Alexandru Cârsta (n. 1 septembrie 1866, Cebza - d. 9 aprilie 1934, Cebza) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Alexandru Cârsta a urmat Școala primară confesională română.

A fost agricultor, primar în Cebza douăzeci de ani, membru al Gărzii Naționale și a participat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia în calitate de delegat titular al cercului electoral Pardani.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan Șerban, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii : trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba-Iulia,2003

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
  1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Vezi și
Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1866
Decese în 1934
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Agricultori români
Primari din România

Alexandru Cârsta


සමාජ දුරස්ථ කරණය () යනු බෝවන රෝග පාලනයට යොදාගන්නා ආසාදන පාලන ක්‍රියාමාර්ග සමූහයකි. . මෙහිදී වෛරසයක් වැනි රෝග කාරකයක් පැතිරීම පාලනය කල හැක. සමාජය තුල බෝවෙන රෝග පැතිරීම ගාතීය ස්‍රිතයකට සිදු වන නිසා ආසාදිත එක් පුද්ගලයෙක් නිසා තවත් පුද්ගලයින් දස දහස් ගණනකට මෙය ව්‍යාප්ත වේ. එම නිසා රටක සෞඛ්‍ය පද්ධතියේ ධාරිතාවයට යටත්ව ආසාදිත රෝගීන් මට්ටම තබා ගැනීමෙන් මරණ අනුපාතය අඩු කරගත හැකි නිසා මෙය වෛරසයක් වැනි වසංගත තත්වයක දී රටක පුරවැසියක් වශයෙන් අනුගමනය කල යුතුම ක්‍රමවේදයකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 Cordon sanitaire
 සබන් යොදා අත් සේදීම
 Isolation (health care)
 Pest house
 Protective sequestration
 නිරෝධායනය

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

 Harry Stevens, Why outbreaks like coronavirus spread exponentially, and how to 'flatten the curve', The Washington Post, 14 March 2020
What is social distancing? BBC, Laura Foster, 20 March 2020

නිරෝධායනය
Medical hygiene
බෝවන රෝග
නිරෝධායනය
වසංගත
වසංගතවේදය

සමාජ දුරස්ථ කරණය


ඊජිප්තුවෙර් විසිනවවන රාජවංශය (හෙවත් රාජවංශය XXIX, 29වන රාජවංශය නැතහොත් රාජවංශය 29) ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන්නේ පුරාතන ඊජිප්තුවේ පසුකාලීන යුගයේ සිව්වන රාජවංශයයි. එය පිහටුවන ලද්දේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 398දී 28වන රාජවංශයේ විසූ එකම පාරාවෝවරයා වූ ඇමිර්ටේයස්ව බලයෙන් පහකළ නෙෆාරුඩ් I විසිනි. ක්‍රි.පූ. 380 නෙෆාරුඩ් II ධුරයෙන් පහකිරීමත් සමඟ මෙම රාජවංශයේ අවසානය සනිටුහන් විය.

ඉතිහාසය

මෙම්ෆිස් හි විවෘත සටනකින් අනතුරුව ඇමිර්ටේයස් පරාජය කොට මරාදැමූ පළමුවන නෙෆාරුඩ් විසින් 29වන රාජවංශය පිහිටුවන ලදී. (බෲක්ලින් කෞතුකාගාරයේ සංරක්ෂිත පැපිරසයක් අනුව) අනතුරුව නෙෆාරුඩ් සිය අගනගරය ලෙස මෙන්ඩෙස් තෝරාගත්තේ ය.

නෙෆාරුඩ්ගේ මරණින් පසුව, සිහසුන සඳහා සතුරු පාර්ශ්ව දෙකක් අතර ගැටුමක් ඇති විය. එහිදී එක් පාර්ශ්වයක් ඔහුගේ පුත් මුතිස්ට ද අනෙක් පාර්ශ්වය සිහසුන පැහැරගත් සාමුතෙස්ට ද සහාය දැක්වූහ. සාමුතෙස් සාර්ථක පාලකයකු වුවද, ඔහුගේ පාලනය පැවතියේ වර්ෂයක් පමණි.

පළමුවන නෙෆාරුඩ්ගේ මුණුපුරකු යැයි කී හාකොර් සාමුතෙස් පරාජය කොට සිහසුනට පත් විය. ඇතැන්ස් හි (ක්‍රි.පූ. 387 ඇන්ටැලිසිඩස්හි සාමය තෙක්) සහ සයිප්‍රසයේ කැරලි නායක එවගෝරස්ගේ සහාය ඇතිව ඔහු ඊජිප්තුව ආක්‍රමණයට පර්සියානුවන් දැරූ ප්‍රයත්න මැඬලී ය. ඔහුගේ මරණින් පසු ඔහුගේ පුත් නෙෆාරුඩ් II සිහසුනට පත්වූ නමුත්, ඔහු සිය රාජවංශය රැකගැනීමට සමත් වූයේ නැත.

29වන රාජවංශයේ පාරාවෝවරු

29වන රාජවංශයේ කාලරේඛාව

ආශ්‍රේයයන්
.
.
. Translated by David Lorton.
.
.

29
ක්‍රි.පූ. 398
ක්‍රි.පූ. 380

ඊජිප්තුවේ විසිනවවන රාජවංශය


Hasan Üçüncü (* 16. November 1980 in Sürmene, Trabzon) ist ein türkischer ehemaliger Fußballspieler.

Karriere
Hasan Üçüncü kam 1980 in der Kleinstadt Sürmene zur Welt und begann hier mit dem Vereinsfußball in der Jugend der für ihre Nachwuchsarbeit bekannten Bezirksmannschaft Trabzonspor. 1998 erhielt er einen Profivertrag, spielte aber zwei Saisons ausschließlich für die Reservemannschaft. Im Sommer 2000 wurde er an den Drittligisten Akçaabat Sebatspor ausgeliehen, um ihm so die Möglichkeit zu bieten Spielpraxis in einer Profiliga zu sammeln. 2001 kehrte er zu Trabzonspor zurück und zählte fortan zu den regelmäßig eingesetzten Spielern. Im Sommer 2007 übernahm Ersun Yanal den Trainerposten bei Trabzonspor und setzte Üçüncü auf die Liste der Spieler, mit denen er nicht für die neue Saison plane. Da Üçüncü aber kurzfristig keinen Verein fand, wurde er zur Reserve degradiert.

Schließlich verließ er im Frühjahr 2009 Trabzonspor und ging zum Ligakonkurrenten MKE Ankaragücü. Nach einer halbjährigen Tätigkeit spielte er jeweils eine halbe Spielzeit für Giresunspor und Çaykur Rizespor.

Im Sommer 2010 wechselte er zu Mersin İdman Yurdu. Die Saison 2010/11 schloss er mit seiner Mannschaft als Meister der 1. Lig ab und erreichte so den direkten Aufstieg in die Süper Lig. Im Sommer 2012 verließ er Mersin.

Für die Saison 2013/14 heuerte Üçüncü beim Zweitligisten Orduspor an. Danach beendete er seine Karriere.

Erfolg
 Mersin İdman Yurdu
 Meister der TFF 1. Lig und Aufstieg in die Süper Lig: 2010/11

Trivia
 Üçüncü pflegt seit ihrer gemeinsamen Zeit bei Trabzonspor eine enge Freundschaft mit dem guineischen Fußballspieler Ibrahima Yattara. Aufgrund dieser Freundschaft nahm Yattara, als er wegen der angenommenen türkischen Staatsangehörigkeit auch einen türkischen Namen auswählen musste, den Namen İbrahim Üçüncü an.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Akçaabat Sebatspor)
Fußballspieler (Çaykur Rizespor)
Fußballspieler (Giresunspor)
Fußballspieler (Mersin İdman Yurdu)
Fußballspieler (MKE Ankaragücü)
Fußballspieler (Orduspor)
Fußballspieler (Trabzonspor)
Türkischer Fußballpokal-Sieger
Türke
Geboren 1980
Mann

Hasan Üçüncü


Vlatko Vukelić (Vukelić Draga kod Krmpota, 21. srpnja 1935.), hrvatski kemijski inženjer i zagonetač.

Magistar je kemijskoga inženjerstva. Radio je u tvornici svjetiljki i baterija Croatia u Zagrebu.

Od 1951. objavljuje u nizu zagonetačkih listova, osječkim Zagonetki i Rebusu, Enigmi, Razonodi, Čvoru, Čvor razbibrigi, Glasu Zadra, HiK-u, Križaljki kvizu, Pitalici, Problemu, somborskom Spektru, novogradiškim Zelenim zagonetkama, Vjesnikovu Kvizu, Kvizorami i Večernjemu listu, u kojemu je uređivao i enigmatsku rubriku.

Izvori
 Nedić, Nedjeljko: Poznati zagonetači (82) – VLATKO VUKELIĆ Deseta umjetnost - enigmatika
 Nazansky, Boris: "Urednička riječ", Kvizorama, god. XXXII, br. 1564 (16. travnja 2022.), str. 3.
 Horvat, Stjepan: Leksikon zagonetača Jugoslavije, Čvor: Bjelovar, 1979.

Hrvatski kemičari
Hrvatski enigmatičari

Vlatko Vukelić


The Two Knights Defense is a chess opening that begins with the moves:
1. e4 e5
2. Nf3 Nc6
3. Bc4 Nf6

First recorded by Giulio Cesare Polerio (c. 1550 – c. 1610) in the late 16th century, this line of the Italian Game was extensively developed in the 19th century. Black's third move is a more aggressive defense than the Giuoco Piano (3...Bc5). Black allows White to attack his f7-pawn with 4.Ng5. If White does so, the game quickly takes on a tactical character: Black is practically forced to give up a pawn for the initiative. The complications are such that David Bronstein suggested that the term "defense" does not fit, and that the name "Chigorin Counterattack" would be more appropriate. The Two Knights has been adopted as Black by many aggressive players including Mikhail Chigorin and Paul Keres, and world champions Mikhail Tal and Boris Spassky. In modern grandmaster play, 3.Bc4 is less common than 3.Bb5, and the more solid 3...Bc5 is the most frequent reply, so the Two Knights Defense is infrequently seen. It remains popular with amateur players. The theory of this opening has been explored extensively in correspondence chess by players such as Hans Berliner and Yakov Estrin.

Main variations

4.Ng5

German master Siegbert Tarrasch called 4.Ng5 "a real duffer's move" (ein richtiger Stümperzug) and Soviet opening theorist Vasily Panov called it "primitive", but this attack on f7 practically wins a pawn by . Despite Tarrasch's criticism, 4.Ng5 has remained a popular choice for White at all levels.

Main line: 4...d5
After 4...d5 White has little option but to play 5.exd5, since both the bishop and e4-pawn are attacked.  Then Black usually plays 5...Na5 but there are other options:
 The recapture 5...Nxd5 is extremely risky. Albert Pinkus tried to bolster this move with analysis in 1943 and 1944 issues of Chess Review, but White gets a strong attack with either the safe Lolli Attack 6.d4 or the sacrificial Fried Liver (or Fegatello) Attack  6.Nxf7 Kxf7 7.Qf3+ Ke6 8.Nc3. These variations are usually considered too difficult for Black to defend , but they are sometimes used in correspondence play. Lawrence Trent describes 5...Nxd5 as "a well-known bad move" (or words to that effect).
 The Fritz Variation 5...Nd4 and Ulvestad's Variation 5...b5 are related as they share a common subvariation. American master Olav Ulvestad introduced 5...b5 in a 1941 article in Chess Review. White has only one good reply: 6.Bf1!, protecting g2 so White can answer 6...Qxd5 with 7.Nc3. Both replies 6.Bxb5 Qxd5 7.Bxc6+ Qxc6 and 6.dxc6 bxc4 7.Nc3 are weak for White. Black's best response is to transpose to the Fritz Variation with 6...Nd4, making another advantage of 6.Bf1 apparent—the bishop is not attacked as it would be if White had played 6.Be2. German master Alexander Fritz (1857–1932) suggested 5...Nd4 to Carl Schlechter, who wrote about the idea in a 1904 issue of Deutsche Schachzeitung. In 1907 Fritz himself wrote an article about his move in the Swedish journal Tidskrift för Schack. White's best reply is 6.c3, when the game often continues 6...b5 7.Bf1 Nxd5 8.Ne4 or 8.h4.

After 5...Na5, the Polerio Defense, Paul Morphy would play to hold the gambit pawn with 6.d3, the Kieseritzky Attack (or Morphy Variation), which has not been popular, since it has long been known that Black obtains good chances for the pawn with 6...h6 7.Nf3 e4 8.Qe2 Nxc4 9.dxc4 Bc5. (Bronstein once tried the piece sacrifice 8.dxe4!? with success, but its soundness is doubtful.)

