The North African campaign of the Second World War took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943. It included campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts (Western Desert campaign, also known as the Desert War) and in Morocco and Algeria (Operation Torch), as well as Tunisia (Tunisia campaign).

The campaign was fought between the Allies and the Axis Powers. The Allied war effort was dominated by the British Commonwealth and exiles from German-occupied Europe. The United States officially entered the war in December 1941 and began direct military assistance in North Africa on 11 May 1942.

Fighting in North Africa started with the Italian declaration of war on 10 June 1940. On 14 June, the British Army's 11th Hussars (assisted by elements of the 1st Royal Tank Regiment, 1st RTR) crossed the border from Egypt into Libya and captured the Italian Fort Capuzzo. This was followed by an Italian counter-offensive into Egypt and the capture of Sidi Barrani in September and its recapture by the British in December following a British Commonwealth counteroffensive, Operation Compass. During Operation Compass, the Italian 10th Army was destroyed and the German Afrika Korps—commanded by Erwin Rommel, who later became known as "The Desert Fox"—was dispatched to North Africa in February 1941 during Operation Sonnenblume to reinforce Italian forces in order to prevent a complete Axis defeat.

A fluctuating series of battles for control of Libya and regions of Egypt followed, reaching a climax in the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942 when British Commonwealth forces under the command of Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery inflicted a decisive defeat on Rommel's Afrika Korps and forced its remnants into Tunisia. After the Anglo-American landings (Operation Torch) in North-West Africa in November 1942, and subsequent battles against Vichy France forces (who then changed sides), the Allies encircled several hundred thousand German and Italian personnel in northern Tunisia and finally forced their surrender in May 1943.

Information gleaned via British Ultra code-breaking intelligence proved critical to Allied success in North Africa. Victory for the Allies in this campaign immediately led to the Italian campaign, which culminated in the downfall of the fascist government in Italy and the elimination of Germany's main European ally.

The North Africa campaign saw numerous atrocities and abuses by both German and Italian forces towards prisoners of war and local Jewish, Berber, and Arab populations.

Western Desert campaign

On 10 May 1940, the Wehrmacht started the Battle of France (or Westfeldzug). Six weeks later, France surrendered. The Armistice at Compiègne took place on 22 June 1940 leaving the Vichy government in control of French territory not occupied by Germany.

On 10 June, the Kingdom of Italy aligned itself with Nazi Germany and declared war upon France and the United Kingdom. British forces (along with Indian and Rhodesian troops) based in Egypt were ordered to take defensive measures, but to avoid  provocation as much as possible. However, on 11 June they began a series of raids against Italian positions in Libya. Following the defeat of France on 25 June, Italian forces in Tripolitania—facing French troops based in Tunisia—redeployed to Cyrenaica to reinforce the Italian Tenth Army. This, coupled with the steadily degrading equipment of the British forces, led General Archibald Wavell to order an end to the raids and place the defence of the Egyptian border with a small screening force.

Italian dictator Benito Mussolini ordered the Tenth Army to invade Egypt by 8 August. Two days later, no invasion having been launched, Mussolini ordered Marshal Graziani that, the moment German forces launched Operation Sea Lion to invade Great Britain, he was to attack. Beaten in the Battle of Britain, the German invasion never took place. On 8 September, the Italians—hampered by a lack of transport, enfeebled by the low level of training among officers, and weakened by the state of its supporting equipment—were ordered to invade Egypt the following day. The battle plan was to advance along the coastal road while limited armoured forces operated on the desert flank.

To counter the Italian advance, Wavell ordered his screening forces to harass the advancing Italians, falling back towards Mersa Matruh, where the main British infantry force was based. Positioned on the desert flank was the 7th Armoured Division, which would strike at the flank of the Italian force.

By 16 September, the Italian force had advanced to Maktila, around  west of Mersa Matruh, where they halted due to supply problems. Despite Mussolini urging them to carry on, Graziani ordered his men to dig in around Sidi Barrani, and fortified camps were established in forward locations; additional troops were also positioned behind the main force. In response to the dispersed Italian camps, the British planned a limited five-day attack, Operation Compass, to strike at these fortified camps one by one. The British Commonwealth force, totalling 36,000 men, attacked the forward elements of the 10-division-strong Italian army on 9 December. Following their initial success, the forces of Operation Compass pursued the retreating Italian forces. In January, the small port at Bardia was taken, soon followed by the seizure of the fortified port of Tobruk.

Some 40,000 Italians were captured in and around the two ports, with the remainder of the Tenth Army retreating along the coast road back to El Agheila. Richard O'Connor sent the 7th Armoured Division across the desert with a small reconnaissance group. It reached Beda Fomm some ninety minutes before the Italians, cutting off their retreat. Although they tried desperately to overcome the British force at the Battle of Beda Fomm, the Italians were unable to break through, and the remnants of the retreating army surrendered. Over ten weeks Allied forces had destroyed the Italian Tenth Army and reached El Agheila, taking 130,000 prisoners of war in the process.

Mussolini requested help from his German allies, while the Italian Comando Supremo ("high command") speedily sent several large motorized and armoured forces to protect their colonies in North Africa. This greatly expanded reinforcement included the soon-to-be-renowned Ariete Armoured division under General Ettore Baldassarre. Meanwhile, the Germans hastily assembled a motorized force, whose lead elements arrived in Tripoli in February. This relatively small expeditionary force, termed the Afrika Korps by Adolf Hitler, was placed under the command of Erwin Rommel. His orders were to reinforce the Italians and block Allied attempts to drive them out of the region. However, the initial commitment of only one panzer division and subsequently, no more than two panzer and one motorized divisions, indicated the limited extent of German involvement and commitment to this theatre of operations. The bulk of the reinforcements were Italian and therefore it was up to the Italians to do the bulk of the fighting. The forward Allied force—now named XIII Corps—adopted a defensive posture and over the coming months was built up, before most of its veteran forces were redeployed to Greece to counter the German invasion there. In addition, the 7th Armoured Division was withdrawn to the Nile delta. The veteran forces were replaced by inexperienced newcomers, ill-equipped to face German armour.

Although Rommel had been ordered to simply hold the line, an armoured reconnaissance soon became a full-fledged offensive from El Agheila in March. In March–April, Allied forces were forced back and leading general officers captured. The Australian 9th Infantry Division fell back to the fortress port of Tobruk, and the remaining British and Commonwealth forces withdrew a further  east to the Libyan–Egyptian border. With Tobruk under siege by the main Italian-German force, a small battlegroup continued to press eastwards. Capturing Fort Capuzzo and Bardia in passing, it then advanced into Egypt, and by the end of April it had taken Sollum and the tactically important Halfaya Pass. Rommel garrisoned these positions, reinforcing the battle-group and ordering it onto the defensive.

Though isolated on land, Tobruk's garrison continued to receive supplies and replacements, delivered by the Royal Navy at night. Rommel's forces did not have the strength or training to take the fortress. This created a supply problem for his forward units. His front-line positions at Sollum were at the end of an extended supply chain that stretched back to Tripoli and had to bypass the coast road at Tobruk. Further, he was constantly threatened with a breakout of the British forces at Tobruk. Without Tobruk in Axis hands, further advances into Egypt were impractical.

The Allies launched a small-scale counter-attack called Operation Brevity in an attempt to push Axis forces off the key passes at the border, with some initial success. However they could not hold the advance positions and followed Brevity up with a much larger-scale offensive, Operation Battleaxe intended to relieve the siege at Tobruk, but this operation also failed.

Following the failure of Operation Battleaxe, Archibald Wavell was relieved of command and replaced by Claude Auchinleck. The Western Desert Force was reinforced with a second corps, XXX Corps, with the two corps forming the Eighth Army. Eighth Army was made up of army forces from the Commonwealth nations, including the British Army, the Australian Army, the Indian Army, the New Zealand Army, the South African Army, and the Sudan Defence Force. There was also a brigade of Free French under Marie-Pierre Koenig.

The new formation launched a new offensive, Operation Crusader, in November. After a see-saw battle, the 70th Division garrisoning Tobruk was relieved and the Axis forces were forced to fall back. By January 1942, the front line was again at El Agheila.

After receiving supplies and reinforcements from Tripoli, the Axis attacked again, defeating the Allies in the  Battle of Gazala in June and capturing Tobruk. The Axis forces drove the Eighth Army back over the Egyptian border, but their advance was stopped in July only  from Alexandria in the First Battle of El Alamein.

Of great significance, on 29 June reports of British military operations in North Africa sent to Washington by the US military attaché in Cairo, Bonner Fellers, no longer used the compromised "Black Code" which the Axis forces had been reading, so the Axis could no longer learn of British "strengths, positions, losses, reinforcements, supply, situation, plans, morale etc" as they had since 1940.

General Auchinleck, although he had checked Rommel's advance at the First Battle of El Alamein, was replaced by General Harold Alexander. Lieutenant-General William Gott was promoted from XIII Corps commander to command of the entire Eighth Army, but he was killed when his aircraft was intercepted and shot down over Egypt. He was replaced by Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery.

At the end of June, Axis forces made a second attempt to break through the Allied defences at El Alamein at Alam Halfa, but were unsuccessful. After a lengthy period of build-up and training, the Eighth Army launched a major offensive, decisively defeating the Italian-German army in the Second Battle of El Alamein in late October, driving Axis forces west and capturing Tripoli in mid-January 1943. By February, the Eighth Army was facing the Italian-German Panzer Army near the Mareth Line and came under command of Alexander's 18th Army Group for the concluding phase of the war in North Africathe Tunisia campaign.

Operation Torch

Operation Torch in November 1942 was a compromise operation that met the British objective of securing victory in North Africa while allowing American armed forces the opportunity to engage in the fight against Nazi Germany on a limited scale. In addition, as Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, had long been pleading for a second front to be opened to engage the Wehrmacht and relieve pressure on the Red Army, it provided some degree of relief for the Red Army on the Eastern Front by diverting Axis forces to the North African theatre. Over half the German Ju 52 transport planes that were needed to supply the encircled Axis forces at Stalingrad were tied up supplying Axis forces in North Africa.

Senior U.S. commanders were strongly opposed to proposed landings in North-West Africa. After the western Allied Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS) met in London on 30 July 1942 General George Marshall and Admiral Ernest King declined to approve the plan. Marshall and other U.S. generals advocated the invasion of northern Europe later that year, which the British rejected. After Prime Minister Winston Churchill pressed for a landing in French North Africa in 1942, Marshall suggested instead to President Franklin D. Roosevelt that the U.S. abandon the Germany first strategy and take the offensive in the Pacific. Roosevelt said it would do nothing to help Russia. With Marshall unable to persuade the British to change their minds, President Roosevelt gave a direct order that Operation Torch was to have precedence over other operations and was to take place at the earliest possible date, one of only two direct orders he gave to military commanders during the war.

The landings started on 8 November, and finished on 16 November. In an attempt to pincer German and Italian forces, Allied forces (American and British Commonwealth) landed in Vichy-held French North Africa under the assumption that there would be little to no resistance. Nevertheless, Vichy French forces put up a strong and bloody resistance to the Allies in Oran and Morocco, but not in Algiers, where a coup d'état by the French resistance on 8 November succeeded in neutralizing the French XIX Corps before the landing and arresting the Vichy commanders. Consequently, the landings met no practical opposition in Algiers, and the city was captured on the first day along with the entire Vichy African command. After three days of talks and threats, Generals Mark Clark and Dwight Eisenhower compelled Vichy Admiral François Darlan and General Alphonse Juin to order the cessation on 10–11 November of armed resistance from Vichy forces in Oran and Morocco, promising to make Darlan the head of a Free French administration. During Operation Torch, Americans fought Vichy French and German navy vessels in the Naval Battle of Casablanca, which ended in an American victory.

The Allied landings prompted the Axis occupation of Vichy France (Case Anton). In addition, the Italians captured the French fleet at Toulon, which did them little good, as the main portion of the fleet had been scuttled to prevent their use by the Axis.

The Vichy Army in North Africa joined the Allies.

