Esrâr Dede (Asıl adı Mehmed) (d.1749, İstanbul - ö. 29 Ocak 1797, İstanbul), Türk Dîvân edebiyatı şairi; mutasavvıf.

Hayatı

Esrar Dede. gerçek adı Mehmed,  (Hicri 1162) 1749 yılında Sütlüce,  İstanbul'da doğdu. Doğum tarihi  üzerinde bir ihtilaf mevcuttur. Babasının isminin Ahmed-i Bîzebân  ve dedesinin Hasan Efendi olduğu bilinmektedir. Fakat ailesine, çocukluğuna ve gençlik yıllarına dair fazla bilgi yoktur.

Çok iyi bir eğitim gördüğü eserlerinden kolayca anlaşılabilmektedir. Arapça ve Farsça başta olmak üzere Rumca, Latince ve İtalyanca bilirdi. Dile olan ilgisi ve kabiliyetini, Lûgat-ı Tilyan isimli bir Türkçe - İtalyanca sözlük yazmış olmasından da anlıyoruz. Karakterinin güzel olduğu, özellikle çok cömert olduğu söylenmiştir. Galata Mevlevihanesi'nde tanıştığı Şeyh Gâlip ile ömür boyu dost kalmıştır. "Esrâr" mahlasını da, Şeyh Gâlip'e arz edip talebelerinden olunca almıştır. Şeyh Gâlip ile tanıştıktan sonra Şeyh Gâlip'in eğitimine girdi. Hayatı boyunca Mevlevilik dairesinden çıkmadı. Daha sonraları tezkireci ve meşîhat makamlığını kazanmasına rağmen Şeyh Gâlip'in yanından ayrılmadı. Ömrü boyunca Galata Mevlevihanesi'nde kendisine ayrılan odada yaşadı, eserlerini burada kaleme aldı ve 1796 (Hicri 1211) yılında burada öldü. Garip bir detaydır ki, vefat günü Mirac kandiline denk gelmiştir.

Bunun dışında bizzat Şeyh Gâlip, Esrâr Dede'nin ölümü üzerine bir mersiye kaleme almıştır. Bu mersiye şöyle başlar:

Kan ağlasın bu dide-i dür-bârım ağlasın
Ansın benim o yâr-ı vefâ-dârım ağlasın
Çeşm ü dehân u ârız u ruhsârım ağlasın
Baştan başa bu cism-i siyeh-kârım ağlasın
Ağyârım ağlasın bana hem yârim ağlasın
Gûş eyleyen hikâyet-i Esrâr'ım ağlasın
Nâ-dide bir güher telef etdim dirîg u âh
Hâk içre defnedüp gerü gitdim dirîg u âh

Ayrıca Esrar Dede'nin mezar taşında Şeyh Gâlip'in şu cümleleri yer almaktadır:

"Esrâr Dede çileyi hatm ettiği dem
Sırr oldu serin hırka-i tâbûta çeküp
Gâlib dedi târihin efsûs efsûs
Hemdemlerini hayrân kodı Esrâr göçüp."

Eserleri

Kuşkusuz her açıdan olduğu gibi edebî açıdan da Esrâr Dede'yi en çok Şeyh Gâlip etkiledi. Bu iki önemli ismin eserleri ise daha sonraki kuşakların birçok önemli edebiyatçısını etkilemiştir. Nitekim daha sonraları Şeyh Gâlip'in ünlü eseri "Hüsn ü Aşk"dan esinlenerek, Yenikapı Mevlevihanesi'nin son şeyhi Abdulbâkî Baykara tarafından kaleme alınacak olan yine Hüsn-ü Aşk isimli manzûm tiyatronun ilk perdesi Şeyh Gâlip ile Esrâr Dede'nin konuşmalarını konu alacaktır.

 Şiirlerini topladığı Dîvân'ı en önemli ve bilinen eseridir. Bu da, 1841 yılında "Divan-ı Belağat-unvân-ı Esrâr Dede Efendi" ismiyle yayımlanmıştır.
 Mevlevî şairlerinin hayatlarını ve şiirlerinden örnekleri barındıran, Esrâr Dede Tezkiresi olarak da anılan "Tezkire-i Şu'ârâ-yı Mevlevîyye" bir diğer ünlü eseridir.
 Mübâreknâme-i Esrâr,
 Fütüvvetnâme-i Esrâr
  Lugat-ı Tilyandır.

Genel olarak Esrâr Dede arı ve yalın bir dil kullanırdı. Şiirlerinde Mevlevîliğe ve Mevlânâ'ya olan sevgisine sık sık yer vermiştir. Şiirlerindeki tasavvuf etkisi barizdir.

Eserlerinden Örnek

Gazel (Gece Kandilli'de)

Gece Kandilli'de gök kandil olup ol meh-rû
Mâhitab eyleyerek eyledi azm-i Göksu
Ol şehen-şâh-ı hüsn basdı kadem şevketle
Hele Beylerbeyi'nin başına devletdir bu
Boğaz içinde bu şeb mey vererek muğbeçeler
İtdi sâgar gibi lebrîz bizi tâ-be-gelû
Gel çelipa içün itme bizi hicrana dûçar
Nola İstavroz'a gitme bu gice kâfir-hu
Subha dek eyleyelim şevk ile zevk-i mehtâb
Mestdir çeşm-i siyeh meste yeter bu uyku

Yardan sana şu peymâne ki ihsân oldu
Mihr-i dîdâr idi Esrar sabaha karşu
Saye-i Hazret-i Galib'de Boğaz içre bu şeb
Zevk-i min tahtil enhar idi bana her su

Kaynakça

Dış kaynaklar

 Bilgin, A. Azmi (1999) "Esrar Dede" Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi Cilt:1 sayfa:473-474, İstanbul: Yapi Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, ISBN 975-08-0071-0

Dış bağlantılar

 Aksoy, Hasan (1995) "Esrar Dede", Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. c.11 say. 432-434 Online:

Divan edebiyatı şairleri
Mutasavvıf şairler
Türk şairler
Mevleviler

Esrâr Dede


Vatroslav Lopašić (Pakrac, 9. prosinca 1911.  - Zagreb, 17. prosinca 2003.), hrvatski fizičar,"klasik hrvatske fizike" i zaljubljenik u glagoljicu i hrvatski jezik.

Životopis
Rođen je u Pakracu, u staroj obitelji iz Karlovca. U Srijemskoj je Mitrovici polazio osnovnu školu. U Zagrebu je polazio realnu gimnaziju u Zagrebu. Upisao Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu gdje je diplomirao 1934. godine na grupi predmeta Teorijska matematika. Iste je godine imenovan na dužnost asistenta dnevničara u Fizikalnom zavodu Filozofskog fakulteta.

Doktorirao eksperimentalnu fiziku 1939. godine istraživajući ultrazvuk. Mentor je bio prof. Stanko Hondl. Iste godine je asistent iz fizike. Godine 1943. postao je predavač teorijske fizike na Filozofskom fakultetu. Predavao je do 1945. godine. Surađivao na Hrvatskoj enciklopediji Mate Ujevića.

Maknut je s mjesta predavača jer je kao vjernik bio nepoćudan. Sljedeće je godine našao mjesto honorarnog nastavnika fizike na Visokoj pedagoškoj školi u Zagrebu, a godinu poslije je profesor u toj školi. Od 1950. godine izvanredni je profesor fizike na Tehničkom fakultetu u Zagrebu.

S Ivanom Supekom, Mladenom Paićem, Krešimirom Balenovićem i Josipom Lončarem osnovao Institut Ruđer Bošković u Zagrebu. Dužnost pročelnika III. odjela (za elektroniku) na toj ustanovi obnašao do 1956., ali je s položaja maknut kao i 1945., zbog vjerskih razloga.

Novo je radno mjesto našao na Elektrotehničkom fakultetu u Zagrebu gdje je za redovnog profesora izabran 1958. godine. Već prije, od 1950., na tom je fakultetu bio predstojnik Zavoda za fiziku. Dužnost je obnašao do 1967. godine. Svako mu je predavanje bilo popraćeno pokusima. Na istom fakultetu držao je kolegij na poslijediplomskom studiju Mjerenja u fizici i tehnici. Akademske je godine 1959./1960. izabran za dekana.

Radio je i honorano na PMF-u u Zagrebu gdje je predavao neke specijalne kolegije iz područja fizike.

Objavio je mnogo radova na hrvatskom, njemačkom i engleskom jeziku. Tri su njegova udžbenika iz fizike udžbenici zagrebačkog sveučilišta.

Kao matematičar bio je očaran beskonačnošću i složenošću skupom prirodnih brojeva. Za nj je govorio "1, 2, 3 ... (i zatim tri točkice). Znao je reći - "One tri točkice, znate, to je nešto čudesno" te ponavljao riječi matematičara Kroneckera "Prirodne brojeve stvorio je dragi Bog, a sve ostalo djelo je čovjeka".

Matematičke zagonetke bila su mu velika zanimacija 1970-tih godina. Objavljivao ih je u svjetski čitanom engleskom tjedniku "The Listener" čiji je izdavač BBC. Bio je ugledan u tom poslu. Povodom proslave 50. obljetnice tog lista, bio je jedini zagonetač s europskog kontinenta koji je bio pozvan na proslavu u London.

Član nekoliko kulturnih i stručnih društava. Počasni član Društva inženjera i tehničara (DIT) i Hrvatske akademije tehničkih znanosti. Član Društva prijatelja glagoljice.

Zaljubljenik u hrvatski jezik. Bio je duboki znalac hrvatske povijesti i hrvatskih jezičnih pitanja. Na najavu izdavanja novog jednojezičnog (hrvatsko-hrvatskog), jednosveščanog rječnika, kazao je što zamišlja i što očekuje od tog rječnika kao budući kupac: "Lijepo bi bilo da ga se ne ograniči samo na hrvatsku štokavštinu. Neka to bude rječnik koji uzima u obzir cijelu hrvatsku književnost, a to će reći i djela što ih naši pisci objavljuju i na područnim narječjima kao npr. na čakavskom ili na kajkavskom. Ako je uvrštena riječ čakavska, odnosno kajkavska, neka bude kao takva u rječniku i označena. Ta su narječja hrvatska pa ih se kao dio hrvatskoga jezika ne bi smjelo mimoići i tako potiskivati. Uključivanjem tih narječja uz hrvatsku štokavštinu taj bi rječnik uistinu bio rječnik živoga hrvatskog jezika. Novi bi rječnik uključivanjem čakavskih riječi otvorio put i o onima koji nisu čakavci do punijeg shvaćanja čakavskih pisaca i pjesnika... a ujedno i usporio povlačenje i odumiranje tog milozvučnog narječja pod utjecajem škole i sredstava javnog priopćavanja...Slično bi mogli i obrazlagati da i kajkavske riječi trebaju ući u rječnik koji se želi prikazati kao rječnik hrvatskoga jezika. I tu se može navesti niz pisaca koji su se poslužili i kajkavštinom da stvore djela koja su ures i ponos hrvatske književnosti...Novi rječnik neće moći mimoići ni turcizme koji su k nama došli preko Bosne... Nije cijena rječnika osnovna odrednica njegova opsega. Mi smo Hrvati željni i žedni hrvatske riječi nakon suše i represije, koja je tu vladala decenijama. Neka dođe pravi, istinski, pouzdani, jednosveščani, priručni rječnik živoga hrvatskog jezika koji će uz Bibliju - ili Kuran - biti druga knjiga u ruci svakog naobraženog Hrvata koji poštuje i voli svoju Domovinu. Neka to bude rječnik jednako drag i štokavcu i čakavcu i kajkavcu, neka to bude rječnik hrvatskog jezika čitave nam Hrvatske." Nije volio Anićev rječnik. Smatrao ga je uvrjedom za svoj materinji jezik hrvatski, svoju hrvatsku domovinu, dodavši da je Anićev rječnik pokušao podrovati taktikom trojanskog konja pokušavajući u njega prokrijumčariti štošta što je hrvatskom jeziku strano i neprihvatljivo. Protivio se bespametnom uzimanju tuđica iz tuđeg jezika "šakom i kapom", u ovom slučaju srpskog: "Čemu, dakle, da uz one barbarizme što nam ih je donosio istočni vjetar primamo i dobre srpske ili posrbljene riječi za čija značenja imamo svoje? Kad bismo to prihvatili, naš se govor ne bi razlikovao od vokabulara posjetilaca zagušljive "Balkanske krčme"".

