The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, education and public engagement and fostering international and global co-operation. Founded on 28 November 1660, it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II as The Royal Society and is the oldest continuously existing scientific academy in the world.

The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the society's president, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the president are elected from and by its Fellows, the basic members of the society, who are themselves elected by existing Fellows. , there are about 1,700 fellows, allowed to use the postnominal title FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society), with up to 52 new fellows appointed each year. There are also royal fellows, honorary fellows and foreign members, the last of which are allowed to use the postnominal title ForMemRS (Foreign Member of the Royal Society). The Royal Society president is Adrian Smith, who took up the post and started his five-year term on 30 November 2020, replacing the previous president, Venki Ramakrishnan.

Since 1967, the society has been based at 6–9 Carlton House Terrace, a Grade I listed building in central London which was previously used by the Embassy of Germany, London.

History

Founding and early years

The Invisible College has been described as a precursor group to the Royal Society of London, consisting of a number of natural philosophers around Robert Boyle. The concept of "invisible college" is mentioned in German Rosicrucian pamphlets in the early 17th century. Ben Jonson in England referenced the idea, related in meaning to Francis Bacon's House of Solomon, in a masque The Fortunate Isles and Their Union from 1624/5. The term accrued currency in the exchanges of correspondence within the Republic of Letters.

In letters dated 1646 and 1647, Boyle refers to "our invisible college" or "our philosophical college". The society's common theme was to acquire knowledge through experimental investigation. Three dated letters are the basic documentary evidence: Boyle sent them to Isaac Marcombes (Boyle's former tutor and a Huguenot, who was then in Geneva), Francis Tallents who at that point was a fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge, and London-based Samuel Hartlib.

The Royal Society started from groups of physicians and natural philosophers, meeting at a variety of locations, including Gresham College in London. They were influenced by the "new science", as promoted by Francis Bacon in his New Atlantis, from approximately 1645 onwards. A group known as "Philosophical Society of Oxford" was run under a set of rules still retained by the Bodleian Library. After the English Restoration, there were regular meetings at Gresham College. It is widely held that these groups were the inspiration for the foundation of the Royal Society.

Another view of the founding, held at the time, was that it was due to the influence of French scientists and the Montmor Academy in 1657, reports of which were sent back to England by English scientists attending. This view was held by Jean-Baptiste du Hamel, Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle and Melchisédech Thévenot at the time and has some grounding in that Henry Oldenburg, the society's first secretary, had attended the Montmor Academy meeting. Robert Hooke, however, disputed this, writing that:

[Cassini] makes, then, Mr Oldenburg to have been the instrument, who inspired the English with a desire to imitate the French, in having Philosophical Clubs, or Meetings; and that this was the occasion of founding the Royal Society, and making the French the first. I will not say, that Mr Oldenburg did rather inspire the French to follow the English, or, at least, did help them, and hinder us. But 'tis well known who were the principal men that began and promoted that design, both in this city and in Oxford; and that a long while before Mr Oldenburg came into England. And not only these Philosophic Meetings were before Mr Oldenburg came from Paris; but the Society itself was begun before he came hither; and those who then knew Mr Oldenburg, understood well enough how little he himself knew of philosophic matter.

On 28 November 1660, which is considered the official foundation date of the Royal Society, a meeting at Gresham College of 12 natural philosophers decided to commence a "Colledge for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning". Amongst those founders were Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, William Brouncker and Robert Moray.

At the second meeting, Sir Robert Moray announced that the King approved of the gatherings, and a royal charter was signed on 15 July 1662 which created the "Royal Society of London", with Lord Brouncker serving as the first president. A second royal charter was signed on 23 April 1663, with the king noted as the founder and with the name of "the Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge"; Robert Hooke was appointed as Curator of Experiments in November. This initial royal favour has continued and, since then, every monarch has been the patron of the society.

The society's early meetings included experiments performed first by Hooke and then by Denis Papin, who was appointed in 1684. These experiments varied in their subject area, and were both important in some cases and trivial in others. The society also published an English translation of Essays of Natural Experiments Made in the Accademia del Cimento, under the Protection of the Most Serene Prince Leopold of Tuscany in 1684, an Italian book documenting experiments at the Accademia del Cimento. Although meeting at Gresham College, the society temporarily moved to Arundel House in 1666 after the Great Fire of London, which did not harm Gresham but did lead to its appropriation by the Lord Mayor. The society returned to Gresham in 1673.

There had been an attempt in 1667 to establish a permanent "college" for the society. Michael Hunter argues that this was influenced by "Solomon's House" in Bacon's New Atlantis and, to a lesser extent, by J. V. Andreae's Christianopolis, dedicated research institutes, rather than the colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, since the founders only intended for the society to act as a location for research and discussion. The first proposal was given by John Evelyn to Robert Boyle in a letter dated 3 September 1659; he suggested a grander scheme, with apartments for members and a central research institute. Similar schemes were expounded by Bengt Skytte and later Abraham Cowley, who wrote in his Proposition for the Advancement of Experimental Philosophy in 1661 of a "'Philosophical College", with houses, a library and a chapel. The society's ideas were simpler and only included residences for a handful of staff, but Hunter maintains an influence from Cowley and Skytte's ideas. Henry Oldenburg and Thomas Sprat put forward plans in 1667 and Oldenburg's co-secretary, John Wilkins, moved in a council meeting on 30 September 1667 to appoint a committee "for raising contributions among the members of the society, in order to build a college". These plans were progressing by November 1667, but never came to anything, given the lack of contributions from members and the "unrealised—perhaps unrealistic"—aspirations of the society.

18th century

During the 18th century, the gusto that had characterised the early years of the society faded; with a small number of scientific "greats" compared to other periods, little of note was done. In the second half, it became customary for His Majesty's Government to refer highly important scientific questions to the council of the society for advice, something that, despite the non-partisan nature of the society, spilled into politics in 1777 over lightning conductors. The pointed lightning conductor had been invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1749, while Benjamin Wilson invented blunted ones. During the argument that occurred when deciding which to use, opponents of Franklin's invention accused supporters of being American allies rather than being British, and the debate eventually led to the resignation of the society's president, Sir John Pringle. During the same time period, it became customary to appoint society fellows to serve on government committees where science was concerned, something that still continues.

The 18th century featured remedies to many of the society's early problems. The number of fellows had increased from 110 to approximately 300 by 1739, the reputation of the society had increased under the presidency of Sir Isaac Newton from 1703 until his death in 1727, and editions of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society were appearing regularly. During his time as president, Newton arguably abused his authority; in a dispute between himself and Gottfried Leibniz over the invention of infinitesimal calculus, he used his position to appoint an "impartial" committee to decide it, eventually publishing a report written by himself in the committee's name. In 1705, the society was informed that it could no longer rent Gresham College and began a search for new premises. After unsuccessfully applying to Queen Anne for new premises, and asking the trustees of Cotton House if they could meet there, the council bought two houses in Crane Court, Fleet Street, on 26 October 1710. This included offices, accommodation and a collection of curiosities. Although the overall fellowship contained few noted scientists, most of the council were highly regarded, and included at various times John Hadley, William Jones and Hans Sloane. Because of the laxness of fellows in paying their subscriptions, the society ran into financial difficulty during this time; by 1740, the society had a deficit of £240. This continued into 1741, at which point the treasurer began dealing harshly with fellows who had not paid. The business of the society at this time continued to include the demonstration of experiments and the reading of formal and important scientific papers, along with the demonstration of new scientific devices and queries about scientific matters from both Britain and Europe.

Some modern research has asserted that the claims of the society's degradation during the 18th century are false. Richard Sorrenson writes that "far from having 'fared ingloriously', the society experienced a period of significant productivity and growth throughout the eighteenth century", pointing out that many of the sources critical accounts are based on are in fact written by those with an agenda. While Charles Babbage wrote that the practice of pure mathematics in Britain was weak, laying the blame at the doorstep of the society, the practice of mixed mathematics was strong and although there were not many eminent members of the society, some did contribute vast amounts – James Bradley, for example, established the nutation of the Earth's axis with 20 years of detailed, meticulous astronomy.

Politically within the society, the mid-18th century featured a "Whig supremacy" as the so-called "Hardwicke Circle" of Whig-leaning scientists held the society's main Offices. Named after Lord Hardwicke, the group's members included Daniel Wray and Thomas Birch and was most prominent in the 1750s and '60s. The circle had Birch elected secretary and, following the resignation of Martin Folkes, the circle helped oversee a smooth transition to the presidency of Earl Macclesfield, whom Hardwicke helped elect. Under Macclesfield, the circle reached its "zenith", with members such as Lord Willoughby and Birch serving as vice-president and secretary respectively. The circle also influenced goings-on in other learned societies, such as the Society of Antiquaries of London. After Macclesfield's retirement, the circle had Lord Morton elected in 1764 and Sir John Pringle elected in 1772. By this point, the previous Whig "majority" had been reduced to a "faction", with Birch and Willoughby no longer involved, and the circle declined in the same time frame as the political party did in British politics under George III, falling apart in the 1780s.

In 1780, the society moved again, this time to Somerset House. The property was offered to the society by His Majesty's Government and, as soon as Sir Joseph Banks became president in November 1778, he began planning the move. Somerset House, while larger than Crane Court, was not satisfying to the fellows; the room to store the library was too small, the accommodation was insufficient and there was not enough room to store the museum at all. As a result, the museum was handed to the British Museum in 1781 and the library was extended to two rooms, one of which was used for council meetings.

19th century

The early 19th century has been seen as a time of decline for the society; of 662 fellows in 1830, only 104 had contributed to the Philosophical Transactions. The same year, Charles Babbage published Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes, which was deeply critical of the society. The scientific Fellows of the society were spurred into action by this, and eventually James South established a Charters Committee "with a view to obtaining a supplementary Charter from the Crown", aimed primarily at looking at ways to restrict membership. The Committee recommended that the election of Fellows take place on one day every year, that the Fellows be selected on consideration of their scientific achievements and that the number of fellows elected a year be limited to 15. This limit was increased to 17 in 1930 and 20 in 1937; it is currently 52. This had a number of effects on the society: first, the society's membership became almost entirely scientific, with few political Fellows or patrons. Second, the number of Fellows was significantly reduced—between 1700 and 1850, the number of Fellows rose from approximately 100 to approximately 750. From then until 1941, the total number of Fellows was always between 400 and 500.

The period did lead to some reform of internal Society statutes, such as in 1823 and 1831. The most important change there was the requirement that the Treasurer publish an annual report, along with a copy of the total income and expenditure of the society. These were to be sent to Fellows at least 14 days before the general meeting, with the intent being to ensure the election of competent Officers by making it readily apparent what existing Officers were doing. This was accompanied by a full list of Fellows standing for Council positions, where previously the names had only been announced a couple of days before. As with the other reforms, this helped ensure that Fellows had a chance to vet and properly consider candidates.

In 1850 the society accepted the responsibility of administering a government grant-in-aid of scientific research of £1,000 per year; this was supplemented in the financial year 1876/1877 by a Government Fund of £4,000 per year, with the society acting as the administering body of these funds, distributing grants to scientists. The Government Fund came to an end after a period of five years, after which the Government Grant was increased to £4,000 a year in total. This grant has now grown to over £47 million, some £37 million of which is to support around 370 fellowships and professorships.

By 1852, the congestion at Somerset House had increased thanks to the growing number of Fellows. Therefore, the Library Committee asked the Council to petition Her Majesty's Government to find new facilities, with the advice being to bring all the scientific societies, such as the Linnean and Geological societies, under one roof. In August 1866, the government announced their intention to refurbish Burlington House and move the Royal Academy and other societies there. The Academy moved in 1867, while other societies joined when their facilities were built. The Royal Society moved there in 1873, taking up residence in the East Wing. The top floor was used as accommodation for the Assistant Secretary, while the library was scattered over every room and the old caretaker's apartment was converted into offices. One flaw was the lack of space for the office staff, which was then approximately eighty.

20th century
On 22 March 1945, the first female Fellows were elected to the Royal Society. This followed a statutory amendment in 1944 that read "Nothing herein contained shall render women ineligible as candidates", and was contained in Chapter 1 of Statute 1. Because of the difficulty of co-ordinating all the Fellows during the Second World War, a ballot on making the change was conducted via the post, with 336 Fellows supporting the change and 37 opposing. Following approval by the Council, Marjory Stephenson and Kathleen Lonsdale were elected as the first female Fellows.

