroin), previously achieved by Charles Romley Alder Wright by acetylating different molecules. It was named Heroin due to its "heroic" nature since it was used to medicate a variety of medical illnesses from child coughs to war injuries. It was also used to cure morphine addicts and would result in worse addictions and increasing tolerance levels to the drug over time.

Following the synthesis of aspirin and heroin, Hoffmann moved to the pharmaceutical marketing department where he stayed until his retirement in 1928.

Hoffman was never married and died on 8 February 1936 in Switzerland. He had no known children.

Aspirin invention controversy

Hoffmann first claimed to be the "inventor" of aspirin (as opposed to just the synthesizer) in a footnote to a German encyclopedia published in 1934, saying that his father had complained about the bitter taste of sodium salicylate, the only drug then available to treat rheumatism. The large doses (6–8 grams) of sodium salicylate that were used to treat arthritis commonly irritated the stomach lining and caused patients considerable pain and irritation. He claimed that he began looking for a less acidic formation which led him to synthesize acetylsalicylic acid, a compound that shared the therapeutic properties of other salicylates but not the strong acidity that he believed caused stomach irritations.

An alternative credit for developing aspirin has also been offered.  In 1949, ex-Bayer employee Arthur Eichengrün published a paper in Pharmazie, in which he claimed to have planned and directed Hoffman's synthesis of aspirin along with the synthesis of several related compounds. He also claimed to be responsible for aspirin's initial surreptitious clinical testing. Finally, he claimed that Hoffmann's role was restricted to the initial lab synthesis using his (Eichengrün's) process and nothing more. Eichengrün died the same month he published in Pharmazie.

The Eichengrün version was ignored by historians and chemists until 1999, when Walter Sneader of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow re-examined the case and came to the conclusion that indeed Eichengrün's account was convincing and correct and that Eichengrün deserved credit for the invention of aspirin. Bayer denied this in a press release, asserting that the invention of aspirin was due to Hoffmann.

Legacy
In 2002, he was inducted into the US National Inventors Hall of Fame.

Notes

External links
Sneader's paper crediting Eichengrün with the invention of aspirin in the British Medical Journal.
Wer hat es erfunden? (Who invented it?)

19th-century German chemists
19th-century German inventors
1868 births
1946 deaths
Bayer people
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
People from Ludwigsburg
20th-century German chemists

Felix Hoffmann


Lara () je jedna od 23 savezne države Venezuele, koja se nalazi na sjeverozapadu zemlje.

Ime je dobila po heroju Venezuelanskog rata za neovisnost Jacintu Lari.

Karakteristike

U Lari živi 1,774,867 stanovnika na površini od 19,800 km²
Država se prostire po brdovitom kraju, kojeg često pogađaju suše .

Lara sa sjevera graniči sa saveznom državom Falcón, s istoka s Yaracuyem, s juga s Portuguesom i Trujillom i sa zapada sa Zuliom.

Najveći i glavni grad u toj državi je Barquisimeto, ujedno i najveći Industrijski centar.

Gospodarstvo

Poljoprivreda dominira privredom te države, najviše se uzgaja kava, šećerna trska, kukuruz, citrusi, krumpir, rajčica, paprika, luk i grožđe. I stočarstvo je važna komponenta lokalne ekonomije, kao i proizvodnja vina i alkoholnih pića.

U Lari se uzgaja najveća količina sisala u Venezueli, pa je razvijena proizvodnja užadi, vreća i sličnih artikala.

Preko države prolazi autoput koji povezuje Barquisimeto s najvećim urbanim centrima na sjeveroistoku zemlje.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Gobirno Progresista de Lara
 Lara na portalu Encyclopedia Britannica

Savezne države Venezuele

Lara (država u Venezueli)


පොසිල යනු සතුන්, ශාඛ හා අනෙකුත් පටක වල ඛනිජ බවනය වු හෝ වෙනත් ආකාරයකින් සංරක්ෂණය වු අවශේෂ හෝ සලකුණු (අඩි සටහන් ,කවච වල සලකුණු වැනි) වේ. පොසිල වල සම්පූර්ණත්වය (සොයාගත් හා සොයා නොගත්) හා පොසිල අඩංගු පාෂාණ සකස් වීමේ හා අවසාධිත ස්ථර වල ඒවායේ පිහිටීම පොසිල වාර්තා ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ. භූ විද්‍යාත්මක කාලය හරහා පොසිල පිළිබද අධ්‍යයනය, ඒවා කෙසේ ඇති වුණි ද, හා වංශ ප්‍රවේනිය අතර වු පරිනාමණීය සබදතා භූ පාෂාණ ධාතු විද්‍යාවෙන් වඩාත් වැදගත් ක්‍රීයා අතරින් එකක් වෙයි.

