Kulilay Amit (, born 9 August 1972), better known by her stage name A-Mei, is a Taiwanese Puyuma singer and record producer. Born as Amit Kulilay in the rugged mountains of eastern Taiwan, she made her debut in the music world in 1996, achieving meteoric commercial success. A leading figure of the Mandopop music scene since the mid-1990s, A-Mei is widely known for breaking ground for Taiwanese aborigines and being a voice for LGBT rights and gender equality. She has been given the moniker Queen of Mandopop and the "Pride of Taiwan". Thanks to her career longevity, resilience, professionalism, artistry, and versatility, she is considered a pop culture icon in the Sinophone world and is a legend in the industry.

Born and raised in Beinan, Taitung, A-Mei moved to Taipei at age 20 in 1992. In 1996 she released her debut studio album Sisters, which was a massive hit and transformed A-Mei into a superstar seemingly overnight thanks to selling over a million copies. Her sophomore record Bad Boy found even greater success in Taiwan, eventually becoming the country's best-selling album of all time. Her follow up releases—Holding Hands (1998), Can I Hug You, Lover? (1999) and Regardless (2000)—received critical and commercial acclaim, with the first two also selling well over a million units. Initially having continued success, a cross-straits controversy caused her to experience a sales decline from 2004 until she experienced a resurgence in 2006 with the album I Want Happiness?.

Her albums Truth (2001), Amit (2009), and Faces of Paranoia (2014) each won her a Golden Melody Award for Best Mandarin Female Singer and made the Taiwanese diva one of the singers who won the category the most times. Having sold over 50 million records, A-Mei is the best selling female artist in Taiwanese music history. She is recognized as having the influence and cultural impact in Asia equivalent to artists such as Madonna in Western music and popular culture. In 2017, she was included in the "Charity Heroes List" by the Asian edition of Forbes Magazine, and her influence is even greater than that of many famous Taiwanese political and business figures.

Life and career

1972–1996: Early years and musical beginnings
A-Mei was born on 9 August 1972 in the Tamalakaw tribe (belonging to the Puyuma) in Beinan, Taitung, Taiwan. Her Puyuma-language name is Kulilay Amit, alternatively transliterated Gulilai Amit. She was the seventh child in a family of nine children.  During her childhood A-Mei's family was impoverished, making it increasingly difficult to raise so many offspring. In order to support the family, the father originally wanted to give A-Mei and her younger sister Saya Chang to relatives for adoption. It was A-Mei's mother who took them to hide deep in the mountains to escape the fate of being adopted. Despite avoiding the fate of being separated from her family, A-Mei's upbringing was still quite difficult due to always being short on money. Although A-Mei couldn't receive formal training in music and stage performances, she showed her love for stage singing performances since she was a child. Like most Native Taiwanese people, she was exposed to tribal music very early on. Her mother used to record herself singing, then play it back on tape for her daughters to hear. A-Mei had always been fascinated by music, saying that she was addicted to the radio and would rush to watch the late night music programs that introduced her to English songs when she was a child. Oftentimes she summoned the children in the village and persuaded everyone to use flashlights to create "stage lighting effects" for her. In addition to her talent in music, A-Mei was also very good at sports. In elementary school, under the careful guidance of coach Shi Shunxiong, she earned a second-degree black belt and once represented her school in a taekwondo competition.

In 1992 A-Mei left her hometown of Taitung for the first time to work in a restaurant and sell clothes at a roadside stand in Taipei. She first connected to the entertainment business by joining the televised "Five Lights Singing Contest" on TTV Main Channel in 1992 after encouragement from her father. She made it all the way through to the finals but lost in the final round.
She was disappointed and was almost ready to give up interest in music competitions. A-Mei's father then told her, "You definitely can sing, and you perform songs beautifully. Why don't you enter the competition again to show that you have a talent for music?" So, encouraged by the kind words from her father, she attended the singing contest again in 1993. Her performances enchanted the judges and she was crowned champion the following year. Unfortunately her father didn't live to see her victory due to him succumbing to his illness, leaving A-Mei devastated. Years later in 2009 when she released an album for the first time under her real name Amit, she sung the song "Disappear (掉了)" which expresses how dearly she misses him.

After her father's death, A-Mei struggled to recall her passion for music until 1995 when she began to sing in local pubs with a rock band called "Relax" which was formed by her musician cousin. Her pub performance impressed Taiwanese music producer Chang Yu-sheng and Chang Hsiao-yen, the head of Taiwanese record label Forward Music at the time. In March 1996, she signed a recording deal with Forward Music.

1996–1997: Career beginnings, Sisters, and Bad Boy
After she signed a recording deal with Forward Music, she made an appearance on Chang Yu-sheng's album, Red Passion, which was released in July 1996, where they sang a duet titled "The One Who Loved Me Most, Hurt Me The Most (最愛的人傷我最深)". In November, when A-Mei was invited to sing "I'm a Dreamer on Air (空中的夢想家)", the theme song for Taiwan's UFO Radio station, she again drew attention from the public. On December 13, 1996 A-Mei released her first album Sisters, which she made under the tutelage of Chang Yu-sheng. Originally, the record company worried that A-Mei's aboriginal identity would have a negative impact on her career due to there still being widespread discrimination against aboriginal people at the time. In spite of this, A-Mei still emphasized to the media that she was from an aboriginal background and was the very first mainstream pop star to proudly flaunt her aboriginal identity. But in the end the label execs were fretting over nothing since the record ended up being a runaway success. The album topped the Taiwan IFPI chart for a record of nine consecutive weeks and sold a total of 1.21 million copies in Taiwan and 4 million in Asia. The sales result for Sisters surprised Forward Music, since they had no expectations it being so well-received, who even forgot to sign her up for the 8th Golden Melody Awards.
The songs "You Don't Want Anything (原來你什麼都不要)", "Sisters (姊妹)", "Released (解脫)" and "Cut Love (剪愛)" on the album enjoyed widespread radio airplay throughout the Greater China region. On the song "Sisters (姊妹)", Chang Yu-sheng invited A-Mei's mother, sisters and other relatives to participate in the chorus singing and added Puyuma musical elements to make the song more culturally enriching. The outstanding sales of Sisters helped it become the 4th best-selling album in Taiwan overall. It won the top ten albums of the Chinese Musicians Exchange Association in 1997, and eventually was placed at #10 in the selection of the "200 Best Taiwanese Popular Music Albums".

On June 7, 1997 she released her second studio album titled Bad Boy. For this record Chang Yu-sheng was still highly involved in the songwriting and production department. The album topped the Taiwan IFPI chart for 9 consecutive weeks, and sold 1.38 million copies making it the most sold album in Taiwanese music history. With the decline of physical music sales in recent years due to music streaming and digital distribution, it looks like Bad Boy will always reign at the top. Additionally it sold an excess of 6 million copies throughout Asia, making A-Mei one of the most powerful and sought-after celebrities in the continent. The album Bad Boy spawned numerous hit singles such as the title track, "Can't Cry (哭不出來)", "Whenever I Think About You (一想到你呀)", "Dancing Alone (一個人跳舞)" and "Listen to the Sea (聽海)". They all have now been regarded as modern-day classics and are still receiving heavy rotation and being sung by contestants on music competition shows to this very day. Bad Boy earned her two Golden Melody Award nominations for Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Mandarin Female Singer. However, tragedy struck five months after the album's release. Her manager Chang Yu-sheng died on November 12, 1997, at age 31, after falling into a coma for 24 days due to a car crash that occurred on October 20, 1997. During Chang Yu-sheng's stay in the hospital, A-Mei visited him many times. At that time, in order to pay tribute to Chang Yu-sheng who was dying, she released the CD single "Listen to You, Listen to Me (聽你聽我)". On December 19, 1997 she released the innovative album "You Make Me Free Make Me Fly!" featuring the songs that were to be performed on her upcoming tour. The album was another hit, shipping 800,000 units in Taiwan and 4 million throughout Asia. It heightened her fans' expectations for how her live performance would go.

1998–1999: Holding Hands, Can I Hug You, Lover? and A-Mei New Century Collection
A-Mei embarked on her first solo concert tour which was in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore in January 1998. On January 10, 1998, A-Mei held her first large-scale ticketed concert titled "A-Mei In Concert Live In Concert 1998", breaking the record for the shortest time a large-scale concert has been held by a Taiwanese singer since their debut (there was only 1 year and 28 days between the release date of the first album and the date of the concert). It also became the fastest-selling concert in Taiwan in the past 10 years and had a very fanatic audience, with both the Taipei and Kaohsiung shows being a full house. The 2 shows at the Singapore Indoor Stadium also set a number of records, including the record for the fastest sold-out concert: the first show was sold out within 10 hours while the second was sold out within 8 hours. Along with her gobsmacking vocals, her charismatic and infectious stage performances became her trademark, and further cemented A-Mei's status as the top diva in Chinese pop music.

Due to her immense fame, A-Mei was formally invited by the Japanese public broadcaster NHK to perform as a representative of Taiwan in the annual ceremony "Asia Live Dream" in February 1998. At one point that same year Billboard magazine named her Asia's Most Popular Singer. 	October 12, 1998, saw the release of her third studio album, Holding Hands. In the album, A-Mei sang the posthumous works "Are You Ready" and "Her Consciousness (後知後覺)" of her mentor Chang Yu-sheng and for the first time collaborated with Taiwanese singer-songwriter David Tao, who had just risen in the music scene. He wrote and composed the songs "Don't Lie To Me (不要騙我)" and "High High High". Continuing her streak of success, the album earned a RIT record certification by selling over 790,000 copies in the span of one month. Cumulative sales reached 1.1 million copies in Taiwan and 4 million in Asia. Holding Hands earned her a Golden Melody Award nomination for Best Mandarin Female Singer. Also in 1998, she won the Best Theme Song award at the Star Awards 1998 ceremony for her performance of the song "I don't mind", which served as the opening theme song to the TV series Rising Expectations. Meanwhile, the documentary about the "fable" of A-mei, produced by CNN, was telecast worldwide.

In January 1999, A-Mei endorsed Sprite in Greater China, singing the song "Give Me Feelings (給我感覺)" in the commercials. The commercial was filmed in Shanghai, which resulted in serious traffic jams around the shooting site. At this point she had won more than 30 awards in just 2 and a half years since her debut, and her total album sales exceeded 10 million. In the past two years, she has been awarded consecutively. In the preceding year alone MTV selected her record as the best Mandarin album. A-Mei won the "Gold Award for Female Singer in the Music World" in the 1998 Ultimate Song Chart Awards Ceremony held by Commercial Radio Hong Kong and the "Asia Pacific Music Award" in the 1998 Top Ten Golden Songs Awards Ceremony. Winning "District's Most Popular Hong Kong Female Singer", she had become the only non-Hong Kong native and non-Hong Kong debut singer to win those two awards. On April 20, 1999 her EP entitled Feel was released and sold 180,000 copies, making it the best-selling mini-album in Taiwan's music history. On June 8, 1999 A-Mei released her fifth album Can I Hug You, Lover?. Carrying the momentum of the upcoming "Mei Li 99 (妹力99)" concert, the album sold more than 500,000 copies within its first week of availability in Taiwan, and was No. 1 on the IFPI chart for a jaw-dropping 11 consecutive weeks, breaking the 9-week championship record of her very on album Bad Boy. It sold a total of 1.18 million copies in Taiwan and finally more than 8 million copies in Asia. Breaking the Asian sales record of 6 million copies of the highest-selling album in Taiwan Bad Boy, Can I Hug You, Lover? became A-Mei's highest-selling album in Asia to date. The album also earned her a Golden Melody Award nomination for Best Mandarin Female Singer.

In the following months, A-Mei held her second Asia concert Tour, "Mei Li 99 (妹力99)", visiting various cities in Taiwan and other Asian cities, including Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing and Shanghai. She became the first Taiwanese singer to perform at the Shanghai Stadium, with the seats at the venue filled to the brim. It is notable that there were nearly 80,000 attendees attending the show, making it the most successful concert in that city's history. On August 6, 1999, she became the first artist to perform a concert at Beijing's Workers' Stadium. With more than 60,000 tickets sold, she broke the record for the highest number of spectators for a single performance in the city. More than 50,000 people poured into the two concerts at Hong Kong's now defunct Kai Tak Airport, making her the first and last Taiwanese singer to hold two ticketed concerts there. At the Taipei Municipal Stadium, she became the only female singer to "open the entire venue" to a crowd of nearly 50,000 people, thus being regarded as a major benchmark in Taiwan's concert history. A-Mei is also the first to perform in Taitung County by holding a large-scale ticketed concert at the Taitung County Stadium that attracting tens of thousands of people. In Singapore, she also became the first act to perform at the Singapore National Stadium. All the 35,000 tickets at that concert had sold out completely.

At this point in time Eastern and even Wester papers had dubbed her popularity the "A-Mei syndrome". In the same year, A-Mei became the first Taiwanese artist to appear on the cover of Asia Weekly. Many people at the time even believed that she had the ability to inherit Teresa Teng's popularity in mainland China. In September, she sang "Love, Never Disappears (愛, 永遠不會消失)", a song composed by Leehom Wang, to honor the victims of the 921 earthquake (also known as Chi-Chi earthquake) and donated her concert revenue from that night in Singapore to charity. In December, she performed with Jacky Cheung at the 36th Golden Horse Awards. A-Mei's so-called "sister power" became unstoppable at that point, and she was listed among the "Top Ten Chinese Voice Figures" in 1999 by Huasheng Magazine. On December 28, 1999, A-Mei released the compilation album A-Mei New Century Collection. It also became a hot seller, shipping 410,000 copies in Taiwan and 3 million copies in Asia. It is Taiwan's best selling album by a female artist in the 21st century. On December 31 she participated in 2 New Year's Eve concerts in Taipei City.