In 1947, Mary Cartwright became the first female mathematician elected to be a Fellow of the Royal Society. Cartwright was also the first woman to serve on the Council of the Royal Society.

Due to overcrowding at Burlington House, the society moved to Carlton House Terrace in 1967.

21st century
To show support for vaccines against COVID-19, the Royal Society under the guidance of both Nobel prize-winner Venki Ramakrishnan and Sir Adrian Frederick Melhuish Smith added its power to shape public discourse and proposed "legislation and punishment of those who produced and disseminated false information" about the experimental medical interventions. This was brought to popular notice in January 2020 by a retired justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, Lord Sumption, who in his broadside wrote "Science advances by confronting contrary arguments, not by suppressing them." The proposal was authored by sociologist Melinda Mills and approved by her colleagues on the "Science in Emergencies Tasking – COVID" in an October 2020 report entitled "COVID-19 vaccine deployment: Behaviour, ethics, misinformation and policy strategies". The SET-C committee favoured legislation from China, Singapore and South Korea, and found that "Singapore, for instance has the Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act (POFMA), with four prominent (criminal) cases within the first months of the COVID-19 outbreak. POFMA also lifted any exemptions for internet intermediaries which legally required social media companies like Google, Facebook, Twitter and Baidu to immediately correct cases of misinformation on their platforms."

Coat of arms

The blazon for the shield in the coat of arms of the Royal Society is in a dexter corner of a shield argent our three Lions of England, and for crest a helm adorned with a crown studded with florets, surmounted by an eagle of proper colour holding in one foot a shield charged with our lions: supporters two white hounds gorged with crowns, with the motto of nullius in verba. John Evelyn, interested in the early structure of the society, had sketched out at least six possible designs, but in August 1662 Charles II told the society that it was allowed to use the arms of England as part of its coat and the society "now resolv'd that the armes of the Society should be, a field Argent, with a canton of the armes of England; the supporters two talbots Argent; Crest, an eagle Or holding a shield with the like armes of England, viz. 3 lions. The words Nullius in verba". This was approved by Charles, who asked Garter King of Arms to create a diploma for it, and when the second charter was signed on 22 April 1663 the arms were granted to the president, council and fellows of the society along with their successors.

The helmet of the arms was not specified in the charter, but the engraver sketched out a peer's helmet (barred helmet) on the final design, which is used. This is contrary to the heraldic rules, as a society or corporation normally has an esquire's helmet (closed helmet); it is thought that either the engraver was ignorant of this rule, which was not strictly adhered to until around 1615, or that he used the peer's helmet as a compliment to Lord Brouncker, a peer and the first President of the Royal Society.

Charter book
Fellows and foreign members are required to sign a book when they join the Royal Society. This book is known as the Charter Book, and has been signed continuously since 1663. All British monarchs have signed the book since then, apart from William and Mary, and Queen Anne. In 2019, the book was digitised.

Motto
The society's motto, Nullius in verba, is Latin for "Take nobody's word for it". It was adopted to signify the fellows' determination to establish facts via experiments and comes from Horace's Epistles, where he compares himself to a gladiator who, having retired, is free from control.

Fellows of the Royal Society (FRS)

The society's core members are the fellows: scientists and engineers from the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth selected based on having made "a substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science". Fellows are elected for life and gain the right to use the postnominal Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). The rights and responsibilities of fellows also include a duty to financially contribute to the society, the right to stand for council posts and the right to elect new fellows. Up to 52 fellows are elected each year and in 2014 there were about 1,450 living members in total. Election to the fellowship is decided by ten sectional committees (each covering a subject area or set of subjects areas) which consist of existing fellows.

The society also elects royal fellows, honorary fellows and foreign members. Royal fellows are those members of the British royal family, representing the British monarchy's role in promoting and supporting the society, who are recommended by the society's council and elected via postal vote. There are currently four royal fellows: The King of the United Kingdom, The Duke of Kent, The Princess Royal, and The Prince of Wales. Honorary fellows are people who are ineligible to be elected as fellows but nevertheless have "rendered signal service to the cause of science, or whose election would significantly benefit the Society by their great experience in other walks of life". Six honorary fellows have been elected to date, including Baroness O'Neill of Bengarve. Foreign members are scientists from non-Commonwealth nations "who are eminent for their scientific discoveries and attainments". Eight are elected each year by the society and also hold their membership for life. Foreign members are permitted to use the post-nominal ForMemRS (Foreign Member of the Royal Society) and as of August 2020 number about 185.

The appointment of fellows was first authorised in the second charter, issued on 22 April 1663, which allowed the president and council, in the two months following the signing, to appoint as fellows any individual they saw fit. This saw the appointment of 94 fellows on 20 May and 4 on 22 June; these 98 are known as the "Original Fellows". After the expiration of this two-month period, any appointments were to be made by the president, council and existing fellows. Many early fellows were not scientists or particularly eminent intellectuals; it was clear that the early society could not rely on financial assistance from the king, and scientifically trained fellows were few and far between. It was, therefore, necessary to secure the favour of wealthy or important individuals for the society's survival. While the entrance fee of £4 and the subscription rate of one shilling a week should have produced £600 a year for the society, many fellows paid neither regularly nor on time. Two-thirds of the fellows in 1663 were non-scientists; this rose to 71.6% in 1800 before dropping to 47.4% in 1860 as the financial security of the society became more certain. In May 1846, a committee recommended limiting the annual intake of members to 15 and insisting on scientific eminence; this was implemented, with the result being that the society now consists exclusively of scientific fellows.

Structure and governance
The society is governed by its council, which is chaired by the society's president, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of council, the president, and the other officers are elected from and by its fellowship.

Council
The council is a body consisting of 20 to 24 Fellows, including the officers (the president, the treasurer, two secretaries—one from the physical sciences, one from life sciences—and the foreign secretary), one fellow to represent each sectional committee and seven other fellows. The council is tasked with directing the society's overall policy, managing all business related to the society, amending, making or repealing the society's standing orders and acting as trustees for the society's possessions and estates. Members are elected annually via a postal ballot, and current standing orders mean that at least ten seats must change hands each year. The council may establish (and is assisted by) a variety of committees, which can include not only fellows but also outside scientists. Under the charter, the president, two secretaries and the treasurer are collectively the officers of the society. The current officers are:
 President: Adrian Smith
 Treasurer: Jonathan Keating
 Biological Secretary: Linda Partridge
 Physical Secretary : Peter Bruce
 Foreign Secretary: Mark Walport and Alison Noble (jointly)

President

The president of the Royal Society is the head of both the society and the council. The details for the presidency were set out in the second charter and initially had no limit on how long a president could serve; under current society statute, the term is five years.

The current president is Adrian Smith, who took over from Venki Ramakrishnan on 30 November 2020. Historically, the duties of the president have been both formal and social. The Cruelty to Animals Act, 1876 left the president as one of the few individuals capable of certifying that a particular experiment on an animal was justified. In addition, the president is to act as the government's chief (albeit informal) advisor on scientific matters. Yet another task is that of entertaining distinguished foreign guests and scientists.

Permanent staff
The society is assisted by a number of full-time paid staff. The original charter provided for "two or more Operators of Experiments, and two or more clerks"; as the number of books in the society's collection grew, it also became necessary to employ a curator. The staff grew as the financial position of the society improved, mainly consisting of outsiders, along with a small number of scientists who were required to resign their fellowship on employment. The current executive director is Dame Julie Maxton DBE.

Functions and activities

The society has a variety of functions and activities. It supports modern science by disbursing over £100 million to fund almost 1,000 research fellowships for both early and late-career scientists, along with innovation, mobility and research capacity grants. Its awards, prize lectures and medals all come with prize money intended to finance research, and it provides subsidised communications and media skills courses for research scientists. Much of this activity is supported by a grant from the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, most of which is channelled to the University Research Fellowships (URF). In 2008, the society opened the Royal Society Enterprise Fund, intended to invest in new scientific companies and be self-sustaining, funded (after an initial set of donations on the 350th anniversary of the society) by the returns from its investments.

Through its Science Policy Centre, the society acts as an advisor to the UK Government, the European Commission and the United Nations on matters of science. It publishes several reports a year, and serves as the Academy of Sciences of the United Kingdom. Since the middle of the 18th century, government problems involving science were irregularly referred to the society, and by 1800 it was done regularly.

Carlton House Terrace

The premises at 6–9 Carlton House Terrace is a Grade I listed building and the current headquarters of the Royal Society, which had moved there from Burlington House in 1967. The ground floor and basement are used for ceremonies, social and publicity events, the first floor hosts facilities for Fellows and Officers of the society, and the second and third floors are divided between offices and accommodation for the President, Executive Director and Fellows.

The first Carlton House was named after Baron Carleton, and was sold to Lord Chesterfield in 1732, who held it on trust for Frederick, Prince of Wales. Frederick held his court there until his death in 1751, after which it was occupied by his widow until her death in 1772. In 1783, the then-Prince of Wales George bought the house, instructing his architect Henry Holland to completely remodel it.

When George became King, he authorised the demolition of Carlton House, with the request that the replacement be a residential area. John Nash eventually completed a design that saw Carlton House turned into two blocks of houses, with a space in between them. The building is still owned by the Crown Estates and leased by the society; it underwent a major renovation from 2001 to 2004 at the cost of £9.8 million, and was reopened by the Prince of Wales on 7 July 2004.

Carlton House Terrace underwent a series of renovations between 1999 and November 2003 to improve and standardise the property. New waiting, exhibition and reception rooms were created in the house at No.7, using the Magna Boschi marble found in No.8, and greenish grey Statuario Venato marble was used in other areas to standardise the design. An effort was also made to make the layout of the buildings easier, consolidating all the offices on one floor, Fellows' Rooms on another and all the accommodation on a third.

Kavli Royal Society International Centre
In 2009 Chicheley Hall, a Grade I listed building located near Milton Keynes, was bought by the Royal Society for £6.5 million, funded in part by the Kavli Foundation. The Royal Society spent several million on renovations adapting it to become the Kavli Royal Society International Centre, a venue for residential science seminars. The centre held its first scientific meeting on 1 June 2010 and was formally opened on 21 June 2010. The Centre was permanently closed on 18 June 2020 and the building was sold in 2021.

Publishing

Through Royal Society Publishing, the society publishes the following journals:
 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A (mathematics and the physical sciences)
 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (biological sciences)
 Proceedings of the Royal Society A
 Proceedings of the Royal Society B
 Biology Letters
 Open Biology
 Royal Society Open Science
 Journal of the Royal Society Interface
 Interface Focus
 Notes and Records
 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

The society introduced the world's first journal exclusively devoted to science in 1665, Philosophical Transactions, and in so doing originated the peer review process now widespread in scientific journals. Its founding editor was Henry Oldenburg, the society's first secretary.
It remains the oldest and longest-running scientific journal in the world. It now publishes themed issues on specific topics and, since 1886, has been divided into two parts; A, which deals with mathematics and the physical sciences, and B, which deals with the biological sciences.

Proceedings of the Royal Society consists of freely submitted research articles and is similarly divided into two parts. Biology Letters publishes short research articles and opinion pieces on all areas of biology and was launched in 2005. Journal of the Royal Society Interface publishes cross-disciplinary research at the boundary between the physical and life sciences, while Interface Focus, publishes themed issue in the same areas. Notes and Records is the society's journal of the history of science. Biographical Memoirs is published twice annually and contains extended obituaries of deceased Fellows. Open Biology is an open access journal covering biology at the molecular and cellular level. Royal Society Open Science is an open access journal publishing high-quality original research across the entire range of science on the basis of objective peer-review. All the society's journals are peer-reviewed.

In May 2021, the society announced plans to transition its four hybrid research journals to open access

Honours

The Royal Society presents numerous awards, lectures, and medals to recognise scientific achievement. The oldest is the Croonian Lecture, created in 1701 at the request of the widow of William Croone, one of the founding members of the Royal Society. The Croonian Lecture is still awarded on an annual basis and is considered the most important Royal Society prize for the biological sciences. Although the Croonian Lecture was created in 1701, it was first awarded in 1738, seven years after the Copley Medal. The Copley Medal is the oldest Royal Society medal still in use and is awarded for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science".

