Alexandra Dindiligan (n. 16 februarie 1997, în Galați) este o handbalistă română care joacă pentru CSM București pe postul de extremă stânga. Anterior Dindiligan a evoluat pentru "U" Cluj și HC Zalău.

În anul 2014, Alexandra Dindiligan a câștigat cu echipa de junioare a României medalia de aur la Campionatul Mondial din Macedonia, iar cu echipa națională de tineret a României a obținut medalia de bronz la Campionatul Mondial din 2016.

Palmares
Campionatul Mondial pentru Junioare:
 Medalie de aur: 2014

Campionatul Mondial pentru Tineret:
 Medalie de bronz: 2016

Statistică goluri și pase de gol
''Conform Federației Române de Handbal, Federației Europene de Handbal și Federației Internaționale de Handbal:

Goluri în competițiile naționale:

Goluri în Liga Națională

Goluri în Cupa României

Goluri și pase de gol în competițiile internaționale:

Goluri și pase de gol la Campionatul European de Handbal Feminin pentru Junioare

Goluri și pase de gol la Campionatul Mondial de Handbal Feminin pentru Junioare

Goluri și pase de gol la Campionatul European de Handbal Feminin pentru Tineret

Goluri și pase de gol la Campionatul Mondial de Handbal Feminin pentru Tineret

Goluri și pase de gol la Campionatul European de Handbal Feminin

Note

Legături externe
Jurnal Sportiv: Interviu cu Alexandra Dindiligan pe jurnalsportiv.ro
Handbalvolei: Profil Alexandra Dindiligan  pe handbalvolei.ro

Jucătoare de handbal din România
Handbaliste ale CS Universitatea Cluj-Napoca
Handbaliste ale HC Zalău
Handbaliste ale CSM București
Nașteri în 1997
Sportivi români în viață
Gălățeni

Alexandra Dindiligan


Eadweard Muybridge (9 Nisan 1830; Kingston upon Thames, Büyük Londra, İngiltere - 8 Mayıs 1904; Kingston upon Thames, Büyük Londra), birden fazla kamera kullanarak yaptığı hareket incelemeleriyle bilinen İngiliz fotoğrafçı.

Asıl adı Edward James Muggeridge olan fotoğrafçı, sinemanın ilkel halini ilk bulan kişidir. Muybridge önceleri devlet için çalışmış, daha sonra ise endüstriyel ve manzara fotoğrafçılığı konularında uzmanlaşmıştır.

Muybridge, o dönemde çok merak edilen ve üzerine bahisler oynan Bir at dört nala koşarken dört ayağı birden aynı anda yerden kesilir mi? sorusunu cevaplamak isteyen dönemin Kaliforniya valisi ve yarış atları sahibi Lelan Stanford tarafından görevlendirilir. Bunun üzerine atın hareket halindeki görüntüsünü yakalamaya çalışan Muybridge, fotoğraf makinelerinden oluşan bir düzenek kurarak, 1/1000 enstantane hızıyla bu görüntüyü elde eder. 1878 yılında gerçekleştirdiği bu deneyde, yaş kolodyum tekniğiyle dört nala giden bir atın bütün hareketlerini kayıt altına almayı başarmıştır.

Kaynakça

1830 doğumlular
Kingston upon Thames doğumlular
1904 yılında ölenler
19. yüzyılda İngilizler
İngiliz görüntü yönetmenleri
İngiliz fotoğrafçılar
Amerikalı fotoğrafçılar

Fotoğrafçılık öncüleri
Sinemanın öncüleri

Eadweard Muybridge


UltraViolet est un collectif de promotion des droits des femmes aux États-Unis. Le groupe mène des campagnes en ligne, à travers les médias sociaux, pour mettre en lumière des enjeux touchant les femmes, comme la violence contre les femmes, le congé maternité, l' et les droits reproductifs. Le collectif déclare que sa mission consiste à .

Fondation

Le collectif est cofondé en février 2012 par Nita Chaudhary et Shaunna Thomas. Le nom renvoie à la couleur violette, associée symboliquement à la lutte pour le droit de vote des femmes aux États-Unis, aux mouvements LGBT et à la deuxième vague féministe. Chaudhary ajoute que « les lampes fluorescentes sont, en quelque sorte, les plus puissantes dans le spectre et qu'elles rendent visibles des choses que les personnes n'ont pas envie de voir ; or, notre mission consiste à exposer ce qui met les gens mal à l'aise, surtout concernant le sexisme ».

Deux mois après sa fondation, le collectif UltraViolet rassemble
.

Campagnes

UltraViolet a mené plus de  en ligne pour promouvoir les droits des femmes. Le collectif a aussi orchestré des manifestations et du lobbying par téléphone. Il soutient certaines campagnes dans la presse.

Fondation Susan G. Komen

En , la  décide de cesser son financement du dépistage du cancer du sein dans les centres du Planned Parenthood. UltraViolet, dont le lancement était alors prévu en été, mène une campagne contre la fondation avec l'appui de MoveOn.org et CREDO SuperPac. Une pétition, remise à la fondation, porte près d'un million de signatures. Une semaine après avoir reçu la pétition, la fondation annule sa décision et rétablit son financement auprès du Planned Parenthood.

Après cette victoire, UltraViolet réclame la démission de Karen Handel, vice-présidente de la fondation, qui avait orchestré le retrait du financement au Planned Parenthood. Handel démissionne peu après.

Rick Ross

En 2013, UltraViolet fait campagne pour que Reebok mette fin à son contrat avec le rappeur Rick Ross, qui avait composé un morceau sur le date raping d'une femme dans .

Violences familiales chez les membres de la NFL

En 2014, après plusieurs problèmes de violences familiales de la part de joueurs de la National Football League, UltraViolet appelle à la démission de Roger Goodell. Le collectif envoie plusieurs panneaux aériens, portant le message « #GoodellMustGo », flotter au-dessus de stades appartenant à la NFL.

Panneaux d'affichage des aéroports

En 2014, UltraViolet dépose des messages sur les panneaux d'affichage près des aéroports en Caroline du Nord, au Texas, en Louisiane et dans l'Ohio. Les annonceurs s'étaient montrés critiques envers la politique de l'État concernant les femmes.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Official website

Association fondée en 2012
Association ou organisme ayant son siège aux États-Unis
Cybermilitantisme
Association ou organisme lié au féminisme aux États-Unis

UltraViolet (collectif)


يوكاي  الكلمة "يوكاي" Yokai  مُشتقه من الكلمة اليابانية " غير أرضي " و " غريب" أو "عجيب" . وتعني «الروح» أو «الشبح» «الجن المارد» والشياطين وهي فئة من مخلوقات أوباكه في الفلكلور الياباني، تتراوح بين أوني والكيتسونه أو بنت الثلج (يوكي أونا). يصور البعض منها على شكل جزء إنساني وجزء حيواني مثل (كابا، تينغو). تمتلك أغلب اليوكاي نوعاً من القدرات الخارقة، ولذلك غالباً تكون خطرة ومخيفة للإنسان.

اصل اليوكاي
قالو قديماً بأن الإله إيزاناقي عندما عاد لأرض يومي حتى يطهر نفسه وليغتسل. وهو يتطهر سقطت قطرات ماء على التربة، التي أكسبت هذه البقعة صفات غريبة، ومنها ولد اليوكاي. – وجدت في أشعار الكويجي اليابانية، وهي أقدم نص ياباني معروف، حيث كُتب باللغة اليابنيه لكن باستخدام الأحرف الصينية. Kojiki (古事記; Record of Ancient Matters) ويعود للقرن الثامن الميلادي.

هذه القصة المعروفه عن إيزانامي وإيزاناقي – رغم تعقيدها الشديد، وعدة معانيها المختلفة- تقدم لنا وصفاً فلكلورياً مبدئياً لأصل هذه الكائنات العجيبة. وتقدم لنا أيضاً نبذة للفلكلور الياباني المعقد جداً بمعانيه وتوسعه وانقسامه لانقسام القبائل والمناطق التي آمنت بهذه الكائنات المخيفة العجيبة.

في القرن السابع الميلادي، كان من الشائع تسمية اليوكاي بمونونوكي– أو باكيمونو – bakemono – أي شبح للأولى، ووحش للثانية. التسمية تنوعت على مر الزمن حتى أصبح الوصف الدارج هو " يوكاي" yokai  في هذا الزمن، وأصبح وصفاً دارجاً تقريباً لمعظم هذه الكائنات الغرائبية.

بالطبع من الصعب أن تحديد الاسم الحقيقي أو المعنى الصحيح المركز لكلمة yokai، إذ أنها تعود بالمعنى لكل ماهو فوق طبيعي. وشمولها لمعظم المونونوكي والأوني يدل على تحولها إلى كلمة جامعة لهذا الجنس الغير بشري. بإستثناء اليوري Yurei حيث تعود لأشباح الموتى وما شابهها.

في القرن الثامن عشر، تحول اليوكاي من قصص رعب مخيفة إلى مادة غنية للفن والأدب. في بدايات عصر ميجي قبل أن تفتح اليابان أبوابها للعالم الخارجي، انتشرت موضة لعب الأطفال ببطاقات الكاروتا karuta  وتسمى ب أوباكي كاروتا التي يرسم عليها صور اليوكاي. تمت مناقشة (المسابقة الوطنية في لعبة الكاروتا)  في الأنمي المدرسي chihayafuru .

اقرأ أيضا
 شيغيرو ميزوكي

المراجع

ثقافة يابانية
كلمات وعبارات يابانية
وحوش

يوكاي


Con el nombre historia territorial de Italia se conoce los cambios territoriales en Italia desde 1861 (año de su unificación) hasta hoy.

Siglo XIX

1861
Se creó el Reino de Italia. Con la primera reunión del Parlamento italiano el 18 de febrero de 1861 y la posterior proclamación del 17 de marzo, Víctor Manuel II fue proclamado el primer rey de la Italia unificada, consistente de los reinos de Piamonte-Cerdeña y las Dos Sicilias, y los ducados de Módena, Toscana y Parma, más algunas porciones de los Estados Pontificios y de Lombardía-Venecia.

En este periodo los pueblos de San Martino y Casaccia de la región de Campione d'Italia, situados en la orilla opuesta del lago de Lugano, pasaron a Suiza con la Convención italo-suiza de Lugano.

1866
Con la Paz de Viena del 12 de octubre el Imperio austríaco cede los restos del Reino Lombardo-Véneto al Reino de Italia, compuestos por el Véneto (excepto el valle de Ampezzo), casi todo el Friul (a excepción del valle de Tarvisio y Pontebba), Mantua y la parte oriental de la provincia homónima actual.

1870
Con la captura de Roma el 20 de septiembre, fueron anexados por plebiscito los Estados Pontificios, que entonces formaban tres cuartas partes de la Lazio actual.

Este año se unificó políticamente la península italiana desde el Po hasta Calabria, por primera vez desde el Imperio romano. La única excepción fue la República de San Marino (la república más antigua del mundo), cuya política exterior, sin embargo, se delegó en el Reino de Italia.

1885
Italia ocupó y se anexionó el puerto de Massawa (Eritrea), y un área de la región del Cuerno de África que más tarde se convirtió en la Somalia Italiana.

1889
Por medio del Tratado de Wuchale firmado el 2 de mayo, Etiopía cede formalmente Eritrea a Italia.

Siglo XX

1901
Italia obtiene una concesión en la ciudad china de Tianjin.

1912
Por el Tratado de Lausana (12 de octubre), el Imperio otomano cede a Italia las provincias de Tripolitania, Cirenaica y el Dodecaneso.

1919
Según lo acordado en la Conferencia de París Italia se anexionó el Trentino, Venecia Julia y los valles de Ampezzo, Tarvisio, Dobbiaco y Pontebba. Más tarde ese mismo año y por medio del Tratado de Saint-Germain-en-Laye pasan a Italia regiones austrohúngaras del Alto Adigio, Friul, Trieste e Istria.

Fueron ocupadas militarmente por un par de años, pero no anexadas, las zonas de Dalmacia prometidas en el Tratado secreto de Londres, que fue una de las razones por las cuales Italia entró en la Primera Guerra Mundial.

1920
Con el Tratado de Rapallo fueron anexionadas por Italia la ciudad de Zadar y las islas de Cres, Lošinj, Lastovo y Palagruža. Con el Tratado de Tirana la isla de Sazan fue anexada a Italia, que ya estaba ocupada por las fuerzas armadas italianas desde 1914 y agregó a la provincia de Zadar.

1924
Con el Tratado de Roma (16 de marzo), gran parte de la ciudad de Rijeka (antes Estado Libre de Fiume) pasó a Italia.

1929
Con el Tratado de Letrán (17 de junio) se gesta el nacimiento de la Ciudad del Vaticano.

1932
Definición oficial de la frontera entre Italia y la Ciudad del Vaticano.

1939
Invasión italiana de Albania.

1941
Anexión italiana de la Provincia de Ljubljana, las islas de Dalmacia, la mitad de Dalmacia y Kotor, formándose así la Gobernación de Dalmacia. Esta anexión fue reconocida oficialmente solo por los países del Eje, y duró hasta septiembre de 1943.

