A Emenda Constitucional n.º 123, conhecida popularmente durante sua fase de tramitação como PEC das Bondades ou PEC Kamikaze, é uma emenda à Constituição brasileira de 1988 que prevê a ampliação de benefícios sociais. Foi aprovada no Senado Federal e depois na Câmara dos Deputados no dia 12 de julho. Dois dias depois, foi promulgada pelo Congresso Nacional.

Características
Conforme o texto da Proposta de Emenda à Constituição (PEC), relatado pelo senador Fernando Bezerra (MDB-PE), a emenda prevê, até o fim de 2022:
Auxílio Brasil: ampliação de de 400 reais mensais para 600, além da previsão de cadastro de 1,6 milhão de novas famílias no programa (custo estimado: 26 bilhões de reais);
Caminhoneiros autônomos: criação de um "voucher" de mil reais (custo estimado: 5,4 bilhões de reais);
Auxílio-Gás: ampliação de 53 reais para o valor de um botijão de gása cada dois meses — em junho de 2022, segundo a Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP), o preço médio do botijão de 13 quilos era de 112,60 reais (custo estimado: 1,05 bilhão de reais);
Transporte gratuito de idosos: compensação aos estados para atender a gratuidade do transporte público de idosos, já prevista em lei (custo estimado: 2,5 bilhões de reais);
Auxílio para taxistas: benefícios para taxistas devidamente registrados até 31 de maio de 2022 — o valor total dessa medida seria de até 2 bilhões de reais;
Alimenta Brasil: repasse de 500 milhões reais ao programa, que prevê a compra de alimentos produzidos por agricultores familiares e distribuição a famílias em insegurança alimentar, entre outras destinações;
Etanol: por meio de créditos tributários, repasse de até 3,8 bilhões de reais, para a manutenção da competitividade do etanol sobre a gasolina.

O gasto total aproximado é por volta de 41,2 bilhões de reais. Para possibilitar a criação de novos benefícios, o texto prevê a decretação de estado de emergência no país, que decorreria "da elevação extraordinária e imprevisível dos preços do petróleo, combustíveis e seus derivados e dos impactos sociais deles decorrentes".

Histórico
No início de 2022, foi criada por Carlos Fávaro (PSD-MT) e Alexandre Silveira (PSD-MG) a PEC dos Caminhoneiros, ou PEC 1. A proposta foi apelidada de "PEC Kamikaze" por Paulo Guedes, por considerar o texto original "suicida" e capaz de provocar efeitos fiscais nocivos. Mais tarde, foi criada a PEC dos Combustíveis (PEC 16) por Carlos Portinho (PL-RJ). O presidente da Câmara, Arthur Lira (PP-AL), apenou a PEC 16 à PEC 1, e esta foi apenada à PEC 15, que trata de biocombustíveis. Como a PEC 15 já estava na etapa de comissão especial, juntar as propostas eliminou a passagem da PEC 1 pela Comissão de Constituição e Justiça e de Cidadania, acelerando o processo. No dia 30 de junho de 2022, a proposta foi aprovada em primeiro turno por 72 votos a 1 e em segundo turno por 67 votos a 1 no Senado Federal do Brasil.

Na manhã do dia 7 de julho, a Câmara dos Deputados fez uma sessão de um minuto para agilizar a votação da proposta. O deputado Lincoln Portela (PL-MG), primeiro-vice-presidente da Câmara, presidiu a sessão. Às 6h30, declarou: "A lista de presença registra na Casa o comparecimento de 65 senhoras deputadas e senhores deputados. Está aberta a sessão". Às 6h31, disse: "Está encerrada a sessão". O texto-base da PEC foi aprovada em comissão especial da Câmara na tarde do mesmo dia, por 36 votos a 1. Seria votada no Plenário da Câmara dos Deputados no mesmo dia, mas o presidente da Câmara, Arthur Lira, considerou insuficiente o quórum e adiou a votação para 12 de julho. No mesmo dia, o deputado Nereu Crispim (PSD-RS) pediu ao Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) a suspensão da tramitação da PEC, pois teria ferido princípios constitucionais. O ministro do STF André Mendonça negou o pedido.

No dia 12 de julho, por 393 votos a 14 em primeiro turno e 469 votos a 17 em segundo turno, a PEC foi aprovada, com todos os destaques (propostas de mudança do texto) sendo rejeitados. Dois dias depois, o Congresso Nacional promulgou a PEC com a presença do presidente do Brasil, Jair Bolsonaro.

Críticas
Senadores da oposição criticaram a previsão do governo de decretar estado de emergência na tentativa de prover os benefícios e classificaram a medida como "eleitoreira". A Lei das Eleições proíbe a criação de novos benefícios sociais em ano eleitoral, mas o estado de emergência daria respaldo legal para o governo criar benefícios em ano eleitoral. Nos dois turnos, o único voto contrário foi o do senador José Serra (PSDB-SP), que declarou: "Às vésperas das eleições, o Senado tenta aprovar uma emenda à Constituição instituindo uma situação de emergência para liberar gastos da ordem de 38 bilhões de reais, passando por cima de todas as regras fiscais". Ainda assim, a oposição ao governo votou favoravelmente à PEC.

Economistas ouvidos pela BBC News Brasil disseram que a PEC poderia trazer efeitos negativos, incluindo "o aumento das despesas públicas, desconfiança do mercado sobre a política fiscal; pressão sobre a taxa de juros; aumento da inflação; e dificuldades fiscais para quem quer que assuma o governo em 2023".

O presidente Jair Bolsonaro resumiu as mudanças com a PEC como "uma ajuda". Ainda que a proposta tenha sido aprovada com apoio de seus partidos, os então pré-candidatos à presidência Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) e Ciro Gomes (PDT) criticaram a proposta, com o primeiro dizendo que a PEC era um "projeto eleitoral" e que Jair Bolsonaro estava tentando "comprar o povo". Já Ciro chamou a proposta de "fraude eleitoral" que desrespeita a Constituição. André Janones (Avante) disse que Bolsonaro estava fazendo "politicagem", mas que essa seria a única forma de "salvar os mais pobres". Simone Tebet (MDB) apoiou a PEC por considerar que as pessoas em insegurança alimentar "têm pressa".

Ligações externas

 Texto compilado na página do Planalto

15

Emenda Constitucional n.º 123 à Constituição brasileira de 1988


The year 1737 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy
 May 28 – The planet Venus passes in front of Mercury. The event is witnessed during the evening by amateur astronomer John Bevis at the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England.

Botany
 February 27 – French scientists Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau and Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon publish the first study correlating past weather conditions with an examination of tree rings.
 Elizabeth Blackwell's A Curious Herbal, with her own colour illustrations, is published in London.
 Johannes Burman's Thesaurus zeylanicus, a flora of Ceylon, is published in Amsterdam.

Geology
 Francesco Serao is the first person to use the word lava in connection with extruded magma in a short account of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius which took place between May 14 and June 4.
 October 11 – An earthquake in Calcutta, India is said to have caused 300,000 deaths; this is now in question: it was probably a cyclone, with deaths estimated at 3,000.
 October 16 – An earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 9.3 strikes offshore of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Mathematics
 Divergence of the sum of the reciprocals of the primes proved by Leonhard Euler.

Technology
 John Harrison is given an award from the longitude prize to continue his work on development of a stable marine chronometer in England.

Publications
 Venetian polymath Francesco Algarotti publishes Newtonianism for Ladies, or Dialogues on Light and Colours (Neutonianismo per le dame).

Awards
 Copley Medal: John Belchier

Births
 January 4 – Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, French chemist and politician (died 1816)
 August 14 – Charles Hutton, English mathematician (died 1823)
 September 9 – Luigi Galvani, Italian physicist (died 1798)

Deaths

References

18th century in science
1730s in science

1737 in science


Barmstedt, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde; Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Pinneberg iline bağlı bölgedir. 17,17 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2012 itibarıyla 9.943 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı, Heike Döpke tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Barmstedt

Kaynakça

Barmstedt


جزيرة غَرْبِي هي ثاني أكبر جزر أرخبيل قرقنة من حيث المساحة، وهي الأقرب إلى الساحل الشرقي للبلاد التونسية.
 وتعتبر مليتة أهم تجمع سكاني بهذه الجزيرة.

معرض صور

مراجع

جزر البحر الأبيض المتوسط
غربي
قرقنة

جزيرة غربي


كفرعانة كانت قرية تبعد مسافة 11 كم شرق يافا في فلسطين.

تقع قرية كفرعانة على رقعة مستوية من الأرض على ارتفاع 35م عن سطح البحر؛ وتحيط بها أراضي قرى العباسية والسافرية وساقية وجنداس. ربما يعود مصدر الاسم إلى قرية عونو الكنعان. حتى عام 1945 كان عدد سكان القرية ما يقارب 3,020 منهم 220 يهودياً. امتلك أهالي القرية ما مجموعة 2,214 دونماً مخصصاً للحمضيات والموز، و 11,022 دونماً للحبوب، و 597 دونماً مروياً أو مستخدماً للبساتين.