See also

 Fellows of the Royal Society
 Royal Fellows of the Royal Society
 List of Fellows of the Royal Society
 List of female Fellows of the Royal Society
 List of presidents of the Royal Society
 Academy of Medical Sciences
 British Academy
 British Association for the Advancement of Science
 History of science
 Laputa, a fictional island full of absurd inventions put by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver's Travels to mock the Royal Society.
 Learned societies
 List of British professional bodies
 List of Royal Societies
 Royal Institution
 Royal Society of Arts
 Royal Academy of Engineering, UK
 Society Islands
 The Baroque Cycle, a series of historical novels by Neal Stephenson, in which many of the founders of the Royal Society appear.
 The Royal Society Range, a mountain range in Antarctica named after the society
 UK Young Academy
 Glossary of areas of mathematics
 Glossary of astronomy
 Glossary of biology
 Glossary of calculus
 Glossary of chemistry
 Glossary of engineering
 Glossary of physics

References

Bibliography

 Carré, Meyrick H. "The Formation of the Royal Society" History Today (Aug 1960) 10#8 pp 564–571.

 Hart, Vaughan (2020). Christopher Wren: In Search of Eastern Antiquity, Yale University Press

 Stark, Ryan. "Language Reform in the Late Seventeenth Century", in Rhetoric, Science, and Magic in Seventeenth-Century England (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2009), 9–46.

External links

 List of Fellows of the Royal Society
 Complete list of Royal Society Fellows 1660–2007 in PDF
 The Royal Society's 350th anniversary
 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London public domain @Archive.org
 The Royal Society Publishing website
 The Royal Society of London (a brief history)
 Scholarly Societies Project: Royal Society of London
 A visualisation of the Royal Society's publications from 1665 to 2005
 The Royal Society, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Stephen Pumphrey, Lisa Jardine & Michael Hunter (In Our Time, 23 March 2006)

1660 establishments in England
Members of the International Council for Science
United Kingdom
Non-profit organisations based in London
Organisations based in London with royal patronage
Professional associations based in the United Kingdom
Scientific organizations established in 1660
Social history of the United Kingdom
Members of the International Science Council
Organizations associated with the COVID-19 pandemic

Royal Society


Hambar je građevina u mjestu Stari Glog, u općini Gradec.

Opis
Tradicijska gospodarska zgrada - hambar smještena na izgrađenoj parceli u Starom Glogu k. br. 56 pripada tipu drvenih gospodarskih građevina tipičnih za panonski kulturni areal, dok se na prostoru Zagrebačke županije pojavljuje vrlo rijetko i to na sjeverozapadnom dijelu. Drveni hambar izgrađen je hrastovim planjkama 1870. godine i sačuvan u izvornom obliku sa svim detaljima eksterijera i interijera. Pravokutnog je tlocrta i natkriven četverostrešnim krovom izvorno prekrivenim šindrom, koja je sačuvana na "krovcu" – plitkom kroviću koji štiti pročelje. Glavno krovište prekriveno je utorenim crijepom. Ispred ulaza smješten je trijem s rezbarenim stupovima. U unutrašnjosti je sačuvan inventar, odnosno sedam drvenih pregrada za žitarice, takozvanih "oka".

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5540 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene gospodarske građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji

Hambar (Stari Glog)


British Leyland Motor Corporation (BLMC) , Leyland Motor Corporation ve British Motor Holdings firmalarının birleşmesiyle 1968 yılında kurulmuş Britanyalı otomotiv şirketidir.

Tarihi

Birleşme öncesi
BMC II. Dünya Savaşı sonrası dönemde oluşan satıcı pazarında edindiği yüksek karları rasyonel yatırımlara dönüştürmeyi başaramamış finansal güçlükler içine girmişti. Leyland ise, rakibi olan Daimler Benz firmasının kamyonlarından daha kaliteli kamyon üretme iddiasında olan başarılı bir kamyon üreticisi durumundaydı. Bu dönemde Birleşik Krallık'ın iki prestijli oto firması olan Standart Triumph ve Rover firmalarını bünyesine katmış durumdaydı. Triumph yüksek kaliteli sedanlar ve yüksek performanslı spor arabalar üretmekte idi. Rover, savaştaki Amerikan yeniliği olan Jeep tipi arabaları çift diferansiyelli, dört çeker 4WD arabalara dönüştürerek sivil kullanıma sunmuştu. Rover ayrıca konfor ve hız bakımından gelişmiş kaliteli sedan arabalar da üretmekte idi.

Birleşmesi
1966 başlarında otomotiv sektöründe sadece üç büyük firma bulunmakta idi. Bunlar Rootes (kısa sürede Chrysler'in kontrolüne geçti), BMC (1968'de Jaguar ile birleşerek British Motor Holdings - BMH oldu) ve 1960'larda otobüs ve kamyon ihracatındaki performansı göz kamaştıran Leyland'tı. 5 Mart 1966'da Birleşik Krallık hükûmeti Industrial Reorganisation Corporation (IRC) kuruluşunu oluşturdu ve otomotiv sektöründeki rasyonalizasyon bu kuruluşun sorumluluğuna verildi. IRC sektörün güçlenmesi için bir "Şampiyon Kuruluş" un varlığını gerekli görüyordu ve bunu sağlamak için BMH ile Leyland'ın birleşmesini teşvik ettiler ve bir anlamda zorladılar. IRC tarafından BMH uluslararası pazarlarda rekabet edebilecek bir ölçekte ve güçte görülmedi. Buna karşılık Leyland güçlü, dengeli ve kârlı bir performans vermekte idi. Başkanları Donald Stokes Birleşik Krallık sanayi kesiminde en yeteneklilerden biri olarak biliniyordu. IRC yöneticileri bu aktiflerin bir araya gelmesi ile güçlü ve karalı bir "Şampiyon Şirket" in doğacağını ve sorunların aşılacağını düşünüyorlardı. Ayrıca 1967'lerde karamsar ve kötümser olmak için ufukta ciddi bir neden de görülmüyordu. BMH'ın direnişlerine ve görüşmelerde yaşanan olumsuzluklara karşılık hükûmetin ağırlığını koyması ile iki firma %50'şerlik hisselere sahip olarak British Leyland Motor Corporation (BLMC) olarak birleştiler.

Birleşme sonrası

Dev birer işveren olan Leyland ve BMC'nin birleşmesi, İngiliz İşçi Hükûmetine ve özellikle Teknoloji Bakanı Tony Benn'e cesaret verdi. Benn ve İşçi hükûmeti, gelecekti parlak başarıları öngörerek finansal destek sözü verdiler. Bu birleşmenin anlamı, 48 fabrikanın 200.000 çalışanı ve Austin, Morris, Rover, Jaguar, Triumph, MG, Austin Healey  gibi kendi alanlarında prestij taşıyan markaların sahipliği idi. Bu aktiflerle BLMC İngiliz pazarının %40 payına hükmediyor ve dünyanın önde gelen bir otomotiv kuruluşu oluyordu. Bundan sonraki gelişmeler ise bir şampiyonun doğuşunu değil, aşırı sayıdaki fabrika, model, çalışan ve bayiden oluşan, hantal ve koordinasyonu güç bir imparatorluğun doğuşunu sergilemekte idi.

Yeni BLMC firmasının genel müdürü enerjik bir mühendis, dinamik bir satıcı olan ve daha önce Leyland'ı yöneten Donald Stokes oldu. Kendisine yakın bir şekilde destek veren iki yönetici John Barber ve George Turnbull olarak seçilmişti. Barber, Ford firmasından gelmekte idi ve orada başarılı Cortina modelini geliştiren ekiple çalışmıştı. BLMC'nin daha üst pazarlara geçmesini arzu eden bir finans müdürü idi. Turnbull,
kendisini ve yeteneklerini Triumph'da kanıtlamış yaratıcı ve lider kişilikli bir yönetici idi. BLMC'nin Austin-Morris bölümünün başına geçti.

Austin-Morris, BLMC'nin en büyük ve en zayıf bölümü idi. Bir yatırım eksikliği ve kar yetersizliği spiralinin baskısı ile bunalmakta idi. Bu spiral yabancı arabaları rekabeti ile daha da hızlanmakta idi. Turnbull deneyimli bir finansçı olarak Austin-Morris bölümün sorunlarını derhal kavradı. Ayrıca, Austin-Morris  bölümünün efsanevi teknik direktörü Alec Issigonis'in sıra dışı karakteri ile uyum sağlamanın güçlüklerini de yaşadı.

Issigonis ve müdürleri, yeni bir araba tasarımlanırken bunun maliyetlerinin nasıl hesaplanacağı konusunda hiçbir fikir sahibi değillerdi. Bunun en belirgin örneği Mini Morris arabaların yaratılması idi. Yeryüzündeki en mükemmel performansı veren ufak arabası ve otomotiv tarihinin en devrimci tasarımlarından biri, üretilen her araba başına $45 dolar para kaybediyordu.
Longbridge gibi BLMC fabrikaları teorik olarak yönetim tarafından pratikte ise sendika temsilcileri tarafından kontrol edilmekte idi. Triumph'ta sendika temsilcisi işçileri işe almakta, işten çıkartmakta ve üretim düzeylerini belirlemekte idi. İşçiler parça başına çalışmakta ve kotalarını doldurdukları zaman işi bırakıp evlerine veya publarına gitmekte idiler. Yapılan işin kalitesi hızla yozlaştı ve birçok fabrika öğleden sonra 2:00 civarlarında yarı terk edilmiş bir görünüm kazandı. Araba motorları fabrika kapısından araba bagajlarına konarak kaçırılıyordu. Sendikanın kabul ettirdiği şartlardan biri olan "Arama yasağı" bu süreci kolaylaştırmakta idi.

Turnbull sorunlarla boğuşabilmek için öncelikle kendine yakın genç ve enerjik bir yönetici kadrosu oluşturdu. Bu kadro ile endüstri ilişkilerini düzeltmeye ve üretim ve tasarımdaki kalite düşüklüklerini geliştirmeye çalıştı. Yönetim ve çalışanlar arasındaki haberleşmenin etkinliğini arttırmada başarılı oldu. Fakat önünde gidilmesi gereken oldukça uzun ve yokuş yukarı bir yol bulunmakta idi.

Bu arada Güney Kore Ulsan da Chung Ju Yung, Hyundai Motors  firmasını kurarak Birleşik Krallık'tan kit hâlinde gelen Ford Cortina modeli arabaları monte etmeye başladı.

1971 yılında Turnbull ve BLMC'deki ekibi, yeni firmanın ilk yeni arabası Morris Marina'yı pazara sürdüler. Bu araba Ford'un Cortina modeli ile rekabet etmek için üretilmişti. Fabrikalardaki seri üretime hakim olan koşullar düşünüldüğünde bu arabanın üretim hattından çıkmasına bile mucize gözü ile bakmak gerekiyordu. 1970 yılında Austin-Morris bir endüstriyel eylem yaşamadan sadece iki hafta geçirebilmişti. Sendikaların esas aldığı parça başına üretim sistemi, parçalarda veya üretim hattı tekniğinde en ufak bir değişimin haftalar süren bir toplu sözleşme pazarlığına neden olmasıydı. Sigara yakacağının soldan sağa geçirilmesi bile, sendikaların bütün arabanın montaj hadlerini yeniden pazarlığa sürmesine neden olmaktaydı.
Japon rakiplerinin "Yalın Üretim" ve "Tam zamanında Tedarik (JIT)" tekniklerine geçmelerinden yirmi yıl sonra bile, BLMC yönetimi sürekli grev tehdidi altında yaşamak ve radyatör, egzoz gibi parçalarda bile en az iki tedarikçiden sağlanan stoklarla çalışmak durumunda kalıyorlardı.

Turnbull giderek moral yitirmeye başladı. Karısı Marion, basında BLMC nin kar ettiğine dair haberleri görmekten bile korkar hale gelmişti. Bu haberlerin sonrasında sendikalar hemen pazarlık masasına oturma eğilimine giriyorlar ve talepleri hemen karşılanmadığında grevle sistemi felç ediyorlardı.

1973'te, Turnbull ve BLMC deki teknik direktörü Austin Allegro'yu ürettiler. Bu Issigonis tasarımlı 1100 ve 1300 modellerinden vazgeçmek amacını taşıyordu. Model beklentileri karşılayamadı ve BLMC'nin yıldızı saha da zorlaşan ekonomik ve politik ortamda giderek solmaya başladı.

Donald Strokes emekli olma aşamasına gelmişti. Yerini kimin alacağı konusunda bir iktidar kavgası başladı. Strokes'in hemen altında yer alan iki yönetici bu kavganın liderliğini oluşturarak firmanın sorunlarının daha da derinleşmesine neden oldular. Turnbull  firmanın üretim hacimlerini optimum belirleyebilme sorununu çözmesi gerektiğine ve bunun mümkün olduğuna inanmaktaydı. Bunun en iyi yöntemi firmayı desantralize etmek ve otonom bölümlere yetki devretmek olacaktı. John Barber  ise firmanın daha üst pazarlara geçmesi gerektiğine inanıyordu ve bunun yolu da firmanın Ford veya GM modelinde yeniden merkezileşmesi idi.