Tunisian campaign

Following the Operation Torch landings—from early November 1942—the Germans and Italians initiated a buildup of troops in Tunisia to fill the vacuum left by Vichy troops which had withdrawn. During this period of weakness, the Allies decided against a rapid advance into Tunisia while they wrestled with the Vichy authorities. Many of the Allied soldiers were tied up in garrison duties because of the uncertain status and intentions of the Vichy forces.

By mid-November, the Allies were able to advance into Tunisia, but only in single division strength. By early December, the Eastern Task Force—which had been redesignated as the British First Army under Lieutenant-General Kenneth Anderson—was composed of the British 78th Infantry Division, British 6th Armoured Division, 1st Parachute Brigade, No. 6 Commando and elements of US 1st Armored Division. But by this time, one German and five Italian divisions had been shipped from Europe and the remoteness of Allied airfields from the front line gave the Axis clear air superiority over the battlefield. The Allies were halted and pushed back having advanced eastwards to within  of Tunis.

In early December, the Allies were met with the reality that they would not be successful in capturing the key cities of Tunis and Bizerta. The air campaigns by the Axis forces proved to be a difficult challenge for the British forces. However, the Allies were left with the advantage of having secured the island of Malta, enabling the Allies to carry out future aerial operations. Additionally, on land, allied British and American forces were able to hold onto their possessions. On December 4, 1942, the Allied Force Headquarters in North Africa reported that military operations were ongoing in the Tebourba area. The Axis powers attempted a second counter-attack in the neighborhood of Tebourba following their failed attempt on December 1. The attack was successfully repulsed by the Allied powers, and the enemy sustained significant damage to their weaponry. During the winter, there followed a period of stalemate during which time both sides continued to build up their forces.  By the new year, the British First Army had one British, one US and one French Corps (a second British Corps headquarters was activated in April). In the second half of February, in eastern Tunisia, Rommel and von Arnim had some successes against the mainly inexperienced French and US troops, most notably in routing the US II Corps commanded by Major General Lloyd Fredendall at the Battle of Kasserine Pass.

By the beginning of March, the British Eighth Army—advancing westward along the North African coast—had reached the Tunisian border. Rommel and von Arnim found themselves in an Allied "two army" pincer. They were outflanked, outmanned and outgunned. Rommel went back to Germany for health reasons and was substituted by the Italian general Messe.

The British Eighth Army bypassed the Axis defence on the Mareth Line in late March after harsh fighting and First Army in central Tunisia launched their main offensive in mid-April to squeeze the Axis forces until their resistance in Africa collapsed. The Axis forces surrendered on 13 May 1943 yielding over 275,000 prisoners of war. The last Axis force to surrender in North Africa was the 1st Italian Army of general Messe. This huge loss of experienced troops greatly reduced the military capacity of the Axis powers, although some Axis troops escaped Tunisia. This defeat in Africa led to all Italian colonies in Africa being captured.

Intelligence

Axis

The Axis had considerable success in intelligence gathering through radio communication intercepts and monitoring unit radio traffic. The most important success came through intercepting the reports of Fellers, the US military attaché in Egypt. He had been tasked by Marshall with providing detailed reports on the military situation in Africa. Fellers talked with British military and civilian headquarters personnel, read documents and visited the battlefront. Known to the Germans as "die gute Quelle" (the good source) or more jokingly as 'the little fellow', he transmitted his reports back to Washington using the "Black Code" of the US State Department. However, in September 1941, the Italians had stolen a code book containing the Black Code, photographed it and returned it to the US embassy in Rome. The Italians shared parts of their intercepts with their German allies. In addition the "Chiffrierabteilung" (German military cipher branch) were soon able to break the code. Fellers' reports were very detailed and played a significant role in informing the Germans of allied strength and intentions between January and June 1942

In addition, the Italian Servizio Informazioni Segrete or SIS code-breakers were able to successfully intercept much radio encrypted signals intelligence (SIGINT) from British aircraft traffic as well as first-class ciphers from British vessels and land bases, providing Supermarina (Regia Marina) with timely warnings of Allied intentions in the Mediterranean. Indeed, so successful was the Italian SIS in handling the bulk of Axis naval intelligence in the Mediterranean, that "Britain's offensive use of SIGINT was largely negated by Italy's defensive SIGINT."

The Afrika Korps had the intelligence services of the 621st Signals Battalion mobile monitoring element which arrived in North Africa in late April 1941, commanded by Hauptmann Alfred Seeböhm. The 621st Signals Battalion monitored radio communications among British units. Unfortunately for the Allies, the British not only failed to change their codes with any frequency, they were also prone to poor radio discipline in combat. Their officers made frequent open, uncoded transmissions to their commands, allowing the Germans to more easily identify British units and deployments. The situation changed after a counterattack during the Battle of Gazala resulted in the 621st Signals Battalion being overrun and destroyed, and a number of their documents captured, alerting British intelligence to the problem. The British responded by instituting an improved call signal procedure, introducing radiotelephonic codes, imposing rigid wireless silence on reserve formations, padding out real messages with dummy traffic, tightening up on their radio discipline in combat and creating an entire fake signals network in the southern sector.

Allies

Allied codebreakers read much enciphered German message traffic, especially that encrypted with the Enigma machine. The Allies' Ultra programme was initially of limited value, as it took too long to get the information to the commanders in the field, and at times provided information that was less than helpful. In terms of anticipating the next move the Germans would make, reliance on Ultra sometimes backfired. Part of the reason the initial German attacks in March 1941 were so successful was that Ultra intercepts had informed Wavell that OKW had clearly directed Rommel not to take any offensive action, but to wait until he was further reinforced with the 15th Panzer Division in May. Rommel received this information, but placed more value on his own assessment of the situation. Trusting that the Germans had no intention of taking major action, the British command did not respond until it was too late. Furthermore, Rommel did not generally provide OKW or the Italian Comando Supremo details of his planned operations, for he thought the Italians too prone to leak the information. Thus on 21 January 1942, when Rommel struck out on his second offensive from El Agheila, Comando Supremo was just as surprised to learn of it as the British were. Ultra intercepts provided the British with such information as the name of the new German commander, his time of arrival, and the numbers and condition of the Axis forces, but they might not correctly reveal Rommel's intentions.

The primary benefit of Ultra intercepts to the effort in North Africa was to aid in cutting the Axis supply line to Tunisia. Ultra intercepts provided valuable information about the times and routes of Axis supply shipments across the Mediterranean. This was critical in providing the British with the opportunity to intercept and destroy them. During the time when Malta was under heavy air attack, the ability to act on this information was limited, but as Allied air and naval strength improved, the information became instrumental to Allied success. It is estimated that 40% to 60% of Axis supply shipping was located and destroyed due to decrypted information. However, this claim is strongly disputed by the authors Vincent P. O'Hara and Enrico Cernuschi (2013) who claim that authors like F.H. Hinsley have greatly exaggerated the effects of ULTRA. For example, they claim that intelligence provided by ULTRA had little impact in stopping Italian convoys reaching North Africa. Of the 2.67 million tons of materiel, fuel, and munitions shipped to Africa—nearly all in Italian vessels and under Italian escort—2.24 million tons managed to arrive despite the best efforts of ULTRA and the British Navy to prevent it. In effect, "Ultra did not deny the Axis armies the supplies they needed to reach the Nile."

Heavy losses of German paratroopers during the Battle of Crete, made possible by Ultra warnings of the drop times and locations, meant that Hitler hesitated in attacking Malta, which aided the British in gaining control of the Mediterranean, as did the losses of the Italian Navy at the Battle of Cape Matapan. To conceal the fact that German coded messages were being read, a fact critical to the overall Allied war effort, British command required a flyover mission be carried out before a convoy could be attacked in order to give the appearance that a reconnaissance flight had discovered the target.

Atrocities

The North African campaign was often labeled a "war without hate", a pure military clash in the desert without the partisan roundups and ethnic cleansing happening in Europe. This view has been challenged by recent historians, given that there were indeed many civilians who lived in the region, and the campaign was marked by numerous atrocities and abuses by both Italian and German forces towards Allied prisoners of war and local Jewish, Berber, and Arab populations. These acts were often motivated by racism and antisemitism.

Aftermath

After victory by the Allies in the North African campaign, the stage was set for the Italian campaign to begin. The invasion of Sicily followed two months later. Nearly 400,000 Axis and Allied troops were lost, injured or died of disease by the end of the North African campaign.

See also

 List of British military equipment of World War II

 List of equipment of the United States Army during World War II
 List of French military equipment of World War II
 List of German military equipment of World War II
 List of Italian Army equipment in World War II
 List of North African campaign battles
 North African campaign timeline
 Timelines of World War II by year: 1940194119421943

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

External links

 The Jews of North Africa and the Holocaust  an e-Newsletter for Holocaust educators by Yad Vashem
 BBC's flash video of the North African campaign
 Timeline of the North African campaign
 Canadian World War 2 Online Newspaper Archives – The North African Campaigns, 1940–1943
 North African Campaign Desert War.net

1940s in Africa
1940s in Egypt
1940s in Libya
African theatres of World War II
Battles and operations of World War II involving Australia
Battles and operations of World War II involving France
Battles and operations of World War II involving Germany
Battles and operations of World War II involving India
Battles and operations of World War II involving Italy
Battles and operations of World War II involving New Zealand
Battles and operations of World War II involving Poland
Battles and operations of World War II involving South Africa
Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States
Campaigns of World War II
Campaigns, operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
Conflicts in 1940
Conflicts in 1941
Conflicts in 1942
Conflicts in 1943
Egypt in World War II
Libya in World War II
Military campaigns involving Germany
Tunisian campaign
United States Army Rangers
Western Desert campaign

North African campaign


is a town located in  Hashima District, Gifu, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 25,661 and a population density of 3200 persons per km2, in 10,633 households. The total area of the town was .

Geography
Ginan is located in the Nōbi Plain in southern Gifu Prefecture, bordering on Aichi Prefecture. The Kiso River and the Sakai River flow through the town, which is located in marshy flatlands and was often subject to flooding.  The town has a climate characterized by characterized by hot and humid summers, and mild winters  (Köppen climate classification Cfa).  The average annual temperature in Ginan is 15.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1934 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 28.1 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.1 °C.

Neighbouring municipalities
Gifu Prefecture
Gifu
Kakamigahara
Kasamatsu
Aichi Prefecture
Ichinomiya

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ginan nearly doubled between 1970 and 1990, although growth has slowed since then.

History
The area around Ginan was part of traditional Owari Province until the course of the Kiso River shifted in 1586, after which time it was part of Mino Province. It was an ancient settlement on the important river crossing connecting Nagoya with Gifu.  During the Edo period, it was divided between territory controlled by Owari Domain and various small  hatamoto holdings.  During the post-Meiji restoration cadastral reforms, the area was organised into Haguri District, Gifu Prefecture, which was subsequently transferred to Hashima District, Gifu. The modern village of Ginan was formed on September 26, 1956 by the merger of the villages of Yatsuru and Kamiheguri. It was elevated to town status four days later on October 1, 1956. Plans to merge with the neighbouring city of Gifu were rejected by a referendum in June 2004.

Economy
The mainstay of the local economy is agriculture (rice, vegetables, dairy, poultry), and light industry  (computer related products, dairy products, chemicals).

Education
Ginan has three public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government. The one high school in town is a private girls high school.

Transportation

Railway
 Meitetsu - Nagoya Main Line

Highway
 Tōkai-Hokuriku Expressway

References

External links

Towns in Gifu Prefecture

Ginan, Gifu


Kei Omoto (født 21. juli 1984) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Blaublitz Akita.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kei Omoto


Coincya monensis, zeljasta biljka iz porodice krstašica. Rasprostranjena je po zapadnoj Europi Francuska (uključujući Korziku), Njemačka, Velika Britanija i Isle of Man, Italija, Portugal, i Španjolska, te u Maroku. U Sjevernu Ameriku je uvezena.

Uglavnom je dvogodišnja biljka, ali u nekim krajevima Amerike mogu biti jednogodišnje, dvogodišnje i višegodišnje. Postoji nekoliko podvrsta.

