La Convention internationale pour la répression du financement du terrorisme est un traité des Nations Unies de 1999 conçu pour criminaliser les actes de financement des actes de terrorisme. La convention vise également à promouvoir la coopération policière et judiciaire pour prévenir, enquêter et punir le financement de tels actes. En octobre 2018, le traité avait été ratifié par 188 États ; en termes d'universalité, il s'agit donc de l'un des traités antiterroristes les plus réussis de l'histoire.

Contenu
L'article 2.1 définit le crime de financement du terrorisme comme l'infraction commise par « toute personne qui, par quelque moyen que ce soit, directement ou indirectement, illicitement et délibérément, fournit ou réunit des fonds dans l'intention de les voir utilisés ou en sachant qu'ils seront utilisés, en tout ou partie, en vue de commettre : a) Un acte qui constitue une infraction au regard et selon la définition de l'un des traités énumérés en annexe ; b) Tout autre acte destiné à tuer ou blesser grièvement un civil, ou toute autre personne qui ne participe pas directement aux hostilités dans une situation de conflit armé, lorsque, par sa nature ou son contexte, cet acte vise à intimider une population ou à contraindre un gouvernement ou une organisation internationale à accomplir ou à s'abstenir d'accomplir un acte quelconque. ».

Les États parties à ce traité s'engagent également à geler et à saisir les fonds destinés à être utilisés pour des activités terroristes et à partager les fonds confisqués avec tous les États parties. De plus, les États parties s'engagent à ne pas utiliser le secret bancaire comme justification pour refuser de coopérer à la répression du financement du terrorisme.

Entrée en vigueur et ratifications
Le traité est entré en vigueur le 10 avril 2002. Il a été ratifiée par 188 États : tous les États membres de l'Organisation des Nations unies sauf huit ainsi que les Îles Cook, le Saint-Siège et Niue. Il n'a pas été ratifié par le Burundi, le Tchad, l'Érythrée, l'Iran, la Somalie, le Soudan du Sud et Tuvalu. Le Burundi et la Somalie ont signé la convention mais ne l'ont pas encore ratifiée.

Impact
En 2017, l'Ukraine a ouvert un dossier contre la Russie pour implication et financement de l'occupation militaire de la République autonome de Crimée et d'une partie du Donbass.

Articles connexes

 Définition du terrorisme
 Législation sur le terrorisme
 Sixième Commission de l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies

Références

Bibliographie

 ASIL, Conventions on the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings and on Financing, 96 American Journal of International Law, 255–258.(2002)
 C.F. Diaz-Paniagua, Negotiating terrorism: The negotiation dynamics of four UN counter-terrorism treaties, 1997–2005, City University of New York (2008).
 Roberto Lavalle, The International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 60 Heidelberg Journal of International Law 491-510 (2000).
 Introductory note by Pierre Klein, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

Liens externes
 Texte en français
 Texte de 1999 (en anglais).
 Etat des ratifications.

1999 dans l'État de New York
Traité signé par la Zambie
Traité signé par le Viêt Nam
Traité signé par le Venezuela
Traité signé par l'Uruguay
Traité signé par les États-Unis
Traité signé par le Royaume-Uni
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Traité signé par l'Ukraine
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Traité signé par la Tunisie
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Traité signé par la Syrie
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Traité signé par le Sri Lanka
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Traité signé par Singapour
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Traité du Pérou
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Traité entré en application en 2002
Traité signé en 1999
Traité des Nations unies
Traité de droit pénal international


Halliburton Energy Services (Halliburton Enerji Hizmetleri), merkezi Houston, Teksas'ta bulunan çok uluslu bir şirkettir. 95.000'den fazla çalışanı olup gelirleri 20 milyar doları aşan şirket teknik ürünler, petrol ve gaz bulunması, çıkarılması ve üretiminin sağlandığı Enerji Hizmet Grubu (Energy Services Group) ve rafineriler, petrol tesisleri, boru hatları ve kimyasal tesislerin kurulmasıyla uğraşan Kellogg Brown & Root olarak iki alanda etkinlik gösterir.

Tartışmalar

Irak'a savaş açmasını emrettiği birçok basın kuruluşu, demokrat parti ve uluslararası mercilerce iddia edilen ve bu doğrultuda yeni bir Watergate Skandalı gözüyle bakılan şirketin, Amerikan ordusu ve devletiyle olan ilişkileri Vietnam Savaşı sırasında, Vietnam'da askeri üs, hava alanları, yol vb. inşaatına dayanmaktadır.

Şirketin eski bir uzmanı olan Marie de Young'ın BBC'yle yaptığı görüşmede, "Halliburton'a, sözleşme kapsamında, yerine getirmediği hizmetler için ödeme yapıldı mı sorusuna yanıtı ise şöyle:

Rutin. Bunun rutin olarak yapıldığını söyleyebilirim. Soruyorum, eğer ortada fatura yoksa, niçin ödeme yapıyorsunuz? Niçin ödeme yapılması konusunda talimat veriyorsunuz? Niçin, sözleşmenin son muhatabıyla, hizmetten faydalananla, temas kurmuyorsunuz? Irak'ta faaliyet gösteren şirketlerin de, hükûmeti kazıklamaya çalıştıklarını kabul ediyorum. Onlar, çürümüş bir sistem içinde çalışıyorlardı. Bu işin bürokrasisi, kontrolden çıkmıştı.

George H. W. Bush seçimleri Bill Clinton karşısında kaybettiğinde, dönemin savunma bakanı Dick Cheney muhafazakârlara Clinton'u 2 seçimde de yenemeyeceğini söyleyerek siyaset perdesinden ayrılarak Halliburton şirketinde 1995 yılında yönetim kurulu başkanı oldu.

2000 yılında Dick Cheney'nin tekrar George W. Bush'un başkan yardımcısı olarak siyaset perdesine geri döndü. 5 yıldır Halliburton'un yönetim kurulu başkanlığını yapan, yerine de David J. Lesar gibi dostane bir ismi getiren Dick Cheney'nin Halliburton'da çalıştığı bu 5 yıl içerisinde 100 milyon dolara yakın maaş ve bonus aldığı ortaya çıkartılmıştı. İşin ilginç kısmı, 2001 yılında Dick Cheney hala Halliburton'dan maaş alıyordu. (Ted Koppel - Nightline)

2001 yılında George W. Bush seçildikten birkaç ay sonra, Dick Cheney Halliburton şirketiyle Amerikan Devleti arasında Irak'ta verilecek hizmetler üzerine anlaşma imzaladı. (Bu anlaşma 11 Eylül saldırılarından  önce imzalandı)

2001, 2002 ve 2003 yıllarında Dick Cheney şirkette yönetici konumunda gözükmemesine rağmen; kendisinin, eşinin ve çocuklarının hesaplarına milyonlarca dolarlık para transferi yaptığı Irak savaşının 3. ayında ortaya çıktı.  Sunulan tepkilere rağmen, gidişat değişmedi bu vesile ile demokratların Başkan'ı yargılama önerisi Amerikan Supreme Court'u tarafından reddedildi. (Bilindiği üzere Supreme Court'taki üyelerin büyük bir çoğunluğu baba Bush ve oğul Bush döneminde bu mevkiye getirildiler)

Demokrat Parti bu konuda uzun bir süredir soruşturmalar açmaya çalışıyor, ancak bu konuda Supreme Court'un ve "gizli güçlerin" engellerine maruz kalıyorlar.

Demokrat Parti adayları 2005 yılı başkanlık seçimleri vaatleri arasında; Halliburton şirketinin tüm üst düzey yöneticilerinin yargılanacağı vadediliyor. Bu konuda Joe Lieberman bundan altı ay önce önce verilmesi gereken kararların Bush yönetiminde verilemediğini, Demokrat Parti'yi kim temsil ederse temsil etsin; meclise girmeleri hâlinde bu konuda soruşturma başlatacaklarını Daily Show programında öne sürdü. Halliburton konusu, tüm Demokrat Parti başkan adaylarının seçim propagandalarında oldukça sık bahsettiği bir konu idi. (Örn : John Kerry - )

Demokratlar en son olarak 31 Aralık 2003 tarihinde, Kaliforniya ve Michigan kongre üyelerinin de katılımıyla tekrar bir soruşturma önergesi hazırladılar.  (Democrats call Halliburton probe)

Newsweek dergisinde bu konuda "The United States of Halliburton" (Halliburton Birleşik Devletleri) başlıklı bir yazı yayımlanmıştır. Yazı, Halliburton'un Vietnam Savaşı'ndan bugüne kadar yaptıklarının sadece Irak'taki petrol savaşı ile sınırlı kalmadığını; Muhafazakâr Parti'nin yönetiminden tutun, Eyalet valilerini yönetmeye kadar birçok dalda Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ni yönettiğine değin çok önemli kanıtlar sundu.

Kaynakça

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri merkezli enerji şirketleri
Dick Cheney
George W. Bush'un başkanlığı
Oklahoma'da kurulan oluşumlar
1919'da Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde kurulan oluşumlar
1919'da kurulan şirketler
Oklahoma merkezli şirketler
Teksas merkezli şirketler

Halliburton


Hans-Jürgen Jacobi (* 26. Juli 1950 in Bad Langensalza) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Kugelstoßer und Diskuswerfer, der für die DDR startete.

Bei den Olympischen Spielen 1980 in Moskau wurde er Sechster im Kugelstoßen. 1979 und 1980 wurde er DDR-Vizemeister im Kugelstoßen, 1979 außerdem im Diskuswurf. 1982 wurde er DDR-Hallenmeister im Kugelstoßen.

Hans-Jürgen Jacobi startete für den SC Turbine Erfurt.

Persönliche Bestleistungen

 Kugelstoßen: 21,25 m, 16. Juli 1980, Cottbus
 Halle: 20,20 m, 20. Februar 1982, Budapest
 Diskuswurf: 65,54 m, 5. Juni 1976, Ostrava

Weblinks

Kugelstoßer (Deutschland)
Diskuswerfer (Deutschland)
Leichtathlet (DDR)
Olympiateilnehmer (DDR)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1980
Mann
Geboren 1950
Deutscher
DDR-Bürger

Hans-Jürgen Jacobi


A Vite-vite-pequeno (Pachysylvia decurtata) é uma  ave passeriforme da família vireo. Produz do nordeste do México ao sul do Equador ocidental.

Esta é uma espécie comum de planícies e sopés até  de altitude, onde habita a copa e bordas da floresta, e as copas das árvores em áreas de segundo crescimento ou semiabertas. O ninho é uma xícara profunda de folhas mortas e teias de aranha presas pela borda aos galhos  no alto de uma árvore. A embreagem normal é de dois ovos brancos marrons.

O Vite-vite-pequeno adulto é  de comprimento e pesa  . Tem partes superiores verde-oliva e uma cabeça cinza pálido com um anel de olho branco. As partes inferiores são brancas com um tom amarelo no peito e um pouco de azeitona nos flancos. As aves jovens são mais opacas e marrons na parte superior e têm um tom amarelado nas laterais da cabeça e do peito.

Existem duas raças. Nomear H. d. decurtatus que se reproduz do centro do Panamá para o sul tem uma coroa verde na cabeça e H. d. minor ocupa a parte norte do alcance do pássaro. A última subespécie recebeu anteriormente o status de espécie como Greenlet coroado de cinza (H. minor), mas as duas formas cruzam extensivamente no centro do Panamá e agora são consideradas coespecíficas.

Aves descritas em 1838
Aves da América Central
Espécies pouco preocupantes

Vite-vite-pequeno


Mustafa Hulki Cevizoğlu (d. 1 Mayıs 1958, Tirebolu), Türk gazeteci, yazar, televizyon programcısı ve 28. Dönem Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi İstanbul milletvekilidir.

Hayatı
Aslen Tirebolu kökenli olan Cevizoğlu, kendisi ile özdeşleşen Ceviz Kabuğu programı ile birçok ödüle layık görülmüştür.

1980 yılında Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesinde 'Siyaset Bilimi' lisansı ve ardından 'İşletmecilik' yüksek lisansını tamamladı. 2019 yılında Maltepe Üniversitesi'nde Sosyoloji doktorasını tamamladı. 1981 yılında gazeteciliğe başladığı Hürriyette aralıksız 8 yıl çalıştıktan sonra çeşitli basın kuruluşlarında muhabir ve yönetici olarak görev yaptı. 1994 yılında başladığı Ceviz Kabuğu programına 2 yıllık zorunlu ara vermiştir. Ardından Karadeniz TV'de tekrar başlayan program Ulusal Kanal ve Halk TV'de devam etti. 2020 yılında, Ceviz Kabuğu programının  yeni yayın döneminde Halk TV'de devam etmeyeceğini açıkladı. Yeniçağ gazetesinde köşe yazarlığı yapmıştır. Başkent Üniversitesi'nde  Sosyoloji bölümünde Sosyal ve Kültürel Antropoloji dersi vermiştir.

Kişisel hayatı
Doç. Dr. Hulki Cevizoğlu evli ve bir çocuk babasıdır.

