USS Biddle (DLG-34/CG-34) was a  guided missile frigate/cruiser of the United States Navy. She saw action in Vietnam, where she is believed to be the last ship to down an enemy aircraft with hand-loaded guns. She was involved in the Gulf of Sidra incident in 1981. The cruiser was decommissioned on 30 November 1993 and sold for scrap on 4 December 2000.

History
Biddle was laid down by the Bath Iron Works Corporation at Bath, Maine on 9 December 1963, launched on 2 July 1965 and commissioned as DLG-34 on 21 January 1967. She was named for Captain Nicholas Biddle of the Continental Navy.  Her call sign was "Hard Charger".

Five months after commissioning, Biddle completed preparations for her final acceptance trials, concluded those trials, and conducted shakedown training out of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. She completed shakedown on 29 May and headed, via Yorktown, Virginia, to Boston, Massachusetts. The Destroyer Leader "guided-missile" arrived in Boston on 2 June and began post-shakedown availability at the Boston Naval Shipyard five days later. Biddle completed the availability on 30 October and got underway for her new home port, Norfolk, Virginia, the following day. The warship entered Hampton Roads early in November, but stayed only four days, putting to sea on 7 November for the first in a series of exercise and weapons-qualifications cruises to the Caribbean. Those at-sea periods occupied her until mid-December when she began holiday standdown and preparations for overseas movement.

On 22 January 1968, Biddle put to sea bound ultimately for the combat zone off the coast of Vietnam. Along the way, she transited the Panama Canal and made stops at Pearl Harbor and Guam before reaching her base of operations at Subic Bay in the Philippines on 24 February. After an availability, the guided-missile frigate departed Subic Bay for Vietnamese waters on 3 March. She entered port at Danang, South Vietnam, on 5 March and, the following day, was on her way for a PIRAZ (Positive Identification Radar Advisory Zone) station. For the next four months, Biddle alternated between periods at sea—either carrying out PIRAZ duty, serving as an antiair warfare (AAW) picket, or acting as a sea-air rescue (SAR) vessel—with time in port at Subic Bay or Yokosuka, Japan.

On 14 July, the warship completed her final tour of duty off the coast of Vietnam. She returned to Subic Bay for the period 16 to 19 July and then got underway for the voyage home. During the voyage, she completed a circumnavigation of the world and visited such diverse places as Singapore, Lourenco Marques (now Maputo) in Mozambique, the Cape Verde Islands, Lisbon in Portugal, and Copenhagen in Denmark. The warship arrived back in Norfolk on 12 September and remained in port until mid-November. On the 15th, Biddle got underway for missile exercises in the West Indies. She returned to Norfolk on 25 November and remained there through the end of the year.

On 13 January 1969, she got underway from Norfolk bound for Philadelphia. The warship spent five days there for fire fighting and damage control training, returning to Norfolk on 20 January. Biddles sojourn at Norfolk lasted until 28 March when she put to sea, bound for the Caribbean. While there, the warship conducted tests on recent modifications to her radar and made six missile shoots. Returning to the Hampton Roads area, she loaded missiles, torpedoes, and ammunition at Yorktown, Virginia, on 30 April before reentering Norfolk on 1 May.

On 26 May, Biddle departed Norfolk on her way to the western Pacific. She transited the Panama Canal on 31 May and 1 June and then set a course for Hawaii. The guided-missile frigate stopped at Pearl Harbor from 10 to 12 June before resuming her voyage. She made a brief stop at Guam for fuel on the 20th and arrived in Subic Bay on 24 June. After a four-day stop, Biddle stood out of Subic Bay on her way to South Vietnam. The warship made a brief stop at Danang on 30 June before relieving the cruiser  on 1 July as strike-support and search-and-rescue ship. The guided-missile frigate kept watch off the Vietnamese coast for the next month. The only event of note occurred near the end of the month when she rescued several North Vietnamese fishermen adrift in their boat.

Relieved by Chicago on 1 August, Biddle dropped the fishermen off at Danang and then headed for the Philippines. The warship spent a week at Subic Bay and three days at Manila before heading back to Vietnam on 13 August. On 15 August, she relieved Chicago on station in the Gulf of Tonkin. She served as strike-support and search-and-rescue ship until 22 August when she relieved Chicago as PIRAZ (Positive Identification Radar Advisory Zone) ship. The warship alternated between those two tasks until 10 September when she was relieved on PIRAZ station by the destroyer . The guided-missile frigate entered Yokosuka, Japan on 14 September, after a brief stop at Subic Bay to disembark her helicopter detachment.

Biddle completed a two-week tender availability on 27 September and departed Yokosuka for the combat zone. Steaming by way of Subic Bay, she arrived back on Yankee Station on 2 October. Between the 2d and the 6th, Commander, Destroyer Squadron (ComDesRon) 3, rode in Biddle and served as antiair warfare coordinator for Task Force (TF) 77. On the 6th, the warship resumed PIRAZ duty, relieving Jouett. For almost a month, she operated alternately as PIRAZ ship and as strike-support and search-and-rescue ship. Relieved by the cruiser  on 27 October, Biddle put into Hong Kong on 29 October for a six-day liberty call. The guided-missile frigate departed Hong Kong on 4 November, made a fuel stop at Subic Bay, and then headed back to Vietnam.

She arrived back in the Gulf of Tonkin on 7 November and spent the next six days serving as plane guard for the aircraft carrier . On 13 November, the warship cleared Vietnamese waters. She stopped at Subic Bay from 15 to 18 November and then embarked on the long voyage home. After a brief fuel stop at Guam and a three-day liberty call at San Francisco, California, Biddle arrived in the Canal Zone on 16 December. She completed the canal transit on the 17th and shaped a course for Norfolk. Upon her arrival in Norfolk on 21 December, her crew began a combination post-deployment and holiday standdown.

1970–1971
Biddle spent the first three months of 1970 in port at Norfolk. During that period, she underwent several inspections and received modifications to some of her equipment, notably to her radar. On 13 April, the guided-missile frigate stood out of Norfolk on a five-week cruise to the Caribbean for training and for technical evaluation of her new and modified radar equipment. She returned to Norfolk on 5 June and remained in the area until the end of July getting ready for her first regular overhaul. She entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 31 July and spent the remainder of 1970 undergoing overhaul.

The guided-missile frigate completed overhaul in mid-January 1971. On 19 January, she got underway for post-repair trials in the Virginia Capes operating area and returned to port the following day. For the next four months, Biddle spent most of her time in port at Norfolk, getting underway infrequently for brief drill sessions in the immediate vicinity. On 1 June, she departed Norfolk for two months of refresher training in the West Indies. The warship reentered Norfolk on 1 August. For the remainder of the year, Biddle operated out of Norfolk conducting training missions and technical evaluations on equipment. The most notable training mission came late in September when she joined several other Navy ships, a Canadian ship, and a Dutch ship in a NATO seapower review.

1972–1973
The warship began 1972 with several more periods of technical evaluations at sea in January and February. In March, she entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard to be modified to carry a LAMPS (Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System) helicopter. That work came to a conclusion early in April; and, on 12 April, Biddle departed Norfolk on her way back to southeast Asia. Along the way, she transited the Panama Canal and visited Pearl Harbor and Guam before arriving in Subic Bay on 11 May. On 14 May, the warship put to sea for the combat zone. She entered the zone on 15 May and, the following day, relieved the destroyer  on the northern Search and Rescue (SAR) station. Biddle spent over a month on station operating as a SAR picket and directing antiair warfare before returning to Subic Bay on 26 June.

On Independence Day, the warship got underway for her second tour of duty off Vietnam. After a week on the northern SAR station, she relieved Sterett again on 13 July, but this time as PIRAZ ship. On the night of 19 July, five MiGs attacked Biddle in two raids. In the first raid, the guided-missile frigate's Terrier missiles destroyed one of the intruders. She claimed a possible kill in the second raid and credited it to her gun batteries. The warship drove off the remaining attackers and suffered no damage herself. This hostile encounter between North Vietnamese MIGs and the USS Biddle was the largest aerial attack on a US Navy ship since WWII.

Biddle remained on station serving as either SAR picket or PIRAZ ship until early in August. She visited Hong Kong from 12 to 15 August and was in Subic Bay from 17 to 20 August. The guided-missile frigate returned to duty on the northern SAR station on 22 August. Thereafter, she again alternated between SAR and PIRAZ assignments until mid-September. Long Beach relieved her for the last time on 17 September, and Biddle unloaded equipment at Subic Bay between 20 and 24 September. On 24 September, she began the long voyage back to Norfolk. Following stops at Guam, Pearl Harbor, and San Diego, she transited the Panama Canal on 22 October and arrived back at Norfolk on 26 October to close out the year in port.

Throughout 1973 and the first five months of 1974, Biddle operated out of Norfolk conducting training missions and technical evaluations. During those operations, she visited not only waters of the western Atlantic but also those of the West Indies and the Caribbean Sea. Late in the fall of 1973, the warship participated in a joint exercise with other elements of the Atlantic Fleet and with ships of the Canadian Navy.

1974
On 14 June 1974, Biddle stood out of Norfolk on her way to the Mediterranean Sea. She arrived in Rota, Spain, on 24 June and relieved the destroyer . On 26 June, the warship departed Rota and entered the Mediterranean in company with Task Group (TG) 60.2. After about a month of 6th Fleet operations and port visits, Biddle was dispatched to waters adjacent to Cyprus on 22 July to join in special operations. On 1 August, the warship received orders to the area north of Crete and later operated to the west of that island. On 19 August, the United States ambassador to Cyprus was assassinated; soon thereafter, Biddle joined a special task group off the island to assist in the event of an evacuation of American citizens.

That eventuality did not come to pass, and the special task group was dissolved on 23 August. The guided-missile frigate then headed for Naples, Italy, where she arrived on 24 August. During the short voyage to Naples the ship was steaming at flank speed, which required the two boiler rooms to be "split", with the forward boiler feeding steam to the forward engine room and the after boiler feeding steam to the after engine room.  The forward engine room powered the port propeller. The main feed pump in the forward engine room failed catastrophically, which caused the port propeller to suddenly stop. The ship, still at flank speed from the starboard propeller, turned so sharply to port that seawater sprayed from the ship entered the ship's ventilators.  There were no serious injuries to the crew. Biddle remained at Naples until 5 September 1974 at which time she resumed operations the eastern Mediterranean. Between 8 and 10 September, the warship joined in the unsuccessful search for survivors from a TWA Boeing 707 that had crashed in the Ionian Sea. Following that mission, she resumed her schedule of 6th Fleet operations and port visits. After five days at Civitavecchia, Italy, for liberty in Rome, Biddle got underway for the eastern Mediterranean and a transit of the Straits of Bosporus and the Dardanelles. She operated in the Black Sea for five days and retransited the Straits on 11 September. Training exercises and port visits kept her busy until early December. She completed turnover procedures at Rota on 5 December and then put to sea to return to the United States. Biddle arrived back in Norfolk on 14 December and remained in port for the rest of the year.

1975–1976
The warship spent the first three months of 1975 at various locations around Hampton Roads preparing for an extended overhaul. On 15 April, she got underway for Bath, Maine, arriving there on the 18th. The overhaul began immediately and lasted through the end of 1975 and into 1976. On 30 June 1975, Biddle was reclassified a guided-missile cruiser and redesignated CG-34. On 15 March 1976, Biddle got underway for Bayonne, New Jersey, where she arrived on 17 March. At Bayonne, she continued her overhaul in drydock. On 24 April, the guided-missile cruiser left the drydock and, after some tests, headed south to Norfolk. She arrived at Yorktown on the 26th and began loading ordnance. Two days later, the warship reentered Norfolk. During the ensuing four months, Biddle conducted post-overhaul tests, drills, and refresher training along the east coast and in the West Indies.