2000: China Ban and Regardless
Initially, the year began without a hitch. In January, A-Mei performed Sprite's new Chinese commercial song, "I Want to Fly" (我要飛). During that same month, the latest issue of the now defunct American magazine Details produced the Millennium "International Ecstasy List". Taiwan's Shu Qi and A-Mei were both on the list, with Details going as far as calling her China's Madonna. In February, she was invited to CCTV Spring Festival Gala 2000 where she sung the song "Give Me Feelings (给我感觉)". This is a treatment that many famous singers have never had the chance to enjoy. After the Spring Festival Gala A-Mei's popularity continued to skyrocket in mainland China. On February 28 she was the first Taiwanese artist to be interviewed by the American cable television network CNN. CNN called A-Mei the Asian Music Ambassador and praised her for taking the mainland by storm with her singing at a time when cross-strait relations are tense and ever-changing. In March she held two shows in Hong Kong with the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra singing a wide variety of songs that included Chinese, English, Cantonese and Taiwanese Hokkien classics at the Hong Kong Coliseum. A month later on April 14, 2000 she released the audio of the performances on a live album titled Time to Say Goodbye, A-Mei Hong Kong Live.

On May 20, 2000 she sang the National Anthem of the Republic of China at the presidential inauguration ceremony of Chen Shui-bian, angering the government of the People's Republic of China which subsequently interfered her with visiting mainland China until July 2001. Under pressure from Beijing, Sprite also buckled and cut its contract with A-Mei, removing her as its endorser and radio stations in China temporarily ceased broadcasting her music. On December 5, 2000 she released her fifth studio album titled Regardless, which turned out to ultimately be A-Mei's last original studio record to be released under Forward Music. The album was another hit for her by selling over 360,000 copies in Taiwan and over 1 million copies across Asia. Regardless is listed as one of the best-selling albums in Taiwan in the 21st century. The album earned her a Golden Melody Award nomination for Best Mandarin Female Singer. To promote the album she held a concert at Nangang District, Taipei. A-Mei also held  press conferences in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia. On December 31, 2000, she participated in a New Year's Eve concert in Taipei.

2001–2003: Switch to Warner Music, Truth, Fever and Brave
A-Mei graced the cover of Newsweek in January 2001, with the headline "Pop & Politics." This made her the only Taiwanese singer to pose on the magazine's cover to date. After finding a home in June 2001 with Warner Music Taiwan, A-Mei sang the Mandarin theme song for the movie Pearl Harbor, which was a cover of Faith Hill's There You'll Be. In August, Beijing hosted the 2001 Summer Universiade. When she was invited to be a guest at the opening ceremony and sang the two songs "Sisters (姊妹)" and "Holding Hands (牵手)" at the finale the entire venue of 80,000 people screamed and cheered. On September 7, 2001, Forward Music released a compilation album, Journey, which included all unreleased songs A-Mei recorded when she was signed under Forward Music. The album sold over 100,000 copies in Taiwan and 1 million copies across Asia. October 29, 2001 saw the release of her first album under Warner which was titled Truth. Commercially, the album was a success selling over 200,000 copies in Taiwan and 1.6 million copies across Asia. Hit songs like the title track, "Remember (記得)" and "Hate That I Love You (我恨我愛你)" became popular songs in major televised singing talent shows years down the line. On November 9 in Taipei City The "Real New Song Concert" was held at the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall where A-Mei held a free large-scale concert specifically for the album. More than 30,000 fans were packed at the venue, allowing fans who had not seen each other for a long time to share her musical works over the past year. In December A-Mei held 7 concerts in the United States and Canada. The Toronto show is also the most successful solo concert held by a Taiwanese singer there in recent years. At the last performance of the tour in Silicon Valley, San Francisco, a small autograph session for 100 people was held. During the event the local mayor of Cupertino presented the "Outstanding Artist Award from Cross-Strait and Three Places". On December 31, 2001 she participated in a New Year's Eve concert in Taipei City.

In 2002, A-Mei won the "Best Female Vocalist of the Year" award with the album Truth at Taiwan's most prestigious Golden Melody Awards (the Sinophone equivalent to the Grammy Awards). A deserving win after four years of consecutive nominations in the same category since her second album Bad Boy. Also a performing guest, she put on a showcase titled, "Best of Asia" that evening. A-Mei was named as one of the 20 Asian Heroes featured in the special issue of Time magazine in 2002. On August 30, 2002 she released her seventh studio album Fever. The first batch of 120,000 copies was sold out within five days of its release, and the demand for goods continued to soar past the 150,000 mark. The album sold 180,000 copies in Taiwan and over 2 million copies throughout Asia, making it yet another success. Fever earned her two Golden Melody Award nominations for Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Mandarin Female Singer. On August 3, 2002, she embarked on her third concert tour, A-Class Entertainment World Tour, which visited Taiwan, mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia and United States. In the same year, she won a MTV Asia Award for Favorite Artist Taiwan. A-Mei appeared on the cover of Asia Weekly for the second time at the end of the year. The magazine titled "A-Mei Sings the Future of Cross-Strait, Singing Through the Political Wall of the Taiwan Strait", using her singing to penetrate the ideologies of both sides of the Taiwan Strait, and sung out new hope for the future of the Taiwan Strait. In Star News' poll of young Taiwanese people's favorite female idols, according to the newspaper's questionnaire survey results, A-Mei won the title of teenagers' favorite female idol with 5.8%. Beating out other popular figures like Stefanie Sun, Coco Lee and Elva Hsiao.

Due to the SARS epidemic in 2003 A-Mei enthusiastically participated in the charity record co-sponsored by Wang Leehom, David Tao and Dongfeng Satellite TV. The song was titled "Hand in Hand" and featured other prolific musicians like Jay Chou, Elva Hsiao, Jolin Tsai, S.H.E and Jody Chiang. In June A-Mei sponsored the Korean PC game "A3", being paid tens of millions for the endorsement. On the 27th of the same month, the album Brave was released. She also had her first starring role in a film serving as the heroine of the movie "Brave", and sang the theme song "Brave" for the movie of the same name. This song became the champion song in the gay love song vote that year. Brave is the only A-Mei album to date to not receive a nomination for a Golden Melody, but it still achieved sales of 170,000 copies in Taiwan and 1.6 million in Asia. The commercial success of "Brave" convinced the record company to spend tens of millions holding three "It's Me Who's Missing You" summer concerts in Taitung's Seaside Park, Sizihwan and Fulong Beach. In the second half of 2003 the "A-Class Entertainment World Tour" was held in Malaysia, Shantou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Connecticut, Las Vegas and other places. In November, she participated in the "City of Joy - Chang Yu-Sheng, All Star Tribute Concert" to commemorate her mentor the late Chang Yu-sheng. A-Mei wore a white T-shirt that had a portrait of Chang Yu-sheng drawn on it by a cartoonist while singing the song "Tears and Whispers (哭泣與耳語)".

2004–2005: Maybe Tomorrow, decline in sales and popularity, and studying abroad at Boston
At the MTV Asia Awards 2004 A-Mei won "Taiwan's Most Popular Singer Award" for the second time. At the end of April, A-Mei won a World Peace Music Award in recognition of her emphasis on indigenous culture and her extraordinary influence in the Greater China region making her the first Taiwanese singer to win this award. On June 12 A-Mei became the focus of international controversy when she was forced to abruptly cancel a concert in Hangzhou after students from Zhejiang University branded her a "supporter of Taiwanese independence." Several hundred students invaded a press conference at which she had been scheduled to appear, chanting slogans and holding banners decrying the "green performer." Concerned for A-Mei's safety, the organizers canceled her appearance. Back home in Taiwan, A-Mei was under fire from individuals who championed Taiwanese pride. China's state-run CCTV had quoted her as saying, apparently about her decision to sing her national anthem at President Chen's inauguration in Taiwan: "I had to suffer the consequences of a decision that was not made by me ... I should have been more discreet in my behavior, which impacts so many people." The former Vice President Annette Lu even questioned the patriotism of the pop diva. Meanwhile, Premier Yu Shyi-kun offered a clarification of his own previous remarks about the singer. He explained that his remarks were intended to criticize China, and that he had not intended to criticize the singer herself. He argued that local media had misquoted him. While politics and showbiz are not exactly bedfellows in Asia, A-Mei clarified that she has no intention of engaging in anything irrelevant to her profession. In response to the uproar, A-Mei called on the media to cease its sensational reporting and to end their distortion of her words. She reinforced her position by stating, "What we really need is more peace and love in our country." Political issues aside, A-Mei gave a benefit concert in Taipei on July 22, 2004, for the victims of Typhoon Mindulle, which caused widespread destruction that summer. The concert was free, but each audience member was asked to make a donation of US$30. On July 31, A-Mei set foot in Beijing once again and held a successful concert, with an estimated 10,000-strong audience. As reported by the media, A-Mei confessed that she had never felt such great pressure at a concert before, when fans begged her not to be disturbed by the raucous protesters.

Undeterred by negativity, A-Mei proceeded to work on her new album Maybe Tomorrow, which was released on September 21, 2004. A-Mei composed the two songs "Love Is The Only Way (愛是唯一)" and "Critical Moment (關鍵時刻)" on the album. The album earned her a Golden Melody Award nomination for Best Mandarin Female Singer. The music video of the song, "Love Is The Only Way (愛是唯一)" was nominated for Best Music Video of the Year. While Maybe Tomorrow performed well at first, it quickly fell off the charts due to its sound, which was different from the standard Mandarin pop sound at that time. A-Mei also received vitriol for "Love Is The Only Way (愛是唯一)", which had a music video that depicted a same-sex wedding with the two grooms sharing a kiss. The video ended up being banned from broadcasting in the mainland. As a whole the album sold about 80,000 units in Taiwan, which is considerably lower than her previous releases. Maybe Tomorrow became A-Mei's lowest-selling studio album to that point and was generally viewed as an abject commercial and critical failure. The many personal and professional setbacks over the past year made A-Mei contemplate on whether her current situation was suitable for continuing her music career. So at the end of the year she came up with the idea of temporarily leaving the music scene to go to Boston, Massachusetts.

In January 2005, she went to Hong Kong to participate in a charity show that was meant to raise funds for the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. In February 2005 she headed to Boston for a three-month language study through Boston University's Center for English Language & Orientation Programs. The trip to Boston was intended as a journey of self-discovery rather than mere getaway. After returning to Taiwan she first participated in Ni Min-jan's public memorial and sang to comfort his family. Meanwhile, a series produced by the Discovery Channel in collaboration with Taiwan's Government Information Office (GIO) called "Portraits Taiwan" (台灣人物誌) that spotlighted Taiwanese icons in different fields, selected A-Mei as the representative of the "Mass Culture and Entertainment" category. A-Mei took up the task as the Taiwanese World Vision International ambassador and headed to southern Sudan with the charitable organization in June/July. In late 2005, she returned to the stage and performed a medley at the Golden Horse Awards Ceremony.

2006–2007: Resurgence of sales, revived popularity, I Want Happiness? and Star
On February 17, 2006, she released her tenth studio album, I Want Happiness?. Producer Eric Chen used A-Mei's most pure and direct singing as the main theme. On the first day of release nearly 100,000 copies of the album were pre-ordered. Popular singles from the album such as the title track and "Hostage (人質)" became popular songs in KTV and major televised singing competitions. Widely considered as her comeback album, I Want Happiness? was a commercial success by selling 160,000 copies in Taiwan, and the record is credited for saving her career from its imminent doom. In the mainland Chinese market, it even won the first half of the year with total sales of 960,000 copies. The album sales champion eventually sold over 2 million copies in Asia and earned her a Golden Melody Award nomination for Best Mandarin Female Singer. On May 27, a ticketed concert was held in Las Vegas, and all of the 7,000 tickets sold out entirely. The organizers also specially arranged for A-Mei to take a helicopter to the press conference venue to enjoy diva-level treatment. In June, A-Mei participated in the finale performance titled "Musiz ORZ" at the 17th Golden Melody Awards. December 2006, she produced a musical, In Love with Carmen, which was performed twice at Taipei Arena. During the performances she invited the Singaporean singer A-do and the Taiwanese singer A-Lin (who had just debuted at the time) to join her on stage.

In April 2007 EMI Taiwan spent more than 10 million to hold an Asia-wide press conference in Hong Kong that was meant to announce the signing of Asian diva A-Mei. During the event she signed a 3-year and 3-album recording contract worth NT$150 million, making her the highest-paid female singer in the region at the time. On August 3, 2007, she released her eleventh studio album, Star. The critically and commercially acclaimed effort earned her three Golden Melody Award nominations for Best Mandarin Album, Best Mandarin Female Singer, and Song of the Year for  "A Moment (一眼瞬間)", which was a duet with Taiwanese singer Jam Hsiao. Star occupied the #1 spot on Taiwan's G-MUSIC charts for 4 consecutive weeks and ended up selling over 130,000 copies in Taiwan and 1.7 million copies in Asia. To celebrate the sales of Star a concert was held at Tamsui Fisherman's Wharf on September 12. Thirty-thousand fans attended that night, setting a record for the largest number of people attending a concert held by a singer at that venue. On September 22, 2007 she participated in the 4th Asia Song Festival in Seoul, South Korea, with her three-song performance receiving many praises. In the same month A-Mei became the very first Taiwanese singer to be interviewed by the news agency Reuters. In October, she served as the "Rainbow Ambassador" for the 5th annual Taiwan Pride parade. She said that she was very happy for the support her gay fans have given her along the way and will always support gays who are in hiding along with the ones who are happy to come forward. She also generously embraced HIV carriers Yahui and Ladybug on stage and expressed her hope to participate in the Pride Parade every year. In November 2007 she embarked on her fourth solo concert tour called the Star Tour which visited Taiwan, Mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Japan, Canada and United States.

