يَحتفل العالم في 16 تشرين الأول مِن كُل عام بِاليوم العالمي للغذاء وَهو يَوم أَعلنته منظمة الأغذية والزراعة (الفاو) التابعة لِمُنظمة الأمم المتحدة، حيث يتم الاحتفال بهذا اليوم على نِطاق واسع مِن قبل العديد من المنظمات الأخرى المعنية بالأمن الغذائي، بما في ذلك برنامج الأغذية العالمي.

يهدف يوم الغذاء العالمي إلى تعميق الوَعي العام بِمعاناة الجِياع وناقصي الأغذية في العالم، وإلى تشجيع الناس في مُختلف أنحاء العالم على اتخاذ تدابير لمكافحة الجُوع، فيحتفل أكثر من 150 بلد بهذه المُناسبة كُل عام، وفي الولايات المُتحدة ترعى أكثر من 450 مُنظمة تطوعية قومية ومن القطاع الخاص يوم الأغذية العالمي، وتعمل الجماعات المحلية بنشاط في كُل مجتمع من المُجتمعات المَحلية تقريباً.

مَوضوع السَنة
موضوع يوم الأغذية العالمي لعام 2017 هو «فلنغير مستقبل الهجرة: نستثمر في الأمن الغذائي والتنمية الريفية».

المنشأ
بادرت البلدان الأعضاء في منظمة الأغذية والزراعة (الفاو)، خلال الدورة العشرين لمؤتمر المنظمة المعقودة في نوفمبر/تشرين الثاني 1979، إلى إقامة يوم الأغذية العالمي، ويصادف التاريخ الذي وقع عليه الاختيار- وهو 16 أكتوبر/تشرين الأول - الذكرى السنوية لإنشاء الفاو في عام 1945. وكان الوفد المجري قد لعب دوراً نشطاً خلال دورة المؤتمر العشرين للمنظمة بقيادة الوزير المجري السابق للزراعة والأغذية الدكتور بال روماني، الذي اقترح فكرة الاحتفال بيوم الأغذية العالمي في جميع أنحاء العالم،.

الأهداف
يَهدف يوم الأغذية العالمي إلى:
 زيادة وَعي الرأي العام بمشكلة الجوع في العالم.
 التشجيع على توجيه قدر أكبر من الاهتمام إلى الإنتاج الزراعي في جميع البلدان، وبذل جهود أكبر على المستويات الوطنية والثنائية والمتعددة الأطراف وغير الحكومية لتحقيق هذا الغرض.
 تشجيع نقل التكنولوجيا إلى بُلدان العالم الثالث.
 تعزيز التضامن الدوُلي والقُطري في الكفاح ضد الجوع وسوء التغذية والفقر واسترعاء الاهتمام نحو المنجزات المتحققة في مجالي الأغذية والتنمية الزراعية.
 تشجيع مُساهمة جماهير الريف ولاسيَّما النساء وأكثر الفئات حِرماناً في اتخاذ القرارات والأنشطة التي تمس ظروف حياتهم.
 تشجيع التعاون الاقتصادي والتقني فيما بين البلدان النامية.