19 වැනි ශත වර්ෂයේදී දියුණු කරන ලද සාපේක්ෂ භූ විද්‍යාත්මක කාල මිනුම වැඩි වශයෙන් පදනම් වී ඇත්තේ පාෂාණ අවසාධිත වල පොසිල අන්තර්ගතය මතය. 20 වැනි ශත වර්ෂය මුල් භාගයේදී සිදු වු රේඩියෝ මෙට්‍රික දින නියම තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රමවල වැඩි දියුණු වීමත් සමග භූ විද්‍යාඥයින්ට විවිධ අවසාධිත ස්ථර හා ඒවා තුළ අඩංගු පොසිලවල නිෂ්චිත වයස තීරණය කිරීමට හැකිවිය. පොසිලවල වයස සාපේක්ෂව නූතන පොලෝසීන යුගයේ සිට වසර බිලියන ගණනක් වයස ආචියන් යුගය දක්වාත් පරාස ගත වෙයි.

විශාලත්වය අනුව තනි සෛල වැනි අන්වීක්ෂීය ප්‍රමාණයේ සිට ඩයිනොසර වැනි මහෙක්ෂීය ප්‍රමාණ දක්වා පොසිල එකිනෙකින් වෙනස් වෙයි.සාමාන්‍යයෙන් පොසිල සංරක්ෂණයේදී අදාල පටකයෙන් කොටසක් පමණක් සංරක්ෂණය කරයි. බොහෝ විට එම කොටස් එහි ජීවි කාලය තුළදී භාගිකව ඛණිජ බවනය සිදු වු පෘෂ්ට වංශිකයන්ගේ අස්ථි හා දත් හෝ අපෘෂ්ඨ වංශිකයන්ගේ කයිටීනමය බාහිර අස්ථි පද්ධතිය වැනි කොටස් වෙයි. මෘදු පටක සංරක්ෂණය වීම නම් පොසිල වාර්තා වලට අනුව ඉතා දුර්ලභ සිදුවීමකි. තවද පොසිල අදාළ ජීවියා ජිවත්ව සිටිය දී තබන ලද අඩි සටහන් හෝ උරගයෙකුගේ අසූචි වැනි සලකුණු වලින් සමන්විත විය හැකිය. මෙම වර්ගවල පොසිල අණුරේඛන පොසිල ලෙස හඳුන්වන අතර අනෙක්වා දේහ පොසිල ලෙස හඳුන්වයි. අවසාන වශයෙන් පැරණි ජීවිත දැකිය නොහැකි නමුත් අනාවරණය කර ගත හැකි සමහරක් සලකුණු ජෛව රසායනික සංඥා ආකාරයෙන් තබනු ලබන අතර මේවා රසායනික පොසිල හෝ ජෛව සලකුණු ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ.

පොසිල පිළිබඳ ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක පැහැදිලි කිරීම්
ආජන්຃නා‍ෙ໵න් ෙ‍සායාගත් පාෂාຒභුතව තිබු ජුරාසික යුගයට අයත් ෙ‍කා්න් ඵලයක්.]]
මුල් කාලීන ස්වභාව විද්යාඥයින් සජීවී විශේෂයන් අතර පැවති සමානකම් සහ වෙනස්කම් ඉතා හොදින් තේරුම්ගත්හ. ලීනියස් විසින් වර්තමාන‍ෙ‍ය් පවා භාවිත වන අනුපි‍ෙවළින් යුත් වර්ගීකරණ පද්ධතිය හඳුන්වා දීමට මෙය හේතු විය. මුල් වරට මෙම අනුපිළි‍ෙවලින් යුත් ජීව සම්බන්ධතාවයන් එකල ඉතා ຺໮වල තත්ත්වයක පැවති පොසිල වාර්තාවන් සමඟ සම්බන්ධ කරන ලද්‍ෙ‍ද් ඩාවින් සහ ඔහු‍ගේ සමකාලීනයන් විසිනි. විශේෂයෙන්ම ඩාවින් විස්තරාත්මකව ජීවී විශේෂ වෙනස් වීම හෙවත් පරිනාමය වීම පැහැදිලි කළ අතර ඒ ඔස්‍ෙ‍ස් ස්වභාවික පරිසර ගැටළු සඳහා ජීවීන් අනුවර්තනය වීම හෝ වඳ වී යාම ඔහු විසින් පැහැදිලි කරන ලදී.

