Anunnaki (ayrıca Anunaki, Anunna, Ananaki ve farklı varyasyonlarda da yazılır), antik Sümer, Akad, Asur ve Babillerin mitolojik geleneklerinde ortaya çıkan bir tanrı grubudur. Kaç Anunnaki olduğu ve hangi rolü üstlendiklerine dair açıklamalar hem değişkenlik gösterir hem de çoğu zaman tutarsızdır. Akad öncesi dönemden kalma en eski Sümer yazılarına göre Anunnaki, panteondaki en güçlü tanrılardır. Göklerin tanrısı An ile yeryüzünün tanrıçası Ki'nin torunlarıdır ve asıl işlevleri insanlığın kaderini kararlaştırmaktır.

İnanna'nın Ölüler Diyarı'na İnişinde Anunnaki, yeraltı dünyasında Ereşkigal'ın tahtının önünde oturan yedi yargıç olarak resmedilmiştir. Gılgamış Destanı gibi sonraki Akadca metinlerde de bu betimleme sürdürülür. Eski Babil döneminde Anunnaki'nin yeraltı dünyasının kitonik tanrıları olduğuna inanılırken göklerin tanrıları İgigi olarak bilinirdi. Antik Hititler, Anunnaki'yi genç tanrılar tarafından devrilip yeraltı dünyasına sürülen en eski tanrı nesli olarak tanımlamıştır. Anunnaki, Zecharia Sitchin ve Erich von Däniken'in kitapları gibi modern sözde arkeolojik eserlerde kullanılmıştır.

Etimoloji
Anunnaki ismi, Sümer gökyüzü tanrısı An'dan türemiştir. İsim, "da-nuna", "da-nuna-ke4-ne" ya da "da-nun-na" şeklinde çeşitli biçimlerde yazılmış ve "soylu yavru" ya da "An'ın yavrusu" anlamına gelmektedir.

Anunnaki'nin, An ve toprak tanrıçası eşi Ki'nin çocuğu olduğuna inanılmaktaydı. Samuel Noah Kramer, Ki'nin Sümer ana tanrıçası Ninhursag ile aynı olduğunu söyleyerek ikisini bir tutmuştur. Anunnaki'nin en büyüğü hava tanrısı ve Sümer panteonunun baş tanrısı Enlil'di. Sümerler, Enlil doğana kadar gök ve yerin birbirinden ayrılmadığına inanmaktaydı. Enlil, daha sonra gök ve yeri ikiye bölerek yeryüzünü alıp götürürken babası An ise göğü uzaklaştırmıştır.

Tapınma ve ikonografi
Anunnaki'ye edebi metinlerde başlıca değinilmiştir ancak kendilerine yapılan herhangi bir tapınmayı destekleyen çok az kanıt bulunmaktadır. Bu durum, Anunnaki'nin her bir üyesinin diğerlerinden ayrı, kendi inananlarına sahip olmalarından kaynaklanmaktadır. Benzer bir şekilde üyelerin bireysel olarak birkaç tasviri belirlenmesine karşın, Anunnaki'nin bir grup halinde temsil edildiği bir tasvir henüz keşfedilmemiştir. Antik Mezopotamya'daki tanrıların neredeyse tamamı antropomorfiktir. Olağanüstü güçlere sahip oldukları ve genellikle çok büyük fiziksel boyutta oldukları düşünülmüştür. Tanrılar tipik olarak "onları korkutucu ihtişam içinde gösteren" belirsiz bir madde olan melam giymekteydi. Melam ayrıca kahramanlar, krallar, devler ve hatta iblisler tarafından da giyilebilirdi. Bir tanrının melamını görmenin insan üzerindeki etkisi ni (etin fiziksel karıncalanması için kullanılan bir kelime) olarak tanımlanmaktaydı. Tanrılar, neredeyse her zaman üst üste binmiş yedi öküz boynuzu çiftinden oluşan boynuzlu başlıklarla tasvir edilmişti. Ayrıca bazen, dekoratif altın ve gümüş süslemeli giysiler giymişlerdir.

Antik Mezopotamyalılar tanrılarının cennette yaşadıklarına; fakat tanrı heykellerinin tanrıların kendilerinin fiziksel birer simgesi olduğuna inanmaktaydı. Bu nedenle, tapınılan heykellere sürekli özen ve dikkat gösterilmiş ve bu heykellere bakmaları için bir grup rahip atanmıştı. Bu rahipler, heykelleri giydirir ve "yemek yiyebilmeleri" için önlerine yiyecek koyardı. Bir tanrıya ait tapınağın, tanrının gerçek ikametgâhı olduğuna inanılıyordu. Tanrıların tekneleri vardı ve bu tekneler, normalde tanrıların tapınaklarında saklanan, çeşitli dinî bayramlarda tapınma heykellerini su yolları boyunca taşımak için kullanılan tam boyutlu mavnalardı. Tanrılar ayrıca tapınma heykellerini kara yoluyla taşımak için kullanılan savaş arabalarına da sahipti. Bazen bir tanrının kült heykeli savaşın bulunduğu yere taşınırdı böylece tanrı, savaşın gelişimini izleyebilirdi. Anunnaki'yi de içeren Mezopotamya panteonunun büyük tanrılarının, tüm kararların verildiği "tanrıların meclisine" katıldığına inanılıyordu. Bu meclis, Ur'un üçüncü hanedanlığı döneminde var olan yarı demokratik yasama sisteminin ilahi bir karşılığı olarak görülmüştür.

Mitoloji

Sümerler
Anunnaki teriminin bilinen en eski kullanımları, Gudea egemenliği ile Ur'un üçüncü hanedanlığı döneminde yazılmış olan yazıtlardan gelmektedir. Terim, ulaşılan en eski metinlerde Sümer panteonundaki en güçlü ve önemli tanrılara uygulanmıştır: Gök Tanrısı An'ın soyundan gelenler. Bu tanrı grubu muhtemelen "karar alan yedi tanrı"yı içeriyordu: An, Enlil, Enki, Ninhursag, Nanna, Utu ve İnanna.

Bazı tanrılar Anunnaki'nin üyeleri olarak tanımlansa da Anunnaki'nin isimlerinin tam listesi mevcut değildir ve genellikle edebi metinlerde yalnızca bağlı bir grup olarak adlandırılırlar. Dahası, Sümer metinleri Anunnaki'yi tutarsız bir şekilde tanımlar ve Anunnaki'nin kaç tane üyesinin olduğu ya da ilahi işlevlerinin ne olduğu konusunda hemfikir değildir. Esasen Anunnaki, muazzam güçlere sahip göksel tanrılar olarak görünmektedir. Enki ve Dünya Düzeni adlı şiirde Anunnaki, Enki'ye "saygısını sunar", onuruna övgü ilahileri söyler, Sümer halkı arasındaki "konutlarını yapmaya başlar"lar. Aynı kompozisyon, Anunnaki'nin "insanlığın kaderini karara bağladığını" defalarca belirtir.

Neredeyse Sümer panteonundaki her büyük tanrı, belirli bir şehrin koruyucusu olarak kabul edilmiş ve o şehrin çıkarlarını koruması beklenmiştir. Tanrının, o kentin tapınağında kalıcı olarak yaşadığına inanılmıştır. Bir metin, Eridu şehriyle ilişkili elli kadar Anunnaki'den bahseder. İnanna'nın Ölüler Diyarı'na İnişinde yeraltı dünyasında ikamet eden ve yargıçlık yapan sadece yedi Anunnaki mevcuttur. İnanna, yeraltı dünyasını ele geçirme girişiminden ötürü bunların önünde yargılanır ve aşırı gurur yüzünden suçlanarak ölüme mahkûm edilir.

Sümer mitolojisindeki başlıca tanrılar, belirli gök cisimleriyle ilişkilendirilmiştir. İnanna'nın Venüs gezegeni olduğuna inanılıyordu. Utu'nun Güneş olduğuna inanılıyordu. Nanna ise Ay'dı. An, Ekvator gökyüzünün tüm yıldızları; Enlil, kuzey gökyüzünün yıldızları; Enki, güney gökyüzünün yıldızları olarak tanımlanmıştı. Enlil'in göksel yörüngesinin yolu, kuzey göksel kutbunun etrafında sürekli, simetrik bir çemberdi. An ve Enki'nin çeşitli noktalarda kesiştiğine inanılmaktaydı.

Akad, Babil ve Asurlar

MÖ 2. bin yılına ait Akad metinlerinde Annunaki, İnanna'nın Ölüler Diyarı'na İnişindekiyle benzer bir şekilde betimlenir ve kitonik yeraltı tanrıları olarak gösterilir. İkinci binyılın başında yazılan İnanna'nın İnişi'nin kısaltılmış Akadca sürümünde, yeraltı dünyasının kraliçesi Ereşkigal, "Anunnaki ile su içtiğini" söyler. Aynı şiirde daha sonra Ereşkigal hizmetçisi Namtar'a Anunnaki'yi Egalgina'dan getirmesini, "eşik basamaklarını mercanla süslemesini" ve "onları altın tahtlara oturtmasını" emreder.

Birinci Babil Hanedanlığı döneminde İgigi olarak bilinen yeni bir tanrılar dizisi ortaya çıktı. Anunnaki ve Igigi arasındaki ilişki belirsizdir. Bazı durumlarda, kategoriler eş anlamlı olarak kullanılıyor gibi görünse de Erra'nın Şiiri gibi diğer yazılarda, ikisi arasında açık bir ayrım vardır. Geç Akad destanı Atra-Hasiste İgigi, Anunnaki için hizmet etmeye zorlanan tanrıların altıncı neslidir. Kırk gün sonra İgigi baş kaldırır ve Anunnaki'den biri olan tanrı Enki, İgigi yerine insanları yaratır.

Orta Babil Dönemi'nden itibaren Anunnaki adı genellikle yeraltı dünyasının tanrıları için kullanılırken İgigi adıysa göksel tanrılar için kullanıldı. Bu dönemde, yeraltı tanrıları Damkina, Nergal ve Madānu, antik Babil'in ulusal tanrısı Marduk ile birlikte Anunnaki içinde en güçlü olarak listelenmişti.

Standart Akadcayla yazılmış olan Gılgamış Destanında Büyük Tufan'dan kurtulan ölümlü Utnapiştim, fırtına yaklaşırken toprağı alevlendiren Anunnaki'yi Yeraltı Dünyası'nın yedi hakimi olarak tanımlar. Daha sonra, sel geldiğinde İştar (İnanna'nın Doğu Sami dilindeki karşılığı) ve Anunnaki insanlığın yok edilmesi karşısında yas tutar.

Babilce yazılan Enûma Elište Marduk, Anunnaki'yi görevlerine atar. Destanın daha sonra yazılmış bir Babilce sürümünde yeraltı dünyasının 600 Anunnaki'sinden ve 300 gök Anunnaki'sinden bahsedilir, bu da karmaşık bir yeraltı dünyası kozmolojisinin varlığını gösterir. "Yüce Tanrılar" Anunnaki, minnet borcu olarak Marduk, Ea ve Ellil'e adanmış "görkemli" bir tapınak olan Esagila'yı inşa eder. MÖ sekizinci yüzyıl Erra'nın Şiirinde Anunnaki, Tanrı Nergal'ın erkek kardeşleri olarak tanımlanır ve insanlığa karşı düşman olarak tasvir edilir.

Yeni Asur İmparatorluğu dönemine ait çok hasarlı bir metinde Marduk, Anunnaki'den oluşan ordusunu kutsal Nippur şehrine doğru yönlendirir ve kargaşaya sebep olur. Bu kargaşa, bir sele neden olur ki bu da yerleşik Nippur tanrılarını Eşumeşa tapınağında Ninurta'ya sığınmasına mecbur bırakır. Enlil, Marduk'un yaptıklarına sinirlenerek Eşumeşa'nın tanrılarına Marduk ile diğer Anunnaki'yi tutsak olarak tutmalarını emreder. Anunnaki yakalanır ancak Marduk, Muşteşirhablim'i Eşumeşa tanrılarına isyan etmek için görevlendirir ve habercisi Neretagmil'i okuryazarlık tanrısı Nabu'yu uyarması için gönderir. Eşumeşa tanrıları Nabu'nun konuşmasını duyduğunda onu aramak için tapınaklarından çıkar. Marduk, Eşumeşa tanrılarını yener ve Enlil'in de aralarında bulunduğu 360 tanesini savaş esiri olarak ele geçirir. Enlil, Eşumeşa tanrılarının masum olduğunu iddia eder bundan ötürü Marduk, onları Anunnaki'nin önünde yargılar. Metin, Damkianna'dan (Ninhursag için başka bir isim) tanrılara ve insanlığa bir uyarısı ile biter ve Anunnaki ile Eşumeşa tanrıları arasındaki savaşın tekrar edilmemesini ister.

Hurri ve Hititler

Hurri ve Hititlerin mitolojilerinde en eski tanrıların, genç tanrılarca tanrıça Lelvani'nin hükmettiği Yeraltı Dünyası'na sürüldüğüne inanılırdı. Hititli yazıcılar, Anunnaki'ye tanrısallık atfetmişlerdir. Öyle ki antik Hurricede Anunnaki, "sabık antik tanrılar" anlamında karuileş şiuneş olarak ya da "yeryüzü Tanrıları" anlamında kattereş şiune" olarak anılır. Hitit ve Hurri antlaşmaları, yeminler tutulsun diye sıklıkla eski tanrılar üstüne yapılırdı. Bir mite göre tanrılar, taştan dev Ullikummi tarafından tehdit edildi. Böylece sonradan Enki olarak anılacak Ea, eski tanrılara yeryüzü ile gökyüzünü ayırmak için kullanılan silahı bulmalarını buyurdu. Silah bulunduğunda da Ullikummi'nin ayaklarını kestiler.

