Vozna dizalica, vozni granik, mobilna dizalica ili mobilni granik je okretna dizalica na voznom postolju sa samostalnim pogonom za vožnju do mjesta uporabe. Ovisno o dostupnosti mjestu uporabe, vozne dizalice imaju vozno postolje na automobilskim kotačima (pneumatici), na gusjenicama ili na željezničkim kotačima za vožnju po pruzi. Vozne dizalice izrađuju se danas za dizanje i najtežih tereta, te za visine dizanja i preko 100 metara.

Vozne dizalice cestovna su ili pružna vozila s uređajima za dizanje koji najčešće imaju okretne dohvatnike. U vozne se dizalice ubrajaju cestovne dizalice koje imaju kotače s gumama, automobilske utovarne dizalice, dizalice gusjeničari i pružne dizalice koji se kreću po tračnicama. Sve vozne dizalice imaju svoje vlastito energetsko postrojenje.

Cestovna dizalica
Prije su se razvrstavale dizalice na mobilne (pokretne) i automobilske. S vremenom su te razlike nestale, pa se danas razvrstavaju na cestovne dizalice s rešetkastim dohvatnikom i cestovne dizalice s teleskopskim dohvatnikom.

Cestovne dizalice s rešetkastim dohvatnikom
Cestovna dizalica s rešetkastim dohvatnikom ima dohvatnik s ležajem na donjem kraju, a gornji kraj podržava jedno ili nekoliko čeličnih užeta. Konstrukcija dohvatnika omogućuje podizanje velikih tereta na vrlo velike visine, jer je dohvatnik povoljno opterećen, pretežno tlačnim silama. Osim normalnih dohvatnika grade se za dizalice veće nosivosti takozvani dohvatnici za visokogradnje. Takvi se dohvatnici mogu pružiti vršnim dohvatnikom da bi se povećala visina dizanja do 160 metara i doseg granika do 80 metara. Slični su cestovne toranjske okretne dizalice.

Dohvatnici cestovnih dizalica s rešetkastim dohvatnikom najčešće se moraju pri dolasku na mjesto rada ugraditi (montirati), nakon završetka rada raspremiti (demontirati) i složiti za prijevoz na drugo radilište. Dohvatnik se izrađuje od čelika velike čvrstoće zbog toga što je dugačak 100 metara i više. Cestovne dizalice s rešetkastim dohvatnikom grade se za nosivosti od 20 do 1 400 tona, a najviše se upotrebljavaju oni s 80 do 100 tona nosivosti.

Cestovne dizalice s teleskopskim dohvatnikom
Cestovna dizalica s teleskopskim dohvatnikom ima mnogo manju nosivost od cestovnih dizalica s rešetkastim dohvatnikom, ali treba kraće vrijeme da se pripreme za rad na radilištu. Za kratkotrajna uvrštavanja u rad teleskopske su dizalice prikladnije, jer trebaju samo nekoliko minuta da hidraulički izguraju dijelove teleskopskog dohvatnika na željenu duljinu i već su pripremljeni za rad. Telaskopski dohvatnici imaju od 1 do 4 dijela koji se mogu jedan iz drugog izgurati da bi dosegli ukupnu duljinu do oko 50 metara, a u nekim izvedbama to može biti i dvostruko više. Duljina je uvučenog dohvatnika obično od 8 do 10 metara. Zbog velike vlastite mase teleskopskih dohvatnika i zbog velikog naprezanja na savijanje, nosivost cestovnih dizalica s teleskopskim dohvatnikom nije veća od 300 tona.

Brzina vožnje cestovnih dizalica iznosi od 10 do 80 km/h, a brzina je vrtnje gornjeg dijela dizalice od 1 do 6 okretaja u minuti. Pri konstruiranju cestovnih dizalica nastoji se da vlastita masa dizalice prema masi tereta bude što manja. Jedna je od uspjelih konstrukcija cestovnih dizalica s teleskopskim dohvatnikom, vlastite mase od 41 tona i nosivosti 91 tona.

Za pogon cestovnih dizalica, a općenito i voznih dizalica, upotrebljava se obično jedan ili dva Dieselova motora. Samo vrlo malo voznih dizalica ponekad imaju električni pogon baterijama. Prema vrsti prijenosnika snage, ugrađenog iza Dieselova motora, razlikuju se: dizelsko-mehanički, dizelsko-hidraulički i dizelsko-električni pogoni cestovnih, odnosno voznih dizalica.

Dizelsko-mehanički pogoni zbog malih gubitaka u mehaničkim prijenosnicima imaju dobru korisnost snage dobivene od motora, najčešće više od 0,8. Održavanje je dizelsko-mehaničkih pogona relativno jednostavno. Nedostatak je u tome što imaju veliku vlastitu masu i mnogo dijelova koji se habanjem troše. U mehaničkim prijenosnicima postoji mjenjač za prilagođavanje opterećenju i razdjeljivač u kojemu se pomoću spojki određuju pokreti dizalice. U razdjeljivaču su neprestano u zahvatu dva paralelna reda čeličnih zupčanika. Jedan red zupčanika omogućuje pokrete dizalice u jednom, a drugi u drugom smjeru.

Dizelsko-hidraulički pogoni voznih dizalica pretežno su hidrostatički. U tim pogonima Dieselov motor pokreću uljne pumpe, a ulje se pod tlakom vodi cijevima do radnih cilindara koji izvršavaju pojedine radne pokrete dizalica. Pogonski tlak iznosi za zupčaste pumpe oko 15 MPa, a za stapne pumpe od 25 do 40 MPa. Posluživanje dizelsko-hidrauličkih pogona veoma je jednostavno i omogućuje vrlo fino upravljanje pojedinim radnjama dizalica. Održavanje dizelsko-hidrauličkih pogona postavlja dosta velike zahtjeve. Skuplji su od ostalih, a korisnost im je oko 0,7. Postoje vozne dizalice u kojima se neke radnje obavljaju preko mehaničkog prijenosnika, a preostale preko hidrauličkoga.

U dizelsko-električnom pogonu, Dieselov motor pokreće generator istosmjerne ili trofazne struje koji napaja pogonske elektromotore pojedinih mehanizama dizalica. Već prema izboru generatora, motora i njihova povezivanja postižu se različiti stupnjevi finoće upravljanja i reguliranja u pogonu. Korisnost dizelsko-električnih pogona ovisi o njihovoj snazi, ali i o broju energetskih pretvaranja i iznosi od 0,55 do 0,75. Dizelsko-električni pogoni osobito su prikladni za veoma velike snage. Posluživanje tih pogona vrlo je jednostavno.

Automobilska utovarna dizalica

Automobilska utovarna dizalica u prvom je redu namijenjena za utovar i istovar vozila na kojemu je ugrađena (montirana). Takve dizalice imaju hidraulički pogon, a napravljeni su s teleskopskim dohvatnikom, koljenčastim dohvatnikom ili kombinacijom tih dviju izvedbi. Nosivost takvih dizalica iznosi od 0,5 do 9,5 tona. Automobilska utovarna dizalica teške izvedbe, za teretnjak iznad 9 tona korisnog tereta s četiri podupore, može imati najveću nosivost 6,65 tona pri dosegu od 1,85 metar ili 2 tone pri dosegu od 7 metara.

Dizalica gusjeničar
Dizalica gusjeničar upotrebljava se za montažne i građevinske radove na teško pristupačnim terenima i terenima male nosivosti. Mogu biti opremljene normalnim dohvatnikom, rešetkastim dohvatnikom za visokogradnje s vršnim dohvatnikom ili bez njega, te toranjskim okretnim uređajem. Nosivosti dizalice gusjeničara najčešće iznose od 10 do 160 tona, ali dosežu i do 650 tona. Dizalice gusjeničari imaju malu brzinu vožnje, do 5 km/h, pa se one zbog toga na veće udaljenosti moraju prevoziti, katkada i djelomično rasklopljene (demontirane).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Dizalice

Vozna dizalica


Ivona Pavićević (født 21. april 1996 i Podgorica) er en kvindelig montenegrinsk håndboldspiller, som spiller for ŽRK Budućnost og det Montenegros kvindehåndboldlandshold.

Hun repræsenterede for første gang, Montenegro under VM i håndbold 2015 i Danmark.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Montenegro
Håndboldspillere fra ŽRK Budućnost
Personer fra Podgorica
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2020

Ivona Pavićević


Gulbrystet tukan () er en fugl i familien tukaner i ordenen spættefugle, der lever i det nordlige Sydamerika.

Kilder
 Avibase - the world bird database

Tukaner

Gulbrystet tukan


The NEC e616 mobile phone is a handheld 3G phone from NEC Corporation.

Rechargeable battery

The e616 takes Lithium ion batteries, which are available in different capacities:

 780 mA·h standard battery (always included) tested standby time in 3G network : 6–12 h depending on use of the phone
 1360 mA·h high capacity battery (sometimes included) tested standby time in 3G network : 12–24 h depending on use of the phone

Usage notes
Batteries should always be recharged in the recharger and not within the mobile phone. Recharging in the mobile takes longer and the standby time will be halved. The short standby time and recharging error may be caused by faulty firmware or a faulty 3G network. In addition the battery time can be increased by turning off the GPS and vibra call alert, and by turning down the backlight of the display. Testing has revealed that using the phone in 2G network will provide 3-4 times the standby time than using it in 3G networks.

Media

Wallpapers
The screen size of the e616 is 176x240 pixels, but the wallpaper should be restricted to 176x200 pixels to allow for the status bar at the top and the menu bar at the bottom of the screen.

Ringtones
The NEC e616 supports polyphonic ringtones.

Information Codes

Special codes supported by the e616 include:
*#06# shows IMEI number
*#2820# shows Software Version
*#3210# shows SP lock info
*#4960# shows sim lock info
*#7320# shows net lock info
*#8140# shows corporate lock info
*73738# master reset
#7320*(8 digits password)# release the Net Lock, password required
*#2634# unlock APN 1-2 and the GPRS attach.

The codes are entered in the same way as a normal phone number.

External links
e616 discussion forum
e616 discussion forum
Phone specifications

E616

NEC e616


1050ගණන් යනු, 1050 ජනවාරි 1 දිනදී ඇරඹුනු සහ 1059 දෙසැම්බර් 31 දිනදී නිමවුනු, ජුලියානු දිනදසුනෙහි දශකයකි.

1050ගණන්


Rimini est un film multinational réalisé par Ulrich Seidl et dont la sortie est prévue en 2022.

Synopsis

Fiche technique

 Titre original : Rimini
 Réalisation : Ulrich Seidl
 Scénario : Veronika Franz et Ulrich Seidl
 Musique : Fritz Ostermayer et Herwig Zamernik
 Direction artistique : Attila Plangger
 Costumes : Tanja Hausner
 Photographie : Wolfgang Thaler
 Montage : Monika Willi
 Pays de production : ,  et
 Format : couleurs
 Langue originale : allemand, italien, anglais
 Genre : drame
 Dates de sortie :
 Allemagne :  (Berlinale 2022)
 Autriche :
 Allemagne :

Distribution
 Hans-Michael Rehberg : le père
 Michael Thomas : Ritchie
 Georg Friedrich : Ewald
 Claudia Martini :
 Natalya Baranova : Krankenpflegerin
 Silvana Sansoni : Witwe
 Rosa Schmidl :
 Inge Maux :

Production

Distinction

Sélection
 Berlinale 2022 : en compétition officielle

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film autrichien sorti en 2022
Film allemand sorti en 2022
Film français sorti en 2022
Film dramatique autrichien
Film dramatique allemand
Film dramatique français
Film réalisé par Ulrich Seidl
Film d'Arte

Rimini (film)


Lady Bird er en amerikansk dramakomedie fra 2017, skrevet og instrueret af Greta Gerwig. Saoirse Ronan, Laurie Metcalf, Lucas Hedges, Timothée Chalamet, Tracy Letts, Beanie Feldstein, Stephen Henderson og Lois Smith spiller hovedrollerne. Filmen udspiller sig i Sacramento i Californien og er en opvækstskildring om den rebelske skoleelev "Lady Bird" (Ronan) og det turbulente forholdet til moren Marion (Metcalf).

