التخسيس هو محاولة الإنسان للتخفيض من وزنه بغرض التحسين من مستوى الصحة لديه أو بغرض اكتساب الجسم الرشاقة والخفة، أو بالاستفادة من كلتا الفائدتين معًا. وعلى هذا الطريق يلجأ البعض إلى إتباع حمية غذائية صارمة معينة في الأكل، ويوجد منها الكثير، منها المفيد وغير المفيد. كما يلجأ البعض إلى تعاطي حبوبًا للتخسيس، ولكنها لا تجدي طالما لا تكون هناك إرادة حقيقية في تغيير طريقة تناول الطعام. فالعامل الأول للتخسيس هو اتباع نظام في تناول الطعام ترتاح إليه النفس، وبحيث لا يحس الإنسان لا بالجوع ولا بالحرمان مما تشتهي إليه نفسه. ولا بد من أن يعرف المقدم على تخسيس نفسه أنه لا يتوقع تحسنًا سريعًا في وزنه وإنما سيحتاج إلى نحو 6 أشهر إلى سنة لكي يصل إلى الوزن الذي يطمح إليه. علاوة على ذلك فإن النظام الموصوف هنا لا يحرمه من أي شيء يحبه، وإنما يعتمد على تقليل الكميات التي يتناولها - وعلى الأخص النشويات والسكر. وكل اختصار صغير في الكمية المتناولة يجرى الاستغناء عنها للتو أوالحال أو من حين لآخر فهو مفيد.

الجسم والتغذية

يحتاج الجسم لكي يقوم بنشاطاته اليومية المختلفة إلى ما يمده ب سعرات حرارية. وهذه السعرات يتناولها على هيئة الغذاء. وتعمل السعرات في المقام الأول على محافظة الجسم على درجة حرارته الطبيعية التي تبلغ 37 درجة مئوية عند الأصحاء. إذا ارتفعت بسبب المرض أو بسبب النشاط الجسمي فيُهدئها الجسم عن طريق العرق. وإذا انخفضت قام بحرق السكر في الدم لرفع درجة الحرارة ثانيًا إلى المستوى السليم.

فالجسم يستهلك من المواد الغذائية القدر الذي يحتاجه لنشاطه ولكي تقوم الأعضاء بتأدية وظائفها مثل الهضم وعمل القلب، والرئتين وعمل الكبد والكليتين وغيرها. وتبلغ إحتياجات الإنسان البالغ (الذي يزن 70 كيلوجرام) نحو 80 سُعر كبير (kcal) كل ساعة من ساعات النهار لتأدية تلك الوظائف العضوية، وتنخفض إلى نحو 45«سعر كبير» كل ساعة من ساعات النوم، إذ يقوم الجسم أيضًا بوظائفه الحيوية أثناء النوم، من تنفس وهضم وبناء الخلايا وتجديدها وغيره. أي أن الشخص العادي الذي يعمل عملًا مكتبيًا يكفيه نحو 2000 سعر يوميًا.

وإذا كان هذا الشخص يمارس الرياضة أو يزاول عملًا كله حركة، فهو يحتاج لعدد أكبر من السعرات حتى يتمكن الجسم من أداء تلك الأعمال البدنية. كما أن العمل العقلي يستهلك نحو 25 من السعرات كل ساعة (وهذا ما يوازي استهلاك مصباح كهربائي قدرة 22 وات). ولكن هذه السعرات المطلوبة للتفكير تدخل في ضمن ال 80 سُعرا المذكورة أعلاه.

ما يزيد عن ذلك من سعرات يتناولها الإنسان في طعامه يخزنها الجسم في هيئة دهون حيث أن الدهون تستطيع تخزين قدر هائل من السعرات (930 سعر (kcal) لكل 100 جرام). وقد تعودت أجسامنا على تخزين الفائض منذ قديم الأزل حتى أن بعض الناس الآن يبلغ وزنه 100 كيلوجرام وطوله لا يزيد عن 160 سنتيمتر. لهذا ينصح بعدم استخدام المايونيز وغيره من تلك الخلطات الدهنية الجاهزة في السلاطات أو التقليل منها، فتكون السلطة صحية بدونها.

كما أن الغذاء يعطي الجسم البروتين الضروري للعضلات وتجديد خلايا الجسم. والنشويات والدهون هي المصدر الذي يمد الجسم بالحرارة، وتساعده على القيام بجميع العمليات الحيوية التي يقوم بها الجسم تلقائيًا سواء كنا نائمين أو مستيقظين. ويساعد أجهزة الجسم على أداء وظائفه الحيوية كميات ضئيلة من الفيتامينات والأملاح المعدنية. والنقص في الفيتامينات والأملاح المعدنية يسبب التعرض للمرض، وضعف النظر، وليونة العظام، وفساد الأسنان. وتوجد الفيتامينات والمعادن في الخضروات والفاكهة الطازجة بأنواعها، وتعمل عملية طهي الغذاء على ضياع جزء قليل من تلك الفيتامينات بسبب تعرضها للحرارة. لهذا ينصح المختصون بعدم إعادة تسخين الأكل مرات ومرات، إذ في كل مرة تفقد جزءًا من الفيتامينات، وينطبق ذلك على المعلبات فهي تفقد فيتامينات الغذاء ويجب أكل الخضروات الطازجة بجانبها حتى لا يتعرض المرء إلى نقص في الفيتامينات.

وكذلك يحتاج الجسم للأملاح المعدنية مثل الصوديوم والكلور والبوتاسيوم والكالسيوم الذي يبني العظام والمغنسيوم الذي يضبط ضربات القلب والمنجنيز الهام لعمل المعثكلة وإنتاج الأنسولين، والحديد الذي يدخل في بناء الدم. وكل تلك المواد موجودة في الخضراوات والفواكه والبقوليات والأسماك. والعبرة هي تنويع الغذاء حتى يستفيد الجسم بحصوله على قدر كاف من تلك المواد الضرورية لصحته.

يحتاج الجسم إلى الفيتامينات والأملاح المعدنية بكميات قليلة، ويضمن الحصول عليها «بتنويع» المأكولات من خضروات وفواكه. ومن الأفضل تناول أو الطبخ بالزيوت النباتية بدلا من السمن، فالزيوت النباتية مثل زيت الزيتون وزيت الكتان وزيت الذرة جد غنية بالمقارنة مع السمن والسمن الاصطناعي، فهي تمنع الالتهابات.

الأسباب
تحدث السمنة لعدة أسباب مثل:
 ممارسة عادات غذائية سيئة، الإكثار من النشويات والسكر يحولها الجسم إلى دهون ويختزنها،
 قلة الحركة، لأن الحركة تستهلك شيئا من الطعام وشيئا من الدهن المختزن،
 عوامل وراثية (كفاءة هرمونات الجسم في تحويل الغذاء إلى دهنيات يختزنها، تلك الكفاءة موروثة عن الوالدين)،
 أسباب مرضية (مثل إختلال الهرمونات في الجسم أو إصابة في الغدة الدرقية)،
 أسباب نفسية (التهام الطعام بكميات كبيرة عند الشعور بالضيق)... إلخ.
 تناول الأكل والنوم.
 تناول الأطعمة من المعلبات (غنية بالدهون والسكر)،
 تناول الشيبس والسوداني وشرب مشروبات غنية بالسكر (مثل الكوكاكولا والفانتا والبيبسي)أثناء مشاهدة التلفزيون.
 زيادة تناول الفاست فود لدى ماكدونالد وبورغر كينج وغيره (غنية بالنشويات والسكريات ولا تحتوي على خضروات).
 زيادة تناول الشيكولاته والحلويات والجاتوه.

وتعتبر العادات الغذائية السيئة الموصوفة أعلاه، وقلة الحركة
هما السببان الرئيسيان لحدوث السمنة.

العادات الغذائية السيئة:

تناول كميات كبيرة من الطعام والحلويات والسكريات، وتناول الوجبات السريعة الغنية بالدهون مثل الشيكولاتة، أكياس بطاطس «الشيبس»، والبطاطس المحمرة، واللحوم الدهنية والمشروبات الغازية التي تحتوي على سكر كثير.

مظاهر قلة الحركة:

عدم مزاولة أي نوع من الرياضة (عدم المشي، الانتقال بواسطة السيارات والصعود بالمصعد..) وقضاء ساعات طويلة أمام التليفزيون. العاملون في مكاتب يحتاجون إلى الحركة بعد ذلك كالمشي أو الرياضة، فهي تعدل الوزن وتنشط الأمعاء والكِلي والجهاز التنفسي، كذلك تقوي الشرايين والأوردة، علاوة على نوم عميق مفيد أثناء الليل، حيث يستعيد الجسم قواه.

كيف يستهلك الجسم الدهون

عندما يستهلك الجسم كمية طاقة أكثر مما يتناولها في طعامه (وهذا يحدث بصفة خاصة عند مزاولة الحركة كالمشي والجري والسباحة وصعود السلم أو حمل أثقال (تذكر الرياضيين وعمال البناء) فإن خلايا العضلات تعتمد على الطاقة المخزونة فيها، مثل الكربوهيدرات والدهون لاستخراج الطاقة المخزونة فيها. وأول مصدر يعتمد عليه الجسم هي المادة المخزونة جليكوجين التي هي كربوهيدرات معقدة وهي تكون مخزونة في العضلات وبعض منها يكون مخزونًا في الكبد وجزء آخر موزع في الجسم. نسبة الجليكوجين المخزونة في العضلات الرئيسية وفي الكبد تشكل نحو 65% من كمية الجليكوجين المخزونة في الجسم كله، والمخزون في الجسم كله من الجليكوجين يمكن أن ينتج طاقة في الجسم تقدر بنحو 2000 سعرة كبيرة (أي أنها تكفيه ليوم واحد إذا لم يأكل خلال 24 ساعة، من الوجهة النظرية). هذه الكمية من الجليكوجين المخزونة تأتي من الغذاء - وعلى الأخص النشويات والسكر - الذي يتناولها الإنسان زيادة عن حاجته، بالأخص عن طريق ما يسمى الكربوهيدرات. وجزء من الكربوهيدرات التي يتناولها الإنسان زيادة عن حاجته اليومية والسكريات يحولها الجسم إلى دهن ويختزنه في خلايا دهنية لحين الحاجة إليها (مثل حدوث مجاعة، أو صيام مدد طويلة عن الأكل أو مزاولة رياضة عنيفة لمدة طويلة، أو حالة مرضية شديدة مثل عملية جراحية، يُمنع خلالها عن الأكل).

وبعدما ينتهي الجسم من تحليل الغلايكوجين ويستهلك جزء منه (بعد نحو 30 دقيقة من المشي مثلا)، يبدأ في تحليل الدهن المخزون ويستخرج منه طاقته. خلال تلك العملية تتحلل الدهنيات الموجودة في الخلايا الدهنية إلى جليسرول وأحماض دهنية، ومنها ينتج الجسم طاقته. من عملية تحليل الجليسرول والأحماض الدهنية ينتج ثاني أكسيد الكربون وماء، وطاقة؛ ويخرج ثاني أكسيد الكربون من الجسم مع الزفير أثناء التنفس. فالدهن هو المخزون الرئيسي الذي يعتمد عليه الجسم لتخزين الطاقة، حيث أن الدهن
هو أكثر المواد الغذائية كثافة للطاقة (900 كيلو كالوري لكل 100 جرام، بالمقارنة بنحو 400 كيلو كالوري للنشويات والبرتينات).

بعد نحو 30 دقيقة من النشاط الجسمي كالمشي أو الجري يقلل الجسم من استهلاك الجليكوجين والسكر ويلجأ إلى إستهلاك الدهون المخزونة؛ وتتراوح كمية الدهن في الجسم بين 15 كيلوجرام في النحيف إلى ربما 90 كيلوجرام في السمين.

تقليل السعرات

زيادة الوزن معناها أن الشخص أكل كثيرا واخذ سعرات أكثر من حاجته، إذ يختزن الجسم ما يزيد عن حاجته عن طريق تحويلها إلى دهن يختزنه في خلايا دهنية. إذا تناولت أنت قطعة شوكولاته وزنها 25 جرام كل يوم زيادة عن استهلاكك من الغذاء، فإنك تزيد وزنا بمقدار 4 كيلوجرام بعد مرور 365 يوم، وهكذا. فإن أكل شوكولاته بين حين وآخر سليم وأما تناولها يوميا أو كثيرا غير سليم. وبعد عشر سنوات يصبح في جسمك مخزون من الدهون يبلغ 40 كيلوجرام. تحملها كلما مشيت هنا أم هناك، حمل ثقيل لا تحتاجه.

