FX is an American pay television channel owned by FX Networks, LLC, a subsidiary of the Disney Entertainment business segment and division of The Walt Disney Company. It is based at the Fox Studios lot in Century City, California. FX was originally launched by News Corporation on June 1, 1994, and later became one of the properties that was included in the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney in 2019. The network's original programming aspires to the standards of premium cable channels in regard to mature themes and content, high-quality writing, directing and acting. Sister channels FXM and FXX were launched in 1994 and 2013, respectively. FX also carries reruns of theatrical films and terrestrial-network sitcoms. Advertising-free content was available through the FX+ premium subscription service until it was shut down on August 21, 2019.

As of September 2018, FX is available to approximately 89.2 million television households (96.7% of households with cable) in the United States. In addition to the flagship U.S. network, the "FX" name is licensed to a number of related pay television channels in various countries around the world.

History

1994–1997: "TV Made Fresh Daily"
FX, originally stylized as "fX", launched on June 1, 1994. Broadcasting from a large "apartment" in Manhattan's Flatiron District, fX was one of the first forays into large-scale interactive television. The channel centered on original programming, which was broadcast live every day from the "fX Apartment", and rebroadcasts of classic television shows from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, such as Batman, Wonder Woman, Eight Is Enough, Nanny and the Professor and The Green Hornet. fX had two taglines during this period: "TV Made Fresh Daily" and "The World's First Living Television Network". The "f" in the channel's name and logo was rendered in lower-case to portray a type of relaxed friendliness; the stylized "X" represented the channel's roots: the crossing searchlights of the 20th Century Fox logo.

The live shows were each mostly focused on one broad topic. Shows included Personal fX (collectibles and antiques), The Pet Department (pets), Under Scrutiny with Jane Wallace (news) and Sound fX (music).  The channel's flagship show, Breakfast Time, hosted by Laurie Hibberd and Tom Bergeron and inspired by the British morning show The Big Breakfast, was formatted like an informal magazine show. Breakfast Time and Personal fX would regularly feature the channel's "roving reporters" – which included Suzanne Whang, John Burke and Phil Keoghan – visiting unique places around the United States live via satellite. Other notable fX personalities included Karyn Bryant and Orlando Jones, who were panelists on Sound fX.

The channel prided itself on its interactivity with viewers. fX, in 1994, was an early adopter of the internet, embracing e-mail and the World Wide Web as methods of feedback. Most of the shows would feature instant responses to e-mailed questions, and one show, Backchat (hosted by Jeff Probst), was exclusively devoted to responding to viewer mail, whether sent through e-mail or traditional postal mail. Select viewers were allowed to spend a day at the "apartment" and take part in all of the channel's shows. Inside the channel's syndicated programming blocks, channel hosts would frequently appear during commercial breaks to read news headlines, respond to e-mails from viewers about the episode that was airing, or to promote upcoming programming.

In 1995, Liberty Media purchased a 50% stake in the network as part of their alliance with News Corporation to form Fox Sports Net; as a part of this plan, fX became the national home for Fox Sports programming over the next few years.

The first incarnation of fX was not available on Time Warner Cable, one of the major cable systems in New York City, where its programming originated. TWC would not carry the channel until September 2001.

The live shows gradually disappeared one by one until only Personal fX remained. Breakfast Time was moved to the Fox network and renamed Fox After Breakfast in mid-1996. It underwent several format changes, but never found a substantial audience and was canceled less than a year later. By the time that all live programming (with the exception of Personal fX) was dropped, the channel focused entirely on its classic television shows until its relaunch in mid-1997. Personal fX remained on the refocused FX until May 1, 1998. FX vacated the "apartment" in the summer of 1998 and the channel's operations were streamlined with the other Fox-owned subscription channels.

1997–2001: "Fox Gone Cable"
In early 1997, fX was relaunched as "FX: Fox Gone Cable", refocusing the channel's target audience towards men aged 18 to 49. During the first few years after its relaunch, FX was known for little else than airing reruns of such Fox shows as The X-Files and Married... with Children, as well as 20th Century Fox-produced shows such as M*A*S*H and Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The channel also added Major League Baseball games to its lineup at that time (at one point sharing rights with then-sister network Fox Family), and eventually expanded its sports programming to include NASCAR races in 2001.

In the summer of 1998, FX debuted three original series: Bobcat's Big Ass Show, Instant Comedy with the Groundlings and Penn & Teller's Sin City Spectacular. All three series were cancelled the following year. Soon after its relaunch, the "Fox Gone Cable" tagline was dropped. By 1999, new original TV shows were added with the debut of shows such as Son of the Beach (a Baywatch parody that starred Timothy Stack and was executive produced by Howard Stern) and The X Show (a male-oriented late night panel talk show). The channel also acquired the pay-TV syndication rights to reruns of series such as Ally McBeal, NYPD Blue and The Practice for then-record high prices then unseen in the pay-TV industry despite all three 20th Century Fox Television series being under common ownership; when these shows expensively fumbled in primetime, FX predominantly ran movies in its more high-profile time periods, though with the move of premiere film rights from free-to-air broadcast networks to basic cable channels, FX unexpectedly would end up a benefactor of this change.

2002–2007: emergence in original programming
Beginning in 2002, the channel emerged as a major force in original pay-TV programming, gaining both acclaim and notoriety for edgy dramas. That year, FX debuted the police drama The Shield, which became a breakout hit. This trend continued the following year with Nip/Tuck, a drama about two plastic surgeons, and the Denis Leary-helmed Rescue Me, about the lives of a crew of firemen from the New York City Fire Department post-9/11. Both shows were lauded by critics, and achieved equal success with viewers. Rescue Me was one of the few television series to be given an order for an additional season prior to the broadcast of its most recent season: in June 2009 FX renewed the show for an 18-episode sixth season, although the fifth season had not premiered at the time.

Unlike many broadcast networks, FX has chosen to take risks with its programming and push the envelope of what can be shown on television; as a result, most (though not all) of the channel's original series are rated TV-MA, often for strong profanity, sexual content, and/or violence. Family organizations such as the Parents Television Council and American Family Association, have asked advertisers to boycott these shows due to their graphic content. Despite this, FX's original programming output, outside of a few shows, has been critically acclaimed for their strong storylines and characters.

Capitalizing on the success of the hit documentary Super Size Me, filmmaker Morgan Spurlock launched a new series, 30 Days, which debuted on FX in June 2005. The series place its subjects in situations uncomfortable to them for 30 days, such as making millionaires work for minimum wage, and having Christians live in a Muslim community.

In the summer of 2005, FX debuted two new comedy series, Starved, about the daily lives of four friends with eating disorders who live in New York City; and It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, about the usually very politically incorrect comic misadventures of four people who own a bar in the titular city. Both of these shows feature frank sexual dialogue and strong language, and were pitched as "The Dark Side of Comedy". Starved was derided by groups that sought to publicize eating disorders and was cancelled after its first season due to low ratings. Conversely, Sunny quickly became a critical darling, consistently achieved high viewership, and was picked up for a second season within days of its first-season finale. The second season added veteran actor Danny DeVito to the cast, and the show, still airing as of 2023, is the longest-running live-action sitcom in history.

In 2006, FX debuted two new series, the reality series Black. White. and the drama Thief; neither series was picked up for a second season. During 2007, FX introduced three new dramas: Dirt, starring Courteney Cox; The Riches, starring Eddie Izzard and Minnie Driver; and Damages, starring Glenn Close, Ted Danson and Rose Byrne. All three performed well in the ratings and were renewed for second seasons. By 2008, FX was available in 90.6 million homes in the U.S.

2008–2018: subsequent times

In 2008, the channel launched a new branding campaign built around the theme "There Is No Box." It alluded to the phrase "thinking outside the box" and referred to how the channel's programming goes beyond "the box" concept. In addition, this was a pun related to the channel's creating original shows to compete against premium channels such as HBO. The channel's logo was updated on December 18, 2007, retaining only the FX wordmark while removing searchlights placed to its left since the 1997 rebrand. The new branding included an advertising campaign featuring a post-game ad for the channel during Fox's coverage of Super Bowl XLII. The promo used the James Morrison song "You Give Me Something".

During 2008, competition with other pay-TV channels increased. This was evident in the second season ratings for series Dirt and The Riches, whose ratings decreased significantly from their freshman seasons. During some weeks, viewership for both shows barely exceeded 1 million. Both shows were cancelled in 2008; acquired shows Dharma and Greg, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Married... with Children and Fear Factor were also removed from the schedule.

On September 3, 2008, FX debuted Sons of Anarchy, a drama series created by Kurt Sutter (who previously served as executive producer of The Shield) about a fictional outlaw motorcycle club devoted to protecting their sheltered California town from corporate developers and drug dealers; its September premiere coincided with that of The Shields final season. Sons of Anarchy became a critical and commercial success, having aired for seven seasons . In 2010, the series attracted an average of 4.9 million viewers per week, making it FXs highest rated series to date. Other new shows that premiered in 2008 included the Kenny Hotz comedy Testees, which debuted in October 2008 and was cancelled after its first season. In August 2008, FX relaunched its website, adding streaming of full episodes of its original shows. In 2009, reruns of the former ABC sitcom Spin City were removed from the schedule (though it was restored early the following year).

In July 2009, FX ordered three new comedy pilots: Archer, an animated series featuring a spy agency, which premiered on January 14, 2010; The League, with a group of friends who are part of a fantasy football league; and Louie, a sitcom starring stand-up comedian and writer Louis C.K., which "blend[s] stand-up material with ... 'extended vignettes' depicting moments from [the comedian's] offstage experiences." The following year, FX debuted Wilfred, a comedy series starring Elijah Wood. It is based on the Australian series Wilfred.

In March 2010, the channel debuted Justified, a drama series created by Graham Yost based on Elmore Leonard's short story "Fire in the Hole" (which was the series' original working title). It starred Timothy Olyphant as U.S. Marshal Raylan Givens – a tough, soft-spoken lawman with a rough side – and chronicles his cases and personal life, including unfinished business with an ex-wife and his aging father. FX also picked up the crime comedy-drama Terriers, created by Ted Griffin, for its fall 2010 lineup; in 2011, the channel debuted the boxing drama Lights Out, about retired boxing champion Patrick "Lights" Leary who is considering a comeback, despite the serious risks it entails. Despite the critical acclaim that Terriers and Lights Out received, the two series were cancelled after their first seasons due to low viewership; For Terriers specifically, FX Networks president and General Manager John Landgraf would later admit in a 2016 interview with critic Alan Sepinwall that "I cannot think of a more painful moment of my career than the one when I defined Terriers as a failure by canceling it."

On October 1, 2010, parent company News Corporation (which spun off FX and the company's other U.S.-based entertainment properties to 21st Century Fox in July 2013) pulled its channels from Dish Network due to a carriage dispute over retransmission consent revenue. FX returned to the satellite provider's channel lineup on October 29, 2010, after Dish Network and News Corporation signed a long-term carriage agreement. On November 1, 2010, following a similar dispute, FX and its sister channels were restored by New York City-based cable provider Cablevision through a separate carriage agreement.

On October 14, 2011, FX announced it picked up the rights to develop a series based on Scar Tissue and Lords of the Sunset Strip, the autobiographies of the Red Hot Chili Peppers singer Anthony Kiedis and his father, Blackie Dammett. HBO had picked up the series, which was to be titled Spider & Son, a few years before but never completed the project. Entourage writer/producers Marc Abrams and Mike Benson were tapped as its showrunners and Kiedis was to be involved as a co-producer. Dammett said in 2013 that the show has been "mothballed", and he hopes interest will resume on the project once the Red Hot Chili Peppers wrapped up their world tour that year. As of 2014 there has been no mention from FX, Kiedis or Dammett on the status of the series. On January 30, 2013, FX premiered the 1980s-set Cold War drama The Americans.