Siyasi kariyeri
22 Temmuz 2007 Türkiye genel seçimlerinde Ankara 1. Bölge'den bağımsız milletvekili adayı olmuş fakat seçilememiştir.. 23 Kasım 2009 tarihinde Demokratik Sol Halk Partisi (DSHP) kurucu genel başkanı oldu, ancak görevinden 39 gün sonra 13 Ocak 2010'da istifa etti.

Hulki Cevizoğlu, 2011 Türkiye genel seçimlerinde Ankara 1. Bölge'den bağımsız milletvekili adayı oldu. Cevizoğlu, bu seçimlerde adaylık için önce CHP'ye başvurmuş ancak listeye alınmamıştı. Haziran 2015 genel seçimlerinde ise Vatan Partisi'nden İzmir 1. Bölge'den milletvekili adayı oldu. Mayıs 2023 genel seçimlerinde Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi tarafından 28. dönem parlamento seçimlerinde İstanbul 1. Bölge'den milletvekili adayı olarak gösterildi.
2023 genel seçiminde AK Parti'den İstanbul 1. Bölge'den milletvekili seçilmiştir.

Ödülleri
Verilen ödüller arasında Hulki Cevizoğlu'nun kabul ettiği bazı ödüller:
 En İyi Gazeteci Ödülü (Rumeli Dernekleri Federasyonu, Best of Rumeli ödülleri) - 2019
 TV Haber Programı Dalında "Yılın Yıldızı" (Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi-2006)
 Yılın İlkeli ve Onurlu Gazetecisi Ödülü (Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi.-2005)
 En İyi Tartışma Programı Ödülü (Kabataş Erkek Lisesi)
 2005 Yılı Televizyon Program Yapımcısı Ödülü (Türk Ocakları Tekirdağ Şb.-2005)
 En Başarılı Tartışma Programı Ödülü (Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi-2005)
 Mülkiyeliler Onur Ödülü (A. Üni. SBF.-2005); Yılın Köşe Yazarı (İnönü Üniversitesi-2005)
 Toplumsal Sorumluluk Medya Başarı Ödülü (Fırat Üniversitesi-2005)
 Yılın Kemalist TV. Programı (Uluslararası Kıbrıs Üniversitesi-2005)
 Yılın En İyi Tartışma Programı (Özel Radyo ve Televizyon Yayıncıları Derneği-2005)
 Yılın Kuvacısı (internetajans.com-2004)
 En Başarılı Ulusal Tartışma Programı (Türkiye Kamu-Sen Giresun Şb.-2004)
 Yılın Tartışma Programı (İstek Bilge Kağan Okulları-2004)
 Tv Haber Programı Dalında Yılın Sembolü (Özel Sembol İ.Ö.O.-2004)
 İlkeli Gazeteci Ödülü (Sivas Cumhuriyet Üni. Atatürkçü Düşünce ve Türk Dili Toplulukları-2004)
 En İyi Tartışma Programı (KKTC Girne Amerikan Üni.-2004)
 En Beğenilen Tartışma Programı (Maltepe Üniversitesi-2004); En İyi Tartışma Programcısı (Türk Ocakları Trabzon Şb.-2004)
 En İyi Tartışma Programcısı (13 İletişim Fakültesi Dekanının Özel Ödülü-2004) (Türkiye'de İlk)
 En İyi Tartışma Programı (Polis Akademisi-2004)
 En İyi Tartışma Programı (Uludağ Üniversitesi Uluslararası İlişkiler Topluluğu-2004)
 Yılın Atatürkçüsü (Atatürkçü Düşünce Derneği, D. Şb.-2004)
 Yılın TV Programı (Niğde Üniversitesi-2004)
 Yılın Tartışma Programı (Türk Eğitim-Sen-2004)
 Yılın En İyi Tartışma Programı (Özel Radyo ve Televizyon Yayıncıları Derneği-2004)
 En Beğenilen TV. Program Yapımcısı (Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi. İşletme ve Ekonomi Kulübü-2003)
 Yılın Tartışma Programı (İstanbul Üniversitesi. Diplomasi Kulübü-2003)
 En İyi Haber Programcısı (Gazi Üniversitesi Uluslararası İlişkiler Araştırma Topluluğu-2003)
 Ulusal Televizyon Açık Oturum ve Söyleşi dalında 2002 Yılının En Başarılı İletişimcisi (Selçuk Üniversitesi. İletişim Fakültesi-2003)
 Basın Onur Ödülü (Cumhuriyetçi Gençlik Platformu-2003)
 Ziyad Nemli Büyük Ödülü (Trabzon Gazeteciler Cemiyeti-2003)
 Türk Dünyası'na Hizmet Ödülü (Türk Dünyası Yazarlar ve Sanatçılar Vakfı-TÜRKSAV-2003)
 En Çok İzlenen Tartışma Programı (H.Ü. Bes. ve Diy. Kulübü-2002)
 En Beğenilen TV Program Yapımcısı (B.Ü. İşletme ve Ekonomi Kulübü-2002)
 Yılın En İyi Araştırma Programı (İ.Ü. Bilgisayar Kulübü-2002)
 Açık Oturum Dalında 2001 Yılının En Başarılı İletişimcisi (Selçuk Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi-2002)
 2002 Karaman Türk Dili Ödülü (Karaman Valiliği-2002)
 En İyi Haber ve Tartışma Programı (A.Ü. Hukuk Fakültesi Birleşik Hukukçular Kulübü-2002)
 Medyanın En İyileri, 2001 Yılı En İyi Tartışma Programı (Özel Radyo ve Televizyon Yayıncıları Derneği-2002)
 En Beğenilen Tartışma Programı (Marmara Üniversitesi. İletişim Fakültesi-2001)
 Araştırma dalında 2000 Yılının Bilişimcisi (İ.Ü. Bilgisayar Kulübü-2001)
 Başarı Ödülü (Aydın Gaz.Cem.-2001); Türk Kültürüne ve Sosyal Hayatına Hizmet Eden TV Prog. Ödülü (Türk Ocakları-2000)
 Televizyon Söyleşi dalında 1999'un Başarılı İletişimcisi (İ.Ü. İletişim Fakültesi-1999)
 Gazetecilik dalında Yılın Altın Adamı Ödülü (Anadolu Basın Birliği-1999)
 Televizyon Söyleşi dalında 1998'in Başarılı İletişimcisi (İ.Ü.İletişim Fakültesi-1998)
 1998 Sedat Simavi Televizyon Ödülü (Türkiye Gazeteciler Cemiyeti-1999)
 Medyada Hoşgörü Ödülü (Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi-1998)
 Televizyon Söyleşi dalında 1997'nin Başarılı İletişimcisi (İ.Ü. İletişim Fakültesi-1997)
 Yılın Gazetecisi (Gazeteciler Cemiyeti-1997) (Tüm Medya içinde yalnızca tek kişiye verilen ödül)
 Jüri Özel Ödülü (Doğu Anadolu Gazeteciler Cemiyeti.-1997)
 TV Tartışma dalında Yılın Televizyoncusu (T.Yazarlar Birliği-1997)
 Cengiz Polatkan Ödülü (RTGD-1997)
 Haber dalında Yılın Gazetecisi (ÇGD-1987); Haber dalında Yılın Gazetecisi (Çağdaş Gazeteciler Derneği-1986)

Kitapları
 Compositio (Sosyoloji, Psikoloji, Din Felsefesi ve Astronomi Üzerine) (2017)
 Kod Adı:68 (2008)
 İşgal ve Direniş - 1919 ve Bugün (2007)
 Ya Sev, Ya Sevr (Bir Gafletin Büyümesi) (2006)
 Masonluk ve Rotaryenlik (2005)
 Ey Türk İstikbâlinin Evlâdı! (2005)
 Bütün Kaleler Zaptedilmedi (Attilâ İlhan'la Birkaç Saat) (1. Baskı Mart 2004)
 Tarih Türkler'de Başlar (1. Baskı Eylül 2002)
 Türk Olmak (2005)
 Vatikan (Batı'dan Gelen Tehlike) (2005)
 Misyonerlik ve Siyasal Hıristiyanlık (2005)
 Türkiye ve Türkçe Üzerine Oynanan Oyunlar (2004)
 Uzaylılardan Vahiyler! (2003)
 Taze Yazı Kokusu (2003)
 Amerika'nın Körfez Savaşı (2003)
 Altın ve Suikast (Bergama ve Alman Vakıfları Olayı) (2003)
 28 Şubat: Bir Hükümet Nasıl Devrildi? (2003)
 Kuran Şifrecilerine Cevaplar Edip Yüksel (2002)
 Türkçe İbadet (2002)
 Sözümün Özü (Oğulcan Cevizoğlu'nun Resimleriyle) (2002)
 Yaşar Nuri Öztürk'e Soruyorum (2002)
 Yakın Zamanlar Tarihi (2001)
 Generalinden 28 Şubat İtirafı: "Postmodern Darbe" (2001)
 Eşekli Kütüphaneci (2000)
 Nurculuk (1999)
 Lider Troyka (1999)
 Özelleştirme (1998)
 Yaşar Nuri Öztürk (1998)
 Vicdanımızı Yastık Yapıp Yatıyoruz (1998)
 Şeyhler, Müritler ve Yalancı Peygamberler (1997)
 Dünü Bugünü ile 68'liler (1997)
 Ceviz Kabuğu (1996)
 Misyon (1987)

Çalıştığı gazeteler
 1981-1989: Hürriyet
 ?-?: Sabah
 ?-?: Yeniçağ

Çalıştığı TV Kanalları
 1994-1995: HBB
 1995-1999: Kanal 6
 1999-2000: Show TV
 2000-2001: Kanal 6
 2001-2003: atv
 2004: Star TV
 2004-2005: Flash TV
 2005-2008: Kanaltürk
 2008-2011: Avrasya TV
 2012-2013: Karadeniz TV
 2013-2014: Kanal Sokak
 2013-2016: Ulusal Kanal
 2019: Tele1
 2019-2020: Halk TV
 2020-2022: BBN Türk

Kaynakça ve notlar

Dış bağlantılar

 Ceviz Kabuğu programının sayfası
 Popüler Bilim dergisi sayfası
 Yeniçağ Gazetesi sayfası

1958 doğumlular
Giresun doğumlu siyasetçiler
Yaşayan insanlar
20. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
21. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Demokratik Sol Halk Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
Vatan Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Türk televizyoncular
Sedat Simavi Ödülü sahipleri
TBMM 28. dönem İstanbul milletvekilleri
Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
TBMM Anayasa Komisyonu
TBMM Millî Eğitim, Kültür, Gençlik ve Spor Komisyonu
21. yüzyıl Türk siyasetçileri
İstanbul milletvekilleri

Hulki Cevizoğlu


Hablitzieae, maleni tribus zeljastog bilja iz porodice Amaranthaceae, koji se sastoji od četiri geografski raspršene vrste smještena svaka u svoj rod. Tipični je Hablitzia iz Turske, Kavkaza i Irana. Ostale vrste rastu po Sjevernoj Americi, Africi i Europi.

Rodovi
 Aphanisma Nutt. ex Moq., 1; Kalifornija, Meksiko
 Hablitzia M.Bieb., 1
 Oreobliton Durieu & Moq., 1; Alžir, Tunis
 Patellifolia A.J.Scott, Ford-Lloyd & J.T.Williams, 1; Španjolska, Sicilija, sjeverna Afrika

Izvori

Betoideae

Hablitzieae


Sterup; Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı bölge. 17,14 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1442 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Wolfgang Rupp tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-steinbergkirche.de

Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Sterup


Campionatul Mondial de Scrimă din 1949 s-a desfășurat pentru prima dată în afara Europei, în acest caz la Cairo în Egipt. Proba de floretă pe echipe nu s-a jucat.

Rezultate

Masculin

Feminin

Clasament pe medalii

1949
1949 în sport

Campionatul Mondial de Scrimă din 1949


Yuya Nakasaka (født 8. maj 1997) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Vissel Kobe.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yuya Nakasaka


Denumirea Vlahovo privește:
 Vlahovo, Slovacia (scris Vlachovo în limba slovacă, Oláhpatak în maghiară și Lambsdorf în germană), sat din regiunea Cașoviei, ocolul Rojniavei (okres Rožňava).
 Vlahovo, Smolean, sat din comuna Smolean, regiunea Smolean, Bulgaria.

Etimologia este legată de drumurile de transhumanță ale vlahilor.

Note

Nume proprii

Vlahovo (dezambiguizare)


Andetkammer er enhed et tokammersystem og kan henvise til:

 Andra kammaren - underhuset i den svenske Riksdagen mellem 1866 og 1970
 Andet kammer (Bayern) - Bayersk underhus
 Andet kammer (Preussen) - Preusisk underhus
 Tweede Kamer - Nederlandsk underhus
 Underhuset - House of Commons i det britiske parlament.

Andetkammer


Rhodolaena es un género de árboles de la familia Sarcolaenaceae.  El género tiene siete especies nativas de  Madagascar.