تقليل الوزن يأتي من تقليل كمية الدهون في الجسم، وهذا لا يتم إلا باستهلاكها وكما يقول البعض «حرقها». إما بالرياضة أو بالحركة الكثيرة أو بتحديد كمية السعرات المأخوذة مع الطعام، أو بكلاهما معًا وهذا هو الأفضل. ومن يريد إنقاص وزنه فعليه باختيار الوقت المناسب أولًا، إذ أن ذلك النظام الغذائي والحركي سيستمر عليه طويلًا ولتكن فترة من 4 إلى 6 أشهر مبدئيًا. ولكن الشخص لن يحرم نفسه من أكلات تعجبه. كل ما في الأمر - وهذا ماينصح به المختصون - أن يُكثر من أكل الخضر والفواكه للحصول على الشبع - وهي قليلة السعرات - وربما تعاطي الإنسان مثلًا مرتين في اليوم برتقالة أو خوختين أو تفاحة أو موزة أو لبن زبادي بين الأكلات الرئيسة حتى لا يشعر بالجوع فيأكل أكثر من المناسب. فالفاكهة تحتوي على سعرات قليلة (نحو 70 سُعر لكل 100 جرام في المتوسط، والخضر تحتوي على نحو 40 سعر لكل 100 غرام في المتوسط)؛ وتناول الخضر والفواكه تقلل من حاجته إلى الدهون والنشويات الغنية بالسعرات (الدهون 930 سُعر لكل 100 جرام، والنشويات 400 سعر لكل 100 جرام). كذلك التقليل من اللحوم (400 سعر لكل 100 جرام). فإذا أكل الشخص ثلاثة وجبات في اليوم فعليه إن أراد إنقاص وزنه أن يتناول في كل وجبة ما يعادل 350 سعر على سبيل المثال؛ فتكون حصيلته من السعرات في اليوم نحو 1050 سعر، وهذا أقل مما يحتاجه جسمه، فيقوم الجسم بحرق جزء من الدهن المخزون بجسمه لإنتاج الطاقة، وينخفض وزنه، وإذا شعر بالجوع فيمكنه أكل اللبن الزبادي أو بضعة من البندق . (على هذا النحو يمكن أن ينخفض وزن الدهن في جسمه بين 40 إلى 80 غرام في اليوم الواحد، هذا بحسب ما يستهلكه من سعرات أثناء اليوم في نشاطاته المختلفة وربما يكون من ضمنها الرياضة أو طلوع السلالم أو المشي أو السباحة .) ذلك لأن احتياجاته اليومية من السعرات التي يحتاجها الجسم للقيام بوظائف إعضائه وبحركته اليومية وما تستهلكه الدماغ تبلغ للكبير ذي وزن 70 كيلوجرام مثلًا ما بين 1800 إلى 2500 سعر (بالنسبة للنساء بين 1600 إلى 2000 كيلو كالوري (كيلو كالوري= سعرة كبيرة)).

نظام صارم للتخسيس:
 تحديد السعرات إلى 1000 أو 1200 سعرة كبيرة في اليوم.
 وكُلْ/ كلي كلّ ما يحلو لك في تلك الحدود.
 قائمة خضروات وفاكهة تساعدك على حساب عدد السعرات التي تتناولها/ تتناوليها يوميًا. (لا يصح التخسيس للحوامل!!)
 الاستعانة بأكل الزبادي أو فاكهة إذا شعرت بالجوع بين الوجبات، فهي قليلة السعرات (نحو 70 سعرة/100 جرام).
 ثبت للباحثين في جامعة ليفربول أن القراصيا أيضًا مشبعة ويقلل تناولها من كمية الغذاء التي نتناولها من بعدها؛ عدة حبات تكون كافية.
 كما أنّ شرب كوبٍ من الماء قبل الأكل تعمل على حدوث الشبع خلال 15 - 20 دقيقة.
 التوقف عن تناول الطعام عند حدوث الشبع، فليس ضروريا أن تأكل الطبق بأكمله.

الحركة تساعد على التخسيس
كما تسير العربة بالبنزين ويسير القطار بالفحم كذلك يستهلك الإنسان وكل كائن حي بعض ما يأكله للقيام بحركته ونشاطه. والقائمة الآتية تبين لنا كمية الدهون بالجرام التي يستهلكها جسم إنسان عادي وليكن وزنه 70 كيلوجرام عند القيام بالتحركات الآتية خلال مدة 10 دقائق:
 المشي: 3 جرام
 ألعاب رياضية (سويدي) 4 جرام
 قيادة الدراجة: 4 جرام
 السباحة: 5 جرام
 الرقص:7 جرام
 صعود الدرج: 9 جرام
 نط الحبل: 10 جرام
 الجري: 10 جرام

فعلى من يريد خفض وزنه فسوف يلاحظ تحسنا أفضل في انخفاض وزنه إذا وضع في طريقته جزءًا يختص بالحركة كالتمشية أو الجري أو السباحة أو صعود السلم، أو أو إلخ.

وسائل مساعدة على التخسيس

 تناول الأطعمة التي تعطي إحساساً بالشبع لوقت أطول يساعد على تخفيف السعرات الحرارية اليومية بدون الشعور بالجوع - تلك هي أن يحتوي الطعام على نشويات (بها ألياف) وبروتينات ودهنيات وكثير من الخضروات؛ ذلك الخليط يسمى بالمؤشر الجلايسيمي (GI) وهو مقياس للأطعمة يستند أثرها على مستوى الجلوكوز في الدم والتي تتحلل ببطء لديها مؤشر جلايسيمي منخفض بينما الأطعمة التي تتحلل بشكل أسرع لديها مؤشر جلايسيمي مرتفع.
 مضغ الطعام مضغًا جيدًا، وعدم الأكل بسرعة أو الأكل أثناء القراءة أو مشاهدة التلفزيون. فقد وجد المختصون أن الإنسان يبدأ أن يشعر بالإشباع بعد 15 - 20 دقيقة من بداية تناوله الطعام. ومضغ الطعام مضغًا جيدًا له ثلاثة فوائد: أولًا، يختلط الطعام أثناء المضغ باللعاب الذي هو عصارة تعمل على هضم الطعام بصفة مبدئية. ثانيًا: مضغ الطعام جيدًا تجعل المرء يستمتع أكثر بطعم الغذاء الذي يأكله حتى أنه يمكنه بالممارسة معرفة وجود الفلفل أو القرنفل أو الثوم أو البهار أو الزنجبيل أو القرفة في الطعام أو الفانيليا في الحلويات. ثالثًا: يساعد مضغ الطعام جيدًا على خفض سرعة الأكل حيث يشعر الإنسان بالشبع خلال 15 - 20 دقيقة من الأكل في الوقت الذي يكون فيه قد أخد من الغذاء قدرًا صغيرًا من الطعام (أي سعرات أقل). كما يساعد المضغ الجيد على خلط جيد للغذاء باللعاب وهذه هي المرحلة الأولى من عملية هضم الغذاء، قبل عصارة المعدة ثم عصارتي المرارة والبنكرياس اللتان تصبان في الإثنا عشر.
 بدء الطعام بأكل السلطة أو فاكهة أولًا ثم تناول الطبق الرئيسي،
 شُربُ كوبٍ من الماء قبل الأكل (يساعد على ملء المعدة، فتعطي إشارة بالشبع)،
 التقليل من تناول المحمرات، فمثلًا:
 تحتوي البطاطس المسلوقة على 70 سعر حراري لكل 100 جرام منها، في حين أن البطاطس المحمرة تحتوي على 300 سعر لكل 100 جرام بسبب امتصاصها لزيت التحمير أو الدهن.
 يحتوي 120 جرام من لحم الضأن المسلوق على نحو 200 سعر، في حين أن تحميره في السمن يرفع محتواها من السعرات إلى نحو 400 سعر بسبب امتصاصها وتشبعها بالسمن.
 التقليل من الحلويات، إذ إنها تجمع بين النشويات (الطحين أو دقيق السميد) والسكر والسمن (550 سعر /جرام).
 وينصح أخصائيي التغذية عند تناول الحلويات أن لا تتعدى 30 جرام في اليوم.
 المداومة على ممارسة رياضة معينه حتى لو كانت خفيفة فهى مفيدة للجسم وصحة الإنسان

صعوبات عند التخسيس
إن التخسيس لا يتم خلال أيام قليلة وإنما يحتاج أشهر على أن يكون تقليل الأكل معتدلا وليس صارما (الحيز المعقول هو نقص في الوزن بمعدل 5و1 كيلو في الشهر) ويجب أن توجد العزيمة والالتزام. وإنه من الصعب على الإنسان أن يشعر بأنه سيحرم من تناول أطعمة يحبها.ولكن يستطيع أن يحافظ على وزنه من خلال تنظيم غذائه اليومي وعدم المبالغة في حجم الوجبات يوميًا. فأحيانًا يكون المرء متوترًا ولا يجد ملجأ إلا في تناول الطعام الذي يحبه. ثم استمرار المرء على ما نوى عليه من ضبط وزنه.

بعض الناس يقول «إما أن أنجح في ذلك أو يصيبني الفشل»، فهذا يعني انتظارات المرء كبيرة وطويلة للتنفيذ . ولكن الممكن فعليًا هو أن يعرف المرء بأن تلك الكبوات محتملة الحدوث. عندئذ يفكر المرء على النحو:«في العيد وفي الإجازة قد أزيد كيلو أو اثنين، وربما بسبب الإرهاق. ولكن على المدى الطويل سوف استطيع تعويضها وتخفيضها ثانيًا في أيام تالية».

وفي الحقيقة أن التخسيس هو عملية صعبة على النفس وتستمر لفترة طويلة. ومن يأخذ ذلك في الحسبان يعرف أن هناك فرصة حسنة للوصول إلى غرضه. وليتعلم التسامح مع النفس عند الكبوات. وليعرف أن عدم الصبر إنما هو «سم» للتخسيس.

من الأقوال المشهورة في الابتعاد عن العادات الصحية السيئة، «من السهل الامتناع عن التدخين، فقد مارست ذلك مئة مرة» - مارك توين، الأديب الأمريكي.
والإكثار في تناول الطعام يماثل ذلك، فمن يحب الإكثار في تناول الطعام فإنه يعود إلي الإكثار بعد فترة قصيرة بعد تقليله، إلا أن عدم المحاولة ليست حلًا.

صعود السلم
في كل درجة من درجات صعود السلم يستهلك شخص وزنه 70 كيلوجراما نحو 1و0 سعر كبير. فإذا صعدت عشرة درجات سلم فأنت تستهلك أثناء ذلك 1 سعر كبير، أي ما يعادل 1/4 جرام من سكر الدم . وإنك لتشعر بذلك إذ أنك عندما تصعد 40 سلمة يستهلك جسمك خلالها 1 جرام من السكر. يقوم الجسم بإحراق السكر عن طريق أخذ الأكسجين من الهواء، وتتولد طاقة حرارية في الجسم يحولها الجسم إلى طاقة حركة (الصعود). وعندما تصعد تجد أنك تتنفس بشدة لأخذ قدر أكبر من الأكسجين من الهواء.

الصعود 40 سلمة تعادل رفع الجسم مسافة 8 أمتار إلى أعلى؛ ويستهلك الجسم خلالها 1 جرام من السكر . هذه كفاءة عالية للجسم في تحويل الطاقة الحرارية إلى طاقة حركة. فمثلًا إذا أردت أن ترفع حمولة قدرها 70 كيلوجرام مسافة 8 أمتار بواسطة آلة بخارية فإنك تحتاج إلى قدر كبير من الفحم أو الخشب لكي تقوم بتسخين ماء، ينتج منه بخارًا، ويقوم البخار بتشغيل الرافعة . ذلك لأن الحرارة الناتجة من احتراق الفحم أو الخشب يتشتت معظمها في الجو، ويستغل جزء صغير منها لتشغيل الآلة البخارية الرافعة . فبالفعل إن كفاءة الجسم في تحويل الطاقة الحرارية إلى طاقة حركة أكبر كثيرًا من كفاءة آلة بخارية.

التخسيس والجذور الحرة

يقوم التخسيس أساسًا على تقليل كمية الطعام التي يتناولها المرء خلال اليوم - وعلى الأخص النشويات والسكر. فهو يتنازل مثلًا عن 30 % مما يأكله في العادة، وبعد فترة يجد أن وزنه انخفض، وأصبح لياقة بدنه أحسن. ليس هذا فقط ما يجنيه من أخذه طواعية بالحد من كميات طعامه، بل إنها أيضًا في صالح سلامة جسمة، فاحتمال إصابته ب السكري تقل، كما يقل مجهود عمل قلبه وأعضائه مثل الكبد والكلى.