Podvrste
 Coincya monensis subsp. cheiranthos (Vill.) C.Aedo Pérez, Leadlay & Muñoz Garm.
 Coincya monensis var. granatensis (O.E.Schulz) Leadlay
 Coincya monensis var. johnstonii (Samp.) Leadlay
 Coincya monensis subsp. nevadensis (Willk.) Leadlay
 Coincya monensis subsp. orophila (Franco) C.Aedo Pérez, Leadlay & Muñoz Garm.
 Coincya monensis subsp. puberula (Pau) Leadlay
 Coincya monensis var. setigera (J.Gay ex Lange) Leadlay

Sinonimi
 Brassica monensis (L.) Huds.
 Brassicella coincyoides Humbert & Maire
 Brassicella monensis (L.) O.E.Schulz
 Coincya coincyoides (Humbert & Maire) Greuter & Burdet
 Coincya pseudoerucastrum subsp. coincyoides (Humbert & Maire) Rivas Mart.
 Erucastrum monense (L.) Link
 Hutera coincyoides (Humbert & Maire) Gómez-Campo
 Hutera monensis (L.) Gómez-Campo
 Rhynchosinapis monensis (L.) Dandy
 Rhynchosinapsis coincyoides (Humbert & Maire) Fern.Casas
 Sinapis monensis (L.) Bab.
 Sisymbrium monense L.

Izvori

Brassiceae

Coincya monensis


Tretyakov Devlet Galerisi (Tretyakovskaya da denir) (Rusça: Государственная Третьяковская галерея), 1856 yılında Moskova'da tüccar Pavel Tretyakov tarafından kurulan sanat müzesi. Dünyanın en önemli güzel sanatlar koleksiyonlarından bazılarına ev sahipliği yapmaktadır.

Tarihi
Pavel Tretyakov, 1850'lerin ortalarından itibaren kendi koleksiyonu için yapıtlar toplamaya başladı. Bu yapıtlar 1893'te Pavel ve Sergey Tretyakov - Moskova Şehir Galerisi adıyla halkın ziyaretine açıldı. Sergilenen koleksiyonda Rus sanatçılara ait 1276 tablo, 471 çizim ve 10 heykel bulunuyordu.

3 Haziran 1918'de Devrim hükûmeti tarafından galerinin Rusya Federatif Sovyet Cumhuriyeti'nin Mülkü olduğu ilan edildi ve bugünkü adını aldı.

Sovyetler Birliği'nin II. Dünya Savaşı'na girmesiyle birlikte, diğer Sovyet müzeleri olduğu gibi Tretyakov Devlet Galerisi de olası bir boşaltma işlemi için hazırlandı. 1941 yazının ortasında 17 vagonluk bir tren katarı müzenin eserlerini Moskova'dan Novosibirsk'e nakletti. Müze, Sovyet Birliklerinin Berlin'e girişinin üzerinde bir hafta geçmeden 14 Mayıs 1945'te eski yerinde yeniden açıldı.

1985 yılında Devlet Resim Galerisi'yle birleştirilen müze, 1986 - 1995 yılları arasında tadilat nedeniyle ziyaretçi girişine kapatıldı.

Sergilenen Yapıtlar
Müzede yaklaşık 250 sanatçının yaklaşık 130.000 eseri sergilenmektedir. Bu sanatçıların en bilinenleri arasında Andrey Rublev, İvan Ayvazovski, Viktor Vasnetsov ve İlya Repin, Kazimir Maleviç sayılabilir.

Galeri

Tablolar

Ayrıca bakınız
 Bolşevik (tablo)
 Çölde İsa (tablo)

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi internet sitesi (Rusça ve İngilizce)

Moskova'daki müzeler
Rusya'daki sanat müzeleri
Modern sanat müzeleri

Tretyakov Devlet Galerisi


An Fuirena squarrosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni André Michaux. An Fuirena squarrosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fuirena, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Fuirena

Fuirena squarrosa


Alokasija (lat. Alocasia), rod zimzelenih trajnica iz porodice kozlačevki s podzemnim korijenjem (rizom), dio potporodice Aroideae. Postoji 90 vrsta raširenih po tropskoj i suptropskoj Aziji i istočnoj Australiji.

Srednje velika do rijetko drvenasta i gigantska, sezonski neaktivna, stabljika debela, često hipogealna, ponekad stoloniferna i lukovičasta, epigealna stabljika obično uspravna, s prozirnim do mliječnim lateksom.

Vrste

 Alocasia acuminata Schott
 Alocasia aequiloba N.E.Br.
 Alocasia alba Schott
 Alocasia arifolia Hallier f.
 Alocasia atropurpurea Engl.
 Alocasia augustiana L.Linden & Rodigas
 Alocasia azlanii K.M.Wong & P.C.Boyce
 Alocasia baginda Kurniawan & P.C.Boyce
 Alocasia balgooyi A.Hay
 Alocasia beccarii Engl.
 Alocasia boa A.Hay
 Alocasia boyceana A.Hay
 Alocasia brancifolia (Schott) A.Hay
 Alocasia brisbanensis (F.M.Bailey) Domin
 Alocasia cadieri Chantrier
 Alocasia celebica Engl. ex Koord.
 Alocasia chaii P.C.Boyce
 Alocasia clypeolata A.Hay
 Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) G.Don
 Alocasia culionensis Engl.
 Alocasia cuprea  (H.Low ex Sankey) K.Koch
 Alocasia decipiens Schott
 Alocasia decumbens Buchet
 Alocasia devansayana (L.Linden & Rodigas) Engl.
 Alocasia evrardii Gagnep. ex V.D.Nguyen
 Alocasia fallax Schott
 Alocasia farisii Zulhazman, Norziel. & P.C.Boyce
 Alocasia flabellifera A.Hay
 Alocasia flemingiana Yuzammi & A.Hay
 Alocasia fornicata (Kunth) Schott
 Alocasia gageana Engl. & K.Krause
 Alocasia grata Prain ex Engl. & Krause
 Alocasia hainanica N.E.Br.
 Alocasia hararganjensis H.Ara & M.A.Hassan
 Alocasia heterophylla (C.Presl) Merr.
 Alocasia hollrungii Engl.
 Alocasia hypoleuca P.C.Boyce
 Alocasia indica (Lour.) Spach
 Alocasia infernalis P.C.Boyce
 Alocasia inornata Hallier f.
 Alocasia jiewhoei V.D.Nguyen
 Alocasia kerinciensis A.Hay
 Alocasia lancifolia Engl.
 Alocasia lauterbachiana (Engl.) A.Hay
 Alocasia lecomtei Engl.
 Alocasia lihengiae C.L.Long & Q.Fang
 Alocasia longiloba Miq.
 Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don
 Alocasia maquilingensis Merr.
 Alocasia megawatiae Yuzammi & A.Hay
 Alocasia melo A.Hay, P.C.Boyce & K.M.Wong
 Alocasia micholitziana Sander
 Alocasia miniuscula A.Hay
 Alocasia montana (Roxb.) Schott
 Alocasia monticola A.Hay
 Alocasia navicularis (K.Koch & C.D.Bouché) K.Koch & C.D.Bouché
 Alocasia nebula A.Hay
 Alocasia nicolsonii A.Hay
 Alocasia nycteris Medecilo, G.C.Yao & Madulid
 Alocasia odora (G.Lodd.) Spach
 Alocasia × okinawensis Tawada
 Alocasia pangeran A.Hay
 Alocasia peltata M.Hotta
 Alocasia perakensis Hemsl.
 Alocasia portei Schott
 Alocasia princeps W.Bull
 Alocasia principiculus A.Hay
 Alocasia puber (Hassk.) Schott
 Alocasia puteri A.Hay
 Alocasia pyrospatha A.Hay
 Alocasia ramosii A.Hay
 Alocasia reginae N.E.Br.
 Alocasia reginula A.Hay
 Alocasia reversa N.E.Br.
 Alocasia ridleyi A.Hay
 Alocasia rivularis Luu, Nguyen-Phi & H.T.Van
 Alocasia robusta M.Hotta
 Alocasia salarkhanii H.Ara & M.A.Hassan
 Alocasia sanderiana W.Bull
 Alocasia sarawakensis M.Hotta
 Alocasia scabriuscula N.E.Br.
 Alocasia scalprum A.Hay
 Alocasia simonsiana A.Hay
 Alocasia sinuata N.E.Br.
 Alocasia suhirmaniana Yuzammi & A.Hay
 Alocasia venusta A.Hay
 Alocasia vietnamensis V.D.Nguyen & de Kok
 Alocasia wentii Engl. & K.Krause
 Alocasia wongii A.Hay
 Alocasia yunqiana Z.X.Ma, Yifan Li & J.T.Yin
 Alocasia zebrina Schott ex Van Houtte

Sinonimi
 Ensolenanthe Schott
 Panzhuyuia Z.Y.Zhu
 Schizocasia Schott
 Xenophya Schott

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Colocasieae

Alokasija


Stoltenbjerg er en bakketop i Staldbakkerne, der med sine 88 meter er det højeste punkt på Danmarks største indlandshede Randbøl Hede syd for Billund

Bakkerne er skabt af flyvesand, der her er blæst sammen før bevoksningen bandt den store sandflade efter istiden og under senere sandstorme helt frem til 1500-1600-tallet. Nogle steder er der stadig lysende, hvide vindbrud i sandet, men de fleste af klitterne er grå og helt bevoksede.
Sandet det danner Staldbakkerne og Stoltenbjerg, kommer oprindeligt fra de enorme mængder sand, der er afsat af strømmende vand i den sene del af sidste istid, for omkring 18.000 år siden.

Med sine 17 meter højde over resten af heden er der fra toppen af Stoltenbjerg en fremragende udsigt.
Rundt om Stoltenbjerg er der bevoksninger med lyng, blåbær, græsser og andre urter.

Kulturhistorie
Den gamle oldtidsvej Vorbasse Studevej kan endnu anes ved slugterne i Staldbakkerne, tæt ved Stoltenbjerg
Staldbakkerne har fået sit navn under svenske-krigene, hvor beboerne gemte deres heste for svenskerne i de øde bakker.

På Stoltenbjerg findes der spor af skyttegrave og maskingevær-reder fra 2. verdenskrig. På toppen af Stoltenbjerg byggede tyskerne et observationstårn, hvor de kunne overvåge hele hedeområdet, der var fyldt med skjulte jagerfly og bombefly. Dette var i 1944 at tyskerne anlagde en nødflyveplads, kaldet Jägerplatz Fitting for jagerfly på selve Randbøl Hede.

Beskyttelse
Hele Randbøl Hede og dermed Stoltenbjerg og resten af Staldbakkerne er en del af Natura 2000-område nr. 82 Randbøl Hede og klitter i Frederikshåb Plantage, er fuglebeskyttelsesområde og er fredet af flere omgange.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

Fredede arealer i Danmark
Lokaliteter i Billund Kommune
Bakker i Danmark

Stoltenbjerg


Jack Robinson (Warrington, Inglaterra, Reino Unido, 1 de septiembre de 1993) es un futbolista británico que milita en el Sheffield United F. C. de la Premier League de Inglaterra.

Es el jugador más joven que haya tenido el Liverpool, club en el que debutó. Su debut se produjo a la edad de 16 años y 250 días.

Robinson también jugó para la selección sub-19 de Inglaterra.

Carrera

Liverpool

Hizo su debut el 9 de mayo de 2010, entrando en el minuto 87 del último día de la temporada contra el Hull City, entrando como sustituto de Ryan Babel, llegando a ser el jugador más joven en la historia del club, con una edad de 16 años 250 días, batiendo el récord de Max Thompson. Posteriormente se le otorgó el número 49, para participar en la temporada 2010-11.

La primera vez que entrenó con el primer equipo de Rafael Benítez en la Liga Europea de la UEFA en un efrentamiento con el Benfica en Melwood.