الموضوعات الرئيسية
منذ عام 1981، اعتَمَدَ يوم الأغذية العالمي موضوعاً مُختلفاً لكل عام من أجل تسليط الضوء على المجالات اللازمة للعمل وتشجيع التركيز المشترك،
وَتدور مُعظم المواضيع حول الزراعة لأن الاستثمار في الزراعة فقط جنباً إلى جنب مع دعم التعليم والصحة سَيُغير هذا الوضع، ولابد للجزء الأكبر من هذه الاستثمارات أن يأتي من القطاع الخاص، مع الاستثمار العام الذي يلعب دورا حاسماً لا سيَّما في ضوء تسهيل وتحفيز تأثيره على الاستثمار الخاص،
على الرغم من أهمية الزراعة كقوة دافعة في اقتصادات العديد من البلدان النامية، فإن هذا القطاع الحيوي كثيراً ما يفتقر إلى الاستثمار، وعلى وجه الدقة، فقد أظهرت المساعدات الخارجية للزراعة انخفاضاً مَلحوظاً على مدى السنوات العشرين الماضية. وقد جاءت المواضيع الرئيسية ليوم الأغذية العالمي كالتالي:
 1981: الأغذية تأتي أولاً.
 1982: الأغذية تأتي أولاً.
 1983: الأمن الغذائي.
 1984: النساء في الزراعة.
 1985: الفقر في المناطق الريفية.
 1986: الصيادون و مجتمعات الصيد.
 1987: صغار المزارعين.
 1988: شباب الريف.
 1989: الأغذية والبيئة.
 1990: الغذاء من أجل المستقبل.
 1991 : الأشجار في خدمة الحياة.
 1992 : الأغذية والتغذية.
 1993 : حصاد التنوع الطبيعي.
 1994 : الماء عصب الحياة.
 1995 : الغذاء للجميع.
 1996 : مكافحة الجوع وسوء التغذية.
 1997 : الاستثمار في الأمن الغذائي.
 1998 : المرأة تطعم العالم.
 1999 : الشباب ضد الجوع.
 2000: ألفية متحررة من الجوع.
 2001 : مكافحة الجوع للحد من الفقر.
 2002 : الماء: عماد الأمن الغذائي.
 2003 : العمل معا لإقامة تحالف دولي ضد الجوع.
 2004 : التنوع البيولوجي للتحقيق الأمن الغذائي.
 2005 : الزراعة والحوار بين الثقافات.
 2006 : الاستثمار في الزراعة لتحقيق الأمن الغذائي.
 2007: الحق في الغذاء.
 2008 : الأمن الغذائي العالمي: تحديات تغير المناخ والطاقة الحيوية.
 2009 : تحقيق الأمن الغذائي في وقت الأزمات.
 2010: معاً لمكافحة الجوع.
 2011: أسعار الأغذية - من التأزّم إلى الاستقرار.
 2012 : التعاونيات الزراعية تغذّي العالم.
 2013 : النظم الغذائية المستدامة لتحقيق الأمن الغذائي والتغذية.
 2014 : الزراعة الأسريّة: «إطعام العالم ورعاية الكوكب».
 2015 : الزراعة والحماية الاجتماعية – تقويض الحلقة المُفرغة للفقر الريفي.
 2016: المناخ يتغير، الأغذية والزراعة أيضاً.
 2017: فلنغير مستقبل الهجرة: نستثمر في الأمن الغذائي والتنمية الريفية.

القرارات المتعلقة بيوم الأغذية العالمي
هُناك عدة قرارت متعلقة بيوم الأغذية العالمي، وِمنها:
 القرارات الصادرة عن دورات المؤتمر العام للفاو: صدرت عدة قرارات عن الفاو تعمل على تنظيم آلية يوم الأغذية العالمي ومنها القرار (1/79، 7/81، 5/83، 2/87 ، 4/93، 1/95، 3/97).
 قرار الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة 35/70.
 إعلان الذكرى الخمسين بشأن الأغذية والزراعة.
 إعلان بشأن الذكرى الستين لمنظمة الأغذية والزراعة - ضمان تحرير البشرية من الجوع.

انظُر أيضاً
 الأمن الغذائي.
 جائزة الغذاء العالمية.

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لمنظمة الأغذية والزراعة للأمم المتحدة
 يوم الأغذية العالمي، 16 أكتوبر / تشرين الأول 2013

المراجع

أيام الأمم المتحدة
أيام توعية
سياسات زراعية
سياسات غذائية
مناسبات أكتوبر
منظمة الأغذية والزراعة

يوم الأغذية العالمي


Opaklija, dio seoske zimske narodne odjeće u Hrvata. Izrađuje se od ovčjega krzna. To je velik, dug krzneni ogrtač, rađen najčešće u jedanaest do trinaest pola, sužen oko vrata. Opaklija je sezala od vrata sve do zemlje, a bila je obrubljena obašvom od janjeće kože i vunenim nitima raznih boja. Negdje je kao prsluk nalik ogrtaču, odnosno kao ogrtač u obliku kabanice kojemu je vuna naopako, otkuda i ime (opak, naopak). Velike opaklije šilo se od 14 – 20 janjećih kožica ili od 6 - 10 velikih ovčjih koža. Manje opaklije šilo se za žene i djecu. Cijena velike opaklije bila je koliko i za osrednju mliječnu kravu.
Nije se uzimalo bilo koje ovčje krzno. Opaklija se ne pravi od krzna ovaca koje imaju runo, nego ravnu dlaku kao što je pramenka, pa je bilo opaklija s dužom i skraćenom dlakom. Kod Hrvata iz podskupine Bunjevaca karakteristično su ispod kragne odnatrag pričvršćivali "kožicu" od astrahanskog janjeta. Budući da je opaklija bila skuplja za obične ljude, često su seljaci sami "učinili" krzno zaklane ovce, a onda su ga nosili kožuharu (ćurčiji) dovršiti pravo štavljenje.