الحالة الإجتماعية
كان في القرية مدرستان: إحداهما للبنين وأخرى للبنات. كانت مدرسة البنين التي أسست عام 1920، تمتلك 22 دونماً من الأرض؛ وكان يومها 260 تلميذاً في سنة 1944. إما مدرسة البنات، فقد أنشئت عام 1945، وسجّلت فيها في تلك السنة 11 تلميذة.

الإحتلال والتدمير
كانت كفرعانة واحدة من مجموعة القرى الواقعة شرقي يافا، والتي احتلت في سياق عملية حميتس التي نفذتها قوات الهاجاناه. وكانت الغاية من هذا الهجوم عزل يافا، وتمهيد الطريق أمام الهاغاناه للاستيلاء عليها. وقد نفذت هذا الهجوم وحدات اختيرت من ثلاثة ألوية في الهاغاناه، وبدأت بعد أربعة أيام من هجوم عصابة الإرغون على يافا نفسها. ومن المرجح أن تكون كفرعانة سقطت يوم سقوط قرية ساقية المجاورة على يد لواء الكسندروني يوم 29 أبريل.

بعد مضي نحو أربعة أشهر في 13 سبتمبر كانت كفرعانة إحدى أربع عشرة قرية أدرجها في قائمة التدمير، لكنه يذكر أن القرى سويت بالأرض بعيد ذلك. وفي وقت لاحق من ذلك الشهر عينت كفرعانة موقعاً لإنشاء مستعمرة للمهاجرين الجدد، حيث أقيمت على أراضيها مستعمرات " كريات أونو" و"أور يهودا" و"هيميد".

مراجع

روابط خارجية
 كتاب كي لا ننسى للدكتور وليد الخالدي
 فلسطين في الذاكرة/ كفرعانة
 رابطة أهالي كفرعانة www.kafrana.com

قرى فلسطينية أخليت من سكانها قبل الحرب العربية الإسرائيلية 1948
قضاء يافا
مدن كنعانية
مستعمرات يهودية قديمة في يهودا

كفرعانة


Šípkové este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Piešťany din regiunea Trnava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 307 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Šípkové este atestată documentar din 1349.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Šípkové


Zoilamérica Ortega Murillo, née Narváez Murillo le 13 novembre 1967 à Managua (Nicaragua), est une militante et femme politique nicaraguayenne. Elle est conseillère auprès de la Comunidad Casabierta, une organisation de défense des droits LGBTI au Costa Rica.

Elle a également été députée à l'Assemblée nationale du Nicaragua.

Sa mère est Rosario Murillo et son père est Jorge Narváez Parajón, mort quand elle était enfant. Elle est également la belle-fille de Daniel Ortega, président du Nicaragua, avec lequel sa mère s'est remariée en 2005.

En février 1998, elle accuse son beau-père d'avoir sexuellement abusé d'elle durant son enfance, à partir de 1978. Rosario Murillo et les autres enfants de la fratrie contestent ces accusations. La plainte est rejetée le 29 mai 1998 par le juge d'instruction de Managua pour vice de forme. Pour Dora María Téllez, ancienne ministre de la Santé sandiniste, Daniel Ortéga est bien coupable, trois autres dénonciations pour abus sur mineur ont été évoquées le concernant.

Zoilamérica Ortega Murillo s'est exilée au Costa Rica en 2013.

Documentaire
 , un film documentaire nicaraguayen de 2019 réalisé par Leonor Zúniga. Le film présente des entretiens avec Zoilamérica Ortega Murillo.

Références

Liens externes

Militante
Militant pour les droits LGBT
Femme politique nicaraguayenne
Naissance à Managua
Naissance en novembre 1967
Famille Ortega
Opposition à Daniel Ortega

Zoilamérica Ortega Murillo


Doi băieți ca pîinea caldă este un film românesc din 1965 regizat de Andrei Călărașu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Grigore Vasiliu-Birlic, Alexandru Giugaru și Nineta Gusti.

Rezumat

Doi prieteni, Alecu și Jenică, participă la București la un concurs al brutarilor și sunt popularizați într-o revistă. Spre deosebire de Alecu, Jenică se rușinează de meseria lui, atribuindu-și, mai ales față de fete, alte meserii pe care le consideră onorabile. La un moment dat se dă drept medic și are de suferit de pe urma încurcăturilor pe care minciuna lui le provoacă.

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

 Grigore Vasiliu-Birlic — Grigore Bârlea, directorul Organizației Comerciale Locale - OCL (menționat Gr. Vasiliu-Birlic)
 Alexandru Giugaru — meșterul brutar Tănase
 Nineta Gusti — soția directorului Bârlea, mama Marei
 Zighi Goldenberg — brutarul Jenică, care se simte jenat de meseria sa (menționat Alexandru Munte)
 Aurel Giurumia — brutarul Alecu
 Flavia Buref — doctorița care o consultă pe dna Bârlea
 Adina Athanasiu — Mara, fata directorului Bârlea, studentă la Institutul de Panificație
 Ina Otilia Ghiulea (menționată Ina Otilia)
 Haralambie Polizu — călătorul pasionat de pescuit (menționat H. Polizu)
 Iulian Necșulescu
 Alexandru Giovani (menționat Al. Giovani)
 Marius Pepino — profesorul de matematică de la cursurile serale
 Octavian Teucă
 Costel Rădulescu
 Cornel Elefterescu
 Virgil Ogășanu — vânzătorul de pâine care doarme la cursurile serale
 Ion Damian
 Melania Cîrje — asistenta regizorului
 Haralambie Boroș — regizorul filmului (menționat H. Boroș)
 Geo Dumitriu
 Mircea Gogan (menționat M. Gogan)
 Nicu Simion
 Margareta Pîslaru — cântăreața de muzică ușoară
 Traian Popescu — cântărețul de operă

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 782.654 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1965 în film

Filme din 1965
Filme regizate de Andrei Călărașu
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme de comedie românești

Doi băieți ca pîinea caldă


ප්‍රජා උද්‍යානයක් යනු මිනිසුන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් වගා කිරීම සිදු කරන භූමි භාගයකි. ප්‍රජා උද්‍යාන නැවුම් නිෂ්පාදන හා ශාකවලට ප්‍රවේශය සපයන අතරම මහන්සිය සංතෘප්ත කර ගැනීමට, අසල්වාසී වැඩි දියුණු කිරීම්වලට, ප්‍රජාව පිළිබඳ හැඟීමක් ලබා ගැනීමට හා පරිසරයට සබඳතාවක් ඇති කිරීමට ප්‍රවේශයක් ලබා දෙයි. මේවා භාරකාරත්වය, ප්‍රවේශය හා කළමණාකරණය හරහා පොදුව ක්‍රියාත්මක වන අතර සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දේශීය රජයන් හෝ ලාභ නොලබන ආයතනවල විශ්වාසය යටතේ හිමිකාරීත්වය ලබා ගනී.

නඟරයක ප්‍රජා උද්‍යානය එහි උද්‍යානකරුවන්ගේ ප්‍රජාව මෙන්ම විවිධත්වයකින් යුක්ත විය හැක. සමහරෙක් තනිවම මල් පමණක් වැවීමට තෝරා ගනී. අනෙක් අය සාමූහිකව වගා කරන අතර ඔවුන්ගේ ඵලදාව බෙදා ගනු ලැබේ. සමහරෙකුට පුද්ගලික භාවිතය සඳහා තනි පාත්ති තිබෙන අතර අනෙක්වා අබාධ සහිත උද්‍යානකරුවන් සඳහා ඔසවා තබන ලද පාත්තිවලින් සමන්විත වේ.

ප්‍රජා උද්‍යාන නාගරික ජනතාවගේ ආහාර ආරක්ෂිතභාවය නඟා සිටුවන අතර එමඟින් පුද්ගලයන්ට ඔවුන‍්ගේ ආහාර වවා ගැනීමට හෝ ඔවුන් වවන ලද ඒවා අනෙක් අයට ප්‍රදානය කිරීම ඉඩ ලබා දෙයි. මෙම උද්‍යාන මඟින් උද්‍යානකරුවන් ඔවුන්ගේ ආහාර ප්‍රබව සමඟ සමීප කිරීමෙන් හා සමාජ ප්‍රජාවක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමෙන් හුදකලාව බිඳ හෙලීම මඟින් නූතන නාගරික ජීවිතයට බාධා කරන ආකාර දෙකක දුරස්ථභාවයන් එරෙහිව සටන් කරනු ලැබේ. ක්‍රියාකාරී සමාජ අඩු අපරාධ හා ම්ලේච්ඡත්වය අත්දකින බවට ද සොයා ගෙන ඇත.