Kamulaştırılması

Kazanan Barber ve merkezciler oldu veya onlar kazandıklarını sandılar. 1973 mayısında Barber, Strokes'in yardımcısı ve görevi devralacak yönetici olarak atandı. Altı ay sonra Turnbull, Austin-Morris'in yönetici müdürlüğünden istifa etti. Turnbull'un istifası, sektörde ileri gelen birçok kişiyi şok etti. Her zaman ideallerinin arkasında durmuştu ve onları terk etmek gibi bir niyeti yoktu. Bu eyleminin etkisini yumuşatacak herhangi bir başka işe de talip olmadı.

Turnbull 1974'te bir Güney Kore Chaebol (Holding) firmasında bir otomobil üretim sistemini geliştirirken, İngiliz hükûmeti BLMC firmasını kamulaştırma zorunda kaldı. Bunun sonucu ise bir ticari ve politik facia oldu ve bu facia şok bir şekilde yükselen petrol fiyatlarının da tüketici harcama eğilimlerini bozması ile katlanarak büyüdü. Kuzey Denizi petrol gelirleri İngiliz Paund'unun diğer para birimleri karşısında değerini yükselterek BLMC arabalarının rekabetçi avantajlarını kaybetmelerine yol açtı. Yeryüzündeki beşinci en büyük araba firması BLMC, İngiliz hükûmetinin sırtında ciddi bir yük oluşturmaya başladı. İngiliz başbakanı Harold Wilson bu sorunun çözümünü, danışmanı olan Sir Don Ryder'e devretti. Ryder oluşturduğu bir ekiple sektörün sorunlarını yakından inceleyerek hükûmete öneriler götürdü.

Ryder ve ekibinin planı, devlet mülkiyetindeki İngiliz oto endüstrisinin genişletilmesi için hazır bir reçete gibi ortaya çıktı. Arabaların özelliğine, pazar segmentine, rekabetçi üstünlüklerine hiç dikkat edilmeden, bir markayı diğerinde ayırmadan basmakalıp bir yaklaşımı sergiliyordu. Kendine özgü gelenekleri ve sorunları olan bir sektöre, işletmecilik kitaplarının en sıradan kuralları ve pazarlamacılığın moda formülleri ile yaklaşılmakta idi. Ryder, BLMC müdürlerine danışma gereğini duymadı. Buna karşılık en militan üyelerinin kontrolünü kaybetmek durumunda kalan sendikaların gönlünü alacak yaklaşımlarda bulundu. Böylece bu militan elemanların geçmişte tadını çıkarttığı işletmecilik ortamının, yeni dönemde de sürmesine olanak sağladı. Sektörün sorunlarından sorumlu tuttukları tepe yönetim ile görüşmekten özellikle kaçınmaları, olaylara ara yöneticilerin vizyonu ile bakmalarına ve kararları etkileyen stratejik öncelikleri gözden kaçırmalarına neden oldu.

Bu olayda politikanın ekonomi ve işletmecilik sorunlarına autistik bakışının belirgin bir örneği görülmektedir. Ekonomi ve işletmecilik sorunlarının çözümü politik olarak güçlükler taşısa bile bunların nasıl çözülebileceği bilimsel olarak bellidir. Birleşik Krallık'ın herhangi sıradan işletme fakültesi, otomotiv sektörünün sorunları ve bunların nasıl çözümlenebileceği konusunda çok değerli önerilerde bulunabilirdi. Fakat sorunlara objektif ve rasyonel yaklaşmak yerine politik önceliklere göre davranmanın autistik çıkmazı, sektörde sorunların derinleşerek felakete dönüşmesine yol açtı.

Devlet mülkiyeti ve Ryder planı altında çalışan BLMC giderek milli bir mizah konusu olmaya başladı. BLMC logosu artık kötü kalite, sonu gelmeyen grevler, azalan verimlilik, tırmanarak artan ücret talepleri anlamına gelmeye başladı. Hükûmet, Kuzey Denizi petrollerinin gelirini ve vergi ödeyenlerin parasını şirkete akıttığı halde durum kötüleşmeye devam etti. Austin, Morris, Jaguar ve MG gibi gurulu markalar yerlere serildiler. Bağımsız bölümler, Amerika, Japonya ve Avrupa karşısında rekabet güçlerini sağlayacak olan mükemmelcilik imajlarını yitirdiler.

1977'de BLMC'nin yeni patronu Michael Edwardes oldu. Edwardes kuruluşu, yılda adam başına dört araba üretimi gibi düşük bir verimlilik düzeyinde devraldı. İşçi hükûmeti başbakanı James Callaghan tarafından politik önceliklere göre atanmış bir yönetici idi. Yeni başkan yardımcısı İskoç-Amerikan kökenli gözüpek bir yönetici olan Ian Mcgregor oldu.  Edwardes ve Mcgregor sonraki iki yılda sendikalarla sürdürülen çatışmalarda sıkı pazarlıkçılar olduklarını kanıtladılar. Bu arada BLMC devletin büyük ölçekteki paralarını yutmaya devam ediyordu.

1979'da BLMC yönetim kurulu muhalefet lideri Margaret Thatcher'i bir öğle yemekli toplantıya davet etti. Bayan Thatcher iktidara hazırlık dönemindeydi. Sandalyesine yerleştiği anda bakışının ne olduğunu gösteren sert bir yaklaşım yaptı. " Evet Mr. Edwardes. Söyleyin bakalım, neden bizler British Leylanda daha fazla para dökmek zorundayız."

Margaret Thatcher  ve Muhafazakâr Parti o yıl seçimleri kazandı. Tatcher hükûmetinin temel ilkelerinden biri, Birleşik Krallık'ın ekonomik sorunlarını Monetarist kuramlara uygun yöntemlerel çözmek idi. Gündemlerinde yoğun bir özelleştirme programı vardı ve bundan taviz vermeyi düşünmüyorlardı. BLMC, bu programın en çok sözü edilen uygulamalarından biridir.

Feshedilmesi

1980 yılında İngiliz Sanayi Bakanı Keith Joseph firmayı $700 milyon dolara alıcılara devretti. Hükûmet bunun alternatifi olan tasfiyenin, kendilerine işsizlik sorunları çıkartacağını ve daha pahalıya mal olacağını hesaplamıştı. Hükûmet buna rağmen BLMC'a ilave $1,5 Milyar dolar destek sağlamak durumunda kaldı. Hükûmet buraya harcanan her peniye esef ettiğini belli etti. 1982'de Edwardes BLMC işletmelerinden 19'unu satarak elden çıkardı. İşgücü 196.000'den 104.000'e indirgendi. Triumph ve GM işletmeleri kapatıldı. Rover işletmesinin Honda ile işbirliği yapabilmesi için olanaklar sağladı. Bu arada Metro, Maestro ve Montego gibi yeni modellerin yaratılmasına öncülük etti.

1986'da Sir Graham Day, BLMC'de başkanlık görevini Edwardes'ten devraldı. Day firmanı ismini Rover'e çevirdi ve hisselerini pazara sürdü. İngiliz hükûmeti Rover'i GM'ye satma niyeti olduğunu deklare etti. Avam kamarasındaki şiddetli tartışma ve muhalefet, muhafazakârla arasında da özelleştirmenin bu ölçüsünden hoşnutsuz olanlar olduğunu sergiledi. Otuz muhafazakâr milletvekili, işçi partililer ile birlikte satışın aleyhine oy kullandılar. Rover, British Aerospace kuruluşunun bir parçası olarak özelleştirildi.

BLMC şirketleri ve markaları
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!width=10%|markalar
!colspan=5|1900'ler
!colspan=5|1910'lar
!colspan=5|1920'ler
!colspan=5|1930'lar
!colspan=5|1940'lar
!colspan=5|1950'ler
!colspan=5|1960'lar
!colspan=5|1970'ler
!colspan=5|1980'ler
!colspan=5|1990'lar
!colspan=5|2000'ler
!colspan=5|2010'lar

|-bgcolor=#E0E0E0
!bgcolor=#F0F0F0|Jaguar
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|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 1|
|colspan=12 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|SS Cars
|colspan= 7 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|Jaguar
|colspan= 3 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=3|Jaguar&Daimler
|colspan= 1 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=3|BMH
|colspan= 7 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=15|BLMC / British Leyland
|colspan= 4 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=3|Jaguar&Daimler
|colspan= 9 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=3|Ford (PAG)
|colspan= 2 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=5|Tata
|-bgcolor=#E0E0E0
!bgcolor=#F0F0F0|Daimler
|colspan= 5 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|Daimler
|colspan=10 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|BSA
|colspan=15 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=2|BSA
|-bgcolor=#E0E0E0
!bgcolor=#F0F0F0|Lanchester
|colspan=15 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|Lanchester
|-bgcolor=#E0E0E0
!bgcolor=#F0F0F0|Rover
|colspan= 1|
|colspan=22 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|Rover
|colspan= 9 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=2|Rover
|colspan= 2 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=3|Rover
|colspan= 4 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=12|Austin Rover Grubu&Land Rover Grubu (BL plc)
|colspan= 2 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=12|Rover Grubu (BAe)
|colspan= 3 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=2|Rover Grubu(BMW)
|colspan= 3 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=1|MG Rover Grubu (PVH)
|colspan= 1 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=2|
|-bgcolor=#E0E0E0
!bgcolor=#F0F0F0|Land Rover
|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 3|
|colspan= 4 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|Ford (PAG)
|-bgcolor=#E0E0E0
!bgcolor=#F0F0F0|Alvis
|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 1|
|colspan=21 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|Alvis
|colspan= 9 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|BAE Systems
|-bgcolor=#E0E0E0
!bgcolor=#F0F0F0|Standard
|colspan= 1|
|colspan=21 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|Standard
|colspan= 8 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=2|Standard Triumph
|colspan= 4 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=2|Leyland Motors
|colspan= 9 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|British Motor Heritage
|-bgcolor=#E0E0E0
!bgcolor=#F0F0F0|Triumph
|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 5 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|Dawson
|colspan=12 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|Triumph
|colspan= 9 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=2|BMW
|-bgcolor=#E0E0E0
!bgcolor=#F0F0F0|Riley
|colspan=19 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|Riley
|colspan= 7 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=4|Nuffield Organisation
|colspan= 7 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=6|BMC
|colspan= 1 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=6|BMH
|-bgcolor=#E0E0E0
!bgcolor=#F0F0F0|MG
|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 1|
|colspan= 8 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|Morris Garages (MG)
|colspan= 3 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=6|Rover Grubu(BMW)
|colspan= 3 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=5|MG Rover Grubu (PVH)
|colspan= 1 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=5|SAIC&NAC
|colspan= 2 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=5|SAIC
|-bgcolor=#E0E0E0
!bgcolor=#F0F0F0|Morris
|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 1|
|colspan=12 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|Morris
|colspan= 1 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=2|Morris
|-bgcolor=#E0E0E0
!bgcolor=#F0F0F0|Wolseley
|colspan=18 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|Austin
|colspan= 2|
|colspan=21 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|Austin
|colspan= 3 bgcolor=#C0C0C0 rowspan=2|Austin
|-bgcolor=#E0E0E0
!bgcolor=#F0F0F0|Vanden Plas
|colspan= 2|
|colspan=21 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|Vanden Plas
|-bgcolor=#E0E0E0
!bgcolor=#F0F0F0|Mini
|colspan= 5|
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|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 4|
|colspan= 6 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|BMW
|-bgcolor=#E0E0E0
!bgcolor=#F0F0F0|Austin-Healey
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|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 1|
|colspan=10 bgcolor=#C0C0C0|Austin (BMC) & Donald Healey
|colspan= 4|
|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 5|
|colspan= 1|

|-bgcolor=#F0F0F0
!width=10%|markalar
!colspan=5|1900'ler
!colspan=5|1910'lar
!colspan=5|1920'ler
!colspan=5|1930'lar
!colspan=5|1940'lar
!colspan=5|1950'ler
!colspan=5|1960'lar
!colspan=5|1970'ler
!colspan=5|1980'ler
!colspan=5|1990'lar
!colspan=5|2000'ler
!colspan=5|2010'lar
|-
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Birleşik Krallık merkezli otomotiv şirketleri
Eski otomobil üreticileri

British Leyland


L'Hôpital de La Chaux-de-Fonds est un hôpital situé à La Chaux-de-Fonds.

