Rammed earth is a technique for constructing foundations, floors, and walls using compacted natural raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime, or gravel. It is an ancient method that has been revived recently as a sustainable building method.

Under its French name of pisé it is also a material for sculptures, usually small and made in molds. It has been especially used in Central Asia and Tibetan art, and sometimes in China.

Edifices formed of rammed earth are on every continent except Antarctica, in a range of environments including temperate, wet, semiarid desert, montane, and tropical regions. The availability of suitable soil and a building design appropriate for local climatic conditions are the factors that favour its use.

The French term "pisé de terre" or "terre pisé" was sometimes used in English for architectural uses, especially in the 19th century.

The process

Making rammed earth involves compacting a damp mixture of subsoil that has suitable proportions of sand, gravel, clay, silt and stabilizer, if any, into a formwork (an externally supported frame or mold).

Historically, additives such as lime or animal blood were used to stabilize it.

Soil mix is poured into the formwork to a depth of  and then compacted to approximately 50% of its original volume. The soil is compacted iteratively, in batches or courses, so as to gradually erect the wall up to the top of the formwork. Tamping was historically manual with a long ramming pole by hand, but modern construction systems can employ pneumatically-powered tampers.

After a wall is complete, it is sufficiently strong to immediately remove the formwork. This is necessary if a surface texture is to be applied, e.g., by wire brushing, carving, or mold impression, because the walls become too hard to work after approximately one hour. The compressive strength of rammed earth increases as it cures. Cement-stabilised rammed earth is cured for a minimum period of 28 days.

In modern rammed earth buildings, the walls are constructed on top of conventional footings or a reinforced concrete slab base.

The construction of an entire wall begins with a temporary frame, the "formwork", which is usually made of wood or plywood, as a mold for the desired shape and dimensions of each section of wall. The form must be durable and well braced, and the two opposing faces must be clamped together to prevent bulging or deformation caused by the large compressing forces. Formwork plays an important role in building rammed earth walls. Historically, wooden planks tied using rope were used to build walls. Modern builders use plywood and/or steel to build formwork.

Characteristics

The compressive strength of rammed earth is dictated by factors such as soil type, particle size distribution, amount of compaction, moisture content of the mix and type/amount of stabiliser used. Well-produced cement-stabilised rammed earth walls can be anywhere between 5 and 20 MPa. Higher compressive strength might require more cement. But addition of more cement can affect the permeability of the walls. Indeed, properly constructed rammed earth endures for thousands of years, as many ancient structures that are still standing around the world demonstrate. Rammed earth walls are reinforced with rebars in areas of high seismic activity.

Adding cement to soil mixtures low in clay can also increase the load-bearing capacity of rammed-earth edifices. The United States Department of Agriculture observed in 1925 that rammed-earth structures endure indefinitely and can be constructed for less than two-thirds of the cost of standard frame houses.

Rammed earth works require at least one skilled person for quality control. All other workers can be unskilled or semi-skilled.

One significant benefit of rammed earth is its high thermal mass: like brick or concrete, it absorbs heat during the day and releases heat at night. This action moderates daily temperature variations and reduces the need for air conditioning and heating. In colder climates, rammed-earth walls can be insulated by inserting insulation such as styrofoam or rigid fibreglass panels within internal and external layers of rammed earth. Depending on the type and content of binder, it must also be protected from heavy rain and insulated with vapour barriers.

Rammed earth can effectively regulate humidity if unclad walls containing clay are exposed to an internal space. Humidity is regulated between 40% and 60%. The material mass and clay content of rammed earth allows an edifice to breathe more than concrete edifices, which avoids problems of condensation but prevents significant loss of heat.

Rammed-earth walls have the colour and texture of natural earth. Moisture-impermeable finishes, such as cement render, are not used by some people because they impair the ability of a wall to desorb moisture, which quality is necessary to preserve its strength.

Blemishes can be repaired using the soil mixture as a plaster and sanded smooth.

The thickness varies widely based on region and code. It can be as little as 6 inches (150mm) for non load-bearing walls and up to 24 inches (600mm) for load-bearing walls. The thickness and density of rammed-earth walls make them suitable for soundproofing. They are also inherently fireproof, resistant to termite damage, and non-toxic.

Environmental effects and sustainability

Edifices of rammed earth are more sustainable and environmentally friendly than other building techniques that use more cement and other chemicals. Because rammed-earth edifices use locally available materials, they usually have low embodied energy and generate very little waste. The soils used are typically subsoil which conserve the topsoil for agriculture. When the soil excavated in preparation for a foundation can be used, the cost and energy consumption of transportation are minimal. Rammed earth is probably the least environmentally detrimental construction material and technique that is readily and commercially available today to construct solid edifices.  Rammed earth has potentially low manufacturing impact, contingent on the amount of cement and the amount that is locally sourced; it is often quarried aggregates rather than "earth".

Rammed earth can contribute to the overall energy efficiency of edifices: the density, thickness, and thermal conductivity of rammed earth render it an especially suitable material for passive solar heating. Warmth requires almost 12 hours to be conducted through a wall  thick.

Mixing cement with the soil can counteract sustainable benefits such as low embodied energy because manufacture of the cement itself creates 1.25 tonnes of carbon dioxide per tonne of cement produced. Although it has low greenhouse gas emissions in theory, transportation and the production of cement can add significantly to the overall emissions of modern rammed earth construction. The most basic kind of traditional rammed earth has very low greenhouse gas emissions but the more engineered and processed variant of rammed earth has the potential for significant emissions.

History

Evidence of ancient use of rammed earth has been found in Neolithic archaeological sites such as those of the Fertile Crescent, dating to the 9th–7th millennium BC, and of the Yangshao and Longshan cultures in China, dating to 5000 BCE. By 2000 BCE, rammed-earth architectural techniques (夯土 Hāng tǔ) were commonly used for walls and foundations in China.

United States and Canada
In the 1800s, rammed earth was popularized in the United States by the book Rural Economy by S. W. Johnson. The technique was used to construct the Borough House Plantation and the Church of the Holy Cross in Stateburg, South Carolina, both being National Historic Landmarks.

An outstanding example of a rammed-earth edifice in Canada is St. Thomas Anglican Church in Shanty Bay, Ontario, erected between 1838 and 1841.

From the 1920s through the 1940s rammed-earth construction in the US was studied. South Dakota State College extensively researched and constructed almost one hundred weathering walls of rammed earth. For over 30 years the college investigated the use of paints and plasters in relation to colloids in soil. In 1943, Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina published the results of their research of rammed earth in a pamphlet titled "Rammed Earth Building Construction". In 1936, on a homestead near Gardendale, Alabama, the United States Department of Agriculture constructed experimental rammed-earth edifices with architect Thomas Hibben. The houses were inexpensively constructed and were sold to the public along with sufficient land for gardens and small plots for livestock. The project was successful providing homes to low-income families.

The US Agency for International Development is working with developing countries to improve the engineering of rammed-earth houses. It also financed the authorship of the Handbook of Rammed Earth by Texas A&M University and the Texas Transportation Institute.

Interest in rammed earth declined after World War II when the cost of modern construction materials decreased. Rammed earth is considered substandard, and is opposed by many contractors, engineers, and tradesmen. The prevailing perception that such materials and techniques perform poorly in regions prone to earthquakes has prevented their use in much of the world. In Chile, for example, rammed earth edifices normally cannot be conventionally insured against damage or even be approved by the government.

A notable example of 21st-century use of rammed earth is the façade of the Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre in southern British Columbia, Canada. As of 2014 it is the longest rammed earth wall in North America.

20th century China
Rammed earth construction was both practically and ideologically important during the rapid construction of the Daqing oil field and the related development of Daqing. The "Daqing Spirit" represented deep personal commitment in pursuing national goals, self-sufficient and frugal living, and urban-rural integrated land use. Daqing's urban-rural landscape was said to embody the ideal communist society described by Karl Marx because it eliminated (1) the gap between town and country, (2) the gap between workers and peasants, and (3) the gap between manual and mental labor.

Drawing on the Daqing experience, China encouraged rammed earth construction in the mid-1960s. Starting in 1964, Mao Zedong advocated for a "mass design revolution movement". In the context of the Sino-Soviet split, Mao urged that planners should avoid the use of Soviet-style prefabricated materials and instead embrace the proletarian spirit of on-site construction using rammed earth. The Communist Party promoted the use of rammed earth construction as a low-cost method which was indigenous to China and required little technical skill.

During the Third Front campaign to develop strategic industries in China's rugged interior to prepare for potential invasion by the United States or Soviet Union, Planning Commission Director Li Fuchun project leaders to make do with what was available, including building rammed earth housing so that more resources could be directed to production. This policy came to be expressed through the slogan, "First build the factory and afterward housing."

See also
 Adobe
 Alker
 Cob, a very similar material that adds organic fiber to increase strength
 Earth block
 Earth sheltering, the architectural practice of using earth against building walls
 Green building
 Mudbrick
 Compressed earth block, individual bricks of highly compressed subsoil (and other natural additives) that can be utilized in normal masonry
 Polymer soil stabilization
 Sustainable architecture
 Vernacular architecture
 Craterre - This French institute provides training in earth construction techniques and in conjunction with UNESCO seeks to disseminate scientific and technical know-how on earthen architecture.

References

External sources
 Rammed earth wall construction at Central Arizona College

American inventions
Appropriate technology
Chinese inventions
Natural materials
Soil-based building materials
Sustainable building
Sustainable technologies
Earth structures

Rammed earth


Earl of Annandale and Hartfell is a title in the Peerage of Scotland, created in 1661 for James Johnstone.

In 1625, the title of Earl of Annandale had been created for John Murray, but it became extinct when his son James died without heirs.

James Johnstone, son of Sir James Johnstone, Warden of the West Marches, was created Lord Johnstone of Lochwood in 1633, and in 1643, was further created Earl of Hartfell. Johnstone's son, also James, resigned the earldom and received a regrant of the title, as Earl of Annandale and Hartfell, in 1661, and a further regrant of the same title, but by crown charter, in 1662 to his heirs male of the body, whom failing, his heirs female of the body. William, the second Earl of Annandale and Hartfell, was created Marquess of Annandale in 1701. At the death of the third marquess, no one could prove a claim to the peerages of either earldoms and therefore they became dormant.

The earldoms remained dormant until Patrick Hope-Johnstone's claim was approved by the House of Lords in 1985. The Committee for Privileges ruled that Charles II's 1662 charter of regrant of lands constituted the creation of a new title. The title therefore descended through the female line in the person of Lady Henrietta Johnstone (who married Charles the First Earl of Hopetoun) to Patrick Hope-Johnstone.

The current earl holds the subsidiary title of Lord Johnstone (1662), in the peerage of Scotland.

The family seat is Raehills, near Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire.

Earls of Annandale (1625)
with subsidiaries Viscount of Annand and Lord Murray of Lochmaben (both c. 1622) and Lord Murray of Tyninghame (1625)
John Murray, 1st Earl of Annandale (d. 1640)
James Murray, 2nd Earl of Annandale (d. 1658) extinct.

Earls of Hartfell (1643)
with subsidiaries Lord Johnston of Lochwood (1633) and Lord Johnston of Lochwood, Moffatdale and Evandale (1643) extinct.
James Johnstone, 1st Earl of Hartfell (1602–1653)
James Johnstone, 2nd Earl of Hartfell (d. 1672)

Earls of Annandale and Hartfell (1661 and 1662)
James Johnstone, 1st Earl of Annandale and Hartfell (d. 1672)
William Johnstone, 2nd Earl of Annandale and Hartfell (d. 1721) (created Marquess of Annandale 1701)

Marquesses of Annandale (1701)
William Johnstone, 1st Marquess of Annandale (d. 1721)
James Johnstone, 2nd Marquess of Annandale (c. 1687–1730)
George Vanden-Bempde, 3rd Marquess of Annandale (1720–1792) (marquessate and 1661 and 1662 earldoms dormant 1792)

Earls of Annandale and Hartfell (1662)

Subsidiary title: Lord Johnstone (1662)
James Hope-Johnstone, 3rd Earl of Hopetoun (1741–1816), de jure 5th Earl of Annandale and Hartfell
Anne Hope-Johnstone (1768–1818) de jure 6th Countess of Annandale and Hartfell
John James Hope-Johnstone (1796–1876) de jure 7th Earl of Annandale and Hartfell
John James Hope-Johnstone (1842–1912) de jure 8th Earl of Annandale and Hartfell
Evelyn Wentworth Hope-Johnstone (1879–1964) de jure 9th Earl of Annandale and Hartfell
Percy Wentworth Hope-Johnstone (1909–1983) de jure 10th Earl of Annandale and Hartfell
Patrick Andrew Wentworth Hope-Johnstone, 11th Earl of Annandale and Hartfell (b. 1941) (revived 1985)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son David Patrick Wentworth Hope-Johnstone, Lord Johnstone (b. 1971).
The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son Percy John Wentworth Hope Johnstone, Master of Johnstone (b. 2002).

References

See also
Clan Johnstone

Earldoms in the Peerage of Scotland
Annandale and Eskdale
Annandale and Hartfell
Annandale
Earl
1661 establishments in Scotland
1662 establishments in Scotland
Noble titles created in 1661
Noble titles created in 1662
Peerages created with special remainders

Earl of Annandale and Hartfell


Rorea es un género de arañas araneomorfas pertenecientes a la familia Amphinectidae. Se encuentra en Nueva Zelanda.