Especies
Rhodolaena acutifolia Baker
Rhodolaena altivola Thouars
Rhodolaena bakeriana Baill.
Rhodolaena coriacea G.E.Schatz, Lowry & A.-E.Wolf
Rhodolaena humblotii Baill.
Rhodolaena leroyana G.E.Schatz, Lowry & A.-E.Wolf
Rhodolaena macrocarpa G.E.Schatz, Lowry & A.-E.Wolf

Referencias

Sarcolaenaceae

Rhodolaena


Crosley was a small, independent American manufacturer of subcompact cars, bordering on microcars. At first called the Crosley Corporation and later Crosley Motors Incorporated, the Cincinnati, Ohio, firm was active from 1939 to 1952, interrupted by World War II production. Their station wagons were the most popular model, but also offered were sedans, pickups, convertibles, a sports car, and even a tiny jeep-like vehicle. For export, the cars were badged Crosmobile.

Crosley introduced several "firsts" in American automotive history, including the first affordable, mass-market car with an overhead camshaft engine in 1946; the first use of the term 'Sport(s-) Utility' in 1947, for a 1948 model year convertible wagon; and the first American cars to be fitted with 4-wheel caliper type disc brakes, as well as America's first post-war sports car, the Hotshot, in the 1949 model year.

All of Crosley's models were lightweight () body-on-frame cars with rigid axles front and rear, and engines with less than  displacement. With exception of the late introduced Hotshot and Farm-O-Road models, the vast majority of all Crosleys were built on an  wheelbase, and with leaf-springs.

History

Powel Crosley Jr. made his fortune in the automotive parts and accessories business, before diversifying into manufacturing other consumer products and Crosley automobiles in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1925 his company became the largest manufacturer of radios in the world. The financial success of his manufacturing and radio broadcasting businesses provided the funds for Crosley to pursue his lifelong interest in manufacturing automobiles. He introduced the first Crosley compact car in 1939.

During World War II the Crosley company discontinued civilian automobile manufacturing and began production of war-time materials, including development of experimental vehicles. In 1946 Crosley resumed production of compact and subcompact vehicles at its facility in Marion, Indiana, in addition to introducing new models and innovations to its offerings. After gas rationing was discontinued and the Big Three car makers began producing larger cars, consumer interest in Crosley's compact cars declined. The last Crosley car rolled off the assembly line on July 3, 1952, and the company focused on its other, more successful business ventures.

Developer and company founder

Industrialist Powel Crosley Jr. of Cincinnati, Ohio, owner of Crosley Broadcasting Corporation and the Cincinnati Reds baseball team, among other business interests, had ambitious plans to build subcompact cars. Crosley had built his first automobile at the age of twelve, and in 1907, at the age of twenty-one, formed Marathon Six Automotive in Connersville, Indiana. Crosley built a prototype of the "Marathon Six," a six-cylinder automobile priced at US$1,700, which was at the low end of the luxury car market, but failed to fund its production.

After working for several auto manufacturers in Indianapolis and Muncie, Indiana, and  several more failed attempts to manufacture his own cars, including a cycle car model, Crosley found success in manufacturing automobile accessories as cofounder with Ira J. Cooper of the American Automobile Accessory Company in 1916, and bought out Cooper's interest in the company. By 1919, Crosley and his younger brother and business partner, Lewis M. Crosley, had sold more than $1 million in parts and were diversifying into other consumer products.

Crosley increased his fortune in the 1920s and 1930s by developing, manufacturing, and selling inexpensive radios, such as the "Harko", the Crosley "Pup" and the "Roamio" models. The Crosley Radio Corporation became the world's largest radio manufacturer in 1925. It expanded operations at Camp Washington, a Cincinnati neighborhood, and began commercial radio broadcasting with WLW radio, considered "the Nation's Station." Crosley's company also introduced new consumer products and home appliances in the 1930s, including the "Shelvador," a refrigerator that had shelves in the doors, and other product innovations. The wealth that Crosley amassed from sales of these products provided the funds to diversify into other areas, including automobile manufacturing.

First Crosley automobiles
Beginning in the late 1930s Crosley developed low-priced compact cars and other pint-size vehicles. The first experimental prototype of the Crosley car was the 1937 CRAD (for Crosley Radio Auto Division) that had an  rear track. With the assistance of his brother, Lewis, a graduate engineer, Crosley also designed assembly plants for his manufacturing operations at Richmond and Marion, Indiana.

On April 28, 1939, the first Crosley production car debuted at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway to mixed reviews. It was a two-door convertible that weighed under . Initially offered at US$325 for a two-passenger coupe or $350 for a four-passenger sedan, the Crosley cars were cheaper than the nearest competition, the American Austin Car Company's American Bantam, which sold for $449 to $565.

The Crosley car's chassis had an  wheelbase and used beam axles with leaf-springs (half-elliptic springs in front, and quarter-elliptic springs in the rear). Under the hood, a four-gallon, gravity-fed gas-tank mounted above the motor made it possible for the car to operate without a fuel pump. The engine was a small, air-cooled Waukesha two-cylinder boxer, much like that of the Citroen 2CV, and had a fan as an integral part of the flywheel. The engine was connected to a three-speed transmission that provided power directly via a torque tube to the rear axle, eliminating the need for joints. This arrangement was judged unreliable, and conventional universal joints were fitted starting in 1941.

Production for 1939 was 2,017 units; however, only 422 cars were built in 1940. For 1941 a range of new, body-style variations of the  wide car were introduced to expand the line-up: a station wagon, two panel vans (one called the "Parkway Delivery" had no front cabin roof), and a pick-up truck and "Covered Wagon" model that could convert into a truck by means of a removable back seat and detachable soft-top over the rear section. Crosley built nearly 2,300 cars in 1941. When the company introduced its first metal-topped model, the "Liberty Sedan," for 1942, pricing across the model range was $299 to $450.

During World War II, the Crosley car became attractive due to gasoline rationing and the car's fuel efficiency, an estimated  at speeds of up to fifty miles per hour. Crosley was the last company to cease production of civilian vehicles in 1942, after building another 1,000 units that year. When the onset of war ended all automobile production in the United States in 1942, Crosley had produced a total of 5,757 cars. During the pre-war years the Crosley company operated manufacturing plants in Camp Washington, Ohio; Richmond, Indiana; and Marion, Indiana. The Crosley factories were converted to wartime production during the war.

War-time production

The Crosley Corporation was involved in war production planning before December 1941, and like the rest of American industry, it focused on manufacturing war-related products during the war years. The company made a variety of products, ranging from proximity fuzes, radio transceivers, field kitchens, and quarter-ton trailers, to gun turrets, among other items. Powered gun turrets for PT boats and B-24 and B-29 bombers were the company's largest contract.

Crosley also produced a number of experimental vehicles during the war for the U.S. government. Crosley's auto manufacturing division, CRAD, in Richmond, Indiana, produced experimental motorcycles, tricycles, four-wheel-drive military light utility vehicles, a self-propelled gun, and continuous track vehicles, some of which were amphibious models. All of these military prototypes were powered by the 2-cylinder boxer engine that powered the original Crosley automobiles. Crosley had nearly 5,000 of the engines on hand when auto production ceased in 1942, and hoped to put them to use in war-time production of miniature vehicles.

One vehicle prototype was the 1942–1943 Crosley CT-3 "Pup," a lightweight, single-passenger, four-wheel-drive vehicle that was transportable and air-droppable from a C-47 Skytrain. Six of the , 2-cylinder Pups were deployed overseas after undergoing tests at Fort Benning, Georgia, but the project was discontinued due to several weak components. Seven of 36 Pups built are known to survive.

Post-war continuation; notable innovations
In the post-war period, Crosley introduced several "firsts" in the American automobile industry, including:
 first mass-produced slab-sided / ponton-style car, the model 'CC', introduced in 1946, together with the Frazer / Kaiser of the same year.
 first mass-production overhead camshaft engine, the CoBra (for Copper Brazed), carried over from military production, also starting in the 1946 model CC,
 first use of the term 'Sport(s-) Utility' in 1947, for the 1948 model year (albeit for an open model based on the wagon, not a wagon on a truck chassis),
 first American cars to be fitted with 4-wheel caliper type disc brakes, for the 1949 model year only  — (the Chrysler Imperial introduced four-wheel disc brakes as standard equipment on Crown Imperials for the 1949 model year, but they were not of the caliper type), and
 first American post-war volume production sports car, the Hotshot, also in the 1949 model year.

In 1950 Crosley brought the Farm-O-Road model, a  wheelbase utility vehicle, decades ahead of the John Deere Gator and other small Utility vehicles. From 1950 onwards, Crosley's main models gained roll-down instead of sliding side windows.

Crosmobile
Crosleys were built under the Crosmobile marque for overseas export. Crosmobiles were simply badge-engineered Crosleys, and were identical to standard Crosley models except for having Crosmobile-lettered hood and rear badges and hubcaps and instrument-cluster demarcations. The purpose of differentiating the exported Crosleys was to avoid confusion or conflict with Great Britain's non-related Crossley marque. Crosmobiles not only made it to Europe, but also elsewhere, including Cuba.

Post-war production and demise
Post-war production began with 4,999 vehicles in 1946, and increased to five-figure numbers, producing more than 22,500 cars in 1947. Crosley sales peaked in 1948, with 24,871 or 27,707 cars sold, depending on the source; however, the CoBra copper and stamped steel "tin block" engine proved a major misstep. Although it had proven reliable in military use, it fared poorly under less diligent civilian maintenance. The CoBra was replaced with a redesigned and more reliable conventional cast-iron engine in 1949, but the company's reputation suffered. Sales fell to 8,939 units in 1949, and to 7,612 in 1950. The addition of the Crosley "Hotshot" sports model and the "Farm-O-Road" model, a combination farm-tractor and all-wheel-drive vehicle in 1950, could not stop the decline.

More trouble came after the Big Three automakers introduced bigger, more lavish cars, and began manufacturing them in higher volumes and priced, in some cases, only a little higher than a new Crosley car. Crosley sales dwindled to 4,839 units in 1951; only 1,522 Crosley vehicles were sold in 1952. Production ceased on July 3, 1952, when the final Crosley rolled off the production line. Crosley sold about 84,000 cars in total before closing down the operation in 1952. Crosley continued building engines for a short while to fulfill a government contract, but eventually the rights to the engine were sold. The Crosley plant in Marion, Indiana, was sold to the General Tire and Rubber Company.

Models

Model summary
All Crosleys were two side-door models, with a few exceptions that just had two side door-openings or entry carve-outs

Pre-war production with Waukesha Model 150 air-cooled opposed twin engine:
1939: Series (C)1A – Convertible Coupe and Convertible Sedan
1940: Series (C)2A – Convertible Coupe, Convertible Sedan / Deluxe Sedan, Station Wagon and Parkway Delivery
1941: Series CB41 – Convertible Coupe, Sedan and Deluxe Sedan; Station Wagon, Panel Delivery, Parkway Delivery, Covered Wagon and Pickup
1942: Series CB42 – Convertible Coupe and (Deluxe) Sedan, Station Wagon, Panel and Parkway Delivery, Covered Wagon, Pickup and steel-top 'Liberty Sedan'

Post-war production with 1946–1949 CoBra water-cooled straight-four engine
1946: CC Four — fastback Sedan and Convertible coupe
1947: CC Four — fastback Sedan, Convertible coupe and Pickup (roundside)
1948: CC Four — fastback Sedan, Convertible coupe, Station wagon, Panel van, Pickup (square), and 'Sport Utility' convertible wagon

Post-war production with 1949–1952 CIBA water-cooled four-cylinder inline engine
1949: CD Four including Deluxe Sedan, Coupe, Station Wagon, Pickup Truck and Panel Truck; VC Four including Hotshot Roadster and Super Sports Roadster
1950: CD Four including Sedan, Super Sedan, Coupe, Super Coupe, Station Wagon, Super Station Wagon; VC Four including Hotshot Roadster and Super Sports Roadster; FR Four including Farm-O-Road (in various submodels)
1951: CD Four including Business Coupe, Super Sedan, Station Wagon, Super Station Wagon, Super Coupe; VC Four including Hotshot Roadster and Super Sports Roadster; and FR Four including Farm-O-Road.
1952: CD Four including Standard Business Coupe, Super Sedan, Station Wagon, Super Station Wagon, Super Coupe; VC Four including Hotshot Roadster and Super Sports Roadster; FR Four including Farm-O-Road.

Crosley CC Four (1946–1948)

Crosley resumed civilian car production in 1946 with the largely new model CC, designed by the firm of Sundberg & Ferar of Royal Oak, Michigan. The slightly larger and more aerodynamic model CC featured an all new body and engine. The chassis, suspension, brakes, and the rest of the drive-train were carried over from the pre-war models. Together with the Frazer / Kaiser of the same year, the 1946 Crosley CC was the first American mass-produced slab-sided / ponton-style bodied car. The post-war Crosleys also had a new, water-cooled, straight-four CoBra engine, carried over from military production. Although not much larger in displacement than its predecessor, power output was doubled to 26.5 HP, improving the car's performance, with a claimed cruising speed of , while fuel economy remained excellent at  – . Additionally, the CoBra (for Copper Brazed) was America's first affordable mass-production overhead camshaft car engine, built in five-figure numbers after Duesenberg built some 650 OHC Straight Eights from 1921–1926.