ප්‍රජා උද්‍යානකරණය


Les Thallochrysidaceae sont une famille d'algues de l'embranchement des Ochrophyta de la classe des Chrysophyceae et de l'ordre des Thallochrysidales.

Le genre Thallochrysis a été découvert en 1913 à Nieuport (Belgique) dans un fossé d'eau saumâtre dite « fosse à Ruppia ».

Étymologie
Le nom vient du genre type Thallochrysis, dérivé du grec , « jeune pousse », et , « couleur or ».

Description
Le Thallochrysis se présente sous la .

Liste des genres
Selon  :
 Thallochrysis  W.Conrad, 1914

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Chrysophyceae
Famille d'algues (nom scientifique)

Thallochrysidaceae


Richard Wilhelm Heinrich Abegg (9 January 1869 – 3 April 1910) was a German chemist and pioneer of valence theory. He proposed that the difference of the maximum positive and negative valence of an element tends to be eight. This has come to be known as Abegg's rule. He was a gas balloon enthusiast, which caused his death at the age of 41 when he crashed in his balloon in Silesia.

Abegg received his PhD on 19 July 1891 as the student of August Wilhelm von Hofmann at the University of Berlin. Abegg learned organic chemistry from Hofmann, but one year after finishing his PhD degree he began researching physical chemistry while studying with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in Leipzig, Germany. Abegg later served as private assistant to Walther Nernst at the University of Göttingen and to Svante Arrhenius at the University of Stockholm.

Abegg discovered the theory of freezing-point depression and anticipated Gilbert Newton Lewis's octet rule by revealing that the lowest and highest oxidation states of elements often differ by eight. He researched many topics in physical chemistry, including freezing points, the dielectric constant of ice, osmotic pressures, oxidation potentials, and complex ions.

Personal life and education
Richard Abegg was the son of Wilhelm Abegg and Margarete Friedenthal. He had a brother, Wilhelm Abegg, who became the Prussian Secretary of State.  After attending Wilhelm High School in Berlin, Abegg studied organic chemistry at the University of Kiel and the University of Tübingen. He then attended the University of Berlin, from which he received his doctorate as the student of August Wilhelm von Hofmann. In 1895, he married Line Simon, who was also a ballooning enthusiast.

Abegg occupied himself with photography and balloon excursions. He was the initiator and chairperson of the Silesian Club for Aeronautics in Breslau. Furthermore, he had an assessor's function with the presidency of the German Air Sailors' Association. On 3 April 1910, Abegg flew from Breslau to Köslin in a balloon; at the end of the flight, the balloon's basket caught in some bushes during the landing, resulting in Abegg being thrown out and striking his head. He died from a fractured skull in the early morning of 4 April.

Work
During school, Abegg fulfilled his duties in the military. In 1891, he became an officer of the German Reserves. In 1900, he became an Oberleutnant in the Reserves in the 9th Regiment of Hussars. During this year, he made his first flight in a balloon, for military purposes. Balloon flights became a frequent pastime of both Abegg and his wife. He made many scientific observations during his subsequent flights, which were never published.

In 1894, Abegg worked as an assistant to Walther Nernst, one of the founders of physical chemistry and, at the time, Professor of Physical Chemistry. In 1897, he took a position as a professor of chemistry at the University of Breslau. Two years later, Abegg was promoted to a Privatdozent (chemistry chair). A year later he became a professor. Clara Immerwahr, the first wife of Fritz Haber, studied and graduated as his student. In 1909 he became a full professor. Together with his colleague Guido Bodländer, he published on electro-affinity, then a new principle of inorganic chemistry.

Abegg is known best for his research recognizing the role that valence had with respect to chemical interactions. He found that some elements were less likely to combine into molecules, and from this concluded that the more stable elements had what are now called full electron shells. He was able to explain the attraction of atoms through opposite electrical charges. He also made the distinction between normal valence and contravalence. He found that the sum of these two valences always comes to eight, a rule that is now known as Abegg's rule.

Abegg was the editor of Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie from 1901 until his death.

Books by Abegg
 Über das Chrysen und seine Derivate. Schade, Berlin 1891
 Anleitung zur Berechnung volumetrischer Analysen. Grass, Barth & Co, Breslau 1900
 Die Theorie der elektrolytischen Dissociation. Enke, Stuttgart 1903

See also
 Abegg's rule
 Valence (chemistry)

References

Sources
 Am. Chem. J. 1910, 43, pp. 563–564.

 J.R. Partington, A History of Chemistry, Macmillan, 1964, vol. 4, p. 662.
 I. Asimov, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (2nd Ed.), Doubleday, 1982, p. 625.
 A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, Williams, T. I., Ed., Wiley, 1969, p. 1.
 Z. Elektrochem, 1910, 16, pp. 554–557.
 Neue Deutsche Biographie, Duncker & Humblot, 1953–1990, vol. 1, p. 7.

External links
Nuclear Atom – contains an excerpt of Abegg's contributions.
Abegg biography

German physical chemists
19th-century German chemists
1869 births
1910 deaths
German balloonists
Prussian Army personnel
Scientists from Gdańsk
Scientists from the Province of Prussia
University of Tübingen alumni
University of Kiel alumni
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Academic staff of Stockholm University
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Poland
20th-century German chemists

Richard Abegg


As línguas malaio-sumbawas configuram um subgrupo proposto das línguas austronésias que une as línguas malaicas e châmicas com as línguas de Java e do oeste das Pequenas Ilhas de Sonda, exceto o javanês (Adelaar 2005). Caso válida, seria o maior tronco linguístico demonstrado do subgrupo malaio-polinésio após as línguas oceânicas. O subgrupo malaio-sumbawa, entretanto, não é universalmente aceito e é rejeitado, por exemplo, por Blust (2010) e Smith (2017), que apoiaram as hipóteses do Grande Bornéu do Norte e da Indonésia Ocidental. Em um artigo de 2019 publicado na Oceanic Linguistics, Adelaar aceitou ambos os agrupamentos, além da redefinição de Smith (2018) das línguas Barito formando um vínculo.

Classificação
Segundo Adelaar (2005), a composição da família é a seguinte:

Malaio-sumbawas

 Sundanês (1 ou 2 línguas do oeste de Java; inclui a língua Baduy)
 Madurês (2 línguas do leste de Java e Ilha Madura, incluindo a língua kangeana)
 Malaio-châmico – BSS
 Línguas châmicas (uma dúzia de idiomas, incluindo o achinês em Achém na Indonésia e a língua cham em Vietnã do Sul, Camboja e ilha de Ainão na China)
 Malaio (uma dúzia de línguas dispersas no Bornéu ocidental ou na Sumatra central, incluindo malaio (malaio/indonésio), minangkabau na Sumatra central e Iban no Bornéu ocidental)
 Línguas bali–sasak–sumbawas (3 idiomas)

Especificamente, o javanês é excluído; as conexões entre javanês e Bali-Sasak são principalmente restritas ao registro 'alto' e desaparecem quando o registro 'baixo' é tomado por parâmetro representativo das línguas. Isso é semelhante ao caso do inglês, no qual um vocabulário mais 'refinado' sugere uma conexão com o francês, mas a linguagem básica demonstra sua relação mais próxima com as línguas germânicas, como o alemão e o holandês. A língua moken também é excluída.

O sudanês parece compartilhar mudanças de som especificamente com a língua lampung, mas esta não se encaixa no malaio-Sumbawa de Adelaar.

Bibliografia
 Gil, David (2012). "A Área Linguística Mekong-Mamberamo".

Ligações externas

 NUSA - Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia

Línguas malaio-polinésias
Línguas aglutinantes

Línguas malaio-sumbawas


Events in the year 1932 in India.