Izvori

Odjeća
Hrvatska kultura

Opaklija


Ipanema () este un cartier (bairro) din Rio de Janeiro, Brazilia. Situat în zona de sud a orașului, pe malul Oceanului Atlantic, este delimitat la nord de laguna Rodrigo de Freitas, la est de cartierul Copacabana și la vest de cartierul Leblon.

Cartierul a fost popularizat de melodia A Garota de Ipanema (The Girl from Ipanema), scrisă de rezidenții Antônio Carlos Jobim și Vinícius de Moraes și interpretată de João Gilberto și Astrud Gilberto. Melodia a ajuns pe locul 5 în topul melodiilor din Statele Unite în vara anului 1964.

Este un cartier bogat și dinamic, renumit pentru mall-urile, restaurantele și barurile sale, dar mai ales pentru plaja sa. Este considerat și "micul Paris" al orașului, cu mai multe de galerii de artă, cinematografe și librării. Este leagănul stilului muzical bossa-nova.

Note

Cartiere din Rio de Janeiro

Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro


Yuvraj Singh (born 12 December 1981) is a former Indian international cricketer who played in all formats of the game. He is an all-rounder who batted left-handed in the middle order and bowled slow left-arm orthodox . He has won 7 Player of the Series awards in ODI cricket, which is joint 3rd highest by an Indian, shared with former Indian captain Sourav Ganguly. He is also the son of former Indian fast bowler and Punjabi actor Yograj Singh. He is regarded as one of the finest all rounder in the limited overs cricket. He is considered as one of the greatest fielders of all time along with Mohammad Kaif.

Yuvraj was a member of the Indian cricket team in One Day Internationals (ODIs) between 2000 and 2017 and played his first Test match in October 2003. He was the vice-captain of the Indian ODI team between 2007 and 2008. In a match against England at the 2007 World Twenty20, he famously hit six sixes in one over bowled by Stuart Broad — a feat performed only three times previously in any form of senior cricket, and never in an international match between two teams with Test match status. In the same match, he set the record for the fastest fifty in Twenty20 Internationals and in all T20 cricket, reaching 50 runs in 12 balls, which was a record for fastest half century in International cricket, until it was broken by Dipendra Airee during 2023 Asian Games but Yuvi's achievement is still an unbreakable fastest 50 record in the ICC Cricket World Cup and among ICC full member nations. During the 2011 World Cup, he became the first player to take a 5-wicket haul and score a 50 in the same World Cup match. During the 2011 World Cup, Yuvraj Singh played eight innings in nine matches and scored 362 runs with a remarkable average of 90.50. He also took 15 wickets in the tournament, maintaining an economy rate of 5.02.

In 2011, Yuvraj was diagnosed with a cancerous tumor in his left lung and underwent chemotherapy treatment in Boston and Indianapolis. In March 2012, he was discharged from the hospital after completing the third and final cycle of chemotherapy and returned to India in April. He made his international comeback in a Twenty20 match in September against New Zealand shortly before the 2012 World Twenty20.

In 2012, Yuvraj was conferred with the Arjuna Award, India's second highest sporting award by the Government of India. In 2014, he was awarded the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian honour. At the 2014 IPL auction Royal Challengers Bangalore bought Yuvraj for an all-time high price of 14 crore and, in 2015, the Delhi Daredevils bought him for 16 crore making him the second most expensive player ever to be sold in the IPL until Chris Morris was sold to the Rajasthan Royals for a record 16.25 crore in February 2021. In February 2014, he was honoured with FICCI Most Inspiring Sportsperson of the Year Award.

On 10 June 2019, Yuvraj announced his retirement from all forms of International cricket. He last represented India in June 2017, against the West Indies. His request for a return to domestic cricket and IPL was turned down by BCCI for participating in Global T20 League in Canada and T10 league.