Introduced as a steel roof, two-door, two-box fastback sedan and a fixed profile convertible (with fixed side windows and frames, like the Citroën 2CV and the 2007 Fiat 500), the car also became available as a pick-up – initially with a pickup-box with the same rounded rear-side panels as the sedan (roundside pickup). In late 1947 a station wagon was added, as a 1948 model, as well as a panel van – a derivative of the wagon, but with a different floorpan to yield a flatter floor. The panel delivery also had a side opening rear door, as opposed to the Station wagon's above/below split tailgate, while the basic sedan had no outside trunk lid – access to the luggage space was only from inside the car.

From the arrival of the station wagon, the pickups were built with the wagon's straight rear panels, giving a wider, more square rear box. In 1948 Crosley added bolt-on grille-bars and a chromed bull-nose to the front for the '48½ model year, and introduced a new convertible wagon variant without doors, dubbed the "Sports Utility." The vehicle was advertised with a quarter-ton payload capacity for utility use, and its rear seat was optional. The entire range of CC models were based on the same two-door car and frame. The 1948 Station Wagon became the most popular model Crosley built, with 23,489 units made.

A 1947 test of the Crosley sedan and convertible determined that "There is leg room for a man as tall as six feet two or three but due to the over-curve of the top and the window design, he may have to duck to see left or right", and unless he is narrow-shouldered "he will have to ride these things side saddle or not at all". Further, the tester felt that the engine lacked bottom-end power, and that the true cruising speed was between 35 and 40 mph — the car will do 50 mph, and he drove one faster than that, but at these speeds "the little 4-cylinder engine screams like a banshee with the hot-foot" and driving felt quite uncomfortable. Also, the inside door handles were placed too far back, and the two-piece, sliding door windows made it impossible to comfortably drive with one arm out of the window. On the other hand the tester deemed that 'the chassis rides exceptionally well", ".. undoubtedly the best of the miniature type ever made in this country".

Crosley CD Four (1949–1952)

In 1948 Crosley replaced the CC with the 1949 model year CD. Front and rear bodywork were redesigned on the sedan / coupe and convertible, though rear bodywork on the station wagon and pickup remained largely unaltered. A significant change was fitting the cast-iron block CIBA engine instead of the stamped-steel CoBra engines, that were lighter, but required more maintenance, or else would yield reliability problems.

For 1949 and 50 there were standard and Deluxe models. The '49 model year still had sliding glass side windows in the doors, but from the 1950 model year, roll-down windows and electric wipers were offered. For 1951 and 1952 the front was again redone; the Deluxe model replaced the standard model as the bottom of the range, and 'Super' models were introduced as the new top of the line.

The CD models started with the same 6" mechanical brakes as previous Crosleys on the 1949 model, but switched to 4-wheel Goodyear–Hawley aircraft-type disc brakes in May 1949, However, they were short-lived, and only continued through mid 1950. The alloy disc material was found to rust, and had freeze-up problems in parts of the country where salt was used on the roads. So 9" hydraulic brakes were phased back in, and these remained til the end of production.

Crosley Hotshot

After building only bottom-end of the market economy cars since its inception, Crosley introduced a little sports car in 1949, the doorless Hotshot roadster. It also featured a largely new, dropped frame – both more low slung, and for the first time with a wheelbase that diverged from all the previous Crosley models'  wheelbase by  extra. The rear suspension used a combination of coil springs, assisted by single leaf quarter-elliptical leaf-springs that doubled as torque-rods, and the car had disc brakes on all four wheels. The engine was placed behind the front axle, for a front mid-engined layout. The  long Hotshot, introduced for $849, weighed just . But to go racing, the weight was further reducible to , by temporarily discarding such things as the detachable windscreen, and the non-folding (stowed) soft-top and side-curtains. There was no trunk lid — the spare wheel was mounted on the down-sloping rear deck, above the rear bumper, and access to the rear stowage room was by folding the seat-backs forward. Powered by a 26.5 HP CIBA engine, the Hotshot was capable of more than .

A Super version of the HotShot was added in 1950, featuring solid hinged doors and a fold-down top that didn't have to be stowed, and "full red plastic leather upholstery and lining". For 1951 and 1952 the Super Hotshot was simply renamed the Super Sports.

Regardless of its short life and small size, the Hotshot is remembered as an impressive sports car within its class. A Hotshot won the Sam Collier Memorial Endurance Grand Prix, (averaging 52 mph), as well as the "index of performance" — an award which took speed and engine size into account — at the 1950 Six Hours of Sebring; and a Siata 300 fitted with Crosley power won the SCCA's 12 hour Vero Beach race.

Throughout the 1950s, Crosley engines dominated 750 cc sports car racing, winning 10 out of 12 SCCA west-coast races alone.

Crosley Farm-O-Road

Crosley had produced different products for the war effort, including the 'Pup' 4x4 prototype, a tiny air-portable 4WD. In 1950, to broaden its line-up into the commercial and agricultural market, the Farm-O-Road was introduced – an ATV sized utility vehicle that looked like a small Jeep. It was a combination of a light tractor, a small pickup and a passenger vehicle, and was intended for rural customers who wanted a vehicle for doing chores around the farm, but which could also take them into town. According to Crosley, the Farm-O-Road was designed: "To do big jobs on small farms, and smaller jobs on big farms." Although it could be viewed as a precursor to today's Side by Side UTV's, the Farm-O-Road was fully street-legal, with a top speed estimated at  on the highway.

The Farm-O-Road took its cues from the Jeep and the wartime Pup. It had a boxy, minimalist body, riding on a  wheelbase, and it weighed . The Farm-O-Road was powered by the same 26.5 HP  CIBA engine as the other Crosley models at the time, mated to a three-speed Warner T-92 transmission with a two-ratio, PTO-capable range box mounted behind it. In addition to normal gearing, it offered a 4-to-1 low reduction. The base price was $795, or $939 with a hydraulic system including a hydraulically operated drawbar.

Options included dual rear wheels, a detachable pickup bed which could come with a hydraulic dump, power take-offs on both front and rear, a rear seat, a soft-top, and side window curtains. An extensive range of farm-implement attachments was available, including a 10-inch single bottom plow, a moldboard plow, snow plow, a cutter-bar mower, sickle-bar mower, three-gang reel-type mower, a rolling coulter, disc harrow, cultivator, hay rake, row crop seeders, fertilizer unit, row guide, velocity governor, hand throttle, radiator chaff screen, post-hole digger, and spring blocks. Crosley even offered steel front snow skis that could be strapped to the front tires to convert the Farm-O-Road into a snowmobile. For the rest, equipment was spartan. Most Farm-O-Roads had only one windshield wiper – a right wiper was optional; and a heater or radio were not offered.

Exact production numbers aren't known, but historians with the Crosley Automobile Club estimate less than 600 Farm-O-Roads were built. Later, Crofton Marine Engineering bought the rights and tooling for the rig and put it back into production from '59-'63 as the "Crofton Bug", resulting in another ~250 units. The Farm-O-Road measured  long (without the optional, detachable bed) by  wide (excluding the side-mounted spare wheel), and  high (with the windshield and top up), and offered  payload. Axles were rigid front and rear – as on all other Crosleys – with a 5.38:1 ratio Spicer 23 in the rear.

The little 1950 vehicle was also compared with the 1959/1960 M422 Mighty Mite, the U.S. military's smallest jeep, originally with a  wheelbase.

Engines

Waukesha Model 150 Cub Twin
The original engine is the Waukesha Model 150 Cub Twin, a  or  air-cooled L-head opposed twin-cylinder engine, putting out 14 HP at 3200 rpm, built by Waukesha Engines of Waukesha, Wisconsin, and used from 1939 through 1942. The engine was originally designed to power orchard sprayers. However, many of the over 12,000 built between 1938–44, were used in the pre-war (1939–42) Crosley mini-cars and the military during WWII, some of which were also used for Auxiliary Power Units (APU).

It was replaced in 1946 with the CoBra (for "Copper Brazed"), a  overhead-cam four with a  bore and  stroke. That engine in turn was replaced in 1949 by the new and more reliable CIBA (Crosley Cast Iron Block Assembly) engine utilizing five main bearings.

Crosley CoBra (1946–1949)
The CoBra (Copper Brazed, also known as "The Mighty Tin") was originally developed by Lloyd Taylor, of Taylor Engines in California, for military use aboard PT boats and Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers. The engine was made from sheet metal rather than cast iron like most other engines. This was done to get a thin, uniform wall thickness and thus avoid the creation of hot spots around the combustion chamber that could ignite the fuel, causing pre-ignition (knocks), which in turn limited the compression ratio. These engines were used mainly to power generators, refrigeration compressors, etc., and were widely praised for their successes in the war effort.

The engine was adopted for automobile use in 1946. It was a small, lightweight engine with single overhead camshaft driven by two sets of bevel gears and a vertical shaft at the front of the block. It was America's first overhead camshaft automobile engine to be produced in five-figure numbers, after Duesenberg built some 650 overhead cam Straight Eights from 1921–1926. The unitary block and cylinder head weighed only  dry; complete with all accessories (including the flywheel) weighing only . The engine displaced  and produced  at 5,400 rpm and  @ 1200 rpm. Because of its remarkable power to weight ratio, and super efficiency for its time, the CoBra engine has been compared to Ford's 1.0 litre inline-3 EcoBoost engine. Longevity was measured in hours and was strictly controlled by equipment maintenance schedules for the wartime duties, but corrosion became a problem for these engines in civilian service. This problem with these automotive powerplants had tarnished Crosley's reputation by 1948.

Crosley CIBA (1949–1952; 1955)

The Crosley CIBA (Cast Iron Block Assembly) was a more traditional and more reliable engine utilizing a cast-iron block. Nevertheless it had a unique design. Instead of a removable cylinder head, the combustion chambers, valve seats, cam supports, ports and cylinders are one casting, and the crankcase is another. In both the early and later cast-iron engines, the crankcase is aluminum. The  engine produced 26.5 HP @ 5,400 rpm and  @ 3,000 rpm.

When Crosley Motors, Inc. was sold, the engine was renamed "AeroJet" and production continued. Production of the AeroJet ended in 1955 and the engine rights were sold to Fageol and later to a series of different companies ending in 1972 with the Fisher-Pierce Bearcat 55. Maritime modifications mostly included increasing displacement and converting the engine to operate with a vertical axis.

In Europe the Crosley CIBA would be used to great advantage in 750cc sports car class, eventually maturing to a double overhead camshaft (DOHC) design used in the Bandini 750 sport internazionale as well as Nardi 750LM and Siata Amica.

Notable Crosley owners

Gordon Baxter (HotShot, story in his book Bax & Car & Driver: The Best of Gordon Baxter)
General Omar Bradley
Humphrey Bogart (Two-cylinder Crosley)
David Carradine (VC Super Sports)
Kenny Delmar ('Senator Claghorn' on The Fred Allen Show)
Tommy Dorsey
 President Dwight D. Eisenhower (1951 CD Surrey)
Geraldine Farrar (Two-cylinder Crosley)
Paulette Goddard (Two-cylinder Crosley)
Pamela Harriman (purchased the first 1939 Crosley)
George M. Humphrey, Secretary of the Treasury
Art Linkletter (1952 CD Sport Convertible)
James May (1947 CC Four) (bought for television programme The Grand Tour)
Alex Raymond, Flash Gordon cartoonist (Crosley-Bandini)
Nelson Rockefeller, Governor of New York (1950 HotShot)
Gloria Swanson (Two-cylinder Crosley)
Boy George (VC Super Sports)
Fred Waring (Two-cylinder Crosley)
Frank Lloyd Wright (1952 VC Super .Sports)
John Westling (1947 2 door coupe)

See also
Powel Crosley Jr.
Lewis M. Crosley
WLW
List of defunct United States automobile manufacturers

Notes

References

Sports Cars Illustrated Magazine Article by Carl Ludvigsen. "PBX Crosley Special" May 1956.

Further reading

External links

 CROSLEY - Two Brothers and an Empire That Changed the Nation - Rusty McClure
 CROSLEY A Compact born 30 years too soon!
 Crosley Car Owners Club (CCOC)
 Crosley Automobile Club Inc.
 West Coast Crosleys
 Crosley Engine Family Tree
 The Mighty Tin (CoBra)

  The Crosley Automobile — A Fine Car
 Crosley Radio Corporation
 Review of the book, Crosley
 Scans from the 1948 Crosley Sales Brochure
Crosley Ad Index & Scans

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Defunct companies based in Cincinnati
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Indiana
Compact cars
Defunct companies based in Indiana
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Ohio

Crosley


Constance Mauny (født 17. december 1998) er en fransk håndboldspiller, som spiller for Brest Bretagne Handball og Frankrigs kvindehåndboldlandshold.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Frankrig
Håndboldspillere fra Chambray Touraine Handball

Constance Mauny


An Arthraxon epectinatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Bi Sin Sun ngan Hua Peng. An Arthraxon epectinatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arthraxon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arthraxon

Arthraxon epectinatus


Kuća u Kolomni (rus. Домик в Коломне) ruski je film redatelja Pjotra Čardinina.

Radnja
Film se temelji na pjesmi Aleksandra Puškina Mala kuća u Kolomni iz 1830. godine.

