The black-throated blue warbler (Setophaga caerulescens) is a small passerine bird of the New World warbler family. Its breeding ranges are located in the interior of deciduous and mixed coniferous forests in eastern North America. Over the cooler months, it migrates to islands in the Caribbean and Central America. It is very rarely found in western Europe, where it is considered to be a non-indigenous species. The black-throated blue warbler is sexually dimorphic; the adult male has a black face and cheeks, deep blue upperparts and white underparts, while the adult female is olive-brown above and light yellow below.

Predominantly insectivorous, the black-throated blue warbler supplements its diet with berries and seeds in winter. It builds its nests in thick shrubs and the closeness of its nesting sites to the ground make it a favored species for the study of warbler behavior in the wild. The black-throated blue warbler defends its territory against other birds of the same species for both nesting and winter habitats. As the black-throated blue warbler requires large, unbroken forest areas for nesting, its numbers are declining.

Taxonomy and phylogeny
The German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin described the black-throated blue warbler in 1789. Its species name is the Latin adjective caerulescens meaning "turning blue".

The black-throated blue warbler is one of the New World warblers or wood-warblers in the family Parulidae. This species was originally placed under the genus Dendroica. It was recently adjusted to be a member of genus Setophaga along with all other members of the genus Dendroica, based on the findings from a recent phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA in 2010. The old genus Dendroica was then deleted. Within the genus, it appears to have no particularly close relatives.

The species breeds in North America and winters in the Caribbean. Some studies have observed significant differences in terms of migratory behavior and plumage color between northern and southern populations within the breeding range. The northern population mainly winters in the western Caribbean (Cuba and Jamaica) while the southern population usually spends the winter on eastern islands (Hispaniola and Puerto Rico). Moreover, males in the southern population have darker plumage than those in the northern population. These differences have led biologists to consider them as separate subspecies. However, a recent study in the United States reveals no significant genetic differentiation between northern (samples from Michigan, New Hampshire and New York states) and southern populations (sample from North Carolina). The study results actually show a recent population expansion from a single glacial refugium, therefore the current populations are homogeneous in terms of genetics. The differentiation that is observed between the northern and southern populations should have occurred quite recently.

Description

The black-throated blue warbler measures  in length and weighs . Wingspan ranges from 7.5-7.9 in (19-20 cm). This is a strongly sexually dimorphic bird. The adult male has white underparts with a black throat, face and flanks. The upperparts are deep blue. The immature male is similar, but with greener upperparts. The female has olive-brown upperparts and light yellow underparts with darker wings and tail, gray crown and brown patches on the cheek. Both sexes have a thin pointed bill and small white wing patches which are not always visible. Like many other warbler species, it has colorful plumage during the spring and summer. However, outside the breeding season its plumage is drab and less distinctive. In the fall, the black-throated blue warbler can be distinguished by its small white wing patches. Juveniles have brown upperparts with a creamy supercilium and brownish spots on the throat, the breast and the belly.

The bird's song can be described as a buzzed  with an upward inflection. Its call is a flat .

Distribution and habitat

The black-throated blue warbler is a migratory species. It breeds in temperate mature deciduous forests or mixed coniferous-deciduous forest with a thick understory. The species is often found in hilly and mountainous regions in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. In late summer, it migrates to the tropical wooded and scrub habitats in the Greater Antilles for wintering. Along the migration route, the black-throated blue warbler can be observed in habitats such as parks and gardens.
Its nesting site is more important than its foraging site in playing a role in determining the habitat of the black-throated blue warbler. The black-throated blue warbler is an open-nesting species, that nests very close to the ground so it has to choose a protected nesting site where the risk of predation is relatively low.

Behavior

Feeding and foraging

The black-throated blue warbler forages actively in low vegetation, sometimes hovering or catching insects in flight. It often forages in one area for a while before moving on to the next. It mainly eats invertebrates such as caterpillars, crane flies, and spiders. It may supplement its diet with seeds, berries, and fruit in the winter.

Males and females prefer different foraging sites. While males usually hover among the higher shrub foliage between , females tend to forage at lower strata. The time within a breeding season influences where the males forage. When it is time to feed the fledglings, males come down to the same foraging strata as females.
The black-throated blue warbler mostly forages in the understory instead of the canopy. The large leaves and long branches in the understory affect its foraging behaviors. The black-throated blue warbler more often hovers rather than gleans its prey because it is more difficult to glean among thick understory foliage.

Breeding

The black-throated blue warbler is a monogamous species. Its breeding season usually begins in May and ends in July. As a songbird, the male black-throated blue warbler attracts a female's attention by singing a soft melody. He then follows the female while she is foraging or searching for nesting sites. As soon as the female stops to rest, the male droops his wings slightly, stretches his head forward and up, opens his bill, and faces the female. The female also makes displays to the male by vibrating her wings. In response, the male mounts the female for 2–3 seconds and then flies off.

A 1996, researchers showed that the black-throated blue warbler prefers to reside in hardwood forests with higher shrub densities where food is more abundant compared to lower shrub density plots. Within these high shrub density habitats, not only is there a higher density of warblers, but the population age average is also older, being composed of males and females who are at least two years of age.

The black-throated blue warbler uses social cues in its evaluation and choice of nesting sites. In particular, it listens to the post-breeding songs given out by other males. These songs have strong temporal dependencies. Males sing at the beginning and the peak of breeding season, but songs are not indicative of reproductive success. Near the end of a breeding season, a male that has successfully mated continues to sing while a male that has failed to reproduce abandons the habitat. Therefore, post-breeding songs are reliable indicators of reproductive success within the particular habitat and convey essential information to the natal and breeding dispersers. In comparison to the traditional idea of direct assessment of the vegetation structure, the vocal cue is much more efficient and easier to obtain, hence revealing the advantage of social communication in survival and reproduction. A female, however, does not respond to post-breeding songs directly. Instead, she is likely to rely on the presence of males in deciding nesting sites.

Extra-pair mating
Although the black-throated blue warbler is a socially monogamous species, males are frequently observed in territories of other males, suggesting the occurrence of extra-pair matings. Nestling parentage is identified by microsatellites in a study plot at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire. The results show that extra-pair fertilization occurs and that the majority of the extra-pair sires come from males in neighboring territories. Only very few extra-pair sires are from distant territories. This local reproductive interaction is also supported by another study conducted earlier, which finds that extra pair fertilizations are strongly and positively correlated with local synchrony but there is no significant association with population level synchrony.

Males engage in mate guarding during the period females are most vulnerable to successful extra pair copulations. They usually stay close to their social mate, singing slowly on the side and following the mate while she is foraging or searching for a nesting site. The guarding behavior, though, may conflict with males' pursuit of extra-pair fertilizations. It is not yet clear to what extent a male will prefer mate guarding over extra-pair fertilizations. Male retention studies have shown that removal of a male increases the chance of extra-pair offspring in the brood, suggesting that mate guarding reduces extra-pair fertilization attempts. The extra-pair fertilization rate nonetheless cannot be eliminated even if males are allowed to stay near their social mates during fertility risk period. Several hypotheses try to explain this phenomenon: females may be able to manage extra-pair mating even while its social mate is guarding it, or females may reject extra-pair copulation attempts by other males in the absence of male guarding.

Females who participate in extra-pair fertilizations may incorporate better genes in their offspring than they could get with their social mate, but they are likely to receive less help with parental care from their social mates because of cheating. Extra-pair fertilization, therefore, can be costly to females as well. A possible theory why extra-pair fertilization occurs is that female organisms select males with overall high heterozygosity or dissimilar genetics from themselves. A microsatellite study suggests an alternative to heterozygosity selection. Because no correlation is found between female extra-pair fertilization frequencies and the overall heterozygosity of their social mates, it is suggested that females may choose only a selective set of heterozygous genes, particularly the MHC locus, which can affect the immunocompetence of offspring.

Sexual selection

Males' differential recognition of local and nonlocal songs has been studied in two populations: one in the northern United States (New Hampshire) and the other in the southern United States (North Carolina). An asymmetry of response has been found between the two populations. The northern black-throated blue warbler responds strongly to local songs but relatively weakly to the song of southern warblers. In contrast, a warbler from the south responds equally to songs from both the north and the south. A potential explanation of this asymmetry is the difference in female preference between the northern and southern black-throated blue warblers. Females from the north are less likely to mate with a "heterospecific" male from the south; therefore it is not necessary for a northern male to respond strongly to the song of a southern challenger. It is possible that a barrier to gene flow from south to north exists while a barrier to the reverse does not. Therefore, female choice of male songs is likely to play a role in gene flow and reproductive isolation, which may eventually lead to diversification.

It has long been believed that a male black-throated blue warbler achieves reproductive maturation well into its first breeding season. A yearling participates in extra-pair mating and cuckoldry as much as or even more than older males. However, research by Graves has found opposing evidence in terms of testicular size and sperm production. Directional asymmetry is present in many passerine birds. The left testicle is often larger in size than the right one, and this holds true for both yearling and older male warblers. However, the testicle to body mass ratio nonetheless is much lower in yearlings than in older males. Moreover, older males have a greater degree of directional asymmetry than do yearlings. Because the size of testes in birds is correlated to the ejaculate quality, it is likely that females employ age-dependent choice in favor of older males who can be distinguished by their definitive age-specific plumage.

Status and threats

The black-throated blue warbler enjoys a large range and a big population. Its population trend is currently increasing. This species was ranked as Least Concern by the IUCN in 2012. Deforestation and habitat fragmentation are threatening the black-throated blue warbler in its tropical wintering areas. A report in 2000 discussed the impact of global climate change on the population dynamics of the black-throated blue warbler by an observation from 1986 to 1998. In particular, the effect of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was studied in relation to the survival, fecundity and recruitment of this migratory bird. It was found that El Niño years (the warm South Pacific oceanic phase) were associated with lower adult survival rate in their wintering ground, Jamaica, lower fecundity in the breeding habitats in New Hampshire of the United States, and lower annual recruitment of yearlings and juveniles to both breeding and wintering grounds. All the three factors were relatively higher during La Niña years (cold South Pacific Ocean) when the weather was wetter and the food availability was much more abundant. Long-term global warming can aggravate the ENSO effect, adding to the fluctuation of the black-throated blue warbler population.

References

External links

Vocals - USGS
Species account – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
Species account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Stamps at bird-stamps.org

black-throated blue warbler
Native birds of Eastern Canada
Native birds of the Northeastern United States
Birds of Appalachia (United States)
Birds of the Dominican Republic
black-throated blue warbler
Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin

Black-throated blue warbler


Fool's Gold Loaf (lit. "Pão de Ouro de Tolo") é um sanduíche feito pela Colorado Mine Company, um restaurante em Denver, Colorado. Consiste em um único pedaço de pão aquecido com o conteúdo de um pote de manteiga de amendoim, um pote de geleia de uva e meio quilo de bacon.

A fonte de sua lenda e interesse prolongado é a conexão do sanduíche com o cantor Elvis Presley. De acordo com The Life and Cuisine of Elvis Presley, em 1976, o astro e seus amigos pegaram um jato particular de Graceland, compraram 22 dos sanduíches e passaram duas horas comendo e bebendo Perrier e champanhe antes de voar de volta para casa. A história se tornou uma lenda e o sanduíche tornou-se o assunto de contínuo interesse da mídia e de vários livros de receitas, geralmente focados no amor de Presley pela comida.

Origem
Existem duas versões sobre a origem do Fool's Gold Loaf. De acordo com Graeme Wood, o sanduíche foi criado por Cindy e Buck Scott, proprietários do restaurante Colorado Mine Company (lit. "Companhia de Minas do Colorado"). Wood escreve que Presley obteve a receita dos Scotts, para que seu chefe pessoal pudesse prepará-la. De acordo com Nick Andurlakis, ele ajudou a criar o sanduíche enquanto trabalhava na Colorado Mine Company como chefe e sugeriu o Fool's Gold Loaf para o cantor, e Andurlakis afirma que entregou pessoalmente os sanduíches para ele na noite de 1º de fevereiro de 1976, quando viajou para Denver após uma conversa com o capitão Jerry Kennedy e Ron Pietrafeso e sobre este sanduíche. Ele foi batizado de acordo com o tema mineiro do restaurante. Na época do famoso passeio de Presley, o Fool's Gold Loaf custava 49,95 dólares.

Preparação
A receita foi repetida por várias fontes, incluindo The Life and Cuisine of Elvis Presley e Andurlakis, um chefe da Colorado Mine Company. O Fool's Gold Loaf começa com um pão branco francês coberto com duas colheres de sopa de margarina e assado no forno a  até ficar castanho. Meio quilo de bacon fatiado é frito em óleo até ficar crocante e depois é escorrido. O pão é cortado longitudinalmente, esvaziado e recheado com manteiga de amendoim, geleia de uva e bacon. De acordo com Andurlakis, ele serviu pessoalmente a Presley o Fool's Gold Loaf com bacon, manteiga de amendoim e geléia de mirtilo em um pão francês. O tipo específico de conservas era supostamente as conservas de mirtilo da Dickinson's.

Conexão com Elvis Presley
O livro de David Adler contém um relato detalhado do evento que tornou o sanduíche Fool's Gold Loaf famoso. Na noite de 1º de fevereiro de 1976, Elvis Presley estava em sua casa em Graceland em Memphis, entretendo o capitão Jerry Kennedy, da força policial de Denver, Colorado, e Ron Pietrafeso, da Força de Ataque Contra o Crime do Colorado. Os três homens começaram a falar sobre o sanduíche, e o cantor decidiu que queria um naquele momento. Ele já tinha estado no restaurante antes, enquanto estava em Denver.