In 2013, FX underwent a rebranding to accompany its new comedy-focused spin-off channel FXX, including the new slogan "Fearless"; Landgraf explained that the slogan symbolized that viewers of its programming "don't know what's going to happen and that you're not in a safe place that is governed by guardrails that are going to keep you from going off."

2019–present: Disney subsidiary

On March 20, 2019, The Walt Disney Company acquired 21st Century Fox. Consequently, FX Networks was integrated into the newly renamed Walt Disney Television unit. In a September 2018 interview with Variety of the Disney-Fox deal, Landgraf said, "I think this is a necessary step. I have curiosity and a bit of anxiety about how it will work, but I'm really excited about it.

On April 8, 2019, FX Networks had acquired off-network rights to Family Guy, starting with its sixteenth season and Bob's Burgers, starting with its ninth season. Family Guy began airing on FXX on April 16, 2019, while Bob's Burgers made its debut on September 24, 2019. FXX shares the rights to Family Guy with sister network Freeform. WarnerMedia's Adult Swim and TBS held the rights to older seasons of both shows; WarnerMedia's rights to Family Guy expired on September 18, 2021, at which point reruns are exclusive to FX Networks and Freeform, with the rights to Bob's Burgers similarly coming under FX Networks' full control in 2023.

On May 14, 2019, Comcast relinquished its control in Hulu to Disney effective immediately. As a result, the streaming service became a division of Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International with Comcast effectively becoming a silent partner. In November 2019, it was announced that FX would produce series for Hulu under the "FX on Hulu" brand. Four series previously in development for the linear FX channel would now premiere on Hulu, including Devs, Mrs. America and A Teacher. Furthermore, episodes aired on the linear FX cable network will be available on Hulu the next day.

On June 11, 2019, Hulu and FX picked up show rights to Lionsgate films released in 2020 and 2021.

In December 2021, Disney renamed the "FX on Hulu" hub to simply "FX" as part of an effort to streamline and extend the brand's use. In addition, Disney began to increase the prominence of FX as an imprint on its original programming, especially when carried on Disney's international streaming platforms such as Disney+ (Star) and Star+.

Programming

FX's most popular original shows include Justified, Damages, Nip/Tuck, Rescue Me, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, The League, Sons of Anarchy, The Shield, The Strain, Archer, American Horror Story, Anger Management, The Americans, Better Things, Louie, You're the Worst, Fargo, American Crime Story, Legion, Snowfall and Atlanta.

The channel also broadcasts theatrically released feature films from sister companies Walt Disney Pictures, Marvel Studios, and 20th Century Studios as well as other film studios such as Columbia Pictures, Sony Pictures Animation, Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Lionsgate Films, Relativity Media, Village Roadshow Pictures,  Warner Bros. Pictures, DreamWorks Pictures, and DreamWorks Animation which take up much of FX's primetime and the majority of its weekend schedules. It airs repeats of network television sitcoms (such as Two and a Half Men and How I Met Your Mother). From the late 1990s to the mid-2000s, the acquired shows which FX broadcast consisted largely of series originally broadcast on Fox between the late 1980s and the 2000s (such as That '70s Show, Married... with Children, and In Living Color).

Sports programming
FX has served as a supplemental sports outlet for its sister networks, first broadcasting Fox Sports-produced programming under News Corporation's and 21st Century Fox's ownership, and ESPN-produced programming since the Disney acquisition of FX.

After obtaining the spring broadcast rights to NASCAR, Fox Sports announced that FX would serve as its cable partner for the 2001 inaugural season of race telecasts. As a result, FX covered several races in the series then known as the Busch Series and Winston Cup (including the All-Star Race), as well as select qualifying and final practice sessions. Having FX carry the race telecasts was intended to promote the channel and encourage NASCAR fans to contact their subscription providers to add FX to their lineup. In 2002, Peter Liguori, who was then president of FX, praised NASCAR for its growth; the channel increased penetration from 58.5 million to 76.6 million households nationwide. FX was removed from Fox's NASCAR coverage in the 2007 season, which saw the Busch Series move exclusively to ESPN, and Fox aired all of Nextel Cup races on broadcast television.

In 1997, FX obtained partial cable rights to Major League Baseball games; the channel initially aired game telecasts on Monday nights, before moving them to Saturday nights in 1998. In 2000, FX began sharing the cable rights with then-sister network Fox Family Channel (taking rights to the league's Thursday evening games from Fox Sports Net), with games being scheduled on an alternating basis with FX. Starting with the 2001 season, FX also obtained rights to games from the MLB Division Series, the only playoff round to which Fox did not hold television rights. Among the games televised on FX was Cal Ripken Jr.'s final home game with the Baltimore Orioles in September 2001.

On April 27, 2011, FX began airing soccer games from the UEFA Champions League as part of the league's overall television deal with Fox Sports. In the fall of 2011, FX began broadcasting Big 12, Conference USA and Pac-12 college football games on Saturdays (mainly primetime games, with some daytime games mixed in), as part of Fox Sports' broadcasting contracts with the three conferences.

With the August 2013 launches of national sports networks Fox Sports 1 and Fox Sports 2, FX no longer served as a regular cable outlet for Fox Sports, but it still occasionally aired sporting events in the event of overflow situations, such as the UFC 185 preliminary card, and selected soccer matches.

On September 7, 2019, FX would air the preliminary card for UFC 242. The event was being held in Abu Dhabi, which created conflicts with Saturday afternoon college football games on ESPN and ESPN2; it marked the first ESPN-produced sporting event to air on FX since the Disney acquisition of the network.

On May 17, 2022, Disney announced that it had acquired the exclusive broadcast rights to the XFL beginning with its 2023 season, with games airing on FX, ESPN, and ABC; FX has been included in the package to accommodate ESPN and ABC's existing programming commitments. With its first XFL broadcast in February 2023, FX introduced an "ESPN on FX" brand for sports broadcasts carried by the channel, modelled after the existing ESPN on ABC branding. However due to low viewership, ESPN quietly discontinued the broadcasts on FX by early-March, and had rescheduled some of them to its own networks.

Network slogans
"The World's First Living Television Network" (primary; 1994–1996)
"TV Made Fresh Daily" (secondary; 1994–1996)
"TV with You in Mind" (1996–1997)
"Fox Gone Cable" (1997–1999)
"Please Watch Responsibly" (1999–2001)
"Are You Xperienced?" (2001–2008)
"There Is No Box" (2008–2013)
"FX Has The Movies" (alternate slogan, 2008–present)
"Fearless" (2013–present)

High definition
FX began broadcasting a 720p HD channel in 2007, which is available on the majority of pay television providers. The SD channel, as was standard with all of Fox's broadcast and pay-TV networks (and also its new Disney siblings, which also all operate in 720p), is now merely downscaled from the HD feed at the provider headend level rather than having a devoted SD feed.

See also
FX Networks
FXX
FX Movie Channel
FX on Hulu

References

External links
FX (US)
FX (Canada)
FX (Korea)

FX Networks
Television networks in the United States
Television channels and stations established in 1994
1994 establishments in New York City
English-language television stations in the United States
Disney television networks

FX (TV channel)


Aaron Tveit (21 de octubre de 1983 en Middletown, Nueva York, Estados Unidos) es un actor estadounidense de cine, televisión y teatro.

Más conocido por su participación en series como Gossip Girl y Ugly Betty, y en películas se destaca por Howl y la adaptación cinematográfica del musical Los miserables, en teatro por obras como Next to Normal y Atrápame si puedes y en la televisión por su más reciente show Graceland.
Además interpretó a Danny Zuko en el musical Grease Live!

Biografía y estudios
Aaron Kyle Tveit nació en Middletown Orange County, New York. Tiene un hermano cinco años menor, Jon, que es sacerdote en la Archidiócesis de Nueva York. Su apellido, Tveit, es de origen Noruego.

En 2001 Tveit se graduó de la Escuela Superior de Middletown donde él estaba activo tanto en el teatro como en los deportes como golf, fútbol y baloncesto a la vez que realizaba algunas producciones teatrales de su escuela. Rechazó becas de las principales escuelas de negocios.En la interpretación vocal estudio en Ithaca College, una decisión que sus padres apoyaron, antes de pasar al teatro musical después de su primer año porque extrañaba la actuación y el teatro.

Carrera
Tveit apareció junto a Ricky Gervais como un joven anestesiólogo en la película Ghost Town. También hizo apariciones en la serie de CW Gossip Girl como Trip Van Der Bilt, el primo de Nate Archibald. Él apareció en la serie de televisión Ugly Betty en un episodio, titulado " Todo el mundo es un escenario ". Él encarnó a Zachary Boule, el novio de Betty.
Tveit apareció en Howl, una película biográfica sobre el poema de Allen Ginsberg y la controversia y el juicio que siguió después de su publicación. Tveit hizo de Peter Orlovsky, pareja de mucho tiempo de Ginsberg, junto a James Franco.
Tveit se fija para aparecer en Gossip Girl en el 2010 por lo menos 11 episodios como un actor recurrente. Apareció como estrella invitada en Law & Order: Special Victims Unit el 21 de abril de 2010, como Jan, un animal cariñoso, instructor de yoga que se cuestiona sobre la muerte de su novia.
También apareció en abril de 2011 en la revista Vanity Fair por su papel en Atrápame si puedes.
Obtuvo el papel de Enjolras, el líder de los ABC, en la producción de la película de Los Miserables que tuvo su estreno en el 2012, la cual ha sido la producción más grande en la que ha actuado hasta el momento.

Protagonizó la serie policíaca Graceland, en la cual dio vida al agente del FBI Mike Warren, dicha serie firmó por tres temporadas.

También tuvo un papel protagónico en la serie BrainDead, escrita por Robert y Michelle King, donde dio vida al político Gareth Ritter. En dicha serie fue coestrella de la conocida actriz Mary Elizabeth Winstead.

El 1 de octubre de 2020 se confirmó que Aaron particiaparía en la series Schmigadoon!, una serie de comedia musical de Apple TV+, la cual se estrenará el 16 de julio de 2021. En la serie actúa junto a Cecily Strong y Keegan-Michael Key, entre otros.

A principios de julio de 2021, se anunció que Tveit interpretaría a Adam en la serie American Horror Stories, el spin-off de American Horror Story. La serie fue estrenada el 15 de julio de 2021, por FX a través de Hulu. También volvió a la serie para el sexto capítulo de la primera temporada, esta vez pero, interpretó a Jay Gantz.

Teatro
El papel de Link Larkin en Hairspray le sirvió a Tveit como su debut en Broadway en 2006 y le abrió las puertas para más papeles por venir. Al año siguiente, interpretó a D'Artagnan en una adaptación musical de Los tres mosqueteros que tocaba en el Teatro de la Música North Shore desde finales de agosto a principios de septiembre. En julio se vio Tveit hacer el papel de Matt en Calvino Berger en el Stage Company de Barrington. 2008 resultó ser un año muy ocupado para el actor. Hizo el papel de Gabe en la producción off-Broadway del musical Next to Normal, que se desarrolló del 16 de enero al 16 de marzo en el Teatro de la segunda etapa. Por la obra de off-Broadway Next to normal, Tveit obtuvo una nominación para el premio Lucille Lortel al Mejor Actor revelación. Él fue visto como decano en la versión musical de la película ¡Salvados!, que duró una participación limitada en el Playwrights Horizons en junio. Ese mismo mes, Tveit comenzó las actuaciones como Fiyero en Wicked, protagonizó junto a notables estrellas como Kerry Ellis quien hizo de Elphaba. Luego en noviembre representó su mismo papel en Next to Normal, por el que fue galardonado con el premio Helen Hayes 2009 de Intérprete de Reparto en una producción de no Residentes.
Tveit regresó a Wicked en enero de 2009, sólo para dejar una vez más para la apertura de Broadway Next to Normal, que se inició previas a finales de marzo y se inauguró oficialmente el 15 de abril. El rendimiento de Tveit como Gabe le valió el Premio Clarence Derwent.
Tveit volvió a Next to Normal el 7 de septiembre. Él realizó su última actuación el 3 de enero de 2010.