Uloge
 Ivan Mozžuhin
 Sofja Goslavskaja
 Praskovja Maksimova

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Kuća u Kolomni na Kino Poisk

Ruski filmovi 1910-ih

Kuća u Kolomni


Samira Alimradowna Rachmanowa (; * 28. Dezember 1985 in Kaspijsk, Dagestanische ASSR) ist eine russische Ringerin. Sie wurde 2007 in Sofia Europameisterin und 2011 in Istanbul Weltmeisterin in der Gewichtsklasse bis 51 kg Körpergewicht.

Werdegang

Samira Rachmanowa begann ihre Ringerlaufbahn im Jahre 2001 bei Dynamo Kaspijsk in Dagestan/Russland. Auf der internationalen Ringermatte startete sie zunächst aber für Kirgisistan. Bereits 2004 kehrte sie zum russischen Ringerverband zurück und wird seitdem von Kurban Kurbanow bei Dynamo Machatschkala trainiert. Sie ist Studentin und startet in der Regel in der Gewichtsklasse bis 51 kg, trainierte aber auch schon in die Gewichtsklasse bis 48 kg ab. Seit 2012 startet sie in der Gewichtsklasse bis 55 kg.

Bei ihrem einzigen Start auf der internationalen Ringermatte für Kirgisistan kam sie bei der Junioren-Weltmeisterschaft 2003 in Istanbul in der Gewichtsklasse bis 48 kg nach Niederlagen gegen Yuuri Funatsu aus Japan und Yadav Kamini aus Indien nur auf den 20. Platz.

In den Jahren 2004 bis 2006 trat sie bei keinen internationalen Meisterschaften an. 2007 wurde sie ganz überraschend russische Meisterin in der Gewichtsklasse bis 51 kg und wurde bei der Europameisterschaft dieses Jahres in Sofia eingesetzt. Sie konnte dort voll überzeugen und wurde mit Siegen über Emesa Barka aus Ungarn, Alexandra Engelhardt aus Deutschland und Estera Dobre aus Rumänien auf Anhieb Europameisterin. Bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2007 in Baku siegte sie in ihrem ersten Kampf über Maria Iwanowa aus Belarus, verlor aber dann gegen die routinierte Kanadierin Erica Sharp nach ausgeglichenem Kampf knapp nach Punkten (1:2 Runden bei 5:4 Punkten). Da Erica Sharp das Finale nicht erreichte, schied Samira Rachmanowa aus und kam nur auf den 7. Platz.

2008 trainierte Samira Rachmanowa in die Gewichtsklasse bis 48 kg ab, weil diese Gewichtsklasse im Gegensatz zur Gewichtsklasse bis 51 kg olympisch ist. Sie wurde dann auch russische Meisterin und in dieser Gewichtsklasse bei den Olympischen Spielen in Peking eingesetzt. Dort enttäuschte sie aber, denn sie verlor ihren ersten Kampf gegen Vanessa Boubryemm aus Frankreich, schied aus und erreichte nur den 11. Platz.

Nach dieser Enttäuschung kehrte sie im Jahre 2009 in die Gewichtsklasse bis 51 kg zurück und belegte bei der russischen Meisterschaft in dieser Gewichtsklasse den 3. Platz. Bei internationalen Meisterschaften wurde sie in diesem Jahr aber vom russischen Ringerverband nicht eingesetzt. 2010 wurde Samira Rachmanowa wiederum russische Meisterin in der Gewichtsklasse bis 51 kg vor Jekaterina Krasnowa und im September 2010 bei der Weltmeisterschaft in Moskau eingesetzt. Sie siegte dort in ihrem ersten Kampf gegen Nadine Tokar aus der Schweiz, unterlag aber gegen Oleksandra Kohut aus der Ukraine. Diese kam in das Finale, deshalb konnte sich Samira Rachmanowa mit Siegen in der Trostrunde über Maria Iwanowa und Tatjana Bakatschuk aus Kasachstan noch eine WM-Bronzemedaille erkämpfen.

2011 kam Samira Rachmanowa bei der russischen Meisterschaft in der Gewichtsklasse bis 51 kg hinter Marina Wilmowa und Jekaterina Krasnowa nur auf den 3. Platz, erhielt aber trotzdem das Vertrauen des russischen Ringerverbandes bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2011 in Istanbul. Sie rechtfertigte dieses Vertrauen auch voll und ganz und wurde mit Siegen über Jessica MacDonald, Kanada, Sun Yanan, China, Mareka Shidochin, Japan und Dawaasüchiin Otgontsetseg, Mongolei neue Weltmeisterin. Bemerkenswert dabei ist, dass sie diesen Titel in vier Kämpfen sehr griffreichen Kämpfen gewann, wie das Punkteverhältnis von 37:12 aussagt.

Nach ihrem Wechsel in die Gewichtsklasse bis 55 kg im Jahre 2012 konnte Samira Rachmanowa bei der russischen Meisterschaft 2012 nicht überzeugen. Sie verlor gegen Waleria Scholobowa, die aus der Gewichtsklasse bis 59 kg abtrainiert hatte und konnte sich nicht im Vorderfeld platzieren. Wahrscheinlich hat sie deshalb keine Chance mehr, bei den Olympischen Spielen 2012 in London an den Start gehen zu können.

Internationale Erfolge

Russische Meisterschaften

Erläuterungen

 alle Wettkämpfe im freien Stil
 OS = Olympische Spiele, WM = Weltmeisterschaft, EM = Europameisterschaft

Quellen

 Fachzeitschrift Der Ringer
 Website "Foeldeak Wrestling Database"
 Website "www.wrestrus.ru"

Weblinks

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2008
Weltmeister (Ringen)
Europameister (Ringen)
Russischer Meister (Ringen)
Olympiateilnehmer (Russland)
Ringer (Russland)
Russe
Sowjetbürger
Geboren 1985
Frau

Samira Alimradowna Rachmanowa


An Cypringlea coahuilensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Henry Knute Knut Svenson, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Mark T. Strong. An Cypringlea coahuilensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cypringlea, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cypringlea

Cypringlea coahuilensis


Contele Duckula (engleză Count Duckula) este un serial de animație de comedie, dramă și fantezie întunecată, produs de studioul britanic Cosgrove Hall și Thames Television. Este un spin-off al serialului Danger Mouse, în care personajul principal era un răufăcător frecvent. Serialul a avut patru sezoane din 6 septembrie 1988 până pe 16 februarie 1993. În total au fost făcute 65 de episoade, fiecare de câte 22 de minute, și au fost lansate pe DVD în Regatul Unit, în timp ce numai primul sezon s-a lansat în America de Nord.

A nu se confunda cu desenul animat Quackula din 1979 produs de studioul Filmation.

În România acest serial s-a difuzat pe TVR 1 în vara lui 1997.

Premisă
Episoadele serialului se învârt pe tema în care fiecare reînviere creează o nouă incarnare cu foarte puțină memorie din viața sa din trecut, această incarnație din trecut imediată fiind referită ca "tatăl" actualului. De aceea, orice incarnație poate avea propria personalitate și își poate face propriile interese. Acest conte Duckula este capabil să se pună ca o "dinastie îngrozitoare, numărătorile lui Dracula". Generațiile dinainte incluzeau cavaleri, vrăjitori, oameni de știință, artiști, egiptologiști și chiar jucători profesioniști, și aceștia sunt și ei "rățoi vampiri vicioși".

Dar ultima incarnare nu a mers conform planului, deoarece la sfârșitul ritualului trebuia pus sânge, dar Nanny a pus din greșeală ketchup de roșii. Astfel, noua versiune, Contele Duckula, nu este un vampir ce suge sânge, ci unul vegetarian. El preferă mai mult sucul de morcovi decât să meargă după victime. Mai rău de atăt, "noul" său maestru este obsedat să urmărească faimă și avere ca un comedian.

Deseori episoadele se învârt în jurul aventurilor lui Duckula în căutarea bogăției și faimei, asistat de abilitatea castelului de a-l teleportare peste tot în lume. De asemenea în unele episoade Igor, servitorul castelului, încearcă din răsputeri să îl facă pe Duckula într-un vampir normal. În alte episoade Duckula are de a face cu dușmanul său Doctor Von Goosewing, un vânător de vampiri ce refuză să creadă că incarnația curentă a lui Duckula este inofensivă.

Voci
 Contele Duckula: David Jason
 Igor: Jack May
 Nanny/Dimitri: Brian Trueman
 Dr. Von Goosewing/Sviatoslav: Jimmy Hibbert
 Narator: Barry Clayton
 Alte personaje: Barry Clayton, Jimmy Hibbert, David Jason, Jack May, Brian Trueman și Ruby Wax
 Vocaliști ce cântă genericul: Doreen Edwards și Mike Harding

Episoade

Sezonul 1 (1988-1989)
 "Nu Sax Vă rog, suntem egipteni!"
 "Vampire Vacation"
 "O noapte furtunoasă"
 "Blues Homesick Transilvania"
 "Comedie de restaurare"
 "Pinguinii mutinosi"
 "Ray Invisible Dr. Von Goosewing"
 "În jos sub Duckula"
 "Toți într-o ceață"
 "Castelul Duckula: Deschis pentru public!"
 "Duhul lui McCastle McDuckula"
 "Ziua Ocupată a lui Igor"
 "Autoduck"
 "Vampirul se întoarce înapoi!"
 "Hotel Hardluck"
 "Hunchbudgie de Notre Dame"
 "Dragă Jurnal"
 "Închiriați un butler!"
 "O reuniune de familie!"
 "Duck Jungle"
 "Casa mobila"
 "O frică la Opera"
 "Dr Goosewing și domnul Duck"
 "Terorile primăriei"
 "Inel de rumeguș"
 "Duck and the Broccoli Stalk"

Sezonul 2 (1989-1990)
 "Aur fantomatic"
 "Ducknapped!"
 "Valea pierdută"
 "Duck Incredibil Shrinking"
 "Hi-Duck!"
 "Duck de primă oră"
 "Bloodsucking Lilieci de fructe din Amazon Lower"
 "Contele și săracul - nu voi mai lucra la ferma fermecătoare!"
 "Cercurile Arctice"
 "Transilvania Take-Away"
 "Whodunnit?"
 "Nu Yaks Te rog, suntem tibetani!"
 "Beau Duckula"
 "Duck Mississippi"
 "Duhul Amnesiac"
 "Misterele Muzeului Ceara"
 "Întoarcerea blestemului secretului mormântului mamei îl întâlnește pe Monsterul lui Frankenduckula și pe Wolf-Man și pe varza integal-actică ..."
 "Orașul pierdut al Atlantidei"
 "Bad Luck, Duck"

Sezonul 3 (1990-1991)
 "Ciocul privat"
 "Astro Duck"
 "Estate Unreal"
 "Bombay Duck (sau 1.001 Nopți Transilvane)"
 "Există vârcolaci în partea de jos a grădinii noastre"
 "Duck Ahoy"
 "Marele Ductectiv"
 "Duce de ochi moarte"
 "Spectacolul trebuie să continue!"
 "Un crainic de Craciun"
 "Restul este istorie!"
 "Duck"
 "Mystery Cruise"

Sezonul 4 (1993)
 "În jurul lumii într-o totală Daze!"
 "Duck Manhattan"
 "Alpi-a-Daisy!"
 "Prințul Duckula"
 "Veneția o rață, nu o rață!"
 "O monedă devine întotdeauna rață!"
 "Zombie se trezește!"

Note

Legături externe

Seriale de animație
Seriale de televiziune din 1988
Boomerang
Personaje de desen animat

Contele Duckula


Samugheo (sardisk: Samughèo) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Oristano i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 370 meters højde og har 3.030 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 81,28 km² og grænser til kommunerne Allai, Asuni, Atzara, Busachi, Laconi, Meana Sardo, Ortueri, Ruinas og Sorgono.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Oristano

Samugheo


Heinz Abosch (* 5. Januar 1918 in Magdeburg; † 1. März 1997 in Düsseldorf) war ein deutsch-jüdischer Schriftsteller und Journalist.

Leben
Im Jahr 1933 floh Heinz Abosch mit seiner Familie vor den Nationalsozialisten nach Frankreich, wo er ab 1935 Graphik und Malerei an der Kunsthochschule Straßburg studierte. 1936 zog er nach Paris und 1938 nach Saint-Dié-des-Vosges. Er wurde Mitglied der französischen Résistance in Grenoble und Lyon. Abosch wurde 1939 interniert und 1940 zum Arbeitsdienst herangezogen. Seinen Lebensunterhalt verdiente er sich 1941/42 als Bau- und Metallarbeiter. 1944 wurde er von der Gestapo verhaftet und in das von Klaus Barbie geleitete Lyoner Foltergefängnis überstellt. Aus dem Deportationszug, der ihn von dort in ein Konzentrationslager bringen sollte, konnte er fliehen.

Nach dem Krieg war Abosch Pariser Korrespondent für den Neuen Vorwärts, für Die Quelle und andere Gewerkschaftszeitungen. Außerdem schrieb er für deutschsprachige Wochen- und Tageszeitungen wie Die Zeit und die Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Aufsätze von ihm erschienen u. a. in folgenden Zeitschriften: Frankfurter Hefte, Die Stimme der Gemeinde, Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik, Werkhefte Katholischer Laien, Les Temps Modernes. Seit den 1960er Jahren lebte er als freier Journalist in Düsseldorf.