2008–2010: Turandot, and Amit

From March to May 2008 she embarked on an opera tour of the musical Turandot in Japan, which was produced by Joe Hisaishi and directed by Amon Miyamoto. A-Mei overcame the language barrier and performed in Tokyo with many Japanese actors. She performed 59 consecutive performances overall in major Japanese cities such as Osaka and Nagoya. All of the performances were very well received. On May 12, the 2008 Sichuan earthquake occurred. She donated the NT$5 million revenue from 11 performances of Turandot between the 12th to the 22nd to the earthquake victims so that they could rebuild their homes. At the 19th Golden Melody Awards that year, not only was she nominated for 5 awards and invited to perform for her Star album, A-Mei brought her "Amit" performance style to the big stage for the first time with punk rock music. The performance shocked the ceremony. In July, the Chinese and English versions of the selected theme song for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing called "Forever Friends" was recorded. Xiang-Dong Kong invited Coco Lee, A-Mei and Cecilia Han to sing respectively.

A-Mei released her twelfth studio album, Amit, on June 26, 2009, which was her very first album to be released under her aboriginal birth name. This album showed a significant change in the genre of music A-Mei sung, as most of the songs incorporated hard rock music. The songs in the album extensively touch on serious topics such as personality conflicts, lost family ties, sexual practices, female consciousness, homosexuality, et al. The commercially successful album sold over 120,000 copies in Taiwan and topped the G-MUSIC charts for 3 nonconsecutive weeks, while sales across Asia exceeded 1.3 million. On September 5 she became the spokesperson for the 2009 Summer Deaflympics held in Taipei and participated in the opening ceremony as a guest, singing the theme song "Dreams You Can Hear (聽得見的夢想)". In November 2009, she embarked on her fifth concert tour, Amit First Tour, which visited Taiwan, Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, Singapore, and Malaysia. In March 2010 she was paid nearly 10 million yuan to became the spokesperson of Coca-Cola in Taiwan. At the 21st Golden Melody Awards A-Mei became the most decorated artist that night by taking home a total of six trophies. The album Amit won the awards for Song Of The Year, Pop Album Of The Year, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, Best Lyricist, Best Musical Arranger, and Best Album Producer. The last time A-Mei had received a major Golden Melody award was when she won the Golden Melody Award for Best Female Mandarin Singer in 2002 for her album Truth.

2011–2013: R U Watching Me?, and AMeiZING World Tour

In January 2011, the "BIO Biography Channel" (now known as FYI), which mainly reports on the world's most influential and representative figures, produced a special episode about A-Mei, which was broadcast in 23 countries around the world with more than 67 million viewers. The exclusive interview focuses on A-Mei's story from when she went to study in the United States in 2005 when her career had circled the drain, to when she later produced a musical and became a sensation in the music industry as Amit. She is the first Taiwanese singer to accept this interview. In March she renewed her contract with Coca-Cola Company to become the spokesperson for their 125th anniversary. A-Mei was also allowed to personally design a limited edition commemorative bottle. On April 23, 2011, the album R U Watching Me?, which took 3 years to produce, was released. R U Watching Me? sold more than 65,000 copies in Taiwan, becoming the 5th highest-selling album in Taiwan that year. The album earned her a Golden Melody Award nomination for Best Mandarin Female Singer. In May 2011, CNN sat down and interviewed A-Mei for the second time. During the interview she talked about her singing career, image transformation, etc. in the "Asian Celebrity Chat Room" TalkAsia. In June 2011, A-Mei ranked first in a Forbes survey of "The 25 Most Famous Taiwanese in Mainland China", making her influence bigger than that of many well-known political and business figures. At the 22nd Golden Melody Awards ceremony, A-Mei sang the song medley "My Dearest Music Master".  In the same month the revised album "R U Watching Me Our Celebration Edition" was released, and the "COCA COLA Happy 125 Years A-Mei Live" concert was held at Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall on the 25th with 30,000 fans in attendance, marking a rare event that this venue in recent years.

In September 2011, she embarked on her sixth concert tour called the "AMeiZING World Tour Concert" that was meant to commemorate the 15th anniversary of her debut. The tour kicked off in Chengdu, China at the Chengdu Sports Centre and went on to play 59 shows in total in Taiwan, mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, United Kingdom and United States. During the tour's London stop on, she became the first Chinese-speaking female singer to hold a large-scale solo concert at The O2 Arena in England, setting a precedent for Taiwanese popstars in the European music market. In July 2013, A-Mei became one of the judges of Chinese talent show, The Voice of China (season 2), along with Wang Feng, Na Ying, and Harlem Yu. In December of the same year, A-Mei held a free outdoor concert to support the legalization of same-sex marriage at Huashan 1914 Creative Park. The concert had no sponsorships, so the production cost of more than 3 million was paid all by herself.

2014–present: EMI / Universal Music
In January 2014, A-Mei was placed on the Asia Gay Equality Heroes list made by the well-known international gay magazine Element Magazine in Singapore. After Universal Music Group acquired EMI, it became one of Universal's record labels. In June 2014, A-Mei signed a recording deal with EMI Taiwan and was selected as the chief brand officer for the record label. The brand director of China also announced that Show Lo and Rainie Yang have joined the company. On July 2, 2014, she released her fourteenth studio album, Faces of Paranoia. The album earned Golden Melody Award shortlistings for Best Mandarin Female Singer and Song of the Year with the song Faces of Paranoia; she ended up taking home the trohpee for Best Mandarin Female Singer. At the tail end of summer 2014, a concert was held at the Fulfillment Amphitheater in Taichung, with all of the 6,000 tickets selling out instantly. Therefore, the organizer specially opened the grassland area, attracting 30,000 people to attend. Not only was the venue full, but the lawn outside the venue was also chockablock with fans. In October of the same year, A-Mei served as the cover model of Singapore's Element Magazine where she was draped in a rainbow flag to support gay equality.

In April 2015, she embarked on her seventh concert tour, Utopia World Tour, which kicked off at the Taipei Arena with the 120,000 tickets being sold out in 12 minutes, setting a record for a solo artist's ticket sales in the Chinese music industry. All in all, the tour played a total of 55 shows in Taiwan Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, Malaysia, Japan, Thailand, New Zealand, Australia, Canada and the United States. On April 4, 2015, she released her fifteenth studio album, Amit 2. The album earned her five Golden Melody Award nominations for Best Mandarin Album, Best Vocal recording Album, Best Mandarin Female Singer, Best Album Producer and Song of the Year with the song "Matriarchy (母系社會)". In August 2015, she became one of the guest judges of the Chinese talent show The Voice of China (season 4). In October 2016, she appeared on the Chinese variety show Sound of My Dream. In December 2016, she embarked on the upgraded version of her seventh concert tour, Utopia 2.0 Carnival World Tour, as the celebration of the 20th anniversary of her singing career, which visited Taiwan, mainland China, Macau, Singapore, Malaysia, Spain, Italy, United Kingdom, Canada and the United States.

On 15 January 2017, 66,000 tickets for 6 concerts of Utopia 2.0 Carnival World Tour held in Kaohsiung Dome sold out in 8 minutes. The organizer announced the addition of 2 shows and 22,000 tickets, which sold out in 45 seconds, creating a new box office record and boosted the development of Kaohsiung's tourism industry. On the last day of her 20th anniversary of debut (12 December), she released her nineteenth studio album, Story Thief. On 30 December, the final show of the Utopia World Tour was completed in Shanghai, setting a record among Chinese female singers and Taiwanese singers of 104 concerts during one tour.

On 16 May 2018, her album Story Thief earned six nominations and won Best Music Video for Left Behind, which was directed by Lo Ging-zim.

Discography
 Sisters (1996)
 Bad Boy (1997)
 Holding Hands (1998)
 Feeling (EP) (1999)
 Can I Hug You, Lover? (1999)
 Regardless (2000)
 Journey (2001)
 Truth (2001)
 Fever (2002)
 Brave (2003)
 Maybe Tomorrow (2004)
 I Want Happiness? (2006)
 Star (2007)
 Amit (2009)
 R U Watching? (2011)
 Faces of Paranoia (2014)
 Amit 2 (2015)
 Story Thief (2017)

Collaborations
 Shouldn't Be (with Jay Chou) from Jay Chou's Bedtime Stories (2016)
 Equivalence Relation (with Li Ronghao) from 纵横四海 (Free Soul) (2022)

See also
List of best-selling albums in Taiwan

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
Taiwanese LGBT rights activists
Mezzo-sopranos
People from Taitung County
Puyuma people
Taiwanese Mandopop singers
20th-century Taiwanese women singers
21st-century Taiwanese women singers

A-Mei


Die 48. Türkei-Rundfahrt (Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey) fand vom 22. April bis 29. April 2012 statt. Das Rad-Etappenrennen war Teil der UCI Europe Tour 2012, in der es in die höchste Kategorie 2.HC eingestuft war, und wurde in acht Etappen über insgesamt 1172,7 Kilometer ausgetragen.

Als Gesamtsieger wurde zunächst der Bulgare Iwajlo Gabrowski, der für das türkische Radsportteam Konya Torku Şeker Spor-Vivelo fuhr, geehrt. Später wurde bekannt, dass seine A-Probe nach der dritten Etappe, welche er ebenfalls gewann, positiv auf das Dopingmittel Erythropoetin getestet wurde. Gabrovski wurde disqualifiziert und die anderen Fahrer rückten jeweils einen Platz auf. Neuer Gesamtsieger war damit Alexander Djatschenko vom Astana Pro Team.

Teilnehmer

Etappenübersicht

Etappen

Etappe 1
22. April 2012 – Alanya – Alanya (mit 8 Runden zu 17 km) – 135 km

Etappe 2
23. April 2012 – Alanya – Antalya – 153 km

Etappe 3
24. April 2012 – Antalya – Elmalı (Antalya) – 152 km

Etappe 4

25. April 2012 – Fethiye – Marmaris – 131,7 km

Etappe 5

26. April 2012 – Marmaris – Turgutreis – 177,8 km

Etappe 6
 27. April 2012 – Bodrum – Kusadasi –  179,0 km

Etappe 7

 28. April 2012 – Kusadasi – Izmir – 123,8 km

Etappe 8

 29. April 2012 – Istanbul – Istanbul (mit 23,0 km + 8 Runden zu 12,175 km) – 120,4 km

Wertungen im Rennverlauf

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webpräsenz

Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen

Radrennen 2012
Straßenradrennen in der Türkei
Etappenrennen

Türkei-Rundfahrt 2012


Das Amt Panketal war ein 1992 gebildetes Amt im Land Brandenburg, in dem sich zunächst sieben Gemeinden des damaligen Kreises Bernau (heute Landkreis Barnim, Brandenburg) zu einem Verwaltungsverbund zusammengeschlossen hatten. Amtssitz war zunächst in der Gemeinde Schönow, dann in Zepernick. Das Amt Panketal wurde 2003 wieder aufgelöst. Es bestand zuletzt nur noch aus drei Gemeinden.

Geographische Lage
Das Amt Panketal schloss die Stadt Bernau nahezu ein. Es grenzte im Norden an die Stadt Bernau und das Amt Wandlitz, im Nordosten an das Amt Biesenthal-Barnim, im Osten an das Amt Werneuchen, im Süden an das Amt Ahrensfelde/Blumberg und im Westen an das Land Berlin.

Geschichte
Am 3. Juli 1992 erteilte der Minister des Innern seine Zustimmung zur Bildung des Amtes Panketal, für dessen Zustandekommen der 10. Juli 1992 festgelegt wurde. Sitz der Amtsverwaltung war zunächst in der Gemeinde Schönow. Folgende sieben Gemeinden aus dem damaligen Kreis Bernau waren darin zusammengefasst:
 Zepernick
 Schönow
 Schwanebeck
 Ladeburg
 Lobetal
 Rüdnitz
 Börnicke

Zum 1. Juli 2001 wurde die amtsangehörige Gemeinde Ladeburg in die amtsfreie Stadt Bernau bei Berlin eingegliedert. Damit bestand das geänderte Amt Panketal aus den folgenden Gemeinden: Börnicke, Lobetal, Rüdnitz, Schönow, Schwanebeck, Zepernick.

Am 31. Dezember 2002 wurde die Gemeinde Rüdnitz dem Amt Biesenthal-Barnim zugeordnet. Ebenfalls mit Wirkung zum 31. Dezember 2002 wurden die Gemeinden Börnicke und Lobetal in die Stadt Bernau eingegliedert.

In einer Mitteilung vom 20. November 2002 genehmigte das Ministerium des Innern den Zusammenschluss der Gemeinden Schwanebeck und Zepernick zur neuen Gemeinde Panketal. Der Zusammenschluss wurde allerdings erst zum 26. Oktober 2003 rechtswirksam.

Zum 26. Oktober 2003 wurde schließlich auch die Gemeinde Schönow in die Stadt Bernau bei Berlin eingegliedert. Das Amt Panketal wurde aufgelöst, die Gemeinde Panketal war damit amtsfrei.

Amtsdirektor
Erster Amtsdirektor war Carsten Bockhardt. Letzter Amtsdirektor war Kurt Fischer.