Naglašavao je da se istinski može stvarati jedino u "sabranom duhu". Pri tome je izrekao sumnjive i počesto opasne vrijednosti koje se djeci i omladini u Hrvatskoj serviraju putem raznih medija, od televizije i radija do novina.

Umro je 2003. godine. Pogrebni obred vodio je pomoćni biskup zagrebački mons. Josip Mrzljak. Pokopan je u obiteljskoj grobnici, a po njegovoj želji i želji njegove majke, na prsima mu je stavljena krsna košuljica.

Priznanja
 Nagrada i priznanje grada Splita.
 Počasni savjetnik Instituta Ruđer Bošković.
 Počasni član Hrvatske akademije tehničkih znanosti.
 Orden rada sa zlatnim vijencem 1965. godine.
 Zlatna plaketa "Josip Lončar".
 Povelja Sveučilišta u Zagrebu za izniman doprinos razvitku tehničkih znanosti.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Hrvatska enciklopedija
Galerija Krunomir Galerija Krunomira Dvorskog, Sveučilište Waterloo, Kanada
FER Tomislav Petković: Deseta obljetnica smrti prof. dr. sc. Vatroslava Lopašića, 9. prosinca 2013.

Životopisi, Pakrac
Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski fizičari
Hrvatski matematičari

Vatroslav Lopašić


Cybaeus irreverens est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Cybaeidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique d'Oregon aux États-Unis. Elle se rencontre dans les comtés de Lincoln et de Benton.

Description
La carapace du mâle holotype mesure  de long sur  et la carapace de la femelle paratype mesure  de long sur .

Publication originale
 Bennett, Copley & Copley, 2022 : « The Californian clade of Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae) in the Nearctic: the septatus species group and three unplaced species. » Zootaxa, , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Cybaeidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique d'Oregon

Cybaeus irreverens


La duchesse Sophie-Charlotte d'Oldenbourg ( - ) est une membre de la maison d'Oldenbourg. Elle est le seul enfant survivant du grand-duc Frédéric-Auguste II d'Oldenbourg et de sa première épouse la princesse Élisabeth-Anne de Prusse.

Sophie-Charlotte est surtout connue pour son mariage malheureux et très médiatisé avec le prince Eitel-Frédéric de Prusse, deuxième fils de l'empereur Guillaume II. Le mariage se finit en divorce et Sophie-Charlotte se remarie avec Harald von Hedemann, un ancien policier.

Biographie

Famille et jeunesse
Sophie-Charlotte (ou "Lotte") est née le 2 février 1879 au château d'Oldenbourg. Elle est l'aînée des enfants de Frédéric-Auguste, héritier du grand-duché d'Oldenbourg, et d'Élisabeth-Anne de Prusse. Elle a une sœur cadette nommée Marguerite, morte dans l'enfance.

Elle passe une grande partie de son enfance à l'étranger et rend souvent visite à sa tante Louise-Marguerite de Prusse, duchesse de Connaught et Strathearn, à Londres. Elle séjourne également souvent en Italie avec sa grand-mère maternelle la princesse Marie-Anne d'Anhalt-Dessau.

Sophie-Charlotte reçoit une éducation de qualité dans une atmosphère calme, à l'écart du monde. Elle est une bonne linguiste et musicienne, ainsi qu'une aquarelliste de talent. Elle est la compagne de son père lors de voyages nautiques, et elle en garde un grand amour de la mer.

On s'inquiète dans sa jeunesse de sa santé, qui est fragile, comme celle de sa mère. Cependant, en voyageant dans des stations thermales, elle surmonte tout signe de maladie. Au moment de son mariage, Sophie-Charlotte est "devenue une heureuse jeune femme en parfaite santé, dont les cheveux blonds et les yeux bleus, si entièrement allemands, sont associés à une délicatesse de traits qui suggère une origine latine plutôt que teutonique.". La jeune fille est alors considérée comme mince et gracieuse avec des traits pâles et réguliers. Les contemporains affirment qu'elle a hérité de la beauté et du charme de sa mère . Comme elle est le seul enfant du grand-duc et de sa première femme, elle est une grande héritière. Sa richesse est souvent soulignée lorsqu'elle est mentionnée dans la presse. Elle est ainsi qualifiée de "jolie, riche et supposément très intelligente" , mais une autre source contemporaine la décrit cependant comme banale et inintéressante .

Sa mère meurt en 1895 et son père se remarie l'année suivante avec Élisabeth-Alexandrine de Mecklembourg-Schwerin, avec qui il a cinq enfants, dont Nicolas d'Oldenbourg, Ingeborg, princesse de Schaumbourg-Lippe, et Altburg, princesse de Waldeck-Pyrmont. Ils résident tous ensemble dans le tout nouveau palais Élisabeth-Anne. Ce deuxième mariage rend la vie familiale de Sophie-Charlotte compliquée et elle est heureuse de s'échapper une fois qu'un mariage convenable lui est proposé .

Premier mariage
En juin 1905, Sophie-Charlotte rencontre pour la première fois le prince Eitel-Frédéric de Prusse lors du mariage de son frère le prince héritier Guillaume avec Cécilie de Mecklembourg-Schwerin. À Kiel plus tard ce mois-là, Sophie-Charlotte fait plus ample connaissance avec lui. La mère d'Eitel-Frédéric souhaite particulièrement cette union, car elle considère la maison d'Oldenbourg comme calme, inoffensive et de rang approprié pour un prince . De plus, la mère de Sophie-Charlotte, elle-même une princesse prussienne, était une grande amie de la duchesse de Saxe-Meiningen, la sœur de l'empereur, qui est ainsi la marraine de Sophie-Charlotte, et la jeune fille est elle-même une favorite du souverain. Sa proximité avec la cour prussienne est si importante qu'elle a même déclenché des rumeurs de mariage avec le prince Guillaume, qui a cependant préféré Cécilie.

En septembre 1905, Eitel-Frédéric séjourne à Lensahn avec la famille d'Oldenbourg, et le couple se fiance. La forte pression de la famille du prince, malgré sa réticence supposée, ainsi que le désir de Sophie-Charlotte de quitter son domicile sont peut-être les véritables causes de leurs fiançailles. De nombreuses rumeurs circulent en effet sur le comportement d'Eitel-Frédéric en tant que soldat, de sorte que ses parents sont sans aucun doute impatients de le voir marié à une jeune femme apparemment respectable et vertueuse . Un contemporain décrit ainsi la façon dont les événements se sont produits :"Le prince Eitel-Frédéric, qui est le favori de son père, étant aussi grand que brutal et aussi féroce que gros, s'est marié presque par contrainte, afin de mettre fin aux affreuses rumeurs qui circulaient à Berlin concernant ses étranges penchants." Le 27 février 1906, Sophie-Charlotte épouse donc le prince Eitel-Frédéric à Berlin. C'est aussi le jour anniversaire des noces d'argent de l'empereur et de l'impératrice, ce qui amplifie considérablement l'événement auquel assistent 1 500 invités, dont de nombreux membres des familles royales allemandes. Sophie-Charlotte porte une robe de soie blanche brodée de roses argentées, avec une traîne de près de quatre mètres. Trois cérémonies sont organisées : la signature du contrat de mariage selon les statuts de la maison de Hohenzollern le premier jour, et l'administration des serments de droit civil puis les rites religieux dans la chapelle du château le second. La princesse est chaleureusement accueillie à Berlin .

Malgré cet accueil, Sophie-Charlotte ne réussit à se faire des amis à Berlin . Le mariage est également malheureux, Eitel-Frédéric étant continuellement infidèle. En réalisant quel type de personne elle a épousé, Sophie-Charlotte "s'est retirée dans une sorte de réserve hautaine, dont elle n'est jamais sortie" . Ils se voient rarement pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, le prince étant au combat . C'est une période solitaire pour Sophie-Charlotte, qui réside principalement au château de Bellevue à Berlin, où elle passe son temps à lire, à peindre et à fréquenter un petit nombre d'amis .

Le couple divorce le 20 octobre 1926. Il aurait voulu le faire avant la guerre, mais en a été empêché par l'empereur. Eitel-Frédéric aurait entamé une procédure de divorce contre Sophie-Charlotte le 15 mars 1919 en invoquant des infidélités commises avant la guerre. En fin de compte, le verdict rendu par le tribunal attribue la responsabilité de la séparation au prince.

Second mariage
Sophie-Charlotte épouse en 1927 Harald von Hedemann, un ancien policier de Potsdam. Il a alors quarante ans et elle quarante-huit. Malgré le faible statut social du marié, le mariage a lieu au palais grand-ducal de Rastede en présence du père de Sophie-Charlotte ainsi que d'un petit nombre des relations du couple. Le couple élit domicile dans ce même château, et la richesse de la princesse leur permet un train de vie confortable.

Sophie-Charlotte meurt le 29 mars 1964 à Westerstede.

Références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Princesse de Prusse
Duchesse d'Oldenbourg
Maison de Holstein-Gottorp (Oldenbourg)
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de Louise
Naissance en février 1879
Naissance à Oldenbourg
Naissance dans le grand-duché d'Oldenbourg
Décès en mars 1964
Décès en Basse-Saxe
Décès à 85 ans

Sophie-Charlotte d'Oldenbourg


Los piratas moros, también conocidos como piratas del Joló, fueron unos bandoleros musulmanes del sur de las Filipinas que participaron en frecuentes actos de piratería, principalmente contra los españoles, a partir de finales del . A causa de las continuas luchas entre España y el pueblo moro, el área del mar de Joló y sus alrededores se convirtieron un refugio de piratas, que no se consiguió eliminar hasta principios del . Estos bandidos no deben ser confundidos con las fuerzas navales o corsarias de las diversas tribus moras, aunque muchos de ellos operaban bajo órdenes de aquellas en tiempos de guerra. Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, resurgió el fenómeno de la piratería en el mar de Joló y persiste hasta el presente.

Equipamiento

Barcos
Los barcos piratas utilizados por los moros eran conocidos como praos o garays, y su diseño variaba. La mayoría eran galeras de madera de cerca de noventa pies de largo con una manga de tres metros, y podían transportar de 50 a 100 tripulantes. Los moros generalmente armaban sus bajeles con tres pedreros, llamados lelahs o lantakas, y ocasionalmente un cañón pesado. Los praos eran muy veloces, y los piratas se aprovechaban de los buques mercantes que navegaban por aguas poco profundas y en calma a su paso por el mar de Joló. La trata de esclavos y los asaltos eran también muy comunes, y los piratas podían reunir grandes flotas de praos para atacar ciudades costeras. Cientos de cristianos fueron capturados y encarcelados durante siglos, muchos usados como galeotes a bordo de las embarcaciones de los bandidos.

Armas
Además de mosquetes y fusiles de avancarga, en los abordajes los piratas moros, así como los marinos y los corsarios, utilizaban una daga llamada kris, con un canal esculpido y una hoja ondulada, que hacía difícil de curar una herida causada por el arma. La empuñadura, de madera o marfil, era a menudo adornada con oro o plata. Los piratas moros también usaban el kampeli (una espada), el barong (un cuchillo) y una lanza de bambú con punta de hierro. Los pedreros de los filipinos no eran como los más modernos cañones de las potencias occidentales, eran de una tecnología muy antigua, lo que los hacía bastante imprecisos, sobre todo en mar abierto. El uso de lantakas data de inicios del , pudiendo llegar a medir seis pies de largo, requiriendo varios hombres para levantar una, y disparaban balas de media libra o metralla. El ánima del lantaka era perforado manualmente, estando este hundido en un hoyo lleno de tierra para mantenerlo en posición vertical. Su caña era perforada por un grupo de hombres que caminaban en círculo para accionar la broca del taladro manual.

Historia

Los españoles se enfrentaron con frecuencia a los moros en la década de 1840. La más famosa acción fue la expedición a la isla de Balanguingui de 1848, llevada a cabo por el brigadier José Ruiz de Apodaca, en la que participaron diecinueve pequeños barcos de guerra y cientos de soldados (Regimiento de Infantería "España"). A esta fuerza se opusieron al menos 1000 moros en posesión de cuatro fuertes con 124 cañones y una abundante cantidad de armas ligeras. También disponían de decenas de praos en la isla, pero los piratas prefirieron guarnecer las fortificaciones a enfrentarse a las tropas coloniales en el mar. Los españoles irrumpieron en tres de las posiciones por la fuerza y capturaron la restante después de la retirada de sus enemigos. En la operación se liberaron más de 500 prisioneros, y se infligieron 500 muertos o heridos a los moros, que además perdieron 150 de sus naves. Los españoles en cambio tuvieron 22 muertos y alrededor de 210 heridos. Los piratas volvieron a ocupar Balanguingui en 1849, pero la expedición enviada esta vez apenas encontró resistencia.