Histoire de l'hôpital
L'hôpital de La Chaux-de-Fonds fait partie du réseau hospitalier neuchâtelois.

En 2017, la vétusté du site hospitalier est mise en lumière et bénéficie d'une rénovation en 2021, notamment le service des urgences.

Services de l'hôpital

Le département de l'imagerie médicale est modernisé en 2021.

Le Centre d'urgences psychiatriques (CUP), est un service du CNP situé sur les sites de RHNe de Neuchâtel et de La Chaux-de-Fonds.

Risques sanitaires

Dès le début de la crise sanitaire, l'hôpital de La Chaux-de-Fonds,  fait partie des sept unités sur 26 du RHNE qui sont restructurées pour prendre en charge les patients positifs à la Covid.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Santé en Suisse

Hôpital en Suisse

Hôpital de la Chaux-de-Fonds


Zoološki vrt Adelaide je drugi najstariji australski zoološki vrt. Adelaide je neprofitni zoološki vrt koji se nalazi sjeverno od centra grada Adelaide u Južnoj Australiji. Administrativne poslove vrta obavlja "Kraljevsko zoološko društvo Južne Australije". U zoološkom vrtu nalazi se oko 2500 životinja, odnosno oko 250 domaćih i egzotičnih vrsta. Pet zgrada unutar vrta na popisu su australske kulturne baštine, a zoo vrt unutar sebe ima veliki botanički vrt u kojem obitava domaća i egzotična flora.

Povijest
Zoološki vrt Adelaide otvoren je 23. svibnja 1883. godine te je bio površine od 6,5 hektara (naspram sadašnjih 8 hektara). Zemljište za zoo vrt je osigurala australska vlada, a ono je osnovano od strane "Južnoaustralskog društva za aklimatizaciju i zoologiju".

Prvi direktor zoološkog vrta (1882. – 1893.) bio je Richard Ernest Minchin, a naslijedio ga je sin A. C. Minchin koji je zoo vrtom upravljao od 1893. do 1934. Njega je također naslijedio sin R. R. L. Mincin koji je zoološkim vrtom upravljao od 1934. do 1940. Sredinom 20-tog stoljeća Adelaide je bio aktivno uključen u izvoz živih ptica. Procjenjuje se da je kroz Adelaide i zoološki vrt Taronga prošlo preko 99% svih ptica koje su se izvozile.

Suvremeni Adelaide
Suvremeni zoo vrt odustao je od tradicionalnog držanja životinja isključivo u parovima te su sadašnje životinje grupirane kao što bi bile u divljini. Smještaj i briga o životinja pomno su planirani, a izgradnja infrastrukture rađena je planski kako bi što bolje simulirala divljinu i prirodno životinjsko stanište.

Zoološki vrt fokusira se na držanje i očuvanje životinjskih vrsta s područja "Gondvane" (južni superkontinent koji se sastojao od većine kopnenih masa koje sačinjavaju današnje kontinente južne hemisfere: Antarktiku, Južnu Ameriku, Afriku, Madagaskar, Indiju, Arabiju, Australiju-Novu Gvineju i Novi Zeland). Botanički vrt ima biljke porijeklom iz sjeveroistočnih azijskih i australskih kišnih šuma. Suvremena kolekcija ptica je najveća takva kolekcija u cijeloj Australiji.

Suvremeni vrt fokus je stavio na edukacijske programe posjetitelja i osoblja. Unutar samog objekta postoji posebni prostori koji služe za upoznavanje zoo vrta te za edukaciju djece (eng. "childern's zoo). Vrt također nudi noćne šetnje, ture i istraživaje životinja.

U ljeto 2017. godine umro je posljednji australski ljenivac, odnono ženka je eutanazirana zbog komplikacija povezanih sa starosti. Vjeruje se kako je ženka ljenivca "Miss C" bila najstariji primjerak ove životinje na svijetu. Rođena je 1974. godine, a prosječni životni vijek vrste je 10 do 12 godina.

Zoološki vrt Adelaide je 2017. godine dobio nagradu za vodeću australsku turističku atrakciju.

Incidenti
 1909. godine magazin Strand izvijestio je kako je zmija iz zoološko vrta Adelaide pojela tepih težak oko 5,5 kilograma i dug oko jedan metar. Zmija je preživjela incident.
 1985. godine dva muškarca su provalila unutar vrta te su usmrtili 64 životinje.
 30. listopada 2008. grupa tinejdžera prebila je slijepog 78-godišnjeg ružičastog plamenca. Sud je tinejdžere kaznio te je presudio kako je plamenac pretrpio "ekstreman stres".
 2009. godine orangutanica "Karta" pokušala je pobjeći, ali je bez fizičkih ozljeda vraćena unutar objekta.

Galerija iz zoološkog vrta

Izvori

Adelaide
Građevine u Australiji
Adelaide

Zoološki vrt Adelaide


La seconde présidence d'Emmanuel Macron commence le .

Candidat à l'élection présidentielle de 2022, Emmanuel Macron est réélu président de la République face à la candidate du Rassemblement national Marine Le Pen au soir du 24 avril 2022, avec 58,55 % des voix. Il devient ainsi le premier président de la Cinquième République élu au suffrage universel direct à être réélu hors période de cohabitation mais également le premier à effectuer un deuxième quinquennat.

Emmanuel Macron nomme Élisabeth Borne Première ministre le 16 mai 2022 quelques heures après la démission de Jean Castex.

Formation

Contexte

Invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022

En 2022, Emmanuel Macron est président de la République depuis cinq ans, et arrive au terme de son premier quinquennat. Son mandat s'achève marqué par la pandémie de Covid-19, la crise des Gilets jaunes mais aussi par l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022, que le président russe Vladimir Poutine déclenche le 24 février. Alors que les autres candidats mènent campagne, Emmanuel Macron « survole » la présidentielle qui approche et continue de tenter en vain de négocier une paix dans la guerre russo-ukrainienne, en relation avec ses partenaires européens.

Annonce de candidature
Le 3 mars 2022, Emmanuel Macron annonce sa candidature à l'élection présidentielle via une Lettre aux Français envoyée à la presse régionale. Comme beaucoup de ses prédécesseurs, notamment Nicolas Sarkozy en février 2012, François Mitterrand en 1988 et Valéry Giscard d'Estaing en 1981, c'est à quelques semaines seulement du premier tour qu'il se déclare candidat à sa réélection.

Campagne et réélection
Le président sortant mène une « campagne-éclair », privilégiant les déplacements sur le terrain ainsi que les réunions publiques, et n'organise qu'un seul grand meeting durant celle-ci, qui eut lieu le 3 avril 2022 à la Paris La Défense Arena, rassemblement près de . Après une campagne parfois brutale, notamment marquée par l'entrée en politique de l'ancien journaliste et écrivain Éric Zemmour, qui fonde en décembre 2021 le parti d'extrême-droite Reconquête, Emmanuel Macron arrive en tête au premier tour du scrutin le 10 avril, totalisant un score de 27,85 % des voix. Au second tour, qui l'oppose à nouveau à la candidate du Rassemblement national Marine Le Pen, comme cinq ans plus tôt, il est réélu président de la République au soir du 24 avril 2022, avec 58,55 % des voix. Au soir de sa victoire, il prononce un discours bref depuis sa soirée électorale au Champ-de-Mars, entouré de ses partisans face à la Tour Eiffel.

Emmanuel Macron devint alors le premier président de la République à être réélu hors cohabitation sous la  depuis le général de Gaulle, qui avait été réélu lors de l'élection présidentielle de 1965. Son investiture a lieu au palais de l'Élysée le 7 mai 2022.

Gouvernement et représentation parlementaire

Parlement

Assemblée nationale

Contrairement à la présidentielle et au précédent scrutin législatif, Emmanuel Macron se voit confronté à une coalition des partis de gauche, regroupée sous la Nouvelle Union populaire écologique et sociale. Cette union parvient à mettre en ballotage Ensemble, la propre coalition du président, au premier tour des législatives, les deux formations faisant quasiment jeu égal. Dans l'entre-deux tours, Emmanuel Macron et ses alliés refusent de se prononcer sur une consigne de vote dans les duels opposants la NUPES au Rassemblement national, une position vivement critiquée par de nombreuses personnalités de gauche qui ont pourtant appelé à faire barrage en sa faveur face à Marine Le Pen.

Au second tour, Ensemble obtient 250 députés, un nombre inférieur à la majorité absolue, tandis que la NUPES fait élire 151 députés et devient la principale force d'opposition à Emmanuel Macron. Grande surprise du scrutin, le RN obtient 89 députés, ce qui permet au parti d'extrême-droite de former un groupe parlementaire pour la première fois depuis 1986 mais également de dépasser le nombre d'élus des Républicains, au nombre de 62.

La composition de la nouvelle assemblée, très polarisée, est analysée par les commentateurs comme un désaveu pour Emmanuel Macron et laisse présager une grande difficulté pour le président d'appliquer ses réformes et de gouverner comme il le faisait sous la précédente législature.

Sénat

Gouvernement

Historique des gouvernements
Le 16 mai 2022, Élisabeth Borne est nommée Première ministre. La composition initiale de son Gouvernement est annoncée le 20 mai 2022 avant plusieurs remaniements notamment le 4 juillet 2022 après les élections législatives et le 20 juillet 2023 à l'issue de la période des "100 Jours" lancée après la réforme des retraites :

 Gouvernement Élisabeth Borne (depuis le 20 mai 2022)

Membres du Gouvernement
Depuis le début de son second mandat, le Président de la République a nommé 55 membres au Gouvernement.

* Les personnes notées d'un astérisque sont celles ayant eu une ou plusieurs fonctions ministérielles avant la seconde présidence d'Emmanuel Macron (avant le 14 mai 2022)

Affaires économiques et sociales
La nouvelle réforme de l'assurance-chômage est adoptée en octobre 2022. Elle prévoit de faire considérer les personnes licenciées pour abandon de poste comme démissionnaires, les privant ainsi d'indemnités chômage, et de moduler l'assurance-chômage selon la conjoncture. Ainsi, son montant sera réduit en période de faible taux de chômage et augmentera en cas de hausse du chômage. L'exécutif réfléchit par ailleurs, selon le ministre du Travail Olivier Dussopt, à baisser la durée d'indemnisation des seniors pour maintenir en activité les travailleurs de plus de 60 ans.

Environnement
Le ministre de l'Environnement autorise en octobre 2022 plusieurs techniques de chasse de l'alouette, comme les « pantes » (filets horizontaux) ou les « matoles » (cages-pièges), malgré le risque de contrevenir au droit européen et les critiques des associations de protection de l'environnement.

Bibliographie

Références

Lien externe

Seconde présidence d'Emmanuel Macron


An Paepalanthus oligocephalus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Friedrich August Körnicke. An Paepalanthus oligocephalus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paepalanthus, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paepalanthus

Paepalanthus oligocephalus


Poul-Henning Kamp (genellikle PHK olarak bilinir), Danimarkalı FreeBSD geliştiricisidir. MD5 şifre algoritmasında en çok emeği geçenlerden birisidir.

Poul-Hennig aynı zamanda Varnish  projesinin takım lideri ve geliştiricisidir.

Yayınları
 USENIX ATC 1998 FREENIX, "malloc(3) Yeniden ziyaret"
 USENIX BSDCon 2003, GBDE-GEOM baz alınan Disk kriptolanması
 ACM Queue: Building Systems to be Shared Securely

Dış bağlantılar
 people.freebsd.org ana sayfası
 phk.freebsd.dk ana sayfası

1966 doğumlular
Danimarkalı bilgisayar bilimcileri
Danimarkalı bilgisayar programcıları
Özgür yazılım geliştiricileri
Yaşayan insanlar
FreeBSD kişileri

Poul-Henning Kamp


Henning Wrogemann (* 10. Februar 1964 in Ebstorf) ist deutscher evangelischer Theologe und Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Religionswissenschaft und Interkulturelle Theologie an der Kirchlichen Hochschule Wuppertal. Er ist außerdem Leiter des Instituts für Interkulturelle Theologie und Interreligiöse Studien (IITIS).

Leben
Wrogemann studierte zwischen 1985 und 1991 Evangelische Theologie, Geschichte und Philosophie an der Lutherischen-Theologischen Hochschule Oberursel und der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg. Ab 1991 arbeitete er als Mitarbeiter und Wissenschaftlicher Hochschulassistent am Institut für Religionsgeschichte und Missionswissenschaft der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg am Lehrstuhl von Theo Sundermeier, wo er 1995 promoviert wurde.