Instead, White usually plays 6.Bb5+, when play usually continues 6...c6 (6...Bd7 is also possible) 7.dxc6 bxc6 8.Be2 h6. (The move 8.Qf3, popular in the nineteenth century and revived by Efim Bogoljubow in the twentieth, can be played instead; Black may reply with 8...h6, 8...Rb8, or 8...Be7.) White then has a choice of retreats for the knight. The usual move here is 9.Nf3, after which Black obtains some initiative after 9...e4 10.Ne5 Bd6 (see diagram). This is the Knorre Variation, and is considered to be the main line of the Two Knights Defense. After ten moves, White has developed only two pieces against Black's three pieces and pawns, but has an extra pawn as well as a better pawn structure. Both 11.d4 and 11.f4 have been tried here with no definitive conclusion. 10...Bc5 is a viable alternative for Black, as is 10...Qc7 (the Goring Variation).

Steinitz favored 9.Nh3 instead, although it did not bring him success in his famous 1891 cable match against Chigorin. The Steinitz Variation was mostly forgotten until Fischer revived it in the 1960s. Nigel Short led a second revival of 9.Nh3 in the 1990s, and today it is thought to be about equal in strength to the more common 9.Nf3. In addition to the moves 8.Be2 and 8.Qf3, the move 8.Bd3 is a valid alternative that has apparently become fashionable in recent years.

Traxler Variation: 4...Bc5

This bold move ignores White's attack on f7 and leads to wild play.  Czech problemist Karel Traxler played it against Reinisch in Prague in 1890. Later it was named after Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania by Frank Marshall, who claimed to be first to analyze and publish it, so today 4...Bc5 is known as both the Traxler Variation and (in the United States and the United Kingdom only) the Wilkes-Barre Variation.

White can play 5.d4, 5.Nxf7, or 5.Bxf7+:
 After 5.d4 d5!, White's best move is 6.Bxd5, reapplying the pressure on f7.
 5.Nxf7 is very complicated after 5...Bxf2+. The current main lines all are thought to lead to drawn or equal positions, e.g. after 6.Kxf2 Nxe4+ 7.Kg1, or even 7.Ke3.
 White's best try for an advantage is probably 5.Bxf7+ Ke7 6.Bb3 (although 6.Bd5 was the move recommended by Lawrence Trent), as this poses Black the most problems. No grandmasters have regularly adopted the Wilkes-Barre as Black, but Alexander Beliavsky and Alexei Shirov have played it occasionally even in top competition. No clear refutation is known. A tricky variation is 5.Bxf7+ Kf8!?, where Black plays for one last trick with 6.Bb3 d6 7.Nf7 Qe7. If White plays the seemingly standard 8.Nxh8??, Black is now winning after 8...Bg4!! 9.f3 Nxe4, making use of the pinned f3-pawn. This pawn cannot capture the bishop as 10.fxg4?? Qh4+ 11.g3 Bf2+ wins by force for Black.

4...Nxe4
4...Nxe4?! is considered unsound but must be handled carefully. 5.Nxe4 d5 poses no problems for Black. If 5.Nxf7? Qh4! 6.g3 (6.0-0 Bc5!) 6...Qh3 7.Nxh8 Qg2 8.Rf1 Nd4 9.Qh5+ g6 10.Nxg6 hxg6 11.Qxg6+ Kd8 and Black has dangerous threats. (Alternatively, after 5.Nxf7? Qh4! 6.g3, Black could play more aggressively 6...Nxg3! 7.fxg3 Qe4+ 8.Qe2 Qxh1+ 9.Qf1 Qxf1+ 10.Kxf1 d5 11.Bxd5 Bh3+ 12.Ke1 Nb4 13.Bb3 Nxc2+ 14.Bxc2 Kxf7 with a distinct advantage of material for Black.)
Correct is 5.Bxf7+! Ke7 6.d4! (6.d3 is also good) and now:
 6...d5 7.Nc3! (best, discovered by Soviet player Lopukhin; White has a clear advantage) 7...Nxc3 8.bxc3 Qd6 (8...Bf5 9.Qf3; 8...e4 9.f3!) 9.a4! Kd8 10.Bg8! Ke8 11.Bxh7± (Estrin).
 6...h6 7.Nxe4 Kxf7 and now 8.dxe5 Qe8 9.f4 d6 10.0-0 () Kg8 11.Nbc3 dxe5 12. f5 Qf7 13.Nd5 Bd7 14.f6 g6 15.Ne7+! and White has excellent chances (Estrin).

4.d4
White can choose to  rapidly with 4.d4 exd4 5.0-0. Now Black can  simply by eliminating White's last center pawn with 5...Nxe4, after which White regains the  with 6.Re1 d5 7.Bxd5 Qxd5 8.Nc3, but Black has a comfortable position after 8...Qa5 or 8...Qh5.

 The wild Nakhmanson Gambit 6.Nc3 gives White compensation if Black accepts the piece with 6...dxc3 7.Bxf7+ Kxf7 8.Qd5+ and then makes the intuitive move 8...Ke8?! Instead, 8...Kf6! has been analysed to offer Black a substantial edge with best play. Victor Bologan suggests declining the gambit with 6...Nxc3 7.bxc3 d5 8.Bb5 Be7 leading to a better position for Black.

Alternatively, Black can enter the extensively analyzed Max Lange Attack after 5...Bc5 6.e5 d5, which can also arise by transposition from the Giuoco Piano or Scotch Game. White can choose to avoid these lines by playing 5.e5, a line often adopted by Sveshnikov. After 5.e5, either 5...Ne4 or 5...Ng4 is a  reply, but most common and natural is 5...d5 6.Bb5 Ne4 7.Nxd4 Bc5, with  play. The tricky 5.Ng5?! is best met by 5...d5! 6.exd5 Qe7+!

Modern Bishop's Opening: 4.d3
The quiet move 4.d3, the Modern Bishop's Opening, transposes into the Giuoco Pianissimo if Black responds 4...Bc5, but there are also independent variations after 4...Be7 or 4...h6. White tries to avoid the tactical battles that are common in other lines of the Two Knights and to enter a more positional game. The resulting positions take on some characteristics of the Ruy Lopez if White plays c3 and retreats the bishop to c2 via Bc4–b3–c2. This move became popular in the 1980s and has been used by John Nunn and others.

Four Knights Variation: 4.Nc3

The attempt to defend the pawn with 4.Nc3 does not work well since Black can take the pawn anyway and use a fork trick to regain the piece, 4.Nc3?! Nxe4! 5.Nxe4 d5. The try 5.Bxf7+? does not help, as Black has the  and a better position after 5...Kxf7 6.Nxe4 d5. Instead, 4.Nc3 is usually played with the intent to gambit the e-pawn with the Boden–Kieseritzky Gambit, 4.Nc3 Nxe4 5.0-0. This gambit is not commonly seen in tournament play as it is not well regarded by opening theory, but it can offer White good practical chances, especially in blitz chess.

Chess opening theory table

White must respond to the attack on the e-pawn. (For explanation of notation, see chess opening theory table.)
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Harding, Tim (March 2001). The Kibitzer: Two Knights Defense, Part 1 (PDF). Chesscafe.com.
 Harding, Tim (April 2001). The Kibitzer: Two Knights Defense, Part 2 (PDF). Chesscafe.com.
 Harding, Tim (May 2001). The Kibitzer: Two Knights Defense, Part 3 (PDF). Chesscafe.com.

Chess openings
16th century in chess

Two Knights Defense


Karl Pawlowski (* 9. April 1898 in Hagen; † 22. August 1964 in Bielefeld) war ein deutscher evangelischer Theologe und diakonischer  Unternehmer in Bielefeld.

Leben
Pawlowski studierte Theologie in Marburg, Halle-Wittenberg und Bonn. 1919 trat er dem Marburger, später dem Hallenser und Bonner Wingolf bei. Von 1924 bis 1926 war er Hilfsprediger in der Kirchengemeinde Radbod (jetzt Bockum-Hövel). Seit 1926 leitete er das evangelische Jugend- und Wohlfahrtsamt Bielefeld. 1932 übernahm und sanierte er das Johannesstift in Bielefeld-Schildesche, dessen Vorsteher er bis 1964 war.

Während des "Dritten Reiches" war Pawlowski ein enger Vertrauter des westfälischen Präses Karl Koch und gehörte zum gemäßigten Flügel der Bekennenden Kirche. Von 1945 bis 1950 war er Bevollmächtigter und Geschäftsführer des Evangelischen Hilfswerks Westfalen, von 1946 bis 1950 zugleich Geschäftsführer des westfälischen Landesverbandes für Innere Mission. 1951 gründete er das Johanneswerk (jetzt Ev. Johanneswerk) in Bielefeld. 1963 wurde ihm für seine Verdienste für "sein Lebenswerk zur Sicherung und Erhaltung des sozialen Friedens" das Große Bundesverdienstkreuz verliehen.  Als Pawlowski 1964 verstarb, verfügte das Johanneswerk über rund 80 Einrichtungen, ca. 7000 Betten und Heimplätze und 1500 Mitarbeitende.

Pawlowski als "Friedensstifter" bei Kriegsende

Pawlowski übernahm bei der Einnahme der "Festung" Bielefeld durch amerikanische Truppen am 4. April 1945 eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Verhinderung weiteren Blutvergießens und weiterer Zerstörungen. Er fuhr auf seinem Fahrrad mit wehendem Talar und dem Kreuz in der Hand kampfbereite deutsche Abwehrstellungen ab, um sie zum Aufgeben zu bewegen: "Zieht man jetzt ab, der Kampf ist aus!" Anschließend fuhr er den vorrückenden amerikanischen Einheiten entgegen, und informierte sie, dass er den deutschen Soldaten geraten habe, den Kampf aufzugeben. Die Einnahme der Stadt Bielefeld durch die Amerikaner vollzog sich daraufhin weitgehend unblutig, was in der regionalen Geschichtsschreibung als Pawlowskis Verdienst bewertet wird.

Leistungen
Karl Pawlowski entwarf 1938 ein Modell einer bewohnerorientierten stationären Altenhilfe, in dem er pädagogische Elemente der Jugendarbeit in ein Beschäftigungs- und Bildungskonzept für Altenheim-Bewohner einarbeitete. Das Modell kann als Vorläufer moderner Altenbildung/Geragogik angesehen werden. Pawlowski gehörte zu den Gründern der Flüchtlingssiedlung Espelkamp. Dort errichtete er 1947/48 die erste Förderschule für Aussiedler-Kinder in Deutschland. 1950 gründete er eine der ersten psychosomatischen Fach-Kliniken West-Deutschlands (Klinik Wittgenstein in Bad Berleburg). Pawlowski betrieb erstmals konfessionelle Krankenhäuser ausschließlich mit "freien" Krankenschwestern (Klinik Wittgenstein 1950, Ev. Krankenhaus Versmold 1956). Er errichtete 1957 das erste dreistufige Altenzentrum der Bundesrepublik, die Tersteegen-Wehme in Iserlohn.

Ehrungen

 1952: Verdienstkreuz (Steckkreuz) der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 Großes Verdienstkreuz
 In Bielefeld-Schildesche ist eine Straße nach Karl Pawlowski benannt. In Gelsenkirchen, Espelkamp und Bielefeld tragen Alten- und Pflegeeinrichtungen seinen Namen.

Literatur
 Gerald Schwalbach: "Der Kirche den Blick weiten!" Karl Pawlowski (1898-1964) – diakonischer Unternehmer an den Grenzen von Kirche und Innerer Mission,  Bielefeld 2012; ISBN 978-3-7858-0455-1
 Gerald Schwalbach: "Größer und moderner als Bethel!" – Das Johanneswerk in Bielefeld und die Leitvorstellungen seines Gründers Karl Pawlowski (1898-1964). In: Matthias Benad (Hrsg.): Friedrich v. Bodelschwingh d.J. und die Betheler Anstalten – Frömmigkeit und Weltgestaltung. Stuttgart etc. 1997, S. 207–213
 Bärbel Thau: Karl Pawlowski (1898-1964). Ein Leben für den sozialen Frieden. In: Alfred Pothmann, Reimund Haas (Hrsg.): Christen an der Ruhr, Bd. 2, Bottrop etc. 2002, S. 128ff
 Bärbel Thau: "Der Ortsverband für Innere Mission in Bielefeld – frühe Zentralisierung diakonischer Arbeit (1926-1945)", in: Udo Krolzik (Hg.), Zukunft der Diakonie – Zwischen Kontinuität und Neubeginn, Bielefeld 1998, S. 163–170

Einzelnachweise

Person (Diakonie)
Evangelischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Träger des Großen Bundesverdienstkreuzes
Person des Christentums (Bielefeld)
Person der Bekennenden Kirche
Korporierter im Wingolf
Deutscher
Geboren 1898
Gestorben 1964
Mann

Karl Pawlowski


Die Kirche Bartow ist ein spätgotisches Kirchengebäude in Bartow im Landkreis Mecklenburgische Seenplatte. Sie gehört zur Kirchengemeinde Daberkow im Pfarrverbund Hohenmocker-Daberkow in der Propstei Demmin im Pommerschen Evangelischen Kirchenkreis der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche in Norddeutschland. Bis 2012 gehörte sie zum Kirchenkreis Demmin der Pommerschen Evangelischen Kirche.