Especies
Según The World Spider Catalog 12.0:
 Rorea aucklandensis Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Rorea otagoensis Forster & Wilton, 1973

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Amphinectidae

Rorea


Usually known simply as the Emblemata, the first emblem book appeared in Augsburg (Germany) in 1531 under the title Viri Clarissimi D. Andreae Alciati Iurisconsultiss. Mediol. Ad D. Chonradum Peutingerum Augustanum, Iurisconsultum Emblematum Liber. Produced by the publisher Heinrich Steyner, the unauthorized first print edition was compiled from a manuscript of Latin poems which the Italian jurist Andrea Alciato had dedicated to his friend Conrad Peutinger and circulated to his acquaintances. The 1531 edition was soon followed by a 1534 edition authorized by Alciato: published in Paris by Christian Wechel, this appeared under the title Andreae Alciati Emblematum Libellus ("Andrea Alciato's Little Book of Emblems"). The word "emblemata" is simply the plural of the Greek word "emblema", meaning a piece of inlay or mosaic, or an ornament: in his preface to Peutinger, Alciato describes his emblems as a learned recreation, a pastime for humanists steeped in classical culture.

The Emblemata grew to include over 200 individual emblems and appeared in hundreds of editions, of which probably the best known is that published in Padua by Tozzi in 1621, the Emblemata Cum Commentariis Amplissimis. The "very full commentaries" to which the title refers were written by the French scholar Claude Mignault. Alciato's work spawned thousands of imitations in all the European vernacular languages: secular, religious, or amorous in nature, emblem books were an integral part of European culture for two centuries.

The preface reads in part (translated):

While boys are entertained by nuts and youths by dice, so playing-cards fill up the time of lazy men. In the festive season we hammer out these emblems, made by the distinguished hand of craftsmen. Just as one affixes trimmings to clothes and badges to hats, so it behooves every one of us to write in silent marks. Though the supreme emperor may give to you, for you to own, precious coins and finest objects of the ancients, I myself shall give, one poet to another, paper gifts: take these, Konrad, the token of my love.

Bibliography

External links

Alciato at Glasgow - 22 editions of Alciato from 1531 to 1621, housed at Glasgow University
The Pennsylvania State University English Emblem Book Project
The Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada) - concise description and texts about Alciato's Book of Emblems
Atalanta fugiens (1617) - A German/Latin emblem book of 50 alchemical concepts, also containing musical fugues, by Michael Maier
Devises et emblemes anciennes & modernes (1699) - Emblem book with motto (superscriptio) in German, French, Latin, and Italian

1531 books
Emblem books

Emblemata


Francis Edward Rawdon-Hastings (County Down (Irlanda), 9 de dezembro de 1754 — Ao largo de Nápoles, 28 de novembro de 1826), 1.º marquês de Hastings, com os títulos de The Honourable Francis Rawdon do nascimento até 1762, Lord Rawdon entre 1762 e 1783, The Lord Rawdon de 1783 a 1793 e The Earl of Moira entre 1793 e 1816, foi um militar e político anglo-irlandês que serviu como Governador-Geral da Índia de 1813 a 1823. Também integrou as forças britânicas durante a Guerra Revolucionária Americana e em 1794 durante a Guerra da Primeira Coligação. Adotou o sobrenome adicional "Hastings" em 1790, de acordo com o testamento de seu tio materno, Francis Hastings, o 10.º conde de Huntingdon.

Biografia
Francis Rawdon nasceu em Moira, County Down, filho de John Rawdon, 1.º conde de Moira (Earl of Moira) e Elizabeth Rawdon, 13.ª baronesa de Hastings, que por sua vez era filha de Theophilus Hastings, 9.º Earl of Huntingdon. Foi baptizado na St. Audoen's Church de Dublin, no dia 2 de janeiro de 1755. Foi educado em Moira e em Dublin. Assentou praça no Exército Britânico em 7 de agosto de 1771 como alferes do East Yorkshire Regiment (15.º de Infantaria), adquirindo uma comissão por £200. A partir desse momento, sua vida foi dedicada inteiramente ao serviço militar e à política. Estudou na Harrow School e matriculou-se no University College, Oxford, mas desistiu. Estabeleceu uma amizade duradoura com Banastre Tarleton. A 20 de outubro de 1773 foi promovido a tenente do seu regimento. Com seu tio Francis Hastings, 10.º conde de Huntingdon, participou no Grand Tour, regressando a Inglaterra para se juntar ao seu Regimento. Com aquele Regimento, partiu para a América do Norte em 7 de maio de 1774.

Guerra Revolucionária Americana

Com o início da Guerra de Independência dos Estados Unidos, o regimento em que se integrava Francis Rawdon viu-se envolvido num conjunto de ações bélicas nas quais o então jovem tenente teve participação relevante, indo progressivamente ganhando notoriedade.

Batalha de Bunker Hill
Rawdon foi colocado em Boston como tenente na companhia de granadeiros do Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, o 5.º Regimento de Granadeiros de Infantaria, que estava então sob o comando do capitão Francis Marsden. Entrou em ação pela primeira vez nas Batalhas de Lexington e Concord e na Batalha de Bunker Hill. Servindo com os granadeiros, participou do segundo assalto contra Breed's Hill (que falhou), e do terceiro assalto contra aquele reduto. O seu superior, o capitão George Harris, 1.º barão Harris, foi ferido ao seu lado. Aos 21 anos de idade, Lord Rawdon assumiu o comando da companhia para o terceiro e último assalto contra o reduto de Breed's Hill. Quando as tropas participantes naquele terceiro assalto começaram a vacilar, Rawdon ficou no topo do reduto americano, acenando com a bandeira britânica. John Burgoyne observou em despachos: «Lord Rawdon carimbou hoje sua fama para o resto da vida». Foi ferido durante o assalto, mas foi promovido a capitão por bravura e recebeu o comando de uma companhia no 63.º Regimento de Infantaria (63rd (West Suffolk) Regiment of Foot).

Depois de o ter reconhecido ao entrar no reduto, é afirmado pelo 1.º Conde de Russell nos seus Essays, and Sketches of Life and Character (Ensaios e Esboços de Vida e Caráter) que foi o tenente Rawdon que executou o já mortalmente ferido general americano Joseph Warren, dando-lhe um tiro na cabeça. Lord Rawdon é retratado na famosa pintura de John Trumbull intitulado A Morte do General Warren na Batalha de Bunker Hill. Rawdon está ao fundo segurando a insígnia britânica.

Campanhas nas Carolinas e em New York (1775–1776)

Francis Rawdon foi nomeado ajudante-de-campo do general Sir Henry Clinton, e embarcou com ele na expedição dirigida contra Brunswick Town, na Carolina do Norte, no Rio Cape Fear, e depois para a defesa de Fort Moultrie, em Charleston, na Carolina do Sul. Regressou com aquele general para o Estado de New York e em 4 de agosto, participou num jantar com o general Clinton, o almirante Lord Howe, Charles Cornwallis, 1.º marquês Cornwallis, o general John Vaughan e outros. Durante a Batalha de Long Island, Francis Rawdon estava no quartel-general com Clinton.

Em 15 de setembro, Rawdon liderou os seus homens no desembarque de Kip's Bay, um desembarque anfíbio na ilha de Manhattan. No dia seguinte, liderou as suas tropas no apoio à infantaria lLigeira que atacou Harlem Heights, mantendo-se em ação até que os americanos se retiraram. Seguidamente, participou dos desembarques em Pell's Point. Os britânicos pressionaram os americanos para White Plains, onde a 1 de novembro os americanos se retiraram das suas trincheiras.

Rhode Island, Inglaterra e New York (1777-1780)
Em 8 de dezembro, Rawdon desembarcou com Clinton em Rhode Island, garantindo a posse dos portos da baía de Newport para a Marinha Real Britânica. Em 13 de janeiro de 1777, com Clinton, partiu para Londres, chegando a 1 de março daquele ano. Durante um baile em casa de Lord George Germain, 1.º visconde Sackville, conheceu Gilbert du Motier de Lafayette, Marquês de Lafayette, que estava de visita a Londres.

Voltando à América em julho, enquanto Lord Howe foi para a Campanha de Filadélfia, Rawdon foi com Clinton para o quartel-general em Nova York. Participou nas batalhas das New York Highlands, onde em 7 de outubro, Fort Constitution (em frente a West Point) foi capturado. No entanto, era tarde demais para se conectar com o general John Burgoyne em Albany.

Rawdon foi enviado para Filadélfia com despachos e voltou para Nova York para o inverno, onde formou um regimento, chamado de Voluntários da Irlanda (Volunteers of Ireland), recrutado entre desertores e legalistas irlandeses. Promovido a coronel no comando deste regimento, Rawdon foi com Clinton para a Filadélfia. A partir de 18 de junho de 1778, acompanhou o general Clinton durante a retirada de Filadélfia para Nova York e entrou em ação na Batalha de Monmouth. Depois desta batalha foi nomeado ajudante-geral das forças sob o comando de Clinton. Nessas funções, Rawdon foi enviado para tomar conhecimento da Batalha de Rhode Island.

Em Nova York, em 3 de setembro de 1779, desentendeu-se com Clinton e renunciou ao cargo de ajudante-geral. Serviu com os Voluntários da Irlanda durante o ataque a Staten Island conduzido por William Alexander, mais conhecido por Lord Stirling, em 15 de janeiro de 1780.

Na cultura popular
A personagem Rawdon Crawley na novela de William Makepeace Thackeray de 1847–1848 intitulada Vanity Fair toma este nome com base em Francis Rawdon-Hastings.
Aparece como Francis Rawdon Hastings, o segundo Conde de Moira, na novela de Stephanie Barron, de 2006, intitulada Jane and the Barque of Frailty.

Referências

Retratos

Bibliografia

Ligações externas
Intervenções parlamentares do marquês de Hastings
Ninety Six National Historic Site
Francis, Lord Rawdon – Colonel
Battle of Hobkirk's Hill
Rediscovering Hobkirk's Hill

Políticos do Reino Unido

Francis Rawdon-Hastings


The Scottish Football League Premier Division was, from 1975 until 1998, the top division of the Scottish Football League and the entire Scottish football league system. It lay above the Scottish Football League First, Second and (from 1994) Third divisions.

History

Background
The Scottish Football League (SFL) was formed in 1890, initially with 12 clubs. More clubs joined the league soon afterwards, which was split into two divisions (Division One and Division Two) in 1893. A third division was added in 1923, but this lasted only three years before it collapsed under heavy financial losses. From 1926 until the Second World War, the SFL returned to two divisions. A third division, including some reserve teams, was added in 1949. The withdrawal of the reserve teams in 1955 saw a return to two divisions, with 37 clubs split almost evenly.

Following a decline in attendances in the early 1960s the SFL management committee wrote to its member clubs in early 1965 proposing change to a three division setup, with 14 clubs in the top flight. The committee proposed to allocate clubs to each division based on attendance, rather than league position at the end of the previous season, because previous proposals had failed due to uncertainty about where clubs would finish in a given season. This proposal failed to attract enough support, as did one made the following year for a 16 club top flight.

The dominance of Celtic in the late 1960s and early 1970s led to criticism that the league had become too predictable. Most of the major clubs, including Celtic, recorded drops in attendance in the 1972–73 season. In the summer of 1974, the clubs voted in favour of a three division setup, with 10 clubs in the top tier. It was decided to name the top flight as the Premier Division because many of the clubs had bad memories of the previous incarnations of Division Three, which had included reserve teams and had not lasted. The allocation of the clubs in the new divisions was determined by their league position in the 1974–75 season.

Operation
Initially, two clubs were relegated each season from a 10 club Premier Division. It was highly unlikely that either Celtic or Rangers would ever be involved in a relegation battle, given their historic dominance. This meant that the other eight clubs were at a very high risk of relegation each season. For example, in the first season of operation (1975–76), Dundee United and Aberdeen only avoided relegation on goal difference and Dundee did go down, for the first time since the 1930s. In the 1976–77 season, Hearts were relegated for the first time in their history.

The move to a three division system also had the effect of widening the gap in playing standards between the clubs. Writing in 1990, Bob Crampsey noted that of the 14 clubs in the 1975–76 Scottish Second Division, only one (Clydebank) had ever played in the Premier Division. Having narrowly avoided relegation from the Premier Division, Dundee United and Aberdeen gained most from the new setup, as they established an ascendancy over Rangers and Celtic in the early 1980s.

The high probability of relegation led to calls for a 12 club Premier Division, but there was insufficient support due to clubs either having to play each other three times or playing a 44-game schedule. The new setup did result in an increase in attendances, but the risk of relegation caused problems such as defensive playing styles, less young players developing and clubs were unable to plan for the long term. Aberdeen made those points in conjunction with a proposal to cut relegation to one club, but this did not attract enough support. A proposal by East Fife to revert to the old two division setup attracted nearly as much support as the Aberdeen plan.

A major change made in February 1981, that passed almost unnoticed at the time, was the abolition of gate sharing. This meant that clubs retained all of the revenue from their home attendances, and were able to vary the cost of admission for different opposing clubs.