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Profile at Liverpool

 LFCHistory Profile
 Premier League profile

Futbolistas de Inglaterra
Futbolistas del Liverpool Football Club en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club
Futbolistas del Blackpool Football Club
Futbolistas del Queens Park Rangers Football Club
Futbolistas del Huddersfield Town Football Club
Futbolistas del Nottingham Forest Football Club
Futbolistas del Sheffield United Football Club
Nacidos en Warrington

Jack Robinson


Bredenbury est un village et une paroisse civile du Herefordshire, en Angleterre. Il est situé à une vingtaine de kilomètres au nord-est de la ville de Hereford, sur la  qui relie les villes de Leominster ( à l'ouest) et Bromyard ( à l'est). Au recensement de 2011, la paroisse civile de Bredenbury comptait .

Références

Liens externes

Village dans le Herefordshire
Paroisse civile dans le Herefordshire

Bredenbury (Royaume-Uni)


Onthophagus synceri é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Cambefort em 1984.

Referências

Ligações externas

synceri
Coleópteros descritos em 1984

Onthophagus synceri


An Zygosepalum marginatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Zygosepalum marginatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Zygosepalum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Zygosepalum

Zygosepalum marginatum


Aşağıda Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından bağımsız, egemen bir ülke olarak kabul edilen ve Birleşmiş Milletler'de üyeliği bulunan 193 ülke ile egemen bir devlet olarak kabul edilen ancak BM'de üyeliği bulunmayan Vatikan dahil toplam 194 ülkenin bayrağı ile yine ayrıca Birleşmiş Milletler üyesi en az bir ülke tarafından bağımsızlığı kabul edilen 9 ülke yer almaktadır. Birleşmiş Milletler üyesi tüm ülkeler tarafından bağımsızlığı kabul görmeyen bu ülkelerin isimleri italik olarak yazılmıştır. Belli bir ülkeye bağlı, idari açıdan söz konusu ülkelerin yönetiminde olan özerk bölgeler için ayrıca bağımlı ülke bayrakları sayfasına bakınız.

Ayrıca kendilerini egemen bir devlet olarak gören, ancak tüm Birleşmiş Milletler üyesi devletler tarafından bağımsızlığı kabul görmeyen ve toprakları hala bağımsızlığını ilan ettikleri ülkelerin toprağı olarak görülen de-facto rejim ile yönetilen ülkeler için Tanınmayan veya sınırlı şekilde tanınan devletler listesi sayfasına bakınız.

A

B

C

Ç

D

E

F

G

H

I

İ

J

K

L

M

N

O

Ö

P

R

S

Ş

T

U

Ü

V

Y

Z

Ayrıca bakınız
 Dünya bayrağı
 Tanınmayan veya sınırlı şekilde tanınan devletler listesi
 Hilal ve yıldız içeren bayrakların listesi
 Bağımlı ülke bayrakları
 Ülke armaları listesi

Dış bağlantılar
 Birleşmiş Milletler üyesi ülkeler listesi

Kaynakça

Ülke bayrakları listesi
 Bayrak

Ülke bayrakları listesi


Das Mixed der Australian Open 1999 war ein Tenniswettbewerb in Melbourne.

Titelverteidiger waren Justin Gimelstob und Venus Williams. Das Finale gewann die Paarung David Adams und Mariaan de Swardt in drei Sätzen gegen Maks Mirny und Serena Williams.

Setzliste

Hauptrunde

Halbfinale, Finale

Obere Hälfte

Obere Hälfte 1

Obere Hälfte 2

Untere Hälfte

Untere Hälfte 1

Untere Hälfte 2

Weblinks

Mixed
1999

Australian Open 1999/Mixed


Speedwell Island (formerly Eagle Island; Spanish Isla Águila) is one of the Falkland Islands, lying in the Falkland Sound, southwest of Lafonia, East Falkland.

The island has an area of , measuring approximately  from north to south and  across at its widest central part. It is generally low-lying with some permanent ponds. It is separated from Lafonia by the Eagle Passage, which retains Speedwell Island's former name. It is the largest of the Speedwell Island group, which includes the Elephant Cays, George Island, Barren Island, and Annie Island.

Ecology
One of the largest rodent-free islands in the Falklands, Speedwell Island has a thriving population of native songbirds, seabirds, and penguins. In total, more than 40 species of birds have been recorded on the island. The breeding colony of South American sea lions in Speedwell Pass produces about 90 pups annually, and the animals haul out on most of the group's islands, including Speedwell Island itself.  The island has also been operated as a sheep farm for more than a century, leading to serious soil erosion in coastal areas due to overgrazing.

History

Isabella
On 8 February 1813 the Isabella, a British ship of 193 tons en route from Sydney to London, ran aground off the coast of Speedwell Island, then known as Eagle Island. Among the ship's 54 passengers and crew, all of whom survived the wreck, was the United Irish general and exile Joseph Holt, who subsequently detailed the ordeal in his memoirs. Also aboard had been the heavily pregnant Joanna Durie, who on 21 Feb 1813 gave birth to Elizabeth Providence Durie.

The next day, 22 February 1813, six men who had volunteered to seek help from any nearby Spanish outposts that they could find set out in one of the Isabella's longboats. Braving the South Atlantic in a boat little more than , they made landfall on the mainland at the River Plate just over a month later. The British gun brig  under the command of Lieutenant William D'Aranda was sent to rescue the survivors.

On 5 April Captain Charles Barnard of the American sealer Nanina was sailing off the shore of Speedwell Island, with a discovery boat deployed looking for seals. Having seen smoke and heard gunshots the previous day, he was alert to the possibility of survivors of a ship wreck. This suspicion was heightened when the crew of the boat came aboard and informed Barnard that they had come across a new moccasin as well as the partially butchered remains of a seal. At dinner that evening, the crew observed a man approaching the ship who was shortly joined by eight to ten others. Both Barnard and the survivors from the Isabella had harboured concerns the other party was Spanish and were relieved to discover their respective nationalities.

Barnard dined with the Isabella survivors that evening and finding that the British party were unaware of the War of 1812 informed the survivors that technically they were at war with each other. Nevertheless, Barnard promised to rescue the British party and set about preparations for the voyage to the River Plate. Realising that they had insufficient stores for the voyage he set about hunting wild pigs and otherwise acquiring additional food. While Barnard was gathering supplies, however, the British took the opportunity to seize the Nanina and departed leaving Barnard, along with one member of his own crew and three from the Isabella, marooned. Shortly thereafter,  the Nancy arrived from the River Plate and encountered the Nanina, whereupon Lieutenant D'Aranda rescued the erstwhile survivors of the Isabella and took the Nanina itself as a prize of war.

Barnard and his party survived for eighteen months marooned on the islands until the British whalers Indispensable and Asp rescued them in November 1814. The British admiral in Rio de Janeiro had requested their masters to divert to the area to search for the American crew. In 1829, Barnard published an account of his survival entitled A Narrative of the Sufferings and Adventures of Capt Charles H. Barnard.

Later history
The 1837 survey of the Falkland Islands by  under the command of Lieutenant Robert Lowcay noted that there were wild pigs on the island.

In 1929 Alexander Dugas, a Frenchman employed on Sealion Island, committed suicide, and his companions felt it necessary to inform the authorities. The lack of a harbour on Sealion Island meant, however, that no boat of any size could be kept on the island, and so a determined individual named Benny Davis constructed a makeshift craft from wooden barrels and launched it into the surf. Davis set out just before dark, and reached Speedwell Island, almost 30 miles distant, some twelve hours later. He explained that he had simply headed west until he could smell the cormorants on nearby Annie Island.

Important Bird Area
The Speedwell Island group (excluding the Elephant Cays, which form a separate IBA) has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area.  Birds for which the site is of conservation significance include blackish cinclodes, Cobb's wrens, dolphin gulls (500 breeding pairs), Falkland steamer ducks (600 pairs), Magellanic penguins (10,000 pairs), ruddy-headed geese, sooty shearwaters, southern giant petrels (1,000 pairs), striated caracaras, and white-bridled finches.

References

External links

Islands of the Falkland Islands
Important Bird Areas of the Falkland Islands
Seabird colonies
Penguin colonies

Speedwell Island


Kaalamo (en , en , en ) est une municipalité rurale du raïon de Sortavala en république de Carélie.

Géographie
L'agglomération est située à 35 kilomètres au nord de Sortavala le long de la voie ferrée entre Sortavala-Suojärvi (gare de Kaalamo).

La municipalité d'Elisenvaara a une superficie de .

La commune de Kaalamo est bordée par les communes de Haapalampi, Helylä, Harlu, Loimola et Värtsilä, la ville de Sortavala et la Finlande.

Démographie
Recensements (*) ou estimations de la population

Bibliographie

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Village dans la république de Carélie
Raïon de Sortavala

Kaalamo


Karl Lilienthal (* 24. Juni 1858 in Steinheim; † 25. Oktober 1935 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Reichsgerichtsrat.

Leben
1879 wurde der Preuße Lilienthal vereidigt. Er war promoviert. 1891 wurde er Amtsrichter und 1892 Landrichter. 1899 ernannte man ihn zum Landgerichtsrat. 1904 wurde er zum Kammergerichtsrat befördert. 1910 kam er an das Reichsgericht. Er war im V. und im II. Zivilsenat tätig. Er trat 1926 in den Ruhestand. Nach 1933 galt er als Jurist jüdischer Herkunft.

Literatur
 Adolf Lobe: Fünfzig Jahre Reichsgericht am 1. Oktober 1929, Berlin 1929, S. 377

Einzelnachweise

Richter (Reichsgericht)
Richter (Kammergericht)
Deutscher
Geboren 1858
Gestorben 1935
Mann

Karl Lilienthal


Die Promulgatio, seltener auch Publicatio oder Notificatio genannt, ist ein Teil des Formulars mittelalterlicher Urkunden, mit dem die Veröffentlichung der Willenserklärung des Ausstellers postuliert und eine bisweilen definierte Öffentlichkeit zur Kenntnisnahme aufgefordert wird. Am konzentriertesten  bringt die Wendung Notum sit omnibus quod ("Es sei allen bekannt, dass") dieses Konzept zum Ausdruck, die in Traditionsnotizen überwiegt. Mit tam presentibus quam futuris ("den gegenwärtigen als auch den zukünftigen") hinter omnibus kann verdeutlicht werden, dass außer für die Zeitgenossen auch in Zukunft der Rechtsinhalt von Bedeutung ist.

In einer Urkunde Friedrichs II. von Mai 1222, mit der er die Reichsacht gegen die Bürger verhängt, die in Worms einen Stadtrat gebildet haben, steht etwa: Presenti scripto notum fieri volumus universis imperii fidelibus tam presentibus quam futuris, quod … ("Mit gegenwärtigem Schriftstück wollen wir, dass allen Getreuen des Reiches, sowohl den gegenwärtigen wie den zukünftigen, bekannt werde, daß …"). Die Kundmachungsformel kann sowohl einen Leser als auch einen Hörer des Inhaltes ansprechen, vielfach auch beide, wobei alle Personen gemeint sind, die auf eine dieser Weisen Kenntnis von der Sache erhalten. In deutschsprachigen Urkunden kann etwa stehen: Kunt sy allen luden die diesen brieff anesehent oder horent lesen, daz …, so in einem Vertrag zwischen den Städten Mainz, Worms, Speyer und Oppenheim vom 19. Januar 1350.

Die Formel folgt auf die Arenga, auf deren Motive sie sich syntaktisch beziehen kann, etwa mit Igitur oder Quapropter. So heißt es in einem Privileg Friedrichs II. für die Bürger von Worms von 1236: Hac siquidem ratione ducti notum esse volumus tam presentibus quam futuris, quod … (Von diesem Grund veranlaßt, wollen wir, dass sowohl den Gegenwärtigen wie den Zukünftigen bekannt sei, dass …). Die Narratio schließt sich in der Regel als untergeordneter Satz, mit quod, qualiter oder anderen entsprechenden Konjunktionen eingeleitet, an die Promulgatio an. Fehlt eine Arenga, eröffnet die Promulgatio den Kontext des Urkundenformulars. Traditionsnotizen und andere einfache Urkundenformen können direkt mit der Promulgatio beginnen. Für die Rechtsgültigkeit des Dokuments ist die Formel nicht konstitutiv, sie kann daher auch fehlen wie in den Papsturkunden oder in Mandaten.