On 3 September, the guided-missile cruiser departed Norfolk and headed for the waters of northern Europe and the Baltic Sea. She arrived in Scapa Flow, the British naval base in the Orkney Islands located north of Scotland, on 14 September. After a series of amphibious exercises in Norwegian waters, the warship visited Copenhagen, Denmark, from 25 to 28 September. On the latter day, she departed Copenhagen for a further series of multi-national exercises in the Baltic Sea. At the end of those maneuvers, Biddle made port visits at Hamburg in Germany, Antwerp in Belgium, and Cherbourg in France before getting underway for home on 29 October. She arrived back in Norfolk on 9 November and, except for a brief underway period on 18 and 19 November, remained in port for the rest of 1976.

1977–1980

During the first six months of 1977, Biddle operated out of Norfolk along the eastern seaboard and in the West Indies. Those operations included various drills and exercises as well as evolutions with warships of NATO nations and South American countries. On 11 July, she stood out of Norfolk on her way to join the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea. That deployment brought visits to ports throughout the Mediterranean basin and a variety of training missions, often conducted in company with units of Allied and friendly navies. She completed the cruise on 22 December when she arrived back in Norfolk.

Over the first nine months of 1978, Biddle operated out of Norfolk. While in port, she underwent a series of inspections and examinations for the purpose of assessing various aspects of the ship's operation. At sea, the warship ranged from the New England coast south to the West Indies participating in multiship exercises, conducting independent ship's drills, and making missile and gun shoots. On 3 October, Biddle exited Chesapeake Bay and embarked upon the third Mediterranean deployment of her career. She arrived in Lisbon Portugal, on 14 October and relieved the cruiser . On 18 October, the guided-missile cruiser left Lisbon with units of TG 60.2 and entered the Mediterranean.

After about a month of 6th Fleet operations and port visits, Biddle transited the Straits of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles and entered the Black Sea once again. On 22 November, she entered port at Constanta, Romania, to begin what was characterized as a highly successful goodwill visit. The guided-missile cruiser departed Constanta on 27 November and completed her retransit of the Straits on 28 November. She resumed normal 6th Fleet operations, conducting multiship drills and exercises and making goodwill visits to ports in the Mediterranean. That employment carried her into March 1979. She completed turnover procedures between 23 and 25 March and then began the voyage home. The warship arrived in Norfolk on 5 April and spent the rest of the month in post-deployment standdown.

Biddle resumed 2d Fleet operations in May. Over the next three months, she put to sea a number of times to train Naval Academy and NROTC midshipmen. Early in August, she participated in a joint Navy/Air Force electronics warfare exercise. The latter part of the month, she spent at sea taking part in simulated war exercises. Upon her return to Norfolk, Biddle began preparations for her regular overhaul. On 24 September, the guided-missile cruiser departed Norfolk and shaped a course for Philadelphia. She arrived at her destination on 25 September and, three days later, entered the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard to commence her extended repair period. The overhaul lasted more than a year, taking up the remainder of 1979 and apparently all of 1980.

1981–1983

January 1981 found Biddle conducting post-overhaul shakedown. On 4 February, she stood out of Chesapeake Bay on her way to refresher training in the West Indies. The guided-missile cruiser completed refresher training on 6 April and reentered Hampton Roads on 14 April. During the following three months, Biddle operated out of her home port both in the Virginia Capes operating area and in the West Indies. On 4 August, the warship put to sea for another tour of duty with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean. She passed through the Strait of Gibraltar on 11 August. Between 17 and 20 August, she was part of the task group that conducted freedom-of-navigation operations in the Gulf of Sidra off the Libyan coast in defiance of the Libyan leader, Col. Muamar Qaddafi, who claimed sovereignty over the area. During that operation, Soviet-built Libyan Sukhoi Su-7 interceptors fired on American naval aircraft. In response F-14s from the aircraft carrier  shot down two of the attackers. Later that month, Biddle entered the Black Sea for the third time.

Back in the Mediterranean on 4 September, she resumed normal 6th Fleet operations—multiship exercises and port visits. In mid-October she joined a contingency force off the northern coast of Egypt in the wake of the assassination of President Anwar Sadat. The destroyer  relieved her on 23 October and, after a stop at Rota from 27 to 29 October, Biddle headed home. She arrived back in Norfolk on 8 November and, except for two brief periods at sea early in December, remained in port for the rest of the year.

The first five months of 1982 brought a return to normal operations along the east coast and in the West Indies. On 8 June, the warship embarked upon another deployment to the 6th Fleet. Biddle changed operational control to the 6th Fleet on 18 June. By mid-July, she was on PIRAZ station in the eastern Mediterranean with the contingency force supporting Marine Corps troops ashore in Lebanon. The guided-missile cruiser departed the area in company with the frigate . After crossing the Aegean Sea and transiting the Straits of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, the two warships entered the Black Sea on 1 August. They completed their Black Sea operations on 5 August and anchored at Istanbul for a four-day port visit.

On 9 August 1982, Biddle and her colleagues headed back to the contingency force off Lebanon. Between 21 and 28 August, she served as escort for Palestinian Liberation Organization refugees leaving Beirut for Tunisia on board the Cypriot merchantman SS . Port visits and exercises occupied her time until mid-September when the situation in Lebanon began to break down again. Biddle returned to PIRAZ station on 18 September and remained there until 23 November. After a visit to Athens, she moved west to rendezvous with Nimitz for another freedom of navigation operation in the Gulf of Sidra. Biddle then set out for home early in December and reached Norfolk on the 22nd.

The guided-missile cruiser completed post-deployment standdown in mid-January 1983 and resumed operations out of her home port. During the first five months of the year, Biddle operated along the east coast and in the West Indies. On 26 May, the warship put to sea for NATO Exercise "United Effort/ Ocean Safari 83." At the conclusion of that exercise, she commenced a series of port visits alternated with operations in the Baltic Sea. After leaving the Baltic on 7 July, Biddle visited Leith, Scotland, and participated in a joint British-American exercise. Following another four-day visit to Leith, she got underway for home on 26 July. The guided-missile cruiser arrived back in Norfolk on 5 August and resumed normal east coast operations. That employment lasted until 14 October when she began a selected restricted availability at the Norfolk Shipbuilding Co. Those repairs occupied her time for the remainder of 1983.

1985–1986
In October 1985, Biddle deployed for the Mediterranean with the  battle group. In November as planned, she detached from the Coral Sea battle group and joined the aircraft carrier  for a transit through the Suez Canal into the Indian Ocean for the bulk of operations in the North Arabian Sea. The battle group crossed the equator on 10 December 1985 and participating crewmembers became "Shellbacks." During a port visit in early January 1986 at Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory, the battle group was informed that they needed to get underway on very short notice. Included with replenishment supplies was a videotape of President Reagan's address to the nation blaming Libyan President Muammar al-Gaddafi for connections with Christmas Day airport bombings in Europe. Both Saratoga and Coral Sea were integrated into one carrier battle group.

Three patrols near the "Line of Death" marked in the Gulf of Sidra were largely unremarkable. The fourth patrol resulted in three Libyan patrol boats being attacked and sunk. Just prior, the aircraft carrier  joined the now 3 carrier battle group, with RADM Jeremy "Mike" Boorda commanding the group. Biddle had an opportunity to fire a Harpoon missile, but due to the proximity of other American ships, no attempt was made. For this action against Libya, the battle group was awarded the Navy Unit Commendation. For the most part, Biddle was far from action, instead being primary picket ship for Coral Sea.

Saratoga detached and was replaced by . Coral Sea and her escorts were enjoying what was to be her last port visit prior to leaving the Mediterranean. As the ships left port, it was quickly noticed that the ships were heading in the wrong direction. The 5th patrol off Libya now included Operation El Dorado Canyon, the aerial attacks on Tripoli and terrorist camps near Benghazi. Participating units were awarded the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal. There was an uneventful 6th patrol. Biddle arrived home to much fanfare at Norfolk, Virginia on Armed Forces Day, May 1986. For the entire period, Biddle and other participating units were awarded the Navy Expeditionary Medal. Since most of the crew earned two different expeditionary medals, they were forced to choose which one to accept.

1986–1988
In July, Biddle made her way to the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard for overhaul. In addition, she would be the first ship to be converted to the New Threat Upgrade, a package to add new weapons technology to older guided missile destroyers and guided missile cruisers. The centerpiece would be the added capability of the Standard Missile 2 – Extended Range system, which added a solid rocket booster to the Medium Range missile and extending maximum range from about  to over . Other radar, sonar and electronics upgrades were installed. Most notably, the forward superstructure was changed to accommodate many of the improvements, also changing the look of the ship. During the second half of 1987 and the first half of 1988, Biddle made numerous trips off Wallops Island, Virginia and the Caribbean to test the new technology, accomplishing many firsts along the way.

Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm

USS Biddle was deployed to the Middle East in September 1990 as part of Operation Desert Shield, where she joined the  battle group at the Red Sea. On 12 September she diverted the first merchant ship of the operation. By 4 December, she had made a total of 27 boardings and four diversions, when on that date she suffered a major maneuver casualty when inexplicably her rudder broke off her rudder post and sank to the bottom of the Red Sea.  The US Navy flew a replacement rudder, via USAF C-5B aircraft to Toulon, France, where repairs were effected at the French Naval Shipyard. After spending Christmas at Toulon, France, Biddle rejoined the operations, this time to provide antiaircraft support for the two US battle groups on station in the northern Red Sea. By the beginning of Desert Storm the cruiser had boarded 30 freighters. At the end of hostilities, Biddle made another six boardings, and was the only warship to seize a merchant in the war. She left the Red Sea with the highest percentage of diversions of any coalition vessel, with 22.2 percent of her boardings ending with diversions for further inspection.

Fate

The cruiser was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 30 November 1993 and sold for scrap to Metro Marine Corporation of Philadelphia on 4 December 2000.

Notes

References

External links

 The Biddle website Has contact information for former crew members; lots of photos; information on crew reunions; etc.

 James A. Treadway's website has the text for Hard Charger and some other information.

Belknap-class cruisers
Cold War cruisers of the United States
Ships built in Bath, Maine
1965 ships

USS Biddle (CG-34)


Lago Jurong (en chino: 裕廊湖; en inglés: Jurong Lake; en malayo: Tasik Jurong; en tamil: ஜூரோங் ஏரி) es un lago de agua dulce y un reservorio de 70 hectáreas ubicado en la región occidental del país asiático de Singapur. Se formó con la construcción de represas en Sungei Jurong aguas abajo. El lago sirve como un reservorio de agua que contribuye al suministro del país. Se encuentra junto a una estación de metro. El lago está rodeado por zonas verdes, que sirven como lugar de recreo para los residentes de la zona oriental y otras partes de la ciudad estado.

Véase también
 Geografía de Singapur
 Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Mapa de localización

Lagos de Singapur

Lago Jurong


Ihlamuraltı Mesiresi, Beşiktaş'ta bulunan bir mesire yeriydi. Batısında Teşvikiye-Nişantaşı sırtları, doğuda Balmumcu-Yıldız sırtları, kuzeyde Gayrettepe-Mecidiyeköy yamaçları arasında kalan vadidir. Günümüzde, Ihlamur Kasrı ve içinde bulunduğu bahçe hariç dört bir yanı blok apartmanlar ve sitelerle dolmuş olan bu vadinin kuzey kesimine, buradaki çiçek bahçelerinden dolayı eskiden "Fulya Deresi" adı verilirdi. Bugün derelerden, çeşmelerden, yeşilliklerden ve çiçek bahçelerinden eser kalmamış olan bu alanda, beton bloklardan oluşan siteler bulunmakta, semt ise, eski adıyla "Fulya" diye anılmaktadır.