Medvirkende

 Saoirse Ronan som Christine "Lady Bird" McPherson
 Laurie Metcalf som Marion McPherson
 Tracy Letts som Larry McPherson
 Lucas Hedges som Danny O'Neill
 Timothée Chalamet som Kyle Scheible
 Beanie Feldstein som Julianne «Julie» Steffans
 Stephen Henderson som pater Leviatch
 Lois Smith som Sister Sarah Joan
 Laura Marano som Diana Greenway
 Jordan Rodrigues som Miguel McPherson
 John Karna som Greg Anrue
 Odeya Rush som Jenna Walton
 Jake McDorman som Mr. Bruno
 Kathryn Newton som Darlene
 Andy Buckley som onkel Matthew
 Danielle Macdonald som ung dame
 Kristen Cloke som Ms. Steffans

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 2017
Dramafilm fra USA
Engelsksprogede film
LGBT-relaterede film fra USA

Lady Bird (film)


رفيق الصبان (17 أغسطس 1931، دمشق، سوريا — 17 أغسطس 2013، القاهرة، مصر) كاتب، وناقد، وسيناريست سوري أقام في مصر منذ أوائل سبعينات القرن العشرين، وله ولدان. يعمل أستاذًا لمادة السيناريو في معهد السينما المصري، ويقيم في القاهرة، له بصمة واضحة في تاريخ الأدب والسينما العربية.

كتب رفيق الصبان أكثر من 25 فيلمًا سينمائيًا، وحوالي 16 مسلسلاً، وهو حاصل على وسام الفنون والآداب الفرنسي من درجة فارس.

المسيرة الفنية
بدأ مسيرته في المسرح السوري حيث أخرج عدداً من الأعمال المسرحية في سوريا، انتقل بعدها إلى مصر وكتب فيلم «زائر الفجر» عام 1972 لتبدأ عندها مسيرته السينمائية الطويلة التي امتدت لحوالي 25 فيلماً أشهرها «الأخوة الأعداء» و«قطة على نار» و«ليلة ساخنة»، وآخرها هو «الباحثات عن الحرية» مع المخرجة إيناس الدغيدي. يعمل أستاذاً لمادة السيناريو في معهد السينما بمصر، واشتهر كذلك بكتاباته النقدية الهامة حيث يعدّ من أهم النقاد في الوطن العربي.

مراجع

صحفيون سوريون
كتاب دراما
مفكرون سوريون
مواليد 1350 هـ
مواليد 1931
نقاد سوريون
وفيات 1434 هـ
وفيات 2013

رفيق الصبان


Camillo Berneri (eigentlich Camillo Luigi Berneri, auch Luigi Camillo Berneri geschrieben; * 20. Juli 1897 in Lodi (Norditalien); † 6. Mai 1937 in Barcelona) war ein italienischer Autor, Philosoph, Antimilitarist, Anarchist und aktiv im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg.

Leben
Camillo Berneris Kindheit war geprägt von physischen Leiden. Nur wenige Monate alt erkrankte er an Mangelernährung. 1904 bekam er Typhus und später Enteritis. Seine Eltern, sein Vater war lokaler Beamter, seine Mutter Grundschullehrerin, zogen von Lodi nach Mailand, später nach Palermo und Forlì.

1912 war Berneri bereits Mitglied des italienischen sozialistischen Jugendverbandes (FGS) und wurde später Ortssekretär des Verbandes. Er war zu dieser Zeit überzeugter Sozialist. Nach intensiven Gesprächen mit unter anderem dem Buchbinder und Mitglied des "Internationalen anarchistischen Aktionskomitees", Torquato Gobbi, verließ er die FGS. In einem offenen Brief kritisierte Berneri den Jugendverband wegen Bürokratismus und "mangelnder Hingabebereitschaft". Berneri schloss sich der italienischen anarchistischen Bewegung an. Seine Abkehr vom Sozialismus beschrieb er mit den Worten:

Nach einem dreijährigen Militärdienst musste er als "Subversiver" die Militärschule verlassen wegen antimilitaristischer Aktivitäten. Unter Bewachung wurde er an die Front gesandt und zweimal vor das Militärgericht gestellt. 1919 folgte seine Verbannung auf die Insel Pianosa. Er war 1920 aktiv beteiligt an Fabrikbesetzungen in Norditalien. Als überzeugter Antimilitarist schrieb er: "Gemetzel, Plünderungen, Vergewaltigungen, darin besteht der Krieg! Um seiner Lust zu genügen, faßt der Niederträchtige den Mut, der ihm ansonsten abgeht, wenn er seinen Nächsten aus einer Gefahr erretten oder ein mit Schmerzen verbundenes und gefährliches Unterfangen beginnen soll. In der rauch- und blutgeschwängerten Atmosphäre des Krieges fällt der Durchschnittsmensch in die Barbarei zurück, und manchmal wird er darin sogar zum Wilden".

Nach seinem Studium an der Universität von Florenz ging Berneri, nachdem er unter Beaufsichtigung des faschistischen Regimes gestellt war, ins Exil. Aus Frankreich, Luxemburg, Deutschland, Belgien und den Niederlanden wurde er ausgewiesen. Am 1. Februar 1914 veröffentlichte er seine ersten Artikel in der Zeitschrift l'Avanguardia mit dem Titel "Die Lügen des Alten Testaments". Danach folgten Beiträge in verschiedenen anarchistischen Publikationen, so in: La Protesta, Tiempos Nuevos, Tierra y Libertad, Rivista Blanca und Estudios. Außerdem publizierte er Essays und Monografien.

1936, bei Ausbruch der spanischen Revolution, reiste Berneri nach Barcelona, gründete dort die Zeitschrift Guerra di classe und wurde Delegierter der "Kolonne Francisco Ascaso". Er beteiligte sich aktiv an den Kämpfen an der aragonesischen Front. Bei Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Kommunisten und Anarchisten in Barcelona 1937  wurde Berneri zusammen mit dem Anarchisten Francesco Barbieri von zivilen Agenten im Dienst der GPU aus der Wohnung geholt. In der Nacht vom 5. auf den 6. Mai 1937 wurde Berneris Leichnam gefunden. Er war von Stalinisten erschossen worden.

Luigi Camillo Berneri war mit Giovanna Caleffi verheiratet und hatte zwei Töchter, Giliane Berneri und Marie-Louise Berneri.

Werke (Auswahl)
 Peter Kropotkin: His Federalist Ideas. Freedom Press, London 1943.
 Memoria antologica, saggi critici e appunti biografici in recordo di Camillo Berneri nel cinquantesimo della morte. Archivio Famiglia Berneri, 1986
 Le tre città: la città antica, la città odierna, la città futura. I. Funghi & C.
 Compiti nuovi del movimento anarchico. L'Impulso, 1955

Weiterführende Literatur

 Kathy E. Ferguson: "Emma Goldman: Political Thinking in the Streets" (20th Century Political Thinkers). Unter anderem über: Gilana Berneri, Giovanna Berneri und Marie-Louise Berneri. Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (April 2011). ISBN 978-0-7425-2300-5
 Massimo Granchi: Camillo Berneri e i totalitarismi. Istituto Ugo Arcuri per la storia dell'antifascismo e dell'Italia contemporanea in provincia di Reggio Calabria, 2006
 Felix Morrow, Revolution & counter-revolution in Spain, including The civil war in Spain.Google Books. S. 157, 215, 227 über C. Berneri.
 George Richard Esenwein: The Spanish Civil War a modern tragedy. Routledge, 2005 Google Books. S. 194
 George Woodcock: Anarchism: a history of libertarian ideas and movements. University of Toronto Press, 2004. ISBN 978-1-55111-629-7. Google Books. Seite 290.
 Helen Graham, The Spanish republic at war, 1936-1939. University of London. London 2002. ISBN 978-0-521-45932-7.Google Books. S. 294.

Weblinks
 Normeintrag im Opac des Servizio bibliotecario nazionale

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Person des Anarchismus
Philosoph (20. Jahrhundert)
Anarchist im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg
Person (Antimilitarismus)
Opfer des Stalinismus
Italiener
Geboren 1897
Gestorben 1937
Mann

Camillo Berneri


Yaban Hayatını Araştırma ve Rehabilitasyon Derneği (YARD), Türkiye'deki yaban hayvanları ve yaban hayatı ile ilgili araştırmalar yapmak, hasta, yaralı ve bakıma muhtaç her türlü yaban hayvanının bakımı, iyileştirilmesi, rehabilitasyonu ve tekrar doğaya kazandırılması yönünde çalışan dernek.

Faaliyet alanları
Dernek, faaliyetleri ile yaban hayvanları ile ilgili hayvan refahı, hayvan sağlığı ve bu konularla bağlantılı halk sağlığı hususunda çalışmaları gerçekleştirmek, toplumsal açıdan bilgilendirici, eğitici faaliyetlerde bulunuyor ve yaban hayatını koruma faaliyetlerine destek veriyor.

YARD, yaban hayatı rehabilitasyonu ile ilgili çalışmalarını, dernek üyeleri, Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi'nden gönüllü öğrenciler, öğretim üyeleri ve araştırma görevlileri ile birlikte sürdürüyor.

Perspektifi
Derneğin geleceğe yönelik perspektifleri arasında yaban hayatı veteriner hekimliğini kurmak, yaban hayatı hayvan hastaneleri ve rehabilitasyon merkezleri açmak, yaban hayatı konusunda eğitimli veteriner hekim ve rehabilitasyon uzmanları yetiştirmek için eğitim seminerleri ve çalıştaylar düzenlemek, bölgesel dernekleri ve rehabilitasyon merkezlerini altyapısını oluşturmak gibi konular yer alıyor.

Dernek, bir "Yaban Hayatı Merkezi" olarak çalışmalarını sürdürürken ve henüz kuruluş çalışmaları aşamasında, "Hellenic Wildlife Hospital" (Atina-Yunanistan), International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council (IWRC) (Kaliforniya-ABD), Green Balkans (Stara Zagora-Bulgaristan), Drustvo Za Zastitu Dıvljıh Ptica Jugoslavije (Belgrad-Yugoslavya) gibi kuruluşlarla ortak çalışmalarda bulunmayı sürdürüyor.

Dış bağlantılar
 YARD Resmi Web Sitesi

Hayvan hakları kuruluşları
Türkiye merkezli dernekler
Vahşi yaşam
Türkiye'de hayvan hakları


Paolo Ruffini (Valentano, 22 September 1765 – Modena, 10 May 1822) was an  Italian mathematician and philosopher.

Education and Career
By 1788 he had earned university degrees in philosophy, medicine/surgery and mathematics. His works include developments in algebra:
 an incomplete proof (Abel–Ruffini theorem) that quintic (and higher-order) equations cannot be solved by radicals (1799). Abel would complete the proof in 1824.
 Ruffini's rule which is a quick method for polynomial division.
 contributions to group theory.

He also wrote on probability and the quadrature of the circle.

He was a professor of mathematics at the University of Modena and a medical doctor including scientific work on typhus.

Group theory
In 1799 Ruffini marked a major improvement for group theory,   developing Joseph Louis Lagrange's work on permutation theory ("Réflexions sur la théorie algébrique des équations", 1770–1771). Lagrange's work was largely ignored until Ruffini established strong connections between permutations and the solvability of algebraic equations. Ruffini was the first to assert, controversially, the unsolvability by radicals of algebraic equations higher than quartics, which angered many members of the community such as Gian Francesco Malfatti (1731–1807). Work in that area was later carried on by those such as Abel and Galois, who succeeded in such a proof.