Kennedy e Pietrafeso eram amigos dos proprietários, então eles foram levados ao aeroporto de Memphis e embarcaram no jato particular de Presley, o Lisa Marie, e voaram duas horas para Denver. Quando eles chegaram ao Aeroporto Internacional de Stapleton à 1h40, o avião taxiou até um hangar especial onde os passageiros foram recebidos por Buck Scott, o proprietário da Colorado Mine Company, e sua esposa Cindy, que trouxera 22 Fool's Gold Loaf para os homens. Eles passaram duas horas no hangar comendo os sanduíches, tomando Perrier e champanhe. Presley convidou os pilotos do avião, Milo High e Elwood Davis, para comerem junto com eles. Quando terminaram, voaram de volta para Memphis sem nunca terem saído do aeroporto de Denver.

Repercussão
A cobertura da mídia sobre o sanduíche é extensa especialmente por sua conexão com Elvis Presley. Foi amplamente relatado como "lenda" pela mídia; incluindo o NBC 's Today, The Joplin Globe, e o Gloucester Daily Times. Doug Clark, um colunista da The Spokesman-Review, reconta a história popular e escreve que a receita do Fool's Gold Loaf é "surpreendentemente saborosa" e observa que contém cerca de  quilocalorias ( quilojaules). A lenda popular e o sanduíche também foram notados pela revista Smithsonian.

O sanduíche foi incluído em várias publicações e livros de receitas e gerou interesse nacional com o livro de David Alder, The Life and Cuisine of Elvis Presley. O trabalho de Alder continuaria com o documentário para televisão The Burger and The King. O Fool's Gold Loaf foi detalhado em Ramble Colorado: The Wanderer's Guide to the Outbeat, Overlooked, and Outrageous. O Peanut Butter and Co. Cookbook refere-se à lenda do Fool's Gold Loaf e a liga ao sanduíche de manteiga de amendoim, banana e bacon, também conhecido como "sanduíche de Elvis". Além disso, o sanduíche e sua conexão com o astro são destaque na comédia romântica de 2013 The F Word (What If), com The Last Leg exibindo-o também, a fim de promover o filme.

Uma versão de 1,5 kg do Fool's Gold Loaf, conhecida como "Elvis Challenge", foi preparada pelo restaurante Succotash em Kansas City, Missouri, durante um episódio de 2019 do Man V. Food do Cooking Channel.

Elvis Presley
Sanduíches com bacon
Culinária dos Estados Unidos
Sanduíches com manteiga de amendoim
Pratos com geleia

Fool's Gold Loaf


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Bir kuş türü Şakrak (kuş)

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Şakrak


Chapter 7: In Fear of the Phantom (Capítulo 7: El Fantasma Aterrorizante en América Latina, y Pánico escénico en España), es el séptimo episodio de la primera temporada de la serie de televisión animada Scooby-Doo! Misterios, S. A..

El guion principal fue elaborado por Mitch Watson y Mark Banker se encargaro de dibujar el guion gráfico, y Laurent Montgomery estuvo a cargo de la dirección general. El episodio fue producido por la compañía Warner Bros. Animation, a manera de secuela de la serie original de Hanna-Barbera Productions, Scooby-Doo ¿dónde estás? (1969).

Se estrenó oficialmente en los Estados Unidos el  por Cartoon Network. En Hispanoamérica y Brasil, el episodio se estrenó oficialmente el  a las 17:00 a través de Cartoon Network.

Argumento
Misterio a la orden asiste a un concierto de las Hechiceras (en inglés las Hex Girls), el grupo musical de rock favorito de Vilma. Scooby sigue molesto con Shaggy por haber asistido al baile de graduación con Vilma en vez de ver el maratón de Vincent Van Ghoul con él. En medio del concierto, las Hechiceras reciben la amenaza del Fantasma; un espectro con apariencia robótica que provino de un rayo eléctrico, que les advierte que no dén una sola función más. Antes de desaparecer, dispara electricidad de sus manos y hace caer una gigantesca radio sobre Thorn, dejándola inconsciente.A pesar de ser amenazadas por el ánima, Thorn (la líder del grupo) se rehúsa a detener su concierto, sin escuchar a su compositor Daniel Prezette. Los chicos ofrecen su ayuda para resolver este nuevo misterio y Fred le sugiere a Daphne que actúe como la doble de Thorn para atraer al fantasma, y ella acepta, algo nerviosa porque no sabe como cantar y le tiene miedo al público. Al comenzar el concierto, el Fantasma vuelve a atacar, pero cuando Fred activa una de sus trampas, algo sale mal y en consecuencia, Daphne es capturada por el espectro. Frustrado por la falla de su trampa, y más por la desaparición de Daphne, Fred rompe a llorar, emocionalmente destruido.Después de que los chicos son ignorados por el Sheriff Stone, un afligido Fred comienza a investigar el fracaso de su trampa, descubriendo que fue saboteada. No obstante, se sigue sintiendo mal por el secuestro de Daphne, y en respuesta comienza a preguntarse si sus sentimientos por ella son un obstáculo entre su gusto por las trampas. Fred se pregunta si es bueno tener sentimientos después de todo, y dice la frase, «Daphne... ojalá no me importara», pero luego se da cuenta de que Daphne sí le importa, mucho más que su gusto por las trampas. Daphne, que se encontraba atrapada en el mismo escenario, había oído a Fred desear que no le importara (mas no el resto de sus palabras) por lo cual se molesta con él y decide ignorarlo. Reflexionando sobre sus sentimientos, Fred se da cuenta de que en verdad está enamorado de Daphne, pero cuando trata de confesárselo es ignorado por la pelirroja, que se había sometido a un drástico cambio de imagen por parte de las Hex Girls. Ahora, como una estrella de rock llamada Crush, Daphne no escucha a Fred, quien le ruega no actuar en el próximo concierto. Él trata de confesarle sus sentimientos, pero ella se niega a escucharlo y lo manda al diablo.Mientras tanto, aún molesto con Shaggy, Scooby-Doo intenta sustituir a su mejor amigo con un muñeco al que llama Harry (un muñeco que Shaggy usa para practicar la ventriloquía, que era una de sus habilidades en la serie original). La noche antes del concierto, en el camión de la banda, Scooby y Shaggy comienzan a discutir severamente sobre la situación de su amistad. Shaggy trata de razonar con Scooby y explicarle sus motivos, pero Scooby está molesto porque su mejor amigo considera más importante un baile que pasar tiempo con él. De pronto, son atacados por el fantasma que los persigue, hasta que el ánima incendia el camión. Afortunadamente, Shaggy y Scooby escapan justo antes de que el vehículo explote. Shaggy nota entre los restos del camión, la cabeza decapitada de Harry con un trozo de tela resplandeciente en su boca, y al contemplarlo mejor, se da cuenta de que es una tela muy parecida a la del traje de Fantzee Pantz, un excantante cuya carrera quedó arruinada cuando los medios prefirieron a las Hex Girls.Dado que no quedaba rastro alguno del artista, los chicos sospechan que Gus Boggs es el fantasma, ya que representó a Fantzee Pantz años antes. Gus lo niega, diciendo que no tendría motivos para querer arruinar a la banda que ahora él representa. Sin darse por vencidos tan fácilmente, los chicos deciden poner una nueva trampa en el próximo concierto de las Hex Girls, que se efectuará en el estadio Terrordromo de la ciudad.Las Hex Girls notan que Daphne está algo deprimida y que es porque está enamorada de un chico, por lo que Thorn le aconseja escribir una canción sobre sus sentimientos. Y así, en el concierto, Daphne interpreta una nueva canción llamada «Trampa de amor», ocasionando que Fred se dé cuenta de que la pelirroja quiere escapar del amor que siente por él, y no le dará otra oportunidad si Fred no lo entiende. Al término de la canción, el Fantasma intenta secuestrar a Daphne de nuevo, pero esta vez Fred sí logra atraparlo. El Fantasma resulta ser Daniel Prezette, el compositor de las Hex Girls, también conocido como Fantzee Pantz, el antes famoso cantante y antiguo representador de Gus. Fred, Shaggy, Vilma y Scooby lo descubrieron porque el Fantasma siempre estaba cerca de las Hex Girls y debía ser alguien que les guardara rencor. Daniel confiesa que se convirtió en el Fantasma para aplastar la fama de las Hex Girls, debido a que ni las malas canciones que él escribió para sabotearlas sirvieron de algo.Al finalizar el concierto, la pandilla se separa para hablar el uno con el otro. Fred reconoce que siente algo por Daphne, pero tampoco puede negar su pasión por las trampas. También le confiesa que sufre cuando ella está en peligro, no la culpa por querer escapar de él siendo tan inmaduro, y le dice que si desea ser libre, él no la detendrá. Daphne lo entiende todo. Mientras tanto, Shaggy le pide perdón a Scooby por haber destruido al muñeco, y el gran danés decide perdonarlo. Desde la ventana de la Máquina del Misterio, Vilma ve cómo ambos se reconcilian, con una mirada de dolor y celos en su rostro, sintiéndose relegada a un segundo plano pues al parecer Shaggy prefería pasar más tiempo con Scooby que con ella.

Notas de producción
 Aparecen Las Hechiceras (llamadas en este capítulo las Hex Girls), un grupo musical de rock gótico que apareció por primera vez en la película Scooby-Doo y el Fantasma de la Bruja (1999) y se volvieron personajes recurrentes en la franquicia Scooby-Doo desde entonces. Aparecieron luego en la película de 2003 Scooby-Doo y la leyenda del vampiro y posteriormente en la segunda temporada de ¿Qué hay de nuevo, Scooby-Doo? en el episodio «El regreso del vampiro».
 En este episodio, Fred se aflige por segunda vez tras presenciar como Daphne es secuestrada (esto sumado al fracaso de una de sus trampas), y de hecho él finalmente se da cuenta de que siente algo por ella.
 En este capítulo, Las Hechiceras interpretan tres canciones: «I'm a Hex Girl», «Earth, Wind, Fire, and Air», y «Trap of Love», las últimas dos cantadas por Daphne. Esta fue la primera vez que las canciones tuvieron un doblaje al español, pues en las anteriores apariciones de las Hechiceras sus canciones se mantenían en su idioma original.

Reparto
 Frank Welker como Fred Jones, Scooby-Doo y monstruo cerdo.
 Grey DeLisle como Daphne Blake y una vampiresa.
 Mindy Cohn como Vilma Dinkley.
 Matthew Lillard como Shaggy Rogers.
 Patrick Warburton como Sheriff Bronson Stone
 Gary Cole como Alcalde Fred Jones, Sr.

Estrellas invitadas
 Jennifer Hale como Thorn.
 Kimberly Brooks como Luna y una mujer
 Jane Wiedlin como Dusk
 Quinton Flynn como Daniel Prezette/Fantzee Pants y Gus Boggs
 Mauri LaMarche como Vincent Van Ghoul
 Fred Tatasciore como el fantasma, presentador y un conserje.

Doblaje al español
 Luis Alfonso Padilla - Fred Jones
 Yolanda Vidal - Daphne Blake.
 Irene Jiménez - Vilma Dinkley
 Arturo Mercado Chacón - Shaggy Rogers
 Antonio Gálvez - Scooby-Doo, narración y traducción verbal
 José Luis Orozco - Sheriff Bronson Stone
 Víctor Covarrubias - Alcalde Fred Jones, Sr.
 Gerardo Reyero como Vincent Van Ghoul
Créditos técnicos:
 Dirección de doblaje - Antonio Gálvez
 Estudio de doblaje - Sensaciones Sónicas, S.A. de C.V.
 País de doblaje -

Recepción
En su semana de estreno para los Estados Unidos, In Fear of the Phantom fue recibido con un total de 2.200.000 telespectadores.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Episodios de Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated

In Fear of the Phantom


The International Wolf Center (IWC) is a research and educational organization based near Ely, Minnesota, United States, that, in its own words, "advances the survival of wolf populations by teaching about wolves, their relationship to wildlands and the human role in their future." The Wolf Center operates an interpretive center in Ely open to the public, where visitors can view captive "ambassador wolves" in natural surroundings through large windows, and can learn about wolves through a variety of exhibits and programs. This organization lies within Superior National Forest. It also sponsors research symposia and offsite educational programs, publishes International Wolf magazine, and provides information about wolves via its website.

In response to wolf controversies, the Wolf Center does not take a stand on how wolves should be managed (such as by hunting or trapping), as long as healthy wolf populations are maintained. Its policy is to provide the most accurate, up-to-date information possible about wolves and let people make their own decisions.

Exhibits and activities
Founded in 1985 by a group of biologists led by wolf biologist Dr. L. David Mech, the International Wolf Center opened in June 1993. The Wolf Center is housed in a  facility near Ely, Minnesota and features Gray wolves (Canis lupus) viewable through large windows that allow visitors to watch the wolves communicate, hunt, eat and play. Visitors have the opportunity to view a  enclosure that is home to an Exhibit Pack of ambassador wolves, representing several North American subspecies, including Arctic, Northwestern, and Great Plains. The Center introduces new wolf pups every four years.
In addition to the on-site wolves, the Center offers various educational programs at its Ely interpretive facility, as well as wolf hot spots in northern Minnesota. Afternoon, weekend and week-long programs include howling trips, snowshoe treks, radio tracking, family activities, dog sledding, videos, presentations, demonstrations and hikes. The Center also houses a new Discover Wolves! exhibit, the Little Wolf exhibit designed specifically for children ages three to nine, a theater for watching documentaries on a variety of wolf-related topics, and a "Wolf Den" store.

International Wolf magazine is published quarterly by the International Wolf Center. The publication is free to members of the International Wolf Center, and selected articles from each issue are available online.