Her ne kadar Hurri ve Hitit metinlerindeki Anunnaki isimleri sık sık değişse de her zaman sekiz üyesi vardır. Bir Hitit ritüelinde, eski tanrıların isimleri şöyle sıralanır: "İlahi Aduntarri, Zulki, Dünya'nın Efendisi İrpitia, Narā, Namšarā, Minki, Amunki ve Āpi." Eski tanrıların Hurri-Hitit dininde tanımlanabilir bir kültleri yoktu; bunun yerine, Hurriler ve Hititler, toprakta kazılmış bir çukurdaki bir domuz yavrusu kurbanı ayini ile eski tanrılarla iletişim kurmaya çalıştılar. Eski tanrılar genellikle arınma ayini yapmak için çağrıldı.

Eski tanrıların yeraltı dünyasına sürülmesinin Hitit anlatımı, daha sonraları Yunan şair Hesiodos'un Theogonia eserinde Titanların Olimposluları devirmesi anlatımının kaynağı oldu. Yunan gök tanrısı Uranüs (adı "Cennet" anlamına gelir) Titanların babasıdır ve Anu'nun Hitit versiyonundan türetilmiştir. Hesiodos'un anlatımında Uranüs, Hitit hikâyesindeki Anu'nun oğlu Kumarbi gibi oğlu Kronos tarafından hadım edildi.

Sözde arkeoloji
1968'de Tanrıların Arabaları ile başlayarak yayımlanan bir kitap serisinde İsviçreli sözde arkeolog Erich von Däniken, dünya dışı "antik astronotların" tarih öncesi Dünya'yı ziyaret ettiğini iddia etti. Von Däniken dinlerin kökenini yabancı bir ırkla temasa tepki olarak açıklar ve buna, Sümer metinlerini ve Eski Ahit'i delil olarak gösterir.

1976 tarihli The Twelfth Planet (lit. On İkinci Gezegen) kitabında Rus-Amerikan yazar Zecharia Sitchin, Anunnaki'nin aslında, yaklaşık 500 bin yıl önce Dünya'ya gelen keşfedilmemiş Nibiru gezegeninden gelişmiş insansı dünya dışı bir tür olduğunu ve gezegenin değerli metal açısından zengin olduğunu keşfettikten sonra altın madenciliği yapmak için bir operasyon üssü inşa ettiğini iddia etti. Sitchin'e göre Anunnaki köle madenci türü insanlar yaratmak için in vitro fertilizasyon yoluyla kendi türleri ile Homo erectusu melezleştirdi. Sitchin, Antarktika'daki buzullar eridiğinde Anunnaki'nin geçici olarak Dünya'nın yüzeyini ve yörüngesini terk etmek zorunda kaldığını ve bu erimenin Anunnaki'nin Dünya'daki üslerini de yok eden Büyük Tufan'a neden olduğunu iddia etti. Bunlar yeniden inşa edilmeliydi ve bu muazzam çaba için daha fazla insana ihtiyaç duyan Anunnaki insanlığa tarımı öğretti.

Ronald H. Fritze, Sitchin'e göre, "Annunaki'nin, antik astronot teorisyenlerinin son derece ileri teknolojiler olmadan bunları inşa etmenin imkansız olduğunu düşündüğü, piramitler ve dünyanın dört bir yanındaki diğer tüm anıtsal yapıları inşa ettiğini" yazdı. Sitchin, The Stairway to Heaven (1980, lit. Cennet'e Merdiven) ve The Wars of Gods and Men (1985, lit. Tanrılarla İnsanların Savaşı) gibi daha sonraki çalışmalarda bu mitolojiyi genişletti. The End of Days: Armageddon and the Prophecy of the Return (2007, lit. Günlerin Sonu: Armageddon ve Dönüş Kehaneti) adlı çalışmasında Sitchin, Anunnaki'nin MezoAmerikan Uzun Sayım takviminin sonuna karşılık gelen 2012 yılı gelir gelmez, dünyaya döneceği tahmininde bulundu. Sitchin'in yazıları ana akım tarihçiler tarafından evrensel olarak reddedildi ve kitapları sözde arkeoloji olarak etiketlendi. Bu tarihçiler, Sitchin'in Sümer metinlerini; bağlam dışı alıntılarla, alıntıları kısaltarak ve Sümer kelimelerini genel kabul görmüş tanımlarından radikal şekilde farklı anlamlar veren yanlış şekillerde çevirerek kasten yanlış sunar gibi göründüğünü öne sürdüler.

Kaynakça

Özel

Genel

Dış bağlantılar
 Eski Mezopotamya Tanrıları ve Tanrıçaları: Anunna (Anunnaku, Anunnaki) (bir grup tanrı) (İngilizce)

Yeraltı ilahları
Kitonik
Enûma Eliš
Hava ve gök ilahları
Zaman ilahları
Hurri ilahları
Mezopotamya ilahları
Antik astronotlar hipotezi
Gılgamış Destanı

Anunnaki


Lubomír Kolář, (nacido el 4 de febrero de 1929 en Checoslovaquia), es un exjugador checo de baloncesto. Consiguió 2 medallas en competiciones internacionales con Checoslovaquia.

Enlaces externos
Perfil en sports reference

Baloncestistas de República Checa
Baloncestistas de Checoslovaquia

Lubomír Kolář


Paul Taunton Matthews (19 novembre 1919 - 26 février 1987) est un physicien théorique britannique .

Biographie
Matthews est né à Erode en Inde britannique et a fait ses études à la  et au Clare College de Cambridge, où il a obtenu des diplômes de maîtrise et de doctorat, ce dernier sous la direction de Nicholas Kemmer. Il est devenu chef du département de physique de l'Imperial College de Londres et plus tard vice-chancelier de l'Université de Bath. Il a également reçu un diplôme honorifique (doctorat en sciences) de l'Université de Bath en 1983. Il a également été président du Conseil de physique nucléaire du .

Il est un ami proche et le mentor du seul lauréat pakistanais du prix Nobel, Abdus Salam, et du physicien du CERN, Faheem Hussain.

Il est décédé à Cambridge des suites de blessures subies dans un accident de vélo.

Prix et distinctions
Il a reçu le prix Adams en 1958, élu à la Royal Society en 1963, et a reçu  en 1978. Il est égalkement décoré de l'Ordre de l'Empire britannique.

Publications
 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, McGraw Hill, 1963, 3e éd 1974.
 The nuclear apple: recent discoveries in fundamental physics, Chatto and Windus 1971.

Références

Liens externes

Étudiant de Clare College
Professeur à l'Imperial College London
Physicien des particules
Commandeur de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique
Membre de la Royal Society
Décès en février 1987
Naissance en novembre 1919
Lauréat du prix Adams
Décès à 67 ans

Paul Taunton Matthews


Cape Byron is the easternmost point of the mainland of Australia, located in New South Wales. It is about  east of the town of Byron Bay, New South Wales and projects into the Pacific Ocean at 28.6335° S, 153.6383° E. A lighthouse is situated there. It is a popular area for hiking and for whale watching. Two national parks, one a conservation area and a marine park, are on the bay.

Cape Byron has a significant influences on the open beaches to its north. Longshore drift transports sand northwards. Sand blocked by the cape drops off the continental shelf, which is very narrow here, at a rate of around 50,000 cubic metres of sand per year.

History

The cape was named by British explorer Captain James Cook, when he passed the area on 15 May 1770, to honour British explorer John Byron who circumnavigated the globe in HMS Dolphin from 1764 to 1766.

The MV Limerick was sunk off Cape Byron in 1943.

The Cape is part of the Cape Byron State Conservation Area.

Cape Byron Light

Built in 1901, the Cape Byron Lighthouse is the last of the great 19th-century Victorian era lighthouses managed by the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS). It is constructed from concrete blocks and stands on the most easterly point of the Australian mainland.

Cape Byron walking track
The Cape Byron walking track winds through the Cape Byron State Conservation Area. The  loop walk can be started at any point with parking available at Captain Cook Lookout, Palm Valley, Wategos Beach and the Lighthouse.

Cape Byron Marine Park

Cape Byron is part of the 22,000 hectare Cape Byron Marine Park, which was established in November 2002. The area is also noted for its wildlife, with the whale watching industry a significant contributor to the local economy. The park extends from Lennox Head in the south to northern bank of the Brunswick River mouth.

Cape Byron Marine Park is a multiple-use marine park which includes protected areas where fishing and collecting are prohibited, and general-use areas which support both commercial and recreational fishing. It extends from the Brunswick River to Lennox Head, and from mean high water out to three nautical miles from the coast or islands. It includes the tidal waters of the Brunswick River, Belongil and Tallow creeks. Migrating whales can typically be seen swimming past the Cape.

Extreme points
Australia has several other extreme points. These are Cape York, the northernmost point on the Australian mainland, South Point, the southernmost point on the Australian mainland, Steep Point, the westernmost point on the Australian mainland and Mount Kosciuszko, the uppermost point on the Australian mainland.

See also

List of Australian places named by James Cook

References

Byron
Northern Rivers
Extreme points of Australia
Byron Bay

Cape Byron


Filip 5. (), kaldet Filip den Lange (), (ca. 1292/1293 – 3. januar 1322) var konge af Frankrig og Navarra (som Filip 2.) fra 1316 til 1322.

Eksterne henvisninger

Konger af Frankrig
Konger af Navarra
Huset Capet

Filip 5. af Frankrig


Molio - Byggeriets videnscenter er resultatet af en sammenlægning af Foreningen bips og Byggecentrum i foråret 2016.

Molio er en selvejende, non-profit organisation, som er uafhængig af særinteresser. Navnet "Molio" kommer fra det latinske Molior, som betyder "bygge", "opføre" eller "konstruere".

Molios formål er at bidrage til at styrke virksomhedernes konkurrenceevne inden for byggeri, anlæg og drift ved at levere services, produkter og værktøjer, der fremmer udvikling, digitalisering og effektivisering – fx efteruddannelse, bøger, standarder og informationsstrukturer.

Derudover ejer Molio HUSET Middelfart, som er et kursuscenter.

buildingSMART
buildingSMART er et internationalt samarbejde om bl.a. udvikling og anvendelse af åbne standarder for BIM (Building Information Modelling). Molio står for buildingSMART-netværket i Danmark. Det betyder, at Molio udgør den danske del af det nordiske buildingSMART chapter, der består af Danmark, Sverige og Finland, og som koordinerer buildingSMART aktiviteter i Danmark.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Molios forside
 bips

Byggebranche
Byggeforeninger fra Danmark
Byggeteknik
Vidensdeling

Molio – Byggeriets Videnscenter


Josip Scholz (Zagreb, 30. siječnja 1898. – Beograd, 24. rujna 1945.) bio je hrvatski nogometaš i nogometni reprezentativac.

Reprezentativna karijera
Za nogometnu reprezentaciju Kraljevine Jugoslavije odigrao je dvije utakmice.

Izvori

Hrvatski nogometaši
Jugoslavenski nogometni reprezentativci

Josip Scholz


An Phalaenopsis mariae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Burb.ex R.Warner ngan H.Williams. An Phalaenopsis mariae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phalaenopsis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Phalaenopsis

Phalaenopsis mariae


Museum Skanderborg består af 5 museer og 6 arkiver. Den samlede administration ligger på Adelgade i Skanderborg.
Museet er beliggende i byens ældste del tæt ved Skanderborg Slotsbanke og med stor parklignende have ned til Lille Sø.

I Skanderborg Dyrehave har museet en udstilling om besættelsestiden, beliggende i to tyske bunkere, Skanderborg Bunkerne. Desuden omfatter museet Øm Kloster museum, Gammel Rye Mølle og Ferskvandsmuseet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Se også
 Vikingen fra Fregerslev

Skanderborg
Museer i Region Midtjylland

Museum Skanderborg


Curt Kaiser (* 26. Januar 1865 in Luckau; † 25. April 1940 in Berlin) war 1907 bis zur Novemberrevolution Bürgermeister der Stadt Rixdorf beziehungsweise der Stadt Neukölln.

Leben
Während seines Studiums wurde Kaiser im Wintersemester 1885/86 Mitglied der Landsmannschaft Thuringia Berlin und im Wintersemester 1886/87 der Landsmannschaft Plavia Leipzig. Nach seinem Studium wurde er Rechtsanwalt und Notar.

Nach dem Tod von Hermann Boddin (1844–1907) wurde Curt Kaiser von der Stadtverordnetenversammlung Rixdorf bei Berlin zum Bürgermeister gewählt. Im folgenden Jahr verlieh der Kaiser Wilhelm II. Curt Kaiser den Titel Oberbürgermeister von Rixdorf – der "Kaiser von Rixdorf". 1912 wurde der Name der Stadt auf "Neukölln" geändert. Kaiser trat im Zuge der Revolution 1919 zurück, sein Nachfolger wurde der Sozialdemokrat Alfred Scholz (1875–1944).

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Literatur
 Bezirksamt Neukölln (Hrsg.): Rathaus Rixdorf – Rathaus Neukölln. Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-00-026396-5, Seite 190.

Bürgermeister (Deutschland)
Notar (Deutschland)
Rechtsanwalt (Deutschland)
Landsmannschafter
Berlin-Neukölln
Deutscher
Geboren 1865
Gestorben 1940
Mann

Curt Kaiser


Azerbajdžanska kuhinja je kuhinarska tradicija u Azerbajdžanu i među azerbajdžanskim iseljeništvom.

Od jedanaest klimatskih zona na svijetu, Azerbajdžan ima devet. To doprinosi plodnosti tla, tako da postoji mnogo vrsta povrća koje se koristi prema godišnjim dobima i jelima. Klima pomaže raznolikosti hrane. Svježe bilje i začini kao što su: menta, korijandar, kopar, bosiljak, peršin vrlo su popularni i često se stavljaju u glavna jela. Kaspijsko jezero ima mnoge jestive vrste riba, uključujući jesetre, kaspijski losos, kutum, sardine, ciple i druge. Crni kavijar iz Kaspijskog jezera jedna je od najpoznatijih azerbajdžanskih delicija koje se traže u mnogim dijelovima svijeta.