Formation of the SPL
Before the start of the 1998–99 season, the clubs of the Premier Division resigned en masse to form the Scottish Premier League, following the example of English clubs who formed the FA Premier League in 1992. The Scottish Football League did not reform the Premier Division, instead leaving the league with just the First, Second and Third Divisions.

Competition structure
Initially and for most of its existence, the Premier Division had 10 clubs that played each other four times, giving a total of 36 games for each club in a season. There was initially two clubs automatically relegated from the Premier Division to the First Division each season.

From the 1994–95 season, a promotion and relegation two-match playoff was held each year between the second-from bottom in the Premier Division and the runner-up in the First Division. Three points for a win was also introduced in 1994.

Member clubs
The clubs listed below competed in the Scottish Premier Division.

Champions

References

Sources

1998 disestablishments in Scotland
1
1975 establishments in Scotland
Defunct top level football leagues in Europe
Sports leagues established in 1975
Sports leagues disestablished in 1998


This is a list of wave topics.

0–9
21 cm line

A
Abbe prism
Absorption spectroscopy
Absorption spectrum
Absorption wavemeter
Acoustic wave
Acoustic wave equation
Acoustics
Acousto-optic effect
Acousto-optic modulator
Acousto-optics
Airy disc
Airy wave theory
Alfvén wave
Alpha waves
Amphidromic point
Amplitude
Amplitude modulation
Animal echolocation
Antarctic Circumpolar Wave
Antiphase
Aquamarine Power
Arrayed waveguide grating
Artificial wave
Atmospheric diffraction
Atmospheric wave
Atmospheric waveguide
Atom laser
Atomic clock
Atomic mirror
Audience wave
Autowave
Averaged Lagrangian

B
Babinet's principle
Backward wave oscillator
Bandwidth-limited pulse
beat
Berry phase
Bessel beam
Beta wave
Black hole
Blazar
Bloch's theorem
Blueshift
Boussinesq approximation (water waves)
Bow wave
Bragg diffraction
Bragg's law
Breaking wave
Bremsstrahlung, Electromagnetic radiation
Brillouin scattering
Bullet bow shockwave
Burgers' equation
Business cycle

C
Capillary wave
Carrier wave
Cherenkov radiation
Chirp
Ernst Chladni
Circular polarization
Clapotis
Closed waveguide
Cnoidal wave
Coherence (physics)
Coherence length
Coherence time
Cold wave
Collimated light
Collimator
Compton effect
Comparison of analog and digital recording
Computation of radiowave attenuation in the atmosphere
Continuous phase modulation
Continuous wave
Convective heat transfer
Coriolis frequency
Coronal mass ejection
Cosmic microwave background radiation
Coulomb wave function
Cutoff frequency
Cutoff wavelength
Cymatics

D
Damped wave
Decollimation
Delta wave
Dielectric waveguide
Diffraction
Direction finding
Dispersion (optics)
Dispersion (water waves)
Dispersion relation
Dominant wavelength
Doppler effect
Doppler radar
Douglas Sea Scale
Draupner wave
Droplet-shaped wave
Duhamel's principle

E
E-skip
Earthquake
Echo (phenomenon)
Echo sounding
Echolocation (animal)
Echolocation (human)
Eddy (fluid dynamics)
Edge wave
Eikonal equation
Ekman layer
Ekman spiral
Ekman transport
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Electroencephalography
Electromagnetic electron wave
Electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic wave
Electromagnetic wave cut-off
Electron
Elliott wave
Elliptical polarization
Emission spectrum
Envelope (waves)
Equatorial Rossby wave
Equatorial waves
Essential bandwidth
Evanescent wave
Extratropical cyclone
Extremely low frequency

F
F wave
Fabry–Pérot interferometer
Faraday wave
Fetch (geography)
Fourier series
Fraunhofer diffraction
Fraunhofer distance
Freak wave
Frequency
Frequency modulation
Fresnel diffraction
Fresnel equations
Fresnel integral
Fresnel lens
Fresnel number
Fresnel rhomb
Fresnel zone
Fresnel–Arago laws
Fundamental frequency

G
Gamma ray
Gamma ray burst
Gamma wave
Gaussian beam
Geometric optics, Geometrical optics
Geostrophic current
Gravitational radiation
Gravity wave
Groundwave
Group delay
Group velocity

H
Harmonic
Heat wave
Holography
Human echolocation
Hundred-year wave
Hurricane
Huygens' principle
Hydraulic jump
Hydrography
Hydropower
Hyperbolic partial differential equation

I
In phase
Inertial wave
Infragravity wave
Infrared gas analyzer
Inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation
Interference (wave propagation)
Interferometry
Internal wave
Inverse scattering transform
Ion acoustic wave
Irradiance

K
Kelvin wave
Kinematic wave
Knife-edge effect
Kondratiev wave

L
Lamb waves
Landau damping
Lee wave
Linear elasticity
Linear polarization
List of waves named after people
Long wavelength limit
Longitudinal mode
Longitudinal wave
Longwave
Love wave

M
Mach wave
Mach–Zehnder interferometer
Maelstrom (disambiguation)
Magnetometer
Magnetosonic wave
Matter wave
Maxwell's equations
Mayer waves
Mechanical wave
Medical ultrasonography
Mediumwave
Megatsunami
Microbarom
Microwave
Microwave auditory effect
Microwave oven
Microwave plasma
Microwaving
Mie scattering
Millimeter cloud radar
Modulation
Monochromatic electromagnetic plane wave
Monochromator
Moonlight
Morning Glory cloud
Mu wave
Multipath propagation

N
Neural oscillation
Neutron
Nondispersive infrared sensor
Nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Nonlinear wave
Nonlinear X-wave
Normal mode

O
Ocean surface wave
One-Way Wave Equation
Optical fiber
Optical waveguide
Oscillon
Out of phase
Outgoing longwave radiation
Overtone
Oyster wave energy converter

P
P-wave
Parabolic reflector
Periodic function
Periodic travelling wave
Phase (waves)
Phase difference
Phase modulation
Phase velocity
Phonon
Photon
Pitch shifter (audio processor)
Planck constant
Planck's law
Plane wave
Polarization (waves)
Ponto-geniculo-occipital waves, PGO waves
Power standing wave ratio
pp-wave spacetime
Pressure wave
Prism
Proton
Pulsar
Pulsar wind nebula
Pulse wave velocity
Pulse-density modulation

Q
QT interval
quadrature
Quadrature amplitude modulation
Quantum optics
Quantum tunneling
Quantum Zeno effect

R
Radar
Radar astronomy
Radar cross section
Radar gun
Radio propagation
Radio waves
Radiosity (heat transfer)
Rayleigh scattering
Rayleigh wave
Rayleigh–Jeans law
Redshift
Reflection coefficient
Reflection seismology
Refraction
Relativistic Doppler effect
Resonance
Resonator
Ring laser gyroscope
Ring modulation
Ring wave guide
Rip current
ripple
Ripple tank
Rogue wave (oceanography)
Rossby wave
Rossby-gravity waves
Rydberg constant
Rydberg formula

S
S-wave
Sampling (signal processing)
Sawtooth wave
Schrödinger equation
Sea state
Seiche
Seismic wave
Seismograph
Seismology
Sellmeier equation
Shallow water equations
Shive wave machine
Shock wave
Shortwave radio
Signal velocity
Significant wave height
Sine wave
Single-sideband modulation
Sinusoidal plane-wave solutions of the electromagnetic wave equation
Skywave
Slow-wave potential
Slow-wave sleep
Sneaker wave
Solitary wave
Soliton
Sonar
Sonic anemometers
Sound wave
Spark-gap transmitter
Spectroscopy
Speed of gravity
Speed of light
Speed of sound
Spike-and-wave
Spin wave
Square wave
Standing wave
Standing wave ratio
Stefan–Boltzmann law
Stokes drift
Stokes wave
Subharmonic
Super low frequency
Superharmonic
Superposition principle
Supersonic Wave Filter
Surface acoustic wave
Surface wave
Surface wave inversion
Surface-wave magnitude
Surface-wave-sustained discharge
Surfing
Sverdrup wave
Swell (ocean)
Synthetic-aperture radar

T
T wave
Terrestrial gamma-ray flash
Terrestrial stationary waves
Theta wave
Tidal bore
Tidal power
Tidal resonance
Tide
Tired light theory
Transverse mode
Transverse wave
Traveling plane wave
Traveling wave antenna
Traveling wave reactor
Traveling-wave tube
Triangle wave
Trigonometric function
Trojan wave packet
Tropical wave
Tsunami
Turbidity current

U
Ultra low frequency
Ultrasound
Ultraviolet catastrophe
Undertow (wave action)
Underwater wave
Undular bore

V
Velocity factor
Vestigial-sideband modulation
Vibrating string
Voltage standing wave ratio
Vortex
Vorticity

W
Wake
Wave (audience)
Wave base
Wave disk engine
Wave drag
Wave equation
Wave farm
Wave field synthesis
Wave function
Wave function collapse
Wave height
Wave impedance
Wave loading
Wave motor
Wave packet
Wave period
Wave plate
Wave pool
Wave pounding
Wave power
Wave propagation
Wave shoaling
Wave surface
Wave tank
Wave turbulence
Wave vector
Wave velocity
Wave–current interaction
Wave-cut platform
Wave-making resistance
Waveform
Waveform monitor
Wave-formed ripple
Wavefront
Wavefunction
Wavefunction collapse
Waveguide
Waveguide (acoustics)
Waveguide (electromagnetism)
Waveguide (optics)
Waveguide flange
Wavelength
Wavelength selective switching
Wavelength-division multiplexing
Wavelet
Wavelet transform
Wavenumber
Zonal wavenumber
Wavenumber-frequency diagram
Wave–particle duality
Waverider
Waves and shallow water
Waves in plasmas
Whitham's method
Wien approximation
Wien's displacement law
Wien's law
Wind wave
Windsurfing

X
X-band radar
X-ray
X-wave

Z
Zero-dispersion slope
Zero-dispersion wavelength
Zigzag
Zodiacal light
Zone plate

Wave topics
Wave topics

Index of wave articles


Âşık Alesker (Azerbaycan: Aşıq Ələsgər, 1821-1926), 19. yüzyıl Azerbaycan saz üstadlarının en önemli temsilcisi, Azerbaycan aşık edebiyatının klasiklerinden biridir.

1821 yılında bugünkü Ermenistan sınırları içerisinde kalan eski bir Türk yurdu olan, Basarkeçer'in Ağkilse köyünde aşık şiirinin ve sazın vurgunu olan Alimemmed'in ailesinde dünyaya geldi. Alesker, 14-15 yaşlarında köyün zenginlerinden Kerbelayı Kurban'a hizmetçi olarak verildi. Onun kızı güzel Sehinbanı'yı sevdi, kızdan sevgisine karşılık aldı. Kerbelayi Kurban'm kardeşi Pullu Meherrem onların kavuşmasına imkân vermedi, Sehinbanı'yı oğlu Mustafa'ya aldı.

Bu olaydan sarsılan Alesker saz çalmaya, söz koşmaya başladı. Babası onu 16 yaşında Kizılvenkli Aşık Ali'ye uşak verdi. Alesker aşıklık sanatının sırlarını üstadı Ali'den öğrendi. Azerbaycan aşık kültürünü araştıranlardan Hümmet Alizade, onların 'üstat-çırak' münasebetleri konusunda şunları yazar: "Aşık Alesker, üstadı Aşık Ali ile düğün, nişan meclislerine gittiğinde bazen onun dediklerine kulak asmaz, kendi şiirlerini okurmuş. Alesker'in bu hareketi üstadının hoşuna gitmezmiş, bu hareketten vazgeçmesi için ona nasihatler verirmiş. Bir gün yine büyük bir düğün meclisinde üstatla çırak arasında bir sürtüşme olur. Aşık Ali'nin sözü Alesker'e dokunur, Alesker öfkelenir. Üstadı ile atışmayı kafaya koyar.

Üstat-çırak birbiri ile ters düşer. Meclis iki gruba ayrılır. Bir taraf Aşık Ali'yi savunurken diğer taraf Alesker'i müdafaa eder. Atışma süresince çok "herbe-zorbalar, üstatnameler, divaniler, teenisler ve dudak değmezler" söylenir. Nihayet Alesker açıkça ve şimdiye kadar hiçbir aşık tarafından karşılığı söylenemeyen "A yağa-yağa" teenisini söyler. Aşık Ali, Aşık Alesker'e cevap veremez; meclisi bırakıp gider. Bu hadiseden sonra Alesker, üstadından ayrılır, müstakil bir sanatkâr gibi aşıklığa başlar. Alesker, üstadını bağlaması neticesinde geniş kitle arasında daha büyük şöhret kazanır. Yakın ve uzak yerlerden çok çırak Elesker'in yanına gelir."

19. yy. ortalarına doğru artık Aşık Alesker bütün Kafkasya'da tanınan bir âşık oldu. Tiflis'te Rusça yayınlanan "Kavkaz" gazetesi 1851 yılında ondan, olağanüstü sesi, saz çalma mahareti ve söz koşma kabiliyeti olan bir sanatkâr olarak söz eder. Sevgilisi Sehinbanı'dan zorla ayrı bırakıldıktan sonra, Aşık Elesker 40 yaşına kadar bekâr kalmış, 1862 yılında, Kelbecer'in Yanşak köyünden olan Anahanım'la evlenmiştir. Alesker'in oğlu Aşık Talib de üstad bir aşık olarak tanınmıştır.