Belege

Weblink
  (ältere, nicht mehr gepflegte Website des Amtes Panketal)

Panketal
Landkreis Barnim

Amt Panketal


Le mot simius est originellement le nominatif singulier d'un nom latin masculin signifiant « imitateur » ou « singe », comme sa variante de genre féminin, .

 En informatique, Simius est une carte créée à l'université de Mons (Belgique) pour un système embarqué, afin de tester la possibilité de gérer un GPS et un accéléromètre dans le cadre d'un projet pour la mesure du déplacement en temps réel.
 En taxonomie, le mot simius est employé comme épithète spécifique pour nommer diverses espèces d'animaux, notamment l'araignée Selenops simius.

Épithète spécifique

Simius (homonymie)


Angus McKinnon Young (d. 31 Mart 1955, Glasgow), İskoç asıllı Avustralyalı müzisyen.

Yaşamı
Daha 4 yaşındayken kalabalık ailesi Sidney, Avustralya'ya yerleşti. Gitardan önce banjoyla ilgilenmeye başladı. Ağabeyi Malcolm ile birlikte Muddy Waters, B. B. King ve Howlin' Wolf'un eski Blues parçalarını yorumladılar. İki kardeş çok düzensiz öğrenciler olduklarından derslerinden çok, büyük ağabeyleri George'un getirdiği plaklarla ilgileniyorlardı. Rolling Stones, Yardbirds ve Easybeats onların yapacağı müziği oldukça etkilemiştir.

AC/DC kurulduktan sonra Angus'un sahnedeki hareketleri grubun en önemli görsel çekiciliği olur çıkar. Çok geçmeden, bu konserleri birer şova dönüştürecek etmenlerden biri olan Angus'un sahne kıyafeti yerleşir. Angus bundan sonra okul kıyafetleriyle sahne alacaktır: okul üniforması, sırt çantası ve kısa pantolon.

Kaynakça

1955 doğumlular
Glasgow doğumlu müzisyenler
Yaşayan insanlar
Kerrang! Ödülü sahipleri
Avustralyalı rock gitaristleri
Avustralya vatandaşlığına kabul edilenler
Avustralyalı blues gitaristleri
AC/DC üyeleri
APRA Ödülü sahipleri
Hollanda'daki Avustralyalı gurbetçiler
Avustralyalı çok enstrüman çalanlar
Solo gitaristler
Avustralya'daki İskoç göçmenler
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

Angus Young


Comitetul pentru Securitatea de Stat (, Komitet za dǎržavna sigurnost; abreviat КДС, CSS, DS) a fost un serviciu bulgar de informații și de contrainformații, activ în perioada 1925-1990. A fost principala structură represivă pe care s-a susținut regimul totalitar al Partidului Comunist Bulgar de la sfârșitul anilor 1940.

Istoric
La începutul anului 1925 a fost creat "Departamentul Securității de Stat", iar în anul 1944 a avut loc o lovitură de stat prin care s-a trecut de la monarhie la o Republică Populară. Apoi, Securitatea de Stat și-a extins semnificativ domeniul de activitate, iar tehnicile și metodele de lucru pe care le-a aplicat în practică au transformat CP în corpul de guvernământ represiv în Bulgaria în această perioadă. În 1990, imediat după modificările din 10 noiembrie 1989, CSS a fost restructurat și împărțit în mai multe birouri. Ulterior, majoritatea acestor birouri au constituit Agenția de Stat pentru Securitate Națională (SANS).

Distrugerea parțială a arhivelor
La 29 ianuarie 1990, Atanas Semerdzhiev a aprobat nota Reg. Nr. IV-68 care a permis distrugerea  dosarelor din arhivă. Deși nu există date exacte privind materialul distrus, conform unei singure revizuiri făcute de Direcția de Informații și Arhivă de la Ministerul de Interne în 1994 se estimează că aproximativ 40% din arhiva CSS a fost distrusă ca urmare a operațiunii clasificate din 1990.

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Uproar in Bulgaria at death of secret files keeper, Reuters via the Washington Post
 Bulgarians Agree to Open Secret Service Archives, Balkan Insight

Blocul estic
Poliții politice
Poliții secrete
Politica Bulgariei
Războiul Rece
Represiune politică
Securitate națională

Comitetul pentru Securitatea de Stat


Bağırsak florası sindirim sisteminde yaşayıp konak organizmanın sindirimiyle ilgili çeşitli yararlı işlevler gören mikroorganizmalardır.

Ortalama bir insan vücudunda 1013 hücre varken sindirim sisteminin içindeki mikroorganizma sayısı bunun on katı kadardır., Bakteriler kalın bağırsaktaki floranın çoğunu, dışkının katı maddesinin de %60'ını oluştururlar. Sindirim kanalında yaşayan tür sayısı tahminen 300 ila 1000 arasında olup, çoğu uzmanın görüşü bunun 500 dolayında olduğudur. Ancak bunların %99'u 30-40 türe ait olmaları muhtemeldir. Bağırsak florasını oluşturan canlılar arasında maya türleri de vardır.

Bağırsak florası ile insanlar arasındaki ilişki simbiyotik ve mutualistiktir, her iki tarafa da yarar sağlar. İnsanlar bağırsak florası olmadan yaşayabilseler de , bağırsak florasının kullanılmayan maddeleri fermantasyon ile kullanılır maddelere dönüştürmek, bağışıklık sistemini eğitmek ve zararlı organizmaların büyümesini engellemek gibi yararlı işlevleri vardır. Ancak bazı bağırsak mikroorganizmaları hastalık da yapabilir.

Konumları
Üst mide ve ince bağırsakta mikroorganizmalar bulunmaz. Kalın bağırsak en çok bakteriyi içerir ve bu bakterilerin etkinlikleri kalın bağırsağı vücutta metabolik olarak en aktif organ yapar. İnce bağırsaktaki bakteriler başlıca Gram-pozitif, kalın bağırsaktakiler ise başlıca Gram-negatiftir.. Kalın bağırsağın ilk kısmında karbonhidratlar fermente olur, sonrasında ise protein ve amino asitler parçalanır. pH, bağışıklık sistemi ve peristalsisin etkisiyle bağırsağın farklı bölgelerinde farklı türler bulunur. Çekum ve yükselen kolonda pH düşüktür ve bakteriler hızlı büyür, nötral pH'li alçalan kolonda ise yavaş büyürler.

Bağırsaklardaki bakterilerin %99'dan fazlası anaerobdur, ama çekumda aerobik bakterilerin yoğunluğu yüksektir.

Tipler
Bağırsaklardaki tüm türler tanımlı değildir çünkü bazıları kültürlenemez. Kişiden kişiye türlerin sayıları çok fark etse de belli bir kişi için zaman içinde oldukça sabit kalır.

Çoğu bakteri Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Eubacterium, Ruminococcus, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus ve Bifidobacterium cinslerine aittir... Escherichia ve Lactobacillus gibi aeroblar daha az miktarda bulunurlar. Bacteroides cinsine ait türler bağırsaklardaki bakterilerin %30'unun oluşturular.

Bağırsak florasında bulunan maya cinsleri arasında Candida ve Saccharomyces bulunur.

Rolleri
Bağırsak bakterileri insanlar için yararlı olan çeşitli işlevleri vardır. Bunlar arasında sindirilemeyen gıdaların parçalanıp emilmelerine yardımcı olmak, hücre büyümesini teşvik etmek, zararlı bakterilerin çoğalmasını baskılamak, bağışıklık sisteminin yalnızca patojenlere cevap vermesini sağlamak ve bazı hastalıklara karşı korumak sayılabilir. Keeley, 2004;

Karbonhidrat fermantasyonu ve emilimi
Bağırsak florası olmazsa insan vücudu yediği karbonhidratların bir kısmını sindirip kullanamaz, çünkü polisakkaritlerin sindirimi için gerekli enzimler ancak bazı bağırsak bakterilerinde bulunmaktadır. Steril bir ortamda büyüyen ve bağırsak florası olmayan kemirgenler, normal hayvanlara kıyasla aynı kiloda kalabilmek için %30 daha fazla yemek zorunda oldukları gösterilmiştir. Bakterilerin yardımı olmadan tamamen sindirilemeyen bileşikler arasında bazı karbondidrat (nişasta gibi), oligosakkarit, ve şeker (laktoz gibi) ve alkoller, bağırsak mukozası ve dökülen bağırsak epitel hücrelerinin proteinleri bulunur.

Bakteriler fermente ettikleri karbonhidratları kısa zincirli yağ asitlerine (KZYA) dönüştürüler. Bunlar konak hücreler tarafından kullanılarak insan ünemli bir enerji kaynağı oluştururlar. Ayrıca bu yağ asitleri bağırsağın su emme kapasitesini artırırlar, bazı zararlı bakterilerin sayısın azaltır ve hem bağırsak hücrelerinin hem de yararlı bakterilerin büyümesini artırılar. KZYA arasında asetik asit, propionik asit ve butirik asit bulunur. Fermantasyon sonucu laktik asit gibi organik asitler ve gazlar da oluşur. Bu organik asitler vücut tarafından kullanılıp enerji üretiminde kullanılırlar.

Başka bir tip fermantasyon proteolitik fermantasyon olup, enzimler, ölü konak ve bakteri hücreleri ve gıdada bulunan kollajen ve elastin gibi sindirilememiş proteinler'n yikimini sağlar. Bu fermantasyon sonucunda da KZYA, ayrıca karsinojenler oluşur.

Bakteriler lipitlerin emilimi ve depolanmasını artırdıklarına dair deliller vardır. Bakteriler ayrıca K2 vitamini üretip bunun vücut tarafından emilimini sağlarlar. Ayrıca KZYA vücudun kalsiyum, magnezyum ve demir emmesine yardım eder.

Bağırsak dokusuna etkileri
KZYA'nın bir diğer yararı, bağırsak epitel hücrelerinin büyümesini artırmaları, onların çoğalma ve gelişimineni kontrol etmeleridir. Bunun yanı sıra, bağırsak yakınındaki lenf dokularının büyümesini sağlarlar.

Bağışıklık
Bağırsak bakterileri konağın bağırsak ve sistemik bağışıklık sistemine sürekli etki ederler. Bağırsak mukozasındaki bağışıklık sisteminin hem erken gelişiminde hem de hayat boyunca işleyişinde bakterilerin anahtar bir rolü vardır. Bağırsak mukozası yakınında yer alan lenf dokularını stimüle ederek patojenlere karşı antikor üretmelerini sağlarlar. Bağışıklık sistemi yararlı bakterilere dokunmayıp zararlılara karşı mücadele verir.

Bir bebek doğar doğmaz sindirim sistemine bakteriler yerleşir. İlk yerleşen bakteriler bağışıklık tepkisine etki edip kendilerinin konağa ait olarak tanımlanmalarını sağlarlar. Dolayısıyla ilk bakteriler kişinin florasının içeriğini hayatı boyunca belirlerler. Ancak, bebek sütten kesilince bağırsaklardaki bakteri karışımı çoğunlukla seçmeli (fakültatif) aeroblardan çoğunlukla zorunlu anaeroblara değişir.

Bağırsak florasının bazı üyeleri, örneğin bazı Bacteroides türleri, yüzey antigenlerini değiştirerek kendilerini konak hücrelerine benzetirler, böylece bağışıklık tepkisinden kurtulurlar. Bazı zararlı bakteriler de bu stratejiyi kullanırlar.

Bakteriler oral tolerans adı verilen, ağızdan alınan (veya sindirim sisteminde bulunan bir bakterinin ürettiği) bir antijene daha az duyarlı olmaya neden olan, bir olguya etki ederler.

Alerjilere engel olma
Bakterilerin alerjilere, yani bağışıklık sisteminin zararsız antijenlere karşı aşırı tepki göstermesine, engel olduğu da gösterilmiştir. Bebek ve küçük çocukların floralarının incelenmesinde görülmüştür ki alerjisi olanlar veya daha sonra alerji geliştirenlerin bağırsak florasında C. difficile ve S. aureus gibi zararlı türlerin olma olasılığı daha yüksek, Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria sayıları ise daha düşüktür. Bu gözlemin bir açıklaması bakterilerin bebeklikte bağışıklık sistemini eğittiklerinden dolayı, eğer bu bakteriler zamanında eksikse bunun sonucu az eğitilmiş bir bağışıklık sisteminin antijenlere aşırı tepki gösterebileceğidir. Ancak flora farkını alerjilerin bir nedeni değil bir sonucu da olabilir.

Antibiyotiklerin etkisi
Geniş spektrumlu antiyotik kullanımı ile bakterilerin sayısının azaltılması, konağın sağlığına ve onun gıdaları sindirme yeteneğine etki etmektedir. Antibiyotikler, bakteriyel hastalıkları iyileştirmek amacıyla alınınca veya, farkında olmadan, antibiyotikle beslenmiş hayvanların etini yeyince, bağırsak florasına zarar veririrler. Bağırsakları tahriş ederek, bağırsak florasına etki ederek veya patojen bakterilerin çoğalmasına fırsat vererek ishale yol açabilirler. Antibiyotiklerin bir diğer olumsuz etkisi, antibiyotiğe dirençli bakterilerin sayılarının artmasına neden olmalarıdır.

Bağırsak florasındaki bakterilerin sayı ve türlerini değiştirmek, vücudun karbonhidratları fermente etme ve safrayı metabolize etme yeteneklerini azaltarak ishale yol açabilir. Yerli bakterilerin azalmasının bir diğer etkisisi zararlı bakterilerin çoğalmasına neden olmaktır.