Glavna jela azerbajdžanske kuhinje su preko 30 vrsta juha, uključujući one pripremljene od jogurta. Jedno od najpoznatijih jela je plov. Plov (vrsta pilava) je riža sa šafranom, poslužena s različitim biljem. Azerbajdžanska kuhinja ima više od 40 različitih recepata plova. Druga jela uključuju mnoge vrste kebaba i šašlika (ražnjića), uključujući janjetinu, govedinu, piletinu i ribe. Jesetre su vrlo česte u Azerbajdžanu i obično se pripremaju na roštilju s umakom od krumpira zvanim narsharab. Sušeno voće i orasi koriste se u mnogim jelima. Tradicionalni začin su: sol, crni papar, ruj i posebno šafran. Velik dio šafrana dolazi s poluotoka Abšeron.

Crni čaj je nacionalno piće i pije se nakon jela sam ili sa sušenim voćem. Još jedno popularno piće je šerbet, slatko hladno piće od voćnog soka pomiješano ili kuhano sa šećerom, često mirisano ružinom vodom. Azerbajdžanski šerbet nije isto kao i hladni desert šerbet (sorbet).

Galerija

Kuhinje po državama
Hrana i piće u Azerbajdžanu

Azerbajdžanska kuhinja


Elf is a 2003 American Christmas comedy film directed by Jon Favreau and written by David Berenbaum. It stars Will Ferrell as Buddy, a human raised by Santa's elves, who learns about his origins and heads to New York City to meet his biological father. James Caan, Zooey Deschanel, Mary Steenburgen, Edward Asner, and Bob Newhart appear in supporting roles.

Elf was released in the United States on November 7, 2003 by New Line Cinema. It became a major critical and commercial success, grossing $220 million worldwide against a $33 million budget. Ferrell's performance as Buddy was praised by critics and audiences alike, with many calling it one of his best performances. The film inspired the 2010 Broadway musical Elf: The Musical and NBC's 2014 stop motion animated television special Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas. It has been hailed by many as a modern classic, and is often listed as one of the greatest Christmas films of all time.

Plot

On Christmas Eve, an orphaned baby crawls into Santa Claus's sack at the sight of a teddy bear, and is unwittingly taken back to the North Pole from an orphanage. After the infant is discovered at the workshop, the elves name him Buddy after his diaper's brand label.

Buddy is accepted by the elf community and grows up to adulthood believing he is an elf, despite being twice the size of every other elf and inept at toymaking, but soon overhears that he is a human. Papa Elf explains to him that he was born to Walter Hobbs and the late Susan Wells, and that Susan put him up for adoption prior to her death. Walter is now the Executive Vice President at Greenway Press, a book publisher at the Empire State Building in New York City, unaware of Buddy's existence. Santa reveals that Walter is on the Naughty List due to his selfishness, but suggests Buddy could help redeem him with some Christmas spirit.

Buddy travels to New York and finds Walter at work, but Walter mistakes him for a Christmas-gram messenger and has him ejected. Walter's security guards sarcastically tell Buddy to go to a local Gimbels department store, where he meets Jovie, an unenthusiastic employee with whom he is instantly smitten. Hearing that Santa will be at the store to make an appearance the following day, Buddy redecorates the store overnight. However, discovering that the Gimbels Santa is not the genuine article, Buddy unmasks him and causes a brawl that the manager breaks up.

Walter reluctantly bails Buddy out of the police station and takes him for a DNA test, which confirms that Buddy is his biological son. Dr. Leonardo convinces Walter to take Buddy home to meet his stepmother Emily and half-brother Michael. Buddy's strange behavior unnerves Walter and Michael, but Emily insists that they take care of him until he "recovers." Michael warms up to Buddy after they defeat a gang of bullies in a snowball fight and encourages him to ask Jovie out on a date. During the date, the two fall in love.

Meanwhile, Walter's publishing company is failing after their latest book flops. Walter's boss, Fulton Greenway, expects Walter to have a new book ready by Christmas Eve. Walter and his team secure a meeting with best-selling children's author Miles Finch, but Buddy interrupts the meeting and mistakes Finch, who has dwarfism, for an elf. Buddy unintentionally insults Finch before the latter attacks him and angrily leaves the meeting, upon which Walter loses his temper and harshly disowns Buddy. Heartbroken, Buddy writes an apology note on an Etch A Sketch and leaves Walter's apartment.

Upon finding Finch's notebook full of ideas, Walter and his team scramble to create a book to pitch. As Walter prepares to pitch the book to Greenway, Michael arrives and informs Walter of Buddy's departure. Realizing his mistake, Walter quits his job and walks out with Michael to find Buddy. Meanwhile, Buddy sees Santa's sleigh crash in Central Park, attracting a large crowd. Santa explains that the sleigh's engine is lost and cannot fly without it due to a shortage of Christmas spirit.

Buddy finds the engine and reunites with Walter and Michael. Walter apologizes to Buddy for how he treated him and finally accepts him as his son. After Buddy takes them to meet Santa, Michael takes Santa's list and reads it out in front of television news cameras, proving that Santa is real. A group of Central Park Rangers, who are angry at Santa for placing them on the Naughty List, chase the sleigh as Buddy tries to reattach the engine. Jovie leads the crowd and those watching on television in singing "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town," raising enough Christmas spirit to fully power the sleigh without the engine.

By the following Christmas, Buddy writes a book about his life, which becomes a bestseller and allows Walter to establish his own publishing company. Buddy also marries Jovie and brings their newborn daughter Susie to visit Papa Elf.

Cast

Live action
 Will Ferrell as Buddy Hobbs, aka "Buddy the Elf", an eccentric human who was raised by Santa's elves.
 James Caan as Walter Hobbs, a grouchy children's book publishing executive and Buddy's biological father.
 Zooey Deschanel as Jovie, an unenthusiastic worker at Gimbels and Buddy's love interest.
 Mary Steenburgen as Emily Hobbs, Walter's wife, Michael's mother and Buddy's stepmother.
 Ed Asner as Santa Claus, a holiday figure who finds Buddy in his sack and gives him to Papa Elf to raise.
 Bob Newhart as Papa Elf, Buddy's adoptive father and the narrator.
 Daniel Tay as Michael Hobbs, Walter and Emily's son and Buddy's younger paternal half-brother.
 Faizon Love as Wanda, the manager of Gimbels and Jovie's boss.
 Peter Dinklage as Miles Finch, a best-selling children's author and dwarf who attacks Buddy for (mistakenly) calling him an elf.
 Amy Sedaris as Deb, Walter Hobbs' secretary.
 Michael Lerner as Fulton Greenway, Walter Hobbs' controlling and uncaring boss and the CEO of Greenway Press.
 Andy Richter as Morris, a co-worker of Walter Hobbs.
 Kyle Gass as Eugene Dupree, a co-worker of Walter Hobbs.
 Artie Lange as the Fake Santa, a Mall Santa with whom Buddy gets into an altercation because he is not the real Santa Claus.
 Jon Favreau as Dr. Ben Leonardo, the Hobbs family's pediatrician.
 Matt Walsh as Eye Witness.
 Peter Billingsley as Ming Ming (uncredited), the head elf in Santa's workshop.
 Mark Acheson as a mailroom worker.
 Claire Lautier as Charlotte, the newscaster in Central Park
 David Paul Grove as Pom Pom, an elf on whom Buddy faints when he discovers he is a human.

Voice cast
 Leon Redbone as Leon the Snowman, a snowman who lives at the North Pole.
 Ray Harryhausen as Polar Bear Cub
 Jon Favreau as the Baby Walrus (uncredited), Mr. Narwhal (uncredited) and the Arctic Puffin (uncredited)
 Maurice LaMarche as Buddy's Burp (uncredited)
 Dallas McKennon as the Schylling Jack-in-the-Box (uncredited, archive audio)

Production

Development
David Berenbaum initially wrote the script in 1993, with Chris Farley and Jim Carrey being early candidates to play Buddy. Berenbaum's screenplay underwent uncredited rewrites by Scot Armstrong, Chris Henchy, and the writing team of Adam McKay and Will Ferrell. Garry Shandling was offered the role of Walter Hobbs but declined. Wanda Sykes was originally cast as the Gimbels manager Wanda but later dropped out. Terry Zwigoff was offered to direct the film, but he turned it down in favor of Bad Santa (2003). According to Favreau, the script was initially "much darker" and did not interest him, although he was interested in working with Ferrell's first post-SNL movie. Asked to rewrite it, a turning point came when he realized he could make Buddy's world an homage to the Rankin/Bass Christmas specials. This allowed him to conceive of a movie that could be PG rated as opposed to the original script, which he guessed would have been rated PG-13.

Filming

 Principal photography began on December 9, 2002, and wrapped on March 7, 2003. Filming took place in New York City, as well as in Vancouver and at Riverview Hospital in Coquitlam, British Columbia.

The film makes heavy use of forced perspective to exaggerate the size of Buddy compared to all the other elves. Stop motion animation was employed for certain sequences. CGI usage was kept to a minimum due to Favreau's own preference, something that he would later note he "had to fight very hard" for.

Will Ferrell said in interviews that he suffered ill effects after eating too much sugar for the film.

Zooey Deschanel singing was not in the original script, and Favreau added it when he learned she was a singer. When Buddy starts singing in the middle of Santaland at Gimbels, the lyrics were not scripted, and Will Ferrell improvised the song on the spot.

Post-production
Apart from snow, most of the computer-generated imagery (CGI) in the film was created by Rhythm & Hues Studios. Buddy's belch after drinking a two-liter bottle of Coca-Cola was dubbed by voice actor Maurice LaMarche.

Music
The soundtrack was released on New Line Records in November 2003 in the United States and in October 2005 in the United Kingdom, including its signature song "Baby, It's Cold Outside" by Deschanel and Leon Redbone, which was released as a single. It was certified Gold by the RIAA in April 2011. Having sold 695,000 copies in the United States, it is the second-highest selling soundtrack album for a Christmas-themed film since Nielsen SoundScan started tracking music sales in 1991, behind only The Polar Express.

 "Pennies from Heaven" – Louis Prima
 "Sleigh Ride" – Ella Fitzgerald and the Frank De Vol Orchestra
 "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" – Lena Horne
 "Sleigh Ride/Santa Claus' Party" – Ferrante and Teicher/Les Baxter
 "Baby, It's Cold Outside" – Leon Redbone and Zooey Deschanel
 "Jingle Bells" – Jim Reeves
 "The Nutcracker Suite" – Brian Setzer
 "Christmas Island" – Leon Redbone
 "Santa Baby" – Eartha Kitt and the Henri René Orchestra
 "Winter Wonderland" – Ray Charles
 "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" – Eddy Arnold
 "Nothing from Nothing" – Billy Preston

The score to the film, composed and conducted by John Debney and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony, was released by Varèse Sarabande.

Release

Home media

The film was released on DVD and VHS on November 16, 2004, and on Blu-ray on October 28, 2008. The film was subsequently released on 4K Blu-ray on November 1, 2022. It is also available for the PlayStation Portable with Universal Media Disc. This is one of the only few DVDs to be PG rated under the Infinifilm label.

Reception

Box office
Elf grossed $176.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $47.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $223.9 million, against a production budget of $33 million.

The film opened at number two at the box office in the United States with $31.1 million, finishing behind The Matrix Revolutions, also in its first week. It topped the box office on its second week of release, beating out Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World and earning $26.3 million. Additionally, Elf went on to compete against another family-oriented film, Brother Bear. In the United Kingdom, it opened in second behind Love Actually. The 2018, 2019, and 2020 reissues earned $442,000, $786,000, and $2 million respectively.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, Elf holds an approval rating of  based on  reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "A movie full of Yuletide cheer, Elf is a spirited, good-natured family comedy, and it benefits greatly from Will Ferrell's funny and charming performance as one of Santa's biggest helpers." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars, calling it "one of those rare Christmas comedies that has a heart, a brain and a wicked sense of humor, and it charms the socks right off the mantelpiece." Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film two out of four stars, saying: "Ferrell makes the damn thing work. Even though he can't get naked or use naughty words, there's a devil of comedy in Ferrell, and he lets it out to play. Director Jon Favreau has the good sense to just stand out of his way." The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review, saying: "While the words "instant holiday classic" might be pushing it, Elf  is at the very least a breezily entertaining, perfectly cast family treat." A. O. Scott of The New York Times also gave the film a positive review, saying: "Elf is a charming, silly family Christmas movie more likely to spread real joy than migraine, indigestion and sugar shock. The movie succeeds because it at once restrains its sticky, gooey good cheer and wildly overdoes it." Anna Smith of Empire magazine gave the film a three out of five stars and said: "Ferrell's man-child invites sympathy and sniggers, making this amusing despite some flimsy plotting. Sight gags and a Santa-centered story should keep the kids happy too." Plugged In gave the film a positive review, writing: "The elf-reared Buddy has a heart as big as the arctic north. Does his movie match it?"

Accolades

The film was nominated for nine awards and won two.

Won
 2004 ASCAP award – Top Box Office Films (John Debney)
 2004 Golden Trailer – Best Comedy
Nominated
 2004 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award – Favorite Movie
 2004 MTV Movie Award – Best Comedic Performance (Will Ferrell)
 2004 PFCS Award – Best Live Action Family Film and Best Use of Previously Published or Recorded Music
 2004 Teen Choice Award – Choice Movie Actor – Comedy (Will Ferrell) and Choice Movie – Comedy
 2005 Golden Satellite Award – Best Youth DVD

Critics' rankings
Elf is often ranked among the greatest Christmas films, and airs annually on television during the holiday season. In 2017, Fandango users rated Elf the best Christmas film of the 21st century.

 Digital Spy – #3
 Total Film – #3
 GamesRadar+ - #5
 Entertainment Weekly – #4
 San Francisco Chronicle – #4
 The Guardian – #4
 The Hollywood Reporter – #6
 Forbes – #7
 Newsday – #7
 about.com – #9
 Empire – #11
 Chicago Tribune – #17
 New York Daily News - #23

Other media

Musical

A Broadway musical based upon the film ran on Broadway during the 2010 Christmas season. It was directed by Casey Nicholaw, with music by Matthew Sklar, lyrics by Chad Beguelin, and a book by Bob Martin and Thomas Meehan.