Beşiktaş coğrafyası
Osmanlı döneminde İstanbul
Beşiktaş tarihi

Ihlamuraltı Mesiresi


Wilson Cruz (born Wilson Echevarría; December 27, 1973) is an American actor known for playing Rickie Vasquez on My So-Called Life, Dr. Hugh Culber on Star Trek: Discovery, and the recurring character Junito on Noah's Arc. As a gay man of Afro-Puerto Rican ancestry, he has served as an advocate for gay youth, especially gay minorities.

Early life
Cruz was born in Brooklyn, New York, to parents born in Puerto Rico. His family eventually moved to Rialto, California, where he attended Eisenhower High School, graduating in 1991. At age 19, Cruz came out to his parents as gay, first to his mother and then to his father. While his mother was initially hurt and shocked, she eventually accepted the news. His father, however, threw him out of the house, and Cruz spent the next few months living in his car and at the homes of friends. He later reconciled with his father.

Career
Cruz went to Hollywood to seek work as an actor, intending to be open about his sexuality from the beginning of his career. In 1994 he was cast as Enrique "Rickie" Vasquez, a troubled, gay teen, in the short-lived, critically acclaimed cult classic TV series My So-Called Life. This made Cruz the first openly gay actor to play an openly gay character in a leading role in an American television series.

Following My So-Called Life'''s cancellation, Cruz went on to play J. Edgar Hoover's servant Joaquin in Oliver Stone's film Nixon and had a small role in the television movie On Seventh Avenue. In 1996, he appeared with David Arquette as Mikey in Johns, about the day-to-day struggles of male prostitutes. In 2000, he played Victor in the final season of Party of Five. He also had a recurring role as Rafael de la Cruz on the series, Raising the Bar.

Cruz's other acting credits include the films Joyride (1996), All Over Me (1997), Supernova (2000), Party Monster (2003), Margaret Cho's Bam Bam and Celeste (2005), Coffee Date (2007), and He's Just Not That Into You (2009); the television film The Perfect Pitch (2002); and guest appearances on the series Great Scott!, Sister, Sister, ER, Ally McBeal, The West Wing, Noah's Arc, and Grey's Anatomy. Cruz starred as Adrian in the film The Ode (2007), based on the novel Ode to Lata by Ghalib Shiraz Dhalla.

He also appeared/starred in the 2009 movie The People I've Slept With. He plays the openly gay best friend of a promiscuous woman who tries to find out who got her pregnant so that she can get married.

Since 2017, Cruz has portrayed Dr. Hugh Culber on the science fiction series Star Trek: Discovery.

Since 2020, Cruz has been a recurring guest on 25 Words or Less.

In 2023, Cruz became the new chair of the board of directors for GLSEN.

Personal life

Cruz works with and advocates on behalf of LGBT youth, especially youth of color. He has volunteered his time as host for the Youth Zone, an online community at Gay.com for LGBT youth. He was the Grand Marshal of the 1998 West Hollywood Gay Pride parade, the 2005 Chicago Pride Parade and the 2019 Fierté Montréal Pride Parade in Québec. In 2008, he was the keynote speaker at the University of Illinois at Chicago's Lavender Graduation and Rainbow Banquet honoring graduating LGBT students.

Cruz joined the board of directors of GLAAD in 1997 in order to assist the organization through a leadership transition, and joined the staff of GLAAD in 2012 as a National Spokesperson and Strategic Giving Officer.

Cruz's maternal stepaunt Brenda Lee Marquez McCool was among the 49 victims killed in the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting; Cruz stated that she was killed while protecting her son Isaiah, who survived, the gunfire.

In 2020, Wilson was honored on one of the covers of Out'' magazine's annual Out100 issue, saying Wilson "beautifully weaves his activism inside every aspect of his work".

Filmography and stage

Television

Film

Stage

See also

 List of Puerto Ricans

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
American male film actors
American actors of Puerto Rican descent
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American gay actors
LGBT people from New York (state)
American LGBT rights activists
LGBT actors
Male actors from Brooklyn
People from Rialto, California
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Activists from California
Activists from New York (state)
LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people
People of Afro–Puerto Rican descent
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
Eisenhower High School (Rialto, California) alumni

Wilson Cruz


Phra Khanong est l'un des 50 khets divisant la ville de Bangkok, capitale de la Thaïlande. Ce quartier allie de puissants souvenirs des temps anciens (khlongs, temples, vieilles maisons en bois et légende de Mae Nak) et la modernité du métro aérien de Bangkok (le sky train), des condominiums et des gratte-ciel futuristes.

Histoire
Le mot khanong vient du khmer et signifierait "douane". Ce nom aurait été donné à cette région il y a plus de 1000 ans, à l'époque où le vaste empire Khmer d'Angkor dominait une large partie de la péninsule indochinoise incluant entre autres la vallée de la Chao Phraya.

À l'origine, Phra Khanong désignait un territoire beaucoup plus vaste : cette zone englobait le quartier (khet) de Phra Khanong mais aussi les cinq quartiers actuels de Khlong Toei, Watthana, Suan Luang, Prawet et Bang Na.

Points d'intérêt
 Le temple Wat Mahabut, le sanctuaire de la célèbre femme fantôme Mae Nak et le khlong Phra Khanong : selon la légende, l'esprit tourmenté de Mae Nak fut exorcisé par le bonze vénérable du Wat Mahabut, placé dans une urne puis jeté dans cette partie du canal Phra Khanong ;
 La cathédrale orthodoxe de St. Nicholas ;
 Le centre des Sciences et de l'Éducation et ses cinq bâtiments principaux : l'aquarium et le musée consacré à la vie sous-marine ; le planétarium et le musée de l'astronomie ; le bâtiment des sciences ; l'exposition permanente sur l'environnement ; le Centre de santé et du Sport ;
 La raffinerie de Bang Chak...

Galerie

Notes et références
Le quartier de Phra Khanong et son canal (khlong) sont connus dans toute la Thaïlande car c'est là qu'aurait vécu la célèbre Nang / Mae Nak. La vieille histoire de fantôme thaï de Mae Nak date de l'époque du roi Rama V (1851-1868) et elle est très populaire en Thaïlande.

La légende de Nang Nak a en effet été adaptée 25 fois au cinéma, 7 fois à la télévision, une dizaine de fois comme feuilleton à la radio et 5 fois au théâtre, dont une comédie musicale et un opéra de S.P. Somtow, ceci sans compter une version en bandes dessinées et plusieurs dessins animés : et, de plus, les films Nang Nak (1999) et Pee Mak (2013) font partie des plus grands succès au box-office de l'histoire du cinéma thaïlandais.

Liens externes

Khet de Bangkok

Phra Khanong


Belarus is an Eastern European country with a rich tradition of folk and religious music. The country's folk music traditions can be traced back to the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The country's musical traditions spread with its people to countries like Russia, Canada, United States, Kazakhstan and Latvia. The people of Belarus were exposed mostly to Russian pop music during this period and also after independence in 1991. In 2002, however, President Alexander Lukashenko has signed a decree requiring 50% of all FM broadcast music to be Belarusian in origin, and since 1 January 2005 the rule has been even stricter (75% of music broadcast each day must be Belarusian). However, it does not regulate the language of the songs, so most of the  music which is broadcast is still in Russian.

Documentation of its music stretches back to at least the 15th century. Prior to that, skomorokhs were the major profession for musicians. A neumatic chant, called znamenny, from the word 'znamia', meaning sign or neume, used until the 16th century in Orthodox church music, followed by two hundreds of stylistic innovation that drew on the Renaissance and Protestant Reformation. In the 17th century, Partesnoe penie, part singing, became common for choruses, followed by private theaters established in cities like Minsk and Vitebsk.

Music of Soviet Belarus

In the 20th century, the first secondary education institute in Belarus was founded (1924) and the first operas. Popular Soviet Belarusian music was composed by several bands, many of whom performed Belarusian folk music. Folk rock act Pesniary, formed in 1969 by guitarist Vladimir Mulyavin,  toured over Europe.

Modern Belarus

Belarus gained independence after the fall of the Soviet Union and new bands appeared, including N.R.M. Modern pop stars include Boris Moiseev and Lyapis Trubetskoy (though they tend to orient themselves toward Russia and Russian speakers). Around 2002 a new generation of electronic bands appeared, including the groups like Randomajestiq, Dreamlin.

Rock music of Belarus arose in Perestroika times. Bands like Bi-2 (currently living in Russia), Lyapis Trubetskoy, were founded in the late 1980s or early 1990s. The Belarusian government has attempted to limit the amount of popular music aired on the radio, in favour of traditional music of Belarus. These restrictions have encouraged some Belarusian bands to sign up to Russian labels and to tour more in neighbouring countries.

The tradition of Belarus as a centre of folk and folk rock music is continued today by Stary Olsa,  Bristeil and Kriwi, among others.

In 2003, Belarus took part in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest for the first time. Their participant, Volha Satsiuk, came in 4th place. In 2004 Belarus made it to the semifinals of the regular Eurovision Song Contest. The country was represented by a duo Aleksandra and Konstantin, who failed to reach the final. They won the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005 the following year, with Ksenia Sitnik's song, 'My Vmeste'.

The Belarusian authorities promote folk or "Slavic" music at the country's top musical event—the state-sponsored Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk, an annual pop and folk music festival in Vitebsk. The biggest festival of Belarusian rock music takes place outside of Belarus, in Gródek, northeastern Poland, a small town some 40 kilometers east of Białystok—the center of Podlaskie Voivodeship, which is inhabited by a 200,000-strong Belarusian minority. The festival, held in July every year since 1990, is organized by the Belarusian Union of Students (BAS) in Poland. The official name of the event is the Music Festival of Young Belarus or Basovišča.

Patriotic songs and hymns
 Vajacki marš
 Mahutny Boža
 Pahonia (song)

References

External links

 Belarusian Music Links
 Basoviszcza Rock Fest — the Belarusian Woodstock

Music of Belarus


محافظة فارميا-مازوريا (بالبولندية:województwo warmińsko-mazurskie) هي واحدة من 16 محافظة التي تتكون منها جمهورية بولندا ، وفقا للتقسيم الإداري لعام 1998.

أعلام
 إريك كوش

مراجع

دول وأقاليم أسست في 1999
محافظات بولندا

محافظة فارميا-مازوريا


The First Baptist Church of Jacksonville is a Baptist megachurch in Downtown Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.. It is affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention. As of 2023, First Baptist Church has 2,100 members and an average attendance of around 3,000 for Sunday services. The main Downtown Campus comprises several square blocks of property connected by above-ground crosswalks. The campus includes several auditoriums for services, a Sunday school building, and facilities for First Baptist Academy, a private K-12 school.

First Baptist Church has its origins in the oldest Baptist congregation in Jacksonville, Bethel Baptist Church, established in 1838. The church experienced a period of considerable growth in the mid-20th century, eventually encompassing eleven square blocks of downtown Jacksonville. Several former pastors, including Homer G. Lindsay Jr. and Jerry Vines, were widely influential in the Southern Baptist Convention, leading it in both growth and a shift towards conservatism.