Incumbents
 Emperor of India – George V
 Viceroy of India – The Earl of Willingdon

Events
 National income - 20,286 million
 Third civil disobedience campaign.
 3 January – British arrest and intern Mohandas Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel.
 February – Terrorism in Bengal.
 16 May – Massive riots between Hindus and Muslims in Bombay – thousands dead and injured.
 25–28 June - Indian Cricket Team play their first ever Test match.
 17 August – Government award as to representation published.
 August – India wins Hockey Gold Medal at Los Angeles Olympics
 20 September – Mohandas Gandhi begins a hunger strike in Poona prison.
 24 September – Gandhi approves a compromise.
 1 October - Port Haj Committee Act 1932 was passed which set up concept of embarkation points for Hajj.
 8 October – Indian Air Force established.
 15 October – J. R. D. Tata flew from Karachi to Bombay via

Undated
 Ahmedabad landing on a grass strip at Juhu paving the way for civil aviation in India.
 Gurjar Veer silent film is released.
 Poona Pact between Gandhi and Ambedkar

Law
Indian Partnership Act
Criminal Law Amendment Act
Tea District Emigrant Labour Act

Births
1 January – Shamsul Islam, Bangladeshi politician (died 2018)
6 January – Kamleshwar, writer, screenwriter, critic and essayist (died 2007).
7 January – Obaid Siddiqui, neurogeneticist. (died 2013)
13 February – V. Balakrishnan, writer and translator (died 2004).
13 February – Leela Devi, writer, translator, and teacher (died 1998).
18 May – D. Pandian, politician (died 2021)
1 June – Ashis Roy, marathon runner
7 June – M. S. Narasimhan, mathematician (died 2021)
12 June – Padmini, actress and dancer (died 2006).
12 June – E. Sreedharan, IES
22 June
 Sharad Moreshwar Hardikar, orthopedic surgeon
Amrish Puri, actor (died 2005).
1 August – Meena Kumari, actress (died 1972).
20 August – Chandrakant Bakshi, author (died 2006).
17 September – Indarjit Singh, journalist and broadcaster
20 September – Hamid Dalwai, social reformer and writer (died 1977).
27 September – Yash Chopra, director and producer (died 2012).
29 September – Mehmood, actor, director and producer (died 2004).
13 October – Anup Kumar, actor (died 1997).
5 December – Nadira, actress (died 2006).
21 December – U. R. Ananthamurthy, writer and critic. (died 2014)
25 December – Raees Mohammad, cricketer (died 2022 in Pakistan)
28 December– Dhirubhai Ambani, businessman, founder of Reliance Group(died 2002 in India)

References

India
Years of the 20th century in India
1932 in Asia
1930s in India

1932 in India


An Courtoisina cyperoides in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni William Roxburgh, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Jiří Soják. An Courtoisina cyperoides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Courtoisina, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Courtoisina

Courtoisina cyperoides


Charleston getur átt við:
Charleston, fylkishöfuðborg Vestur-Virginíu.
Charleston, borg í Suður-Karólínu.
Charleston, dans sem vinsæll var um miðja 20. öld.
Aðgreiningarsíður

Charleston


Mark Diesendorf est un universitaire et environnementaliste australien, connu pour ses travaux sur le développement durable et les énergies renouvelables. Il enseigne les études environnementales à l'Université de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (UNSW Sydney), en Australie. Il était auparavant professeur de sciences de l'environnement et directeur fondateur de l'Institute for Sustainable Futures de l'Université de technologie de Sydney et auparavant chercheur principal au Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), où il a participé aux premières recherches sur l'intégration de l'énergie éolienne dans les réseaux électriques. Son livre le plus récent est Sustainable Energy Solutions for Climate Change.

Biographie
Diesendorf est le fils de l'ingénieur  et de la poétesse . Ses recherches de doctorat étaient axées sur les mathématiques appliquées et la physique théorique appliquée à l'intérieur solaire. Ses premières recherches postdoctorales étaient diverses, y compris l'analyse de données au sol et satellitaires sur les émissions VLF, les mécanismes de l'odeur et de la vision des insectes et les catalyseurs biologiques. De 1975 à 1985, il a travaillé à la Division des mathématiques et des statistiques du CSIRO, l'organisme de recherche national australien, sur des sujets tels que l'intégration de l'énergie éolienne dans les réseaux électriques. Il est devenu chercheur principal et chef du groupe de mathématiques appliquées au CSIRO. Il a quitté le CSIRO en 1985 après que l'organisation eut mis fin à toutes les recherches sur les énergies renouvelables. De 1996 à 2001, il a été professeur de sciences de l'environnement et directeur fondateur de l'Institute for Sustainable Futures de l'UTS puis directeur d'une société Sustainability Center Pty Ltd.

De 2004 à 2016, Diesendorf a été maître de conférences, puis professeur agrégé et directeur adjoint de l'Institute of Environmental Studies de l'Université de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, maintenant appelé UNSW Australia. En 2015, l'IES a été abolie par l'université et Diesendorf a pris sa retraite (nominalement) à la mi-2016 pour devenir professeur agrégé honoraire à l'UNSW. Il continue d'enseigner (en tant que conférencier invité), de rechercher et de consulter dans les domaines interdisciplinaires de l'énergie durable, des transports urbains durables, de la théorie de la durabilité, de l'économie écologique et des processus pratiques par lesquels le gouvernement, les entreprises et d'autres organisations peuvent atteindre des objectifs de développement écologiquement durable et socialement juste.

Fondé sur sa conviction que les sciences, la technologie et l'économie doivent servir la communauté dans son ensemble, le Dr Diesendorf a été à plusieurs reprises secrétaire de la Society for Social Responsibility in Science (Territoire de la capitale australienne), président de la Société Australie-Nouvelle-Zélande pour l'économie écologique, cofondateur et vice-président du Sustainable Energy Industries Council of Australia, et cofondateur et président de l'Australasian Wind Energy Association.

Une grande partie de ses recherches récentes et actuelles portent sur l'atténuation du changement climatique, en particulier la transition des systèmes d'approvisionnement en électricité vers des . À cette fin, il est impliqué avec des collègues du Center for Energy & Environmental Markets de l'UNSW dans le développement de scénarios, la modélisation par simulation informatique et la politique énergétique. Auparavant, le Dr Diesendorf était l'un des principaux partisans du débat éthique et scientifique sur la fluoration de l'eau publique. Sur cette question, Diesendorf est l'auteur de plusieurs articles, dont un article majeur de 1986 intitulé "The mystery of declining tooth decay" dans la revue Nature, examinant la nécessité d'une réévaluation scientifique de la fluoration, et a mis en évidence certaines des preuves contraires.

Publications

Livres
 Diesendorf M 2014. Sustainable Energy Solutions for Climate Change. Routledge-Earthscan et UNSW Press. . 356+xx p.
 Diesendorf M 2009. Climate Action: A campaign manual for greenhouse solutions, UNSW Press, Sydney.. 242+xiv p.
 Diesendorf M 2007. Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy, UNSW Press, Sydney, .
 Diesendorf M, Hamilton C (éd.) 1997. Human Ecology, Human Economy: Ideas for an Ecologically Sustainable Future, Sydney : Allen & Unwin, 378 pp.. 378+xvi p.
 Diesendorf M (éd.) 1979. Energy and People-- social implications of different energy futures. Canberra : Society for Social Responsibility in Science.180 pp,
 Diesendorf M, Furnass B (éd.) 1977. The Impact of Environment and Lifestyle on Human Health. Canberra: Society for Social Responsibility in Science. 180 pages, .
 Diesendorf M (éd.) 1976. The Magic Bullet -- social implications and limitations of modern medicine -- an environmental approach. Canberra: Society for Social Responsibility in Science. viii+153pp,.

Articles (sélection)
 Diesendorf M, 2019, 'Energy futures for Australia', in Newton P; Prasad D; Sproul A; White S (ed.), Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, pp. 35 – 51, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7940-6
 Diesendorf M, Elliston B 2018. The feasibility of 100% renewable electricity systems: A response to critics. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 93:318-330.
 Howard BS, Hamilton NE, Diesendorf M, Wiedmann T 2018. Modeling the carbon budget of the Australian electricity sector's transition to renewable energy. Renewable Energy 125:712-728.
 Diesendorf M 2018. Learning from Fukushima: Nuclear Power in East Asia. Energy Research & Social Science 39:162-163.
 Hamilton NE, Howard BS, Diesendorf M, Wiedmann T 2017. Computing life-cycle emissions from transitioning the electricity sector using a discrete numerical approach. Energy 137:314-324.
 Diesendorf M, 2017, 'Ecologically sustainable energy', in Washington H (ed.), CASSE NSW, Sydney, pp. 137–143
 Diesendorf M 2016. Shunning nuclear power but not its waste: assessing the risks of Australia becoming the world's nuclear wasteland. Energy Research & Social Science 19:142-147.
 Mey F, Diesendorf M, MacGill I 2016. Role of local government in facilitating renewable energy and community energy. Energy Research & Social Science 21:33-43.
 Delina L, Diesendorf M 2016. Strengthening the climate action movement: strategies and tactics from contemporary social action. Interface 8(1):117-141.
 Diesendorf M 2016. Subjective judgments in the nuclear energy debate. Conservation Biology 30(3):666-669.
 Wolfram P, Wiedmann T, Diesendorf M 2016. Carbon footprint scenarios for renewable electricity in Australia. J. Cleaner Production 124:236-245.
 Yangka D, Diesendorf M 2016. Modeling the benefits of electric cooking in Bhutan: a long-term perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59:494–503.
 Delina L, Diesendorf M 2015. Strengthening the climate action movement: strategies from histories. Carbon Management 5(4):397-409.
 Elliston B, MacGill I, Diesendorf M. 2014. Comparing least cost scenarios for 100% renewable electricity with low emission fossil fuel scenarios in the Australian National Electricity Market. Renewable Energy 66:196-204.
 Delina L, Diesendorf M 2013. Is wartime mobilisation a suitable policy model for rapid national climate mitigation? Energy Policy 58:371-380.
 Elliston B, MacGill I, Diesendorf, M. 2013. Least cost 100% renewable electricity scenarios in the Australian National Electricity Market. Energy Policy 59:270-282.
 Turner GM, Elliston B, Diesendorf M 2013. Impacts on the biophysical economy and environment of a transition to 100% renewable electricity in Australia. Energy Policy, 54:288-299.
 Elliston B, Diesendorf M, MacGill I 2012. Simulations of scenarios with 100% renewable electricity in the Australian National Electricity Market. Energy Policy 45:606-613.
 Diesendorf M 2011. Scenarios and strategies for climate mitigation. Journal of Australian Political Economy no. 66:98-117.
 Buckman G & Diesendorf M 2010. Design limitations in Australian renewable energy policies. Energy Policy, 38: 3365–76; addendum 38:7539–40.
 Messali E, Diesendorf M 2009. Potential sites for off-shore wind power in Australia. Wind Engineering 33(4): 335-348.
 Mudd GM, Diesendorf M 2008. Sustainability of uranium mining and milling: toward quantifying resources and eco-efficiency. Environmental Science & Technology 42 (7): 2624–2630.
Saddler H, Diesendorf M, Denniss R 2007. Clean energy scenarios for Australia. Energy Policy 35 (2): 1245–56.