The musical officially opened at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre on November 10, 2010, after previews from November 2, 2010. The cast included Sebastian Arcelus as Buddy, Amy Spanger as Jovie, Beth Leavel as Emily, Mark Jacoby as Walter, Matthew Gumley as Michael, Valerie Wright as Deb, Michael McCormick as Mr. Greenway, Michael Mandell as Store Manager, and George Wendt as Santa. It ran through to January 2, 2011.

Animated special

Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas is an hour-long stop-motion animated musical television special based on the film and the musical of the same name. While Edward Asner was the only cast member from the film to reprise his role, the rest of the cast included Jim Parsons as Buddy, Mark Hamill as Walter Hobbs, Kate Micucci as Jovie, Rachael MacFarlane as Emily Hobbs, Max Charles as Michael Hobbs, and Gilbert Gottfried as Mr. Greenway. It was produced by Warner Bros. Animation and first aired on NBC on December 16, 2014. It features songs from the musical.

Video game
A video game based on the film was released on November 4, 2004 for the Game Boy Advance, developed by Human Soft and published by Crave Entertainment. The game follows the same plot as the movie; within the game, the player has to collect candies throughout each level while avoiding various objects and polar bears. The game received generally negative reviews.

Cancelled sequel
On September 18, 2013, Mental Floss reported that Favreau was interested in making a sequel to the film, titled Elf 2: Buddy Saves Christmas. Later in December, Ferrell stated that he did not want to make a sequel. In January 2016, Favreau stated that a sequel could still happen. The next month, Ferrell reiterated that a sequel was unlikely and stated that he was generally reluctant to do sequels unless there was a story that justifies it. On September 18, 2020, Caan reaffirmed that the possibility of a sequel was unlikely stating that Ferrell and Favreau did not get along.

See also
 List of Christmas films
 Santa Claus in film

References

External links

 Official Warner Bros. Site

2003 films
2000s adventure comedy films
2000s Christmas comedy films
2000s children's films
2000s fantasy comedy films
2003 comedy films
American films with live action and animation
American adventure comedy films
American children's comedy films
American Christmas comedy films
American fantasy comedy films
Children's Christmas films
Elf (franchise)
Films about elves
Films about dysfunctional families
New Line Cinema films
Films scored by John Debney
IMAX films
Films directed by Jon Favreau
Films set in 1973
Films set in 2003
Films set in California
Films set in Canada
Films set in department stores
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in Vancouver
Films using stop-motion animation
Santa Claus in film
Films about father–son relationships
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language Christmas comedy films

Elf (film)


An Eriocaulon inundatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Harold Norman Moldenke. An Eriocaulon inundatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Senegal. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon inundatum


Ağrı Türkiye'nin Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde Yukarı Murat-Van Bölümü'nde bulunan bir ildir. Adını kısmen sınırları içerisinde bulunan Ağrı Dağı'ndan almıştır. 1834 yılında bucak, 1869 yılında ilçe olan Ağrı, 1927 yılında il olmuştur. İlin doğusunda İran, kuzeyinde Kars, kuzeybatısında Erzurum, güneybatısında Muş ve Bitlis, güneyinde Van ve kuzeydoğusunda Iğdır bulunmaktadır.

İlin nüfusu 524.644'tür. Bu nüfusun %60,58'i şehirlerde yaşamaktadır (2021 sonu). Yüzölçümü 11.099 km2'dir, km2'ye 47 kişi düşmektedir. İl merkezi Ağrı'nın denizden yüksekliği: 1630 m.'dir. Rakımı en yüksek ilçesi Diyadin'dir (1933 m).

2021 yılında TÜİK verilerine göre merkez ilçeyle beraber 8 ilçe, 12 belediye, bu belediyelerde 100 mahalle ve ayrıca 563 köy vardır.

Tarihçe
Orta Asya'dan gelen kavimlerin Anadolu'ya girişleri sırasında Ağrı, bir geçiş oluşturmuş, dolayısıyla birçok medeniyete sahne olmuştur. Ancak bu medeniyetler Ağrı'yı bir giriş kapısı olarak gördüklerinden burada çok köklü bir uygarlık oluşturamamışlardır.

Bölgede egemenlik kurdukları sanılan Hititler'in güçlerini yitirmeleri üzerine, MÖ 1340 - MÖ 1200 tarihleri arasında Hurriler bölgeye yerleşmişlerdir. Hurriler krallık merkezi olan Urfa'dan uzak olan Ağrı'yı ellerinde tutamamışlardır.

En köklü uygarlığı Urartular oluşturmuştur. Urartu'nun Van Gölü'nün kuzey ve kuzeydoğusundaki ülkeler üzerine, Kral İspuini döneminde (MÖ 825 - MÖ 810) seferlere başlamış, Kral Menua döneminde (MÖ 810 - MÖ 786) ise bu akınlar daha da ağırlık kazanmıştır. Kuzeye ve kuzeydoğuya giden yollar üzerinde inşa edilen kaleler, buraya yapılan seferlerin önceden planlandığını göstermektedir. Ağrı Dağı'nın yamaçlarında, Karakoyunlu ve Taşburun köylerinin arasında ele geçen bir Urartu yazıtı Kral Menua'nın bu bölgedeki egemenliğinin kesin kanıtıdır.

MÖ 712 yıllarında Kızılırmak boylarına kadar uzanan Kimmerler, Ağrı'da geçici de olsa bir hakimiyet kurmuşlardır. Medler (MÖ 708 - MÖ 555) Asur Devleti'nin yıkılması ile birlikte bir yayılma sürecine girmiş, bunun sonucu olarak da Ağrı ve çevresini topraklarına katmışlardır.

Medler'in yıkılması ile birlikte Persler; Büyük İskender'in Pers Kralı lll. Darius'u MÖ 331'de yenerek Anadolu'yu ele geçirdiği zamana kadar yaklaşık iki yüzyıl kadar bölgede yaşamışlardır. Büyük İskender'in ölümü üzerine oluşan boşluktan faydalanan Ermeniler ve Gürcüler bölgeyi ele geçirmişlerdir.

Murat Nehri ve Doğubayazıt çevrelerine kısa sürede yerleşmişlerdir. Daha sonraları Arsaklılar ve Artaksıyaslı Krallığı, Ağrı ve çevresine hakim olmuştur.

Bölge, Halife Osman zamanında İslam orduları tarafından fethedilmiştir. 872 yılına değin Abbasiler'in kontrolü altında kalan Ağrı, daha sonra Bizans'ın kontrolüne geçmiştir.

1071 Malazgirt Meydan Muharebesi sonrası bölgeye Türk boyları gelmeye başlamıştır. Ağrı, yüzyıla yakın bir süre Sökmenli Devleti'nin sınırları içine girmiştir. 1027 - 1225 yılları arasında Ani Atabekleri, 1239'da Cengizliler, 1256 - 1358 yılları arasında İlhanlılar ve Celaliler Ağrı'da hüküm sürmüşlerdir. İlhanlılar bazen kurultaylarını Ağrı Dağı'nda yapmış, Anadolu ve İran'ı buradan yönetmişlerdir. 1393'te Türk kağanı Temir Küreğen, Ağrı bölgesini ele geçirmiştir. 1405 - 1468 tarihleri arasında Ağrı, Karakoyunlu toprakları içinde yer almış, Karakoyunlular yıkılınca Ağrı Akkoyunlular'ın egemenliğine geçmiştir. Ağrı, 1514'te yapılan Çaldıran Muharebesi sonrası Yavuz Sultan Selim tarafından Osmanlı topraklarına katılmıştır.

Osmanlı döneminde Şorbulak olarak anılan ilin adı, Ermeniler zamanında Karakilise olarak değiştirilmiştir. Kâzım Karabekir Paşa zamanında ise Karakilise ismi değiştirilerek Karaköse diye adlandırılmıştır.

Nuh Tufanı ile ilgisinden dolayı Tevrat'ta adı geçen Ararat Dağı ve ülkesinin, Ağrı ve çevresinin olduğu sanılması dolayısıyla Ağrı'ya batılılar tarafından Ararat da denilmektedir. 5165 m. yüksekliğiyle Türkiye'nin en büyük dağı olan Ağrı Dağı da il sınırlarındadır.

Nüfus

Güncel Nüfus Değerleri(TÜİK 6 Şubat 2023 verileri )

Ağrı ili nüfusu: 510.626'dir. Bu nüfusun %61,6'sı şehirlerde yaşamaktadır (2022 sonu). İlin yüzölçümü 11.099 km2'dir. İlde km2'ye 46 kişi düşmektedir. (Bu sayı merkez ilçede 88, Patnos'da 82'dir.) İlde yıllık nüfus% 2,67 oranında azalmıştır. Nüfus azalış oranı en yüksek ve en düşük ilçeler: Merkez (-% 1,05), Hamur (-% 5,74)

06 Şubat 2023 TÜİK verilerine göre merkez ilçeyle beraber 8 İlçe, 12 belediye, bu belediyelerde 100 mahalle ve ayrıca 563 köy vardır.

{| class="wikitable"
|-bgcolor="#33FFCC"
| colspan="12" |2022 yılı sonunda Ağrı ili ve ilçelerinin yerleşim yeri ve  nüfusla ilgili sayısal bilgileri|-
|-bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|İlçe|Nüfus 2021|Nüfus  2022|Nüfus  Artışı %|Belediye  Sayısı|MahalleSayısı|Köy  Sayısı|Köy  Nüfusu|Şehir nüfusu|Şehirde oturan %|Alanı   km2| km2'ye düşen kişi|-
|Diyadin
|40.286
|38.369
| -4,88
|1
|7
|62
|18.813
|19.556
|50,97
|1351
|28
|-
|Doğubayazıt
|118.643
|116.493
| -1,83
|1
|14
|85
|36.695
|79.798
|68,50
|2250
|52
|-
|Eleşkirt
|31.545
|30.288
| -4,07
|4
|20
|55
|15.130
|15.158
|50,05
|1307
|23
|-
|Hamur
|17.106
|16.152
|-5,74|1
|4
|46
|12.870
|3.282
|20,32
|873
|19
|-
|Merkez|150.335
|148.765|-1,05|1
|18
|106
|28.132
|120.633
|81,09
|1695
|88|-
|Patnos
|118.481
|114.081
| -3,78
|2
|28
|92
|51.136
|62.945
|55,18
|1394
|82
|-
|Taşlıçay
|19.321
|18.614
| -3,73
|1
|4
|37
|12.622
|5.992
|32,19
|822
|23
|-
|Tutak
|28.927
|27.864
| -3,74
|1
|5
|80
|20.689
|7.175
|25,75
|1407
|20
|-
|-bgcolor="#AFEEEE"
|Ağrı|524.644|510.626|-2,67|12|100|563|196.087|314.539|61,60|11.099|46|}

 İlin yıllara göre nüfusları

 Konum

 Kültürel ve doğal zenginlikler
 Ahmed-i Hani Türbesi: Ahmed-i Hani 'nin türbesi İshak Paşa Sarayı'nın yanındadır. Ahmed-i Hani 17. yüzyılda yaşamış Kürt şair ve filozofudur. Türbesi her yıl birçok insan tarafından ziyaret edilir.

 Yönetim

İllerde protokolde ilk sırada yer alan Vali, merkezi yönetimi temsil eder ve Cumhurbaşkanı tarafından atanır. Büyükşehir dışındaki illerde yerel yönetim, şehirler düzeyindedir. Belediye Başkanı, belediye sınırları içinde kalan seçmenin oy çokluğu ile seçilir. Ayni seçmen İlçe Belediye Meclisi için de oy kullanarak ilçelerin belediye meclisleri oluşturur. İldeki bütün seçmenler ayrıca il genel meclisi için de oy kullanarak, İl Genel Meclisinin oluşumunu sağlarlar.

İl genel meclisi ve belediye meclisi üyelikleri için yapılan seçimlerde, onda birlik baraj uygulamalı nispi temsil sistemi, belediye başkanlığı seçiminde ise çoğunluk sistemi uygulanır İl genel meclisi ve belediye meclisi üye sayıları ilçe nüfusuna göre, kontenjandan kalan sayıların partilere dağılımı ise D'Hondt Sistemine göre belirlenir (Kanun:2972-Madde:23)

İl Genel Meclisi, İl Özel İdaresinin karar organıdır, başkanını üyeleri arasından gizli oyla seçer. Ayrıca, İl Genel Meclisi kendi içinden gizli oyla bir yıl görev yapacak 5 kişilik İl Encümenini seçer.

Merkezi yönetim, Vali ve İl Müdürlerinden oluşur. İl Özel İdaresi (İl Genel Meclisi ve İl Encümeni) seçilmişlerden oluşur, ancak Vali başkanlığında görev yapar. Yerel yönetim ise belediye başkanları ve belediye meclislerinden oluşur.

Ağrı Valisi, 1976-Kozan doğumlu Mustafa KOÇ'dur. Ağustos 2023/376 sayılı kararla Niğde Valisi iken atanmıştır.

Ağrı Belediye Başkanı, 1971 Tutak doğumlu Savcı Sayan(AK PARTİ), 31 Mart 2019 seçimlerinde %55,57 oy oranıyla seçilmiştir.

2019 Türkiye yerel seçimleri sonuçlarına göre Ağrı İl Genel Meclisi üye sayısı, 13 AK Parti ve 15 HDP olmak üzere 28'dir. Ağrı Belediye meclisi ise 20 AK Parti ve 11 HDP olmak üzere 31 üyeden oluşur.

2023 Türkiye genel seçimleri sonucuna göre Ağrı'nın  Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi'ndeki üyelerinin siyasi partilere dağılımı: 3 Yeşiller ve Sol Gelecek Partisi ile 1 AK Parti'dir

 Eğitim
 Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversitesi

 Spor

2018-2019 Sezonu sonunda, Ağrı 1970 Spor, BAL'dan 3.lige çıktı. BAL' daki diğer takım Ağrı Gençlerbirliği ise küme düştü. Futbol Kadınlar ligindeki 2 takım liglerinde kaldılar.