Publications

 1799: "Teoria Generale delle Equazioni, in cui si dimostra impossibile la soluzione algebraica delle equazioni generali di grado superiore al quarto" (General Theory of equations, in which the algebraic solution of general equations of degree higher than four is proven impossible).
 1802: "Riflessioni intorno alla rettificazione ed alla quadratura del circulo" (Reflections on the rectification and the squaring of the circle)
 1802: "Della soluzione delle equazioni algebraiche determinate particolari di grado superiore al quarto" (On the solution of certain determined algebraic equations of degree higher than four)
 1804: "Sopra la determinazione delle radici nelle equazioni numeriche di qualunque grado" (About the determination of the roots in the numerical equations of any degree)
 1806: "Della immortalità dell'anima" (On the immortality of the soul)
 1807: "Algebra elementare" (Elementary algebra)
 1813: "Riflessioni intorno alla soluzione delle equazioni algebraiche generali" (Reflections on the algebraic solutions of equations)
 1820: "Memoria sul tifo contagioso" (Essay on contagious typhoid)
 1821: "Riflessioni critiche sopra il saggio filosofico intorno alle probabilità del signor conte Laplace" (Critical reflections on the philosophical essay about probability by Count Laplace)

See also
8524 Paoloruffini, asteroid named after him

References

1765 births
1822 deaths
People from the Province of Viterbo
18th-century Italian mathematicians
19th-century Italian mathematicians
Algebraists

Paolo Ruffini


Live Is Beautiful es un EP de la banda Sixx:A.M., el proyecto paralelo del bajista de Mötley Crüe Nikki Sixx. Fue lanzado junto con la edición de lujo de The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack y por separado, el 25 de noviembre de 2008. El EP fue grabado en vivo durante varias actuaciones de la banda en el Crüe Fest en el verano de 2008.

Lista de canciones

Personal
James Michael - Voz, guitarra rítmica, teclados
DJ Ashba - Guitarra solista, coros
Nikki Sixx - Bajo, coros
Tony Palermo - Batería, percusión

Referencias

Álbumes de Sixx:A.M.
EP de 2008
Álbumes de 2008
Álbumes en inglés

Live Is Beautiful


ලංකාවේ අප ස්වාමිදුවගේ බැසිලිකාව යනු,  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, තේවත්තේ පිහිටා ඇති බැසිලිකා තත්ත්වයෙහි රෝමානු කතෝලික දේවස්ථානයකි.

ලංකාවේ අප ස්වාමිදුවගේ බැසිලිකාව


أندري كفاشناك، من مواليد 19 مايو 1936، وتوفي في 18 أبريل 2007 في براغ في التشيك، لاعب كرة قدم تشيكوسلوفاكي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب تشيكوسلوفاكيا لكرة القدم 47 مباراة وسجل 13 هدف.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سلوفاكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في بلجيكا
رياضيون من كوشيتسه
لاعبو سبارتا براغ
لاعبو فيكتوريا زيزكوف
لاعبو كأس العالم 1962
لاعبو كأس العالم 1970
لاعبو كأس أمم أوروبا 1960
كفاشناك
لاعبو كرة قدم سلوفاكيون
لاعبو كونينكليجك ريسينغ كلوب ميتشيلين
لاعبو منتخب تشيكوسلوفاكيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي كوشيتسه
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1936
مواليد في كوشيتسه
وفيات 2007
وفيات السرطان في التشيك
وفيات بسبب سرطان الرئة
وفيات في براغ
لاعبو كرة قدم من كوشيتسه

أندري كفاشناك


تاوقريت بلدية جزائرية تابعة لولاية الشلف بالجزائر هي عاصمة لدائرة بنفس الاسم.

أصل التسمية
توجد ببلدية تاوقريت بدوار سيدي عيسى آثار لقلعة رومانية قديمة يحكى أن مالك تلك القلعة والأراضي المعروفة الآن بتاوقريت بإقطاعي اسمه تــا وله زوجة اسمها قريــت فعند القدماء عند ذكر المنطقة يقال أراضي تــــا وقريـــت فالواو حرف عطف.

كان اسمها إبان الاستعمار بول روبرت

موقعها
تقع بلدية تاوقريت في أعالي جبال الظهرة على بعد 60 كلم من الشمال الغربي لعاصمة الولاية.

يحدهـا من الشمال بلدية المرسى ومن الغرب بلدية الظهرة ومن الجنوب بلدية سيدي أمحمد بن علي وبلدية عين مران ومن الشرق بلدية الهرانفة وبلدية مصدق.

تتكـون غالبيـة أراضـي البلديـة مـن جبال متفاوتـة الارتفاع تتخللها أوديـة وسهول حيث تصل نقاط الارتفاع إلى 730 م عن سطح البحر.

تتميز بموقعهـا الجغرافي الهام فهي منطقة محورية تتوسط عدة بلديـات فتبعد عن بلدية مصدق بـ 17 كلم وعن بلدية الهرانفة بـ 14 كلم وعن بلدية عين مران بـ 17 كلم وعن بلدية سيدي أمحمد بن علي بـ 17 كلم وعن بلدية الظهرة  بـ  12 كلم.

المساحـة وعدد السكان
تبلـغ مساحـة بلديـة تاوقريت حوالي 236 كلم2 ويغلب عليهـا الطابع الغابي أما عدد سكـانها فيبلغ 27.575 نسمة إستنادا  للإحصائيات الأخيرة لسنة 2008 بحيث يبلغ عدد الذكور 13.639 نسمة بينما يقدر عدد النساء بـ 13.936 نسمة.

الاقتصاد
تتميز البلديـة بالطابع الفلاحي حيث أن معظم سكانهـا يعتمدون على الزراعة، يظهر ذلك في المستثمرات الفلاحية الجماعية والفردية، حيث تقدر المساحة الإجمالية للأراضي الفلاحية 12.800 هكتار إضافة إلى ممارسة سكانها لبعض الأنشطة الخدماتية المنشأة حديثاً.

المعالم الأثريـة
توجد ببلدية تاوقريت قلعـة أولاد عبد الله بسيدي عيسى وهي مستعمرة رومانية يعود تاريخها إلى القرن الرابع ميلادي تقع فوق هضبة صخرية على طول 01 كلم وعرض 300 م ذات طابع معماري فريد من نوعه وذلك نظراً لطبيعة موقعهـا الصخري، كما يوجد بهـا أبراج مراقبة محفورة في الجبل بدون أي تهيئة  بالإضافة وجود عدة خزانات مائية محفورة في الصخور.

لقد تم تصنيف هذه القلعة كموقع أثري في الفترة الاستعمارية سنة 1905 وأعيد تصنيفها سنة 1965 طبقاً للأمر رقم: 67-281 المتعلق بالحفريات وحماية المواقع الأثرية كموقع أثري.

الشؤون الدينية

المساجد
تحتوي هذه البلدية على العديد من المساجد التي تشرف عليها مديرية الشؤون الدينية والأوقاف لولاية الشلف تحت وصاية وزارة الشؤون الدينية والأوقاف.
 المسجد العتيق
 مسجد عمرو بن العاص
 مسجد الأمير عبد القادر

الزوايا
 «زاوية الشعابنية».

المصدر
 من الموقع الرسمي لولاية الشلف

مراجع

تاوقريت

تاوقريت


La halle aux grains de Nolay est un édifice médiéval, situé à Nolay, en France.

Généralités
La halle est située place de la Halle, au centre du village de Nolay, dans le département de la Côte-d'Or, en région Bourgogne-Franche-Comté en France. Elle est située à proximité de l'église Saint-Martin.

Historique
Une des poutres de la charpente porte la date de 1388 et laisse penser qu'il s'agit de sa date de construction.

La halle est classée au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du 13 juillet 1907 et racheté par l'état le 6 août 1936. Le toit a été entièrement refait en 1951 par les services des monuments historiques. Des fouilles réalisées en 1995 laissent penser que la halle abritait un four banal, détruit en 1763, à cause d'incendies qu'il causait à la charpente.

Description
La halle a une emprise rectangulaire au sol et sa particularité tient à son toit, à quatre pentes, entièrement couvert de « laves de Bourgogne » (minces pierres de calcaire), dont le poids serait de 600 à 800 kg par mètre carré. La charpente en bois de chêne et châtaignier repose sur des blocs de pierres.

Galerie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Côte-d'Or

Liens externes

Nolay
Monument historique classé en 1907
Monument historique dans la Côte-d'Or

Halle aux grains de Nolay


La batalla de Sabiñanigo (a veces denominada Ofensiva de Biescas) fue una Batalla de la guerra civil española, que tuvo lugar en el Frente de Aragón durante el otoño de 1937.

Fuerzas presentes
Parte de la estrategia republicana desarrollada para entretener tropas nacionales del apurado Frente Norte.
Sobre un frente de unos 30 km, el Ejército Popular reunió dos divisiones (las famosas 43.ª y la 27.ª, esta última traída habiendo participado en la ofensiva de Huesca) junto cuatro baterías de artillería y una compañía de blindados, totalizando unos 14 000 hombres y 16 piezas de artillería. Al mando del Comandante Mariano Bueno se establecieron tres ejes de avance:

Gavín – Biescas, con el objetivo de tomar ambas localidades y avanzar sobre las cimas de Paco de Asún, Valle de Aurín y amenazar Sabiñanigo desde el norte.
Yebra de Basa, con la idea de tomar esta punta de lanza nacional y arremeter contra Sabiñanigo desde el este y Sierra de San Pedro.
Hostal de Ipiés, para avanzar hacia Navasa con la intención de amenazar Jaca desde el sureste.

Frente a ellos se encontraba la I Brigada de la 50.ª División Nacional al mando del Coronel Alberto Caso y formada en su mayoría, por reclutas del Regimiento de Infantería "Galicia" n.º 19, más tropas especializadas, voluntarios como los temibles Panteras del Valle de Tena o la Compañía de Esquiadores, sumando un número cercano a los 4000 hombres y media docena de piezas de artillería, algunos demasiado anticuados.

Desarrollo de las operaciones

Ofensiva republicana
A pesar de que el servicio de espionaje y algunos desertores habían advertido sobre las maniobras republicanas, el ataque del 22 de septiembre cogió a los "nacionales" totalmente desprevenidos.

Especialmente en Gavín donde la avanzadilla del bando sublevado, constituida por unos 140 hombres, en su mayoría Panteras, al mando del alférez Miguel Blasco Vilatela, se vio rápidamente copada. A pesar de ellos, Vilatela organiza una resistencia numantina obligando al enemigo a entretener hasta dos de sus mejores batallones en tomar mediante terribles luchas cuerpo a cuerpo cada casa de la pequeña localidad. Finalmente, al atardecer del 23 de septiembre, con las municiones agotadas, el alférez rinde el último reducto de la iglesia siendo inmediatamente ejecutado.

Al sur, el 519.º batallón republicano cruza el Gállego y gira su eje de avance hacia el norte para atacar Biescas, donde la Compañía de Esquiadores y algunas tropas huidas de Gavín al mando del comandante Cabrerizo se aprestan a resistir. La lucha es muy dura y en ella cae mortalmente herido el comandante republicano Telmo Montprade. Al atardecer, conscientes de que no es posible prolongar la resistencia, Cabrerizo ordena la retirada hacia el Fuerte de Santa Elena iniciando así la poco conocida y estudiada "Bolsa del Valle de Tena" donde unos 350 soldados nacionales y 1500 civiles resistieron durante meses el sitio republicano con una comunicación casi inexistente con el resto del ejército nacional.

Al sur, el 517.º Batallón al mando del comisario Mariano Lacasa, atraviesa el Gállego y en un rápido y audaz ataque se apodera de una batería artillería de los nacionales situada en Escuer, tomando luego las lomas de Asún y la estratégica loma de Punta Güe, llegando incluso a apoderarse del pueblo de Acumuer.

Sin embargo, en el Eje Yebra de Basa, se consiguen tomar pequeñas localidades como Larrede, Ysún de Basa, Allué o Javierre del Obispo así como la sierra de San Pedro que es rápidamente fortificada. Pero en Yebra, unos 300 nacionales resisten con uñas y dientes prácticamente aislados de Sabiñánigo. A pesar de los esfuerzos gubernamentales, Yebra nunca será tomada. Pero será en Hostal de Ipiés donde el avance republicano será más espectacular.

La 27.ª División rompe el frente en Lanave, cruza el Gállego obviando los focos de resistencia que deja a su espalda y se apodera rápidamente de numerosas localidades del extremo occidental de la Guarguera (Orna, Arto…), amenazando la importante estación ferroviaria de Caldearenas y llegando a las puertas de la localidad de Ara, a unos 10 km de Jaca, donde la resistencia nacional se enquista. Un poco más al norte llegan a tomar Rapún y situarse a un paso de copar Sabiñánigo desde el sur. Tras una semana de duros combates el mando nacional recibe el refuerzo de varios tabores y banderas de legionarios más varias baterías de la artillería más moderna totalizando en torno a 10 000 hombres y disponiéndose a contraatacar y recuperar el terreno perdido.