من جهة آخرى، إن تعاطي الطعام بمقادير أقل تعني خفض للإجهاد التأكسدي للخلايا مما يقلل أيضًا من كمية الجذور الحرة في الجسم، وبالتالي ضرر أقل للخلايا. فإن زادت عملية الأيض - وهي تزيد بتناول طعام كثير- تشير المشاهدات الطبية إلى أن هذا له تأثير في تقصير العمر. ذلك لأن الأيض المتزايد يزيد من الجذور الحرة في خلايا الجسم، وهي تؤثر سلبًا على وظيفة الكبد والبنكرياس والكلى والقلب. وحقيقة، أن خفض عدد السعرات التي تتناولها بعض الكائنات التي تـُجرى عليها تجارب معملية تبين إطالة ملحوظة في العمر. وقد أدى إمداد بعض حيوانات التجارب بمركبات مضادة للتأكسد إلى إطالة في متوسط أعمارها، وهذا عندما تـُعطى تلك المواد لها مبكرًا من عمرها. ولكن لم يحدث إطالة في الحد الأقصى للأعمار. (أنظر نظرية الجذور الحرة والتشيخ).

مراجع

اقرأ أيضا ً

 خضروات
 فاكهة
 قيمة بيولوجية
 قوت
 تغذية
 تغذية متوازنة
 غذاء
 القضيب المدفون
 فودماب
 كونجاك
 سوء التغذية بالبروتين والطاقة
 TOFI

 مغذي
 مغذي أصغر
 فيتامينات
 عنصر زهيد
 طعام خردة
 غذاء كامل
 سكر حر
 أخصائيو التغذية
 طرق تحضير الطعام
 تأثير اليويو
 علاج السمنة

حميات
سمنة

إنقاص الوزن


William Nunn Lipscomb Jr. (9. december 1919 - 14. april 2011) var en amerikansk uorganisk og organisk kemiker der arbejdede med NMR, teoretisk kemi, borkemi og biokemi. Han modtog nobelprisen i kemi i 1976 "for sine studier af strukturen af boraner der belyser problemer med kemiske bindinger."

Referencer

Nobelprismodtagere i kemi
Nobelprismodtagere fra USA
Kemikere fra USA

William Lipscomb


Anne Schäfer ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Anne Schäfer (Gartenhistorikerin) (* 1952), deutsche Gartenhistorikerin
 Anne Schäfer (Schauspielerin) (* 1979), deutsche Schauspielerin
 Anne Schäfer (Molekularbiologin), deutsche Molekularbiologin
 Anne Schäfer (Tennisspielerin) (* 1987), deutsche Tennisspielerin

Anne Schäfer


Miguel Colmeiro y Penido, né à Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle le  et mort à Madrid le , est un botaniste espagnol, membre de l'Académie royale des sciences exactes, physiques et naturelles.

Biographie
Miguel Colmeiro y Penido naît à Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle le .

Il devient recteur de l'université centrale de Madrid et doyen de la Faculté des sciences. Il est directeur du jardin botanique royal de Madrid et tient la chaire de phytographie et de géographie botanique. Il est membre numéraire de l'Académie royale espagnole et de l'Académie nationale de médecine ainsi que d'autres sociétés scientifiques.

Colmeiro est l'auteur de multiples publications de botanique qui font autorité. Il est cofondateur de la . Il compte parmi ses élèves le botaniste et explorateur Juan Isern.

Miguel Colmeiro meurt à Madrid le . Son nom botanique est Colmeiro.

Plantes éponymes
 (Asteraceae) Cirsium colmeiroanum Sennen
 (Asteraceae) Hieracium colmeiroanum Arv.-Touv. &
 (Malvaceae) Malva colmeiroi Willk.
 (Oleaceae) Phillyrea × colmeiroana Sennen
 (Rhamnaceae) Rhamnus × colmeiroi , Obón & Selma

Publications
 Examen de las encinas y demás árboles de la Península que producen bellotas, con la designación de los que se llaman mestos, 1854 (en coll. avec Esteban Boutelou).
 La botánica y los botánicos de la península hispano-lusitana: Estudios bibliográficos y biográficos, 1858.
 Enumeración y revisión de las plantas de la península hispano-lusitana e Islas Baleares, 1886-1889.

Distinctions
  Chevalier de la grande croix de l'.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Botaniste espagnol du XIXe siècle
Universitaire espagnol du XIXe siècle
Naissance à Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle
Naissance en octobre 1816
Décès en juin 1901
Décès à Madrid
Décès à 84 ans

Miguel Colmeiro y Penido


Pedro Henrique Rodrigues Bicalho, conhecido simplesmente como Pedro Bicalho (São José dos Campos, 23 de abril de 2001), é um futebolista brasileiro que atua como meio-campista. Atualmente joga pelo  de Portugal por empréstimo do .

Carreira

Nascido em São Paulo, o jogador foi revelado pelo São José Esporte Clube de São José dos Campos, chegou a jogar pelo , mas foi para as categorias de base do  no final de 2020. Já no ano de 2021, o atleta teve chances em jogos no elenco profissional.

Em 2022 em acordo de empréstimo até julho de 2023, Pedro Bicalho se transfere para o  de Portugal.

Títulos
Palmeiras
 Campeonato Paulista: 2022
 Campeonato Brasileiro: 2022

Ligações externas

Futebolistas do Brasil

Pedro Bicalho


Dansk Filmrevy 1941-1942 er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1942 med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Kong Christian 10. holder fødselsdag i Sorgenfri slotspark med børnebørnene. Den 26. september 1941 rider Kong Christian 10. igennem det flagsmykkede København og bliver hyldet, og sammen med Dronning Alexandrine kører han senere i åben bil. Studentersangerne synger Der er et yndigt land som akkompagnement til billeder af Danmarks natur. Prins Valdemars begravelse 14. januar 1939: båren føres fra Holmens Kirke i København til det ventende tog, der bringer båren til Roskilde Domkirke. Statsminister Thorvald Staunings død 3. maj 1942 og bisættelse.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1942
Ugerevyer
Reportagefilm fra Danmark

Dansk Filmrevy 1941-1942


L'hydroxyde de chrome(III) est un composé inorganique vert gélatineux de formule chimique Cr(OH) 3 . C'est un polymère avec une structure indéfinie et ayant une faible solubilité. Il est amphotère, se dissolvant à la fois dans les alcalins forts et les acides forts.

 En milieu alcalin : Cr(OH) 3 + OH − →  + 2 H 2 O
 En milieu acide : Cr(OH) 3 (OH 2 ) 3 + 3 H + →

Il est utilisé comme pigment. Il peut également être utilisé comme colorant à mordant et comme catalyseur pour des réactions organiques.

Il est fabriqué en ajoutant une solution d'hydroxyde d'ammonium à une solution de sel de chrome.

L'hydroxyde de chrome (III) pur n'est pas encore connu parmi les espèces minérales en 2020. Cependant, trois polymorphes naturels de l'oxyhydroxyde, CrO(OH), sont connus : la bracewellite, la grimaldiite et la guyanaïte.

Références

Hydroxyde

Hydroxyde de chrome(III)


Drniški pršut  (tal. prosciutto prosušen, od lat. prae exsuctus, vulg. lat. perexsuctus vrlo isušen), izvorni drniški trajni suhomesnati proizvod, od svinjskog buta bez zdjeličnih kost koji se ubraja u hrvatske autohtone proizvode.

Priprema
Soli se s krupnom morskom soli, preša, hladno dimi i suši minimalno 12 mjeseci u ograničenom zemljopisnom području i u skladu s uvjetima proizvodnje, kontrole i označavanja proizvoda koje propisuje specifikacija.

Proizvodi se tradicionalnim postupkom proizvodnje kojeg čine obrada buta, suho soljenje, prešanje, ispiranje, dimljenje, sušenje na zraku i zrenje. Sve faze u proizvodnji pršuta obavljaju se ručno.

Povezani članci

 Pršut

Izvori

Pršut
Izvorno hrvatsko
Hrvatski suhomesnati proizvodi

Drniški pršut


Karolinško Carstvo (fra. Empire Carolingien, njem. Karolinsches Reich, tal. Impero Carolingio) naziv je za Franačku u razdoblju od 800. do 888. godine, tj. od krunidbe Karla Velikog za cara do smrti Karla Debelog. Godine 800. Karlo Veliki postao je prvi zapadnoeuropski car nakon pada Zapadnog Rimskog Carstva. Time je označen početak postojanja Svetog Rimskog Carstva. Godine 843. carstvo je podijeljeno između 3 sina Ludviga Pobožnog. Jedinstvo je nakratko obnovljeno 884. pod vodstvom Karla Debelog. Nakon njegove smrti obnovljen je raskol između istočnog i zapadnog dijela Carstva. Područje Karolinškog Carstva oko 800. godine obuhvaćalo je 1.112.000 km², a u njemu je živjelo između 10.000.000 i 20.000.000 ljudi.

Nakon smrti Pipina Malog, vlast u Franačkoj preuzela su dvojica njegovih sinova – Karlo i Karloman. Karloman umire pod nepoznatim okolnostima 771. godine, a Karlo, bez obzira na nasljedno pravo Karlomanovih sinova, preuzima vlast nad cijelom državom. Intervenirajući u korist pape Hadrijana, Karlo je u razdoblju od 772. do 774. osvojio langobardsku državu, proglasivši se langobardskim kraljem. Istodobno je proširio franački utjecaj na današnju Italiju formiranjem mreže franačkih vojnih posjeda i postavljanjem grofova u sjevernoj Italiji. Godine 780. proglasio je Kraljevstvo Italija koje je obuhvaćalo područje Apeninskog poluotoka (osim Napulja, Kalabrije, istočnog dijela Apulije, Sicilije i Beneventa). Sedam godina kasnije, Benevento je postao dio Kraljevstva Italije.

Godine 795. umire papa Hadrijan, a na njegovo mjesto dolazi papa Lav III. Već iduće godine Karlo mu je poslao pismo u kojem mu je naredio da se drži kanonskih propisa. Oporba protiv pape bila je prejaka te je 799. podignuta pobuna, papa je bačen na zemlju, a vojvoda od Spoleta spasio ga je od ubojstva. Djelujući kao arbitar, Karlo ga je prisilio da mu se pokori. Osobno je 800. godine došao u Rim, gdje ga je na Božić papa okrunio za rimsko-njemačkog cara. Prema Einhardovoj biografiji Karla Velikog, krunidba je pripremljena bez znanja Karla Velikog. Toga dana došao je u crkvu sv. Petra moliti se pred oltarom. Dok je klečao, papa mu je stavio krunu na glavu, a okupljeni ga je narod slavio kao augusta i rimskog cara. Tada je papa kleknuo pred Karla u skladu s običajem proskinezije, koji je uveo rimski car Dioklecijan u 3. stoljeću.

Bizantsko Carstvo odbilo je priznati Karla za cara, a od 806. do 812. vodio se franačko-bizantski rat te je završio pobjedom Karla Velikog. Bizantski car ponovno je preuzeo vlast nad Venecijom, ali su Franci zadržali Istru te Panonsku i Primorsku Hrvatsku, a Karlovu je carsku titulu priznao bizantski car. Godine 813. Karlo je za prijestolonasljednika imenovao svog sina Ludviga I. Pobožnog, a umro je sljedeće godine u dobi od 71 godine.

Ludvig nije bio ni blizu tako sposoban kao njegov otac Karlo. U prvom razdoblju svoje vladavine oslanjao se na Crkvu. Papa Lav III. odbio mu je položiti prisegu vjernosti, a pristaše Karlove stroge politike prema papi natjerale su Crkvu 824. da od franačkog cara zatraži potvrdu pri izboru papa. Godine 822. Ludvig je ugušio ustanak Ljudevita Posavskog u Panonskoj Hrvatskoj. Bugari su pomogli Ljudevitu, bojeći se moćnog susjeda, a franačka vlast na hrvatskim prostorima u potpunosti je obnovljena tek 845. godine.

Verdunskim ugovorom napuštena je zamisao o jedinstvu Karlove države. Najteže prilike nakon 843. godine bile su u Zapadnoj Franačkoj pod vlašću Karla Ćelavog protiv koga su se pobunile Bretanja i Akvitanija, a država je neprestano trpjela od napada Normana.

Nakon smrti zapadnofranačkog kralja, Karlo Debeli postao je vladar Zapadnog Kraljevstva, koje je nakratko ponovno ujedinilo nekadašnje carstvo Karla Velikog. Međutim, budući da je Karlo Debeli bio nesposoban vladar, istočnofranački magnati ubrzo su za novog kralja postavili Arnulfa Karantanskog i tako obnovili raskol. Karlo Debeli umire 888., a zapadnofranački vazali imenuju Oda, grofa od Pariza, novim kraljem. Tako se Karolinško Carstvo raspalo na 5 kraljevstava (Kraljevinu Francusku, Kraljevinu Njemačku, Kraljevstvo Italiju, Sjevernu Burgundiju i Arleško Kraljevstvo) i još dva nezavisna vojvodstva (Akvitanija i Bretanja).