Futbol Türkiye Kupası 'nda Ağrı 1970 Spor 1.turda elendi.

İlin önemli spor tesisleri: 10.000 kişi kapasiteli Vali Lütfü Yiğenoğlu Stadyumu (2010), 2500 kişilik Ağrı Kapalı Spor Salonu (2017), Güneykaya ve Küpkıran''' Kayak Merkezleridir.

Galeri

Ayrıca bakınız
 Balık Gölü

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Ağrı Valiliği
 Ağrı İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü
 Ağrı Köyleri ve Kasabaları

Ağrı (il)


كارل دريس  من مواليد 1785 ووفيات 1851 هو مخترع ألماني اخترع الدراجة في أول صورها سنة 1817.

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 قائمة المخترعين والمكتشفين الألمان

أشخاص من كارلسروه
ألمان في القرن 19
تاريخ ركوب الدراجات
خريجو جامعة هايدلبرغ
مانهايم
مخترعون ألمان
مواليد 1785
مواليد في كارلسروه
وفيات 1851
وفيات في كارلسروه
مخترعون ألمان في القرن 19
علماء من كارلسروه

كارل درايس


Skak er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1994 instrueret af Patrik Book efter eget manuskript.

Handling
En ensam nattvandrare söker sig till en nattöppen bar för att få sig en kopp kaffe. Det går ikke riktikt som han har tänkt sig.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1994

Skak (eksperimentalfilm)


الخوخة هي إحدى القرى المحتلة والمدمرة التابعة لمركز البطيحة التابع لمحافظة القنيطرة في هضبة الجولان بجنوب غرب سوريا.

تتبع ناحية البطيحة منطقة فيق، محافظة القنيطرة (343ن عام 1967-100م)
تقع على الحافة الجنوبية لوادي زيتة، شمال شرقي بحيرة طبرية ب5 كم إلى الشرق من بلدة المحجار ب5 كم. بنيت القرية الحديثة فوق خربة قديمة، فقد دلت التنقيبات الأثرية فيها على وجود بقايا أبنية وباحات وتيجان أعمدة وأجزاء من معاصر الزيتون، وفخار يعود إلى العهود الرومانية والبيزنطية والعربية الإسلامية. تنتشر فيها أشجار الزيتون والحبوب والبقول بعلاً، والخضار ريّاً، وتربى فيها الأبقار، وتكثر فيها الينابيع التي تعد المصدر الرئيس لمياه الشرب، تتبعها مزرعتا زيتا وصباحيّة.

قرى الجولان المحتلة
قرى الجولان المدمرة
قرى محافظة القنيطرة

الخوخة (الجولان)


Wonomi, Wonomi, doslovno, 'nema smrti'. Nebeski otac i vrhovno biće Maidu Indijanaca iz Kalifornije. Također je poznat kao Kodo-yapeu, 'stvoritelj svijeta'; Kodo-yanpe, 'imenovanje svijeta'; i Kodo-yeponi, 'svjetski poglavar'. Stvorivši ljudska bića i pokrenuvši prirodne procese, Wonomi je vladao sve dok se nije pojavio njegov protivnik Kojot. Ovaj bog prevarant, međutim, uspio je smijeniti nebeskog oca iz jednog razloga: ljudi su slijedili Kojota, a ne Wonomija. Duše mrtvih još uvijek mogu doseći 'zemlju cvijeća' nebeskog oca iznad oblaka, kao što pokazuje njegova neprestana briga, ali ispod dna neba vlada bog prevarant.

Izvori

Indijanska mitologija (bogovi stvaratelji)
Maidu

Wonomi


La Ruta Estatal de Nevada 401, y abreviada SR 401 (en inglés: Nevada State Route 401) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Nevada. La carretera inicia en el Oeste desde la Rye Patch State Rec Area hacia el Este en la . La carretera tiene una longitud de 3,8 km (2.333 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta Estatal de Nevada 401 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Nevada por sus siglas en inglés Nevada DOT.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Nevada DOT

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Nevada

Ruta Estatal de Nevada 401


Kingdonia uniflora, monotipski biljni rod klasififiran porodici Circaeasteraceae ili u vkastitu porodicu Kingdoniaceae, u oba slučaja dio reda žabnjakolike.

Jedina je vrsta K. uniflora, endem iz kineskih provincija Gansu, Shaanxi (Taibai Shan), Sichuan i Yunnan (Dêqên Xian).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Žabnjakolike
Flora Gansua
Flora Shaanxija
Flora Sichuana
Flora Yunnana

Kingdonia


Cușcuș este o mâncare făcută în principal din griș, tradițională în țările arabe din nordul Africii, care a pătruns și în bucătăriile europene.

Note

Legături externe

 Cușcuș, bobițe de sănătate, ecuisine.ro
 Ce este cuscusul si ce beneficii are, 10 martie 2014, sanatate.bzi.ro

Bucătăria arabă

Cuș cuș


Staurotypus triporcatus es una especie de tortuga de la familia Kinosternidae. Se encuentra en México y en América Central.

Entre los nombre comunes se le denomina guao (Tabasco, México), tres lomos o tres quillas.

Distribución
 México: Campeche, Chiapas, Yucatán, Quintana Roo, Tabasco y Veracruz
 Belice
 Guatemala
 Honduras

Descripción
Por lo general son mucho más grandes que otras especies de tortuga de pantano, el tamaño puede alcanzar hasta 45cm (17 pulgadas) de longitud de caparazón, siendo los machos mucho más pequeños que las hembras. Por lo general son de color café, negro, o verde, con un amarillo inferior. Su caparazón se distingue por tener tres quillas distintas.

Alimentación
Son carnívoras, comen diferentes tipos de invertebrados, peces y carroña.

Referencias
 Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996. Staurotypus triporcatus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
 Wiegmann, 1828 : Beyträge zu Amphibienkunde. Isis von Oken, vol. 21, p. 364–383 (texto integral).

Kinosternidae
Reptiles de América Central
Reptiles de México
Taxones descritos por Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann
Animales descritos en 1828

Staurotypus triporcatus


The Varangian Guard (, Tágma tōn Varángōn) was an elite unit of the Byzantine Army from the tenth to the fourteenth century who served as personal bodyguards to the Byzantine emperors. The Varangian Guard was known for being primarily composed of recruits from northern Europe, including mainly Norsemen from Scandinavia but also Anglo-Saxons from England. The recruitment of distant foreigners from outside Byzantium to serve as the emperor's personal guard was pursued as a deliberate policy, as they lacked local political loyalties and could be counted upon to suppress revolts by disloyal Byzantine factions.

The Rus' provided the earliest members of the Varangian Guard. They were in Byzantine service from as early as 874. The Guard was first formally constituted under Emperor Basil II in 988, following the Christianization of Kievan Rus' by Vladimir I of Kiev. Vladimir, who had recently usurped power in Kiev with an army of Varangian warriors, sent 6,000 men to Basil as part of a military assistance agreement. Basil's distrust of the native Byzantine guardsmen, whose loyalties often shifted with fatal consequences, as well as the proven loyalty of the Varangians, many of whom had previously served in Byzantium, led the Emperor to employ them as his personal guardsmen.

Immigrants from Scandinavia (predominantly immigrants from Sweden, but also elements from Denmark and Norway)<ref>Marika Mägi, In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication Across the Baltic Sea, The Northern World, 84 (Leiden: Brill, 2018), p. 195, citing Alf Thulin, 'The Rus' of Nestor's Chronicle', Mediaeval Scandinavia, 13 (2000), 70–96.</ref> kept an almost entirely Norse cast to the organization until the late 11th century. According to the late Swedish historian Alf Henrikson in his book Svensk Historia (History of Sweden), the Norse Varangian guardsmen were recognized by long hair, a red ruby set in the left ear and ornamented dragons sewn on their chainmail shirts. During these years, Swedish men left to enlist in the Byzantine Varangian Guard in such numbers that a medieval Swedish law, Västgötalagen, from Västergötland declared no one could inherit while staying in "Greece"—the then Scandinavian term for the Byzantine Empire—to stop the emigration, especially as two other European courts simultaneously also recruited Scandinavians: Kievan Rus' c. 980–1060 and London 1013–1051 (the Þingalið).

Composed primarily of Norsemen and Rus for the first 100 years, the Guard began to see increased numbers of Anglo-Saxons after the Norman conquest of England. By the time of the Emperor Alexios Komnenos in the late 11th century, the Varangian Guard was largely recruited from Anglo-Saxons and "others who had suffered at the hands of the Vikings and their cousins the Normans". The Anglo-Saxons and other Germanic peoples shared with the Vikings a tradition of faithful (to death if necessary) oath-bound service, and the Norman invasion of England resulted in many fighting men who had lost their lands and former masters and were looking for positions elsewhere.

The Varangian Guard not only provided security for the Byzantine emperors, but also participated in many wars, often playing a decisive role, since they were usually deployed at critical moments of a battle. By the late 13th century, Varangians were mostly ethnically assimilated by the Byzantine Greeks, though the Guard remained in existence until at least mid-14th century. In 1400, there were still some people identifying themselves as "Varangians" in Constantinople.

History

The earliest members of the Varangian guard came from Kievan Rus'. A treaty between Rus' and the Byzantine empire under Basil I was agreed in 874 after a period of hostilities. A clause in the treaty obliged Rus' to provide men for Byzantine service. Renewed hostilities between 907 and 911 ended with a new treaty under which any Rus' who chose could serve Byzantium as a right.

The scholarly consensus is that the Rus' people originated in what is currently coastal eastern Sweden around the eighth century and that their name has the same origin as Roslagen in Sweden (with the older name being Roden). According to the prevalent theory, the name Rus, like the Proto-Finnic name for Sweden (*Ruotsi), is derived from an Old Norse term for "the men who row" (rods-) as rowing was the main method of navigating the rivers of Eastern Europe, and that it could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of Roslagen (Rus-law) or Roden, as it was known in earlier times.Stefan Brink (2008), "Who were the Vikings?", in Stefan Brink and Neil Price (eds.), The Viking World , Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 4–10 (pp. 6–7). The name Rus would then have the same origin as the Finnish and Estonian names for Sweden: Ruotsi  and Rootsi."Russ, adj. and n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, June 2018. Accessed 25 July 2018.

As early as 911, Varangians are mentioned as fighting as mercenaries for the Byzantines. About 700 Varangians served along with Dalmatians as marines in Byzantine naval expeditions against the Emirate of Crete in 902 and a force of 629 returned to Crete under Constantine Porphyrogenitus in 949. A unit of 415 Varangians was involved in the Italian expedition of 936. It is also recorded that there were Varangian contingents among the forces that fought the Arabs in Syria in 955. During this period, the Varangian mercenaries were included in the Great Companions (Gk. ).

In 988, Basil II requested military assistance from Vladimir I of Kiev to help defend his throne. In compliance with the treaty made by his father after the Siege of Dorostolon (971), Vladimir sent 6,000 men to Basil. Vladimir took the opportunity to rid himself of his most unruly warriors which in any case he was unable to pay. This is the presumptive date for the formal, permanent institution of an elite guard. In exchange for the warriors, Vladimir was given Basil's sister, Anna, in marriage. Vladimir also agreed to convert to Christianity and to bring his people into the Christian faith.

In 989, these Varangians, led by Basil II himself, landed at Chrysopolis to defeat the rebel general Bardas Phokas. On the field of battle, Phokas died of a stroke in full view of his opponent; upon the death of their leader, Phokas' troops turned and fled. The brutality of the Varangians was noted when they pursued the fleeing army and "cheerfully hacked them to pieces".

These men formed the nucleus of the Varangian Guard, which saw extensive service in southern Italy in the eleventh century, as the Normans and Lombards worked to extinguish Byzantine authority there. In 1018, Basil II received a request from his catepan of Italy, Basil Boioannes, for reinforcements to put down the Lombard revolt of Melus of Bari. A detachment of the Varangian Guard was sent and in the Battle of Cannae, the Byzantines achieved a decisive victory.

The Varangians also participated in the partial reconquest of Sicily from the Arabs under George Maniakes in 1038. Here, they fought alongside Normans recently arrived in Italy seeking adventure and Lombards from Byzantine-held Apulia. A prominent member of the Guard at this time was Harald Hardrada, later King of Norway as Harald III (1046–1066). However, when Maniakes ostracised the Lombards by publicly humiliating their leader, Arduin, the Lombards deserted and the Normans and Varangians followed them.

Not long after, the catepan Michael Doukeianos had a force of Varangians stationed at Bari. On 16 March 1041, they were called up to fight the Normans near Venosa; many drowned in the subsequent retreat across the Ofanto. In September, Exaugustus Boioannes was sent to Italy with only a small contingent of Varangians to replace the disgraced Doukeianos. On 3 September 1041, they were defeated in battle by the Normans.

Many of the last catepans were sent from Constantinople with Varangian units. In 1047, John Raphael was sent to Bari with a contingent of Varangians, but the Bariots refused to receive his troops and he spent his term at Otranto. Twenty years later, in 1067, the last Byzantine catepan in southern Italy, Mabrica, arrived with Varangian auxiliaries and took Brindisi and Taranto. At the disastrous Battle of Manzikert in 1071, virtually all the Emperor's Guards fell around him.

Composed primarily of Scandinavians for the first 100 years, the guard began to see increasing numbers of Anglo-Saxons after the successful invasion of England by the Normans. In 1088, a large number of Anglo-Saxons and Danes emigrated to the Byzantine Empire by way of the Mediterranean. One source has more than 5,000 of them arriving in 235 ships. Those who did not enter imperial service settled on the Black Sea coast, building and garrisoning the town of Civetot for Alexios I. Those who did became so vital to the Varangians that the Guard was commonly called the  (Anglo-Varangians) from that point. In this capacity, they fought in Sicily against the Normans under Robert Guiscard, who unsuccessfully sought to invade the lower Balkans as well.