To help accomplish its mission, the International Wolf Center provides a support program for educators, including distance learning opportunities as part of the "WolfLink" initiative that brings the center into hundreds of classrooms each year.

The center sponsored a video game called WolfQuest, which has been developed by the Minnesota Zoo. WolfQuest is an educational computer game that is intended to teach children and teens about the life of a wild wolf in Yellowstone National Park. Two episodes have been released thus far; WolfQuest: Amethyst Mountain, and WolfQuest: Slough Creek.

References

External links
International Wolf Center homepage

Buildings and structures in Ely, Minnesota
Museums in St. Louis County, Minnesota
Natural history museums in Minnesota
Nature centers in Minnesota
Non-profit organizations based in Minnesota
Wildlife rehabilitation and conservation centers
Wolf organizations

International Wolf Center


Le lakhon nai (, prononcé [lā.kʰɔ̄ːn nāj] est un art du spectacle thaïlandais originaire de la cour royale de Thaïlande (anciennement Siam). Il se caractérise par une chorégraphie lente accompagnée par un ensemble de . Le répertoire du lakhon nai ne comprend que quatre épopées : le Ramakien, Unarut (), l'Inao (Panji) et le Dalang (une version plus grande de l'Inao)

Étymologie
lakhon signifiant théâtre et nai intérieur, par opposition au lakhon nok, spectacle d'extérieur. Lakhon nai serait une contraction de lakhon nang nai (ละครนางใน), ou "théâtre des femmes du palais".

Si une variante de ce genre avec des interprètes masculins est appelée lakhon nai phu chai ( ; Système général royal de transcription du thaï : lakhon nai phu chai), le lakhon nai était jouée à l'intérieur du palais exclusivement par des femmes.

Histoire
Le lakhon nai remonte peut-être à l'ancienne danse dramatique des Khmers. La première référence écrite au lakhon nai remonte toutefois à la royaume d'Ayutthaya.

Il était interprété par les jeunes filles royales du harem du roi, et les représentations ne pouvaient être vues que par le roi lui-même, ses invités et les membres de la cour. Au début de la période de Bangkok, les rois thaïlandais entretenaient encore de grands gynécées, auxquels les vassaux "donnaient", principalement pour des raisons politiques, leurs belles-filles, à qui l'on enseignait la danse classique au palais..

Le début de la période de Bangkok a été l'âge d'or du lakhon nai, mais Rama III l'a interdit, ainsi que d'autres formes de théâtre de cour, dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle. Le khon (théâtre masqué et dansé) s'est remis de cette brève interdiction, mais le lakhon nai a eu du mal à survivre, et il a perdu de sa popularité à la fin du XIXe siècle, lorsque le réalisme a commencé à s'imposer.

Références

Liens externes

Genre théâtral
Danse en Thaïlande
Théâtre thaïlandais
Genre de danse

Lakhon nai


Ağrı eşiği, kronik veya geçici rahatsızlıktan dolayı oluşan ağrının
zaman içerisinde hasta tarafından daha az algılanması veya ağrı duygusunun geçici bir süre algılanmamasıdır. Bir başka şekilde aynı derece rahatsızlığı olan hastalarda ağrı duygusunun farklı şiddetlerde algılanması olarak da tanımlandırılır. Örneğin bir hasta ağrıdan bayılabilirken diğeri aynı tepkileri göstermeyebilir veya çok dayak yiyen biri hiç dayak yemeyen birine göre ağrıyı daha az algılar.

Psikoloji
Nöroloji

Ağrı eşiği


Hereditary peer er betegnelsen på overhovederne for mere end 800 højadelige britiske slægter. Indtil 1999 havde de fleste hereditary peers arvelige pladser i det britiske overhus. Fra 1999 er højadelen repræsenteret af 2 fødte medlemmer og 90 valgte medlemmer. Efter 1999 besættes de allerfleste pladser pladser i Overhuset af regeringsudnævnte life peers.

Landed gentry
Lavadelen (The landed gentry) har ikke adgang til Overhuset, men de kan (ligesom ikke-adelige) blive folkevalgte medlemmer af Underhuset. Lavadelen består dels af baronets og dels af ubetitlet adel.

Rang
Den britiske højadel inddeles i fem rangklasser:
 Hertuger (dukes). Der er 30 britiske hertuger – heraf seks kongelige hertuger. De fem er efterkommere af kong Georg 5. af Storbritannien og én (Prins Philip, hertug af Edinburgh) er gift med dronning Elizabeth 2. af Storbritannien (der er Georg 5.s ældste sønnedatter). Alexander Duff, 1. hertug af Fife blev hertug i 1889. Han var svigersøn til kong Edward 7. af Storbritannien, og han nedstammede fra kong Vilhelm 4. af Storbritannien. Alligevel betragtes han og hans efterfølgere som ikke-kongelige hertuger.
 Markiser (marquesses). Der er 34 britiske markiser. I 1917 blev prins Louis af Battenberg (britisk admiral og morfar til Prins Philip, hertug af Edinburgh) udnævnt til Markis af Milford Haven. I 1926 blev Rufus Isaacs (senere liberal udenrigsminister) udnævnt til Markis af Reading.
 Jarler (earls). Der er 69 britiske jarler. I 1984 blev den tidligere premierminister Harold Macmillan udnævnt til Jarl af Stockton. I 1961 blev prinsesse Margaret (dronningens søster) udnævnt til grevinde af Snowdon. Anthony Armstrong-Jones, der var hendes mand, blev samtidig Jarl af Snowdon. I 1999 blev prins Edward, der er dronningens yngste søn, udnævnt til Jarl af Wessex.
 Vicegrever (viscounts). Der er omkring 270 britiske vicegrever. Nogle af dem er dog jarlers og markisers ældste sønner, der kun bruger vicegreve som en høflighedstitel. I egen ret er der én vicegreve i den engelske adel, tre i den skotske adel, fem i den britiske adel (Storbritannien), 24 i den irske adel og 81 i Det forenede Kongeriges adel. De sidste vicegrever blev udnævnt i 1964.
 Almindelige baroner. Der er 37 arvelige baronier i den engelske adel og 20 Lords of Parliament of Scotland. Der er 24 arvelige baronier i den britiske adel (Storbritannien), 43 i den irske adel og 321 i Det forenede Kongeriges adel. De sidste arvelige baroner blev udnævnte i 1964 og 1965.

De senest udnævnte arvelige baroner
Bortset fra nyere sidetitler for medlemmer af kongehuset så blev de seneste 12 arvelige baroner udnævnt i 1964 og 1965. Tre af disse nye adelige slægter er uddøde i mandslinjen, mens ni af slægterne stadig eksisterer:
 1964: baron Thomson of Fleet, kommer fra en canadisk familie, der udgiver aviser (kendt som media magnate), den nuværende 3. baron er sønnesøn af den 1. baron Thomson of Fleet.
 1964: baron Martonmere er en titel, der blev givet til den konservative politiker Roland Robinson, den nuværende 2. baron er sønnesøn af den 1. baron Martonmere.
 1964: baron Sherfield er en titel, der blev givet til diplomaten sir Roger Makins, den nuværende 3. baron er en yngre søn af den 1. baron Sherfield.
 1964: baron Inglewood er en titel, der blev givet til den konservative politiker William Fletcher-Vane, den nuværende 2. baron er søn af den 1. baron Inglewood.
 1964: baron Glendevon er en titel, der blev givet til den konservative politiker John Hope, den nuværende 3. baron er en yngre søn af den 1. baron Glendevon.
 1964: baron Grimston of Westbury er en titel, der blev givet til den konservative politiker sir Robert Grimston , den nuværende 3. baron er sønnesøn af den 1. baron Grimston of Westbury.
 1964: baron Renwick er en titel, der blev givet til forretnings- og embedsmanden sir Robert Burnham Renwick, 2. baronet, den nuværende 2. baron er søn af den 1. baron Renwick.
 1964: baron St Helens er en titel, der blev givet til den konservative politiker Michael Hughes-Young, den nuværende 2. baron er en yngre søn af den 1. baron St Helens.
 1965: baron Margadale er en titel, der blev givet til den konservative politiker John Morrison, den nuværende 3. baron er sønnesøn af den 1. baron Margadale.

Adel fra Det Forenede Kongerige

Hereditary peer


Veracruz, einnig þekkt sem Heroica Veracruz er stærsta borgin í mexíkanska fylkinu Veracruz við Mexíkóflóa. Íbúar voru 607.000 árið 2020. Borgin byggðist upp á nýlendutíma Spánverja og er þar elsta höfn landsins og helsta höfn fyrir inn- og útflutning. Hernán Cortés stofnaði borgina á föstudaginn langa árið 1519 og gaf henni nafnið Veracruz sem kennt er við sannan kross.

Í borginni er stærsta sædýrasafn Rómönsku-Ameríku,

Borgir í Mexíkó

Veracruz (borg)


මොනොසෝඩියම් ග්ලූටමේට් (එම්එස්ජී), සෝඩියම් ග්ලූටමේට් ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, ග්ලූටමික් අම්ලයේ සෝඩියම් ලුණු, ස්වාභාවිකවම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය නොවන ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල බහුල වේ. [2] ග්ලූටමික් අම්ලය ස්වාභාවිකවම තක්කාලි, මිදි, චීස්, හතු සහ වෙනත් ආහාර වල දක්නට ලැබේ. [3] [4] ස්වභාවිකවම ස්ටූස් සහ මස් සුප් වැනි ආහාර වල ග්ලූටමේට් මෙන් මස්, රසවත් ආහාරවල තීව්‍රතාවය වැඩි කරන උමාමි රසයක් සහිත රසකාරකයක් ලෙස ආහාර පිසීමේදී MSG භාවිතා කරයි. [5] [6]

එම්එස්ජී ප්‍රථම වරට 1908 දී ජපන් ජෛව රසායන විද්‍යා K කිකුනේ ඉකෙඩා විසින් සකස් කරන ලදී. ඔහු කොම්බුහි රසකාරක රසය හුදකලා කර අනුපිටපත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ආහාරයට ගත හැකි මුහුදු පැලෑටි බොහෝ ජපන් සුප් සඳහා පදනමක් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි. එම්එස්ජී වෙනත් රුචිකත්වයන් පිළිබඳ සංජානනය සමබර කරයි, මිශ්‍ර කරයි, සහ වට කරයි. [7] [8] එම්එස්ජී බහුලව දක්නට ලැබෙන්නේ තොග (බූලාන්) කැට, සුප්, රාමන්, ග්‍රේවි, ස්ටූස්, රසකැවිලි, රසවත් කෑම වර්ග යනාදියයි.

එක්සත් ජනපද ආහාර හා Administration ෂධ පරිපාලනය විසින් MSG සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ආරක්ෂිත (GRAS) තනතුර ලෙස පිළිගෙන ඇත. ජනප්‍රිය විශ්වාසයක් නම්, "චීන අවන්හල් සින්ඩ්‍රෝමය" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන MSG හිසරදය සහ වෙනත් අසහනය ඇති කළ හැකි නමුත් අන්ධ අධ්‍යයනයන් මගින් MSG සාමාන්‍ය සාන්ද්‍රණයන්හි ආහාර සමඟ සංයෝජනය වන විට එවැනි බලපෑමක් නොපෙන්වන අතර MSG සුප් හොද්දට එකතු කළ විට එය අනිත්‍ය වේ. විශාල සාන්ද්‍රණයන්. [9] [10] [11] යුරෝපීය සංගමය එය ඇතැම් ආහාර සඳහා අවසර දී ඇති ආහාර ආකලන ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ප්‍රමාණාත්මක සීමාවන්ට යටත් වේ. MSG හි HS කේතය 29224220 සහ E අංකය E621 ඇත.

අන්තර්ගතය

1 භාවිත

2 ආරක්ෂාව

3 නිෂ්පාදනය

4 රසායනික ගුණ

5 ඉතිහාසය

6 සමාජය හා සංස්කෘතිය

6.1 රෙගුලාසි

6.2 නම්

6.3 මතභේදය

7 මෙයද බලන්න

8 යොමුව

9 බාහිර සබැඳි

1 භාවිත

පිරිසිදු එම්එස්ජී රසකාරක සුවඳ සමඟ සංයෝජනය වන තෙක් ඉහළ ප්‍රසන්න රසයක් නොමැති බව වාර්තා වේ. එම්එස්ජී හි මූලික සංවේදක ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය ආරෝපණය කර ඇත්තේ නිසි සාන්ද්‍රණයකට එකතු කළ විට රසකාරක-ක්‍රියාකාරී සංයෝග වැඩි කිරීමට ඇති හැකියාවයි. [7] ප්‍රශස්ථ සාන්ද්‍රණය ආහාර අනුව වෙනස් වේ; පැහැදිලි සුප් වලදී, මිලි ලීටර් 100 කට MSG ග්‍රෑම් එකකට වඩා එකතු කිරීමත් සමඟ විනෝද ලකුණු වේගයෙන් පහත වැටේ.