Geschichte
Die Kirche wurde erstmals 1287 erwähnt, als sie dem Kloster Verchen zugeordnet war. 1308 wurde sie dem Archidiakonat Stolpe unterstellt. Bis zur Einführung der Reformation in Pommern 1535 war sie eine eigene Pfarrkirche, danach wurde sie der Daberkower Kirche als Tochterkirche untergeordnet. 1582 wurde eine Kirchenvisitation durchgeführt. Zwischen 1570 und 1584 wurden wahrscheinlich zwei Kirchenglocken und eine Turmuhr erworben. Für 61 Taler ließ der amtierende Pastor 1617 die Kirche reparieren und Turm und Friedhofsmauer instand setzen. Während des Dreißigjährigen Krieges diente die Kirche 1627 als Pferdestall. Im 18. Jahrhundert erhielt die Kirche durch Anbauten ihren heutigen Grundriss.

1957 wurde die Kirche restauriert, in der ehemaligen Sakristei wurde eine beheizbare Winterkirche eingerichtet. Die Putzarbeiten an den Außenflächen wurden 1976 abgeschlossen. Eine erneute Sanierung der Kirche wurde 2003 durchgeführt.

Architektur
Die Kirche wurde um die Zeit von Ende des 14. bis zum Anfang des 15. Jahrhunderts auf rechteckigem Grundriss aus Feldstein und Backstein über einem älteren Bau aus dem 13. Jahrhundert errichtet. Ost- und Westgiebel sind durch Blenden gegliedert und bestehen vollständig aus Backstein. Für die Patronatslogen wurden von 1742 bis 1748 zwei querschiffartige Anbauten an Nord- und Südseite angefügt, so dass die heute vollständig verputzte Kirche insgesamt einen kreuzförmigen Grundriss hat.

Im 16. Jahrhundert wurde der quadratische Westturm angebaut, der in Höhe des Geläuts einen oktogonalen Aufsatz mit Spitzhelm hat. Die Höhe des mit Brettern verkleideten Turms beträgt 32 Meter. Diese wurden 1886 erneuert, als der Turm mit Schiefer gedeckt wurde.

In der Südseite des Turms befindet sich, seit 1631 belegt, eine Uhr. Die wahrscheinlich in der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts angeschaffte Turmuhr soll sich während des Dreißigjährigen Krieges zeitweise in Völschow befunden haben. Auf ihrem Zifferblatt stehen mehrere römische Zahlen auf dem Kopf.

Innenausstattung
Der Ostteil wird durch den Kanzelaltar und seitlich daran anschließende verglaste Wände vom restlichen Kirchenraum abgetrennt. Altar, Trennwände, Gestühl und Empore stammen aus der Barockzeit Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts.

Glocken
Von den beiden seit 1634 nachweisbaren Glocken, die wahrscheinlich im 16. Jahrhundert gegossen worden waren, wurde eine während des Ersten Weltkriegs als Rüstungsmaterial abgegeben. 1924 wurde sie durch eine neue Glocke ersetzt. Seit 2003 wird das Geläut elektrisch angetrieben.

Orgel
Die Orgel wurde 1899 in der Werkstatt von Barnim Grüneberg in Stettin gebaut und ist dessen Opus 418. 2007/08 wurde sie von Johann-Gottfried Schmidt instand gesetzt. Das Instrument verfügt über elf Register, verteilt auf zwei Manuale und Pedal, hinter einem neugotischen Prospekt.

 Koppeln: Manualkoppel, Pedalkoppel

Literatur
 Institut für Denkmalpflege (Hrsg.): Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmale in der DDR. Bezirk Neubrandenburg. Henschelverlag Kunst und Gesellschaft, Berlin 1982,  S. 26.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Kirche
Kirchengebäude in Europa
Kirchengebäude im Landkreis Mecklenburgische Seenplatte
Kirchengebäude der Propstei Demmin
Kirchengebäude der Kirchenprovinz Pommern
Backsteingotik in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Kirchengebäude der Backsteingotik
Disposition einer Orgel

Kirche Bartow


The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) is a learned society (professional association) in the United Kingdom with the goal of "advancing the chemical sciences". It was formed in 1980 from the amalgamation of the Chemical Society, the Royal Institute of Chemistry, the Faraday Society, and the Society for Analytical Chemistry with a new Royal Charter and the dual role of learned society and professional body. At its inception, the Society had a combined membership of 34,000 in the UK and a further 8,000 abroad. The headquarters of the Society are at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London. It also has offices in Thomas Graham House in Cambridge (named after Thomas Graham, the first president of the Chemical Society) where RSC Publishing is based. The Society has offices in the United States, on the campuses of The University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University, at the University City Science Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in both Beijing and Shanghai, China and in Bangalore, India.

The organisation carries out research, publishes journals, books and databases, as well as hosting conferences, seminars and workshops. It is the professional body for chemistry in the UK, with the ability to award the status of Chartered Chemist (CChem) and, through the Science Council the awards of Chartered Scientist (CSci), Registered Scientist (RSci) and Registered Science Technician (RScTech) to suitably qualified candidates.

The designation FRSC is given to a group of elected Fellows of the society who have made major contributions to chemistry and other interface disciplines such as biological chemistry. The names of Fellows are published each year in The Times (London). Honorary Fellowship of the Society ("HonFRSC") is awarded for distinguished service in the field of chemistry.

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The president is elected biennially and wears a badge in the form of a spoked wheel, with the standing figure of Joseph Priestley depicted in enamel, mainly in red and blue, on a hexagonal medallion in the centre. The rim of the wheel is gold, and the twelve spokes are of non-tarnishable metals.

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Note: in 1904 eighteen women chemists petitioned to be made Fellow
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GRSC
The qualification GRSC (Graduate of the Royal Society of Chemistry) was awarded from 1981 to 1995 for completion of college courses equivalent to an honours chemistry degree and validated by the RSC. It replaced the GRIC offered by the Royal Institute of Chemistry.

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The society is organised around 9 divisions, based on subject areas, and local sections, both in the United Kingdom and overseas. Divisions cover broad areas of chemistry but also contain many special interest groups for more specific areas.

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There are 12 subjects groups not attached to a division.

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There are 35 local sections covering the United Kingdom and Ireland. In countries of the Commonwealth of Nations and many other countries there are Local Representatives of the society and often some activities.

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The society is a not-for-profit publisher: surplus made by its publishing business is invested to support its aim of advancing the chemical sciences.

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Subscriptions to the journals are available individually, or "all-in", under a provision called "RSC Gold".

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The London offices of the Society are in Burlington House, Piccadilly. Events are hosted here for the public, RSC member groups and external organisations including regular lectures on the chemical sciences. The free lectures take an interesting look at the chemical aspects of a wide range of topics from curry to the enjoyment of music.

The events have attracted notable science writers such as Philip Ball, Antony John Williams, and John Emsley to give public lectures.

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The Royal Society of Chemistry has been resident at Burlington House since 1857 (at which time it was known as the Chemical Society) – at the heart of which is the RSC's Library and Information Centre which itself dates back to 1842. Over the years, the library for the RSC has received many gifts from notable fellows including Michael Faraday. The library became a centre for information on the chemical sciences during the 1st and 2nd world wars when extensive use was made on the chemical reference material available.

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The society has a large library covering mainly chemistry-based subjects, including online access for members, housed at the Chemistry Centre at Burlington House. It is part of the Chemistry Centre and is a resource for RSC members, although the public are also welcome.

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The Chemists' Community Fund, the working name of the Royal Society of Chemistry's Benevolent Fund, supports the members and their families during difficult times, through advice and guidance, financial and volunteer support. It dates back to 1920 when the Institute of Chemistry (later the Royal Institute of Chemistry) established it as a memorial to its members who died in the First World War. It had an aim "to help necessitous persons who are, or have been, Fellows or Associates of the Institute, their wives or children, and the widows and dependent relatives of deceased Fellows and Associates" through voluntary contributions from members. The Fund's ethos of "members helping members" stems from the Institute of Chemistry's Council raising money for members in need from other members prior to the fund being formed.

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The centrally awarded medals include the Harrison-Meldola Memorial Prizes which are awarded to a British chemist who is under 32 years of age for promising original investigations in chemistry and the Corday-Morgan medals which consist of three separate awards made for the most meritorious contributions to experimental chemistry (including computer simulation). The Tilden Prize, previously known as the Tilden Lecture, consists of three awards annually to scientists in mid-career for advances in chemistry.

Previous winners of the Harrison-Meldola Prize (known as the Meldola Medal and Prize prior to its merger in 2008 with the Edward Harrison prize) include Christopher Kelk Ingold (1921, 1922), Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1923), R.H. Stokes (1946), D.H. Williams (1966), and J. Evans (1978).

Corday-Morgan medal recipients include Derek Barton (1949), Ronald Sydney Nyholm (1950), Frederick Sanger (1951), John Cornforth (1953), Rex Richards (1954), and George Porter (1955).

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Other resources
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See also
 List of learned societies
 List of international professional associations

References

External links

 History of the RSC
 Chemistry Centre
 The society's blue plaques at OpenPlaques
 Royal Society of Chemistry's interactive Periodic Table
 History of the RSC Library and Information Centre

Scientific organizations established in 1980
Learned societies of the United Kingdom
Science and technology in the United Kingdom
Chemistry societies
Chemistry education
1980 establishments in the United Kingdom
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Royal Society of Chemistry


خدعة الرسوم المسبقة أو النصب عن طريق (الدفع مقدماً) هي شكل من أشكال الاحتيال وهي واحدة من أكثر أنواع حيل الثقة شيوعاً. تتم هذه الخدعة عندما يتم إقناع شخص ما بإرسال مبلغ من المال مقابل إرسال مبلغ ضخم من المال له فيما بعد ويسمى باللغة الإنجليزية scam أو fraud ومن أهم أنواعه النصب أو الاحتيال النيجيري Nigerian) scam).

التاريخ والنشأة
ظهر هذا النوع من الاحتيال في عقد الثمانينيات عندما بدأ انحسار شركات النفط النيجيرية آنذاك، بدأ عدد من طلاب الجامعات العاطلين عن العمل باستغلال تطلعات بعض رجال الأعمال بالاستثمار في قطاع النفط النيجيري.
فيما بعد بدأ النصب يأخذ منحى مختلفاً عندما بدأ المحتالون بإرسال رسائل إلى أناس مختلفين محاولين إقناعهم بالاستثمار في قطاع النفط وبإرسال مبلغ معين من المال على أمل الحصول على (صفقة العمر) فيما بعد وحاليا يسمى هذا النوع من النصب رسميا ب 419 Nigerian scam. ووسائله الرئيسية اليوم هي البريد الإلكتروني.
وهناك مدارس أخرى في هذا المجال أبرزها المدرسة الروسية والمدرسة الأسبانية وتسمى (السجين الأسباني) وتقوم فكرتها على إرسال بريد إلكتروني والإتصال بشخص ما وإقناعه بأن المتصل هو سجين أسباني غني جدا (مليونير) وبأن هذا السجين بحاجة إلى حوالي مائة ألف دولار لرشوة ضباط السجن وعند خروجه من السجن سيعيد لك المبلغ أضعافا مضاعفة.

التحول إلى شبكات دولية
تحول هذا النوع من الاحتيال إلى تجارة مربحة قدرت بحوالي مائة مليون دولار في عام 1997  وقال المحاضر في جامعة برمنجهام انسا نولت بأن الاحتيال عبر الإنترنت يعد حاليا من أهم موارد الدخل الخارجي النيجيري.
وتتوزع شبكات النصب حول العالم وخصوصا في بنين وساحل العاج وغانا وجنوب أفريقيا وهولندا.

أنواع الاحتيال
تتفاوت أنواع الاحتيال حسب الزمن والطريقة والنوعية فهنالك عدة أنواع من الاحتيال ومنها مثلاً عن طريق اليانصيب وبه يتم إخبار الشخص بأنه ربح في اليانصيب وما عليه إلا إرسال مبلغ من المال ليستلم جائزته.
وهناك أيضا طريقة (الاحتيال الرومانسي) وذلك عن طريق إقناع الضحية بإيجاد حبيب له مقابل مبلغ من المال.
بالإضافة إلى طريقة فعل الخير وذلك بمحاولة إقناع الضحية بالتبرع من أجل القضايا الإنسانية من حروب وأوبئة ومجاعات.
وأخيرا وليس آخراً هناك نوع من الاحتيال غير منتشر في العالم العربي ولكنه يقوم على إقناع الضحية بأن هناك قاتل مأجور يريد الفتك بالضحية وأن عليه دفع مبلغ من المال لدفع البلاء والنجاة وهناك أيضا طريقة الإتصال بالمؤسسات أو البنوك والقول بأن هناك عبوة ناسفة وعليهم الدفع لضمان عدم تفجير المكان.
ومن الطريف ذكر أحدى الطرق المضحكة في النصب وهي مقابلة الضحية في أحد الأماكن وجعله يرى حقيبة ممتلئة بالدولارات المزيفة وإقناعه بأنها حقيقية ولكن المشكلة بأن على كل ورقة منها ختم أزرق وهذا الختم لا يمكن إزالته إلا بنوع من المحاليل الكيماوية وهذا المحلول سعره 200 أو 500 ألف دولار وهلم جرا وتسمى هذه الطريقة من النصب بـ (الدولارات الزرقاء) وقد وقع ضحيتها العشرات في العالم العربي.