En 2013 se confirmó que Tveit ha sido elegido para interpretar al cantante de rock, Roger Davis, en la producción de Hollywood Bowl 2010 de Rent. La producción se realizó durante el mes  de agosto agosto de 2010, y fue dirigida por Neil Patrick Harris ahí actuaó junto a las actrices Vanessa Hudgens y Tracie Thoms.

En abril de 2018 se confirmó que Tveit interpretaría a Christian, el personaje principal del musical Moulin Rouge! The Musical, basado en la película de 2001 del mismo nombre. Aunque el musical se tenía que estrenar el 27 de junio de 2018, finalmente se estrenó el 10 de julio de 2018 en el Teatro Emerson Colonial. El 28 de junio de 2019, la producción de Broadway hizo el preeestreno del musical y el 25 de julio tuvo lugar el estreno oficial. El 12 de marzo de 2020, a causa de la pandemia de COVID-19, la producción se paró. En octubre del mismo año, Aaron fue nominado a un Premio Tony en la categoría de mejor actor principal en un musical; también hizo historia al ser la única persona nominada en su categoría, hecho que no había sucedido. En la 74.ª edición de los Premios Tony ganó el premio gracias al 60% de los votos por parte de los votantes de los premios Tony. El 24 de setiembre, tal y como estaba previsto, las funciones de Moulin Rouge! The Musical fueron reanudadas en el mismo teatro Al Hirschfeld.

Trabajos

Teatro

Televisión

Cine

Podcasts y audio libros

Discografía

Álbumes en solitario

 The Radio In My Head: Live at 54 Below (Broadway Records, 2013)

Grabaciones de reparto

Premios y nominaciones

Cine y televisión

Teatro

Referencias

Actores de teatro de Estados Unidos
Actores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Cantantes de Nueva York
Actores de cine de Estados Unidos
Actores de Nueva York
Personas vivas
Ganadores del premio Tony

Aaron Tveit


Panchkula (en hindi: पंचकुला़ ) es una ciudad de la India, centro administrativo del distrito de Panchkula, en el estado de Haryana.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 332  a 11 km de la capital estatal, Chandigarh, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 226 765 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Haryana

Panchkula


Lille bjergand () er en dykand, der lever i Alaska, Canada og det nordvestlige USA.

Noter
 Netfugl.dk
 Avibase - the world bird database

Dykænder
Fugle fra Rocky Mountains

Lille bjergand


Broadland is a local government district in Norfolk, England, named after the Norfolk Broads. The population of the local authority district taken at the 2011 Census was 124,646. Its council is based in Thorpe St Andrew.

In 2013, Broadland was announced as the most peaceful locality within the United Kingdom, having the lowest level of violent crime in the country.

History
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of St Faith's and Aylsham Rural District and part of Blofield and Flegg Rural District.

Politics

The council is currently under no overall control, following a period of Conservative administration. The council is currently administered by a coalition of Liberal Democrats, Labour, and Green Party councillors.

UK Youth Parliament

Although the UK Youth Parliament is an apolitical organisation, the elections are run in a way similar to that of the Local Elections. The votes come from 11 to 18-year olds and are combined to make the decision of the next, 2-year Member of Youth Parliament. The elections are run at different times across the country with Broadland's typically being in early Spring and bi-annually.

Due to the large scale nature of Broadland's and its bordering with all other districts, the district is represented by all four MYPs for Norfolk for ease and true representation.

Composition
The district is entirely parished, and is made up of 65 civil parishes. At the time of the 2001 census, the district had an area of , with a population of 118,513 in 50,009 households.

The district contains the following civil parishes:

Acle, Alderford, Attlebridge, Aylsham
Beeston St. Andrew, Beighton, Belaugh, Blickling, Blofield, Booton, Brampton, Brandiston, Brundall, Burgh and Tuttington, Buxton Lammas, Buxton
Cantley, Cawston, Coltishall, Crostwick
Drayton
Felthorpe, Foulsham, Freethorpe, Frettenham
Great Plumstead, Great Witchingham, Guestwick
Hainford, Halvergate, Haveringland, Hellesdon, Hemblington, Hevingham, Heydon, Honingham, Horsford, Horsham St Faith, Horsham St Faith and Newton St Faith, Horstead with Stanninghall
Lingwood and Burlingham, Little Plumstead, Little Witchingham
Marsham, Morton on the Hill
Old Catton, Oulton
Postwick with Witton
Rackheath, Reedham, Reepham, Ringland
Salhouse, Salle, South Walsham, Spixworth, Sprowston, Stratton Strawless, Strumpshaw, Swannington
Taverham, Themelthorpe, Thorpe St. Andrew
Upton with Fishley
Weston Longville, Woodbastwick, Wood Dalling, Wroxham

Climate
Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round.  The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb". (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).

Controversies
A total of £357,000 was paid to two managers leaving Broadland council as a result of the merger of two management teams at Broadland and South Norfolk councils, reported Private Eye in October 2020.  (A further £594,000 in termination payments was to be shared between three managers leaving South Norfolk council due to the merger.) The councils reportedly claimed these so-called "golden goodbyes" would actually save money, as they would have fewer highly paid senior officials after they departed.

Arms

References

Non-metropolitan districts of Norfolk

Broadland


Çavuşbaşı Memiş Paşa (veya Arnavut Memiş Paşa) (ö.  8 Temmuz 1809, Sakız Adası), II. Mahmut saltanatında 15 Kasım 1808 - 1 Ocak 1809 tarihleri arasında bir ay dokuz gün sadrazamlık yapmış bir Osmanlı devlet adamıdır.

Hayatı
Arnavut asıllıydı Vezirlerin kalemlerinde görev yapıp katiplik öğrendi. Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Paşa'nın yanında kapılandı ve onun sayesinde kapı kethüdası ve hacegandan oldu. Divan hizmetlerinde bulundu ve başmuhasebeci ve 26 Ekim 1807'de çavuşbaşı oldu.

16 Kasım 1808'de sadrazam olan Alemdar Mustafa Paşa'ya ve onun İstanbul'a getirdiği milislere diş bileyen yeniçeriler isyan ettiler ve dört gün süren korkunç Alemdar Vakası gelişti. İsyanının ilk gününde isyancı Yeniçeriler, Alemdar'ın kalmakta olduğu Bâbiâli'yi bastılar. Sekbanların karşı koyması üzerine de ateşe verdiler. Saraydan yardım gelmeyince umudunu yitiren Alemdar barut mahzenini ateşleyerek içeri girmeye çalışan 1000'e yakın yeniçeriden 600 kadarıyla birlikte öldü. 17 Kasım'da Çavuşbaşı Mehmet Paşa vezirlikle sedaret kaymakamlığı görevine getirildi ve bu isyan sırasında Alemdar Mustafa Paşa iş görmediği için onun boş bıraktığı makamı idare etti. İsyancılar saraya yönelip kendisini tehdit etmelerine karşı padişah II. Mahmut tedbir alıp saray duvaraların bir kaleye dönüştürdü. Kendinden başka sağ olan tek Osmanoğlu olan  kardeşi eski padişah IV. Mustafa'yı boğdurttu. Saraya hücum ortaya çıkınca saray avlusunda bulunan sekbanlara çıkış emri vererek ayaklanmacıları bastırmak üzere bir şehir savaşı başlattı. Donanma Haliç'ten Beyazıt'i ve Paşakapısı'nı topa tuttu. Alemdar Mustafa Paşa'nın ölümü haberi duyulunca II. Mahmut sadrazam kaymakamı olan Çavuşbaşı Memiş Paşa'yı sadrazam yaptı. Bu olaylar sırasında yüzlerce isyancı öldürülüp şehir sokakları onların cesetleri ile dolmuştu. Saraya yakın Cebeci Kışlası'nada yangın çıkıp bu kışla ve yangın ve donanma top ateşiyle Ayasofya, Sultanahmet ve Divanyolu semtleri yanıp kül olmuştu.

19 Kasım'da Galata ve Kasımpaşa'da Kandıralı Mahmet elebaşılığı altında yeni bir isyan daha çıktı. Kandıralı Mehmet bu isyancılar önünde ve daha önce isyan edenlerin katılmasıyla Tersane ve Tophane'yi işgal etti. Diğer ayaklanmacı grupları Levent ve Selimiye kışlalarını ele geçirdiler. II. Mahmut yeni kurulmakta olan Sekban-ı Cedid güçlerini dağıtmak sözü vererk ayaklanmayı bastırdı. Ama askeri insan zayiatı 5.000'i aşkın yeniçeri ile 300-400 sekbandı. İsyancılar tarafından tecavüze uğrayan ve hayatını kaybeden şehir halkı hakkındaki zayiat bilinmemektedir. Bu ekstra isyanın mal zayiatı ise yağmalanmış evler ve dükkanlar ve yakılmış kışlalardı.

1 Ocak 1809 günü Çavuşbaşı Memiş Paşa sadrazamlıktan azledildi ve yerine Çarhacı Ali Paşa sadrazamlığa getirildi. Memiş Paşa önce Bursa'ya sonradan da Sakız Adası'na sürgüne gönderildi. Orada iken 8 Temmuz 1809'da öldü.

Değerlendirme
Sicill-i Osmani de şöyle değerlendirilmektedir:
İşleri idare etmekten aciz; şanssız; yumuşak ve faydası ve zararı yoktu.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Mehmed Süreyya (haz. Nuri Akbayar) (1996), Sicill-i Osmani, İstanbul:Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları ISBN 975-333-0383 C.IV s.513
 Toksoy, Cemal "Memiş Paşa (Arnavut)" (1999), Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul:Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık A.Ş. C.2 s.202-203 ISBN 975-08-0072-9
 Sakaoğlu, Necdet (1999) Bu Mülkün Sultanları, İstanbul: Oğlak Yayınları ISBN 975-329-2996
 Danişmend, İsmail Hami, (1971) Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, İstanbul: Türkiye Yayınevi
 Buz, Ayhan (2009) Osmanlı Sadrazamları, İstanbul: Neden Kitap, ISBN 978-975-254-278-5
 Tektaş, Nazim (2002), Sadrâzamlar Osmanlı'da İkinci Adam Saltanatı, İstanbul:Çatı Yayınevi (Google books:

Osmanlı sadrazamları
1809 yılında ölenler
Osmanlı Arnavutları
Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler

Çavuşbaşı Memiş Paşa


Eremocossus este un gen de insecte lepidoptere din familia Cossidae.

Cladograma conform Catalogue of Life:

Referințe

Eremocossus

Eremocossus


Daniel Kablan Duncan (Costa de Marfil, 1943) político marfileño vicepresidente de su país desde el 10 de enero de 2017 hasta el hasta el 13 de julio de 2020.

Anteriormente ejerció el puesto de primer ministro desde el 21 de noviembre de 2012 al 9 de enero de 2017 y desde el 11 de diciembre de 1993 al 24 de diciembre de 1999. Fue erigido primer ministro tras la muerte del presidente Félix Houphouët-Boigny el 7 de diciembre de 1993 y sucediendo a Alassane Ouattara.

Políticos de Costa de Marfil
Ministros de Costa de Marfil
Marfileños del siglo XX
Marfileños del siglo XXI

Daniel Kablan Duncan


Blízkov () ist eine Gemeinde im Okres Žďár nad Sázavou (Tschechien). Sie hat 325 Einwohner auf 13,43 km² und somit eine Bevölkerungsdichte von 24 Einw./km².

Blízkov liegt  19 Kilometer südlich von Žďár nad Sázavou, 24 km östlich von Jihlava und 132 km südöstlich von Prag.

Geschichte
Die erste schriftliche Erwähnung des Dorfes stammt aus dem Jahre 1298.

Gemeindegliederung
Die Gemeinde Blízkov  besteht aus den Ortsteilen Blízkov (Bliskau) und Dědkov (Diedkau), die zugleich auch Katastralbezirke bilden.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 St.-Wenzels-Kapelle, erbaut in den Jahren 1969 bis 1973.

