Manuel Augusto Montes de Oca Varela (Buenos Aires, 26 de junio de 1867 - ibíd., 27 de enero de 1934) fue un abogado y político argentino que ejerció como ministro del Interior y de Relaciones Exteriores de la República Argentina en los primeros años del .

Biografía
Hijo de Juan José Montes de Oca, nieto del médico Juan José Montes de Oca y de Natalia Rosa Varela Cané, hija del líder unitario Florencio Varela; su tío Mariano Adrián Varela, fue canciller de su país y otro tío, Manuel Augusto Montes de Oca, ocupó el mismo cargo durante la presidencia de Nicolás Avellaneda.

Estudió derecho en la Universidad de Buenos Aires, recibiéndose de abogado en 1888. Fue profesor de historia en el Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires y de derecho constitucional en la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Fue director de importantes empresas como el Ferrocarril Central Córdoba y el Banco El Hogar Argentino.

Fue cónsul en Gran Bretaña durante el período 1899-1903, período en que el conflicto de límites con Chile estuvo en el centro de la atención del país y requirió la búsqueda de apoyos externos para su país. Representó a su país en la ceremonia de coronación del rey británico Eduardo VII.

El 15 de marzo de 1906, pocos días después del fallecimiento del presidente Manuel Quintana, su sucesor José Figueroa Alcorta lo nombró Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores. Solucionado el grave diferendo con Chile por medio del Tratado General de Arbitraje de 1902, su tarea estuvo centrada en la promoción de las relaciones pacíficas con los países europeos.

Entre julio y septiembre de ese mismo año de 1906 ocupó interinamente el Ministerio del Interior y, tras la breve gestión de Joaquín V. González, lo ocupó en forma titular en el mes de noviembre, para lo cual presentó su renuncia al Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Fue uno de los mentores de la ley que otorgaba la amnistía a los líderes militares de la Revolución radical de 1905. En septiembre del año siguiente, superado por la expansión de las manifestaciones socialistas y anarquistas, presentó su renuncia al cargo.

Posteriormente continuó en el servicio exterior, representando a su país ante el gobierno del Brasil y en la Conferencia Panamericana de Buenos Aires de 1912.

Falleció en Buenos Aires el 27 de enero de 1934.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Porteños
Abogados de Argentina
Diplomáticos de Argentina
Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores de Argentina
Ministros del Interior de Argentina
Alumnado de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires
Académicos de la Academia Nacional de la Historia de la República Argentina
Miembros de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Económicas (Argentina)
Familia Montes de Oca
Familia Varela
Profesores de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires

Manuel Augusto Montes de Oca


Mouysset est un quartier de la ville de Tarbes, dans le département français des Hautes-Pyrénées, situé à l'est de la ville.

Origine du nom
La famille Mouysset était propriétaire du terrain sur lequel est construite la cité du même nom. Terrain situé sur l'ancien lit de l'Adour exploité en gravière.

La famille Mouysset repose au cimetière Saint-Jean.

Géographie
Le quartier est situé à l'est de la ville, entre Séméac, Aureilhan à l'est, et les quartiers d'Ormeau-Figarol à l'ouest, le Martinet au nord et la zone d'activité Kennedy  au sud.

Il est bordé à l'est par le fleuve de l'Adour.

Morphologie urbaine
Le secteur comprend une grande majorité de tours et de barres HLM, en majorité construites au milieu des années 1960.

En partie ouest du quartier est en revanche essentiellement construite par des pavillons et des maisons traditionnelles, la partie sud comprend différentes zones d'activités, entreprises logistiques, activités technologiques, négoces de services, commerces et services du quotidien …

Le quartier contient les secteurs : Mouysset, Clauzier,  Sémire, Rourdes

Évolution démographique

Enseignement

Écoles maternelle et élémentaire
 École publique Louise-Michel.
 École publique Jeanne-Larroque.

Écoles primaires
Tarbes dispose de 16 écoles primaires : 12 publiques et 4 privées.
 École publique Jean-Macé.

Lieux de culte
 La Mosquée Omar ibn al-Khattâb.

Infrastructures

Sportives
 Palais des sports, salle du Tarbes Gespe Bigorre.
 Canoë-kayak sur l'Adour.
 Boulodrome couvert avec tribunes.
 Parcours sportif des berges de l'Adour et voie verte du CaminAdour.

Transports
C'est l'entreprise Keolis qui exploite les lignes urbaines de bus de Tarbes, depuis le .

La rocade sud de Tarbes passe à l'ouest du quartier en parallèle de l'Adour.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Tarbes
 Dictionnaire des rues

Liens externes

Mouysset

Quartier Mouysset (Tarbes)


Stéphane Claireaux (født 23. juni 1964 i Saint-Pierre og Miquelon) er en fransk politiker fra Det radikale venstreparti (PRG). Han repræsenterede Saint-Pierre og Miquelon i Nationalforsamlingen.
Stéphane Claireaux var medlem af Nationalforsamlingen fra 2012 til 2017. Han var indkaldt som stedfortræder for Annick Girardin, der var minister i regeringerne Valls I, Valls II, Cazeneuve, Philippe I og Philippe II.

Politikere fra Frankrig
Radikale fra Frankrig

Stéphane Claireaux


Uhm ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Peter van Uhm (* 1955), niederländischer General
 Uhm Ji-won (* 1977), südkoreanische Schauspielerin
 Uhm Jung-hwa (* 1969), südkoreanische Popsängerin und Schauspielerin

UHM steht als Abkürzung für:
 University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, staatliche Universität in Mānoa, Hawaii, Vereinigte Staaten
 Ultra High Modulus, Grad für die Zähigkeit von Kohlenstofffasern

UHM

Uhm


Kureyşözü, 1642 yılında Osmanlı Devletinin aldığı bir kararla Karaman eyaletine bağlı Konya sancağının kazaları olan Turgud Kureyşözü ve Bayburd Kureyşözü toprakları birleştirilerek oluşturulmuş bir kazadır. Osmanlı Devleti Arşivlerinde (İstanbul) 636 numaralı Tapu Tahrir defterinde bu yere ait bilgi Devlet Arşivleri Sitesi taraması sonucu çıkmaktadır.

1642'de Atçeken oymaklarının yaşadığı şimdiki Kulu (Konya) bölgesine verilen bir isimdir.

Dış bağlantılar

Devlet Arşivleri Web Sitesi

Kulu, Konya

Kureyşözü


Velkommen til Paradis er en dansk kortfilm fra 2015 instrueret af Kristian Håskjold.

Handling
Harald er vokset op i en frikirke, og dagen for hans konfirmation er kommet - et ritual som vil gøre ham til en officiel del af kirken. Men han har en hemmelighed, som hverken kirkens overhoved eller hans far kender til. En hemmelighed, som kan være fatal for hans indtræden i kirkefamilien. I sidste ende må Harald tage beslutningen, om han skal give afkald på en del af sig selv for at bevare forholdet til sin familie og venner.

Medvirkende

 William Rudbeck Lindhardt, Harald
 Kjeld Nørgaard, Præst
 Mads Reuther, Malte
 Frank Gundersen, Haralds far

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2015

Velkommen til Paradis


Herbert Adolf Kappler (23 de septiembre de 1907 - 9 de febrero de 1978) fue el jefe de la policía alemana y servicios de seguridad en Roma durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Obtuvo el grado militar de Obersturmbannführer en la Sicherheitsdienst y fue responsable de la Masacre de las Fosas Ardeatinas así como de no respetar la neutralidad de la Santa Sede.

Primeros años

Kappler nació el 23 de septiembre de 1907, en el seno de una familia de clase media en la ciudad de Stuttgart en lo que entonces se conocía como el Imperio Alemán. Durante su infancia, vivió la Primera Guerra Mundial, y más tarde, en 1920, se trasladó a la República de Weimar. Estudió cuatro años en la escuela primaria (Volksschule) y otros cuatro en la escuela secundaria, obteniendo la graduación en 1925. Más tarde asistió a un colegio técnico y estudió siete semestres ingeniería eléctrica. Hacia 1929 era un electricista certificado.

Las actividades de Kappler entre 1929 y 1931 son poco conocidas, salvo que vivía en Stuttgart, de vez en cuando realizaba trabajos como electricista. Viviendo en una ciudad tan importante, Kappler era testigo del caos de la Gran Depresión, la extensión del Freikorps y el creciente auge del Partido Nazi. En 1931, Herbert Kappler se hizo miembro del NSDAP Partido Nacionalsocialista Obrero Alemán.

Partido Nazi

Herbert Kappler se afilió al Partido Nazi el 1 de agosto de 1931 a la edad de veintitrés años. Al mismo tiempo, se hizo un stormtrooper en las Sturmabteilung (SA) y sirvió como un SA-Mann del 1 de agosto de 1931 al 1 de diciembre de 1932. Su número de ingreso al Partido Nazi era el 594,899.

Dejó las SA, ya que fue aceptado como candidato para entrar en la Schutzstaffel (SS), realizando un período de prueba para entrar como SS-Anwärter. Se sometió a seis meses de formación de adoctrinamiento, y fue aceptado en las SS el 8 de mayo de 1933. Durante el período de prueba de Kappler, Adolf Hitler se convirtió en Canciller de Alemania, esto significó que Kappler no tuvo "el honor" de haber ingresado en las SS antes de la llegada de los nazis al poder. Aun a pesar de su ingreso anterior a 1931, Kappler fue considerado miembro de la vieja guardia Alter Kämpfer y por esa razón se le concedido el Cabrio de honor de la vieja guardia en 1934.

Después de servir como SS-Anwärter desde diciembre de 1932 a mayo de 1933, Kappler fue ascendido a SS-Mann y se le adjudicó el número 55,211 al ingresar a las SS. Su primera asignación fue como un miembro de la formación Allgemeine-SS (decimotercero SS-Standarte),  acantonada en Stuttgart, realizando servicios a tiempo parcial como un miembro de la SS.
Kappler estaba en su ciudad natal durante la Noche de los Cuchillos Largos, pero tenía un rango demasiado bajo en las SS para participar considerablemente.

En 1935, fue llamado para servir en la Wehrmacht. A mediados de ese mismo año, solicitó afiliarse a la Sicherheitspolizei. En enero de 1936, fue promovido al rango de SS-Scharführer y transferido a la oficina central de la  Gestapo de Stuttgart (Stapoleitstelle Stuttgart). Durante el siguiente año, Kappler empezó a hacer méritos ante sus superiores.

En 1937, fue enviado a la Gestapo para asistir a la Führerschule der Sicherheitspolzei (la Escuela de Mando de la Policía Secreta) en Berlín en la que se graduó en el verano 1937 como Kriminalkommissar certificado (Comisario Criminal). Esto marcó una pauta para su ascenso y Kappler fue promocionado como oficial de la Gestapo, con el rango de SS-Untersturmführer (Subteniente), el 9 de noviembre de 1938.

Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial

Mientras se comenzaba a desarrollar la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en septiembre de 1939, Kappler servía como SS-Hauptsturmführer (Capitán) en la oficina central de la Gestapo en Stuttgart. A partir de este mismo año hasta 1940, fue brevemente enviado a Polonia para participar en varias acciones de los Einsatzgruppen antes de hacer un viaje como oficial de la Gestapo uniformado a la Bélgica ocupada donde actuó para suprimir la resistencia.

A mediados de 1941 Kappler fue ascendido a SS-Sturmbannführer (mayor), y seleccionado como oficial de enlace en el gobierno de Benito Mussolini así como consejero de seguridad de la policía fascista. Su llegada a Italia fue el resultado de su experiencia en la policía secreta, uniones con el mando SS (Reinhard Heydrich en particular), así como su fluidez de la lengua italiana.