Contraataque de los sublevados
Para ello entre el 3-7 de octubre lanza duros ataques para recuperar Punta Güe, donde el 518.º Batallón republicano resiste desesperadamente retirándose únicamente cuando sus bajas han superado el 50 %. Para aliviar la presión por el sur se lanza a mediados de octubre un duro ataque en el denominado Mirador del Abuelo que es ocupado tras terribles combates.

Será a comienzos de noviembre cuando se lanza la contraofensiva más dura contra la sierra de San Pedro cuyo eje, situado en la destruida ermita, se convertirá en escenario de las refriegas más duras en ese sector del frente. Cuando la posición es tomada hacia el 7 de noviembre, ambos bandos han perdido unos 500 hombres cada uno. El final de la ofensiva llegará por agotamiento de los contendientes.

Consecuencias
Las Fuerzas sublevadas han conseguido contener el ataque republicano pero no recuperar el terreno perdido salvo las posiciones más comprometidas. Los republicanos han ocupado una amplia porción de terreno y la importante localidad de Biescas, pero ha sufrido numerosas bajas y surgen conatos de rebelión en el seno de sus tropas. Además, no han conseguido tomar Sabiñánigo, principal centro industrial y obrero del Alto Aragón a pesar de haber estado a punto de cercarlo.

Aunque es difícil estimarlas, el número de bajas totales se podrían cifrar en unas 2500 para los nacionales y 3500 en el Ejército Republicano.

Referencias

 Martínez Bande, J.M., La gran ofensiva sobre Zaragoza, Editorial San Martín, 1973. ISBN 84-7140-060-X

Enlaces externos
La Batalla de Sabiñánigo - Los Antecedentes

La Batalla de Sabiñánigo - Embestida inicial, 22-24 de septiembre

Sabiñánigo, Batalla de
Sabiñánigo, Batalla de
Sabiñánigo
Batallas de la guerra civil española en Aragón

Batalla de Sabiñánigo


Alma ranchera es el título del último álbum de estudio grabado por la cantante española Rocío Dúrcal. Fue lanzado al mercado bajo el sello discográfico BMG U.S. Latin el 14 de septiembre de 2004. Después de 7 años sin grabar un disco de género ranchero Dúrcal decidió realizar un homenaje al género ranchero. Fueron seleccionados 11 temas conocidos de reconocidos compositores de la música ranchera y un tema inédito titulado "Vete a volar" compuesto por Jaime Flores, Luis Carlos Monroy y Raúl Ornelas. De este álbum no se realizó gira promocional, ya que poco después de su lanzamiento al mercado, a la artista le fue detectado un cáncer pulmonar y por lo tanto debió someterse a tratamiento médico. El disco recibió una nominación para el Premio Grammy Latino al Mejor Álbum de Música Regional Ranchera en la 6°. edición anual de los Premios Grammy Latino celebrada el jueves 3 de noviembre de 2005. Pero perdió contra México en la piel de Luis Miguel

Lista de canciones

Premios obtenidos
 Premios Grammy Latinos

Músicos
 Rocío Dúrcal:Voz.
 Grupo "Esto Es México": Coros de mariachi.
 Claudia Angélica y Alazán: Coros.
 Ariadne Gobera: Coros.
 Jair Alcalá: Acordeón.
 Lupe Alfaro: Vihuela.
 Carlos Cabral, "Junior": Guitarra Solista y Teclados.
 Dave Rivera: Guitarrón.
 Paco Rosas: Guitarra acústica y Arreglos.
 Fernando de Santiago: Voz, Guitarra Rítmica, Vihuela, Coros y Arreglos.
 Marco Antonio Santiago: Guitarra.
 Javier Serrano: Trompeta y Bugle.
 Moisés Tlaxcaltécatl: Flauta.

Notas del álbum
 Productores: Memo Gil y Carlos Cabral "Junior".
 Arreglos: Manuel Cázares.
 Programación, Mezcla de audio y Arreglos: Memo Gil.
 Arreglos: Rigoberto Alfaro.
 Mezcla de audio: Isaías G. Asbún.
 Masterización: Ron Boustead.
 Percusión Latina: Armando Montiel.
 Dirección Musical: Antonio Morales.
 Sesión de cuerda: Enrique Ramos.
 Programación y Arreglos: Pancho Ruiz.
 Percusión Sinfónica: Francisco Sánchez.
 Copias de partituras: Oscar Wilde.
 Grabado en los estudios: La Bodega, México y Torres Sonido, Madrid, España.
 Discográfica: BMG Music.
 Manufacturado y Distribuido por:  BMG Music, RCA International.

© MMIV. BMG Entertainment México, S.A. de C.V.

Referencias

Álbumes de 2004
Álbumes de España de 2004
Álbumes de Rocío Dúrcal
Álbumes de RCA Records
Álbumes de Ariola Records
Álbumes en español
Álbumes de balada romántica

Alma ranchera


Yılmaz, Türkçede yılmayan anlamında sıfattır. Aynı zamanda hem ön ad, hem de soyadı olarak yaygın olarak kullanılır.

Yılmaz ile başlayanlar
 Yılmaz Argüden (d.1958), Türk iş adamı, akademisyen
 Yılmaz Akkılıç (1933-2010), Türk gazeteci ve yazar
 Yılmaz Alpaslan (d.1933), Türk siyasetçi ve avukat
 Yılmaz Altuğ (1925-2014), Türk siyasetçi
 Yılmaz Argüden (d.1958), Türk yönetici
 Yılmaz Arslan (d.1967), Türk bürokrat
 Yılmaz Aslantürk (d.1964), Türk çizgi romancı
 Yılmaz Atadeniz (d.1932), Türk senarist ve yapımcı
 Yılmaz Ateş (d.1953), Türk politikacı
 Yılmaz Balta (1937-2010), Türk siyasetçi ve istatistikçi
 Yılmaz Bilsel (d.1966), Türk hekim
 Yılmaz Büyükerşen (d.1937), Türk belediye başkanı
 Yılmaz Can Taşkıran (d.1991), Türk futbolcu
 Yılmaz Cemal Bor (1934-2014), Türk siyasetçi
 Yılmaz Doruk (d.1968), Türk bürokrat
 Yılmaz Duru (1929-2010), Türk oyuncu, yapımcı ve yönetmen
 Yılmaz Eneş (d.1960), Türk ebru sanatçısı
 Yılmaz Erdoğan (d.1967), Türk oyuncu, yazar ve yönetmen
 Yılmaz Erel, Türk siyasetçi
 Yılmaz Ergenekon (1929-1983), Türk siyasetçi
 Yılmaz Ergun (d.1932), Türk bürokrat
 Yılmaz Esmer (d.1946), Türk bilim insanı
 Yılmaz Gruda (d.1930), Türk tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu
 Yılmaz Gökdel (1940-2019), Türk eski millî futbolcu
 Yılmaz Gündüz (1929-1997), Türk basketbolcu, futbolcu
 Yılmaz Helvacıoğlu (d.1961), Türk tekvandocu
 Yılmaz Hocaoğlu (1941-1993), Türk siyasetçi
 Yılmaz Güney (1937-1984), Türk oyuncu, senarist ve yönetmen
 Yılmaz Karakoyunlu (d.1936), Türk siyasetçi ve yazar
 Yılmaz Köksal (1939-2015), Türk sinema oyuncusu
 Yılmaz Morgül (d.1964), Türk ses sanatçı
 Yılmaz Öztuna (1930-2012), Türk tarihçi, eski milletvekili, yazar
 Yılmaz Tatlıses (1945-2018), Türk arabesk müziği sanatçısı, besteci ve söz yazarı
 Yılmaz Vural (d.1953), Türk teknik direktör, eski futbolcu

Yılmaz ile bitenler
 Alper Yılmaz (d.1975), Türk basketbolcu
 Atıf Yılmaz (1926-2006), Türk senarist ve film yönetmeni
 Aydın Yılmaz (d.1988), Türk millî futbolcu
 Burak Yılmaz (d.1985), Türk millî futbolcu
 Ceyhun Yılmaz (d.1976), Türk oyuncu ve komedyen
 Cem Yılmaz (d.1973), Türk karikatürist, komedyen, stand-up sanatçısı
 Deniz Yılmaz (d.1974), Türk gitarist, şarkıcı, söz yazarı
 Durali Yılmaz (d.1948), Türk akademisyen ve yazar
 Erdoğan Yılmaz (d.1965), Türk eski futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 Ertan Yılmaz (d.1986), Türk şair
 Esra Yılmaz (d.1990), Türk voleybolcu
 Hüseyin Yılmaz (1924-2013), Türk fizikçi ve bilim insanı
 İsmail Yılmaz, (1925-2006), Türk siyasetçi ve belediye başkanı
 İsmail Yılmaz (d.1958), Türk siyasetçi
 Mehmet Ali Yılmaz (d.1948), Türk politikacı
 Mehmet Yılmaz (d.1979), Türk eski millî futbolcu
 Mesut Yılmaz (1947-2020), Türk siyasetçi, eski bakan
 Nevriye Yılmaz (d.1980), Türk millî basketbolcu
 Okan Yılmaz (d.1978), Türk futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 Ömer Yılmaz (1953-2006), Devlet opera ve balesi sanatçısı, tenör
 Serra Yılmaz (d.1954), Türk oyuncu, çevirmen ve yönetmen
 Şevki Yılmaz (d.1955), Türk siyasetçi

Yerleşim yerleri
 Yılmaz, Birecik, Şanlıurfa Birecik ilçesinde mahalle
 Yılmaz, Dargeçit, Mardin ili Dargeçit ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Diğerler
 Yılmaz Büyükerşen Balmumu Heykeller Müzesi, Eşkişehir' de bulunan müze

Ayrıca bakınız

Dış bağlantılar
 Türk Dil Kurumu' nda kelime arama

Yılmaz


Grass Island or Tap Mun is an island in Hong Kong, located in the northeastern part of the territory. Its area is . Administratively, it is part of the Tai Po District. There are about 100 people living on the island, and feral cattle are known on the island.

Location
Tap Mun is located in the northeastern part of the Hong Kong territory, between Mirs Bay and the North Channel. It lies north of the Sai Kung East Country Park on the Sai Kung Peninsula. To the east is Kung Chau, to the south is the South Channel, to the west is Wan Tsai and to the southwest is Long Harbour.

History
A tablet in the Tin Hau Temple on the island states Tap Mun, as part of Mirs Bay, was registered under the administration of the Dongguan County by the Tsui and Yip clans before 1573 and that they thus held the subsoil () rights as taxpayer under the Customary Land Law. By the late 17th century, Tanka fishermen began to use the anchorage and built the temple, the topsoil () rights being granted to them in perpetuity by the subsoil title holders. As a result of a dispute over the land that arose in the mid-18th century, the Magistrate and Prefect of the Dongguan County Court ruled that the Customary Land Law took precedence over the Imperial Law, thus preserving the subsoil:topsoil rights status quo (including the rule that, though the tax-paid land area of the subsoil holder was only the temple itself and its immediately vicinity, the rights of the topsoil holders extended automatically to all adjoining waste and mountainous land, i.e. the entire island). Over time, the first topsoil holder's interest in the land will have passed to an ancestral trust of his family so that by the time of British colonial rule, the effective title holders in the topsoil will have been a trust of the villagers as a whole. The British refused to recognise all subsoil rights (their taxpaying status to the Imperial government being at odds with British sovereignty and its Crown land concept), leaving the only effective right in the land in the hands of the tenant topsoil rights holders, i.e. the village ancestral trust of the Tanka families.

At the time of the 1911 census, the population of Tap Mun was 253. The number of males was 168.

By the 1960s, the Tankas were living in wretched conditions on the island and, in response to their need, a charity from New Zealand funded the erection of a New Village to house them. The structures, considered an eyesore but functional, were completed in 1964 and continued in use as of 2016.