Einzelnachweise

Ersterwähnung 1298

Blízkov


Das Rotkreuz Museum vogelsang ip im Kameradschaftshaus 10 der ehemaligen NS-Ordensburg Vogelsang gehört zu den größten Museen des Roten Kreuzes in Europa. Auf 600 m² Nutz- und 550 m² Ausstellungsfläche über zwei Etagen wird ein Überblick über die weltweite humanitäre Hilfe des Roten Kreuzes gegeben.

Geschichte

Wesentliche Teile der heute sichtbaren, über 100 Fußballfelder großen Anlage wurden 1934 von den Nationalsozialisten als NS-Ordensburg Vogelsang mit dem Ziel errichtet, hier ausgewählte Parteifunktionäre zu schulen.

Ab 1946 bis Dezember 2005 war sie das Zentrum (Camp) eines zunächst britischen, dann belgischen Truppenübungsplatzes.

Heute ist das Gelände ein vielseitig genutzter Ort im Nationalpark Eifel, der wegen Natur, Kultur, Geschichte und Bildung zahlreiche Besucher zählt.

vogelsang ip und das "Kameradschaftshaus 10"
Mit dem Übergang des belgischen Truppenübungsplatzes Camp Vogelsang in eine zivile Nutzung begann im Jahr 2006 nach 60 Jahren der militärischen Nutzung eine neue Epoche:

Der Truppenübungsplatz wurde als Teil des Nationalparks Eifel der Natur übergeben, während das Camp, der bebaute Bereich der ehemaligen NS-Ordensburg bzw. der Kasernenanlage, nun der Information, der Erholung und dem vielfältigen Lernen dient.

Dabei ist die Nutzung des "Kameradschaftshauses 10" als Ort der Auseinandersetzung mit den Menschenrechten und mit dem humanitären Völkerrecht ein wesentlicher Beitrag.
In der ehemaligen Unterkunft der "NS-Ordensjunker" sowie in der über 50-jährigen Nutzung als Mannschaftsunterkunft nebst Kantine für die übenden Soldaten der Nachkriegsepoche erhalten nun Besucher einen Überblick über die internationale humanitäre Arbeit der weltgrößten humanitären Organisation, dem Roten Kreuz.
Das ehrenamtlich betriebene Rotkreuz-Museum ist ein integrierter Bestandteil der Bildungslandschaft, die seit 2006 auf dem Gelände von vogelsang ip entsteht.

Ausstellungen

Dauerausstellungen

Menschenrecht & humanitäres Völkerrecht

Der Fokus der Ausstellungen liegt auf dem humanitären Völker- und Menschenrecht, der Geschichte und der internationalen humanitären Arbeit der Rotkreuzbewegung.

Der Besucher erhält die Gelegenheit, sich mit dem Menschenrecht, dem humanitären Völkerrecht, den Genfer Konventionen und der Rolle des Roten Kreuzes bei der Entwicklung und Umsetzung der Schriften auseinanderzusetzen. In großen Schwarz-Weiß-Bildern werden vergangene und aktuelle Verletzungen der Rechte aller Menschen gezeigt. Auf anschaulichen Wandtafeln gibt es die Menschenrechte wie auch die Genfer Konventionen zu lesen.

Rotes Kreuz – eine weltweite humanitäre Bewegung

1859 wurde der Geschäftsmann Henry Dunant nach der Schlacht von Solferino zwischen der Armee Österreichs sowie den Truppen Piemont-Sardiniens und Frankreichs Zeuge der grausamen Kriegsfolgen.
Tief erschüttert über die fast 40.000 Verwundeten und Sterbenden auf dem Schlachtfeld organisierte er gemeinsam mit den Dorfbewohnern zivile Hilfe. Nach diesem bewegenden Ereignis wurde im Jahr 1863 in Genf das "Internationale Komitee der Hilfsgesellschaften für die Verwundetenpflege" gegründet und ein Jahr später die erste Genfer Konvention unterzeichnet. Dies war der Beginn der heutigen weltweiten Rotkreuz- und Rothalbmondbewegung.

In der Ausstellung werden den Besuchern vielfältige Exponate aus der Rotkreuzarbeit gezeigt und deren Funktion auf Wandtafeln erläutert. Die Bilder und Exponate veranschaulichen unterschiedlichste Arbeitsbereiche, von einem Feldoperationsbereich bis hin zu Einsatzfahrzeugen der Bergwacht.

Das Jugendrotkreuz – Jugend die bewegt

Über 113.000 junge Mitglieder engagieren sich im Deutschen Jugendrotkreuz (JRK) für Gesundheit, Umwelt, Frieden und internationale Verständigung. Seit den 1990er Jahren führt das Jugendrotkreuz Kampagnen zu Themen für Jugendliche durch, beispielsweise zu Zukunftschancen von Jugendlichen oder Kinderarmut in Deutschland. Die Bildungsangebote umfassen die Themenfelder Erste Hilfe, Schulsanitätsdienst, Gesundheitsförderung, humanitäres Völkerrecht und Sozialengagement.

In der Ausstellung erfahren die Besucher vieles über die engagierte soziale Arbeit im Jugendrotkreuz wie Hilfsprojekte für Betroffene in Krisenregionen, soziale Initiativen und Kampagnen, Streitschlichtung oder Schulsanitätsdienst.

Vom Helfen und von Helfern
Das Rotkreuz Museum vogelsang ip zeigt in dieser Ausstellung typische Rotkreuz Lebensläufe.
Diese Zeitzeugen haben sich oft schon in jungen Jahren ehrenamtlich und freiwillig engagiert und für ihre Mitbürger eingesetzt.
Dabei wird deutlich, dass die im Ehrenamt gewonnenen Fertigkeiten und Qualifikationen das spätere Leben wesentlich prägen.

Sonderausstellungen

Umweg Prag 1989
Ein besonderer Bestandteil ist die Sonderausstellung "Umweg Prag - Die Prager Botschaftsflüchtlinge im Herbst ´89 in der Bundesdeutschen Botschaft in Prag" des Deutsch-Deutschen Museums Mödlareuth.
Sie veranschaulicht die Geschichte vom Anfang des Endes der deutschen Teilung und des Eisernen Vorhangs in Europa.
In mehreren Wellen hatten 1989 bis zu 10 000 DDR-Bürger gleichzeitig auf dem Gelände der Bonner Botschaft in Prag bis zur Ausreisegenehmigung des damaligen ostdeutschen Regimes Zuflucht gefunden – und waren dort unter schwersten logistischen Rahmenbedingungen unter anderem von den Euskirchener Rotkreuzlern Angelika und Herbert Schmitz versorgt worden.

Das Tagebuch von Angelika Schmitz über ihren damaligen Rotkreuz-Verpflegungseinsatz auf dem Gelände der Botschaft dient als wichtige Quelle für diese Präsentation. Fünf Medienstationen informieren über die Schicksale von zwölf Familien und Anschauungsmaterial aus der Zeit, als der Kalte Krieg in Europa zu Ende ging.

Kinder unserer Welt
Kinder sind oft auch am meisten betroffen von den Katastrophen und Kriegen. Die Fotodokumentation "Kinder unserer Welt" zeigt beeindruckende und bedrückende Aufnahmen von Rotkreuzhelfern aus aller Welt.

Engagement heute – die neue Bürgergesellschaft

Ein Drittel der in Deutschland lebenden Bürger und Bürgerinnen engagiert sich in Vereinen, Kirchen, Glaubensgemeinschaften und Organisationen der Zivilgesellschaft.

Diese Ausstellung zeigt die Vision des Roten Kreuzes zur Zukunft des bürgerschaftlichen Engagements und die alltäglichen Wünsche und Probleme der Ehrenamtlichen zwischen sozialem Einsatz, Beruf und Familie oder Partnerschaft.

Literatur
Eckart Roloff und Karin Henke-Wendt: Von kriegerischen Zeiten zum friedlichen Aufbau im Nationalpark. (Rotkreuz-Museum Schleiden-Vogelsang ip) In: Besuchen Sie Ihren Arzt oder Apotheker. Eine Tour durch Deutschlands Museen für Medizin und Pharmazie. Band 1, Norddeutschland, S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart 2015, S. 159–160, ISBN 978-3-7776-2510-2.

Weblinks

 Rotkreuz Museum vogelsang ip

Museum, Vogelsang
Schleiden
Museum (Rotes Kreuz)

Rotkreuz-Museum vogelsang ip


Ruski umjetnički znanstveno restauracioni centar I.E.Grabara vodeći je državni konzervatorsko restauratorski zavod u Ruskoj Federaciji.

Povijest
Centar je utemeljen 1918. godine.Glavni inicijator utemeljenja bio je Igor Emanuelovič Grabar,umjetnik i povjesničar umjetnosti.Godine 1934. centar je zatvoren,te je ponovo otvoren 1944.

Centar danas
Danas je centar jedna od ruskih institucija zaštite kulturne baštine koje su kontinuirano radile na obučavanju budućih djelatnika.U centru je još 1947.  stvoren pravilnik o zvanju restaurator umjetnina ( do tog razdoblja u Rusiji nije bilo sustavnog školovanja konzervatora restauratora!).Od 1955. u centru su se održavali dvogodišnji tečajevi za restauratore slika,skulptura  ,grafika i djela primijenjene umjetnosti.

Centar danas surađuje s više od 200 ruskih muzeja.Također centar je pored Državnog centra za znanstvena istraživanja u području konzerviranja restauriranja(Государственный научно-исследовательский институт реставрации - ГосНИИР) jedan od vodećih izdavača konzervatorsko restauratorske literature na ruskom jeziku,te je suorganizator brojnih konferencija o konzervatorsko restauratorskoj problematici.
Značajan je   i doprinos centra na polju ekspertiza i atribucija umjetničke baštine.

Vodeća je institucija za školovanje i doškolovanje restauratora koji rade u ruskim muzejima.

Kao posebnost se može izdvojiti i veći broj izdanih monografija posvećenih pojedinim značajnijim ruskim restauratorima.

Požar 2010.
Dana 15.07.2010. centar je teško oštećen u požaru.

Dodatna literatura
Л.Н.Крылова. «90 лет деятельности ВНХРЦ им. акад. И.Э.Грабаря в документах»,Moskva 2008.

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica

Video zapisi
Kratki video posvećen centru
Konzervacija


كوادريليون هو عدد يساوي مليون مليار.

يكتب الكوادريليون كما يلي: 000 000 000 000 000 1 (واحد عن يمينه خمسة عشر صفراً) 10^15.

مراجع

أعداد صحيحة
أعداد كبيرة
قيم أسية

كوادريليون


Die Turkey International 2011 als offene Meisterschaften der Türkei im Badminton fanden vom 19. bis zum 22. Dezember 2011 in Istanbul statt. Es war die vierte Auflage des Turniers. Der Referee war Dirk Kellermann aus Deutschland. Das Preisgeld betrug 15.000 US-Dollar, wodurch das Turnier in das BWF-Level 4A eingeordnet wurde.

Austragungsort
 Fatih Spor Kompleksi, Karagümrük Mah. Kaleboyu Cad. 111

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
 http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=1D1274F7-EF06-4682-8CFD-435AA042C47B

Badminton 2011
2011
Badmintonwettbewerb in Istanbul
BE Circuit 2011/12

Turkey International 2011


Das Neufeldenwasser, auch Gründelbach, ist ein etwa zwei Kilometer langer Bach, der am Nordhang des Hutberges bzw. nordwestlich des Pferdeberges entspringt und bei Niederoderwitz in das Landwasser mündet. Er durchfließt ein Waldstück namens Gründel, auch sonst sind seine Ufer bewaldet, nur der Oberlauf ist baumfrei. Kurz vor der Mündung ins Landwasser passiert der Bach ein Stauwehr, das heute zur Wasserentnahme genutzt wird.

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Oberlausitz)
Gewässer in Oderwitz

Neufeldenwasser


Sofia Anna Palm de Rosa (født i 25. december 1859 i Stockholm, død 2. maj 1924 Italien) var en svensk kunstner og landskabsmaler.