Literatur

 Alessandro Pratesi: Genesi e forme del documento medievale. Rom 1979, S. 73f. als notificazione

Anmerkungen

Weblinks
 Urkundenformulare von Horst Enzensberger

Diplomatik

Promulgatio


استمرت حرب الفروند بين فرنسا وإسبانيا لمدة 12 سنة تحالفت خلالها إسبانيا منذ عام 1651م مع دوق كونديه الثائر. وفي عام1658م عقد مزران محالفة مع الإنجليز بالتنازل لهم عن ميناء دنكرك الذي كان في أيدي الإسبانيين وهو مادفع كرومويل لإرسال جيش من ستة آلاف جندي لمساندة الجيش الفرنسي في حربه ضد الإسبانيين حيث تمكنوا من الانتصار على الإسبان بالقرب من دنكرك واستولى علها الجيش الفرنسي وسلمها بعد ذلك إلى الإنجليز.

صلح البرانس

شعر ملك إسبانيا «فيليب الرابع» بالهزيمة والانكسار في مملكته وجيشه فلجأ للموافقة على الدخول في مفاوضات وتم عقد الصلح الذي عرف فيما بعد باسم صلح «البرانس» بين إسبانيا وفرنسا في 7 نوفمبر 1659م والذي حصلت فرنسا بموجبه على روسيليون في الجنوب وآتوا في الشمال مع الحصول على بعض المواقع في الفلاندر وفي إقليم لوكسمبورغ كما نصت المعاهدة على زواج لوي الرابع عشر من ماريا تريزا الابنة الكبرى لفيليب الرابع وبقيت المعاهدة تعمل لمدة خمسين عاما.
حيث رسخت وبشكل كامل انتصار الأسرة الحاكمة في فرنسا على أسرة هابسبورغ النمساوية كما زادت من خلال المعاهدة مساحة فرنسا بإضافة ثلاث مقاطعات جديدة إليها وهي الألزاس وآرتوا وورسيليون فيما أصبحت فرنسا بسبب ذلك في عام1659م القوة المسيطرة الوحيدة في غرب أوروبا.

مراجع

فرنسا في 1659
البرانيس الشرقية (إقليم فرنسي)
الحدود الإسبانية الفرنسية
العلاقات الإسبانية الفرنسية
إسبانيا في القرن 17
إمارة كتالونيا
تاريخ أوروبا
تاريخ كتالونيا العسكري
جول مازاران
حقوق لغوية
فيليب الرابع ملك إسبانيا
لويس الرابع عشر ملك فرنسا
معاهدات في 1659
معاهدات الإمبراطورية الإسبانية
معاهدات السلام بإسبانيا
معاهدات الفلاندرز
معاهدات سلام حكم أترافي

صلح البرانس


Club Atlético Boca Juniors , Oftast Þekkt sem Boca eða Boca Juniors, er argentínskt félag með aðsetur í La Boca hverfi Buenos Aires-borgar.

Boca Juniors er mest þekkt fyrr knattspyrnufélag sitt sem var stofnað árið 1913 , það spilar í argentínusku úrvalsdeildinni sem heitir Argentine Primera División, og er sigursælasta félag Argentínu með flesta titla 69  alls.

Litir og treyjur
Litir félagsins(blár og gulur) eru taldir hafa komið til vegna þess að sænskt skip lagði við höfnina í Buenos Aires. og var með sænsku fánalitunum þ.e gulu og bláu, síðan þá hafa það verið einkennislitir Boca.

Titlar

Deildarmeistarar

1931, 1934, 1935, 1940, 1943, 1944, 1954, 1962, 1964, 1965, Nacional 1969, Nacional 1970, Metropolitano 1976, Nacional 1976, Metropolitano 1981, Apertura 1992, Apertura 1998, Clausura 1999, Apertura 2000, Apertura 2003, Apertura 2005, Clausura 2006, Apertura 2008, Apertura 2011, 2015 Primera División, 2017-2018 Superliga

Copa Libertadores

1977, 1978, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007

HM Félagsliða

1977, 2000, 2003

Þekktir leikmenn sem hafa spilað fyrir félagið

 Diego Maradona
Gabriel Batistuta
 Juan Roman Riquelme
 Martin Palermo
 Carlos Tevez
 Fernando Gago
 Kily Gonzalez
 Juan Sebastián Verón
 Nolberto Solano
 Walter Samuel
 Roberto Abbondanzieri
 Clemente Rodríguez
 Nicolas Burdisso
 Rodrigo Palacio

Markahæstu Leikmenn í sögu félagsins

Tenglar
 https://www.bocajuniors.com.ar/?lang=en
 http://www.rsssf.com/tablesb/bocajuniors.html

Heimildir

Argentínsk knattspyrnufélög

Boca Juniors


Celeste est un groupe français, originaire de Lyon. Formé en 2005, le groupe combine des styles très différents comme le sludge, le black metal et le post-hardcore. Depuis sa création, il a sorti cinq albums.

Biographie
Celeste est formé en 2005 sur la scène punk hardcore lyonnaise. Le groupe n'a pas changé de nom depuis sa création. Pendant une courte période, il s'est recoupé avec le groupe de screamo Mihai Edrisch, qui s'est séparé en 2006 en Celeste et Daïtro, qui existait également depuis longtemps.

En 2006, Celeste fait ses débuts avec un EP sur un petit label français, mais depuis leur premier album en 2008, ils ont rejoint le label allemand Denovali Records, chez qui ils publient un album par an jusqu'en 2010. Parmi ceux-ci, c'est Morte(s) née(s), sorti en 2010, qui a eu le plus d'écho auprès du public et de la critique. La politique de publication du groupe est inhabituelle : tous les albums sont disponibles en téléchargement gratuit sur le site web du label sous forme de fichiers MP3 en même temps que leur sortie en tant que support sonore.

Style musical
Le groupe joue un mélange de sludge, de black metal et de post-hardcore. Certains auteurs ont également entendu des éléments de hardcore, de doomcore, de doom metal et de death metal. Le mélange de styles est considéré comme « original », les comparaisons avec d'autres groupes ne sont donc faites que de manière ponctuelle. Le groupe rejette explicitement la question d'autres groupes en tant qu'influences, de même que la connaissance du black metal avant la formation du groupe, raison pour laquelle le groupe rejette particulièrement l'attribution au black metal.

Le guitariste Guillaume conçoit les riffs et les idées supplémentaires, qui sont ensuite discutés avec le groupe avant d'ajouter les autres instruments. Le groupe voit dans cette méthode de travail un garant de l'homogénéité de son style.

Il a été remarqué que musicalement, Celeste devenait « de plus en plus heavy, mais n'a jamais changé d'orientation ». Cela a aussi fait l'objet de critiques, en particulier lors des premières sorties, selon lesquelles le groupe n'était pas très varié musicalement et faisait toujours la même chose. Avec Morte(s) née(s), on a ensuite résumé que le groupe avait par contre nettement changé, on a notamment constaté une plus grande intégration d'influences black metal, des évolutions techniques (« les riffs sont parfois assez rapides, le drumming est plus complexe et les structures des chansons sont plus claires », « plus de double-basse ») ainsi que la volonté d'expérimenter sur le plan formel (morceaux instrumentaux, sampling, instruments classiques comme le piano et le violoncelle).

L'objectif défini du groupe est de devenir, de disque en disque, « encore plus sombre et encore plus extrême ». Les textes et l'esthétique du groupe sont également orientés vers cet objectif. Les textes sont écrits en français par Johan, qui les considère comme « quelque chose de spécial » et un moyen qui « peut aider l'auditeur à entrer dans notre monde ». Ils sont « sombres et brutaux, parfois même vraiment laids » et abordent « des thèmes comme le viol, la pédophilie, l'inceste, la guerre, les religions, la vie contemporaine et ainsi de suite ». Les expériences négatives de la vie des femmes, des inégalités salariales entre hommes et femmes à la violence sexuelle, sont devenues un motif de plus en plus central du groupe.

Le 28 janvier 2022 parait le 7ème album : "Assassine(s).

Esthétique

L'esthétique du groupe est coordonnée par le chanteur Johan, et utilise souvent des éléments récurrents comme marque de fabrique, comme par exemple dans les titres des sorties avant Morte(s) née(s), qui personnalisaient toujours des attitudes négatives : Pessimiste(s), Nihiliste(s), Misanthrope(s)... Le s entre parenthèses et les croix inversées que l'on trouve dans tous les titres des albums en font également partie, mais le groupe souligne que ce n'est qu'un jeu, tout comme d'autres éléments religieux, une référence aux influences metal du groupe. En plus des éditions CD, il existe généralement des éditions vinyles différentes, élaborées et limitées à quelque  de tous les supports sonores.

En live, le groupe joue avec un concept d'éclairage très économique : sur leur tête, ils portent des lampes frontales rouges, auxquelles s'ajoutent un stroboscope et une machine à fumée. L'espace ainsi très sombre doit rendre le concert « beaucoup plus intense et brutal ». Les concerts, d'une durée d'environ une demi-heure, sont toujours très courts, car ils seraient sinon trop fatigants. Malgré cela, le groupe joue beaucoup en live et a déjà fait des tournées en Europe de l'Est, en Russie, en Ukraine, en Turquie, en Asie et aux États-Unis.

Accueil
Christoph Schulz atteste dans Ox Magazine jouer une « musique brutale, qui transperce l'âme », qu'ils réussissaient à « enthousiasmer sans cesse avec leur poésie du trou noir ». Vampster, quant à lui, a écrit que Celeste était un « phénomène » qui avait acquis « ces dernières années une position d'exception avec son mélange de black metal, de hardcore et de sludge » et avait enregistré « une série d'albums fascinants ».

A l'origine, Celeste était surtout reçu par un public hardcore, conformément à ses origines. Début 2009, au moment de la sortie de Misanthrope(s), le chanteur Johan constatait encore que le groupe n'était pas vraiment connu sur la scène metal. Lors d'une interview en octobre 2010, il décrit cependant que le public avait nettement changé depuis et qu'il venait maintenant de toutes sortes de groupes, « hardcore, metal, screamo, black ».

Malgré la réputation acquise, les membres du groupe ne sont pas des musiciens professionnels, et une professionnalisation n'est pas non plus envisagée. Nihiliste(s) a été téléchargé environ 8 000 fois jusqu'en avril 2010 et Morte(s) née(s) près de 2 000 fois dans les premières 48 heures suivant sa sortie. Aucune information n'est disponible sur les chiffres de vente de supports sonores.

Membres
 Johan Girardeau - chant, basse (depuis 2005)
 Sébastien Ducotté - guitare (depuis 2005)
 Antoine Royer - batterie (depuis 2005)
 Guillaume Rieth - guitare (depuis 2005)

Discographie
 2006 : Pessimiste(s) (EP, Matrix)
 2008 : Nihiliste(s) (Denovali Records)
 2009 : Misanthrope(s) (Denovali Records)
 2010 : Morte(s) née(s) (Denovali Records)
 2013 : Animale(s) (Denovali Records)
 2017 : Infidèle(s) (Denovali Records)
 2022 : Assassine(s) (Nuclear Blast)
 2023 : Epilogue(s) (Nuclear Blast)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Groupe français de sludge metal
Groupe français de black metal
Groupe français de post-hardcore
Groupe musical formé en 2005
Groupe musical de Lyon

Celeste (groupe)


Anstey hace referencia a varios artículos en Wikipedia

Lugares
Dos parroquias civiles de Inglaterra y los pueblos homónimos ubicados dentro su término:
 Anstey, condado de Hertfordshire
 Anstey, condado de Leicestershire

Personas
Caroline D. Anstey (1955-), directora del Banco Mundial desde 2011.
Vera Anstey (1889–1976) notable economista inglesa que trabajó mayormente sobre la economía de India
Chris Anstey (1975), jugador australiano de baloncesto.