الدعوة لزيارة نيجيريا أو جنوب أفريقيا
يقوم المحتالون أحيانا بتوجيه الدعوة إلى الضحية لزيارة نيجيريا أو جنوب أفريقيا وفي هذه الحالة يتم استغلالهم بأبشع وأقذر الصور فقد تم اختطاف رجل أعمال ياباني عن طريق المحتالين النيجيريين في شهر سبتمبر 2008 وطلب فدية بمئات آلاف الدولارات وخطف رجل أعمال سويدي في دولة توغو عام 1996 وطلب فدية قدرت ب 20 مليون يورو فضلا عن اختطاف آخر روماني عام 2001 ولم يطلق سراحه إلا بعد دفع 500 ألف دولار هذا فضلا عن قتل رجل أعمال يوناني عمره 29 عاما عام 2004 وآخر أمريكي، وآخر نرويجي اختفى في جنوب أفريقيا عام 1999 ويعتقد أنه قد تمت تصفيته عن طريق هؤلاء المحتالين.
من الجدير بالذكر أن أحد أساليب الاحتيال هي اصطحاب الضحية في نزهة بالسيارة إلى منطقة ما وبعد عدة أميال يقوم أفراد آخرون من العصابة بالهجوم على سيارة الضحية وإقناعه بأنه قد دخل إلى دولة أخرى دون تأشيرة بالتالي عليه دفع مبلغ من المال لهم ليخلوا سبيله.

التأثيرات النفسية على الضحايا
عشرات الآلاف من الناس وقعوا ضحية للنصب والشعور الرئيسي هو الشعور بالخيانة أو الاغتصاب والحقيقة أن هذا النوع من النصب قد يؤدي إلى مشاكل نفسية وعصبية قد تتحول إلى أمراض جسدية. وهناك حالات في كل من أستراليا وأمريكا لضحايا لهذا النوع من الاحتيال وقد تحولوا إلى محتالين بدورهم وأخذوا يمارسون نفس أساليب المحتالين الأفارقة الذين سلبوهم كل ما يملكون.

التجارة بالبيانات
بعد أن يقوم المحتالون بسلب الشخص إلى أبعد درجة والاستفادة من كل قرش في جيبه يتم بيع بيانات هذا الشخص (من بريد إلكتروني ورقم هاتف إلخ)إلى عصابة أخرى من المحتالين التي تقوم بدورها بالاتصال بنفس الشخص محاولة إقناعه بأنها ستعيد له كل أمواله ولكن مقابل مبلغ بسيط من المال ويستمر المسلسل.

الاحتراف في الاحتيال
المحتالون يرسلون لك وثائق وهي وثائق مزورة بإتقان شديد ومنها أوراق حكومية لذلك يجب الحذر لضمان عدم وقوع الشخص للاحتيال وقد ذكر ذات مرة بأن هؤولاء المحتالين قد زوروا توقيع الرئيس النيجيري شخصيا.

أحدث محاولات النصب هي إرسال رسالة من شخص يدعي أنه إقطاعي كبير واسمه مايكل كومالو ويدعي أنه من زيمبابوي وقد صادر الرئيس روبرت موغابي كل أمواله إلا أن لديه رصيد في البنك في جنوب أفريقيا وهو على استعداد ليعطيك 24 مليون دولار إذا أرسلت له مبلغ 200 ألف دولار.

المكافحة والاعتقالات
عام 2004 اعتقل 52 شخصا في أمستردام على خلفية الاشتباه بانتمائهم إلى عصابات النصب وفي نفس العام تمت إدانة شخص في أستراليا بتهمة الانتساب إلى أحدى هذه العصابات وفي شهر يونية 2008 تمت إدانة شخص في أمريكا بنفس التهمة وهي الانتماء إلى هذه العصابات النيجيرية.

وهناك الكثير من الانتقادات توجه إلى نيجيريا لتساهلها في موضوع ملاحقة المجرمين والقضاء على هذه الظاهرة، ويعزى ذلك بشكل رئيسي إلى الفساد والرشاوي. وقد تم إنشاء هيئة حكومية، تهتم بجرائم مالية عام 2001. وقد حققت هذه الهيئة نجاحاً ملموسا في الآونة الأخيرة. ففي عام 2016 فقط تم اعتقال أكثر من 178 شخصاً في خمس ولايات بتهمة جرائم تتعلق بالنصب وغسل الأموال. مع تحقيق هذه النجاحات، ما زالت هذه الهيئية تواجه تهماً من بينها التمييز بين أناس لهم جاه في الحكومة والعاديين عند الاعتقال، وفساد الإداريين.

انظر أيضًا
 تصيد احتيالي
 هندسة اجتماعية
 منع الإحتيال عبر الإنترنت

المصادر والملاحظات

احتيال
إزعاج بالرسائل الإلكترونية
خداع
جرائم الممتلكات
جرائم في نيجيريا
خداع اقتصادي
شيك مردود
نيجيريا

الاحتيال عبر الإنترنت


Le coup d'État de 2005 en Mauritanie est un coup d'État militaire survenu en Mauritanie le 3 août 2005. Le président Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya a été évincé par les Forces armées mauritaniennes et remplacé par une junte militaire qui se nomme, le Conseil militaire pour la justice et la démocratie (CMJD), dirigé par Ely Ould Mohamed Vall qui était le Chef de la Sûreté sous Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, le putsch se déroule alors que Ould Taya était en Arabie saoudite pour assister aux funérailles du roi Fahd.

Un référendum constitutionnel, des , municipale et présidentiel étaient prévues et les putschistes ont juré de ne contester aucune des élections. Le gouvernement militaire a pris fin avec l'élection présidentielle du 11 mars 2007.

Contexte

Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya régnait sur la Mauritanie depuis qu'il avait pris le pouvoir à Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla lors d'un Coup d'État sans effusion de sang le 12 décembre 1984. La Mauritanie avait également connu des tentatives de coup d'État en juin 2003 et août 2004. La tentative de 2003 avait été menée par l'ancien major , et la tentative d'août 2004 aurait été menée par des officiers de l'armée originaires du groupe ethnique de Ould Hanenna. Les motifs du coup d'État incluaient l' et le fait d'être l'un des trois seuls pays du monde arabe à établir des relations diplomatiques officielles avec Israël. Le coup d'État a également été motivé par l'opposition à la suppression par Maaouiya Ould Taya de certains partis d'opposition et à ses purges militaires occasionnelles.

Déroulement
Alors que Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya assistait aux funérailles du roi Fahd d'Arabie saoudite le 3 août 2005, des membres de sa garde présidentielle (BASEP) ont encerclé le , l'État-major national et d'autres ministères importants. Des coups de feu et des tirs à l'arme lourde ont été entendus dans toute la capitale, dégageant les rues de Nouakchott. Les putschistes ont également pris le contrôle des stations de radio et de télévision gérées par l'État. Dans un message officiel à la télévision mauritanienne, les putschistes ont déclaré : ."

Réactions
Sur le plan intérieur, le coup d'État a reçu le soutien de la population, certains habitants de la capitale klaxonnant en signe de soutien. L'Union africaine a exprimé sa préoccupation et condamné toutes les prises de pouvoir inconstitutionnelle. Le secrétaire général de l'ONU, Kofi Annan, "était profondément troublé", déclarant qu'il souhaitait que le différend soit résolu pacifiquement. Le président nigerian de l'époque, Olusegun Obasanjo, a fortement dénoncé le coup d'État, déclarant que "l'époque de la tolérance de la gouvernance militaire dans notre sous-région ou ailleurs [est] révolue depuis longtemps". Les États-Unis proche allié de Ould Taya le soutenant dans sa lutte contre le terrorisme dans le Sahel, avaient initialement exigé le rétablissement du président légitime Ould Taya au pouvoir, mais se sont rangés finalement derrière la position de l'Union africaine (UA) en demandant simplement un retour à l'ordre constitutionnel.

Conséquences
Maaouiya Ould Taya était dans l'avion de retour en Mauritanie lorsque le coup d'État s'est produit, le forçant à atterrir à Niamey (au Niger), ensuite il a quitté le Niger pour Banjul en Gambie. Il a finalement fait son chemin vers le Qatar. Il a ensuite travaillé comme enseignant dans une Académie militaire du Qatar.

Après le coup d'État, l'Union africaine a exigé un retour à « l'ordre constitutionnel » en Mauritanie, et a suspendu la Mauritanie de l'Union africaine.

Le gouvernement militaire mauritanien a pris fin après une élection présidentielle équitable en 2007, au cours de laquelle Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi a été élu. L'adhésion de la Mauritanie à l'Union africaine a été rétablie après les élections de 2007. Cependant, après avoir découvert que Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi avait ouvert des canaux de communication avec des extrémistes islamiques supposés être associés à Al-Qaïda et avait utilisé des fonds publics pour construire une mosquée dans son palais présidentiel, il a été renversé par un coup d'État en 2008 dirigé par des membres du coup d'État de 2005, ayant pour résultat que la Mauritanie a été à nouveau suspendue de l'Union africaine.

Notes et références

Août 2005
2005 en Mauritanie
2005
Coup d'État ou tentative de coup d'État au XXIe siècle

Coup d'État de 2005 en Mauritanie


Dobrá Voda este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Trnava din regiunea Trnava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 802 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Dobrá Voda este atestată documentar din 1392.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Dobrá Voda, Trnava


Emperor Yao (; traditionally c. 2356 – 2255 BCE)  was a legendary Chinese ruler, according to various sources, one of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors.

Ancestry and early life
Yao's ancestral name is Yi Qi () or Qi (), clan name is Taotang (), given name is Fangxun (), as the second son to Emperor Ku and Qingdu (). He is also known as Tang Yao ().

Yao's mother has been worshipped as the goddess Yao-mu (堯母).

Legends

According to the legend, Yao became the ruler at 20 and died at 99 when he passed his throne to Shun the Great, to whom he had given his two daughters in marriage. According to the Bamboo Annals, Yao abdicated his throne to Shun in his 73rd year of reign, and continued to live during Shun's reign for another 28 years.

It was during the reign of Emperor Yao that the Great Flood began, a flood so vast that no part of Yao's territory was spared, and both the Yellow River and the Yangtze valleys flooded. The alleged nature of the flood is shown in the following quote:

According to both historical and mythological sources, the flooding continued relentlessly. Yao sought to find someone who could control the flood, and turned for advice to his special adviser, or advisers, the Four Mountains (四嶽, Sìyuè); who, after deliberation, gave Emperor Yao some advice which he did not especially welcome. Upon the insistence of Four Mountains, and over Yao's initial hesitation, the person Yao finally consented to appoint in charge of controlling the flood was Gun, the Prince of Chong, who was a distant relative of Yao's through common descent from the Yellow Emperor.

Even after nine years of the efforts of Gun, the flood continued to rage on, leading to the increase of all sorts of social disorders. The administration of the empire was becoming increasingly difficult; so,  accordingly, at this point, Yao offered to resign the throne in favor of his special adviser(s), Four Mountains: however, Four Mountains declined, and instead recommended Shun – another distant relative to Yao through the Yellow Emperor; but one who was living in obscurity, despite his royal lineage.

Yao proceeded to put Shun through a series of tests, beginning with marrying his two daughters to Shun and ending by sending him down from the mountains to the plains below where Shun had to face fierce winds, thunder, and rain. After passing all of Yao's tests, not the least of which being establishing and continuing a state of marital harmony together with Yao's two daughters, Shun took on administrative responsibilities as co-emperor. Among these responsibilities, Shun had to deal with the Great Flood and its associated disruptions, especially in light of the fact that Yao's reluctant decision to appoint Gun to handle the problem had failed to fix the situation, despite having been working on it for the previous nine years. Shun took steps over the next four years to reorganize the empire, in such a way as to solve immediate problems and to put the imperial authority in a better position to deal with the flood and its effects.

Bamboo Annals
The Bamboo Annals represent Yao as having banished prince Danzhu to Danshui in his 58th year of reign. They add that following Yao's abdication in favor of Shun, Danzhu kept away from Shun, and that following the death of Yao, "Shun tried to yield the throne to him, but in vain."

However, an alternative account found elsewhere in the Annals offers a different story. It holds that Shun dethroned and imprisoned Yao, then raised Danzhu to the throne for a short time before seizing it himself.

Legacy

Often extolled as the morally perfect and intelligent sage-king, Yao's benevolence and diligence served as a model to future Chinese monarchs and emperors. Early Chinese accounts often speak of Yao, Shun and Yu the Great as historical figures, and contemporary historians believed they may represent leader-chiefs of allied tribes who established a unified and hierarchical system of government in a transition period to the patriarchal feudal society. In the Classic of History, one of the Five Classics, the initial chapters deal with Yao, Shun and Yu.

Of his many contributions, Yao is said to have invented the game of Weiqi (Go), reportedly to favorably influence his vicious playboy son Danzhu. After the customary three-year mourning period after Yao's death, Shun named Danzhu as the ruler but the people only recognized Shun as the rightful heir.