Littérature grise
 Mark Diesendorf & Dennys Angove, 'What is a fair carbon budget for Australia?' RenewEconomy, 21 February 2020.
 Mark Diesendorf & Richard Broinowski, 'A covert push for nuclear weapons?' Australian Outlook, 26 August 2019; reprinted in RenewEconomy and also by Beyond Nuclear International.
 'Ecological economics: The economics of sustainability', NENA Journal, vol. 1, no. 4, July 2019.
 'An environmental science perspective on population' NENA Journal, vol. 1, no. 3, June 2019.
 'New grid needs cooperation', Canberra Times, 1 May 2019.
 'Fixing the gap between Labor's greenhouse gas goals and their policies', The Conversation, 3/5/2019.
 'The government's electricity shortlist rightly features pumped hydro (and wrongly includes coal)', The Conversation, 29/3/2019.
 '100% renewable electricity: reliability, economics, impediments & key policies', 100% Renewables Workshop, ANU, 15/2/2019.
 'Busting myths about renewable energy', Renew Magazine, issue 146, Jan. 2019
 'Renewable electricity policy for Australia', The Australia Institute, Nov. 2018.
 'Four key steps to take Australia towards 100% renewable electricity', RenewEconomy, 2018.
 'Is coal power dispatchable?', RenewEconomy, 22/8/2018.
 Video of seminar, 'Busting myths about renewable energy', 52 min, School of Photovoltaic & Renewable Energy Engineering, 13 Sept. 2018.
 'Renewable energy breeding can stop Australia blowing the carbon budget -- if we're quick', The Conversation, 16/4/2018.
 'How rapidly can we transition to 100% renewable electricity?', RenewEconomy 2018.
 'How South Australia can function reliably while moving to 100% renewable power', The Conversation 2017.
 'Ecologically sustainable energy', in Washington H (ed.) Positive Steps to a Steady State Economy. Sydney: CASSE NSW, pp. 137–143, 2017.
 Risks, ethics and consent: Australia shouldn't become the world's nuclear wasteland. The Conversation 28 June 2016.
 Rapid transition to clean energy will take massive social change. The Conversation 9 May 2016; reprinted in RenewEconomy
 Renewable energy versus nuclear: dispelling the myths. The Ecologist, 19 April 2016, reprinted in RenewEconomy 22 April 2016.
 Dispelling the nuclear 'baseload' myth: nothing renewables can't do better! The Ecologist, 10 March 2016.
 Coal closures give South Australia the chance to go 100% renewable. The Conversation, 2015, http://theconversation.com/coal-closures-give-south-australia-the-chance-to-go-100-renewable-43182
 Accidents, waste and weapons: nuclear power isn't worth the risks. The Conversation, 2015, https://theconversation.com/accidents-waste-and-weapons-nuclear-power-isnt-worth-the-risks-41522
 Nuclear energy is dirty, unsafe and uneconomic: environmental scientist. New Matilda, 2015, https://web.archive.org/web/20150315062926/https://newmatilda.com/2015/02/21/nuclear-energy-dirty-unsafe-and-uneconomic-environmental-scientist
 Renewing renewables: busting myths about sustainable energy. ABC national radio, Ockham's Razor, 2014, http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/ockhamsrazor/renewing-renewables/5282500
 Renewable energy is ready to go. The Conversation, 2014, http://theconversation.com/renewable-energy-is-ready-to-supply-all-of-australias-electricity-29200
 Corporate efforts to impede renewable energy. Chain Reaction no.121:38-40, July 2014.
 Review of Ian Plimer's book 'Not for Greens'. Crikey, 2014, http://www.crikey.com.au/2014/07/14/get-fact-testing-ian-plimer-on-wind-and-solar-power/
 The value of interdisciplinary research. http://www.science.unsw.edu.au/news/opinion-value-interdisciplinary-research/, 2012, (avec Crelis Rammelt).

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Liens externes

 Pouvoir au peuple : émission de télévision ABC Différence d'opinion
 Livres de Mark Diesendorf

Professeur à l'université de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud
Personnalité liée à l'énergie
Écologiste australien
Militant australien
Militant antinucléaire

Mark Diesendorf


Karlı, Samsun ilinin Kavak ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Kafkas Rus savaşı sonrası Anadoluya göç eden Kafkas göçmenleri tarafından tahmini olarak 1800 yılının ikinci yarısında kurulmuştur. Köy nüfusunun büyük çoğunluğu Ubıhlardan oluşmaktadır.Mahallenin ilk kurucuları Ugelerden Pıtaj ve Topal Hasan dır.
Dıpşovlar Ladik Tatlıcak mahallesinden Berzegler Toptepeden gelmişlerdir.
1900 yılının ikinci yarısından itibaren çerkes olmayan ailelerin göç etmesiyle mahallenin güney yamacında kurulan Kavallı mahallesi bilahare nüfusun artmasıyla mahallenin çerkes nüfusu azınlık durumuna düşmüştür.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 57 km, Kavak ilçesine 7 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kavak'ın mahalleleri

Karlı, Kavak


القضاء في السعودية هو سلطة مستقلة تعتمد في أحكامها على الشريعة الإسلامية، ظهرت بذرتها الأولى في عهد الملك عبد العزيز آل سعود عندما أُنشئت رئاسة قضاة واحدة في المنطقة الغربية بمكة المكرمة في عام 1926م وتوسعت تدريجيا إلى أن صدر نظام القضاء الجديد بمرسوم ملكي في عام 2007. بحسب تقرير التنافسية العالمي 2019 حققت المملكة الترتيب الـ16 عالميا متقدمة 8 مراكز عن العام السابق في مؤشر الاستقلال القضائي، وفيما يتعلق بمؤشر كفاءة الإطار القانوني لتسوية النزاعات، قفزت المملكة 4 مراكز، لتحل في الترتيب الـ17 عالمياً، فيما بقيت على المركز الـ11 في مؤشر «مواءمة الإطار القانوني للأعمال الرقمية»، وفي مؤشر كفاءة الإطار القانوني للطعن في اللوائح، تقدمت 11 مركزاً ليصبح ترتيبها الـ 18 عالميا.

القضاء الجديد (1428هـ)
صدر مرسوم ملكي في عهد الملك عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود رقمه (م/ 78) في يوم 19/ 9 /1428هـ يقتضي الموافقة على نظام قضائي جديد، ونظام جديد لديوان المظالم وعلى آلية عمل هذه الأنظمة، وهي الأنظمة المطبقة إلى اليوم. ويحتوي نظام القضاء الجديد على عدة تغييرات في المجالات التالية:

استقلال القضاء وضماناته
يقضي النظام باستقلال القضاة، وأن لا سلطان عليهم في قضائهم لغير أحكام الشريعة الإسلامية والأنظمة المرعية، وليس لأحد التدخل في القضاء. كما يقضي بعدم قابلية القضاة للعزل إلا في الحالات المبينة في هذا النظام. وأن لا ينقل القضاة إلى وظائف أخرى إلا برضاهم أو بسبب ترقيتهم ووفق أحكام هذا النظام مع عدم الإخلال بحكم المادة التاسعة والأربعين. وأخيرا لا تجوز مخاصمة القضاة – بسبب أعمال وظيفتهم – إلا وفق الشروط والقواعد الخاصة بتأديبهم.

المجلس الأعلى للقضاء

حدد النظام الجديد مما يتكون المجلس الأعلى للقضاء، ومهامه، وتوقيت انعقاد اجتماعاته، وميزانيته، وقرر أن تكون له أمانة عامة ولائحة داخلية تحدد أعماله ومهامه.