Anstey


A seguir está a lista de organizações nacionalistas brancas bem conhecidas, grupos e mídia relacionada:

O nacionalismo branco é uma ideologia política que defende uma definição racial de identidade nacional para pessoas brancas; alguns nacionalistas brancos defendem um estado-nação totalmente branco separado. O separatismo branco e a supremacia branca são subgrupos dentro do nacionalismo branco. Os primeiros buscam um estado-nação branco separado, enquanto os últimos acrescentam ideias do darwinismo social e do nacional-socialismo à sua ideologia.  Alguns líderes de organizações nacionalistas brancas afirmam que são em sua maioria separatistas, e apenas um número menor é supremacista.  Ambas as escolas de pensamento geralmente evitam o termo supremacia, dizendo que tem conotações negativas.

Meios de comunicação

Fóruns de nacionalistas brancos

 The Daily Stormer, um jornal on-line neonazista e anti-semita que recebeu o nome do tablóide nazista Der Stürmer.
 Podblanc, um site de compartilhamento de vídeos anti-semita e supremacista branco . Seu fundador, Craig Cobb, o projetou como uma alternativa ao YouTube, que Cobb chama de "Tube judeu" devido à sua política de proibição de conteúdo racista e anti-semita.
 Stormfront é um fórum de internet anti-semita e nacionalista branco.
 Metapedia, uma enciclopédia online nacionalista branca, semelhante à Wikipedia.
 Redwatch, um site neonazista e anti-semita britânico.
 Vanguard News Network, um site anti-semita e supremacista branco.
 VDARE, um site anti-imigração e supremacista branco.

Programas de rádio nacionalistas brancos

 The Derek Black Show era um programa de rádio nacionalista branco que era transmitido cinco vezes por semana da estação de rádio WPBR-AM de Lake Worth, Flórida. Derek Black é filho de Don Black, o fundador do grande fórum de discussão nacionalista branco chamado Stormfront.  Stormfront e Black agora estão localizados na rede de rádio Jeff Rense.
 Hal Turner dirigia a agora extinta Hal Turner Radio Network e o site.

África

África do Sul

 Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, () (AWB) é uma organização política secessionista de extrema-direita sul-africana . O AWB está comprometido com a criação de uma república Boer - Afrikaner independente ou "  " na África do Sul.
 Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging (Inglês: White Liberation Movement ) (BBB). O BBB, fundado em 1985 e banido pelo regime do Apartheid em 1988, buscava uma África do Sul branca pelo afastamento da população negra.
 Herstigte Nasionale Party (Inglês: Partido Nacional Reconstituído). Um partido de extrema-direita que apoia o nacionalismo africânder  e um retorno ao apartheid.
 Movimento nacional socialista gentio sul-africano, movimento nazista branco sul-africano que inicialmente começou como paramilitar. Ele foi renomeado como Partido dos Trabalhadores Brancos em 1949, mas foi dissolvido logo depois que muitos de seus membros desertaram para o Partido Herenigde Nasionale. O grupo é conhecido por organizar o Gryshemde (Camisas Cinzas), que foi considerado o equivalente nacional ao Sturmabteilung (Camisas Marrons) da Alemanha nazista.

Zimbábue

 Partido dos Brancos da Rodésia

Europa

Reino Unido

 Blood & Honor é uma rede de promoção de música neonazista e um grupo político fundado em 1987 com links para o Combat 18 e composto por skinheads do poder branco e outros nacionalistas brancos. O grupo organiza shows de white power de bandas Rock Against Communism e distribui uma revista com o mesmo nome.
 O Partido Nacional Britânico é um partido político de extrema direita formado como um grupo dissidente da Frente Nacional Britânica por John Tyndall em 1982. O BNP restringiu a filiação a pessoas que se referia como "indígenas caucasianos", excluindo efetivamente os não-brancos, até 2009, quando sua constituição foi contestada nos tribunais por motivos de discriminação racial.
 National Front, um pequeno partido de extrema-direita que teve maior destaque na década de 1970.
 A Alternativa Patriótica é uma organização política nacionalista branca de extrema-direita britânica formada em setembro de 2019 por Mark Collett, um ex-membro do Partido Nacional Britânico.

Rússia

 Grupo Rusich
 Movimento Imperial Russo
 Ordem da União Imperial Russa
 União Eslava
 Nacional Socialismo / Poder Branco
 Grande Rússia (partido político)
 Partido Nacional Socialista Russo
 União Nacional Russa
 Unidade Nacional Russa (2000)
 Unidade Nacional Russa
 Frente de Ação Revolucionária Nacional

América

América do Norte

Estados Unidos

Canadá

 A Aryan Guard foi fundada no final de 2006, mas não ganhou nenhuma atenção da mídia até 2007, quando os membros começaram uma campanha de panfletos visando imigrantes. Alguns desses panfletos foram sub-repticiamente colocados no jornal gratuito de artes e cultura de Calgary, "Fast Forward", por membros da Guarda Ariana. Os Amigos do Centro Simon Wiesenthal para Estudos do Holocausto suspeitam que o indivíduo responsável pelos aviadores pode ser Bill Noble, um neonazista conhecido pelas autoridades por seu ativismo racista online e que já foi acusado de acordo com a Seção 319 do Código Penal canadense para promoção intencional de ódio. O site da Guarda Ariana também está registrado em nome de Noble.
 Canadian Heritage Alliance, é um grupo supremacista branco canadense fundado em Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontário.   O detetive Terry Murphy, da Unidade de Crimes de Ódio de Londres, alegou que o grupo tinha ligações com o Heritage Front e o Tri-City Skins, com sede em Kitchener / Waterloo / Cambridge.
 Heritage Front, foi uma organização supremacista branca neonazista canadense  fundada em 1989 e dissolvida por volta de 2005.
 Ku Klux Klan, começou a atividade em partes do Canadá na década de 1920 e durou até os dias modernos.
 O Partido Nacional Socialista do Canadá, é um partido neonazista fundado em 2006 por Terry Tremaine  O partido usa uma bandeira com uma suástica vermelha em um campo azul.
 Northern Order, uma organização terrorista neonazista.
 Tri-City Skins, foi um grupo de orgulho branco com sede em Ontário, ativo de 1997 a 2002 na área de Kitchener - Waterloo e Cambridge. James Scott Richardson era o membro mais visível do grupo e, em outubro de 2001, a polícia acreditava que Tri-City Skins tinha 25 membros no sudoeste de Ontário.
 Western Canada for Us, foi um grupo nacionalista branco de Alberta fundado por Glenn Bahr e Peter Kouba no início de 2004.
 O Western Guard Party, (fundado em 1972 como Western Guard ) foi um grupo supremacista branco baseado em Toronto, Canadá. Ela evoluiu a partir da Edmund Burke Society anticomunista de extrema-direita, fundada em 1967 por Don Andrews, Paul Fromm, Leigh Smith e Al Overfield.
 Os Leais Cavaleiros Brancos da Ku Klux Klan, é um suposto ramo da KKK operando em Chilliwack, BC. Em julho de 2017, um grupo que afirma ser da organização voa em gramados pela cidade.

América do Sul

Brasil

 Neuland (New Land) é um violento grupo neonazista ativo no Brasil desde o final da primeira década do século XXI.

Uruguai

 Orgullo Skinhead, a Frente Nacional Revolucionária do Uruguai e o Poder Blanco foram três organizações neonazistas ativas no Uruguai no final dos anos 1990 e início dos anos 2000.

Oceânia

Austrália

 Resistência antípoda
 Australianos contra a imigração adicional (1989-2008)
 Primeira Parte da Austrália
 Patriotic Youth League (extinta; reconstituída como Eureka Youth League)
 Movimento Nacionalista Australiano (WA, 1980)
 Partido Nacional Socialista Australiano (fundado em 1962, incorporado ao Partido Nacional Socialista da Austrália)
 Aliança da Criatividade
 Partido Nacional Conservador de Fraser Anning (2019–2020)
 Southern Cross Hammerskins
 Ação Nacional (Austrália) (década de 1980)
 Rede Nacional Socialista (anos 2020)
 Partido Nacional Socialista da Austrália (1968-1970)
 Nova Guarda (década de 1930)
 Recupere a Austrália
 Resistência de Direita Austrália
 Equipe True Blue
 Frente dos Patriotas Unidos (2015–2017?)

Nova Zelândia

 Partido Nacional Socialista da Nova Zelândia (histórico)
 Frente Nacional da Nova Zelândia (formada em 1977)
 Resistência de direita
 Aliança da Criatividade

Ver também

 Sentimento anti-romano
 Antifa (Estados Unidos)
 Antifascismo
 Anti-racismo
 Conflito étnico
 Direita (política)
 Direita radical (Europa)
 Etnocentrismo
 Eugenia
 Política de extrema direita
 Fascismo na América do Sul
 Fascismo no Canadá
 Fascismo
 Fascismo na Ásia
 Fundamentalismo
 História do anti-semitismo
 Lista de movimentos fascistas
 Nacionalismo religioso
 Nacionalismo étnico
 Nacionalismo
 Nativismo
 Fascismo na Europa
 Nazismo nos Estados Unidos
 Nazismo
 Negacionismo do Holocausto
 Neofascismo
 Populismo de direita
 Populismo
 Racismo nos Estados Unidos
 Racismo
 Raça (categorização humana)
 Russismo
 Supremacia branca
 Supremacismo
 Terrorismo de direita
 Terrorismo religioso
 Xenofobia

Ligações externas

 "O efeito da ação legal" - o site nacionalista branco da Comunidade Crossstar fornece uma lista das sentenças de prisão por várias ofensas recebidas por vários nacionalistas brancos dos Estados Unidos representando várias organizações nacionalistas brancas diferentes:

Listas de organizações
Partidos políticos de extrema-direita

Lista de organizações nacionalistas brancas


A27 or A-27 may refer to:

Roads
 A27 motorway (Belgium), a road connecting Battice and Sankt Vith at the border with Germany
 A27 road, England, between Wiltshire and East Sussex
 A27 motorway (France), a road connecting A22 and Baisieux
 A 27 motorway (Germany), a road connecting the A 7 at Autobahndreieck Walsrode and Bremen
 A27 road (Isle of Man), a road connecting Colby and Peel
 A27 motorway (Italy), a road connecting Venice and Belluno
 A27 motorway (Netherlands), a road connecting Breda and Almere
 A27 motorway (Portugal), a road connecting Viana do Castelo and Ponte de Lima
 A-27 motorway (Spain), a road connecting Tarragona and Lleida
 A 27 road (Sri Lanka), a road connecting Ampara and Mahaoya

Other uses
 A27 battery, a cylindrical battery of size 8 × 28 mm
Aero A.27, a Czech bomber design of the 1920s
 North American A-27, U.S. designation for 10 BC-1 trainers ordered by Thailand for use as light attackers, but diverted to the Philippines

Archambault A27, a French sailboat design

A27


Shmi Skywalker este mama lui Anakin Skywalker.
Ea devenise o prizonieră când oamenii de nisip au aflat de Anakin Skywalker.

Personaje din Războiul Stelelor

Shmi Skywalker


Sagiv Cohen (Ebraică: שגיב כהן; n. 20 septembrie 1987, Rosh Ha'Ayin) este un fotbalist israelian, care evoluează pe postul de fundaș dreapta la clubul din țara sa natală, Hapoel Petah Tikva.

Carieră
Cohen a strălucit în sezonul 2006-2007, însă nu a putut evita retrogradarea lui Hapoel Petah Tikva din Ligat ha'Al. Au fost zvonuri cum că ar fi putut pleca la un club din Europa însă, până la urmă, și-a ajutat clubul să ajungă din nou în Ligat ha'Al. Transferul la clubul european a venit în sezonul 2010-2011, când a fost transferat de către clubul CSMS Iași, după ce a petrecut un sezon împrumutat la Ironi Nir Ramat HaSharon. La finalul sezonului, Cohen s-a reîntors în Israel, la Hapoel Acre, unde a petrecut trei sezoane înainte de a se întoarce la clubul care l-a crescut, Hapoel Petah Tikva.