1942
Con un convenio entre Italia y Suiza se determinó y se ajustó la frontera del Paso del Fieno entre Livigno y Pontresina, se determinó también la cabeza del valle Orsera en la frontera entre Livigno y Poschiavo, Monte Masuccio entre Brusio y Tirano, la cabecera de la corriente Lovero entre Villa di Chiavenna y Castasegna.

Por otra parte, también se determinó la frontera del Puente de Mut y la parte superior de Cimalmotta (Val di Lei) entre las localidades de Avers, Innerferrera y Piuro. Otro límite determinó el Paso Baldiscio entre Mesocco y Madesimo. Se ratificó en el lado izquierdo de la frontera en el valle de Gotta entre Arogno y Pellio Intelvi. Ossola fue ratificado en la frontera de Gries paso entre Ulrichen y Formazza.

Cerca de Signalkuppe y por presión del Refugio Margherita se ajustó el límite entre Zermatt, Macugnaga y Alagna. Se ratificó la situación del Refugio Príncipe de Piamonte en la frontera entre Zermatt y Valturnenza (hoy Valtournenche).

1943
Creación de la República Social Italiana en el norte, después de la invasión aliada.

1947
Además de perder sus colonias en el Tratado de París (10 de febrero), Italia perdió todos los territorios ocupados en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, además de las ciudades de Tende y zonas de Briga, Valdieri y Olivetta San Michele; el paso del Montgenèvre y la zona del Monte Chaberton, el Valle Stretta del Monte Thabor, la zona del paso de Mont Cenis y una parte del territorio del Pequeño San Bernardo. Pasaron a Yugoslavia: Fiume, la zona de Zadar y las islas de Lastovo y Palagruža y casi toda la Venecia Julia. Nació también el Territorio Libre de Trieste.

1953
Un convenio italo-suiza ajustó el límite a lo largo del eje del Canal Molinara, entre Chiasso y Como.

1954
Partición del Territorio Libre de Trieste. El norte es cedido a Italia y el sur de Yugoslavia.

1955
En Val di Lei (Sondrio) tras el Acuerdo de Roma, 0,5 km² pasaron a Suiza para la construcción de la represa hidroeléctrica en el Lago de Lei. Una porción de tamaño similar fue transferida de Suiza a Italia en compensación, de conformidad con el Convenio entre Suiza e Italia para modificar la frontera común, firmada el 25 de noviembre en 1952 y que entró en vigor el 23 de abril de 1955.

1974
La demarcación de la frontera en Claviere, que divide Italia y Francia, pasó sobre las casas de la región.

1975
Con el Tratado de Osimo Italia se anexó el área A de Territorio Libre de Trieste administrada desde 1954, mientras que abandonó todas las demandas en la zona B, en la administración yugoslava.

1976
Una convención ratificó la frontera italo-suiza en el río Breggia, cerca del Canal Molinara, y unos 1.285 m² pasaron a Italia mientras otros 1.285 m² pasaron a Suiza.

1985
El 31 de enero, después de que entró en vigor un acuerdo de dos ajustes en la frontera italo-suiza cerca del paso de Chiasso (Pedrinate y Valico dei Mulini), en Valico dei Mulini 426 m² pasaron a Italia mientras otros 426 m² pasaron a Suiza. En Pedrinate-Drezzo 132 m² pasaron a Italia mientras otros 132 m² pasaron a Suiza.

1985
En un acuerdo entre Italia y Suiza, cerca de la represa de Livigno que forma el Lago Gallo, 21.020 m² pasaron a Italia mientras otros 21.020 m² pasaron a Suiza.

Italia en épocas anteriores a la unificación

Véase también
 Antiguas provincias italianas

Referencias

Historia territorial de Italia


Adolf Frederick al III-lea (7 iunie 1686 – 11 decembrie 1752) a fost Duce de Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

Biografie
A fost fiul Ducelui Adolf Frederick al II-lea de Mecklenburg și a Prințesei Maria de Mecklenburg-Güstrow (1659–1701). Tatăl său a fondat Ducatul de Mecklenburg-Strelitz în 1701 după ce a ajuns la o înțelegere cu Ducele de Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

Și-a succedat tatăl ca Duce de Mecklenburg-Strelitz la 12 mai 1708. În 1712 castelul familiei și orașul Strelitz au ars, Adolf Frederick și familia fiind obligați să trăiască în conacul de vânătoare. În jurul acestui loc a fost construit noul oraș Neustrelitz. În 1733 el a fondat noul oraș, care a devenit capitala ducatului de Mecklenburg-Strelitz în 1736.

Adolf Frederick a murit la Neustrelitz și a fost succedat ca duce de nepotul său de frate, Adolf Frederick al IV-lea.

Căsătorie și copii

La 16 aprilie 1709, la Reinfeld, Adolf Frederick s-a căsătorit cu Prințesa Dorothea de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön (fiica lui Johann Adolf, Duce de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön). Ei au avut două fiice:

Ducesa Marie Sofia (1710–1728)
Ducesa Madalena Cristina (1711–1713)

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1686
Decese în 1752
Duci de Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Casa de Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Oameni din Neustrelitz

Adolf Frederick al III-lea, Duce de Mecklenburg


Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Palling

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Brünning

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Freutsmoos

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Gengham

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Höhenstetten

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Oberroidham

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Ranham

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Tyrlbrunn

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Weitere Ortsteile

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Ehemalige Baudenkmäler

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Palling

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

!
Palling
Baudenkmaler Palling

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Palling


Axcil Jefferies (* 15. April 1994 in Slough, England, Vereinigtes Königreich) ist ein simbabwischer Automobilrennfahrer.

Karriere
Jefferies begann seine Motorsportkarriere im Alter von sechs Jahren im Kartsport, in dem er bis 2008 aktiv war. 2009 wechselte Jefferies im Alter von 14 Jahren in den Formelsport und trat in der pazifischen Formel BMW für Eurasia Motorsport an. Er gewann zwei Rennen und wurde Dritter in der Meisterschaft. 2010 begann er die Saison in der pazifischen Formel BMW für Motaworld Racing, verlor sein Cockpit aber nach dem zweiten Rennwochenende. Jefferies hatte in dieser Zeit Budget-Probleme.

2012 erhielt Jefferies ein Cockpit in der Formel 2. Obwohl er zunächst auf der Starterliste stand, meldete er sich nicht zum ersten Rennwochenende. Er stieg erst zur dritten Veranstaltung in die Serie ein. Er erzielte regelmäßig Punkte und wurde Zwölfter in der Fahrerwertung. 2013 war Jefferies ohne festes Cockpit. Er nahm an zwei Rennen der nordamerikanischen Indy Lights teil. Dabei startete er für JMM/BHA with Curb-Agajanian. Ein fünfter Platz war sein bestes Ergebnis.

2014 trat Jefferies beim Saisonauftakt der GP2-Serie für Trident Racing an. Anschließend verlor er sein Cockpit. Jefferies nahm 2014 erneut an zwei Indy-Lights-Rennen teil. Diesmal startete er für Belardi Auto Racing. Ein vierter Platz war sein bestes Ergebnis.

Statistik

Karrierestationen

Einzelergebnisse in der GP2-Serie

Einzelergebnisse in der FIA-Langstrecken-Weltmeisterschaft

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website von Axcil Jefferies (englisch)
 Karrierestatistik von Axcil Jefferies (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

GP2-Rennfahrer
Rennfahrer (Simbabwe)
Simbabwer
Geboren 1994
Mann
Langstrecken-WM-Rennfahrer

Axcil Jefferies


K.K. TNK (jap. , Kabushiki-gaisha Tī Enu Kē) ist ein japanisches Animations-Studio.

Geschichte
Das Studio wurde am 29. Januar 1999 von Nagateru Katō gegründet, der zuvor bei Tatsunoko Production, Animate und Movic arbeitete. Es hatte damals noch die Rechtsform einer Yūgen-gaisha (GmbH) und wechselte 2006 zu einer nicht öffentlich gehandelten Kabushiki-gaisha (Aktiengesellschaft).

2000 erschien mit Hand Maid May das erste Werk des Studios. Mit Madhouse koproduzierten sie Magical Nyan Nyan Taruto, mit Shaft G-On Riders und mit AIC A.S.T.A. Lovedol – Lovely Idol.

Daneben unterstützen sich auch andere Studios bei deren Produktionen, wie AIC (Bamboo Blade, R-15, Shukufuku no Campanella und Sora no Otoshimono: Forte), Arms (Queen's Blade, Samurai Girls), Artland (Happiness!), Asahi Production (Super Robot Taisen OG – Inspector), Dōgakōbō (11eyes), J.C.Staff (Hayate no Gotoku!!, Hikari to Mizu no Daphne), Studio Fantasia (Stratos 4) und Xebec (MM! und Softenni).

Werke

Weblinks
 Website des Studios (japanisch)

Animationsstudio (Japan)
Unternehmen (Nerima)

TNK (Studio)


Cheerios er et amerikansk morgenmadsprodukt af pulveriseret havre, der bliver fremstillet af General Mills. Det er formet i en ring. I nogle lande som Storbritannien og Danmark bliver det markedsført af Cereal Partners under Nestlé-varemærket. I Australien og New Zealand sælges det mærket Uncle Toby's.

Det blev introduceret i 1941, hvor det blev kaldt CheeriOats. Navnet blev forkortet til "Cheerios" d. 2. december 1945 efter en konkurrent, Quaker Oats, påstod at have rettighederne til navnet "oats".

I dag fremstilles det med forskellig smag og udseende: frugt, chokolade, Honey Nut Cheerios og fuldkorn.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Morgenmadsprodukter

Cheerios


Marc Abrahams é o editor e cofundador da Annals of Improbable Research e o criador e mestre de cerimônias da celebração anual do Prêmio IgNobel. Ele foi anteriormente editor do Journal of Irreprodutible Results.

Abrahams é casado com Robin Abrahams, também conhecida como "Miss Conduct", colunista do Boston Globe.

Ele se formou no Harvard College com uma licenciatura em matemática aplicada.

Bibliografia
Os livros escritos ou editados por Abrahams incluem:

 This Is Improbable ()
 The Ig Nobel Prizes ()
 Why Chickens Prefer Beautiful Humans ()
 Sex As a Heap of Malfunctioning Rubble ()
 The Best of "Annals of Improbable Research" ()
 The Man Who Tried to Clone Himself ()

Referências

Links externos

 Annals of Improbable Research
 Ig Nobel Prize website
 "Laugh first, think later" (próprio relato de Abrahams sobre JIR e AIR), The Guardian, 1 de junho de 2004
 "A science award that makes you laugh, then think" (TEDMED 2014)

Editores dos Estados Unidos

Marc Abrahams


Gabriela Díaz Alatriste es una directora de orquesta mexicana. Es la directora titular de la Orquesta Filarmónica Mexiquense desde 2018. Se convirtió en la primera mujer asignada a la titularidad de una orquesta institucional en México al ser nombrada como directora de la Orquesta Sinfónica del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, cargo que desempeñó desde marzo de 2009 a julio de 2013; periodo en el cual, la orquesta grabó dos discos compactos, fue acreedora de Las Lunas del Auditorio 2010 e invitada a destacados Festivales de Orquestas tales como el Festival Internacional Cervantino, el Festival de Orquestas de Morelos y el Festival de Orquestas del Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México.

Trayectoria
Díaz Alatriste ingresó a la edad de once años al Conservatorio Nacional de Música, donde estudió piano con Aurora Serratos y dirección coral con Alberto Alva.

Posteriormente obtuvo la licenciatura en teoría musical y la maestría en dirección orquestal en la Universidad de North Texas. Obtuvo una beca para la Universidad de Minnesota como candidata al doctorado, habiendo obtenido el grado de Doctora en Artes Musicales y Dirección de Orquesta por esta Universidad en el año 2003.

Fue directora artística de la Orquesta de la Sociedad Unitaria de Minneapolis, Minnesota, desde 1999 hasta junio de 2009.

De enero de 2014 a febrero de 2018, Díaz Alatriste fue la primera Subdirectora Artística de la Orquesta Sinfónica del Estado de México OSEM, por invitación del Mtro. Enrique Bátiz Campbell, con la cual realizó múltiples conciertos en la sede de la OSEM, así como en distintos municipios del Estado de México.

En noviembre de 2013, Gabriela Díaz Alatriste fue reconocida con la medalla Omecíhuatl 2013, galardón que le otorgó el Instituto de las Mujeres del D. F. en reconocimiento a su destacado trabajo, el cual ha favorecido el ejercicio de los derechos humanos de las mujeres y la igualdad de género.

En el 2012 fue invitada a participar en el "Homenaje Nacional Eduardo Mata, 70 Aniversario de su Natalicio" organizado por CONACULTA e Instrumenta Oaxaca como Directora Huésped de la Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional en un concierto en su honor realizado en Bellas Artes.

Gabriela Díaz Alatriste obtuvo el más alto premio otorgado en el "Primer Concurso Nacional para Directores de Orquesta" cuya final se llevó a cabo en Querétaro, en 1993.