También en la década de 1840, James Brooke se convirtió en el Rajá blanco de Sarawak y dirigió una pequeña armada en una serie de campañas contra los piratas moros. En 1843, Brooke atacó a los bucaneros de Malludu, y en junio de 1847, el rajá libró una gran batalla con aquellos en Balanini, donde decenas de praos fueron capturados o hundidos. Brooke tomó parte también en 1849 en algunas acciones contra la piratería. Durante una confrontación con seis praos de los illanun en 1862, el capitán y heredero del rajá, John Brooke, hundió cuatro embistiéndolos con su barco de vapor de cuatro cañones, el Rainbow. Cada barco pirata tenía más de 100 tripulantes y todos estaban equipados con tres pedreros de bronce. John Brooke tuvo unos pocos muertos y heridos, mientras que los moros sufrieron al menos 100 bajas. Varios presos fueron liberados también.

A pesar de los esfuerzos españoles por erradicar la amenaza de los piratas, la piratería persistió hasta inicios del . En 1898, España cedió a Estados Unidos las Filipinas como consecuencia de la Guerra hispano-estadounidense. Al final del conflicto, las tropas estadounidenses se embarcaron en una campaña de pacificación que duró desde 1903 hasta 1913, extendiendo el dominio estadounidense al sur de las Filipinas y eliminando la piratería.

Piratería contemporánea
La piratería resurgió inmediatamente después del fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, como resultado del deterioro de la seguridad en la región y la gran disponibilidad de motores militares sobrantes y armas de fuego modernas. Las autoridades británicas en Borneo del Norte registraron 232 ataques de piratas entre 1959 y 1962. Durante este período inicial de la piratería, los piratas atacaban a los mercaderes de copra, pero también atacaban barcos pesqueros y de pasajeros, además de efectuar incursiones contra aldeas costeras. Por ejemplo, en 1985, los piratas sembraron el caos en el pueblo de Lahad Datu en Sabah, matando 21 personas e hiriendo a 11.

La insurgencia armada del Frente Moro de Liberación Nacional (FMLN, fundado en 1972) y del Frente Islámico de Liberación Mora (FILM, fundado en 1977), ofreció un nuevo impulso a la piratería, con ambas organizaciones tomando parte en esta para financiar su lucha armada. De los 155 ataques piratas que tuvieron lugar en las Filipinas en 2003, 16 fueron atribuidos al FILM, mientras que el FMLN se ocupa con la extorsión de pescadores, amenazándolos con atacarlos si no pagan el cupo. Del mismo modo Abu Sayyaf (fundado a inicios de la década de 1990), frecuentemente ha perpetrado ataques piratas, tanto para financiarse como para obtener ganancias personales.

Metodología
La piratería en el mar de Joló es principalmente perpetrada por pequeños grupos de menos de 10 personas, que generalmente están bien armadas y suelen ser más violentas que sus contrapartes en otras áreas del mundo, frecuentemente matando a sus víctimas con disparos o arrojándolas al mar para que se ahoguen. Las armas empleadas por los piratas incluyen revólveres, pistolas y fusiles, tales como el AK-47, el M16, el M1 Garand y el FN FAL. Los piratas casi siempre atacan embarcaciones pequeñas, incluso barcos pesqueros, de pasajeros y cargueros. Aunque los piratas principalmente roban las pertenencias de los viajeros, el cargamento y los peces capturados, a veces toman rehenes para pedir rescate. Además, a veces los piratas roban los motores fuera de borda de la embarcación o la propia embarcación, ya sea para revenderla o para quedársela.

Estadísticas de la piratería
Las estadísticas sobre la cantidad de incidentes de piratería que suceden en el mar de Joló no son fiables debido a varios factores. Por una parte, los incidentes en el mar de Joló son usualmente registrados en las estadísticas para toda Filipinas o Malasia. Por otra parte, la fiabilidad de las estadísticas padece del escaso número de registros. Dado que los principales blancos de los piratas en esta región son embarcaciones pequeñas, estos incidentes frecuentemente no son agregados en las estadísticas oficiales, que principalmente se preocupan por los ataques a buques cargueros. Las víctimas también son reacias a reportar los incidentes a las autoridades, porque creen que sus testimonios no tendrán resultado alguno, o porque desconfían de las autoridades.

Se ha estimado que durante la década de 1980, alrededor de 100 ataques piratas tuvieron lugar el mar de Joló cada año.

Factores para la piratería
A pesar de los esfuerzos de las autoridades malasias y filipinas para detener la piratería en el mar de Joló, este problema persiste. El escaso patrullaje marítimo, la corrupción, las rivalidades entre ambos estados y reclamos territoriales no resueltos son importantes obstáculos para una eliminación efectiva de la piratería. A veces las propias fuerzas de seguridad están involucradas en la organización de actos de piratería, proporcionando armas e información a los piratas. El carácter litoral del mar de Joló le facilita a los piratas tender emboscadas a sus víctimas y huir de las fuerzas policiales. En tierra, las malas condiciones económicas de la región impulsan a la gente a recurrir a diversas actividades delictivas para vivir, incluso la piratería. A su vez, esta exacerba la pobreza de la población, ya que sus principales objetivos son los mismos habitantes.

También se culpa a la existencia de grupos subversivos como Abu Sayyaf y FILM por la prevalencia de la piratería. No es solo que estos grupos se dediquen a la piratería, sino que los esfuerzos de las fuerzas policiales por suprimirlos también han reducido los recursos que podrían haberse empleado en contra de la piratería. Estos esfuerzos también pueden impulsar a los habitantes de la región a dedicarse a la piratería, ya que las fuerzas policiales frecuentemente acosan a los granjeros, quitándoles su medio de subsistencia. La proliferación de armas ligeras en la región también es alta, como resultado de la débil presencia estatal y la lucha armada de estos grupos, facilitando su obtención por los piratas.

Los factores culturales también pueden jugar un papel, con la mayoría de piratas contemporáneos del mar de Joló siendo los sucesores de sus antecesores históricos, añadiendo un elemento de aprobación cultural de la piratería. Se ha sugerido que la piratería puede estar motivada en parte por virtudes asociadas, tales como el honor y la masculinidad, que los piratas pueden demostrar al participar en un ataque. La piratería tampoco es vista como una actividad inherentemente criminal por la población que habita alrededor del mar de Joló, lo cual se refleja en los idiomas de la región.

Galería

Véase también

 Expedición de Balanguingui

 Guerra filipino-estadounidense
 Piratería berberisca

Notas

Bibliografía

Piratería
Presencia española en Filipinas
Terrorismo en Malasia

Piratas moros


En lambda-diode er et elektronisk kredsløb, som kombinerer et komplementært par af felteffekttransistorer i en to-terminal enhed, der udviser et område af negativ differentiel modstand lidt ligesom en tunneldiode. Termen refererer til formen af V–I kurven af enheden, som ligner det nederste af det græske bogstav λ (lambda).

Lambda-dioder arbejder ved højere spænding end tunneldioder.  Hvor en typisk tunneldiode kan udvise negativ differentiel modstand omtrent mellem 70 mV og 350 mV, er dette område for lambda-dioden omtrent mellem 1,5 V og 6 V grundet de højere pinch-off spændinger i typiske JFETs. En lambda-diode kan derfor ikke direkte erstatte en tunneldiode.

Det er også muligt at konstruere en enhed som ligner en lambda-diode ved at kombinere en n-channel JFET med en PNP-transistor.

Det er også muligt at konstruere en enhed som ligner en lambda-diode ved at kombinere to styk NPN-transistorer.

Anvendelser
Ligesom tunneldioden, kan lambda-diodens negative differentielle modstand anvendes i oscillatorkredsløb og dykmetre og forstærkere. Herudover er, bistabile kredsløb såsom hukommelsesceller baseret på lambda-dioder blevet beskrevet.

Kilder/referencer

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger
 epanorama.net: The Lambda Diode - A versatile negative resistance device

Elektroniske delkredsløb
Negativ differentiel modstand

Lambda-diode


The Well of Souls (; sometimes translated Pit of Souls, Cave of Spirits, or Well of Spirits), is a partly natural, partly man-made cave located inside the Foundation Stone ("Noble Rock" in Islam) under the Dome of the Rock shrine on the Temple Mount (Haram al-Sharif) in Jerusalem. During the Crusader period, it was known to Christians as the "Holy of Holies", referring to the inner sanctum of the former Jewish Temple, which, according to modern scholarship, was probably located on top of the Foundation Stone.

The name "Well of Souls" derives from a medieval Islamic legend that at this place the spirits of the dead can be heard awaiting Judgment Day, although this is not a mainstream view in Sunni Islam. The name has also been applied to a depression in the floor of this cave and a hypothetical chamber that may exist beneath it.

History and context

Judaism and Islam
The Well of Souls is located under the Foundation Stone, an exposed bedrock which lies directly under the Dome of the Rock. The Dome of the Rock stands on the location of the destroyed Second Jewish Temple (built around 516 BCE to replace Solomon's Temple), which was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE. In traditional Jewish sources, the Foundation Stone is considered the place from which the creation of the world began, and where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac.

In Islam, the Foundation Stone is known as the Noble Rock. Al-Tabari, a Muslim writer of the 9th century CE, identified the rock with the place where the Romans had "buried the temple [] at the time of the sons of Israel." Some modern Muslims believe it to be the spot from which Muhammad ascended to heaven during his   'Night Journey'). According to a medieval Islamic tradition, the Foundation Stone tried to follow Muhammad as he ascended, leaving his footprint here while pulling up and hollowing out the cave below. The impression of the hand of the Archangel Gabriel, made as he restrained the Stone from rising, is nearby.

Both Jewish and Muslim traditions relate to what may lie beneath the Foundation Stone, the earliest of them found in the Talmud in the former and understood to date to the 12th and 13th centuries in the latter. The Talmud indicates that the Stone marks the center of the world and serves as a cover for the Abyss (Abzu) containing the raging waters of the Flood. The cave was venerated as early as 902 according to Ibn al-Faqih. Muslim tradition likewise places it at the center of the world and over a bottomless pit with the flowing waters of Paradise underneath. A palm tree is said to grow out of the River of Paradise here to support the Stone. Noah is said to have landed here after the Flood. The souls of the dead are said to be audible here as they await the Last Judgment, although this is not a mainstream view in Sunni Islam.

Crusader period
The Foundation Stone and its cave entered fully into the Christian tradition after the Crusaders conquered Jerusalem in 1099. These Europeans converted the Dome of the Rock into a church, calling it in  (the 'Temple of the Lord'). They made many radical physical changes to the site at this time, including cutting away much of the rock to make staircases and paving the Stone over with marble slabs. The main entrance of the cave was enlarged, and Europeans of the Crusades are probably also responsible for creating the shaft ascending from the center of the chamber. The Crusaders called the cave the "Holy of Holies" and venerated it as the site of the archangel's announcement of John the Baptist's birth. Modern scholarship indicates that the Holy of Holies of the Jewish Temple was probably on top of the Foundation Stone, not inside it.

Legends and old interpretations
In 1871, Jerusalem was visited by the explorer and Arabist Sir Richard Francis Burton. Burton's wife Isabel later described their exploration of the Well of Souls as tourists:

Description

The entrance
The entrance to the cave is at the southeast angle of the Foundation Stone, beside the southeast pier of the Dome of the Rock shrine. Here a set of 16 new marble steps descend through a cut passage thought to date to Crusader times. On the way down, bedrock masses project in towards the stair; the one to the right is called "the tongue". (According to legend, the Stone answered Caliph 'Umar I when he addressed it.)

The chamber
The cave chamber is roughly square, about  on a side, and ranges from around  high.

Inside the chamber are four prayer niches. As one descends, next to the staircase there are two mihrabs (prayer niches): to the left (south) is one dedicated to Prophet Dawud (David), with a trefoil arch supported by miniature marble twisted-rope columns. To the right (southeast) is a shallower, but ornately decorated, prayer niche dedicated to the prophet Suleiman (Solomon). This 'mihrab is certainly one of the oldest in the world, considered to date at least back to the late 9th century, with some even suggesting that it dates back to the 7th century and to the time of Abd al-Malik, builder of the Dome of the Rock—making it the oldest in the world—but this is disputed. To the north is a small shrine dedicated to prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) and to the northwest another one dedicated to Khidr-Elijah. A depression in the floor of the cave elicits an echo, which may indicate a chamber beneath it.