Astronomical observations
According to some Chinese classic documents such as Yao Dian (Document of Yao) in Shang Shu (Book of Documents), and Wudibenji (Records for the Five Kings) in the Shiji (Historic Records), Yao assigned astronomic officers to observe celestial phenomena such as the sunrise, sunset, and the rising of the evening stars. This was done in order to make a solar and lunar calendar with 366 days for a year, also providing for the leap month.

Some recent archaeological work at Taosi, an ancient site in Shanxi, dating to 2300 BCE–1900 BCE, may have provided some evidence for this. A sort of an ancient observatory – the oldest in East Asia – was found at Taosi that seems to coincide with the ancient records.

Some Chinese archaeologists believe that Taosi was the site of a state Youtang () conquered by Emperor Yao and made to be his capital.

The structure consists of an outer semi-ring-shaped path, and a semi-round rammed-earth platform with a diameter of about 60 m; it was discovered in 2003–2004.

Dynastic succession
Yao was claimed to be the ancestor of the Han Dynasty Emperor Liu Bang. Other important noble families have also claimed descent through Yellow Emperor.

See also

 Imperial examination in Chinese mythology

Notes

References
C.K. Yang. Religion in Chinese Society : A Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of Their Historical Factors (1967 [1961]).  Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Sources

.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120415045747/http://threekingdoms.com/history.htm#2_3_1
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070929011102/http://csgo.org/about/history.php

Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
Longevity myths
Deified Chinese people
History of Go
3rd-millennium BC births

Emperor Yao


Hendrickje Stoffels (født 1626, død juli 1663) var en nederlandsk kvinde der blev Rembrandts husholderske og partner.

Stoffels blev ansat som Rembrandts husholderske og sygeplejerske af Rembrandts søn Titus efter tabet af hans hustru Saskia, omkring år 1649.

Stoffels blev født og opvokset i byen Bredevoort i 1626. I juli 1646 døde hendes far, Stoffel Stoffelse, og derfor rejste Hendrickje til Amsterdam, i 1646 eller 1647. I 1647, blev hun ansat af Rembrandt, først som husholderske, så som hans model og blev hans kæreste. Man antager at hun har været model for flere af hans malerier.

I 1654 måtte hun stå for kirkerådet for at "leve i synd", gravid med Rembrandts datter, der senere kom til at hedde Cornelia. Rembrandt ønskede ikke at gifte sig med hende, da han ikke ville miste sin første hustru Saskia van Uylenburghs arv efter, og at han allerede havde økonomiske problemer nok. Senere startede Stoffels sammen med Rembrandts søn Titus, en forhandlingsvirksomhed med Rembrandts malerier.

Stoffels døde af pesten af en epidemi i 1663, og blev den 24. Juli samme år, begravet i Westerkerk i Amsterdam.

Galleri

Kilder
 Artiklen er oversat fra den norsksprogede Wikipedia

Litteratur
 Christoph Driessen: Rembrandts vrouwen. 2011
 Susanna Partsch: Rembrandt. zijn leven, zijn werk. 1994,
 Dutch Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Bind 1–2 med diverse værker hvor Hendrickje Stoffels er model.
 David Bomford: "Hendrickje+Stoffels" Rembrandt - Kapitel 13 - Portrait of Hendrickje Stoffels

Eksterne henvisninger

 Hendrickje Stoffels' biografi på Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon
 Hendrickje Stoffels' biografi på Bredevoort Boekenstad
 Hendrickje Stoffels forældrenes hus i Bredevoort

Nederlændere i 1600-tallet

Hendrickje Stoffels


Armavir (, ) er en by i Krasnodar kraj i det Sydlige føderale distrikt i Den Russiske Føderation. Byen har  indbyggere.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Byer i Krasnodar kraj
Etableret i 1839

Armavir


An Lockhartia latilabris in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Schweinfurth. An Lockhartia latilabris in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lockhartia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lockhartia

Lockhartia latilabris


Jnanayasas (Sanskrit; Chinese 闍那耶舍 or 尊稱) was a Buddhist monk from Magadha, eastern India.  He was recognised by Emperor Wen of Sui China and taught the monks Yasogupta and Jnanagupta.

He translated 7 scriptures in 51 fascicles, including:
Sutra of Great Compassion (大悲經)
Sutra of Moon Store (月藏經)

References

Sources
Translators in Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty

Sui dynasty Buddhists
Indian Buddhist monks
Indian Buddhist missionaries

Jnanayasas


Jerome Lawrence (născut Jerome Lawrence Schwartz; ) a fost un dramaturg și scriitor american. După ce a absolvit cursuri la Ohio State University în 1937 și University of California, Los Angeles în 1939, Lawrence a colaborat cu Robert Edwin Lee la postul de radio al Forțelor Armate Americane. Cei doi au format un parteneriat pe durata vieții lor și au continuat să colaboreze la scrierea mai multor piese de teatru și a libretelor unor musicaluri până la moartea lui Lee în 1994.

Lawrence și Lee au devenit celebri cu piesa de teatru Inherit the Wind din 1955, inspirată din Procesul maimuțelor. Lawrence a descris piesele cuplului ca "împărtășind tema demnității fiecărui individ și a luptei pe tot parcursul vieții împotriva limitării și a cenzurii". Cei doi au evitat mai târziu în mod deliberat Broadway-ul și au format American Playwrights Theater în 1963 pentru a-și promova piesele. După moartea lui Lee, Lawrence a continuat să scrie piese în casa sa din Malibu, California. A murit la Malibu în 29 februarie 2004, din cauza complicațiilor produse în urma unui accident vascular cerebral.

Biografie
Jerome Lawrence Schwartz s-a născut în Cleveland, Ohio, la 14 iulie 1915. Tatăl lui Lawrence, Samuel Schwartz, conducea o tipografie, în timp ce mama lui, Sarah (născută Rogen), scria poezii și făcea voluntariat. După ce a absolvit liceul din Glenville în 1933, Lawrence a urmat cursurile de la Ohio State University, pe care le-a absolvit în 1937 cu diplomă de licență. În timp ce era student la Ohio State University, Lawrence a fost inițiat ca membru în filiala Nu a Fraternității Zeta Beta Tau, o fraternitate socială evreiască. Doi ani mai târziu, a absolvit studii universitare la University of California, Los Angeles.

Lawrence a lucrat pentru mai multe ziare mici ca reporter și redactor înainte de a fi angajat ca scriitor pentru postul de radio al CBS. Împreună cu partenerul său scriitor, Robert E. Lee, Lawrence a lucrat pentru postul de radio al Forțelor Armate Americane în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial; Lawrence și Lee au format cel mai prolific parteneriat scriitoricesc din domeniul radiofonic, fiind autorii unor seriale radiofonice de lungă durată precum Favorite Story.

Lawrence și Lee s-au orientat către teatrul radiofonic în 1955 cu Inherit the Wind, care continuă să fie una dintre cele mai reprezentate piese ale teatrului american. Ei sunt, de asemenea, bine cunoscuți pentru piesele Auntie Mame, The Incomparable Max și First Monday in October. În 1965 Lawrence și Lee au fondat American Playwrights' Theatre, într-o încercare de a ocoli teatrele cu scop comercial de pe Broadway, ceea ce a prefigurat mișcarea teatrală profesionistă regională. Piesa lor de mare succes, The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail, a avut premiera la universitatea absolvită de Lawrence, Ohio State University, care le-a comandat o piesă despre viața și vremurile lui James Thurber, Jabberwock (1972).

În total, cei doi au colaborat la 39 de creații lirico-literare și au scris, împreună cu James Hilton, o adaptare muzicală a romanului Orizont pierdut, intitulată Shangri-La. Ei au adaptat, împreună cu compozitorul Jerry Herman, piesa Auntie Mame în musicalul Mame, care a câștigat un premiu Tony pentru interpretarea actriței Angela Lansbury. Mai puțin reușit a fost musicalul Dear World, o adaptare muzicală a piesei The Madwoman of Chaillot a lui Jean Giraudoux, realizată de Lawrence și Lee în colaborare cu Herman, tot cu Lansbury în rol principal.

Unele piese scrise de Lawrence și Lee sunt inspirate de evenimente din istoria Statelor Unite ale Americii pentru a vorbi despre problemele contemporane. Inherit the Wind (1955) a ficționalizat Procesul maimuțelor ca un mijloc de a pune în discuție libertatea intelectuală și mccarthyismul. The Gang's All Here (1959) a examinat corupția guvernamentală din anii 1920. The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail (1970) este o prezentare, într-o perioadă de contestare publică a Războiului din Vietnam, a opoziției lui Thoreau față de Războiul Mexicano-American.

Lawrence a predat dramaturgia la programul de masterat în scrierea profesionistă de la University of Southern California. Singura nominalizare a lui Lawrence la premiul Tony a fost pentru cel mai bun libret al unui musical (Mame).

Lawrence a murit din cauza complicațiilor cauzate de un accident vascular cerebral în Malibu, California. Nepoata lui este flautista Paula Robison.

În 1986 Ohio State University a înființat Institutul de Cercetare Teatrală Jerome Lawrence și Robert E. Lee, o arhivă de cercetări teatrale care a primit numele celor doi dramaturgi.

Note

Lectură suplimentară

Legături externe

 Lawrence and Lee papers, 1917-1974, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts

Nașteri în 1915
Nașteri pe 14 iulie
Decese în 2004
Decese pe 29 februarie
Dramaturgi americani
Scriitori americani din secolul al XX-lea
Scriitori americani din secolul al XXI-lea
Decese cauzate de accident vascular
Oameni din Cleveland

Jerome Lawrence


تصفيات أفريقيا تتنافس فيه منتخبات قارة أفريقيا على 5 بطاقات مؤهلة إلى بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2010 التي ستقام في جنوب أفريقيا . تعتبر هذه أيضا تصفيات كأس الأمم الأفريقية لكرة القدم 2010 التي ستقام في أنغولا.

اشترك 53 منتخب في التصفيات المشتركة ولكن كان يتم حساب 52 منتخب فقط على أساس أن منتخب جنوب أفريقيا هو مستضيف بطولة كأس العالم ومتأهل إليها تلقائيا ومنتخب أنغولا مستضيف كأس الأمم الأفريقية ومتأهل تلقائيا إليها ولكنهما شاركا في التصفيات من أجل التنافس في البطولة التي لا يستضيفانها .

تعتبر المرة الأولى منذ عام 1934 التي يشارك فيها مستضيف كأس العالم في التصفيات، وضع أنغولا يشبه وضع مصر في تصفيات كأس العالم السابقة عندما استضافت كأس الأمم الأفريقية لكرة القدم 2006.

الدور الأول

سيشارك في هذا الدور أسوأ 10 منتخبات أفريقية في التصنيف الشهري الصادر عن الاتحاد الدولي لكرة القدم في يوليو 2007 حسب الجدول التالي :
 مدغشقر * جزر القمر
 الصومال * سوازيلاند
 ساو توميه وبرينسيب * جمهورية أفريقيا الوسطى
 سيراليون * غينيا بيساو
 سيشل * جيبوتي
قرر ساو توميه وبرينسيب وجمهورية أفريقيا الوسطى الانسحاب في سبتمبر وبالتالي تم تأهيل أفضل المنتخبات العشر وهما سيشيل وسوازيلاند إلى الدور الثاني وفي المقابل تم اتخاذ قرار بأن يلعب الصومال وجيبوتي في مواجهة بعضهما بدلا من المتأهلان . المباراة لعبت من جولة واحدة في جيبوتي حيث أن الاتحاد الدولي لكرة القدم منع إقامة أي مباريات دولية في الصومال بسبب عدم استتاب الأمن بينما لعبت المواجهتين من مباراتي الذهاب والإياب .

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الدور الثاني

شارك في هذا الدور 48 منتخب (45 منتخب بطريقة مباشرة و3 منتخبات من الدور الأول) حيث تم توزيعهم على 12 مجموعة وأجريت القرعة في ديربان ، جنوب أفريقيا في 25 نوفمبر 2007 . لعبت جميع المجموعات بطريقة الدوري الكامل في 2008 حيث تأهل أوائل المجموعات بالإضافة إلى أحسن 8 منتخبات احتلت المركز الثاني إلى الدور الثالث . بسبب استبعاد إثيوبيا وانسحاب إرتيريا فقد تم استبعاد نتائج المنتخبات التي احتلت المركز الثاني مع المنتخب الذي حل في المركز الأخير من أجل التساوي في تحديد المتأهل .

التوزيع
كل منتخب من كل وعاء يتم وضعه في مجموعة .

المجموعة الأولى

المجموعة الثانية

المجموعة الثالثة

ملاحظة: منتخب أنغولا تأهل تلقائيا إلى بطولة كأس الأمم الأفريقية لكرة القدم 2010 بوصفه المستضيف ولكنه خرج من منافسات تصفيات كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2010 .

المجموعة الرابعة

ملاحظة: منتخب جنوب إفريقيا تأهل تلقائيا إلى بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2010 بوصفه المستضيف ولكنه خرج من منافسات تصفيات كأس الأمم الأفريقية لكرة القدم 2010 .