ග්ලූටමේට් කවුන්ටරයේ වැඩි ස්කන්ධය හේතුවෙන් එම්එස්ජී හි සෝඩියම් ප්‍රමාණය (ස්කන්ධ ප්‍රතිශතයෙන්) 12% ක් සෝඩියම් ක්ලෝරයිඩ් (39%) වලින් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ වේ. ග්ලූටමේට් වල අනෙකුත් ලවණ අඩු ලුණු සුප් වල භාවිතා කර ඇතත් ඒවා එම්එස්ජී වලට වඩා රසවත් නොවේ. "MSG විසින් සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්න ආහාර අනුභව කිරීම පවා ප්‍රවර්ධනය කළ හැකිය. (ආහාර විද්‍යා ist ස්ටීව් විතර්ලි) උපකල්පනය කරන්නේ, කැලේ වඩාත් රසවත් කිරීම පමණක් නොව, අඩු ලුණු භාවිතයෙන් මිදීමට ඔබට ඉඩ සලසා දීමයි." [17]

එම්එස්ජී බහුලව භාවිතා වන අතර තොග කැට (බුවිලන් කියුබ්), සුප්, රාමන්, ග්‍රේවි, ස්ටූස්, රසකැවිලි, රසවත් කෑම වර්ග ආදියෙහි දක්නට ලැබේ.

රයිබොනියුක්ලියෝටයිඩ් ආහාර ආකලන ඩිසෝඩියම් ඉනොසිනේට් (ඊ 631) සහ ඩිසෝඩියම් ගුවානිලේට් (ඊ 627) මෙන්ම සාම්ප්‍රදායික ලුණු සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මොනොසෝඩියම් ග්ලූටමේට් අඩංගු අමුද්‍රව්‍ය සමඟ සමෝධානික බලපෑමක් ඇති බව පෙනේ. "සුපර් ලුණු" යනු කොටස් 9 ක ලුණු, එක් කොටසකට එම්එස්ජී සහ කොටස් 0.1 ඩිසෝඩියම් ඉනොසිනේට් සහ ඩිසෝඩියම් ග්වානිලේට් මිශ්‍රණයකි. [18]

Food additives
කෘත්‍රිම රසායනද්‍රව්‍ය
පෝෂණය
කෘත්‍රිම ආහාර
Glutamates
Chinese ingredients

මොනොසෝඩියම් ග්ලූටමේට්


Rachel Elizabeth Hunter (née le  en Grande-Bretagne) est une cavalière canadienne de concours complet.

Carrière
Elle participe aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1992, où elle est  de l'épreuve individuelle et  de l'épreuve par équipes.

Références

Liens externes

Cavalier canadien de concours complet
Cavalier aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1992
Naissance en juin 1969

Rachel Hunter (équitation)


The 1935 Quebec general election was held on November 25, 1935, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The incumbent Quebec Liberal Party led by Louis-Alexandre Taschereau was re-elected, defeating the Action libérale nationale, led by Paul Gouin, and the Quebec Conservative Party, led by Maurice Duplessis.

It was the fourth and final general election victory in a row for Taschereau, who had held office since 1920. He resigned less than seven months later due to a scandal.

The Action libérale nationale (ALN) was a newly formed party led by the son of former Liberal premier Lomer Gouin. It was established by former Liberals who had become dissatisfied with the party. The ALN and Conservatives formed an alliance, the Union Nationale, to contest this election. After the election merged to form the Union Nationale as a fully-fledged party, which soon became a dominant political force.

Campaign

Nominations
There were 208 candidates nominated, of which five subsequently withdrew:

 Wilfrid Bullock (Ind-Liberal, Shefford)
 Wilfrid Labelle (ALN, Iberville), thus allowing Lucien Lamoureux (Liberal) to be reelected by acclamation
 Roy Sasseville and René Mercier (Ind-Liberals, Gaspé-Nord)
 Arthur Arcand (Ind-Liberal, Montréal–Sainte-Marie), in favour of Gaspard Fauteux (Liberal)

All three candidates returned by acclamation were incumbents:

 Lucien Lamoureux (Lib, Iberville)
 Peter Bercovitch (Lib, Montréal–Saint-Louis)
 Avila Turcotte (Lib, Richelieu)

Distribution of candidates

Controversy in Terrebonne
In Terrebonne, the election of Athanase David was contested on the ground that the ballot papers were not printed in the form prescribed under the Election Act. At the subsequent hearing, the judge ruled that all cast ballots were declared void. Immediately afterwards, the returning officer announced that, as this resulted in a 0-0 tie, he cast his deciding vote in favour of David.

The returning officer's action was considered to have been without precedent anywhere in the world in countries with parliamentary-style legislatures. The Conservatives lodged an appeal, but the result was upheld by the Quebec Court of Appeal in April 1936. David would become the only member of the Assembly in Quebec history to be elected on only one cast vote.

Results

|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party
! rowspan=2 | Party leader
! colspan=4 | MPPs
! colspan=4 | Votes
|-
! Candidates
!1931
!1935
!±
!#
! ±
!%
! ± (pp)
|-
|rowspan="3" |
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Government candidates
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|Louis-Alexandre Taschereau
|90
|79
|47
|5
|249,586
|19,146
|46.53
|8.35
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|3
|–
|–
|–
|615
|2,172
|0.11
|0.46
|-
|rowspan="3" |
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Union Nationale alliance
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|Paul Gouin
|53
|–
|26
|26
|162,205
|
|30.24
|
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|Maurice Duplessis
|33
|11
|16
|5
|97,469
|115,754
|18.17
|25.37
|-
|rowspan="3" |
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Opposition candidates
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|1
|–
|–
|–
|1,532
|
|0.29
|
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|1
|–
|–
|–
|94
|12
|0.02
|–
|-
|rowspan="5" |
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Other candidates
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|19
|–
|1
|1
|21,587
|20,522
|4.02
|3.80
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|2
|–
|–
|–
|2,238
|1,757
|0.42
|0.32
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|1
|–
|–
|–
|998
|
|0.19
|
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|1
|–
|–
|–
|37
|547
|–
|0.12
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total
| 204
! " colspan="3"| 90
! " colspan="2"| 536,361
! " colspan="2"| 100%
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Rejected ballots
| 15,232
| 11,042
| colspan="2"|
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Voter turnout
| 551,593
| 57,708
| 76.16
| 0.85
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Registered electors (contested ridings only)
| 724,260
| 82,936
| colspan="2"|
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" | Candidates returned by acclamation
| 3
| 3
| colspan="4"|
|}

Synopsis of results

 = open seat
 = turnout is above provincial average
 = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 = incumbent had switched allegiance
 = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 = incumbency arose from byelection gain
 = previously incumbent in another riding
 = other incumbents renominated
 = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada
 = multiple candidates

Analysis

See also

 List of Quebec premiers
 Politics of Quebec
 Timeline of Quebec history
 List of Quebec political parties
 19th Legislative Assembly of Quebec

Further reading

References

Quebec general election
Elections in Quebec
General election
Quebec general election

1935 Quebec general election


Russell Brookes (rođen 16. kolovoza 1945.) je bivši britanski vozač reli utrka, koji je nastupao na utrkama Svjetskog prvenstva u reliju (engl. WRC).

Počeo se utrkivati 1963.g. Tijekom karijere nastupio je na 21 reli utrke svjetskog prvenstva u reliju (1973-1994). Nastupao je vozeći autmobile Ford, Talbot, Vauxhall/Opel. Na 3 utrke svjetskog prvenstva uspio je završiti na pobjedničkom podiju. To mu je pošlo za rukom tri godine za redom (1977-1979) na utrci Wales Reli Velika Britanija.

Osvoji Britansko prvenstvo u reliju 1977. u automobilu Ford Escort RS1800 i 1985. u automobilu Opel Manta 400.

Godine 1978. pobijedio je na Reliju Novi Zeland.

Izvori
 Russell Brookes, razgovor i kratki dokumentarni film na YouTube

Britanski vozači relija

Russell Brookes


Sans issue () est un film américain réalisé par Damien Power, sorti en 2022, et adapté du roman éponyme de Taylor Adams publié en 2017.

Synopsis

Darby Thorne décide de partir voir sa mère dans un hôpital quand une tempête de neige s'abat sur elle.  Elle se retrouve alors bloquée dans un chalet avec d'autres personnes. Elle s'aperçoit qu'une fille a été ligotée à l'arrière d'une camionnette qui appartient à une des personnes présentes.

Fiche technique
 Titre original :
 Titre français et québécois : Sans issue
 Réalisation : Damien Power
 Scénario : Andrew Barrer et Gabriel Ferrari, basé sur le roman de Taylor Adams
 Production : Scott Frank
 Sociétés de production : 20th Century Studios et Flitcraft
 Musique : Marco Beltrami et Miles Hankins
 Photographie : Simon Raby
 Montage : Andy Canny
 Décors : Anneke Botha
 Costumes : Liz McGregor
 Pays d'origine : États-Unis
 Genre : thriller
 Durée : 95 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 États-Unis : 25 février 2022 sur Hulu
 France : 25 février 2022 sur Disney+

Distribution
 Havana Rose Liu  : Darby Thorne
 Danny Ramirez  : Ash
 David Rysdahl  : Lars
 Dale Dickey  : Sandi
 Mila Harris  : Jay, la jeune femme kidnappée
 Dennis Haysbert  : Ed
 Benedict Wall : Corporal Ron Hill
 Lisa Zhang : Devon (sœur de Darby)
 Hweiling Ow : Mère de Darby

Production
Le 10 octobre 2017, la 20th Century Fox a annoncé avoir posé une option sur les droits d'adaptation du roman No Exit de Taylor Adams. Scott Frank, le scénariste de Logan, a été engagé pour produire le film. Le 12 mars 2019, Damien Power a été annoncé à la réalisation, avec Andrew Barrer et Gabriel Ferrari au scénario. Le 29 juin 2021, Danny Ramirez, Dennis Haysbert, Havana Rose Liu, David Rysdahl, Dale Dickey et Mila Harris ont été confirmés au casting, et que le tournage avait pris fin en Nouvelle-Zélande. Marco Beltrami et Miles Hankins ont composé la bande originale pendant la post-production.

Sortie
Initialement prévu pour une sortie en salles par la 20th Century Fox, le film a finalement été distribué sur Hulu aux États-Unis et Disney+ pour le marché international le 25 février 2022.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2022
Thriller (film) américain
Film sur la mort
Film se déroulant en Utah
Film tourné en Nouvelle-Zélande
Film de 20th Century Studios
Film d'Hulu

Sans issue (film, 2022)


Kup maršala Tita za 1964./65. je osvojio Dinamo iz Zagreba.
U natjecanju s kvalifikacijama koje su igrane po republikama su sudjelovala 2.452 kluba. U završnicu natjecanja, koja je igrana u proljetnom dijelu sezone,  plasiralo se 16 klubova.

Završni dio kupa

Sudionici

Osmina završnice

Četvrtzavršnica

Poluzavršnica

Završnica

Poveznice
 Druga savezna liga 1964./65.

Izvori
 EX YU Fudbal, Jugoslavenski kup 1964./65.
 rsssf.com, Kup Jugoslavije 1964./65.
 rsssf.com, Kup Jugoslavije - završnice
 Hajduk Split - utakmice u kupu 1964./65., pristupljeno 22. listopada 2016.
 Dinamo Zagreb - sezona 1964./65. , pristupljeno 22. listopada 2016.
 Vojvodina Novi Sad - sezona 1964./65., pristupljeno 22. listopada 2016.
 Partizan Beograd - sezona 1964./65. , pristupljeno 22. listopada 2016.
 Crvena zvezda Beograd - utakmice u kupu 1964./65. , pristupljeno 22. listopada 2016.
 Maribor - sezona 1964./65., pristupljeno 22. listopada 2016.

1966-67
 kup

Kup maršala Tita 1964./65.


Crkva sv. Martina  je rimokatolička crkva u mjestu Martinšćina, gradu Zlataru zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Pravilno orijentirana crkva smještena u naselju, prvi put se spominje 1334. g. Tlocrt joj čini jedan brod, pravokutno svetište sa sakristijom i zvonik smješten na glavnom pročelju. Prizemlje zvonika ima funkciju malog predvorja iz kojeg se ulazi u prostor pravokutne lađe zaključene ravnim drvenim stropom. Vanjsko oplošje oblikovano je jednostavno, s plitkim rizalitnim istakom s glavnim portalom iznad kojeg je polukružna luneta te oslikom sv. Kristofora na južnom bočnom pročelju. Unutrašnjost crkve oslikana je iznimno vrijednim fresko ciklusom, podijeljenim u tri zone, gotičkih stilskih karakteristika, koji se može datirati u sredinu 15. st.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-2224 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro – pojedinačno, pravnog statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji
Crkve u Zlataru
Zlatar

Crkva sv. Martina (Zlatar)


Isla Vardim (en búlgaro: остров Вардим, ostrov Vardim) es la tercera mayor isla de Bulgaria en el Río Danubio (después de Belene y la Isla de Kozloduy). Está situada al este de la ciudad de Svishtov, frente al pueblo de Vardim (en el municipio de Svishtov, Provincia de Veliko Tarnovo) y parte del archipiélago de Belene del Danubio, es un humedal protegido y zona de nidificación de aves de importancia nacional.

La isla se encuentra a unos 300 m al norte de la orilla búlgara del Danubio, entre los puntos kilométricos 542 y 546 desde el origen del río.

Con el fin de proteger la naturaleza de Vardim y el gran número de aves, parte de su territorio fue declarado reserva natural el 5 de marzo de 1971 por el Ministerio de Bosques e Industrias Forestales. La reserva se extiende sobre un área de 0,718 km². El 2 de julio de 1998 se recategorizó como área protegida, abarcando una superficie de 0,987 km².

Véase también
 Geografía de Bulgaria
 Geografía de Europa

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la Isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Bulgaria

Isla Vardim


Beith Juniors Football Club are a Scottish football club from the town of Beith, North Ayrshire. Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association, they compete in the West of Scotland Football League. Beith play at Bellsdale Park. Their main rival is Kilbirnie Ladeside.