Antibiyotik kullanımı dışında nedenler de bağırsak florasının değişmesine neden olabilir. Bunlar arasında bağırsak iskemisi, yemek yememek, ve bağışıklık yetersizliği sayılabilir.

Probiyotikler
Bağırsak florasının yokluğunun olumsuz etkilerine karşın besin yoluyla yararlı bakterilerin (probiyotik katkıların) alınması bağırsaktaki normal dengeyi düzeltip sağlığın düzelmesinde rol oynayabilmektedir. Ayrıca, prebiyotik olarak adlandırılan, bakteri içermeyen ama yararlı bakterilerin çoğalmasına yardımcı olan beslenme katkı maddelerinin de faydalı olduğu iddia edilmektedir.

Kaynakça

Bağırsak florası


William Nicholson (født 13. december 1753, død 21. maj 1815) var en engelsk fysiker og kemiker.

Liv og gerning
Nicholson konstruerede 1787 en areometer som bærer hans navn, undersægte sammen med Anthony Carlisle Voltasøjlens kemiske virkninger, hvorved de i 1800 opdagede, at den galvaniske strøm spalter vand i brint og ilt.

Nicholson udgav Introduction to natural and experimental philosophy (1781), First principles of chemistry (1789), Dictionary of chemistry (1795) og Journal of natural philosophy, chemistry and the arts (1796-1801, 1802-1813).

Litteratur

Fysikere fra England
Kemikere fra Storbritannien
Storbritannien i 1700-tallet
Storbritannien i 1800-tallet
Svensk uppslagsbok

William Nicholson (kemiker)


Le , les Forces armées russes ont perpétré un bombardement avec arme à sous-munitions  à Mykolaïv, lors de l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine. Neuf civils faisant la queue dans la rue devant un distributeur de billets ont été tués dans l'attaque. Les explosions ont également endommagé des maisons et des bâtiments civils. Human Rights Watch a analysé l'incident et a constaté que les forces russes avaient utilisé des armes à sous-munitions Smerch et Uragan dans les zones densément peuplées. En raison de leur nature intrinsèquement aveugle, Human Rights Watch a décrit leur utilisation à Mykolaïv comme un possible crime de guerre russe.

Références

Mykolaiv
2022 en Ukraine
Mars 2022
Mykolaïv

Bombardement à fragmentation de Mykolaïv


OCaml, oprindeligt kendt som Objective Caml, er et programmeringssprog udgivet i 1996 af Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, Didier Rémy, Ascánder Suárez og andre. OCaml er en udvidelse af Caml, der udelukkende gør brug af det funktionelle paradigme. OCaml anvender både det funktionelle og det objektorienterede paradigme.
OCaml vedligeholdes af INRIA (French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation) og har været inspiration for F# og Scala.

Eksterne henvisninger

Programmeringssprog

OCaml


Geological Survey of California, (abreviado Bot. California), es un libro con ilustraciones y descripciones botánicas que fue escrito conjuntamente por William Henry Brewer, Sereno Watson y Asa Gray. Fue publicado en dos volúmenes en los años 1876 - 1880.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
en IPNI

Libros de botánica
Publicaciones científicas

Geological Survey of California


Bygmester har flere specialiseringer:
 Bygmester - fx arkitekt
 Bygmester (nordisk mytologi)

Se også
 Bygmesteren (spil) - se Nyborg Voldspil

Bygmester (flertydig)


Tatsuya Suzuki (født 8. juli 1993) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Iwate Grulla Morioka.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Tatsuya Suzuki (fodboldspiller, født 1993)


الإسلام في المملكة المتحدة يعد ثاني أكبر ديانة في المملكة، ويتزايد المسلمون فيها بشكل ملحوظ، وفقا لتعداد المملكة المتحدة في عام 2011، يعيش أكثر من 2.7 مليون من المسلمين في إنجلترا وويلز حيث يشكلون 4.0% من عدد السكان العام و9.1% من الأطفال دون سن الخامسة. بينما بلغوا 3,868,133 (6.5٪) في إنجلترا وويلز، 3,801,179 في إنجلترا و66,950 في ويلز في تعداد 2021. أغلبهم من السنة وهناك أقلية شيعة.

يتركز معظمهم في لندن، ومانشستر وغلاسكو، ولكن يسكن لندن ما يقارب 43% منهم. أغلب المسلمين في المملكة هم مهاجرون أو من أصول تعود لشبه القارة الهندية التي تشمل الهند وباكستان وأفغانستان وإيران، ومن بعدها الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا ومن ثم دول أخرى مثل ماليزيا ونيجيريا. كما يوجد عدد متزايد من البريطانيين يعتنقون الإسلام سنويا. فقد كتبت صحيفة إندبندنت في يناير 2011 أن العدد الحقيقي للبريطانيين المعتنقين للإسلام يمكن أن يكون حوالي 100 ألف بريطاني مسلم وذلك نقلا عن دراسة جديدة لمجموعة فيث ماترز الفكرية (66% منهم نساء). كما قدرت الدراسة ذاتها عدد معتنقي الإسلام في سنة 2011 إلى 5,000 معتنق.

التاريخ

العصور الوسطى

على الرغم من أن الإسلام يعتقد عموما بأنه قد وصل حديثا إلى بريطانيا، فقد كان هناك احتكاكا طفيفا بين الإنجليز وبين المسلمين لقرون عديدة.

سيكون لدينا مثالا مبكرا أن يكون قرار أوفا، في القرن الثامن -ملك مرسيا (واحدة من ممالك الأنجلوسكسونيون القائمة في ذلك الوقت)، أن يكون لديهم عملة تشبه ما كان يضربها أو يصدرها الحاكم المسلم المعاصر، الخليفة المنصور إلى حد كبير على نسخة من القطع النقدية -وتلك عملة سكت مع نقش الإسلامي. قد تم سك هذه النقود لمجرد الهيبة أو لتسهيل التجارة مع توسع خلافة قرطبة، حيث كان دينار الذهب الإسلامي العملة الأكثر أهمية في منطقة البحر الأبيض المتوسط في ذلك الوقت. عملة أوفا قد بدت بما فيه الكفاية مثل الأصل حيث كانت تقبل بسهولة في جنوب أوروبا، بينما في الوقت نفسه كان أسمه وضحا للعيان.

تم العثور على إشارات عن بريطانيا أيضا في وقت مبكر الأدب الجغرافي الإسلامي، مثل عمل ابن رسته من القرن 9th(توفي 910) الذي يصف جزر "Bratiniya".

دراسات إسلامية، وخاصة الفلسفة الإسلامية المبكرة والعلوم الإسلامية، وكان معروفا جيدا من خلال الترجمة اللاتينية التي درست في إنجلترا من قبل جيفري تشوسر 1386، عندما كان يكتب.. في مقدمة ل حكايات كانتربري ، هناك بين الحجاج الذاهبون لكانتربري، مثل Doctour Phisyk التي شملت المعلم الرازي (الرازي)، وابن سينا (ابن سينا، العربية ابن سينا) وابن رشد (ابن رشد، ابن رشد العربية).في حكايات كانتربري، وسمة الصباغين وعمل ابن سينا جزء بخصوص السموم. كان عمل ابن سينا القانون في الطب (1025)، الترجمة اللاتينية، كان نصا موحدا لطلاب الطب حتى القرن ال18. روجر بيكون، كان واحدا من أقرب الدعاة في أوروبا من أنصار المنهج العلمي، ومن المعروف أنهم درسوا أعمالا عدة للفلاسفة المسلمين الأوائل. على وجه الخصوص، فقد تأثر عمله في البصريات في القرن 13th من قبل كتاب البصريات (1021) الذي كتبه ابن الهيثم (ابن الهيثم).

البروفيسور جون مقدسي له كتاب أصول الإسلامية في القانون العام في مراجعة القانون نورث كارولينا، اقترح شيئا غريبا وهو أن القانون الإنجليزي القانون العام كان مستوحى من الشريعة الإسلامية من القرون الوسطى. وعقد مقدسي عدة مقارنات بين "رويال العقد الإنجليزية وهي محمية بفعل الدين والإسلامي الحل والعقد، واللغة الإنجليزية الجنايات من رواية disseisin (اعتمد الجنايات في 1166 في الجنايات من كلارندون) والإسلامي Istihqaq أو الاشتقاق، و"اللغة الإنجليزية لجنة التحكيم والإسلامي العفيف في العقيدة المالكية الكلاسيكية مدرسة الفقه الإسلامي، وجادلت بأن هذه المؤسسات قد أحيلت إلى إنجلترا من قبل النورمان، "من خلال اتصال وثيق بين ممالك النورمان من روجر الثاني في صقلية - الذي حكم وغزا الإدارة الإسلامية - وهنري الثاني في انجلترا." كما قال مقدسي أن "كلية الحقوق تعرف بالالمحكمة الصغيرة في انكلترا (الذي يؤكد توازيها مع المدارس الدينية)التي تعزى نشأتها أيضا من الشريعة الإسلامية، على الرغم من أنها تحمل المزيد من التشابه إلى كليات أوكسبريدج، وهي أقرب إلى المنزل بكثير (حيث معظم الطلاب قد قاموا بدراستها سابقا) ونشأ في التركيز في هولبورن بعد منع رجال الدين تدريس القانون العام من قبل البابا، وتم نفي كليات الحقوق من مدينة لندن (موقعها الحالي يقع بين المدينة القديمة والمحاكم في وستمنستر). ويذكر أن المنهجية القانونية السابقة والمنطق المستنده إلى التشبيه و (القياس) هي أيضا مماثلة في كل من أنظمة الشريعة الإسلامية المشتركة على الرغم من أن ممارسة اللغة الإنجليزية تنشأ من منهجية براكتون، مما أدى إلى نشر تقارير لاحقة من قانون.. فقهاء القانون الأخرى مثل مونيكا جاويديوسي، جمال مرسي بدر وأ. هدسون وقد جادل بأن اللغة الإنجليزية قانون التوكيل ووكالة المؤسسات، التي أدخلت من قبل الصليبيين قد تم تكييفها من قبل  الوقف  الإسلامي و الحوالة وتلك مؤسسات التي قد صودفت في الشرق الأوسط. بول براند لاحظ أيضا أوجه الشبه بين الوقف والقواعد التي قد أستخدمت لإنشاء كلية ميرتون من والتر دي ميرتون، اللتان كانت لهم صلات مع فرسان الهيكل، ولكن براند يشير أيضا إلى أن فرسان الهيكل كانوا معنيون في المقام الأول بمحاربة المسلمين بدلا من التعلم منهم، مما يجعل الأمر أقل عرضة بأنه تقليد للمؤسسات القانونية الإسلامية.

أوائل العصر الحديث

أول إنجليزي متحول إلى الإسلام قد ذكر بإسمه هو جون نيلسون. الكاتب من القرن السادس عشر ريتشارد هاكلوت ادعى أنه اضطر للتحول إلى الإسلام، على الرغم من أنه يذكر في نفس القصة الإنجليز الآخرين الذين تحولوا عن طيب خاطر.

 وكان لهذا الملك ابنا كان حاكما في جزيرة تسمى جربي، التي جعلت صلات بسفينة الإنجليزية تسمى التنين الأخضر، حيث كانت أساسا M. Blonket، كان له صبي مستاء للغاية على تلك السفينة، وفهم أن الترك سيحولون كل من على ظهر السفينة، منهم أن ابن الملك سيتم تحوله قسريا إلى دين الترك. كان اسمه جون نيلسون.

الكابتن جون وارد من كنت كان واحدا من عدد من البحارة البريطانيين الذي أصبح من القراصنة حيث أتى من المغرب وهو قد اعتنق الإسلام أيضا. كان هاجس الكابتن جون وارد مع القليل من الطيور خلال فترة وجوده في تونس (حيث هرب). لدرجة أن السكان المحليين سوف يطلقون عليه «جاك عصفور» لأن الكلمة العربية العصفور. مرادفة سبارو.

حركة الموحدين أصبحت مهتمة بأمر الإيمان، وهنري ستوبيس كتب شيئا إيجابيا عن الإسلام
ويعتقد أنه هو أيضا كان قد تحول إلى الإيمان بالإسلام.

من 1609- 1616، خسرت إنجلترا 466 من السفن نتيجة الجهاد بحري، حيث تم بيع الركاب نتيجة العبودية في شمال أفريقيا. عام 1625، أفيد بأن جزيرة لوندي، وهي جزيرة في قناة برستل التي كانت مخبأ القراصنة لأكثر من نصف القرن السابق، قد احتلت من قبل ثلاثة من القراصنة العثمانيين الذين كانوا يهددون بحرق إلفراكومب.كان جزائر روفرز يستخدمون الجزيرة كقاعدة في عام 1635، على الرغم من أن الجزيرة نفسها قد تعرضت للهجوم والنهب في غارة إسبانية في عام 1633. عام 1627، القراصنة البربر تحت قيادة المرتد الهولندي مراد رايس التي تعمل انطلاقا من ميناء المغربي سلا لاندي، المحتلة قبل أن يطردوا من قبل السير جون بنينجتون وهو أميرال إنجليزي الذي خدم في عهد تشارلز الأول من إنجلترا. خلال هذا الوقت كانت هناك تقارير حول العبيد المختطفين الذين يتم إرسالهم إلى الجزائر وكان العلم الإسلامي يحلق فوق لوندي.