පොසිලකරණය පිළිබඳ නූතන දර්ශනය

ෆොසිල වාර්තා යනු ජීවයේ පරිණාමනීය වාර්තාන්ය. එමගින් ස්වාභාවික වරණය සමඟ ඒවා අනුව පාරිසරික තත්ත්ව හා ජානමය විභව අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සමඟ ජීවය වසර බිලියන 4කට වඩා වැඩි කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවත ඇති ආකාරය අප ඉදිරියේ දිග හරිනු ලබයි. පෘථිවියේ කාලගුණය , භු චලන, වායු ගෝලය, සාගර හා ආවර්තික ව්‍යසන සියළු ජීවීන් මත මූලික තෝරා ගත් පීඩන යෙදූ අතර ඒ හේතුවෙන් ඔවුන් පැවතෙන්නන් ඉතිරි කරමින් හෝ ඉතිරි නොකරමින් නැතිවී ගියහ. නූතන පාෂාණ ධාතු විද්‍යාව, පරිණාමනීය ජීව විද්‍යාව සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර එය අනිවාර්යයෙන්ම සෛල ව්‍යුහය හා ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වයේ පරිණාමනය සිදු වු ප්‍රාග් කේම්බ්‍රියන්ගේ අවධිය දක්වා දිව යයි. වංශ ප්‍රවේණික විද්‍යාව යොදා ගන්නා අණුක ජීව විද්‍යාඥයින්ට, වර්ගීකරණ විද්‍යාව හා ජීවීන් අතර පරිණාමනීය දුර ඇඟවීම සඳහා ප්‍රෝටීන, ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල හෝ නියුක්ලියෝටයිඩ අනුක්‍රම සම ප්‍රභවතාව සංසන්දනය කළ හැකිය. නමුත් මෙය සිදු කළ යුත්තේ සීමා සහිත සංඛ්‍යානමය විශ්වාසයක් සමඟය. අනෙක් අතින් පොසිල පිළිබඳ අධ්‍යයනය මඟින් , පරිණාම ගසෙහි ජීවීන් වර්ගීකරණය සිදු වූ කාලය හා ක්‍රමය වඩාත් හොඳින් දැක්විය හැකිය. විද්‍යාවේ, ජීවය හා පෘථිවියෙහි ගැඹුරු කාලය අතරතුර දී එහි පරිණාමනය පිළිබඳ දර්ශනය පැහැදිලි කිරීම තවමත් දුර්වලය. ඒ සඳහා නූතන වංශ ප්‍රවේණික හා පාෂාණීය ධාතු විද්‍යාත්මක කටයුතු එකට එකතු කර ක්‍රියාවෙහි යොදවනු ලබයි.

අතීතම පොසිලි භවනය වු ප්‍රදේශ

පෘථිවියේ පැරණිතම පොසිල වන්නේ අවසාදිත හා අවක්ෂේපන ස්ථරයෙන් ඉහළ පාෂාණමය ස්ට්‍රෝමැටර්ලයිටයන් ය. ඒවා පාදක වී ඇත්තේ අද දුර්ලභ වන නීල හරිත බැක්ටිරියා විශේෂයක් මතය. පොසිල ස්ට්‍රෝමැටලයිටික ව්‍යුහයන් ජීව විද්‍යාත්මකව මාධ්‍ය වන්නේ ක්ෂුද්‍ර ජීවී ජාලයන් හා ඔවුන්ගේ ආවරිත අවසාදනයන් ය. කෙසේ නමුත් ස්ට්‍රෝමැටලයිටිකයන්ගේ වැඩීම සඳහා නිර්වායු යාන්ත්‍රණයන්ද හඳුනා ගෙන ඇත. දශක ගණනාවක් පවතින අඛණ්ඩ විද්‍යාත්මක විවාදයන් ඇතැම් සැකසුම් සඳහා ජෛව ජනනයට විශේෂයෙන්ම මධ්‍ය ආතීය යුගයට අයත් ජීවින්ගේ ජෛව ජනනයට අදාළව සිදුවෙයි.

පශ්චාත් අකීය යුගයේ සිට ස්ටෝ මැටර්ලයිටයන් පැවත එන බව පුළුල්ව පිළි ගැනෙයි. මධ්‍ය ප්‍රෝටොරොසොයිට් යුගයේදී විශාල සයිනෝ බැක්ටීරියා කොළනි ඇතිවීම සිදුවෙයි. ඒවායේ ප්‍රභා සංශ්ලේෂක පරිවෘත්තිය මගින් අතුරු ඵලයක් ලෙස ඔක්සිජන් ඇති වු අතර විශාල යකඩ සම්පාදනයන්ට ද හේතු වු අතර අනුක්‍රමණයෙන් පෘථිවි වායුගෝලය ඔක්සිජනීකෘත කරන ලදී.