The chamber is supplied with electric lighting and fans.

The shaft
At the center of the ceiling is a shaft,  in diameter, which penetrates  up to the surface of the Stone above. It has been proposed that this is the 4,000-year-old remnant of a shaft tomb. Another theory is that it represents a Crusader "chimney" cut for ventilation to accommodate lighted shrine candles. Still others have tried to make a case that it was part of a drainage system for the blood of sacrifices from the Temple altar. There are no rope marks within the shaft, so it has been concluded that it was never used as a well, with the cave as cistern. The ceiling of the cave appears natural, while the floor has been long ago paved with marble and carpeted over.

Literature
 The earliest reference to a "pierced rock" (the shaft in the cave's roof) may be that in the Itinerarium Burdigalense by the anonymous "Pilgrim of Bordeaux" who visited Jerusalem in 333 CE.
 References to the "Well of Souls" under the Foundation Stone date back at least to the 10th-century Persian writer Ibn al-Faqih who mentions it as an Islamic sacred site.
  The 11th-century Persian writer and traveler Nasir-i Khusraw related the traditional story of the origin of the cave in his classic travelogue Safarnama:

 The 16th-century rabbi David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra said there was a cave under the Dome of the Rock called the "Well of Souls".

Notes

References

External links
Cave inside the Dome of the Rock at IslamicLandmarks.com

Islamic mythology
Temple Mount
Ancient sites in Jerusalem
Limestone caves
Show caves in Israel
Christianity in Jerusalem
Crusade places
Sacred caves

Well of Souls


Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick, née le  à New York (États-Unis), est une femme politique américaine membre du Parti démocrate et représentante de la Floride depuis 2022.

Biographie

Origines, études et carrière professionnelle
Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick naît à Brooklyn de parents haïtiens et grandit dans le Queens (New York). À l'âge de treize ans, elle déménage en Floride, où elle effectue sa scolarité secondaire. Elle obtient un baccalauréat ès arts en sciences politiques et gouvernement à l'université Howard et un doctorat en droit de la faculté de droit de l'.

Après avoir obtenu son diplôme universitaire, elle devient chef de projet pour la New York City Transit Authority. De 1999 à 2007, elle est vice-présidente des opérations de Trinity Health Care Services, une entreprise de soins de santé à domicile basée en Floride, cofondée par son beau-père, Gabriel Smith. Elle occupe ensuite le poste de PDG.

Carrière politique
Le 28 août 2018, elle est candidate à la primaire démocrate pour le  district de Floride en vue des prochaines élections législatives. Elle échoue contre le député sortant Alcee Hastings, obtenant 26,4 % des voix contre 73,6 %.

Elle se représente en 2020 contre Alcee Hastings, le confrontant à son éthique et à ses problèmes de santé. Une nouvelle fois, elle perd la primaire avec 30,7 % des voix contre 69,3 %.

Alcee Hastings meurt en 2021 ; Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick se porte candidate à sa succession. Durant sa campagne, elle défend le Green New Deal, Medicare for All et un revenu de base de  par mois. Elle est soutenue par , une organisation progressiste qui avait déjà apporté son soutien à Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez et Rashida Tlaib par le passé.

Après un recomptage, elle est déclarée vainqueure de la primaire démocrate contre Dale Holness. Elle bat ensuite facilement le républicain Jason Mariner lors de l'élection générale du 11 janvier 2022. Elle devient la seule élue démocrate d'origine haïtienne du Congrès des États-Unis, la première à siéger après la républicaine Mia Love.

À la Chambre des représentants, elle est membre de la commission de l'Éducation et du Travail et de la commission des Vétérans. Elle appartient au Caucus noir du Congrès.

Vie privée
En 2017, elle épouse l'avocat Corlie McCormick et vit à Miramar (Floride).

Notes et références

Article connexe
 Liste des représentants des États-Unis pour la Floride

Liens externes

Naissance en janvier 1979
Naissance à New York
Étudiant de l'université Howard
Docteur en droit
Représentante des États-Unis
Représentant des États-Unis pour la Floride
Personnalité du Parti démocrate en Floride
Personnalité politique afro-américaine

Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick


Pseudogymnosolen nom. inval. 1974, monotipski rod crvenih algi iz porodice Corallinaceae. Taksonomski status roda još je neizvjestan, i potrebna su daljnja istraživanja

Trenutno je u bazi podataka samo jedna vrsta, P. mopanyuensis, koja je označena kao taksonomski prihvaćena na temelju navedene literature pod nazivom vrste.

Izvori

Koralinske alge

Pseudogymnosolen


Dağa Çıkan Kurt, Halide Edib Adıvar'ın nesir yazılarını ve hikâyelerini toplayan, 1922 yılında yazdığı kitabı.

Kitaba adını veren ilk yazı, I. Dünya Savaşı sonunda işgale uğrayan Türkiye'nin durumunu, Türk efsanelerini bozkurt motiflerine dayanarak anlatır. Kitapta en çok dikkati çeken hikâyeler, mütareke devri ile Yunan işgalinin yarattığı olayları konu edinenlerdir: Zeynebim, Zeynebim, Tanıdığım Çocuklardan, Efenin Hikâyesi, Çakır Beyaz Ayşe, Himmet Çocuk, Azizin Karısı. Kitapta gezi notları da yer alır.

Hikâye kitapları
1922 kitapları
Türkçe kitaplar
Konusu Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda geçen romanlar

Dağa Çıkan Kurt


Carl Julius Otto Liebe (24. maí 1850 – 5. apríl 1929) var danskur lögfræðingur sem gegndi stöðu forsætisráðherra Danmerkur í tæpa viku árið 1920.

Ævi og störf
Carl Liebe fæddist í Kaupmannahöfn. Faðir hans var Carl Christian Vilhelm Liebe, íhaldssamur stjórnmálamaður og þingmaður. Hann lauk prófi í lögfræði frá Kaupmannahafnarháskóla og varð einn virtasti lögmaður Danmerkur.

Árið 1920 setti Kristján 10. konungur dönsk stjórnmál í uppnám þegar hann setti af ríkisstjórn Carl Theodor Zahle vegna óánægju með hvernig hún hefði staðið að málum varðandi mögulega innlimun Suður-Jótlands. Í hans stað skipaði konungur nýja ríkisstjórn und forsæti Liebe, sem stjórna skyldi landinu fram að næstu kosningum. Liebe og aðrir ráðherrar hinna nýju stjórna voru ekki virkir þátttakendur í stjórnmálum, þótt þeir væru flestir taldir hægrisinnaðir í skoðunum.

Ákvörðun konungs mæltist illa fyrir og var talað um valdarán hans. Hörð viðbrögð verkalýðshreyfingarinnar og fleiri afla olli því að konungur skipaði þegar nýja utanþingsstjórn undir forsæti Michael Pedersen Friis. Liebe gegndi því forsætisráðherrastarfinu ekki nema í fimm daga, sem er met í danskri stjórnmálasögu. Afskiptum hans af dönskum stjórnmálum lauk með þessu. Hann lést árið 1929.

Forsætisráðherrar Danmerkur

Otto Liebe


Les districts de Sławno et de Słupsk sont une région historique située dans l'actuelle Poméranie et centrée sur les villes de Słupsk et de Sławno. L'historiographie polonaise divise traditionnellement cette zone en deux parties séparées, bien qu'étroitement liées — l'Ouest (terre de Sławno) et l'Est (terre de Słupsk). Vers 1294, les Districts de Lauenburg et de Bütow furent séparés de ceux de Słupsk-Sławno — lesquels furent annexés en 1317 au duché de Poméranie. Ils changèrent ensuite fréquemment de mains, passant entre celles de l'Ordre Teutonique et de la Pologne, avant de revenir définitivement au Brandebourg-Prusse en 1653. Depuis 1945, le territoire de Słupsk et Sławno fait partie de la Pologne.

Le district de Słupsk-Sławno était la composante principale du duché de Słupsk. On suppose qu'il y avait une principauté wende (également connue sous le nom de Sławno) dans le pays Sławno.

Références

Histoire de la Pologne médiévale
Ancienne division administrative en Pologne
Ville dans la voïvodie de Poméranie
Poméranie

Districts de Sławno et de Słupsk


John Chapman may refer to:

Politicians

United Kingdom
John Chapman (Leicester MP) represented Leicester (UK Parliament constituency)
Sir John Chapman, 2nd Baronet (c. 1710–1781), British Member of Parliament for Taunton, 1741–1747
John Chapman (Grimsby MP) (1810–1877), British Member of Parliament for Grimsby, 1862–1865 and 1874–1877

United States
John Chapman (Pennsylvania politician) (1740–1800), United States Representative from Pennsylvania
John Grant Chapman (1798–1856), Maryland politician
John Lee Chapman (1811–1880), American politician
John William Chapman (1894–1978), Lieutenant Governor of Illinois

Other countries
John Otho Chapman (1931–2011), politician in Saskatchewan, Canada
John Chapman (Australian politician) (1879–1931), Australian senator

Writers
John Chapman (theologian) (1704–1784), English cleric and scholar
John Chapman (engineer) (1801–1854), English political and economic writer
John Jay Chapman (1862–1933), American essayist and dramatist
John Chapman (screenwriter) (1927–2001), English playwright and screenwriter

Sportspeople
Jack Chapman (1843–1916), baseball player and manager
Jack Chapman (footballer) (1895–?), English footballer
John Chapman (baseball) (1899–1953), former shortstop
John Chapman (cricketer, born 1877) (1877–1956), English cricketer
John Chapman (cricketer, born 1814) (1814–1896), English cricketer
John Chapman (New Zealand cricketer) (1865–1949), New Zealand cricketer
John Chapman (football manager) (1882–1948), footballer and manager
Johnny Chapman (born 1967), NASCAR driver
John Chapman (rugby league), Australian rugby league player
John Chapman (harness racing) (1928–1980), Canadian driver

Religion
John Wilbur Chapman (1859–1918), American Presbyterian evangelist
John Chapman (priest) (1865–1933), British priest, abbot, and religious scholar
John Chapman (evangelist) (1930–2012), Australian evangelist
John Chapman (bishop), Anglican bishop in Canada

Other people
Johnny Appleseed (John Chapman, 1774–1845), pioneer nurseryman and missionary
John Gadsby Chapman (1808–1889), American artist
John Chapman (publisher) (1821–1894), publisher of the Westminster Review
John Ratcliffe Chapman (1815–1899), British-American rifle scope designer
John Chapman (Medal of Honor) (1844–1905), French soldier who fought in the American Civil War
John Henry Chapman (1860–1942), British businessman and philatelist
John Chapman (Australian Army officer) (1896–1963), Australian Army general of WWII
John Herbert Chapman (1921–1979), Canadian space researcher
John Chapman (artist) (born 1946), British artist
John Norman Chapman (born 1947), American murderer
John A. Chapman (1965–2002), USAF Combat Controller, posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor
John Chapman (producer), British television producer

See also
Jonathan Chapman (1807–1848), American politician

John Chapman


Dholka (en guyaratí: ધોળકા ) es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Ahmedabad, estado de Guyarat.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 26  a 75 km de la capital estatal, Gandhinagar, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 56 090 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Guyarat

Dholka


The Agent That Shapes the Desert treći je studijski album norveškog avangardnog metal sastava Virus. Album je 14. veljače 2011. godine objavila diskografska kuća Duplicate Records.

Popis pjesama

Zasluge
Virus
 Czral – vokali, gitara, tekstovi
 Einz – bubnjevi
Dodatni glazbenici
 Kristoffer Rygg – dodatni vokali (na pjesmi 9)
 Bjeima – bas-gitara
 Bård Ingebrigtsen – bariton gitara, violina, klavir, produkcija
 Kjartan Kristiansen – bottleneck gitara (na pjesmi 7)
Ostalo osoblje
 Vegard Haave – fotografija
 Johannah Henderson – tekstovi
 Tom Kvålsvoll – mastering
 Kvohst – tekstovi
 Eliran Kantor – ilustracije, naslovnica

Izvori

Albumi iz 2011.
Albumi sastava Virus

The Agent That Shapes the Desert


حميد مراد (20 مارس 1975 - 30 أكتوبر 2007)، ممثل بحريني.