المحاكم
تتكون المحاكم حسب نظام القضاء ما يلي:

1 - المحكمة العليا. مفعله

2- محاكم الاستئناف. مفعله

3 - محاكم الدرجة الأولى «الابتدائية»، وهي:

أ - المحاكم العامة. مفعلة

ب - المحاكم الجزائية. مفعلة

ج - محاكم الأحوال الشخصية. مفعلة

د - المحاكم التجارية.مفعلة

هـ - المحاكم العمالية.مفعلة

ولاية المحاكم
دون إخلال بما يقضي به نظام ديوان المظالم، تختص المحاكم بالفصل في جميع القضايا، وفق قواعد اختصاص المحاكم المبينة في نظام المرافعات الشرعية ونظام الإجراءات الجزائية.

القضاة

يحدد النظام درجات السلك القضائي وشروط وأنظمة تعيين القضاة وترقيتهم، ورواتبهم وأنظمة تقاعدهم وحقوقهم، ونقلهم وندبهم وإجازاتهم، وواجباتهم، ونظام التفتيش على أعمالهم، ودرجات تقدير كفايتهم، ونظام التأديب، وأخيرا انتهاء خدماتهم.

وزارة العدل

يوضح النظام مهام وزارة العدل، ويقر إنشاء مركز للبحوث، ويحدد نظام اختيار وكيل وزارة العدل.

كتابات وكتاب العدل
يحدد النظام وزير العدل مسؤولا عن إنشاء كتابات العدل، وتحديد دوائر اختصاصها وتكوينها، كما يعدد مهام كتابات العدل وبعض الأنظمة الخاصة بها، وأنظمة تعيين كتاب العدل والتفتيش عليهم.

ديوان المظالم «القضاء الإداري»

وهو يرتبط بشكل مباشر بالملك، وهو صاحب الولاية القضائية العامة في المنازعات التي تكون الحكومة طرفا فيها (أي الادارات الحكومية) مهما كانت تلك الإدارة، ويقوم قاضي المظالم بالغاء قرارات الوزراء ومن تحتهم من المدراء متى ما كانت مُخالفة لاحكام الشريعة والأنظمة التي لا تتعارض معها، ويحكم بالتعويض ضدها لاي شخص، وينظر في المنازعات العقدية التي تكون الحكومة طرفا فيها وغير ذلك، ويرأس الديوان رئيس بمرتبة وزير وهو رئيسا لمجلس القضاء الإداري
وتطبق محاكم ديوان المظالم على القضايا المعروضة امامها احكام الشريعة الإسلامية وما يصدره ولي الامر من أنظمة لا تتعارض مع الكتاب والسنة، كما ورد ذلك في المادة 1 من نظام المرافعات امام ديوان المظالم

تشكيل محاكم ديوان المـظالم
 مجلس القضاء الإداري
 المحكمة الإدارية العليا وهي أعلى سلطة قضائية في القضاء الإداري في المملكة العربية السعودية
 محاكم الاستئناف الإدارية فعلت أكثر من ثلاث محاكم حتى الآن
 محاكم الإدارية في بعض المدن في المملكة
 المحاكم التجارية (مؤقتا).

اختصاصات المحاكم الإدارية
أ - الدعاوى المتعلقة بالحقوق المقررة في نظم الخدمة المدنية والعسكرية والتقاعد لموظفي ومستخدمي الحكومة والأجهزة ذوات الشخصية المعنوية العامة المستقلة أو ورثتهم والمستحقين عنهم.

ب - دعاوى إلغاء القرارات الإدارية النهائية التي يقدمها ذوو الشأن، متى كان مرجع الطعن عدم الاختصاص، أو وجود عيب في الشكل، أو عيب في السبب، أو مخالفة النظم واللوائح، أو الخطأ في تطبيقها أو تأويلها، أو إساءة استعمال السلطة، بما في ذلك القرارات التأديبية، والقرارات التي تصدرها اللجان شبه القضائية والمجالس التأديبية، وكذلك القرارات التي تصدرها جمعيات النفع العام - وما في حكمها - المتصلة بنشاطاتها، ويعد في حكم القرار الإداري رفض جهة الإدارة أو امتناعها عن اتخاذ قرار كان من الواجب عليها اتخاذه طبقاً للأنظمة واللوائح.

ج - دعاوى التعويض التي قدمها ذوو الشأن عن قرارات أو أعمال جهة الإدارة.

د - الدعاوى المتعلقة بالعقود التي تكون جهة الإدارة طرفا فيها.

هـ - الدعاوى التأديبية التي ترفعها الجهة المختصة.

و - المنازعات الإدارية الأخرى.

ز - طلبات تنفيذ الأحكام الأجنبية وأحكام المحكمين الأجنبية.

ولا يحق لها النظر في قضايا المظالم التالية:

الدعاوى المتعلقة بأعمال السيادة، أو النظر في الاعتراضات على ما تصدره المحاكم - غير الخاضعة لديوان المظالم - من أحكام داخلة في ولايتها، أو ما يصدره المجلس الأعلى للقضاء ومجلس القضاء الإداري من قرارات وهذا مانصت عليه المادة الرابعة عشر من نظام ديوان المظالم (نظام القضاء الإداري)

النظام المطبق في المحاكم

تنص المادة الأولى من نظام المرافعات الشرعية«نظام إجرائي»:  تطبق المحاكم على القضايا المعروضة أمامها أحكامَ الشريعة الإسلامية؛ وفقاً لما دل عليه الكتاب والسنة، وما يصدره ولي الأمر من أنظمة لا تتعارض مع الكتاب والسنة(أنظمة مرعية)، وتتقيد في إجراءات نظرها بما ورد في هذا النظام.

ومن الأنظمة «نظام موضوعي» المطبقة في القضاء التجاري نظام المحكمة التجارية ومن الأنظمة المطبقة في القضاء الجزائي
نظام مكافحة المخدرات والمؤثرات العقلية ونظام مكافحة جرائم المعلومات ونظام مكافحة التزوير ونظام مكافحة الرشوة
وفي القضاء العمالي يطبق نظام العمل

يرى علماء القضاء السعودي أن النظام المطبق أقرب مايكون للقانون الأنجلوسكسوني "common law" وكذلك يأخذ من القانون اللاتيني فهو مزيج مشترك لكن يقولون أن النظام الإسلامي هو الأصل
جمع بين إيجابيات الأنجلوسكسوني واللاتيني قبل أن تكون هذه القوانين لذا تنفرد المملكة العربية السعودية بوجود نظام قانوني متميز.

وضع القضاء الآن

 مجلس القضاء الإداري

يرى البعض أنه يسير ببطئ نحو إصدار اللوائح الوظيفية لقضاة ديوان المظالم من نقل وندب وتفتيش وغيرها، لكن في المقابل يصرح رئيس ديوان المظالم ورئيس مجلس القضاء الإداري الشيخ إبراهيم الحقيل بأن الحل لتطوير وإصلاح القضاء الإداري هو التعيين في السلك القضائي لسد النقص الحاصل في عدد القضاة وأن لديه خطة إسترتيجية ضخمة بأن يتم تدريب كافة قضاة ديوان المظالم لرفع مستوى أداء العمل القضائي في ديوان المظالم ويصرح رئيس ديوان المظالم ورئيس مجلس القضاء الإداري بأن الترافع القضائي الإلكتروني قد بدأ في محاكم ديوان المظالم منذ منتصف2010، وأن المحاكم الإدارية على وشك تطبيق المحكمة الإلكترونية.

مركز تهيئة الدعاوى
تم تدشين المركز في عام 2022، يعمل على رفع جاهزية ملف القضية، وتقديم خدمة الإسناد القضائي للدوائر القضائية، بالكوادر البشرية اللازمة بالمهارات والمعرفة القانونية والموضوعية لتشغيل المركز، وتحسين جودة مخرجات الدوائر القضائية وسرعة إنهاء القضية.

من أهم أهداف المركز:

 تفعيل منظومة القضاء المؤسسي.
 تحسين طريقة وجودة تقديم الخدمات العدلية.
 الوصول لمستوى عال من رضا المستفيدين.
 رفع الكفاءة التشغيلية للمحاكم والدوائر القضائية.

أهم الخدمات التي يقدمها المركز:

 الدراسة الأولية لملف القضية.
 إدارة التبليغات والإشعارات.
 بتلخيص ضبوط الجلسات والمذكرات.
 وصياغة مسودة الأحكام.
 خدمة تهيئة طلبات الإفلاس وحصر وتحديد أولويات التكامل مع الجهات الخارجية.

إحصائيات

متوسط ماينجزه القاضي السعودي في العام على مستوى المحاكم في المملكة بلغ 1000 قضية سنويا، وهذا يضر في سير العدالة ويؤخر النظر في مداولات القضايا، ويعزو المهتمين بالشأن القضائي في المملكة سبب ذلك إلى القيادة القضائية؛ كمجلس الأعلى للقضاء، ومجلس القضاء الإداري، وإلى سوء التخطيط والتنفيذ، وطرد الخبرات القضائية النابهة كالقضاة وخريجي الشريعة، وإلى عدم الضمان الوظيفي لأعضاء السلك القضائي.