Jefe de policía en Roma

La primera acción de Kappler como jefe de fuerzas de seguridad alemanas en Roma era ayudar a planear el rescate de Benito Mussolini por las fuerzas especiales SS, hazaña llevada a cabo por Otto Skorzeny. A Kappler se le confió después la realización de redadas para detener a judíos y transportarlos a Auschwitz; en su primera acción, fueron deportados 1,007 judíos italianos. Más tarde dirigiría la deportación de unos diez mil más, los cuales terminaron en las cámaras de gas. Como parte de la última operación, Kappler extorsionó con éxito 50 kilogramos (110 libras), de oro a los judíos de Roma, lo que Kappler luego alegó fue un intento de evitar las deportaciones.

A principios de 1944 Kappler y con el rango de SS-Obersturmbannführer (Teniente coronel), ya era el más alto representante del RSHA Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Oficina Central de Seguridad de Reich) en Roma, bajo el mando directo del gobernador militar, el General de la Luftwaffe Kurt Mälzer, como del SS-Obergruppenführer (General) Karl Wolff jefe de las SS en Italia. Las actividades principales de Kappler durante este período fueron suprimir grupos de resistencia, arrestar a "enemigos del estado", y hacer cumplir medidas antisemitas, incluyendo incursiones a guetos judíos, y deportaciones a campos de exterminio.

Cuando los ejércitos aliados invadieron Italia y comenzaron a marchar hacia Roma, Kappler se implicó en la caza de posibles agentes enemigos, así como a la captura de prisioneros de guerra aliados que habían huido de los campos POW tras la rendición italiana. En esta etapa, Kappler entró en conflicto directo con la Santa Sede, de la que sospechaba que servía de refugio a fugitivos aliados y judíos, aunque el papa Pío XII proclamase la neutralidad de la Santa Sede. Un adversario particular de Kappler fue Monseñor Hugh O'Flaherty, cuyas actividades eran ayudar a fugitivos judíos y ex prisioneros de guerra aliados. Paradójicamente después de la guerra Kappler y O'Flaherty mantuvieron cierto grado de amistad mientras Kappler estuvo en prisión.

Una de las acciones más célebres que Kappler emprendió en Roma fue la organización de la Masacre de las Fosas Ardeatinas donde más de trescientos civiles italianos fueron asesinados el 24 de marzo de 1944 como represalia por un ataque de la resistencia contra las SS en Roma.

Detención, proceso y condena
Kappler fue detenido por las tropas inglesas al final de la guerra, lo transfirieron a las autoridades italianas en 1947, y fue juzgado por un tribunal militar reunido en el mismo colegio militar donde Kappler había alojado a los judíos romanos en espera de su envío hacia las cámaras de gas. Ante las acusaciones, alegó en su defensa no haber hecho nada más que ejecutar órdenes superiores y que por tanto sus acciones no eran punibles, pero fue condenado a cadena perpetua y a 15 años adicionales por extorsionar y expoliar oro a judíos romanos. Ingresó en la prisión militar de fuerte Boccea, y posteriormente trasladado a la de Gaeta.

El Tribunal de Casación rechazó poco después una petición de apelación del mismo Kappler, el cual, en 1959, pidió al Presidente de la República Italiana que le permitiera ir a las Fosas Ardeatinas y permanecer en ellas el tiempo necesario para rendir homenaje a las víctimas. Esta petición fue rechazada, así como las solicitudes de gracia que el preso Kappler presentó en 1963 y en 1970. En favor de una medida de clemencia estuvieron presentes posteriormente el Presidente de la República Federal de Alemania Gustav Heinemann (en 1973) y en tres ocasiones el Canciller Helmut Schmidt, aprovechando también el caso creado alrededor de las llamamientos a la liberación de Kappler hechos por su madre.

En 1959 se convirtió al catolicismo gracias a la amistad que hizo con Monseñor Hugh O'Flaherty, quien le visitaba asiduamente en la cárcel, a pesar de haber sido grandes enemigos.

Fuga y muerte en Alemania

En 1975, a la edad de sesenta y ocho años, a Kappler se le diagnosticó un cáncer terminal y fue trasladado a un hospital militar en Roma en 1976. Las peticiones tanto de su esposa como del gobierno de Alemania Occidental para liberarlo fueron negadas por las autoridades italianas.

A causa del deterioro de la salud de Kappler y las habilidades de enfermería de su esposa Anneliese, se le permitió a ésta tener un acceso casi ilimitado a su marido durante su estancia en el hospital italiano. En una visita en agosto de 1977 su esposa lo metió en una maleta grande (Kappler pesaba entonces aproximadamente 47 kgs.) y ambos escaparon a Alemania Occidental.

El Gobierno italiano exigió sin éxito que Kappler fuera devuelto a Italia, pero las autoridades de Alemania Occidental rechazaron extraditarlo e incluso no lo procesaron por otros crímenes de guerra, debido a su delicada salud.

Kappler murió el 9 de febrero de 1978, en su casa de Soltau a la edad de 70 años.

Rangos
 SS-Anwärter: 1 de diciembre de 1932
 SS-Mann: 8 de mayo de 1933
 SS-Sturmmann: 20 de noviembre de 1933
 SS-Rottenführer: 20 de febrero de 1934
 SS-Scharführer: 30 de enero de 1936
 SS-Oberscharführer: 20 de abril de 1937
 SS-Untersturmführer: 9 de noviembre de 1938
 SS-Obersturmführer: 1 de enero de 1939
 SS-Hauptsturmführer: 1 de septiembre de 1939
 SS-Sturmbannführer: 30 de enero de 1941
 SS-Obersturmbannführer: 12 de septiembre de 1943

Películas
 Masacre en Roma: una película del año 1973, narra la historia de los asesinatos ocurridos en las Fosas Ardeatinas. Kappler es interpretado por el actor Richard Burton.
 The Scarlet and the Black: una película del año 1983, detalla el conflicto entre Kappler (Christopher Plummer) y Monseñor Hugh O'Flaherty (Gregory Peck).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Militares alemanes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Nacidos en Stuttgart

Herbert Kappler


Danny Faure (Kilembe, Uganda, 8. svibnja 1962.) bivši je sejšelski predsjednik. Za predsjednika je imenovan 16. listopada 2016. godine, nakon ostavke svoga prethodnika Jamesa Michela. U braku je s Jeanine Faure. Na položaju predsjednika naslijedio ga je Wavel Ramkalawan.

Predsjednici
Afrički političari
Politika Sejšela

Danny Faure


Noise reduction is the process of removing noise from a signal. Noise reduction techniques exist for audio and images. Noise reduction algorithms may distort the signal to some degree. Noise rejection is the ability of a circuit to isolate an undesired signal component from the desired signal component, as with common-mode rejection ratio.

All signal processing devices, both analog and digital, have traits that make them susceptible to noise. Noise can be random with an even frequency distribution (white noise), or frequency-dependent noise introduced by a device's mechanism or signal processing algorithms.

In electronic systems, a major type of noise is hiss created by random electron motion due to thermal agitation. These agitated electrons rapidly add and subtract from the output signal and thus create detectable noise.

In the case of photographic film and magnetic tape, noise (both visible and audible) is introduced due to the grain structure of the medium. In photographic film, the size of the grains in the film determines the film's sensitivity, more sensitive film having larger-sized grains. In magnetic tape, the larger the grains of the magnetic particles (usually ferric oxide or magnetite), the more prone the medium is to noise. To compensate for this, larger areas of film or magnetic tape may be used to lower the noise to an acceptable level.

In general
Noise reduction algorithms tend to alter signals to a greater or lesser degree. The local signal-and-noise orthogonalization algorithm can be used to avoid changes to the signals.

In seismic exploration
Boosting signals in seismic data is especially crucial for seismic imaging, inversion, and interpretation, thereby greatly improving the success rate in oil & gas exploration. The useful signal that is smeared in the ambient random noise is often neglected and thus may cause fake discontinuity of seismic events and artifacts in the final migrated image. Enhancing the useful signal while preserving edge properties of the seismic profiles by attenuating random noise can help reduce interpretation difficulties and misleading risks for oil and gas detection.

In audio

Tape hiss is a performance-limiting issue in analog tape recording. This is related to the particle size and texture used in the magnetic emulsion that is sprayed on the recording media, and also to the relative tape velocity across the tape heads.

Four types of noise reduction exist: single-ended pre-recording, single-ended hiss reduction, single-ended surface noise reduction, and codec or dual-ended systems. Single-ended pre-recording systems (such as Dolby HX Pro), work to affect the recording medium at the time of recording. Single-ended hiss reduction systems (such as DNL or DNR) work to reduce noise as it occurs, including both before and after the recording process as well as for live broadcast applications. Single-ended surface noise reduction (such as CEDAR and the earlier SAE 5000A, Burwen TNE 7000, and Packburn 101/323/323A/323AA and 325) is applied to the playback of phonograph records to address scratches, pops, and surface non-linearities. Single-ended dynamic range expanders like the Phase Linear Autocorrelator Noise Reduction and Dynamic Range Recovery System (Models 1000 and 4000) can reduce various noise from old recordings. Dual-ended systems (such as Dolby noise-reduction system or dbx) have a pre-emphasis process applied during recording and then a de-emphasis process applied at

Modern digital sound recordings no longer need to worry about tape hiss so analog-style noise reduction systems are not necessary. However, an interesting twist is that dither systems actually add noise to a signal to improve its quality.
playback.

Compander-based noise reduction systems
Dual-ended compander noise reduction systems have a pre-emphasis process applied during recording and then a de-emphasis process applied at playback. Systems include the professional systems Dolby A and Dolby SR by Dolby Laboratories, dbx Professional and dbx Type I by dbx, Donald Aldous' EMT NoiseBX, , Telefunken's  and MXR Innovations' MXR as well as the consumer systems Dolby NR, Dolby B, Dolby C and Dolby S, dbx Type II, Telefunken's High Com and Nakamichi's High-Com II, Toshiba's (Aurex AD-4) , JVC's  and Super ANRS, Fisher/Sanyo's Super D, SNRS, and the Hungarian/East-German Ex-Ko system.

In some compander systems, the compression is applied during professional media production and only the expansion is applied by the listener; for example, systems like dbx disc, High-Com II, CX 20 and UC used for vinyl recordings and Dolby FM, High Com FM and FMX used in FM radio broadcasting.

The first widely used audio noise reduction technique was developed by Ray Dolby in 1966. Intended for professional use, Dolby Type A was an encode/decode system in which the amplitude of frequencies in four bands was increased during recording (encoding), then decreased proportionately during playback (decoding). In particular, when recording quiet parts of an audio signal, the frequencies above 1 kHz would be boosted. This had the effect of increasing the signal-to-noise ratio on tape up to 10 dB depending on the initial signal volume. When it was played back, the decoder reversed the process, in effect reducing the noise level by up to 10 dB.

The Dolby B system (developed in conjunction with Henry Kloss) was a single-band system designed for consumer products.  The Dolby B system, while not as effective as Dolby A, had the advantage of remaining listenable on playback systems without a decoder.

The Telefunken High Com integrated circuit U401BR could be utilized to work as a mostly Dolby B–compatible compander as well. In various late-generation High Com tape decks the Dolby-B emulating D NR Expander functionality worked not only for playback, but, as an undocumented feature, also during recording.

dbx was a competing analog noise reduction system developed by David E. Blackmer, founder of Dbx, Inc. It used a root-mean-squared (RMS) encode/decode algorithm with the noise-prone high frequencies boosted, and the entire signal fed through a 2:1 compander.  dbx operated across the entire audible bandwidth and unlike Dolby B was unusable without a decoder.  However, it could achieve up to 30 dB of noise reduction.

Since analog video recordings use frequency modulation for the luminance part (composite video signal in direct color systems), which keeps the tape at saturation level, audio-style noise reduction is unnecessary.