Alesker, aşık şiirinin bütün türlerini kapsayan zengin bir miras bırakıp gitmiştir. Hayatta olduğu donemde hiçbir kitabı yayınlanmadığından, şiirlerinin büyük bir kısmı kaybolmuştur. Şiirlerinin büyük kısmı sözlü gelenekte devam ettiği için onlar da yazıya alınmamış, zaman geçtikçe unutulmuş, hafızalardan silinmiştir.

1918 yılında Ermenistan'da iktidara gelen Taşnaklar, Azerbaycan Türklerini hedef alan katliamlara başlayınca, Aşık Alesker, ailesi ile birlikte Azerbaycan'ın Terter bölgesine yerleşmiştir. Burada bir müddet değirmencilik yapmış ve ihtiyar çağlarında yazdığı şiirlerinin birinde kendi durumundan acı acı yakınarak şöyle demiştir:

Dad senin elinden çerx-i kecmedar, Üreyimde yüz dermansız yaram var, Âşıq deyirmançı, ağa çarvadar,Serraf gelsin bu bazarı dolaşırı.

Çağdaşlarının anlattıklarına göre Aşık Alesker, uzun boylu, alnı açık, iri yapılı, bedence çok sağlam ve kuvvetli bir adam olarak anlatılır. Kara gözleri, kalın, kara çatık kaşları, dolgun yüzü vardır.

Aşık Alesker 1921 yılında durumu nispeten düzelince yeniden, doğduğu köye, Ağkilse'ye dönmüş, lâkin yaşlılık ve hastalık yüzünden artık saz çalıp söz koşamamıştır. 1926 yılı Mart ayının 7 sinde 105 yaşında Ağkilse köyünde vefat etmiş, burada da defnedilmiştir. 1988 yılında Basarkeçer bölgesi Türk halkı göçe zorlanması ile buradaki Türkler yeniden topraklarını terk etmişlerdir.

Birçok eski Türk eserinin de olduğu gibi Aşık Alesker'in Ağkilse köyündeki mezarı da Ermeni güçleri tarafından tahrip edilerek yok edilmiştir.

Eserleri

 Aşıq Elesger Eserleri. Toplayanı ve tertib edeni Hümmet Alizade, Bakı, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1963.
 Aşıq Elesger. Toplayanı ve tertib edeni İslam Elesgerov. C. I-II, Bakı, 1971
 Azerbaycan Aşıqları ve El Şairleri, Cl, Bakı, 1987.

Kaynakça

 Celal Abdullayef; "Aşıg Elesger'e Kayıtmak Serti İle", Dil ve Edebiyyat Dergisi, 1(5), Bakü 1972.
 Musa Adîlof; "Aşıg Elesger'in Anadan Olmasının 150.illiyi", Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi, Bakü 1972.
 İnayet Akyüz; İğdır Azerileri'nin Halk Edebiyatı Örnekleri, Erzurum 1968, (Mezuniyet tezi) *Hamid Arash; Aşıg Yaradıcılığı, Bakü 1960.
 Haver Arash; Âşık Elesker, İstanbul 1984.
 Paşa Efendiyev; Halgın Söz Xezinesi, Bakü 1985, 248-250. Aşig Elesger, Bakı 1963.
 Vaqif Veliycv; Azerbaycan Folkloru, Bakü 1985, 216-222.
 Azerbaycan Edebiyyah İncileri/Bayatı, Qoşma, Tecnis, Bakı 1988 105-109; 251-265; 470-481; 540-542; 558-561
 Aşıg Elesger, 2 cilt, Bakü 1972. (Elesker'in doğumunun 150. yılı münasebetiyle bir heyet tarafından hazırlanmıştır.)
 Aşıglar,Bakü 1960. Aşiglar, II. hisse, Bakü 1937.
 İ. Babayev, İ. İmran Aşrafoğlu vd.; Azerbaycan Şifahi Xaİ£ Ede-biyyatı, Bakü 1970.
 Pertev Naili Boratav; Halk Hikâyeleri ve Halk Hikâyeciliği, Ankara 1946.
 Hikmet Drzdaroğlu; "Âşık Elesger (1837-1926)", Fikirler, İzmir, S.,266-267,31 Mart 1944.
 Hikmet Dizdaroğlu; "Aşık Elesger'in Neşredilmemiş Şiirleri", Fikirler, 5.304-305, 310-311, 311-312, 316-317, 320-321, 322-323,1 Ocak 1946-1 Ekim 1946 (6 sayı).
 Paşa Efendiyev; Azerbaycan Şifahi Xalg Edebiyyah, Bakü 1981,211-222.
 İslam Elesgerov; Aşıq Elesger, Bakü 1956.
 İslam Elesgerov; "Aşığ Elesger Sen'etkarhğımn Be'zi Hu-susiyetleri", Dil ve Edebiyyat Dergisi, Bakü 1971.
 Himmet Elizade; Azerbaycan Aşıqları I, Bakü 1929; II, Bakı 1930.
 M. İbrahimof; Aşıq Poeziyasında Realizm, Bakü 1966.
 F. Qasımzade; Azerbaycan Edebiyatı Tarihi II. Cilt, Bakü 1960.
 Zeynelabidin Makas; Aşıq Elesger (Hayatı, Sanatı, Şiir ve Hikâyeleri), Erzurum 1974. (Mezuniyet tezi)
 Nizamettin Onk; "Büyük Ozanımız Göğçeli Elesker'in Hamayil Adına Deyişi", Azerbaycan, 13 (10-11-12/154-155-156), Ocak-Şubat-Mart 1965,11-12.
 Nizamettin Onk; "Göğçeli Âşık Elesker", Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, (27), Aralık 1983, 269-284.
 Nizamettin Onk; Göğçeli Âşık Elesker, Adapazarı 1964.
 Nizamettin Onk- İslâm Eleskerzâde; Göğçeli Âşık Elesker, Ankara 1987.
 Osman Sarıvelli; Kudretli Şair Usta Sanatkâr, Bakı 1971.
 Sazım Sözüm, Bakü 1978.
 M. H. Tehmasib; Aşıg Elesger, Seçilmiş Şiirleri, Bakü 1972.
 Telli Saz Üstadları, Bakü 1964.
 Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Ansiklopedisi 3, 21-22.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Azeri yazarlar listesi
 Dirili Surhay

1821 doğumlular
1926 yılında ölenler
100 yaş üstü Azeriler
Azeri halk ozanları
Azeri şairler
Ermenistan Azerileri
Âşık edebiyatı

Âşık Alesker


Der Skisprung-Weltcup 2012/13 war die wichtigste vom Weltskiverband FIS ausgetragene Wettkampfserie im Skispringen. Zwischen dem 23. November 2012 und dem 24. März 2013 fanden Wettbewerbe in Europa und Asien statt.

Herren
Wie im Vorjahr kämpften Gregor Schlierenzauer und Anders Bardal um den Sieg im Gesamtweltcup, wobei sich Schlierenzauer diesmal mit deutlichem Vorsprung durchsetzte. Den dritten Platz in der Gesamtwertung belegte Kamil Stoch.

Weltcup-Übersicht

Wertungen

Karriereenden
Während der Saison:

Nach der Saison:

Damen
In der zweiten Auflage des Skisprungweltcups der Damen setzte sich Sara Takanashi gegen die Premierensiegerin Sarah Hendrickson durch. Auch Coline Mattel, Jacqueline Seifriedsberger und Anette Sagen, die in dieser Reihenfolge die Plätze drei bis fünf im Gesamtweltcup belegten, sowie Daniela Iraschko waren siegreich.

Weltcup-Übersicht

Einzelergebnisse

Legende

Wertungen

Mixed-Team-Wettkampf

Siehe auch
 Skisprung-Grand-Prix 2012
 Skisprung-Continental-Cup 2012/13

Weblinks
Weltcup Herren

Weltcup Damen

Einzelnachweise

Wintersport-Weltcup 2012/13
2012/13

Skisprung-Weltcup 2012/13


Le marquisat de Sarria est un titre de noblesse espagnol accordé le  mai 1543 en faveur de Fernando Ruiz de Castro y Portugal, IVème comte de Lemos. Son nom fait référence à la commune galicienne de Sarria. C'est un titre traditionnellement lié à la Maison de Castro qui est aujourd'hui détenu par la Maison d'Albe bien que contesté par une branche des Castro.

Marquis de Sarria

 Fernando Ruiz de Castro y Portugal ou Fernando de Castro y Portugal (1505-1575), IVe comte de Lemos, Ier marquis de Sarria et grand d'Espagne. Marié avec Teresa de Andrade, IIIe comtesse de Villalba.
 Pedro Fernando Ruiz de Castro Andrade y Portugal le Vieux (1524-1590), Ve comte de Lemos, IIe marquis de Sarria et grand d'Espagne.
 Fernando Ruiz de Castro Andrade y Portugal (1548-1601), VIe comte de Lemos, IIIe marquis de Sarria, grand d'Espagne et vice-roi de Naples (1599-1601).
 Pedro Fernández de Castro y Andrade (1576-1622), VIIe comte de Lemos, IVe marquis de Sarria, grand d'Espagne, président du Conseil des Indes, vice-roi de Naples (1610-1616) et président du Conseil Suprême d'Italie. "Grand Comte de Lemos" "Honneur de Notre Âge", grand mécène et personnage d'importance majeure.
 Francisco Ruiz de Castro (1582-1637), VIIIe comte de Lemos, V marquis de Sarria, Grand d'Espagne et vice-roi de Naples (1601-1603). En 1629, il renonce à tous ses titres et possessions et entre au monastère de Sahagún comme moine bénédictin, sous le nom de Fray Agustín de Castro.
 Francisco Fernández de Castro (1613-1662), 9e comte de Lemos, VIe marquis de Sarria, grand d'Espagne et vice-roi d'Aragon.
 Pedro Antonio Fernández de Castro (1634-1667), 10e comte de Lemos, VIIe marquis de Sarria, Grand d'Espagne, 27e vice-roi du Pérou entre 1667 et 1672, sous le règne de Charles II (1665-1700) de la Maison d'Autriche.
 Ginés Miguel María de la Concepción Ruiz de Castro Andrade y Portugal Osorio (1666-1741), 11e comte de Lemos, 9e comte de Villalba et VIIIe marquis de Sarria, Grand d'Espagne ; il mourut sans descendance et sa lignée passa à sa nièce Rosa María de Castro y Centurión.
 Rosa María de Castro y Centurión (1691-1772), 12e comtesse de Lemos, IXe marquise de Sarria, Grande d'Espagne. Elle est morte en 1772 sans descendance. Après des conflits héréditaires entre les branches de la famille, le titre est passé à son neveu, le duc de Béjar.
 Joaquín López de Zúñiga y Castro (1715-1777), 13e comte de Lemos, 10e marquis de Sarria, grand d'Espagne. Il mourut sans descendance et avec lui, la Maison de Castro perdit le titre de Comte de Lemos ainsi que celui de Marquis de Sarria qui passèrent à la branche parentale la plus proche, la Maison de Berwick.
 Jacobo Francisco Fitz-James Stuart y Colón de Portugal (1718-1785), 14e comte de Lemos, XIe marquis de Sarria, 3e duc de Berwick et grand d'Espagne ; il a hérité du titre en tant que quatrième petit-fils de Fernando Ruiz de Castro y Portugal. Il épouse María Teresa da Silva y Álvarez de Toledo, fille du duc et de la duchesse d'Alba, le 26 juillet 1738. Son fils lui succède,
 Carlos Bernardo Fitz-James Stuart y Silva (1752-1787), 15e comte de Lemos, XIIe marquis de Sarria et grand d'Espagne. Il épouse Carolina Augusta zu Stolberg-Gedern, princesse de Hornes, le 9 octobre 1771. Son fils lui succède,
 Jacobo Felipe Fitz-James Stuart zu Stolberg-Gedern (1773-1794), 16e comte de Lemos, XIIIe marquis de Sarria, 3e duc de Berwick et grand d'Espagne. Son fils lui a succédé,
 Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Silva (1791-1794), 17e comte de Lemos, 14e marquis de Sarria, 4e duc de Berwick et grand d'Espagne. Il est mort à l'âge de trois ans. Son frère lui a succédé,
 Carlos Miguel Fitz-James Stuart y Silva (1794-1835), XVIIIe comte de Lemos, XVe marquis de Sarria, V duc de Berwick, XIVe duc d'Albe et grand duc d'Espagne. Son fils lui a succédé,
 Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Ventimiglia (1821-1881), 19e comte de Lemos, XVIe marquis de Sarria, 6e duc de Berwick, 14e duc d'Albe et grand duc d'Espagne. Il a épousé Francisca de Palafox Portocarrero, 9e comtesse de Montijo, sœur de l'impératrice Eugenia. Son fils lui succède,
 Carlos María Fitz-James Stuart y Portocarrero (1849-1901), 20e comte de Lemos, XVIIe marquis de Sarria, 7e duc de Berwick, 16e duc d'Albe et grand duc d'Espagne. Son fils lui a succédé,
 Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Falcó (1878-1953), XXIe comte de Lemos, XVIIIe marquis de Sarria, XVIIe duc d'Alba, VIIIe duc de Berwick et Grand d'Espagne. Sa fille unique lui succède.
 Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart (1926-2014), XXIIe Comtesse de Lemos, XIXe Marquise de Sarria, IXe Duchesse de Berwick, XVIIIe Duchesse d'Alba et autres titres, dix-sept fois Grandee d'Espagne.
 Carlos Fitz-James Stuart y Martínez de Irujo, XXe marquis de Sarria.