History

Early years
First Baptist Church traces its origins to Bethel Baptist Church (now Bethel Baptist Institutional Church), the earliest Baptist church to be founded in Jacksonville. Bethel Baptist was established under co-pastors James McDonald and Ryan Frier in July 1838 with only six charter members, four whites and two blacks, the latter of whom were slaves of white members. Membership quickly grew, with most early congregants being black slaves who received day passes from their masters to attend. The first meetings were held at "Mother Sam's", a local plantation, and in 1861 a permanent meeting hall was erected in Downtown Jacksonville at Church and Julia Streets. The Bethel Baptist Church remained interracial until after the American Civil War, at which point the decision was made to segregate the congregation by race. White members attempted to force out the blacks, and took their case to court. However, the court found in favor of the blacks, who were in the majority, determining that they were the rightful owners of the Bethel Baptist name and property. As a result the whites left the congregation, forming Tabernacle Baptist Church, which was eventually renamed First Baptist Church.

In 1866, Tabernacle Baptist Church purchased the Church Street property from Bethel Baptist Church, as was required by the court. The church went through a number of changes over the next years, and in 1892 it moved to its current location between Church and Hogan Streets, adopting the name First Baptist Church. W.A. Hobson became pastor in May 1900 who served for 23 years. The building was entirely destroyed in the Great Fire of 1901, which ravaged downtown Jacksonville. In 1903, the foundation was laid for a new building, which was completed within a year. This building, now known as Hobson Auditorium, still serves as part of the larger First Baptist complex. Len G. Broughton served as the next pastor of the church from 1923 to 1927.

20th century to present
The church did not fare well in the early 20th century. By 1940, First Baptist had accumulated a debt of $125,000 and saw its educational building repossessed by its creditors. That year, the church hired Homer Lindsay Sr. as their senior pastor. Under his leadership the church reversed its fortunes, and within a few years it paid off its debt, acquired a new education building, and grew its congregation. In 1969 First Baptist hired Lindsay's son, Homer G. Lindsay Jr., as co-pastor; he took over sole pastoral duties upon his father's retirement in 1975. Under Lindsay Jr. the church experienced even faster growth, emerging as a megachurch with thousands of members and many new buildings, including a new 3,500-seat auditorium.

Jerry Vines joined Lindsay as co-pastor in 1982. First Baptist grew even further, becoming a major power in the Southern Baptist Convention and adding a 10,000-seat auditorium in 1993. Vines became a key leader in the growing Convention and was a major figure in its shift toward strict conservatism. Vines and First Baptist Church received national attention in June 2002 for Vines' controversial statements regarding Islam. Lindsay died in 2000 and Vines retired in 2006; Mac Brunson was hired as senior pastor that year. Recent developments include the establishment of First Baptist Academy and of a satellite campus of the church in neighboring St. Johns County. Heath Lambert is the current senior pastor.

In 2012, Bethel Baptist Church and First Baptist had a joint service, celebrating their 160th anniversary. A second campus was established in Nocatee, Florida First Baptist Church's attendance and influence has been declining for the past 20 years.

See also

List of the largest churches in the U.S.

Notes

References

External links
First Baptist Church of Jacksonville official website
Bethel Baptist Church official website
50 Most Influential Churches - FBC Jax #19

Baptist churches in Florida
Churches in Jacksonville, Florida
Southern Baptist Convention churches
History of Jacksonville, Florida
Evangelical megachurches in the United States
Megachurches in Florida
Religious organizations established in 1838
1838 establishments in Florida Territory

First Baptist Church of Jacksonville


Baron Brassey of Apethorpe, of Apethorpe in the County of Northampton, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1938 for Sir Henry Brassey, 1st Baronet, who had previously represented Northamptonshire Northern and Peterborough in the House of Commons as a Conservative. He had already been created a Baronet, of Apethorpe in the County of Northampton, in 1922. Brassey was the second but eldest surviving son of Henry Brassey, third son of Thomas Brassey, and the nephew of Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey, and Albert Brassey.  the titles are held by his great-grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2015.

The family seat is The Manor House, Apethorpe, Northamptonshire

Barons Brassey of Apethorpe (1938)

  Henry Leonard Campbell Brassey, 1st Baron Brassey of Apethorpe (1870–1958)
  Bernard Thomas Brassey, 2nd Baron Brassey of Apethorpe (1905–1967)
  David Henry Brassey, 3rd Baron Brassey of Apethorpe (1932–2015)
 Edward Brassey, 4th Baron Brassey of Apethorpe (b. 1964) (current)
  Hon. Christian Brassey,  heir apparent (b. 2003)

See also
Earl Brassey

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1938
Noble titles created for UK MPs
Brassey family

Baron Brassey of Apethorpe


Prins Vilhelm af Schaumburg-Lippe () (født 19. august 1939) er en prins af tysk og dansk afstamning.

Han er overhoved for Náchod-linjen af fyrstehuset Schaumburg-Lippe.

Han er i familie med de danske konger, med hertugerne af Glücksborg og med landgreverne af Hessen-Kassel.

Forældre
Prins Vilhelm er søn af Prins Christian af Schaumburg-Lippe og Prinsesse Feodora af Danmark.

Han er to gange grandfætter til Dronning Margrethe 2., og han tilhører den danske kongeslægt.

Familie
Prins Vilhelm er gift med Ilona Hentschel, baronesse von Gelgenheimb.

De har to børn:
 Prins Christian af Schaumburg-Lippe (født 1971)
 Prinsesse Desirée af Schaumburg-Lippe

Britisk, men ikke dansk arveret
Gennem dronning Louise af Damark-Norge (1724 – 1751) er prins Vilhelm er en fjern efterkommer af Georg 2. af Storbritannien. Derfor har han (en teoretisk) arveret til den britiske trone.

Selv om han er dobbelt oldesøn af Frederik 8. af Danmark både gennem sin farmor Prinsesse Louise af Danmark og sin mor Prinsesse Feodora, så har han ikke arveret til den danske trone.

På Frederik 8.s tid havde kvinder ikke arveret til tronen. I 1953 blev kvinder, der nedstammer fra Christian 10., optaget i arvefølgen.

References

Litteratur

Huset Schaumburg-Lippe-Náchod

Prins Wilhelm af Schaumburg-Lippe (født 1939)


Comunicarea nonverbală (CNV) între oameni este comunicarea prin trimiterea și primirea de indicii nonverbale.

Aceasta include utilizarea de indicii vizuale, cum ar fi limbajul corpului (kinezică), postura fizică (proxemică), tonalitatea vocii (paralimbaj) și contactul fizic (haptică). Acesta poate include, de asemenea, cronemica (folosirea timpului) și oculezica (contactul vizual și acțiunea de a privi în timpul vorbirii și ascultării, frecvența privirii, modele de fixare vizuală, dilatarea pupilei și ritmul clipirii).

Așa cum discursul conține elemente nonverbale cunoscute sub numele de paralimbaj, cum ar fi calitatea vocii, ritmul, tonalitatea, volumul și stilul vorbirii, precum și caracteristici prozodice, cum ar fi ritm, intonație și accent, tot așa și textele scrise au elemente nonverbale cum ar fi stilul de scriere de mână, dispunerea spațială a cuvintelor sau aspectul fizic al unei pagini. Cu toate acestea, o mare parte din studiul comunicării nonverbale s-a concentrat pe interacțiunea dintre indivizi, putând fi clasificat în trei domenii principale de analiză: condițiile de mediu în care are loc comunicarea, caracteristicile fizice ale comunicatorilor și comportamentele comunicatorilor în timpul interacțiunii.

Comunicarea nonverbală implică procese de codare și decodare conștiente și inconștiente. Codarea reprezintă activitatea de generare de informații prin expresii faciale, gesturi și posturi ale corpului. Informațiile codate folosesc semnale care ar putea fi considerate ca universale. Decodarea reprezintă interpretarea informațiilor din senzațiile transmise de comunicator. Informațiile decodate utilizează cunoașterea pe care o poate avea cineva cu privire la senzațiile primite. De exemplu ridicare a două degete în sus îl poate face pe decodificator să înțeleagă din experiențele anterioare că aceasta înseamnă cifra doi.

Doar un mic procent din creier procesează comunicarea verbală. În copilărie, comunicarea nonverbală este învățată din comunicarea social-emoțională, iar gesturile faciale sunt un canal principal de comunicare spre deosebire de voce. Pe măsură ce copiii devin comunicatori verbali, ei încep să se uite mai mult subconștient la expresiile faciale, tonurile vocale și la alte elemente nonverbale.[necesită citare]
Articole care necesită citări suplimentare

Cultura joacă un rol important în comunicarea nonverbală și reprezintă un aspect care ajută la înțelegerea modului în care sunt organizate activitățile de învățare. În multe comunități americane indigene este pus, de exemplu, de multe ori un accent pe comunicarea nonverbală, care constituie un mijloc important prin care copiii învață. În acest sens, procesul de învățare nu este dependent de comunicarea verbală; mai degrabă, comunicarea nonverbală servește ca un mijloc primar nu numai pentru organizarea de interacțiuni interpersonale, dar și pentru transmiterea valorilor culturale, iar copiii învață cum să participe la acest sistem încă de la o vârstă fragedă.

Note de subsol

Referințe

Legături externe
 "Credibility, Respect, and Power: Sending the Right Nonverbal Signals" by Debra Stein
 Online Nonverbal Library with more than 500 free available articles on this topic.
 The Nonverbal Dictionary of Gestures, Signs & Body Language Cues by David B. Givens
 "Psychology Today Nonverbal Communication Blog posts" by Joe Navarro
 "NVC Portal - A useful portal providing information on Nonverbal Communication"
 "Breaking Trail Online: Using Body Language When Traveling" by Hank Martin

Comunicare nonverbală

Comunicare nonverbală


(3 Aralık 1902, Nara - 30 Mayıs, 1976, Kashiwara, Osaka), Japon İmparatorluk Donanması hava Hizmetlerinde yüzbaşıydı ve II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında ve öncesinde pilottu .

7 Aralık 1941 tarihinde Pearl Harbor Saldırısı sırasında ilk saldırı dalgasının başındaki kumandan pilottu. Oramiral Chuichi Nagumo komutasındaki filonun hava saldırısı kısmında sorumluydu ve uçakların formasyon lideriydi. Pearl Harbor saldırısında ve Darwin bombardımanında baş pilot ve hava kumandanıydı. Pearl Harbor'a düzenlenen hava saldırısında Japon İmparatorluk Donanması 1. Hava Filosunu koordine ediyordu.

II. Dünya Savaşının Japonyanın yenilgisiyle sonuçlanmasından sonra Hristiyan oldu ve  hayatının sonuna kadar protestan olarak yaşadı.

Fuchida Eta-Jima'daki Japon Donanma Akademisinden mezun oldu. Japonya'nın en yetenekli pilotlarından birisi olarak kabul edilmişti ve 1930'ların sonlarındaki Çin üzerinde yapılan çatışmalarda savaş deneyimini geliştirdi.

İlk zamanları
Mitsuo Fuchida Japonyada, Nara bölgesinde doğdu. 1921 yılında Eta-Jima'daki Donanma Akademisine girdi ve sınıf arkadaşı Minoru Genda ile sıkı dost olarak uçaklarla uçma ilgisini keşfetti. Yatay bombalamada uzmanlaştı ve cesaret kazanarak öğretmenlik yapmaya başladı. Çin üzerinde yapılan çatışmalarda savaş deneyimini geliştirdi ve Japonya'nın en iyi pilotlarından birisi kabul edildi. Teğmen-Kumandan rütbesini kazanarak Donanma Kurmay Kolejine kabul edildi. Uçak gemisi Akagi Uçak gemisi'ne 1939 yılında uçuş kumandanı olarak katıldı ve burada 3.000 uçuş saati deneyime sahip oldu.