ඉතා දුලබ වුවද ස්ට්‍රෝමැටර් ලයිටයන් අතරින් සෛල මූර්තිමත් කරන ක්ෂුද්‍ර ව්‍යුහයන් ඇතැම් විට හමුවී ඇත. Gunflint Chert අඩංගු වන හුදකලා මයික්‍රෝ පොසිලයන් 2.0 bya ක්ෂුද්‍ර ජීවින් ගහනයට අයත්වෙයි.

මීට පරස්පර ලෙස අනුමාන කෙරෙන පොසිල බැක්ටීරියා සෛල බටහිර ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ දී හමුවු අතර 3.4 bya ගහනයට අයත් වෙයි. නිර්වායු ක්‍රියාදාමයන් සිදු කිරීම මීට හේතු වී ඇත. වැරවෝනා ක්ෂුද්‍ර ව්‍යුහයන් සයනො බැක්ටීරියා ලෙස තහවුරු කිරීම, අතීත ජීවය විවිධාංගිකරණය වුයේ කෙසේ ද යන්න පිළිබද අපගේ අවබෝධයට ගැඹුරු ලෙස බලපෑම් කරයි. එයින් වැදගත් පරිණාමික මංසලකුණු තවත් අතීතයට ගෙන යයි. අණුක වංශ ප්‍රවේනික ආකෘතියේ අනිවාර්ය අංක ශෝදනය සදහා අතීත පොසිලයන් පිළිබදව අධ්‍යනය ඉතා වැදගත් වෙයි.

අසාමාන්‍ය පොසිලකරණය සිදුවු ස්ථාන

අසාමාන්‍ය පොසිල කරණයක් සහිත පොසිල බිම් (සමහරක් විට සංරක්ෂිත මෘදු පටක ඇතුළත්) ලැන්ගස්ටාටන් (Lagerstatten) ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ. මේවායේ ඇති වීම්,අඩු බැක්ටීරියා ප්‍රමාණයක් සමග ඇනොක්සියානු වටපිටාවක (එමගින් දිරාපත් වීම පමාවෙයි) සිදු කරන ලද මෘත දේහ වල දැමීම නිසා සිදු වී ඇත. ලැන්ග්ගස්ටාටන් විසින් භූ විද්‍යාත්මක කාලය කැම්බියානු යුගයේ සිට වර්තමානය දක්වා පරාසනය කරන ලදී.ලෝකය පුරාවට ඇති ආසන්න පරිපුර්ණ පොසිලකරණයට හොඳම උදාහරණය වන්නේ කැම්බියානු මාවෝටයෑන්ෂන් ෂල්ක හා බර්ගස් ශල්කර්, ඩෙවෝනියානු හන්ස්රක් පතුරු පාෂාණ, ජුලාශික් සොල්න්හොෆෙන් හිරිගල් හා කැබ්රොනි ෆෙරස් මේසන් ක්‍රීක් ප්‍රදේශය.

පොසිලවල දුලබ බව

පොසිලකරණය අතිශයින් දුර්ලභ ක්‍රියාවකි. එයට හේතුව පෙර ජීවත්ව තිබූ බොහොමයක් ද්‍රව්‍ය මරණයෙන් පසු සාපේක්ෂව ඉක්මණින් දිරාපත් වීමට යත්න දරන බැවිනි. පටකයක් පොසිලකරණය සඳහා හැකිතාක් ඉක්මණින් අවසාදිත වලින් අවශේෂ ආවරණය විය යුතුය. කෙසේ නමුත් මෙයට විශේෂ වූ අවස්ථා ද ඇත. එනම් පටකයක් මිදීම, වියලීම හෝ ඇනොක්සියානු (ඔක්සිජන් රහිත) පරිසරයක විවේකයට පත් වීම. තවද විවිධ වර්ගවල පොසිල හා පොසිලකරණ ක්‍රියාවලි ඇත.

ටැපොනොමික ක්‍රියාවලි හා සරල ගණිතමය අවස්ථාවේ සංයුක්ත ආචරණය නිසා පොසිලකරණයට, දෘඪ ශරීර අවයව ඇති, පුළුල්ව පැතිරී ඇති හා විශාල කාලයක් ජීවත් වන පටක වඩාත් ප්‍රිය කරයි. අනෙක් අතින් කුඩා, මෘදු ශරීර, භූ විද්‍යාත්මක වශයෙන් තහනම් කර ඇති හා භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව අචීර පටකවල පොසිල සොයා ගැනීම ඉතාමත් අසාමාන්‍ය වේ. එයට හේතුව ඒවායේ සාපේක්ෂ දුලබ බව හා සංරක්ෂණය වීමේ අවම හැකියාවයි.