Se ha presentado en prestigiados escenarios como el Palacio de Bellas Artes, la Sala Nezahualcóyotl, el Auditorio Nacional, el Teatro de la Ciudad Esperanza Iris, la Sala Silvestre Revueltas, el Teatro Manuel Doblado, Teatro Fitzgerald y Orchestra Hall, así como el Zócalo de la Ciudad de México.

Díaz Alatriste ha sido invitada a dirigir las orquestas más prestigiadas del país, tales como la Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional, Orquesta de Cámara de Bellas Artes, Orquesta Sinfónica de Xalapa,  Orquesta Sinfónica de Minería,  Orquesta Filarmónica de la UNAM,  Filarmónica de la Ciudad de México, Sinfónica y Ópera de Aguascalientes, Orquesta Sinfónica de Nuevo León, Orquesta Filarmónica de Coahuila, Sinfónica de Yucatán, Orquesta Sinaloa de las Artes, Sinfónica de Querétaro, Orquesta de San Luis Potosí, Orquesta de la Universidad de Hidalgo, entre otras; también ha dirigido orquestas en Nueva York, Minneapolis, Dallas y Ozarks, Arkansas.

Ha dirigido artistas como Arturo Chacón, Laura Alonzo Padín, María Katzarava, Grace Echauri, Horacio Franco, Abdiel Vázquez, Eva María Suk, Guadalupe Parrondo, Nicolas Altstaedt, Davide Alogna, Lisa Jacob, Ney Rosauro, Gabriela Jiménez, César Olguín.

Entre las óperas que ha dirigido destacan Aura de Mario Lavista, Orquesta Filarmónica Mexiquense y Escenia Producciones; Carmen de Bizet y La Güera de Jiménez Mabarak, Orquesta y Coro Alpha Nova del IPN; L'Elisir d'Amor de Donizetti, Ópera de Aguascalientes; La Mulata de Córdoba de Moncayo y Albert Herring de Britten, Solistas Ensamble de Bellas Artes; Carmen de Bizet, Ópera de la Universidad de Minnesota; La Flauta Mágica de Mozart, Opera Twin Cities; Cosi Fan Tutte de Mozart y Little Women de Adamo, Opera in the Ozarks.

Entre los ballets destacan El Cascanueces, La Bella Durmiente, Pedro y el Lobo con la Academia de la Danza Mexicana del INBA; Knoxville Summer:1915 con Minnesota Dance Theatre y Appalachian Spring con el Departamento de Danza de la Universidad de Minnesota.

Con la finalidad de acercar a las niñas y a los niños a la música sinfónica estrenó El niño Revueltas, El niño Mozart y El niño Stravinsky de César Piña, Director y Productor de Érase una vez... con la Orquesta Filarmónica Mexiquense.

Gabriela Díaz Alatriste también ha hecho conciertos Pop para miles de personas tales como Elvis in Concert con Priscilla Presley con la Orquesta Filarmónica Mexiquense en el Auditorio Nacional; Concierto Sinfónico con Los Ángeles Azules con la Orquesta Sinfónica del Estado de México, en la Sala de Conciertos Elisa Carrillo del Centro Cultural Mexiquense Bicentenario; Concierto en el Día de los Muertos con Susana Harp con la Orquesta Sinfónica del IPN en el Zócalo de la Ciudad de México. En agosto del 2021, fue directora huésped durante el cierre del décimo aniversario del Classical Tahoe Festival, Concierto con la Orquesta del Festival de Tahoe en Incline, Village, Nevada, dirigiendo dos programas con la prestigiada Orquesta del Festival Tahoe y el célebre cuarteto: Brubeck Brothers Quartet Concierto con Brubeck Brothers Quartet

Con el generoso apoyo del Maestro Eduardo Mata, Gabriela se estableció en Dallas, donde estudió con él, y posteriormente fue discípula del Maestro Anshel Brusilow en la Universidad de North Texas, donde obtuvo la Licenciatura en Teoría Musical, y la Maestría en Dirección de Orquesta. Díaz Alatriste estudió con Charles Bruck en la Monteaux Memorial School en Maine.

Desde febrero de 2018 es la directora artística de la Orquesta Filarmónica Mexiquense.

Con la Orquesta Sinfónica del Instituto Politécnico Nacional
El director general del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), José Enrique Villa Rivera designó a la doctora Díaz Alatriste como directora de la orquesta de esta casa de estudios. Llevó a cabo su debut frente a esta orquesta en el contexto del Día Internacional de la Mujer, al dirigir su primer concierto el 11 de marzo del 2009 en la Cámara de Diputados. Se han presentado en importantes recintos de México, entre los cuales se encuentra el Auditorio Nacional y el Palacio de Bellas Artes.

Realizó una entrevista para el Canal Once TV México del IPN, en su serie "Hechas en México".

Dirigió el concierto por el 75 aniversario del Instituto Politécnico Nacional en el Palacio de Bellas Artes.

El sábado 29 de junio de 2013 encabezó su último concierto como Directora Titular de la OSIPN. La directora general del IPN, Dra. Yoloxóchitl Bustamante Díez le hizo entrega de un reconocimiento por su labor desempeñada hasta esa fecha.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Dirección de Difusión y Fomento a la Cultura: Reseña OSIPN.

Directores de orquesta de México
Mujeres músicas de México
Directoras de orquesta

Gabriela Díaz Alatriste


كفر الخير، قرية تابعة للوحدة المحلية لقرية محلة دياي، التابعة لمركز دسوق التابع لمحافظة كفر الشيخ في جمهورية مصر العربية.

توابعها

لا توجد لها أي توابع من عزب وكفور ونجوع.

السكان

حسب إحصاءات عام 2006، بلغ عدد سكانكفر الخير 11,397 نسمة، منهم 1,959 ذكر و973 أنثى.

انظر أيضاً
 محلة دياي
 دسوق
 دسوق (مركز)

مصادر

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي لمركز ومدينة دسوق.
 التقسيم الإداري لمركز دسوق.
 كفراوي - دليل محافظة كفر الشيخ، مركز دسوق.

الوحدة المحلية لقرية محلة دياي (دسوق)

كفر الخير


Group 10, numbered by current IUPAC style, is the group of chemical elements in the periodic table that consists of nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), and darmstadtium (Ds). All are d-block transition metals. All known isotopes of darmstadtium are radioactive with short half-lives, and are not known to occur in nature; only minute quantities have been synthesized in laboratories.

Characteristics

Chemical properties

The ground state electronic configurations of palladium and platinum are exceptions to Madelung's rule. According to Madelung's rule, the electronic configuration of palladium and platinum are expected to be [Kr] 5s2 4d8 and [Xe] 4f14 6d2 5d8 respectively. However, the 5s orbital of palladium is empty, and the 6s orbital of platinum is only partially filled. The relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital is the explanation to the predicted electron configuration of darmstadtium, which, unusually for this group, conforms to that predicted by the Aufbau principle. In general, the ground state electronic configurations of heavier atoms and transition metals are more difficult to predict.

Group 10 elements are observed in oxidation states of +1 to +4. The +2 oxidation state is common for nickel and palladium, while +2 and +4 are common for platinum. Oxidation states of -2 and -1 have also been observed for nickel and platinum, and an oxidation state of +5 has been observed for palladium and platinum. Platinum has also been observed in oxidations states of -3 and +6. Theory suggests that platinum may produce a +10 oxidation state under specific conditions, but this remains to be shown empirically.

Physical properties

Darmstadtium has not been isolated in pure form, and its properties have not been conclusively observed; only nickel, palladium, and platinum have had their properties experimentally confirmed. Nickel, platinum, and palladium are typically silvery-white transition metals, and can also be readily obtained in powdered form. They are hard, have a high luster, and are highly ductile. Group 10 elements are resistant to tarnish (oxidation) at STP, are refractory, and have high melting and boiling points.

Occurrence and production
Nickel occurs naturally in ores, and it is the earth's 22nd most abundant element. Two prominent groups of ores from which it can be extracted are laterites and sulfide ores.  Indonesia holds the world's largest nickel reserve, and is also its largest producer.

History

Discoveries of the elements

Nickel
The use of nickel, often mistaken for copper, dates as far back as 3500 BCE. Nickel has been discovered in a dagger dating to 3100 BCE, in Egyptian iron beads, a bronze reamer found in Syria dating to 3500–3100 BCE, as copper-nickel alloys in coins minted in Bactria, in weapons and pots near the Senegal river, and as agricultural tools used by Mexicans in the 1700s. There is evidence to suggest that the use of nickel in antiquity came from meteoric iron, such as in the Sumerian name for iron an-bar ("fire from heaven") or in Hittite texts that describe iron's heavenly origins. Nickel was not formally named as an element until A. F. Cronstedt isolated the impure metal from "kupfernickel" (Old Nick's copper) in 1751. In 1804, J. B. Richter determined the physical properties of nickel using a purer sample, describing the metal as ductile and strong with a high melting point. The strength of nickel-steel alloys were described in 1889 and since then, nickel steels saw extensive use first for military applications and then in the development of corrosion- and heat-resistant alloys during the 20th century.

Palladium
Palladium was isolated by William Hyde Wollaston in 1803 while he was working on refining platinum metals. Palladium was in a residue left behind after platinum was precipitated out of a solution of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid as (NH4)PtCl6. Wollaston named it after the recently discovered asteroid 2 Pallas and anonymously sold small samples of the metal to a shop, which advertised it as a "new noble metal" called "Palladium, or New Silver". This raised doubts about its purity, source, and the identity of its discoverer, causing controversy. He eventually identified himself and read his paper on the discovery of palladium to the Royal Society in 1805.

Platinum
Prior to its formal discovery, platinum was used in jewelry by native Ecuadorians of the province of Esmeraldas. The metal was found in small grains mixed with gold in river deposits, which the workers sintered with gold to form small trinkets such as rings. The first published report of platinum was written by Antonio de Ulloa, a Spanish mathematician, astronomer, and naval officer who observed "platina" (little silver) in the gold mines of Ecuador during a French expedition in 1736. Miners found the "platina" difficult to separate from gold, leading to the abandonment of those mines. Charles Wood (ironmaster) brought samples of the metal to England in 1741 and investigated its properties, observing its high melting point and its presence as small white grains in black metallic sand. Interest in the metal grew after Wood's findings were reported to the Royal Society. Henrik Teofilus Scheffer, a Swedish scientist, referred to the precious metal as "white gold" and the "seventh metal" in 1751, reporting its high durability, high density, and that it melted easily when mixed with copper or arsenic. Both Pierre-François Chabaneau (during the 1780s) and William Hyde Wollaston (during the 1800s) developed a powder metallurgy technique to produce malleable platinum, but kept their process a secret. However, their platinum ingots were brittle and tended to crack easily, likely due to impurities. In the 1800s, furnaces capable of sustaining high temperatures were invented, which eventually replaced powder metallurgy and introduced melted platinum to the market.

Applications
The group 10 metals share several uses.  These include:
 Decorative purposes, in the form of jewelry and electroplating.
 Catalysts in a variety of chemical reactions.
 Metal alloys.
 Electrical components, due to their predictable changes in electrical resistivity with regard to temperature.
 Superconductors, as components in alloys with other metals.

Biological role and toxicity
Platinum complexes are commonly used in chemotherapy as anticancer drugs due to their antitumor activity. Palladium complexes also show marginal antitumor activity, yet its poor activity is labile compared to platinum complexes.

See also
Platinum group

Notes and references

Groups (periodic table)

Group 10 element


L'édition 2022 du tournoi de tennis de Tampico se déroule du 24 au , sur dur en extérieur. Ce tournoi est classé en catégorie WTA 125.

Elisabetta Cocciaretto remporte le tournoi en simple. En finale, elle bat Magda Linette, décrochant à cette occasion son premier titre dans cette catégorie.

L'épreuve de double voit quant à elle s'imposer Tereza Mihalíková et Aldila Sutjiadi.

Faits marquants

Forfaits
  Bianca Andreescu, remplacée par  Carol Zhao
  Linda Fruhvirtová, remplacée par  Ashlyn Krueger
  Anna Kalinskaya, remplacée par  You Xiaodi
  Marta Kostyuk, remplacée par  Anna-Lena Friedsam
  Ann Li, remplacée par   Alycia Parks
  Nuria Párrizas Díaz, remplacée par   Eva Vedder
  Lesia Tsurenko, remplacée par   Elina Avanesyan
  Donna Vekić, remplacée par   Nao Hibino

Contexte
Après l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie fin février, les instances dirigeantes internationales du tennis autorisent les joueuses de Russie et de Biélorussie à participer aux tournois, mais pas sous le drapeau de leur pays, jusqu'à nouvel ordre.

Lauréates
L'Italienne Elisabetta Cocciaretto remporte le premier titre de sa carrière en catégorie WTA 125 en dominant en finale la Polonaise Magda Linette.

La paire Tereza Mihalíková / Aldila Sutjiadi remporte le double.