Dynamic noise limiter and dynamic noise reduction
Dynamic noise limiter (DNL) is an audio noise reduction system originally introduced by Philips in 1971 for use on cassette decks.  Its circuitry is also based on a single chip.

It was further developed into dynamic noise reduction (DNR) by National Semiconductor to reduce noise levels on long-distance telephony. First sold in 1981, DNR is frequently confused with the far more common Dolby noise-reduction system.

Unlike Dolby and dbx Type I and Type II noise reduction systems, DNL and DNR are playback-only signal processing systems that do not require the source material to first be encoded. They can be used to remove background noise from any audio signal, including magnetic tape recordings and FM radio broadcasts, reducing noise by as much as 10 dB. They can also be used in conjunction with other noise reduction systems, provided that they are used prior to applying DNR to prevent DNR from causing the other noise reduction system to mistrack.

One of DNR's first widespread applications was in the GM Delco car stereo systems in US GM cars introduced in 1984. It was also used in factory car stereos in Jeep vehicles in the 1980s, such as the Cherokee XJ. Today, DNR, DNL, and similar systems are most commonly encountered as a noise reduction system in microphone systems.

Other approaches
A second class of algorithms work in the time-frequency domain using some linear or non-linear filters that have local characteristics and are often called time-frequency filters. Noise can therefore be also removed by use of spectral editing tools, which work in this time-frequency domain, allowing local modifications without affecting nearby signal energy. This can be done manually much like in a paint program drawing pictures. Another way is to define a dynamic threshold for filtering noise, that is derived from the local signal, again with respect to a local time-frequency region. Everything below the threshold will be filtered, everything above the threshold, like partials of a voice or wanted noise, will be untouched. The region is typically defined by the location of the signal's instantaneous frequency, as most of the signal energy to be preserved is concentrated about it.

Software programs
Most digital audio workstations (DAWs) and audio editing software have one or more noise reduction functions.

In images
Images taken with digital cameras or conventional film cameras will pick up noise from a variety of sources.  Further use of these images will often require that the noise be reduced either for aesthetic purposes, or for practical purposes such as computer vision.

Types
In salt and pepper noise (sparse light and dark disturbances), also known as impulse noise, pixels in the image are very different in color or intensity from their surrounding pixels; the defining characteristic is that the value of a noisy pixel bears no relation to the color of surrounding pixels.  When viewed, the image contains dark and white dots, hence the term salt and pepper noise.  Generally, this type of noise will only affect a small number of image pixels.  Typical sources include flecks of dust inside the camera and overheated or faulty CCD elements.

In Gaussian noise, each pixel in the image will be changed from its original value by a (usually) small amount.  A histogram, a plot of the amount of distortion of a pixel value against the frequency with which it occurs, shows a normal distribution of noise.  While other distributions are possible, the Gaussian (normal) distribution is usually a good model, due to the central limit theorem that says that the sum of different noises tends to approach a Gaussian distribution.

In either case, the noise at different pixels can be either correlated or uncorrelated; in many cases, noise values at different pixels are modeled as being independent and identically distributed, and hence uncorrelated.

Removal

Tradeoffs
There are many noise reduction algorithms in image processing. In selecting a noise reduction algorithm, one must weigh several factors:
 the available computer power and time available: a digital camera must apply noise reduction in a fraction of a second using a tiny onboard CPU, while a desktop computer has much more power and time
 whether sacrificing some real detail is acceptable if it allows more noise to be removed (how aggressively to decide whether variations in the image are noise or not)
 the characteristics of the noise and the detail in the image, to better make those decisions

Chroma and luminance noise separation
In real-world photographs, the highest spatial-frequency detail consists mostly of variations in brightness (luminance detail) rather than variations in hue (chroma detail). Most photographic noise reduction algorithms split the image detail into chroma and luminance components and apply more noise reduction to the former or allows the user to control chroma and luminance noise reduction separately.

Linear smoothing filters
One method to remove noise is by convolving the original image with a mask that represents a low-pass filter or smoothing operation.  For example, the Gaussian mask comprises elements determined by a Gaussian function.  This convolution brings the value of each pixel into closer harmony with the values of its neighbors.  In general, a smoothing filter sets each pixel to the average value, or a weighted average, of itself and its nearby neighbors; the Gaussian filter is just one possible set of weights.

Smoothing filters tend to blur an image because pixel intensity values that are significantly higher or lower than the surrounding neighborhood would smear across the area.  Because of this blurring, linear filters are seldom used in practice for noise reduction; they are, however, often used as the basis for nonlinear noise reduction filters.

Anisotropic diffusion

Another method for removing noise is to evolve the image under a smoothing partial differential equation similar to the heat equation, which is called anisotropic diffusion.  With a spatially constant diffusion coefficient, this is equivalent to the heat equation or linear Gaussian filtering, but with a diffusion coefficient designed to detect edges, the noise can be removed without blurring the edges of the image.

Non-local means

Another approach for removing noise is based on non-local averaging of all the pixels in an image. In particular, the amount of weighting for a pixel is based on the degree of similarity between a small patch centered on that pixel and the small patch centered on the pixel being de-noised.

Nonlinear filters
A median filter is an example of a non-linear filter and, if properly designed, is very good at preserving image detail.  To run a median filter:
 consider each pixel in the image
 sort the neighbouring pixels into order based upon their intensities
 replace the original value of the pixel with the median value from the list

A median filter is a rank-selection (RS) filter, a particularly harsh member of the family of rank-conditioned rank-selection (RCRS) filters; a much milder member of that family, for example one that selects the closest of the neighboring values when a pixel's value is external in its neighborhood, and leaves it unchanged otherwise, is sometimes preferred, especially in photographic applications.

Median and other RCRS filters are good at removing salt and pepper noise from an image, and also cause relatively little blurring of edges, and hence are often used in computer vision applications.

Wavelet transform
The main aim of an image denoising algorithm is to achieve both noise reduction and feature preservation using the wavelet filter banks. In this context, wavelet-based methods are of particular interest. In the wavelet domain, the noise is uniformly spread throughout coefficients while most of the image information is concentrated in a few large ones. Therefore, the first wavelet-based denoising methods were based on thresholding of detail subbands coefficients. However, most of the wavelet thresholding methods suffer from the drawback that the chosen threshold may not match the specific distribution of signal and noise components at different scales and orientations.

To address these disadvantages, non-linear estimators based on Bayesian theory have been developed. In the Bayesian framework, it has been recognized that a successful denoising algorithm can achieve both noise reduction and feature preservation if it employs an accurate statistical description of the signal and noise components.

Statistical methods
Statistical methods for image denoising exist as well, though they are infrequently used as they are computationally demanding. For Gaussian noise, one can model the pixels in a greyscale image as auto-normally distributed, where each pixel's true greyscale value is normally distributed with mean equal to the average greyscale value of its neighboring pixels and a given variance.

Let  denote the pixels adjacent to the th pixel. Then the conditional distribution of the greyscale intensity (on a  scale) at the th node is:

for a chosen parameter  and variance . One method of denoising that uses the auto-normal model uses the image data as a Bayesian prior and the auto-normal density as a likelihood function, with the resulting posterior distribution offering a mean or mode as a denoised image.

Block-matching algorithms

A block-matching algorithm can be applied to group similar image fragments into overlapping macroblocks of identical size, stacks of similar macroblocks are then filtered together in the transform domain and each image fragment is finally restored to its original location using a weighted average of the overlapping pixels.

Random field

Shrinkage fields is a random field-based machine learning technique that brings performance comparable to that of Block-matching and 3D filtering yet requires much lower computational overhead (such that it could be performed directly within embedded systems).

Deep learning
Various deep learning approaches have been proposed to solve noise reduction and such image restoration tasks. Deep Image Prior is one such technique that makes use of convolutional neural network and is distinct in that it requires no prior training data.

Software
Most general-purpose image and photo editing software will have one or more noise-reduction functions (median, blur, despeckle, etc.).

See also

General noise issues
 Filter (signal processing)
 Signal processing
 Signal subspace

Audio
 Architectural acoustics
 Click removal
 Codec listening test
 Noise print
 Noise-cancelling headphones
 Sound masking

Images and video
 Dark-frame subtraction
 Digital image processing
 Total variation denoising
 Video denoising

Similar problems
 Deblurring

References

External links
 Recent trends in denoising tutorial
 Noise Reduction in photography
 Matlab software and Photoshop plug-in for image denoising (Pointwise SA-DCT filter)
 Matlab software for image and video denoising (Non-local transform-domain filter)
 Non-local image denoising, with code and online demonstration

Audio engineering
Image noise reduction techniques
Sound recording

Noise reduction


Kiezdeutsch ist eine Varietät des Deutschen, die vornehmlich unter Jugendlichen in urbanen Räumen mit einem hohen Bevölkerungsanteil an mehrsprachigen Sprechern gesprochen wird. Seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre ist Kiezdeutsch als multiethnische Jugendsprache in den Blick der Öffentlichkeit getreten.

Begriff
Der Begriff "Kiezdeutsch" stammt ursprünglich von Jugendlichen aus Berlin-Kreuzberg, die so ihren Sprachgebrauch untereinander bezeichnet haben. Er wurde 2006 in einem Aufsatz von der Linguistin Heike Wiese aufgegriffen und ist inzwischen sowohl in der wissenschaftlichen wie auch in der öffentlichen Diskussion etabliert. Zuvor verbreitete Bezeichnungen sind Gemischt-sprechen, Türkendeutsch, Ghettodeutsch  und Kanak Sprak.

Der Begriff Kiezdeutsch vermeidet negative Bewertungen und nimmt keine ethnischen Einschränkungen der Sprechergruppe vor. Zudem macht er deutlich, dass es sich einerseits um eine Varietät des Deutschen handelt und andererseits um eine informelle Sprechweise, die im "Kiez" (ein Begriff, der im Berliner Dialekt das alltägliche urbane Wohnumfeld bezeichnet) beheimatet ist.

Klassifikation
Sprachwissenschaftlich wurde Kiezdeutsch von Norbert Dittmar als "Ethnolekt" klassifiziert. Dittmar zufolge seien bis 2007 nur mündliche ethnolektale Verwendungsweisen dokumentiert und Medienberichte "mehr oder weniger provozierend" oder "mehr oder weniger soziolinguistisch korrekt". Eva Wittenberg bezeichnet Kiezdeutsch konkreter als multiethnolektale Jugendsprache.

Die Linguistin Heike Wiese sieht in der Varietät einen "Multiethnolekt" oder sogar einen "neuen Dialekt", da sie von verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen einschließlich Deutscher gebraucht werde und vor allem von Heranwachsenden in urbanen Gebieten mit hohen Migrationsanteilen gesprochen wird. Der These Wieses, dass das Kiezdeutsch ein "neuer Dialekt" sei, wurde durch den Germanisten Helmut Glück widersprochen, da "ein Dialekt immer eine Redeweise ist, die für eine bestimmte Region charakteristisch ist und zudem eine historische Tiefe" habe. Glück nannte als Merkmale der "jugendlichen Sprechweise" vor allem "türkische und arabische Einflüsse, die sich nachweisen lassen" sowie Verwechslungen des grammatikalischen Geschlechts und der Präpositionen, die sich vom Türkischen unterscheiden. Als historischen Vergleich für einen solchen "Turbodialekt" nannte er das Ruhrdeutsch, das mit einer "starken polnischen Einwanderung in den Jahrzehnten um 1900" entstand und ebenso eher ein Soziolekt sei.

Grammatikalische und lexikalische Eigenschaften
Kiezdeutsch weicht in verschiedenen Bereichen vom Standarddeutschen ab und weist eine Reihe grammatischer Innovationen auf.

Bloße Nominalphrasen
Ein in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung prominentes Phänomen ist der Gebrauch bloßer Nominalphrasen, ohne Artikel und Präposition, als Orts- und Zeitangaben.