انظر أيضا
وزارة العدل (السعودية)

المراجع والمصادر

نظام تركيز مسؤوليات القضاء الشرعي تاريخ 24/1/1372 هـ (الجزءالأكبر منه منسوخ والناسخ نظام المرافعات)
نظام المرافعات الشرعية (قانون المرافعة والإثبات القضائي)
نظام القضاء ذي الرقم م / 78 وبتاريخ 19/ 9/ 1428 هـ
نظام ديوان المظــالم (نظام القضاء الإداري) وبتاريخ 19/ 9/ 1428 هـ

السلطة القضائية في السعودية
قانون سعودي

القضاء في السعودية


تسخينفالي (بالأوسيتية : цхинвал ؛ بالجورجية : ცხინვალი)، هي عاصمة جمهورية جنوب أوسيتيا المستقلة وغير المعترف بها دولياً، تطالب بها جورجيا ولكنها مؤيدة عسكريا من جانب روسيا.

تقع على نهر ليلخفي الكبير وحوالي 100 كم (62 ميلا) من شمال غرب العاصمة الجورجيه تبليسي.

تاريخ

بسبب موقعها على طريق التجارة التي كانت تربط شمال القوقاز بتبليسي وغوري، تحولت تسخينفالي تدريجيا إلى مدينة تجارية مختلطه من اليهود، والجورجيين، والأرمن والأوسيتيين. في 1910 كان عدد السكان 5033 نسمة، 42،3 ٪ من اليهود، 33 ٪ من الجورجيين والأرمن 13،4 ٪ و 11 ٪ من الأوسيتيين.
في الحرب الأخيرة سقط 1.492 مدني في تسخينفالي، تم تخريب المدينة بالكامل، لم ينجوا منها حتى المستشفى الوحيد في المدينة.
و أيضا من المباني السياسية المتضررة بشدة بسبب هذا النزاع هو مقر برلمان أوسيتيا الجنوبية.

توأمة
لتسخينفالي اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 تيراسبول

أعلام

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Peter Gunn is an American private eye television series, starring Craig Stevens as Peter Gunn with Lola Albright as his girlfriend, Edie Hart. The series was broadcast by NBC from September 22, 1958, to 1960 and by ABC in 1960–1961. The series was created by Blake Edwards, who, on occasion, was also writer (for 39 episodes) and director (for 9 episodes).

Peter Gunn is notable for being the first detective series whose character was created especially for television, instead of adapted from other media.

The series is probably best remembered today for its music, including the iconic "Peter Gunn Theme", which was nominated for an Emmy Award and two Grammys for Henry Mancini. Subsequently it has been performed and recorded by many jazz, rock and blues musicians. The progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer recorded the song adding synthesizers. The series was number 17 in the Nielsen ratings for the 1958–1959 TV season and number 29 for the 1960-61 TV season.

Plot
Peter Gunn is a suave, well-dressed private investigator whose hair is always in place and who loves cool jazz. Whereas other gumshoes are often coarse and vulgar, Gunn is a sophisticate with expensive tastes. A contemporary article in Life noted that Edwards "deliberately tailored the part after the famous movie smoothie Cary Grant".

Gunn operates in a gloomy waterfront city, the name and location of which is not revealed in the series. He often visits Mother's, a smokey wharfside jazz club that Gunn uses as his "office", usually meeting new clients there. Gunn has a reputation for integrity and being among the best investigators; he has many reliable informants and is well-connected. His reputation is so good, the police occasionally ask him for help or advice. He sometimes works cases out of state and occasionally out of the country. Gunn was observed in "Murder on the Midway" as "wearing $30 shoes, a $200 suit and carrying a solid gold cigarette lighter". Gunn drives a 1958 two-tone DeSoto two-door hardtop in the first few episodes of the first season, then a 1959 Plymouth Fury convertible with a white top and a car phone. In the third season Gunn drives a 1960 white Plymouth Fury convertible with a car phone, later changing to a 1961 Plymouth Fury convertible.

Gunn's girlfriend, Edie Hart (Lola Albright), is a sultry singer employed at Mother's; she opens her own restaurant and nightclub in season 3, named Edie's. Gunn's pet name for Edie is "Silly". Herschel Bernardi costarred as Lieutenant Jacoby, a jaded veteran  police detective and friend of Gunn who works at the 13th Precinct. Occasionally he refers people to Gunn as clients. He is especially notable for his crackling, cynical sardonic wit. In 1959, Bernardi received his only Emmy nomination for the role. Hope Emerson appeared as Mother, who had been a singer and piano player in speakeasies during Prohibition. She received an Emmy nomination for the role. For the second season, Mother was played by Minerva Urecal, following the departure of Emerson for a starring role in The Dennis O'Keefe Show. Associate producer Byron Kane portrayed Barney, the bartender at Mother's; Kane was not credited for playing this role. Bill Chadney appeared as Emmett, Mother's piano player. (Chadney and Albright were married in 1961.)

Both Billy Barty as pool hustler Babby and Herbert Ellis as Beat bistro owner, painter, and sculptor Wilbur, appeared in several episodes as occasional "information resources", as "Mother" also often is. Capri Candela played Wilbur's girlfriend, Capri. Morris Erby had the recurring role of Sgt. Lee Davis during all three seasons of the show. Frequent director Robert Gist appeared as an actor in different roles in three episodes. James Lanphier portrayed Leslie the maitre d'hôtel at Edie's restaurant and nightclub during season 3.

Cast

 Craig Stevens as Peter Gunn
 Lola Albright as Edie Hart, a lounge singer and Pete's girlfriend
 Herschel Bernardi as Lieutenant Jacoby, a police detective and friend of Gunn
 Hope Emerson as "Mother", a singer and piano player in speakeasies during Prohibition (Season 1)
 Minerva Urecal as "Mother" (Season 2)
 Byron Kane (uncredited) as Barney, the bartender
 Bill Chadney as Emmett, the piano player at Mother's
 Billy Barty as Babby, a pool hustler
 Herbert Ellis as Wilbur, beat bistro owner, painter, and sculptor
 Capri Candela as Capri, Wilbur's girlfriend
 Morris Erby as police Sgt. Lee Davis (seasons 1-3)
 James Lanphier as Leslie, maître d' (season 3)

Frequent director Robert Gist appeared as an actor in different roles in three episodes.

Executive producer Gordon Oliver appeared as an actor in different roles in two episodes.

Episodes

Peter Gunn ran for three seasons starting in late 1958. A total of 114 episodes were produced during the three season run. Peter Gunn premiered on September 22, 1958 with the episode The Kill. The first season ran from September 1958 through June 1959 and contained 38 episodes.

Origin of series
Edwards developed Peter Gunn from an earlier fictional detective that he had created. Richard Diamond, Private Detective starred Dick Powell, and aired as a radio series from 1949 to 1953. David Janssen later starred in the television adaptation from 1957 to 1960. It was this character's success which prompted his creator to revisit the concept as Peter Gunn. Edwards had earlier written and directed a Mike Hammer television pilot for Brian Keith.

According to Blake Edwards, Gunn was "a present-day soldier of fortune who has found himself a gimmick that pays him a very comfortable living. The gimmick was trouble.  People who had major trouble will pay handsomely to get rid of it, and Peter Gunn was a man who will not only accept the pay but do something about it. He knows every element of the city, from cops to crooks.  He also, of course, has his soft side and will occasionally take on a charity job for free. But we'll never make the mistake of letting her [Edie] catch him. Never."

For the part of Edie, Edwards said, "We toyed at first with the idea of getting a name singer. But we soon realized it would be impractical to have a name singer cast in what is primarily a straight dramatic role. It wouldn't be fair, either to the singer or the audience. Once that idea was discarded, my first thought was Lola Albright. Lola had been going along well but not terribly well, if you know what I mean. But I'd always felt she had a potential that had never really been tapped.  She's sort of two beats off center in the way she talks and sings, and that's what we were looking for."

Henry Mancini said in 1992, "She was perfect casting for that role because she had an off-the-cuff kind of jazz delivery that was very hard to find."

Lola Albright said, "My whole career had been sort of ordinary. Peter Gunn changed all that." Albright said that Blake Edwards had her in mind from the outset, "But he had no idea I could sing. I had just recorded my first album."

In a 1993 interview, Craig Stevens talks about how he and co-star Lola Albright were hired for the show, as well as his marriage to Alexis Smith, with cable TV host Skip E. Lowe.

Initial plans called for the title of the program to be Gunn for Hire. The change to Peter Gunn occurred after officials at Paramount Pictures complained that the title was similar to that of the 1942 Paramount film This Gun for Hire.