II. Dünya Savaşı görevleri
7 Aralık 1941 tarihinde Amiral Chuichi Nagumo kumandasındaki Japon saldırı kuvvetleri 423 uçak, altı uçak gemisi ile birlikte saldırmak üzereydi. Saat altı sularında ilk saldırı dalgası, 183 Japon uçağı uçak gemilerinden kalktı ve 230 mill kuzeydeki Oahu'da Birleşik Devletler Pasifik Filosunun konuşlandığı Pearl Harbor'a yöneldi.

06:20 de, hava grubuna kumanda eden Fuchida adanın doğu kıyılarına yöneldi, sonrasında batıya döndü ve güney kıyıları boyunca uçarak Honolulu şehrini geçti. Adaya yaklaşının radarlar tarafından tespit edilmediğine inanıyordu fakat tespit edilmişti. İki asker durumu komuta subaylarına iletmişlerdi ama komuta subayı bunu Kaliforniya'dan gelen bombardıman uçakları olduğunu düşünerek göz ardı etti.

Bu sırada Fuchida emrindeki uçaklara "Tenkai" (saldırı pozisyonu al) emrini vermişti. Pearl Harbordaki sakin durumu gören Fuchida Nakajima B5N Tip 2 Model 3 torpido bombardıman uçağının kanopisini açarak işaret tabancasından yeşil işaret atarak saldırı sinyalini verdi.

07:49'da Fuchida radyo operatörü 1.Sınıf er Norinobu Mizuki'ye kodlu işaret "To, To, To"(Totsugeskiseyo, saldır) emrini uçaklarına iletmesini söyledi. Fuchida'nın pilotlarından Teğmen Mütsou Matsuzaki B5N'iyle Barber Noktası etrafını süpürerek kılavuzluk etti.

07:53'te Fuchida Mizuki'ye  Uçak gemisi Akagi'ye "Tora! Tora! Tora! kodunu (虎 tora Japonca "kaplan" anlamındadır ama burada "To" Japonca 突撃 totsugeki -saldır, hücum- kelimesini, "ra" ise 雷撃 raigeki -torpido saldırısı- anlamında kullanılmıştır) iletmesini söyledi. Üç kelimeli mesaj saldırısı sırasında tam bir sürpriz sağlandığını ima ediyordu.

İlk Japon saldırı dalgası 51 adet D3A pike bombardıman uçağı, 40 adet B5N torpido bombardıman uçağı, yüksek kademe saldırı için bomba taşıyan 50 adet B5N  ve 43 adet A6M avcı uçağından oluşuyordu

Birinci dalga saldırıyı tamamlayıp uçak gemilerine dönerken, Fuchida hedef üzerinde kalarak ikinci dalga için değerlendirme yaptı. Uçak gemisine ancak ikinci dalga saldırısını başarıyla tamamladıktan sonra döndü.

Pearl Harbor dönüşü sonrası, Fuchida B5N'indeki 20 büyük uçaksavar deliğini ve kontrol kablolarında ciddi hasarı tespit etti. Dindar bir kişi olmasa bile bu olay kendisini koruyan bir şeye inanmasına neden oldu. Birleşik Devletlere yapılan bu başarılı saldırı Fuchida'nın tüm Japonyada ulusal bir kahraman olmasını sağladı ve İmparator Hirohito'nun huzuruna çıkarıldı.

19 Şubat 1942 tarihinde Fuchida, Darwin saldırısının yıkıcı iki hava dalgasından ilkine komuta etti.

Haziran ayında, Fuchida, Midway Savaşında Akagi Amerikan bombardımanında isabet aldığı zaman yangına müdahale ederken merdivenden düşerek her iki bileğini kırarak  yaralandı. Savaşın geri kalanını kurmay subay olarak geçirdi.

Fuchida bir haftalık askeri bir konferansta iken Donanma Genel Karargahından Tokyo'ya geri dönmesini istemeden hemen önce, Atom bombası Hiroşima'ya atılmadan bir gün önce orada bulunduğunu yazmıştır.

Savaş sonrası faaliyetleri

Savaştan sonra 1949 yılında ABD Hava Kuvvetlerinde ünlü Doolittle akıncıları grubundan bir subay olan misyoner Jake DeShazer ile karşılaştı ve hristiyanlığa geçti. 1951 yılında Masatake Okumiya (奥宮正武) ile birlikte Midway Savaşını Japon tarafından anlatan hesaplaşması yayınlandı. 1952 yılında kendisi hristiyan misyoneri oldu ve Birleşik Devletlerde Dünyaçağında Hristiyan Gökyüzü Pilotları Misyonerleri'nin bir üyesi olarak tura çıktı. Hayatının geri kalanını misyoner olarak tamamladı.

Fuchida Osaka yakınlarındaki Kashiwara'da 30 Mayıs 1976 yılında diyabetten dolayı öldü.

Notlar

Kaynakça
 www.militaryhistoryonline.com
 İngilizce vikipedi Mitsuo Fuchida maddesi

1902 doğumlular
Nara ili doğumlular
1976 yılında ölenler
Japon İmparatorluğu'nun deniz subayları
II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Japon İmparatorluğu'nun pilotları
Protestanlık dini kişilikleri
Protestanlığa dönenler
Pearl Harbor Saldırısı

Mitsuo Fuchida


Felch may mean:

 Alpheus Felch (1804–1896), Governor and U.S. Senator from Michigan
 Felch Township, Michigan, named in honor of Alpheus Felch

See also
Felchville (disambiguation)
 Fletch (disambiguation)

Felch


The Shadow of Kyoshi ou Chronicles of the Avatar Book 2 é um romance publicado em 2020 pelo autor F.C. Yee em colaboração com Michael Dante DiMartino (co-criador da série Avatar: A Lenda de Aang e A Lenda de Korra). O livro continua a história da Avatar Kyoshi depois dos eventos de The Rise of Kyoshi, agora com a personagem assumida oficialmente como a reencarnação do antigo Avatar Kuruk.

É o segundo livro da série agora chamada de Chronicles of the Avatar.

Sinopse
O lugar de Kyoshi como o legítimo Avatar foi reconhecido, mas por um alto preço. Sem os seus antigos mentores, a Avatar a Terra viaja pelas Quatro Nações, lutando para manter a paz. Mas enquanto sua reputação cresce, uma sinistra ameaça vinda do Mundo Espiritual surge junto com enormes desafios na Nação do Fogo, e Kyoshi, Rangi e seus aliados devem juntar forças antes que as Quatro Nações sejam destruídas irreparavelmente.

Personagens

 Kyoshi
 Rangi do clã Sei'Naka
 Yun
 Hei-Ran do clã Sei'Naka
 Jinpa
 Atuat
 Senhor do Fogo Zoryu
 Father Glowworm
 Chaejin
 Kuruk

Recepção
Crítica

O site Insider disse que o livro é "...cheio de detalhes de wordlbuilding que o tornam uma leitura gratificante para os fãs da série Avatar e para recém-chegados", referindo-se a seu "pesado conflito político tão emocionante quanto as sequências de ação" da série e seus "momentos intensos e cruciais tornando-o uma leitura angustiante, trazendo uma ressonância emocional e uma vibração que cortam as páginas". Screen Rant elogiou F.C. Yee pelo "final muito mais sobrio e trágico do que qualquer coisa que a franquia Avatar: The Last Airbender já viu antes", expressando interesse por uma possível futura adaptação televisiva da série.

Recepção do público

O livro tem um avaliação de 4,9 de 5 estrelas no site da Amazon, feita por 4.708 classificações globais e sem nenhuma avaliação abaixo de 3 estrelas. É também um best-seller da New York Times.

Avatar: The Last Airbender
Romances LGBT
Romances de fantasia dos Estados Unidos
Livros infantojuvenis dos Estados Unidos
Livros baseados em Avatar: The Last Airbender

Avatar, the Last Airbender: The Shadow of Kyoshi


Sir Frank Merry Stenton, FBA (17 May 1880 – 15 September 1967) was an English historian of Anglo-Saxon England, a professor of history at the University of Reading (1926–1946), president of the Royal Historical Society (1937–1945), Reading University's vice-chancellor (1946–1950).

Life

The son of Henry Stenton of Southwell, Nottinghamshire, he was educated at Keble College, Oxford, and was elected an Honorary Fellow in 1947.

With Allen Mawer, Stenton wrote the second English Place-Name Society volume, The Place-Names of Buckinghamshire, published in 1925. He delivered the Ford Lectures at Oxford University in 1929. He went on to write Anglo-Saxon England, a volume of the Oxford History of England, first published in 1943 and widely considered a classic history of the period.

Stenton was a professor of history at the University of Reading (1926 – 1946), and subsequently the university's vice-chancellor (1946–1950). During his period as vice-chancellor at Reading, he presided over the university's purchase of Whiteknights Park, creating the new campus that allowed for the expansion of the university in later decades. In November 2008, it was announced that a new hall of residence to be constructed on that campus would be named Stenton Hall, in his honour. The annual Stenton Lecture, given by an eminent historian, was inaugurated at Reading University in 1967.

He was knighted in the 1948 New Year Honours, and received the accolade from King George VI at Buckingham Palace on 10 February 1948.

His wife, Doris Mary Stenton, wrote a preface to the third edition of Anglo-Saxon England, published after his death, and edited Preparatory to Anglo-Saxon England: Being the Collected Papers of Frank Merry Stenton, published in 1970. She was an historian in her own right, producing English Society in the Early Middle Ages for the Pelican History of England, and The English Woman in History (1957).

Stenton's papers, together with those of his wife Doris, Lady Stenton, their library and his coin collection are part of the special collections at Reading University.

Publications
Stenton's major publications were The First Century of English Feudalism, 1066–1166 (1932) and Anglo-Saxon England (1943). Other publications include:

 "The Danes in England". History, 5 (1920): 173–177. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-229X.1920.tb01326.x
 Types of Manorial Structure in the Northern Danelaw
 Documents illustrative of the social and economic history of the Danelaw, from various collections (1920)

References

External links

 Stenton Papers
 Stenton Library
 Stenton Coin Collection
 Audio recording of Stenton's 1958 lecture "The Anglo-Saxon Coinage and Historians" to the British Numismatic Society

1880 births
1967 deaths
20th-century English historians
Academics of the University of Reading
Alumni of Keble College, Oxford
Anglo-Saxon studies scholars
British medievalists
Knights Bachelor
Presidents of the Royal Historical Society
Toponymists
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Reading
Contributors to the Victoria County History
Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America

Frank Stenton


Drňa este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Rimavská Sobota din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 206 locuitori. Se învecinează cu , , Hangony,  și Širkovce.

Istoric
Localitatea Drňa este atestată documentar din 1246.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Drňa


Curkuşlar, Sinop ilinin Boyabat ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Çunguşlar olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 100 km, Boyabat ilçe merkezine 16 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Boyabat belde ve köyleri

Curkuşlar


Ölü gömme töresi ya da cenaze töresi, bir ölünün gömülmesi sırasında uygulanan törelere denir. Ölüm, toplumsal yaşamda her zaman önemli bir olay sayılmıştır. Tarihin her döneminde ölü için çeşitli geleneklere ve törelere uyularak törenler yapılmıştır. Bu törenler, toplumların dinsel ve kültürel özelliklerine bağlı olarak büyük bir çeşitlilik gösterir.
Çeşitli dinlerde ölümün bir son olmadığı, ruhun ölümden sonra öteki dünyada da varlığını sürdüreceği inancı vardır. Bu, genel olarak reenkarnasyon olarak adlandırılır. Bazı kültürlerde ölülerin yaşayanları etkileme gücüne sahip olduğu inancı yaygındır. Bu nedenle ölü törenlerinin kusursuz ve geleneğe uygun olmasına özen gösterirler. Ama, bu törenlerin tümü sonuç olarak ölünün gömülecek, yakılacak ya da saklanacak bedeniyle ilgilidir.