විශාල නිදර්ශන වඩාත් බහුලව සොයාගෙන හාරා ඉවතට ගෙන ප්‍රදර්ශනය කිරීම සිදු වන අතර අන්වීක්ෂීය මට්ටමේ අවශේෂ පොසිල වාර්තාවල එතරම් බහුල නොවේ.

ඇතැම් නිරීක්ෂකයන් පොසිල විසින් වාර්තා තුළ අන්තර නිදර්ශනවල දුර්ලභත්වය මඟින් වික්ෂිප්තභාවයට පත් වී ඇත. ඒ සඳහා සම්මත විස්තර කිරීම ඩාවින් සිදු කෙරෙන ලදී. ඔහු පැවසුවේ භූ විද්‍යාත්මක වාර්තාවල වූ විශාල අඩු ලුහුඬුකම්, ආන්තරික නිදර්ශනවල කුඩා කාලාන්තරය හා පටු භූ විද්‍යාත්මක පරාසය සමඟ සම්බන්ධව එවැනි පොසිල හමු වීමේ ඉඩ අහුරා ඇති බවයි. එමඟින් සරලව කියා සිටින්නේ පොසිලකරණය සිදුවන තත්ත්ව ඇති වන්නේ ඉතා දුලභ බවත් එමනිසා දී ඇති පටකයක් පොසිලයක් බවට පත් වීම අතිශයින් අසාමාන්‍ය බවත්ය. එල්ඩ්‍රිච් හා ගවුල්ඩ් විසින් විරාම තබන ලද සමතුලිතතාව පිළිබඳ ඔවුන්ගේ සිද්ධාන්තය දියුණු කළ අතර එමඟින් පොසිල වාර්තාවල සංසරණය නැවතීමේ රටා හා එක්වර පෙනී සිටිම විස්තර කළ හැකි විය.

සටහන්

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පොසිල
භූ පාෂාණ ධාතු විද්‍යාව
ජීව විද්‍යාව

පොසිල


269323 Madisonvillehigh este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
269323 Madisonvillehigh este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Charleston, Illinois la observatorul Astronomical Research Observatory. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,89 ua, o excentricitate de 0,02 și o înclinație de 10,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 269001-270000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2008
Centura de asteroizi

269323 Madisonvillehigh


د. أحمد عبد المحسن تركي المليفي (20 يونيو 1956 -)، وزير كويتي سابق.

سيرة شخصية
خريج جامعة الكويت كلية الحقوق والشريعة سنة 1981 كذلك يحمل ماجستير في القانون من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية سنة 1984، حاصل على الدكتوراة في القانون، محامي سابق وعضو مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1996 وحتى مجلس مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1999 (لم يفز في انتخابات 1999) ثم عاد إلى المجلس مرة أخرى في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2003 وانتخابات مجلس مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2006 وانتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2008.

المناصب

 مراقب الإدارة القانونية في ديوان الموظفين 1981 - 1985.
 رئيس القسم القانوني في مجلس الأمة 1985 - 1986.
 رئيس مكتب التحقيقات في سوق الكويت للأوراق المالية 1986 - 1987.
 محامي خلال الفترة من 1987 لغاية عام 1990.
 محامي ومدير الإدارة القانونية في بيت التمويل الكويتي من 1990 - 1996.
 عضو مجلس الأمة 1996 بحصوله على عدد 1236 صوت «المركز الثاني».
 رئيس اللجنة التشريعية بمجلس الأمة بدور الانعقاد الأول.
 رئيس لجنة التحقيق في ظاهرة تفشي المخدرات بمجلس الأمة 1996.
 عضو لجنة المناقصات المركزية من عام 1999 لغاية عام 2001.
 محامي من سنة 1999 لغاية سنة 2003.
 عضو مجلس الأمة 2003 بحصوله على عدد 2190 صوت «المركز الأول».
 عضو اللجنة التشريعية لمجلس الأمة في الفصل التشريعي العاشر لدور الانعقاد الثالث.
 رئيس لجنة حماية المال العام في الفصل التشريعي العاشر لدور الانعقاد الثالث.
 عضو لجنة المرافق العامة للفصل التشريعي العاشر لدور الانعقاد الرابع.
 نائب رئيس مجلس إدارة جمعية الشفافية الكويتية 2005 حتى الآن.
 عضو مجلس الأمة 2006 بحصوله على عدد 5160 صوت «المركز الثاني».
 رئيس لجنة الأموال العامة في الفصل التشريعي الحادي عشر دور الانعقاد الأول.
 لجنة الشئون التشريعية والقانونية في الفصل التشريعي الحادي عشر دور الانعقاد الأول.
 عضو مجلس الامة 2008 بحصوله على عدد 6948 صوت - المركز السادس - الدائرة الثالثة.
 رئيس لجنة حماية المال العام - الفصل التشريعي الثاني عشر- دور الانعقاد الأول.
 عضو اللجنة التشريعية لمجلس الأمة - الفصل التشريعي الثاني عشر- دور الانعقاد الأول.
 عضو لجنة حماية المال العام - الفصل التشريعي الثاني عشر - دور الانعقاد الثاني.
 وزير التربية والتعليم العالي 2011، ثم وزيرًا للعدل ووزيرًا للتربية والتعليم العالي من 13 ديسمبر 2011.