Abosch wandte sich gegen Antisemitismus, Nationalismus und jede Form von Rückwärtsgewandtheit. Zugleich galt seine Kritik – besonders ausgeprägt in seinen späten Jahren – übersteigerten Utopien (Hegel, die Jakobiner und kommunistische Zukunftsentwürfe). In seinem Buch von 1993 Das Ende der grossen Visionen plädiert er für eine generell skeptische Haltung und fordert, "Bescheidenheit zu lernen", dem Kampf ums goldene Kalb "Produktion und Konsumtion" zu entsagen und den "Verzicht auf das Machen und Machbare" zu üben. Stattdessen ging es ihm um die "Gewinnung des Sinnvollen". Dies war auch als Resignation eines engagierten Humanisten und Intellektuellen angesichts einer verbreiteten politischen Orientierungslosigkeit zu verstehen. Der letzte Satz in Heinz Aboschs letztem – autobiographischen – Werk mit dem Titel Flucht ohne Heimkehr lautet: "In einer unfriedlichen Welt ist Heimat auch nur eine Abstraktion".

Schriften (Auswahl)

Autorenschaft
 L' Allemagne sans miracle: D'Hitler à Adenauer. Julliard, Paris 1960.
 Vietnam. 1. La guerra sin fin. Editorial ZYX, Madrid 1967.
 mit Ernesto Galli della Loggia und Serena Dinelli: La Germania in movimento. Editori Laterza, Bari 1969.
 Antisemitismus in Russland: Eine Analyse und Dokumentation zum sowjetischen Antisemitismus. Melzer, Darmstadt 1972, ISBN 3-7874-0030-3.
 Trotzki Chronik. Daten zu Leben und Werk. Reihe Hanser, München 1973, ISBN 3-446-11788-1.
 Trotzki und der Bolschewismus. edition etcetera, Basel 1975. Ullstein, Frankfurt am Main 1984, ISBN 3-548-35191-3.
 Jean Jaurès. Die vergebliche Hoffnung, Piper, München 1986, ISBN 3-492-05209-6.
 Trotzki zur Einführung. Junius, Hamburg 1990, ISBN 3-88506-853-2.
 Simone Weil zur Einführung. Junius, Hamburg 1990, ISBN 3-88506-858-3.
 Das Ende der grossen Visionen: Plädoyer für eine skeptische Kultur. Junius, Hamburg 1993, ISBN 3-88506-216-X.
 Flucht ohne Heimkehr. Aus dem Leben eines Heimatlosen. Radius, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-87173-113-7.

Übersetzungen und Herausgaben
 Simone Weil: Unterdrückung und Freiheit. Politische Schriften. Übersetzt und mit einem Vorwort von Heinz Abosch. Rogner & Bernhard, München 1975, ISBN 3-8077-0033-1.
 Simone Weil: Fabriktagebuch und andere Schriften zum Industriesystem. Übersetzt von Heinz Abosch. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt/Main 1978, ISBN 3-518-10940-5.
 als Hrsg.: Der israelisch-arabische Konflikt. Analysen führender arabischer und israelischer Historiker, Religionswissenschaftler, Politiker und Journalisten. Eine Dokumentation. Mit einer Einleitung des Herausgebers und einem Vorort von Jean-Paul Sartre. Melzer, Darmstadt 1969.
 André Gorz: Abschied vom Proletariat: Jenseits des Sozialismus. Aus dem Französischen übersetzt von Heinz Abosch, Europäische Verlagsanstalt, Frankfurt/Main 1980, ISBN 3-434-00437-8.

Literatur
 Heinz Abosch (Nachruf). In: Die Zeit. 12. Ausgabe, 14. März 1997.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Literatur (Deutsch)
Essay
Biografie
Autobiografie
Sachliteratur
Herausgeber
Zeitungsjournalist
Journalist (Deutschland)
Übersetzer aus dem Französischen
Übersetzer ins Deutsche
Trotzkist
Résistancekämpfer
Emigrant aus dem Deutschen Reich zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
Person (Düsseldorf)
Deutscher
Geboren 1918
Gestorben 1997
Mann

Heinz Abosch


Angkor - det glemte rige er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1992 instrueret af Lars Hegndal og efter manuskript af Lars Hegndal og Teddy Bruslund.

Handling
Filmen skildrer de enestående Angkor-templer dybt inde i den cambodianske regnskov. Templerne fra khmer-riget (800 - 1400) var ukendte i Europa indtil den franske opdagelsesrejsende Henri Mouhot i 1860 kom til området. Filmen følger i H.M.'s fodspor.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1992

Angkor - det glemte rige


İleri, 1 Ocak 1918'de Celal Nuri İleri (1877-1938) ve kardeşi Suphi Nuri İleri (1887-1945) tarafından kurulmuş bir gazeteydi. İlk 394 sayıda gazetenin ismi Ati, 12 Şubat 1919'dan sonra İleri olmuştur. Yazı İşleri Müdürü Halil Lütfü Dördüncü'dür.

Gazete, Millî Mücadele'yi destekledi, Millî Mücadele'nin İstanbul'daki sözcüsü oldu. Atatürk'ün isimsiz yazıları bu gazetede yayımlandı. Kurucularından Celal Nuri İleri 1920'de İngilizlerce yakalanarak sürgüne gönderildi. Gazete 2 Aralık 1924'e kadar 2436 sayı çıktı. 1944'te Suphi Nuri Bey, İleriyi yeniden çıkardı.

Türkiye gazeteleri
Türkçe gazeteler
Yayımı sona eren Türkiye gazeteleri
1918'de Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda kurulan oluşumlar
1918'de kurulan yayınlar
Osmanlı gazeteleri
Osmanlıca gazeteler
Yayımı sona eren Osmanlı gazeteleri
Osmanlı'da yayımlanan günlük gazeteler
Türkiye'de yayımlanan günlük gazeteler
1924'te Türkiye'de feshedilmiş oluşumlar

İleri (gazete)


Balaurul (titlu original în  - Koșcei Nemuritorul) este un film fantastic sovietic alb-negru din 1945 regizat de Alexandru Rou. A fost produs de Soyuzdetfilm. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Sergei Stolearov și Georgy Millyar. Scenariul este scris de Rou și Miller pe baza unor basme și personaje din folclorul slav, personajul titular (în original, în limba rusă) Koșcei fiind principalul antagonist al filmului. În Regatul României a fost distribuit de Sovromfilm.

Fundal
A fost filmat în timpul celui de-al doilea război mondial și a avut premiera de Ziua Victoriei (9 mai). Filmul poate fi interpretat ca o alegorie a invaziei germane în Uniunea Sovietică. "Ca un trăsnet din senin a venit Koșcei asupra regiunii Rus', a distrus totul, oameni au fost uciși și a răpit mii de femei." Dar, în cele din urmă, după multe greutăți, poporul rus a reușit să-i alunge pe invadatori din patria lor.

Prezentare

O fată foarte frumoasă, Maria Morevna, îi dă viitorului său soț, puternicul războinic Nikita Kojemiaka, să rezolve trei ghicitori înainte de a se căsători cu el. Înainte de a apuca să dezlege ghicitorile, pământul rus este invadat de armatele lui Koșcei Nemuritorul, care aduc numai moarte și distrugere. Maria este răpită de Koșcei, iar Nikita își găsește locuința arsă din temelii. Nikita întâlnește un vrăjitor amabil care-i dă un coif al invizibilității. Cu acesta, eroul va găsi o modalitate de a-și salva mireasa și de a scăpa poporul său de Koșcei.

Distribuție
 Sergei Stolearov - Nikita Kojemiaka
 Alexandru Șirșov - Bulat Balagur
 Galina Grigorieva - Maria Morevna
 Georgi Miller  - Koșcei Nemuritorul/magicianul
 Ivan Rijov  - băiat rău''
 Sergei Troițki - stăpân
 Leonid Krovițki - judecător
 Sergei Filippov - călău
 Peter Galadzhev - străjer
 Ivan Bobrov - străjer
 Emmanuil Geller - străjer

Producție
A fost produs de Soyuzdetfilm.

Note

Legături externe

 (subtitrare în limba)

Vezi și
 Listă de filme fantastice din anii 1940
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989
 Listă de filme sovietice (din 1945).

Filme din 1945
Filme în limba rusă
Filme regizate de Aleksandr Rou
Filme fantastice înainte de 1950
Filme sovietice
Filme alb-negru
Filme pentru copii
Filme Soiuzdetfilm
Filme bazate pe basme
Filme de propagandă
Filme anti-război

Balaurul (film)


La constitución Sacrosanctum Concilium sobre la sagrada liturgia es una de las cuatro constituciones conciliares emanadas por el Concilio Vaticano II. Fue aprobada por la asamblea de obispos con un voto de 2,147 a 4, siendo promulgada por el papa Pablo VI el 4 de diciembre de 1963. El objetivo principal de esta constitución fue aumentar la participación de los laicos en la liturgia de la Iglesia católica y a su vez llevar a cabo la actualización de la misma.

Contenidos
Los números entre paréntesis corresponden a los números de los párrafos del documento.

 Proemio (1-4).
 Capítulo I. Principios generales para la reforma y fomento de la sagrada liturgia (5-46).
 I. Naturaleza de la sagrada liturgia y su importancia en la vida de la Iglesia (5-13).
 II. Necesidad de promover la educación litúrgica y la participación activa (14-20).
 III. Reforma de la sagrada liturgia (21-40).
 A) Normas generales (22-25).
 B) Normas derivadas de la índole de la liturgia como acción jerárquica y comunitaria (26-32).
 C) Normas derivadas del carácter didáctico y pastoral de la Liturgia (33-36).
 D) Normas para adaptar la Liturgia a la mentalidad y tradiciones de los pueblos (37-40).
 IV. Fomento de la vida litúrgica en la diócesis y en la parroquia (41-42).
 V. Fomento de la acción pastoral litúrgica (43-46).
 Capítulo II. El sacrosanto misterio de la eucaristía (47-58).
 Capítulo III. Los demás sacramentos y los sacramentales (59-82).
 Capítulo IV. El Oficio divino (83-101).
 Capítulo V. El año litúrgico (102-111).
 Capítulo VI. La música sagrada (112-121).
 Capítulo VII. El arte y los objetos sagrados (122-130).
 Apéndice. Declaración del sacrosanto Concilio Ecuménico Vaticano II sobre la revisión del calendario.

Historia del texto

Ya en la consulta que la Secretaría de Estado hizo, de parte del papa, a todos los obispos sobre temas a tratar durante el concilio, 1461 de las respuestas trataban el tema de la liturgia y 42 específicamente de los sacramentos.

Todo ese material fue entregado a la comisión preparatoria sobre la liturgia, presidida por el cardenal Gaetano Cicognani y compuesta por 25 miembros y 37 consultores. El trabajo se subdividió en 13 subcomisiones que elaboraron una propuesta de esquema de 132 páginas que se llamó De sacra liturgia. El texto además de las reformas propuestas, contenía un fundamento bíblico y patrístico que lo hacía especialmente rico.

El 22 de octubre de 1962, el texto (que ya había sido entregado con anterioridad a los padres conciliares) fue presentado por el secretario de la nueva comisión litúrgica, el P. Ferdinando Antonelli. El texto recibió 360 propuestas por escrito y la discusión en aula se prolongó por 15 sesiones de la congregación general. Los temas más debatidos fueron los de la lengua a emplear en la liturgia, la posibilidad de implantar las concelebraciones, la comunión bajo dos especies y la reforma de la liturgia de las horas.

El 14 de noviembre se hizo una votación explorativa. El esquema obtuvo 2162 votos positivos y 46 en contra. Por tanto, la comisión litúrgica comenzó a trabajar para introducir las enmiendas requeridas, trabajo que continuó durante el período entre la primera y la segunda sesión conciliar.

Enlaces externos
 Traducción castellana del texto

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Linden, Ian, Global Catholicism: diversity and change since Vatican II (Londres, Hurst and Co., 2009), p. 337.
 Kenneth D. Whitehead (ed), Sacrosanctum Concilium and the Reform of the Liturgy: Proceedings from the 29th Annual Convention of the Fellowship of Catholic Scholars (Scranton (PA), University of Scranton Press, 2009), 210 pp.

 Amerio, Romano (1996). Iota Unum. Kansas City: Sarto House. ISBN 0963903217.

Roger Aubert, «La preparazione» en Storia della Chiesa, vol. XXV/1: La Chiesa del Vaticano II (1958-1978), San Paolo, Cinisello Balsamo 1994, ISBN 88-215-2867-7
Concilio Vaticano II, BAC, Madrid, 19675

Documentos del Concilio Vaticano II
Iglesia católica en 1963
Liturgia católica

Sacrosanctum Concilium


Domenico Bartolini (Rome, 26 août 1880 - Rome, 5 avril 1960) était un fonctionnaire et un homme politique italien.

Biographie
Trésorier de la Chambre des députés (1908-1920) et intendant général du Banco di Roma (1920-1922), il fut chargé par le ministre De Stefani de rédiger le décret portant création du Provveditorato Generale dello Stato, dont il fut le chef de 1923 à 1944. Il a également été directeur de lIstituto Poligrafico dello Stato. De juillet 1933 à 1939, il est directeur de l'Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, où il retourne de 1947 à 1960.