Izvori

Bivše monarhije

Karolinško Carstvo


Caymanøerne deltog ved vinter-OL 2014 i Sotji, som blev afholdt i perioden 7. februar til 23. februar 2014.

Medaljer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Resultater og profilside  på sports-reference.com

Lande ved vinter-OL 2014
2014

Caymanøerne ved vinter-OL 2014


إن لعبة الراح ( بالفرنسية) لمن رياضات الراحة الملعوبة بكرة من مطاط، في ملاعب مفتوحة أو مغلوقة؛ عند دول كندا، المملكة المتحدة والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية۔

رَ أيضا
 لعبة الراح في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1908
 لعبة الكف

لعبة الراح
ألعاب رياضية تستخدم الكرة
ألعاب رياضية فردية
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رياضات الراح
رياضة الأماكن المغلقة

لعبة الراح


Mebruk Zayid (; d. 11 Şubat 1979), Suudi millî futbolcudur. Kaleci mevkiinde görev yapan oyuncu, en son El-İttihad kulübünde forma giymiştir.

Zayid, Suudi Arabistan millî futbol takımında da görev yapmaktadır ve 2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda Suudi Arabistan millî futbol takımının kadrosunda yer aldı.

Dış bağlantılar

1979 doğumlular
Suudi futbolcular
Riyad doğumlu sporcular
Kaleci futbolcular
Suudi Arabistan millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2004 AFC Asya Kupası futbolcuları
2011 AFC Asya Kupası futbolcuları
Ittihad FC futbolcuları
Dûrî el-Muhtarifin es-Suudî futbolcuları
Yaşayan insanlar
Resim aranan futbolcular

Mebruk Zayid


Elbistan, Kahramanmaraş iline bağlı ilçedir. İlçe konumu itibarıyla Akdeniz, İç Anadolu Bölgesi ve Doğu Anadolu bölgelerinin kesiştiği noktada yer alır. Şehir merkezinin nüfusu yaklaşık olarak 110.000'dir. TÜİK 2020 yılı ADNKS nüfus sayımına göre tüm ilçe nüfusu belde ve köyleriyle birlikte 142 778' dir. Şehir merkezinden doğan ve Akdeniz'e dökülen Ceyhan Nehri ile ünlüdür.

Elbistan, tarihi çok eski dönemlere kadar uzanan bir şehir olup Osmanlı Devleti'ne son katılan beylik olan Dulkadiroğlu Beyliği'ne başkentlik yapmıştır. Beyliğin başkenti ancak 1507'de Elbistan'ın savaşta tamamen yakılmasından sonra Maraş'a taşınmıştır. Ancak kısa bir süre Maraş'tan yönetilen beylik 1515'te Turnadağ Muharebesi ile Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na katılmıştır. Osmanlı padişahı II. Murat'ın annesi Emine Hatun Dulkadiroğlu beyi Nasıreddin Mehmed Bey'in kızıdır.  Günümüzde çarşı yakınlarında bulunan eski Selçuklu hamamı civarında beylik kalesi ve sarayı kalıntıları bulunduğu bilinmektedir.

Etimoloji
Roma ve Bizans döneminde Plasta diye adlandırılan şehir Ermenice kaynaklarda Ablasta, Ablastayn; Arapça kaynaklarda Ablestin, Ablusteyn; Farsça kaynaklarda Ablistin olarak geçer. Osmanlı hakimiyetine girmesiyle bugünkü söylenişine uygun şekil almıştır. Halk arasında Albıstan şeklinde de telaffuz edilir. Elbistan, Bizans'ın Ablasta olarak adlandırdığı yerleşim yeridir. IV. Murad, Bağdat Seferi esnasında Osmanlı kaynaklarında Albustan olarak adlandırılan Elbistan'dan geçiş yapmıştır. Ablastan, Albıstan gibi farklı dönemlerde değişik isimlendirmeler yapılmış olup Arap tarihçiler tarafından ise Ablustayn olarak bahsedilmiştir. XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren Arap tarihçisi İbni İlyas dışındaki tüm tarihçiler tarafından Albistan veya Elbistan olarak bahsedilmiştir.

Coğrafya
İlçe sınırları Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nin Yukarı Fırat Bölümü'nde olup 2547 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Yaklaşık olarak 37 doğu meridyeni - 38 kuzey paraleli arasında bulunan Elbistan'ın kuzeyinde Darende ve Gürün ilçeleri, güneyinde Nurhak ve Ekinözü, doğusunda Malatya ili, Doğanşehir ve Akçadağ ilçeleri, batısında ise Afşin ve Göksun ilçeleri bulunmaktadır. Çevre illere uzaklığı Malatya şehir merkezine 120 km, Sivas şehir merkezine 232 km, Adıyaman şehir merkezine 160 km, Kayseri şehir merkezine 216 km, Adana şehir merkezine 280 km olup bağlı bulunduğu Kahramanmaraş ili şehir merkezine ise 158 km'dir.

Tarihçe
Elbistan'ın tarihi çok eskiye dayanır. İlçe höyük oluşumları açısından çok zengindir. Kara Höyük Mahallesinde yapılan kazı çalışmalarında Geç Hitit dönemine ait bazı eserler gün yüzüne çıkarılmıştır. Ayrıca Elbistan ilçesindeki Yukarı Ceyhan bölgesinde yapılan kazılarda şu ana kadar 21 tane höyüğe rastlanmıştır. Bugün Kahramanmaraş Müzesi'nde bulunan Maraş Aslanı Afşin (Arıtaş) 'de bulunmuştur. Elbistan'da henüz bir müze olmadığı için bu eserler; İstanbul, Ankara, Adana ve Kahramanmaraş'ta sergilenmektedir. Elbistan ve köylerinde Oğuzların Avşar, Bayat, Beydili boyları çoğunlukta olmakla birlikte hemen hemen 24 Oğuz boyunun tamamı mevcuttur.

Bizans ile Abbasiler arasında 9., 10., ve 11. yüzyıllarda çeşitli savaşlar meydana geldi. Elbistan, 1084'te Selçuklular tarafından fethedildiyse de, Haçlı Seferleri sırasında sık sık yağmalandı ve el değiştirdi. Elbistan, 1144 yılında Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti Sultanı I. Mesud zamanında tekrar alındı. Ancak bu dönemde de sık sık Danişmentliler ile mücadele edildi. Ardından, 1190 yılında II. Kılıçarslan ülkeyi 11 oğlu arasında paylaştırdı. Elbistan Tuğrul Şah'a verildi. Bölge Kösedağ Muharebesi'nden sonra Moğol hakimiyetine girdi. Hakimiyet 1273-1277 yılları arasındaydı.Moğol hakimiyetinden sonra, 15 Nisan 1277 tarihinde Memlûk Sultanı Baybars'ın Moğol ordusunu yenmesi ile 112 sene Memlûk Devleti bütün bölgede etkili oldu. Dulkadiroğulları Beyliği, bölgede 176 sene Memlük Devleti'ne bağlı olarak hakimiyet kurdu. Bölge, Osmanlılarca ilk defa I. Bayezit döneminde kuşatıldıysa da (1399), bu girişim başarısızlıkla sonuçlandı. 1400 yılında da Timur, Elbistan ve yöresini yağmaladı. Bu yağmadan sonra Elbistan 16. yüzyılın başlarına kadar yağmalandı. Bölge, Osmanlılarca 1515 yılına kadar çeşitli şekillerde kuşatıldıysa da bu girişimler başarılı olamadı.

I. Selim döneminde Turnadağ Muharebesi (1515) ile Osmanlı İmparatorluğuna katıldı. 1522 yılında Maraş bölgesi, özel yönetiminden ayrılır, sancak haline gelir ve Elbistan da Maraş'ın kazası haline gelir. Evliya Çelebi'nin Seyahatnâme'sinde bölge hakkında bilgiler verir: Bu dağlar ve beldelerde hep Türkmenler otururlar. Lisanları (kendileri gibi) Buhara illerinden gelmedir. Bütün Türkler on iki çeşit lisan üzere konuşurlar.

1864 tarihinde, (Abdülaziz döneminde) Halep Vilayeti kurulunca, Maraş kazaya dönüşürken, Elbistan ve köy çevresi eski önemini kaybetmiştir. 1871 yılında da Elbistan'da ilk kez belediye teşkilatı kurulmuştu.  I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Osmanlı'nın Halep'i kaybetmesiyle, Halep Vilayeti'ne bağlılık sona ermişti. Abbasi, Selçuklu, Haçlı, Danişmend, Moğol, Memlük ve son olarak Dulkadiroğulları Beyliği bölgede 176 sene Memlük Devleti'ne bağlı olarak hakimiyet kurdu. Osmanlı kuşatmaları ise başarısızlıkla sonuçlandı.

Cumhuriyet dönemi
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ilanından sonra Maraş günümüzdeki şeklini aldı ve Elbistan tamamen Maraş'a bağlandı. Yerleşik hayata geçtikten sonra yaylaya çıkma 1980'lerden sonra terk edilmiştir.

İlçe, 2023 Kahramanmaraş depremleri sebebiyle ağır hasar görmüştür.

İl olma tartışması
1970'li yıllardan beri il olma hayali ile yaşayan Elbistan halkı, bu hayalini gerçekleştirmek amacıyla çeşitli defalar birlik olarak bazı çalışmalarda bulundu. 12 Şubat 1993 yılında bu isteğine çok yaklaşan Elbistan, heyette bulunan muhtar Nuri Taphasanoğlu sayesinde bu konu hakkında birçok girişime imza attı. Zamanın başbakanı Süleyman Demirel, muhtar Taphasanoğlu'nun ısrarcı davranışları üzerine ceketinin arkasını imzalayarak; "Muhtarım, Elbistan il oldu" yazıp altını imzaladı. Ancak Elbistan ilçe olarak kalmaya devam etti.

Uzun yıllar süre gelen Elbistan'ın il olma hususu 2000 yılında TBMM'ye verilen kanun teklifiyle resmiyet kazanmıştır. Kahramanmaraş'ın büyükşehir statüsüne geçmesi ile bu konu zamana bırakılmıştır.

2023 depremi

Kahramanmaraş'ın Pazarcık ilçesinde 6 Şubat Pazartesi günü sabah saat 04.17'de deprem 7.7 büyüklüğündeki deprem meydana geldi.
Deprem; Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Osmaniye, Adıyaman, Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır, Malatya ve Adana başta olmak üzere çevre illerde yoğun şekilde hissedildi ve yıkıma neden oldu. 7,7 büyüklüğündeki depremin ardından saat 13.24'te bir deprem daha meydana geldi. Merkez üssü Kahramanmaraş'ın Elbistan ilçesi olan depremin büyüklüğü 7,6 olarak kaydedildi. Elbistan'da deprem nedeniyle 900'den fazla kişi vefat etmiştir.

Ekonomi

İlçenin ekonomik yapısında tarım ve tarıma dayalı ticaret ağırlıklı paya sahiptir. Termik santraller ve şeker fabrikası dışında sanayi henüz  gelişmemiştir. Fakat Elbistan OSB kurulmaya başlanmıştır ve yakın gelecekte sanayileşmenin daha da hızlanması beklenmektedir.  Özellikle kırsal kesimlerde tarım büyük önem arz etmektedir. Şehir çok yakınından doğan ve ortasından geçen Ceyhan Nehri ile ünlüdür. Afşin-Elbistan termik santralleri Türkiye'nin elektrik üretimine önemli bir katkı sağlamaktadır. Şu anda mevcut olan iki santral toplam 17 milyar kwh elektrik üretmektedir.  Bölgedeki kömür yataklarının toplam 5 milyar ton'dan fazla rezerve sahip olduğu MTA kurumunca açıklanmıştır.
Bölgenin en büyük şeker fabrikası olan Elbistan Şeker Fabrikası ovada ve civar illerde yetişen pancarları işler.