Bazı inançlarda ölü gömülür, bazılarında ise yakılır. Hinduizm, insanın ölümünden sonra bedeninin hemen yakılmalısını öngörür. Bu nedenle Hindu törenlerinde cenaze törenleri çok kısa sürer. Başka bazı kültürlerde ise bu törenler daha uzun zamana yayılır. Ölünün yakılması durumunda, külleri ya özel bir kapta saklanır ya da istenilen yere serpilir. Müslümanlar ve Hıristiyanlar ölülerini gömerler. Toprağa verilmek anlamında, gömmek için bazı işlemler uygulanır. İslam dininde ölü önce yıkanır, sonra kefen denen beyaz bir beze sarılır. Kefenlenmiş, tabuta koyulmuş ölüye cenaze adı verilir. Tabutun omuzlarda, hızlı adımlarla taşınması gerekir. Cenaze namazının kılınması zorunlu bir görevdir. Cenaze mezara indirilip üstü örtüldükten sonra Kuran okunur ve tören sona erer. Yahudiler de ölülerini vakit geçirmeden gömmeye özen gösterirler. Ama mezar taşının dikilmesine kadar, bir yıl süreyle yas tutarlar.

Eski Mısırlılar ölen firavunlarını mumyalar ve görkemli anıtmezarlara koyarlardı. Piramit adı verilen firavun mezarlarının en ünlülerinden üçü Gize'dedir. Eski Mısır'da sıradan ölüler de mumyalanırdı, ama onlar daha gösterişsiz mezarlara gömülürdü. Her yıl belirli günlerde ölünün akrabaları mezar başında ölülerini anar, böylece töreler kuşaklar boyunca sürerdi.

Töreler
Dinlerde defin

Ölü gömme töresi


Johann Sebastian Bach composed the church cantata  (My heart swims in blood) 199 in Weimar between 1711 and 1714, and performed it on the eleventh Sunday after Trinity, 12 August 1714. It is a solo cantata for soprano.

The text was written by Georg Christian Lehms and published in Darmstadt in 1711 in the collection , on the general topic of redemption. The librettist wrote a series of alternating recitatives and arias, and included as the sixth movement (of eight) the third stanza of Johann Heermann's hymn "". It is not known when Bach composed the work, but he performed it as part of his monthly cantata productions on the eleventh Sunday after Trinity, 12 August 1714. The solo voice is accompanied by a Baroque instrumental ensemble of oboe, strings and continuo. The singer expresses in a style similar to Baroque opera the dramatic development from feeling like a "monster in God's eyes" to being forgiven. Bach revised the work for later performances, leading to three different editions in the Neue Bach-Ausgabe.

History and words

On 2 March 1714 Bach was appointed concertmaster of the Weimar court orchestra (Kapelle) of the co-reigning dukes Wilhelm Ernst and Ernst August of Saxe-Weimar. As concertmaster, he assumed the principal responsibility for composing new works, specifically cantatas for the Schlosskirche (palace church), on a monthly schedule. He performed the cantata on the Eleventh Sunday after Trinity as the fifth cantata of the series, following . The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the First Epistle to the Corinthians, on the gospel of Christ and his (Paul's) duty as an apostle (), and from the Gospel of Luke, the parable of the Pharisee and the Tax Collector ().

The text, which concerns a sinner seeking and finding redemption, was written by Georg Christian Lehms. Lehms was based in Darmstadt, and it is not known whether Bach knew him personally, but he may well have had access to Lehms's 1711 publication , which includes this text and that of another solo cantata, Widerstehe doch der Sünde, BWV 54, performed the month before. The third stanza of Johann Heermann's hymn "" is integrated as the sixth movement, to the melody of "Auf meinen lieben Gott". The text in the first person shows the dramatic change of a person initially feeling as "a monster in God's eyes" to finally feeling accepted as God's child. The cantata text was set to music in 1712 by Christoph Graupner in Darmstadt. It is not known if Bach knew of Graupner's composition. The text has no specific relation to the prescribed readings, therefore it is possible that Bach may have already composed the work before his promotion to concert master with regular Sunday services, like the other cantata on a text by Lehms.

Bach first performed the cantata on 12 August 1714. When he performed it again in Leipzig on the eleventh Sunday after Trinity in 1723 (8 August) it was the first solo cantata and the most operatic work which he had presented to the congregation up to that point. He made revisions for that performance, such as transposing it from C minor to D minor and changing the obbligato viola to violoncello piccolo. In the same service, he also performed a new work, : one before and one after the sermon.

The Neue Bach-Ausgabe recognises three distinct versions: the Weimar version, a Köthen version, and the Leipzig version.

Music

Structure and scoring

The cantata, structured in eight movements, is scored as chamber music for a solo soprano voice (S), and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of oboe (Ob), violins (Vl), viola (Va), and basso continuo (Bc) including bassoon (Fg) and violone (Vo). In the Weimar version, it is in C minor, with a viola as the obbligato instrument in movement 6. The title page of the parts for this version reads: "Geistliche Cantate / Mein Herze schwimt im Blut / â / Soprano solo / 1 Hautb. / 2 Viol. / Viola / e / Basso / di / J.S.Bach". In the Leipzig version, it is in D minor, with an obbligato violoncello piccolo instead of the viola.

In the following table of the movements, the scoring follows the Neue Bach-Ausgabe. The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr, using the symbol for common time (4/4). The continuo, playing throughout, is not shown.

Movements

Although limited to one soprano voice, Bach achieves a variety of musical expression in the eight movements. All but one recitative are accompanied by the strings (accompagnato), and only movement 5 is secco, accompanied by the continuo only. The solo voice is treated to dramatic declamation, close to contemporary opera.

1
A recitative sets the scene, "" ("My heart swims in blood").

Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut,
Weil mich der Sünden Brut
In Gottes heilgen Augen
Zum Ungeheuer macht.
My heart swims in blood,
since the offspring of my sins
in the holy eyes of God
make me a monster.

The musicologist Julian Mincham explains that it "drips with the self-obsessed agonies of sin, pain and abandonment ... with the torment of an abandoned soul swamped by its own sin and sorrow. Its finely wrought contours portray dramatically the vacillating emotions ranging from horror and terror to lonely and dispirited resignation."

2
The first aria, a da capo aria, "" (Mute sighs, silent cries), is accompanied by the oboe. The theme of the ritornello is present throughout the movement. The middle section begins with a dissonance to stress the sorrowful image of "" ("And you, moist springs of tears"). It ends with a passage set as a secco recitative, described by Mincham: "Time almost appears to stand still with this final expression of misery".

3
The following recitative, "" ("But God must be gracious to me"), ends in a statement of repentance.

4
The second aria, "" ("Deeply bowed and filled with regret"), is dominated by rich string sound. An adagio passage leads to the da capo. The aria expresses repentance in a "civilised and refined minuet".

5
A short secco recitative, "" ("Upon this painful repentance"), introduces the following hymn stanza. It begins with "a musical echo of the torments of the heart swimming in blood".

6

The only chorale stanza of the work is "" ("I, Your troubled child"), the third stanza of Johann Heermann's "" ("Where should I flee"), published in 1630. Its term "troubled child" is a good summary of the position of the human being in relation to God. The wording of its conclusion, "In deine tiefen Wunden, da ich stets Heil gefunden" ("into Your deep wounds, where I have always found salvation") leads to the following recitative. The voice is accompanied by an obbligato viola (violoncello piccolo in the Leipzig version) in a lively figuration.

Bach used a rather unusual melody by Caspar von Stieler, whereas he based his later chorale cantata on this hymn on the melody by Jacob Regnart. The hymn is treated as in a chorale fantasia, with string ritornellos between the verses.

7

The last recitative, "" ("I lay myself on these wounds"), introduces a different mood; the final measures are a "soaring melisma", a "joyously uplifting prelude" to the last movement.

8
The final aria, "" ("How joyful is my heart"), expresses joy as a cheerful gigue, with a long coloratura on "" (joyful). It is comparable to the gigues in Bach's French Suites. Mincham concludes:

Recordings

The work has been recorded often, both by Bach specialists and others. The listing is taken from the selection on the Bach Cantatas Website, which lists 58 recordings . Ensembles playing on period instruments in historically informed performance are marked by green background.

References

Sources

 BWV 199 Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut English translation, University of Vermont

External links
 Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut, BWV 199: performance by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information)

Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach
1714 compositions

Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut, BWV 199


Baskerlandet Rundt 2016 var den 56. udgave af cykelløbet Baskerlandet Rundt. Det var det niende arrangement på UCI's World Tour-kalender i 2016 og begyndte 4. og sluttede 9. april 2016. Alberto Contador blev den samlede vinder af løbet.

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
 Christopher Juul-Jensen kørte for
 Jesper Hansen kørte for
 Michael Valgren kørte for

Etaperne

Trøjernes fordeling gennem løbet

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2016
UCI World Tour 2016

Baskerlandet Rundt 2016


Wheatley est un village situé dans l'État américain de l'Arkansas, dans le comté de Saint Francis.

Histoire

Économie

Géographie

Démographie

Notes et références

Comté de Saint Francis
Town en Arkansas

Wheatley (Arkansas)


Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare form of cancer that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye. It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children, and it is almost exclusively found in young children.

Though most children in high income countries survive this cancer, they may lose their vision in the affected eye(s) or need to have the eye removed.

Almost half of children with retinoblastoma have a hereditary genetic defect associated with retinoblastoma. In other cases, it is caused by a congenital mutation in the chromosome 13 gene 13q14 (retinoblastoma protein).

Signs and symptoms

Retinoblastoma is universally known as the most intrusive intraocular cancer among children. The chance of survival and preservation of the eye depends fully on the severity. Retinoblastoma is extremely rare as there are only about 200 to 300 cases every year in the United States. Globally, only 1 in about 15,000 children have this malignancy, though rates continue to increase.

Intraocular malignancies are relatively more frequently treated than extraocular malignancies, likely due to a relatively earlier detection and subsequent treatment. Pediatricians may screen infants with annual vision tests, in which anomalies can be detected. During a red reflex test, light from an ophthalmoscope goes through transparent parts of the eye and reflects off the ocular fundus. If retinoblastoma is present, it may partially or fully impede light transversing this path. This may result in an abnormal red reflex or leucocoria, which can be a common indicator of retinoblastoma (when light is reflected by the tumor, the regular view of the red retina is blocked). The retinoblastoma may be visible as a whitish, translucent mass. If the tumor has not spread and is contained within the eye, chances of successful treatment are favorable. If initial signs are ignored or diagnosis is significantly delayed, outcomes and prognosis worsen. The effects of retinoblastoma may spread outside the eye, sometimes resulting in proptosis. Retinoblastoma that has spread may be significantly more difficult to treat.

The most common and obvious sign of retinoblastoma is an abnormal appearance of the retina as viewed through the pupil, the medical term for which is leukocoria, also known as amaurotic cat's eye reflex. Other signs and symptoms include deterioration of vision, a red and irritated eye with glaucoma, and faltering growth or delayed development. Some children with retinoblastoma can develop a squint, commonly referred to as "cross-eyed" or "wall-eyed" (strabismus). Retinoblastoma presents with advanced disease in developing countries and eye enlargement is a common finding.