مواقفه في مجلس الأمة

انظر أيضا
أحمد الربعي
حامد محمد العازمي
سعود هلال الحربي
مساعد الهارون
موضي الحمود

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1996
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2003
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2006
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2008
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي ديسمبر 2012
مواليد 1956
وزراء تربية كويتيون
وزراء عدل كويتيون

أحمد المليفي


Pozaldez es una estación de ferrocarril situada en el municipio español homónimo en la provincia de Valladolid, comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León. Cuenta con amplios servicios de Media Distancia.

Situación ferroviaria
La estación se encuentra en el punto kilométrico 215,034 de la línea férrea de ancho ibérico que une Madrid con Hendaya a 788,87 metros de altitud, entre las estaciones de Matapozuelos y Medina del Campo. El tramo es de vía doble y está electrificado.

Historia
La estación fue inaugurada el 15 de septiembre de 1860 con la puesta en marcha del tramo Medina del Campo – Valladolid de la línea radial Madrid-Hendaya. Su explotación inicial quedó a cargo de la Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España quien mantuvo su titularidad hasta que en 1941 fue nacionalizada e integrada en la recién creada RENFE.

Desde el 31 de diciembre de 2004 Renfe Operadora explota la línea mientras que Adif es la titular de las instalaciones ferroviarias.

La estación
Pozaldez cuenta con un pequeño edificio para viajeros de dos pisos y planta rectangular que tiene la particularidad de poseer una escalera exterior y lateral que permite acceder al segundo piso. Junto a ella se encuentra un mural alto y estrecho que hasta la última remodelación de la estación en el año 2008 aún conservaba la clásica enseña de Renfe de la década de los 80. Dispone dos andenes laterales y tres vías. El cambio de vía se realiza a nivel. El andén opuesto a la estación cuenta de un amplio refugio cubierto.

Servicios ferroviarios

Media Distancia
En Pozaldez Renfe presta servicios de Media Distancia gracias a sus trenes Regional Exprés en los trayectos:

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Media Distancia Castilla y León en la web de Renfe.

Pozaldez
Pozaldez
Pozaldez
Estaciones de ferrocarril de España inauguradas en 1860
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Castilla y León inauguradas en el siglo XIX

Estación de Pozaldez


Edén (Eden) es una novela de ciencia ficción del escritor polaco Stanisław Lem publicada por la editorial Iskry en 1959.

Trama

Por error de cálculo, una astronave entra en colisión con la cola atmosférica de un planeta y cae en él.

Tras salir del vehículo, los miembros de la expedición emprenden la exploración del mundo desconocido, al que llaman Edén. Componen el grupo el coordinador, el médico, el físico, el químico, el ingeniero y el cibernético. En general, a lo largo de la historia estos personajes serán nombrados de esa manera, como representantes que son de las áreas del conocimiento de las que se parte para entender lo que van encontrando en el planeta desconocido y lo que van sabiendo de él esos mismos personajes.

Después de atravesar una inquietante zona agreste, los náufragos del espacio llegan a una factoría automática, donde asisten a un ciclo de fabricación, destrucción y reciclaje. Espantados, se vuelven a la nave. Cuando llegan allí, se dan cuenta de que ha entrado una criatura cuyo torso es retráctil, que tiene un cuerpo grácil superior asentado en otro inferior más robusto, y los humanos llamarán a estos seres, que constituyen la especie dominante del planeta, "dobles", por entender que tienen doble cuerpo.