Cumhuriyet'in ilk yıllarından itibaren sürekli sosyolojik gelişmeler gösteren Elbistan'ın en önemli geçim kaynağı tarım ve hayvancılıktır. Tarımsal olarak üretilen en önemli ürünler tahıl ve şeker pancarıdır. Ayrıca Afşin sınırları içerisinde bulunanTürkiye'nin en büyük linyit rezervleri nedeni ile bölgede şu anda aktif olarak çalışan 2 adet termik santral bulunmakta ve 3. santralin  de Afşin-Altınelma kırsal mahallesi civarına kurulması  için gerekli çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. İlçede ayrıca şeker fabrikası, pvc kapı ve pencere fabrikası, tuğla fabrikası gibi birçok sanayi kuruluşu bulunmaktadır. Bunlara ek olarak, kömür dışında sınırları içerisindeki köylerde mermer, krom gibi madenler bulunmaktadır. Sanayi faaliyetleri hızlı bir şekilde gelişmekte olup bölgenin adeta bir ticaret merkezi konumundadır. Ayrıca devlet tarafından bir OSB (Organize Sanayi Bölgesi) kurulması kararlaştırılmış olup bu OSB'nin sanayileşmeyi çok hızlandırması beklenmektedir.

Ayrıca Elbistan'dan yurtdışına giden gurbetçiler ve sezonluk işçilerin yaz aylarında memleketlerine gelmesi ekonomiye katkı sağlar.
2019 yılında Tarım ve Orman  Bakanlığı'nca Elbistan- Doğan  kırsal mahallesine Türkiye'nin en büyük besi çiftliklerinden olacak ve her yıl 100 binden fazla büyükbaş hayvan yetiştirilecek olan bir Besi Organize Bölgesi'nin kurulması kararlaştırılmış olup bu tesisin kapsayacağı arazi 4 bin dönümden çok olacaktır. Bu besi bölgesinin çevresinde ayrıca çeşitli kesimhaneler, sucuk ve et ürünleri fabrikaları, bir yem fabrikası ve deri işleme fabrikaları bulunacaktır. Böylece yeni parayla yıllık 1 milyar TL civarında bir katma değer Elbistan ekonomisine eklenecektir.

İlçenin yatırım potansiyeli daha çok gıda üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Besicilik gelişmiştir ve Türkiye çapında ünlü çoğu markaya et satışı yapılmaktadır. Elbistan Ovası, deniz seviyesinden yaklaşık olarak 1115 m. yükseklikte olup Türkiye'nin 4. büyük ovası olarak oldukça verimli bir arazi yapısına sahiptir. Bundan ötürü  tarım ve hayvancılık Elbistan'da çok ilerlemiştir. Türkiye'de kaliteli et üretim merkezlerinden biri de Elbistan'dır.

26 Ocak 2015 tarihinde Elbistan Organize Sanayi Bölgesi (OSB)'de 1. etap alanına ait yol, içme suyu, atık su, yağmur suyu ve iletişim hatlarının döşenmesini kapsayacak altyapı projesi için ilk kazma vuruldu.

Ulaşım
Yapılmakta olan Gölbaşı-Nurhak yolu (Kumlu Yolu) ile Elbistan güneydoğu illerinin batıya açılan kapısı olacaktır. Ayrıca Elbistan-Afşin-Sarız yolunun faaliyete geçmesi ve havaalanının yapılması, Elbistan'ın gelişmesine büyük katkı sağlayacaktır. Elbistan 140.000'i aşan nüfusuyla ve içinde barındırdığı ticaret hacmi  ve oluşan sermaye açısından Türkiye'nin 18 ilinden daha büyük olan ancak il olamamış bir ilçedir. Büyükşehir merkez ilçeleri hariç tutulduğunda Türkiye'nin en büyük 22. ilçe merkezidir.

Nüfus

Eğitim
Elbistan'da sadece şehir merkezinde toplam 13 ilkokul, 10 ortaokul, 10 lise ve 6 (4 ayrı kurum) özel eğitim kurumu, 10 dershane ve bir tane de KSÜ'ye bağlı meslek yüksek okulu bulunmaktadır. 2012 Yılında KSÜ'ye bağlı olarak Elbistan Teknoloji Fakültesi kurulmuştur.

Spor
1981'de kurulan Elbistanspor, yeni adıyla Elbistan Belediyespor, amatör kümelerde mücadele ediyor. Elbistanspor 8 sezon 3. Lig'de oynadı. 1993 sezonunda amatör kümeye düştü. 2010 yılında oluşturulan bölgesel amatör ligde mücadele eden Elbistan Belediyespor iki yıl üst üste baraj maçı ile ligde kaldı.

Elbistan ilçe merkezindeki mahalleler
 Bahçelievler
 Battalgazi
 Ceyhan
 Cumhuriyet
 Esentepe
 Güneşli
 Kızılcaoba
 Köprübaşı
 Kümbet
 Orhangazi
 Pınarbaşı
 Tepebaşı
 Yeşilyurt
Yunusemre

Kardeş şehirler
  Pont-à-Mousson, Fransa

Galeri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Elbistan Belediyesi
 Elbistan Kaymakamlığı
 KSÜ, Elbistan Teknoloji Fakültesi

Elbistan


Yury Díaz Caballero (La Habana, 1978) es un ilustrador, historietista, caricaturista y animador cubano.

Biografía
Trabajó en el departamento de dibujos animados del ICRT Estudios de Animación delICAIC. Ha publicado ilustraciones en las revistas Zunzún, Somos Jóvenes y miNatura (digital). Publicó con la Editorial Pablo de la Torriente Entre dos mundosy Entre dos mundos y otras aventuras, su más reciente libro de historieta de ciencia ficción. Actualmente está trabajando en la tercera parte de esta fascinante historia.
También trabajó cerca de 15 años como ilustrador en la revista Juventud Técnica de la Casa Editora Abril, y entre sus reconocimientos, obtuvo la categoría de mejor ilustración en el III Premio Internacional de Editoriales Electrónicas, 2010. Como miembro del grupo Nuevos Trazos (al que también pertenecen reconocidos ilustradores cubanos como Jesús Rodríguez, Ángel Hernández, Ángel Velazco, Joel Pernas), participó en el 2011 en el proyecto coordinado por el historietista Maikel García Humboldt en blanco y negro, una biografía del famoso científico Alexander von Humboldt con dibujos de ilustradores e historietistas cubanos. También es miembro de la Unión de Periodistas de Cuba (UPEC) y de la Unión de Escritores y Artista de Cuba (UNEAC).

Entre dos mundos
En una dimensión perdida en el tiempo, un prisionero escapa y misteriosamente se produce un salto temporal que lo lleva al siglo XIX cubano, específicamente a la Guerra de 1895. El viaje se torna fuente de aprendizaje para el héroe, que comprende los ideales de libertad de los mambises y se propone enfrentarse al tirano que avasalla a su pueblo.
El personaje protagónico, de nombre Ody, es un alto y musculoso héroe, extrañamente bigotudo, que encuentra su antagónico en el malvado emperador Ramsés, gobernador del imperio Zaumetzen. El héroe, que conserva una apariencia antropomórfica en oposición al diseño "biónico" del tirano, está destinado a guiar a su pueblo por el único camino que lleva a la libertad.

Sin embargo, esta primera entrega, a pesar de la buena aceptación en el público cubano, tuvo críticas:

Referencias

Nacidos en La Habana

Yury Díaz


An Satyrium outeniquense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Satyrium outeniquense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Satyrium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Satyrium (Orchidaceae)

Satyrium outeniquense


Piroksen, mantonun önemli bileşenlerinden biri olduğu sanılan, magmatik ve metamorfik taşlarda sıkça rastlanan karmaşık bir inosilikat mineral grubudur.

En yaygın üyesi ojit, siyah opak bir mineraldir. Birbirine dik iki yönde klivaj gösterir. Kristal yapısı tekli tetraedr zincirinden ibarettir. Tekli zincirlar birbirine demir ve magnezyumla bağlanmıştır. Bu son elementlerin bağlantı yerleri klivaj düzlemine karşılık gelir. Ojit bazaltların yaygın bileşenidir. Okyanus kabuğunda bolca bulunur.
Piroksenler (genellikle Px olarak kısaltılır), birçok magmatik ve metamorfik kayaçta bulunan bir grup önemli kayaç oluşturan inosilikat mineralidir. Piroksenlerin genel formülü XY (Si, Al) 2O6'dır (X'in kalsiyum, sodyum, demir veya magnezyum ve daha nadiren çinko, manganez veya lityumu temsil ettiği ve Y'nin, krom, alüminyum, demir, magnezyum gibi daha küçük boyutlu iyonları temsil ettiği, kobalt, manganez, skandiyum, titanyum, vanadyum veya hatta demir). Alüminyum, feldspatlar ve amfiboller gibi silikatlarda silisyum için geniş ölçüde ikame edilmesine rağmen, ikame, çoğu piroksenlerde sadece sınırlı bir ölçüde meydana gelir. Silika tetrahedranın tek zincirlerinden oluşan ortak bir yapıyı paylaşırlar. Monoklinik sistemde kristalleşen piroksenler klinopiroksenler olarak bilinir ve ortorombik sistemde kristalize olanlara ortopiroksen adı verilir .
Pyroxene adı ateş (πυρ) ve yabancı (ξένος) için Eski Yunanca sözcüklerden türetilmiştir. Piroksenler, volkanik camlarda bulundukları için, bazen volkanik camlara gömülmüş kristaller olarak görüldükleri için çok isimlendirilmiştir; Camda safsızlıklar olduğu varsayıldı, dolayısıyla adı "yangın yabancılar". Bununla birlikte, bunlar, lavlar patlak vermeden önce kristalleşen, erken biçimlendirici minerallerdir. Kayaç yapıcı mineraller arasında önemli bir yer tutan piroksenler iki farkl kristal sisteminde kristalleşir. A - Ortorombik piroksenler MgSi03 Enstatit % 0-10 Fe(Si03 ) Bronzit % 10-30 Fe(Si03 ) Hipersten % 30-50 Fe(Si03 ) Ferrohiperrsten % 50-70 Fe(Si03 ) Eulit % 70-90 Fe(Si03 ) FeSi03 Ferrosilit % 90-100 Fe(Si03 ) B- Monoklinik piroksenler 1- Kalsiyumlu ve ferro-magnezyumlu piroksenler Klinoenstatit Mg(Si03 )2 = MgSi2 06 Klinoferrosilit Fe(Si03 )2 = FeSi206 Diyopsit CaMg(Si03 )2 = CaMgSi2 06 Hedenberjit CaFe(Si03 )2 = CaFeSi2 0(s Johansenit CaMn (Si03 )2 = CaMnSi2 06 Ojit Ca(Mg,Fe,Al)Si2 06 2 - Alkalen piroksenler Ejirın NaFe+,(Si03 )2 =NaFe+1Si206 Jadeit NaAl (Si03 )2 =NaAlSi2 06 Şpodumen LiAl(Si03 )2=LiAlSi2 06 532 rURKIYE IV. MERMER SEMPOZYUMU (MERSEM^OOJ) BİLDİRİLER Kİ I ABI 18-19 Altılık 2003 Piroksenler, kimyasal bakımdan iki değerli elementlerin basit meta sikatlanna uyan, dilinimleri birbirine dik (87°) kristaller halindedir. Rombusal, monoklinal ve triklinal sistemde kristalleşir. En önemli monoklinik üyeleri ojittir. Piroksenlerden bazıları şunlardır. . Ojit CaMgSi2Ofl Sertlik = 6 Yoğunluk = 3,3 - 3,5 gr/cm1 Bileşiminde Al ve Fe'de bulunabilir. Monoklinal sistemde kristalleşir. Yan saydam, genellikle opak: koyu yeşil veya kahverengi, çoğunlukla siyahtır. Üfleçte eriyerek siyah ve çoğunca manyetik cam halini alır. * Bayağı ojit (Fe 2 0 3 > AI 2 0 3 ) Rengi siyah olup, piroksenitlerde ve piroksen-hornfelslerde bulunur. * Bazaltik ojit Genç lavların çoğunda, özellikle bazaltlarda, melafirlerde ve diyabazlarda bulunur. Her tarafından tam şekilli olarak büyümüş kristalleri bazen volkanlar tarafından fırlatılmışlardır. . Fassait Yeşil renklidir. Kontakt metamorfik kayaçların çatlaklarında, kristalen kireçtaşları içinde büyümüş olarak bulunur. . Diallaj Kahverengi, yeşilimsi gri metal parıltılıdır. Gabro, peridotit ve piroksenit gibi bazik ve ultrabazik derinlik kayaçlarının ana minerallerindendir. . Ejirin (NaFeSi2 06 ) Alkali yüzey kayaçlarının ve pegmatitlerin karakteristik bir minerali olarak bulunur. Yeşilimsi veya kahverengimsi siyahtır. Opak ve kenarları yarı saydamdır. Ejirin ile ojitin izomorf karışımlarına ejirin-ojit denir. 533 7 URKİYEIV. MERMER SEMPOZYUMU (MERSEM'2003) BİLDİRİLER KITABI I8-I9 Aralık 2003 . Spodümen LiAlSi2 06 Mücevher taşı olarak değer taşır. Menekşe veya pembe renklisine kumzit, yeşil renklisine hiddenit denir. Pegmatitlerde görülür. Çok iyi dilinimlidir. Üfleçte kolay erir. Lityum tuzları elde etmek için önemlidir. .Jadeit NaAlSi 2 06 Sıkı ve yoğun görünüşlü, mikro kristalin taneli veya lifli keçemsi agregatlı, çok fazla sert, beyaz veya yeşilimsi, çoğunlukla damarlıdır. . Diopsid CaMgSi2 06 . Enstatit MgSiCh Çoğunlukla sıkı, gri beyaz, yeşilimsi, kahverengimsidir. Bazik kayaçların (derinlik kayaçları=gabro gibi) minerallerindendir. Pegmatit ve aplit damarlarında 50 cm. ye varan uzunlukta kristallerine rastlanır. . Bronzit (Fe,Mg ) SiOı Bronz renginde parıltılıdır. Lifımsi şekilde (100 ) düzlemi boyunca ayrılır. . Hipersten (Fe,Mg ) Si0 3 Çoğunlukla sıkı dilinim parçası ve taneli yaprağımsı agregatlar halindedir. Zift siyahı, Kahverengi siyahtır. (100) düzlemi üzerinde parıltılıdır. Tüm piroksenler genel olarak ele alındığında şu özellikleri belirtilebilir. Yassı ve prizmatik görünüşe sahip kristaller halinde olan piroksenlerde hemen hemen dik iki dilinim sistemi vardır ve dilinim düzlemleri boyunca kırılır. El örneklerinde genellikle siyahtır. Yahut yeşilin çeşitli tonlanndandır. Sertliği: 6 civarında olup, yoğunluğu 3.2 - 3.5 gr/cm3 tür. Biyotitten daha az parlaktır.Piroksenleri amfibollerden gözle ayırt etmek çoğunlukla güçtür. Dilinim düzlemleri arasındaki açıya ve amfibol ile piroksene eşlik eden minerallere dikkat edilmelidir ( Piroksen 87' - Amfibol 56"- 124" ). Bazik plajiyoklaslar (labrador, bitownit, anortit ) ile birlikte bazik kayaçlar içinde bulunur (örneğin,gabro). Ayrıca olivin ile birlikte ultrabazik kayaçları oluşturur. 534 TURKIYEIV MERMER SEMPOZYUMU (MERSEM'IOOI) BİLDİRİLER KİTABI IH 19 Atalık 2003