Sarria

Marquis de Sarria


Rules er en restaurant i Maiden Lane i Covent Garden, der kalder sig Londons ældste restaurant.

Historie
Rules blev åbnet af Thomas Rule i 1798 primært som østersbar, men han serverede også traditionel britisk mad, som restauranten fortsat gør. Rules har specialiseret sig i vildt og ejer vidtstrakte jagtmarker og Lartington Estate i Teesdale.

John Betjeman klagede i 1971 til Greater London Council, hvor restauranten var truet af nedrivning.

Restauranten forblev i Rule-familien til Første verdenskrig, hvor Charles Rule byttede virksomhed med Thomas Bell. Bells datter solgte restauranten til den nuværende ejer John Mayhew i 1984.

Indretning

Der serveres mad i restauranten i stueetagen, og der er cocktailbar på 1. sal.

Der er gjort meget for at bevare den oprindelige indretning. Både træpaneler og møblementet. Væggene er rigt dekoreret med tegninger, oliemalerier og billeder, der er samlet gennem virksomhedens historie. En række kunstværker viser teaterhistorie.

I underetagen hænger en liste med navnene på alle restaurantens ejere.

I populærkulturen
Blandt de berømte gæster, som har frekventeret restauranten, er Henry Irving og Laurence Olivier.

Restauranten er nævnt i romaner af Graham Greene, Dick Francis, Dorothy L. Sayers og Evelyn Waugh.

I 1997 var køkkenchefen Rory Kennedy med i madlavningsserien Iron Chef, hvor han udfordrede Iron Chef French, Hiroyuki Sakai. Det endte med uafgjort i europæisk kanin. For at finde en vinder fik de begge fik en due at tilberede. Her vandt Sakai. Samme år faldt Kennedy ned ad en trappe og døde af sine skader.

Rules er brugt som kulisse i James Bond-filmen Spectre (2015) og adskillige afsnit af dramaserien Downton Abbey (2010-2015).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Restauranter i Storbritannien
Etableret i 1798
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i London

Rules


Bu madde MS 5 yılı içindir.

Olaylar

Doğumlar
 Tarsuslu Pavlus, elçisel kiliselerin kurucusu Hristiyan misyoner (ö. 67)
 Yin Lihua - Çin imparatoriçesi (ö. 64)

Ölümler

5


ඉනි සෛල යනු  ද්වීබීජපත්‍රි ශාකයන්හී පත්‍රයන්හී  පත්‍රමධ්‍යයෙහි හමුවන සෛල වර්ගයකි. ඒවායේ හරිතලව අඩංගු වන අතර, ඒවා විසින්  ෆෝටෝනයන්හී ගබඩා වී ඇති ශක්තිය  ප්‍රභාසංස්ලේෂණය ඔස්සේ රසායනික ශක්තිය බවට පරිවර්තනය කිරීම ප්‍රධාන අවස්ථා දෙකකින් යුතු වෙයි; අලෝක-පරායත්ත ප්‍රතික්‍රියා සහ  අලෝක-ස්වායත්ත ප්‍රතික්‍රියා යනුවෙනි. ඉනි සෛලයන්හී සිලින්ඩරාකාර හැඩය නිසා හරිතලව විසින් විශාල අලෝක ප්‍රමාණයක් අවශෝෂණය කර ගැනුමට අවකාශ සලසයි. ඉනි සෛල පත්‍ර මධ්‍යයට පහලින් ඇත්තේ සවිවර පත්‍රමධ්‍ය සෛල වන අතර, අවිධි-හැඩැති මෙම සෛල නිසා සමන්විත වන බොහෝ අන්තර්-සෛල අවකාශ‍යන් නිසා, ප්‍රභාසංස්ලේෂණය සිදුවීමට අවශ්‍ය කාබන් ඩයොක්සයිඩ් (අංගාරිකාම්ල) වායුව චූෂනය වැන්නට මග සලසමින් පොදුවේ වායු ගමනයට ඉඩ සලසයි.මෙම වායුන් හුවමාරුකරගනුයේ  පුටිකා උපයෝගී කරගනිමින් හා, ඇපොප්ලාස්ට හෝ සිම්ප්ලාස්ට මාර්ගය ඔස්සේ ශෛලම තුලින් ජලය උත්ස්වේදනය කෙරුමෙනි.
ඉනි සෛල ස්ථානගතවී ඇත්තේ පත්‍රයෙහි ඉහළ පෘෂ්ඨය දෙසට වන අතර ශාකයෙහි එක් සෛලයක විශාලතම හරිතලව ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු වන  අවස්ථාවට හිමි කම් කියයි. මේනිසා ඒවා ශාකයක පත්‍රයන්හී ප්‍රභාසංස්ලේෂණය සිදුවන ප්‍රාථමික අඩවිය බවට පත් කරයි.
ප්‍රභාසංස්ලේෂණයේදී විශාල ආලෝක ප්‍රමාණයක් අවශෝෂණය කර ගත හැකි වන පරිදී ඒවා ඉතා විශාල පෘෂ්ඨීය වර්ගඵලයක් සහිත වෙති.

ආශ්‍රිත

ප්‍රභාසංස්ලේෂණය
ශාක සෛල
ජීව විද්‍යාව
සෛල ජීව විද්‍යාව

de:Parenchym#Bei Pflanzen

ඉනි සෛලය


Le  est un lac d'eau saumâtre situé dans la préfecture d'Ibaraki au Japon.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Lien externe

Hinuma

Lac Hinuma


Malibu Creek State Park is a state park of California, United States, preserving the Malibu Creek canyon in the Santa Monica Mountains.  The  park was established in 1974.  Opened to the public in 1976, the park is also a component of Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area.

Geography
Malibu Creek State Park stretches from below Malibou Lake in the west to Piuma Road in the east. It follows the creek down to the Pacific Ocean and includes the Adamson House and creek's mouth in the Malibu Lagoon at the beach. Tapia Park has recently been incorporated as a subunit of the park. The park includes three natural preserves:  Liberty Canyon,  Udell Gorge, and  Kaslow Preserve.

History
The land that is now Malibu Creek State Park was inhabited by native Chumash people for millennia. The site of a village called Talepop has been uncovered by archaeologists in the northeast corner of the park. The Chumash were most famous for their redwood canoes, which they used to travel the coastline for hundreds of miles. By the 1860s a few homesteads existed, including the Sepulveda Adobe, which still stands.

In 1900 a group of wealthy Los Angeles businessmen created the Crags Country Club and purchased  along Malibu Creek. In 1903 a  dam was built nearby, creating a  lake which was later purchased by 20th Century Fox and named Century Lake. The three-level,  Crags Club Lodge was completed in 1910. Redwood trees were planted near the lake that same year, and today stand as the southernmost specimens in California. Also within park boundaries is the Rindge Dam in Malibu Canyon, built in 1926. The Crags Country Club ceased operations in 1936 and the lodge was torn down in 1955.

The majority of the park's lands were donated by entertainer Bob Hope.  Other parts of the park, added later, were previously owned by Paramount Pictures and 20th Century Fox for movie ranches. Part of the former 20th Century Fox Ranch had been purchased in 1966 from Ronald Reagan. The Reagan ranch, known as "Yearling Row", was owned by the future president from 1951 to 1966 (Reagan earlier owned another ranch also called Yearling Row in Northridge, California).  It was sold by the Reagans to pay campaign debts from the 1966 California governor's campaign. Additional parcels have been connected by the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy and Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area.

In 2014, adjacent Cameron Nature Preserve in Puerco Canyon was acquired by the Santa Monica Mountains Recreation and Conservation Authority. This created a contiguous block of public parkland from this park to Corral Canyon Park and will provide a path for the Coastal Slope Trail. The  was purchased from Oscar-winning director James Cameron.

In 2018 substantial portions of the park, including the Reagan ranch and the Fox Ranch location for many films and television shows, were burned and destroyed by the Woolsey Fire.

Landmarks

King Gillette Ranch
Most recently an area was annexed to the park known as the King Gillette Ranch, with a landmark Spanish Colonial Revival style residence and estate buildings designed by renowned architect Wallace Neff in the 1920s for owner King C. Gillette, the early-20th-century inventor and manufacturer of the Gillette disposable razor.  It was later used by the Catholic Claretian Order as Claretville in the 1950s–60s, then by several other spiritual groups, and finally by Soka University in the 1990s until the recent purchase for the park. The new visitor center for the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area is located here in the historic Stables compound.

Sepúlveda Adobe
The Sepúlveda Adobe, a 19th-century ranch house, was built by the Sepúlveda family of California, a prominent Californio family of Southern California, is located within the park.

Films shot at the Fox Ranch
When owned by 20th Century Fox, the park was known as the Fox Ranch, which was a remote backlot for their movie productions for decades. The park was a key filming location for the film M*A*S*H (1970) and the subsequent television series (1972–83). The landscape was particularly seen in the opening credits for the show as helicopters carrying wounded approach the hospital with the recognizable Goat Buttes in the background.

Other television programs that used the park to pass for a post-apocalyptic Earth were Planet of the Apes and the children's program Ark II. This was also a location for Robin Hood: Men in Tights where the Goat Buttes are seen in the background of the final wedding scene. While the park continues to be used for occasional filming, it has been a location in dozens of films, beginning with a number of Tarzan movies:

 Tarzan Escapes (1936), Tarzan's Revenge (1938), Tarzan Finds a Son! (1939)
Blockade (1938)
Full Confession (1939)
How Green Was My Valley (1941)
My Friend Flicka (1943)
Lifeboat  (1944)
Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948)
Viva Zapata! (1952)
Between Heaven and Hell (1956)
The Defiant Ones (1958)
The Second Time Around (1961)
Posse from Hell (1961)
The Sand Pebbles (1966)
Doctor Dolittle (1967)
Planet of the Apes (1968), Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970), Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973)
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969)
Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970)  - concreted lake bed on the ranch was filled with water, and a miniature Ford Island and "Battleship Row" were constructed for the Pearl Harbor Attack scenes.
The Poseidon Adventure (1972) - concreted lake bed on the ranch was filled with water, and used for the miniature ship capsizing scenes.
The Towering Inferno (1974) — concreted lake bed drained, and used for foundation of 70-foot tall miniature exteriors of a fictitious skyscraper.
Logan's Run (1976) - exterior shots involving wilderness areas and ancient highways.
Masters of the Universe (1987)
Tour Of Duty (1987–90)
Pleasantville (1998)
The Hunter's Moon (1999)
Secretary (2002)

Activities
Recreation activities in the park include: horseback riding, bird watching, hiking, mountain biking, rock climbing, fishing, and picnicking. Ranger led programs and hikes are also offered.

The Backbone Trail, a multi-use long-distance trail spanning the Santa Monica Mountains, passes through Malibu Creek State Park. Another long distance trail, the Coastal Slope Trail, is under construction and will pass through the remote southern tip of the park.

See also
List of California state parks

References

External links

Malibu Creek State Park—California State Parks
Malibu Creek State Park—Malibu Creek Docents

State parks of California
Parks in Los Angeles County, California
Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area
Movie ranches
Nature centers in California
Protected areas established in 1974
1974 establishments in California
Calabasas, California
Mulholland Highway
Santa Monica Mountains
Tourist attractions in Malibu, California

Malibu Creek State Park


Çatalköprü, Sakarya ilinin Akyazı ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Sakarya il merkezine 16 km, Akyazı ilçesine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Alt yapı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Akyazı'nın mahalleleri

Çatalköprü, Akyazı


Bulkeley Bandinel ( - ) est un érudit britannique, ecclésiastique et bibliothécaire .

Jeunesse
Il est né dans la paroisse de St Peter-in-the-East, Oxford, fils aîné du révérend Dr James Bandinel de Netherbury et de sa femme, Margaret Dumaresq. Ses ancêtres, originaires d'Italie, se sont installés à Jersey au début du . Son père est le premier de la famille à s'installer en Angleterre . Bulkeley est nommé d'après l'ami de son père, le vicomte Bulkeley de Cashel.

Formé à Reading sous Richard Valpy puis au Winchester College, Bandinel entre au New College d'Oxford en 1800 (BA 1805, MA 1807, BD et DD 1823) et y est Fellow jusqu'en 1813. Il est ordonné prêtre dans l'Église d'Angleterre en 1805.

Carrière
Au cours de la campagne baltique de l'amiral Sir James Saumarez en 1808, Bandinel sert pendant une courte période comme aumônier à bord du HMS Victory. De retour, il s'installe à Oxford et monte dans les rangs de l'Université. À partir de 1810, il est sous-bibliothécaire de la Bibliothèque Bodléienne sous la direction de son parrain John Price et devient bibliothécaire de Bodley en 1813 à la mort de Price, poste qu'il occupe jusqu'à sa propre mort en 1861. Bandinel est doyen du New College et surveillant de l'université en 1814, et délégué de l'University Press à partir de 1813.