Von 1996 bis 1998 durchlief er das Vikariat und nahm danach seine pfarramtliche Tätigkeit in der Evangelisch-lutherischen Landeskirche Hannovers auf. Ab 2002 war er als Dozent für Missions- und Religionswissenschaft am Missionsseminar des Evangelisch-lutherischen Missionswerkes in Niedersachsen (ELM), Hermannsburg und Recognized Lecturer der University of Birmingham im Vereinigten Königreich und der Missionshochschule Stavanger in Norwegen tätig. In Zusammenarbeit mit der norwegischen Hochschule wirkte er am Master-Programm MA in Theology and Mission Studies mit.

Seine Habilitation schloss er 2005 im Fach Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft an der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg ab. Seit 2007 ist er Professor für Missionswissenschaft, Religionswissenschaft und Ökumenik an der Kirchlichen Hochschule Wuppertal/Bethel. Der Lehrstuhl wurde 2018 in Religionswissenschaft und Interkulturelle Theologie umbenannt. Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte sind Theologie der Mission und interreligiöser Dialog, interkulturelle Theologie und Hermeneutik, islamische da'wa (Ruf zum Islam) und christlich-islamische Beziehungen in der Gegenwart.

Wrogemann ist Herausgeber der Reihe Beiträge zur Missionswissenschaft/Interkulturellen Theologie (zusammen mit John Flett) sowie Mitherausgeber der Zeitschriften Evangelische Theologie, Theologische Literaturzeitung und Verkündigung und Forschung. Von 2015 bis 2019 war er Vorsitzender der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Missionswissenschaft.

Werke

Monografien
 Bibel und Koran: Christen und Muslime in Dialog und Differenz, Leipzig 2022, ISBN 978-3-374-07285-9.
 Christian Witness in a Globalized World. Meeting the Challenges of Religious Plurality, Secularity and Interculturality, Münster 2021, ISBN 978-3-643-91344-9.
 Religionswissenschaft und Interkulturelle Theologie (Lehrwerk Evangelische Theologie, Band 10), Leipzig 2020, ISBN 978-3-374-05492-3.
 Questions of Context: Reading a Century of German Mission Theology (Missiological Engagements), by John G. Flett and Henning Wrogemann, Downers Grove (IL) 2020, ISBN 978-0-8308-5108-9.
 Intercultural Theology, Volume 3, A Theology of Interreligious Relations (Missiological Engagements), Downers Grove (IL): InterVarsity Press 2019, ISBN 978-0-8308-5099-0.
 Intercultural Theology, Volume 2, Theologies of Mission (Missiological Engagements), Downers Grove (IL): InterVarsity Press 2018, ISBN 978-0-8308-5098-3.
 Missionswissenschaft unterwegs. Interkulturelle und interreligiöse Perspektiven, Leipzig 2017, ISBN 978-3-374-05292-9.
 Intercultural Theology, Volume 1, Intercultural Hermeneutics (Missiological Engagements), Downers Grove (IL): InterVarsity Press 2016, ISBN 978-0-8308-5097-6.
 Muslime und Christen in der Zivilgesellschaft. Religiöse Geltungsansprüche und die Frage der Toleranz in religions- und missionswissenschaftlicher Sicht, Leipzig 2016, ISBN 978-3-374-04588-4.
 Theologie Interreligiöser Beziehungen. Religionstheologische Denkwege, kulturwissenschaftliche Anfragen und ein methodischer Neuansatz. Lehrbuch Interkulturelle Theologie / Missionswissenschaft, Band 3, Gütersloh 2015, ISBN 978-3-579-08143-4.
 Missionstheologien der Gegenwart. Globale Entwicklungen, kontextuelle Profile und ökumenische Herausforderungen. Lehrbuch Interkulturelle Theologie / Missionswissenschaft, Band 2, Gütersloh 2013, ISBN 978-3-579-08142-7.
 Interkulturelle Theologie und Hermeneutik. Grundfragen, aktuelle Beispiele, theoretische Perspektiven. Lehrbuch Interkulturelle Theologie / Missionswissenschaft', Band 1, Gütersloh 2012, ISBN 978-3-579-08141-0.
 Das schöne Evangelium inmitten der Kulturen und Religionen: Streifzüge im Bereich der Missions- und Religionswissenschaft, Erlangen, 2011, ISBN 978-3-87214-623-6.
 Den Glanz widerspiegeln: vom Sinn der christlichen Mission, ihren Kraftquellen und Ausdrucksgestalten. Interkulturelle Impulse für deutsche Kontexte, Frankfurt/M., 2009, ISBN 978-3-87476-606-7.
 Religionen im Gespräch. Hinduismus – Buddhismus – Islam: Ein Arbeitsbuch zum interreligiösen Lernen, Calw, 2008, ISBN 978-3-7668-4031-8.
 Missionarischer Islam und gesellschaftlicher Dialog. Eine Studie zu Begründung und Praxis des Aufrufes zum Islam (da'wa) im internationalen sunnitischen Diskurs, Frankfurt /M., 2006, ISBN 978-3-87476-489-6.
 Mission und Religion in der Systematischen Theologie der Gegenwart. Das Missionsverständnis deutschsprachiger protestantischer Dogmatiker im 20. Jahrhundert, Göttingen (Studien zur Systematischen und Ökumenischen Theologie, Bd. 79), 1997, ISBN 3-525-56285-3.

Als Herausgeber (Auswahl)
 Interkulturelle Theologie. Religionen – Missionen – Interkulturalität, Themenheft, Verkündigung und Forschung 2021/2, hg. von Henning Wrogemann, ISSN 2198-0454.
 mit Daniel Cyranka: Religion – Macht – Raum: Religiöse Machtansprüche und ihre medialen Repräsentationen (Veröffentlichungen der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft für Theologie, VWGTh 56), Leipzig 2018, ISBN 978-3-374-05754-2.
 mit Claudia Währisch-Oblau: Witchcraft, Demons and Deliverance. A Global Conversation on an Intercultural Challenge, Beiträge zur Missionswissenschaft / Interkulturellen Theologie, Band 32, Münster 2015, ISBN 978-3-643-90657-1.
 Theologie in Freiheit und Verbindlichkeit. Profile der Kirchlichen Hochschule Wuppertal/Bethel, Neukirchen-Vluyn, 2012, ISBN 978-3-7887-2583-9.
 Die Sichtbarkeit des christlichen Glaubens. Kirche und Theologie in der Öffentlichkeit, Neukirchen-Vluyn, 2010, ISBN 978-3-7887-2478-8.
 Indien – Schmelztiegel der Religionen oder Konkurrenz der Missionen? Protestantische Mission in Indien seit ihren Anfängen in Tranquebar (1706) und die Sendung der anderen Konfessionen und Religionen. Geschichtliche Perspektiven und aktuelle Herausforderungen, Frankfurt am Main/Berlin, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8258-0914-0.
 mit Benjamin Simon: Konviviale Theologie – Festgabe für Theo Sundermeier zum 70. Geburtstag, Frankfurt am Main, 2005, ISBN 3-87476-477-X.
 mit C. Dahling-Sander, A. Schultze und D. Werner: Leitfaden Ökumenische Missionstheologie, Gütersloh, 2003, ISBN 3-579-05395-7.

Funktionen und Mitgliedschaften (Auswahl)
 Mitherausgeber der Zeitschrift Evangelische Theologie
 Mitherausgeber der Zeitschrift Theologische Literaturzeitung
 Mitherausgeber der Zeitschrift Verkündigung und Forschung
 Mitglied des Board of Advisors der International Review of Mission (seit 2013)
 Contributing Editor der Zeitschrift Mission Studies der International Association for Mission Studies, IAMS (seit 2004)
 Herausgeber der Reihe Beiträge zur Missionswissenschaft/Interkulturellen Theologie, zus. m. John G. Flett (seit 2012)
 Vorsitzender der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Missionswissenschaft (DGMW) (2015–2019)
 Mitglied der Theologischen Kommission des Evangelischen Missionswerkes in Deutschland, EMW (2002–2016)
 Mitglied des Kuratoriums der Missionsakademie an der Universität Hamburg (2015–2019)
 Mitglied der Deutschen Vereinigung für Religionswissenschaft
 Mitglied der International Association for Mission Studies (seit 2002)
 Mitglied des Verwaltungsrates der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Missionswissenschaft, DGMW (2004-2021)
 Mitglied der Theologischen Kommission der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Missionarischer Dienste, AMD der EKD (2004–2013)

Weblinks
 Website Henning Wrogemann
 Henning Wrogemann auf der Website der Kirchlichen Hochschule Wuppertal
 Website des Instituts für Interkulturelle Theologie und Interreligiöse Studien (IITIS)

Missionswissenschaftler
Religionswissenschaftler (20. Jahrhundert)
Religionswissenschaftler (21. Jahrhundert)
Evangelischer Theologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Evangelischer Theologe (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (KiHo Wuppertal/Bethel, Standort Wuppertal)
Rektor einer Hochschule in Deutschland
Deutscher
Geboren 1964
Mann

Henning Wrogemann


الأمانة العامة للأمم المتحدة أو أمانة الأمم المتحدة أو الأمانة العامة لهيئة الأمم المتحدة هي جهاز يتألف من موظفين دوليين يعملون في مقر الأمم المتحدة في نيويورك وفي جميع أنحاء العالم. تتولى الأمانة العامة خدمة أجهزة الأمم المتحدة الرئيسية الأخرى وإدارة البرامج والسياسات التي تضعها. ويرأس الأمانة العامة الأمين العام، الذي تعينه الجمعية العامة بناء على توصية من مجلس الأمن لفترة خمس سنوات قابلة للتجديد.

مهامها
تتنوع المهام التي تضطلع بها الأمانة العامة بمثل تنوع المشاكل التي تعالجها الأمم المتحدة. ويمتد نطاق هذه المهام من إدارة عمليات حفظ السلام إلى التوسط لتسوية المنازعات الدولية، ومن استقصاء الاتجاهات والمشاكل الاقتصادية والاجتماعية إلى إعداد الدراسات عن حقوق الإنسان والتنمية المستدامة. كما يقوم موظفو الأمانة العامة بتوعية وسائط الاتصال في العالم بأعمال الأمم المتحدة وتعريفها بها؛ وتنظيم المؤتمرات الدولية بشأن المسائل التي تهم العالم أجمع؛ ورصد مدى تنفيذ القرارات التي تتخذها هيئات الأمم المتحدة؛ والترجمة الشفوية للخطب والترجمة التحريرية للوثائق إلى اللغات الرسمية للمنظمة.

الميزانية
ويضم الهيكل الحالي لموظفي الأمانة العامة، في إطار الميزانية العادية، نحو 8600 من النساء والرجال ينتمون إلى 170 بلدا. وبوصفهم موظفين مدنيين دوليين، فإنهم والأمين العام مسؤولون عن أنشطتهم أمام الأمم المتحدة وحدها، ويؤدون القسم على ألا يلتمسوا أو يتلقوا أي تعليمات من أي حكومة أو سلطة خارجية. وبموجب الميثاق، تتعهد كل دولة من الدول الأعضاء باحترام الصفة الدولية البحتة لمسؤوليات الأمين العام والموظفين وبعدم السعي إلى التأثير فيهم على أي نحو غير لائق عند اضطلاعهم بمسؤولياتهم.

المقر
رغم أن الأمم المتحدة تتخذ من نيويورك مقرا لها، فإن لها حضورا بارزا في جنيف وفيينا ونيروبي. فمكتب الأمم المتحدة في جنيف يمثل مركزا للمؤتمرات الدبلوماسية ومحفلا لمواضيع نزع السلاح وحقوق الإنسان. أما مكتب الأمم المتحدة في فيينا فهو مقر أنشطة الأمم المتحدة في مجالات المكافحة الدولية لإساءة استعمال المخدرات، ومنع الجريمة والعدالة الجنائية، واستخدام الفضاء الخارجي في الأغراض السلمية، والقانون التجاري الدولي. ومكتب الأمم المتحدة في نيروبي هو مقر أنشطة الأمم المتحدة في مجالي البيئة والمستوطنات البشرية.