İnosilikatlar

Piroksen


The Order of the Engineer is an association for graduate and professional engineers in the United States that emphasizes pride and responsibility in the engineering profession. It was inspired by the success of the Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer, a similar and much older Canadian ceremony, and has 245 active links (what the Order of the Engineer calls a chapter) across the United States.

Oath
Before joining, members must take an oath to abide by a code of ethics called the "Obligation of an Engineer":

Ceremony

During the ceremony, engineering graduates take the Obligation of the Order. After each member takes the obligation, they put their hand through a large representation of the Engineer's Ring. A member of the Order of the Engineer then places a stainless steel ring, known as the Engineer's Ring, onto the little finger of the graduate's dominant hand. The ring is worn on the little finger so that it will drag across any surface on which the wearer writes, providing a constant reminder of the engineer's oath.

Each inductee takes the obligation, signs a certificate of obligation and wears the ring as a symbol of their pride in the Order and their obligation to the profession, as well as the public. Often, friends and family join the new initiates to celebrate after the ceremony.

History
The first American ceremony was held on June 4, 1970 at Cleveland State University's Fenn College of Engineering, though similar ceremonies on which this is based have a much longer history in Canada (dating to 1925). Now, almost all states have universities with chapters, called "links", that host the Order of the Engineer. Several engineering organizations also host links such as NSPE, United States Army Corps of Engineers, and ASCE.

Early attempts to extend the Canadian ritual to the United States were unsuccessful, due to complications including copyright issues.

See also
Engineer
Engineering
Engineering ethics
Engineer's Ring
Iron Ring
National Society of Professional Engineers
Ordem dos Engenheiros

References

Further reading

External links

 Canadian Iron Ring Website

Engineering societies based in the United States

Order of the Engineer


Federal Hall is a historic building at 26 Wall Street in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. The current Greek Revival–style building, completed in 1842 as the Custom House, is owned by the United States federal government and operated by the National Park Service as a national memorial called the Federal Hall National Memorial. The memorial is named after a Federal style building on the same site, completed in 1703 as City Hall, which the government of the newly independent United States used during the 1780s.

The original building served as New York's first City Hall and hosted the 1765 Stamp Act Congress before the American Revolution. After the United States became an independent nation, the building served as meeting place for the Congress of the Confederation, the nation's first central government under the Articles of Confederation, from 1785 to 1789. With the establishment of the United States federal government in 1789, it was renamed Federal Hall, as it hosted the 1st Congress and was where George Washington was sworn in as the nation's first president. It was demolished in 1812.

The current structure, designed by Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis, was built as the U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York before serving as a Subtreasury building from 1862 to 1925. The current national memorial commemorates the historic events that occurred at the previous structure. The current building is constructed of Tuckahoe marble. Its architectural features include a colonnade of Doric columns, as well as a domed rotunda designed by the sculptor John Frazee. The facade and part of the interior are New York City designated landmarks, and the building is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

First structure

In the 17th century, the area north of Wall Street was occupied by John Damen's farm. Damen sold the land in 1685 to captain John Knight, an officer of Thomas Dongan's administration. Knight resold the land to Dongan, and Dongan resold it in 1689 to Abraham de Peyster and Nicholas Bayard. Both de Peyster and Bayard served as Mayors of New York.

City Hall

The original structure on the site was built as New York's second City Hall from 1699 to 1703, on Wall Street, in what is today the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. This structure had been designed by James Evetts to replace Stadt Huys, the city's first administrative center. It measured two stories high, with wings extending west and east. The stones from Wall Street's old fortifications were used for City Hall. Also housed at City Hall was a public library (which had 1,642 volumes by the year 1730), as well as a firehouse with two fire engines imported from London. The upper stories were used as a debtors' prison.

In 1735, John Peter Zenger, an American newspaper publisher, was arrested for committing libel against the British royal governor and was imprisoned and tried there. His acquittal on the grounds that the material he had printed was true established freedom of the press as it was later defined in the Bill of Rights.

City Hall was first remodeled in 1765, when a third story was added. That October, delegates from nine of the Thirteen Colonies met as the Stamp Act Congress in response to the levying of the Stamp Act by the Parliament of Great Britain. Drawn together for the first time in organized opposition to British policy, the attendees drafted a message to King George III, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons, claiming entitlement to the same rights as the residents of Britain and protesting the colonies' "taxation without representation". The Sons of Liberty took over the building from the British during the American Revolutionary War in 1775. Afterward, City Hall served as the meeting place for the Continental Congress.

Federal Hall

After the American Revolution, City Hall was home to the Congress of the Confederation of the United States under the Articles of Confederation. The first meeting of the Confederation Congress took place at City Hall on April 13, 1784.

Design and construction
The Congress of the Confederation still needed a permanent structure, and the New York City Council and mayor James Duane wished for the city to be the United States capital. Private citizens and the government of New York City contributed $65,000 toward the renovation of the old City Hall. The Patriots felt that the building should be remodeled in a distinctively American architectural style while also preserving the pre-colonial structure. Pierre Charles L'Enfant, a French architect who had helped the Americans during the Revolutionary War, was selected to remodel the structure.

L'Enfant's expansion was characteristic of Georgian-style designs, although he used larger proportions, and added American motifs. An arched promenade was built through the street-level basement, with four heavy Tuscan columns supporting a balcony. On balcony level, four high Doric columns were installed, supporting a pediment that depicted an American eagle with thirteen arrows (one for each of the original Thirteen Colonies). L'Enfant also created a recessed gallery behind the columns, and he placed decorative swags above the second-story windows. The ground-story room for the United States House of Representatives measured  across and about two stories high. A smaller room for the United States Senate was on the second floor. L'Enfant's design influenced the development of what later became the Federal style.

Usage

The city moved all of its municipal offices out of the building in late 1788, but the New York Society Library's 3,500-volume library remained in the building for the time being. Work progressed quickly between September 1788 and March 1789. The building was renamed Federal Hall in 1789 when New York was chosen as the nation's first seat of government under the Constitution. The 1st Congress met there beginning on March 4, 1789. The first inauguration of George Washington, the first-ever inauguration of a President of the United States, occurred on the balcony of the building on April 30, 1789. Many of the most important legislative actions in the United States occurred with the 1st Congress at Federal Hall. For example, on September 25, 1789, the United States Bill of Rights was proposed in Federal Hall, establishing the freedoms claimed by the 1765 Stamp Act Congress. The Judiciary Act of 1789 was also enacted in the building, setting up the United States federal court system.

In 1790, the United States capital moved to Philadelphia. What had been Federal Hall was turned into quarters for the state assembly and courts. The Federal Hall building was one of the few structures in the area to survive an 1804 fire that caused $2 million in damage (equivalent to $ million in ). With the opening of the current New York City Hall in 1812, the New York City government no longer needed Federal Hall, and the building was demolished. Part of the original railing and balcony floor, where Washington had been inaugurated, is on display in the memorial and was at one point held by the New-York Historical Society. Nassau Street had originally curved around the building to the west, while Broad Street had run to the east. Nassau Street was straightened after the building was demolished, and it runs to the west of the modern Federal Hall National Memorial.

Second structure
The current Greek Revival structure was the first building that was specifically constructed for the U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York. The Custom House previously had been located in Government House, a converted residence on Bowling Green. The old building was described as "ordinary and inconvenient", and it had become overcrowded, prompting the federal government to lease additional space in 1831. Samuel Swartwout, the Customs Collector for the Port of New York, advocated in 1832 for "spacious, safe, secure" accommodations. Land for the new building had been purchased incrementally in 1816, 1824, and 1832.

Custom House

The firm of Town and Davis, composed of Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis, won an architectural design competition for the new Custom House building and was awarded the contract for the building's design in August 1833. Town estimated that the plans would cost $250,000 if the Custom House building was made of granite, or $320,000 to $350,000 if it was of masonry, brick, and marble. The original design called for a colonnade of eight columns facing Wall and Pine Streets, square pilasters on Nassau Street, a massive coffered dome protruding above the roof, and a cruciform floor plan. The building would have also been decorated with details such as acroteria, metopes, and triangular pediments. Town suggested that Samuel Thomson, architect of the Administration Building at Sailors' Snug Harbor, be named the construction superintendent.

Work on the Custom House began in January 1834, but the Customs Service then requested that the plans for the new building be downsized due to increasing costs. As a result, the dome was reduced in size and the original double colonnade on the facade was changed to a single colonnade. Thomson resigned in April 1835, taking the plans with him. Sculptor John Frazee was named the superintendent in Thomson's stead; he worked to piece together Town and Davis's original plans. Frazee influenced the design of the interior and decorative details, and he modified plans for the attic to a full-height third story. Frazee got into a dispute with building commissioner Walter Bowne and was dismissed in 1840, although he was rehired in 1841.

The Custom House building opened in 1842 at a cost of $928,312 (equivalent to $ million in ). Importers would perform their business at a counter in the building's central rotunda. The building came to be associated with political patronage. "The Seven Stages of the Office Seeker", an 1852 print by Edward Williams Clay, satirized how Democratic Party patronage under New York governor Martin Van Buren was centered around the Custom House. By 1861, the structure had become too small to accommodate all of the customs duties of the U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York. The U.S. government decided to move the customs offices one block to 55 Wall Street, then occupied by the Merchants' Exchange. The federal government of the United States signed a lease with the Merchants' Exchange in February 1862, intending to move into the building that May. The customs offices were moved to 55 Wall Street starting in August 1862.

Subtreasury
After the relocation of the Custom House, 26 Wall Street was transformed into a building for the United States Subtreasury. The Subtreasury desks were arranged around the rotunda of the building. Gold and coin storage vaults were placed along a passage near the north side of the rotunda. Bars were stored to the west, or left, and gold certificates and coins were stored to the east, or right. A vault for small change was also provided. A coin division was on the east side of the building, on the floor of the rotunda, toward Pine Street. Silver was stored in the northwest corner of the building, in the basement. An armory was placed on the upper stories, and various fortifications were mounted at the top of the building to protect the money. Adjoining the Subtreasury to the east was the United States Assay Office, a branch of the United States Mint that performed all Mint functions except creating the coinage. At its peak, the Subtreasury building held seventy percent of the federal government's money.