Demographics
At its peak, Tap Mun had 2,000 residents. However, many moved to the city centre to live. Now many residents run stores or restaurants for local tourists visiting the island. The villagers are mostly farmers, merchants or fishermen. The latter category has recently diminished as many youths from fishing families have chosen to work in the city instead. Due to the population outflow, the last school on the island closed down in 2003.

Administration
Tap Mun is a recognised village under the New Territories Small House Policy.

Attractions

Camping
The hilltop of Tap Mun is a popular camping site, renowned for the contrast in temperature and wind conditions between day and night. Temperatures drop and winds soar during the nighttime but die down as the day approaches, when the dawn marks the beginning of a temperature rise. It is also well known for providing panoramic views of the surrounding seas, and so provides a brief escape away from busy city life. The very gentle slopes of the hilltops are a favourite amongst campers, although there is the danger of the bordering cliffs.

Temples

The temple complex at Tap Mun comprises three temples in two buildings: the first building is a Tin Hau Temple, built in 1737, to which an annex was later added, housing a Kwan Tai Temple. To its south, Shui Yuet Kung (), built in 1788, is dedicated to Kwun Yam (Guan Yin) and the Earth God. The Tin Hau Temple is a Grade II historic building, while Shui Yuet Kung is listed as Grade III.

On festival days, such as Kwun Yam's birthday, on the 19th day of the second lunar month, many fishermen arrive at Tap Mun to pray for peace and calm. The Tin Hau Festival () is celebrated annually on the 23rd day of the third lunar month. In addition, a marine parade is held once every ten years to celebrate the Tin Hau Festival. The temple at Grass Island is one of the two Tin Hau Temples in Hong Kong that have such a marine parade: the other one is the Tin Hau Temple on Leung Shuen Wan]] (High Island).

Dining
There is one seafood restaurant and a number of small tea restaurants on the Grass Island, many of which are known for 'ice-less' ice-cold milk tea and boiled squid dishes. Some fishermen of Grass Island make a living by selling their sun-dried catch. Sun-dried fish and shrimp are popular amongst local tourists.

Other attractions

 Tap Mun Cave ()
 Layered Rock
 King Lam School () was founded before 1913 and was originally housed in the Tin Hau Temple. A dedicated school building with three classrooms was built on the hill in 1957. The school closed in the summer of 2003, due to the low number of students. It is now a Grade III historic building.
 Ngau See Dong, the grave site of a resident buffalo. The skeletal remains of the decomposed buffalo was a spooky sight as it was situated right next to a frequently walked stone path. Although now removed by local officials, the site can still be identified as an unnatural depression into the border of surrounding shrubs.
 The Environmental Protection Department has an Air Pollution Index monitoring station on the island.

Climate

Transportation
Grass Island is served by Tsui Wah Ferry Service. The ferry/kai-to services are available from:
 Wong Shek Pier in Sai Kung; about once every two hours, with higher frequency on weekends and holidays.
 Ma Liu Shui Pier near Chinese University in Tai Po; twice daily, with an extra departure on weekends and holidays.

See also

 Fishermen villages in Hong Kong

References

Further reading

External links

 Delineation of area of existing village Tap Mun (Sai Kung North) for election of resident representative (2019 to 2022)
 Delineation of area of existing village Tap Mun Fishermen Village (Sai Kung North) for election of resident representative (2019 to 2022)
 Official website via the Internet Archive
 Hong Kong Place - Tap Mun
 Photos and directions to Tap Mun
 Tsui Wah Ferry Service (H. K.) Ltd

Islands of Hong Kong
Tai Po District
Underwater diving sites in Hong Kong
Populated places in Hong Kong

Tap Mun


Mount Eden (Māori: Maungawhau, "Berg des Whau-Baumes") ist der Name eines Schlackenkegels in Auckland City auf der Nordinsel Neuseelands. Der Berg befindet sich etwa fünf Kilometer südlich des Stadtzentrums und ist vom Vorort Mount Eden umgeben.
Der Berg ist die höchste natürliche Erhebung von Auckland. Er erhielt seinen englischen Namen zu Ehren von George Eden, 1. Earl of Auckland.

Geographie
Der Mount Eden ist ein zum  gehörender ruhender Vulkan, in dessen 196 Meter hohem Gipfel sich ein 50 Meter tiefer, grasbewachsener Krater befindet.
Der Berg besteht aus drei in einer Reihe angeordneten Einzelkratern, die ihm eine ovale Form geben.

Der letzte Ausbruch erfolgte vor 28.000 Jahren aus zwei Kratern, wobei die letzten Eruptionen des südlichen Kraters den nördlichen Krater auffüllten. Basaltische Lava der Krater bedeckte eine Fläche von 5,6 km². Insgesamt wurden 162 Millionen Kubikmeter Lava ausgestoßen. Diese bilden besonders in Richtung auf den Kyber-Pass und Newmarket stärkere Ablagerungen.

Da das gesamte Vulkanfeld vorwiegend aus durch Einzelereignissen entstandenen Vulkanen besteht, wird ein neuer Ausbruch für wenig wahrscheinlich gehalten. Der Berg ist wegen seiner archäologischen und geologischen Bedeutung von der Stadt nach dem Auckland City Isthmus District Plan unter Schutz gestellt.

Geschichte
Vor der Ankunft der Europäer wurde der Berg seit etwa 800 Jahren von mehreren Iwi der Māori bewohnt und als Pā (befestigte Siedlung) genutzt. Der Berg war eines der wichtigsten Siedlungszentren der Māori im Raum Auckland. Die Besiedelung endete 1700, als die Waiohua die Tamaki besiegten. Erdwälle und -terrassen und Überreste von Wohnplätzen und Vorratsgruben aus dieser Zeit sind auch heute sichtbar. Die Māori sahen im Krater die Essschüssel des Gottes Mataahou (Te Ipu a Mataahou).

1840 war der Gipfel einer der drei Punkte, die das für Auckland erworbene Land markierten. Auf dem Gipfel befindet sich noch heute ein Trigonometrischer Punkt.

Am Berg wurden ab 1877 Wasserreservoirs angelegt. Das Niederschlagswasser versickert in dem porösen Vulkangestein des Berges rasch und kommt bei Western Springs als See zu Tage. zwischen 1877 und 1910 war dieser einer der ersten öffentlichen Auckländer Wasserspeicher.

Die Lavaströme des Mount Eden wurden in mehreren Steinbrüchen abgebaut, von denen der letzte 1928 schloss. Darunter sind die Brüche, die unterhalb der Auckland Grammar School liegen. Das Material für die meisten Bordsteinkanten der Auckländer Straßen stammt von hier, ebenfalls der für den Bau einiger älterer Gebäude verwendete Stein.

Ab den 1950er Jahren wurde der Gipfel vom New Zealand Post Office für UKW-Funk genutzt. Es existierten zwei mehrere hundert Meter voneinander entfernte Gebäude mit einer eigenen Antennenfarm. In einem der Gebäude befand sich der Sender, im Anderen der Empfänger. In den 1960er Jahren war die Anlage in der Woche mit Wartungspersonal besetzt. Sie wurde vorwiegend für Taxifunk und andere Unternehmen, die Kommunikation zu Fahrzeugen benötigen, verwendet.

Der Mount Eden ist über die schmale Puhi Huia Road erschlossen, und es gibt einen Parkplatz in der Nähe des Gipfels. Die Straße ist aber seit 2011 für Busse und seit 2016 auch für den restlichen motorisierten Verkehr gesperrt, um die archäologischen Stätten auf dem Berg zu schützen und seine spirituelle Bedeutung für die Māori zu respektieren.

Siehe auch

 Liste der Berge oder Erhebungen in Neuseeland

Literatur
 The Lively Capital, Auckland 1840–1865. Una Platts. Avon Fine Prints Limited New Zealand 1971.
 Colonial Architecture In New Zealand. John Stacpoole.  A.H & A.W Reed 1976.
 The Changing Face Of Mount Eden. Faye M. Angelo. Mount Eden Borough Council 1989.
 Volcanoes of Auckland: The Essential guide – Hayward, B.W., Murdoch, G., Maitland, G.; Auckland University Press, 2011.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Auckland Volcanic Field
Vulkan in Neuseeland
Berg in Auckland
Schlacken- und Aschenkegel

Mount Eden (Vulkan)


Christopher "Chris" Wilkinson (* 5. Januar 1970 in Southampton, England) ist ein ehemaliger britischer Tennisspieler.

Leben
Wilkinson, der in der Jugend in Southampton Fußball gespielt und erfolglos bei Aston Villa und Coventry City vorgespielt hatte, wurde 1989 im Alter von 18 Jahren Tennisprofi. Er spielte zumeist auf der ATP Challenger Tour, wo er im Laufe seiner Karriere drei Einzel- sowie fünf Doppeltitel erringen konnte. Auf der ATP Tour war er weniger erfolgreich. Sein größter Einzelerfolg war die Viertelfinalteilnahme bei den Queen's Club Championships nach Siegen über Jared Palmer und Goran Ivanišević. Im Doppel stand er zweimal in einem ATP-Finale, 1997 bei den Bournemouth Open und den Nottingham Open. Seine höchste Notierung in der Tennisweltrangliste erreichte er 1993 mit Position 114 im Einzel sowie 1998 mit Position 86 im Doppel.

Sein bestes Einzelergebnis bei einem Grand-Slam-Turnier war das Erreichen der dritten Runde in Wimbledon, was ihm insgesamt vier Mal gelang und wobei er Spieler wie Marc Rosset, Carlos Costa und Jonas Björkman bezwang. In der Doppelkonkurrenz erreichte er 1993 an der Seite seines Landsmannes Paul Hand das Viertelfinale von Wimbledon, unter anderem durch einen Sieg gegen Luke und Murphy Jensen, die kurz zuvor den Doppeltitel bei den French Open errungen hatten.

Wilkinson spielte zwischen 1991 und 1998 fünf Einzelpartien für die britische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft. Seine Bilanz war 2:3. Sei größter Erfolg mit der Mannschaft war die Erstrundenteilnahme in der Weltgruppe 1998, welche 3:2 gegen Indien gewonnen wurde. Wilkinson verlor dabei seine Einzelpartie gegen Mahesh Bhupathi. Bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1992 trat er im Einzel und Doppel für Großbritannien an. Im Einzel scheiterte er in seiner Erstrundenpartie an Younes El Aynaoui, im Doppel schied er in der ersten Runde an der Seite von Andrew Castle gegen die Doppelpaarung aus Argentinien aus.

Nach dem Ende seiner Profikarriere arbeitet Wilkinson als Kommentator und Kolumnist für ESPN.

Erfolge

Einzel

Turniersiege

Doppel

Turniersiege

Finalteilnahmen

Weblinks

Davis-Cup-Spieler (Großbritannien)
Tennisspieler (England)
Olympiateilnehmer (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1992
Engländer
Brite
Geboren 1970
Mann

Chris Wilkinson


Hans Otte ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Hans Otte (Komponist) (1926–2007), deutscher Pianist und Komponist
 Hans Otte (Theologe) (* 1950), deutscher Theologe, Autor und Herausgeber
 Hans-Heinrich Otte (1926–2020), deutscher Volkswirt und Wirtschaftsprüfer

Hans Otte


Bompenge forekommer flere steder i Norge på veje, tunneller og broer. Bergen indførte som den første by i Europa bompenge i 1985. Formålet med bompengeringen var at finansiere nye veje i det vanskelige terræn. Efterhånden har de fleste norske storbyer etableret sine egne bompengeringe. En bompengering er betalingsring omkring en større by som bilister betaler en afgift for at krydse. Nogle steder betaler man trængselsafgift (højere afgift i myldretiden) og/eller miljødifferentierede vejafgifter.

Regeringen Solberg har foreslået en bompengeform med fire dele: en reduktion i antallet af bomselskaber, en adskillelse af udsteders rolle fra bomselskaberne, en rentegodtgørelsesordning for lån til bompengeprojekter og en forenkling af takst- og rabatordninger.