Palm de Rosa var datter af professor Gustaf Wilhelm Palm. Hendes barndomshjem var på børnehjemmet Trädgårdsgatan 19 (nu Olof Palmes gata). Hjemmet var samlingssted for en stor kreds af kunstnervenner. Allerede i sine tidlige teenageår modtog Anna privatundervisning af sin far, der var hof- og landskabsmaler. I 1885 opholdt hun sig i Skagen og var sammen med kunstnerkolonien der og malede Et l'hombre-parti på Brøndums Hotel, der nu er på Skagens Kunstmuseer.

Anna Palm var i løbet af 1890'erne en af Sveriges mest populære kunstnere. Hun malede altid idylliske motiver mest i akvarel, og hendes motiver var Stockholms og Bohusläns skærgård samt fra Frankrig og Italien med mennesker og heste i landskaberne . Hun malede også jule- og postkort. Hun udstillede på Royal Academy i London i 1885 og 1887 og derefter på en lang række udstillinger. Hendes sidste udstilling var Den baltiske Udstilling i Malmø i 1914.

Nytårsaften 1895 forlod hun Sverige for at bosætte sig først i Paris og et år senere i Italien. Under et besøg i Capri mødte hun sin kommende mand, infanteriløjtnant Alfredo de Rosa, som hun giftede sig i 1901. Efter at være flyttet til Italien fortsatte hun med at male motiver fra Stockholm, som hun lavede efter fotografier af  Frans Gustaf Klemming.

Gallery

Malere fra Sverige
Kunstnerkolonien i Skagen

Sofia Anna Palm de Rosa


Echinothamnion, rod crvenih algi smješten u tribus Polysiphonieae, dio porodice Rhodomelaceae. Postoje četiri priznate vrste, sve su morske

Vrste
 Echinothamnion hookeri (Harvey) Kylin ex P.C.Silva
 Echinothamnion hystrix (J.D.Hooker & Harvey) Kylin - tip
 Echinothamnion lyallii (J.D.Hooker & Harvey) Kylin ex P.C.Silva
 Echinothamnion mallardiae (Harvey) Kylin ex P.C.Silva

Izvori

Rhodomelaceae

Echinothamnion


Masaki Fukai (født 13. september 1980) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Kashima Antlers, Albirex Niigata, Nagoya Grampus, JEF United Chiba, V-Varen Nagasaki og SC Sagamihara.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Masaki Fukai


O Brasil da Pré-História: o mistério do Poço Azul é o título do documentário baseado nas descobertas arquelógicas efetuadas no Poço Azul, uma das atrações turísticas da Chapada Diamantina, região central do estado brasileiro da Bahia. Lançado em 2007, produzido pela Mixer, foi realizado por Tulio Schargel e Maurício Dias.

Lançado inicialmente na emissora canadense CBC Television, foi exibido em mais de cinquenta países até ser exibido no Brasil, em canal por assinatura, no ano de 2011.

Sinopse
Na divulgação é feita a seguinte sinopse: "Em um mergulho de mapeamento de uma caverna subaquática na Chapada Diamantina, o cinegrafista Túlio Schargel descobre, nas profundezas do Poço Azul,um pedaço de um fóssil que parece ser de um animal muito grande. Depois de consultar um experiente paleontólogo, a descoberta impulsiona uma expedição semp recedentes no Brasil: uma equipe de mergulhadores e cientistas parte em busca do fóssil de um dos maiores mamíferos da pré-história do país: a preguiça-gigante."

História
A obra "narra a aventura de uma equipe internacional de paleontólogos em busca do maior representante da fauna brasileira extinta: a preguiça gigante pré-histórica, no fundo de uma caverna subaquática, localizada na região da Chapada Diamantina, interior da Bahia" onde mais quatro mil ossos de diversas espécies extintas foram encontrados, de quarenta e cinco diferentes espécies - dos quais duas foram de preguiças terrestres ainda desconhecidas, além da ossada completa de uma preguiça-gigante.

A descoberta da primeira peça fóssil deu-se com o espeleólogo e mergulhador Tulio Schargel que, a seguir, integrou uma expedição científica que o documentário retrata, sendo integrada por uma equipe da qual fizeram parte o géologo da USP Ivo Karmann, os paleontólogos Castor Cartelle Guerra (PUC-MG), François Pujos(França) e Gerry Iuliius (Canadá) e ainda François Pujos, paleontólogo  do Instituto Francês de Estudos Andinos, de Lima.

A população de Nova Redenção, onde está a Gruta Azul, participa da obra, sendo a elas apresentadas as descobertas ali realizadas, e a importância do sítio arqueológico da cidade.

No final da obra é mencionada a chegada dos primeiros humanos às Américas, e são apresentadas pinturas rupestres.

Premiações
O documentário recebeu os seguintes prêmios:
Medalha de Ouro no AMIF, na França (2007)
Golden Dragon Award, da China (2008)
Prêmio Especial de Júri para divulgação cientifica, na Espanha (2009)

Chapada Diamantina
Documentários de 2007
Documentários do Brasil
Documentários da França
Nova Redenção
Filmes gravados na Bahia


عليا الطرب بالتلاتة فيلم مصري من إنتاج عام 2006.

قصة الفيلم
كوميديا غنائية تدور من خلالها طموحات وأحلام مجموعة أصدقاء يشد كل منهما آذر الآخر ويساندون بعضهم البعض في كل ما يواجههم من مشاكل.. حيث الصديق (محمد عطية) الذي يسانده اصدقاؤه في مشاكله مع زوجته محاولين تلطيف الأمور بينهما في الوقت ذاته يحاول محمد مساعدة أصدقائه في كل ما يتعرضون له من أزمات.

الممثلون
 محمد عطية
 ريهام عبد الغفور
 دينا
 ريكو
 سعد الصغير
 حجاج عبد العظيم
 محمد شرف
 سليمان عيد
 إسماعيل فرغلي

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أفلام محمد شرف
أفلام محمد عطية
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2006
أفلام حجاج عبد العظيم

عليا الطرب بالتلاتة (فيلم)


Kustaa ist ein finnischer männlicher Vorname.

Bedeutung und Herkunft
Kustaa ist die finnische Version des Vornamen Gustaf/Gustav.

Varianten
 Kyösti und Kustavi, ein Diminutiv des Vornamens ist Kusti.

Namenstag
Der Namenstag von Kustaa wird in Finnland am 6. Juni gefeiert.

Bekannte Namensträger

 Kustaa Aadolf Inkeri (1908–1997), finnischer Astrenom und Mathematiker
 Kustaa Pihlajamäki (1902–1944), finnischer Ringer

als Zweitname:
 Kustaa Mauri Armfelt (1757–1814), finnischer Name des Staatsmanns Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt
 Arvo Kustaa Halberg (1910–2000), Geburtsname des US-amerikanischen CPUSA-Politikers Gus Hall
 Mikko Kustaa Huhtala (* 1952), finnischer Ringer
 Pentti Kustaa Nikula (* 1939), finnischer Leichtathlet

Siehe auch
 Liste finnischer Vornamen

Männlicher Vorname
Finnischer Personenname

Kustaa


Yüzyıllık Yalnızlık (İspanyolca: Cien años de soledad), Nobel Edebiyat Ödüllü Kolombiyalı yazar Gabriel García Márquez'in 1967 yılında Meksika'ya ilk gidişinde yazdığı başyapıtı niteliğindeki romanı.

Yazar, çocukluğunun geçtiği Aracataca kasabasını "Macondo" adıyla fantastik bir kurguyla sunmuştur ve amacını "çocukluk günlerini sanatsal bir dille ardında bırakmak" olarak açıklamıştır. Kitap, büyülü gerçekçilik akımının en önemli eserlerindendir.

Kitabın ilk baskısı Sander tarafından 1974 yılında yayımlanmıştır.

Çevirisini Seçkin Selvi'nin yaptığı ve Can Yayınları çıkışlı 2005 tarihli 27. baskısının arka kapağında yazar García Márquez'in ağzından şu sözler yer almaktadır:

"Yüzyıllık Yalnızlık'ı yazmaya başladığımda, çocukluğumda beni etkilemiş olan her şeyi edebiyat aracılığıyla aktarabileceğim bir yol bulmak istiyordum. Çok kasvetli kocaman bir evde, toprak yiyen bir kız kardeş, geleceği sezen bir büyükanne ve mutlulukla çılgınlık arasında ayrım gözetmeyen, adları birörnek bir yığın hısım akraba arasında geçen çocukluk günlerimi sanatsal bir dille ardımda bırakmaktı amacım. Yüzyıllık Yalnızlık'ı iki yıldan daha kısa bir sürede yazdım. Ama yazı makinemin başına oturmadan önce bu kitap hakkında düşünmek on beş, on altı yılımı aldı. Büyükannem, en acımasız şeyleri, kılını bile kıpırdatmadan, sanki yalnızca gördüğü şeylermiş gibi anlatırdı bana. Anlattığı öyküleri bu kadar değerli kılan şeyin, onun duygusuz tavrı ve imgelerindeki zenginlik olduğunu kavradım. Yüzyıllık Yalnızlık'ı büyükannemin işte bu yöntemini kullanarak yazdım. Bu romanı büyük bir dikkat ve keyifle okuyan, hiç şaşırmayan sıradan insanlar tanıdım. Şaşırmadılar, çünkü ben onlara hayatlarında yeni olan bir şey anlatmamıştım. Kitaplarımda gerçekliğe dayanmayan tek cümle bulamazsınız."

Dış bağlantılar
 Sparknotes summary
 Google Print
 Gabriel García Márquez – Nobel Lecture

Gabriel García Márquez romanları
İspanyolca romanlar
1967 romanları

Yüzyıllık Yalnızlık


In mathematics, the Nagell–Lutz theorem is a result in the diophantine geometry of elliptic curves, which describes rational torsion points on elliptic curves over the integers.
It is named for Trygve Nagell and Élisabeth Lutz.

Definition of the terms
Suppose that the equation

defines a non-singular cubic curve with integer coefficients a, b, c, and let D be the discriminant of the cubic polynomial on the right side:

Statement of the theorem

If P = (x,y) is a rational point of finite order on C, for the elliptic curve group law, then:
1) x and y are integers
2) either y = 0, in which case P has order two, or else y divides D, which immediately implies that y2 divides D.

Generalizations

The Nagell–Lutz theorem generalizes to arbitrary number fields and more
general cubic equations.
For curves over the rationals, the
generalization says that, for a nonsingular cubic curve
whose Weierstrass form

has integer coefficients, any rational point P=(x,y) of finite
order must have integer coordinates, or else have order 2 and
coordinates of the form x=m/4, y=n/8, for m and n integers.

History
The result is named for its two independent discoverers, the Norwegian Trygve Nagell (1895–1988) who published it in 1935, and Élisabeth Lutz (1937).

See also
Mordell–Weil theorem

References

 Joseph H. Silverman, John Tate (1994), "Rational Points on Elliptic Curves", Springer, .

Elliptic curves
Theorems in number theory

Nagell–Lutz theorem


An Calamagrostis parviseta in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Joyce Winifred Vickery, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni John Raymond Reeder. An Calamagrostis parviseta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Calamagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Calamagrostis

Calamagrostis parviseta


Cudgegong River, a perennial stream that is part of the Macquarie catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the central western and Orana districts of New South Wales, Australia.

The river rises of the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range within Wollemi National Park, east of Rylstone, and flows generally west, north-west, and south-west, joined by fourteen tributaries, including Wyaldra Creek and Lawsons Creek, before reaching its confluence with the Macquarie River at Lake Burrendong; descending  over its  course.

Several reservoirs, including Rylstone Reservoir and Lake Windamere, impede the natural flow of the Cudgegong River past the towns of Mudgee, and near Gulgong.