In 1883, John Quincy Adams Ward's bronze statue of George Washington was put up on the Subtreasury's ceremonial front steps. The statue "mark[ed] the exact height Washington stood when taking the oath of office on the balcony" of the eighteenth-century edifice, overlooking the crowds filling Broad Street up to Wall Street. By 1903, the building held over $275 million in gold, silver, and various other types of money; this amounted to nearly one-tenth of all of the United States' money at that point. A plaque memorializing the Northwest Ordinance was dedicated at the Subtreasury in 1905.

By 1917, the Subtreasury building held $519 million worth of gold and several million dollars more in coins. In the Wall Street bombing of 1920, a bomb was detonated across from the Subtreasury at 23 Wall Street, in what became known as The Corner. Thirty-eight people were killed and 400 injured, though the Subtreasury was undamaged.

The Federal Reserve Bank replaced the Subtreasury system in 1920, and the Subtreasury office closed on December 7 of that year. The Assay Office leased the Subtreasury building to the Fed, which was constructing a building of its own, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building, two blocks north. The Fed started moving its monetary holdings from the Subtreasury to the new Fed building in May 1924. This prompted concern among local financiers that the federal government was planning to sell the building to a private entity. That July, nationalist group American Defense Society started advocating against a possible sale of the building.

Use by other government offices

Ultimately, the government decided to retain ownership of the Subtreasury, using it as storage space for the Assay Office and as office space for other agencies. The government also considered moving the Bureau of Internal Revenue to the Subtreasury. In October 1924, federal officials announced they would move Prohibition enforcement agents' offices to the Subtreasury building, using the basement vaults to store confiscated alcoholic beverages. These plans were canceled the next month because of opposition from patriotic and historical societies. In early 1925, the City Club of New York appealed to Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon to preserve the Subtreasury building. U.S. representative Anning Smith Prall proposed a bill that December to allocate $5 million for an expansion of the Subtreasury building.

A passport office opened on the Pine Street side of the building in March 1925. The Subtreasury was also used for events such as a 1926 party to celebrate the dedication of the Bowling Green Community House, as well as Constitution Day celebrations. The Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) built its Nassau Street Line under the building in the late 1920s, and the Subtreasury was underpinned during the line's construction. The original foundation was only  deep, so additional supports were installed underneath, descending  to the bedrock. Both houses of Congress passed legislation allowing the BMT line to be built slightly underneath the building. A water main under Nassau Street ruptured in October 1931, severely damaging some of the records that were stored in the basement.

A writer for The New York Times in 1930 characterized the Subtreasury as one of "the big little buildings of Wall Street", along with 23 Wall Street, the New York Stock Exchange Building, and Trinity Church. In the early 1930s, the United States Post Office Department proposed replacing the Subtreasury building with a post office, which would be a replica of Federal Hall as it appeared in 1789. At the time, the three post-office substations in Lower Manhattan could not adequately accommodate high demand from the surrounding office buildings. The department said much of the Subtreasury's space was unused because historical and patriotic societies had objected to most plans for the building. The Subtreasury continued to be used as a passport office through the mid-1930s.

Federal Hall National Memorial

1930s to 1950s

In 1939, after the government announced plans to demolish the Subtreasury building, a group called Federal Hall Memorial Associates raised money to prevent the building's demolition. On April 29, 1939, Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes announced that the Subtreasury would become a historic site. The building was designated as Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site on May 26, 1939, and an information bureau opened on the rotunda floor, with exhibits related to finance and the 1939 New York World's Fair. The next month, the National Park Service (NPS) took over the Subtreasury building. The memorial commemorated the first building on the site, rather than the extant Subtreasury building. Due to the building's status as a "national shrine", it did not accommodate governmental offices. After several months of negotiations, Federal Hall Memorial Associates was allowed to operate the interior as a museum in January 1940. The memorial opened on Washington's Birthday, February 22, 1940. The New York Herald Tribune said that, within the United States, Federal Hall Memorial was only matched by Mount Vernon and Independence Hall "in historical interest".

The building celebrated its 100th anniversary on Washington's Birthday in 1942. Among the other events that took place at Federal Hall Memorial in the early 1940s were sales of World War II war bonds, Constitution Day celebrations, rallies in support of the United Service Organizations, and stamp sales. Federal Hall Memorial continued to be used for events in the 1950s, including a blood donation drive and a Salvation Army donation drive. In 1952, the United States House of Representatives' Subcommittee of the Interior voted to permit the rehabilitation of Federal Hall. The John Peter Zenger Room, a journalism exhibit, was dedicated at Federal Hall in April 1953. The next year, the U.S. government relocated the building's original wrought-iron fence into the basement because the Tennessee marble under it had started to buckle.

As the building is owned by the federal government and managed by the NPS, renovations and restoration proposals must be approved by Congress. In 1954, the New York City Council passed a resolution asking Congress to establish a committee to provide suggestions for restoring Federal Hall, the Castle Clinton National Monument, and the Statue of Liberty National Monument. Federal Hall was re-designated as a national memorial on August 11, 1955. The same year, the federal government created the New York City National Shrines Advisory Board. The board first convened in February 1956. The government tentatively allocated $1.621 million for the restoration of Federal Hall, whose interior had become dilapidated. In February 1957, the board recommended allocating $3 million for the restoration of the three sites. By 1960, Interior Secretary Fred A. Seaton announced plans to restore Federal Hall within the next two years. He proposed that local civic groups raise $2.9 million, half of the projected cost, and that the government raise matching funds. The next year, Interior Secretary Stewart Udall announced that the federal government would start redeveloping the three historic sites in advance of the 1964 New York World's Fair. Federal government officials also installed a plaque in front of the building, dedicating it as a "national shrine".

1960s to 1990s

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the building's exterior as a landmark on December 21, 1965. The building was also added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on October 15, 1966, the day the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 was signed. The building's location on Wall Street, and near the New York Stock Exchange Building, made it a "natural rallying place" as The New York Times described it. As a result, its front steps were used for demonstrations, political rallies, President's Day celebrations, and union drives. After the building closed for restoration in 1968, the NPS said that loitering on the front steps developed into "more of a problem". Among these events were an anti-narcotics rally and a protest against the Vietnam War in 1970.

The building reopened to the public in 1972 as a museum. That year, the New York City Bicentennial Corporation issued a commemorative medal honoring the original Federal Hall, as well as New York City during the American Revolution. The LPC held hearings in 1975 to determine whether the interiors of Federal Hall's rotunda, the Morris–Jumel Mansion, and the Bartow–Pell Mansion should be designated as landmarks. The LPC designated all three buildings' interiors as landmarks on May 26, 1975, and the New York City Board of Estimate ratified these designations that July. The NPS hired Phoebe Dent Weil to restore the George Washington statue on the front steps in 1978.

The Whitney Museum opened a temporary branch at Federal Hall in 1982. This was actually the third location of the Whitney's first satellite branch, which had previously been housed at 55 Water Street and the First Police Precinct Station House. The satellite branch occupied four galleries on the mezzanine of Federal Hall (around the central rotunda), while the NPS hosted history exhibits in other parts of the building. The Whitney closed the Federal Hall branch in 1984, eventually reopening at 33 Maiden Lane in 1988. During this decade, Richard Jenrettethe chairman of banking house Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, which was headquartered nearbystarted soliciting $500,000 in private donations to renovate Federal Hall, in conjunction with Federal Hall Memorial Associates. Although the group planned to renovate the rotunda into a reception area with contemporary furnishings, by 1985, only $73.000 had been raised and no contemporary furnishings had been acquired.

Federal officials announced in 1986 that Federal Hall would be renovated; the spaces would be cleaned and painted, and mechanical systems would be replaced. The memorial's second floor would contain two galleries about the Constitution of the United States, and an exhibit about the original building would be installed as well. Federal Hall hosted a reenactment of Washington's inauguration on April 30, 1989, the event's 200th anniversary. The reenactment, attended by U.S. president George Bush, was intended to raise $700,000 for the museum, which opened to the public after this event. In addition to Constitution-related exhibits, the museum hosted temporary exhibits such as a display of Hudson Valley artwork, a showcase of New York City designated landmarks, and an exhibit about the abolition of slavery in the United States.

2000s to present

By the beginning of the 21st century, Federal Hall contained numerous large cracks. During the September 11, 2001, attacks, which caused the nearby collapse of the World Trade Center's Twin Towers, 300 people sheltered at the memorial. Due to concerns over the building's structural integrity, Federal Hall was closed for one month following the attacks. When the building reopened, metal detectors similar to those at airports were placed at the entrances. Meanwhile, the cracks in the building were exacerbated following the collapse of the World Trade Center. As a result, in early 2002, the NPS received $16.5 million for repairs to the building. On September 6, 2002, approximately 300 members of Congress traveled from Washington, D.C. to New York to convene in Federal Hall National Memorial as a symbolic show of support for the city; this was the first meeting of Congress in New York since 1790. Four steel pilings were installed under one of the building's corners in 2003 after investigators found a 24-inch air gap beneath that corner.

The site closed on December 3, 2004, for a $16 million renovation, mostly to its foundation. Federal Hall National Memorial reopened in late 2006. The renovated memorial included a visitor center, showcasing other historical sites operated by the NPS in the New York City area. In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a NRHP district. The same year, the metal detectors were removed and replaced with magnetometers because the security screening process took too long, driving away many visitors. This measure increased attendance fourfold. New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and ABC News invited the 2008 United States presidential candidates, John McCain and Barack Obama, to a town hall forum at Federal Hall, though both candidates declined the offer. McCain did host his own town hall forum at Federal Hall in June 2008.

The American Express Foundation donated $75,000 in 2012 toward the restoration of the Washington statue outside the building. In 2015, the National Trust for Historic Preservation said Federal Hall's grand staircase would be renovated after the American Express Foundation had given a $300,000 grant. At the time, the steps had begun to fall into disrepair and showed signs of spalling and cracking. The work was to begin in late 2016. By 2018, local newspaper AM New York Metro wrote that "cracked walls, peeling paint and a rust-water-stained rotunda are among the deteriorating conditions that greet nearly 300,000 visitors who come there to learn about American history." Federal Hall National Memorial also had damaged floors and arches; the facade had begun to chip; and the columns had cracked and were showing signs of mold and discoloration. The cooling system was replaced in 2020. The NPS temporarily closed the memorial in July 2021 after finding cracked stone. As part of a permanent repair project, the building was to be covered in scaffolding for five to ten years.

Architecture

Federal Hall National Memorial was designed by architects Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis of Town and Davis, with a domed rotunda designed by the sculptor John Frazee. The building is constructed of Tuckahoe marble. Two prominent American ideals are reflected in the current building's Greek Revival architecture. Town and Davis's Doric columns on the facade resemble those of the Parthenon and serve as a tribute to the democracy of the Greeks. Frazee's domed rotunda echoes the Pantheon and is evocative of the republican ideals of the ancient Romans.

The building contains two basement levels, three full above-ground stories, and an attic. The Subtreasury had been constructed with 22 or 25 rooms.

Facade
The facade of the building is made of marble blocks measuring  thick. A set of 18 granite steps lead from ground level up to the rotunda. John Quincy Adams Ward's bronze statue of George Washington is placed on the building's ceremonial front steps. At the top of the stairs, a colonnade supports a plain triangular pediment. The lack of sculpture on the pediment may have been influenced by aesthetic considerations, as there were few "qualified sculptors" at the time of the building's construction, according to Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis.

Next to the building's western elevation, there was originally a wrought-iron fence about  tall and  long; it rested on a parapet of Tennessee marble measuring  tall. The fence, which was placed about  in front of the building, was removed in 1954. When the building was used by the Subtreasury, guards were stationed in three turrets on the roof. These turrets contained grilles through which the guards could fire at invaders. There are also flat pilasters on the western facade, along Nassau Street.

Rotunda

The main rotunda of Federal Hall is  in diameter. The rotunda is designed as an amphiprostyle: it has balconies on four sides, but it lacks columns between each balcony. The wall of the rotunda contains four sections of colonnade, each containing four columns. The columns each measure  high and  across. The southern colonnade leads to the main entrance, while the northern colonnade leads to the primary hallway of the building. The outer walls of the eastern and western colonnades contain plainly designed windows. There are gilded-iron balconies behind each colonnade. Between the colonnades are short sections of flat wall, situated between flat pilasters. The pilasters measure  high. Above the balconies are barrel vaulted ceilings. The rotunda had contained four Carrara-marble counters when it was used as the Custom House.

The rotunda is topped by a self-supporting masonry saucer dome with a skylight at its center. The dome contains narrow panels with curved bottoms, as well as anthemion motifs at their top and bottom ends. The skylight is surrounded by raised rosettes. The decorations were originally in a gold, blue, and white color scheme. The floor of the rotunda contains gray and cream marble blocks in concentric circles. At the center of the floor is a stone slab, where George Washington once stood.