History
Formed in 1938, they play in black and white strips (uniforms) and their nicknames are the Cabes or the Mighty. They were formed as a junior football successor to the disbanded senior side Beith, who had previously competed in the Scottish Football League.

In the club's first season in 1939–40 they reached the District Cup Final and finished as runners up and then the second world war stopped football. In the 1940s the club were mostly a mid table club and reached the Ayrshire Cup final in 1948–49 but again finished as runners up. It wasn't until 1954–55 that the club enjoyed cup success with the Ayrshire Cup and finished as league runners up the same season. There were 3 more finals in the decade, losing the District Cup in 1955–56 and the West of Scotland Cup in 1957–58 but won the West League Cup in 1956–57.

The 1960's started with the club winning the District Cup and then North Ayrshire league success in 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1968–69 with the Ayrshire League being won in 1964–65 and 1968–69 as playoffs with the South Ayrshire champions. The club won two West of Scotland Cups in 1965–66 and 1966–67 after being runners up in 1964–65. The club embarked on an unbeaten 3 match tour of the Netherlands.

A relatively barren spell in the 1970s followed with an Ayrshire Cup win in 1977–78 and with runner up finishes in the Ayrshire League in 1978–79, North Ayrshire League in 1969–70, 1974–75 and 1975–76 and in District Cup in 1971–72, Supplementary Cup in 1974–75 and the League Cup in 1979–80.

The club won the League Cup in 1981–82, followed by relegation to the Ayrshire Second Division at the end of the 1982–83 season and won promotion back to the First Division as Second Division Champions in 1986–87 with the club ending as runners up in the Ayrshire Cup, Cunninghame Cup and League Cup in 1987–88 becoming the nearly men.

1990 seen the club appoint Dennis Gray as manager and seven trophy wins were earned during this tenure, back to back Ayrshire Cup wins in 1990–91 and 1991–92. District Cup wins in 1990–91 and 1994–95 alongside League Cup wins in 1991–92 and 1993–94 and the Cunninghame Cup in 1992–93. During this time Dennis Gray was appointed as Scotland Juniors manager and the club also came close to the title finishing runners up in 1994–95. Dennis Gray then left the club to become manager of Auchinleck Talbot where he was the club's record scorer during a highly successful playing career. Dick Brock a former Scotland Juniors manager took over but unfortunately success didn't follow and Frank Lynch was appointed manager for the 1996–97 season. Frank's teams were known for long Scottish Junior Cup runs with the furthest being a Quarter Final replay loss in extra time to eventual winners Arthurlie in 1997–98. The closest to trophy success in this period was a League Cup final loss to Auchinleck Talbot in 1997–98.

The club then appointed former player Neil Muggins as manager and after an unsuccessful season he left and was replaced by Sandy McLean. There was league reconstruction at the end of 2000–01 season in preparation for the merger of the Ayrshire and Central Leagues and Division 1 was reducted to the top 7 teams and unfortunately Beith didn't finish in the required place and started 2001–02 in the Second Division and had to finish in the top 4 to make the playoffs to qualify for the West of Scotland League second tier - the first division below the Premier. Brian Stevenson came in as manager and steered the club to a 3rd place finish and Beith qualified for the West of Scotland Super League 1st division after beating Dalry Thistle in a two legged play off with the season ending with a North Ayrshire Cup Final loss to Kilbirnie at Largs.

The manager then resigned and Dennis Gray returned to the club as manager with former player Hugh Findlay as his assistant. This second tenure brought another 4 trophies to the club with another back to back success in the Ayrshire Cup in 2002–03 and 2003–04, North Ayrshire Cup in 2003–04 and the League Cup in 2004–05 finishing runners up in North Ayrshire Cup and Evening Times Cup in 2004–05. There were two Scottish Cup quarter finals in this period, losing both times to the eventual runners up in Linlithgow Rose in 2002–03 and Bathgate in 2005–06. Following Dennis retiring/resigning near the end of 2005–06 season, Frank Lynch was then appointed manager with John Millar as his assistant.

In his first season, Frank Lynch got the club promoted to the Premier Division finishing as runners up in the First Division in 2006–07. In March 2008 the following season Frank Lynch resigned as manager and John Millar stepped up to become Manager.

In 2008–09, the club won the West of Scotland Cup, beating Auchinleck Talbot 2–1 in the final at Pollok and after leading the league for a long period fell away and finished 3rd. In 2009–10 the following season they won the West Premier title by a then record number of points only losing one game, meaning they qualified for the senior Scottish Cup.

During the 2010–11 season, Beith entered the Scottish Cup at the first round stage after qualifying as champions of the West of Scotland Super League Premier Division. In the first round they defeated Linlithgow Rose 2–0 and Glasgow University 8–1 in the second round. In the third round they faced Second Division Airdrie United and led 2–0 with ten minutes remaining of the tie at the Excelsior Stadium, before full-back Marc McShane was red carded. Paul Lovering scored from the resulting cross and Jamie Bain equalised in injury time. Beith were then defeated 4–3 in the replay at Bellsdale Park.

The end of the 2010–11 saw numerous key players leave the club through captain Brian McKeown emigrating to Australia, and other players in Martin McGarvey, Martin Stewart and Craig Brittain retiring along with John Millar resigning as manager for personal reasons. Stevie Easton was then appointed as Manager with Harry Erwin assisting. The club finished 5th in season 2011–12 and following a poor start to the 2012–13 saw Stevie Easton being relieved of his duties in November 2012 with Frank Lynch returning to the club to steady the ship but ultimately unable to change the club's fortunes left the club to see if someone else could come in to boost the club and avoid relegation. John Millar then came back re-invigorated and got some good results but unfortunately with suspensions and injuries taking their toll lost the last game away to Shotts to be relegated.

The club led the West of Scotland Super League first division for most of the 2013–14 season but were over-taken by a strong Troon team but still finished the season promoted as runners up with a record total for being runners up in that division. That season also seen a penalty shoot out loss in the League Cup final at Troon v Cumnock.

Season 2014–15 saw the club back in the Premier League and consolidated their place in the league with a 6th place finish and the end of that season seen a turnover of 10 players leaving and 10 players coming in to make a strong push.

Following an inconsistent start to the season no doubt due to the large turnover in the playing staff and then the club won the Scottish Junior Cup for the first time in 2015–16, defeating Pollok on penalties after a 1–1 draw.

During the 2016–17 season the club entered the Scottish Cup, progressing through two preliminary rounds to the 3rd round where they were defeated by Greenock Morton, 6–0 at Bellsdale Park.

During the 2017–18 season, the club won the West Region Premiership title, pipping Auchinleck Talbot by one point on the final day of the league season. The club then won the Evening Times Champions Cup on the final night of the season, a Friday at Benburb beating Petershill in the final.

During the 2018–19, Beith Juniors progressed through two preliminary rounds and the 1st and 2nd round proper to play against Championship leaders at the time, Ayr United making this the first all Ayrshire Junior and Senior Scottish Cup tie, Beith holding the Honest Men for 62 minutes before conceding then losing two goals in the last five minutes after trying to chase a result to lose 3–0. The club won the West of Scotland Cup in the final game of the season, beating Kirkintilloch Rob Roy in the final at Meadow Park.

The team had been managed since April 2013 by John Millar. Who previously managed the club from 2008 to May 2012.

Bryan Young was appointed as manager on 27 January 2020 replacing Millar.

On 17 May 2022, Chris Strain was appointed the club's new manager.

Current squad
As of 19 July 2023

Coaching staff

Managers
Pre-1983, the team was selected by match committee.

John Minford: 1983–1989
Paul Clarke: 1989–1990
Dennis Gray: 1990–1995
Dick Brock: 1995–1996
Frank Lovering: 1996–1999
Neil Muggins: 1999–2000
Sandy MacLean: 2000–2001
Brian Stevenston: 2001–2002
Dennis Gray: July 2002 – April 2006
Frank Lynch: May 2006 – March 2008
John Millar: March 2008 – May 2011
Stevie Easton: June 2011 – November 2012
Frank Lynch: November 2012 – March 2013
John Millar: April 2013 – January 2020
Bryan Young: January 2020–May 2022

Honours
Scottish Junior Cup
Winners: 2015–16

West of Scotland Football League Premier Division
Winners: 2022–23

West of Scotland Super League Premier Division
Winners 2009–10, 2017–18

West of Scotland Cup
Winners 1965–66, 1966–67, 2008–09, 2018-19

Evening Times Champions Cup
2017-18

West of Scotland Super League First Division
Runners-up (promoted) - 2006–07, 2013–14

Ayrshire League champions
1964–65, 1968–69
North Ayrshire League Section winners
1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1968–69
Ayrshire Second Division champions
1986–87
Ayrshire Cup (inc Ayrshire Weekly Press Cup, Ayrshire Cup, Ayrshire Junior Cup & Ayrshire Junior Challenge Cup)
1954–55, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1977–78, 1990–91, 1991–92, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2015–16
West League Cup
1956–57
Cunninghame/North Ayrshire Cup
1993–94, 2003–04
Ayrshire/Irvine District Cup (Now merged with Ayrshire Cup)
1960–61, 1964–65, 1967–68, 1990–91, 1994–95
Jackie Scarlett Cup / Rockware Glass League Cup / Ardagh Glass Cup
1981–82, 1991–92, 1993–94, 2004–05

References

External links
Official website

Association football clubs established in 1938
Football clubs in Scotland
Scottish Junior Football Association clubs
Football in North Ayrshire
1938 establishments in Scotland
West of Scotland Football League teams
Beith

Beith Juniors F.C.


Giovanni Giuseppe Goria (Asti, Pijemont, 30. srpnja 1943. — Asti, 21. svibnja 1994.)  bio je talijanski političar, član stranke Kršćanska Demokracija.

Od srpnja 1987. do ožujka 1988. obnašao je dužnost premijera Italije. Dao je ostavku na mjesto premijera 11. ožujka 1988., pošto je parlament odbio glasati za predloženi državni proračun. Još prije je dva puta davao ostavku, kada se petostranačka koalicija raspala; ali oba puta je predsjednik Francesco Cossiga odbio primiti ostavku.

Kasnije je bio ministar poljoprivrede u Andreottievoj vladi i ministar financija u vladi Giuliana Amata, kada je njegova stranka bila optužena za korupciju. Umro je u svom rodnom mjestu Asti, čekajući da njegov slučaj bude okončan.

Vanjske poveznice
 Životopis Giovannia Gorie na stranicama Europskog parlamenta

Predsjednici talijanske vlade
Talijanski političari
Ministri poljoprivrede Italije
Ministri financija Italije

Giovanni Goria


Carl Zuckmayer (d. 27 Aralık 1896 - ö. 18 Ocak 1977), Alman oyun yazarı ve romancı.

En ünlü eseri, Türkçeye Köpenickli Yüzbaşı adıyla çevrilen tiyatro oyunudur. Eserde, hapisten çıktıktan sonra dürüstçe yaşamak isteyen bir vatandaşın, bürokrasi yüzünden devlete isyan edişini konu edinir.

Yaşamı
27 Aralık 1896 yılında Almanya'da Mainz şehri yakınlarındaki Nackenheim' da doğdu. Kendisinden altı yaş büyük olan ağabeyi besteci Eduard Zuckmayer'in  ile birlikte büyüdü. Lise öğrenimini tamamladıktan sonra 18 yaşında iken I. Dünya Savaşı'nda gönüllü olarak katıldı.

Savaştan sonra Frankfurt'ta ve Heidelberg'de  hukuk,  ekonomi,  edebiyat ve sanat tarihi, sosyoloji,  biyoloji alanlarında öğrenim gördü ve serbest yazarlık yaptı. 1924'ten itibaren Bertholt Brecht ile birlikte Max Rheinhardt'ın Berlin Alman Tiyatrosu'nda dramaturg olarak çalıştı.  "Der fröhliche Weinberg" adlı oyunu ile 1925 yılında Heinrich von Kleist adına verilen "Kleist Ödülü"'ne değer görüldü. Aynı yıl oyuncu Alice Herdan ile evlendi.

Bir süre Salzburg'ta ve Berlin'de serbest gazetecilik yaptı. 1930 yılında Heinrich Mann'ın "Professor Unrat" adlı romanını Mavi Melek " adıyla filme uyarladı. Aynı yıl, en ünlü eseri Köpenickli Yüzbaşı'yı yazdı.

Gerek sosyalizme karşı oluşu gerekse annesinin Yahudi kökenli olması ebebiyle 1933 yılında eserlerine temsil yasağı geldi. Avusturya'ya geçerek 1938 yılına kadar Salzburg'da Henndorf adlı köyde yaşadı. Avusturya'nın Alman işgaline girmesinden sonra İsviçre'ye, oradan da Küba üzerinden ABD'ye göç etti.  1939-1941 arasında Hollywood'da yaşadı ve senaryo yazarlığı yaptı; 1941-1946 arasında ise ailesi ile Vermont eyaletinde Barnard kenti yakınında bir çiftlikte yaşadı.

1946 yılında  ABD vatandaşı oldu. Şeytanın Generali adlı oyununu sahnelemek üzere Avrupa'ya döndü. Oyun, Zürih'te sahnelendi ve uluslararası bir başarı kazandı. Zuckmayer, Almanya ve Avusturya'daki savaş sonrası kültürel koşulları araştıran ABD hükûmetine danışmanlık yaptı. 1951-1958 arasında ABD'de yaşadıktan sonra 1958 yılında İsviçre'de Wallis'e yerleşti; yapıtları ile birçok ödüle değer görüldü. 1966'da İsveç vatandaşı oldu, anılarını yayımladı. 18 Ocak 1977 yılında Wallis'te öldü.