المجموعة الخامسة

المجموعة السادسة

المجموعة السابعة

في 19 مارس 2008 قرر الاتحاد الدولي لكرة القدم إيقاف مشاركة اتحاد مدغشقر لكرة القدم وبعدها أزال الإيقاف في 19 مايو 2008 .

المجموعة الثامنة

لعب منتخب إثيوبيا 4 مباريات في المجموعة ثم قرر الاتحاد الدولي لكرة القدم إيقاف أنشطة اتحاد إثيوبيا لكرة القدم الدولية في 29 يوليو 2008 . في 12 سبتمبر 2008 قرر الاتحاد الدولي استبعاد منتخب إثيوبيا من التصفيات وإلغاء جميع نتائجه . وبسبب عدم استكماله لباقي المباريات فقد تم اعتباره منسحبا من تصفيات كأس الأمم الأفريقية أيضا .

المجموعة التاسعة

المجموعة العاشرة

في 28 مارس 2008 قرر الاتحاد الدولي لكرة القدم إيقاف اتحاد تشاد لكرة القدم ثم رفع عنه الإيقاف في 7 مايو 2008 .

المجموعة الحادية عشر

انسحب منتخب إرتيريا من التصفيات في 25 مارس 2008 ولم يدعوا منتخب مكانه .

المجموعة الثانية عشر

ترتيب أصحاب المركز الثاني
بالإضافة إلى أصحاب المركز الأول في المجموعات الإثني عشر سينضم لهم أفضل 8 منتخبات احتلت المركز الثاني . من أجل تحديد تصنيف صحيح فقد تم حذف صاحب المركز الرابع من أجل حساب جديد للنقاط .

قواعد الترتيب :
 مجموع النقاط
 فارق الأهداف
 له
 عليه
 مباراة فاصلة

الدور الثالث

تأهل إلى هذا الدور 20 منتخب (12 منتخب احتلوا المركز الأول في مجموعات الدور الثاني وأفضل 8 منتخبات احتلت المركز الثاني) وتم توزيعهم على 5 مجموعات حسب القرعة التي أجريت في 22 أكتوبر 2008 زيورخ ، سويسرا . جميع المجموعات ستلعب بطريقة الدوري الكامل في سنة 2009 حيث سيتأهل أبطال المجموعات الخمسة إلى بطولة كأس العالم بينما سيتأهل أصحاب المراكز الأولى إلى كأس الأمم الأفريقية التي تستضيفها أنغولا .

التوزيع
تم توزيع المنتخبات حسب تصنيفها الشهري في أكتوبر 2008 الصادر عن الاتحاد الدولي لكرة القدم والموضح عبر الرقم بين القوسين . تم اختيار منتخب من كل فئة ووضعه في مجموعة محددة .

المجموعة الأولى

المجموعة الثانية

المجموعة الثالثة

 أنهى منتخبا الجزائر ومصر المجموعة بنفس رصيد النقاط والأهداف والمواجهات المباشرة مما أدى إلى الاحتكام إلى مباراة فاصلة أسفرت عن فوز منتخب الجزائر 1-0 والتأهل إلى كأس العالم.

المجموعة الرابعة

المجموعة الخامسة

الهدافون
تم تسجيل 506 هدف في 199 مباراة بمعدل 2.54 هدف لكل مباراة .

المفاتيح:
— – تجاوز الدور
X – خرج

هدفين

  رفيق جبور
  عبد القادر غزال
  محمد أودو
  سيداث تشوموغو
  ديبسي سيلولواني
  أريستيد بانسي
  محمدو كيري
 هينري مبازوموتيما
  كلود ناهيمانا
  ألبيرت ميونغ
  سيرياكاتا حسن
  هيلاير كيديغوي
  ويلفريد أورباين إيلفيس إندزانغا
  غيرفينهو
  سولومون كالو
  روماريك
  يايا توريه

  أحمد عيد عبد الملك
  دانييل كوزين
  برونو إكويل مانغا
  فابريس دو ماركولينو
  برونو مبانانغويي زيتا
  نجوغو ديمبا نيرين
  مصطفى جارجو
  لاريا كينغستون
  سولي علي مونتاري
  محمدو باه
  كامل زاياتي
  مكدونالد ماريغا
  أوليفر ماكور
  ديوه ويليامز
  أحمد سعد عثمان
  لالاينا نومينياناهاري
  ريجا راكوتومانديمبي

  موسيس تشافولا
  روبيرت نغامبي
  سيدي يايا كيتا
  ويسلي ماركويتي
  يوسف حاجي
  عادل تاعرابت
  دومينغيز
  ميرو
  داريو مونتيرو
  تيكو تيكو
  رودولف بيستر
  الحسن إسوفو
  أوبافيمي مارتينز
  أوسازي أوديموينغي
  ياكوبو إيغبيني
  جوزيف يوبو
  لاباما بوكوتا
  أوليفر كاريكيزي

  عبدي سعيد
  الحجي ضيوف
  فيليب زيالور
  كولاي كونت
  كاغيسو ديكغاكوا
  فيصل العجب
  محمد عثمان طاهر
  هيثم طمبل
  داني مرواندا
  مصطفى ساليفو
  أسامة الدراجي
  هشام الصيفي
  شوقي بن سعادة
  غيوفري ماسا
  إيوجين سيبويا
  غيلبيرت ماشانغازهيكي

هدف

  نذير بلحاج
  مجيد بوقرة
  كريم مطمور
  جيلبرتو
  لوكو
  مانتوراس
  مندونكا
  ريكاردو
  يامبا أشا
  زي كالانغا
  خالد أدينون
  جوكلين أهوويا
  رومالد بوكو
  ستيفان سيسينيون
  عمر تشوموغو
  بويتوميلو مافوكو
  حبيب باموغو
  تشارلز كابوري
  إيسوف واتارا
  جوناثان بيترويبا
  ألان تراوري
  سليمان نديكومانا
  أندريه بيكي
  غوستاف بيب
  جيريمي نجيتاب
  ريغوبرت سونغ
  سومين تشويي
  بيير ويبو
  بابانكو
  ليتو
  جوزيه سيميدو
  ماركو سواريس
  ليغر دجيم
  ماريوس مبايام
  ميسدونغارد بيتوليغار
  إبور بكر
  داود ميدتادي
  غيرفيه باتوتا
  فرانتشيل إبارا
  هيريتا إيلونغا

  لومانا لوا لوا
  مابي مبوتو
  تشولولا تشينياما
  كانغا أكالي'
  عبد القادر كيتا
  سياكا تييني
  ديديه زوكورا
  أحمد ظاهر
  ياسين حسين
  موسى هيرير
  رودولفو بوديبو
  خوان إبيتيي ديووي
  خوفينال
  رونان
  بيير أوباميانج
  مويسي برو أبانغا
  إريك مولونغي
  ستيفان نغويما
  عثمان جالو
  عزيز كور نيانغ
  أنتوني أنان
  ستيفن أبياه
  كوادوو أسامواه
  مايكل إيسيان
  سامبيغو بانغورا
  عمر كالابان
  جمال محمد
  أوستين ماكاتشا
  مكدونالد ماريغا
  فرانسيس أوما
  جوليوس أووينو
  ألان وانغا
  سيلو موسو
  ليهلوهونولو سيما
  عمر داوود
  يونس شيباني
  هشام شعبان
  أسامة محمد الفزاني
  غاي هوبيرت
  براكسيس رابيمانانجارا

  هوبيرت روبسون
  جان تسارالازا
  إلفيس كافوتيكا
  جوزيف كامويندو
  جاكوب نغويرا
  أتوسايي نيوندو
  نويل مكانداويري
  أداما كوليبالي
  سومايلا كوليبالي
  مامادو ديالو
  لاسان فاني
  موديبو مايغا
  تينيما نديي
  مامادو ساماسا
  أندي سوفي
  دومينيك دا سيلفا
  دحمد تيغويدي
  عبد السلام بن جلون
  منير الحمداوي
  حسين خرجة
  طارق السكتيوي
  نبيل الزهر
  مروان زمامة
  كارليتوس
  جينيتو
  كوستا خايسيب
  باولوس شيبانغا
  إسماعيل ألاساني
  داودا كاميلو
  مالام موسى
  مايكل إنرامو
  أوبينا نوانيري
  كريستيان أوبودو
  تشيدي أودياه
  بوبو بولا
  باتريك موتيسا مافيسانغو
  هنري كامارا
  إشيار ديا
  إبراهيم فاييه
  شيخ غوي

  عبد القادر مانغان
  إبراهيما سونكو
  مودو سوغو
  دون أناكورا
  بيرنارد سانت أني
  محمد كالون
  شريف سوما
  ثيمبنكوسي فانتيني
  سيربرايس موريري
  سيفيوي تشابالالا
  أحمد عادل عبد المنعم
  سيف الدين علي
  حسن عشق
  مدثر الطاهر
  علاء الدين يوسف
  سيزا دلاميني
  كولين ساليلواكو
  عثمان إيد
  نزار خلفان
  خلفان نغاسا
  كيغي ماكاسي
  فلويد أييتي
  تيجاني بلعيد
  صابر بن فرج
  راضي الجعايدي
  عمار الجمل
  فهيد بن خلف الله
  ياسين الميكاري
  نبيل تايدر
  وسيم بن يحيى
  أندرو مويسيغوا
  ديفيد أوبوا
  إبراهيم سيكاغيا
  دان واغالوكا
  رينفورد كالابا
  فرانسيس كاسوندي
  كريس كاتونغو
  فيلكس كاتونغو
  كوثبيرت مالاجيلا
  إسروم نياندورو

هدف عكسي

  سايدو بانانديتيغويري (لصالح ساحل العاج)
  مامادو تول (لصالح ساحل العاج)
  سعيد رياض (لصالح مصر)

  برونو إكويل مانغا (لصالح ليبيا)
  أمين الرباطي (لصالح الغابون)
  باسكال أنيسيه (لصالح بنين)

  كاسالي داودا (لصالح أنغولا)
  جوزيف يوبو (لصالح سيراليون)
  شيخ غوي (لصالح الجزائر)

مصادر

تصفيات كأس الأمم الإفريقية
تصفيات كأس العالم (إفريقيا)
تصفيات كأس العالم 2010
كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2010

تصفيات كأس العالم 2010 (إفريقيا)


An Habenaria strangulans in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Victor Samuel Summerhayes. An Habenaria strangulans in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria strangulans


Mihailo Obrenović (; 16 September 1823 – 10 June 1868) was the ruling Prince of Serbia from 1839 to 1842 and again from 1860 to 1868.

His first reign ended when he was deposed in 1842, and his second ended when he was assassinated in 1868. He is considered to be a great reformer and the most enlightened ruler of modern Serbia, as one of the European enlightened absolute monarchs. He succeeded in negotiating an evacuation of Ottoman troops from Serbian soil, while retaining certain Serbian ties to Constantinople. He advocated the idea of a Balkan federation against the Ottoman Empire.

Early life
Mihailo was the son of Prince Miloš Obrenović (1780–1860) and his wife Ljubica Vukomanović (1788–1843, Vienna). He was born in Kragujevac, the second surviving son of the couple. In 1823, he became the first person in Serbia to be vaccinated against smallpox, which took away the lives of three of his siblings: Petar, Marija and Velika. He spent his childhood in Kragujevac, then in Požarevac and Belgrade. Having finished his education in Požarevac, Mihailo left Serbia with his mother to go to Vienna. His elder brother by four years, Milan Obrenović II, born in 1819, was frequently in poor health.

First reign

Initially, Prince Miloš abdicated in favour of his firstborn Milan Obrenović II, who was by then terminally ill and died after just one month of rule. Mihailo came to the throne as a minor, having been born in late 1823, and proclaimed prince on 25 June 1839. He was declared of full age the following year. Few thrones appeared more secure, and his rule might have endured throughout his life but for his want of energy and inattention to political developments. In his first reign, his inexperience meant he did not cope well with the challenges Serbia faced.
In 1842, his reign was ended by a rebellion led by Toma Vučić-Perišić, which enabled the Karađorđević dynasty to assume power.

Life in exile
After the overthrow, Prince Mihailo withdrew from Serbia across the Sava and Danube with around one thousand of his adherents. His destiny was decided by Austria and Turkey. Prince Mihailo was directed to the estate of his sister Savka Nikolić, while Princess Ljubica was sent to Novi Sad. She died there in 1843. Mihailo organized her burial at Krušedol monastery.

He wrote to Vučić in 1853 to say that he did not want to recover the throne by violence. The prince later moved to Vienna with his father, Prince Miloš Obrenović. There he managed his father's large estate. At that time, he wrote the poem "Što se bore misli moje. He married Countess Júlia Hunyady de Kéthely (26 August 1831 – 19 February 1919), the daughter of Count Ferenc Hunyady de Kéthely and Countess Júlia Zichy de Zich and Vásonkeő. The marriage was childless, although he had at least one illegitimate child by a mistress whose identity is unknown. While in exile, he learned to speak French and German fluently.