Primes et points

Source:

Résultats en simple

Parcours

Tableau

Résultats en double

Parcours

Tableau

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Tournoi de tennis de Tampico
 Saison 2022 de la WTA

Liens externes

Navigation

WTA 2022
Tampico
Tennis au Mexique en 2022
Tennis en octobre 2022

Tournoi de tennis de Tampico (WTA 2022)


Tridentul lui Poseidon și al echivalentului său roman, Neptun, a fost semnul lor distinctiv tradițional divin care apare în multe reprezentări artistice din perioada antică. Potrivit relatării lui Hesiod, tridentul lui Poseidon a fost confecționat de către cei trei ciclopi. Potrivit lui Robert Graves, cu toate acestea, atât tridentul lui Poseidon, cât și fulgerul lui Zeus au fost inițial un labrys sacru, dar s-au deosebit mai târziu unul de celălalt atunci când Poseidon a devenit zeul mării, iar Zeus a pretins dreptul de a fi stăpânul fulgerului.După un alt punct de vedere împărtășit de Friedrich Wieseler, E. M. W. Tillyard și mai multe alți cercetători, tridentul lui Poseidon este o suliță pentru prins pește, folosită de grecii de pe țărmul mării. În acest sens, seamănă cu furca cu dinți ascuțiți, folosită de pescarii mediteraneeni pentru a prinde anghile. Poseidon a devenit deosebit de venerat în țările de pe coastă, în care peștele a constituit o marfă de bază. Potrivit unei idei concurente a lui H. B. Walters, tridentul lui Poseidon are un rol asemănător cu sceptrul lui Zeus, deoarece Poseidon este echivalentul marin al lui Zeus.

Mituri
În mitologia greacă, Poseidon își folosește tridentul în numeroase ocazii. În timpul confruntării cu Atena cu privire la posesia regiunii Attica, Poseidon lovește Acropola cu tridentul pentru a crea un izvor de apă de mare. Într-un mit similar Poseidon lovește pământul cu tridentul pentru a crea un cal pentru omenire, în timp ce rivala sa, Atena, creează un măslin. Cele mai vechi monede confecționate în Poseidonia în secolul 6 î.Hr. conțin reprezentări ale tridentului ținut de Poseidon în mâna dreaptă, similar cu fulgerul lui Zeus. Un kylix roșu din Attica ce datează din jurul anului 475 î.Hr. conține o reprezentare a lui Poseidon ucigându-l cu tridentul pe gigantul Polybotes. Într-un alt mit, Poseidon creează un izvor sau mai multe izvoare după ce lovește pământul cu tridentul pentru a o răsplăti pe Amimona pentru că a venit să se întâlnească cu el. Într-o versiune a unui alt mit Poseidon mânuiește tridentul pentru a speria un satir care încerca să o violeze pe Amimona după ea l-a lovit din greșeală cu o suliță de vânătoare. Există, de asemenea, un mit prin care Poseidon atinge insula Delos cu tridentul său, fixând-o ferm de fundul mării. Un alt mit povestește cum Poseidon, înfuriat de comportamentul lipsit de respect al lui Aiax cel Mic, a despicat cu tridentul stânca de care se agăța Aiax. În timpul unei vizite la Atena, geografului Pausanias i s-a arătat în Erechtheion presupusul tipar al tridentului lui Poseidon pe o stâncă și fântâna cu apă de mare care, după cum scrie el, reda sunetul valurilor, atunci când sufla vântul sudic.

Simbolism
Savantul roman Maurus Servius Honoratus a susținut că tridentul lui Neptun ar avea trei dinți pentru că "se spune că marea ar fi a treia parte a lumii sau pentru că există trei tipuri de apă: mări, râuri și pâraie". Potrivit celui de-al doilea și al treilea mitograf al Vaticanului, tridentul lui Neptun simbolizează cele trei proprietăți ale apei: lichiditatea, fecunditatea și potabilitatea.

Referințe moderne
În perioada contemporană tridentul lui Poseidon este reprezentat în special pe drapelul Barbadosului, pe stema Consiliului Municipal al orașului Liverpool, pe stema Marinei Grecești, pe insigna Special Warfare a U.S. Navy SEALs și pe emblema navei USS John S. McCain. Seria de rachete balistice americane Trident este numită după tridentul lui Neptun, ca și Operațiunea Neptune Spear. Personificarea Marii Britanii, zeița Britannia, este reprezentată ținând în mână tridentul lui Poseidon ca un simbol al puterii navale. Logo-ul producătorului auto Maserati este inspirat de tridentul de pe statuia lui Neptun din Bologna.

Tridentul lui Poseidon este un artefact magic cu puteri distructive în romanul istorico-fantastic The Shards of Heaven (2015) al lui Michael Livingston.

Tridentul lui Poseidon este unul dintre elementele cheie ale filmului Pirații din Caraibe: Răzbunarea lui Salazar (2017). Jack Sparrow, ajutat de Henry Turner, caută tridentul cu scopul de a înlătura blestemul abătut pentru înfrângerea maleficului mort-viu Armando Salazar. Împreună cu Calypso, zeița mării, care apare în cel de-al treilea film al seriei, această versiune nu are nimic în comun cu mitul grecesc original, cu excepția numelui.

Note

Mitologia greacă

Tridentul lui Poseidon


Chamaedorea deckeriana es una especie de palmera que se distribuye por Centroamérica.

Descripción
Son palmas con tallos solitarios, erectos, a veces decumbentes, de hasta 2 m de alto y 2–3 cm de diámetro, con entrenudos de 2–5 cm de largo. Las hojas 4 o 5, patentes, bífidas, hasta ca 1.2 m de largo, con la lámina de 50–70 cm de largo y 25–35 cm de ancho, cuneada basalmente, con nervios laterales 20 o más por lado; la vaina cortamente tubular, 15–25 cm de largo, oblicuamente abierta, el pecíolo de 15–25 cm de largo, pálido abaxialmente. Las inflorescencias interfoliares a infrafoliares cuando en fruto, espigadas, erectas, pedúnculo de 20–30 cm de largo, brácteas 4–5; inflorescencias estaminadas 4–10 por nudo, las medias alcanzando la antesis primero, porción fértil del raquis de 10 cm de largo, flores en espirales densas, de 1.5–2 mm de largo y 2.5–3 mm de ancho, verdes con un notable olor a anís, sépalos connados basalmente, pétalos valvados y a veces ligeramente imbricados en el ápice; las inflorescencias pistiladas solitarias, porción fértil del raquis de 15 cm de largo, verde y erecta en la antesis, anaranjada en fruto, flores 3 mm de largo y de ancho, en 10–12 hileras densas, verdosas a amarillentas, sépalos connados casi hasta el ápice, pétalos imbricados. Frutos obovoide-globosos, 10–15 mm de largo y 5–10 mm de ancho, verdes tornándose rojo-anaranjados y negros cuando maduros.

Distribución y hábitat
Es una especie poco común en los bosques húmedos o muy húmedos, sur de la zona atlántica; a una altitud de 900 metros; desde Nicaragua a Panamá.

Taxonomía
Chamaedorea deckeriana fue descrita por (Klotzsch) Hemsl. y publicado en Biologia Centrali-Americana; . . . Botany 3(18): 404, en el año 1885. (Feb 1885)
Etimología
Chamaedorea: nombre genérico que deriva de las palabras griegas: χαμαί (chamai), que significa "sobre el terreno", y δωρεά (dorea) , que significa "regalo", en referencia a las frutas fácilmente alcanzadas en la naturaleza por el bajo crecimiento de las plantas.

deckeriana, epíteto nombrado en honor del botánico alemán del  G.H.Decker, que descubrió la especie en su jardín.

Sinonimia
 Dasystachys deckeriana (Klotzsch) Oerst.
 Morenia deckeriana (Klotzsch) Dammer
 Nunnezharia deckeriana (Klotzsch) Kuntze
 Stachyophorbe deckeriana Klotzsch

Referencias

Enlaces externos

deckeriana

Plantas descritas en 1885
Plantas descritas por Klotzsch
Plantas descritas por Hemsley
Flora de América Central

Chamaedorea deckeriana


ملك سكر (27 ديسمبر 1946 - 18 نوفمبر 1992)، ممثلة سورية.

عن حياتها
هي زوجة المخرج علاء الدين كوكش وابنتهما سمر ممثلة. كان لها حضور مميز في التلفزيون والمسرح. عملت مع معظم المخرجين السوريين ومع المخرج الأردني صلاح أبو هنود. شاركت دريد لحام في مسرحية ضيعة تشرين. وشاركت في المسلسل البدوي رجم الغريب والمسلسل السوري أبو كامل ومسلسل مغامرة الأميرة الشماء ثالث أجزاء سيرة بني هلال التي أخرجها زوجها علاء الدين كوكش. وقد قامت ملك بدور الأميرة الشماء. كما شاركت في مسلسلات أخرى مثل «غداً تُزهر الأرض» و«الهراس» و«الوحش والمصباح». وهي شقيقة الممثلة أمل سكر وألفت سكر.

الوفاة
توفيت بسبب مرض السرطان 18 نوفمبر 1992 وكانت لا تزال في ال 46 من عمرها.

من أعمالها في التلفزيون
 أبو كامل
 الخشخاش (1991)
 حصاد السنين (1985)
 ساري (1977) بدور ريما
 ليل الرجال (1976)
 هاوي مشاكل (1974)
 المرايا (1970)
 رجم الغريب
 عقد اللولو (1964)
 عملية الساعة السادسة
أسعد الوراق (1975)

المراجع

فنانون ترفيهيون من دمشق
أشخاص من دمشق
ممثلات أفلام سوريات
ممثلات تلفزيون سوريات
ممثلات سوريات في القرن 20
ممثلات مسرح سوريات
ممثلات من دمشق
مواليد 1349 هـ
مواليد 1366 هـ
مواليد 1946
وفيات 1413 هـ
وفيات 1992

ملك سكر


Louis Thomas Hardin, dog bedre kendt under sit kunstnernavn Moondog (født 26. maj 1916, død 8. september 1999) var en amerikansk komponist, musiker, teoretiker, digter og opfinder af flere musikinstrumenter. Han blev blind i en alder 16 år.

Hardin boede i New York City fra slutningen af 1940'erne til 1972, og i løbet af denne tid kunne han ofte findes på 6th Avenue, mellem 52 og 55 Streets, iført en kappe og en hornet hjelm, nogle gange optrædende eller sælgende musik, men stod ofte bare stille på fortovet. Han blev bredt kendt som "the Viking of 6th Avenue" af tusinder af forbipasserende og beboere, der ikke var klar over hans musikalske karriere.

Referencer

Komponister fra USA
Musikere fra USA
Teoretikere fra USA
Digtere fra USA
Opfindere fra USA
Blinde sangere
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Pseudonymer

Moondog


Gunnar Seidenfaden (1908 – 9. februar 2001) var en dansk diplomat og botaniker. Han var dansk ambassadør i Thailand fra 1955-1959 og i Sovjetunionen i 1959-1961. Han var ekspert i sydøstasiatiske orkidéer og udgav flere fagbøger om emnet.

Karriere
Seidenfaden blev 1926 student fra Sorø Akademi, studerede botanik på Københavns Universitet fra 1926-1934. Han blev hurtigt inddraget i botaniske studier i Grønland. Fra 1928 tilbragte han 6 somre på Grønland, delvist under Lauge Kochs Tre-års ekspedition til Østgrønland. I 1938 var han med på en ekspedition til Spitsbergen. Han dumpede sin magisterkonferens-eksamen, og begyndte i stedet at studere økonomi og statskundskab, og han blev færdig som cand.polit. i 1940. Han blev ansat i Udenrigsministeriet.

Under anden verdenskrig blev Seidenfaden en kilde til information om modstandsbevægelsen og særligt den illegale avis Information. I første omgang som ansat i Udenrigsministeriet og fra september 1944 styrede han Udenrigsministeriets Pressebureaus Situationsmelding, som indsamlede nyheder der blev censureret af besættelsesmagten. Der blev produceret 184 eksemplarer af avisen frem til slutningen af krigen. En kopi kom dagligt til Dansk Presse Tjeneste i Stockholm, der var et illegalt nyhedsbureau, hvor Gunnars bror Erik Seidenfaden arbejdede.

Efter krigen blev han sendt afsted som økonomisk attaché til den danske ambassade i Washington frem til 1950. Efter at have været tilbage i Købehavn i fem år blev han udstationeret i Bangkok i Thailand, hvorfra han fungerede som ambassadør for Manilla (Filippinerne) fra 1955, Rangoon (Burma) og Phnom Penh (Cambodia) i 1956 samt Vientiane (Laos) i 1957. Efter sine år som ambassadør vendte han tilbage til det juridiske kontor i ministeriet frem til 1967. Han fortsatte med at tage opgaver som dansk udsending til internationale konferencer om miljø som Washington-konventionen (1973), HELCOM (1979) og Bern-konventionen (1979).

Han har beskrevet mindst 120 arter.