Il est également curé à Wytham à proximité à partir de 1816 et à Albury, Oxfordshire, à partir de 1820. En 1822, il est promu au presbytère de l'église St Andrew, Haughton-le-Skerne, autrefois tenue par son beau-frère, Thomas Le Mesurier. Mais Bandinel, occupé à administrer le Bodleian et à payer de sa propre bourse les audacieuses acquisitions de livres et de manuscrits rares, séjourne rarement dans le Nord et la paroisse est dirigée par un vicaire à sa place.

Les collections du Bodleian augmentent considérablement sous sa direction et avec une bonne connaissance des milieux littéraires. Sa patience avec les visiteurs mal informés de la bibliothèque et ses collègues est souvent mince, beaucoup d'invités étant victimes de son tempérament court, mais on dit que sa courtoisie était garantie à toute personne de marque qui souhaitait le consulter. Il est l'un des trois contributeurs de Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica.

Macray dans ses Annals of the Bodleian Library  raconte que Bandinel a démissionné de son poste de bibliothécaire en 1860 "après quarante-sept ans de fonction en qualité de chef, et un total de cinquante de travail à la bibliothèque. A l'âge de soixante-dix-neuf ans, les infirmités naturelles de l'âge le font se sentir par lui-même incapable des devoirs qu'il a si longtemps et si régulièrement remplis ; tandis qu'en même temps la pression sans cesse croissante du travail et les exigences de la Bibliothèque rendent ces tâches beaucoup plus onéreuses qu'elles ne l'ont été un quart de siècle auparavant. Il cède la place à son subordonné, Henry Coxe.

Bandinel épouse Mary Phillips, fille de John Phillips de Culham, Oxfordshire en 1813. Il meurt en 1861 dans sa maison d'Oxford .

Références

Liens externes

Étudiant de New College (Oxford)
Élève de Winchester College
Personnalité liée à Oxford
Bibliothécaire britannique
Décès en février 1861
Naissance en février 1781
Naissance à Oxford
Décès à 79 ans

Bulkeley Bandinel


Akkerhaugen Station (Akkerhaugen stasjon) var en jernbanestation på Sørlandsbanen, der lå i Sauherad kommune i Norge.

Stationen blev oprettet 18. december 1922, da banen blev forlænget fra Nordagutu til Gvarv. Oprindeligt hed den Akkerhaugana, men den skiftede navn til Akkerhaugen 26. juli 1924. Den blev nedgraderet til holdeplads 25. juni 1928 men atter opgraderet til station 15. juni 1952. 25. november 1968 blev den nedgraderet til holdeplads for anden gang og 1. november 1970 til trinbræt. Stationen blev nedlagt 27. maj 1990. Den blev imidlertid genåbnet 31. maj 1992. Betjeningen med persontog ophørte 16. juni 2002, og senere blev stationen nedlagt igen.

Stationsbygningen blev opført efter tegninger af Gudmund Hoel og Jens Flor ved NSB Arkitektkontor. Den er nu solgt fra til private.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Sørlandsbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1922
Ophørt i 2002
Jernbanestationer i Telemark

Akkerhaugen Station


Les Cunninghamellaceae sont une famille de champignons de l'ordre des Mycorales, trouvés dans les sols.

Certaines espèces sont utilisées comme organisme modèle du métabolisme mammalien des xénobiotiques.

Systématique
En 1935, le botaniste soviétique  (1888-1959) crée la famille Cunninghamellaceae toutefois il s'agit d'un nomen nudum. Ce n'est qu'en 1959 que le botaniste et mycologue  (1922-2002) en fait une description valide.

Liste des genres
Selon  :
 genre Absidia Tiegh. 1878
 genre Chlamydoabsidia Hesselt. & J.J. Ellis, 1966
 genre Cunninghamella Matr., 1903 - genre type
 genre Gongronella Ribaldi, 1952
 genre Halteromyces Shipton & Schipper, 1975
 genre Hesseltinella H.P. Upadhyay, 1970

Publications originales
 .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Mucorales
Famille de champignons (nom scientifique)

Cunninghamellaceae


Toledo (Latince: Toletum, Arapça: Tuleytula), İspanya'nın ortasında Kastilya-La Mancha bölgesinin (Comunidad autónoma) merkezi şehir. Madrid'in 80 km güneyinde, üç yanı Tajo Nehriyle çevrili engebeli bir burnun üzerinde yer alır. 2005 nüfusu 75,578'dir. Şehrin Romalılar zamanındaki adı Toletum'dur. Milattan sonraki sekizinci asırdaki Müslüman Arap fethinden sonra şehrin adı Araplarca ve diğer Müslüman milletler tarafından Tuleytula olarak tanındı.

Toledo bugün önemli bir turizm alanına sahiptir. Dış ülkelerden buraya yoğun bir turizm akımı vardır. Toledo'nun tarihi bölümünün de dahil olduğu 40 İspanya eseri UNESCO Dünya Miras Listesi'ne girmiştir.

Tarih
Romalı tarihçi Livius eski bir yerleşme olan Toledo'dan küçük, ama konumu açısından müstahkem bir kent olarak söz eder. Yunan ya da Fenike kökenli olan Toledo, MÖ 193'te Romalı general Marcus Fulvius Nobilior tarafından fethedildi ve Romalılaştı; Toletum adını alan kent, zamanla önemli bir Roma kolonisi ve Carpentia'nın merkezi oldu.

6. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında, 554'e doğru Athanagild buraya yerleşince, Vizigotlar'ın gerçek tinsel başkenti durumuna geldi. Ariusçu Kral Recaredo kentte toplanan bir konsil sırasında Hristiyanlığı benimsedi (589).

711'de Müslüman Araplar'ın eline geçen kent, ayrıcalıklarını Córdoba'ya kaptırdı. Tuleytule olarak anıldığı Magripliler döneminde (712-1085) kentte önemli bir Mustarib (Arapça konuşan Hristiyanlar) topluluğu yaşıyordu. Çok geçmeden, İslama karşı bir direniş ve ulusal bağımsızlık merkezi durumuna geldi ve bu durum kanlı bastırmalara, özellikle 797 bastırmasına yol açtı. 10. yy başında, yaklaşık elli yıl boyunca özerk bir Arap devletine merkezlik etti. Ülkeye egemen olan Emeviler, belediyecilik, kültür ve iktisat alanında (toledo deri ve çelikleri) kentin gelişmesine katkıda bulundular.

11. yüzyılın başında, Córdoba halifesi güçsüzlüğünü belli edince, 1085'te León ve Castilla kralı VI. Alfonso Toledo'yu fethetti. Toledo bu tarihten sonra Kastilya'nın en önemli siyasal ve toplumsal merkezi haline geldi. Aynı dönemde kentte Hristiyan, Arap ve Yahudi kültürleri arasında bir kaynaşma yaşandı. Bunun en iyi örneği X. Alfonso'nun (Akıllı) 13. yüzyılda kurduğu Çevirmenler Okulu'ydu. Özellikle kentin çevirmenler okulu, Arap bilim ve felsefesiyle Yunan felsefesinin bir bölümünün Avrupa'da tanıtılmasını sağladı. Toledo dört yüzyıl boyunca, İber Yarımadası'nın kültür ve din merkezi işlevini sürdürdü. Ancak, 16. yüzyılda Comunero Ayaklanmaları ve bu ayaklanmaları bastırmak için yapılanlar kenti güçten düşürdü. Kral II. Felipe'nin  Madrid'i başkent yapmasından (1560) sonra Toledo'nun önemi azaldı.

Bunun üzerine ve imperial y coronada kenti unvanına karşın, Toledo artık bir sanat kenti ve hayvancılıkla ipek üretimine yönelik geniş bir bölgenin merkezi olmaktan öteye gidemedi. 1803-1813 arasında Fransızlar tarafından işgal edildi. Alcázar de Toledo savunması (22 Temmuz-28 Eylül 1936), İspanya İç Savaşı'nın çarpıcı olgularından biridir.

Gezilecek yerler
Kültürel özellikleriyle İspanya'yı en iyi temsil eden şehir olarak kabul edilen Toledo, ulusal anıt ilan edilmiştir. Engebeli arazi yapısı nedeniyle çoğu yokuş olan dar ve dolambaçlı sokakların hepsi Zocodover Meydanı'nda birleşir. Bazı kesimleri Roma ve Magripliler dönemine ait, Orta Çağdan kalma San Servando Şatosu'nun eteğindeki Alcántara Köprüsü (kuzeydoğu) ile 13. yüzyılın sonlarında inşa edilen San Martin Köprüsü (kuzeybatı) Tajo Nehrinin iki yakasını birbirine bağlar. Kent surlarının bazı bölümleri Vizigotlardan kalmış, ama büyük bölümü Magripliler ya da Hristiyanlar tarafından inşa edilmiştir. Aralarında VI. Alfonso'nun 1085'te şehre girerken kullandığı Eski Bisagra Kapısı'nın (Puerta Vieja de Bisagra) da bulunduğu, değişik dönemlerden kalma kapılar fazla hasar görmemiştir.

Babü'l-Merdum (10. yüzyıl) ve Las Toernerias camileri, Mudéjar üslubundaki (karma İspanyol-İslam mimari tarzı) Santa Maria la Blanca (12. yüzyıl) ve El Tránsito (14. yüzyıl; Sefhardi Müzesi'ni kapsar) sinagogları, gene Mudéjar üslubundaki San Román, Cristo de la Vega, Santiago del Arrabal ve Santo Tomé kiliseleri şehrin İslam etkisi taşıyan önemli tarihsel yapılardandır. Ressam El Greco'nun "Kont Orgaz'ın Gömülmesi" (1568-88) adlı ünlü tablosu Santo Tomé Kilisesi'nin şapelindedir.

İspanyol gotik katedrallerinin en iyi örneği olarak kabul edilen Toledo Katedralinin yapımına 1226'da Kral III. Fernando döneminde başlanmıştır. Kilisenin El Greco, Francisco Goya, Anthony van Dyck, Luis de Morales ve öteki ünlü ressamların tabloların bulunduğu zengin bir müzesi vardır. San Juan de los Reyes Kilisesi Isabel üslubundadır. Bugün bir bölümü müze olan Santa Hermandad Evi (Casa de la Santa Hermandad) de aynı döneme aittir. Hospital de Santa Cruz (16. yy) Arkeoloji ve Güzel Sanatlar Müzesi, kente egemen konumdaki kale ise Ordu Müzesi olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Toledo çeliği, özellikle de kılıçları, MÖ 1. yüzyıldan beri ünlüdür. Kentte büyük bir sailah fabrikasıyla Mudéjar üslubunda metal eşya üreten atölyeler vardı.

Galeri

Kardeş şehirler
  Agen, Fransa
  Aachen, Almanya
  Corpus Christi, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri
  Şam, Suriye
  Guanajuato, Meksika
  Havana, Küba
  Nara, Japonya
  Safed, İsrail
  Toledo, Ohio Amerika Birleşik Devletleri
  Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaristan

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Belediye
 Toledo fotoğrafları

İspanya'daki Dünya Mirasları

Toledo, İspanya


Christian Atsu Twasam (Ada Foah,  10. siječnja 1992. – Antakya, oko 6. veljače 2023.; smrt potvrđena 18. veljače) bio je ganski nogometaš i reprezentativac koji je igrao na poziciji krila. Poginuo je od posljedica potresa koji je zahvatio Tursku i Siriju 6. veljače 2023.

Nogometnu karijeru započeo je u ganskom klubu Feyenoord Fetteh te je u rodnoj državi još igrao za West African Football Academy i Cheetah. Godine 2009. prešao je u Porto te je kasnije bio posuđen portugalskom klubu Rio Ave.

Godine 2013. prešao je iz Porta u Chelsea za 3,5 milijuna funti. S Chelseajem je potpisao petogodišnji ugovor. Bio je igrač Chelseaja do 2017., no nikada nije zaigrao za klub, već je bio posuđen Vitesseu, Evertonu, Bournemouthu, Málagi i Newcastle Unitedu.

Newcastle United otkupio je Atsua od Chelseaja za 6,2 milijuna funti te je Atsu potpisao četverogodišnji ugovor sa svojim novim klubom. Atsu je 2021. postao slobodan igrač nakon isteka ugovora. Potom je postao igračem saudijskog kluba Al-Raed.

Dana 6. rujna 2022. Atsu je s turskim prvoligaškim klubom Hataysporom potpisao jednogodišnji ugovor uz mogućnost produljenja na još jednu godinu. Za Hatayspor je sveukupno odigrao tri ligaške utakmice i jednu u kupu. Dana 5. veljače 2023. Hatayspor je na domaćem terenu igrao ligašku utakmicu protiv Kasımpaşe, a Atsu je u sedmoj minuti sudačke nadoknade postigao gol za konačnih 1:0. To mu je bio jedini gol u dresu Hatayspora.

Idući dan, 6. veljače 2023., potres magnitude 7,8 Mw zahvatio je Tursku i susjednu Siriju. Od posljedica potresa poginulo je preko 50.000 ljudi, uključujući Atsua čije je tijelo pronađeno 18. veljače, dvanaest dana nakon potresa.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Ganski nogometaši
Nogometaši F.C. Porta
Nogometaši Rio Avea
Nogometaši Chelseaja
Nogometaši Evertona
Nogometaši A.F.C. Bournemoutha
Nogometaši Málage
Nogometaši Newcastle Uniteda

Christian Atsu


Die Sprache Spricht - Das Ding Dingt er en dokumentarfilm instrueret af Prami Larsen, Torben Skjødt Jensen efter manuskript af Prami Larsen, Torben Skjødt Jensen.