Early years and personal life
Singh was born in a Punjabi Sikh family to Yograj Singh, a former India cricketer, and Shabnam Singh. Tennis and roller skating were Yuvraj's favourite sports during his childhood and he was quite good at both. He had also won the National Under-14 Roller Skating Championship. His father threw away the medal and told him to forget skating and concentrate on cricket. He would take Yuvraj to training every day.

Yuvraj studied at the DAV Public School in Chandigarh. He completed his graduation degree in commerce from DAV College, Panjab University, Chandigarh. He also did two short roles as child star in Mehndi Sagna Di and Putt Sardara.

In 2015, Yuvraj got engaged to Hazel Keech and married her on 30 November 2016. In February 2021, he purchased a luxury pent-house in Chattarpur, South Delhi. The couple had their first child, a boy named Orion, in January 2022. Their second child, a girl named Aura, was born on 25 August 2023.

Career

Youth career
Yuvraj began his career with Punjab Under-16s at the age of 13 years and 11 months in November of the 1995–96 season against Jammu and Kashmir-16s. In 1996–97, Yuvraj was promoted to Punjab Under-19s and scored 137 not out against Himachal Pradesh Under-19s.

Yuvraj made his first-class debut in late-1997 against Orissa during the 1997–98 Ranji Trophy but was dismissed for a duck opening the innings. His first break-out performance came in the Under-19 Cooch Behar Trophy Final of 1999 against Bihar at Jamshedpur; Bihar was all out with a score of 357 and Yuvraj batted at three for Punjab and made 358 runs himself. Yuvraj represented India in the series against Sri Lanka Under-19s in India in February 1999. In the third ODI, Yuvraj scored 89 runs from 55 balls. In 1999-2000 Ranji Trophy, he scored 149 against Haryana.

In the 2000 Under-19 Cricket World Cup which India won under the captaincy of Mohammad Kaif, Yuvraj's all-round performance earned him the Player of the Tournament award and a call-up to the national squad. His performance in the tournament included 68 off 62 and 4/36 against New Zealand in a group stage match, and a quickfire 58 off 25 balls against Australia in the semifinal. Yuvraj was subsequently selected in 2000 for the first intake of cricketers in the National Cricket Academy in Bangalore.

International breakthrough
Yuvraj was selected in the Indian squad for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy on the back of his impressive performances for the Under-19 team. He made his international debut against Kenya in the pre-quarterfinal. He bowled four overs conceding 16 runs but did not get to bat. In the quarterfinal match against Australia, Yuvraj won the man of the match for his innings of 84 out of 80 balls, against a pace attack consisting of Glenn McGrath, Brett Lee and Jason Gillespie, that helped India win by 20 runs. In the semifinal against South Africa, he scored 41 and picked 1/15. He scored only 18 against New Zealand in the final which India lost. The tournament was followed by a tri-series involving India, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe. Yuvraj scored just 55 runs in five innings at an average of 11. Yuvraj averaged 15.50 in the ODI series against the touring Zimbabwe side in December 2000 after which he was dropped from the team.

Yuvraj made his comeback during the 2001 Coca-Cola Cup in Sri Lanka. He scored a crucial 98* against Sri Lanka in the fifth match of an otherwise disappointing series with the bat. However, he proved to be useful with the ball as he took 8 wickets at an average of 27. In the Standard Bank triangular series involving hosts South Africa, India and Kenya, Yuvraj managed to score only 69 runs from 6 innings, including a duck in the final against South Africa. Following this, Dinesh Mongia and Hemang Badani were chosen over Yuvraj in the squad for the home series against England in January 2002.

Yuvraj returned to domestic cricket in early 2002. After a disappointing run in the Ranji knockouts, Yuvraj struck 209 for North Zone against South Zone in a Duleep Trophy match in March 2002. He was immediately drafted into the national squad for the final two ODIs against Zimbabwe with India trailing the series 1–2. Yuvraj made an impact in his return match at Hyderabad, scoring an unbeaten 80 off just 60 balls, taking India to a five-wicket win and levelling the series. He won the Man of the Match award for his efforts. In the final ODI at Guwahati, Yuvraj made 75 runs from 52 balls, sharing a 157-run fifth-wicket partnership with Mongia who scored his career-best unbeaten 159, to help India post a total of 333 in their 50 overs. India went on to win the game by 101 runs and the series 3–2.