Bomselskaber
Som et resultat af bompengereformen er der etableret fem regionale bompengeselskaber, ejet af fylkerne (amterne):

 Bompengeselskap Nord AS (Nordland og Troms og Finnmark)
 Vegamot AS (Møre og Romsdal og Trøndelag)
 Ferde AS (Agder, Rogaland og Vestland)
 Vegfinans AS (Innlandet, Vestfold og Telemark og Viken)
 Fjellinjen AS (Oslo og Viken)

AutoPASS
Alle betalingsanlæg i Norge er automatiske, foruden nogle færger. AutoPASS er det norske system for elektronisk betaling i automatiske betalinganlæg. En AutoPASS-brikke er en trådløs sender (transponder), der er placeret på indersiden af bilens forrude. AutoPASS er med i joint venturet EasyGo, og gennem EasyGo-samarbejdet kan AutoPASS bruges på broer, færger og andre automatiserede betalingsanlæg i Skandinavien. BroBizz er også med i Easygo-samarbejdet, og en BroBizz kan derfor også bruges i Norge.

For biler uden brik (transponder) fotograferes nummerpladen og faktura sændes til bilens ejer. Dette gælder endda biler som er registrerede i andre lande end Norge. Udenlandske køretøjer uden transponder faktureres af Epass24. For at undgå at betale den højeste afgift i betalingsanlæg med miljødifferentierede vejafgifter, skal udenlandske køretøjer registreres.

Obligatorisk transponder for tunge køretøj
Fra den 10 oktober 2014 skal alle køretøj over 3,5 ton som kører i Norge med et erhvervsmæssigt formål, eller køretøj som er registredede på virksomheder, staten, amtsmyndigheder eller kommuner være udstyret med en brik/transponder når de kører på offentlige veje. Dette gælder for både norske og udenlandske køretøj, og politiet, Toldvæsen og Statens vegvesen har kontrolmyndighed og kontrollerer langs vejen. Uden transponder opkræves der et gebyr/en bod på 8000 norske kroner. Afgiften øger til 12 000 kr om den ikke betales inden for tre uger. Om dette gentages flere gange inden for to år bliver der opkrævet afgift på 16 000 kr.

Takstgrupper og rabatter

Gennem behandlingen af Prop. 1 S Tillæg 2 / Innst. 13 S (2015-2016) har Stortinget tilsluttet sig regeringens forslag om at indføre en ny takst- og rabatordning for bompengeprojekter. I det nye system foreslås en standardisering af rabatter og borttagelse af lokale særordninger. Alle køretøjer i takstgruppe 1, der passerer med en gyldig transponder, modtager 20% rabat, og der gives ingen rabat til køretøjer i takstgruppe 2.

I tråd med retningslinierne fra Proposition 87 S (2017-2018) og lokale beslutninger er det i et øgende antal steder indført bompenge for nul-udslipskøretøjer i takstgruppe 1. Disse svarer til 50 procent af den ordinære bompengepris, efter rabat (for eksempel; om prisen er 10 kr, koster det 8 kr med gyldig aftale/brik (20% rabat). Prisen for et nul-udslipskøretøj får da højest være 4 kr). Nul-udslipskøretøjer i takstgruppe 2 skal stadig ikke betale bompenge.

Nul-udslipskøretøjer er fællesbetegnelsen for elbiler og brintbiler. For at betale bompengeprisen for nul-udslipskøretøj kræves gyldig transponder og aftale. Uden dette vil nul-udslipskøretøjer blive opkrævet almindelig pris på samme måde som andre køretøjer.

Bompengeringe

Bomveje

Færger med bompenge
Følgende færgeruter opkræver bompenge som tillæg til færgebilletten.

I mange færgeruter uden bompengeopkrævning kan færgebillet også betales med AutoPASS via AutoPASS. Dette koncept kaldes AutoPASS for ferje ("AutoPASS for færge"). Med en gyldig Autopass (eller anden Easygo)-aftale og transponder modtager man 10% rabat på færgebilleten. Gennem at tegne en egen aftale og fylde på en Autopass-færgekonto gives 50% (40% for erhvervskunder) rabat.

Se også

 Betalingsvej
 AutoPASS
 BroBizz
 EasyGo

Referencer

Veje i Norge
Afgifter
Transport i Norge
Betalingsveje

Bompenge i Norge


Working (laboring) time is the period of time that a person spends at paid labor. Unpaid labor such as personal housework or caring for children or pets is not considered part of the working week.

Many countries regulate the work week by law, such as stipulating minimum daily rest periods, annual holidays, and a maximum number of working hours per week. Working time may vary from person to person, often depending on economic conditions, location, culture, lifestyle choice, and the profitability of the individual's livelihood. For example, someone who is supporting children and paying a large mortgage might need to work more hours to meet basic costs of living than someone of the same earning power with lower housing costs. In developed countries like the United Kingdom, some workers are part-time because they are unable to find full-time work, but many choose reduced work hours to care for children or other family; some choose it simply to increase leisure time.

Standard working hours (or normal working hours) refers to the legislation to limit the working hours per day, per week, per month or per year. The employer pays higher rates for overtime hours as required in the law. Standard working hours of countries worldwide are around 40 to 44 hours per week (but not everywhere: from 35 hours per week in France to up to 105 hours per week in North Korean labor camps) and the additional overtime payments are around 25% to 50% above the normal hourly payments. Maximum working hours refers to the maximum working hours of an employee. The employee cannot work more than the level specified in the maximum working hours law.

The World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization estimated that globally in 2016 one in ten workers were exposed to working 55 or more hours per week and 745,000 persons died as a result of having a heart disease event or a stroke attributable to having worked these long hours, making exposure to long working hours the occupational risk factor with the largest disease burden.

Hunter-gatherer
Since the 1960s, the consensus among anthropologists, historians, and sociologists has been that early hunter-gatherer societies enjoyed more leisure time than is permitted by capitalist and agrarian societies;<ref name="Voth2000">Hans-Joachim Voth (2000) Time and work in England 1750–1830, Chapter 5, Comparisons and conclusions pp. 242–45</ref> for instance, one camp of !Kung Bushmen was estimated to work two-and-a-half days per week, at around 6 hours a day. Aggregated comparisons show that on average the working day was less than five hours.

Subsequent studies in the 1970s examined the Machiguenga of the Upper Amazon and the Kayapo of northern Brazil. These studies expanded the definition of work beyond purely hunting-gathering activities, but the overall average across the hunter-gatherer societies he studied was still below 4.86 hours, while the maximum was below 8 hours. Popular perception is still aligned with the old academic consensus that hunter-gatherers worked far in excess of modern humans' forty-hour week.

 History

The industrial revolution made it possible for a larger segment of the population to work year-round, because this labor was not tied to the season and artificial lighting made it possible to work longer each day. Peasants and farm laborers moved from rural areas to work in urban factories, and working time during the year increased significantly. Before collective bargaining and worker protection laws, there was a financial incentive for a company to maximize the return on expensive machinery by having long hours. Records indicate that work schedules as long as twelve to sixteen hours per day, six to seven days per week were practiced in some industrial sites.

Over the 20th century, work hours shortened by almost half, partly due to rising wages brought about by renewed economic growth and competition for skilled workers, with a supporting role from trade unions, collective bargaining, and progressive legislation. The workweek, in most of the industrialized world, dropped steadily, to about 40 hours after World War II. The limitation of working hours is also proclaimed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and European Social Charter. The decline continued at a faster pace in Europe: for example, France adopted a 35-hour workweek in 2000. In 1995, China adopted a 40-hour week, eliminating half-day work on Saturdays (though this is not widely practiced). Working hours in industrializing economies like South Korea, though still much higher than the leading industrial countries, are also declining steadily.

Technology has also continued to improve worker productivity, permitting standards of living to rise as hours decline. In developed economies, as the time needed to manufacture goods has declined, more working hours have become available to provide services, resulting in a shift of much of the workforce between sectors.

Economic growth in monetary terms tends to be concentrated in health care, education, government, criminal justice, corrections, and other activities rather than those that contribute directly to the production of material goods.

In the mid-2000s, the Netherlands was the first country in the industrialized world where the overall average working week dropped to less than 30 hours.

 Gradual decrease

Most countries in the developed world have seen average hours worked decrease significantly. For example, in the U.S in the late 19th century it was estimated that the average work week was over 60 hours per week. Today the average hours worked in the U.S. is around 33, with the average man employed full-time for 8.4 hours per work day, and the average woman employed full-time for 7.9 hours per work day.
The front runners for lowest average weekly work hours are the Netherlands with 27 hours, and France with 30 hours.  In a 2011 report of 26 OECD countries, Germany had the lowest average working hours per week at 25.6 hours.

The New Economics Foundation has recommended moving to a 21-hour standard work week to address problems with unemployment, high carbon emissions, low well-being, entrenched inequalities, overworking, family care, and the general lack of free time.Stuart, H. (January 7, 2012) "Cut the working week to a maximum of 20 hours, urge top economists" The Guardian Actual work week lengths have been falling in the developed world.

Factors that have contributed to lowering average work hours and increasing standard of living have been:
 Technological advances in efficiency such as mechanization, robotics and information technology.
 More women participating in the workforce and fewer homemakers
 Dropping fertility rates leading to fewer children needing support

Recent articles supporting a four-day week have argued that reduced work hours would increase consumption and invigorate the economy. However, other articles state that consumption would decrease, which could reduce the environmental impact. Other arguments for the four-day week include improvements to workers' level of education (due to having extra time to take classes and courses) and improvements to workers' health (less work-related stress and extra time for exercise). Reduced hours also save money on day care costs and transportation, which in turn helps the environment with less carbon-related emissions. These benefits increase workforce productivity on a per-hour basis.

 Workweek structure

The structure of the work week varies considerably for different professions and cultures. Among salaried workers in the western world, the work week often consists of Monday to Friday or Saturday with the weekend set aside as a time of personal work and leisure. Sunday is set aside in the western world because it is the Christian sabbath.

The traditional American business hours are 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday to Friday, representing a workweek of five eight-hour days comprising 40 hours in total. These are the origin of the phrase 9-to-5, used to describe a conventional and possibly tedious job. Negatively used, it connotes a tedious or unremarkable occupation. The phrase also indicates that a person is an employee, usually in a large company, rather than an entrepreneur or self-employed. More neutrally, it connotes a job with stable hours and low career risk, but still a position of subordinate employment. The actual time at work often varies between  hours in practice due to the inclusion, or lack of inclusion, of breaks. In many traditional white collar positions, employees were required to be in the office during these hours to take orders from the bosses, hence the relationship between this phrase and subordination. Workplace hours have become more flexible, but the phrase is still commonly used even in situations where the term does not apply literally.

Average annual hours per worker
The following list is the average annual hours worked by participants in the labor force of the OECD member states. As of 2022, Colombia, Mexico, and Costa Rica ranked the highest number of hours worked per year. Greece ranked the highest In EU with 1886 average hours per year, while Germany ranked the lowest with 1340 average hours worked respectively. Japan and Canada ranked lowest amongst non-European countries.

 Trends over time

By region

 Europe
In most European Union countries, working time is gradually decreasing. The European Union's working time directive imposes a 48-hour maximum working week that applies to every member state except Malta (which have an opt-out, meaning that employees in Malta may work longer than 48 hours if they wish, but they cannot be forced to do so). A major reason for the lower annual hours worked in Europe is a relatively high amount of paid annual leave. Fixed employment comes with four to six weeks of holiday as standard.

 France
France experimented in 2000 with a sharp cut of legal or statutory working time of the employees in the private and public sector from 39 hours a week to 35 hours a week, with the stated goal to fight against rampant unemployment at that time. The Law 2000–37 on working time reduction is also referred to as the Aubry Law, according to the name of the Labor Minister at that time.
Employees may (and do) work more than 35 hours a week, yet in this case firms must pay them overtime bonuses. If the bonus is determined through collective negotiations, it cannot be lower than 10%. If no agreement on working time is signed, the legal bonus must be of 25% for the first 8 hours, then goes up to 50% for the rest.
Including overtime, the maximum working time cannot exceed 48 hours per week, and should not exceed 44 hours per week over 12 weeks in a row.
In France the labor law also regulates the minimum working hours: part-time jobs should not allow for less than 24 hours per week without a branch collective agreement. These agreements can allow for less, under tight conditions.
According to the official statistics (DARES), after the introduction of the law on working time reduction, actual hours per week performed by full-time employed, fell from 39.6 hours in 1999, to a trough of 37.7 hours in 2002, then gradually went back to 39.1 hours in 2005. In 2016 working hours were of 39.1.