Handling
'Sproget taler - tingen tinger', Martin Heidegger frit oversat. Tingene tinger på videovandringen gennem MUSEUM EUROPA - en udstilling om udstillingen. Vi vandrer gennem de epokegørende skift i udstillingsprincipperne fra de første samlinger i renæssancen til begyndelsen af dette århundrede. Den europæiske tankegang taler gennem citater fra samme tidsrum.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1993

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Die Sprache Spricht - Das Ding Dingt


Dragan Muharem (Sisak, 29. studenoga 1984.), hrvatski katolički svećenik Subotičke biskupije, novinar i kulturni djelatnik

Životopis
Rođen je u Sisku kao prvi dvoje djece Dragoljuba i Jelene rođ. Vučinac. U Vajskoj završio osnovnu školu. Bio je pitomac sjemeništa "Paulinum". Maturirao na istoimenoj Biskupijskoj klasičnoj gimnaziji 2003. godine. Studirao bogoslovlje u Đakovu i diplomirao 2008. na Katoličkom bogoslovnom fakultetu.  16. studenoga 2008. đakovačkoosječki nadbiskup i metropolit Marin Srakić podijelio mu je red đakonata. U svojstvu đakona obnašao dužnost pomoćnika prefekta u malom sjemeništu "Paulinum" u Subotici, gdje je bio i profesor, počevši od školske godine 2009./2010.

Pripada župi sv. Jurja u Vajskoj. U Subotičkoj je stolnoj bazilici primio sveti red prezbiterata 29. lipnja 2009. godine. Na blagdan apostolskih prvaka Petra i Pavla, za svećenika ga je zaredio u katedrali mons. dr. Ivan Pénzes. Mladu misu služio je u svojoj župi u Vajskoj 25. srpnja.

Predavač je na Teološko-katehetskom institutu i urednik lista "Zvonik". List uređuje od ožujka 2016. godine, naslijedivši na tom mjestu Mirka Štefkovića. Piše za Subotičku Danicu.

2016. godine objavio je svoju prvu knjigu Ispovijest crkvenog pauka. Urednica knjige je Katarina Čeliković. Knjigu je tiskao u nakladi Katoličkog društva za kulturu, povijest i duhovnost Ivan Antunović. Čine ju Muharemovi sabrani uvodnici kao Zvonikovog glavnog i odgovornog urednika.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Subotica.info Ličnosti: Dragan Muharem
Svjetlo vjere  Tekstovi Dragana Muharema
YouTube, Nikola Tumbas, Kanal sajta www.subotica.info  Zvučni zapis promocije knjige Ispovijest crkvenog pauka Datum objavljivanja: 1. ožujka 2016.

Životopisi, Sisak
Životopisi, Subotica
Hrvatski katolički svećenici
Katoličanstvo u Srbiji

Dragan Muharem


An Palmorchis trilobulata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Louis Otho Otto Williams. An Palmorchis trilobulata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Palmorchis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Palmorchis

Palmorchis trilobulata


Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre (n. 1752, Aveyron  – d. 20 septembrie 1804, Saint-Geniez) a fost un renumit naturalist francez care a studiat mai ales vertebratele și a descoperit 25 specii noi de pești, inclusiv rechinul scrumbiilor (Lamna nasus) și tonul cu înotătoare galbene (Thunnus albacares).

Biografie
Abatele Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre a fost preot în comitatul Rouergue și a predat istoria naturală la Rodez.

El a fost unul dintre primii naturaliști francezi care a rupt cu școala Buffon pentru a adopta sistemul de clasificare al lui Linné. A fost unul din autorii enciclopediei intitulate "Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature" (1790-1792) unde a scris capitolele despre mamifere, pești, reptile, insecte, etc. Bonnaterre a descoperit 25 specii de pești.

A fost primul savant care l-a examinat pe Victor, băiatul sălbatic din Aveyron, care trăia în pădure, departe de oameni și a cărui viață a fost ecranizată de François Truffaut în filmul "L'Enfant sauvage".

Note

Bibliografie
  Antoine-Vincent Arnault. Biographie nouvelle des contemporains : ou, Dictionnaire historique et raisonné de tous les hommes qui, depuis la Révolution française, ont acquis de la célèbrité par leurs actions, leurs écrits, leurs erreurs ou leurs crimes, soit en France, soit dans les pays étrangers. Tome troisième. Paris, 1821

Naturaliști francezi
Nașteri în 1752
Decese în 1804
Francezi din secolul al XVIII-lea
Francezi din secolul al XIX-lea

Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre


Haza-Radlitz ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Albert Ludwig von Haza-Radlitz (1798–1872), preußischer Reichstagsabgeordneter
 Gustav von Haza-Radlitz (1795–1852), preußischer Landrat vom Kreis Samter
 Hedwig von Haza-Radlitz (1881–1945), deutsche Schriftstellerin
 Peter Boguslaus von Haza-Radlitz (1770–1817), preußischer Landrat vom Kreis Kröben

Haza-Radlitz bezeichnet ein Adelsgeschlecht; siehe Haza-Radlitz (Adelsgeschlecht)

Siehe auch:
 Haza

Haza-Radlitz


Astragalus aquilanus es una  especie de planta herbácea perteneciente a la familia de las leguminosas. Es originaria de Europa

Distribución y hábitat
Es una planta herbácea perennifolia, originaria de Italia donde se encuentra en la región de los Abruzos en pastizales áridos con orientación sur en los bosques de pinos o en sitios degradados de población de robles. Se presenta en formaciones herbosas secas seminaturales y de  matorral sobre sustratos calcáreos.

Taxonimia
Astragalus aquilanus fue descrita por Bruno Anzalone y publicado en Webbia 24: 726, en el año 1970.
Etimología
Astragalus: nombre genérico derivado del griego clásico άστράγαλος y luego del Latín astrăgălus aplicado ya en la antigüedad, entre otras cosas, a algunas plantas de la familia Fabaceae, debido a la forma cúbica de sus semillas parecidas a un hueso del pie.

aquilanus: epíteto

Referencias

Enlaces externos

aquilanus
Flora de Europa
Plantas descritas por Anzalone

Astragalus aquilanus


NGC 6996 je otvoreni skup u zviježđu Labudu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 6996
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 6996 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 6996  DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 6950 - 6999

6996

NGC 6996


المقاطعة الشرقية  هي واحدة من 18 منطقة إدارية في هونغ كونغ. كان عدد سكانها 587.690 نسمة في عام 2006. للمقاطعة ثاني أعلى عدد سكان في حين أن المقيمين لهم ثالث أعلى متوسط دخل للأسرة من بين المقاطعات الثمانية عشرة.

تقع المقاطعة في الجزء الشمال الشرقي لجزيرة هونغ كونغ، وتشمل مناطق في الجزء الشرقي من كاوسواي باي، تين هاو، تين هاو هيل فورتريس، نورث بوينت، كويري باي، شاو كي وان، هينغ فا تشوين، وتشاي وان.

المنطقة التي كانت في السابق قرى لصيد الأسماك وترسانات لبناء السفن، أصبحت الآن منطقة سكنية مع بعض المناطق الصناعية الكبيرة وعدد من مراكز التسوق.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 مجلس المقاطعة الشرقية

مقاطعات هونغ كونغ
جزيرة هونغ كونغ

المقاطعة الشرقية (هونغ كونغ)


William Henry Gates II (November 30, 1925September 14, 2020), better known as Bill Gates Sr., was an American attorney, philanthropist, and civic leader. He was the founder of the law firm Shidler McBroom & Gates (a predecessor of K&L Gates), and also served as president of both the Seattle King County and Washington State Bar associations. He was the father of Bill Gates, co-founder of Microsoft.

Early life
Gates was born in Bremerton, Washington, in 1925, and was the son of Lillian Elizabeth Rice (1891–1966) and William Henry Gates Jr. (1891–1969), who was himself the son of William Henry Gates, a furniture store owner and gold prospector during the Dawson Gold Rush of 1898  (not to be confused with Bill Gates (frontiersman)). He graduated from Bremerton High School in 1943.

Gates served in the US Army for three years during World War II. He subsequently attended the University of Washington under the G.I. Bill, earning a B.A. in 1949 and a J.D. degree in 1950. While at UW, he was a member of the Chi Psi fraternity.

Career
Gates co-founded the law firm Shidler McBroom & Gates in 1964, which later became a part of Preston Gates & Ellis LLP (PGE). He practiced with the firm until 1998, when it was merged into the firm now known as K&L Gates.

Gates' legal practice focused on corporate, technology and disputes. During his career he served as president of both the Seattle/King County Bar Association and the Washington State Bar Association.

Gates served on the boards of numerous organizations in the Pacific Northwest, including the Greater Seattle Chamber of Commerce, King County United Way and Planned Parenthood. In 1995, he founded the Technology Alliance, whose mission is to expand technology-based employment in Washington.

In 1998, Gates retired from Preston Gates & Ellis. He served for 15 years on the Board of Regents for the University of Washington, and until his death was a co-chair of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which his son Bill and his daughter-in-law Melinda founded. He served as a director for the bulk retail corporation Costco Wholesale from 2003, and was a founding co-chair of the Pacific Health Summit. He served as an Honorary Chair for the World Justice Project. The project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.

Gates co-authored the book Wealth and Our Commonwealth: Why America Should Tax Accumulated Fortunes with Chuck Collins. It is a defense of the policies promoted by the estate tax. He was also the author of the book Showing Up for Life: Thoughts on the Gifts of a Lifetime.

Personal life
In 1951, Gates married Mary Maxwell Gates (née Maxwell) (1929–1994), whom he met at the University of Washington (UW), and they remained married until her death in 1994. They had three children: Kristianne, Bill, and Libby. His two daughters, Kristi Blake and Libby Armintrout, are both active members of the UW community. He was a lifelong supporter of the Washington Huskies college football team.

In 1996, Gates married his second wife Mimi Gardner Gates (b. 1943), who was director of the Seattle Art Museum.

In 2018, it was revealed that Gates was suffering from Alzheimer's disease. He died on September 14, 2020, aged 94, at his beach home on Hood Canal in Washington state. In a tribute, his son said that his "wisdom, generosity, empathy, and humility had a huge influence on people around the world."

Awards and recognition
 Awarded the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award, to acknowledge his business and civic success at least 25 years after earning Eagle Scout rank. 1941.
 President of Seattle–King County Bar Association, 1969–1970
 President of Washington State Bar Association, 1986–1987
 Recipient of University of Washington School of Law Distinguished Alumnus, 1991
 Recipient of American Judicature Society's Herbert Harley Award, 1992
 Served on Board for Judicial Administration, Washington State Supreme Court, 1993–1995
 Served on Board of Regents, University of Washington, 1997–2012
 Inducted into American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2003
 William H. Gates Hall at UW's School of Law was named for him in 2003
 Awarded Washington Medal of Merit, 2009
 Recipient of the ABA Medal (2009), the highest honor in the American legal community
 Recipient of Chi Psi Fraternity's Albert S. Bard Award, 2010, for contributions to the intellectual and cultural life of the community
 Recipient of UW Alumni Association's Alumnus Summa Laude Dignatus (ASLD) Award, 2013

Bill Gerberding, who was UW president from 1979 to 1995, described Gates as "a good man with a big heart [and] generous public spirit", while former Seattle mayor Norman Rice characterized Gates' core values as "social justice and economic opportunity".

References

External links
 Showing Up for Life

1925 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American philanthropists
21st-century American philanthropists
American law firm executives
American nonprofit businesspeople
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation people
Businesspeople from Seattle
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Neurological disease deaths in Washington (state)
Gates family
Lawyers from Seattle
Military personnel from Washington (state)
People from Bremerton, Washington
People from Dearborn, Michigan
Philanthropists from Washington (state)
Regents of the University of Washington
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers
University of Washington School of Law alumni

Bill Gates Sr.


Sezona La Liga 2006./07. je 76. sezona od osnutka. Započinje 27. kolovoza 2006. a završava 17. lipnja 2007. Real Madrid C.F. je osvojila svoj 30. naslov prvaka u povijesti.

Stadioni

Konačna ljestvica

Rezultati

Kolo ljestvica

Trofej Pichichi

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica

Španjolska nogometna natjecanja
Prvoligaška nogometna natjecanja

La Liga 2006./07.


Haiti deltog første gang i olympiske lege under sommer-OL 1900 i Paris, men deltog ikke igen før sommer-OL 1924 i Paris og deltog heller ikke mellem 1936 og 1956. De deltog under sommer-OL 1960 i Rom, men deltog ikke under sommer-OL 1964 i Tokyo eller sommer-OL 1968 i Mexico by. Bortset fra at nationen boykottede sommer-OL 1980 i Moskva, har Haiti deltaget under alle sommerlege fra og med sommer-OL 1972 i München. Haiti har aldrig deltaget i vinterlege.