Beispiele:

"Gehst du heute Viktoriapark?" [statt: zum Viktoriapark]

"Ich werde zweiter Mai fünfzehn." [statt: am zweiten Mai]

Dies wird oft als unsystematische sprachliche Vereinfachung wahrgenommen. Ähnliche Wendungen findet man allerdings auch in der gesprochenen Sprache außerhalb von Kiezdeutsch: Im informellen, gesprochenen Deutsch werden solche Konstruktionen z. B. im Berliner Raum regelmäßig bei der Bezeichnung von Haltestellen öffentlicher Verkehrsmittel verwendet.

Verkürzungen
Funktionswörter und Flexionsendungen können verkürzt werden oder wegfallen.

 Beispiel:

 "Ich habe eine Blase am Fuß. Tut weh." [entfallenes Subjekt im zweiten Satz]

Neue Wortstellungsoptionen
In Kiezdeutsch gibt es wie im Standarddeutschen die übliche Verb-zweit-Stellung für Aussagesätze und die Verb-letzt-Stellung bei Nebensätzen. Zusätzlich ist aber auch eine Verb-dritt-Stellung möglich oder auch eine Verb-erst-Stellung.

 Beispiel:

 "Ich wusste ganz genau, dass er das versteht, [Verb-letzt-Stellung im Nebensatz]
 und darum hab ich das auch gesagt, [Verb-zweit-Stellung bei "darum" (kausal)]
 aber jetzt ich hasse ihn." [Verb-dritt-Stellung bei "jetzt" (Rahmensetzer)]

Entwicklung neuer Partikel
In Kiezdeutsch lassen sich Klitisierungen mit zwei neuen Partikeln beobachten: "musstu" (entstanden aus "musst du") und "lassma" (entstanden aus "lass uns mal"). Diese Elemente werden als feste Ausdrücke zur Einleitung direktiver Sprechakte genutzt.

 Beispiele:

 "Musstu Doppelstunde fahren!" [= Vorschlag an den Hörer, in der Fahrschule eine Doppelstunde zu fahren]

 "Lassma Moritzplatz aussteigen!" [= Vorschlag, gemeinsam am Moritzplatz aus dem Bus zu steigen]

In Kiezdeutsch ist die Entwicklung von "musstu" zu einer Aufforderungspartikel schon so weit fortgeschritten, dass es auch gegenüber mehreren Hörern gebraucht werden kann, also in Kontexten, in denen im Standarddeutschen "müsst ihr" verwendet würde. Die beiden Aufforderungspartikeln erfüllen unterschiedliche, sich ergänzende Funktionen: "lassma" leitet Aufforderungen ein, die den Sprecher selbst einbeziehen (wir-Vorschläge), während "musstu" Aufforderungen einleitet, die nur dem Hörer bzw. den Hörern gelten (du/ihr-Vorschläge).

"So" als Fokuspartikel
Die Partikel "so" tritt in Kiezdeutsch neben der Verwendung wie im Standarddeutschen auch als Fokusmarker auf.

 Beispiele:

 "Dicker, ich hab, ich weiß nicht, also die Stadt ist nicht mein Dings so. Weißt, was ich meine? Ich bin mehr so Naturtyp für Natur, Dorf. So im Grünen, das ist mein Ding."

 "Ich höre Alpa Gun, weil er so aus Schöneberg kommt."

 "Die hübschesten Frauen kommen von den Schweden, also ich mein, so blond so."

"So" wird hier immer mit der Konstituente kombiniert, die den Fokus des Satzes trägt, und wird somit als Fokuspartikel verwendet. Auch diese Verwendung konnte außerhalb von Kiezdeutsch nachgewiesen werden, ist in einsprachigen Kontexten aber vermutlich nicht so häufig wie in mehrsprachigen.

Neue Fremdwörter
Aus Heritage-Sprachen wie dem Türkischen und dem Arabischen (aber auch aus dem US-amerikanischen Englisch) werden neue Fremdwörter integriert, wie z. B. "lan" (wörtlich "Mann/Typ") oder "wallah" (wörtlich "bei Allah"). Die Fremdwörter werden nach den Regeln der deutschen Grammatik verwendet ("lan" z. B. so ähnlich wie "Alter" in der Jugendsprache, "wallah" so ähnlich wie "echt"), und ihre Aussprache wird eingedeutscht. Als Fremdwörter werden sie von Sprechern mit unterschiedlichem sprachlichen Hintergrund gleichermaßen benutzt, also auch von Sprechern, die neben Deutsch z. B. kein Arabisch oder Türkisch beherrschen.

Koronalisierung des "Ich-Lautes"
Auf phonologischer Ebene ist besonders die Koronalisierung des stimmlosen palatalen Frikativs ([ç] – "Ich-Laut") zu nennen, die ähnlich z. B. auch aus Dialekten im Rheinland bekannt ist.

Sprachliches Repertoire
Kiezdeutsch ist bei den Sprechern immer Teil eines größeren sprachlichen Repertoires, das daneben auch formellere Sprechweisen wie das Standarddeutsche umfasst. Die oben genannten grammatischen Charakteristika treten insbesondere in informellen, Peer-Group-Situationen auf, legen also einen Act of Identity nahe, der auf eine Bindung an eine bestimmte soziale Gruppe hindeutet.

Wahrnehmung
Kiezdeutsch ist häufig vehementer Sprachkritik ausgesetzt, in der es als gebrochenes oder fehlerhaftes Deutsch angesehen wird. Eine Stellungnahme der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Sprachwissenschaft widerspricht dem jedoch. Wie andere Varietäten des Deutschen sei auch Kiezdeutsch kein Zeichen für mangelnde Sprachkompetenzen, sondern lediglich ein Teil eines sprachlichen Repertoires, das gezielt in bestimmten informellen Alltagskontexten genutzt wird.

Das Kiezdeutschkorpus (KiDKo)
Eine umfangreiche Sammlung von Gesprächen in Kiezdeutsch steht mit dem Kiezdeutschkorpus (KiDKo) zur Verfügung. Das KiDKo wurde von 2008 bis 2015 in einem Projekt des Sonderforschungsbereichs 632 "Informationsstruktur" an der Universität Potsdam erstellt (Teilprojekt B6).

Das online kostenlos zugängliche Korpus basiert zu einem Teil auf Audioaufnahmen, die Jugendliche aus einem multiethnischen Wohngebiet (Berlin-Kreuzberg) in ihrer Freizeit in ihrem Freundeskreis aufgenommen haben (Hauptkorpus), zum anderen Teil auf Aufnahmen von Jugendlichen aus einem monoethnischen Wohngebiet mit vergleichbaren sozioökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen (Berlin-Hellersdorf) (Ergänzungskorpus). Die Aufnahmen stammen aus dem Jahr 2008 und liegen im Korpus als durchsuchbare Transkripte vor, d. h. in verschriftlichter Form.

Das KiDKo ist ein linguistisch annotiertes Mehrebenenkorpus. Es enthält zusätzlich zum wörtlichen Transkript eine Ebene in orthografisch normalisierter Form (zum Teil als kommentierte Übersetzungen aus dem Türkischen), eine Ebene mit Wortartinformationen (PoS-Tagging) sowie eine Ebene mit syntaktischen Informationen (Chunks und topologische Felder). Die Transkripte sind außerdem mit den Audiodateien verknüpft. Sämtliche Daten (Transkripte und Audioaufnahmen) wurden anonymisiert.

Das Korpus kann nach einer kostenfreien Registrierung mit Hilfe des Such-Tools ANNIS im Webbrowser durchsucht werden.

Haupt- und Ergänzungskorpus werden komplementiert durch weitere kleinere Korpora, insbesondere das Korpus "Spracheinstellungen" (KiDKo/E), das Daten zu Einstellungen, Wahrnehmungen und Sprachideologien aus der öffentlichen Diskussion (z. B. Leserbriefe und E-Mails aus dem Zeitraum 2009–2012) umfasst, und das Korpus "Linguistic Landscapes" (KiDKo/LL), das unter dem Titel "Liebesgrüße aus dem Kiez" Fotos von schriftlichen Sprachproduktionen im öffentlichen Raum aus dem Kiezdeutsch-Kontext beinhaltet.

Pendants in anderen europäischen Sprachen
Die Herausbildung multiethnischer Jugendsprachen bzw. Dialekte ist auch in nicht-deutschsprachigen urbanen Räumen in Europa zu beobachten. Ähnliche Entwicklungen sind unter anderem fürs Dänische (in Kopenhagen), fürs Schwedische (in Stockholm und Malmö), fürs Norwegische (in Oslo) und fürs Niederländische (in Utrecht und Rotterdam) beschrieben worden. Interessanterweise weisen diese Sprechweisen ganz ähnliche Merkmale wie Kiezdeutsch auf, z. B. bestimmte Veränderungen in der Morphologie und in der Syntax. Dazu gehören u. a. ein vereinheitlichter Genusgebrauch (z. B. common gender vs. neutral gender im Dänischen in Beispiel (1) und (2)), die Möglichkeit, in einem Aussagesatz mit V2-Stellung mehr als ein Satzglied vor das finite Verb zu stellen, oder der Gebrauch von sån(n) als Fokusmarker im Norwegischen und Schwedischen in Beispiel (3) und (4) bzw. Beispiel (5) und (6):

(1) en job (Standarddänisch: et job)
DET.INDF Job
'ein Job'

(2) den der projekt (Standarddänisch: det der projekt)
DET.DEF DET.DEM Projekt
'dieses Projekt'

(3) [I dag] [hun] lagde somalisk mat. (Standardnorwegisch: I dag lagde hun somalisk mat.)
heute sie machte somalisch Essen
'Heute hat sie somalisches Essen gemacht.'

(4) [Nu] [ingen] kan terra mej längre (Standardschwedisch: Nu kan ingen terra mej längre.)
jetzt niemand kann terrorisieren mich länger
'Jetzt kann mich niemand mehr länger terrorisieren.'

(5) hon ville inte ha mej där bak (.) asså jag var sån (.) busfrö (.) när jag var liten (.) jag var sån BUse
sie wollte nicht haben mich dort hinten weißt du ich war sån kleiner Teufel als ich war klein ich war sån Plage.
'Sie wollte nicht, dass ich hinten [im Raum] sitze, weil ich SÅN kleiner Teufel war, als ich klein war. Ich war SÅN Plage.'

(6) i morgen må jeg på sånn konfirmaSJONSkurs
in morgen muss ich auf sånn Konfirmationskurs
'Morgen muss ich zu SÅNN Konfirmationskurs.'

Sprachwissenschaftliche Studien zu Kiezdeutsch
In den vergangenen Jahren sind zahlreiche sprachwissenschaftliche Arbeiten zum Kiezdeutschen entstanden. Diese befassen sich mit soziolinguistischen und grammatischen Fragestellungen sowie mit sprachvergleichenden Aspekten.

Soziolinguistische Themen, wie Gruppenspezifik, Identitätskonstruktion und mediale Stilisierung werden u. a. in den Studien von Inken Keim zu den Sprechweisen einer deutsch-türkisch bilingualen Mädchengruppe in Mannheim behandelt und in Heike Wieses Aufsätzen zur Konstruktion sozialer Gruppen sowie in den Arbeiten von Peter Auer, Jannis Androutsopoulos und Helga Kotthoff zu Übernahmen von Kiezdeutsch durch nicht-mehrsprachige Sprecher und zur medialen Überformung von Kiezdeutsch. Neuere Untersuchungen befassen sich mit dem sprachlichen Repertoire von Kiezdeutsch-Sprechen und diesbezüglichen spezifischen Registerunterschieden. Darüber hinaus liegt ein Schwerpunkt der soziolinguistischen Forschung zu Kiezdeutsch auf den Bewertungen und sprachlichen Einstellungen sowohl der Sprecher selbst als auch der Gesellschaft gegenüber diesem Multiethnolekt. Im Bereich der Anwendung gibt es mehrere Arbeiten zu Kiezdeutsch in der Schule, insbesondere mit Vorschlägen zur Integration in den Deutschunterricht.