Activities
The National Park Service operates Federal Hall as a national memorial. The memorial has tourist information about the New York Harbor area's federal monuments and parks, and a New York City tourism information center. The gift shop has colonial and early American items for sale. Normally its exhibit galleries are open free to the public daily, except national holidays, and guided tours of the site are offered throughout the day.

The memorial has several exhibits. These include George Washington's Inauguration Gallery, including the Bible used to swear his oath of office; Freedom of the Press, the imprisonment and trial of John Peter Zenger; and New York: An American Capital, preview exhibit created by the National Archives and Records Administration. Among the items displayed are a piece of the balcony upon which Washington stood in his first inauguration. Various temporary exhibitions have also been shown at Federal Hall.

Access
Federal Hall is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Mondays through Fridays and is closed on weekends. The memorial is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 via a ramp at its rear, on Pine Street. The M55 bus stops nearby on Broadway, while the M15 and M15 SBS stop nearby on Water Street. In addition, the Broad Street station of the New York City Subway, serving the , is directly under Federal Hall.

In 2015, the museum had an estimated 200,000 annual visitors. This was about one percent of the 15 million people who visited the intersection of Wall, Nassau, and Broad Streets every year.

On U.S. postage

Engraved renditions of Federal Hall appear on multiple U.S. postage stamps. The first stamp showing Federal Hall was issued on April 30, 1939, the 150th anniversary of President Washington's inauguration, where he is depicted on the balcony of Federal Hall taking the oath of office. The second issue was released in 1957, the 200th anniversary of Alexander Hamilton's birth.  This issue depicts Alexander Hamilton and a full view of Federal Hall.

In addition, in 1988, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative 25-cent stamp in 1988, the 200th anniversary of when New York ratified the United States Constitution. The stamp depicted the original Federal Hall, Wall Street, and Trinity Church's steeple.

Gallery

See also
 List of national memorials of the United States
 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street

References

Notes

Sources

 The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior.

External links
 , National Park Service
 Federal Hall
 Federal Hall Visitor Information, National Parks of NY Harbor Conservancy
 Library of Congress – The New Capital City
 U. S. Custom House, 28 Wall Street, New York, NY, Historic American Buildings Survey
 Engraving: Federal Hall, The Seat of Congress
 Lithograph: A View of the Federal Hall, 1797

1700 establishments in the Province of New York
Alexander Jackson Davis buildings
American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places
Financial District, Manhattan
Former national capitol buildings in the United States
Government buildings completed in 1700
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
Greek Revival architecture in New York City
Historic district contributing properties in Manhattan
History museums in New York City
History of New York City
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in New York (state)
Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City
Museums in Manhattan
National Memorials of the United States
National Park Service National Monuments in New York City
New York (state) in the American Revolution
New York City as the National Capital
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
New York City interior landmarks
Tourist attractions in Manhattan
United States Capitol
Wall Street
New York State Register of Historic Places in New York County

Federal Hall


Der Große Preis von Malaysia 2012 (offiziell 2012 Formula 1 Petronas Malaysia Grand Prix) fand am 25. März auf dem Sepang International Circuit in Sepang statt und war das zweite Rennen der Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaft 2012.

Berichte

Hintergrund
Nach dem Großen Preis von Australien führte Jenson Button in der Fahrerwertung mit sieben Punkten vor Sebastian Vettel und mit 10 Punkten vor Lewis Hamilton. In der Konstrukteurswertung führte  McLaren-Mercedes mit 10 Punkten vor Red Bull-Renault und mit 28 Punkten vor Sauber-Ferrari.

Beim Großen Preis von Malaysia stellte Pirelli den Fahrern die Reifenmischungen P Zero Hard (silber) und P Zero Medium (weiß), sowie für nasse Bedingungen Cinturato Intermediates (grün) und Cinturato Full-Wets (blau) zur Verfügung.

Mit Michael Schumacher (dreimal), Kimi Räikkönen, Fernando Alonso, Vettel (jeweils zweimal) und Button (einmal) traten fünf ehemalige Sieger zu diesem Grand Prix an.

Als Rennstewards bei diesem Grand Prix fungierten Paul Gutjahr (SUI), Johnny Herbert (GBR), Roger Peart (CAN) und Allen Oh (MAS).

Am Samstagmorgen gab es ein Feuer in der Hospitality von Lotus. Dabei wurde die Hospitality und die Küche des Teams zerstört. Personen wurden nicht verletzt.

Training
Im ersten freien Training erzielte Hamilton die Bestzeit vor Vettel und Nico Rosberg. Bei Williams übernahm Valtteri Bottas in diesem Training das Fahrzeug von Bruno Senna. Es war Bottas erster Einsatz in einem Formel-1-Training.

Im zweiten freien Training behielt Hamilton die Führung vor Schumacher und Button.

Im dritten freien Training fuhr Rosberg die schnellste Runde vor Vettel und Mark Webber.

Qualifying
Im ersten Abschnitt des Qualifyings fuhr Webber die schnellste Zeit vor Schumacher und Button. Die HRT-, Marussia- und Caterham-Piloten sowie Jean-Éric Vergne schafften nicht den Sprung ins letzte Segment. Im zweiten Teil des Zeitentrainings übernahm Räikkönen die Führungsposition vor Webber und Button. Die Force-India- und Williams-Piloten sowie Kamui Kobayashi, Daniel Ricciardo und Felipe Massa schieden aus. Im finalen Abschnitt setzte Hamilton die Bestzeit vor seinem Teamkollegen Button und Schumacher.

Rennen

Vor Beginn des Rennens begann es zu regnen. Da der Regen zunächst noch nicht so stark war, starteten bis auf die HRT-Piloten alle Fahrer auf Intermediate-Reifen. Hamilton behielt beim Start die Führung. In Kurve vier kam es zu einer Kollision zwischen Schumacher und Romain Grosjean. Beide Piloten drehten sich und verloren einige Positionen. In der vierten Runde war das Rennen für Grosjean schließlich beendet, da er sich ein weiteres Mal gedreht hatte und diesmal im Kiesbett feststeckte.

Bereits ab der ersten Runde begannen einige Fahrer, auf Regenreifen zu wechseln. Der Regen wurde von Runde zu Runde stärker und es zog ein Gewitter über der Strecke. In der siebten Runde schickte die Rennleitung das Safety-Car aus Sicherheitsgründen auf die Strecke. Nachdem sich keine Besserung der Verhältnisse abzeichnete und längerer Regen vorhergesagt war, entschied sich die Rennleitung dazu, das Rennen in der neunten Runde mit der roten Flagge abzubrechen. Hamilton führte zu diesem Zeitpunkt vor Button und Sergio Pérez, der bereits in der ersten Runde auf Regenreifen gewechselt war. Die Top-10 komplettierten Webber, Alonso, Vettel, Vergne, Massa, Rosberg und Narain Karthikeyan. Vergne und Karthikeyan waren die einzigen Piloten, die noch nicht an der Box waren, wobei Vergne bis zur Unterbrechung auf Intermediates fuhr.

Nach einer fast einstündigen Unterbrechung wurde das Rennen hinter dem Safety Car wiederaufgenommen. Die Fahrer hatten in der Unterbrechung die Möglichkeit, ihre Reifen wechseln zu lassen, allerdings mussten alle Piloten hinter dem Safety Car mit Regenreifen fahren. Da die Strecke bereits am abtrocknen war, gingen einige Piloten, unter anderem Button, sofort beim Restart des Rennens zum Reifenwechsel auf Intermediates an die Box. Eine Runde später ging auch eine Gruppe um den führenden Hamilton an die Box. Bei Hamiltons Stopp gab es jedoch kleinere Schwierigkeiten, weshalb er von Alonso, der gleichzeitig an der Box war, überholt wurde. Auch Button zog an Hamilton vorbei.

Buttons Siegchancen waren jedoch bereits kurz darauf auf ein Minimum gesunken. Bei einem Überholmanöver gegen Karthikeyan ließ dieser ihm wenig Platz, sodass Buttons Frontflügel beschädigt wurde und er zur Reparatur an die Box musste. In der Zwischenzeit führte Pérez das Rennen an. Nachdem auch er seinen Stopp absolviert hatte, fiel er hinter Alonso zurück und lag auf dem zweiten Platz vor Hamilton.

In den nächsten Runden setzten sich Alonso und Pérez vorm restlichen Feld ab, wobei Alonso zunächst auch seinen Vorsprung auf Pérez Runde um Runde vergrößerte. Hinter Hamilton bildete sich eine größere Lücke, da Rosberg auf dem vierten Platz liegend nicht mithalten konnte, und schließlich von mehreren Piloten überholt wurde. Vettel nahm zunächst den vierten Platz ein.

Obwohl die Strecke immer weiter abtrocknete, versuchte zunächst kein Fahrer einen Wechsel auf Slicks, da weitere Schauer angekündigt waren. Da aber einige Piloten ihre Intermediates schon zu stark beansprucht hatten, wechselten diese Fahrer auf frische Intermediates und verloren einige Positionen.

In der Zwischenzeit holte Pérez auf Alonso auf und näherte sich ihm auf wenige Sekunden Rückstand. Anderen Piloten gelang es nicht, auf das Führungsduo aufzuschließen. In der 38. Runde riskierte schließlich Ricciardo einen Wechsel auf Slicks. Da er die mit Abstand schnellsten Runden fuhr, zogen sämtliche Piloten innerhalb der nächsten Runden nach. Der führende Alonso kam in der 40. Runde an die Box, Pérez und Hamilton eine Runde später. Alonso hatte zunächst wieder um die sieben Sekunden Vorsprung auf Pérez, allerdings holte dieser erneut auf und näherte sich Alonso, während sein Teamkollege Kobayashi mit Bremsproblemen ausfiel.

In der 48. Runde kam es zu einer Kollision zwischen Vettel und Karthikeyan. Als Vettel Karthikeyan überrunden wollte, ließ dieser ihm zu wenig Platz und beschädigte Vettels Hinterreifen, der sich infolgedessen auflöste. Karthikeyan wurde nach dem Rennen mit einer 20-Sekunden-Zeitstrafe belegt, wodurch er vom vorletzten auf den letzten Platz zurückfiel.

An der Spitze entwickelte sich schließlich ein Duell zwischen Alonso und Pérez. Allerdings machte Pérez wenige Runden vor Rennenende einen Fahrfehler und verlor dabei einige Sekunden. Es gelang ihm zwar, den Rückstand wieder zu reduzieren, auf Alonso aufschließen konnte er jedoch nicht mehr.

Alonso gewann schließlich zum 28. Mal ein Formel-1-Rennen. Es war der erste Saisonsieg für Ferrari, deren Fahrzeug eigentlich nicht siegfähig war. Pérez erzielte als Zweiter seine erste Podest-Platzierung, die das bisher beste Ergebnis von Sauber in der Formel 1 darstellte. Es war die erste Podiumsplatzierung eines mexikanischen Fahrers seit dem zweiten Platz von Pedro Rodríguez beim Großen Preis der Niederlande 1971, den dieser damals ebenfalls bei regnerischen Bedingungen erzielt hatte. Pérez und Rodríguez sind bislang (Stand: März 2012) die einzigen Mexikaner, die das Podium eines Grand Prix erreicht haben.

Hamilton wurde mit fast 15 Sekunden Rückstand Dritter. Die weiteren Punkte gingen an Webber, Räikkönen, Senna, Paul di Resta, Vergne, Nico Hülkenberg und Schumacher, der von einem Motorschaden Pastor Maldonados profitierte. Räikkönen erzielte erstmals nach seinem Comeback die schnellste Rennrunde. Senna und Vergne erzielten ihre bisher beste Platzierung. Für Vergne war es bei seinem zweiten Rennen das erste Mal, dass er in der Formel 1 punktete.

Alonso übernahm die Führung in der Fahrerweltmeisterschaft vor Hamilton. Button, der vor dem Rennen in Führung lag, fiel auf den dritten Platz zurück. Bei den Konstrukteuren blieben die ersten zwei Positionen unverändert. Ferrari übernahm die dritte Position von Sauber.

Meldeliste

Anmerkungen

Klassifikationen

Qualifying

Anmerkungen

Rennen

Anmerkungen

WM-Stände nach dem Rennen
Die ersten zehn des Rennens bekamen 25, 18, 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 bzw. 1 Punkt(e).

Fahrerwertung

Konstrukteurswertung

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Wochenendstatistiken bei Motorsport-Total.com

2012
Malaysia
Sportveranstaltung in Selangor
Sepang International Circuit

Großer Preis von Malaysia 2012