South Korea
South Korea has the fastest shortening working time in the OECD, which is the result of the government's proactive move to lower working hours at all levels and to increase leisure and relaxation time, which introduced the mandatory forty-hour, five-day working week in 2004 for companies with over 1,000 employees.  Beyond regular working hours, it is legal to demand up to 12 hours of overtime during the week, plus another 16 hours on weekends. The 40-hour workweek expanded to companies with 300 employees or more in 2005, 100 employees or more in 2006, 50 or more in 2007, 20 or more in 2008 and a full inclusion to all workers nationwide in July 2011. The government has continuously increased public holidays to 16 days in 2013, more than the 10 days of the United States and double that of the United Kingdom's 8 days. Despite those efforts, South Korea's work hours are still relatively long, with an average 1,967 hours per year in 2019.

Japan

Work hours in Japan are decreasing, but many Japanese still work long hours. Recently, Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) issued a draft report recommending major changes to the regulations that govern working hours. The centerpiece of the proposal is an exemption from overtime pay for white-collar workers. Japan has enacted an 8-hour work day and 40-hour work week (44 hours in specified workplaces). The overtime limits are: 15 hours a week, 27 hours over two weeks, 43 hours over four weeks, 45 hours a month, 81 hours over two months and 120 hours over three months; however, some workers get around these restrictions by working several hours a day without 'clocking in' whether physically or metaphorically.  The overtime allowance should not be lower than 125% and not more than 150% of the normal hourly rate. Workaholism in Japan is considered a serious social problem leading to early death, a phenomenon dubbed karōshi, meaning death from overwork.

 Mexico
Mexican laws mandate a maximum of 48 hours of work per week, but they are rarely observed or enforced due to loopholes in the law, the volatility of labor rights in Mexico, and its underdevelopment relative to other members countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Indeed, private sector employees often work overtime without receiving overtime compensation. Fear of unemployment and threats by employers explain in part why the 48-hour work week is disregarded.

 Colombia
Articles 161 to 167 of the Substantive Work Code in Colombia provide for a maximum of 48 hours of work a week. Also, the law notes that workdays should be divided into 2 sections to allow a break, usually given as the meal time which is not counted as work. Typically, there is a 2-hours break for lunch that starts from 12:00 through 13:00. In June 2021, the Colombian Congress approved a bill for the reduction of the work-week, from 48 to 42 hours, which will be implemented in several stages, from 2023 to 2026.

Spain
The main labor law in Spain, the Workers' Statute Act, limits the amount of working time that an employee is obliged to perform. In the Article 34 of this law, a maximum of 9 hours per day and 40 hours per week are established.

Employees typically receive either 12 or 14 payments per year, with approximately 21 days of vacation. According to Spanish law, Spain holds what is known as the Convenios-Colectivos, which stipulates that different regulations and laws regarding employee work week and wage apply based on the type of job. Overall they rank as the 13th highest in regard to international GDP growth.

According to a study of the OECD Better Life Index, 4% of Spanish workers work more than 50 hours per week, compared to an average of 11% of workers in OECD countries.

Working hours are regulated by law. Mandatory logging of employee working time has been in place since 2019 in an attempt by legislators to eliminate unpaid overtime and push for more transparency of actual working hours. Non-regulated pauses during the workday for coffee or smoking are not permitted to be documented as working time, according to a ruling by The Spanish National Court in February 2020.

Traditional mid-day break
However, one of the interesting aspects of the Spanish work day and labor is the traditional presence of a break around lunchtime. It is sometimes mistakenly thought to be due to siesta, but in fact was due to workers returning to their families for the main midday meal. That break, typically of 1 or 2 hours, has been kept in the working culture because in the post-civil-war period most workers had two jobs to be able to sustain their families. Following this tradition, in small and medium-sized cities, restaurants and businesses shut down during this time period of 2-5 for retail and 4-8 for restaurants. Many office jobs only allow one hour or even a half hour breaks to eat the meal in office building restaurants or designated lunch rooms.

A majority of adults emphasize the lack of a siesta during the typical work week. Only one in ten Spaniards take a mid-day nap, a percentage less than other European nations.

 Australia
In Australia, between 1974 and 1997 no marked change took place in the average amount of time spent at work by Australians of "prime working age" (that is, between 25 and 54 years of age). Throughout this period, the average time spent at work by prime working-age Australians (including those who did not spend any time at work) remained stable at between 27 and 28 hours per week. This unchanging average, however, masks a significant redistribution of work from men to women. Between 1974 and 1997, the average time spent at work by prime working-age Australian men fell from 45 to 36 hours per week, while the average time spent at work by prime working-age Australian women rose from 12 to 19 hours per week. In the period leading up to 1997, the amount of time Australian workers spent at work outside the hours of 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays also increased.

In 2009, a rapid increase in the number of working hours was reported in a study by The Australia Institute. The study found the average Australian worked 1855 hours per year at work. According to Clive Hamilton of The Australia Institute, this surpasses even Japan. The Australia Institute believes that Australians work the highest number of hours in the developed world.

The 38 hour working week was introduced in 1983.

The majority of full-time employees in Australia work additional overtime hours. A 2015 survey found that of Australia's 7.7 million full-time workers, 5 million put in more than 40 hours a week, including 1.4 million who worked more than 50 hours a week and 270,000 who put in more than 70 hours.

 United States
In 2016, the average man employed full-time worked 8.4 hours per work day, and the average woman employed full-time worked 7.8 hours per work day. There is no mandatory minimum amount of paid time off for sickness or holiday but the majority of full-time civilian workers have access to paid vacation time.

By 1946, the United States government had inaugurated the 40-hour work week for all federal employees. Beginning in 1950, under the Truman Administration, the United States became the first known industrialized nation to explicitly (albeit secretly) and permanently forswear a reduction of working time. Given the military-industrial requirements of the Cold War, the authors of the then secret National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) proposed the US government undertake a massive permanent national economic expansion that would let it "siphon off" a part of the economic activity produced to support an ongoing military buildup to contain the Soviet Union. In his 1951 Annual Message to the Congress, President Truman stated:
In terms of manpower, our present defense targets will require an increase of nearly one million men and women in the armed forces within a few months, and probably not less than four million more in defense production by the end of the year. This means that an additional 8 percent of our labor force, and possibly much more, will be required by direct defense needs by the end of the year.
These manpower needs will call both for increasing our labor force by reducing unemployment and drawing in women and older workers, and for lengthening hours of work in essential industries.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average non-farm private sector employee worked 34.5 hours per week as of June 2012.

As President Truman's 1951 message had predicted, the share of working women rose from 30 percent of the labor force in 1950 to 47 percent by 2000 – growing at a particularly rapid rate during the 1970s. According to a Bureau of Labor Statistics report issued May 2002, "In 1950, the overall participation rate of women was 34 percent. ... The rate rose to 38 percent in 1960, 43 percent in 1970, 52 percent in 1980, and 58 percent in 1990 and reached 60 percent by 2000. The overall labor force participation rate of women is projected to attain its highest level in 2010, at 62 percent." The inclusion of women in the work force can be seen as symbolic of social progress as well as of increasing American productivity and hours worked.

Between 1950 and 2007 official price inflation was measured to 861 percent. President Truman, in his 1951 message to Congress, predicted correctly that his military buildup "will cause intense and mounting inflationary pressures." Using the data provided by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Erik Rauch has estimated productivity to have increased by nearly 400%. According to Rauch, "if productivity means anything at all, a worker should be able to earn the same standard of living as a 1950 worker in only 11 hours per week."

In the United States, the working time for upper-income professionals has increased compared to 1965, while total annual working time for low-skill, low-income workers has decreased. This effect is sometimes called the "leisure gap".

The average working time of married couples – of both spouses taken together – rose from 56 hours in 1969 to 67 hours in 2000.

 Overtime rules
Many professional workers put in longer hours than the forty-hour standard. In professional industries like investment banking and large law firms, a forty-hour workweek is considered inadequate and may result in job loss or failure to be promoted. Medical residents in the United States routinely work long hours as part of their training.

Workweek policies are not uniform in the U.S. Many compensation arrangements are legal, and three of the most common are wage, commission, and salary payment schemes. Wage earners are compensated on a per-hour basis, whereas salaried workers are compensated on a per-week or per-job basis, and commission workers get paid according to how much they produce or sell.

Under most circumstances, wage earners and lower-level employees may be legally required by an employer to work more than forty hours in a week; however, they are paid extra for the additional work. Many salaried workers and commission-paid sales staff are not covered by overtime laws. These are generally called "exempt" positions, because they are exempt from federal and state laws that mandate extra pay for extra time worked. The rules are complex, but generally exempt workers are executives, professionals, or sales staff. For example, school teachers are not paid extra for working extra hours.  Business owners and independent contractors are considered self-employed, and none of these laws apply to them.

Generally, workers are paid time-and-a-half, or 1.5 times the worker's base wage, for each hour of work past forty. California also applies this rule to work in excess of eight hours per day, but exemptions and exceptions significantly limit the applicability of this law.

In some states, firms are required to pay double-time, or twice the base rate, for each hour of work past 60, or each hour of work past 12 in one day in California, also subject to numerous exemptions and exceptions. This provides an incentive for companies to limit working time, but makes these additional hours more desirable for the worker. It is not uncommon for overtime hours to be accepted voluntarily by wage-earning workers. Unions often treat overtime as a desirable commodity when negotiating how these opportunities shall be partitioned among union members.

Brazil
Brazil has a 44-hour work week, normally 8 hours per day and 4 hours on Saturday or 8.8 hours per day. Jobs with no meal breaks or on-duty meal breaks are 6 hours per day. Public servants work 40 hours per week.

Lunch breaks are one hour and are not usually counted as work. A typical work schedule is 8:00 or 9:00–12:00, 13:00–18:00. In larger cities, workers eat lunch on or near their work site, while some workers in smaller cities may go home for lunch.

A 30-day vacation is mandated by law. Holidays vary by municipality with approximately 13 to 15 holidays per year.

Mainland China

China adopted a 40-hour week, eliminating half-day work on Saturdays.

Traditionally, Chinese have worked long hours, and this has led to many deaths from overwork, with the state media reporting in 2014 that 600,000 people were dying suddenly annually, some of them were dying from overwork. Despite this, work hours have reportedly been falling for about three decades due to rising productivity, better labor laws, and the spread of the two-day weekend. The trend has affected both factories and white-collar companies that have been responding to growing demands for easier work schedules.

The 996 working hour system, as it is known, is where employees work from 09:00 to 21:00, six days a week, excluding two hours of lunch & nap during the noon and one hour of supper in the evening. Alibaba founder Jack (Yun) Ma, and JD.Com founder Richard (Qiangdong) Liu both praise the 996 schedule, saying such a schedule has helped Chinese tech giants like Alibaba and Tencent grow to become what they are today.

Hong Kong
Hong Kong has no legislation regarding maximum and normal working hours.
The average weekly working hours of full-time employees in Hong Kong is 49 hours. According to the Price and Earnings Report 2012 conducted by UBS, while the global and regional average were 1,915 and 2,154 hours per year respectively, the average working hours in Hong Kong is 2,296 hours per year, which ranked the fifth longest yearly working hours among 72 countries under study. In addition, from the survey conducted by the Public Opinion Study Group of the University of Hong Kong, 79% of the respondents agree that the problem of overtime work in Hong Kong is "severe", and 65% of the respondents support the legislation on the maximum working hours. In Hong Kong, 70% of surveyed do not receive any overtime remuneration. These show that people in Hong Kong concerns the working time issues. As Hong Kong implemented the minimum wage law in May 2011, the Chief Executive, Donald Tsang, of the Special Administrative Region pledged that the government will standardize working hours in Hong Kong.

On 26 November 2012, the Labour Department of the HKSAR released the "Report of the policy study on standard working hours". The report covers three major areas, including: (1) the regimes and experience of other places in regulating working hours, (2) latest working time situations of employees in different sectors, and (3) estimation of the possible impact of introducing standard working hour in Hong Kong. Under the selected parameters, from most loosen to most stringent, the estimated increase in labour cost vary from 1.1 billion to 55 billion HKD, and affect 957,100 (36.7% of total employees) to 2,378,900 (91.1% of total) employees.