References

External links

Rivers of New South Wales
Murray-Darling basin

Cudgegong River


Futebol de Causas (internationaler Titel: "Football with a cause") ist ein Dokumentarfilm über die Fußballmannschaft von Académica de Coimbra und ihre Rolle im Widerstand gegen die Diktatur in Portugal bis zur Nelkenrevolution 1974.

Handlung
Der Film dokumentiert die Vorgeschichte und die Folgen der Studentenproteste, die sich anlässlich des Pokalfinales 1969 der portugiesischen Öffentlichkeit nicht länger verheimlichen ließen von der Propaganda des Estado Novo-Regimes. Benfica Lissabon stand im Finale um den Landespokal dem Studentenverein Académica aus Coimbra gegenüber, und die zahlreichen Studenten und Regimegegner unter den Zuschauern nutzten die Gelegenheit, um auf die inhaftierten Studenten und die andauernden Unruhen an den Universitäten des Landes aufmerksam zu machen. Mit heutigen Erinnerungen damaliger Aktiver, historischen Aufnahmen, Originaldokumenten und journalistischen Teilen wird die Vorgeschichte rekonstruiert, und der weitere Verlauf aus Sicht der Studenten des Vereins erzählt. Der Verein hatte damals eine besondere Stellung im Profifußball des Landes, da ihr Fußballkader keine Berufsfußballer waren, und zudem in der Mehrheit von progressiven gesellschaftlichen Ideen angetrieben wurden.

Rezeption
Der Film ruft eine fast in Vergessenheit geratene Episode im populären Fußballsport des Landes in Erinnerung. Da Spielbetrieb und Berichterstattung vor allem von den drei erfolgreichsten Mannschaften Benfica Lissabon, Sporting Lissabon und FC Porto bestimmt wird, erlangte der Film über die besondere historische Rolle von Académica Coimbra einige Aufmerksamkeit im fußballbegeisterten Portugal. Die Zuschauer wurden hier von einigen Szenen überrascht, etwa wenn sie erfahren, dass das Finale 1969 das einzige in der portugiesischen Fußballgeschichte war, dem der Staatspräsident fernblieb und die Trophäe nicht überreichte, oder wenn der als Nationaltrainer und Benfica-Couch bekannte Mário Wilson sich hier als im Innersten überzeugter Académica-Anhänger zeigt, deren Kapitän er 1969 war.

Der Film lief auf verschiedenen Festivals (2009 u. a. Doclisboa und Caminhos do Cinema Português), auch in Deutschland (Altes Finanzamt Berlin 2010), und wurde 2010 als DVD veröffentlicht (OmUEngl).

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webseite des Films (port./engl.)
 Offizieller Trailer auf YouTube

Siehe auch
 Portugiesischer Film

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2009
Portugiesischer Film
Dokumentarfilm
Independentfilm
Fußballfilm
Fußball (Portugal)
Académica de Coimbra

Futebol de Causas


ELIZA er et tidligt computerprogram til behandling af naturligt sprog udviklet mellem 1964 og 1966 på MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory af Joseph Weizenbaum. Programmet blev skabt til at demostrere det overfladiske i kommunikationen mellem menneske og maskine, idet ELIZA simulerede en samtale ved brug af mønstergenkendelse og metodisk subsitution, som gav brugeren en oplevelse af at blive forstået af maskinen, til trods for at programmet ikke havde nogen forståelsesramme for miljø og hændelser. Programmets interaktion blev styret af 'scripts' (programstumper), oprindeligt skrevet i sproget SLIP, som gave ELISA mulighed for at behandle input og give svar i henhold til reglerne indeholdt i disse scripts. Det mest kendte script, DOCTOR, simulerede en psykoterapeut og anvendte regler, som ledte til ikke-ledende spørgsmål afledt af brugerens input. ELISA var således en af de første chatbots, men blev også anset for at være et af de første programmer med mulighed for at bestå Turing-testen.

ELIZA's skaber, Weizenbaum, anså programmet for at være en demonstration af det overfladiske i kommunikation mellem menneske og maskine, men blev overrasket over, hvor mange, som tilskrev programmet menneske-lignende følelser - herunder hans egen sekretær. Mange akademikere troede, at programmet ville være i stand til at påvirke mange mennesker positivt, især dem med psykologiske udfordringer, og at det kunne bistå læger i behandlingen af patienter. Skønt ELIZA kunne deltage i en dialog, kunne den ikke konversere med egentlig forståelse. Mange af de tidlige brugere var dog overbeviste om ELIZA's intelligens og forståelse, trods Weizenaums insisteren på det modsatte.

ELIZA er navngivet efter figuren Eliza Doolittle fra skuespillet Pygmalion eller musicalen My Fair Lady, hvor arbejderpigen Eliza bliver tillært et overklassesporg.

Virkemåde
I sin enkleste form virker ELIZA på følgende måde:
 En prioriteret liste med nøgleord anvendes overfor brugerens indtastede sætning. Nøgleordet med højest prioritet, som findes i brugerens sætning, anvendes. Eksempler på nøgleord kunne være:
 "can you" (kan du) → svar 1-3 anvendes
 "can I" (kan jeg) → svar 4-5 anvendes
 "you are" (du er) → svar 6-9 anvendes
 ...
 (ikke fundet) → svar 106-112 anvendes
 Nøgleordet har ledt til et sæt af svar; et af disse vælges tilfældigt. Fx kan svarene til "can you" (kan du) være:
 "Don't you believe that I can<*" (Tror du ikke jeg kan ...?)
 "Perhaps you would like to be able to<*" (Du vil måske gerne være i stand til at ...?)
 "You want me to be able to<*" (Du vil gerne, om jeg kan ...?)
 Svaret gøres komplet, ved at den del af brugerens sætning, som kommer efter nøgleordet, indsættes i svaret. I eksemplerne ovenfor erstattes "<*" af den del af brugerens sætning, som kommer efter nøgleordet.
 Svaret vendes, således at 1. person (jeg, mig) erstattes af 2. person (du, dig) og modsat. (På engelsk kan denne udskiftning også omfatte verbet, som bøjes efter stedordet; I am, you are.)

Modellen kan forbedres på mange måder. Fx kan det undgås, at samme svar for det enkelte nøgleord anvendes flere gange i træk, og der kan indarbejdes en særlig håndtering af korte svar fra brugeren.

Det bemærkes, at ELIZA's svar ihærdigt spiller opgaven med at formulere noget over til brugeren; ELIZA forstår jo ikke hvad dialogen handler om.

Se også
 Sophia

Kildehenvisninger

Chatbots
Sprogteknologi

ELIZA


Nennstiel ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Gerhard Nennstiel (* 1946), deutscher Gewerkschafter
 Peter Nennstiel (1934–2009), deutscher Basketballtrainer
 Thomas Nennstiel (Gitarrist) (* 1954), deutscher Gitarrist und Komponist
 Thomas Nennstiel (* 1958), deutscher Fernsehregisseur

Nennstiel


Campus Odense Station er en letbanestation på Odense Letbane, beliggende på Campusvej i den nordlige ende af Syddansk Universitets område i Odense. Stationen åbnede sammen med letbanen 28. maj 2022.

Letbanen ligger på Campusvej, der går på langs gennem universitetets område, et såkaldt campus. Stationen ligger lige syd for krydset med Bøgeskovvej og består af to spor med hver sin sideliggende perron. Campusvej er spærret for biltrafik, der i stedet må køre øst eller vest om universitetet. Alternativt kan bilisterne benytte Park and ride-anlægget ved Parkering Odense Syd Station og tage letbanen derfra. Derudoverligger der en supercykelsti langs med letbanen.

Stationen betjener en række institutioner i området, blandt andet Center for Journalistik, Syddansk Universitetsforlag og Svømmehallen Universitetet. Lidt mod øst ligger der et atletikstadion og fodboldklubben B1913s hjemmebane Campus Road.

Galleri

Eksterne henvisninger
 Odense Letbane

Referencer

Odense Letbane

Campus Odense Station


الشيخ عبد العظيم العطواني اسمه عبد العظيم أحمد سليم، وشهرته عبد العظيم العطواني؛ نسبة إلى قرية العطواني؛ وهي إحدى قرى مركز «إدفو» بمحافظة أسوان جنوب مصر. كانت بدايته في كتاب القرية. فكانت الخطوة الأولى للشيخ عبد العظيم تعلم أحكام القرآن الكريم وحفظه كاملا مجودا، وقد لمس شيخ الكتاب إمكانات العطواني، فدفعه إلى أن تكون الغاية والوسيلة هي كتاب الله وأحكام تجويده وما استتبع ذلك من خطوات تمثلت في ترحاله للاستزادة من دراسته للقرآن حفظا وتجويدا وأحكاما، وكان الشيخ البطيخي الذي تعلم على يديه الشيخ محمد صديق المنشاوي أحد أبرز معلمي الشيخ العطواني في فترة صباه. حين كان العطواني تلميذا في كتاب القرية كان من عادة شيخ الكتاب حين ينتهي من تعليم التلاميذ أن يختم لقاءه معهم بأنشودة دينية، وكانت قصيدة المديح النبوي للإمام البوصيري هي تلك الأنشودة التي يرددها التلاميذ كل مرة.. فراقت كلماتها للشيخ العطواني وهو في صباه، ولمست موسيقاها ثنايا أذنه، فحفظها عن ظهر قلب، وشجا بها بين التلاميذ دون أن يشعر، وسمعه شيخه فقال له: «لقد تملكت منك البردة وتملكت منها.. وعشقتها وعشقتك.. وامتلأ بها قلبك فخرجت من صوتك وكأنها لم تخرج من صوت أحد قبلك؛ فأنشدنا بها دائما». ومنذ ذلك التاريخ صارت البردة ملازمة للشيخ العطواني مثلما صار هو معروفا بها، وقال في ذلك الشيخ متولي الشعراوي حين سمع الشيخ العطواني يشدو بالبردة في تفرد ووجْدٍ: «كأنما وضع البوصيري البردة لينشدها العطواني»

قصيدة البردة
منشد قصيدة البردة المعروفة؛ إحدى أشهر قصائد المديح النبوي، وهي القصيدة التي بوأت لصاحبها شرف الدين البوصيري -بما حظيت به من مكانة لا تنافسها فيها سوى البردة الأم لـ كعب بن زهير - إمامة فن المدائح النبوية، وقد اقترن العطواني بها، فصار لا يعرف إلا بها ولا ينشدها إلا هو، ورغم بعده عن وسائل الإعلام وإصراره على البقاء في صعيد مصر إلا أن شهرته جابت الآفاق، وعد أشهر منشدي البردة على الإطلاق.

محمد متولي الشعراوي
وكان من أهم من تأثر بهم الشيخ العطواني، الشيخ محمد متولي الشعراوي عام 1983 ، وكانت أشرطة الكاسيت تحمل قصيدة البردة للشيخ العطواني قد انتشرت، وكان لقاؤه بالشيخ الشعراوي بحضور الشيخ محمد عبده يماني وزير الإعلام السعودي الأسبق، وكان الشيخ يماني من المرددين في الجلسة وراء إنشاد العطواني.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 ملفات صوتية وفيديو للشيخ عبد العظيم العطواني
 تسجيل صوتي

دعاة مصريون
علماء دين سنة مصريون
منشدون إسلاميون مصريون
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الوفاة

عبد العظيم العطواني


Las Primarias del Partido Republicano de 2012 en California se hicieron el 5 de junio de 2012. Las Primarias del Partido Republicano fueron unas Primarias, con 172 delegados para elegir al candidato del partido Republicano para las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2012.  En el estado de California estaban en disputa 172 delegados.

Elecciones

Resultados

Véase también
 Primarias presidenciales del Partido Republicano de 2012

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Destino 2012 en Univision (en español)
 Calendario de las Primarias en California (en inglés)
 Primarias y Primarias en CNN (en inglés)
 Candidatos a las Primarias (en inglés)

2012
California


The Haggadah (, "telling"; plural: Haggadot) is a Jewish text that sets forth the order of the Passover Seder. According to Jewish practice, reading the Haggadah at the Seder table is a fulfillment of the mitzvah to each Jew to tell their children the story from the Book of Exodus about God bringing the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt, with a strong hand and an outstretched arm.