Han udgav adskillige fler-binds værker om orkideer, bl.a. The Orchids of Thailand – A Preliminary List (med T. Smitinand) og Orchid Genera in Thailand vol. I- XIV. Disse værker omhandler kun taksonomi og blomster, men er dekoreret med Seidenfadens egne tegninger af blomsterdele, som han har set dem i mikroskop. Hans samling bestod af mere end 10.000 genstande, som blev doneret til Københavns Universitet, sammen med oprindelige tegninger af Katja Anker og andre. I juni 2016 blev det besluttet at hans samling af orkideer, som er blevet opbevaret i Botanisk Have, som er en del af Statens Naturhistoriske Museum, skulle leveres tilbage til Thailand, da mange af eksemplarerne sidenhen er blevet meget sjældne.

Hæder

I 1938 vandt han en skandinavisk konkurrence for bedste populærvidenskabelig bog med "Modern Arctic Exploration". I hans tid i Thailand påbegyndte han et langvarigt samarbejde med Royal Thai Forest Department, hvor han arrangerede et antal indsamlingsekspeditioner frem til midten af 1980'erne. I 1951 blev han slået til ridder af Dannebrog og i 1957 blev han ridder af 1. grad. I 1964 blev han gjort til kommandør af Dannebrog og 1. grad i 1974. Han blev også gjort til kommandør af den hollandske Huisorde van Oranje.

Orkide-arten Seidenfadenia Garay, Seidenfadeniella C.S.Kumar, Seidenfia Szlach., Gunnarella Senghas, Gunnarorchis Brieger er blevet opkaldt efter ham.

Privatliv
Han var søn af politidirektøren Aage Valdemar Seidenfaden (1877–1966) og Anna Elise Reenberg Teilman Harck (1887–1928). Han giftede sig med Alix Emilie (Lulu) Arnstedt (1914-1993), datter af ambassadør Niels Peder Arnstedt (1882-1954) og Johanne Larsen (1889-1974) og de fik fem børn. Han er bror til journalisten Erik Seidenfaden (1910-1990). Han var nevø af major Erik Seidenfaden (1881–1958), der var en dansk etnolog og antropolog, som var specialiseret i thailandsk arkitektur.

Se også
 Seidenfaden (slægt)

Referencer

 Fire millioner frie ord - Det illegale nyhedsbureau »INFORMATION« august 1943 – maj 1945, by Erik Lund, Informations Forlag, 2016.
 Gunnar Seidenfaden and his heritage: developments in the diversity and organisation of Thai orchids studies, by Henrik Æ. Pedersen, Santi Watthana, Kanok-Orn Srimuang. See: http://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ThaiForestBulletin/article/view/24369

Botanikere fra Danmark
Diplomater fra Danmark
Ambassadører fra Danmark
Alumni fra Københavns Universitet

Gunnar Seidenfaden


Buchhof ist ein Gemeindeteil des Marktes Schopfloch im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Der Weiler liegt am linken Ufer der Wörnitz und bildet mit dem östlich gelegenen Schopfloch eine geschlossene Siedlung. Der Ort ist ansonsten von Acker- und Grünland umgeben. Die Kreisstraße AN 42 führt an Zwernberg vorbei nach Weidelbach (3,3 km westlich) bzw. nach Schopfloch (0,9 km nordöstlich).

Geschichte
Die Mühle wurde bereits 1282 als "molendinum apud fluvium Wernzza iuxta Schoppheloch" erstmals urkundlich genannt. Die Bezeichnung "Buchmühle" taucht erst 1386 auf.

Buchhof lag im Fraischbezirk des ansbachischen Oberamtes Feuchtwangen. Das oettingen-spielbergische Oberamt Dürrwangen beanspruchte die Fraisch ebenfalls. 1732 gab es 2 Anwesen (1 Hof, 1 Mahlmühle). Grundherr war das Oberamt Dürrwangen. Auch gegen Ende des Alten Reiches gab es zwei Anwesen. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Feuchtwangen.

Infolge des Gemeindeedikts wurde Buchhof 1809 dem Steuerdistrikt und der Ruralgemeinde Schopfloch zugeordnet.

Ehemaliges Baudenkmal
 Haus Nr. 2: Das heutige zweigeschossige Wohn- und Mühlengebäude, ein massives, gut proportioniertes Satteldachhaus aus dem späteren 17./18. Jahrhundert, ist in der baulichen Erscheinung stark beeinträchtigt durch Fenster- und Türveränderungen. Verputzt; verzahnte Eckquaderung.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Martin (Schopfloch) gepfarrt. Die Katholiken sind nach St. Georg (Dinkelsbühl) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Schopfloch, Mittelfranken)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Ersterwähnung 1282
Weiler in Mittelfranken
Ort an der Wörnitz

Buchhof (Schopfloch)


No confundir con Cameria (Lacio), antigua ciudad latina.

Cameria (en albanés: Çamëria; en griego: Τσαμουριά, Tsamouriá) es una región histórica de la península de los Balcanes. Fue ámbito de influencia de Epiro. Actualmente se corresponde con el extremo sur de Albania y el noroeste de Grecia. Aunque el término está en desuso en Grecia, en Albania se utiliza en relación con los camerios (çam), etnia albanesa.

Referencias

Historia de Grecia
Regiones históricas de Grecia
Geografía de la periferia de Epiro
Epiro
Geografía histórica de Albania
Albania otomana

Cameria


Cory Booker (født Cory Anthony Booker, 27. april 1969) er en amerikansk politiker, der er senator for New Jersey. Han er medlem af Demokraterne.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Medlemmer af Senatet i USA
Afroamerikanere
Medlemmer af USA's kongres for det demokratiske parti
Advokater fra USA
Præsidentkandidater fra USA 2020

Cory Booker


Albert Kunze (* 4. September 1872 in Leipzig; † 6. Januar 1954 ebenda) war ein deutscher Opernsänger (Bass), Komiker, Schauspieler und Mundartschriftsteller.

Leben
In seiner Geburtsstadt Leipzig besuchte Kunze zunächst eine Bürgerschule und das humanistische König-Albert-Gymnasium. Das Gymnasium brach er nach der Unterprima ab, um Schauspielunterricht bei Joseph Tietz zu nehmen. Sein Bühnendebüt am Stadttheater Heilbronn hatte er 1892. Von 1892 bis 1898 lebte Kunze in Lübeck, mit Unterbrechung durch einjährig-freiwillige Militärzeit 1895/96. 1898 ließ er sich bei Albert Goldberg zum Sänger ausbilden. Er kehrte als Bass-Buffo nach Lübeck zurück. Von 1902 bis 1920 arbeitete er als Sänger in Leipzig. Wegen einer Erkrankung musste er den Bühnenberuf zugunsten der Schriftstellerei aufgeben. Dennoch hatte er neben seiner schriftstellerischen Tätigkeit Auftritte bei Theater, Film und Kabarett. Schon 1904 besprach er Schallplatten. Sein besonderes Augenmerk lag dabei auf dem Werk der sächsischen Mundartdichterin Lene Voigt. 1935 musste er sich infolge eines Augenleidens endgültig von der Bühne zurückziehen. Am 19. August 1941 wurde er aufgrund seiner Mitgliedschaft bei den Freimaurern aus der Reichsschrifttumskammer ausgeschlossen, was einem Berufsverbot gleichkam. Kunze starb am 6. Januar 1954 in Leipzig.

Albert Kunze war mit Georg Bötticher, dem Vater von Joachim Ringelnatz befreundet. Beide waren Mitglieder im Männerbund der "Leoniden", der sich "aus künstlerisch Schaffenden, aus Männern der Gelehrtenwelt und Freunden der Kunst und Wissenschaft" zusammensetzte.

Filmografie
 1921: Kean
 1921: Das Abenteuer des Dr. Kircheisen
 1921: Das Gelübde
 1921: Seefahrt ist not!

Veröffentlichungen

Tondokumente

Kunze hinterließ Schallplattenaufnahmen bei Gramophone/Zonophone, Odeon, Kalliope, Symphonion, Polyphon und Beka.

Gramophone 41 459 (mx. 226 g) Die verscheuchten Schäfchen / Storch am Meer – 1904
Zonophone X-21 036 (mx.3044 ½ L) Student Müller im Himmel (Mörbitz) – 1905, auch auf Polyphon 12 462 (mx. 6935), Gramophone 41 885 (mx. 1161)
Gramophone 3-42 250 (mx. 112 r) Der Jesuit vor der Himmelstür (Moritz Peuschel) – 1906
Polyphon 12 461 (mx. 6934) Rekrut Dussel (Kunze)
Polyphon 12 462 (mx. 6936) Seiferts Oskar auf der Leipziger Messe (Kunze)
Beka B.6819 (mx. 37 517) Des Sängersch Fluch (Lene Voigt) / (mx. 37 521) De Handschuhk (Lene Voigt)
Beka B.6820 (mx. 37 519) Herr Pietsch an seinen Hund (Lene Voigt) / (mx. 37 520) Herr Pietsch mit Kindern im Zoo (Lene Voigt)
Beka B.6821 (mx. 37 518) Herr Griemelchen hält eine Rede (Lene Voigt) / (mx. 37 525) Pietsch als Ehemann (Lene Voigt)
Beka B.6822 (mx. 37 523) Die sägg'sche Lorelei (Lene Voigt) (mx. 37 522) Wie Gaiser Garl Schulvisidadion hielt (Lene Voigt)
Beka B.6823 (mx. 37 524) Säg'sche Gunde (Lene Voigt) / (mx. 37 526) Abenteuer in Kalau (Mörbitz)

Auf der CD Komiker-Parade Folge 4 ist seine Aufnahme der Sägg'schen Lorelei von Lene Voigt (Beka B.6822 (mx. 37 523)) enthalten.

Schriften
Zwischen 1932 und 1933 erschienen Bände mit Titeln wie Säggs'sche Märchen, Sächsisch für Anfänger, Dausend un' zwee Worte Säggs'sch, Zicken und Witze, Säggs'sche Sagen, Säggs'sche Liebesbriefe, Unsere lieben Sachsen und Seiferts Oskar. Sie sind inzwischen wieder als Nachdrucke erhältlich.

Literatur
 Ludwig Eisenberg: Großes biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Bühne im XIX. Jahrhundert. Verlag von Paul List, Leipzig 1903, S. 560, ().
 Richard John, Richard Torley: Die deutschen humoristischen Herren-Sänger-Gesellschaften in Wort und Bild. Hrsg. v. Richard John. Unter Mitw. v. Richard Torley. Leipzig 1940
 Berthold Leimbach: Tondokumente der Kleinkunst und ihre Interpreten 1898–1945. Selbstverlag, Göttingen 1991

Weblinks

 Die Ausschreier auf der Leipziger Messe, vorgetragen von Albert Kunze, Leipzig. Zonophone Record Katalognummer: X-21061, Matrizennummer: 113 r, Datierung: um 1905. Hörprobe, Dauer (Min:): 00:33, in der Mediathek der SLUB Dresden (Die Urform des Vortrages "Seiferts Oskar auf der Leipziger Messe")
 Säg'sche Gunnde (Text von Lene Voigt) Albert Kunze, Sächsische Rezitation. Beka B.6823-I (mx. 37 524) auf youtube
 Abenteuer in Kalau (Text von P.Mörbitz) Albert Kunze, Sächsische Rezitation. Beka B.6823-II (mx. 37 526) auf youtube
 Biografisches über Familie Kunze bei fundkatalog.de mit Fotos von Albert Kunze

Einzelnachweise

Opernsänger
Bass
Darstellender Künstler (Lübeck)
Stummfilmschauspieler
Autor
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Heimatdichtung
Freimaurer (20. Jahrhundert)
Schriftsteller (Leipzig)
Freimaurer (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1872
Gestorben 1954
Mann

Albert Kunze (Sänger)


, also called , is the Japanese kami of foxes, fertility, rice, tea and sake, of agriculture and industry, of general prosperity and worldly success, and one of the principal kami of Shinto. In earlier Japan, Inari was also the patron of swordsmiths and merchants.  Represented as male, or female, Inari is sometimes seen as a collective of three or five individual kami. Inari appears to have been worshipped since the founding of a shrine at Inari Mountain in 711 AD, although some scholars believe that worship started in the late 5th century.

By the 16th century, Inari had become the patron of blacksmiths and the protector of warriors, and worship of Inari spread across Japan in the Edo period. Inari is a popular figure in both Shinto and Buddhist beliefs in Japan.  More than one-third (32,000) of the Shinto shrines in Japan are dedicated to Inari.  Modern corporations, such as cosmetic company Shiseido, continue to revere Inari as a patron kami, with shrines atop their corporate headquarters.

Inari's foxes, or kitsune, are pure white and act as their messengers.

According to myth, Inari, as a goddess, was said to have come to Japan at the time of its creation amidst a harsh famine that struck the land. "She [Inari] descended from Heaven riding on a white fox, and in her hand she carried sheaves of cereal or grain. Ine, the word now used for rice, is the name for this cereal. What she carried was not rice but some cereal that grows in swamps. According to legend, in the ancient times Japan was water and swamp land."