Depending on the position of the tumors, they may be visible during a simple eye examination using an ophthalmoscope to look through the pupil. A positive diagnosis is usually made only with an examination under anesthetic (EUA). A white eye reflection is not always a positive indication of retinoblastoma and can be caused by light being reflected badly or by other conditions such as Coats' disease.

The presence of the photographic fault red eye in only one eye and not in the other may be a sign of retinoblastoma. A clearer sign is "white eye" or "cat's eye" (leukocoria).

Cause
Mutation of genes, found in chromosomes, can affect the way in which cells grow and develop within the body. Alterations in RB1 or MYCN can give rise to retinoblastoma.

RB1
In children with the heritable genetic form of retinoblastoma, a mutation occurs in the RB1 gene on chromosome 13. RB1 was the first tumor suppressor gene cloned. Although RB1 interacts with over 100 cell proteins, its negative regulator effect on the cell cycle principally arises from binding and inactivation of the transcription factor E2F, thus repressing the transcription of genes which are required for the S phase.

The defective RB1 gene can be inherited from either parent; in some children, however, the mutation occurs in the early stages of fetal development. The expression of the RB1 allele is autosomal dominant with 90% penetrance.

Inherited forms of retinoblastomas are more likely to be bilateral. In addition, inherited uni- or bilateral retinoblastomas may be associated with pineoblastoma and other malignant midline supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) with a dismal outcome; retinoblastoma concurrent with a PNET is known as trilateral retinoblastoma. A 2014 meta-analysis showed that 5-year survival of trilateral retinoblastoma increased from 6% before 1995 to 57% by 2014, attributed to early detection and improved chemotherapy.

The development of retinoblastoma can be explained by the two-hit model. According to the two-hit model, both alleles need to be affected, so two events are necessary for the retinal cell or cells to develop into tumors. The first mutational event can be inherited (germline or constitutional), which will then be present in all cells in the body. The second "hit" results in the loss of the remaining normal allele (gene) and occurs within a particular retinal cell. In the sporadic, nonheritable form of retinoblastoma, both mutational events occur within a single retinal cell after fertilization (somatic events); sporadic retinoblastoma tends to be unilateral.

Several methods have been developed to detect the RB1 gene mutations.  Attempts to correlate gene mutations to the stage at presentation have not shown convincing evidence of a correlation.

MYCN

Not all retinoblastoma cases are with RB1 inactivation. There are cases reported with only one RB1 mutation or even two functional RB1 alleles, which indicates other oncogenic lesions of retinoblastoma. Somatic amplification of the MYCN oncogene is responsible for some cases of nonhereditary, early-onset, aggressive, unilateral retinoblastoma. MYCN can act as a transcription factor and promotes proliferation by regulating the expression of cell cycle genes. Although MYCN amplification accounted for only 1.4% of retinoblastoma cases, researchers identified it in 18% of infants diagnosed at less than 6 months of age. Median age at diagnosis for MYCN retinoblastoma was 4.5 months, compared with 24 months for those who had nonfamilial unilateral disease with two RB1 gene mutations.

Diagnosis

Screening for retinoblastoma should be part of a "well baby" screening for newborns during the first 3 months of life, to include:
 The red reflex: checking for a normal reddish-orange reflection from the eye's retina with an ophthalmoscope or retinoscope from about 30 cm or 1 foot, usually done in a dimly lit or dark room
 The corneal light reflex or Hirschberg test: checking for symmetrical reflection of beam of light in the same spot on each eye when a light is shined into each cornea, to help determine whether the eyes are crossed
 Eye examination: checking for any structural abnormalities

Classification
The two forms of the disease are a heritable form and nonheritable form (all cancers are considered genetic in that mutations of the genome are required for their development, but this does not imply that they are heritable, or transmitted to offspring). Approximately 40% of patients have a heritable form of retinoblastoma, carrying a mutation in the RB1 gene. If no history of the disease exists within the family, the disease is labeled "sporadic", but this does not necessarily indicate that it is the nonheritable form. Bilateral retinoblastomas are commonly heritable, while unilateral retinoblastomas are commonly nonheritable.

In about two-thirds of cases, only one eye is affected (unilateral retinoblastoma); in the other third, tumors develop in both eyes (bilateral retinoblastoma). The number and size of tumors on each eye may vary. In certain cases, the pineal gland or the suprasellar or parasellar region (or in very rare cases other midline intracranial locations) is also affected (trilateral retinoblastoma). The position, size, and quantity of tumors are considered when choosing the type of treatment for the disease.

Differential diagnosis

1. Persistent fetal vasculature is a congenital developmental anomaly of the eye resulting from failure of the embryological, primary vitreous, and hyaloid vasculature to regress, whereby the eye is shorter, develops a cataract, and may present with whitening of the pupil.
2. Coats disease is a typically unilateral disease characterised by abnormal development of blood vessels behind the retina, leading to blood vessel abnormalities in the retina and retinal detachment to mimic retinoblastoma.
3. Toxocariasis is a parasitic disease of the eye associated with exposure to infected puppies, which causes a retinal lesion leading to retinal detachment.
4. Retinopathy of prematurity is associated with low-birth-weight infants who receive supplemental oxygen in the period immediately after birth, and it involves damage to the retinal tissue and may lead to retinal detachment.
5. Congenital Cataract
6. Norrie Disease

If the eye examination is abnormal, further testing may include imaging studies, such as computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound. CT and MRI can help define the structure abnormalities and reveal any calcium depositions. Ultrasound can help define the height and thickness of the tumor. Bone marrow examination or lumbar puncture may also be done to determine any metastases to bones or the brain.

Morphology
Gross and microscopic appearances of retinoblastoma are identical in both hereditary and sporadic types. Macroscopically, viable tumor cells are found near blood vessels, while zones of necrosis are found in relatively avascular areas. Microscopically, both undifferentiated and differentiated elements may be present. Undifferentiated elements appear as collections of small, round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei; differentiated elements include Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes, Homer Wright rosettes,  and fleurettes from photoreceptor differentiation.

Genetic testing
Identifying the RB1 gene mutation that led to a child's retinoblastoma can be important in the clinical care of  the affected individual and in the care of (future) siblings and offspring. It may run in the family.
 Bilaterally affected individuals  and 13-15% of unilaterally affected individuals, are expected to show an RB1 mutation in blood.  By identifying the RB1 mutation in the affected individual, (future) siblings, children, and other relatives can be tested for the mutation; if they do not carry the mutation, child relatives are not at risk of retinoblastoma, so need not undergo the trauma and expense of examinations under anaesthetic.  For the 85% of unilaterally affected  patients found not to carry either of their eye tumor RB1 mutations  in blood, neither molecular  testing nor clinical surveillance of siblings is required.
 If  the  RB1 mutation of an affected individual is identified, amniotic cells in an at-risk pregnancy can be tested for the family  mutation;  any fetus that carries the mutation can be delivered early, allowing early treatment of any eye tumors, leading to better visual outcomes.
  For cases of unilateral retinoblastoma where no eye tumor  is available for testing, if no RB1 mutation is detected in blood after high-sensitivity molecular testing (i.e. >93% RB1 mutation detection sensitivity),  the risk of a germline RB1 mutation is reduced to less than 1%, a level at which only clinic examination (and not examinations under anaesthetic) is recommended for the affected individual and their future offspring (National Retinoblastoma Strategy, Canadian Guidelines for Care).

Imaging
Traditional ultrasound B scan can detect calcifications in the tumour while high-frequency ultrasound B scan is able to provide higher resolution than the traditional ultrasound and determine the proximity of the tumour with front portion of the eye. MRI scan can detect high-risk features such as optic nerve invasion; choroidal invasion, scleral invasion, and intracranial invasion. CT scan is generally avoided because radiation can stimulate the formation of more eye tumours in those with RB1 genetic mutation.

Staging
In order to properly diagnose retinoblastoma, there must be guidelines to follow to properly classify the risk of the tumor. The Reese Ellsworth Classification System, by Dr. Algernon Reese and Dr. Robert Ellsworth, is universally used to determine the size, location, and multi-focality of the tumor. The system was originally used to decide the best treatment result by using external beam radiotherapy, as well as, the likeliness of salvaging the globe of the eye. Due to chemotherapy not being part of the Reese Ellsworth Classification System, there needed to be an updated classification system to foresee the treatment outcomes of chemotherapy. The International Classification for Intraocular Retinoblastoma is now the current system being used, and it was created by Murphree and associates. According to Reese and Ellsworth, there were different groups that had various features in order to classify the globe salvage as very favorable to the category of very unfavorable. In order to salvage the affected eye, the disc diameter had to be around 4DD and behind the equator to have higher favorability. If the tumor was around ten in disc diameter and involved roughly 50% of the retina, it was considered unfavorable to salvage the globe which could result in enucleation. According to Murphree, the different groups were classified from very low risk to very high risk which was determined by features of the given tumor. Very low risk means that the tumor has to be less than 3mm and there must be no seeding of the vitreous or sub-retinal area. When a patient is very high risk, the tumor presents itself with multiple features and is going to have to be treated with conservative treatment modalities or enucleation.

International Classification for Intraocular Retinoblastoma

Treatment

The priority of retinoblastoma treatment is to preserve the life of the child, then to preserve vision, and then to minimize complications or side effects of treatment. The exact course of treatment depends on the individual case and is decided by the ophthalmologist in discussion with the paediatric oncologist. Correct treatment also depends on the mutation type, whether it is a germline RB1 mutation, a sporadic RB1 mutation or MYCN amplification with functional RB1. Children with involvement of both eyes at diagnosis usually require multimodality therapy (chemotherapy, local therapies).

The various treatment modalities for retinoblastoma includes:
 Enucleation of the eye – Most patients with unilateral disease present with advanced intraocular disease, so usually undergo enucleation, which results in a cure rate of 95%. In bilateral Rb, enucleation is usually reserved for eyes that have failed all known effective therapies or without useful vision.
 External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) – The most common indication for EBRT is for the eye in a young child with bilateral retinoblastoma who has active or recurrent disease after completion of chemotherapy and local therapies. However, patients with hereditary disease who received EBRT therapy are reported to have a 35% risk of second cancers.
 Brachytherapy involves the placement of a radioactive implant (plaque), usually on the sclera adjacent to the base of a tumor. It used as the primary treatment, or more frequently, in patients with small tumors or in those who had failed initial therapy including previous EBRT therapy.
 Thermotherapy involves the application of heat directly to the tumor, usually in the form of infrared radiation. It is also used for small tumors.
 Laser photocoagulation  is recommended only for small posterior tumors. An argon or diode laser or a xenon arc is used to coagulate all the blood supply to the tumor.
 Cryotherapy induces damage to the vascular endothelium with secondary thrombosis and infarction of the tumor tissue by rapidly freezing it. It may be used as primary therapy for small peripheral tumors or for small recurrent tumors previously treated with other methods.
 Systemic chemotherapy has become forefront of treatment in the past decade, in the search for globe-preserving measures and to avoid the adverse effects of EBRT therapy. The common indications for chemotherapy for intraocular retinoblastoma include tumors that are large and that cannot be treated with local therapies alone in children with bilateral tumors. It is also used in patients with unilateral disease when the tumors are small, but cannot be controlled with local therapies alone.
 Intra-arterial chemotherapy – Chemotherapeutic drugs are administered locally by a thin catheter threaded through the groin, through the aorta, and the neck, directly into the optic vessels.
 Nanoparticulate chemotherapy – To reduce the adverse effects of systemic therapy, subconjuctival (local) injection of nanoparticle carriers containing chemotherapeutic agents (carboplatin) has been developed, which has shown promising results in the treatment of retinoblastoma in animal models without adverse effects.
 Chemoreduction is a combined approach using chemotherapy to initially reduce the size of the tumor, and adjuvant focal treatments, such as transpupillary thermotherapy, to control the tumor.