Production
Besides those directed by Blake Edwards, other episodes were directed by Boris Sagal, Robert Gist, Jack Arnold, Lamont Johnson, Robert Altman  (for one episode) and several others. A total of 114 thirty-minute episodes were produced by Spartan Productions. Season one was filmed at Universal Studios, while seasons two and three were filmed at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Philip H. Lathrop and William W. Spencer were cinematographers on many episodes. Craig Stevens' wardrobe was tailored by Don Richards and Lola Albright's fashions by Emeson's for 2 episodes (The Vicious Dog, The Blind Pianist) and by Jax for the remainder of the episodes. Wardrobe was not credited in episode 1, The Kill.

Music
The show's use of modern jazz music was a distinctive touch that helped set the standard for many years to come, with cool jazz themes accompanying every move Gunn made. The music, composed by Henry Mancini, was performed by a small jazz ensemble which included a number of prominent Los Angeles-based jazz and studio musicians. Trumpeter Pete Candoli, alto saxophonist Ted Nash, flutist Ronny Lang, trombonist Dick Nash, and pianist and future composer John Williams provided most of the improvised jazz solos. Williams plays the piano part on the title music ostinato.

Prominent jazz musicians occasionally made on-screen appearances. Trumpeter Shorty Rogers appeared in the episode titled "The Frog" playing flugelhorn as Lola sings "How High the Moon". Drummer Shelly Manne, in addition to performing on the soundtrack album, was credited with a Special Guest role in the 1959 episode "Keep Smiling" playing drums in the "Bamboo Club" combo. Brazilian guitarist Laurindo Almeida plays guitar as himself in the 1959 episode "Skin Deep".

In his autobiography Did They Mention the Music? Mancini stated:

The "Peter Gunn Theme" became an instant hit, earning Mancini an Emmy Award nomination and two Grammys. The RCA Victor soundtrack album by Henry Mancini, The Music from Peter Gunn, was voted Album of the Year at the 1st Annual Grammy Awards in 1959 and reached No. 1 in Billboard's Pop LP Charts. The popularity of this album prompted RCA Victor to issue a second Mancini album of Peter Gunn music titled More Music from Peter Gunn. Bandleader Ray Anthony's recording of the theme music reached No. 8 on Billboard's Hot 100. Shelly Manne recorded two jazz albums of themes from the show in 1959, Shelly Manne & His Men Play Peter Gunn and Son of Gunn!!.

"The Peter Gunn Theme" has been recorded and performed by numerous musicians.

In 2019 Jasmine Records released a CD combining both Henry Mancini soundtracks of The Music of Peter Gunn and More Music from Peter Gunn.

The theme was also used in the Spy Hunter arcade video game, and has been used by the Kilgore College Rangerettes as the tryout music for their specialty jazz group since the 1960s.

Emmy nominations
The series was nominated for eight prime time Emmys without wins, all in 1959. They were for Best Dramatic Series - Less than One Hour, Craig Stevens as best lead actor in a drama, Herschel Bernardi as best supporting actor in a drama, Lola Albright and Hope Emerson as best supporting actress in a drama, Henry Mancini for best musical contribution to a television production, and Blake Edwards for best writing and direction of a single episode of a drama series.

Adaptations
The series made the transition to other media.  An original novel and a comic book adaptation were published by Dell Publishing in 1960. The novel, entitled Peter Gunn: Murder to a Jazz Beat, was written by Henry Kane. The 4-color comic book was Dell #1087, entitled "Peter Gunn", and had a photo cover with an introduction which said, "Pete tries to stop a postage stamp counterfeiter and gets a parcel of trouble - special delivery!" Lowell Toy Mfg. produced the "Peter Gunn Detective Game", a board game in 1960.

A feature film, Gunn, was released by Paramount Pictures in 1967, scripted by Edwards and William Peter Blatty and directed by Edwards with Stevens reprising the title role. A long-gestating ABC 90-minute pilot, Peter Gunn, aired in April 1989 was written, produced, and directed by Edwards and starred Peter Strauss in the lead role, but the network failed to order a series despite strong ratings and reviews.

In 2001, Edwards and his son, Geoffrey, joined with producers Jeffrey Tinnell and John Michaels and writer Norman Snider in developing an updated television series, The New Peter Gunn for Muse Entertainment in Canada. The project fell through when producers John Woo and David Permut began developing a big screen remake for Paramount with screenwriter W. Peter Iliff. Once Upon a Time in L.A. was pitched as a possible vehicle for John Travolta or Harrison Ford. Neither revival made it beyond the script stage.

TNT announced a new series was in development in May 2013 from producers Steven Spielberg, Julie Andrews, Lou Pitt, Justin Falvey and Darryl Frank with writers Scott Rosenberg, Jeff Pinkner, Josh Appelbaum, and André Nemec. The proposed series was not picked up for the 2014–2015 season.

In 2017, Paramount renewed its agreement with The Blake Edwards Estate with the intent of developing the property.

Media
From 1992 to 1996, Rhino Entertainment released various episodes of Peter Gunn on VHS cassettes. In 1999, Diamond Entertainment Corporation released a five-cassette set comprising ten episodes. Marathon Music & Video released a seven-cassette box set entitled "TV Cops and Private Eyes", in which an episode of Peter Gunn was included.

In 2002, A&E Home Video released two volume sets of Peter Gunn on DVD in Region 1, which comprise 32 episodes from Season One.  These releases used edited-for-syndication versions of episodes.

Timeless Media Group released Peter Gunn – The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 in 2012. The 12-disc set features all 114 episodes of the series, as well as a bonus CD of Henry Mancini's score, The Music from Peter Gunn

References

External links

1958 American television series debuts
1961 American television series endings
1950s American crime drama television series
1960s American crime drama television series
1950s American mystery television series
1960s American mystery television series
American Broadcasting Company original programming
American action television series
Black-and-white American television shows
English-language television shows
Gunn, Peter
Films scored by Henry Mancini
NBC original programming
Television shows adapted into films
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television
American detective television series

Peter Gunn


Drapelul Dominicăi a fost adoptat la 3 noiembrie 1978, cu unele mici modificări realizate făcute în 1981, 1988 și 1990. Drapelul original a fost proiectat de dramaturgul Alwin Bully la începutul anului 1978, pe când țara se pregătea pentru independență.

Istoric și designul

Drapelul, adoptat în 1978, prezintă păsărea națională, papagalul sisserou, care apare și pe stema instituită la 21 iulie 1961. Acest papagal, endemic pentru Dominica, este o specie pe cale de dispariție, cu o populație de numai 250-350 de păsări.

Câmpul verde reprezintă vegetația luxuriantă a insulei. Crucea reprezintă Treimea și creștinismul, cu cele trei culori care simbolizează indienii nativi, solul fertil și apa pură. Cele 10 stele verzi cu cinci colțuri reprezintă cele 10 parohii ale țării: (St. Andrew, St. David, St. George, St. John, St. Joseph, St. Luke, St. Mark, St. Patrick, St. Paul și St. Peter), în timp ce discul roșu reprezintă dreptatea socială.

Papagalul sisserou este uneori colorat fie albastru sau violet (culoarea reală a papagalul lui). Utilizarea violetului face ca drapelul Dominicăi să fie unul dintre cele două steaguri ale statelor suverane (alături de steagul Nicaragua) care conțin această culoare.

Drapelul Dominicăi, împreună cu alte simboluri naționale, a fost punctul central al "Săptămânii stemelor", sponsorizată de guvern în 2016. O inițiativă a comisiei de independență, Săptămâna Stemelor a avut ca scop să se reflecteze asupra sensului emblemelor naționale, precum și promovarea utilizării acestora în rândul publicului larg și în special în rândul școlilor Commonwealths.

Steaguri istorice

Referințe

Legături externe

Dominica
Dominica

Drapelul Dominicăi


Prvenstvo Šibenskog nogometnog podsaveza (također i kao Liga Nogometnog podsaveza Šibenik, Podsavezna liga Šibenik) za sezonu 1968./69. je bila liga četvrtog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije.
Sudjelovalo je 9 klubova, a prvak je bila momčad "Vodica".

Ljestvica

 ljestvica bez rezultata dvije utakmice
 Zablaće tada samostalno naselje, danas dio naselja Šibenik

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutrašnje poveznice

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 "Sportske novosti", izdano 15. svibnja 1969., str. 10
 "Sportske novosti", izdano 22. svibnja 1969., str. 10
 arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr, "Slobodna Dalmacija", 1969. godina
 arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr, "Slobodna Dalmacija", 1969. godina

1968-69
1968-69 Šibenik
Šibenik

Prvenstvo Šibenskog nogometnog podsaveza 1968./69.


Porajärvi (en , en , en ) est une agglomération rurale et le centre de la comune rurale de Porajärvi  du raïon de Suojärvi en République de Carélie.

Géographie
Porajärvi est situé en bordure de la Souna à 80 kilomètres au Nord de Suojärvi.

Porajärvi est traversée par l'autoroute 86K-14.

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Village dans la république de Carélie
Raïon de Suojärvi

Porajärvi (agglomération)