2002 NatWest Series
After winning the ODI series in the West Indies 2–1, where Yuvraj managed scores of only 1 and 10, the Indian team toured England in June for the NatWest triangular series, featuring England, Sri Lanka, and India, and a four-match Test series against the hosts. In the first match at Lord's, Yuvraj won the man of the match for his all-round performance (3/39 and 64*) as India successfully chased down England's total of 271. In the next match against Sri Lanka, he scored 31 and shared a crucial 60-run sixth-wicket partnership with Mohammad Kaif to set up another successful run-chase. India's next match against England was washed out due to rain after Yuvraj had scored an unbeaten 40 off 19 balls to take India to 285/4 in their 50 overs. Yuvraj's knock of 37, along with a fifty from Rahul Dravid, helped India recover from 59/4 to reach a target of 188 posted by Sri Lanka. This win eliminated Sri Lanka from the series with another round of matches still to be played. Yuvraj had scores of 5 and 8 in the final round of matches but proved to be useful with the ball as he picked one wicket in each of the two games. At the end of the round-robin matches, India topped the points table with 19 points while England finished second with 15 points.

The final was played at Lord's on 13 July between India and England. After winning the toss and electing to bat first, England posted a daunting total of 325/5 in 50 overs. In reply, India was struggling at 146/5 at the end of 24 overs, when Kaif joined Yuvraj at the crease. The pair initially stabilised the innings and later scored at a brisk rate. The pair shared a partnership of 121 runs for the sixth wicket which came to an end when Yuvraj was dismissed for 69 off 63 balls when he top-edged a sweep shot in the 42nd over off the bowling of Paul Collingwood resulting in a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket.

Highs and lows
Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against South Africa. In November 2002, Yuvraj struggled in the first five games of the 7-match ODI series against West Indies, with a high score of 30. He returned to form in the sixth ODI at Jodhpur with a half-century that helped India win the match by three wickets and level the series 3-3. He top-scored for India in the 7th match with a 69-ball 68, but could not get support from any other batsman. India crashed to a 135-run defeat and lost the series. He struggled for runs in the seven-match ODI series in New Zealand in December 2002-January 2003, averaging just above 19 with a solitary fifty.

Despite his average form leading up to the 2003 ICC Cricket World Cup in South Africa, Yuvraj secured a place in the 15-man Indian squad for the tournament. He scored 37 in India's opening match against Netherlands. In the following games, he had scores of 0, 1 and 7* against Australia, Zimbabwe and Namibia respectively. He then scored a brisk 42 against England, followed by an unbeaten 50 against Pakistan setting up wins for India in both games. In the Super Six stage of the tournament, Yuvraj had scores of 58* against Kenya and 5 against Sri Lanka. He scored 16 in the semifinal against Kenya, and 24 against Australia in the final.

Yuvraj scored his maiden ODI century (102* from 85 balls) against Bangladesh at Dhaka on 11 April 2003. In May 2003, Yuvraj was signed up by the Yorkshire County Cricket Club for the 2003 county season. He became only the second Indian after Sachin Tendulkar to represent the county. Yuvraj's Test debut came on 16 October 2003 at his home ground Mohali against New Zealand. Batting at six, he scored 20 in the first innings, and 5* in the second innings. In the TVS Cup tri-series in October–November 2003 involving India, Australia and New Zealand, he scored 113 runs from 7 games at an average of 18.83 and top-score of 44.

Yuvraj returned to form in early-2004 in the tri-series involving Australia and Zimbabwe. He scored 314 runs from 8 innings at an average of 39.25, including his second ODI hundred - 139 runs from 122 balls, with 16 fours and two sixes - against Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground. He had a mixed tour of Pakistan in March–April 2004. He disappointed in the ODI series with 141 runs from 5 matches, averaging just over 28, but found success in the Test series. In the first Test at Multan, he scored 59 - his maiden Test fifty - as India registered an innings win. He also picked his maiden Test wicket during Pakistan's second innings. In the second Test at Lahore, Yuvraj scored his maiden Test century during India's first innings while the rest of the batting line-up struggled against the bowling of Umar Gul. Yuvraj's score of 112 came from just 129 deliveries with 15 fours and two sixes. He made only 12 runs in the second Test as Pakistan levelled the series after winning the match by 9 wickets. He scored 47 in the final Test at Rawalpindi where India secured the series with another innings victory. However, he suffered a drop in form in the latter half of 2004 with batting averages of 31 in the 2004 Asia Cup, 12.33 in the Natwest Series in England and just 4.50 in the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy. In October 2004, after the first two Tests of the Border-Gavaskar Trophy, he was dropped from the Test squad as his dismal run with the bat yielded just 47 runs from the two matches.