ملخص حياته
بدأ التمثيل في صغره عام 1990، شارك بالعديد من الأعمال المسرحية والتلفزيونية. قدم أدوار الجرأة في أكثر من عمل، وكان متزوج من الممثلة مروة خليل والدة ابنته الوحيدة «نور»، توفي بسبب إصابته بسرطان الدم في 30 أكتوبر 2007 وكان آخر أعماله هو مسلسل عيون من زجاج وعرض المسلسل قبل وفاته بشهر خلال شهر رمضان.

من أعماله
 بن عقل.
 سعدون.
 السديم
 عويشة.
 عيون من زجاج.
النيران.
الهارب (مسلسل)

 اخر الرجال (مسلسل)

روابط خارجية

مراجع

ممثلون وممثلات بحرينيون
مواليد 1395 هـ
مواليد 1975
وفيات 1428 هـ
وفيات 2007
وفيات بسبب مرض السكري

حميد مراد


Acrocladium, rod pravih mahovina u redu Hypnales, porodica Amblystegiaceae. postoje tri priznate vrste

Vrste
 Acrocladium auriculatum Mitten, 1869
 Acrocladium chlamydophyllum C. Müller & Brotherus, 1900
 Acrocladium trichocladium Boswell, 1892

Izvori

Hypnales

Acrocladium


Karl Fritz Lauer () a fost un agronom german, specializat în fitopatologie și herbolologie, profesor universitar.

Biografie
Karl Lauer s-a născut ca fiul unui profesor și vice-notar german în Banat, fratele său mai mare fiind jurnalistul Heinrich Lauer. În anul 1944, pe timpul refugiului din al Doilea Război Mondial, familia sa a trăit în Viena, unde a fost înscris la școală. Întors înapoi în Banat după război, Karl a urmat mai întâi școala elementară din Săcălaz, apoi Școala Medie pentru Industria Alimentară și în sfârșit liceul seral din Timișoara, unde a luat bacalaureatul. A studiat în continuare la Facultatea de Agricultură din Timișoara, terminând-o cu diploma în inginerie agricolă (1965). Mai târziu, în 1974, a obținut diploma de doctor în agricultură sub conducerea științifică a profesorului Gheorghe Anghel (1974). După aceea, a activat la oficiul de cadastru din Timișoara, a făcut serviciul militar în Ploiești și a fost angajat la stațiunea de cercetare agricolă din Lovrin.

După ce s-a mutat în Germania de Vest în anul 1981, unde a fost angajat inițial ca om de știință la Institutul Botanic al Universității din Regensburg, iar între 1983 și 1995 s-a ocupat cu managementul cercetării științifice de teren pentru sudul Germaniei, ca angajat al grupului chimic și farmaceutic francez .

În 1991, a fost numit de către Universitatea de Științe Agricole și Medicină Veterinară a Banatului din Timișoara, profesor de onoare în domeniul protecției plantelor și a predat acest subiect în Centrul Științific Weihenstephan al Universității Tehnice din München, în Freising. Apoi, din 1996, a fost responsabil de domeniul herbologie (specializare care se ocupă cu aspectele legate de biologia, ecologia și combaterea buruienilor precum impactul rezultat de ele asupra mediului) la Universitatea de Științe Aplicate Weihenstephan-Triesdorf. Mai departe, a lucrat în calitate de consilier cu privire la tezele de științe agricole ale studenților la Universitatea Agricolă din Timișoara. Acolo a fost onorat și cu titlul doctor honoris causa.

În 2007 a fost, împreună cu Păun Ion Otiman, co-inițiator pentru redeschiderea Școlii Agricole în Voiteg, al cărei consilier consultativ a fost până la moartea sa. A menținut relații strânse în scopul de a stabili contactele internaționale cu rectorii universitari Alexandru Moisuc (între 2004-2012), Paul Pîrșan (între 2012-2016) și Cosmin Alin Popescu (din februarie 2016). În cadrul proiectului european de cercetare Biofector, Lauer a fost un membru important al echipei, în special în studiile de teren.

În 2002 a fost ales membru onorific al Academiei de Științe din România și În 2004 onorat cu Ordinul Național "Pentru Merit" în grad de comandor.

Savantul a fost căsătorit cu Helga și a locuit pentru mulți ani în Leonberg. Cuplul a avut doi copii, pe Uwe și pe Heidi.

Lucrări și premii
 Lauer a publicat 3 manuale, a produs 40 de documente privind ingrediente active fitosanitare și mai departe 130 de lucrări științifice.

 Profesor onorific de protecție a culturilor la Universitatea de Științe Agricole din Timișoara (1991)
 Doctor honoris causa de către Universitatea de Științe Agricole din Timișoara (1991)
 Membru onorific al Academiei de Științe din România (2002)
 Decorat cu Ordinul Național "Pentru Merit" (România) în gradul de comandor (2004)

Note

Bibliografie
 Ruxandra Ciofu (Coordonator), Nistor Stan, Victor Popescu, Pelaghia Chilom, Silviu Apahidean, Arsenie Horgos, Viorel Berar, Karl Fritz Lauer, Nicolae Atanasiu: Tratat de Legumicultură, Editura Ceres, București 2003
 Landwirtschaftliche Universität des Banat: Bericht 60 Jahre Agraruniversität în Timisoara 2005
 Anton Peter Petri: Biographisches Lexikon des Banater Deutschtums. Marquartstein 1992. (Karl Fritz Lauer; p. 1004)
 Manfred G. Raupp (ed.): Aktualne probleme ochrana rastlin. Sympozium Stary Smokovec (Cehoslovacia) 1990

Legături externe
 Karl Fritz Lauer im EU Biofector-Projekt
 Untersuchungen von Karl Fritz Lauer und Heinrich Gräpel zu Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen gegen den Maiswurzelbohrer PDF accesat în 13 iunie 2018

Nașteri în 1938
Nașteri pe 11 aprilie
Decese în 2018
Decese pe 5 iunie
Biologi din secolul al XX-lea
Biologi din secolul al XXI-lea
Profesori universitari
Agronomi
Fitopatologi
Decorați cu Ordinul național Pentru Merit
Oameni din județul Timiș

Karl Fritz Lauer


Der Große Preis von Frankreich 1951 fand am 1. Juli auf dem Circuit de Reims-Gueux statt und war das vierte Rennen der Automobil-Weltmeisterschaft 1951. Das Rennen hatte auch den FIA-Ehrentitel Großer Preis von Europa.

Hintergrund

Im Gegensatz zum belgischen Grand Prix wurden für den Grand Prix von Frankreich mit 24 wieder eine ordentliche Zahl von Nennungen abgegeben. Die angekündigten B.R.M. fehlten allerdings immer noch. Dafür hatte das Team von Tony Vandervell seinen ersten Auftritt auf der Grand-Prix-Bühne, allerdings noch nicht mit einem eigenen Fahrzeug, sondern mit einem 4,5-Liter-Ferrari, der von Reg Parnell gesteuert wurde. Alfa Romeo setzte wieder einen vierten Wagen für Fagioli ein. Dieser war technisch allerdings nicht ganz auf dem Stand der drei anderen Fahrzeuge. Die schnelle Strecke von Reims favorisierte die Alfa-Romeo wegen ihrer deutlich höheren Endgeschwindigkeit, die allerdings mit einem enorm hohen Verbrauch (ca. 1,5 l Methanol auf 1 km) und zwei zusätzlichen Boxenstopps erkauft wurde. Bei Ferrari ersetzte González den erkrankten Taruffi im Werks-Team. Im Gegensatz zu den 425 PS starken Alfa Romeo leisteten die Ferrari-Motoren nur 380 PS, kamen aber mit einem einzigen Tankstopp über die gesamte Renndistanz.
Simca-Gordini entsendete zum Heim-Rennen vier Wagen, die aber aufgrund der geringen Motorleistung (150 PS) praktisch keine Chance auf einen vorderen Platz hatten. Das andere französische Team Talbot war nur durch die privaten Meldungen von Louis Rosier und Louis Chiron vertreten.

Training
Das Training war erneut vom Duell der Alfa Romeo gegen Ferrari geprägt. Ascari war am ersten Trainingstag der schnellste, Fangio sicherte sich im Alfa Romeo aber die Pole-Position vor seinem Teamkollegen Farina und den Ferrari-Fahrern Ascari und Villoresi.

Rennen
Am Renntag war es sehr heiß. Fangio erwischte den besten Start – ganz im Gegensatz zu Farina, der gleich am Start wegen durchdrehender Hinterräder auf den sechsten Rang zurückfiel. Aus der ersten Runde kehrte allerdings Ascari vor Fangio und Villoresi als Führender zurück. Den ersten Ausfall verzeichnete Peter Whitehead, der ebenso wie de Graffenried bereits in der zweiten Runde stehen blieb. Auch Marimón und Manzon waren früh draußen. Sanesi kam im Alfa Romeo in der 5. Runde an die Box und klagte über Fehlzündungen. Farina konnte sich bis zur neunten Runde wieder auf den dritten Platz vorarbeiten. Kurz darauf lag er in Führung, als Ascari in der zehnten Runde zurückfiel und an der Box seinen Ferrari mit Getriebeschaden abstellen musste und Fangio ebenfalls durch Fehlzündungen in Schwierigkeiten kam. Sein Boxenstopp zum Austausch des Zündverteilers dauerte 12 Minuten. Farina hatte inzwischen einen Vorsprung von fast einer Minute, gerade genug, um die Führung durch den erforderlichen Extra-Boxenstopp zum Tanken nicht zu verlieren. Fagioli im vierten Alfa Romeo lag an dritter Position. Daraufhin wurde er an die Boxen gerufen, um Fangio seinen Wagen zu übergeben. Dieser startete damit eine Aufholjagd und überholte in der 34. Runde Villoresi und drei Runden später auch González, der seinen Wagen gleich darauf an Ascari übergeben musste. Durch einen weiteren Tankstopp der Alfa Romeo kam Ascari in González' Wagen wieder an Fangio vorbei und gelangte in Führung, als der nach wie vor vorn liegende Farina in der 44. Runde seinen zweiten Stopp einlegte.

In der nächsten Runde war Farina mit einer abgelösten Lauffläche seines Reifens schon wieder an der Box, fuhr jedoch an seinem Standplatz vorbei. Es dauerte drei Minuten, bis er wieder auf die Strecke zurückkonnte, jetzt auf den dritten Platz zurückgefallen. Fangio jagte weiterhin den an der Spitze liegenden Ascari und konnte in der 50. Runde die Führung übernehmen, als Ascari die Boxen anlief, um seine Bremsen kontrollieren zu lassen. Fangio fuhr in der Folge einen so großen Vorsprung heraus, dass er auch durch den zusätzlichen Tankstopp die Führung nicht verlor und das Rennen mit fast einer Minute Vorsprung gewann. Den sicher geglaubten dritten Platz verlor Farina in den letzten Runden noch an Villoresi durch Probleme mit der Zündanlage. Er fiel dabei auch noch hinter Parnell zurück und lief lediglich auf Platz fünf ein. Parnell hatte das Glück, das Rennen trotz einer unmittelbar vor dem Zieleinlauf gebrochenen Achse beenden zu können. Obwohl Fagioli 1951 keine einzige Runde in Führung gelegen war, trug er sich hier zum ersten und einzigen Mal in die Siegerliste eines Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaftslaufes ein. Der 1898 geborene Italiener ist damit bis heute der älteste Formel-1-Sieger.

Meldeliste

Klassifikation

Startaufstellung

Rennergebnis

WM-Stand nach dem Rennen

Die ersten fünf bekamen 8, 6, 4, 3 bzw. 2 Punkte; einen Punkt gab es für die schnellste Runde. Es zählen nur die vier besten Ergebnisse aus acht Rennen. (*) schließt den Punkt für die schnellste Runde ein, gleichfarbig markierte Felder zeigen eine Fahrzeugübernahme (Punkteteilung) an.

Weblinks

 Ergebnisse

Einzelnachweise
 Lang, Mike: Grand Prix! 1950 - 1965; Haynes Publishing Group, Sparkford Sommerset 1981 (englisch), ISBN 978-0-85429-276-9.