Kaynakça

1896 doğumlular
1977 yılında ölenler
Alman erkek tiyatro oyuncuları
Alman oyun yazarları
20. yüzyıl Alman roman yazarları

Carl Zuckmayer


وزارة الطاقة هي الوزارة التي تُشرف على جميع أوجه نشاط وقطاعات منظومة الطاقة في المملكة العربية السعودية من خلال استراتيجية متكاملة لهذا القطاع، ويشمل ذلك استرايتيجة للمواد الهيدروكربونية (النفط والغاز، والمنتجات المكررة، والبتروكيماويات)، واستراتيجية قطاع الكهرباء والطاقة المتجددة مثل المواد الحرارية والطاقة المُكملة. ولتحقيق أهدافها تعمل الوزارة على برامج مختلفة ترتكز على تبني مفاهيم الابتكار والتقنية والذكاء الاصطناعي في قطاع الطاقة، منها: برنامج استدامة الطلب على المواد الهيدروكربونية، وبرنامج مزيج الطاقة الأمثل، وبرنامج كفاءة الطاقة، وبرامج تمكين صناعة مكونات إنتاج الطاقة الشمسية وطاقة الرياح محليا. وتضطلع الوزارة بتطوير هذه الاستراتيجيات وقياس أدائها، ووضع السياسات الداعمة لهذه القطاعات، إضافة لدعم متخذي القرار من خلال دراسة السياسات والاستراتيجيات المختلفة.

ويتولى رئاستها الآن الأمير عبد العزيز بن سلمان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود

نشأة الوزارة
في عام 1355 هـ الموافق 1935م أُنشئت مصلحة الأشغال العامة والمعادن، وكانت تتبع آنذاك وزارة المالية، وفي عام 1372 هـ الموافق 1952م تم تأسيس المديرية العامة لشؤون البترول والمعادن وكانت تتبع وزارة المالية أيضاً، وفي عام 1380 هـ الموافق 1960 تم تحويل المديرية إلى وزارة تحت مسمى وزارة البترول والثروة المعدنية، حيث كانت حكومة المملكة تسعى إلى تنظيم استثمار الموارد الطبيعية من بترول وغاز ومعادن لتحقيق المزيد من النمو والرخاء الاجتماعي بما يعود على البلاد من تطور وازدهار اقتصادي. وفي عام 2016 صدر أمر ملكي بتعديل مسمى "وزارة البترول والثروة المعدنية" ليصبح "وزارة الطاقة والصناعة والثروة المعدنية". وبموجب أمر ملكي صدر في عام 2019 تم تعديل مسمى "وزارة الطاقة والصناعة والثروة المعدنية" ليصبح "وزارة الطاقة".

الأهداف الاستراتيجية لوزارة الطاقة

 كفاءة الاستهلاك والتنمية الاقتصادية
 الريادة في أسواق الطاقة
 تعظيم المنفعة المالية
 تعزيز المحتوى المحلي
 إدارة الكربون
 أمن وموثوقية الإمدادات

برامج منظومة الطاقة

 استراتيجية الطقاة المتكاملة
 تكامل قطاع الكهرباء
 مزيج الطاقة الأمثل
 الطاقة المتجددة
 المركز السعودي لكفاءة الطاقة
 الشركة الوطنية لخدمات كفاءة الطاقة "ترشيد"
 الاستدامة

مراكز البحوث والمعاهد التدريبية

مركز الملك عبد الله للدراسات والبحوث البترولية (KAPSARC)
أنشأته الوزارة في عام 2007، بأمر من الملك عبد الله بن عبد العزيز، وهو مركز للأبحاث والسياسات المستقبلية المتعلقة باستكشاف وتحليل الأمور المرتبطة بالطاقة والبيئة، ويقع المركز في مدينة الرياض. ويسعى المركز من خلال النتائج الموضوعية التي يتوصل إليها إلى زيادة درجة فهم هذه الموضوعات وبدء إعداد الحلول التي ستساهم في تشكيل مستقبل الطاقة المستدامة في السعودية وفي العالم.

المعهد التقني السعودي لخدمات البترول
تم إنشاء المعهد التقني السعودي لخدمات البترول في عام 2008م، وذلك بمبادرة من وزارة البترول والثروة المعدنية، وبرعاية كل من المؤسسة العامة للتدريب التقني والمهني، وشركة شيفرون العربية السعودية، وذلك للوفاء بمتطلبات صناعة البترول في المملكة، ولدعم سياسة السعودة بوصفها هدفاً وطنياً تسعى الحكومة إلى تحقيقه.

المعهد العالي للصناعات البلاستيكية
أحد المعاهد المتخصصة في تدريب الشباب السعودي في مجال الصناعات البلاستيكية، أنشئ المعهد مبادرة من وزارة البترول والثروة المعدنية، وهو معهد غير ربحي بين المؤسسة العامة للتدريب التقني والمهني، والشركة الشرقية للبتروكيماويات (شرق)، والشركة السعودية للتطوير البتروكيميائي، الشريك لشركة شرق – سابك، وتبلغ فترة التدريب بالمعهد أربعة فصول، يمنح بعدها المتدرب شهادة دبلوم في تصنيع البلاستيك، كما يتم التدريب داخل المعهد باللغة الإنجليزية، ويقدم المعهد دورات متخصصة لأولئك الذين يبحثون عن المزيد من التخصص لزيادة معارفهم ومهاراتهم في الصناعات البلاستيكية، بالإضافة إلى الدورات المتخصصة قصيرة الأمد، والتي تساعد العاملين في مجال تصنيع البلاستيك.

الوزراء السابقون للوزارة

المراحل التي مرت بها وزارة الطاقة

 1935م- أنشـئت مصلحـة الأشـغال العامـة والمعـادن وكانـت تتبـع وزارة الماليـة فـي ذلـك الوقـت.
 1952م- تم تأسيس المديرية العامة لشؤون البترول والمعادن وكانت تتبع وزارة المالية أيضا.
 1960م- تـم تحويـل المديريـة إلـى (وزارة) تحـت مسـمى وزارة البترول والثروة المعدنيـة، حيث كانت حكومة المملكة تسعى إلى تنظيم استثمار الموارد الطبيعية من بترول وغاز ومعادن لتحقيق المزيد من النمو والرخاء الإجتماعي.
 2016م- صدر أمر ملكي بتعديل مـسمى «وزارة البترول والثروة المعدنية» ليصبح «وزارة الطاقة والصناعة والثروة المعدنية».
 2019م- صدر أمر ملكي بتعديل مسمى «وزارة الطاقـة والصناعـة والثـروة المعدنيـة» ليصبـح «وزارة الطاقـة».

انظر أيضًا
 وزارة الصناعة والثروة المعدنية (السعودية)
 وزارة التجارة والاستثمار (السعودية)
 وزارة الاقتصاد والتخطيط (السعودية)
 الصناعة في السعودية

وصلات خارجية
 وزارة الطاقة

مصادر
 الوزارات والوزراء في المملكة العربية السعودية: دراسة توثيقية موجزة، عمر الخولي، (د.ن)، (د.م)، الطبعة الأولى، 1419هـ/1998م.

مراجع

أرامكو السعودية
اقتصاد السعودية
تأسيسات سنة 1960 في السعودية
وزارات أسست في 1960
وزارات حكومة السعودية
وزارات طاقة

وزارة الطاقة (السعودية)


Martha Bühler-Tschikof (* 6. Februar 1951 in Triesenberg) ist eine ehemalige liechtensteinische Skirennfahrerin und Hotelbesitzerin. Sie war die erste weibliche Sportlerin, die für das Land bei Olympischen Spielen startete.

Leben
Martha Bühler wurde im Februar 1951 als zweites Kind von Egon Bühler und dessen Frau in Triesenberg geboren. Dort wuchs sie mit ihrer älteren Schwester auf, besuchte die örtliche Volksschule und half bei der Bewirtschaftung des Landwirtschaftsbetriebs ihrer Familie mit. Nach der Volksschule besuchte sie für drei Jahre die Realschule in Vaduz. Im Anschluss wurde sie in Vaduz als Büroangestellte tätig.

Während ihrer sportlichen Karriere war Bühler im Skiclub Triesenberg aktiv. 1963 gewann sie die Frauenwertung der erstmals von der Liechtensteinischen Skiverbandes (LSV) durchgeführten Jugendskimeisterschaften. Bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1968 in Grenoble, wo sie an drei Wettbewerben des Alpinen Skisports teilnahm, war sie die erste Frau, die Liechtenstein bei Olympischen Winterspielen vertrat. 1970 nahm sie an den 21. Alpinen Skiweltmeisterschaften in Gröden, Italien teil und erreicht bei der Abfahrt mit einer Zeit von 2:06,20 Minuten Platz 25. Im selben Jahr wurde sie zur Sportlerin des Jahres gewählt. An den nächsten Olympischen Winterspielen 1972 in Sapporo nahm sie ebenfalls an drei Wettbewerben des Alpinen Skisports teil. Nach Beendigung ihrer sportlichen Karriere wurde sie in der Hotellerie tätig. Bis 1995 betrieb sie das Hotel Martha Bühler in Triesenberg, das an der Stelle steht, an der früher ihr Elternhaus stand.

Am 5. November 2010 wurde Bühler, neben Louis Oehri und posthum Rudolf Schädler, von Hugo Quaderer das Goldene Lorbeerblatt der Regierung für besondere Verdienste um den Sport in Liechtenstein verliehen.

Bühler ist Mutter dreier Kinder. Ihr Sohn Daniel Tschikof ist Vizepräsident des Liechtensteinischen Skiverbandes.

Trivia
Am 21. September 2013 gewann Martha Bühler bei der Küchenschlacht im ZDF.

Platzierungen
 Olympische Winterspiele 1968
 Abfahrt, Frauen: 1:53,33 min – 38. Platz
 Riesenslalom, Frauen: 2:00,91 min – 33. Platz
 Slalom, Frauen: 1:49,44 min – 28. Platz
 21. Alpine Skiweltmeisterschaften 1970
 Abfahrt, Frauen: 2:06,20 min – 25. Platz
 Olympische Winterspiele 1972
 Abfahrt, Frauen: 1:40,06 min – 10. Platz
 Riesenslalom, Frauen: 1:33,15 min – 10. Platz
 Slalom, Frauen: 1:41,69 min – 18. Platz

Weblinks
 Regierungsrat Hugo Quaderer verleiht das Goldene Lorbeerblatt des Sports, 5. November 2010, presseportal.ch
 Lebenslinien, Interview mit Martha Bühler (11. Januar 2012)

Einzelnachweise

Alpiner Skirennläufer (Liechtenstein)
Olympiateilnehmer (Liechtenstein)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1968
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1972
Teilnehmer einer Alpinen Skiweltmeisterschaft
Sportler des Jahres (Liechtenstein)
Liechtensteiner
Geboren 1951
Frau

Martha Bühler


1956 (MCMLVI) pazar günü başlayan bir artık yıldır.

Olaylar
 1 Ocak - Sudan bağımsız bir cumhuriyet olduğunu ilan etti.
 14 Ocak - İstanbul'da Divan Oteli açıldı.
 26 Ocak - Birleşik Krallık'ta eroin yasaklandı.
 31 Ocak - Juscelino Kubitschek, Brezilya'nın 21. Devlet Başkanı olarak göreve başladı.
 2 Şubat - Türk Eczacıları Birliği kuruldu.
 13 Şubat - Sinop'un Gerze ilçesi 18 saat süren yangında tamamen yandı. Şiddetli lodos nedeniyle söndürülemeyen yangında 17 kişi öldü, 800 ev ve 300 dükkân yok oldu.
 20 Şubat - Eskişehir'de meydana gelen 6.4 büyüklüğündeki depremde 2 kişi öldü.
 22 Şubat - Elvis Presley ilk kez Heartbreak Hotel ile müzik listelerine girdi.
 25 Şubat - Çoruh ilinin adı, Artvin olarak değiştirildi.
 1 Mart - İstanbul Belediyesi ve Valiliği birbirinden ayrıldı.
 2 Mart - Fas, Fransa'dan bağımsızlığına kavuştu.
 20 Mart - Tunus, Fransa'dan bağımsızlığına kavuştu.
 23 Mart - Pakistan, dünya'nın ilk İslam cumhuriyeti oldu.
 8 Nisan - Seyhan Barajı hizmete açıldı.
 15 Mayıs - Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi kuruldu.
 24 Mayıs - İlk Eurovision yarışması yapıldı.
 8 Ağustos - Belçika'da bir kömür madeninde çıkan yangında 262 kişi öldü.
 13 Ağustos Türkiye'de Ortaokullara din dersi konuldu.
 10 Ekim - Finlandiya Birleşmiş Milletler Eğitim, Bilim ve Kültür Örgütü'ne katıldı.
 17 Ekim - İlk sivil kullanım amaçlı nükleer enerji santrali İngiltere'de hizmete girdi.
 23 Ekim - Macaristan Halk Cumhuriyeti'nde Macar Devrimi başladı.
 29 Ekim - Mısır'ın Süveyş Kanalı'nı millileştirme kararı üzerine İsrail'in Mısır'a saldırması ile Süveyş Krizi başladı.
 2 Aralık - Fidel Castro ve yandaşları, tekneyle Küba'ya vardı.
 12 Aralık - Japonya, Birleşmiş Milletler'e üye oldu.

Tarihi bilinmeyenler
 Türkiye'ye su sayacı ithali durduruldu.