كان مسلم المغاربة له تأثير ملحوظ على أعمال جورج بيلي ووليام شكسبير. بعض من أعمالهم الشخصيات المنحدرة من أصول عربية مميزة، مثل بيلي معركة الكازار وشكسبير تاجر البندقية، تيتوس أندرونيكوس وعطيل، التي تتضمن عطيل المغاربي تبعا لاسم الشخصية. ويقال إن هذه الأعمال تم أخذها من تفويض مغاربي من المغرب إلى بريطانيا في العصر الإليزابيثي حوالي 1600. وقد رسمت ووضعت صورة لواحدة من السفراء المغاربيين، عبد الواحد بن مسعود بن محمد أنون، الذي جاء لتشجيع التحالف الأنجليزي المغربي.

العمامة كان يتم ارتداؤها في عصر النهضة في إنجلترا. في حين تم تشكيل العلاقات الودية بين إنجلترا والحضارات الإسلامية في الشرق الأوسط في مطلع القرن السادس عشر أما الموضات الفارسية والأسلوب التركي كان يتم ارتداؤه بعض الأحيان من قبل الطبقات العليا كشكل من أشكال الحزب أو ملابس تنكرية.

العصر الحديث
كانت لبريطانيا صلة بالحروب الصليبية في بلاد المشرق العربي وهكذا بدأ أول احتكاك بالمسلمين، وبدأت علاقة بريطانيا بالمسلمين في العصر الحديث مع احتلال بريطانيا للعديد من الشعوب الإسلامية وهجرة بعض المسلمين من تلك المستعمرات إلى بريطانيا ومن أوائل الهجرات جماعات من عدن عملوا في المهن البحرية في سنة (1287 هـ - 1871 م) واستقرت في مدينة (كارديف) وتوالت هجرات أخرى من مناطق إسلامية فأتت هجرات من قبرص ومن شمال وشرقي إفريقيا. وزاد عدد المسلمين في بريطانيا في أعقاب الحرب العالمية الأولى. وقدمت هجرات إسلامية إلى بريطانيا من يوغسلافيا، وألبانيا وبلاد شرقي أوروبا ومن الهند والباكستان. وعندما ازدادت حاجة بريطانيا للأيدي العاملة ازدادت هجرة العمال المسلمين إليها ووصل عدد المسلمين في بريطانيا أكثر من مليون مسلم، وينتشر المسلمين في مناطق ومدن عديدة من بريطانيا ويعمل المسلمين في القطاعات الصناعية والصناعات المعدنية وبعض الخدمات الشاقة، وهناك فئة تعمل بالتجارة كما يوجد آلاف من الأطباء المسلمين والمهندسين والعلماء كما يعمل آلاف في سلك التعليم.

الموقع في المجتمع

الفقر والغنى
وفقًا لتحليل يستند إلى الإحصاء السكاني لعام 2011، يواجه المسلمون في المملكة المتحدة معايير ضعيفة للإسكان ومستويات أقل من التعليم وأكثر عرضة للمرض طويل الأمد، ولدى المسلمين في المملكة المتحدة أعلى معدل للبطالة، والأفقر على مستوى الصحة، والأقل تأهيلاً علمياً بين الجماعات الدينية. وقد أوضحت هذه الأرقام، إلى حد ما، حقيقة أن المسلمين كانوا أقل المجموعات الدينية رسوخًا، وأنهم يتمتعون بصغر السن.

القانون والنظام
ارتفعت نسبة المسلمين في السجون في المملكة المتحدة من 8% في عام 2002 إلى 15% في عام 2016. وأفاد تقرير عام 2010 من قبل كبير مفتشي السجون أن 30% من السجناء المسلمين الذين تمت مقابلتهم قد تحولوا إلى الإسلام إثناء وجودهم في السجن، ووفقاً للتقرير تحول بعضهم إلى الإسلام من أجل الحصول على الفوائد الخاصة بالمسلمين.

المساجد البارزة
 مسجد فضل أول مسجد في لندن، الذي بني في عام 1926
(المعروف أيضا باسم مسجد لندن)
 جامع مسجد مسجد جامي في بريستون
 مسجد شاه جهان في ووكينغ أول مسجد يبنى بغرض التعبد في بريطانيا.
 المسجد المركزي في ديوسبري
 المسجد مانشستر الوسطى (المعروف أيضا باسم «مسجد فيكتوريا بارك»)
 مسجد الرحمة في ليفربول
 مسجد برمنغهام المركزي
 مسجد شرق لندن
 مسجد ليدز الكبير
 مسجد فينسبري بارك في لندن
 مسجد المهدي في برادفورد
 مسجد آبي ميلز في لندن
 مسجد المدينة المنورة في شيفيلد
 مسجد دار البركات في برمنغهام
 مسجد شرق لندن
 مسجد ليدز الكبير
 مسجد فينسبري بارك في لندن
 مسجد المهدي في برادفورد
 مسجد آبي ميلز في لندن
 مسجد المدينة المنورة في شيفيلد
 مسجد دار البركات في برمنغهام
 مسجد نيوكاسل المركزي

توزيع المسلمين في المملكة المتحدة

من تعداد السكان عام 2001
 لندن: تعداد السكان: 7.2 مليون - المسلمون: 1 مليون - 16%
 اسكتلندا: تعداد السكان: 5.1 مليون - المسلمون: 40,000 - 0.8%
 برمنغهام: تعداد السكان: 1 مليون - المسلمون: 150,000 - 15%
 ليستر: تعداد السكان: 300,000 - المسلمون: 35,000 - 12%
 برادفورد: تعداد السكان: 483,000 - المسلمون: 82,750 - 17%
 ليدز: تعداد السكان: 680,700 - المسلمون: 30,750 - 4.5%
 ويلز: تعداد السكان: 2.9 مليون - المسلمون: 30,000 - 1.7%
 أولدهام: تعداد السكان: 218,500 - المسلمون: 25,000 - 11%
 أيرلندة الشمالية: تعداد السكان: 1.7 مليون - المسلمون: 4,000 - 0.2%

الهيئات الأسلامية
الجمعيات والمراكز والهيئات الإسلامية كثيرة ومتعددة، بعضها يهتم بمسجد معين والبعض الآخر يركز نشاطه على المطبوعات والنشر والبعض يهتم بالتعليم وبعض الجمعيات تهتم بالنواحي الإعلامية ويوجد في بريطانيا أكثر من 1400 مركز إسلامي، ويوجد معظمها في لندن. ويوجد في بريطانيا أكثر من 1500 مسجد ومصلى موزعة في أنحاء البلاد.

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 الإسلاموفوبيا في المملكة المتحدة
 الدين في المملكة المتحدة
 منتدى السلامة الإسلامي
 المجتمع الإسلامي للخدمة المدنية
 الإسلام السياسي في المملكة المتحدة
 عبد الله كويليام
 منتدى مكافحة الإسلاموفوبيا والعنصرية

المصادر

المراجع
 الأقليات المسلمة في أوروبا – سيد عبد المجيد بكر.
 الإسلام في ألمانيا – طه الولى.
 المسلمون في أوروبا وأمريكا – على المنتصر الكناني.

أقليات مسلمة
الإسلام في إنجلترا
التركيبة السكانية في المملكة المتحدة

الإسلام في المملكة المتحدة


Kurija Švarcovina nalazi se u mjestu Žitomir, u gradu Sveti Ivan Zelina.

Opis
Jednokatna zidana kurija smještena na osami u rubnom dijelu naselja s pripadajućom gospodarskom zgradom sagrađena je u duhu arhitekture prve četvrtine 19.stoljeća. Pravokutnog je tlocrta i simetrično koncipirana, s dvokrakim stubištem u središnjoj osi i bočno raspoređenim prostorijama. Podrum i jedna prostorija prizemlja su svođeni, dok ostale prostorije imaju strop. Kurija zajedno sa zidanim gospodarskim objektom unutar sačuvanog povijesnog ambijenta predstavlja vrijednu profanu cjelinu s početka 19. stoljeća.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-3925 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene stambene građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji
Fodroci
Građevine u Svetom Ivanu Zelini

Kurija Fodroci


Alexandre baron von Dusch (né le  à Karlsruhe et mort le  au château de Mauren près de Böblingen) est un homme politique badois et ministre d'État de Bade de 1905 à 1917.

Origine et famille
Le père d'Alexandre, Ferdinand (depuis 1881 : baron) von Dusch (1819-1889), fils du ministre des Affaires étrangères de Bade Alexander von Dusch (1789-1876), est chambellan et conseiller de légation privée au service de Bade et de 1853 à 1872 travaille dans le service diplomatique en tant qu'ambassadeur de Bade en Wurtemberg et en Suisse. La mère d'Alexander Adelheid von Dusch (1826-1898) est la fille du directeur du gouvernement du Wurtemberg et député du parlement Karl Johann Sigmund baron  (1792-1882) et sa première épouse Adelheid baronne Brand von Lindau (1796-1830) et donc une demi-sœur du général et ministre wurtembergeois Max Schott von Schottenstein.

Alexander von Dusch est marié depuis 1874 avec Pauline  (1853-1935), la fille du propriétaire privé de Schwetzingen Gustav Bassermann, de la célèbre famille aisée de Mannheim. Le couple a trois enfants, un fils et deux filles. L'un d'eux est , qui devient plus tard la conseillère culturelle de la ville de Stuttgart. Alexander construit une maison pour lui et sa famille à Heidelberg, au 27 Kaiserstraße. Son fils du même nom, Alexander von Dusch (1877-1939), est directeur du gouvernement auprès du Reichsstatthalter Wagner à Karlsruhe.

Biographie
Après le lycée de Stuttgart, où il grandit en raison de la mission diplomatique de son père dans le Wurtemberg, Alexander von Dusch obtient un diplôme en droit à l'Université de Heidelberg de 1869 à 1874, avec le premier examen d'État en loi. Ses études sont interrompues en 1870 par la guerre franco-prussienne, à laquelle il participe activement en tant que dragon de Bade. Après avoir travaillé comme juriste stagiaire et stagiaire juridique, il devient juge de district à Mannheim en 1878 et procureur en 1880. En 1895, il s'installe à Karlsruhe, où il est promu procureur général auprès du tribunal régional supérieur en 1899.

En 1901, il entre dans le gouvernement de Bade sous  et devient président du ministère de la Justice et de l'Éducation de Bade. De 1901 à 1917, il est ministre de Bade et membre du Conseil fédéral à Berlin. Ce n'est qu'en 1904 qu'il reçoit le titre de ministre et en 1905 il devient chef du gouvernement de Bade avec le titre de « ministre d'État et président du ministère d'État de Bade ». En 1911, il abandonne la direction du ministère de l'Éducation et prend à la place le ministère de la maison grand-ducale et des Affaires étrangères. En tant qu'homme politique, Alexander von Dusch est proche des libéraux nationaux. En 1917, pour des raisons de santé, Dusch demande sa libération de ses fonctions ministérielles, ce qui lui est accordé. Son successeur à la tête du gouvernement est .

Bibliographie
 Frank Raberg: Alexander Freiherr von Dusch in Badische Biographien Neue Folge Band 5 , S. 55.

Liens externes

Président du ministère d'État du grand-duché de Bade
Grand-croix de l'ordre de Berthold le Premier
Baron
Naissance en septembre 1851
Naissance à Karlsruhe
Naissance dans le grand-duché de Bade
Décès en septembre 1923
Décès en Bade-Wurtemberg
Décès à 72 ans

Alexander von Dusch (homme politique, 1851)


سليمان خليلوفيتش ، من مواليد 14 نوفمبر 1955 ، لاعب كرة قدم باكستاني سابق.

لعب مع منتخب يوغسلافيا لكرة القدم

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في النمسا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية يوغوسلافيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية يوغوسلافيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية بوسنيون
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون يوغوسلافيون مغتربون في النمسا
لاعبو الدوري النمساوي
لاعبو الدوري اليوغوسلافي الأول
لاعبو النجم الأحمر بلغراد
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1984
لاعبو كرة قدم بوسنيون مغتربون
خليلوفيتش
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في النمسا
لاعبو كرة قدم يوغوسلاف مغتربون
خليلوفيتش
لاعبو منتخب يوغوسلافيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي رابيد فيينا
مواليد 1955

سليمان خليلوفيتش


Fremont Orestes Phillips (* 16. März 1856 in Lafayette, Allen County, Ohio; † 21. Februar 1936 in Medina, Ohio) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker der Republikanischen Partei. Vom 4. März 1899 bis 3. März 1901 war er Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für den 20. Kongressdistrikt des Bundesstaates Ohio.

Biografie
Fremont O. Phillips wurde im Städtchen Lafayette in Ohio geboren. Phillips besuchte dort die öffentlichen Schulen. 1873 zog er nach Medina, ebenfalls in Ohio gelegen, um. Dort besuchte er die High School. Am Kenyon College studierte er anschließend Rechtswissenschaft. 1880 wurde er als Rechtsanwalt zugelassen und war fortan als solcher in Medina tätig. In seiner Heimatstadt bekleidete er das Schiedsamt. Zwischen 1886 und 1890 war er Bürgermeister von Medina. Von 1892 bis 1897 war er Richter im Dienst des Medina County.