Depiction

Inari has been depicted both as female and as male. The most popular representations of Inari, according to scholar Karen Ann Smyers, are a young female food goddess, an old man carrying grains of rice. Historically, Inari started off as a female until the rise of Buddhist controlled government in Japan. At the time, many female high-power deities were changed to male, Inari included. The separation of Buddhism and Shinto occurred. Some didn't know whether to refer to Inari as male or female, so they left it up to each person. Because of her close association with kitsune, Inari is often believed to be a fox; though this belief is widespread, both Shinto and Buddhist priests discourage it. Inari also appears in the form of a snake or dragon, and one folktale has Inari appear to a wicked man in the shape of a monstrous spider as a way of teaching him a lesson.

Inari is sometimes identified with other mythological figures. Some scholars suggest that Inari is the figure known in classical Japanese mythology as the Shinto female deity Uka-no-Mitama (or possibly Uke Mochi); others suggest Inari is the same figure as the Shinto female deity, Toyouke. Some take Inari to be identical to any grain kami.

Inari's female aspect is often identified or conflated with Dakiniten, a Buddhist deity who is a Japanese transformation of the Indian dakini, or with Benzaiten of the Seven Lucky Gods.  Dakiniten is portrayed as a female or androgynous bodhisattva riding a flying white fox.  Inari's association with Buddhism may have begun in the 8th century, when Shingon Buddhist monk and founder, Kūkai, took over administration of the temple of Tōji, and chose Inari as a protector of the temple.  Thus, Inari is still closely associated with Shingon Buddhism to this day.

Inari is often venerated as a collective of three deities (Inari sanza); since the Kamakura period, this number has sometimes increased to five kami (Inari goza).  However, the identification of these kami has varied over time.  According to records of Fushimi Inari, the oldest and perhaps most prominent Inari shrine, these kami have included Izanagi, Izanami, Ninigi, and Wakumusubi, in addition to the food deities previously mentioned. The five kami today identified with Inari at Fushimi Inari are Ukanomitama, Sarutahiko, Omiyanome, Tanaka, and Shi.  However, at Takekoma Inari, the second-oldest Inari shrine in Japan, the three enshrined deities are Ukanomitama, Ukemochi, and Wakumusubi.  According to the Nijūni shaki, the three kami are Ōmiyame no mikoto (water) Ukanomitama no mikoto (grain) and Sarutahiko no mikami (land).

The fox and the wish-fulfilling jewel are prominent symbols of Inari.  Other common elements in depictions of Inari, and sometimes of their kitsune, include a sickle, a sheaf or sack of rice, and a sword. Another belonging was their whip—although they were hardly known to use it, it was a powerful weapon that was used to burn people's crops of rice.

History

The origin of Inari worship is not entirely clear. The first recorded use of the present-day kanji (characters) of Inari's name, which mean "carrying rice", (literally "rice load") was in the Ruijū Kokushi in 892 AD. Other sets of kanji with the same phonetic readings, most of which contained a reference to rice, were in use earlier, and most scholars agree that the name Inari is derived from .  The worship of Inari is known to have existed as of 711 AD, the official founding date of the shrine at Inari Mountain in Fushimi, Kyoto.  Scholars such as Kazuo Higo believe worship was conducted for centuries before that date; they suggest that the Hata clan began the formal worship of Inari as an agriculture kami in the late fifth century.  The name Inari does not appear in classical Japanese mythology.

By the Heian period, Inari worship began to spread.  In 823 AD, after Emperor Saga presented the Tō-ji temple to Kūkai, the founder of the Shingon Buddhist sect, the latter designated Inari as its resident protector kami.  In 827, the court granted Inari the lower fifth rank, which further increased the deity's popularity in the capital.  Inari's rank was subsequently increased, and by 942, Emperor Suzaku granted Inari the top rank in thanks for overcoming rebellions.  At this time, the Fushimi Inari-taisha shrine was among the twenty-two shrines chosen by the court to receive imperial patronage, a high honor.  The second Inari shrine, Takekoma Inari, was established in the late ninth century.

Inari's popularity continued to grow.  The Fushimi shrine, already a popular pilgrimage site, gained wide renown when it became an imperial pilgrimage site in 1072.  By 1338, the shrine's festival was said to rival the Gion Festival in splendor.

In 1468, during the Ōnin War, the entire Fushimi shrine complex was burned.  Rebuilding took about thirty years; the new building was consecrated in 1499.  While the old complex had enshrined three kami in separate buildings, the new one enshrined five kami in a single building.  The new shrine also included a Buddhist temple building for the first time, and the hereditary priesthood was expanded to include the Kada clan.

During the Edo period, Inari worship spread across Japan; it became especially prominent in Edo.  Smyers attributes this spread to the movement of daimyōs (feudal lords).  Inari had by the sixteenth century become the patron of blacksmiths and the protector of warriors—for this reason, many castle compounds in Japan contain Inari shrines—and the daimyōs took their belief in their protector kami with them when they relocated to a new domain.  Inari's divine role continued to expand; on the coast, they became a protector of fishermen; in Edo, they were invoked to prevent fires.  They became the patron of actors and of prostitutes, since their shrines were often found near the pleasure quarters where these individuals lived.  They began to be worshipped as the Desire-Fulfilling Inari, a deity of luck and prosperity; a common saying in Osaka was Byō Kōbō, yoku Inari (For sickness [pray to] Kōbō, for desires [pray to] Inari).  Inari also began to be petitioned for good health; they are credited with curing such diverse afflictions as coughs, toothaches, broken bones, and syphilis.  Women prayed to Inari to grant them children.

After a government decree mandated the separation of Buddhist and Shinto beliefs, many Inari shrines underwent changes.  At Fushimi Inari, for instance, structures that were obviously Buddhist were torn down.  Among the populace, however, the blended form of worship continued.  Some Buddhist temples, such as Toyokawa Inari, maintained Inari worship by arguing that they had always been devoted to a Buddhist deity (often Dakiniten), which the common folk had mistaken as Inari.

In the Tokugawa period, when money replaced rice as the measure of wealth in Japan, Inari's role as a kami of worldly prosperity was expanded to include all aspects of finance, business, and industry.  At the beginning of the eighteenth century, followers of Inari at the Ginza mint struck coins meant for offerings to Inari, which featured pictures of two foxes and a jewel or the characters for long life and good luck.

Shrines and offerings

Inari is a popular deity with shrines and temples located throughout most of Japan. According to a 1985 survey by the National Association of Shinto Shrines, 32,000 shrines—more than one-third of Shinto shrines in Japan—are dedicated to Inari.  This number includes only Shinto shrines with full-time resident priests; if small roadside or field shrines, shrines kept in a home or corporate office, smaller shrines without full-time resident priests, and Buddhist temples were included, the number would increase by at least an order of magnitude.

The entrance to an Inari shrine is usually marked by one or more vermilion torii and some statues of kitsune, which are often adorned with red yodarekake (votive bibs) by worshippers out of respect.  This red color has come to be identified with Inari, because of the prevalence of its use among Inari shrines and their torii.  The main shrine is the Fushimi Inari Shrine in Fushimi, Kyoto, Japan, where the paths up the shrine hill are marked in this fashion.  The kitsune statues are at times taken for a form of Inari, and they typically come in pairs, representing a male and a female.  These fox statues hold a symbolic item in their mouths or beneath a front paw—most often a jewel and a key, but a sheaf of rice, a scroll, or a fox cub are all common.  Almost all Inari shrines, no matter how small, will feature at least a pair of these statues, usually flanking or on the altar or in front of the main sanctuary.  The statues are rarely realistic; they are typically stylized, portraying a seated animal with its tail in the air looking forward.  Despite these common characteristics, the statues are highly individual in nature; no two are quite the same.

Offerings of rice, sake, and other food are given at the shrine to appease and please these kitsune messengers, who are then expected to plead with Inari on the worshipper's behalf.  Inari-zushi, a Japanese sushi roll of packaged fried tofu, is another popular offering.  Fried tofu is believed to be a favorite food of Japanese foxes, and an Inari-zushi roll has pointed corners that resemble fox ears, thus reinforcing the association.  Priests do not normally offer these foods to the deity, but it is common for shops that line the approach to an Inari shrine to sell fried tofu for devotees to offer.  Fox statues are often offered to Inari shrines by worshippers, and on occasion a stuffed and mounted fox is presented to a temple.  At one time, some temples were home to live foxes that were venerated, but this is not current practice.

Personalization
According to Inari scholar Karen A. Smyers, the "most striking feature of Inari worship is the high degree of diversification and even personalization of this kami. Devotees do not simply worship 'Inari,' but a separate form of Inari with its own name. Various Inari shrines and temples worship entirely different kami as Inari; traditions and symbols have a multiplicity of meanings." This is exemplified by the various kami Inari is identified with such as Uganomitama no Okami, Ukanomitama no kami, Ukemochi no kami, Wakumusubi no kami, and many more. In fact, except for ancestor worship, Inari worship is the most personalized of all Japanese religiosity.

Smyers also describes the concept of "personal Inari" or "watashi no O-Inari-sama" in Japanese. "One Shinto priest argued that the impulse to worship 'my own Inari' arose during the late Edo period and accounted for the great spread of Inari shrines at that time." Furthermore, "If there are one hundred believers, they will have a hundred different ideas about Inari." Smyers notes that Inari has been re-enshrined and divided with "far greater ease and frequency than other Shinto kami, and this may in part account for its great diversity."

This personalization is not restricted to Shinto practitioners, but also has ties with Buddhism. Inari is often described as being the "closest deity to humans" according to a Toyokawa priest in Smyers's article. "'It [Inari] is like your own mother, it grants your wishes. In times of illness when even a doctor cannot cure you, you have no alternative but to ask Inari. Buddhas have various ranks; Dakiniten [one of Inari's many other names] is at the ten (deva) level, the level closest to that of humans. So Inari has very close relations to people.'"

Inari's personalization also extends to Inari's messengers, the kitsune. In fact, Smyers attests that the fox is "the symbol most often equated with Inari."

Smyers's analysis is essentially thus: "Inari seems to have struck a fortuitous balance: famous and powerful enough to make people feel confident that he can help them, but lacking the sort of clear historical narrative that would prevent his personalization to fit particular needs."

Inari pilgrimage
Like many other places of spiritual prominence, many practitioners of Shinto, especially Inari worship, take pilgrimage to Inari Mountain at the Fushimi Inari Shrine in Kyoto. Unlike other religions however, pilgrimage to and around the Fushimi Inari Shrine is the only standardized pilgrimage despite having some 40,000 shrines across Japan. This is in part due to the personalization Inari practitioners tend to have towards Inari as described above. "They have little reason to worship some other form in another place, which may even be seen as someone else's Inari," says Karen A. Smyers, a known academic on Inari.

The pilgrimage begins starting "at the foot of the mountain, in the midst of elegant red buildings house the five kami of Fushimi Inari Shrine and a number of other deities." Visitors need to first rinse their mouths and wash their hands, a means to symbolically purify one's self before becoming near the kami. The many red torii that Fushimi is known for is the main gateway to convey that one is entering a sacred space. Along the way through these torii and up the mountain, one will find various rock altars, tea houses, waterfalls, and many cedar trees, which symbolizes Inari's "manifestation in the grandeur of nature." Upon reaching the peak, one "passes the place associated with the miraculous assistance of Inari in forging the emperor's sword." Then the pilgrim has a steady descent down the mountain and returns to the regular world outside of the sacred space. Despite this pathway, there is actually "no fixed route one must take through the thousands of sacred sites on the mountain, and pilgrims and groups tend to develop their own sacred histories, worshipping at the sites that are invested with particular meaning to them." Furthermore,  "each version of the pilgrimage is a kind of musical improvisation on the theme of Inari."

Many traditions are also associated with Inari pilgrimage:

 Omo-karu ishi
 A type of rock divination in which one may be granted an answer to a yes or no question.
 Neagari no matsu
 This is a tree in which pilgrims in search of better business pray to.
 Echo Pond
 If someone has lost someone, the pilgrim claps loudly and if they hear an echo, it signifies that the person they lost shall return.
 Oseki-San
 One of the many forms of Inari that is said to be able to cure coughs, and many letters are sent to this rock altar from all across Japan. Priests of Fushimi personally deliver these letters to the mailbox next to the altar.
 Ninaigi
 Another tree upon the shrine grounds that is "fallen over at an angle." Pilgrims who have "stiff shoulders from carrying things come and rub them under this inclined tree, which is polished smooth as a result."
 Other traditions include "tying votive bibs on the fox (and other) statues, offering food, dedicating larger or small torii, lighting candles, making segyo offerings (sometimes to the foxes) during the coldest season, and offering nobori banners in the kami's name. Offering small banners (konobori) in large numbers was also practiced; each small prayer flag made of paper had the name of the kami (i.e., Suehiro okami), the name and age of the petitioner, and the request (e.g., complete recovery from sickness)."

Festival
Inari's traditional festival day was the first horse day (the sixth day) of the second month (nigatsu no hatsuuma) of the lunisolar calendar.

In some parts of Kyūshū, a festival or praying period begins five days before the full moon in November; occasionally it is extended to a full week.  This is accompanied by bringing offerings of rice products to a shrine to Inari each day and receiving o-mamori (protection charms).