En 1939, il est nommé sénateur du royaume d'Italie par Vittorio Emanuele III de Savoie.

Le 8 juillet 1948, il est jugé par la Haute Cour de justice pour sanctions contre le fascisme et son poste de sénateur lui est retiré au motif qu'il est un "sénateur tenu pour responsable d'avoir maintenu le fascisme et rendu la guerre possible tant par ses votes que par des actions individuelles, y compris la propagande exercée à l'extérieur et à l'intérieur du Sénat".

Il fut ministre des Finances dans le gouvernement Badoglio I du 26 juillet 1943 au 11 février 1944, mais en fait, après le 11 septembre, étant resté à Rome, il ne put exercer ses fonctions.

Carrière
 Trésorier de la Chambre des députés (1908-1920)
 Intendant général de la Banque de Rome (1920-1922)
 Provveditore generale dello Stato (18 janvier 1923)
 Directeur de l'Institut polygraphique d'État (6 décembre 1928)

Postes et titres
 Directeur général de l'Institut de l'Encyclopédie italienne (30 juin 1933-6 octobre 1943) (29 mars 1947-5 avril 1960)

Commissions sénatoriales
 Membre de la Commission pour l'économie corporative et l'autarcie (23 janvier 1940-26 juillet 1943)

Décorations
 - Commandeur de l'Ordre des Saints-Maurice-et-Lazare

 - Grand Officier de l'Ordre des Saints-Maurice-et-Lazare

 - Chevalier de l'Ordre de la Couronne d'Italie

 - Commandeur de l'Ordre de la Couronne d'Italie

 - Officier de l'Ordre de la Couronne d'Italie

 - Grand Officier décoré du Grand Cordon de l'Ordre de la Couronne d'Italie

 - Grand Officier de l'Ordre colonial de l'Étoile d'Italie

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Gouvernement Badoglio I

Liens externes

  Bartolini, Domenico, sur le site Treccani.it – Encyclopédie en ligne, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.
  BARTOLINI, Domenico, dans l'Enciclopedia Italiana, Appendice II, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1948.
  Bartolini, Doménico, sur le site sapere.it, De Agostini.
  BARTOLINI, Domenico, dans le Dizionario biografico degli italiani, vol. 6, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1964.
  Domenico Bartolini, sur le site Senatori d'Italia, Senato della Repubblica.

Naissance à Rome
Naissance en août 1880
Décès à Rome
Décès en avril 1960
Personnalité politique italienne du XXe siècle
Sénateur de la XXXe législature du royaume d'Italie
Ministre des Finances du royaume d'Italie (1861-1946)
Ministre du Trésor du royaume d'Italie (1861-1946)
Grand officier de l'ordre des Saints-Maurice-et-Lazare
Grand officier de l'ordre de la Couronne d'Italie
Grand officier de l'ordre colonial de l'Étoile d'Italie
Décès à 79 ans

Domenico Bartolini (politique)


Marco Werner (nacido el 27 de abril de 1966 en Dortmund, Alemania) es un piloto de automovilismo de velocidad alemán que se ha destacado en resistencia corriendo oficialmente para Audi. Ganó las 24 Horas de Le Mans de 2005, 2006 y 2007, las 24 Horas de Daytona de 1995 y las 12 Horas de Sebring de 2003, 2005 y 2007. Asimismo, fue campeón de pilotos de la clase LMP900 / LMP1 de la American Le Mans Series en 2003, 2004 y 2008.

Carrera deportiva

Durante su etapa formativa en monoplazas, Werner fue tercero en la Fórmula Ford Alemana en 1987, subcampeón de la Fórmula Opel Alemana en 1990, subcampeón de la Fórmula 3 Alemana en 1991 y venceedor del Gran Premio de Mónaco de Fórmula 3. Estuvo cerca de firmar contrato con el equipo Minardi de Fórmula 1 para 1993, pero el patrocinador desistió y en el año 1994 para el debutante equipo Simtek S941 Ford Cosworth en reemplazo del fallecido Roland Ratzenberger (Austria) luego del fin de semana de Imola de ese mismo año posterior al 1 de mayo, para ser piloto reserva en dicho equipo en el Gran Premio de Mónaco del 15/05/1994 y en el Gran Premio de Canadá del 12 de junio de 1994 siendo reemplazados por el novato Andrea Montermini (Italia), Jean Marc Gounon (Francia) y los debutantes Domenico Schiatarella (Italia) y Takachiho Taki Inoue (Japon).

Ese año participó en el Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft en un Opel Omega. En 1994, compitió en el Campeonato Alemán de Superturismos en un Opel Astra, donde finalizó 19º. En 1995 disputó ese certamen en un BMW Serie 3 de Holzer, donde finalizó 30.º. Holzer pasó a usar Opel Vectra, y con él Werner resultó décimo en el campeonato con un podio. En 1997, corrió en un Honda Accord y sumó dos podios para terminar 19º en la tabla final.

En paralelo, Werner compitió en gran turismos y sport prototipos tanto en Europa como en América del Norte. En 1995 ganó las 24 Horas de Daytona en un Kremer-Porsche. En 1997, disputó dos fechas del Campeonato FIA GT en un Lotus Elise de la clase GT1 para Martin Veyhle. En 2000, 2001 y 2002, disputó la Supercopa Porsche, y en 2001, fue vencedor de la clase N-GT de la fecha de Nürburgring del Campeonato FIA GT en un Porsche 911 de Autorlando junto a Philipp Peter.

En 2002, Werner se convirtió en piloto oficial de Audi en resistencia. Ese año, llegó tercero en las 24 Horas de Le Mans en un Audi R8 LMP, acompañando a Michael Krumm y Philipp Peter. Con el mismo automóvil, Werner y Frank Biela obtuvieron cuatro victorias absolutas en las nueve fechas de la American Le Mans Series en 2003, incluyendo las 12 Horas de Sebring con Philipp Peter como tercer piloto, y subieron al podio en otras cuatro. De esa manera, ellos ganaron los títulos de pilotos de LMP900 y Joest el de equipos. Asimismo, Werner llegó cuarto en las 24 Horas de Le Mans en un Audi R8 LMP oficial del equipo Goh.

Werner siguió compitiendo en la American Le Mans Series en 2004 con un Audi R8 LMP oficial, pero ahora en el equipo Champion y junto a J. J. Lehto. Triunfó en seis carreras de nueve y llegó segundo en las demás, entre ellas Petit Le Mans, de manera que nuevamente se llevó ambos títulos de LMP1. Además, Werner, Lehto y Champion llegaron terceros en las 24 Horas de Le Mans, con Emanuele Pirro como tercer piloto. El alemán volvió a hacer pareja con Lehto en la American Le Mans Series en 2005. Ganaron tres carreras, incluyendo las 12 Horas de Sebring con la compañía de Tom Kristensen, pero abandonaron en una oportunidad y sus compañeros de equipo Biela y Pirro triunfaron en cuatro. Como consecuencia, quedaron quintos en el campeonato de pilotos de LMP1. Los tres pilotos también ganaron las 24 Horas de Le Mans para Champion.

Ante la llegada del Audi R10 TDI en 2006, Werner corrió únicamente las tres principales carreras de resistencia del ACO, todas como tercer piloto de Biela y Pirro: las 12 Horas de Sebring (abandono), las 24 Horas de Le Mans (victoria) y Petit Le Mans (séptimo). En 2007, Werner volvió a ser piloto titular de Audi en la American Le Mans Series, esta vez teniendo como compañero de butaca a Pirro. Obtuvieron tres victorias de clase, aunque sólo la de Sebring fue absoluta ya que el Porsche RS Spyder LMP2 de Penske se mostró aún más competitivo. Al verse superados por sus compañeros de equipo Allan McNish y Rinaldo Capello la mayor parte del año, Werner terminó como subcampeón de LMP1. No obstante, Werner, Biela y Pirro repitieron victoria en las 24 Horas de Le Mans, donde cruzaron la meta a diez vueltas del escolta. Werner también disputó una fecha del Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters en un Audi A4 de Phoenix.

En 2008, Werner pasó a tener como compañero de butaca en la Amreican Le Mans Series a Lucas Luhr. De las 11 fechas, sumaron ocho victorias de clase, seis de ellas absolutas, lo cual les bastó para ganar todos los campeonatos de LMP1 en disputa. Werner llegó sexto en las 24 Horas de Le Mans, en este caso formando la terna habitual con Biela y Pirro. Audi se retiró de la American Le Mans Series en 2009. Por ello, Werner compitió ese año solamente tres carreras de resistencia del ACO. Llegó tercero en Sebring, abandonó en Le Mans  arribó cuarto en Petit Le Mans, en los tres casos junto a Luhr y en los dos primeros con Mike Rockenfeller como tercer integrante. Werner también participó en las 24 Horas de Nürburgring en un Audi R8 oficial de Abt, junto a Luhr, Mattias Ekström y Timo Scheider, llegando 23º absoluto.

El piloto se fue de Audi en 2010. Ese año disputó las 24 Horas de Le Mans para Highcroft junto a David Brabham y Marino Franchitti en un HPD ARX-01C de la clase LMP2, que llegó a meta restrasado. En Petit Le Mans, fue vencedor de la monomarca LMPC para Level 5. Por otra parte, fue invitado para una fecha de la Copa Volkswagen Scirocco R Alemana.

Enlaces externos
Sitio oficial de Marco Werner (en alemán e inglés)

Pilotos de automovilismo de Alemania
Pilotos de las 24 Horas de Le Mans
Pilotos de Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters
Pilotos de American Le Mans Series
Nacidos en Dortmund
Pilotos de Porsche Supercup
Pilotos ganadores de las 24 Horas de Le Mans

Marco Werner


In the mathematical study of metric spaces, one can consider the arclength of paths in the space.  If two points are at a given distance from each other, it is natural to expect that one should be able to get from the first point to the second along a path whose arclength is equal to (or very close to) that distance.  The distance between two points of a metric space relative to the intrinsic metric is defined as the infimum of the lengths of all paths from the first point to the second.  A metric space is a length metric space if the intrinsic metric agrees with the original metric of the space.

If the space has the stronger property that there always exists a path that achieves the infimum of length (a geodesic) then it is called a geodesic metric space or geodesic space. For instance, the Euclidean plane is a geodesic space, with line segments as its geodesics. The Euclidean plane with the origin removed is not geodesic, but is still a length metric space.

Definitions
Let  be a metric space, i.e.,  is a collection of points (such as all of the points in the plane, or all points on the circle) and  is a function that provides us with the distance between points . We define a new metric  on , known as the induced intrinsic metric, as follows:
 is the infimum of the lengths of all paths from  to .

Here, a path from  to  is a continuous map

with  and . The length of such a path is defined as explained for rectifiable curves. We set  if there is no path of finite length from  to  (this is consistent with the infimum definition since the infimum of the empty set within the closed interval [0,+∞] is +∞).

The mapping  is idempotent, i.e.

If

for all points  and  in , we say that  is a length space or a path metric space and the metric  is intrinsic.

We say that the metric  has approximate midpoints if for any  and any pair of points   and   in  there exists  in  such that  and  are both smaller than

Examples
 Euclidean space  with the ordinary Euclidean metric is a path metric space.  is as well.
 The unit circle  with the metric inherited from the Euclidean metric of  (the chordal metric) is not a path metric space. The induced intrinsic metric on  measures distances as angles in radians, and the resulting length metric space is called the Riemannian circle.  In two dimensions, the chordal metric on the sphere is not intrinsic, and the induced intrinsic metric is given by the great-circle distance.
 Every connected Riemannian manifold can be turned into a path metric space by defining the distance of two points as the infimum of the lengths of continuously differentiable curves connecting the two points. (The Riemannian structure allows one to define the length of such curves.)  Analogously, other manifolds in which a length is defined included Finsler manifolds and sub-Riemannian manifolds.
 Any complete and convex metric space is a length metric space , a result of Karl Menger.  However, the converse does not hold, i.e. there exist length metric spaces that are not convex.

Properties
In general, we have  and the topology defined by  is therefore always finer than or equal to the one defined by .
The space  is always a path metric space (with the caveat, as mentioned above, that  can be infinite).
The metric of a length space has approximate midpoints. Conversely, every complete metric space with approximate midpoints is a length space.
The Hopf–Rinow theorem states that if a length space  is complete and locally compact then any two points in  can be connected by a minimizing geodesic and all bounded closed sets in  are compact.

References

  Herbert Busemann, Selected Works, (Athanase Papadopoulos, ed.) Volume I, 908 p., Springer International Publishing, 2018.

  Herbert Busemann, Selected Works, (Athanase Papadopoulos, ed.) Volume II, 842 p., Springer International Publishing, 2018.

Metric geometry

Intrinsic metric


بلدية أولايفينزا ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة بطليوس، التي تقع في منطقة إكستريمادورا، والتي تقع في غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 11.512 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2005). بينما تبلغ مساحتها 750 كم. وبذلك تكون الكثافة السكانية 27 نسمة/كم2. تقع المدينة على ارتفاع 327 م عن سطح البحر.