Despite Yuvraj's loss of form, he continued to be a regular feature in the Indian ODI team. In the Platinum Jubilee Match against Pakistan in November 2004, he scored a 62-ball 78 in a losing cause. In December 2004, Yuvraj scored 94 runs at an average of 31.33 in the three-match ODI tour of Bangladesh including a quickfire knock of 69 from 32 balls in the final ODI at Dhaka. He had a disappointing ODI series at home against Pakistan in April 2005, scoring 98 runs in six matches at 19.60.

Return to form
In July–August 2005, Yuvraj was the leading run-scorer for India in the 2005 Indian Oil Cup triangular series in Sri Lanka also involving the hosts Sri Lanka and West Indies. He scored 192 runs in four matches, averaging 48. He also recorded his third ODI century during the series - 110 runs from 114 balls - against the West Indies at Colombo for which he was adjudged the man of the match. Yuvraj then played in the Videocon Cup in August–September 2005, a triangular series involving India, New Zealand and the host's Zimbabwe. He averaged 54 with the bat in the series, scoring 216 runs from 5 matches. He scored 120 in the final round-robin match against Zimbabwe at Harare, helping India recover from 36/4 to successfully chase down a target of 251. It was his fourth ODI hundred and he won the man of the match award for his efforts. In the two-match Test tour of Zimbabwe that followed the tri-series, Yuvraj scored 12 and 25 runs. In October–November 2005, Yuvraj had a quiet seven-match ODI series at home against Sri Lanka. He managed just 124 runs in six innings at an average of 31 with a top score of 79*.

In November 2005, Yuvraj scored 103 in the first ODI against South Africa at Hyderabad to take India from 35/5 to a respectable total of 249/9, and won the man of the match award despite South Africa winning the game by five wickets. He picked 1/17 and remained not out in the second ODI at Bangalore, before the third match at Chennai was washed out due to rain. He scored 53 and 49 in the final two matches at Delhi and Ahmedabad respectively, and the series was drawn 2-2. Yuvraj and South African captain Graeme Smith were jointly awarded the Man of the series award as both of them scored 209 runs at 69.66, finishing as the joint-highest run-scorers of the series. Yuvraj had a mixed home Test series against Sri Lanka in December 2005 as he registered two ducks and two half-centuries. He scored 0 & 77* in the second Test at Delhi, and 0 & 75 in the third Test at Ahmedabad as India won both the matches by comfortable margins.

Yuvraj was picked in both Test and ODI squads for the Pakistan tour in January–February 2006. The first two Tests were drawn and Yuvraj batted only once, in the second Test, scoring 4. In the third Test at Karachi, he top-scored for India in both innings. After scoring 45 in the first innings, he went to score his second Test hundred in the second innings (122 runs from 144 balls). India lost the match by 341 runs and the series 1–0. In the one-day series, he continued his good form. He scored a 28-ball 39 in the first ODI at Peshawar which Pakistan won by 7 runs by the Duckworth–Lewis method. He scored an unbeaten 82 in the second match at Rawalpindi taking India to an emphatic 7-wicket win, before scoring an unbeaten 79 in the third game at Lahore and helping India successfully chase the target of 289. In the low-scoring fourth match at Multan, he scored 37 as India took the series with a five-wicket victory. In the fifth and the final ODI at Karachi, Yuvraj, batting at three, hit his sixth ODI century. His innings of 107* which came off 93 balls with 13 boundaries helped India comfortably chase down a target of 287 while losing only two wickets. He won the man of the match award for this innings and was also adjudged player of the series.

Against England, Yuvraj averaged 21.33 in two Tests in March but proved to be successful with both bat and ball in the ODI series in which he again won the player of the series award. During the series, he won the back-to-back man of the match awards in the third and fourth ODIs. In the third match, he made 103 from 76 balls, and in the fourth match, he picked 2/34 and scored 48. He scored a total of 237 runs in the series at an average of 47.40 and took 6 wickets with his part-time bowling.