Im Bereich der Grammatik liegen vor allem Untersuchungen zur Phonetik, Phonologie und Syntax des Kiezdeutschen vor. Mit Fragen der Phonetik und Phonologie beschäftigen sich zum Beispiel die Arbeiten von Stefanie Jannedy, Melanie Weirich, Friederike Kern, Margret Selting und Yazgül Šimšek (Selting & Kern 2009; Jannedy et al. 2011; Šimšek 2012; Kern 2013; Jannedy & Weirich 2014). Syntaktische Studien befassen sich mit Konstruktionen wie Verbdrittstellung im Aussagesatz, artikellosen Nominal- und Präpositionalphrasen und Funktionsverbgefügen. Die Entstehung neuer Partikeln hat vor allem Heike Wiese erforscht.

Zu diesen Themengebieten ist in jüngster Zeit auch eine Reihe sprachvergleichender Studien entstanden, vor allem im Bereich der germanischen Sprachen.

Siehe auch
 Migrantendeutsch
 Kanake (Umgangssprache)

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 Heike Wiese, Maria Pohle: "Ich geh Kino" oder "… ins Kino"? Gebrauchsrestriktio-nen nichtkanonischer Lokalangaben. In: Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft. Bd. 35, 2016, S. 171–216.
 Heike Wiese, Katharina Mayr, Philipp Krämer, Patrick Seeger, Hans-Georg Müller, Verena Mezger: Changing teachers' attitudes towards linguistic diversity: Effects of an antibias programme. In: International Journal of Applied Linguistics. 2017, onlinelibrary.wiley.com (PDF)
 Heike Wiese, Hans G. Müller: The hidden life of V3: an overlooked word order variant on verb-second. In: Mailin Antomo, Sonja Müller (Hrsg.): Non-Canonical Verb Positioning in Main Clauses. Buske, Hamburg 2018, S. 201–223 (Linguistische Berichte, Sonderheft 25).
 Amir Zeldes, Julia Ritz, Anke Lüdeling, Christian Chiarcos: ANNIS: A search tool for multi-layer annotated corpora. In: Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics Conference. 20.–23. Juli 2009. Liverpool UK 2009, ucrel.lancs.ac.uk

Weblinks
 kiezdeutsch.de
 kiezdeutschkorpus.de
 Pressemitteilung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Sprachwissenschaft zu Kiezdeutsch
 linguistik.hu-berlin.de Materialien zu Kiezdeutsch im Unterricht: (Module "Kiezdeutsch-Sprachforschung", "Sprachsituationen", "Dialekttest", "Wortschatz im Wandel")

Einzelnachweise

Soziolekt
Deutsche Sprache

Kiezdeutsch


Patronyme

  (1999-), actrice japonaise ;
 Takumi Minamino (1995-), footballeur japonais ;
 Yōko Minamino (1967-), actrice et chanteuse japonaise, idole des années 1980.

Pseudonyme
 Takeshi Minamino (1985-), de son vrai nom Takeshi Yamamoto, catcheur japonais.

Personnages de fiction
 Kanade Minamino, personnage de la série d'animation japonaise Suite PreCure ;
 Tetsuo Minamino, personnage de la série d'animation japonaise .

Patronyme japonais

Minamino


Fatubolo (Fatubolu, Fatubalu) ist ein osttimoresischer Ort und Suco im Verwaltungsamt Hatulia B (Gemeinde Ermera).

Der Ort
Der Ort Fatubolo liegt im Nordosten des Sucos, auf einer Meereshöhe von .

Der Suco

Vor der Gebietsreform 2015 hatte Fatubolo eine Fläche von 10,41 km². Nun sind es 11,48 km². Der Suco liegt im Südosten des Verwaltungsamts Hatulia B. Nördlich liegen die Sucos Lisapat und Mau-Ubo und westlich der Suco Fatubessi. Im Süden grenzt Fatubolo an das Verwaltungsamt Hatulia mit den Sucos Manusae und Coilate-Letelo und im Osten an das Verwaltungsamt Ermera mit seinen Sucos Poetete und Ponilala. Im Suco entspringt der Fluss Manusama, der nach Westen fließt und einen Teil der Grenze zu Fatubessi bildet. Er mündet schließlich in den südlichen Grenzfluss, den Bapera. Die Flüsse gehören zum System des Lóis.

Zwischen Manusama und Bapera liegen im Südwesten von Fatubolo die Dörfer Poerema und Aiprado. Im Nordosten liegt der Ort Fatubolo. Der Ort Aitemua reicht über die Grenze bis in den Suco Lisapat. Eine Grundschule gibt es in Aitemua und Poerema (Escola Primaria Poerema) und in Aiprado eine medizinische Station.

Im Suco befinden sich die vier Aldeias Aitemua, Apirado, Fatubolo und Poerema.

Einwohner

Im Suco leben 5.910 Einwohner (2022), davon sind 2.986 Männer und 2.924 Frauen Im Suco gibt es 990 Haushalte. Über 61 % der Einwohner geben Mambai als ihre Muttersprache an. Über 37 % sprechen Tetum Prasa und eine kleine Minderheit Atauru.

Geschichte

Während der Unruhen von 1999 operierten zwischen dem 27. Januar und September in der Region die pro-indonesischen Milizen Darah Merah, Aitarak und Pancasila zusammen mit dem indonesischen Militär gegen Befürworter der Unabhängigkeit Osttimors. Zwischen dem 10. und 14. Mai wurden Fatubolo und andere Sucos in der Region überfallen.

Politik
Bei den Wahlen von 2004/2005 wurde Zino Pereira zum Chefe de Suco gewählt. Bei den Wahlen 2009 gewann Agelino Soares und wurde 2016 in seinem Amt bestätigt.

Weblinks

 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2010 für den Suco Fatubolo (tetum; PDF; 8,5 MB)
 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2015 für den Suco Fatubolo (tetum; PDF)
 Seeds of Life: Suco information sheets Hatulia (tetum)

Einzelnachweise

Suco in Ermera (Gemeinde)
Ort in Ermera (Gemeinde)

Fatubolo


Le groupe de NGC 5457 comprend au moins six galaxies situées dans la constellation de la Grande Ourse. La distance moyenne entre ce groupe et la Voie lactée est de . Notons que NGC 5457 est la galaxie M101.

Membres

Le tableau ci-dessous liste les six galaxies du groupe indiquées dans l'article de A.M. Garcia paru en 1993.

D'autre part, dans un article publié en 1998, Abraham Mahtessian indique que toutes les galaxies de ce groupe sauf UGC 8837 font partie d'un groupe plus vaste qui compte plus de 80 galaxies, le groupe de M101. Plusieurs galaxies de la liste de Mahtessian se retrouvent également dans d'autres groupes décrit par A.M. Garcia, soit le groupe de NGC 3631, le groupe de NGC 4051, le groupe de M109 (NGC 3992), le groupe de NGC 4051, le groupe de M106 (NGC 4258) et le groupe de NGC 5457.

Plusieurs galaxies de ces six groupes de Garcia ne figurent pas dans la liste du groupe de M101 de Mahtessian. Il y a plus de 120 galaxies différentes dans les listes des deux auteurs. Puisque la frontière entre un amas galactique et un groupe de galaxie n'est pas clairement définie (on parle de 100 galaxies et moins pour un groupe), on pourrait qualifier le groupe de M101 d'amas galactique contenant plusieurs groupes de galaxies.

Les groupes de M101 et de NGC 5457 dont partie de l'amas de la Grande Ourse, l'un des amas galactiques du superamas de la Vierge.

Le site DeepskyLog permet de trouver aisément les constellations des galaxies mentionnées dans ce tableau ou si elles ne s'y trouvent pas, l'outil du site constellation permet de le faire à l'aide des coordonnées de la galaxie. Sauf indication contraire, les données proviennent du site NASA/IPAC.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Constellation des Chiens de chasse
Amas de la Grande Ourse
Superamas de la Vierge
Amas de galaxies

Groupe de galaxies

Groupe de NGC 5457


1918 ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා මහා වසංගතය (ජනවාරි 1918 - 1920 දෙසැම්බර්; පොදුවහරේ දී Spanish flu ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) අසාමාන්‍ය ලෙස මාරාන්තික ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා මහා වසංගතයක් වන අතර එය H1N1 ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා වෛරසය සම්බන්ධ මහා වසංගත (pandemic) දෙකෙන් පළමුවැන්නයි. දුරස්ථ පැසිෆික් දූපත් වල සහ ආක්ටික් ප්‍රදේශයේ මිනිසුන් ද ඇතුළුව ලොව පුරා මිලියන 500 ක ජනතාවකට එය ආසාදනය විය. මිලියන 50 ක් හා සමහර විට මිලියන 100 ක් තරම් ඉහළ අගයක් (එකල පෘථිවියේ ජනගහනයෙන් සියයට තුනක් හෝ පහක්) මිය ගිය අතර එය මිනිස් ඉතිහාසයේ මාරාන්තික වසංගතයක් බවට පත්විය. වසංගතයේ භූගෝලීය සම්භවය නිශ්චිතවම හඳුනා ගැනීමට ඓතිහාසික හා වසංගත දත්ත ප්‍රමාණවත් නොවේ.

ආශ්‍රිත

 වසංගත ලැයිස්තුව

මූලාශ්‍ර

ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා ව්‍යාප්ත වසංගත

Spanish flu


نادي شفارز فيس إسين لكرة القدم  نادي كرة قدم ألماني يلعب في دوري الدرجة الخامسة . تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1881 .

مراجع

أندية رياضية أسست في 1881
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1881
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1900
أندية كرة قدم في ألمانيا
أندية كرة قدم في شمال الراين-وستفاليا
تأسيسات سنة 1881 في ألمانيا
الرياضة في إسن
أندية بوندسليغا 2

شفارز فيس إسين


Ibrahim "Ibro" Biogradlić (Sarajevo, 8. ožujka 1931.  – Sarajevo, 20. veljače 2015.) bio je bosanskohercegovački nogometaš. Nastupao je za FK Sarajevo u razdoblju od 1951. do 1967. godine ostvarivši 378 službenih nastupa i postigavši 31 pogodak pri čemu je rekorder po broju nastupa za klub. Ostvario je i jedan nastup za jugoslavensku nogometnu reprezentaciju na Olimpijskim igrama u Melbourneu održanim 1956., osvojivši srebrnu medalju.

Preminuo je u Sarajevu 20. veljače 2015., nakon duge bolesti.

Karijera
Od 1946. nastupa za juniorsku momčad kluba Torpedo, kluba koji će poslije promijeniti naziv u FK Sarajevo. Već kao omladinac nameće se kao vođa momčadi te tako u studenom 1950. godine upisuje svoj prvi nastup u dresu FK Sarajeva i to u okviru kupa maršala Tita gdje je Sarajevo igralo protiv Rabotnika i Tekstilca Dervente.

Već u idućoj sezoni (1951.) nastupa za seniorski momčad Sarajeva i upisuje ukupno 4 nastupa. Iduće sezone (1952.) postaje standardni prvotimac pri čemu uglavnom igra na poziciji desnog beka. U toj sezoni u kojoj se Sarajevo borilo za opstanak, upisao je 12 nastupa, a sljedeće sezone 1952./53. upisuje 27 nastupa, (zajedno s utakmicama kupa maršala Tita) i postiže 5 golova.

Zbog dobrih nastupa u te dvije sezone dobiva poziv od izbornika mlade reprezentacije Jugoslavije i ostvaruje 5 reprezentativnih nastupa.