History

Authorship
According to Jewish tradition, the Haggadah was compiled during the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods, although the exact date is unknown. It could not have been written earlier than the time of Judah bar Ilai (circa 170 CE), who is the latest tanna to be quoted therein. Abba Arika and Samuel of Nehardea (circa 230 CE) argued on the compilation of the Haggadah, and hence it had not been completed as of then. Based on a Talmudic statement, it was completed by the time of "Rav Nachman". There is a dispute, however, to which Rav Nachman the Talmud was referring: according to some commentators, this was Rav Nachman bar Yaakov (circa 280 CE), while others maintain this was Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak (360 CE).

However, the Malbim, along with a minority of commentators, believe that Abba Arika and Samuel were not arguing on its compilation, but rather on its interpretation, and hence it was completed before then. According to this explanation, the Haggadah was written during the lifetime of Judah ha-Nasi (who was a student of Judah bar Ilia and the teacher of Abba Arika and Samuel) the compiler of the Mishnah. The Malbim theorized that the Haggadah was written by Judah ha-Nasi himself.

One of the most ancient parts is the recital of the "Hallel," which, according to the Mishnah (Pesachim 5:7), was sung at the sacrifice in the Temple in Jerusalem, and of which, according to the school of Shammai, only the first chapter shall be recited. After the Psalms a blessing for the Redemption is to be said. This blessing, according to Rabbi Tarfon, runs as follows: "Praised art Thou, O Lord, King of the Universe, who hast redeemed us, and hast redeemed our fathers from Egypt."

Another part of the oldest ritual, as is recorded in the Mishnah, is the conclusion of the "Hallel" (up to Psalms 118), and the closing benediction of the hymn "Birkat ha-Shir," which latter the Amoraim explain differently, but which evidently was similar to the benediction thanking God, "who loves the songs of praise," used in the present ritual.

These blessings, and the narrations of Israel's history in Egypt, based on Deuteronomy 26:5–9 and on Joshua 24:2–4, with some introductory remarks, were added in the time of the early Amoraim in the third century CE.

In post-Talmudic times, during the era of the Geonim, selections from midrashim were added; most likely Rabbi Amram Gaon (c. 850) was the originator of the present collection, as he was the redactor of the daily liturgy in the siddur. Of these midrashim one of the most important is that of the four children, representing four different attitudes towards why Jews should observe Passover. This division is taken from the Jerusalem Talmud and from a parallel passage in the Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael; it is slightly altered in the present ritual. Other rabbinic quotes from the aggadah literature are added, as the story of Eliezer ben Hurcanus, who discussed the Exodus all night with four other rabbis, which tale is found in an altogether different form in the Tosefta.

While the main portions of the text of the Haggadah have remained mostly the same since their original compilation, there have been some additions after the last part of the text. Some of these additions, such as the cumulative songs "One little goat" (חד גדיא) and "Who Knows One?" (אחד מי יודע), which were added sometime in the fifteenth century, gained such acceptance that they became a standard to print at the back of the Haggadah.

The text of the Haggadah was never fixed in one, final form, as no rabbinic body existed which had authority over such matters. Instead, each local community developed its own text. A variety of traditional texts took on a standardized form by the end of the medieval era on the Ashkenazi (Eastern European) and Sephardi (Spanish, North African, and Middle Eastern) communities.

The Karaites and also the Samaritans developed their own Haggadot which they use to the present day.

During the era of the Enlightenment the European Jewish community developed into groups that reacted in different ways to modifications of the Haggadah.
 Orthodox Judaism accepted certain fixed texts as authoritative and normative, and prohibited any changes to the text.
 Modern Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism allowed for minor additions and deletions to the text, in accord with the same historical-legal parameters as occurred in previous generations. Rabbis within the Conservative Judaism, studying the liturgical history of the Haggadah and Siddur, conclude that there is a traditional dynamic of innovation, within a framework conserving the tradition.  While innovations became less common in the last few centuries due to the introduction of the printing press and various social factors, Conservative Jews take pride in their community's resumption of the traditional of liturgical creativity within a halakhic framework.
 Reform Judaism holds that there are no normative texts, and allowed individuals to create their own Haggadot. Reform Jews take pride in their community's resumption of liturgical creativity outside a halakhic framework; although the significant differences they introduced make their texts incompatible with Jews who wish to follow a seder according to Jewish tradition.

Manuscript history
The oldest surviving complete manuscript of the Haggadah dates to the 10th century. It is part of a prayer book compiled by Saadia Gaon. It is now believed that the Haggadah first became produced as an independent book in codex form around 1000 CE. Maimonides (1135–1204) included the Haggadah in his code of Jewish law, the Mishneh Torah. Existing manuscripts do not go back beyond the thirteenth century. When such a volume was compiled, it became customary to add poetical pieces.

The earliest surviving Haggadot produced as works in their own right are manuscripts from the 13th and 14th centuries, such as the Golden Haggadah (probably Barcelona c. 1320, now British Library) and the Sarajevo Haggadah (late fourteenth century). It is believed that the first printed Haggadot were produced in 1482, in Guadalajara, Spain; however, this is mostly conjecture, as there is no printer's colophon. The oldest confirmed printed Haggadah was printed in Soncino, Lombardy in 1486 by the Soncino family.

Although the Jewish printing community was quick to adopt the printing press as a means of producing texts, the general adoption rate of printed Haggadot was slow. By the end of the sixteenth century, only twenty-five editions had been printed. This number increased to thirty-seven during the seventeenth century, and 234 during the eighteenth century. It is not until the nineteenth century, when 1,269 separate editions were produced, that a significant shift is seen toward printed Haggadot as opposed to manuscripts. From 1900 to 1960 alone, over 1,100 Haggadot were printed.
It is not uncommon, particularly in America, for haggadot to be produced by corporate entities, such as coffee maker Maxwell House – see Maxwell House Haggadah – serving as texts for the celebration of Passover, but also as marketing tools and ways of showing that certain foods are kosher.

Illuminated manuscripts

The earliest Ashkenazi illuminated Haggada is known as the Birds' Head Haggadah, made in Germany around the 1320s and now in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.
The Rylands Haggadah (Rylands Hebrew MS. 6) is one of the finest Haggadot in the world. It was written and illuminated in Spain in the 14th century and is an example of the cross-fertilisation between Jewish and non-Jewish artists within the medium of manuscript illumination. In spring and summer 2012 it was exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, in the exhibition 'The Rylands Haggadah: Medieval Jewish Art in Context'.

The British Library's 14th century Barcelona Haggadah (BL Add. MS 14761) is one of the most richly pictorial of all Jewish texts. Meant to accompany the Passover eve service and festive meal, it was also a status symbol for its owner in 14th-century Spain. Nearly all its folios are filled with miniatures depicting Passover rituals, Biblical and Midrashic episodes, and symbolic foods. A facsimile edition was published by Facsimile Editions of London in 1992.

Published in 1526, the Prague Haggadah is known for its attention to detail in lettering and for introducing many of the themes still found in modern texts. Although illustrations had often been a part of the Haggadah, it was not until the Prague Haggadah that they were used extensively in printed text. The Haggadah features over sixty woodcut illustrations picturing "scenes and symbols of the Passover ritual; ... biblical and rabbinic elements that actually appear in the Haggadah text; and scenes and figures from biblical or other sources that play no role in the Haggadah itself, but have either past or future redemptive associations".

Other illuminated Haggadot include the Sarajevo Haggadah, Washington Haggadah, and the 20th-century Szyk Haggadah.

Passover Seder according to the Haggadah

Kadeish (blessings and the first cup of wine)
Kadeish is the Hebrew imperative form of Kiddush. This Kiddush is a blessing similar to that which is recited on all of the pilgrimage festivals, but also refers to matzot and the exodus from Egypt. Acting in a way that shows freedom and majesty, many Jews have the custom of filling each other's cups at the Seder table. The Kiddush is traditionally said by the father of the house, but all Seder participants participate by reciting the Kiddush and drinking at least a majority of a cup of wine. On Shabbat, it is preceded by a reading from the Book of Genesis recounting God's rest on the seventh day of creation and includes an extended doxology on the blessings of Shabbat.

Ur'chatz (wash hands)
Partakers wash their hands in preparation for eating wet fruit and vegetables, which happens in the next stage.  Technically, according to Jewish law, whenever one partakes of fruit or vegetables dipped in liquid, one must wash one's hands, if the fruit or vegetable remains wet. However, this situation does not often arise at other times of the year because either one will dry fruits and vegetables before eating them, or one has already washed one's hands, because one must also wash one's hands before eating bread.

According to most traditions, no blessing is recited at this point in the Seder, unlike the blessing recited over the washing of the hands before eating bread. However, followers of Rambam or the Gaon of Vilna do recite a blessing.

Karpas

Each participant dips a sprig of parsley or similar leafy green into either salt water (Ashkenazi custom said to serve as a reminder of the tears shed by their enslaved ancestors), vinegar (Sephardi custom) or charoset (older Sephardi custom; still common among Yemenite Jews).

Yachatz (breaking of the middle matzah)
Three matzot are stacked on the seder table; at this stage, the middle matzah of the three is broken in half. According to the custom of the Vilna Gaon and others, only two matzot are used, and the top one is broken. The larger piece is hidden, to be used later as the afikoman, the "dessert" after the meal. The smaller piece is returned to its place between the other two matzot.

Magid (relating the Exodus)
The story of Passover, and the change from slavery to freedom is told. At this point in the Seder, Sefardic Jews (North African) have a custom of raising the Seder plate over the heads of all those present while chanting: Moroccan Jews sing "Bivhilu yatzanu mimitzrayim, halahma anya b'nei horin" (In haste we went out of Egypt [with our] bread of affliction, [now we are] free people), Algerian Jews sing "Ethmol 'ayinu abadim, hayom benei 'horin, hayom kan, leshana habaa bear'a deYisrael bene 'horin" (Yesterday we were slaves, today we are free, today we are here -in exile-, next year we will be in Israel free".

Ha Lachma Anya (invitation to the Seder)

The matzot are uncovered, and referred to as the "bread of affliction". Participants declare in Aramaic an invitation to all who are hungry or needy to join in the Seder. Halakha requires that this invitation be repeated in the native language of the country.

Ma Nishtanah (The Four Questions)

The Mishnah details questions one is obligated to ask on the night of the Seder. It is customary for the youngest child present to recite the four questions. Some customs hold that the other participants recite them quietly to themselves as well. In some families, this means that the requirement remains on an adult "child" until a grandchild of the family receives sufficient Jewish education to take on the responsibility. If a person has no children capable of asking, the responsibility falls to the spouse, or another participant. The need to ask is so great that even if a person is alone at the seder he is obligated to ask himself and to answer his own questions.

Why is this night different from all other nights?
 Why is it that on all other nights during the year we eat either leavened bread or matza, but on this night we eat only matza?
 Why is it that on all other nights we eat all kinds of vegetables, but on this night we eat bitter herbs?
 Why is it that on all other nights we do not dip [our food] even once, but on this night we dip them twice?
 Why is it that on all other nights we dine either sitting upright or reclining, but on this night we all recline?

The Four Sons
The traditional Haggadah speaks of "four sons—one who is wise, one who is wicked, one who is simple, and one who does not know to ask". The  number four derives from the four passages in the Torah where one is commanded to explain the Exodus to one's son. Each of these sons phrases his question about the seder in a different way. The Haggadah recommends answering each son according to his question, using one of the three verses in the Torah that refer to this exchange.

The wise son asks "What are the statutes, the testimonies, and the laws that God has commanded you to do?"  One explanation for why this very detailed-oriented question is categorized as wise, is that the wise son is trying to learn how to carry out the seder, rather than asking for someone else's understanding of its meaning. He is answered fully: You should reply to him with [all] the laws of pesach: one may not eat any dessert after the paschal sacrifice.