مصادر

 Basic Facts About the United Nations, Sales No. E.98.1.20.
 موقع الأمم المتحدة

انظر أيضا
 الأمم المتحدة

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي للأمم المتحدحة

أجهزة الأمم المتحدة
أمانات المنظمات الدولية

الأمانة العامة للأمم المتحدة


Ein Blindeninstitut ist eine soziale Einrichtung für sehbehinderte und blinde Menschen. 1804 begründete Johann Wilhelm Klein in Wien das erste Blindeninstitut im deutschsprachigen Raum.

Regionale Einrichtungen

Bayern und Thüringen
Die Blindeninstitutsstiftung unterhält Blindeninstitute in Würzburg, München, Rückersdorf (bei Nürnberg), Regensburg, Thüringen (Schmalkalden und Erfurt), am Untermain (Elsenfeld und Niedernberg) sowie in Oberfranken (Kulmbach). Die Stiftung hat ihren Sitz in Würzburg und wurde im Jahr 1853 gegründet.

Siehe auch
Odilien-Blindeninstitut

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

!

Blindeninstitut


Mundo russo () é um termo usado para se referir a um conceito cultural, civilizacional, geopolítico e religioso que implica a unificação da população de língua russa em todo o mundo. Ao mesmo tempo, o conceito de "mundo russo" não tem uma interpretação inequívoca e uma definição legal. Alguns pesquisadores, por exemplo, Marlene Laruelle, o definem como um "significante vazio" ou um termo sem uma interpretação definida, que permite às elites políticas atribuir a ele o significado que é benéfico em uma determinada situação.

Os autores do conceito moderno são os chamados "metodologistas" - membros do Círculo Metodológico de Moscou, envolvidos no desenvolvimento da metodologia de pensamento sistêmico (em russo: Системо-мыследеятельностная методология - СМД-методологии, translit.: Sistemo-mysledeyatel'nostnaya metodologiya - SMD-metodologii) na década de 1990. Muitos membros do círculo eram próximos da elite política da Rússia naquela época. Desde 2008, a narrativa sobre a necessidade de construir e proteger o "Mundo Russo" tem sido utilizada pelo Governo russo como uma doutrina de política externa. O conceito implica a unificação da Rússia, Bielorrússia, Ucrânia, bem como o fortalecimento da influência em países com grande proporção da população de língua russa, por exemplo, os países bálticos. Em 2014 e 2022, a doutrina do "Mundo russo" foi usada pelas autoridades russas para justificar a invasão da Ucrânia.

Ver também

 Nação pan-russa

Russos
Irredentismo russo
Geopolítica
Conceitos
Relações entre Rússia e Ucrânia
Relações entre Bielorrússia e Rússia

Mundo russo


Wann may refer to:

Wann, Nebraska
Wann, Oklahoma
WANN-CD, a television station based in Atlanta, Georgia
WANN, the former call sign of radio station WBIS in Baltimore, Maryland
Wann Formation, a geologic formation in Kansas and Oklahoma
USS Walter C. Wann, a US Navy ship during World War II
Wann River, a tributary of Tagish Lake in northern Canada

People named Wann

Alpha Wann, member of French rap group 1995 (band)
Dennis Wann (born 1950), English footballer
Jim Wann, actor in musical Pump Boys and Dinettes
Keith Wann (born 1969), American actor and comedian
Marie Wann (1911–1996), American statistician
Marilyn Wann (born 1966), American author and fat acceptance activist
Norman G. Wann (1882–1957), American football player, track athlete, coach, and college athletics administrator
Sandy Wann (born 1940), Scottish footballer
Wann Rashidah (born 1970), a Malaysian singer

Wann


Das Ehrenmal Marienfeld ist ein Kriegerdenkmal für die Gefallenen und Vermissten der beiden Weltkriege im Harsewinkeler Ortsteil Marienfeld im Kreis Gütersloh, Nordrhein-Westfalen. Das ehemalige Brunnenhäuschen des Klosters Marienfeld aus dem frühen 18. Jahrhundert wurde auf Initiative des örtlichen Heimatvereins zu Beginn der 1950er Jahre an seinen heutigen Standort vor der Pforte der ehemaligen Klosteranlage versetzt. Darin stand eine 1954 von einem Schüler Kurt Schwipperts geschaffene Georgsfigur, die der Marienfelder Bevölkerung nicht gefiel und zu Protesten führte. Deshalb schuf Hubert Hartmann ein Jahr später eine weitere Figur, so dass das Ehrenmal am 16. November 1955 eingeweiht werden konnte. Jährlich zum Volkstrauertag und zum Heimat- und Schützenfest gedenkt der Heimatverein Marienfeld der Gefallenen bei einer Kranzniederlegung.

Beschreibung
Das Ehrenmal steht mittig auf einem von Buchen bewachsenen dreieckigen Platz südlich der Klosterstraße in Marienfeld unmittelbar vor der Pforte des ehemaligen Klosters Marienfeld. Der mit Rhododendren und Bodendeckern bepflanzte Platz wird im Volksmund Kirmeswäldchen genannt und ist von einer niedrigen Eisenkette umgeben.

Das kreisrunde ehemalige Brunnenhäuschen misst knapp 2,5 Meter im Durchmesser und ist aus Baumberger Sandstein gefertigt. Der 60 Zentimeter hohe Sockel mit umlaufender Rundwulst umschließt drei Viertel der Innenfläche. Darüber erheben sich vier Pfeiler mit profilierter Basis und volutenförmigen Konsolen zu den weiten Öffnungen. An den Innenseiten sind vier Tafeln aus demselben Stein eingearbeitet, welche die Namen der gefallenen oder vermissten Marienfelder Bürger tragen. Die Vereinsführung entschied sich dafür, auch die Angehörigen der nach Marienfeld Vertriebenen aufzunehmen, so dass 159 Namen – 41 des Ersten und 118 des Zweiten Weltkriegs – eingemeißelt sind. Oberhalb der Pfeiler ruht das umlaufende Gesims mit einem Rundbogenfries und profiliertem Abschluss. Die achtteilige glockenförmige Haube ist mit Schiefer gedeckt und wird von einer Weltkugel mit aufgesetztem lateinischen Kreuz bekrönt.

Im Zentrum des Gebäudes steht auf einem Sockel die Figur des heiligen Georg aus Thüster Kalksandstein. Der quaderförmige Sockel hat eine Grundfläche von 40 Zentimeter mal 45 Zentimeter und ist 65 Zentimeter hoch. Auf der Vorderseite ist die Darstellung eines linksgewendeten Stahlhelms eingearbeitet, der beidseitig von Zweigen mit je sieben Blättern begleitet wird. Darunter steht in Majuskeln UNVERGESSEN sowie die Datierungen 1914–18 und 1939–45. Die Darstellung des Heiligen misst 1,6 Meter in der Höhe. Auf einem nach rechts schauenden Drachen steht der mit einem Waffenrock und Handschuhen bekleidete Georg. Sein Soldatenumhang wird auf der Brust mit einer Schließe zusammengehalten; zu seiner Linken ist er zurückgezogen und unter den Arm geklemmt. Er umgreift mit beiden Händen ein zweischneidiges Schwert und ersticht damit das Wesen zu seinen Füßen.

Im Vergleich haben der Marktbrunnen in Mainz von 1526 und der Neptunsbrunnen im Schloss Merseburg von 1605 einen dreieckigen Aufbau und beide sind als Ziehbrunnen konstruiert. In Frenswegen existieren zwei Brunnenhäuser der Renaissance, die, wie das Marienfelder, einen Aufbau mit vier Pfeilern aufweisen. Wie die ersten beiden Beispiele sind die Frenswegener Brunnen ebenfalls Ziehbrunnen. Der Brunnen im Schlosshof von Burgsteinfurt wurde 1727 in barocken Formen auf quadratischem Grundriss mit vier Säulen geschaffen; die Pumpe wurde später in das Gehäuse eingebaut. Das Brunnenhaus im Falkenhof in Rheine besteht ebenfalls aus vier Stützen, die das Dach oberhalb des kreisrunden Brunnentrogs tragen.

Geschichte

Nach dem Neubau der Abtei des Klosters Marienfeld von 1699 bis 1702 entstand in dessen Vorhof () im frühen 18. Jahrhundert ein Brunnenhäuschen aus Baumberger Sandstein. Initiator war vermutlich der Abt Bernardus Cuelmann. Hagels vermutet den Gildehäuser Meister Lübbert Hagen als Schöpfer des Bauwerks. Hagen schuf als leitender Architekt nach 1710 zudem den Neubau des Konventsgebäudes in Marienfeld. Nach der Auflösung des Klosters 1803 wurden etliche Besitztümer veräußert, darunter das Brunnenhäuschen. An der Kreuzung der heutigen Bundesstraße 513 und der Straße nach Herzebrock () bekam es eine neue Funktion als Wegekapelle und Statio der örtlichen Fronleichnamsprozession. Drei der offenen Flächen zwischen den Pfeilern waren vermauert und im Inneren befand sich auf einem Altar ein Kreuz, welches mit Omnia ad maiorem Dei Gloriam ("Alles zur höheren Ehre Gottes"), dem Wahlspruch der Jesuiten, unterschrieben war.

Als Kriegerdenkmal für die Gefallenen des Ersten Weltkriegs wurde 1923 in der ehemaligen Klosterkirche und heutigen Pfarrkirche eine Gedenktafel aufgestellt. Das von Heinrich Baak geschaffene hölzerne Relief zeigt einen aufgebahrten oder sterbenden Soldaten, an dessen Seite ein Engel kniet. Links und rechts sind die Namen der Gefallenen und Vermissten Marienfelder eingearbeitet. Die Tafel ist im nördlichen Querhaus in die spätgotische Chorschranke eingelassen.

1952 sollte die Bundesstraße 513 verbreitert werden, weshalb die Kapelle weichen musste. Auf seiner Generalversammlung beschloss der örtliche Heimatverein, die Kapelle zu übernehmen und als neues Kriegerdenkmal im Ortskern wiederzuerrichten. Die Besitzerin und gleichzeitig zweite Vorsitzende des Vereins, Maria Meier Viehmeyer, schenkte das Gebäude mit der Bedingung, es als Kriegerdenkmal zu verwenden. Der Freiherr von Korff übereignete das so genannte Kirmeswäldchen vor der Pforte des Klosters am 19. Dezember 1952 der damals politisch eigenständigen Gemeinde Marienfeld ausdrücklich zur Errichtung des Mahnmals für die Gefallenen. Der Baumbestand des Grundstücks wurde für 1.500 DM erworben.

Der Verein wollte auf Ehrentafeln nicht nur der aus Marienfeld stammenden Gefallenen und Vermissten der beiden Weltkriege gedenken, sondern auch der den Vertriebenen angehörigen Soldaten. Neben einer öffentlichen Bekanntmachung wurde der Ort in Bezirke eingeteilt, für die Personen sich um die Richtigkeit und Vollständigkeit der Listen kümmerten. Bis Ende September 1952 wurden 39 Gefallene des Ersten und 73 Gefallene des Zweiten Weltkrieges namentlich bekannt und die Aufstellung der Bildhauerei Franz Rüther in Münster übersandt. Rüther gab am 13. Januar 1953 sein endgültiges Angebot für die Umsetzung der Kapelle über 2.889 DM und Neuschaffung der Gedenktafeln an den Innenseiten der Pfeiler über 1.989 DM ab und erhielt den Zuschlag. Die Gesamtkosten beliefen sich einschließlich des noch zu sanierenden Daches auf 7.239 DM. Das Landesstraßenbauamt gewährte einen Zuschuss in Höhe von 1.500 DM und der Landeskonservator Wilhelm Rave einen in Höhe von 1.000 DM. Laut Spendenliste trug die Marienfelder Bevölkerung 4.938,50 DM für das Vorhaben zusammen.

Zur Gestaltung des Innenraums wurde im Herbst 1952 eine Anna-Figur des Klosters in Betracht gezogen, die beim Brand der Wirtschaftsgebäude 1915 nach Schloss Harkotten gerettet wurde. Die Figur – wohl eine Arbeit eines nicht näher benannten Gröningers – stand ehemals im Giebel eines Wirtschaftsgebäudes, welches zum Besitz des Bewohners von Schloss Harkotten, des Freiherrn von Korff, zählte. Der Heimatverein benannte den Wiedenbrücker Restaurator Julius Moormann für die Reparatur der leicht beschädigten Figur. Auf Anfrage an den Landeskonservator Theodor Rensing, ob die Figur verwendet werden könne, antwortete dieser, dass der Bildhauer Kurt Schwippert mit seiner Klasse der Werkkunstschule Münster beauftragt worden sei, etwa zehn bis zwölf Entwürfe einer Statue anzufertigen. Am 21. Juni 1954 erhielt Schwipperts Schule den Auftrag, eine Georgsfigur aus Ibbenbürener Sandstein nach einem der Modelle zu schaffen. Die Kosten wurden auf 2.500 DM kalkuliert. Am 12. Oktober 1954 teilte Schwippert dem Verein mit, dass die Skulptur fertiggestellt sei. Am 26. Oktober wurde sie nach Marienfeld transportiert und aufgestellt. Die einzige Abbildung in der Glocke zeigt eine klassische Darstellung des heiligen Georg mit einer Lanze in moderner Formensprache.