1951
Frankreich
1951
Sportveranstaltung im Département Marne

Großer Preis von Frankreich 1951


Kılavuz, Alaca - Çorum ili Alaca ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kılavuz, Oğuzeli - Gaziantep ili Oğuzeli ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kılavuz, Dargeçit - Mardin ili Dargeçit ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kılavuz, Milas - Muğla ili Milas ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kılavuz, Bor - Niğde ili Bor ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kılavuz, Hayrat - Trabzon ili Hayrat ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kılavuz, Çaldıran - Van ili Çaldıran ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kullanıcı kılavuzu
 Kılavuz kaptan
 Strateji kılavuzları
 Rehber

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kılavuzlar

Kılavuz


Dropasteinn eru útfellingar afgangskviku sem hafa lekið úr þaki hella og storknað.

Heimildir

Hellar

Dropasteinn


Erik Cassel (Los Angeles, 16 de dezembro de 1967 – São Francisco, 11 de fevereiro de 2013) foi um empresário e programador estadunidense, conhecido por cofundar o Roblox junto com David Baszucki.

Biografia
Cassel conviveu com computadores desde jovem e aprendeu a programar em um Radio Shack TRS-80 na escola secundária. Ele comentou que, durante o recreio, programava jogos: "Eu programava um jogo e tinha apenas alguns minutos para jogá-lo antes que o sinal tocasse. O computador não tinha um disco rígido, então eu perderia o programa e teria que escrever um novo no dia seguinte. Isso realmente me motivou a me tornar um bom programador. Quanto mais rápido e melhor eu pudesse codificar, mais tempo teria para jogar".

David Baszucki conheceu Cassel como um graduado recente em 1989. Cassel leu na revista MacUser sobre uma empresa de software que Bascuzcki estava construindo e voou para uma entrevista de emprego, de acordo com Baszucki. Uma olhada em um software que Cassel escreveu para o departamento de física de sua escola convenceu Baszucki a contratar Cassel na hora. Os dois passaram quase uma década construindo softwares educacionais para o ensino de física e eventualmente venderam a empresa por 20 milhões de dólares. Eles se separaram alguns anos após a aquisição, mas mantiveram contato.

Em 2004, eles criaram a ideia para o Roblox Baszucki comentou: "Quando Erik construía algo, ele sempre fazia certo. Nunca houve uma questão de hack, band-aid ou bolt-on com Erik quando se tratava de engenharia de software". Em 2010, Erik comentou: "É divertido fazer parte de algo à medida que ele cresce e você pode relembrar todas as coisas que aconteceram e o quão longe chegamos. Por outro lado, Roblox continua mudando e crescendo. Daqui a um ano, vou olhar para trás e pensar nisso como parte do 'começo' também".

Erik morreu em 11 de fevereiro de 2013, após uma batalha de três anos contra um câncer. Segundo o Business Insider, "De muitas maneiras, a memória de Cassel vive no mundo de Roblox — real e virtual — desde o emocionante blog memorial escrito por Baszucki, onde ele declara que seu cofundador é o 'cara mais legal que já conheci', até um memorial dentro do próprio jogo feito por seus filhos para celebrar sua memória".

Programadores dos Estados Unidos
Engenheiros dos Estados Unidos
Roblox

Erik Cassel


Wirikuta es uno de los territorios más sagrados de la cosmogonía de los indígenas wixarika (se pronuncia wirrarica, huicholes) ya que según sus creencias la creación del mundo ocurrió en dicho sitio. Pertenece al estado mexicano de San Luis Potosí, parte de los municipios de Catorce, Charcas, Matehuala, Villa de Guadalupe, Villa de La Paz y Villa de Ramos.

Es desde 1998 parte de la Red Mundial de Sitios Sagrados Naturales de la UNESCO.

Es un área natural protegida estatal de San Luis Luis Potosí, declarada el 7 de octubre de 2000 como «Sitio Sagrado Natural de "Wirikuta y la Ruta Histórico Cultural del Pueblo Wixárika"», con un área protegida de  y   de la Ruta Histórico Cultural del Pueblo Wixárika. Es administrada por la SEGAM (Secretaría de Ecología y Gestión Ambiental). Fue recategorizada el 9 de junio de 2001.

Peregrinación
Según la cosmogonía wixarika, cada uno de los cuatro puntos cardinales y el centro de la región wixarika, poseen un territorio sagrado en la que habitan las deidades más importantes:

 Teakata (Santa Catarina, Jalisco), al centro,
 Huaxamanaka (Cerro Gordo, Durango), al norte.
 Haramara (San Blas, Nayarit), al oeste.
 Xapawleyeta (Isla de los Alacranes del Lago Chapala, Jalisco), al sur.
 Wirikuta, en el este.

En dicha zona los wixarika creen salió por vez primera el sol y habitan las deidades y espíritus ancestrales, por tanto, consideran que cada elemento natural que habita en Wirikuta es igualmente sagrado. Uno de los ritos más sagrados es la peregrinación a Wirikuta. Entre los meses de octubre y marzo, se recrea el caminar de los deidades desde el mar en Haramara, al este, hasta el lugar en donde salió el sol (Reunax), el actual Cerro Quemado (Leunaxü). Los dioses fueron guiados por Tatewari, el abuelo fuego. Hasta ahí llegó un venado (maxa) que con sus cuernos elevó el disco solar al cielo, dándole luz al mundo.

Cada año, los maraka'ames (chamanes) huicholes peregrinan desde la región Wixarika en Jalisco hasta San Luis Potosí, a unos 400 km de distancia, como forma de recrear dicho caminar mítico. Actualmente el recorrido se realiza apoyado por diversos medios de transporte. La primera parte de la peregrinación es caminar hasta Takata, un territorio sagrado en la Sierra Madre Oriental, en donde los jicareros (xuxuricare o guardianes de los templos) que peregrinarán pedirán que tengan buen camino. De ahí partirán hacia un kalihuey, un templo mayor en donde prepararán junto a otras autoridades wixarika el caminar hasta Wirikuta.

En el grupo de peregrinación guía un maraka'ame con un grupo de jicareros. En el trayecto deben caminar dos niños con los rostros cubiertos. Durante la marcha, se consume solo agua y se realiza la marcha en silencio y en estado contemplativo. En Wirikuta el primer ritual es la confesión de los peyoteros de sus pecados de índole sexual ante una fogata que evoca a Tatehuari. Mientras, otro maraka'me golpea las piernas de los confesantes con una vara para que no omitan ningún detalle.

La última parte del rito es la recolección del hikuri, el cual llevarán de regreso a sus comunidades, haciendo la recreación cosmogónica del ciclo de la vida.

Problemática con minería
Desde 2005 el gobierno mexicano ha entregado múltiples concesiones mineras a empresas canadienses, la más conocida: First Majestic Silver Corp en el área de Real de Catorce.

En diciembre del 2011, la empresa canadiense Revolution Resources anuncio el lanzamiento del Proyecto Universo, un proyecto minero que pretende explotar recursos minerales en   dentro del Área Natural Protegida de Wirikuta, lo que representa el 42.56% de la superficie total protegida. Por el tipo de yacimientos, el método más adecuado para su explotación sería el de minado a cielo abierto.

La cantidad de agua requerida por la mega minería, provocaría el desecamiento de cuencas hídricas, de acuerdo con informes de la CONAGUA  se encuentran sobreexplotadas y tienen muy poca capacidad de recuperación.

Flora
La lista de plantas vasculares está conformada por 526 especies. Las familias y géneros mejor representados son Asteraceae, Poaceae, Cactaceae, Fabaceae y Lamiaceae, así como Quercus, Opuntia, Muhlenbergia, Salvia, Agave, Bouteloua y Dissodia.

Se determinaron la presencia de 19 especies incluidas en NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010:
Chaute (Ariocarpus fissuratus) P
Chautle (Ariocarpus retusus) Pr
Biznaga algodoncillo de estropajo (Astrophytum capricorne) A
Birrete de obispo (Astrophytum myriostigma) A
Palma de la Sierra Madre Oriental (Brahea berlandieri) Pr
Biznaga partida olorosa (Coryphantha odorata) Pr
Biznaga partida (Coryphantha poselgeriana) A
Biznaga burra (Echinocactus platyacanthus) Pr
Biznaga (Escobaria dasyacantha) Pr
Biznaga barril costillona(Ferocactus hamatacanthus) Pr
Biznaga barril de lima (Ferocactus pilosus) P
Biznaga palmilla de San Pedro(Leuchtenbergia principis) A
Laurel (Litsea glaucescens) P
Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) Pr
Biznaga(Mammilloydia candida) A
Biznaga pezón de Tula (Thelocactus tulensis) A
Biznaga peyotito (Turbinicarpus lophophoroides) Pr
(Turbinicarpus somiedickeanus) A
Biznaga cono invertido (Turbinicarpus valdezianus) Pr
(Ferocactus lastipinus)

En peligro de extinción (P) Amenazada (A) Sujeta a protección especial (Pr) Probablemente extinta en el medio silvestre (E)

Fauna
Se reportaron 96 especies de aves dentro de la reserva de Wirikuta, dieciséis  de las noventa y seis especies registradas están listadas dentro de la Norma Oficial NOM-059. Además de que dieciséis  de las noventa y seis especies registradas están listadas dentro de la Norma Oficial NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 por lo que el Área Natural Protegida (ANP) es de gran importancia para la conservación de especies en riesgo.

Dentro de los mamíferos se registró un total de seis especies.  Garza morena (Ardea herodias santilucae) Pr Endémica,  gavilán de cooper (Accipiter cooperii) Pr,aguililla pecho rojo (Buteo lineatus) Pr, aguililla de Swainsoni (Buteo swainsoni) Pr, aguililla cola roja (Buteo jamaicensis fumosus/socorroensis) Pr, aguililla real (Buteo regalis) Pr, aguililla rojinegra (Parabuteo unicinctus) Pr,águila real (Aquila crisaetus) A, tórtola coquita (Columbina passerina socorroensis) A Endémica, colibrí pico ancho(Cynanthus latirostris lawrencei) Pr Endémica, (Vireo beilii pusilus) A, (Psaltripanus minimus grindae) Pr Endémica,chivirin cola obscura (Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda) E Endémica, zacatonero garganta blanca (Amphispiza bilineata carmenae/tortugae) A Endémica, junco de Guadalupe (Junco hyemalis insularis) Endémica, pinzón(Carpodacus mexicanus clementis/amplus) P Endémica.

En peligro de extinción (P) Amenazada (A) Sujeta a protección especial (Pr) Probablemente extinta en el medio silvestre (E)

Véase también
Hikuri

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Arturo GUTIÉRREZ DEL ÁNGEL, La peregrinación a Wirikuta: El gran rito de paso de los huicholes, Etnografía de los Pueblos Indígenas de México. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Universidad de Guadalajara, México, 2002, 310 p.

Pueblo Wixarrika
Áreas protegidas del estado de San Luis Potosí
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 2000
México en 2000

Wirikuta


Bleekrodea, rod grmova i manjeg drveća iz porodice dudovki. Postoje četiri vrste raširenih po jugoistočnoj Aziji, istočnoj Kini i Madagaskaru

Vrste
 Bleekrodea insignis Blume
 Bleekrodea madagascariensis Blume
 Bleekrodea malayana (Carner) C.C.Berg
 Bleekrodea tonkinensis Eberh. & Dubard

Sinonimi
 Teonongia Stapf

Vanjske poveznice
 Flora Malesiana

Izvori

Dorstenieae

Bleekrodea


William Maxwell Evarts (February 6, 1818February 28, 1901) was an American lawyer and statesman from New York who served as U.S. Secretary of State, U.S. Attorney General and U.S. Senator from New York.  He was renowned for his skills as a litigator and was involved in three of the most important causes of American political jurisprudence in his day: the impeachment of a president, the Geneva arbitration and the contests before the electoral commission to settle the presidential election of 1876.

During the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes, the reform-minded Evarts was an active member among the "Half-Breed" faction of the Republican Party, which emphasized support for civil service reform, bolstering opposition towards conservative "Stalwarts" who defended the spoils system and advocated on behalf of Southern blacks.

Family, education and marriage

William M. Evarts was born on February 6, 1818, in Charlestown, Massachusetts, the son of Jeremiah Evarts and Mehitabel Barnes Sherman. Evarts's father, a native of Vermont, a "lawyer of fair practice and good ability,"
and later the editor of The Panoplist, a religious journal, and corresponding secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (during a time of "fervor in mission propagandism") who led the fight against Indian removals, died when William was thirteen. William's mother was the daughter of Roger Sherman, Connecticut founding father, a signatory to the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution.