Writing about the unit as it was in 1080, the chronicler and princess Anna Komnene refers to these "axe-bearing barbarians" as being "from Thule", likely a reference to the British Isles or Scandinavia. Likewise, the Byzantine civil-servant, soldier and historian John Kinnamos calls these "axe-bearers" that guarded the Emperor "the British nation, which has been in service to the Romans' Emperors from a long time back". Kinnamos was writing in the later 12th century, indicating perhaps that the more Dane and Saxon composition of the guard continued to the point of the Fourth Crusade.

After the end of the Norwegian Crusade led by the Norwegian King Sigurd I Magnusson, the guard had an influx of Norwegian Warriors. The Norwegian King sold his ships in Constantinople and returned to Norway with only a 100 men, out of an original army of around 6,000.

The Varangians relied on the broad-bladed Dane axe as their main weapon, although they were often also skilled swordsmen or archers. In some sources, such as Anna Komnene's The Alexiad, they are described as mounted; both Vikings and elite Anglo-Saxon warriors routinely used horses for strategic mobility even though they normally fought on foot. The guard was stationed primarily around Constantinople, and may have been barracked in the Bucoleon palace complex. The guard also accompanied armies into the field, and Byzantine chroniclers (as well as several notable Western European and Arab chroniclers) often note their battlefield prowess, especially in comparison to the local barbarian peoples. They were vital to the Byzantine victory under the emperor John II Komnenos at the Battle of Beroia in 1122. The Varangians hacked their way through the enemy's circle of Pecheneg wagons, collapsing the Pecheneg position and causing a general rout in their camp.

The Varangians were described by 11th-century Byzantine historian Michael Psellus as thus: "The whole group carry shields and brandish on their shoulders a certain single-edged, heavy-iron weapon", which is understood to have been the Dane axe (many Byzantine writers referred to them as "axe-bearing barbarians", , rather than as Varangians). However, a mistranslation of the Greek text has led some to refer to the weapon as a , which most likely occurred as a product of Atticism in Byzantine literature.

They were prominent in the defence of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade. Of the role of the guard, it is said that "the fighting was very violent and there was hand to hand fight with axes and swords, the assailants mounted the walls and prisoners were taken on both sides". The latest mention of the Varangian guard is in the Greek version of the Chronicle of the Morea, which states that this unit escorted the Prince of Achaia away to prison after the Battle of Pelagonia in 1259; historian D. J. Geanakoplos suggests they were reconstituted by Theodore I Laskaris to strengthen his claim as the rightful Emperor. People identified as Varangians were to be found in Constantinople around 1400.

Function

The duties and purpose of the Varangian Guard were similar—if not identical—to the services provided by the Kievan druzhina, the Swedish/Norwegian hird, and the Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon housecarls. The Varangians served as the personal bodyguard of the emperor, swearing an oath of loyalty to him; they had ceremonial duties as retainers and acclaimers and performed some police duties, especially in cases of treason and conspiracy. They were headed by a separate officer, the akolouthos, who was usually a native Byzantine.

The Varangian Guard was only used in battle during critical moments, or where the battle was most fierce. Contemporary Byzantine chroniclers note with a mix of terror and fascination that the "Scandinavians were frightening both in appearance and in equipment, they attacked with reckless rage and neither cared about losing blood nor their wounds". The description probably refers to berserkers, since this state of trance is said to have given them superhuman strength and no sense of pain from their wounds. When the Byzantine Emperor died, the Varangians had the unique right of running to the imperial treasury and taking as much gold and as many gems as they could carry, a procedure known in Old Norse as polutasvarf ("palace pillaging"). This privilege enabled many Varangians to return home as wealthy men, which encouraged even more Scandinavians to enlist in the Guard in Miklagarðr (Swedish = Miklagård = 'The Great City', i.e. Constantinople).

The loyalty of the Varangians became a trope of Byzantine writers. Writing about her father Alexius's seizing of the Imperial throne in 1081, Anna Komnene notes that he was advised not to attack the Varangians who still guarded the Emperor Nikephoros for the Varangians "regard loyalty to the emperors and the protection of their persons as a family tradition, a kind of sacred trust". This allegiance, she noted, "they preserve inviolate, and will never brook the slighted hint of betrayal". Unlike the native Byzantine guards so mistrusted by Basil II, the Varangian guards' loyalties lay with the position of Emperor, not the man who sat on the throne. This was made clear in 969 when the guards failed to avenge the death by assassination of Emperor Nikephoros II. A servant had managed to call for the guards while the Emperor was being attacked, but when they arrived he was dead. They immediately knelt before John Tzimiskes, Nikephoros' murderer and hailed him as Emperor. "Alive they would have defended him to the last breath: dead there was no point in avenging him. They had a new master now."

This reputation exceeds the truth in at least two recorded instances. In 1071, after Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes was defeated by Sultan Alp Arslan, a palace coup was staged before he could return to Constantinople. Caesar John Doukas used the Varangian guard to depose the absent emperor, arrest Empress Eudoxia, and proclaim his nephew, stepson of Diogenes Michael VII, as emperor. Thus, instead of defending their absent emperor, the Varangians were used by the usurpers—proving their loyalty to the throne, if not always the current occupier of that throne. In a more sinister episode, the historian Joannes Zonaras reports the guard revolting against Nikephoros III Botaneiates after the blinding of the general Nikephoros Bryennios in 1078, "planning to kill him" but being suppressed by loyal troops. They subsequently asked for and received a pardon.

Runestones

There are a number of raised stone memorials called runestones throughout Scandinavia. The runestones are unevenly distributed in Scandinavia: Denmark has 250 runestones, Norway has 50 while Iceland has none. Sweden has as many as between 1,700 and 2,500Harrison & Svensson 2007:192 depending on definition. The Swedish district of Uppland has the highest concentration with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone, whereas Södermanland is second with 391. Many date to the Viking Age, and there are many associated with the Varangian Guards.

These Varangian runestones commemorate various fallen warriors through carved runes, and mention voyages to the East (Austr) or the Eastern route (Austrvegr), or to more specific eastern locations such as Garðaríki (what is today Russia and Ukraine). The losses that the Varangian Guard suffered are reflected by the largest group of runestones that talk of foreign voyages, such as those termed the Greece Runestones. These were raised by former members of the Varangian Guard, or in their memory. A smaller group consists of the four Italy Runestones which were raised in memory of members of the Varangian Guard who died in southern Italy.

The oldest of the Greece runestones are six stones in the style RAK, a style which is dated to the period before 1015 AD. The group consists of Skepptuna runestone U 358, Västra Ledinge runestone U 518, Nälberga runestone Sö 170 and Eriksstad runestone Sm 46.

One of the more notable of the later runestones in the style Pr4 is Ed runestone U 112, a large boulder at the western shore of the lake of Ed. It tells that Ragnvaldr, the captain of the Varangian Guard, had returned home where he had the inscriptions made in memory of his dead mother.

The youngest runestones, in the style Pr5, such as Ed runestone U 104 (presently in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford), are dated to the period 1080–1130, after which runestones became unfashionable.

The Varangians did not return home without being imprinted by Byzantine culture in one way or another, as exemplified by the Byzantine cross carved on the early eleventh century Risbyle runestone U 161, and which today is the coat-of-arms of Täby, a trimunicipal locality and the seat of Täby Municipality in Stockholm County, Sweden. The runes were made by the Viking Ulf of Borresta, see Orkesta runestone U 344, in memory of another Ulf, in Skålhamra, and at the request of the latter's father.

Norse sagas
According to the sagas, the West Norse entered the service of the Guard considerably later than the East Norse. According to the Laxdœla saga, the Icelander Bolli Bollason (born c. 1006) was the first known Icelander in the Varangian Guard. Travelling to Constantinople via Denmark, he spent many years in the Varangian Guard, "and was thought to be the most valiant in all deeds that try a man, and always went next to those in the forefront." The saga also records the finery his followers received from the Emperor, and the influence he held after his return to Iceland:

The Varangian Guard is mentioned also in Njal's Saga in reference to Kolskegg—an Icelander said to have come first to Holmgard (Novgorod) and then on to Miklagard (Constantinople), where he entered the Emperor's service. "The last that was heard of him was, that he had wedded a wife there, and was captain over the Varangians, and stayed there till his death day."

One of the members of the Varangian Guard was the future king Harald Sigurdsson III of Norway, known as Harald Hardråde ("Hard-ruler"). Having fled his homeland, Harald went first to Gardariki and then on to Constantinople, where he arrived in 1035. He participated in eighteen battles and during his service fought against Arabs in Anatolia and Sicily under General George Maniakes, as well as in southern Italy and Bulgaria. An extensive account of Harald Sigurdsson's journeys is found in Harald Sigurdsson's Saga.

During his time in the Varangian Guard Harald earned the titles of manglavites and spatharokandidatos. But his service ended with his imprisonment for misappropriation of imperial plunder taken during his command. He was released upon the dethronement of the Emperor Michael V, and saga sources suggest he was the one sent to blind the Emperor when he and his uncle fled to the church of Studion Monastery and clung to the altar.

Harald then sought to leave his post, but was denied this. He eventually escaped and returned home in 1043, becoming King of Norway before eventually dying at the Battle of Stamford Bridge while invading England in 1066.

The Varangian Guard regained some of its old Scandinavian flavour when Harald Hardråde's grandson, Sigurd I of Norway, went on the Norwegian Crusade to the Holy land. After fighting battles against the Muslims, King Sigurd in 1110 let the rest of his force, who originally numbered 6,000 men, join the Varangian Guard. King Sigurd returned home with fewer than a hundred of his personal Guard.

Most of the Old Norse narratives which deals with Norwegians or Icelanders in the Varangian Guard are from the 13th century, and bear witness to a continued interest and generally positive views towards Byzantium within the West Norse cultural area.

See also

 Byzantine army
 Byzantine bureaucracy
 Count Robert of Paris. Novel by Walter Scott.
 Druzhina
 German Guard
 Harald Hardrada
 Hird
 Housecarl
 Komnenian army
 Leidang
 Manglabites
 New England (medieval)
 Optimatoi
 Piraeus Lion (inscription made by Swedish Varangians)
 Swedes (Germanic tribe)
 Thingmen
 Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks
 Varangian runestones
 Västgötalagen

 Citations

 General bibliography
 Primary sources

 Alexiad by Anna Komnena
 Chronicon universale anonymi Laudunensis Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos
 Heimskringla Historia ecclesiastica by Ordericus Vitalis
 Játvarðar Saga Laxdœla saga Strategikon of Kekaumenos by Kekaumenos

 Secondary sources

 Buckler, Georgina. Anna Komnena: A Study. Oxford: University Press, 1929.
 Blondal, Sigfus. Varangians of Byzantium: An Aspect of Byzantine Military History. Trans. by Benedikt S. Benedikz, Cambridge: 1978. .
 D'Amato, Raffaele. The Varangian Guard 988–1453. Osprey Publishing, 2010. .
 Davidson, H. R. Ellis. The Viking Road to Byzantium. London: 1976. .
 Enoksen, Lars Magnar. (1998). Runor: historia, tydning, tolkning. Historiska Media, Falun. .
 Jansson, Sven B. (1980). Runstenar. STF, Stockholm. .

 Jakobsson, Sverrir, The Varangians: In God's Holy Fire (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020),
 Theotokis, Georgios. "Rus, Varangian and Frankish Mercenaries in the Service of the Byzantine Emperors (9th–11th c.). Numbers, Organisation and Battle Tactics in the operational theatres of Asia Minor and the Balkans". Byzantine Symmeikta'', vol. 22, Athens: 2012.

External links

 English Refugees in the Byzantine Armed Forces: The Varangian Guard and Anglo-Saxon Ethnic Consciousness by Nicholas C.J. Pappas for De Re Militari.org

980s in military history
Basil II
Byzantine mercenaries
Early Germanic warfare
Guards units of the Byzantine Empire
Medieval bodyguards
Military units and formations established in the 10th century
Warfare of the Middle Ages
Norsemen

Varangian Guard


Salzdorf heißen folgende Orte:
 die lothringische Gemeinde Salonnes mit deutschem Namen, Frankreich
 der Ortsteil Salzdorf (Landshut) der Stadt Landshut, Bayern

Salzdorf


William Markowitz (February 8, 1907 in Melč, Austrian Silesia – October 10, 1998 in Pompano Beach, Florida) was an American astronomer, principally known for his work on the standardization of time.

His mother was visiting Melč near Vítkov in Austrian Silesia (now Czech Republic) when William was born. The Polish family emigrated to the U.S. in 1910 and settled in Chicago.

William earned his doctorate from the University of Chicago in 1931, under W.D. MacMillan. He taught at Pennsylvania State College before joining the United States Naval Observatory in 1936, working under Paul Sollenberger and Gerald Clemence in the time service department.

After having married Rosalyn Shulemson in 1943, Markowitz eventually became director of the department. He developed the ephemeris time scale, which had been adopted by the IAU in 1952 on a proposal formulated by Clemence in 1948, as an international time standard. He subsequently worked with Louis Essen in England to calibrate the newly developed atomic clocks in terms of the ephemeris second. The fundamental frequency of caesium atomic clocks, which they determined as 9,192,631,770 ± 20 Hz, was used to define the second internationally since 1967. At the International Astronomical Union (IAU) meeting in Dublin in 1955, he had proposed the system of distinguishing between variants of Universal Time, as UT0 (UT as directly observed), UT1 (reduced to invariable meridian by correcting to remove effect of polar motion) and UT2 (further corrected to remove (extrapolated) seasonal variation in Earth rotation rate), a system which remains in some use today.

He served as President of the IAU commission on time from 1955 to 1961, and was active in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, the American Geophysical Union, and the International Consultative Committee for the Definition of the Second.

After retiring from USNO in 1966, Markowitz served as professor of physics at Marquette University until 1972, and also held a post at Nova Southeastern University.

External links
 US Navy obituary

American astronomers
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
American people of Polish descent
Polish Austro-Hungarians
Czech people of Polish descent
People from Opava District
People from Austrian Silesia
1907 births
1998 deaths

William Markowitz


Birdeye steht für:

 Birdeye (Alabama), Ort im Greene County, Alabama
 Birdeye (Arkansas), Ort im Cross County, Arkansas

Siehe auch:
 Birdseye

Birdeye


Futbolo Klubas Minija var en fodboldklub fra den litauiske by Kretinga.