See also

 Sukunabikona, also a Japanese Kami of sake brewing

Notes

References
 Ashkenazy, Michael.  Handbook of Japanese Mythology.  Santa Barbara, California:  ABC-Clio, 2003. .
Knecht, Peter. "Rice Representations and Reality." Asian Folklore Studies 66, no. 1/2 (2007): 5–25.
Opler, Morris E., and Robert Seido Hashima. "The Rice Goddess and the Fox in Japanese Religion and Folk Practice." American Anthropologist 48, no. 1 (1946): 43–53.
Smyers, Karen Ann. The Fox and the Jewel: Shared and Private Meanings in Contemporary Japanese Inari Worship. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999. .
Smyers, Karen A. "Inari Pilgrimage: Following One's Path on the Mountain." Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 24, no. 3/4 (1997): 427–52.
Smyers, Karen A. "'My Own Inari': Personalization of the Deity in Inari Worship." Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 23, no. 1/2 (1996): 85–116.

External links

Androgynous and hermaphroditic deities
Agricultural deities
Alcohol deities
Commerce deities
Fertility deities
Fortune deities
Food deities
Health deities
Industry deities
Japanese folk religion
Shinbutsu shūgō
Shinto kami
Smithing deities
Inari faith
Mythological foxes
Fox deities
LGBT themes in mythology
Sake

Inari Ōkami


John Rhodes Horam, Baron Horam (born 7 March 1939) is a Conservative politician in the United Kingdom. He is the only MP since the Second World War to have sat in the House of Commons for three different political parties, latterly as the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Orpington (1992-2010). He has been a Minister in both Labour and Conservative Governments.  On 4 September 2013, he was created a working life peer as Baron Horam of Grimsargh in the County of Lancashire. He is a founder and vice chair of the Common Sense Group of Conservative Parliamentarians.

Early life
Horam was born in Grimsargh in the city of Preston, Lancashire.  He went to the independent Silcoates School in Wakefield, West Yorkshire, where he was Head Boy, and won an Exhibition to St Catharine's College, Cambridge where he studied Economics, gaining an MA in 1960.  From 1960 to 1962 he was a market research officer with the York firm of Rowntree & Co.  During his time at Rowntree's, he did the market research for the new product "After Eight" Thin Mints.  He then went into economic journalism, becoming a feature writer for the Financial Times and The Economist.  Leaving journalism, he started, with a partner, a new company, CRU International Ltd, an international business consultancy specialising in minerals and metals. He was also the first Chair of Circle Thirty Three Housing Association, now part of Clarion Housing.

Parliamentary career

Labour
Horam contested Folkestone and Hythe for Labour in the 1966 election, but lost to the incumbent, Albert Costain.  He was elected as the Labour MP for Gateshead West at the 1970 general election.  He was a Chair of The Manifesto Group of right wing Labour MPs and when James Callaghan become Prime Minister entered Government, in September 1976, as a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State to Bill Rodgers in the Department of Transport.  After Labour's election defeat of 1979 he was a Labour Opposition spokesman on Economic Affairs.

SDP
Horam was one of the first to leave the Labour Party for the SDP in 1981, having become uneasy with the leftward direction of Labour.  From 1981 to 1983 he was SDP spokesman for Economic Affairs under Roy Jenkins. In 1983, his constituency of Gateshead West having been abolished, he fought Newcastle Central, unsuccessfully, as an SDP candidate.

Conservative
Horam joined the Conservative Party shortly before the 1987 election and in 1991 was selected as the Conservative candidate for Orpington, famous for the Liberal by-election victory when Harold Macmillan was Prime Minister. He won the 1992 election with a majority of 12,935 over the Liberal Democrats. When Tony Blair triumphed in 1997 Horam held the seat with a reduced majority. In 2001 when William Hague was the Conservative leader he held on by only 269 votes. In 2005 however he increased his majority to 4,947 over the longstanding Liberal Democrat candidate Chris Maines. The seat has remained Conservative ever since. Despite his constituency being only a short train journey from the House of Commons, Horam claimed expenses for the second home that he maintained there.

Ministerial positions
In March 1994 Horam was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State, Office of Public Service and Science in the Cabinet Office. In November 1995 he moved sideways to become Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department of Health. Here he had 31 different areas of responsibility but had two particularly large policy areas: reorganising Community Health Councils and establishing the Private Finance Initiative in health. He occupied this position until the Conservative defeat in the 1997 election.  He is the only MP in recent times who has served as a Minister for both major parties.

Select Committee activity in the Commons
Following election as a Conservative MP in 1992, Horam was appointed a member of the Public Accounts Committee. This lasted until he was appointed a Minister in 1995. Following the Labour victory in 1997, he was elected the first Chair of the new Environmental Audit Committee, set up by the Labour government. The main focus of the Committee was the emerging problem of climate change. He held this position until July 2003. When he stood down a Commons motion praised him for his work. During this time, as Chair of a Committee, Horam was a member of the Commons Liaison Committee, which, among other duties, took evidence from the Prime Minister three times a year.

Following re-election in 2005, Horam was appointed a member of the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs, a position he held until 2010.

Political activity in the Commons
Horam gained some notoriety during the 1997 election when he became the first member of the Major government to come out publicly against joining a single currency.

In 2003 he was one of a handful of Conservative MPs who voted against Britain's participation in the Iraq war.

From 2003 to 2008 he was an elected member of the Executive of the Conservative Backbench 1992 Committee.

Always interested in the nuts and bolts of democracy, he drafted the original "Equal Votes" legislation which stipulated that Parliamentary constituencies should be of roughly equal size.

On 12 October 2009, Horam announced his intention to stand down at next general election.

Electoral Commission
On retiring from the House of Commons, Horam was appointed a Commissioner at the Electoral Commission, which supervises all elections and referendums in the UK. He held this post from 2011 to 2018.

House of Lords
On 4 September 2013 Horam was created a working life peer as Baron Horam of Grimsargh in the County of Lancashire.

Lords Committee Activity
On  becoming a working peer, he was appointed to the Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Committee (2013-2014).  He then moved to the Communications and Digital Committee (2014-2015). After this he became a member of the External Affairs Subcommittee of the European Union Committee (2015–19).

In March 2020 he joined the High Speed (West Midlands-Crewe) Bill Select Committee until its report in 2021.

Political activity in the Lords
In the Lords he has advocated a Living Wage, raising the Income Tax threshold, better vocational training and more apprenticeships, more help for the Trouble Families Programme, and a big housing drive. A member of the Conservative European Mainstream Group, he remains strongly pro-EU, believing that the UK maximises its influence and prosperity in the EU. After Brexit, he accepted the decision, but argued that Britain should remain a member of the Single European Market, like Norway.

Economic Policy
In a speech in the Lords on 3 December 2020 on the Government's spending Review, Horam said that he is a supporter of Modern Monetary Theory believing that "the economic Policy should balance the economy, rather than the Budget". Stating that,"rather than worrying too much about deficits,the advantage of MMT is that it enables Governments to concentrate on what should be done to improve the economy and society,and not be perpetually bogged down in arguments about how to pay for it." He positioned himself, on the raising of taxes, "that they should only be raised to damp down demand should inflation rise."

In support of the 2021 Budget he told the Lords that he, "[takes] the view the first fiscal rule of economics is, in all circumstances, to maximise real economic growth. The second rule is to make the distribution of the rewards of growth as fair as practically possible. I support the Budget because it made some real progress in both these areas. My only doubt about the Budget is the proposed rise in Corporation Tax, which is also a reservation on the part of the Office of Budget Responsibility."

In a speech on the second budget in 2021 in the Lords on 3 November 2021 he said: "The fact is that Britain has, for too long, been trying to get European levels of public service and welfare at US levels of taxation. The crunch has now come. The Government have given clear indication that they prioritise maintaining, and if possible improving, public services and are therefore prepared to put up taxation to the same extent.  That is fundamentally right...There is therefore no evidence that a higher tax rate, within the sort of limits that we are talking about, necessarily adversely affects the rate of growth…A factor that is important is the way in which you use the money that you have raised." Lord Horam went on to criticise the decision to scrap the £20 uplift in Universal Credit, but said that apart from that blemish the Government's economic strategy was right.

Levelling Up
In his response to the Queen's Speech of 2020 in January 2020, Lord Horam called for the Government to deliver on its promises made in the election to help the "towns and cities of the north of England and the midlands". He welcomed the £3.5 billion being put behind the so-called Towns Fund. He also called for greater investment in technical education,  better connections between London, the north and midlands and criticised the apprenticeship levy.

Also in that Queen's speech, he was critical of the roll-out of Universal credit, which he said needs "urgent attention" and acknowledged that while something needed to be done about social care, what was really needed was "a big cheque". The government could not deal with this investment by "a more relaxed approach to debt" and called for an increase in taxation specifically in relation to capital gains and dividends. He said that the UK was a "lightly taxed" country compared to others in Europe.

In a speech on 14 October 2021 in the Lords in a debate on Inequalities of Region and Place Horam praised the government's efforts in helping the north.  He said: "We have a levelling-up fund, a community renewal fund, a shared prosperity fund, and free ports and towns funds. We have the beginning of effective localism in the shape of city mayors. I also think that levelling up will help the south. As the Prime Minister said when he was Mayor of London: "Do we really want the south-east of Britain, already the most densely populated major country in Europe, to resemble a giant suburbia?"

Environment, population growth and immigration
In a speech in the Lords on 10 December 2020 on the Statutory Instruments introducing new immigration rules, Horam said that 'this Statutory instrument has been brought about by the UK's exiting of the EU and therefore leaving the free movement of people system which prevails in the EU." He stated that the Blair Labour Government had bought in heavily to free movement and mass immigration and the results were devastating for some working class communities.  He specifically cited the experience of Paul Embery, the Labour and trade union activist, whose book, Despised, sets out the effect on Dagenham, where he was born. Horam said he hopes that "present politicians of all parties understand the lessons of the last 20 years and listen more to the views of the British people".

In a letter to The Times on 7 September 2022, Horam wrote: "these were part of the policies the rapid population growth of recent decades is causing significant housing, environmental and social problems for our already heavily populated island,..and most (80 per cent) of the increase is down to immigration. The answer is to restore the limits and restraints on the number of work and other visas granted each year; these were part of government policy under all parties until the Blair government steadily abolished them."

In a letter to The Times on 20 May 2023, Horam wrote: "There is a way of proving more genuinely affordable homes without destroying even more of the precious countryside in our small island.It includes reducing net immigration, banning second homes or taxing them more heavily, doing the same for foreign ownership of homes and revising the compulsory purchase laws to give local authorities the power to buy land at a reasonable rate."

The Union
In a letter to The Times on 2 July 2021 Lord Horam suggested that one way of improving Union relations within the UK would be to have "regular meetings between the Prime Minister and the First Ministers, revolving between Cardiff, Belfast, Edinburgh and London."

Common Sense Group of Conservatives
In 2021 Lord Horam helped in setting up, with Sir John Hayes, MP for South Holland the Deepings, the Common Sense Group of Conservative Parilamentarians. This is now a substantial group in Parliament with a strong core of new "Red Wall" MPs. It campaigns for a robust approach to immigration, law and order and "wokery" and supports the Levelling Up agenda.

Personal life
He married Judith Jackson, formerly Motoring Editor of The Sunday Times and The Guardian, in 1987. She has two sons by a previous marriage.

In 2010 he was elected a Fellow Commoner of St Catharine's College, Cambridge.

in July 2018 he become Patron of the Grimsargh Wetlands Trust.

References

External links

 Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle: John Horam MP
 TheyWorkForYou.com - John Horam MP
 BBC Politics Profile

1939 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Social Democratic Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Fellows of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Members of the Fabian Society
People from Orpington
Politicians from Wakefield
Politicians from Preston, Lancashire
People educated at Silcoates School
Life peers created by Elizabeth II

John Horam


Teresa Fioroni-Voigt, née en  et morte en , est une artiste peintre italienne spécialisée dans les miniatures. Ses petits portraits sont réalisés sur ivoire.

Biographie
Teresa Fioroni, née le 2 février 1799, est la fille de Nicola Fioroni et de Anna Rosa Pigliucci, mais les détails restent inconnus.

Sa première formation en tant que peintre n'est pas documentée, cependant, Domenico Del Frate, un maître peintre de l'époque, vit les deux dernières années de sa vie (1820-1821) dans le même bâtiment romain que la famille Fioroni.

Selon Hauser, elle commence d'abord à peindre des portraits à l'huile, mais sa mère s'oppose à cette technique en disant qu'elle est mauvaise pour la santé de sa fille. Teresa Fioroni se met alors à créer des miniatures entre 1820 et 1830, elle devient une artiste établie qui reçoit des éloges pour son travail.

Munich

Le 30 mars 1830, Teresa Fioroni épouse un graveur berlinois, Carl Friedrich Voigt (1800-1874), qui devient médailleur à la Monnaie royale du royaume de Bavière. En mai 1839, l'épouse et le mari s'installent à Munich, en Bavière, où elle donne plus tard naissance à leurs deux enfants, Carolina et Ludovico.