Al día siguiente, los náufragos del espacio van en busca de agua, y durante su excursión ven a varios nativos que conducen vehículos que parecen corresponder a una técnica avanzada. Acaban teniendo una disputa con un doble que es conductor de uno de ellos, lo matan y regresan a la nave para preparar la defensa. Cuando por fin se dan cuenta de que no hay represalia, una mitad del equipo parte de exploración con un todoterreno mientras la otra mitad se queda para reparar la nave.

Los expedicionarios encuentran unas construcciones que parecen tumbas y contienen centenares de esqueletos conservados, y, junto a ellas, una aldea. Dos de los miembros emprenden la exploración del poblado, y asisten a una estampida de nativos indiferentes a los visitantes. No obstante, una de esas criaturas se sube al todoterreno y rehúsa volver al poblado, así que se la llevan a la nave. Cuando llegan allí, se enteran de que algunos dobles se han acercado con vehículos al lugar del aterrizaje forzoso para llevar a cabo un reconocimiento y después se han escabullido.

Después de algunos tanteos con el nativo alojado y otra expedición en busca de agua, prevén una inminente represalia de los dobles. Al poco, las inmediaciones del lugar de aterrizaje son objeto de un bombardeo que dura varias horas, pero no se advierte intento de destruir la nave. Por último, comienza a formarse una pared de un material parecido al cristal que surge de los socavones hechos por las bombas, y crece hasta formar una cúpula de aislamiento de la nave. Entienden entonces los humanos que los nativos de Edén tienen conocimientos avanzados en el campo de la nanotecnología.

El doble alojado no es muy comunicativo, lo que lleva a pensar a sus anfitriones que presenta una suerte de retraso mental. Siguiendo con los supuestos, consideran que los dobles desnudos que han visto están siendo víctimas de un genocidio. Se toma la decisión de llevar a cabo una exploración más amplia, y se pone a punto el "Defensor", un meca que han conseguido reparar. Revientan una parte de la cúpula de cristal y se encaminan al suroeste. En su viaje, llegan a observar de lejos por primera vez la vida de los dobles.

Por la noche, en su camino de regreso, los expedicionarios ven que algunos dobles desnudos están siendo gaseados por dobles militares. Los humanos emplean sus armas de antimateria y matan a algunos militares, pero también a algunos desnudos. Cuando llegan hasta la nave, ven que la propia cúpula ha reparado en su mayor parte el hueco por el que han salido, así que abren otro hueco. Tras hacerlo, se precipitan a la nave para protegerse de la radiación.

Comienzan a deliberar para establecer un próximo plan, y entonces se presenta un doble de los que van vestidos. Intentando por ambas partes la comunicación, los humanos se dan cuenta de que el visitante tiene conocimientos de astronomía. Le hacen entender que se ha expuesto a tal punto a la radiación que es fácil que muera,  y entonces intentarán uno y otros aprovechar el tiempo para aprender tanto como puedan. Mediante una computadora de traducción, comienzan a entenderse, siendo conscientes los humanos de que su captación del sentido del discurso del recién llegado estará sujeta a un antropocentrismo que no será posible evitar por completo, obstáculo al que ya se han acostumbrado.

En Edén hay un control de información parecido al que expone George Orwell en su novela 1984. La sociedad de Edén es casi autorregulada, y el sistema de gobierno se basa en el uso de una ciencia que llama Lem procústica y que se corresponde en parte con lo que llamamos hoy memética: se trata, en la novela de Lem, de una dictadura que se niega a sí misma para no poder ser deshecha, que moldea los sectores sociales y la población en general para que su comportamiento se adapte a los designios de unos dirigentes ocultos mediante un control social que se sirve del distinto suministro de información a los diferentes estratos sociales, según entienden los náufragos del espacio de lo que refiere el visitante. Un ejemplo de los efectos de esa manipulación es el propio funcionamiento del campo de concentración que resulta ser la supuesta aldea que han visitado los expedicionarios: no tiene guardia, y los internos permanecen allí por lo que parece ser su propia voluntad.

Los dobles tienen un conocimiento casi nulo de la energía nuclear, pero sí que han hecho avances en el campo de la genética, y han llegado a emprender un experimento de gran alcance de mejora de la especie. El intento ha sido fallido, ha dado lugar a numerosos ejemplares aberrantes, y muchos de los supervivientes entre ellos son relegados. Como es la tónica general con todo lo que concierna al gobierno y, para empezar, al gobierno mismo, se niega que se haya hecho tal experimento; por tanto, se niega también que se hayan empleado factorías para llevarlo a cabo y se elimina a quien se sabe que es consciente de la existencia de ellas. A las capas altas de la sociedad se les dice que los recién llegados del espacio exterior, al haber estado expuestos a los rayos cósmicos, han sufrido deformaciones, y por eso se los tiene en esos reductos.