Noch vor der Einweihung des Ehrenmals am Buß- und Bettag 1954 berief der Heimatverein eine außerordentliche Generalversammlung ein, da sich in der Bevölkerung Proteste gegen das Aufstellen dieser Figur erhoben. Die 150 anwesenden Mitglieder befanden die Figur fehl am Platze. So teilte der Vereinsvorsitzende Anton Bussemas dem Landeskonservator Rensing die Ablehnung der Bevölkerung mit. Im Jahresbericht an den Kreisheimatpfleger des Kreises Warendorf monierte der Vorsitzende: Leider paßte sich diese supermoderne Ausführung nicht dem Rahmen, dem alten Brunnenhäuschen des Klosters Marienfeld, an. Insbesondere schien der farbliche Gegensatz der verwendeten Steinarten von Figur und Gehäuse nicht zu gefallen. Schließlich baute der Verein die Figur ab und stellte sie im Kreuzgang des Klosters unter, da die Gefahr [bestand], daß die Figur an ihrem Standort durch radikale Kräfte beschädigt oder zerschlagen würde. Das Gefallenengedenken fand 1954 deshalb nach dem alten Ablauf auf dem Klosterhof statt und endete mit der Kranzniederlegung an der Gedenktafel in der Abteikirche.

Im Juli 1955 wurde Hubert Hartmann beauftragt, einen neuen Entwurf für eine Georgsstatue zu liefern. Dem kam er nach und bot eine Figur aus Thüster Kalksandstein für ebenfalls 2.500 DM an. Er erhielt am 18. Juli den Auftrag und die Figur konnte im Oktober 1955 im Brunnenhaus aufgestellt und das Ehrenmal am Buß- und Bettag 16. November 1955 eingeweiht werden. Dabei hatte die neugegründete Ehrengarde Marienfeld ihren ersten offiziellen Auftritt.

Die erste Figur wollte Schwippert nicht zurücknehmen, da in seinen Augen alles regulär verlaufen sei. Ein Dorf im Westmünsterland hatte wohl vages Interesse, die Georgsfigur zu erwerben. Die Figur wurde 1958 für 1.000 DM veräußert – wohin ist nicht bekannt.

Die Stadt Harsewinkel trug das Brunnenhäuschen als Teil der ehemaligen Klosteranlage am 1. Februar 1991 unter der Nummer 28 in ihre Denkmalliste ein. Mit der Anmerkung Die St.-Georgs-Figur aus Ibbenbürener Sandstein ist von 1955 und nicht denkmalwert. ist die eingestellte Figur davon ausgenommen.

Im Frühjahr 2001 wurde der Platz um das Ehrenmal neu gestaltet. So haben Ehrenamtliche Sträucher angepflanzt, die Zuwegung neu gepflastert und das Grundstück mit einer niedrigen Eisenkette umfasst. Die Kosten für die Bepflanzung konnten durch eine Spende der örtlichen Werbegemeinschaft in Höhe von 4.000 DM gedeckt werden; die Sanierung des Brunnenhäuschens und die Einfassung übernahm die Stadt Harsewinkel.

Bedeutung

Das Ehrenmal ist Mittelpunkt der jährlichen Gedenkveranstaltungen für die Gefallenen und Vermissten der beiden Weltkriege am Volkstrauertag und zum örtlichen Heimat- und Schützenfest. Am Volkstrauertag beginnt das Gedenken mit der sonntäglichen Heiligen Messe in der ehemaligen Abteikirche. Zum Schützenfest hält der Festzug nach einem Festakt auf dem Klosterhof am Ehrenmal. Nach dem Aufmarsch der Ehrenformation des örtlichen Heimatvereins, der in Marienfeld das Schützenwesen pflegt, eröffnet das Blasorchester mit einem Choral. Es folgt die Ansprache eines Redners und die Gefallenen werden verlesen. Wurden früher alle Namen verlesen, beschränkt man sich heute auf die addierten Personenzahlen der beiden Kriege. Während der Kranzniederlegung spielt das Blasorchester Der gute Kamerad. Das Gedenken schließt mit der deutschen Nationalhymne und dem Abmarsch. Auch am alten Ehrenmal in der Kirche wird an beiden Gedenktagen ein Kranz niedergelegt.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Heimatverein Marienfeld e. V. mit Details zum Ehrenmal
 Eintrag in der Denkmalliste Nr. 28 der Stadt Harsewinkel

Einzelnachweise

Marienfeld, Ehrenmal
Ehrenmal
Marienfeld, Ehrenmal
Bauwerk in Harsewinkel
Gedenkstätte des Ersten Weltkriegs
Gedenkstätte des Zweiten Weltkriegs
Barockbauwerk in Nordrhein-Westfalen

Ehrenmal Marienfeld


كارل وولف  (اسمه الحقيقي كارل أبو سمح هو مغني كندي من أصل لبناني ومقيم في مدينة مونتريال، كيبك. كارل وولف هو أيضا كاتب أغاني ومنتج منذ عام 2001 لكن أول ألبوم صدر له كان في عام 2006 (Face Behind The Face).

ألبوم Face Behind The Face
 Intro
 Life on a Break
 Face Behind the Face
 Desensitize
 Hollow Girl
 Bootyful
 Referee
 Princess
 Butterflies
 Cuz I Luv U
 Just a Moment Away
 Summer Days (in Beirut)
 Radio
 Life
 Desensitize (club mix) Choclair / Karl Wolf

أغاني فردية
 Butterflies
 Desensitize
 Referee
 Africa
 She Wants To Know

ألبوم Bite The Bullet
 Africa (featuring Culture)
 She Kicks In The Bass
 Crazy Things
 Like This
 Carrera
 Bite The Bullet* Africa (Video Version)
 Africa (Club Remix)

أغاني فردية
 Africa (featuring Culture)

ألبوم Nightlife
 (Yalla Habibi (feat. Rime Salmi and Kaz Money
 (Maniac Maniac (feat. Culture
 (You Forgot About Me (feat. Imposs
 Nightlife
 (Hurting (feat. Sway
 (No Way Nobody (feat. Loon
 Gone With The Wind
 My Ethnicity

أغاني فردية
 Yalla Habibi
 Hurting

ألبوم Finally Free
 Finally Free
 UFO
 (Ghetto Love (feat. Kardinal Offishall
 (Peace Out (feat. P. Reign
 (Mash It Up (feat. Three 6 Mafia
 (DJ Gonna Save Us" (feat. Mr. OxXx
 (Number One (feat. Demarco
 Never Let You Go
 Wake Up
 (Tell Me (feat. Nirvana Savoury
 Belly Dancer
 No Way
 (Connected (feat. Robin

أغاني فردية
 Ghetto Love
 Mash It Up / Fuck Shit Up
 DJ Gonna Save Us

Featured artist

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي لكارل وولف
 موقع كارل وولف في ماي سبيس

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بيروت
فائزون بجوائز إم تي في للموسيقى الأوروبية
فنانو شركة إي إم آي للتسجيلات
كتاب أغان لبنانيون
كتاب أغان من كيبك
كنديون مغتربون في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
كنديون من أصل لبناني
مسيحيون لبنانيون
مغتربون لبنانيون في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
مغنو آر إن بي كنديون
مغنو السول كنديون
مغنو بوب كنديون
مغنو ومغنيات بوب
مغنون ذكور في القرن 21
مغنون ذكور كنديون في القرن 21
مغنون كنديون
مغنون كنديون في القرن 21
مغنون لبنانيون
مغنون لبنانيون باللغة الإنجليزية
مغنون لبنانيون في القرن 21
مغنون من مونتريال
مغنون وكتاب أغان كنديون
مغنون ومغنيات وكتاب أغان كنديون
منتجو تسجيلات كنديون
مهاجرون لبنانيون إلى كندا
مواليد 1399 هـ
مواليد 1979
مواليد في بيروت
موسيقيون من بيروت
موسيقيون من تورونتو
موسيقيون من مونتريال
مغنون من تورونتو

كارل وولف


An Cycnoches jarae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dodson ngan David Edward Bennett. An Cycnoches jarae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cycnoches, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cycnoches

Cycnoches jarae


A linhagem P.2, também conhecida como a variante Zeta, é uma variante do SARS-CoV-2, o vírus que causa o COVID-19. Foi detectado pela primeira vez no estado do Rio de Janeiro, ele contém a mutação E484K, mas não as mutações N501Y e K417T. Ele evoluiu de forma independente no Rio de Janeiro sem estar diretamente relacionado com a variante Gamma de Manaus.

De acordo com o esquema de nomenclatura simplificado proposto pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, P.2 foi denominado "variante Zeta" e foi considerada uma variante de interesse (VOI), mas não uma variante de preocupação. Uma segunda onda foi precedida em novembro de 2020 pelo aumento da prevalência da variante Zeta entre as sequências genéticas do estado de São Paulo, depositadas no banco de dados GISAID. A partir de julho de 2021, o Zeta não é mais considerado uma variante de interesse da OMS.

Mutações
O genoma Zeta tem 3 mutações de aminoácidos: E484K, D614G e V1176F, todas encontradas no código de proteína de spike do vírus. De acordo com os Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças, o F565L foi detectado em algumas das sequências de variantes Zeta, mas não em todas.

Ver também

 Variantes de SARS-CoV-2

Variantes do SARS-CoV-2
Pandemia de COVID-19 no Rio de Janeiro

Linhagem P.2


An Fargesia plurisetosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Tai Hui Wen. An Fargesia plurisetosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fargesia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fargesia

Fargesia plurisetosa


7898 Ohkuma este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7898 Ohkuma este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Ōizumi de Takao Kobayashi. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,21 ua, o excentricitate de 0,22 și o înclinație de 7,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1995
Centura de asteroizi

7898 Ohkuma


Adenosinphosphosulfat, genauer Adenosin-5'-phosphosulfat, abgekürzt APS, ist ein energiereiches Säureanhydrid von Schwefelsäure und der Phosphatgruppe von Adenosinmonophosphat im Stoffwechsel von Pflanzen und Mikroorganismen.

Biochemie
Adenosinphosphosulfat ist ein Zwischenprodukt bei der Reduktion von Sulfat zu  Sulfit, das den ersten Schritt der assimilatorischen Sulfatreduktion – weiterführend zur Sulfidstufe des Schwefels – oder die Erzeugung von Sulfatestern darstellt. Da eine Direktreduktion freien Sulfates zu Sulfit energetisch ungünstig wäre (E0'=−0,5162 V), wird die Reduktion durch Verbrauch von ATP gekoppelt. Diese Reduktion katalysiert eine Sulfat-Adenylyltransferase (), bei der das entstehende Pyrophosphat noch hydrolysiert wird:

 + SO42−        + PPi

Die in APS vorkommende Sulfatgruppe kann dann entweder weiter durch eine APS-Reduktase () zu Sulfit reduziert, oder durch Phosphorylierung an der 3'-OH-Gruppe der Ribose zu PAPS (Phospho-APS oder 3'-Phosphoadenosin-5'-phosphosulfat) "aktiviert" werden (PAPS ist umgangssprachlich auch als "aktiviertes Sulfat" bekannt).

Einzelnachweise

Nukleotid
Coenzym
Stoffwechsel
Adenin
Dihydroxyoxolan
Schwefelverbindung

Adenosinphosphosulfat


An Trichosalpinx lilliputalis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Alexander Charles Hirtz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carlyle August Luer. An Trichosalpinx lilliputalis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trichosalpinx, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Trichosalpinx

Trichosalpinx lilliputalis


El arroyo Yacaré Grande, también denominado arroyo Yacaré Cururú es un curso de agua uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de  Artigas perteneciente a la cuenca hidrográfica del Río de la Plata.

Nace en la Cuchilla Yacaré Cururú y desemboca en el río Cuareim.

Referencias

Yacaré Grande
Yacaré Grande
Yacaré Grande

Arroyo Yacaré Grande