Bei den Kongresswahlen 1898 wurde er als Vertreter des 20. Wahlbezirks von Ohio ins US-Repräsentantenhaus gewählt. Seinen Wahlbezirk vertrat er für 1 Legislaturperiode, er wurde 1900 nicht mehr nominiert. Anschließend war Phillips wieder als Rechtsanwalt in Medina tätig. Zwischen 1916 und 1934 war er Vorsitzender der Republikanischen Partei im Medina County. Zwischen 1924 und 1932 war er erneut als Richter für den Medina County tätig. Im Februar 1936 starb Phillips in Medina. Er wurde auf dem Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati beigesetzt.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Ohio
Bürgermeister (Medina, Ohio)
Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei
Richter (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1856
Gestorben 1936
Mann

Fremont O. Phillips


الإسكندر الرابع أيغوس أو الإسكندر الرابع المقدوني (323 ق.م. - 309 ق.م.) (باليونانية القديمة:Ἀλέξανδρος Aἰγός) كان ابن الإسكندر الأكبر من زوجته الأميرة روكسانا من باكتريا، قد ورث إمبراطورية أبيه وكان للتو مولودا لذا فقد وضع تحت رعاية ووصاية القائد بيرديكاس ولاحقا تحت وصاية أنتيباتر، واقتسم حكم الإمبراطورية مع عمه (الأخ غير الشقيق لأبيه) فيليبوس الثالث المقدوني وذلك بحسب اتفاقية تريبارادايسوس واتفاقية بابل، استمر حكمه حتى موته مسموما عام 309ق.م.

ظروف ولادته
بعد موت الإسكندر الأكبر كانت زوجته الأميرة روكسانا حاملا ولكن جنس الطفل لم يكن معروفا آنذاك مما أدى إلى بعض الانقسامات بين قادة الإسكندر فبينما دعم قادة المشاة الأخ غير الشقيق للإسكندر الأكبر، فيليبوس الثالث (الذي كان يعاني من ضعف جسدي وعقلي بالإضافة إلى كونهِ ابنا غير شرعي) ليكون خلفا للإسكندر قام القائد بيرديكاس، قائد سلاح الفرسان الخاص، بإقناعهم بالانتظار ريثما تضع روكسانا مولودها، على أمل أن يكون طفل روكسانا ذكرا. وبعد مفاوضات، تقرر أن يقوم بيرديكاس بحكم الإمبراطورية كوصي بينما يقوم فيليبوس الثالث باستلام السلطة ولكن بشكل صوري فقط أي كرمز وليس كقوة حقيقية لها سيطرتها. وفيما إذا كان طفل روكسانا ذكرا عندها سيكون الطفل هو الملك. وبالفعل قامت روكسانا بوضع طفلها الذكر والذي سمي الإسكندر الرابع المقدوني في أغسطس 323ق.م.

الوصاية
بعد وصاية قاسية على الحكم قادها القائد بيرديكاس وبعد سلسة من الإخفاقات العسكرية له على أطراف مصر بالإضافة إلى تمرد في صفوف الجيش الخاص ببيرديكاس تم اغتياله من قبل ضباطه الكبار في مايو أو يونيو 321ق.م. أو 320ق.م. بعدها تمت تسمية أنتيباتر كوصي جديد على الإسكندر والإمبراطورية وذلك بحسب اتفاقية تريباراديسوس، فقام أنتيباتر بجلب الأميرة روكسانا زوجة الإسكندر الأكبر وكلا الملكين فيليبوس الثالث والإسكندر الرابع معه إلى مقدونيا القديمة وتخلى عن وصايته على الإمبراطورية الشاسعة تاركا مصر القديمة وآسيا بيد القادة الخلفاء  وعندما توفي أنتيباتر في عام 319ق.م. لم يخلفه ابنه كاسندر في الوصاية وإنما انتقلت الوصاية إلى رجل يدعى بوليبيرخون وهو جنرال مقدوني خدم تحت إمرة فيليبوس الثاني المقدوني ولاحقا تحت إمرة الإسكندر الأكبر.

الحرب الأهلية
بعد فترة بدأت الخلافات تستشري بين القادة الخلفاء فكل منهم كان راغبا بالحصول على الوصاية على عرش مقدونيا فتحالف كاسندر مع بطليموس الأول سوتر وأنتيغونوس الأول وأويريديس الزوجة الطموحة للملك فيليبوس الثالث المقدوني. بينما قاد بوليبيرخون تحالفا مع يومينس والأميرة أوليمبياس.

بالرغم من أن بوليبيرخون كان ناجحا في بادئ الأمر، في سيطرته على المدن اليونانية، إلا أن أسطوله البحري تم تحطيمه بالكامل من قبل أنتيغونوس الأول في 318ق.م. وبعدما استطاع أنتيغونوس الأول فرض سيطرته الكاملة على مقدونيا القديمة أُجبر بوليبيرخون على ترك مقدونيا فهرب منها إلى إيبيروس، ولحقته فيما بعد روكسانا وابنها الإسكندر.

بعد شهور قليلة، استطاعت أوليمبياس أم الإسكندر الأكبر إقناع قريبها أياسايديس من إيبيروس بغزو مقدونيا مع بوليبيرخون. وعندما تقدمت أوليمبياس من حقل القتال رفض جيش أويريديس المحاربة ضدها بحكم كونها أم الإسكندر الأكبر، وارتدوا عن أوريديس واتخذوا جانب أوليمبياس، وهكذا استطاع كلا من بوليبيرخون ويومينس استعادة مقدونيا، بينما تم أسر أويريديس وزوجها فيليبوس الثالث المقدوني ليتم بتاريخ  316ق.م. التخلص منهما نهائيا وهكذا سيطرت أوليمبياس على الأمور ونصبت نفسها وصية على حفيدها الإسكندر الرابع.

عاد كاسندر في السنة التالية 316ق.م. ليفتح مقدونيا مرة أخرى. تم إعدام أوليمبياس فورا، بينما تم أخذ الملك الإسكندر الرابع وأمه روكسانا سجينين وتم احتجازهما في حصن أمفيبوليس تحت إشراف غلاوسياس.
وعندما عم السلام العام بين القادة الخلفاء بطليموس الأول سوتر وكاسندر وأنتيغونوس الأول وليسيماخوس تم وضع حدا لحروبهم (حروب القادة الخلفاء الثالثة) وكان ذلك في عام 311ق.م. وقامت بينهم معاهدة سلام اعترفت بحقوق الإسكندر الرابع وذكرت بشكل واضح بأنه عندما يبلغ سن الرشد سيتولى الحكم بدلا من كاسندر.

وفاته
بعد المعاهدة، قام المدافعون عن السلالة الأرغية بالمطالبة باستلام الإسكندر الرابع للحكم فورا وبأن يكون بمقدوره ممارسة كامل قواه كحاكم وملك لمقدونيا، محاولين بذلك إزاحة فكرة وصاية كاسندر عليه، إلا أن رد كاسندر على هذا الأمر كان حازما حيث أنه أمر غلاوسياس باغتيال الإسكندر الرابع وأمه سرا، وبالفعل تم تسميم كلاهما مما أدى إلى وفاتهما حيث مات الإسكندر وعمره لم يتجاوز الـ 13 عشرة عاما.

قبر الإسكندر
قام عالم الآثار مانوليس أندرونيكوس (Manolis Andronikos) في أغسطس 1977 م بالكشف عن إحدى القبور الملكية في فرجينا  في منطقة تسمى «الربوة العظيمة» يُعتقد بأنها عائدة إلى الإسكندر الرابع.

مصادر
 الإسكندر الرابع - المكتبة القديمة نسخة أونلاين (إنكليزي)
 الإسكندر الرابع - موقع ليفيوس أورغ (إنكليزي)
 الإسكندر الرابع - كلاسيك ويكي ديكشيناري (إنكليزي)

مراجع وهوامش

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حكام أطفال قدماء
حكام توفوا أطفالا
حكام في القرن 4 ق م
حكام مصر
عائلية في الإسكندر الأكبر
ملوك بلاد فارس
مواليد 323 ق م
مواليد في بابل
وفيات 309 ق م
وفيات بسبب السم
وفيات عقد 310 ق م
يونانيون في القرن 4 قبل الميلاد
يونانيون من أصل إيراني
ملكيون مقدونيون في القرن 4 ق م
ملكيون قتلوا في القرن 4 ق م

الإسكندر الرابع المقدوني


Rockstar Leeds (fost Mobius Entertainment) este un dezvoltator britanic de jocuri video, cu sediul în Leeds, West Yorkshire. Începând cu anul 2004 Rockstar Leeds a fost parte a companiei multinaționale Rockstar Games, deținută de Take-Two Interactive. Un dezvoltator filială a titlurilor Rockstar, inclusiv Grand Theft Auto V, Red Dead Redemption, Max Payne (seria), LA Noire, Grand Theft Auto London: London 1969 și Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars.

Istoria

Mobius Entertainment
Mobius Entertainment a fost fondată în 1997 de către Gordon Hall, Jason McGann, Dave Box, Ian Bowden și Justin Johnson.  Acesta a fost localizată într-o biserică transformată în secolul 18 în Pudsey domeniul Leeds.

Până în 2004, studioul a fost responsabil pentru diverse titluri, inclusiv Game Boy versiune avansată a  Max Payne publicat în 2003 de către Rockstar Games.

Rockstar Leeds
În aprilie 2004, compania a fost achiziționată de către Rockstar Games și redenumită Rockstar Leeds.  La sfârșitul anului 2005, după lansarea Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories , studioul s-a mutat în parcul de birouri City West .

Listă de jocuri video

Dezvoltatori de jocuri video
Companii din Regatul Unit
Fondări în 1997

Rockstar Leeds


Cherbourg este un oraș vechi în Franța, care și-a schimbat denumirea în 2016 după ce a absorbit alte localități. Cherbourg se poate referi, de asemenea, la:
 Cherbourg-en-Cotentin
 Portul Cherbourg
 Baza Navală Cherbourg
 Cherbourg-Octeville, o fostă comună franceză, care a fuzionat în Cherbourg-en-Cotentin în 2016
 Cherbourg
 Cherbourg, Queensland, un oraș din Australia

Vezi și
 Aeroportul Cherbourg – Maupertus
 Bătălia de la Cherbourg (iunie 1944)
 Raidul asupra orașului Cherbourg (1758)
 Umbrelele din Cherbourg, un film francez regizat de Jacques Demy (1964)

Dezambiguizare

Cherbourg (dezambiguizare)


An Acidosasa edulis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Tai Hui Wen, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Tai Hui Wen. An Acidosasa edulis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Acidosasa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Acidosasa

Acidosasa edulis


Mijaíl Vasílievich Matiushin (en ruso, Михаил Васильевич Матюшин; 1861 en Nizhni Nóvgorod - 14 de octubre de 1934 en Leningrado) fue un pintor y compositor ruso, miembro destacado de la vanguardia rusa.

Matiushin recibió formación como músico, llegando a ser profesional, ya que desde 1882 hasta 1913 trabajó como violinista de la Orquesta Imperial de San Petersburgo. Pintor aficionado, Matiushin no se inició en las técnicas de las artes plásticas sino tardíamente, entre 1894 y 1905. En 1910–1913 Matiushin y su esposa Yelena Guró (1877–1913) fueron miembros clave de la Unión de la Juventud, una asociación de futuristas rusos. Conoció a Kazimir Malévich en 1912 y a los «budetlyane» Vladímir Mayakovski y Alekséi Kruchónyj (:en:Aleksei Kruchenykh). Es el autor de la música de la ópera futurista Victoria sobre el sol.

Estudió fisiología de los sentidos humanos y desarrolló su propio concepto de la cuarta dimensión conectando las artes visuales y musicales. Matiushin estrenó una teoría de la «visión ensanchada», describiendo la evolución de la mirada humano a través de las épocas. Escribió numerosos artículos sobre la cuarta dimensión y extrae una parte de su inspiración teórica de las consideraciones del matemático esotérico Piotr Uspenski.  Creó un grupo de trabajo el zorved, «ver-saber» y busca verificar su teoría en los talleres experimentales de enseñanza del arte plástico, los Svomas (Talleres de Leningrado del Vjutemás), y más tarde en el INHUK de Petrogrado (1918–1934). Los resumió en su obra de 1932 Guía del color (Cправочник по цвету).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Pintores de Rusia del siglo XIX
Músicos de Rusia del siglo XIX
Compositores de ópera de Rusia
Pintores de Rusia del siglo XX
Músicos de Rusia del siglo XX
Fallecidos en San Petersburgo

Mijaíl Matiushin


Sleep Tight conocido en América Latina como Duerme Bien y en España como Que Duermas Bien es el décimo sexto episodio de la tercera temporada de la serie de televisión estadounidense Ángel. Escrito por David Greenwalt y dirigido por Terrence O'Hara. Se estrenó originalmente el 18 de febrero de 2002.

Convencido de que Angel matara a Connor, Wesley conspira con Daniel Holtz para secuestrar al niño.

Argumento
Atormentado con la sola idea de que Ángel se atreva a asesinar a su propio hijo. Wesley comienza a considerar seriamente sus acciones de ahora en adelante con tal de salvar al bebé. El inglés toma la difícil decisión de unirse contra el odiado enemigo de Ángel, con la condición de que ninguno de los miembros de Investigaciones Ángel resulten heridos. Holtz acepta los términos de Wesley y le comenta que debe actuar rápido.

Mientras en tanto Ángel, Fred y Gunn resuelven un caso de una joven con talento musical que fue infectada por unos demonios bajo la forma de músicos. Durante la batalla Ángel mata ferozmente a los demonios con una fuerza descomunal y grandes ansías que ha tenido desde el principio del día. Incluso llega a ser fastidiado por su hijo y amenazando con matarlo. El resto de IA sospechan del extraño comportamiento del vampiro y analizan la sangre que Angel ha estado bebiendo sin parar todo el día, la cual resulta tener la sangre de Connor.