Cohen a reprezentat Israelul la trei niveluri de tineret: U-17, U-18 și U-19.

Legături externe
Profile at hpt.co.il

Referințe

Fotbaliști israelieni
Israelieni în viață
Fotbaliști
Fotbaliști ai CSM Politehnica Iași
Israelieni expatriați în România

Sagiv Cohen


Los idiópidos (Idiopidae) son una familia de arañas migalomorfas, la única representante de la superfamilia de los idiopoideos (Idiopoidea).

Son arañas de cuerpo grande que con frecuencia se parecen bastante a los terafósidos. Construyen madrigueras, y algunas especies cierran sus agujeros de entrada con una tapa.

Sistemática
La categoritzación en subfamilias sigue las propuestas de Joel Hallan en su Biology Catalog.

 Arbanitinae Simon, 1903
 Aganippini
 Aganippe O. P-Cambridge, 1877 (Australia)
 Anidiops Pocock, 1897 (Australia)
 Eucyrtops Pocock, 1897 (Australia)
 Idiosoma Ausserer, 1871 (Australia)
 Arbanitini
 Arbanitis L. Koch, 1874 (Australia)
 Blakistonia Hogg, 1902 (Australia)
 Cantuaria Hogg, 1902 (Nueva Zelanda)
 Cataxia Rainbow, 1914 (Australia)
 Euoplos Rainbow, 1914 (Australia)
 Misgolas Karsch, 1878 (Australia)

 Genysinae Simon, 1903
 Genysa Simon, 1889 (Madagascar)
 Hiboka Fage, 1922 (Madagascar)
 Neocteniza Pocock, 1895 (América del Sur y Central)
 Scalidognathus Karsch, 1891 (India, Sri Lanka, Seychelles)

 Idiopinae Simon, 1892
 Ctenolophus Purcell, 1904 (Sur-África)
 Galeosoma Purcell, 1903 (sureste de África)
 Gorgyrella Purcell, 1902 (sudeste de África)
 Heligmomerus Simon, 1892 (África, India, Sri Lanka)
 Idiops Perty, 1833 (América del Sur, África, Sud-àsia, Oriente Próximo)
 Segregara Tucker, 1917 (Sur África)
 Titanidiops Simon, 1903 (África, Islas Canaries)

 incertae sedis
 Prothemenops Schwendinger, 1991 (Tailandia)

Véase también
 Anexo:Especies de Idiopidae
 Taxonomía de las arañas

Referencias
 Platnick, Norman I. (2012): The world spider catalog, version 12.5. American Museum of Natural History.
 Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology - Synopsis of the described Araneae of the World.
 Guía de las familias de arañas (en inglés)
 Fotos de diversas especies (en inglés)

Enlaces externos

Idiopidae
Familias de arácnidos

Idiopidae


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 1985 en Finlande  :

Évènement

Sport
 Championnat de Finlande de football 1985
 Championnat de Finlande de hockey sur glace 1984-1985
 Championnat de Finlande de hockey sur glace 1985-1986
 Championnats d'Europe de gymnastique artistique féminine
 - : Organisation du championnat du monde junior de hockey sur glace à Helsinki.

Culture

Sortie de film
 Calamari Union
 Soldat inconnu
 La Victoire

Création
 Basware

Naissance
 , artiste.
 , actrice.
 Hella, musicienne.
 , footballeur.

Décès
 , actrice.
 , danseur.
 , architecte.
 Esko Rekomaa, joueur de hockey sur glace.
 , professeure.

Notes et références

1985 en Finlande
Finlande

1985 en Finlande


حادثة مدرسة فينيندين وقعت في 11 مارس 2009 في إحدى المدارس بفينيندين بألمانيا حيث قام أحد الطلاب بإطلاق النار بشكل عشوائي مما أدى إلى مقتل 16 شخصًا.

مراجع

أحداث مارس 2009 في أوروبا
الجريمة في ألمانيا
إطلاق نار جماعي في ألمانيا
إطلاق نار عشوائي 2009
إطلاق نار عشوائي في أوروبا 2009
جرائم 2009 في ألمانيا
جرائم قتل في ألمانيا عقد 2000
جرائم قتل في أوروبا 2009
جرائم مارس 2009
بادن-فورتمبيرغ في عقد 2000
قتل جماعي في 2009
قتل في بادن-فورتمبيرغ
قتل وانتحار في ألمانيا
مجرمون منتحرون
مذابح في ألمانيا
منتحرون بإطلاق النار في ألمانيا
وفيات بإطلاق النار في ألمانيا
جرائم قتل في ألمانيا 2009
أحداث مارس 2009 في ألمانيا

حادثة مدرسة وينيندين


A soufflé is a baked egg-based dish originating in the Kingdom of France in the early 18th century. Combined with various other ingredients, it can be served as a savory main dish or sweetened as a dessert. The word soufflé is the past participle of the French verb  which means "to blow," "to breathe," "to inflate," or "to puff."

History

The earliest mention of the soufflé is attributed to French master cook
Vincent La Chapelle, in the early eighteenth century. The development and popularization of the soufflé is usually traced to French chef Marie-Antoine Carême in the early nineteenth century.

Ingredients and preparation
Soufflés are typically prepared from two basic components:
 a flavored crème pâtissière, cream sauce or béchamel, or a purée as the base
 egg whites beaten to a soft peak

The base provides the flavor, and the egg whites provide the "lift" or puffiness to the dish. Foods commonly used to flavor the base include herbs, cheese and vegetables for savory soufflés and jam, fruits, berries, chocolate, banana and lemon for dessert soufflés.

Soufflés are generally baked in ramekins or soufflé dishes: these are typically glazed, flat-bottomed, round porcelain containers with unglazed bottoms, vertical or nearly vertical sides and fluted exterior borders. The ramekin, or another baking vessel, may be coated with a thin film of butter to prevent the soufflé from sticking. Some preparations also include adding a coating of sugar, bread crumbs, or a grated hard cheese such as parmesan inside the ramekin in addition to the butter; some cooks believe this allows the soufflé to rise more easily.

After being cooked, a soufflé is puffed up and fluffy, and it will generally fall after 5 or 10 minutes (as risen dough does). It may be served with a sauce atop the soufflé, such as a sweet dessert sauce, or with a sorbet or ice-cream on the side. When served, the top of a soufflé may be punctured with serving utensils to separate it into individual servings. This can also enable a sauce to integrate into the dish.

Variations
There are a number of both savory and sweet soufflé flavor variations. Savory soufflés often include cheese, and vegetables such as spinach, carrot and herbs, and may sometimes incorporate poultry, bacon, ham, or seafood for a more substantial dish. Sweet soufflés may be based on a chocolate or fruit sauce (lemon or raspberry, for example) and are often served with a dusting of powdered sugar. Frugal recipes sometimes emphasize the possibilities for making soufflés from leftovers.

A soufflé may be served alone, with ice cream, fruit, or a sauce.

Apple soufflé is made by lining a cake tin with pureed rice boiled in sweetened milk and baking it until it sets. The rice "border" is filled with thickened apple marmalade and whipped egg whites and baked until it rises.

See also

 Chawanmushi
 Fruit whip
 Salzburger Nockerl
 List of cakes
 List of custard desserts
 List of French dishes
 List of egg dishes

References

Further reading
 241 pages.

External links

Custard desserts
Egg dishes
French desserts
Hungarian desserts

Soufflé


Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (22 Şubat 1857, Hamburg - 1 Ocak 1894, Bonn), Alman fizikçi.

Berlin Üniversitesi'nde Helmholtz ve Kirchoff'un yönetimi altında fizik çalıştı. 1885'te Karlsruhe Üniversitesi'nde Fizik Profesörü unvanını aldı. Orada, 1888'de kendisinin en önemli başarısı olan radyo dalgalarını keşfetti. 1889'da Bonn Üniversitesi'nde fizik profesörü olan Rudolf Clausius'un yerine geçti. Katot ışınlarının belli metal filmlerden geçişini içeren deneyleri, katot ışınlarının parçacık olmaktan çok dalga tabiatlı oldukları sonucu doğurdu. Radyo dalgalarının keşfi, oluşumlarının gösterilmesi ve hızlarının tayini Hertz'in çok sayıdaki başarılarından bazılarıdır. Bir radyo dalgasının hızının ışık hızı ile aynı olduğunun bulunmasından sonra, Hertz, radyo dalgalarının ışık dalgaları gibi yansıma, kırılma ve girişim yapabildiklerini gösterdi. Kısa yaşamı boyunca bilime birçok katkı yaptı. Saniye başına titreşim olarak tanımlanan hertz, onun ismi ile anılmaktadır. Yaptığı deneylerde laboratuvarlarının bir tarafındaki elektrik kıvılcımının yaymış olduğu manyetik dalganın bir tel halka tarafından hissedildiğini gözlemledi. Elektromanyetik ışımının başka bir türü olan radyo dalgalarının varlığını kanıtladı. Işığın toplanıp yansıtıldığı gibi radyo dalgalarının da aynı şekilde işlev gördüğünü gösterdi. Hertz'in yaptığı çalışmalar, Maxwell'in daha önce ortaya attığı, elektromanyetik dalgaların elektrik dalgalarıyla aynı davranışları gösterdiği biçimdeki kuramını kanıtlamış oldu.

Kaynakça
Struan Reid, Patricia Fara, Bilm Adamları Tübitak Yayınları ISBN 9754031010

1857 doğumlular
1894 yılında ölenler
Alman fizikçiler
Yahudi asıllı Almanlar
Yahudi bilim insanları
Münih Teknik Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Berlin Humboldt Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler

Karlsruhe Teknoloji Enstitüsü
Elektrikçi bilim insanları

Hamburg doğumlular
Bonn'da ölenler
Alman Hristiyanlar
Kiel Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
Bonn Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
Matteucci Madalyası sahipleri
Tribologlar

Heinrich Hertz


La isla Stolbovói (, lit. 'isla Pilar') es una isla deshabitada de Rusia larga y estrecha localizada de la parte suroeste del archipiélago de Nueva Siberia, en la parte oriental del mar de Láptev. Administrativamente es parte del distrito de Bulunsky de  la República de Sajá (Yakutia). Se encuentra a 184 kilómetros de distancia de la costa de Siberia y a 100 km al suroeste de la isla Kotelny, estando por lo tanto muy separada del resto de las islas de Nueva Siberia, a pesar de que pertenece al subgrupo islas de Liájov de ese archipiélago.

Stolbovói tiene una superficie de aproximadamente 170 km². Su longitud, desde el cabo Skalisty (noroeste) al cabo Povorotny (sureste), es de 47 km y su ancho máximo es de 10 km. Está separada del mar por una estrecha lengua de tierra. El punto más alto de la isla alcanza los 222 metros.

Se compone principalmente de granitos y la vegetación corresponde a la tundra ártica. En picos sobresalientes individuales, a alturas de más de 100 m, hay afloramientos rocosos. Hay algunos humedales en el área del lago Melkoy (un lago tipo laguna costera de 5 km de largo en la costa noroeste), así como en el curso medio y bajo del río Stolbovaya (el río más grande, de 13 km de largo, se encuentra en la parte central de la isla).

Historia
En 1690, el hijo del boyardo Maksim Mujopliov (Mujopléiev) visitó la isla. Sin embargo, no fue el descubridor de Stolbovoói ya que en la isla descubrió muchas cruces, evidencia elocuente de marineros rusos que habrían visitado la isla mucho antes de 1690. Por primera vez la isla, llamada Krestov, aparece en el dibujo de S. Rémezov (1698).

En la costa noroeste de la isla había una estación meteorológica soviética. En 2012, sobre su base fue construida la estación de control y corrección GLONASS/GPS.

Se han encontrado en el lado norte de la isla artefactos de la cultura Allaláevskaya del Paleolítico Medio, que se estimaron son de dhace .

Referencias

Véase también
 Geografía de Rusia
 Anexo:Islas de Rusia

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla

Islas del archipiélago Nueva Siberia

Isla Stolbovói


Doggy's Angels fue un grupo estadounidense de hip hop femenino de Los Ángeles, California. Fue creado por Snoop Dogg y sus miembros eran Big Chan (Chan Gaines), Coniyac (Kim Proby) y Kola Loc (Kola Marion).