Zbog povrede propušta veći dio sezone 1953./54., ali se pred kraj sezone vraća u momčad kada dobiva poziv za nastup u seniorskoj reprezentaciji Jugoslavije. Jedini nastup za jugoslavensku reprezentaciju ostvaruje na ljetnim Olimpijskim igrama u Melbourneu 1956. kada s reprezentacijom osvaja srebrenu medalju te tako postao prvi i jedini nogometaš Sarajeva koji je osvojio olimpijsku medalju.

Iako je tijekom karijere imao mnogo ponuda za prelazak u drugi klub, Biogradlić je do kraja karijere ostao vjeran FK Sarajevu. Najbliže odlasku iz kluba bio je tijekom ljeta 1964. godine, kada je nakon sjajnih utakmica u Intertoto kupu, zajedno s Hasetom bio na pragu odlaska u nizozemski ASC de Volewijckers, ali su ipak obojica na kraju ostali na Koševu.

Izvori

Bosanskohercegovački nogometaši
Jugoslavenski nogometni reprezentativci
Nogometaši FK Sarajeva
Bosanskohercegovački nogometni treneri
Životopisi, Sarajevo

Ibrahim Biogradlić


Matthew Barnaby (born May 4, 1973) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Buffalo Sabres, Pittsburgh Penguins, Tampa Bay Lightning, New York Rangers, Colorado Avalanche, Chicago Blackhawks, and Dallas Stars.

Playing career
Barnaby was drafted by the Buffalo Sabres 83rd overall in the fourth round in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft. He was drafted from the QMJHL where he spent four seasons with the Beauport Harfangs, Verdun Collège Français and Victoriaville Tigres, leading the league in penalty minutes in 1992 and 1993. After completing his QMJHL career with the Tigres, Barnaby joined the Sabres for the end of 1992–93 season.

Barnaby, who was considered a pest and agitator during his career, spent the next few seasons playing for the Sabres and AHL affiliate Rochester Americans. Barnaby established a full-time role with the Sabres in the 1995–96 season, recording a career-high in penalty minutes with 335. He was frequently involved in on-ice altercations, and among other incidents he made headlines in 1996, when in a game against the Philadelphia Flyers after a few hits and Barnaby lying on the ice presumably injured, a brawl between the two teams started. With the brawl in full motion, Barnaby jumped to his skates to punish Garth Snow, goaltender of the Flyers, who was poking Barnaby with his stick while the officials weren't looking. In 1996–97 Barnaby scored a career-high 19 goals and 43 points in 68 games.

After seven seasons with the Sabres organization during the 1998–99 season, Barnaby was traded by the Sabres to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for Stu Barnes on March 11, 1999. One of his most celebrated fights came the following season in 2000 against his former Sabre teammate Rob Ray after dining with Ray the previous night.

Barnaby played in 129 games with the Penguins before he was traded on February 1, 2001, to the Tampa Bay Lightning in exchange for Wayne Primeau. After struggling to provide an impact to start the 2001–02 season for the Lightning, Barnaby was again traded to the New York Rangers for Zdeno Ciger on December 12, 2001. After going scoreless with Tampa Bay in 29 games Barnaby responded with a resurgence of form with the Rangers, scoring 21 points in 48 games. Barnaby became a fan favourite in the Big Apple and played in 196 games before he was traded to the playoff bound Colorado Avalanche in the 2003–04 season, for David Liffiton and Chris McAllister on March 8, 2004.

On July 2, 2004, Barnaby signed a three-year contract with the Chicago Blackhawks. After the 2004–05 NHL lockout, he played his first season with the Hawks in 2005–06. Suffering from the year of hiatus he was subsequently bought-out of his contract following the season.

Barnaby, again a free agent, signed a one-year deal with the Dallas Stars on July 5, 2006. In the 2006–07 season, Barnaby recorded his 300th, and final point, on December 23, 2006 against the Edmonton Oilers. He played only 39 games with the Stars before suffering a season-ending concussion against the Phoenix Coyotes on January 9, 2007. Struggling with the effects of his concussion Barnaby announced his retirement from the NHL in July 2007.

Broadcasting career
In September 2007, it was announced via the Sabres website that Barnaby would be given a tryout for replacing Jim Lorentz as color commentator for the Sabres. He served in that capacity for the September 26 pre-season game. The permanent position, however, went to Harry Neale instead. Barnaby also co-hosted The Enforcers on Time Warner Cable SportsNet with Rob Ray until joining ESPN as an NHL analyst in late 2008. He was an occasional broadcaster and analyst for the show NHL on TSN. On December 5, 2011, ESPN terminated its contract with Barnaby after his arrest on suspicion of DWI earlier in the day.

Later life
During the 2013–14 season, Barnaby played Senior AAA hockey with the Dundas Real McCoys of the Ontario Hockey Association's Major League Hockey.

In June 2016, Barnaby was named an assistant coach of the Ontario Hockey League's Kitchener Rangers. He was released from the Rangers on October 3, 2017.

Barnaby lives in Ottawa and is a hockey analyst on The Power Play on SiriusXM channel 91. Since 2019, he has hosted a podcast called "Unfiltered with Matthew Barnaby". Outside of hockey, Barnaby is the co-owner of a company called Hunger Cave. He has also been involved in charitable work raising money for Alzheimer's since his grandmother died from the disease.

Barnaby's autobiography Matthew Barnaby: Unfiltered was released in November 2022.

Legal problems
On May 13, 2011, Barnaby was arrested for domestic violence in Amherst, New York. He was accused of causing an estimated $300 in damage after kicking a garage door in an attempt to enter the suburban Buffalo home where his estranged wife and two children lived, Erie County District Attorney Frank Sedita's office said. On May 14, 2011, Barnaby pleaded not guilty to felony criminal mischief and was ordered to complete 500 hours of community service to have charges dropped. As part of the ruling, he was also issued a one-year order of protection from his wife. He was barred from taking what was described as any "offensive" action against his wife, and was ordered to avoid contact with his wife's boyfriend, the DA's office said. Barnaby was also ordered to continue attending anger management counseling. As part of the plea agreement, the misdemeanor charges of criminal mischief and aggravated harassment were to be dropped if he fulfilled the judge's order within a year.

On December 5, 2011, Barnaby was arrested near his home in Clarence, New York. Police found him driving a car that had damage to its front end and was missing its front tire. Barnaby failed field sobriety tests and refused a breath test, and he subsequently had his license revoked. On December 13, he pleaded guilty to driving while intoxicated, refusing a breath test, driving with unsafe tires, and failing to notify the Department of Motor Vehicles of his address change. Barnaby was ordered to perform 100 hours of community service, attend alcohol abuse counseling, and pay a $1,950 fine.

Career statistics
Bold indicates led league

See also
List of NHL players with 2,000 career penalty minutes

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
Beauport Harfangs players
Buffalo Sabres draft picks
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Colorado Avalanche players
Dallas Stars players
Ice hockey people from Ottawa
New York Rangers players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Rochester Americans players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Verdun Collège Français players
Victoriaville Tigres players

Matthew Barnaby


Formula 1 – sezona 1971. bila je 22. sezona u prvenstvu Formule 1.

Sažetak sezone

Jackie Stewart pobjeđuje u 6 od 11 utrka te sezone i dominantno osvaja svoj drugi naslov prvaka. Momčad Kena Tyrrella osvaja prvi konstruktorski naslov u Formuli 1. Mario Andretti ostvaruje svoju prvu pobjedu u Formuli 1 na VN Južne Afrike u Kyalamiju. Prvu i jedinu pobjedu u Formuli 1 ostvaruju François Cevert na posljednjoj utrci na Watkins Glenu i Peter Gethin koji pobjeđuje u ludoj završnici na VN Italije u Monzi kada je prvi pet vozača završilo utrku unutar 6 desetinki.
Niki Lauda debitirao je u Formuli 1 na VN Austrije.

Nažalost, Formula 1 je 1971. izgubila dva vozača. Meksikanac Pedro Rodríguez poginuo je u Interserie utrci na stazi Norisring u Nürnbergu u Njemačkoj 11. srpnja. Pobjednik VN Austrije Švicarac Jo Siffert, izgubio je život 24. listopada na Brands Hatchu, utrci koja nije bila bodovana za prvenstvo. Siffert je oštetio ovjes u dodiru s Ronniem Petersonom. Oštećeni ovjes bio je uzrok izljetanja Siffertovog bolida koji se odmah zapalio. Siffert se nije mogao izvući iz gorućeg bolida, te je preminuo od posljedica udisanja dima.

Vozači i konstruktori

Kalendar

Sistem bodovanja
Sistem bodovanja u Formuli 1

 Samo 5 najboljih rezultata u prvih 6 utrka i 4 najbolja rezultata u posljednjih 5 utrka su se računali za prvenstvo vozača.
 Samo 5 najboljih rezultata u prvih 6 utrka i 4 najbolja rezultata u posljednjih 5 utrka su se računali za prvenstvo konstruktora.
 Ako je više bolida jednog konstruktora završilo utrku u bodovima, samo najbolje plasirani bolid osvajao je konstruktorske bodove.

Rezultati utrka

 VN Južne Afrike

 VN Španjolske

 VN Monaka

 VN Nizozemske

 VN Francuske

 VN Velike Britanije

 VN Njemačke

 VN Austrije

 VN Italije

 VN Kanade

 VN SAD

Poredak

Vozači

Konstruktori

 March-Ford je osvojio ukupno 34 boda, ali samo 33 boda osvojena u 9 najboljih utrka (5 najboljih rezultata u prvih 6 utrka i 4 najbolja rezultata u posljednjih 5 utrka) su se računala za prvenstvo konstruktora.

Statistike

Vodeći vozač i konstruktor u prvenstvu
U rubrici bodovi, prikazana je bodovna prednost vodećeg vozača / konstruktora ispred drugoplasiranog, dok je žutom bojom označena utrka na kojoj je vozač / konstruktor osvojio naslov prvaka.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena stranica Formule 1
 Formula 1 – sezona 1971. - StatsF1
 Utrke koje se nisu bodovale za prvenstvo 1971. - StatsF1

 1971

Formula 1 – sezona 1971.


Destilat poljoprivrednog podrijetla je u smislu Pravilnika o jakim alkoholnim pićima Republike Hrvatske alkoholna tekućina proizvedena destilacijom prevrelih poljoprivrednih sirovina koja nema svojstva etilnoga alkohola ili jakog alkoholnog pića, ali još uvijek zadržava miris i okus upotrijebljene sirovine. Ondje gdje se navodi sirovina korištena u proizvodnji destilat mora biti proizveden samo od te sirovine.

Izvori

Enologija

Destilat poljoprivrednog podrijetla


سيرجي سيماك  ، من مواليد 27 فبراير 1976 سيتشانسكي في الإتحاد السوفييتي ، لاعب كرة قدم روسي.

يلعب مع نادي روبن كازان منذ عام 2008.

بدأ باللعب مع منتخب روسيا لكرة القدم في عام 1997.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من مقاطعة لوهانسك
روس في أوكرانيا
روس من أصل أوكراني
رياضيون من مقاطعة لوهانسك
طاقم زينيت سانت بطرسبرغ غير اللاعبين
لاعبو الدوري الروسي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو أسمرال موسكو
لاعبو أف سي موسكو
لاعبو باريس سان جيرمان
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو روبين كازان
لاعبو زينيت سانت بطرسبرغ
لاعبو سسكا موسكو
لاعبو كأس العالم 2002
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية روس
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية روس مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم روس
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون روس
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم من لوهانسك أوبلاست
لاعبو منتخب روسيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب روسيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب روسيا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مدربو الدوري الروسي الممتاز
مدربو زينيت سانت بطرسبرغ
مدربو كرة قدم روس
مدربو نادي أوفا
مواليد 1976

سيرغي سيماك


De forsvundne breve er en dansk kortfilm fra 1967 med instruktion og manuskript af Annelise Hovmand.