Second reign and assassination
Mihailo was accepted back as Prince of Serbia after 18 years in exile, in September 1860, after the death of his father who had regained the throne in 1858. For the next eight years, he ruled as an enlightened monarch.
Mihailo sought to reduce the authority and immunity of Serbian senators. During his second reign, the People's Assembly was convened just three times.

Prince Mihailo's greatest achievement was achieving a complete evacuation of Turkish troops from Serbia in 1862. The Turkish presence had previously been restricted to a few fortresses and a designated neighborhood in Belgrade.  Serbians were eventually allowed into the Turkish neighborhood with altercations ensuing sometimes reaching the point of major disturbances. After one such riot in the wake of the Čukur Fountain incident in June, 1862, which threatened the Turkish Belgrade Fortress, the Turks responded by bombarding the city. A Turkish inquiry ensued and the Great Powers which had allowed a Turkish presence in Serbia during the settlements of the Crimean War, summoned a conference at Constantinople in order to broker a conference between Serbs and Turks.

On September 4, 1862, the conference reached an agreement in which it was decreed that all Muslim inhabitants should be withdrawn from Serbia with the exceptions of existing garrisons in Belgrade, Fetislam, Šabac, and Smederevo. Prince Michael meanwhile continued to negotiate for all Turkish troops to be withdrawn from the country. Prince Michael wrote a letter to Grand Vizier Mehmed Fuad Pasha, emphasizing the lack of national interest the Ottomans had in maintaining troops in Serbia, and expounding upon the importance that the Serbs placed in the departure of all foreign troops.

The Sultan did not permit complete Serbian independence, but Serbian troops in service of the Ottoman government were permitted to replace Turkish troops at the garrisons, and the Serbian flag was allowed to fly over the fortresses alongside that of the Turkish flag.

This was not viewed as a sufficient concession by Serbian nationalists and partisans of the Karađorđević dynasty, still viewing the prince with enmity at having displaced their preferred royal family.

In 1866–68, Mihailo forged The First Balkan Alliance by signing the series of agreements with other Balkan entities.

During his rule, the first modern Serbian coins were minted. He was also the first in modern Serbian history to declare Belgrade the official capital city of the country.

Mihailo wished to divorce his wife, Julia, in order to marry his young mistress, Katarina Konstantinović, the daughter of his first cousin, Princess Anka Obrenović.  Both resided at the royal court at his invitation. His plans for a divorce and subsequent remarriage to Katarina met with much protest from politicians, clergy and the general public. His astute and gifted Prime Minister Ilija Garašanin was dismissed from his post in 1867 for daring to voice his opposition to the divorce. However, the divorce never took place.

While Prince Mihailo Obrenović was gradually introducing absolutism, a conspiracy was formed against him. The main organizers and perpetrators were the brothers Radovanović, who wanted to avenge their brother, Ljubomir Radovanović, who was in prison. Kosta Radovanović, the main perpetrator, was a wealthy and respected merchant. His brother, Pavle Radovanović, was with him during the assassination, and the third of the brothers, Đorđe Radovanović, was also involved. Prince Mihailo Obrenović was also member of the masonic lodge.

On 10 June 1868 Mihailo was travelling with Katarina and Princess Anka in a carriage through the park of Košutnjak near his country residence on the outskirts of Belgrade.
In the park appeared Pavle and Kosta Radovanović in formal black suits, and pointing a loaded gun at the Prince, Kosta approached the carriage.  Prince Mihailo Obrenović recognized him, because of a dispute over his brother Ljubomir. The last words of the prince, which Kosta himself admitted when on trial, were: "Well, it's true." Mihailo and Anka were shot dead, and Katarina wounded. Further details of the plot behind the assassination have never been clarified; the sympathizers and cousins of the Karađorđević dynasty were suspected of being behind the crime, but this has not been proven. The National Assembly declared the House of Karađorđević perpetually excluded from ruling and proclaimed Prince Michael's fourteen year old cousin Milan as the legitimate heir to the Serbian throne.

Anka's granddaughter Natalija Konstantinović was married in 1902 to the Montenegrin Prince Mirko Petrović-Njegoš (1879–1918), whose sister Zorka had married King Petar Karađorđević I in 1883.

Prince Mihailo was awarded Order of Prince Danilo I, Order of the White Eagle (Russian Empire), Order of Saint Anna, Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky, Order of the Redeemer, Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, Order of the Medjidie, Order of Glory (Ottoman Empire) and Order of Leopold (Austria).

Gallery

See also
 Čukur Fountain
 Treaty of Vöslau

References

Further reading

1823 births
1868 murders in Europe
1868 deaths
19th-century murdered monarchs
19th-century Serbian monarchs
Assassinated Serbian people
Serbian Freemasons
Burials at St. Michael's Cathedral (Belgrade)
Deaths by firearm in Serbia
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Serbia
Eastern Orthodox monarchs
Mihailo
People from Kragujevac
People murdered in Serbia

Mihailo Obrenović, Prince of Serbia


The year 1780 in architecture involved some significant events.

Buildings and structures

Buildings
 April 17 – Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux in France, designed by Victor Louis is inaugurated.
 June 24 – Chesme Church in Saint Petersburg, designed by Yury Felten, is consecrated.
 Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv, Ukraine, is consecrated.
 Fragrant Hills Pagoda in China is completed.
 Kashi Vishwanath Temple on the Ganges in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, is built.
 Xumi Fushou Temple in Chengde Mountain Resort, China, is built.
 Royal Villa of Monza in Lombardy, designed by Giuseppe Piermarini, is completed.
 Reconstruction of Palazzo Tucci in Lucca, Tuscany by Ottaviano Diodati is commissioned.

Births
 October 1 – Robert Smirke, English architect (died 1867)

Deaths
 April 23 – Sanderson Miller, English Gothic Revival architect and landscape designer (born 1716)
 August 29 – Jacques-Germain Soufflot, French architect (born 1713)

References

Architecture
Years in architecture
18th-century architecture

1780 in architecture


They Came From Beyond the Sun er en film instrueret af Rosanna Synek, Rokur Heinesen, Ronnie Vilhelmsen.

Handling
En lys og travl by på en helt normal dag. Folk er glade og føler sig trygge. Den venlige by og er slet ikke forberedt på besøg fra det yderste hjørne af universet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2010

Animationsfilm fra Danmark

They Came From Beyond the Sun


Le John Deere 1120 est un tracteur agricole produit par la firme John Deere.

Plus puissant modèle à moteur trois cylindres () au sein d'une gamme européenne complète, il est fabriqué dans l'usine allemande du groupe à Mannheim entre 1967 et 1975.

Historique
En 1956 John Deere rachète les usines allemandes Lanz de Mannheim pour y construire des tracteurs de faible et moyenne puissance destinés au marché européen mais s'inspirant, notamment au niveau de la ligne générale, des gros modèles américains dessinés par Henry Dreyfuss. La série 20 est la première gamme complète de tracteurs répondant aux souhaits des agriculteurs européens et proposés par John Deere. Introduite en 1967 pour les premiers modèles, elle se compose de tracteurs équipés de moteurs à trois, quatre ou six cylindres.

Les tracteurs à moteur à trois cylindres sont les 820, 920, 1020 et 1120. Standardisation de la production oblige, certaines caractéristiques sont partagées entre tout ou partie de ces modèles : dimensions, boîte de vitesses, moteur. Le 1120, le plus puissant d'entre eux, rencontre un réel succès car il est fabriqué de 1967 à 1975, bénéficiant à mi-vie, en 1971, d'une légère augmentation de puissance.

Caractéristiques
Le John Deere 1120 est équipé d'un moteur Diesel à trois cylindres en ligne (alésage  et course ) à quatre temps et à injection directe, d'une cylindrée totale de . Sa puissance est de  à l'origine mais elle passe à  en 1971.

La boîte de vitesses comporte, de série, huit rapports avant et quatre rapports arrière. En option, l'amplificateur de couple à commande hydraulique « High-Low » permet de doubler le nombre de rapports dans les deux sens de marche ; dans cette configuration, la vitesse maximale du tracteur est de .

La prise de force arrière tourne à  ou, en option, à  ; un dispositif complet d'attelage et des sorties hydrauliques permettant la commande de vérins font partie des options proposées.

Le même tracteur est fabriqué aux États-Unis sous le nom de  mais la production de Mannheim diffère par quelques accessoires ainsi que des modifications liées aux normes européennes, comme la signalisation. Le 1120 existe en versions vigne ou vergers, deux modèles plus étroits.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .

Tracteur agricole John Deere

John Deere 1120


Ogastemma, monotipski biljni rod iz porodice boražinovki. Jedina vrsta je O. pusillum raširen uz cijelu sjevernu obalu Afrike (uključujući i Kanare) na istok preko Arapskog polupotoka do Irana

Jednogodišnja je biljka i prvenstveno raste u umjerenim biomima.

Sinonimi
 Megastoma (Benth. & Hook.f.) Bonnet & Barratte
 Eritrichium sventenii Sunding
 Megastoma pusillum Coss. & Durieu ex Bonnet & Barratte

Izvori

Echiochiloideae

Ogastemma


Un polițist cu explozie întârziată 33 1/3  (titlu original: Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult) este un film american de comedie din 1994 regizat de Peter Segal. Este al treilea film și ultimul din seria Un polițist cu explozie. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Leslie Nielsen, Priscilla Presley și George Kennedy. Scenariul este scris de Pat Proft și este bazat pe serialul de televiziune ABC Police Squad!.

33 1/3 se referă la rotații pe minut - viteza cu care sunt redate înregistrările fonografului LP. Filmul urma să fie inițial intitulat The Naked Gun 33+1⁄3: Just for the Record, dar a fost schimbat după ce studioul a considerat că publicul nu va înțelege gluma.

Prezentare

Locotenentul Frank Drebin a ieșit la pensie și vrea să-și dedice tot timpul său vieții de familie. Dar planurile îi sunt date peste cap de poliția din Los Angeles care îi dă o sarcină dificilă - după de teroristul Rocco a evadat, Drebin trebuie să anihileze grupul de teroriști care vor să distrugă orașul.

Distribuție
 Leslie Nielsen - Lieutenant Frank Drebin
 Priscilla Presley - Jane Spencer Drebin
 George Kennedy - Captain Ed Hocken
 O. J. Simpson - Detective Nordberg
 Fred Ward - Rocco Dillion
 Kathleen Freeman - Muriel
 Anna Nicole Smith - Tanya Peters
 Ellen Greene - Louise
 Ed Williams - Ted Olsen
 Raye Birk - Papshmir
 James Earl Jones - Rolul lui
 Olympia Dukakis - Rolul ei
 Raquel Welch - Rolul ei
 Joe Grifasi - Director
 Bill Erwin - Conductor
 "Weird Al" Yankovic - Rolul lui
 Vanna White - Rolul ei
 Pia Zadora - Rolul ei
 Mary Lou Retton - Rolul ei

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 1994
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Peter Segal
Filme de comedie din anii 1990
Filme Paramount Pictures
Filme bazate pe seriale de televiziune


Lockheed Electra refers to two distinct aircraft designs:

 Lockheed Model 10 Electra, a ten-passenger piston engine aircraft of the 1930s, which had two immediate variants:
 Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior, a six-passenger scaled-down version of the Model 10 Electra
 Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra, a twelve-passenger scaled-up version of the Model 10 Electra
 Lockheed L-188 Electra, a 98-passenger turboprop aircraft of the 1960s

Lockheed Electra


Gulgofjorden (også kaldt Trollfjorden, nordsamisk Vuođavuotna) er en fjordarm af Tanafjorden i Berlevåg kommune i Troms og Finnmark fylke i Norge. Fjorden har indløb mellem Skjerberget i nord og Gulgoneset i syd og går 4 kilometer mod øst til den fraflyttede bygd Gulgofjorden i bunden af fjorden, hvor Trollfjordelven løber ud.

Der går vej på begge sider af den indre halvdel af fjorden, men den har ikke forbindelse til resten af kommunen.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Troms og Finnmark
Berlevåg

Gulgofjorden


An Crepidium matsudae in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Yoshimatsu Yamamoto, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Dariusz Lucjan Szlachetko. An Crepidium matsudae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Crepidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Crepidium

Crepidium matsudae


Adarnaz I. od Tao-Klardžetije (gruz. ადარნასე) bio je iberijski plemić s kraja 8. stoljeća (Kartli, moderna Gruzija) i osnivač gruzijske dinastije Bagrationi. Utvrdio se u Tao-Klardžetiji kao vazal dinastije Hosroida. Nasljeđivanjem je širio svoje teritorije, i postavio temelje za svojoj dinastiji na čelu Kneževine Iberije.

Srednjovjekovna gruzijska kronika Povijest kralja Vahtanga Gorgasalija, koja se pripisuje Džuanšeru Džuanšerijaniju, donosi da je knez (mtavari) Adarnaz došao gruzijskom hosroidskom vladaru Arčilu i zatražio zemlju, pristajući zauzvrat biti njegov vazal. Dobio je Šulaveri i Artani (današnja Turska). Prema istom odlomku, Adarnaz je potomak proroka Davida, i nećak - te prema drugom rukopisu - unuk "Adarnaza Slijepog"; čiji je otac bio "u srodstvu s Bagratidima", a Bizant ga postavio za vojvodu u armenskim zemljama. Tlačen arapskim guvernerom Marvanom, "prešao je na dvor kuropalata Guarama III. i tamo ostao".