La correspondance privée (conservée à la Bibliothèque apostolique vaticane  à Rome) et 30 portraits miniatures (conservés à l'Accademia di San Luca, aujourd'hui appelée Accademia Nazionale di San Luca)  sont connus pour avoir été peints par Teresa Fioroni-Voigt et « permettent d'évoquer la vie et la carrière de cette femme artiste romaine. ».

Selon le site Treccani, les œuvres créées à Munich comprennent, .

Certaines des œuvres de Teresa Fioroni-Voigt sont perdues et ne sont plus connues que par des citations ou des correspondances. Parmi celles-ci figure le seul portrait connu de la baronne Bayersdoff (1831). Les œuvres attribuées à Teresa Fioroni-Voigt comprennent une trentaine de pièces conservées à l'Accademia di S. Luca "et le Portrait de deux jeunes femmes devant une fenêtre ouverte, d'où l'on voit Saint-Pierre, dans une collection privée, le Portrait d'une jeune femme vêtue de rouge et le Portrait d'une jeune femme avec un grand chapeau vert, tous deux dans la collection Ferdinand Spiegel à Vienne.

Rome
En 1857, la famille retourne à Rome où, entre 1858 et 1865, ils résident au 93 Via delle Tre Cannelle.

En 1860, sa fille Carolina épousa le sculpteur italien Francesco Fabi Altini (1830-1906) et le nouveau couple vit avec les parents de Carolina pendant plusieurs années. Teresa Fioroni-Voigt en profite pour réaliser deux portraits des filles de Carolina, Silvia et Augusta, avant qu'Augusta ne meure prématurément.

Pérouse
En 1874, le mari et la fille de Teresa Fioroni-Voigt, Carolina, meurent tous deux à Trieste (qui fait maintenant partie de l'Italie). Peu de temps après, la veuve Fioroni s'installe à Pérouse, en Italie. Elle y meurt le 19 septembre 1880.

Notes et références

Annexes

Article connexe
 Liste de peintres italiens

Liens externes

Naissance en février 1799
Décès en septembre 1880
Peintre italien du XIXe siècle
Peintre portraitiste italien
Personnalité liée à Rome
Peintre italienne
Décès à 81 ans

Teresa Fioroni-Voigt


La clase Virginia puede hacer referencia a las siguientes clases de buques de la Armada de los Estados Unidos:

 La clase Virginia de acorazados pre-Dreadnought.
 La clase Virginia de cruceros de propulsión nuclear, construidos durante la Guerra Fría.
 La clase Virginia de submarinos de ataque de propulsión nuclear.

Clase Virginia


Günyüzü, İç Anadolu Bölgesi'nde Eskişehir iline bağlı bir ilçedir.

Tarih

Hititler ve Roma döneminde bazı küçük yerleşim birimleri olsa da bölgede ilk yerleşim Anadolu'da ilk Türk uygarlığı olan Selçuklu Hanedanının Sivrihisar'a 1072 yılında yerleşmesi ile birlikte başlar. 1289'da Osmanlı Devleti'nin Sivrihisar'ı ele geçirmesinden sonra Osman Bey, bütün Eskişehir çevresinin idaresini kardeşi Gündüz Bey'e vermiştir. 3000 kadar Türkmen aşireti çevreye yerleştirilmiştir. Yörük Türkmen gelenekleri bölgede hâkim kültürdür. Bölgede: Sivrihisar'ın Karkın köyü ile Günyüzü'nün Beydili ve Yörme arasına Karkın aşireti; Günyüzü'ndeki Bedil Köyüne, Beydili aşireti; Yazır köyüne Yazır aşireti; Ayvalı yaylasına Buğdüz aşireti; Sivrihisar'ın merkez Kılıç Mahallesi ile Günyüzü'nün Gecek köyüne ise Kılıç aşireti iskan edilmiştir. Cumhuriyet öncesinde Kozağacı adıyla köy olan Günyüzü, 1932 yılında bucak (nahiye) olmuş, 29 Şubat 1972 tarihinde belediye teşkilatı oluşturulmuş, 20 Mayıs 1990 tarih ve 20523 sayılı Resmî Gazete'de yayınlanan 3644 sayılı kanunla müstakil bir ilçe olmuş ve 6 Ağustos 1991 tarihinde resmen çalışmaya başlamıştır.

Osmanlı arşiv belgelerinden XVI. yüzyılda Sultanönü sancağı ve Eskişehir için yapılan araştırmada;

Günyüzü nahiyesinde bulunan dirliklerin tamamı tımarlı sipahi idi. İnönü kazasında 21 tımar, Günyüzü nahiyesinde ise 9 tımar bulunuyordu. ve Ayrıca, Günyüzü Tabi-i Sivrihisar Sultanönü sancağı Serpiyade'sine bağlı olan nahiyedir. bilgileri verilir. Günyüzü nahiyesinden bir dönem de İsaklı nahiyesine göç edenler olmuştur.

Coğrafya
Günyüzü ilçesinin arazileri ova görünümünde olsa da yer yer yüksek dağ ve kayalıklar arazideki düzlüğü bozmaktadır. Konya ilinin Yunak ve Çeltikilçelerine giden yol güzergâhı üzerindedir. Ayrıca ilçe sınırları içinde üç yayla ve mandıra bulunmaktadır.

Konum
Batısında Yazır (1.5 nm), kuzeyinde Hamamkarahisar (4.1 nm) ile Çardaközü (3.3 nm), doğusunda Beyyayla (Sürez) (1.7 nm) ve güneyinde Gecek (1.0 nm) gibi yerleşim yerleri konumlanır.
Eskişehir il merkezine 135 km, Sivrihisar ilçesine 39 km, başkent Ankara'ya 118 km uzaklıktadır.

İklim
İlçe iklimi, karasal iklim etki alanı içerisindedir.

Nüfus

Ekonomi
İlçe ekonomisi tarım ve hayvancılığa dayanır. Arpa, buğday, yulaf, haşhaş, ayçiçeği ve şeker pancarı yetiştirilmektedir. Günyüzü ilçesi kavun diyarı olarak da bilinmekdedir. İlçede büyük sanayi kuruluşu bulunmaz.

Turizm
Günyüzü ilçesinin 8 km güneyinde, eskiden Yörme olarak bilinen şimdiki Gümüşkonak beldesinde Bizans harabelerinde St Michael at Germia isminde bir azizin kabri bulunur.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Günyüzü


جورج واشنطن كيبل  12 أكتوبر 1844 في نيو أورلينز، لويزيانا - 31 يناير 1925 في فلوريدا. كان كاتب أمريكي.

سيرته الشخصية
وُلد جورج واشنطن كيبل في عام 1844 في نيو أورليانز في لويزيانا، والده جورج كيبل الأب، ووالدته ريبيكا بوردمان كيبل. كان والداه من الأثرياء أصحاب العبيد وأعضاءً في الكنيسة المشيخية وجمعية نيو أورليانز. تلقى تعليمه في المدارس الخاصة، توجب عليه العمل بعد وفاة والده وهو صغير: خسر كيبل الأب استثماراته وعانت الأسرة ماليًا. تعلّم كيبل الابن لاحقًا اللغة الفرنسية بمفرده. دعم القضية الجنوبية خلال الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية، خدم في جيش الولايات الكونفدرالية.

غيرت تجارب كيبل أفكاره حول المجتمع الجنوبي، وبدأ في الكتابة خلال إصابته بمرض الملاريا. أصبح في عام 1870 صحافيًا، وكتب في صحيفة نيو أورليانز بيكايون. عمل في الصحيفة منذ عام 1865 وحتى عام 1879، أصبح في ذلك الوقت كاتبًا معروفًا. تزوج في عام 1869 من لويزا ستيوارت بارتليت وأنجبا عدة أطفال.

دُعي لكتابة قصص في مجلة سكرايبنير الشهرية، والتي نشرت قصته في عام 1873. نشر ست قصص أخرى عن حياة الكريول في السنوات الثلاث التالية. جُمعت ونشرت في كتاب عام 1879 باسم أيام الكريول القديمة. كشفت القصص عن الطبيعة متعددة الثقافات والأعراق لمجتمع نيو أورلينز قبل الحرب، مع العلاقات بين الأشخاص ذوي الأصول الفرنسية والإسبانية والأفريقية والأمريكية والكريول. تطرق إلى الصراعات التي نشأت بعد صفقة لويزيانا عندما توجب على مجموعات الكريول في نيو أورليانز مواجه الأمريكيين الإنجليز الذين أكدوا في نهاية المطاف مفهومهم عن المجتمع الثنائي، بدلًا من الاعتراف فقط بالطبقة متعددة الأعراق من الأشخاص السود الأحرار.

نشر كيبل في عام 1880 روايته الأولى تحت عنوان (غرانديسمي: قصة عن حياة الكريول)، والتي صورت أعضاء مجتمع متعددي الأعراق ومن فئات مختلفة في أوائل القرن التاسع عشر بعد فترة وجيزة من صفقة لويزيانا. تسرد الرواية قصص مغامرات ورومانسية العديد من أفراد عائلة غرانديسمي وهي عائلة كريولية فرنسية. استخدم هذه الرومانسية كوسيلة لسرد قصته عن المجتمع وظلمه العرقي. كلف مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة كيبل في نفس العام بكتابة قصة تاريخية عن فترة ما قبل الحرب الأهلية في نيو أورليانز. قدم قصصًا تاريخية مدروسة جيدًا من 313 صفحة، والتي اختُصرت بشكل كبير لنشرها في عام 1884.

تروي روايته الموسعة من قصة قصيرة التي حملت عنوان مدام دلفين عام 1881 قضية تمازج الأجناس، حيث تحاول امرأة من أصل أفريقي ترتيب زواج ابنتها التي لديها أصل أوروبي بشخص من النخبة الكريولية الفرنسية. نشر في عام 1884 عملاً للدكتور سيفير حول إصلاح السجون.

بدا من الواضح تقسيم كيبل لجهوده بعد هذه الأعمال بين الروايات الرومانسية والمقالات غير الروائية، إذ أعرب عن تعاطفه مع المساواة العرقية ومعارضته لجيم كرو، مثل مقال قضية فريدمان عن المساواة ومقال الجنوب الصامت، نُشرتا عام 1885. استاء كثير من سكان الجنوب البيض من مقالاته التي أثارت الكثير من الجدل.

عمل البيض بعد نهاية الحرب على إعادة إرساء سيادتهم السياسية والاجتماعية على الأشخاص المحررين وعلى الأحرار منذ سنوات ما قبل الحرب. مارست الكو كلوكس كلان والجماعات شبه العسكرية التخويف العرقي واعمالًا لإبعاد السود عن التصويت. اضطهد الديمقراطيون بعد إعادة الإعمار عندما استعادوا السيطرة على المجلس التشريعي للولاية السود وفرضوا الفصل العنصري القانوني والإجراءات التقييدية الأخرى.

تأثيره العام وإرثه
كان كيبل صديقًا لمارك توين. زارا في عام 1884 و1885 تورنتو في كندا مرتين في جولة قراءة عرفت بجولة التوأم العبقري.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أعضاء الجمعية الأثرية الأمريكية
روائيون أمريكيون في القرن 19
روائيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
روائيون أمريكيون
روائيون من لويزيانا
شعراء أمريكيون في القرن 19
كتاب ذكور أمريكيون في القرن 19
كتاب من نورثهامبتون
كتاب من نيو أورلينز
كتاب وكاتبات أمريكيون
مواليد 1844
مواليد في نيو أورلينز
وفيات 1925
وفيات في سانت بيترسبرغ

جورج واشنطن كيبل


Britpop, kökü British ve pop kelimelerinden gelmekte olan bir müzik tarzıdır.

Birleşik Krallık'ta Pop tarzı müziğin gelişmesiyle oluşmuştur. Özellikle 1990'lı yıllarda büyümüştür. The Stone Roses, Blur, Pulp, Suede,Coldplay, Oasis, Keane grupları bu türü en iyi temsil edecek örneklerdir. 1990'lı yılların ilk yarısı itibarıyla ABD'de ortaya çıkan Grunge akımına tepki olarak ortaya çıktığı söylense de kökleri daha eskilere, The Stone Roses'a dayanır. 1990'lı yılların başında Bluejean dergisinin 'Britanyalı gitarlı popu' olarak lanse ettiği bu akım, şu anki birçok alternative-brit-indie gruplarına ilham kaynağı olmuştur. Ayrıca dönemin britpop grupları, Britanyalı medyasına da büyük malzeme olmuştur. Gruplar arasındaki sözlü atışmalar, albümlerin hitleri, gruplardaki elemanlar arasındaki tatlı rekabetler, britpop döneminin unutulmazlarıdır. Özellikle, Oasis ve Blur atışmaları hâlâ da britpop seven insanlar arasında devam etmektedir ve edecektir. Lakin Oasis'in saf overdrive gitarları sert trompetli davulları ve Liam Gallagher'ın köşeli vokalleri, dönemin marş niteliğindeki hitlerinin ana kaynaklarıdır.

Kaynakça

Britpop