El grupo publicó únicamente un álbum y un sencillo en el año 2000. El álbum, Pleezbaleevit! llegó al puesto #7 en el Billboard's Top independent albums chart, #8 en el Heatseekers chart y #35 en el Top R&B/Hip-hop albums chart. El sencillo "Baby if You're Ready" consiguió el número #1 en Hot R&B/Hip-hop songs.

Biografía

Problemas legales
El lanzamiento de su álbum debut motivó una demanda juducial por Columbia Pictures, que alegaba haber dañado la propiedad intelectual de la franquicia de Los Ángeles de Charlie. La banda fue renombrada como "Tha Angels", aunque no llegó a publicar más álbumes.

Discografía

Álbumes

Sencillos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Official website

Grupos de rap de Estados Unidos

Doggy's Angels


Kermet (kratica od ker[amika] i met[al]) je složeni (kompozitni) tehnički materijal, sastoji se od keramičke (oksidi aluminija, kroma, magnezija, silicija; karbidi titanija, volframa; molibdenov silikat) i metalne komponente (željezo, kobalt, nikal, krom, molibden, volfram). Lijevanjem dijelova ili sinteriranjem njihove smjese u praškastom obliku dobivaju se vrlo tvrdi i temperaturno otporni kermeti, koji se koriste kao tvrdi metali za alatno rezanje i u izradi električnih otpornika. Proizvode se i nanošenjem slojeva jedne komponente na podlogu od druge, na primjer u izradi turbinskih lopatica, u zubarskoj tehnici i slično.

Objašnjenje

Kermeti su uglavnom kompozitni materijali sačinjeni iz keramičkih (ker) i metalnih (met) materijala. Idealni kermet ima optimalne osobine keramike, na primjer visoka temperaturna postojanost i tvrdoća, a tako i osobine metala, na primjer sposobnost plastičnog deformiranja. Metal se koristi kao vezivo za oksid, borid, karbid, ili glinicu. U općem slučaju, metali koji se ovde upotrebljavaju su nikal, molibden i kobalt. U zavisnosti od vrste strukture materijala, kermeti mogu također biti metalni matrični kompoziti, ali obično sadrže manje od 20% metala u obujmu.

Kermeti se obično koriste u proizvodnji otpornika (posebno potenciometara), kondenzatora, i drugih elektronskih dijelova koji rade na povišenim temperaturama. U izradi alata, volframov karbid WC se smatra kermetom, iako je njegova upotreba veoma raširena, pa se smatra zasebnom klasom materijala (tvrdi metal). Kermeti se upotrebljavaju umjesto WC-a kod pila i drugih tvrdo zalemljenih alata, zbog svojih izvanrednih osobina otpornosti prema trošenju i prema koroziji. TiCN, TiC, TiN i slični materijali se mogu tvrdo zalemiti, ako se prethodno posebno pripreme, dok brušenje zahtijeva specijalne uvjete.

Složeniji materijali, poznati kao Kermet 2 ili Kermet II, se sve češće upotrebljavaju zbog dužeg vijeka reznog alata. Neki tipovi kermeta će nalaziti primjenu u svemirskoj tehnologiji, kao mehanički štit od udara mikro meteoroida velikih brzina i od orbitalnog otpada. Kermeti su korišteni u spajanju keramika–metal (elektronske cijevi). Keramičke cijevi mogu da rade na višim temperaturama od staklenih cijevi. Također imaju veću čvrstoću i otpornost prema toplinskom šoku. Danas nalaze primjenu u sunčevim toplovodnim sustavima. Koriste se i keramika–metal zatvarači kod gorivih ćelija i kod drugih uređaja koji pretvaraju kemijsku, nuklearnu ili termoionsku energiju u električnu energiju. Zatvarači keramika–metal se koriste i za izolaciju električnih dijelova kod turbinskih generatora koji rade u sredinama s korozivnim parama tekućih metala. Kermeti se koriste i u zubarskoj tehnici kao materijali za popunjavanje i proteze. Jedan poznati primjer kermeta je svjećica za benzinske motore. Obično je izolator u ovom slučaju aluminijev oksid. Također nalaze primjenu i kod automobilskih kočnica i spojki.

Izvori

Metalurgija
Slitine

Kermet


Küçükkiremit Adası, Muğla iline bağlı, Ege Denizi'nde 37.09 kuzey enlemleri ile 27.23 boylamlarının kesiştiği yerde bulunan bir adadır. Koyunbaba mahallesi açıklarında bulunur ve üzerinde yerleşim yoktur.

Türkiye'nin Ege Denizi'ndeki adaları
Muğla iline bağlı adalar

Küçükkiremit Adası


Pulski dani eseja (PDE) međunarodna je književno-kulturna manifestacija koja se – u organizaciji Istarskoga ogranka Društva hrvatskih književnika i časopisa za književnost, umjetnost i kulturu Nova Istra – od 2003. održava u Puli. Idejni začetnik i pokretač PDE književnik je Boris Domagoj Biletić. Preteča Pulskih dana eseja bili su skupovi o kraju stoljeća/tisućljeća (prvi takovrsni u Hrvatskoj) istoga organizatora, pod naslovom "Čitajući znakove vremena" (objavljen je i zbornik pod tim naslovom), a održani su 1998. i 1999. u Poreču i Rovinju (predviđeni pulski skup 2000. iz objektivnih i tehničkih razloga morao je biti otkazan). Poticaj Danima bio je i međunarodni okrugli stol "(Anti)globalizacija i kultura", održan na pulskome Sajmu knjiga 2002., okupivši brojne urednike najvažnijih književnih i kulturnih časopisa iz Hrvatske i nekoliko europskih zemalja, a u suorganizaciji Istarskoga ogranka DHK i Sajma.

Pulski dani eseja održavaju se u listopadu, a lokacije su njegovih programa dosad bile: Dom hrvatskih branitelja, Gradska knjižnica i čitaonica Pula te Klub hrvatskih književnika "Dr. Ljubica Ivezić" (sjedište Istarskoga ogranka DHK i časopisa Nova Istra Istarskoga ogranka Društva hrvatskih književnika Pula). Središnji program i oni popratni odvijali su se i u drugim prikladnim pulskim prostorima te povremeno izvan Pule, u nekim istarskim mjestima.

Program Pulskih dana eseja dvodnevni je, katkad i dvodijelni, kada se uz zadanu temu esejiziranja kao posebna sesija odvija ona naslovljena "Ogled o eseju" (dakle esejiziranje o samome eseju kao žanru). Nekoliko su godina  PDE bili završnica i vrhunac tradicionalnih Dana Nove Istre, kada je čitav tjedan bio posvećen književnosti, nakladništvu, autorima i novim knjigama, esejistici...

Glavna, središnja sjednica (sesija) PDE svake godine ima drugu naslovnu temu, o kojoj se govori u formi ogleda. Tako su teme od početka, 2003., pa do zaključno s 2021., dakle od 1. do 20. Pulskih dana eseja, bile:

 (2003.) Identitet i globalizacija
 Grad – esej (popratni program "Joyce u Puli")
 Kako čitam/o/ Europu?
 Ljubav i mržnja
 Provincija
 Autoritet
 Manipulacija (objavljena posebna knjiga – separat)
 Zvane Črnja
 Dokolica (objavljena posebna knjiga – separat)
 Politika i političari
 Optimizam
 Hrvatska književnost u susjedstvu (objavljen poseban zbornik)
 (Ne)Sloboda ili demokratska cenzura
 Hrvatski književni regionalizam – nekoć i danas
 Patnja
 2018.: 1918.: stoljeće od raspada Monarhije
 Akademik Josip Bratulić
 Zbilja i sudbina književnosti (samo "online"/na mreži, zbog pandemije)
 Pisac, demokracija, ideologija
 Rat u hrvatskoj i stranim književnostima
 Književnost i filozofija / Filozofija i književnost

Eseji koji nisu objavljeni u zasebnim knjigama/separatima i u zbornicima redovito se tiskaju kao temati u pulskome časopisu "Nova Istra". Godine 2008. objavljen je dosad najopsežniji zbornik naslovljen "Esej danas", koji obuhvaća oglede priopćene u izdanjima prvih 5 godišta PDE, od 2003. do 2007.

Godine 2007. u sklopu manifestacije, također na poticaj književnika B. D. Biletića, utemeljena je Nagrada Zvane Črnja, koju dodjeljuje Društvo hrvatskih književnika i njegov Istarski ogranak, za najbolju godišnju hrvatsku knjigu eseja.

Od 2007. do 2022. dobitnici Nagrade su: Tomislav Žigmanov, Mirko Tomasović, Roman Karlović, Dean Duda, Marko Pogačar, Dunja Detoni Dujmić, Marko Grčić, Pavao Pavličić, Marina Šur Puhlovski, Ivica Matičević, Jelena Lužina, Damir Barbarić, Zlatko Kramarić, Leo Rafolt, Božica Jelušić, Božidar Petrač i Dragutin Lučić Luce.

Do 2022. na PDE je sudjelovalo 299 esejista iz 15 zemalja (Europe i J. Amerike) te 67 sudionika popratnih programa (glazbenih, likovnih, raznih projekcija... u sjedištu IO DHK te na fakultetima, u muzejima, galerijama, knjižnicama i knjižarama). Predstavljeno je 50-ak novih knjiga, a popratnih je i posebnih programa održano više od 40.

Za sudionike se priređuju programi upoznavanja Pule i Istre, njihove kulturne povijesti i povijesti općenito.

Medijski je priredba uvijek dobro popraćena (pisani i elektronički mediji, a u posljednje vrijeme i na društvenim mrežama). Svi su Dani snimljeni na raznim nosačima slike i zvuka, a od početaka do danas Pulske dane eseja financijski podržavaju: Ministarstvo kulture i medija RH, Grad Pula, Istarska županija, Turistička zajednica Grada Pule, pojavljuju se tiskare kao sponzori, jednako i kolege dizajneri i grafičari.

Izvori

Hrvatske književne manifestacije
Kultura u Puli

Pulski dani eseja


هيرمان هيرتزبرغر (Hermann Hertzberger) هو مهندس معماري هولندي، ولد في أمستردام في عام 1932 أكمل دراسته في جامعة دلفت للتكنولوجيا في عام 1958، حيث كان استاذا منذ عام 1970.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء أكاديمية الفنون (برلين)
بنيوية
خريجو جامعة دلفت للتكنولوجيا
كلية التكنولوجيا في جامعة دلفت
معماريون من أمستردام
معماريون هولنديون
مواليد 1932
مواليد في أمستردام
هولنديون في القرن 20

هيرمان هيرتزبرغر


An Anthurium regale in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean Jules Linden. An Anthurium regale in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium regale


La Estación Ferroviaria de Valadares, igualmente denominada Estación de Valadares, es una plataforma de la línea del Norte, que sirve a la parroquias de Valadares, en el ayuntamiento de Vila Nova de Gaia, en Portugal.

Características

Localización y accesos
Se encuentra junto a la avenida de la Estación, en la localidad de Valadares.

Descripción física
En enero de 2011, tenía tres vías de circulación, con 434, 300 y 401 metros de longitud, y varias plataformas, cuyas plataformas presentaban 200 y 256 metros de extensión, y 70 a 35 centímetros de altura.

Historia
Esta plataforma se inserta en el tramo entre las estaciones de Vila Nova de Gaia y Estarreja de la línea del Norte, que fue inaugurado por la Compañía Real de los Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses el 8 de julio de 1863.

Después de la inauguración del tramo entre Estarreja y Taveiro, el 10 de abril de 1864, la Compañía Real creó nuevos servicios mixtos, entre Vila Nova de Gaia y Coímbra, que paraban en diversas estaciones por el camino, incluyendo la de Valadares.

Véase también
 Historia de la línea del Norte
 Red Ferroviaria Nacional

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Valadares
Vila Nova de Gaia

Estación de Valadares