Evarts attended Boston Latin School, then Yale College. In his college class were Morrison Waite, later Chief Justice of the United States, Samuel J. Tilden, future New York Governor and Democratic presidential nominee and one of the contestants in the electoral commissions controversy in which Evarts acted as counsel for the Republicans, chemist Benjamin Silliman, Jr., and Edwards Pierrepont, later United States Attorney General. While at Yale he became a member of two secret societies, the literary and debate oriented Linonian Society and Skull and Bones; he later extolled the former and much later denounced all such secret societies. Evarts was one of the founders of Yale Literary Magazine in 1836. He graduated third in his class in 1837.

After college he moved to Windsor, Vermont, where he studied law in the office of Horace Everett and taught school to save money for law school.  He attended Harvard Law School for a year, where he "won the respect of Professors Joseph Story and Simon Greenleaf."  Evarts completed his legal studies under attorney Daniel Lord of New York City and was admitted to the bar in 1841.

He married Helen Minerva Bingham Wardner in 1843. She was the daughter of Allen Wardner, a prominent businessman and banker who served as Vermont State Treasurer. They had 12 children between 1845 and 1862, all born in New York City.

Private practice
After admission to the bar Evarts joined the law office of Daniel Lord. One of his first cases involved the trial of the infamous forger Monroe Edwards. Evarts served as a junior counsel for the defense, which was headed by Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky. Edwards was convicted, but Evarts's handling of his duties earned him notice as a promising lawyer.

In 1851, Evarts began his partnership with Charles F. Southmayd (the firm was then named Butler, Evarts & Southmayd), a partnership that would last for the rest of his professional career in one form or another. In 1859 Evarts invited Joseph Hodges Choate to join the firm (which then became Evarts, Southmayd & Choate), and the firm then had a trial litigator in many ways as talented as Evarts. But it was Southmayd that Evarts depended on to prepare the case, because Southmayd, it was said, "was a lawyer of remarkable knowledge and capacity and dexterity in working up a case." In court, "especially before a jury," however, it was Evarts who shined.

In 1855, the State of Virginia hired attorneys (including the eminent Charles O'Conor) to contest the decision of the New York Superior Court releasing eight black slaves in the famous Lemmon Slave Case. When Ogden Hoffman, the New York Attorney General, died, the New York legislature appointed Evarts to replace him, and he argued to uphold the decision. The Appellate Division affirmed the ruling, and Virginia again appealed. Evarts again represented the state in the New York Court of Appeals and again prevailed. The case generated widespread interest in both New York and the Southern states, and Evarts's arguments were reported in the daily press, as was nearly every step in the case. Thurlow Weed said that the quality of Evarts's arguments "placed beyond doubt his right to be ranked among the foremost lawyers of the country."

In 1856 Evarts represented the widow of Henry Parish, who was the proponent of his will and codicils in probate. His brothers contested the will on the grounds of incapacity and undue influence. (The brothers had been the decedent's executor in the will but, by a codicil executed after he was struck with paralysis that rendered him nearly speechless, they were removed.) The proceedings took on a Bleak House-like life of its own (the Dickens novel having been published only three years before) with eminent counsel on all sides. The estate was worth over $1.5 million at the beginning of the trial. There were 111 days of testimony before the Surrogate and two weeks of oral argument before the case closed on November 23, 1857. The Surrogate admitted the will and the first codicil (removing the brothers as executors and bequeathing them the residue of the estate) but rejected the second and third (providing for $50,000 in charitable bequests). After four-and-a half years of appeal, involving two arguments before the Court of appeals the judgment was affirmed. The Times concluded: "The three volumes of evidence reveal a web of fact, experience and motive, rarely matched in works of fiction, and the three remaining volumes of briefs and arguments exhibit an array of learning, ingenuity and sustained ability, that will always place this suit in the front rank of the causes célèbres of American jurisprudence." As a result of this case his firm would be entrusted with many large estates, including that of the Astors.

The most fame Evarts ever received for a case, however, came in 1875 when he represented nationally famous clergyman Henry Ward Beecher in a suit for "unlawful conversation" (unlawful sexual intercourse) by Beecher with the wife of plaintiff Theodore Tilton and the alienation of his wife's affections. The case was a national sensation, but despite what appeared to be clear evidence, Evarts obtained a hung jury for his client; in fact only three of the twelve jurors voted in favor of Tilton.

Evarts's courtroom style was summarized as follows: "[H]is long sentences, which, in the period when he was most conspicuous in the public mind, were often marveled over, never seemed to  impair the clarity of his arguments; the vein of humor he could infuse in the driest case, the logic and vigor of his utterances, the soundness of his information, the great thoroughness of his preparation, were all factors in his success. But, of course, these do not account altogether for his triumph as an advocate, which was largely due to his positive genius for that kind of work." Another observer described his style:

Early political career
Evarts early associated himself with the city's Whig interests dominated by Thurlow Weed. In 1849 he received the appointment of assistant United States attorney for the district of New York. He served until 1853. In 1851 he was also made a commissioner of the Almshouse (later known as the Commissioners of Charity and Correction). The most famous case Evarts was involved in while district attorney was against the famous journalist John L. O'Sullivan and his fellow filibusters, who had fitted out the Cleopatra  to aid an insurrection in Cuba. After a month-long trial, the jury was unable to come to a verdict.

Unlike other Northern Whigs, Evarts was not an abolitionist and defended the Compromise of 1850 drafted by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas. He was not involved in the antislavery crusade except for his involvement in the Lemmon Slave Case.

Evarts never showed the talent or inclination for electoral politics, but he early became relied on by party leaders to perform oratorical or public ceremonial functions. In early 1852 he made two major addresses at large meetings for Daniel Webster's candidacy: one in March at the Metropolitan Hall and the other in June at Constitution Hall right before the Whig National Convention. Evarts's allegiance was out of touch not only with both the Northern and Southern factions of the Whigs but also with William H. Seward, who supported General Winfield Scott.

Although most former Webster supporters belonged to the Whiggish-aligned, moderate wing of the Republican Party and Senator William H. Seward on the staunchly abolitionist end, Evarts became an enthusiastic supporter of Seward. In 1860, he was chairman of the New York delegation to the Republican National Convention in Chicago, where his oratory was at the disposal of the Senator, who most observers believed was a strong favorite for the nomination. James G. Blaine described the effects of those efforts on his audience:

Evarts placed Seward's name in nomination, and when it became apparent that Seward would not attain it, Evarts, on behalf of Seward, graciously moved the unanimous nomination of Abraham Lincoln.

In 1861 he ran against Horace Greeley for the Senate seat vacated by Seward (who had become Lincoln's Secretary of State), but when neither could attain the requisite votes, the legislature settled on Ira Harris as a compromise.

In 1862, he was one of the lawyers who argued the Prize Cases for the United States before the U.S. Supreme Court.

He served on New York's Union Defense Committee during the Civil War. He was a delegate to the New York state constitutional convention of 1867. At the constitutional convention he was a member of the standing committee on the preamble and bill of rights and the committee on the judiciary.

Service in the Johnson, Grant, and Hayes administrations

From 1865 to 1868, Evarts was on the team of lawyers prosecuting Jefferson Davis for treason. In 1868, he became counsel for U.S. President Andrew Johnson during his impeachment trial. He delivered the closing argument for Johnson, and Johnson was acquitted, an event that seemed unlikely when the trial began.

Afterward, Evarts was appointed Attorney General following the Senate's refusal to reconfirm Henry Stanbery to the office, from which Stanbery had resigned in order to participate in Johnson's defense. Evarts served as United States Attorney General from July 1868 until March 1869.

In 1872 he was counsel for the United States before the tribunal of arbitration on the Alabama claims in Geneva, Switzerland. His oral argument helped the United States recover on its claims for the destruction of Union military ships, commercial ships, and commercial cargo by the CSS Alabama and other Confederate ships which had been built in and sailed from British ports during the American Civil War. No compensation for British blockade runners which were largely responsible for prolonging the war by two years was offered though.

Evarts was a founding member of the New York City Bar Association. He served as its first president from 1870 to 1879, the longest tenure of any president.

Evarts served as counsel for President-elect Rutherford B. Hayes before the Electoral Commission that resolved the disputed presidential election of 1876. During President Hayes's administration, he served as Secretary of State. Initially, Evarts did not act upon reports of corruption in the foreign service and supported actions against internal whistleblowers John Myers, Wiley Wells and later John Mosby. However, when President Grant continued to hear such complaints during his post-presidential around-the-world tour, and such were confirmed by internal troubleshooters DeB. Randolph Keim and former General turned consul to Japan Julius Stahel, Evarts began to clean house before the 1880 election. He ultimately secured the resignation of a favorite subordinate, Frederick W. Seward, for shielding rascals, and then several consuls in the Far East, including George Seward, David Bailey and David Sickels. In 1881, Evarts was a delegate to the International Monetary Conference at Paris.

U.S. Senator
Evarts gained the support of state legislators in 1884 for US Senator from New York, and from 1885 to 1891 he served one term. While in Congress (49th, 50th and 51st Congresses), he served as chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on the Library from 1887 to 1891. He was also a sponsor of the Judiciary Act of 1891 also known as the Evarts Act, which created the United States courts of appeals. As an orator, Senator Evarts stood in the foremost rank, and some of his best speeches were published.

Chair of the American Committee for the Statue of Liberty
Evarts led the American fund-raising effort for the pedestal for the Statue of Liberty, serving as the chairman of the American Committee. He spoke at its unveiling on October 28, 1886. His speech was entitled "The United Work of the Two Republics."

Taking a breath in the middle of his address, he was understood to have completed his speech. The signal was given, and Bartholdi, together with Richard Butler and David H. King Jr., whose firm built the pedestal and erected the statue, let the veil fall from her face. A 'huge shock of sound' erupted as a thunderous cacophony of salutes from steamer whistles, brass bands, and booming guns, together with clouds of smoke from the cannonade, engulfed the statue for the next half hour.

Retirement
Senator Evarts retired from public life in 1891 due to ill health. He was still a partner in his law practice in New York City, called Evarts, Southmoyd and Choate. He died in New York City  on February 28, 1901, and was buried at Ascutney Cemetery in Windsor, Vermont.

Evarts owned numerous properties in Windsor, Vermont, including Evarts Pond and a group of historic homes often referred to as Evarts Estate. The homes included 26 Main Street in Windsor. Evarts purchased this house from John Skinner in the 1820s for $5,000; it was passed down to his daughter, Elizabeth Hoar Evarts Perkins, who left the house to family members, including her son Maxwell Perkins. The house stayed in the family until 2005. 26 Main Street in Windsor, Vermont was later restored and reopened as Snapdragon Inn. Snapdragon Inn is open to the public and features a library that displays items related to the history of William M. Evarts and his extended family.

Extended family
William Evarts was a descendant of the English immigrant John Everts; the family settled in Salisbury, Connecticut, in the 17th century. Evarts was a member of the extended Baldwin, Hoar and Sherman families, which had many members in American politics.

Ebenezer R. Hoar, a first cousin of Evarts, was a U.S. Attorney General, Associate Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts and representative in Congress. The two were best friends and shared similar professional pursuits and political beliefs. Each served, in succession, as United States Attorney General. Some of Evarts's other first cousins include U.S. Senator and Governor of Connecticut Roger Sherman Baldwin; U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (brother of Ebenezer R.) George F. Hoar; and Sherman Day, California state senator and founding trustee of the University of California.

Son Allen Wardner Evarts graduated from Yale College in 1869. He supported the founding of Wolf's Head Society, and was first president of its alumni association. He held the position for a total of 20 years over two separate terms. He was a law partner, corporate president, and trustee of Vassar College.

Son Maxwell Evarts graduated from Yale College in 1884, where he was also a member of Skull and Bones. He served as a New York City district attorney, and later as General Counsel for E. H. Harriman, which later became the Union Pacific Railroad. He was president of two  Windsor, Vermont, banks, and the chief financial backer of the Gridley Automatic Lathe (manufactured by the Windsor Machine Co.). In politics, Maxwell served as a member of the Vermont House of Representatives and was a Vermont State Fair Commissioner.

Grandson Maxwell E. Perkins became the noted editor of Charles Scribner's Sons and dealt with authors F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Thomas Wolfe, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings and James Jones.

Great-nephew Evarts Boutell Greene became a historian and was appointed Columbia University's first De Witt Clinton Professor of History in 1923 and department chairman from 1926 to 1939. He was chairman of the Columbia Institute of Japanese Studies 1936–1939. He was a noted authority on the American Colonial and Revolutionary War periods.