Historie
Klubben blev stiftet i 1962 og gik konkurs i 2016.

Titler
 Vindere
 3. plads: 1964

 Litauiske Cup
 Vindere (1): 1964
 Andenplads (2): 1959, 1970.

Historiske slutplaceringer
Historiske slutplaceringer.
1964–1967

 2013–2016

Noter

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger
 futbolinis.lt
 foot.dk
 weltfussballarchiv.com
 soccerway
 RSSSF

Fodboldklubber i Litauen
Etableret i 1962
Ophørt i 2016
Tidligere fodboldklubber i Litauen

FK Minija (1962)


Felipe Sonsong, né le    à Macabebe, aux Philippines et mort le  dans les Îles Mariannes, est un 'Donné' jésuite philippin, mort martyr dans les Îles Mariannes. Devenu veuf, il s'offre à l'âge de 57 ans comme 'Donné' à la Compagnie de Jésus et est envoyé comme missionnaire dans les Îles Mariannes (avec le père Diego Luis de San Vitores).

Biographie
Felipe est né le 1er mai 1611 dans une famille de politiciens et de soldats à Macabebe, (Pampangue). Son père, Don Ramón Sonsong, fut à deux reprises gouverneur de Macabebe, en 1630 et 1632. Le frère de Felipe, Augustín Sonsong, avait également une fonction importante dans l'infanterie royale espagnole. Augustin (probablement avec Felipe) est connu pour avoir aidé les Espagnols à écraser une révolte des Chinois en 1639 et à maîtriser un petit soulèvement dans les provinces de Pampangue et Nueva Ecija en 1645.

L'allégeance de la famille à la couronne espagnole cessa en 1660, lors de la grande révolte de la Pampangue dirigée par Francisco Maniago. A cette époque beaucoup de familles influentes coupèrent les liens avec les autorités civiles espagnoles tout en restant fidèles aux missions catholiques.

Felipe Sonsong avait déjà 50 ans lorsqu'il participa à la révolte de la Pampangue. L'échec de cette révolte, ainsi que la mort de sa femme sept ans plus tard, en 1667, le poussent à tourner le dos au monde. Il laisse ses biens à son fils Jeronimo (qui servit comme gouverneur à Macabebe durant 10 mandats consécutifs) et offre ses services d'abord aux Augustiniens de la Pampangue, puis aux Dominicains de Manille. Dans un esprit religieux il accepte de travailler comme domestique et charpentier, malgré son âge avancé et ses origines nobles. Et lorsque les Jésuites cherchent des laïcs pour accompagner le père Diego de San Vitores dans sa mission dans les Îles Mariannes, Felipe Sonsong s'engage comme 'Donné' auprès d'eux.

Un groupe de dix-sept personnes, qui comprenait saint Pierre Calungsod, et d'autres jeunes provenant de sa province natale partit pour Hagåtña à bord du navire 'San Diego' en 1668. Dans les Îles Mariannes, le père Diego de San Vitores qui dirige la mission, donne à  Felipe la tache de confectionner des vêtements en tissu traditionnel sinamay coloré (pour couvrir la nudité des chefs insulaires). Il s'occupe de la lingerie des missionnaires et de l'ornementation liturgique des autels. Il fabriquait également des chapelets pour les nouveaux baptisés.

Un document de 1686 rapporte : « Quand, avec grande promptitude une tâche était terminée, il passait à une autre... Si, un jour, il n'avait pas d'occupation, ou si c'était un jour de fête, il était totalement occupé dans les dévotions et les livres spirituels, passant de nombreux moment en prière ou donnant de bons conseils à ceux de sa nation ».

Martyre et mort
Le 24 juillet 1684, une bande de quarante guerriers pénétra dans le domaine protégé de Agaña sous prétexte d'assister à la messe, y attaqua les forces espagnoles et tua plusieurs des défenseur. Le frère Felipe est grièvement blessé, et presque décapité. Grâce à sa forte constitution physique il survécut quelques mois et mourut le 11 janvier 1686.

Vénération et souvenir
Dès la fin du  l'instruction en vue de la béatification du père Diego de san Vitores et de ses compagnons (Pierre Calungsod et autres) fut ouverte. Elle eut lieu à Guam, Manille au Mexique et en Espagne. La Suppression de la Compagnie de Jésus en 1773 arrêta la procédure qui ne fut relancée qu'en 1980. Le père Diego Luis de San Vitores fut finalement béatifié en 1985, et Pierre Calungsod  canonisé par le pape Benoît XVI le 21 octobre 2012.
Un monument en l'honneur du Donné Felipe Sonsong fut érigée devant l'église paroissiale Saint-Nicolas, à Macabebe, dans la Pampangue (Philippine).

Notes

Naissance en mai 1611
Naissance aux Philippines
Décès en janvier 1686
Jésuite philippin
Personnalité philippine du XVIIe siècle
Serviteur de Dieu
Décès à 74 ans

Felipe Sonsong


Deni (halterofilista)
 Denis (futebolista)
 Denis - povo indígena
Língua deni - língua falada por este povo

Desambiguação

Deni


Utakmice UEFA Europska liga iz sezone 2018./19. je 48. sezona drugog najelitnijeg europskog klupskog nogometnog natjecanja, odnosno 10. sezona od kada je natjecanje promijenilo svoj format i preimenovano iz Kupa UEFA u UEFA Europska liga.

Grupna faza

Grupa A

Grupa B

Grupa C

Grupa D

Grupa E

Grupa F

Grupa G

Grupa H

Grupa I

Grupa J

Grupa K

Grupa L

Unutrašnje poveznice

 UEFA Europska liga 2018./19.
 UEFA Europska liga

Vanjske poveznice

 Službene stranice UEFA-e
 Službene stranice UEFA Europske lige

Sezone UEFA Europske lige

Grupna faza UEFA Europska liga 2018./19.


An Themeda helferi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel. An Themeda helferi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Themeda, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Themeda

Themeda helferi


Tinghulen er et dødishul, som ligger i Nationalpark Mols Bjerge, og den har været i privat eje indtil 1970'erne, hvor den blev solgt til Staten. Sælger var ejeren af Tinghulegård Ane Julie Heerdegen. Tinghulegård er beliggende på Porskærvej 30, 8420 Knebel. Tinghulen har, indtil retsreformen, som Kong Christian 5. gennemførte i 1687, været anvendt som tingsted for Mols Herreds Ting . Tinghulen ligger på grænsen mellem de tre sogne Vistoft, Agri og Knebel. Det forlyder, at man i 1604 dømte og brændte en heks i Tinghulen - dette er endnu ikke verificeret.

Tinghulen har tidligere været hjemsted for den sjældne plante gøgeurt. De seneste år er Tinghulen ved at gro til - hvilket har medført at gøgeurten ikke kan overleve i Tinghulen.

Mols
Tingsted

Tinghulen


Davíð Tómas Tómasson (f. 21. október 1988), einnig þekktur sem Dabbi T, er íslenskur dómari og tónlistarmaður.

Dómari
Davíð er dómari í körfuknattleik. Árið 2017 var hann skipaður opinber dómari FIBA.

Tónlistarferill
Davíð, sem kemur fram undir listamannsnafninu Dabbi T, byrjaði að rappa á unglingsárum sínum. Sextán ára gamall gaf hann út sína fyrstu smáskífu, Þröngar píkur. Árið 2007 gaf hann út rapplötuna Óheflað málfar. Hann var meðlimur í hópnum 32c ásamt Emmsjé Gauta og Nagmús. Árið 2017 gaf Davíð út plötuna T.

Hljóðritaskrá
Breiðskífur

 2007 - Óheflað málfar
 2017 - T

 Smáskífur

 2004 - Þröngar píkur
 2016 - Blár

Tilvísanir

Íslenskir rapparar
Íslenskir tónlistarmenn
Fólk fætt árið 1988

Davíð Tómas Tómasson


An Alopecurus baptarrhenius in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Sylvia Mabel Phillips. An Alopecurus baptarrhenius in nahilalakip ha genus nga Alopecurus, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ethiopia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Alopecurus

Alopecurus baptarrhenius


thumb|ඇමරිකානු විප්ලවයෙන් ආ මහද්වීපික කාලතුවක්කු කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය

ඓතිහාසිකව කාල තුවක්කු යන්න භාවිතා වන්නේ යුද්ධයේ දී විශාල ප්‍රක්ෂේපණ නිදහස් කිරීම සඳහා යොදා ගන්නා ඕනෑම ආකාරයේ එන්ජිමකි. මෙම වදන මූලිකවම එවැනි ආයුධ ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන සෙබළුන් දැක්වීමට හා යම් ජාතියක ආයුධ හසුරවන භූමි ඒකක හැඳින්වීමට යොදා ගනී. මෙම වදනට මුහුදු කාල තුවක්කු ඇතුලත් වන අතර සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව ඒවා වෙරළාශ්‍රිත ප්‍රදේශ මුහුදෙන් සිදුවන පහර දීම්වලින් ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීම සඳහා හා නැව් ගමන් පාලනය සඳහා යොදා ගනී. 20 වන සියවසේ දී ගුවන් යානා හඳුන්වාදීමත් සමඟ කාලතුවක්කුවලට ද භූමියේ සවි කර ඇති ගුවන් යානා නාශක උපාංග ඇතුළත් විය. යුධමය ව්‍යවහාරයේ දී කාල තුවක්කු ඒකකයක් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හඳුන්වනු ලබන්නේ බැටරි (Battery) ලෙසය.

Barrage කාලතුවක්කු

Barrage කාලතුවක්කු යනු කාලතුවක්කු පෙලක් හෝ කාලතුවක්කු යෙදු බාධකයකි. එය නිර්මාණය කරන්නේ තුවක්කු විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් නොනවත්වා වෙඩි තැබීමෙනි. මෙමගින් සතුරාගේ ගමන් කිරීම වළකාලන අතර අගල් වැනි ස්ථානවල රේඛීයව ස්ථාන ගත වන සතුරාට පහර දීමට හෝ සතුරා අඩ පණ කිරීමට එහිදී මිත්‍ර හමුදාවන්ට හැකි වේ. සියළුම තුවක්කු එකම හා කුඩා ප්‍රදේශයකට ඉලක්ක ගත වී ඇති නිසා එය ඒකාග්‍රතාව මත වෙනස් විය හැක.

Barrage කාලතුවක්කු - වාසි සහ අවාසි
ප්‍රහාරක යුධභටයන් හට බාධක අසළම සිට ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කිරීමේ වැදගත්කම මෑතක සිට සනාත වී ඇති අතර එම නිසා කාලතුවක්කු ප්‍රහාරවලින් ඇතිවන කම්පනයන්ගෙන් ආරක්ෂා වීමට කාලය ගත නොකිරීමට සිදුව ඇත. තවද, තම බංකර තුළින් එළියට ඒමටද ඒමගින් හැකි විය.ප්‍රංශය 10% ක් පමණ සෙබළු බාධක අසළම සිට ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කිරීමේදී තමන්ගේම කාලතුවක්කු ප්‍රහාරවලට හසු වී තුවාල ලැබිය හැකිය. ප්‍රහාරකයන් කාල තුවක්කු ප්‍රහාරයක් එල්ල කළ වහාම ඉතා ඉක්මණින් අනෙක් පස ආරක්ෂකයන්  නැවත ස්ථාන ගත වීමට පෙර ස්ථානගත විය යුතු අතර විශේෂයෙන් බංකර වැනි ස්ථානවලට යොමු විය යුතුය. පළමු ලෝක යුද්ධය අවසානයේදී පසක් වූ සුවිශේෂී සාධකය නම් බාධක මගින් සතුරාව අධෛර්යට පත් කළ හැකිය යන සාධකයයි. එම අධෛර්යමත් කිරීම ශාරීරිකව සතුරාට තුවාල සිදු කිරීමට වඩා වාසිදායකය. එවන් අවස්ථාවකදී කෙටි එහෙත් ක්ෂණික කාලතුවක්කු ප්‍රහාරයක් එල්ල කිරීමෙන් පාබල සේනාවන් හට විශාල වාසි අත් කර ගත හැකිය.

බඩගා ගමන් කළ යුතු බාධක ඉතා විෂ්මය ජනක ඒවා වේ. එහි සිට පාබල සේනා ඉවත් වීමට ප්‍රථම ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කිරීම වාසිදායක උපක්‍රමයකි. මෙය  වඩාත් අවශ්‍ය වන්නේ සතුරන් ස්ථානගත වී ඇති අයුරු මුළුමණින්ම පරීක්ෂා කළ නොහැකි අවස්ථාවලදී තනි තනිව සතුරු ඉලක්කයට ගැනීම සඳහාය. එහෙත් එය නාස්තිකාර ක්‍රියාවක් වන්නේ සමහර විටෙක බොහෝ වෙඩි තැබීම් මගින් සතුරා හට කිසිදු හානියක් සිදු නොවී බිමට පතිත වීම හේතුවෙනි.

පළමු ලෝක යුධ සමයේ නිර්මාණය කළ බාධක පාබල සේනාවන්හි කාලතුවක්කු ප්‍රහාර සීමා කිරීමට වැඩි බලපෑම් එල්ලකළ අතර එම නිසා ඍජු සේනා හැසිරවීම්වල අවශ්‍යතාවයක් පැන නැගුණු නිසා දක්ෂ යුධෝපායන් අවම විය. ක්‍රමයෙන් ජය ගැනීමේ  උපක්‍රමය  වඩා  වාසි දායක වුවත් ජර්මානු සේනා මෙම උපක්‍රම‍යේ ලක්ෂණයක්වන බඩගා යන බාධක යුධ බිමෙහි ඇති කළේ නැත. එහෙත් " මයිකල් මෙහෙයුමේ" ආරම්භක අවධියේදී ඉතා විශාල වශයෙන් එවැනි බාධක විශාල ලෙස භාවිත කොට ඇත. නමුත් බාධක වලදී පාබල සේනාවන්හි වෙඩි බලය පිළිබඳව විශ්වාසය තැබීම වැනි සාම්ප්‍රධායික යුධ උපක්‍රම මෙහිදී මග හැර තිබීම විශේෂත්වයකි.