Handling
Grundlaget for filmen er Villy Sørensens skræmmende nutidige fabel om menneskers kontaktbehov og forvrængede kontaktmuligheder resulterende i den grusomme historie om den ensomme, forskræmte bølles mord på postbudet efter at have stillet ham overfor valget: Brevene eller livet - og om de følger, mordet får for bøllen selv og hans ligeså forskræmte medmennesker.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1967

Kortfilm fra Danmark

De forsvundne breve


{{Ficha de álbum
|nombre       = Cornerstone
|carátula     =
|tipo         = Álbum en vivo
|artista      = Hillsong Live
|publicación  =  2 de julio de 2012
|grabación    = 30 de octubre de 2011
|género       = Música Cristiana  Rock Cristiano
|duración     =
|discográfica = Hillsong Music Australia
|productor    =
|compilador   =
|calificación =
|certificación=
|posicionamiento =
|anterior     = God is Able
|actual       = Cornerstone"
|posterior    = Glorious Ruins
|añoA         = 2011
|añoAc        = 2012
|añoP         = 2013
|misceláneo   =
}}Cornerstone'' es el vigésimo primer álbum de Hillsong Live. Fue grabado en el Allphones Arena en el Sydney Olympic Park, Sydney Australia por Reuben Morgan, Darlene Zschech y el equipo de adoración de Hillsong el 30 de octubre de 2011.

Lista de canciones (CD)

Lista de canciones (DVD/Blu-Ray)
 "Endless Light"
 "Running"
 "Under Your Name"
 "I Desire Jesus"
 "Grace Abounds"
 "Surrender"
 "Love So High"
 "Praise Him"
 "Soul Sings (Knows No End)"
 "All My Hope"
 "Stand In Awe (Better Than Life)"
 "Hope Of the World"
 "All Of The Praise (Greater Than All)"
 "Endless Light"*
 "Running"*
 "Under Your Name"*

Personal

Líderes:
 Darlene Zschech - Líder
 Reuben Morgan - Pastor
 Joel Houston - Líder
 Ben Fielding - Líder
 Matt Crocker - Líder
 Jad Gillies - Líder
 Annie Garratt - Líder
 Jonathan Douglass (JD) - Líder
 Dave Ware - Líder
 Dean Ussher - Líder

Compositores:
 Reuben Morgan
 Joel Houston
 Darlene Zschech
 Ben Fielding
 Matt Crocker
 Dean Ussher
 Nathan Finnochio
 Jason Ingram

Percusión:
 Jp Starra

Director Creativor:
 Joel Houston

Pastor:
 Reuben Morgan

Pastores de la Iglesia Hillsong:
 Brian Houston
 Bobbie Houston

Álbumes de 2012

Together as One


La Aequorina (número EC 220.127.116.11)  es un fotoproteína aislado de medusas luminiscentes como las especies del género Aequorea (por ejemplo, Aequorea victoria) y una variedad de otros organismos marinos.  Fue aislado originalmente del celentérado por Osamu Shimomura.

Estructura
Aequorina se compone de dos unidades distintas, la apo-aequorinapoproteína, con un peso molecular aproximado de 22 kDa, y la coelenteracina que es una luciferina que actúa de grupo prostético.

Mecanismo de acción
Los dos componentes estructurales de la aequorina, permiten funcionalidad. La proteína tiene tres centros  de actividad Mano EF que funcionan como sitios de unión de los iones Ca2+. Cuando Ca2+ocupa de esos sitios, la proteína sufre un cambio conformacional y se produce la oxidación de su grupo prostético la coelenteracina, en coelenteramida activada además de CO2. A medida que la activación de la coelenteramida disminuye al estado basal, se emite una luz azul (longitud de onda = 469 nm).

Usos en la biología y la medicina
Dado que la luz emitida puede ser fácilmente detectada con un Fotómetro, la aequorina se ha convertido en una herramienta útil en la biología molecular para la medición de Ca2+ intracelular. Las células cultivadas que expresan el gen para aequorina efectivamente pueden sintetizarla. Sin embargo, la expresión recombinante produce sólo la apoproteína, por lo tanto es necesario añadir coelenteracina en el medio de cultivo de las células para obtener una proteína funcional y poder usar su emisión de luz azul para medir la concentración Ca2+. Coelenteracina es una molécula hidrófoba, y por lo tanto es fácilmente absorbida a través de las paredes celulares de plantas y hongos, así como la membrana plasmática de eucariotas superiores, haciendo a la aequorina adecuada como (reportero Ca2+) en las plantas, hongos y células de mamíferos.

La Aequorina tiene una serie de ventajas con respecto a otros indicadores de Ca2+: Tiene una baja tasa de escape de las células, carece de los fenómenos de compartimentación intracelular, y no interrumpe las funciones celulares o el desarrollo del embrión. Además, la luz emitida por la oxidación de coelenteracina no depende de una excitación óptica, por lo que los problemas de auto-fluorescencia se eliminan. La principal limitación de la aequorina es que la coelenteracina utilizada como grupo prostético es consumida irreversiblemente para producir luz, por lo que la emisión continuada requiere un continuo suministro de coelenteracina al medio. Todo ello ha conducido a la evolución de otros sensores de calcio genéticamente codificados como el del camaleón (sensor calmodulina) basado en, desarrollado por Roger Tsien y el sensor basado en la troponina, TN-XXL, desarrollado por Oliver Griesbeck.

Véase también
 Fotoproteínas
 Vargulina

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Swiss-Prot Aequorin entry

Bioluminiscencia
Métodos de proteína
EC 1.13.12
Proteínas

Aequorina


Natalia Ginzburg, İtalyan yazar.

1916 Palermo doğumlu İtalyan yazar. 1991 yılında Roma'da öldü. En önemli eserleri: Aile Sözlüğü, Şehir ve Ev, Tüm Dünlerimiz, Şehire Giden Yol, Manzoni Ailesi, Caro Michele, Akşamın Sesleri; denemelerini Küçük Erdemler ve Hiç Bana Sorma adlı
kitaplarında toplamıştır.

1916 doğumlular
1991 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyıl İtalyan yazarları
Yahudi yazarlar
Leviler
İtalyan anti-faşistler

Natalia Ginzburg


Iton Gorga poyde tinmudlok ha:
Gorga, Italya, comune ha lalawigan han Roma ha rehiyon han Lazio ha nasod han Italya.
Gorga, Espanya, usa ka bungto ha Probinsya han Alicante, Comunidad Valenciana, Espanya.

Gorga


Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport (), (formerly Subang International Airport/Kuala Lumpur International Airport), often called Subang Airport or Subang Skypark,  is an airport located in Subang, Petaling District, Selangor, Malaysia.

Subang International Airport served as Kuala Lumpur's main airport from 1965 to 1998, before the Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Sepang was opened. Although plans existed to convert the airport into a low-cost carrier base, the change was opposed by Subang Jaya residents. The airport was repurposed to serve general aviation as well as turboprop domestic and international flights. In 1996, the airport was renamed after Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Al-Haj (Salahuddin of Selangor), the eleventh Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia and eighth Sultan of Selangor.

Subang Airport is currently the base for SKS Airways, Firefly and Batik Air Malaysia commercial turboprop services. Raya Airways is the only other non-passenger non-turbo prop aircraft landing and utilising Subang Airport Terminal 2. While heavily opposed by Ara Damansara residents of the noise of the jet engines, Raya Airways still operates out of SZB servicing DHL and other local hubs.

History

Work on the Subang International Airport started in 1961 and finished in 1965 at a cost of $64 million. Its deceptively simple design consisted of a roof composed of floating concrete shells that was held aloft by mushroom-shaped columns. Partners in the Booty Edwards Architectural practice Kington Loo and C.H.R Bailey are typically attributed with the design. The open structure also featured a massive circular ramp, reminiscent of Berthold Lubetkin's penguin pavilion in London. Most of the structure was removed during a major reconstruction in 1983.

The airport was officially opened to traffic on 30 August 1965, and had the longest runway ( long,  wide – runway 15 – 33) in Southeast Asia, replacing Sungai Besi Airport. By the 1990s, the airport had three terminals – Terminal 1 for international flights, Terminal 2 for Singapore – Kuala Lumpur shuttle flights by Singapore Airlines and Malaysia Airlines, and Terminal 3 for domestic flights. Toward the end of service, the airport suffered at least two major fires that forced traffic to be diverted to other airports. By the end of 1997, Subang Airport had handled 15.8 million passengers.  In 2003 terminal 1 was demolished.

In July 2002, AirAsia began flying from KLIA, and in 2004, AirAsia considered utilising the airport as a primary hub in Malaysia. However, the plan was rejected and the Malaysian government planned to turn the airport into an international conference centre. Since Firefly started operations in the airport, AirAsia has been lobbying the government to allow AirAsia to use Subang Airport. As of December 2007, the government still maintains its policy of only allowing general aviation and turbo-prop flights out of Subang Airport.
The airport underwent renovation works at Terminal 3 from February 2008 and was finished in October 2009. Terminal 3 was renamed to Subang Skypark.

Present
Raya Airways, a national cargo carrier, chose Subang Airport as its main cargo operation center. Several companies offer chartered flights and helicopter services from the airport. One of the largest FBO (Fixed-Base Operator) in the region (with covered hangar space of more than ), Dnest Aviation Services is also based in this airport. Their newest hangar boast a "first of its kind" infrastructure capable of taking in either a 737 BBJ or A319 ACJ and 2 basement floors directly underneath it with ample of office space, lecture rooms, carpark and a cafeteria. A number of flying clubs are also located at Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah airport, the most famous of these being Subang Flying Club, Air Adventure Flying Club, Eurocopter (An EADS Company), ESB Flying Club(Eurodynamic Sdn Bhd). With Eurocopter, the airport serves as a maintenance and support facility for Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency helicopters.

Berjaya Air's head office is in the Berjaya Hangar in the SkyPark Terminal Building. Previously the head office was in Terminal 3. Transmile Air Services has its head office in the Transmile Centre in the Cargo Complex. The main headquarters of Malaysia Airlines was previously in Subang, consisting of administrative departments & its maintenance, repair and overhaul subsidiary, MAS Aerospace. In addition, another MAS subsidiary, Firefly also operates a fleet of ATR 72 out of Subang.

Apart from that, Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport was to be a hub for Global Flying Hospitals, but the humanitarian medical charity made the decision to close down Malaysian Operations, stating that the elements to make the correct formula for the GFH model were not present.

Skypark Terminal 3 transformation plan
On 4 December 2007, Subang SkyPark Sdn Bhd announce a RM 300 million plan to transform the Terminal 3 building into an ultra-modern general and corporate aviation hub. The plan includes upgrading the terminal, creation of regional aviation center and finally the establishment of a commercial nexus. Under an agreement with Malaysia Airports, Subang Skypark will serve private aviation while Malaysia Airports will serve Berjaya Air and Firefly Airlines. Subang Skypark recently signed a lease agreement with Malaysia Airports for the land in the Airport in Langkawi. On the next day, VistaJet, a business jet service provider, has announced that it will use the airport as a base of operations in Malaysia. It has chosen Terminal 3, which is being operated by Subang Skypark to be the hub in Asia.

The operator announce that construction works for a , five-star executive lounge begins in February 2008. The construction works was awarded to ArcRadius Sdn Bhd. It is expected that the lounge works will be done by end of March 2008. The transformation plans also calls for a construction of two  by  maintenance, repair and overhaul hangars and ten  by  parking hangars. The construction of the MRO hangars will complete by end of 2008 while two of the ten parking hangars will complete by end of 2009.

On 8 August 2008, VistaJet Holding SA started operations from the airport. It provides private jet travel from Malaysia to anywhere in the world.