Various sectors of the community show concerns about the standard working hours in Hong Kong. The points are summarized as below:

Labor organizations
Hong Kong Catholic Commission For Labour Affairs urges the government to legislate the standard working hours in Hong Kong, and suggests a 44 hours standard, 54 hours maximum working hours in a week. The organization thinks that long working time adversely affects the family and social life and health of employees; it also indicates that the current Employment Ordinance does not regulate overtime pays, working time limits nor rest day pays, which can protect employees rights.

Businesses and related organizations
Generally, business sector agrees that it is important to achieve work–life balance, but does not support a legislation to regulate working hours limit. They believe "standard working hours" is not the best way to achieve work–life balance and the root cause of the long working hours in Hong Kong is due to insufficient labor supply. The managing director of Century Environmental Services Group, Catherine Yan, said "Employees may want to work more to obtain a higher salary due to financial reasons. If standard working hour legislation is passed, employers will need to pay a higher salary to employees, and hence the employers may choose to segment work tasks to employer more part time employees instead of providing overtime pay to employees." She thinks this will lead to a situation that the employees may need to find two part-time jobs to earn their living, making them wasting more time on transportation from one job to another.

The Chairman of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce, Chow Chung-kong believes that it is so difficult to implement standard working hours that apply "across-the-board", specifically, to accountants and barristers. In addition, he believes that standard working hours may decrease individual employees' working hours and would not increase their actual income.  It may also lead to an increase of number of part-timers in the labor market.

According to a study conducted jointly by the Business, Economic and Public Affairs Research Centre and Enterprise and Social Development Research Centre of Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 16% surveyed companies believe that a standard working hours policy can be considered, and 55% surveyed think that it would be difficult to implement standard working hours in businesses.

Employer representative in the Labour Advisory Board, Stanley Lau, said that standard working hours will completely alter the business environment of Hong Kong, affect small and medium enterprise and weaken competitiveness of businesses. He believes that the government can encourage employers to pay overtime salary, and there is no need to regulate standard working hours.

Political parties
On 17–18 October 2012, the Legislative Council members in Hong Kong debated on the motion "legislation for the regulation of working hours". Cheung Kwok-che proposed the motion "That is the Council urges the Government to introduce a bill on the regulation of working hours within this legislative session, the contents of which must include the number of standard weekly hours and overtime pay". As the motion was not passed by both functional constituencies and geographical constituencies, it was negatived.

The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions suggested a standard 44-hour work week with overtime pay of 1.5 times the usual pay. It believes the regulation of standard working hour can prevent the employers to force employees to work (overtime) without pay.

Elizabeth Quat of the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB), believed that standard working hours were a labor policy and was not related to family-friendly policies. The Vice President of Young DAB, Wai-hung Chan, stated that standard working hours would bring limitations to small and medium enterprises. He thought that the government should discuss the topic with the public more before legislating standard working hours.

The Democratic Party suggested a 44-hour standard work week and compulsory overtime pay to help achieve the balance between work, rest and entertainment of people in Hong Kong.

The Labour Party believed regulating working hours could help achieve a work–life balance. It suggests an 8-hour work day, a 44-hour standard work week, a 60-hour maximum work week and an overtime pay of 1.5 times the usual pay.

Poon Siu-ping of Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions thought that it is possible to set work hour limit for all industries; and the regulation on working hours can ensure the overtime payment by employers to employees, and protect employees' health.

The Civic party suggests "to actively study setting weekly standard working hours at 44 hours to align with family-friendly policies" in LegCo Election 2012.

Member of Economic Synergy, Jeffery Lam, believes that standard working hours would adversely affect productivity, tense the employer-employee relationship, and increase the pressure faced by businesses who suffer from inadequate workers. He does not support the regulation on working hours at its current situation.

Government
Matthew Cheung Kin-chung, the Secretary for Labour and Welfare Bureau, said the Executive Council has already received the government report on working hours in June, and the Labour Advisory Board and the LegCo's Manpower Panel will receive the report in late November and December respectively. On 26 November 2012, the Labour Department released the report, and the report covered the regimes and experience of practicing standard working hours in selected regions, current work hour situations in different industries, and the impact assessment of standard working hours. Also, Matthew Cheung mentioned that the government will form a select committee by first quarter of 2013, which will include government officials, representative of labor unions and employers' associations, academics and community leaders, to investigate the related issues. He also said that it would "perhaps be unrealistic" to put forward a bill for standard working hours in the next one to two years.

Academics
Yip Siu-fai, Professor of the Department of Social Work and Social Administration of HKU, has noted that professions such as nursing and accountancy have long working hours and that this may affect people's social life. He believes that standard working hours could help to give Hong Kong more family-friendly workplaces and to increase fertility rates. Randy Chiu, Professor of the Department of Management of HKBU, has said that introducing standard working hours could avoid excessively long working hours of employees. He also said that nowadays Hong Kong attains almost full employment, has a high rental price and severe inflation, recently implemented minimum wage, and is affected by a gloomy global economy; he also mentioned that comprehensive considerations on macroeconomic situations are needed, and emphasized that it is perhaps inappropriate to adopt working-time regulation as exemplified in other countries to Hong Kong.

Lee Shu-Kam, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Finance of HKSYU, believes that standard working hours cannot deliver "work–life balance". He referenced the research to the US by the University of California, Los Angeles in 1999 and pointed out that in the industries and regions in which the wage elasticity is low, the effects of standard working hours on lowering actual working time and increasing wages is limited: for regions where the labor supply is inadequate, standard working hours can protect employees' benefits yet cause unemployment; but for regions (such as Japan) where the problem does not exist, standard working hours would only lead to unemployment. In addition, he said the effect of standard working hours is similar to that of (for example) giving overtime pay, making employees to favor overtime work more. In this sense, introducing standard working hours does not match its principle: to shorten work time and to increase the recreation time of employees. He believed that the key point is to help employees to achieve work–life balance and to get a win-win situation of employers and employees.

Francis Lui, Head and Professor of the Department of Economics of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, believed that standard working hours may not lower work time but increase unemployment. He used Japan as an example to illustrate that the implementation of standard working hours lowered productivity per head and demotivated the economy. He also said that even if the standard working hours can shorten employees' weekly working hours, they may need to work for more years to earn sufficient amount of money for retirement, i.e. delay their retirement age. The total working time over the course of a lifetime may not change.

Lok-sang Ho, Professor of Economics and Director of the Centre for Public Policy Studies of Lingnan University, pointed out that "as different employees perform various jobs and under different degrees of pressures, it may not be appropriate to establish standard working hours in Hong Kong"; and he proposed a 50-hour maximum work week to protect workers' health.

Taiwan
In 2018, Taiwan had the world's 4th longest work hour and 2nd in Asia, with the average number of work hours hit 2,033 hours. There had been reduction in the work hours by 122 from 2008 to 2018.

Malaysia
Since 1 September 2022, the weekly work hour in Malaysia was reduced from 48 hours to 45 hours after it was promulgated in the Dewan Negara.

Singapore
Singapore has an 8-hour normal work day (9 hours including lunchtime), a 45-hour normal working week, and a maximum 48-hour work week. If the employee works no more than five days a week, the employee's normal working day is 9 hours and the working week is 44 hours. Also, if the number of hours worked by the worker is less than 44 hours every alternate week, the 44-hour weekly limit may be exceeded in the other week. However, this is subject to the pre-specification in the service contract, and the maximum should not exceed 48 hours per week or 88 hours in any consecutive two week period. In addition, a shift worker can work up to 12 hours a day, provided that the average working hours per week do not exceed 44 over a consecutive three-week period. The overtime allowance per overtime hour must not be less than 1.5 times the employee's hourly basic rates.

 Other
The Kapauku people of Papua think it is bad luck to work two consecutive days.
The !Kung Bushmen work two-and-a-half days per week, rarely more than six hours per day.
The work week in Samoa is approximately 30 hours.

 See also

 Business day
 Four-day workweek
 Hours of Work (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1930
 Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, 1919
 Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Convention, 1936
 Human capital
 Karōshi Labour market flexibility
 Refusal of work
 Right to rest and leisure
 Saint Monday
 Short-time working
 Six-hour day
 Soviet calendar
 Universal basic income
 Waiting for the Weekend Weekly Rest (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1957
 Weekly Rest (Industry) Convention, 1921
 List of countries by average annual labor hours

 References
OECD (2019),

 Further reading

 Bunting, Madeleine, (2004), "Willing Slaves: How the Overwork Culture is Ruling Our Lives", HarperCollins.
 Contensou, François and Radu Vranceanu, (2000), "Working Time. Theory and Policy Implications", Edward Elgar, Cheltelham, UK, .
 Chung, Heejung, Marcel Kerkhofs and Peter Ester, (2008), "Working Time Flexibility in European Companies", European Foundation.
 de Graaf, John, (2003), "Take Back Your Time", Berrett-Koehler,
 Fagan, Colette, Ariane Hegewisch and Jane Pillinger, (2006), "Out of Time: why Britain needs a new approach to working time flexibility", , TUC
 Hunnicutt, Benjamin Kline, "Free Time : The Forgotten American Dream," Temple Press, 2013.
Klamer, Ute, Ton Wilthagen, Heejung Chung, Anke Thiel, (2008) "Take it or leave it: flexible working-time arrangements and the synchronization of business cycle and life cycle" (as part of the European Foundation project "Flexibility and Security over the lifecourse")
 Lebergott, Stanley, (2002), "Wages and Working Conditions",

 Lee, Sangheon, Deirdre McCann and Jon C. Messenger, (2007), "Working Time Around the World'. Trends in working hours, laws and policies in a global comparative perspective". London: ILO/Routledge.
 McCann, Deirdre, (2005), "Working Time Laws: A global perspective", ILO,
 McCarthy, Eugene J. and William McGaughey, (1989), "Nonfinancial Economics: The Case for Shorter Hours of Work", Praeger

 External links

 The Guardian, August 20, 2005, "Work until you drop: how the long-hours culture is killing us" (UK focus)
 Evans, J., D. Lippoldt and P. Marianna(2001), Trends in Working Hours in OECD Countries'', OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers n° 45, OECD, Paris.
 Hart, Bob 'Working time and employment' Routledge Revivals, 2010.
 Explanation of Working Time Limits (48 hour week) in the UK and how the opt-out works
 Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) resources on the UK Working Time Regulations
 OECD Average annual hours actually worked per worker
 The Average Working Hours Around the World

Labor rights

Working time


Jill Brukman, née le 8 mars 1973, est une nageuse sud-africaine.

Carrière
Jill Brukman participe aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1992 à Barcelone ; elle nage les 100 et 200 mètres dos, les 200 et 400 mètres quatre nages ainsi que le relais 4 x 100 mètres quatre nages, sans atteindre de finale.

Elle dispute la finale du relais 4 x 100 mètres nage libre des Championnats du monde de natation en petit bassin 1993 à Palma, terminant à la  place. Elle termine ensuite quatrième de la finale du relais 4 x 100 mètres nage libre et huitième de la finale du 200 mètres dos aux Jeux du Commonwealth de 1994 à Victoria.

Elle remporte aux Jeux africains de 1995 à Harare la médaille d'or du 200 mètres dos et la médaille de bronze du 100 mètres dos.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Nageuse sud-africaine
Nageuse de dos
Nageuse de quatre nages
Nageuse aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1992
Médaillée d'or aux Jeux africains
Naissance en mars 1973

Jill Brukman


Mário Gibson Alves Barbosa (Olinda, 13 de marzo de 1918 — Río de Janeiro, 26 de noviembre de 2007) fue un diplomático brasileño, ministro de Relaciones Exteriores del gobierno del general Emílio Garrastazu Médici (1969-1974).

Publicaciones
 Na diplomacia, o traço todo da vida (memorias, 1992)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Diplomáticos de Brasil
Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores de Brasil
Embajadores de Brasil en Estados Unidos
Embajadores de Brasil en Austria
Embajadores de Brasil en Paraguay
Nacidos en Olinda
Grandes oficiales de la Orden El Sol del Perú

Mário Gibson Barbosa