Medaljeoversigt

Eksterne henvisninger
 Haitis OL-statistik  på Sports-reference.com

OL

Haiti ved OL


Forenzička psihijatrija ili sudska psihijatrija je grana psihijatrije koja se bavi pravnim pitanjima vezanim uz duševne poremećaje. Sudsko psihijatrijski vještaci izrađuju ekspertize tj. provode vještačenja osoba koje zbog duševnih poremećaja dolaze u kontakt s pravnim normama, kaznenog i građanskog prava i u izvanparničnim postupcima. Predstavlja granično znanstveno područje između psihijatrije i prava i dotiče se kriminalistike. Po zahtjevnosti je forenzička psihijatrija sam vrh psihijatrije, jer forenzički psihijatri moraju znati psihijatriju, pravo, život, psihologiju, antropologiju i politiku.

U Republici Hrvatskoj postoje Zavodi za forenzičku psihijatriju, u Zagrebu u Vrapču sa zapadne strane Klinike za psihijatriju Vrapče te u psihijatrijskim bolnicama u Popovači, na Rabu i Ugljanu. U Vrapču su prvi forenzički pacijenti zabilježeni 1882. godine. Hrvatski psihijatrijski forenzičari po kakvoći vještačenja spadaju na svjetski vrh.

Vidi
Prisilna hospitalizacija
Opća psihopatologija
Posebna psihopatologija

Izvori

Literatura
Dragica Kozarić-Kovačić, Mirjana Grubišić-Ilić, Velinka Grozdanić: Forenzička psihijatrija, 2. izdanje, Zagreb: Medicinska naklada, 2005.

Psihijatrija
Pravo
Forenzika

Forenzička psihijatrija


Pedro Amorim (ator)
 Pedro Amorim (futebolista)
 Pedro Amorim (músico)

Desambiguação

Pedro Amorim


An Dimeria agasthyamalayana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Kiran Raj ngan N. Ravi. An Dimeria agasthyamalayana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dimeria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dimeria

Dimeria agasthyamalayana


Igreja Ortodoxa Ucraniana nos EUA (inglês: Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA, ucraniano: Українська православна уСША) é uma jurisdição autogovernada do Patriarcado de Constantinopla nos Estados Unidos da América do Norte. É composta por duas eparquias, governadas por dois bispos, incluindo cerca de 85 paróquias e missões ativas. O atual primaz da Igreja é o Metropolita Antônio. A sede e o consistório da Igreja estão localizados em South Bound Brook, Nova Jersey.

Estrutura
Desde 2018, a Igreja Ortodoxa Ucraniana nos EUA está dividida em duas eparquias:

 Eparquia Oriental (Carolina do Norte, Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, Maryland, Nova Jersey, Nova York, Leste da Pensilvânia, Rhode Island, Virgínia), chefiada pelo Metropolita Antonio ( Nova York, Nova York-Washington D.C.);
 Eparquia Ocidental (Arizona, Califórnia, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Novo México, Oregon, Washington, Wisconsin, Flórida, Geórgia, Ohio, norte do Estado de Nova York, oeste da Pensilvânia), chefiada pelo Arcebispo Daniel (Chicago, Illinois).
 Eparquia Central (extinta), existiu de 1995 até 2012, quando foi extinta devido ao pequeno número de paróquias que ali existiam. A eparquia era chefiada pelo Bispo Antonio (Shcherba), Metropolita de Yerapol, chefe da Igreja Ortodoxa Ucraniana nos EUA e da Igreja Ortodoxa Ucraniana na Diáspora. Os estados centrais e do sudeste pertenciam à eparquia, e a cidade catedral era Parma, embora o bispo diocesano morasse em Pittsburgh (Pensilvânia).

No total, existem cerca de 80 (ou 85) paróquias e um seminário - Seminário Teológico Ortodoxo Ucraniano Santa Sofia em South Bound Brook, Nova Jersey. Muitas paróquias estão fechando, apesar das mudanças nos últimos anos para conduzir a liturgia em inglês e nomear padres convertidos para atrair as missas. Além dos dois hierarcas, o clero é composto por 106 sacerdotes e 15 diáconos. Atualmente, 15 das paróquias não têm pároco ou são atendidas pelo clero em seu decanato.

O consistório, órgão dirigente da Igreja Ortodoxa Ucraniana nos Estados Unidos, está localizado no centro da emigração ucraniana - South Bound Brook, Nova Jersey.

Primazes

 João (Teodoroviche) (1924-1971);
 Mstislav (Skripnik) (1971-1993);
 Constantino (Bagan) (1993-2012);
 Antonio (Shcherba) (2012-).

Referências

Ucranianos
Cristianismo nos Estados Unidos
Patriarcado Ecumênico de Constantinopla
Jurisdições autônomas da Igreja Ortodoxa

Igreja Ortodoxa Ucraniana nos EUA


In dieser Liste werden ehemalige, nicht mehr aktuelle Weltrekorde im Bahnradsport seit 1993 – seit der Aufhebung der Trennung zwischen Amateuren und Profis – aufgelistet. Aktuelle Weltrekorde führt die Liste der Weltrekorde im Bahnradsport auf.

Weltrekorde Frauen

Einzelwettbewerbe

200 Meter (fliegender Start)

500-Meter Zeitfahren

500-Meter (fliegender Start)

3000-Meter-Einerverfolgung

Mannschaftswettbewerbe

500-Meter-Teamsprint

Bis Juni 2020 wurde dieser Wettbewerb bei den Frauen nur mit zwei Sportlerinnen über 500 m durchgeführt, seitdem gehen mit Ausnahme der Olympischen Spiele 2020 wie bei den Männern drei Sportlerinnen über 750 m an den Start.

750-Meter-Teamsprint

3000-Meter-Mannschaftsverfolgung (eingestellt)
Dieser Wettbewerb mit Teams zu je drei Fahrerinnen wurde nach der Saison 2012/2013 eingestellt, als die zu absolvierende Distanz den 4000-Metern des Mannschaftswettbewerbes der Männer angeglichen wurde.

4000-Meter-Mannschaftsverfolgung
Dieser Wettbewerb mit Teams zu je vier Fahrerinnen feierte bei den Bahn-Europameisterschaften 2013 seine Premiere. Die Zeit des siegreichen britischen Quartetts wurde als erster offizieller Weltrekord in dieser Disziplin gewertet.

Weltrekorde Männer

Einzelwettbewerbe

200 Meter (fliegender Start)

500 Meter (fliegender Start)

1000-Meter-Zeitfahren

4000-Meter-Einerverfolgung

Mannschaftswettbewerbe

750 Meter Teamsprint

4000-Meter-Mannschaftsverfolgung

Weltrekorde Juniorinnen

Einzelwettbewerbe

200 Meter (fliegender Start)

500-Meter-Zeitfahren

2000 Meter Einerverfolgung

Mannschaftswettbewerbe

500 Meter Teamsprint
(Diese Disziplin wird seit 2021 mit drei Sportlerinnen über 750 Meter ausgetragen.)

750 Meter Teamsprint

4000-Meter-Mannschaftsverfolgung

3000-Meter-Mannschaftsverfolgung (nicht mehr ausgetragen)

Weltrekorde Junioren

Einzelwettbewerbe

200 Meter (fliegender Start)

1000-Meter-Zeitfahren

3000-Meter-Einerverfolgung

Mannschaftswettbewerbe

750 Meter Teamsprint

4000-Meter-Mannschaftsverfolgung

 Laut UCI-Regeln 3.5.020: "A record beaten the same day shall not be confirmed." ("Ein am selben Tag unterbotener Weltrekord wird nicht bestätigt.")

Weblinks
 Liste historischer Rekorde bei den Frauen (Stand: 3. November 2022)
 Liste historischer Weltrekorde bei den Männern (Stand: 31. Juli 2023)
 Liste historischer Weltrekorde bei den Juniorinnen (Stand: 14. Juni 2022)
 Liste historischer Weltrekorde bei den Junioren (Stand: 21. Juli 2023)

Einzelnachweise

Bahnradsport
Weltrekorde, ehemalige

Liste ehemaliger Weltrekorde im Bahnradsport


Jerry Maren (1920-2018) 98 år. er en Amerikansk skuespiller der er bedst kendt som hans rolle i Film klassikeren The wizard of oz. Hvor han spillede tumlingen der gav Dorothy slikkepinden. Han spillede også i andre film efter Troldmanden far oz som Alene Hjemme' Abernes planet og Dahmer vs. Gacy samt tv-serier som 'Seinfield og 'No Soap Radio'. Men det var faktisk hans tredje filmrolle som kun 18-årig, der gjorde ham verdensberømt i Troldmanden fra oz. I 2013 blev den aldrende Jerry Maren hædret og hyldet, da han fik sin egen flise med sit håndtryk på 'Hollywood Walk of Fame'.

Den personlige ære kom seks år, efter han i 2007 sammen med seks andre tumlinger-skuespillere fra filmen fik en fællesflise på Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Privat var Jerry Maren gift med Elisabeth Maren i 36 år. Hun døde pludseligt i 2011. Den store succes til filmen 'Troldmanden fra Oz' skyldes i høj grad filmens mange populære sange. Den mest berømte sang 'Over the Rainbow' modtog en Oscar for 'bedste sang'. Selve filmen blev også nomineret til flere Oscars, heriblandt i kategorien 'bedste film'. I 1959 blev 'Troldmanden fra Oz' vist på nationalt tv i USA med stor succes. Derefter blev det en årlig tv-tradition at vise filmen. Genudsendelserne betød, at filmen ifølge Library of Congress er en af de mest sete film nogensinde i verden. Den er også ved flere afstemninger blevet blandt de ti bedste film nogensinde.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra USA

Jerry Maren


31451 Joenickell este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
31451 Joenickell este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Grasslands de J. McGaha. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,28 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 5,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 31001-32000
 Centura de asteroizi

Note

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

31451 Joenickell


Barnabé Brisson henviser til:

 Barnabé Brisson (jurist) (1531-1591) – fransk jurist
 Barnabé Brisson (ingeniør) (1777-1828) – fransk ingeniør

Barnabé Brisson


Zygaenosia este un gen de insecte lepidoptere din familia Arctiidae.

Specii

 Zygaenosia abdominalis
 Zygaenosia affinis
 Zygaenosia assimilis
 Zygaenosia basalis
 Zygaenosia cingulata
 Zygaenosia eximia
 Zygaenosia flavibasis
 Zygaenosia flaviceps
 Zygaenosia flaviventris
 Zygaenosia flavoplagiata
 Zygaenosia fuliginosa
 Zygaenosia fumigata
 Zygaenosia fumosa
 Zygaenosia fuscimarginalis
 Zygaenosia immaculata
 Zygaenosia inferna
 Zygaenosia isabella
 Zygaenosia klossi
 Zygaenosia lata
 Zygaenosia medioplaga
 Zygaenosia meeki
 Zygaenosia milnensis
 Zygaenosia nigrescens
 Zygaenosia papua
 Zygaenosia restricta
 Zygaenosia rubiana
 Zygaenosia salomonis
 Zygaenosia subhyalinifascia
 Zygaenosia suffusa
 Zygaenosia tetragona

Referințe

Zygaenosia

Zygaenosia


USS Bastian (CVE-37) (originally AVG-37 and then ACV-37) was a Bogue-class escort aircraft carrier built by Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding of Tacoma, Washington, laid down on 25 August 1942 and launched 15 December 1942. She was transferred to the United Kingdom, under Lend-Lease and commissioned on 4 August 1943 as the Ruler-class escort carrier HMS Trumpeter (D09).

On 4 May 1945 aircraft of 846 Naval Air Squadron flew from Trumpeter to take part in Operation Judgement, an attack on the U-boat depot at Kilbotn, Norway, contributing eight Grumman Avengers and four Grumman Wildcats to a 44-aircraft attack that destroyed several vessels including the depot ship "Black Watch" and U-711.

Trumpeter was returned to United States' custody 6 April 1946, stricken from the Naval Vessel Register 19 June 1946 and sold into merchant service as Alblasserdijk (later renamed Irene Valmas). She was sold for scrap in Spain in 1971.

Design and description
These ships were all larger and had a greater aircraft capacity than all the preceding American built escort carriers. They were also all laid down as escort carriers and not converted merchant ships. All the ships had a complement of 646 men and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . Propulsion was provided a steam turbine, two boilers connected to one shaft giving 9,350 brake horsepower (SHP), which could propel the ship at .

Aircraft facilities were a small combined bridge–flight control on the starboard side, two aircraft lifts  by , one aircraft catapult and nine arrestor wires. Aircraft could be housed in the  by  hangar below the flight deck. Armament comprised: two 4"/50, 5"/38 or 5"/51 Dual Purpose guns in single mounts, sixteen 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns in twin mounts and twenty 20 mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft cannons in single mounts. They had a maximum aircraft capacity of twenty-four aircraft which could be a mixture of Grumman Martlet, Vought F4U Corsair or Hawker Sea Hurricane fighter aircraft and Fairey Swordfish or Grumman Avenger anti-submarine aircraft.

Notes

References

The Attack on 'Black Watch' (Harald Isachsen, Harstad, 2009,  – in Norwegian)

External links

Ships built in Tacoma, Washington
1942 ships

Ruler-class escort carriers

HMS Trumpeter (D09)


Japans herrelandshold i vandpolo repræsenterer Japan i vandpolo på herresiden. Holdet sluttede på fjerdepladsen i den olympiske turnering i 1932.

Kilder

Fodnoter

Herrelandshold i vandpolo
Vandpolo

Japans herrelandshold i vandpolo