Povjesničar Kiril Tumanov pretpostavlja da je "Adarnaz Slijepi" kod Džuanšera - koji je drugdje neprovjeren - zapravo armenski Ašot III. Slijepi (oko 690. – 762.) Po tome bi Adarnaz bio Ašotov unuk, a ne nećak. Ašotov sin Vasak se oženio kćerkom gruzijskog kneza Guarama i živio je kao bjegunac na njegovom dvoru nakon katastrofalne pobune armenskog plemstva protiv arapske vlasti 772. godine. Vasak nije zabilježen u gruzijskim izvorima, u kojima se podrijetlo gruzijskih Bagratida više naklanja teoriji o porijeklu od kralja Davida. Dakle, Sumbat Davitisdze, biograf gruzijske dinastije iz 11. stoljeća, samo se usputno osvrće na Adarnaza i projecira, pogrešno ili namjerno, dolazak predaka Bagratida nekoliko stoljeća ranije.

Adarnaz je bio oženjen kćerkom princa Nersea od Iberije s kojom je imao dvoje djece. Njegov sin Ašot naslijedio ga je u Tao-Klardžetiji i tako kao prvi Bagratid postao knezom Iberije. Prema Kronikama Kartlije, Adarnaz je imao i kćer Latavriju. Udala se za Džuanšera, Arčilovog sina, onog istog od kojeg je Adarnaz dobio zemlju i pokroviteljstvo. Džuanšerova majka u početku se protivila braku, zbog neznanja o Davidovom podrijetlu Bagratida. Ovaj dinastički savez omogućio je Adarnazu daljnje širenje svojih posjeda. Arčilovi teritorijalni posjedi bili su podijeljeni između tri nasljednika; od kojih je jedan bio Džuanšer. Kad je Džuanšer umro, oko 806. godine, Adarnaz je naslijedio njegovu trećinu preko svoje kćeri. Tim posjedima i posjedima stečenim za života njegovog zeta, postavio je temelj nasljednom feudu gruzijskih Bagratida u Tao-Klardžetiji i Džavahetiji. Latavrija i njen pokojni otac Adarnaz spominju se u gruzijskom natpisu iz samostana Kabeni blizu Ahalgorija.

Izvori

Bagrationi
Gruzijski vladari

Adarnaz I. od Tao-Klardžetije


Simons film er en portrætfilm fra 1999 instrueret af Torben Skjødt Jensen efter manuskript af Torben Skjødt Jensen.

Handling
"Spies, rejs og vær glad" lød mottoet for Danmarks største rejsekonge, excentriker og mangemillionær Simon Spies. I begyndelsen af 1957 sendte han de første turister af sted med bus til Mallorca. Seks år senere omsatte selskabet for 30 millioner kroner om året. I denne portrætfilm fortæller en række af de personer, der stod ham nærmest, om studenten, formanden, vennen, elskeren og arbejdsgiveren Simon Spies. Den unge filmmand Steen Herdel blev i begyndelsen af halvfjerdserne hyret til at lave en film, hvor alt gik baglæns. Filmen blev aldrig realiseret, men Herdel flugte Simon gennem flere år, og disse billeder giver sammen med arkivmateriale og interviews et nuanceret portræt af en sammensat personlighed.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Portrætfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1999

Simons film


Campionatul Mondial de Minifotbal este o competiție internațională de minifotbal pentru echipele naționale masculine, reglementat de WMF (Federația Mondială de Minifotbal). A fost anunțat în noiembrie 2013 că prima ediție a turneului va avea loc în Statele Unite ale Americii în martie 2015. Spre deosebire de Campionatul European de Minifotbal aici regulamentul nu prevede să se joace finala mică pentru a se decide locul al treilea, loc ce ar asigura medalia de bronz.

Câștigătoare și Finaliste

Finale

''' Meciul nu s-a jucat. ✠ Echipa a câștigat la penalty.

Clasament

'''La ediția din , finala mică nu s-a disputat, ambele echipe ocupând locul 3.

Top Medalii

Vezi și
 Campionatul European de Minifotbal

Legături externe
 World Minifootball Federation website
 @WMFWorldCup
Minifotbal

Campionatul Mondial de Minifotbal


Le 1 Square Phillips est un complexe immobilier en construction à Montréal, Québec, Canada.

Conçu par Menkès Shooner Dagenais LeTourneux Architectes et réalisé par Groupe Brivia, la plus haute tour comptera 61 étages. Elle disposera d'un « sky lounge » de 5700 pieds carrés et d'un jardin extérieur de 4100 pieds carrés, tous deux installés au  étage.

Deux autres phases sont prévues, avec deux tours plus courtes. Fin mars 2022, le Groupe Brivia commence la mise en vente d'une seconde tour de 21 étages.

Le projet porte le nom et surplombera Square Phillips sur son côté ouest.

Références

Voir aussi
Maestria Condominiums
 Liste des plus hautes constructions de Montréal

Gratte-ciel à Montréal
Gratte-ciel en cours de construction
Gratte-ciel mesurant entre 200 et 249 mètres
Centre-ville de Montréal
Bâtiment de Menkès Shooner Dagenais LeTourneux Architectes

1 Square Phillips


Ofu y Olosega son parte de un doblete volcánico en el  grupo Manu'a de las Islas Samoa; parte de Samoa Americana.  Las islas mellizas, formadas por volcanes en escudo, tienen un largo combinado de 6km. Geográficamente ellas son residuos volcánicos separadas por el angosto estrecho de Asaga de 137m, un puente natural de concha arrecife de coral.  Antes de 1970, uno tenía que chapotear entre las dos islas cuando la marea estaba baja; hoy un puente de una vía sobre el estrecho conecta las villas de la isla de la isla de Ofu con aquellas de Olosega.

El pico más alto en Ofu es el monte Tumutumu (491m, también referido como Tumu) y la mayor elevación en Olosega es el monte Piumafua (629m). La erupción volcánica más reciente tuvo lugar en 1866, 3km al sureste de Olosega.

Trabajos arqueológicos llevados a cabo en los 1980s condujeron a evidencias prehistóricas incluyendo cerámicas, azuelas, conchas y huesos que han sido significativas para el mayor entendimiento de la historia antigua de las Islas Samoa y Polinesia. Esto incluyeron muestras de objetos de cerámica con trazas rojas que resultaron ser parte de la tradición de la cultura Lapita. El trabajo, llevado a cabo por un equipo que incluía al especialista en arqueología del Pacífico Patrick Vinton Kirch, se enfocó en un sitio llamado To'aga (sitio AS-13-1), a 2km del estrecho costero de la costa sur de Ofu. Los resultados demostraron una continua habitación humana de alrededor de 3 000 años.

Ofu

Ofu es la parte occidental of the formación rocosa volcánica de la isla de Ofu-Olosega. La aldea principal de Ofu está ubicada en la playa occidental, protegida detrás de un islote fuera de playa (cono de toba) erosionado conocido como Nu'utele. Ofu tiene un pequeño aeropuerto y un atracadero que sirve a la población de Ofu y de Olosega.  Previo a que el servicio aeronáutico regular fuese descontinuado en 2009, el vuelo desde Pago Pago tomaba alrededor de media hora.

La mayor parte de la playa sureña y los arrecifes de coral asociados son parte del Parque nacional de Samoa Americana.  En 2005 el National Park Service de Estados Unidos estaba negociando con la municipalidad de la aldea de Olosega para expandir el parque alrededor de esa isla.

La isla constituye el Condado de Ofu, subdivisión del Distrito de Manua. Tiene un área terrestre de 7.215 km², y tiene una población oficial de 289 personas, de acuerdo al censo del 2000.

En la costa sur de la isla se sitúa la laguna de To'aga, que contiene una gran diversidad de corales y peces. El sitio marino ha sido parte de investigación y estudio, desde hace mucho tiempo, sobre los arrecifes de coral y los cambios climatológicos globales.

La isla es también hábitat del zorro volador de Samoa (Pteropus samoensis), una especie de murciélago amenazado por la pérdida de su hábitat.

Olosega

La isla Olosega es un remanente del volcán en escudo Sili, cuya caldera puede yacer sumergida fuera de la playa norte.

La erupción volcánica de 1866 se produjo a 3 km al este de Olosega, en un ventisquero submarino que se extiende al este sureste hasta las cercanías de Ta'ū.

La isla forma el Condado de Olosega, subdivisión del Distrito de Manua. Tiene un área terrestre de 5.163 km², y tiene una población oficial de 216 personas según el censo de 2000.

Hay dos aldeas en Olosega: Olosega y Sili.  Sili, situada en la playa que mira al noroeste, ahora consiste de tan solo una residencia habitada después que gran parte de la aldea fue destruida por ciclones (y posteriormente abandonada).

Casi toda la población de Olosega reside ahora en el pueblo de Olosega a lo largo de la playa que da al suroeste.

La aldea de Olosega también tiene una escuela primaria con instrucción hasta el noveno grado para los niños de ambas islas.

Galería fotográfica

Véase también
Arqueología en Samoa

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Office of the Governor. 2004. Manu'a ma Amerika. A brief historical documentary. Manu'a Centennial. 16 July 1904. 16 July 2004. Office of the Governor, American Samoa Government. 20 p.

 Ofu County and Olosega County, Manu'a District, United States Census Bureau
 National Park Service map of the Manu'a Islands
 Persistence of Coral Reefs Under Extreme Environmental Stress in American Samoa  G. Piniak, C. Birkeland, and G. Garrison (2004). University of Hawaii.

Archipiélagos e islas de Samoa Americana
Volcanes del océano Pacífico
Volcanes en escudo

Ofu y Olosega


Llwynywermod (em galês: Llwynywermwd), também conhecido como Llwynywormwood, é uma propriedade do Ducado da Cornualha, nos arredores do Parque Nacional de Brecon Beacons em Carmarthenshire no País de Gales. A propriedade de 192 acres fica próxima da vila de Myddfai, Llandovery em Carmarthenshire. A estação mais próxima é Llandovery, que fica a 3,21 km de distância da propriedade.

História
William Williams, um parente de Ana Bolena, rainha consorte do Reino Unido enquanto segunda das seis esposas do rei Henrique VIII, foi o proprietário nos séculos XIII ou XIV. Em 1815, George Griffies-Williams foi tornado barão, e Llwynywermod tornou-se a sede dos baronetes Griffies-Williams, uma linhagem que chegou ao fim de 1877.

Em novembro de 2006, Llwynywermod foi comprado pelo Ducado da Cornualha como residência do Duque nos País de Gales. O ducado concluiu a compra da propriedade em abril de 2007. O príncipe Carlos, que é Duque da Cornualha desde 1952, e sua esposa, a Duquesa da Cornualha, passaram a residir na propriedade no verão de 2008.

Construção
A casa de campo de três quartos foi convertida em uma residência para o Príncipe de Gales por Craig Hamilton Architects usando técnicas de construção tradicional. Anteriormente havia uma cocheira para a casa de campo de 13 quartos da família Griffies-Williams, mas que hoje está em ruínas. Os chalés da fazenda, chamados North Range e West Range são adjacentes à casa principal e alugados como acomodações de férias quando o Duque e a Duquesa da Cornualha não estão na residência.

Sociedade do País de Gales
Construções do País de Gales

Llwynywermod


Sena/Quina, la imortalidad del cangrejo es una película boliviana de Paolo Agazzi, estrenada el año 2005.
La película es una comedia que tiene como protagonistas a tres timadores de poca monta: un camba "Miami Vaca", un colla "Falso Conejo" y un chapaco, Justo Pascual, que al principio es una víctima de los otros dos pero termina convirtiéndose en su amigo y cómplice.

Cuando el "Miami Vaca" y el "Falso Conejo" tratan de estafar a Justo Pascual, un chapaco que pretende industrializar la crianza de cangrejos en su comunidad y parece ser algo ingenuo, descubren que es más pícaro que ellos y juntos terminan tramando un robo.

En la película, contada desde el punto de vista de los tres personajes, se hacen observaciones y críticas a la realidad social, cultural y política de Bolivia.

Reparto

Personajes
 Falso Conejo: Cristian Mercado
 Miami Vaca: Rosendo Paz
 Justo Pascual: José Véliz
 Alondra: Soledad Ardaya
 Richi: David Mayo
 Gumercinda: María del Carmen Rosa
 Casilda: Erika Balanza
 Betty: Graciela Tamayo
 Dinga: Fred Nuñez

Narradores
 Fulana: Claudia Andrade
 Sutano: Luis Zamorano
 Mengano: Luis Pomarino

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos
 Avance de la película en YouTube
 Ficha de la película en IMDb
 Reseña de la película en la página del Consejo Nacional del Cine Boliviano
 Página web de la película
 "Sena Quina debuta hoy con la historia de un cuento del tío"

Películas de Bolivia
Películas de 2005
Películas en español
Películas rodadas en Bolivia

Sena/Quina, la inmortalidad del cangrejo