දෙවැනි ලෝක යුධ සමයේදී බටහිර කාන්තාරයන්හි තිබූ බාධකවල එක් වාසියක් වූයේ පාබල සේනාවන් පෙළ ගැස්වීම සඳහා   බාධක යොදාගත හැකි වීමත්, එමගින් ඔවුන් නිවැරදිව පෙළ ගැස්වීමට හැකි වීමත්ය.

1943 න් පසුව හඳුනාගත් ආකාරයට බාධක නිසා වෙඩි බලය නාස්තිවන අතර තවද, බාධක පාබල සේනාවන් දැඩි පෙළගැස්වීම් මගින් ඉදිරියට යාමට බල කරන බවද දැක්වේ.

බාධක මගින් ප්‍රහාරක සේවාවන්හි ජයග්‍රහණ වළකාලීමට ඇති හැකියාව ප්‍රබලය.

විකසනය
බරාජ් කාලතුවක්කු විකාශනය වූයේ පළමු ලෝක යුද්ධ සමයෙහිදීය. 1914-15 වන තුරු කාලතුවක්කු වෙඩි තැබීම සිදුකෙරු‍නේ අබාධ දෘෂ්ඨි පථයක් සහිත වූ විටෙක දෘශ්‍යමාන ඉලක්ක වෙතට වූ අතර, තනි ඉලක්කයක් සඳහා වෙඩි තැබීමට  සන්නද්ධ වන්නාවූ විටෙක පුරුද්දක් වශයෙන් භාවිතා කෙරුණු විශාලතම බල ගණය වූයේ තුවක්කු 25 ක් දක්වා සංඛ්‍යාවකින්  සමන්විත වූ  රෙජිමේන්තුව හෝ සේනාංකය වේ. අගල් යුධ කිරීම් කරලියට පැමිණි කල නිරීක්ෂකයන් භාවිතා කිරීමෙන් වක්‍ර අයුරින් වෙඩි තැබීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවය, වඩාත් විචිත්‍රවූ කාලතුවක්කු වෙඩි තැබීම් සැලසුම් සකස්කිරීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවය සහ කාලතුවක්කු ශාස්ත්‍රය වෙත වඩාත් විද්‍යාත්මක ලෙසින් පිවිසුමෙහි අවශ්‍යතාවයද ඉස්මතු විය. කාලතුවක්කු පිහිටු‍වීමෙහිදී (ස්ථානගත කිරීමෙහිදී) වඩාත් සංකීර්ණ ගණනය කිරීම් සිදුකිරීමට තුවක්කුකරුවන්ට සිදු විය. තනි තනි තුවක්කු ඉලක්ක ගත කෙරුනේ ඒවායේ වෙඩි පාතය අනෙක් තුවක්කුවල වෙඩි පාත හා සමගින් සමායෝජනය තුලින් කිසියම් රටාවක් මවන ආකාරයටය; බරාජ් කාලතුවක්කු සඳහා මෙම රටාව රේඛාවක් විය. 1915 දී නර්ව් ෂාප්ල් සටන සඳහා විධාන සිදුකිරීමෙහිදී මුල් වරට ඉංග්‍රීසියෙන් "බරාජ්" යන පදය ව්‍යවහාර වූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ.

" ඔසවන බරජය" කලින් කලට දුර ප්‍රමාණ වෙනස් කරමින් ප්‍රහාර දියත් කිරිමට යොදා ගැනිනි. "ඇවිනි බරාජ" එනම් මෙතන ගෙන යා හැනකි බරාජ කාලතුවක්කු අවි කුවා වර්ධනයන්ගෙන් එසවිනි. එමනිසා ඒවා සෙමින් ඉදිරිවට ගමන් කලහ. නමුත් පාලබ හමුදාව සමග ගමන් කිරිම හැකිවිය.

ආරම්භයේදි "ඇවිදින බරාජ" වල එසනිම් පෙර නිර්මාණ කර තිබිනි. මෙමගින් විවිධ සුෂ්කරනා වලට මුහුණ දීමට හමුදාව සිදුවිය. වන I ලෝක යුද්ධ‍ය අවසාන වරාජ සංකිර්ණ ලෙස එහා මෙහො යාමට හැකිවන පරිදි සකස් කෙරෙනි. නමුත් මෙය කාල සටහනක් මගින් පාලනය කරති.  දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය ආරම්භයේදී තාක්ෂණය හා සන්නිවේදනය දියුණු වුනිසා බරන් එසවීමට උපදෙස් දීමට පාබල හමුදාවටම හෝ ඉදිරි නිරික්ෂකයන්ට හැකිවිය.

බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් විසින් නිෂ්පාදිත "වේගවත් බරාජය" සම්මෙත බරාජය ලෙස පිගිත් අතර මෙය රේඛියෝ තරංග මගින් හසුරවිය හැක. ෙම් සදහා ඉහල අවිසැලසුම් අවශ්‍ය නොවිනි.

කාලතුවක්කු

කාලතුවක්කු


În cristalografie, sistemul cristalin monoclinic este un sistem cristalin al cărui celulă elementară este foarte puțin simetrică. În acest sistem, cristalul este descris de vectori de lungimi egale, analog sistemului ortorombic, care formează o prismă patrulateră cu un paralelogram la bază.

Tipuri

Rețele Bravais

Clase cristaline
Cristalele din sistemul monoclinic se clasifică în alte trei clase cristaline:
 Sfenoidal
 Domatic
 Prismatic

Exemple
Minerale care cristalizează în sistemul monoclinic sunt: gipsul, ortoclazul, etc.

Vezi și
 Sistem cristalin
 Structură cristalină

Referințe

Cristalografie

Sistem cristalin monoclinic


واي أريا (بالإنجليزية: Web Accessibility Initiative – Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA)) هي تقنية من المتوقع أن تصبح( ho )حيث تسمح لصفحات الشبكة وأجزاء من الصفحة بالتعريف عن نفسها بأنها تطبيقات بدلاً من مستندات ساكنة وذلك بإضافة دور (Role) وخاصية ومعلومات الحالة من أجل تطبيقات الشبكة الديناميكية.

مراجع

أجاكس
إمكانية الوصول
ويب 2.0

واي-أريا


An Eustachys bahiensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Wilhelm Guillermo Gustav o Franz Francis Herter. An Eustachys bahiensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eustachys, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Nag-uusahan nga subspecies: E. b. robusta.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eustachys

Eustachys bahiensis


Villac umu, vrhovni svećenik u Carstvu Inka koji je imao značajnu ulogu u religijskom i društvenom životu Inka. Bio je podređen jedino i izravno vladaru (Sapa Inka) i najčešće je bio s njim u krvnom srodstvu, primjerice jedan od vladarove braće. Vrhovnog svećenika imenovao je sam vladar, a naslov i dužnost je vršio do kraja života.

Vrhovni svećenik je bio svećenik boga Sunca, Intija, koji je, po vjerovanju, bio utemeljitelj carske dinastije, a njegov glavni hram nalazio se u prijestolnici Cuzcu. U posljednjem periodu postojanja država Inke, tkz. Kasnom Carstvu, vrhovni svećenik je ujedno bio i vojni zapovjednik carske vojske.

Bilješke

Literatura

 Silvestri, Francesco, Velike tajne arheologije: Machu Picchu, izgubljena planina Inka, EPH Media d.o.o., Zagreb, 2013.

Inke
Titule

Villac Umu


Hermandad de Campoo de Suso, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden, ülkenin kuzey sahilinde Kantabria Denizi olarak da anılan Atlas Okyanusu'nun Fransa ile İspanya arasındaki bölümüne kıyısı bulunan, Kantabria otonom bölgesine bağlı belediye. Hermandad de Campoo de Suso belediyesinin nüfusu 2002 yılı nüfus sayımlarına göre 1.918 kişidir.

Hermandad de Campoo de Suso


Cremaster er en muskel der dækker testiklerne og sædlederen.

Referencer

Muskelsystemet

Cremaster


අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරි රූපවාහිනී අඩු අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරී (TV on-off , ශබ්දය, නාලිකා මාරු කිරීම) සිට වැඩි දියුණු කරන ලද අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරී (ධාවකයේ පාල‍නයෙන් තොරව සරල ඉල්ලුම මත චිත්‍රපට සැපයීම) දක්වා අඛණ්ඩතාවයක් ද උදාහරණ ලෙස නරඹන සාමාජිකයෙකු නරඹන වැඩසටහනට බලපෑම් එල්ල කෙරන අධි අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය ද නිරූපණය කරයි. මේ සඳහා සුදුසුම උදාහරණයක් වන්නේ ඕනෑම ආකාරයක තිරය මත වූ තත්‍ය කාල ඡන්ද විමසීමකි. එහිදී නරඹන්නන් විසින් වැඩසටහන පැවතෙන්නේ කෙසේද යන්න පරාවර්තනය කෙරෙන තීරණ නිර්මාණයට ඡන්දය දෙයි. වැඩසටහන් සපයන්නා දක්වා නැවත යන මාර්ගයක අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරී වැඩසටහන් අත්දැකීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය නොවේ.උදාහරණයක් ලෙස චිත්‍රපටයක් බාගත කළ විට සියලු පාලනය කිරීම් දේශීය විය හැක. වැඩසටහන බාගත කිරීමට සැබඳුමක් අවශ්‍ය වුවත් set-top box හෝ IRD හිදී දේශීයව ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ හැකි වාක්‍ය හා මෘදුකාංග නරඹන්නා නාලිකාවට ඇතුල් වීමත් සමඟ ස්වයංක්‍රීයව සිදු වීමට ඉඩ ඇත.

අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරී රූපවාහිනීයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම


Penápolis, amtlich , ist eine Stadt im brasilianischen Bundesstaat São Paulo. Die Bevölkerung betrug 2010 58.510 Einwohner. Die Fläche der Stadt umfasst 710,8 km².

Lage
Die Stadt liegt östlich der Kreuzung der beiden brasilianischen Bundesstraßen SP-300 und SP-425.
Der Stausee Represa de Promissão liegt etwa 20 km im Nordosten und São José do Rio Preto ist in gleicher Richtung ca. 50 km entfernt.

Geschichte
Am 17. November 1909 wurde die ehemalige Ansiedlung zu Ehren des gerade verstorbenen Präsidenten Afonso Pena in Vila de Penapolis benannt und erhielt am 22. Dezember 1913 den Status einer Stadt. Penapolis wurde im Juli 1918 zum Gerichtsbezirk.

Das ursprüngliche große Gebiet der Stadt Penápolis ging bis zum Fluss Paraná, wurde jedoch nach und nach mit Städteneugründungen zerteilt und reduziert.

Söhne und Töchter der Stadt
 Willian Dourado (* 1994), Leichtathlet

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Ort in São Paulo (Bundesstaat)
Município in São Paulo (Bundesstaat)

Penápolis


ليلى محمد علي  (30 ديسمبر 1977 -)، ملاكمة أمريكية. وهي ابنة محمد علي من زوجته الثالثة فيرونيكا بورش علي. ليلى هي ابنتهما الثانية والأكثر شهرة من بين تسعة أبناء لمحمد علي.

المراجع

روابط خارجية

أبطال العالم في الملاكمة
أبطال العالم للملاكمة فئة وزن متوسط سوبر
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أمريكيون مسلمون سابقا
أمريكيون من أصل أيرلندي
أمريكيون من أصل إنجليزي
أمريكيون من أصل مدغشقري
رياضيات إفريقيات أمريكيات
رياضيون من ميامي بيتش
محمد علي
مشاركون أمريكيون في برامج تلفزيون الواقع
ملاكمات أمريكيات
ملاكمو وزن ثقيل خفيف
ملاكمو وزن متوسط سوبر
ملاكمون أفارقة أمريكيون
مواليد 1398 هـ
مواليد 1977
مواليد في ميامي بيتش
خريجو كلية سانتا مونيكا

ليلى محمد علي


John McAllion (* 1948 in Glasgow) ist ein schottischer Politiker und ehemaliges Mitglied der Labour Party. McAllion besuchte die St Augustine's Secondary School und studierte dann an der Universität St Andrews sowie am Dundee College of Education, um anschließend als Lehrer tätig zu werden. 1984 wurde er in den Regionalrat von Tayside gewählt, dem er ab 1986 vorsaß.

Britisches Unterhaus
Ende der 1970er Jahre trat McAllion in die Labour Party ein. Bei den Unterhauswahlen 1987 kandidierte er erstmals bei Wahlen auf nationaler Ebene. Er gewann vor dem SNP-Kandidaten Gordon Wilson das Direktmandat des Wahlkreises Dundee East und zog erstmals in das Unterhaus ein. Bei den folgenden Unterhauswahlen 1992 und 1997 verteidigte er sein Mandat.

Schottisches Parlament
Bei den ersten schottischen Parlamentswahlen im Jahre 1999 kandidierte McAllion im Wahlkreis Dundee East und gewann das Direktmandat mit deutlichem Vorsprung vor der SNP-Kandidatin Shona Robison. Bei den  Parlamentswahlen 2003 unterlag er ihr schließlich und schied aus dem Parlament aus. Auf Grund politischer Differenzen verließ McAllion die Labour Party und schloss sich der Scottish Socialist Party (SSP) an. Für diese kandidierte er bei den Neuwahlen zum Britischen Unterhaus im Wahlkreis Dunfermline and West Fife.

Weblinks
 Informationen auf den Seiten des Schottischen Parlaments (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Abgeordneter im Schottischen Parlament
Abgeordneter des House of Commons (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Mitglied der Scottish Labour Party
Mitglied der Scottish Socialist Party
Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (Angus, Schottland)
Politiker (Dundee)
Geboren 1948
Schotte
Brite
Mann

John McAllion