Another relative, Henry Sherman Boutell, was a member of the Illinois State House of Representatives in 1884, a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois from 1897 to 1911 (6th District 1897–1903; 9th District 1903–1911), a delegate to the Republican National Convention from Illinois in 1908 and U.S. Minister to Switzerland from 1911 to 1913.

Great-great-nephew Roger Sherman Greene II, the son of Daniel Crosby Greene and Mary Jane (Forbes) Greene, was the U.S. Vice Consul in Rio de Janeiro in 1903–1904, in Nagasaki in 1904–1905 and in Kobe in 1905; U.S. Consul in Vladivostok in 1907 and in Harbin 1909–11; and U.S. Consul General in Hankow, 1911–1914.

Great-great-nephew Jerome Davis Greene (1874–1959) was president of Lee, Higginson & Company 1917–1932; secretary, Harvard University Corporation, 1905–1910 and 1934–43; general manager of the Rockefeller Institute 1910–1912; assistant and secretary to John D. Rockefeller Jr. as trustee of the Rockefeller Institute; trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation; trustee of the Rockefeller General Education Board 1910–1939; executive secretary, American Section, Allied Maritime Transport Council, in 1918; Joint Secretary of the Reparations, Paris Peace Conference, in 1919; chairman, American Council Institute of Pacific Relations, 1929–1932; trustee of the Brookings Institution of Washington, 1928–1945; and a founding member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Great-grandson Archibald Cox served as a U.S. Solicitor General and special prosecutor during President Richard Nixon's Watergate scandal, whereas Evarts defended a U.S. President (Andrew Johnson) in his impeachment trial. In a sense, they both successfully argued their cases, which represent two of the four U.S. Presidential impeachment efforts. An impeachment trial was not held in Nixon's case: Nixon resigned before the House of Representatives acted on the House Judiciary Committee's recommendation that Nixon be impeached.

Legacy
A eulogist summarized his career thus:

Mr. Evarts's most conspicuous, perhaps sole, title to fame is, that he was a great lawyer and brilliant advocate. ... his study of legal principles was profound, his acquaintance with literature was wide, his ideas of professional ethics were exalted. He held great National offices, but his title to them was rather as lawyer than statesman.

On March 6, 1943, construction began on a United States Maritime Service liberty ship in Evarts's name. The SS William M. Evarts (hull identification number MS 1038) was launched April 22, 1943, and served during World War II in the European theater. It transported troops and supplies from its home port in Norfolk, Virginia, to various ports on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. After World War II, the ship was decommissioned and finally scrapped in 1961.

See also
 List of Skull and Bones Members

Notes

Sources

  Online via Heinonline.org (subscription required): First Part, American Lawyer, Vol. 4, Issue 1 (January 1902), pp. 4–10; Second Part, American Lawyer, Vol. 4, Issue 2  (February 1902), pp. 59–65. Retrieved March 24, 2016.

  Online via Heinonline.org (subscription required). Reprinted from the New York Mail & Express.

Further reading

 Sherman Evarts (editor/introduction), Arguments and Speeches of William Maxwell Evarts. In Three Volumes. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1919.

External links

 Evarts Family Papers at Yale University

 William Maxwell Evarts US Department of Justice
 The Ebenezer Hoar Papers
 Evarts, William Maxwell from 1818 to 1901. Papers from 1849 to 1887 Harvard Law School Library Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase
 Sherman Genealogy Including Families of Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, England By Thomas Townsend Sherman
 Baldwin-Greene-Gager family of Connecticut  at Political Graveyard
 Sherman-Hoar family  at Political Graveyard
 William Maxwell Evarts Letters, 1839–1905 (bulk 1839–1879) MS 235 held by Special Collection & Archives, Nimitz Library at the United States Naval Academy

1818 births
1901 deaths
Andrew Johnson administration cabinet members
Boston Latin School alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Members of the defense counsel for the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
New York (state) Republicans
Politicians from Boston
Presidents of the New York City Bar Association
Republican Party United States senators from New York (state)
United States Attorneys General
1876 United States presidential election
United States Secretaries of State
Yale University alumni
Yale College alumni
Hayes administration cabinet members
19th-century American politicians
Burials in Vermont
New York (state) Whigs
Lawyers from Boston
Civil service reform in the United States
Half-Breeds (Republican Party)
Members of Skull and Bones

William M. Evarts


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 1919 en Finlande  :

Évènement
- :
 - : , tentative d'occupation de la Carélie orientale.
 juin : , référendum non officiel sur l'intégration à la Suède.
 juillet : .

Création
 Ålandsbanken
 , club sportif.
 ,

Dissolution
 Gouvernement Ingman I
 Gouvernement Kaarlo Castrén

Naissance
 Margit Ekman, photographe.
 , personnalité politique.
 , sauteur à ski.
 , écrivain.
 , journaliste.
 , linguiste.
 , avocat.

Décès
 , poète.
 , écrivaine.
 Elia Heikel, architecte.
 , journaliste.
 , historienne, écrivaine et généalogiste.
 , militaire.
 , personnalité politique.

Notes et références

1919 en Finlande

1919 en Finlande


2. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska u sezoni 2019./20. je predstavljala drugi stupanj županijske lige u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji, te ligu šestog stupnja hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva.
Kao posljedica pandemije COVID-19 u svijetu i Hrvatskoj, u ožujku je došlo do prekida odigravanja nogometnih natjecanja u Hrvatskoj
6. svibnja 2020. Hrvatski nogometni savez je donio odluku o konačnom prekidu natjecanja za 2. HNL i sve ostale niže lige, te se njihov trenutni poredak uzima kao konačan.

U ligi je sudjelovalo 10 klubova, te je do prekida odigrana jesenska polusezona (9 kola), a prvakom je proglašen vodeći klub - "Lošinj" iz Malog Lošinja.

Ljestvica

 odigrano 9 od predviđenih 18 kola (jesenska polusezona)

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 2. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska

Vanjske poveznice
 nspgz.hr - Nogometni savez primorsko-goranske županije
 sportcom.hr, 1.A/B ŽNL / 2. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska

Izvori

 nspgz.hr, 2. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska - seniori
 nspgz.hr, Nogometni savez Primorsko-goranske županije, DRUGA ŽUPANIJSKA NOGOMETNA LIGA - NATJECATELJSKA GODINA 2019./2020. - GLASILO br. 10, (9. kolo - rezultati i ljestvica - završno stanje), objavljeno 6. studenog 2019., preuzeto 28. svibnja 2020.
  rsssf.com, Croatia 2019/20 / Sixth Level (2nd county leagues)

2019-20
Primorsko-goranska-2

2. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska 2019./20.


B.B.S. Sugarlight (født 2 juli 2009 i Västerås, Västmanlands län) er en svenskfødt varmblodig travhest.

B.B.S. Sugarlight blev i 2010 eksporteret til Norge og trænes siden da af amatørtræneren Fredrik Solberg. Siden januar 2014 er Peter Untersteiner førstekusk på B.B.S. Sugarlight.

Karriere
Den 20. august 2014 blev B.B.S. Sugarlight nummer to efter Support Justice i Jubileumspokalen på Solvalla.

Den 25. april 2015 på Åbytravet vandt B.B.S. Sugarlight Olympiatravet.

Den 31. maj 2015 deltog B.B.S. Sugarlight i Elitloppet på Solvalla. Han sluttede på tredjepladsen i trialløbet og kvalificerede sig dermed til finaleløbet samme dag. I Elitloppsfinalen blev B.B.S. Sugarlight nummer fem.

Den 14 juni 2015 på hjemmebanen Bjerke Travbane vandt B.B.S. Sugarlight Oslo Grand Prix.

Kilder

Travheste

B.B.S. Sugarlight


Ferdinand Wolff ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Ferdinand Wolff (Journalist) (1812–1905), deutscher Journalist
 Ferdinand von Wolff (Mineraloge) (Ludwig Ferdinand von Wolff; 1874–1952), deutscher Mineraloge

 Ferdinand von Lüdinghausen-Wolff (1910–1977), deutscher Bürgermeister und Landrat

Siehe auch:
 Ferdinand Wolf (1796–1866), österreichischer Romanist

Ferdinand Wolff


Karl Derrick "Tuffy" Rhodes (born August 21, 1968) is a retired American professional baseball player. He played six years in Major League Baseball in the US, and thirteen years in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) in Japan. Rhodes is the all-time NPB home run leader among foreign-born players, and he is 13th overall with 464 home runs in Japan. He hit 55 home runs in 2001, tying the NPB single-season mark set by Sadaharu Oh in 1964.

Early life
Rhodes was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He acquired the nickname "Tuffy" as a child due to his serious approach to baseball. Rhodes attended Western Hills High School in Cincinnati.

Career
Prior to Japan, he was a center fielder playing for the Houston Astros, Chicago Cubs and Boston Red Sox from 1990-1995.

In his major league career, Rhodes batted .224, with 13 home runs and 44 runs batted in, 74 runs scored and 14 stolen bases in 225 games played.

In , he hit an extra-inning home run to win the American Association championship for the Iowa Cubs. His only season of more than 250 at bats came with the 1994 Cubs. In that season, Rhodes became the first National League player to hit three home runs on opening day when he connected off Dwight Gooden at Wrigley Field.  In this game, Rhodes also became the first major leaguer ever to hit home runs in his first three at-bats of a season.

Granted free agency after the  season, Rhodes signed with the Kintetsu Buffaloes in the Pacific League of NPB.

In the  season, he hit his 55th homer to tie Sadaharu Oh's Japanese League single season home run record, set in . For the rest of the season, opposing pitchers intentionally walked Rhodes to prevent him from breaking Oh's record. (The current record is 60, set by Wladimir Balentien in 2013.) The following year, Alex Cabrera tied the record. Over 8 seasons with the Buffaloes, Rhodes hit 288 home runs for the team.

After eight one-year contracts with the Buffaloes, Rhodes wanted a multi-year contract with the team, but they refused to give him his contract. He was planning to sign with the Giants, and he only wanted Kintetsu to match the years, not the contract. He later found out that due to Kintetsu selling the club, they couldn't give him his multi year contract.

After Kintetsu refused to sign him to a multi-year contract, Rhodes signed a two-year deal with the Yomiuri Giants of the Japanese Central League in 2004. A successful first year was followed by a difficult second year. He left the team halfway through the 2005 season due to injury, and was released in the off-season.

In 2006, he tried to return to the major leagues with the Cincinnati Reds but was released by the team in spring training. He did not play again that season.

After spending the rest of 2006 with his family, however, he returned to Japan in 2007, signing a one-year contract with the Orix Buffaloes. After 10 seasons in NPB, Rhodes became just the second foreign player to accrue the required service time to no longer be counted as a foreign player for roster purposes, joining Tai-Yuan Kuo. In the past decade, Alex Ramírez and Alex Cabrera have also achieved the same classification.

Rhodes began the 2007 season with a bang by hitting a home run in his first game, and connecting for two more in the next game on two consecutive at bats. According to manager Terry Collins, Rhodes still had an 'explosive' bat. While the Buffaloes struggled to a last-place finish in 2007, and also not having any protection to speak of in the lineup, Rhodes' comeback was a spectacular one, batting .291 and hitting 42 home runs to go with 96 runs batted in.

The next season, teamed with fellow foreign-born slugger Alex Cabrera, Rhodes hit 40 home runs and drove in 118 runs. Combined, Cabrera and Rhodes, who earned the nickname "Caburo" late in the season, slammed 76 home runs and drove in 222 runs.  Rhodes' 118 RBI also led the league as the Buffaloes made an improbable run to the playoffs, finishing second in the Pacific League and making their first playoff appearance since their 1996 Japan Series victory. However, the success did not last as the Buffaloes were swept in the short first-round of the Pacific League Climax Series by Yu Darvish and the more experienced Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters.  Rhodes played for one more season with Orix before retiring for good at the end of the 2009 season.

See also
 American expatriate baseball players in Japan

References

External links

Japanese Baseball Data Archive
The Baseball Gauge
Venezuela Winter League

1968 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Asheville Tourists players
Baseball players from Cincinnati
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago Cubs players
Columbus Mudcats players
Gulf Coast Astros players
Houston Astros players
Iowa Cubs players
Kintetsu Buffaloes players
Leones del Caracas players
Major League Baseball center fielders
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Nippon Professional Baseball designated hitters
Nippon Professional Baseball MVP Award winners
Omaha Royals players
Orix Buffaloes players
Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes players
Osceola Astros players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
Tucson Toros players
Yomiuri Giants players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Tuffy Rhodes