Subang Airport underwent a RM40 million facelift on the check-in terminals. The facelift did nothing much to address the lack of parking spots, although a valet service is provided. Parking cost RM25 on daily basis. A rail link was added in 2018 to connect to the airport to Kuala Lumpur Sentral via KTM Komuter; travellers can also catch a local bus out of Central Market bus hub.

The airport was officiated by Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak on 28 October 2009. The Prime Minister has expressed confidence that the airport will reach 2 million annual passenger and emerge as a regional hub of ASEAN.

Terminal 2 at Skypark Subang

The next phase of development will entail the refurbishment of the former Terminal 2 (T2) of the SAAS airport into an extension of the SkyPark Terminal 3. Works are scheduled to commence end of 2017 with an estimated construction period of 24 months. The combined capacity of T2 and T3 will be 5 million passengers.

With a retail extension of , the project will include airport facilities and services and a multilevel car park of  with 1,155 bays. The extension will also include an entertainment / event deck that overlooks the runway, a first of its kind, open to public, in Malaysia.

Commercial Nexus

Skypark Commercial Nexus is a mixed development commercial project sited on a  plot adjoined to the main terminal. Among the proposed highlights of the Nexus would be a hotel, entertainment outlets, aviation museum and an aviation theme park (subject to approval from authority). A multi-storey car park is also included. Construction work is expected to commence in early 2014. The upcoming railway line is planned to connect SkyPark Nexus to Subang Jaya KTMB station.

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

Cargo

Traffic and statistics

Ground transportation

Airport taxi
There is a taxi booth inside the terminal building, so arriving passengers can directly go to the booth and get on a taxi.

Bus

Transit bus
Buses from Subang Skypark towards Pasar Seni (Central Market) in Kuala Lumpur city center are Rapid KL bus No. 772 (also stops at Asia Jaya LRT station and KL Sentral). The bus ticket costs RM2.50 (Asia Jaya) & RM3.00 (Pasar Seni), and the route operates from 6:00 am till midnight.

Feeder bus
To serve the newly opened Kelana Jaya extension line and MRT Kajang Line, there is a Rapid KL feeder bus No. T773 route between Ara Damansara LRT Station and Subang Skypark and MRT feeder bus No. T804 route between Kwasa Sentral station and Subang Airport. Fares are fixed at RM1.00.

Airport shuttle bus
There is also a bus shuttle service between Subang Skypark and Kuala Lumpur International Airport KLIA & KLIA2. The service departs from Subang Skypark from 5am until 7pm. The one-way journey takes around one hour (subject to traffic) and costs RM10 per passenger.

Airport train

A KTM Komuter shuttle service connecting KL Sentral through Subang Jaya to the terminal has been in operation since 1 May 2018. This extension is a branch line of the Port Klang Line and provides rail connectivity to the airport that is currently only served by other kinds of road transportation. The line is 26 km long and has three stations: KL Sentral, Subang Jaya, and  with two planned stations - Glenmarie, Sri Subang.

Accidents and incidents
11 May 1976 – British Airways Flight 888, a Boeing 747-100 from London to Melbourne via Bahrain, Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur, was on approach to Runway 15 when it flew below the normal flight path, hitting trees 2.2 nautical miles before the runway threshold. On landing, inspection of the aircraft revealed damage on the main landing gear; strike marks on the fuselage and engine intakes; and evidence of debris ingestion on the two left-side engines.
27 September 1977 – Japan Airlines Flight 715, a Douglas DC-8, crashed into a hill in bad weather while attempting to land on Runway 15. 34 people, including 8 of the 10 crew members and 26 of the 69 passengers, were killed when the aircraft broke on impact.
 18 December 1983 – Malaysian Airline System Flight 684, an Airbus A300 from Singapore crashed 2 km short of the runway while approaching Runway 15 in bad weather. There were no fatalities, but the aircraft was written off. Ironically, the aircraft was operating its last scheduled flight for Malaysian Airline System, before being returned to its original operator, Scandinavian Airlines System.
 19 February 1989 – Flying Tiger Line Flight 66, a Boeing 747-200F from Singapore crashed 12 kilometres from the airport while on approach to Runway 33. The pilots misinterpreted the controller's instructions to descend, causing the aircraft to fly below minimum altitude and crash into a hillside on the outskirts of Puchong. All four flight crew were killed.
 18 March 2019 – At approximately 3.20am, an accident had happened on the runway of Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport Subang involving a privately owned Bombardier Challenger 300 and an airport engineering vehicle. The vehicle was on the runway to escort contractors fixing the lighting of the runway when the airport staff driving it fell asleep while waiting for the contractors to finish their work. The contractors vacated the runway upon seeing the landing lights of the approaching aircraft while the airport staff in the vehicle had died from the incident a few days later. Two air traffic controllers were suspended due to the incident.
 24 March 2021 - At 9.25am, an Airbus AS350 B3 helicopter crashed at the airport. There were five people on board, including one pilot and four passengers. All the victims were taken to the hospital for further treatment, two persons were reportedly injured and one suffered a broken leg and head injury. It left Sungai Lembing in Pahang at 8.30am and was on a private flight to Subang via Maran, Temerloh, Karak and the Batu Caves. A safety investigation will be conducted by Malaysia's Air Accident Investigation Bureau.
 17 August 2023 - At 2.51pm, N28JV, a Beechcraft Premier I crashed at a highway two minutes from Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport. There were 10 casualties involving 8 people on the aircraft including YB Datuk Seri Johari Harin and 2 people on the highway. The aircraft departed Langkawi International Airport at 2.08pm heading to Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport.

Other shared facilities

  AIROD is located north of the passenger terminal and occupies the land there.
  RMAF Subang Air Base, is located on the western side of the runway, shared with the MMEA hangar
  Various hangars storing corporate jets are located south of the Passenger Terminal
  The cargo terminal, the base of Raya Air is actually located across the main road, featuring a taxiway crossing the road. Airbus Helicopters has an office at that same location.
  The Police Air Unit base for Peninsular Malaysia is located at the extreme south of the airfield, the latest addition after shifting there from Sungai Besi Air Base in 2018.

References

External links

Skypark Terminal Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport at Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad

Airports in Selangor
Airports established in 1965
1965 establishments in Malaysia
Transport in the Klang Valley
Buildings and structures in Selangor
Petaling District

Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport


Darayak, aşık edebiyatında kafiye olma olasılığı düşük sözcükleri belirtmek için kullanılan terimdir. Darkapı olarak da adlandırılır.

Âşığın karşılaşma ya da atışma sırasında en azından dört ayak kafiye bulması gerekir. Diğer âşık da aynı ayakta dört sözcük söylemek zorundadır. Darayak bu durumda işe yarar.

Edebiyat terimleri

Darayak


On this list of U.S. military vessels named after women, there are many ships that have seen service with the United States military. Most of these were named in civilian service and then subsequently commissioned into the United States Navy as combat vessels, or as service vessels with U.S. Military Sealift Command. The earliest ships served in the Continental Navy. Overall, few ships have been named after women by the military. Ships often are named after people who served in the Navy, Marines, Coast Guard, or the government. Women have only recently been in such prominent positions, and therefore few have been so honored by the Navy.

Continental Navy
The schooner  was commissioned in 1775.
The gunboat  was commissioned in 1776 and was the first American armed ship named for a woman. She was a row galley, a small wooden river gunboat, built in 1776 by New York State to defend Hudson River, named in honor of Martha Washington. She remained active, under General Washington's command, through June 1777.
 , a frigate in the Continental Navy named for Marie Antoinette.

United States Maritime Commission
 , the first ship of the Maritime Commission named for a woman. She was named for Sacagawea in 1942, a Shoshone woman, who served as an interpreter and guide for the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The name was also assigned to a tugboat acquired by Maritime Commission for the Navy. This Sacagawea was retained by Maritime Commission and not commissioned in the Navy.

United States Navy

The following is a list of ships in the United States Navy named after specific women:

The sidewheel steamer Harriet Lane was launched in 1857. She was the first armed ship in service with the U.S. Navy to be named for a woman. Originally a Revenue Cutter, she was named for Harriet Lane, niece of President James Buchanan, who served as Buchanan's White House hostess.

The sternwheel river steamer  was launched in 1856. This name was retained from a former name, of feminist Amelia Bloomer. Bloomer was captured from Confederates in 1862, but then served in the U.S. Navy from 1863–65.

 , a screw sloop commissioned in 1860 and,
 , a harbor tug commissioned in 1942, both named for famed Native American princess Pocahontas.
 Six transports commissioned in 1942:
 , named for Dorothea Dix, first Superintendent of Army Nurses and mental health care activist.
 , named for suffragist Elizabeth C. Stanton
 , named for Florence Nightingale, founder of modern nursing.
 , named for Mary Lyon, founder of Wheaton and Mount Holyoke Colleges
 , named for suffragist Susan B. Anthony
 USS Anne Arundel (AP-76), named after a county in Maryland, which in turn was named for English noblewoman Lady Anne Arundell.
 , a harbor tug acquired in 1942, named for the Native American guide on the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
 , a 1944 harbor tug named for a Potawatomi woman, (the Naval Historical Center says the name Watseka is "possibly a variant spelling of Watsaghika, a former village of the Iruwaitsu Shasta Indian tribe of northern California, at the extreme west end of Scott Valley.")
 USS Higbee (DD-806), 1945 a Gearing-class destroyer named for Lenah S. Higbee, Superintendent of Navy Nurse Corps.
 USS Hopper (DDG-70), an  named for Grace Hopper, a U.S. Navy Rear Admiral and computer technology pioneer who led the Navy into the digital age.
 , named for both President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.
 , second ship named for Sacagawea, launched in 2006, she is the second of a new class of replenishment ships.
 , an oceanographic survey ship launched in October 2000, she was named for Commander Mary Sears, a pioneer in oceanography.
 USNS Amelia Earhart (T-AKE-6) is a sister ship of Sacagawea, named for Amelia Earhart, a pioneer in aviation and women's rights activist.
 USS Gabrielle Giffords (LCS-10), an , named for retired U.S. congresswoman Gabby Giffords, who survived an assassination attempt.
 , a  named for astronaut Sally Ride launched in 2014.
 USS Lenah H. Sutcliffe Higbee (DDG-123), an , and second ship named for Lenah H. Sutcliffe Higbee.
 Ordered John Lewis-class replenishment oilers:
 USNS Lucy Stone (T-AO-209), named for Lucy Stone, abolitionist and suffragist.
 USNS Sojourner Truth (T-AO-210), named for Sojourner Truth, escaped slave, abolitionist, and suffragist.
 USNS Ruth Bader Ginsburg (T-AO-211), named for Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.

Other Navy ships with a woman's name
Many of these ships served in one or both of World War I, World War II, and some also during the interwar period. Many were the patrol boats (SP), while others were civilian craft (ID) taken into naval service. Others served in the Stone Fleet, or were prizes during the Age of Sail. The names often came from a previous owner and almost all were commissioned into the Navy. While some were named by the navy, it is not known which.

Alphabetically

USS Annabelle (SP-1206)

USS Annie E. Gallup (SP-694)

USS Betty Jane I (SP-3458)
USS Betty M. II (SP-623)

USS Edithia (SP-214) (later YP-214)

USS Katrina Luckenbach (SP-3020)

USS Reina Mercedes (IX-25)
USS Sara Thompson (SP-3148) (later AO-8)

By designation

ID

SP

USS Edithia (SP-214) (later YP-214)

USS Katrina Luckenbach (SP-3020)

USS Betty M. II (SP-623)

USS Annie E. Gallup (SP-694)

USS Annabelle (SP-1206)

USS Sara Thompson (SP-3148) (later AO-8)
USS Betty Jane I (SP-3458)

Other

 (yacht)
USS Reina Mercedes (IX-25) (experimental)

References

Women
Women named vessels
Women in the United States military
U.S. military vessels named after women
Military

List of U.S. military vessels named after women