Angel se da cuenta de que solo existe alguien capaz de hacerle algo así: Lilah Morgan. Angel trata de amenazar a la abogada por sus acciones, pero la conversación es interrumpida por la aparición de Sahjhan para insultar a Lilah creyendo que la misma se ha aliado con el vampiro. Angel no reconoce al demonio y se pregunta cuales podrían ser sus motivos para odiarlo y aliarse con Holtz.

Mientras Angel está ocupado con Lilah y los novios Gunn y Fred se encuentran fuera del hotel. Wesley trata de secuestrar a Connor, pero es interceptado con Lorne que se muestra confundido por las acciones del inglés. Connor comienza a llorar y Wesley taradea una canción para calmarlo, provocando que Lorne se percate de las oscuras intenciones de Wesley. Sin más elección que llevarse a Connor por la fuerza, Wesley noquea a Lorne y se va con Connor. En camino a la guarida de Holtz, Wesley es detenido por una herida Justine quien le advierte que Holtz ha faltado a su promesa de no lastimar a Investigaciones Angel. Wesley trata de atender a Justine pero esta lo degüella y se lleva a Connor junto con su camioneta.

En el Hyperion, Gunn, Fred y un recién llegado Angel se ven obligados a luchar contra varios hombres de Holtz que buscan "llevarse" a Connor. Una vez que derrotan a los humanos, el resto de IA descubren a malherido Lorne que les advierte que Wesley ha secuestrado a Connor y que por lo tanto el ataque que recibieron no era para secuestrar al niño sino para ganar tiempo.

Un enfurecido Angel busca a su hijo robando uno de los vehículos que un equipo de fuerza dirigidos por Lilah, rastrean a Connor. Justine se reúne con Holtz y planean desaparecer con Connor para criarlo como su propio hijo bajo el nombre de Steven Franklin Thomas. Lilah consigue interceptar a los cazavampiros con el hijo, pues tiene planeado secuestrar al bebe también. Angel aparece dispuesto a defender a su hijo. mientras Shajhan se une a la escena para matar a Connor.

Shajhan en señal de desesperación abre un portal a una dimensión demoníaca, amenazando con extenderlo y enviar a todos los presentes a la dimensión a menos que el bebé muera. Holtz aprovecha la distracción para entrar al portal con Connor y desaparecer ante la vista de todos, Shajhan contento da por muertos a los dos y se retira feliz. Lilah también se retira dejando a Angel para sufrir por la pérdida de su hijo.

Elenco

Principal
 David Boreanaz como Ángel.
 Charisma Carpenter como Cordelia Chase.
 Alexis Denisof como Wesley Wyndam-Pryce.
 J. Agust Richards como Charles Gunn.
 Amy Acker como Fred Burkle.

Continuidad
 Connor aparece como un bebe por última vez en la serie.
 Cordelia y Groo siguen de vacaciones en México.

Enlaces externos

Episodios de la tercera temporada de Angel

Sleep Tight (Angel)


Le Piorun (qui signifie «coup de foudre» en polonais) est un missile sol-air très courte portée (« SATCP »), ou MANPADS en anglais. C'est un système de défense aérienne portable de production polonaise, conçu pour détruire les avions volant à basse altitude, les hélicoptères et les véhicules aériens sans pilote. L'ensemble résulte d'une profonde modernisation de l'ensemble PZR Grom, donc la deuxième désignation du missile est GROM-M. Le nom complet de l'ensemble est PPZR Piorun (pol. Przenośny Przeciwlotniczy Zestaw Rakietowy Piorun).

Missile

Système d'arme

Données techniques

Pays utilisateurs
  - Fin 2021, 730 missiles et 260 postes de tirs ont été livrés
  - Des livraisons ont été faites en 2022, plus ou moins secrètement dans le cadre de l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine, plusieurs appareils russes ont été abattus, dont des avions (Su-34, Su-25) et des hélicoptères (Mi-24) par des missiles Piorun
  - devant le succès du Piorun en Ukraine (jugé parfois supérieur au Stinger américain), les États-Unis auraient envisagé de commander plusieurs centaines de missiles au fabriquant polonais.
  - L'Estonie commande en   et . La livraison est prévue au début de l'année 2023.
  - La Norvège commande en  des systèmes Piorun pour un montant d'environ  de couronnes norvégiennes.

Notes et références

Missile surface-air
Arme militaire fabriquée en Pologne

Piorun (missile)


An Lemna minuta in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Lemna minuta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lemna, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Lemna

Lemna minuta


Der ZSK WWS Samara (, Zentraler Sportklub der Luftstreitkräfte) war ein professioneller Basketballverein der Superleague Russland. Der Verein kommt aus Samara, ehemals Kuibyschew, in Russland.

Geschichte
ZSK WWS Samara wurde 2002 auf Anordnung des Gouverneurs des Gebiets Samara als Vereinigung der beiden Klubs ZSK WWS Samara und BK Samara gebildet. Der Klub existierte nur wenige Jahre. Der höchste Erfolg war der Gewinn der FIBA EuroCup Challenge 2007. Zum Beginn der Saison 2009/2010 meldete der Kub Konkurs an und beendete seine Existenz. Der jetzt in Samara existierende Klub Krasnye Krylja Samara ist kein Rechtsnachfolger des ZSK WWS Samara.

Vorgänger BK Samara
Einer der Vorgänger des ZSK WWS Samara, der BK Samara wurde 1976 in Toljatti als "AZOT" gegründet. 1977 folgte der Umzug nach Samara und Umbenennung in "Stroitel" ( für Bauarbeiter). 1981 gelang der Aufstieg in die höchste russische Liga. Der höchste Erfolg war der zweite Platz in der russischen Meisterschaft 1992 hinter ZSKA. 1994 erfolgte die Umbenennung in "BK Samara".

Vorgänger ZSK WWS
Nach dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion zog der SKA Alma-Ata, zweimaliger viertplatzierter der sowjetischen Meisterschaft, 1992 von Alma-Ata in Kasachstan nach Samara um. Dort wurde der Klub in ZSK WWS umbenannt und bekam sofort das Startrecht für die höchste russische Liga. Somit war Samara mit zwei Klubs in dieser Klasse vertreten. In den Jahren 1994 und 1995 erreichte ZSK WWS mit Waleri Tichonenko in seinen Reihen jeweils den dritten Platz in der sowjetischen Meisterschaft. Zum Ende der Saison 1996/97 musste der Klub wegen finanzieller Schwierigkeiten Konkurs anmelden.

Erfolge
 Sieger FIBA EuroCup Challenge 2007

Weblinks
 Geschichte des Vereins auf basketball.ru (russisch).
 Basketball in Samara (russisch).

Samara
Samara
Sport (Samara)
Samara
Gegründet 2002
Aufgelöst 2009
Organisation (Samara)
Samara #ZSK WWS
Samara #ZSK WWS

ZSK WWS Samara (Basketball)


Donald Joseph Scardino (17 de febrero de 1948), conocido como Don Scardino, es un actor, director y productor de televisión estadounidense.

Carrera

Actuación
Nacido en la ciudad de Nueva York, Scardino comenzó su carrera como actor. Su primer crédito en Broadway fue como suplente en la obra The Playroom de 1965. Otros de sus trabajos en Broadway son Johnny No-Trump, Godspell y King of Hearts. También participó en producciones off-Broadway como The Rimers of Eldritch, La comedia de las equivocaciones, Moonchildren y I'm Getting My Act Together and Taking It on the Road. Además del teatro, fue protagonista en el film Homer (1970), ambientado en la sociedad americana de final de la década de los 60. También lo fue en el clásico de cine B de terror Squirm (1976). Entre los años 1991 y 1996, trabajó como director de arte en Playwrights Horizons, un teatro off-Broadway. En televisión, apareció en telenovelas como Guiding Light, All My Children, Love Is a Many Splendored Thing y Another World, y las series primetime El fantasma y la señora Muir y Audacia es el juego. Formó parte del reparto de la película Cruising (1980), junto a Al Pacino.

Dirección
Después de su trabajo como actor en telenovelas, Scardino comenzó a dirigir en televisión. Dirigió episodios de Another World, One Life to Live y All My Children. Continuó dirigiendo obras en directo en Broadway y off-Broadway, incluyendo el estreno mundial de A Few Good Men de Aaron Sorkin. Su trabajo en televisión es extenso, notable por su dirección de la serie cómica de la NBC 30 Rock. Como director de cine su trabajo incluye títulos como Me & Veronica y Advice from a Caterpillar. Posteriormente dirigió la comedia de magos The Incredible Burt Wonderstone, protagonizada por Steve Carell, Jim Carrey y Steve Buscemi.

Vida privada
Scardino estuvo casado con la actriz Pamela Blair entre 1984 y 1991. Actualmente está casado con la pintora Dana L. Williams.

Créditos selectos como director
 The Incredible Burt Wonderstone (2013)
 Rescue Me (2007)
 30 Rock (2006–13)
 Hope & Faith (2004–06)
 Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All (obra de Broadway, 2003)
 Law & Order: Criminal Intent (2002–03)
 Ed (2002–03)
 The West Wing (2000)
 Cosby (1998–2000)
 Law & Order (1991–2006)
 A Few Good Men (obra de Broadway, 1989)
 The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd (1988–1991)

Enlaces externos

Actores de cine de Estados Unidos
Actores de teatro de Estados Unidos
Actores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actores de Nueva York
Directores de cine de Estados Unidos
Directores de teatro de Estados Unidos
Directores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Italoestadounidenses

Don Scardino


Sven Møller Jensen, født 16. maj 1947 i Esbjerg.

Kommunalpolitiker i Gjern Kommune 1976-1992 valgt for Socialdemokratiet.

Borgmester i Gjern Kommune 1987-1990.

Uddannet politibetjent (politiassistent) 1969. Aktiv i tjenesten indtil 2010, henholdsvis Frederiksberg politi, Silkeborg politi samt Horsens politi.

Medlem af Seniorrådet Silkeborg kommune, valgt 20117.
Formand for Socialdemokratiet Gjern fra 2016.
Aktiv i Offerrådgivningen i Danmark fra 2015.

Borgmestre fra Socialdemokraterne
Tidligere borgmestre fra Danmark
Politifolk fra Danmark
Personer fra Esbjerg

Sven Møller Jensen


Das Kreishaus ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Gebäude in der Stadt Quedlinburg in Sachsen-Anhalt. In der Vergangenheit war es Sitz der Kreisverwaltung des Landkreises Quedlinburg.

Lage
Es befindet sich an der Adresse Heiligegeiststraße 7 an der Ecke zur Straße Mummental, im südlichen Teil der Quedlinburger Innenstadt und ist im Quedlinburger Denkmalverzeichnis als Verwaltungsgebäude eingetragen.

Architektur und Geschichte
Das schlossartig gestaltete zweiflügelige Verwaltungsgebäude entstand im Jahr 1902 und wurde am 15. September 1903 eingeweiht. Die Gestaltung erfolgte im Stil des Historismus, so finden sich an die Gotik und die Renaissance angelehnte Elemente. Bemerkenswert sind insbesondere der Schweifgiebel über den Risaliten. Darüber hinaus bestehen Erker und Turmaufsätze. Die Fassadengliederung wird durch den Einsatz von Werksteinen betont. Das Gebäude und seine Dachgestaltung mit Walmdächer sind vielgliedrig. Im Laufe der Nutzungszeit erfolgten mehrere Anbauten. Die Gestaltung des Innenraums ist zum Teil aus der Bauzeit erhalten.

Anfang der 1920er Jahre wurde das Kreishaus auf einem bis zum 1. Januar 1923 gültigen Notgeldschein der Stadt Quedlinburg über 50 Pfennig abgebildet.

Anfang der 1960er Jahre ließ der Vorsitzende des Rat des Kreises, Apel, einen oberhalb des Eingangs befindlichen, aus Sandstein gefertigten preußischen Adler entfernen. Nach der politischen Wende des Jahres 1989 wurde dann am 11. Mai 1994 der Adler wieder angefügt.

Am 5. September 2011 begann die Sanierung und ein Umbau des Gebäudes, in das im November 2012 die Regionalstelle Quedlinburg der Kommunalen Beschäftigungsagentur Jobcenter Landkreis Harz einzog. Als Investitionsumfang ist eine Summe von 6.950.800 € vorgesehen. Zunächst erhält das Gebäude ein neues Schieferdach. Vorgesehen ist auch der Einbau eines Fahrstuhls. Bauherr ist der Eigenbetrieb Kommunale Beschäftigungsagentur Jobcenter Landkreis Harz. Im Gebäude sollen dann 120 Mitarbeiter der Koba beschäftigt sein. Auch die Regionale Planungsgemeinschaft wird im Kreishaus untergebracht.

Literatur
 Falko Grubitzsch in: Georg Dehio: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Sachsen-Anhalt. Band 1: Ute Bednarz, Folkhard Cremer u. a.: Regierungsbezirk Magdeburg. Neubearbeitung. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München u. a. 2002, ISBN 3-422-03069-7, S. 742.
 Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Sachsen-Anhalt (Hrsg.): Denkmalverzeichnis Sachsen-Anhalt. Band 7: Falko Grubitzsch, unter Mitwirkung von Alois Bursy, Mathias Köhler, Winfried Korf, Sabine Oszmer, Peter Seyfried und Mario Titze: Landkreis Quedlinburg. Teilband 1: Stadt Quedlinburg. Fliegenkopf, Halle 1998, ISBN 3-910147-67-4, S. 129.

Einzelnachweise

Kulturdenkmal in Quedlinburg
Erbaut in den 1900er Jahren
Heiligegeiststraße (Quedlinburg)
Mummental (Quedlinburg)

Kreishaus Quedlinburg