Todo eso alcanza a referirles el visitante, y que al verlos ha decidido aprovechar una oportunidad que sólo se presenta una vez en la vida. Los humanos lo entienden y lo celebran, partícipes del sentimiento de su acogido.

Ya reparada la astronave, sus ocupantes se disponen a abandonar el planeta. El doble aficionado a la astronomía, aunque se ha recobrado por completo de los efectos de la radiación, no quiere irse con sus alojantes, y él y el otro se quedan viendo cómo despega el vehículo, escogiendo así morir en lugar de escapar.

Los ocupantes de la nave ven por última vez el planeta: una preciosa esfera de color violeta cuyo atractivo, como recuerdan ahora, los llevó a acercarse más de la cuenta y a llamarlo Edén.

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sobre Edén en el sitio de Stanisław Lem.

 Ficha de la edición original de Edén en el sitio Lemopedia; en inglés.
 Ficha de la edición española de 1991; en el mismo sitio.
 Ficha de la edición española del 2005; en el mismo sitio.
 Enlaces con fichas de otras ediciones; en el mismo sitio.

Novelas de Stanisław Lem
Novelas de 1959
Novelas distópicas

Edén (novela)


Klinga ist ein Gemeindeteil der sächsischen Gemeinde Parthenstein im Landkreis Leipzig.

Geografie
Klinga liegt etwa 3,5 Kilometer östlich von Naunhof. Zu Klinga gehört zudem der frühere Ort Staudtnitz, heute eine Gemarkung innerhalb der Gemeinde Parthenstein. Nordöstlich des Ortes verläuft die Bundesautobahn 14, die nächstgelegene Anschlussstelle Klinga ist etwa 1 Kilometer von der Ortsmitte entfernt.

Nachbarorte von Klinga sind Ammelshain im Norden, Altenhain im Nordosten, Seelingstädt im Osten, Beiersdorf im Südosten, Großsteinberg im Süden, Lindhardt im Südwesten sowie Naunhof im Westen.

Geschichte

Klinga mit Staudtnitz
Die erste urkundliche Erwähnung von Klinga datiert von 1251 als Clinga, Staudtnitz wird bereits 1186 als Studiniz erwähnt.

Das Baujahr der Klingaer Kirche konnte durch fehlende schriftliche Belege bis dato nicht geklärt werden, vermutet wird das 12. Jahrhundert. Von den seitdem geschehenen Umbauten ist bis heute noch die Innenraumgestaltung aus den Jahren 1728–64 erhalten geblieben. Zu dieser Zeit wurden die ursprünglich sehr kleinen Fenster vergrößert, das heutige Westportal in den Turm gebrochen (sogleich die Süd- und Nordtür zugemauert), ein noch heute vorhandener Taufengel angeschafft, Emporen eingebaut sowie 1744 die Orgel eingebaut.

August Schumann nennt 1817 im Staats-, Post- und Zeitungslexikon von Sachsen Klinga betreffend u. a.:

Staudtnitz betreffend führt Schumann 1824 im Staats-, Post- und Zeitungslexikon an:

1936 wurde Staudtnitz nach Klinga eingemeindet. 1924 und erneut 1961 wurde die barocke Ausmalung der Kirche erneuert, 1958/59 wurde im Kirchturm ein Gemeinderaum eingerichtet.

Zum 1. Januar 1994 wurde aus den bis dahin eigenständigen Gemeinden Grethen, Großsteinberg, Klinga und Pomßen die Gemeinde Parthenstein neugebildet.

Entwicklung der Einwohnerzahl

Literatur

 Uwe Schirmer: Das Amt Grimma 1485–1548. Demographische, wirtschaftliche und soziale Verhältnisse in einem kursächsischen Amt am Ende des Mittelalters und zu Beginn der Neuzeit. Beucha 1996. ISBN 3-930076-22-5

Weblinks

 Cornelius Gurlitt: Beschreibende Darstellung der älteren Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler des Königreichs Sachsen, 19. Heft – Amtshauptmannschaft Grimma (1. Hälfte). C. C. Meinhold & Söhne, Dresden 1897, S. 144ff. (Link zum Digitalisat in der Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden)

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Leipzig
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Leipzig)
Parthenstein
Ersterwähnung 1251
Gemeindeauflösung 1994

Klinga (Parthenstein)