The wicked son, who asks, "What is this service to you?", is characterized by the Haggadah as isolating himself from the Jewish people, standing by objectively and watching their behavior rather than participating. Therefore, he is rebuked by the explanation that "It is because God acted for my sake when I left Egypt." (This implies that the Seder is not for the wicked son because the wicked son would not have deserved to be freed from Egyptian slavery.) Where the four sons are illustrated in the Haggadah, this son has frequently been depicted as carrying weapons or wearing stylish contemporary fashions.

The simple son, who asks, "What is this?" is answered with "With a strong hand the Almighty led us out from Egypt, from the house of bondage."

And the one who does not know to ask is told, "It is because of what the Almighty did for me when I left Egypt."

Some modern Haggadot mention "children" instead of "sons", and some have added a fifth child. The fifth child can represent the children of the Shoah who did not survive to ask a question or represent Jews who have drifted so far from Jewish life that they do not participate in a Seder.

"Go and learn"
Four verses in Deuteronomy (26:5–8) are then expounded, with an elaborate, traditional commentary. ("5. And thou shalt speak and say before the  thy God: 'A wandering Aramean was my parent, and they went down into Egypt, and sojourned there, few in number; and became there a nation, great, mighty, and populous. 6. And the Egyptians dealt ill with us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage. 7. And we cried unto the , the God of our parents, and the  heard our voice, and saw our affliction, and our toil, and our oppression. 8 And the  brought us forth out of Egypt with a strong hand and an outstretched arm, and with great terribleness, and with signs, and with wonders.")

The Haggadah explores the meaning of those verses, and embellishes the story. This telling describes the slavery of the Jewish people and their miraculous salvation by God. This culminates in an enumeration of the Ten Plagues:
 Dam (blood) – All the water was changed to blood
 Tzefardeyah (frogs) – An infestation of frogs sprang up in Egypt
 Kinim (lice) – The Egyptians were afflicted by lice
 Arov (wild animals) – An infestation of wild animals (some say flies) sprang up in Egypt
 Dever (pestilence) – A plague killed off the Egyptian livestock
 Sh'chin (boils) – An epidemic of boils afflicted the Egyptians
 Barad (hail) – Hail rained from the sky
 Arbeh (locusts) – Locusts swarmed over Egypt
 Choshech (darkness) – Egypt was covered in darkness
 Makkat Bechorot (killing of the first-born) – All the first-born sons of the Egyptians were slain by God

With the recital of the Ten Plagues, each participant removes a drop of wine from his or her cup using a fingertip. Although this night is one of salvation, the sages explain that one cannot be completely joyous when some of God's creatures had to suffer. A mnemonic acronym for the plagues is also introduced: "D'tzach Adash B'achav", while similarly spilling a drop of wine for each word.

At this part in the Seder, songs of praise are sung, including the song Dayenu, which proclaims that had God performed any single one of the many deeds performed for the Jewish people, it would have been enough to obligate us to give thanks. After this is a declaration (mandated by Rabban Gamliel) of the reasons of the commandments concerning the Paschal lamb, matzah, and maror, with scriptural sources. Then follows a short prayer, and the recital of the first two psalms of Hallel (which will be concluded after the meal). A long blessing is recited, and the second cup of wine is drunk.

Rachtzah (ritual washing of hands)
The ritual hand-washing is repeated, this time with all customs including a blessing.

Motzi Matzah (blessings over the Matzah)
Two blessings are recited. First one recites the standard blessing before eating bread, which includes the words "who brings forth" (motzi in Hebrew). Then one recites the blessing regarding the commandment to eat Matzah. An olive-size piece (some say two) is then eaten while reclining.

Maror (bitter herbs)
The blessing for the eating of the maror (bitter herbs) is recited and then it is dipped into the charoset and eaten.

Koreich (sandwich)
The maror is placed between two small pieces of matzo, similarly to how the contents of a sandwich are placed between two slices of bread, and eaten. This follows the tradition of Hillel, who did the same at his Seder table 2,000 years ago (except that in Hillel's day the Paschal sacrifice, matzo, and maror were eaten together.)

Shulchan Orech (the meal)

The festive meal is eaten. Traditionally it begins with the charred egg on the Seder plate.

Tzafun (eating of the afikoman)

The afikoman, which was hidden earlier in the Seder, is traditionally the last morsel of food eaten by participants in the Seder.

Each participant receives an at least olive-sized portion of matzo to be eaten as afikoman. After the consumption of the afikoman, traditionally, no other food may be eaten for the rest of the night. Additionally, no intoxicating beverages may be consumed, with the exception of the remaining two cups of wine.

Bareich (Grace after Meals)
The recital of Birkat Hamazon.

Kos Shlishi (the Third Cup of Wine)
The drinking of the Third Cup of Wine.

Note: The Third Cup is customarily poured before the Grace after Meals is recited because the Third Cup also serves as a Cup of Blessing associated with the Grace after Meals on special occasions.

Kos shel Eliyahu ha-Navi (cup of Elijah the Prophet)
In many traditions, the front door of the house is opened at this point. Psalms 79:6–7 is recited in both Ashkenazi and Sephardi traditions, plus Lamentations 3:66 among Ashkenazim.

Most Ashkenazim have the custom to fill a fifth cup at this point. This relates to a Talmudic discussion that concerns the number of cups that are supposed to be drunk. Given that the four cups are in reference to the four expressions of redemption in Exodus 6:6–7, some rabbis felt that it was important to include a fifth cup for the fifth expression of redemption in Exodus 6:8. All agreed that five cups should be poured but the question as to whether or not the fifth should be drunk, given that the fifth expression of redemption concerned being brought into the Land of Israel, which—by this stage—was no longer possessed of an autonomous Jewish community, remained insoluble. The rabbis determined that the matter should be left until Elijah comes (in reference to the notion that Elijah's arrival would precipitate the coming of the Messiah, at which time all halakhic questions will be resolved) and the fifth cup came to be known as the Kos shel Eliyahu ("Cup of Elijah"). Over time, people came to relate this cup to the notion that Elijah will visit each home on Seder night as a foreshadowing of his future arrival at the end of the days, when he will come to announce the coming of the Jewish Messiah.

In the late 1980s, Jewish feminists introduced the idea of placing a "Cup of Miriam" filled with water (to represent the well that existed as long as Miriam, Moses' sister, was alive in the desert) beside the Cup of Elijah. Many liberal Jews now include this ritual at their seders as a symbol of inclusion.

Hallel (songs of praise)
The entire order of Hallel which is usually recited in the synagogue on Jewish holidays is also recited at the Seder table, albeit sitting down. The first two psalms, 113 and 114, are recited before the meal. The remaining psalms 115–118, are recited at this point (in the Hallel section, after Bareich). Psalm 136 (the Great Hallel) is then recited, followed by Nishmat, a portion of the morning service for Shabbat and festivals.

There are a number of opinions concerning the paragraph Yehalelukha which normally follows Hallel, and Yishtabakh, which normally follows Nishmat. Most Ashkenazim recite Yehalelukha immediately following the Hallel proper, i.e. at the end of Psalm 118, except for the concluding words. After Nishmat, they recite Yishtabakh in its entirety. Sephardim recite Yehalelukha alone after Nishmat. The minhag of the French Jews in the Middle Ages, as well as Italian Jews until fairly recently was to recite both blessings.

Afterwards the Fourth Cup of Wine is drunk and a brief Grace for the "fruit of the vine" is said. In some Ashkenazic communities following in the tradition of Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg, the fourth cup is not drunk until after the recitation of some of the piyyutim of Nirtzah.

Nirtzah

The Seder concludes with a prayer that the night's service be accepted. A hope for the Messiah is expressed: "L'Shana Haba'ah b'Yerushalayim! – Next year in Jerusalem!" Jews in Israel, and especially those in Jerusalem, recite instead "L'shanah haba'ah b'Yerushalayim hab'nuyah! – Next year in the rebuilt Jerusalem!"

Although the 15 orders of the Seder have been completed, the Haggadah concludes with additional songs which further recount the miracles that occurred on this night in Ancient Egypt as well as throughout history. Some songs express a prayer that the Beit Hamikdash will soon be rebuilt. The last song to be sung is Chad Gadya ("One Kid [young goat]"). This seemingly childish song about different animals and people who attempted to punish others for their crimes and were in turn punished themselves, was interpreted by the Vilna Gaon as an allegory of the retribution God will levy over the enemies of the Jewish people at the end of days.

Following the Seder, those who are still awake may recite the Song of Songs, engage in Torah learning, or continue talking about the events of the Exodus until sleep overtakes them.

See also
 The Exodus Decoded
 Birds' Head Haggadah
 Golden Haggadah
 Maxwell House Haggadah
 Sarajevo Haggadah
 Szyk Haggadah
 Washington Haggadah

References

Bibliography
 Schneerson, Rabbi Menachem M. (1946),  Haggadah for Passover with Collected Customs and Reasons: Kehot Publication Society
 Scherman, Rabbi Nosson and Zlotowitz, Rabbi Meir, Artscroll youth haggadah: Mesorah Publications ()

External links

 Haggadot.com: Let's Make Your Passover Haggadah Together
 My Jewish Learning: The Haggadah
 The Hagada – Peninei Halakha, HaRav Eliezer Melamed
 Yale University Haggadah Exhibit – You Shall Tell Your Children
 A Special Collection of Haggadot for Passover at the National Library of Israel
 Several English translations of the Haggadah, hosted by Sefaria

Positive Mitzvoth
Sifrei Kodesh

Haggadah


Richard Rojas (*21 de septiembre, 1934 - †4 de abril, 2007 en Santiago) fue un compositor y folclorista chileno, fundador junto a su esposa Ester González de la banda de música y danzas folclóricas Lonquimay y posteriormente de Trío Lonqui.

Lonquimay
Richard comenzó su carrera musical guiado por las enseñanzas del Conjunto folclórico Cuncumén, y en particular de su cofundadora Silvia Urbina en la década de 1950. En 1960 funda junto a su esposa Ester González la banda Lonquimay, con la cual realizaría grabaciones, presentaciones en televisión y giras internacionales hasta 1969, fecha en que el músico decide cerrar esta etapa.

Trío Lonqui
Luego del cierre de Lonquimay, ese mismo año se crea la banda derivada de la primera Trío Lonqui, con un exitoso comienzo, mediante el lanzamiento de su sencillo de 1969 La chilenera / Oro blanco y oro negro, que traía su composición «La chilenera», ganadora ese mismo año del Primer Festival de la Nueva Canción Chilena, junto con «Plegaria a un labrador» de Víctor Jara. Ambos temas junto con otras composiciones de Rojas formarían el primer álbum de la agrupación, Trío Lonqui, lanzado en 1970 bajo el sello chileno DICAP. Luego de otro trabajo al año siguiente, el grupo se disuelve producto del Golpe de Estado en Chile de 1973, reapareciendo sólo esporádicamente en los años siguientes, hasta su reaparición en 2002 con un nuevo álbum de estudio, y 2003 con su primer disco recopilatorio.

Trabajo solista
En 1981, su canción «Linda la minga», interpretada por Santiago del Nuevo Extremo, resultó ganadora del segundo lugar en el XXII Festival Internacional de la Canción de Viña del Mar. Richard debió cambiar su nombre como compositor del tema por el de «Ricardo Rojas», el cual utilizó durante el período de la dictadura militar, producto de sus ideologías políticas de izquierda, reprimidas durante la dictadura de Augusto Pinochet.

Discografía

 Con Lonquimay
 1962 - Cantos de esperanza. "Gallo de amanecida"

 Con Trío Lonqui
 1969 - Trío Lonqui
 1971 - Las cuarenta medidas
 2002 - El bergantín de ensueño

Referencias

Cantantes masculinos de Chile
Cantautores de Chile
Cantantes en español
Compositores folclóricos de Chile
Cantantes de folclore de Chile
Guitarristas de folclore de Chile

Richard Rojas