لا تعترف البرتغال بسيادة إسبانيا على هذه المدينة ,

توأمة
لأولايفينزا اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 ليريا

أعلام
 خيسوس كاراسكو خاراميو
 غويلرمو فرنانديز
 هومبرتو ديلغادو
 باولو دا غاما

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي (بالإسبانية)

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في بطليوس
الحدود الإسبانية البرتغالية
بلديات بطليوس
تنافس جيوسياسي
نزاعات إقليمية في أوروبا
بلديات محافظة إيفورا

أولايفينزا


كليف باري مولير  هو عالم رياضيات ومبرمج حاسب متخصص في التحليل العددي. من منتصف إلى آخر السبعينات كان أحد المؤلفين لـ LINPACK و EISPACK وهما مكتبتان برمجيتان للحسابات العددية مكتوبتان بلغة فورتران. هو مخترع ماتلاب وهو حزمة تطبيقات للقيام بالحسابات العددية، وكان قد اخترعه ليتيح لطلبته في جامعة نيومكسيكو وصولا سهلا للمكتبات البرمجية السابق ذكرها بسهولة ويسر. في عام 1984 قام بالاشتراك في تأسيس شركة ماثووركس مع جاك ليتل بغية التربح من البرنامج.

حصل على درجة البكالوريوس في الرياضيات من معهد كاليفورنيا للتكنولوجيا عام 1961 وعلى درجة الدكتوراه من جامعة ستانفورد.

درّس الرياضيات وعلوم الحاسب لما يقارب العشرين عاما في جامعات ميتشيجين وستانفورد ونيومكسيكو. قبل أن ينضم لشركة ماثووركس بدوام كامل في عام 1989 كان قد عمل لدى إنتل هايبركيوب ولدى مؤسسة أردينت للحوسبة. هو أيضا مؤلف مساعد لثلاثة كتب عن الأساليب العددية وعضو في رابطة مكائن الحوسبة (ACM). كان نائب رئيس جمعية الرياضيات الصناعية والتطبيقية وهو حاليا عضو في مجلس أمنائه. بدأ في يناير 2007 فترتين رئاسيتين ك رئيس لتلك الجمعية.

حصل على درجة فخرية من جامعة لينكوبينج بالسويد. حصل على درجة الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة وترلو في 16 يونيو 2001. في 30 أبريل 2004 تم تنصيبه دكتورا فخريا في جامعة الدانمارك التقنية.

حياته
ولد ونشأ في ولاية يوتاه الأمريكية لأبوين كانا يعملان في مجال الصحافة. عمل والده لوكالة يونايتد برس لخمسة وعشرين عاما ثم عمل محررا للصحيفة في أوغدين، يوتاه لخمسة وعشرين عاما. كان والده مراسلا يغطي الحرب العالمية الثانية في نهايتها. كانت بدايته مع الرياضيات في الصف التاسع عندما أعطاه معلمه كتابا عن التفاضل لاعتقاد معلمه أنه يعرف بالفعل ما كان يُدرَّس في الصف التاسع. التحق بمدرسة إيست هاي سكول الثانوية في مدينة سولت ليك في ولاية يوتاه. في سنته الأخيرة حصل على المركز الثاني في مسابقة رياضيات على مستوى الولاية.

قابل فتاه اسمها نانسي مارتن أثناء دراسته الثانوية وتزوجها في سنته الأخيرة في معهد كاليفورنيا للتكنولوجيا.

لم يكن هناك حواسب عند تخرجه من مدرسته الثانوية (أو على الأقل لم تكن معلومة له) في عام 1957 ولكنه كان يهوى التكنولوجيا. تقدم إلى معهد ماساتشوستس للتقنية MIT وإلى معهد كاليفورنيا للتكنولوجيا وحصل على منح من كلا المعهدين ولكنه رفض منحة MIT السخية مفضلا معهد كاليفورنيا لصغره وقلة عدد طلبته. بعد حيرة بين عدة تخصصات قرر التخصص في الرياضيات. بعد دراسته للتحليل العددي في سنته الأولى تحت يد البروفيسور جون تود كان أول تعامله مع الحاسب الآلي في ربيع 1959 الذي كان حينها يملأ غرفة بأكملها ولا يحتوي على أية نظم تشغيل.

التحق بجامعة ستانفورد بِحَثٍّ من أستاذه تود ليكمل دراسته. في سنته الأخيرة هناك كان طالبا في قسم الرياضيات ومدرسا في قسم علوم الحاسب الذي تم إنشاؤه تلك السنة (1965). خلال دراسته كان أشد القرب من الرياضيات المطبقة وأبعد ما يستطيع عن الرياضيات المجردة ودائما ما كان تحصيله في تلك المواد في الرياضيات المجردة قليلا. في ستانفورد تتلمذ على يد جورج فورسيث منشأ ورئيس قسم علوم الحاسب في ستانفورد ورئيس رابطة مكائن الحوسبة (ACM) لفترة من الفترات.

مؤلفاته
قام بالمشاركة في تأليف ثلاثة كتب عن الأساليب العددية نذكر منها:
 طرق حوسبية للحسابات الرياضية
Forsythe, George E., Malcolm, Michael A., Moler, Cleve B., "Computer methods for mathematical computations", Prentice-Hall Series in Automatic Computation, Prentice-Hall., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1977.  ISBN 0-13-165332-6
 الحوسبة العددية باستخدام ماتلاب
Moler, Cleve B., "Numerical Computing with MATLAB", Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2004, ISBN 978-0-89871-560-6

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 سيرته الذاتية على موقع ماثووركس
 النص الكامل لمقابلة أجريت معه

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء الأكاديمية الوطنية للهندسة في الولايات المتحدة
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة ميشيغان
خريجو جامعة ستانفورد
رياضياتيو القرن 20
رياضياتيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
رياضياتيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
عاملون في التحليل العددي
مبرمجون
مبرمجون أمريكيون
مواليد 1939
مواليد في سولت ليك (مدينة)
حاصلون على الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة لينشوبينغ
خريجو معهد كاليفورنيا للتقنية
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة نيومكسيكو

كليف مولير


Ferdinand Vilhelm, hertug af Württemberg-Neuenstadt (født 12. september 1659 i Neuenstadt an der Linde, død 7. juni 1701 i Sluis) var en tysk officer, broder til hertug Carl Rudolph af Württemberg-Neuenstadt.

Tilknytning til Danmark under Den Skånske Krig og deltagelse i Tyrkerkrigen
Ligesom brødrene fik Ferdinand Vilhelm en omhyggelig opdragelse, sendtes tidligt på rejser og besøgte 1671 sammen med sin ældste broder — under navnet "baron von Hellenstein" — også København. 1678 fulgte han som volontær felttoget i Skåne, blev samme år 2. oberstløjtnant ved Garden til Fods og 1682 dennes chef. 1683 fulgte han med på hertugen af Lothringens tog mod tyrkerne til Wiens undsætning og deltog indtil 1687 med udmærkelse i kampene i Ungarn, hvorved han blev hårdt såret ved Neuhäusel. Han betragtede vedblivende Christian V som sin egentlige krigsherre, Danmark som sit hjemland og førtes som chef for Livgarden. I en stadig brevveksling med kongen og overkrigssekretæren viste han sig som en interesseret og skarp iagttager af forholdene overalt, hvor han kom. 1687 blev han dansk generalløjtnant. Da Christian V 1689 trak en hærafdeling sammen mod Hamborg, fik Ferdinand Vilhelm kommandoen under hertugen af Plön (Johan Adolphs) overledelse. Til krig kom det ikke, men Ferdinand Vilhelm fik rigeligt arbejde med at mægle mellem de andre, indbyrdes højst ufordragelige generaler. Han tilrådede energisk kongen at benytte lejligheden til med væbnet hånd at gøre ende på stridighederne med hertugen af Gottorp; men hertil var tiden endnu ikke moden.

I Irland og Flandern
Over det hjælpekorps, som fra 1689 udlejedes til Vilhelm III, fik Ferdinand Vilhelm kommandoen og deltog i kampene i Irland som fører af forskellige hærafdelinger, hvori større eller mindre dele af det danske korps indgik. 1692 førte han som dansk general af infanteriet sit korps til Flandern, hvor han samme år deltog i kampen ved Steenkerke, 1693 ved Neerwinden, hvor han bl.a. havde alle de danske afdelinger under sin kommando, og 1695 i belejringen af Namur. Ved efterretningen om, at fransk landgang i England truede, førte han 1696 et korps over til England, men kort efter atter tilbage til Flandern, hvor krigen sluttede 1697.

Dobbelttjeneste under Den Store Nordiske Krig
Fra samme år til 1699 havde Ferdinand Vilhelm kommandoen over et saksisk-polsk korps mod tyrkerne, uden at større kampe fandt sted. 1699 blev han dansk general til hest og til fods og general en chef for hæren i Danmark og Hertugdømmerne m.m. og var samtidig gået i hollandsk sold, så at han snart opholdt sig i Danmark, snart i Holland. Dobbeltstillingen som general på samme tid i to staters hære var dengang ikke helt ualmindelig; men meget ejendommeligt var det dog, at samtidig med, at Ferdinand Vilhelm 1700 i Holsten stod i felten mod Hollands allierede, bombarderede den hollandske flåde — om end ret uskadeligt — København.

At hans ophold i Holland i politisk henseende var til gavn for Danmark, er utvivlsomt. Da Frederik IV vinteren 1699—1700 trak tropper sammen i Hertugdømmerne mod Gottorp, blev Ferdinand Vilhelm overgeneral. Han nærede hverken tvivl om sine feltherreevner eller om den ham betroede hærs dygtighed; men han skønnede, at de politiske forhold var hans krigsherre meget ugunstige, og kong Frederiks almindelige utilbøjelighed til at tilstå sine generaler den fornødne handlefrihed medførte, at den gunstigste årstid til angreb på de gottorpske lande samt det gunstigste tidspunkt til indgriben, inden de allierede modstandere syd fra nåede fuld styrke, hengik, inden angrebet satte ind, og det gik hurtigt i stå. Samtidig gik Karl XII i land på Sjælland, og de allierede flåder lagde sig ud for København.

Reformator af den danske hær
Uden at Ferdinand Vilhelm havde haft lejlighed til at vise feltherreevner i største stil, havde han overalt vist sig som en klog og energisk fører, og hans personlige mod, tapperhed og hæderlighed var almindelig anerkendt. I sine sidste år kom han til på afgørende vis at gribe ind i den danske nationale hærs udvikling. Da han længe havde forudset en ikke fjern krigersk afgørelse af forholdet til Gottorp og Sverige, havde han 1697 rådet Christian V til særlige anstalter til at sikre bevaringen af det krigserfarne personel fra felttogene i Flandern m. m. til støtte ved oprettelse af udskrevne afdelinger. Ved troppesammendragningen i Hertugdømmerne 1699 fremsatte han forslag om, at "Nationalregimenterne til Fods oprettedes ligesom tidligere", nærmest til brug som besætningstropper i fæstningerne, og han formulerede sine tanker herom. Efter afslutningen af krigen 1700 udarbejdede han et udførligt forslag, hvori han påviste, at den stående, hvervede hær ikke var tilstrækkelig til at danne både feltkorps og besætningstropper, men burde støttes af en landmilits på ca. 14.000 mand. Det heri fremsatte blev i hovedsagen tiltrådt af den "Kommission udi Raadstuen", der befaledes nedsat 7. september 1700 med Ferdinand Vilhelm som præses, storkansler Reventlow, Konseillet og andre som medlemmer. Efter indgående drøftelser fremsatte dernæst kommissionen et forslag, der, sammen med hertugens eget, overgaves til et underudvalg til udarbejdelse af Projekt til en Forordning om en Landværns Militie Indretning. Efter at kongen nøje havde gennemarbejdet projektet, udstedtes de to vigtige forordninger af 19. februar 1701, der på væsentlige punkter hvilede på Ferdinand Vilhelms forslag. Ferdinand Vilhelm døde ugift under et ophold i Holland, hvor han, jævnsides med sin danske tjeneste, var guvernør i Sluis. Han er begravet i Neuenstadt an der Linde, hvor hans . I 1688 var han blevet blå ridder.

Kilder og eksterne henvisninger
 K.C. Rockstroh: "Ferdinand Vilhelm, hertug af Württemberg-Neuenstadt"

Personer i Dansk Biografisk Leksikon
Tyskere i 1600-tallet
Huset Württemberg
Generaler fra Danmark
Generaler fra Nederlandene
Personer i Den Skånske Krig fra Danmark-Norge
Personer i Den Store Nordiske Krig fra Danmark-Norge

Ferdinand Vilhelm af Württemberg-Neuenstadt


An Gunnarella begaudii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Nicolas Hallé, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Karlheinz Senghas. An Gunnarella begaudii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gunnarella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

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Bryce Heem (1989- ), joueur néo-zélandais de rugby à XV ;
 Cornelis de Heem (1631-1695), peintre néerlandais, fils de Jan Davidszoon et frère de Jan Jansz.;
 Gilles Van Heems (1976- ), linguiste, étruscologue et historien français ;
 Jan Davidszoon de Heem (1606-1684), peintre néerlandais ;
 Jan Jansz. de Heem (1650- ap. 1695), peintre flamand, fils du précédent.

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