Doğumlar

Ocak
 3 Ocak - Mel Gibson, Amerikalı oyuncu
 5 Ocak - Gérard Berliner, Fransız oyuncu (ö. 2010)
 13 Ocak - Ghislaine Dupont, Fransız gazeteci (ö. 2013)
 7 Ocak - Leonard Lansink, Alman oyuncu
 26 Ocak - Carrie Fisher, Amerikalı aktris, senarist ve yazar

Şubat

Mart
 9 Mart - Birgit Doll, Avusturyalı aktris
 18 Mart - Deborah Jeane Palfrey, Amerikalı iş insanı (ö. 2008)

Nisan
 12 Nisan - Andy Garcia, Amerikalı oyuncu
 30 Nisan - Lars von Trier, Danimarkalı yönetmen

Mayıs
 7 Mayıs - Jan Peter Balkenende, Hollandalı akademisyen ve siyasetçi
 25 Mayıs - Can Ataklı, Türk gazeteci ve yazar

Haziran
 10 Haziran - Mickey Curry, Amerikalı müzisyen
16 Haziran - II. Mesrob Mutafyan, Ermeni din adamı ve Türkiye Ermenileri'nin 84'üncü patriğiydi.

Temmuz
 5 Temmuz - Ahn Ho-young, Güney Koreli diplomat
 21 Temmuz - Diane Legault, Kanadalı siyasetçi
 26 Temmuz - Andy Goldsworthy, İngiliz sanatçı ve fotoğrafçı

Ağustos

Eylül
 7 Eylül - Diane Warren, Amerikalı şarkı sözü yazarı
 8 Eylül - David Carr, Amerikalı köşe yazarı ve gazeteci (ö. 2015)
 9 Eylül - Ayhan Kavas, Türk oyuncu
 21 Eylül - Momir Bulatović, eski Karadağ Cumhuriyeti başkanı (ö. 2019)
 23 Eylül - Paolo Rossi, İtalyan futbolcu

Ekim
 1 Ekim - Andrus Ansip, Estonya başbakanı
 6 Ekim - Joachim Lottmann, Alman gazeteci
 23 Ekim - Dwight Yoakam, Amerikalı müzisyen, şarkı sözü yazarı ve aktör

Kasım
 10 Kasım - Memduh Abdülalim, Mısırlı oyuncu (ö. 2016)
 15 Kasım - Celso Fonseca, Brezilyalı şarkıcı ve gitarist

Aralık
 1 Aralık - Chris McMeekin, Britanyalı orta mesafe koşucusu
9 Aralık - Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Fransız yazar
 23 Aralık - Dave Murray, İngiliz gitarist
 24 Aralık - Irene Khan, Uluslararası Af Örgütü'nün yedinci genel sekreteri

Doğduğu gün ve ay bilinmeyenler
 Juan Bautista Soler, İspanyol iş insanı
 Nura el Feyz, Suudi siyasetçi

Ölümler

 23 Ocak - Alexander Korda, Macar asıllı İngiliz yönetmen ve yapımcı
 9 Mart - Ali Ekber Dihhoda, İranlı dil bilgini (d.1879)
 27 Mayıs - Samed Vurgun, Azeri şair (d. 1906)
 26 Haziran - Clifford Brown, Amerikalı caz trompetçisi (d. 1930)
 19 Temmuz - Lightner Witmer, Amerikalı psikolog (d. 1867)
 25 Ağustos - Alfred Kinsey, Amerikalı biyolog, entomoloji ve zooloji profesörü (d. 23 Temmuz 1894)
 16 Ekim - Jules Rimet, Fransız FIFA başkanı (d. 1873)

1956


Elsa Woutersen-van Doesburgh (1875-1957) foi uma artista holandesa.

Biografia
Woutersen-van Doesburgh, nascida van Doesburgh, nasceu no dia 7 de dezembro de 1875 em Amsterdão. Frequentou a Quellinusschool, a Académie des Beaux-Arts em Bruxelas e a Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten. Os seus professores incluíram August Allebé, Robert von Haug e Jacob Ritsema. Em 1910 ela foi premiada com o Willink van Collen prijs (Prémio Willink van Collen). Em 1911 casou-se com Wouter Petrus Wouterse. O seu trabalho foi incluído na exposição e venda de 1939 Onze Kunst van Heden (A Nossa Arte de Hoje) no Rijksmuseum, em Amsterdão. Woutersen-van Doesburgh era um membro do Arti et Amicitiae.

Willeboordsel faleceu no dia 8 de março de 1957, em Bloemendaal.

Mortos em 1957
Nascidos em 1875
Artistas dos Países Baixos
Mulheres do século XX
Mulheres do século XIX

Elsa Woutersen-van Doesburgh


بانوكشسب نامه ملحمة فارسية وهي قصة فذّة بطلتها امرأة اسمها بانو كشسب بنت رستم وامرأة أخرى اسمها كيو بن كودرز.

تزوّجت بعد تزاحم الأبطال عليها. وقد غضبت مرة من زوجها فربطته وسجنته حتى جاء أبوها رستم فخلصه. ولها وقائع في البطولة تضعها في عداد الأبطال العظماء. وفي القصة آلاف بيت.

مراجع

أدب فارسي
شخصيات من ملاحم شعرية
قصائد سردية
قصائد فارسية
قصائد ملحمية في الفارسية
ملاحم
أساطير فارسية

بانوكشسب نامة


La Reina Hada (en inglés: The Faerie Queene) es un poema épico incompleto en inglés escrito por Edmund Spenser. La primera parte se publicó en 1590 y la segunda parte en 1596. La Reina Hada es notable por su forma: se trata de la primera obra escrita utilizando la llamada estrofa spenseriana y es uno de los poemas más largos en inglés. Es un texto de carácter alegórico, escrito para alabar a Isabel I. En gran medida simbólico, el poema sigue el quehacer de diversos caballeros en un examen de sus diversas virtudes.

Enlaces externos

 Texto parcial inglés en Wikisource.

Poemas épicos
Literatura de Inglaterra
Obras literarias modernas de la materia de Bretaña en inglés
Libros de Reino Unido
Inglaterra en el siglo XVI
Publicaciones anticatólicas

La Reina Hada


Riepsdorf Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Ostholstein iline bağlı bölge. 25,81 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu 31 Aralık 2003 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1048 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Heinrich Duvenbeck tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.lensahn.de

Ostholstein iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Riepsdorf


Scris / Nescris este un film românesc din 2016 regizat de Adrian Silișteanu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Sorin Mihai, Elena Ursaru, Alina Șerban.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2016 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2016

Scris / Nescris


Kazuma Irifune (født 15. november 1986) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Sanfrecce Hiroshima og Tokushima Vortis.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kazuma Irifune


Hydriastele hombronii  es una especie de palmera endémica de  las Islas Salomón y está considerada en peligro de extinción por la pérdida de hábitat.

Hábitat
Esta palmera se encuentra dispersa en los pantanos con árboles de hoja ancha, y en el bosque nuboso en suelos ultrabásicos a una altitud de 100 a 1.500 metros.

Taxonomía
Hydriastele hombronii fue descrita por Odoardo Beccari W.J.Baker & Loo y publicado en Kew Bulletin 59: 65, en el año 2004.
Etimología
Hydriastele: nombre genérico compuesto por Hydrias = "ninfa de agua" y stele = "columna o pilar", tal vez refiriéndose a los delgados tallos erectos de las especies que crecen cerca del agua.

hombronii: epíteto
Sinonimia
Gulubia hombronii Becc. basónimo

Referencias

hombronii

Hydriastele hombronii


A unitary perfect number is an integer which is the sum of its positive proper unitary divisors, not including the number itself (a divisor d of a number n is a unitary divisor if d and n/d share no common factors). Some perfect numbers are not unitary perfect numbers, and some unitary perfect numbers are not ordinary perfect numbers.

Known examples
The number 60 is a unitary perfect number, because 1, 3, 4, 5, 12, 15, and 20 are its proper unitary divisors, and 1 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 12 + 15 + 20 = 60. The first five, and only known, unitary perfect numbers are , , , , and  .  The respective sums of their proper unitary divisors are as follows:
 6 = 1 + 2 + 3
 60 = 1 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 12 + 15 + 20
 90 = 1 + 2 + 5 + 9 + 10 + 18 + 45
 87360 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 13 + 15 + 21 + 35 + 39 + 64 + 65 + 91 + 105 + 192 + 195 + 273 + 320 + 448 + 455 + 832 + 960 + 1344 + 1365 + 2240 + 2496 + 4160 + 5824 + 6720 + 12480 + 17472 + 29120
 146361946186458562560000 = 1 + 3 + 7 + 11 + ... + 13305631471496232960000 + 20908849455208366080000 + 48787315395486187520000 (4095 divisors in the sum)

Properties
There are no odd unitary perfect numbers. This follows since 2d*(n) divides the sum of the unitary divisors of an odd number n, where d*(n) is the number of distinct prime factors of n. One gets this because the sum of all the unitary divisors is a multiplicative function and one has that the sum of the unitary divisors of a prime power pa is pa + 1 which is even for all odd primes p. Therefore, an odd unitary perfect number must have only one distinct prime factor, and it is not hard to show that a power of prime cannot be a unitary perfect number, since there are not enough divisors.

It is not known whether or not there are infinitely many unitary perfect numbers, or indeed whether there are any further examples beyond the five already known.  A sixth such number would have at least nine odd prime factors.

References

   Section B3.

Integer sequences
Perfect numbers

Unitary perfect number


Drymusa canhemabae é uma espécie de falsa-aranha-violino do gênero Drymusa. Foi descoberta em 2004 em uma expedição no rio Juruti, no Pará, Brasil, e é considerada ameaçada de extinção. Ela mede 2,16 milímetros de comprimento. Seu nome específico canhemabae é uma adaptação do tupi e significa "aquele que pode desaparecer". Em 2007, foi classificada como vulnerável na Lista de espécies de flora e fauna ameaçadas de extinção do Estado do Pará; e em 2018, sob a rubrica de "dados insuficientes" no Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio).

Drymusa
Aracnídeos descritos em 2004
Aracnídeos do Pará
Espécies citadas na lista Extinção Zero do Estado do Pará
Espécies citadas no Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção

Drymusa canhemabae


Mozambička makondeska unija (eng. Mocambique Maconde Union, port. União Maconde de Moçambique), politički pokret naroda Makonde iz Portugalskog Mozambika, tj. iz sjevernog Mozambika i Tanganjike.

Nastala je 1954. godine. Smatra ju se prethodnicom MANU-a. Ujedinjavanjem Mozambičke makondeske unije te još nekoliko manjih skupina osnovana je veljače 1961. godine Mozambička afrička nacionalna unija.

Izvori

Literatura
 Ronald Chilcote, Portuguese Africa. 1967.; Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, U.S.A.; Prentice-Hall.
 Richard Gibson, African Liberation Movements. 1972.; London; Oxford University Press.

Povijest Mozambika
Povijesne političke stranke
Makondeska unija
Tanzanijske političke stranke

Mozambička makondeska unija


116 (CXVI) salı günü başlayan bir artık yıldır.

Olaylar
 Roma imparatoru Trajan; Seleucia, Babil, Tizpon ve Susa'yı ele geçirdi.

Doğumlar
 Liang Na, Çin imparatoru Shun'un eşi (ö. 150)

Ölümler
 Ban Zhao, Çinli ilk kadın tarihçi (d. 45)
 Philopappos, Kommagene prensi (d. 65)

116


Kåfjorden (nordsamisk: Gáivuotna, kvensk: Kaivuono) er en fjordarm af Lyngenfjorden i Kåfjord kommune i Troms og Finnmark fylke i Norge. Fjorden er 20 kilometer lang og har indløb mellem Ystebyneset i nord og Nordnesodden i syd. Den går i sydøstlig retning til Kåfjordbotn.

Bygden Olderdalen ligger på nordsiden i den ydre del af fjorden, og herfra går der færge til Lyngseidet på vestsiden af Lyngen. Her ligger også Kåfjord kirke. På sydsiden af Kåfjorden ligger Løkvoll i bygden Manndalen. Bygden Skardalen ligger lidt længere inde i fjorden på sydsiden.

Europavej E6 går langs fjorden på begge sider.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Troms og Finnmark
Kåfjord

Kåfjorden


The Battle of Burkersdorf was a battle fought on 21 July 1762 during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War). A Prussian army of 40,000 men fought an Austrian army of around 30,000 men.

After the death of Elizabeth of Russia, czarina of Russia, her nephew Peter III came to the throne. Peter was a great admirer of Frederick the Great and all things Prussian, and Frederick used this to his advantage. Peter promptly withdrew his army from the war, abandoned Russian-occupied East Prussia, and signed a treaty of peace with Frederick. Peter then sent a force to aid the Prussian army in the campaign against the Austrians.

Peter's reign was short-lived, however, as his wife Catherine the Great seized the throne, and he died shortly afterwards. Catherine withdrew from the war and sent orders for Count Zakhar Tchernyshov aiding the Prussians to withdraw.

The Austrian army was not aware of the exit of the Russian forces until Frederick began the battle.

Frederick attacked and won, and the Russian force returned home.  Catherine's attempts to resume the war against Prussia were in vain, as peace talks were already being initiated at Hubertsberg.

References
 http://www.britishbattles.com/frederick/battle-burkersdorf.htm

Specific

External links

Battle of Burkersdorf
Battles of the Seven Years' War
Battles involving Prussia
Battles involving Austria
1762 in the Habsburg monarchy
Battles of Frederick the Great
Battles of the Silesian Wars
History of Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Battle of Burkersdorf (1762)


Ăsta da Crăciun! (titlu original: Moonlight and Mistletoe) este un film de Crăciun american din 2008 regizat de Karen Arthur. Este scris de Tracy Rosen și Duane Poole. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Candace Cameron Bure și Tom Arnold. A avut premiera la 29 noiembrie 2008 pe Hallmark Channel.