Prognosis
In the developed world, retinoblastoma has one of the best cure rates of all childhood cancers (95-98%), with more than 90% of sufferers surviving into adulthood. In the UK, around 40 to 50 new cases are diagnosed each year.

Good prognosis depends upon early presentation of the child in health facility.

Late presentation  is associated with a poor prognosis.

Survivors of hereditary retinoblastoma have a higher risk of developing other cancers later in life.

Epidemiology
Retinoblastoma presents with cumulative lifetime incidence rate of one case of retinoblastoma per 18000 to 30000 live births worldwide. A higher incidence is noted in developing countries, which has been attributed to lower socioeconomic status and the presence of human papilloma virus sequences in the retinoblastoma tissue.

Almost 80% of children with retinoblastoma are diagnosed before three years of age and diagnosis in children above six years of age is extremely rare. In the UK, bilateral cases usually present within 14 to 16 months, while diagnosis of unilateral cases peaks between 24 and 30 months.

See also
 Eye cancer
 Eye examination
 Retinoblastoma protein

References

External links
 Retinoblastoma information from MedlinePlus

 RB1 Mutation Database

 NCBI Genetic Testing Registry

Ocular neoplasia
Rare diseases
Nervous system neoplasia
Hereditary cancers
Small-blue-round-cell tumors
Pediatric cancers

Retinoblastoma


Eryngium, Apiaceae familyasına bağlı bir bitki cinsidir.

Taksonomi
Eryngium cinsine bağlı türler (2022):

 Eryngium alismifolium - Greene
 Eryngium amethystinum - L.
 Eryngium aquaticum - L.
 Eryngium aristulatum - Jeps.
 Eryngium armatum - (S. Watson) J.M. Coult. & Rose
 Eryngium aromaticum - Baldw.
 Eryngium articulatum - Hook.
 Eryngium baldwinii - Spreng.
 Eryngium campestre - L.
 Eryngium castrense - Jeps.
 Eryngium constancei - Sheikh
 Eryngium creticum - Lam.
 Eryngium cuneifolium - Small
 Eryngium diffusum - Torr.
 Eryngium divaricatum - Hook. & Arn.
 Eryngium foetidum - L.
 Eryngium heterophyllum - Engelm.
 Eryngium hookeri - Walp.
 Eryngium integrifolium - Walter
 Eryngium leavenworthii - Torr. & A. Gray
 Eryngium lemmonii - J.M. Coult. & Rose
 Eryngium maritimum - L.
 Eryngium mathiasiae - Sheikh
 Eryngium nasturtiifolium - Juss. ex Delar. f.
 Eryngium pendletonensis - K.L. Marsden & M.G. Simpson
 Eryngium petiolatum - Hook.
 Eryngium phyteumae - Delar. f.
 Eryngium pinnatisectum - Jeps.
 Eryngium planum - L.
 Eryngium prostratum - Nutt. ex DC.
 Eryngium racemosum - Jeps.
 Eryngium sparganophyllum - Hemsl.
 Eryngium spinosepalum - Mathias
 Eryngium vaseyi - J.M. Coult. & Rose
 Eryngium yuccifolium - Michx.

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Apiaceae
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Eryngium


Tırhala (Yunanca: Τρίκαλα "Trikala") Yunanistan'ın Teselya bölgesinin en önemli kentlerinden biri ve aynı ismi taşıyan ilin (nomos) merkezidir. Yüzölçümü 607.59 km² olan belediyenin nüfusu 2011 yılı itibarı ile 81,355'dir.

İdari bölümler
Günümüz Tırhala belediyesi 2011 yerel yönetim reformu ile sekiz eski belediyenin birleştirilmesiyle kurulmuştur. Birleştirilen belediyeler belediye birimlerine dönüştürülmüştür.
 Estiaiotida
 Faloreia
 Kallidendro
 Koziakas
 Megala Kalyvia
 Paliokastro
 Paralithaioi
 Tırhala

Tarihçe
Yıldırım Beyazıt'ın 1394 yılındaki Teselya Seferi sırasında Osmanlı topraklarına katıldı.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Yunanistan'daki şehirler
Yunan valilik başkentleri
Teselya

Tırhala


Amor, publicado em 2003, é o oitavo romance de Toni Morrison . Escrito na narrativa não linear, o romance conta a vida de várias mulheres e seus relacionamentos com o falecido Bill Cosey.

Cosey era um carismático dono de hotel e as pessoas ao seu redor foram afetadas por sua vida - mesmo muito depois de sua morte. Os personagens principais são Christine, sua neta e Heed, sua viúva. Os dois têm a mesma idade e costumavam ser amigos, mas cerca de quarenta anos após a morte de Cosey, eles são inimigos jurados e ainda compartilham sua mansão. Mais uma vez, Morrison usa narrativa dividida e pula para frente e para trás ao longo da história, não se desdobrando totalmente até o final. Todos os personagens do romance têm alguma relação com o infame Bill Cosey.

Semelhante ao conceito de comunicação entre os vivos e os mortos em seu romance Amada, publicado em 1987, Morrison apresentou um personagem chamado Junior; ela era o meio para conectar o morto Bill Cosey ao mundo dos vivos.

As técnicas de contar histórias em Amor, nomeadamente a narrativa dividida, sugerem uma tendência recente na literatura de Morrison que divide o enredo entre diferentes períodos de tempo.

Recepção critica
De acordo com o agregador de resenhas de livros Book Marks, Amor recebeu na sua maioria críticas positivas dos críticos. Por exemplo, a crítica Elaine Showalter, escrevendo no The Guardian, elogiou como "um livro desarmadamente compacto e nada pomposo ... cheio de personagens peculiares e perversos e ideias provocativas e fora de moda". No The New York Times, Laura Miller comparou Amor favoravelmente a alguns dos trabalhos anteriores de Morrison, como Amada e Sula .

Referências

Livros de 2003
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Pretas)

Amor (romance de Toni Morrison)


ඉලෙක්ට්රො නික යුධ කටයුතු යනු විද්යුරත් චුම්භක වර්ණාවලිය කාර්යක්ෂමව භාවිත කරමින් ප්රකතිපාක්ෂිකයන් විසින් එම මාධ්යය භාවිත කිරීම අවහිර කරන අතර සුහද බලකායන් විසින් එහි භාවිතය වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමේ ක්රිනයාදාමයයි.මෙහි අංශ තුනක් ඇති අතර ඒවා නම් , ඉලෙක්ට්රොතනික සහයෝගීතාවය , ඉලෙක්ට්රොඑනික ප්ර හාරය හා ඉලෙක්ට්රො නික ආරක්ෂාවයි.

ඉලෙක්ට්රොයනික සහයෝගීතාව

ඉලෙක්ට්රොයනික සහයෝගීතාවය යනු ප්රරතිපාර්ෂවයන්ගේ විභව බාධක හෝ ඉලක්ක හඳුනා ගැනීම හෝ අවහිර කිරීම සඳහා යුධ භූමියේදී විද්යුරත් චුම්භක වර්ණාවලියේ අක්‍රීය භාවිතයයි. මෙම බුද්ධිමය ක්රිරයාවලිය ENINT ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර ප්ර්හාර එල්ල කිරීම පාලක පද්ධති මගින් ඍජුව හෝ  බර අවි හා ගුවන් ප්රNහාර සඳහා මෙන්ම යුධ භූමියේ විශේෂ ස්ථානයකට හෝ අරමුණකට මිත්ර  සේනා මෙහෙයවීම සඳහා භාවිතා කෙරේ.ඊට අමතරව ඉලෙක්ට්රොථනික ප්රතහාර හෝ ඉලෙක්ට්රොඅනික ආරක්ෂා ක්රි යාවන්හි පදනම ලෙසද භාවිතා වේ.

ES අක්රී්යව භාවිතාවන නිසා ඉලෙක්ට්රොරනික ක්රිදයාදාමයන් නිරීක්ෂණය මගින් ඉලක්කය රහිතවද කටයුතු කළ හැක. ESE උපක්රිමික අංශය වන SIGINT  අඛණ්ඩව ලෝකයේ රටවල්වලින් ප්රහතිපාර්ශවයේ ඉලෙක්ට්රොපනික උපකරණ හෝ යුධ උපක්රNම පිළිබඳ බුද්ධි තොරතුරු ලබා ගැනීමට භාවිතා වේ.

ES සඳහා භාවිතා වූ පැරණි පදයක් වන්නේ විද්යූකත් සහයෝගීතා මිනුම් යන්නයි.

ඉලෙක්ට්රොඳනික ප්ර හාරය

විද්යූ්ත් චුම්භක වර්ණාවලියේ සක්රීයය හෝ අක්රී‍ය භාවිතය මගින් ප්රනතිපාර්ෂවයක් මගින් එය භාවිතා කිරීම  වළක්වාලීමේ ක්රිවයාවයි.

•	සක්රීරය EA වලට අවහිර කිරීම , මුලා කිරීම, සක්රීයය ප්රබතිබාධනය හා EMP භාවිතය අඩංගුය.
•	අක්රීරය EA බැලූන ,රේඩාර් පරාවර්තක ,ෆැරඩේ කුටීර ,පියාසර මායාවන් හා රහස් කටයුතු ආදී ක්රිළයාකාර කම් අඩංගු වේ.

EA මෙහෙයුම් ඒවායේ සක්රීඅය සම්ප්රේාෂණය නිසා ප්රයතිපාර්ෂවයක් විසින් හඳුනා ගැනීමට ලක් විය හැක. නූතන EA තාක්ෂණය ඉහළ ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය වී ඇත. ඉලෙක්ට්රොවනික් ප්රමති මිනුම් යන්නද මේ සඳහා භාවිතාවන පැරණි පදයකි.

ඉලෙක්ට්රොසනික ආරක්ෂාව

ඉලෙක්ට්රොසනික ආරක්ෂාව යටතට සුහද පාර්ෂවයේ පුද්ගලයන් පහසුකම් උපාංග හෝ අරමුණු ආරක්ෂා කිරීම මගින් ප්රආතිපාර්ෂවයේ ඉලෙක්ට්රොෙනික ක්රිහයාකාරකම් අඩාල කිරීම අයත් වේ. EP සුහද පාර්ෂවයන් එම පාර්ෂවයේම EA වලින් ආරක්ෂාවීම සඳහා ද ක්රියයාකර විය හැකිය.

•	සක්රීෂය EP යටතට රේඩියෝ උපාංගවල තාක්ෂණික නවීකරණය වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අයත්ය. ( සංඛ්යාෂත තීව්රරව පැවතුණු වර්ණාවලිය වැනි )
•	අක්රී ය EP යටතට ක්රියයාකරුවන්ගේ අධ්යාැපනය වැනි ක්රිවයාකාරකම් හා (දැඩි විනය ක්රිඅයාකාරකම් ) හා නවීකරණය වූ යුධ භූමි උපක්රයම හා මෙහෙයුම් අයත් වේ.
•	EP සඳහා භාවිතා වූ පැරණි පද අතරට EPM හා ඉලෙක්ට්රොයනික ප්ර්තිමිනුම් (ECCM) අයත් වේ.

ආශ්‍රිත

යුද්ධ කටයුතු

ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික යුද්ධ කටයුතු