Prezentare

Distribuție
 Candace Cameron Bure - Holly Crosby
 Tom Arnold - Nick Crosby
 Christopher Wiehl - Peter Lowdell
 Barbara Niven - Ginny
 Matt Walton - Ben Richards
Richard Waterhouse - Mr. Jennings
Heather Remick -  Della Wallace
Lillian Pritchard - Teenage Holly
Ari Larson - Teenage Peter
Kaily Smith - Brenda
Norris Cashman - Train Conductor
Scott Whitney - Train Engineer

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
Listă de filme de Crăciun de televiziune sau direct-pe-video
 2008 în film
 2008 în televiziune

Filme din 2008
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Karen Arthur
Filme de Crăciun
Filme de televiziune din 2008
Filme Hallmark Channel
Filme americane de televiziune

Ăsta da Crăciun!


Luc Lafnet (22. janúar 1899 – 29. september 1939) var belgískur myndlistarmaður sem sinnti á skömmum ferli afar fjölbreytilegri listsköpun m.a. undir dulnefnunum Davine og Jim Black. Hann hefur í seinni tíð verið talinn eiga talsverðan þátt í þróun myndasöguhetjunnar Svals sem samverkamaður teiknarans Rob-Vel.

Ævi og störf
Luc eða Lucien Lafnet fæddist í Liège og hóf ungur listnám þar í borg. Þegar á táningsaldri naut hann viðurkenningar fyrir verk sín og lifði og hrærðist í listamannakreðsum borgarinnar. Hann fluttist til Parísar einungis 21 árs að aldri og vakti snemma athygli fyrir málaralist, ætingu og freskugerð. Hann vann veggskreytingar fyrir ýmsar kirkjur en jafnframt vann hann mikið af myndverkum um Biblíuleg efni með ætingu, sem nutu nokkurra vinsælda.

Á sama tíma og Lafnet var að skapa sér orðspor fyrir trúarlegar myndir átti hann sér aðra hlið í listsköpun sinni. Hann teiknaði mikið af kynferðislegum myndum sem sýndu m.a. BDSM-kynlíf, yfirleitt undir listamannsnafninu Jim Black en einnig sem Grim, Rich, Pol o.fl.

Myndasögugerð og sköpun Svals
Líf listmálarans á fjórða áratugnum einkenndist af miklu harki. Lafnet tók að sér ótal verkefni, svo sem við auglýsingagerð og teikningu myndasagna, einatt undir öðrum nöfnum. Eitt þeirra dulnefna sem hann er nú talinn hafa notast við í því hlutverki var Davine, en þegar árið 1934 tóku að birtast myndasögur í barnablöðum undir því nafni sem virðast bera augljós höfundareinkenni Lafnets. Síðar átti Blanche Dumoulin, eiginkona Rob-Vel og gömul skólasystir og vinkona Lafnet frá Liège, eftir að teikna Svals-myndasögur undir heitinu Davine og var lengi vel talið að hún stæði ein að baki því dulnefni.

Þegar Myndasögublaðið Svalur var stofnað árið 1938 var Rob-Vel ráðinn til að skapa og teikna titilpersónuna, auk þess að semja aðrar myndasögur fyrir blaðið. Vinnuálagið var mikið og greip teiknarinn því til þess að ráða Lafnet, sameiginlegan vin þeirra hjóna, sér til aðstoðar en þau voru öll búsett í París.

Lafnet og Rob-Vel unnu saman að myndasögum um félagana Bibor og Tribar í Svals-tímaritinu þar sem Lafnet teiknaði m.a. auðkennandi bakgrunnspersónur, sem bera sterkt svipmót af ýmsu því sem finna má í sumum elstu sögunum um Sval. Þótt ljóst sé að Rob-Vel hafi einn og óstuddur skapað vikapiltinn Sval eru sterk líkindi til þess að Lafnet hafi átt stóran þátt í gerð sagnanna í blábyrjun. Jafnvel er talið mögulegt að Lafnet hafi stýrt penslinum í fyrstu myndasögunni um Sval, en þar sést teiknari sem er sláandi líkur Lafnet í útliti teikna söguhetjuna sem óðara lifnar til lífsins.

Sviplegt fráfall
Luc Lafnet kvæntist Jeanne Valmaldren. Þau áttu saman dótturina Anne-Marie sem lést aðeins 13 ára gömul árið 1938. Dótturmissirinn varð Lafnet gríðarlegt áfall og innan við ári síðar greindist hann með krabbamein í brisi og lést eftir skamma sjúkralegu.

Heimildir
 Luc Lafnet; grein á myndasöguvefnum Lambiek.net

Belgískir myndlistarmenn
Belgískir myndasöguhöfundar
Svalur og Valur

Luc Lafnet


Sultan Alâeddin Camii, 12. yüzyılda Ankara'da İç Kale'nin girişinde, Selçuklu meliki Muhyiddin Mesud tarafından yaptırılmış camidir.

Ankara'nın en eski camisidir. II. Alaeddin Keykubad döneminde onarılmıştır ve bu yüzden "Alâeddin Camii" olarak bilinir. Osmanlı Sultanı II. Murat devrinde de onarım gören yapı, bazı kaynaklarda  "Muradiye Camii" olarak anılır ancak halk arasında ve kaynaklarda "Alâeddin" ismi hiç terk edilmemiştir.

II. Kılıçarslan'ın oğullarından Muhyiddin Mesud'un Ankara'da hüküm sürdüğü devirde sarayla birlikte yapılmıştır.

Çivi çakmaların kullanıldığı sahte kündekâri tekniğiyle ile yapılmış ahşap minberi,  doğusunda daha evvel inşa edilmiş eski Eski Camisi, batısındaki Selçuklu Sarayı, kuzeyindeki son cemaat yeri ve onun üstündeki kadınlar mahfeli ile sanat tarihi açısından önem taşır.

Tarihçe
Ankara Kalesi'nin 1073'te Türkler tarafından fethedilmesinden sonra 12. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğine kadar şehirdeki Müslüman nüfus fazla değildi, bu dönemde Müslümanların diğer İslam şehirlerinin pek çoğunda olduğu gibi genellikle terkedilen veya ortak kullanılan Bizans mabetlerinde ibadet ettikleri düşünülür.  Alâeddin Camii'nin doğusundaki, 15.92 m. uzunluğa ve en geniş yerde 9.13 m genişliğe sahip, günümüzde üstü tamamen açık olan alan, Türkler'in 1073'te Ankara Kalesini fethettikten sonra yaptıkları ilk cami idi (Eski Cami). Hemen batısında bir de kilisenin bulunduğu düşünülen Eski Cami, iç kaledeki mekân darlığı yüzünden çok küçük ebatlı idi. Bu yapıdan günümüze gelen en önemli unsur üst yarısı tamamen yıkılmış olan ve iki kademe halinde derinleşen mihraptır.

Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti toprakları  II.Kılıçarslan tarafından oğulları arasında pay edildiğinde kendisine Ankara toprakları verilen Muhyiddin Mesud, 1186-1204 yılları arasında bu şehirde yaşadı. Ankara'da hüküm sürdüğü dönemde şehirde bir saray yaptırdığı; günümüzde Alâeddin Camii olarak adlandırılan camiyi sarayla birlikte inşa ettirdiği düşünülür. Kıble duvarının batı ucunda bulunan ve küçük bir dehlize açılan kapıdan saraya bağlantı sağladığı ihtimali üzerinde durulur

Caminin minber kitabesinde minberin cami ile birlikte yapıldığı ifade edilir ve Hicri Safer 594 (Miladi Kasım 1197) tarihi yer alır. Kimi araştırmacılar bunun 574 (1178) olarak da okunabileceğini belirtmişlerdir ve caminin girişine 1178 tarihi yazılmıştır.

Caminin kuzeyindeki son cemaat yeri ile üstündeki kadınlar mahfeli cami ile birlikte yapılmıştır. Anadolu'daki son cemaat yeri ve üst katta kadınlar mahfeli olan ilk camidir. Hacı Bayram, İbadullah, Ağaç Ayak ve Zincirli camileri gibi pek çok esere ilham vermiştir.

Muhyiddin Mesud'un bağımsız bir melik gibi hareket etmesi, kardeşi Rükneddin Süleyman Şah'ın şehri kuşatmasına sebep olmuştur. Uzun süren  bu kuşatmada  caminin  ağır darbeler aldığı sanılıyor. 1204'te şehri teslim etmek zorunda kalan Muhyiddin Mesud öldürülmüş ve taht kavgaları sürüp giderken birkaç sene sonra Alâeddin Keykubad Ankara'ya sığınmıştır. Ankara'da iki yıl kalan Keykubad'in camiyi yenilediği kabul edilir. Ancak Keykubad, 1213'te şehri ağabeyi Keykavus'a terk etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Kalenin hemen bitişiğinde yer alan caminin bu kuşatmada da hasar görmüş olması muhtemeldir.

Yapı 361 yılında Sultan Orhan'ın valisi Sülü Paşa  ve  II. Murad devrinde 1433 yılında Şerif Sünbül Hatun tarafından  onartılmış;  II. Abdülhamid devrinde 1895 yılında tekrar onarım görmüştür. Cumhuriyet devrinde  ise  1954 ve 1985 yıllarında da Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından onarılmıştır. Geçirdiği birçok tamirle aslî mimarisini epeyce kaybetmiştir.

Mimari özellikleri
Kıbleye dik olarak yerleştirilmiş dikdörtgen planlı düz tavanlı bir harim ile kuzeyde devşirme sütunlar üzerine yine düz tavanlı olarak inşa edilen bir son cemaat yerinden meydana gelir.  Üstü ahşap düz tavanla örtülüdür.

Kuzeyde giriş kapısının iki yanında, son cemaat yerine açılan iki, batıda altta ve üstte üçer, doğuda altta üç ve kıblede üstte beş olmak üzere, toplam onaltı pencere ile aydınlanır. Ayrıca kadınlar mahfilinde de kuzeye açılan üç pencere bulunur.

Harimin kuzeyinde giriş kapısının iki yanında müezzin mahfili ve üstte de oyma kafes usulü ile yapılmış, giriş kapısı üzerindeki orta kısmı yarım daire şekilli kadınlar mahfeli yer alır.
Mihrap, 1895 yılındaki onarımdan kalmadır.

Kitabeleri
Mabedin dışında mermere oyularak yazılmış dört satırlık imar kitabesi, kapı üzerinde üçer satırdan oluşan iki adet tamir kitabesi ve minberde yine imar kitabesi bulunur.

Sol taraftaki tamir kitabesi miladi 1361 yılı tarihlidir ve Türkçesi şu şekildedir: "Büyük efendimiz ulu Sultan (Tanrı mülkünü ebedi kılsın) cemaatinden Lulu Paşa 763 (hicri) senesinde bu mübarek camiyi tamir etti."

Sağ taraftaki tamir kitabesi miladi 1433 tarihlidir ve Türkçesi şu şekildedir: "Tanrı'nın mağrifetini dilemek için bu kutlu mescidi Mehmet Han oğlu Murat Han saltanatı günlerinde Şerife Sünbül Hatun 837 (hicri) yılında tamir ettirdi."

Minberi
Mabedin minberi, dönemin ağaç işçiliğini taşıyan en güzel örneklerdendir. Ceviz ağacından oyularak Çivi çakmaların kullanıldığı sahte kündekâri ekniğiyle yapılan minberde sekizgenler arasına yerleşen yıldızlar ve baklava şekilleri içerisinde rumi kompozisyonlar görülür. Minberin merdiven kapısı üzerinde dendanlı geometrik şekiller haricinde iki hilal motifi görülür. Bu kapıdaki kündekarî zamanla yıpranmış ve geçmeleri hasar gördüğünden çakılmıştır.

Minberin yanında bulunan kitabeye göre  minberinustası, Marangoz Ebubekir oğlu İbrahim Rûmî'dir.

Minberin 15. asırda yapılan ikinci tamiratında kalan pencere kanadı ise Ankara Etnografya Müzesinde sergilenmektedir.

Minare
Caminin minaresi kuzeybatı köşede camiden ayrı, kare planlı, kesme taş bir kaide üzerinde yükselmektedir.1433 yılındaki onarımda inşa edildiği sanılır. Silindirik tuğla gövde üzerine yumuşak beyaz taşla yapılan minare tek şerefeli ve 30 metre yüksekliğindedir. Tuğla gövdenin altında ve üstünde birer taş bilezik dolaşmaktadır. Taş korkuluklu şerefeye kirpi saçaklarla geçilir. Peteğin üstü kurşun külâhlıdır.

Çeşme
Caminin kuzeybatı köşesinde, son cemaat yerinin sokağa bakan cephesinde, caminin korkuluk duvarı içine gömülmüş durumda, sağlam olmasına rağmen bugün suyu kesilerek kullandırılmayan, dikdörtgen şekilli bir eski çeşme bulunmaktadır. Suyunun taşıma usulü ile temin edildiği, cemaatin abdest alması için namaz vakitlerinde suyun özel bir tesisatla salıverildiği sanılmaktadır. Çeşmenin üzerinde ayrıca isteyenin her zaman tasla su içmesini sağlayan sebil bulunur. Bu çeşmes-sebilin Selçuklular devrinden beri mevcut olduğu sanılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Ankara'daki camiler
Anadolu Selçuklu yapıları
Türkiye'deki Selçuklu camileri
1190'larda tamamlanan dinî yapılar
12. yüzyılda tamamlanan camiler
Ankara'daki Selçuklu dönemi yapıları
Türkiye'deki taş camiler
Kale, Altındağ

Sultan Alaeddin Camii