On India's tour of the West Indies, Yuvraj hit two fifties in the ODI series. In the second ODI at Kingston, with India needing two runs to win with one wicket in hand and three balls to spare, Yuvraj was bowled by Dwayne Bravo for 93. India went on to lose the series 4–1. His poor run of form in Tests continued, with him scoring 104 runs from four matches at an average of 17.33 and a top-score of 39. In September 2006, Yuvraj was dropped from the playing eleven during the 2006-07 DLF Cup in Kuala Lumpur after he registered two consecutive ducks against Australia and West Indies. He played in two group matches of the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy held in India in October. and scored 27* against England and 27 against West Indies. During a training session before India's final group fixture against Australia, Yuvraj suffered a ligament injury in his left knee. Dinesh Mongia replaced him for the match which India lost to crash out of the tournament. In November, Indian team physio Andrew Leipus suggested that Yuvraj was unlikely to recover from the injury before the start of the World Cup in March 2007.

Yuvraj was not named in any of the Indian squads that toured South Africa in late 2006. In January 2007, less than two months before the World Cup, he made a comeback from injury for the last two matches of the four-match ODI series against West Indies, but did not make much of an impact in either game. Despite concerns over his fitness, Yuvraj was selected in the 15-man Indian squad for the 2007 Cricket World Cup, with chief selector Dilip Vengsarkar confirming that Yuvraj was fit. He featured in the last two matches of the four-ODI series against Sri Lanka in February 2007, and struck an unbeaten 83-ball 95 in the deciding final game at Visakhapatnam. India won the match by seven wickets and the series 2–1.

Yuvraj made 47 in India's first match of the World Cup, a shock defeat to Bangladesh. In India's next group match at Port-of-Spain against World Cup debutants Bermuda, he hit 83 off 46 balls to help India post a total of 413/5, the highest total in World Cup history at the time. After their emphatic against Bermuda, India were left with a must-win final group fixture against Sri Lanka. Chasing 255 to win the match, Yuvraj was run out for 6, as India were bowled out for 185 and made an early exit from the World Cup.

In the three-match ODI series against South Africa in Ireland, Yuvraj took 3 for 36 and scored an unbeaten 49 in the second ODI before winning man of the match for his unbeaten 61 in the series-deciding final game. On India's tour of England, Yuvraj remained on the bench throughout the Test series before finishing third on the run-scorers list in the ODI series with 283 runs from 7 matches at an average of 40.42.

2007 World Twenty20 and vice-captaincy
Yuvraj was the vice-captain of the Indian squad at the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 in South Africa. In India's Super 8 match against England at Durban, he hit six sixes in an over off Stuart Broad. In the process, he reached the fastest fifty ever in a Twenty20 game, off just 12 balls, which was also the fastest in any form of international cricket. This was the fourth time that six sixes had been hit in one over in senior cricket, the first time in Twenty20 cricket, and the first time in any form of international cricket against a bowler from a Test playing nation. He finished his innings with 58 runs off 16 balls and won the man of the match.

Yuvraj missed the next game against South Africa due to a minor injury but recovered before the semifinal against Australia. In the semifinal, he top-scored with 70 off 30 balls and also hit the longest six of the tournament () off the bowling of Brett Lee). The knock later was named the Best Twenty20 Batting Performance
of 2007 by ESPN Cricinfo. India won the match as Yuvraj was awarded another man of the match award. He was dismissed for 14 in the final against Pakistan but India went on to win by five runs and win the tournament. All players of the victorious Indian team were given a cash reward of 80 lakh by the BCCI while Yuvraj was rewarded with an additional 1 crore as well as a Porsche 911 by the BCCI vice-president Lalit Modi. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo for the 2007 T20I World Cup.

In September 2007, Mahendra Singh Dhoni and Yuvraj were named ODI captain and vice-captain respectively, following the resignation of Rahul Dravid. Yuvraj scored 121 at Hyderabad in a losing cause in the third of the seven ODIs against Australia, but accumulated only 71 in the other six matches of the series. He enjoyed a return to form in India's home ODI series against Pakistan in November 2007. He scored four half-centuries in five matches, averaging 68, and was named player of the series as India won the series 3–2. He was also fined for showing dissent in the final match in Jaipur. Although Yuvraj was included in Indian squad for the subsequent Test series against Pakistan, Test captain Anil Kumble said that Yuvraj "will have to wait a little bit more to become a regular member in the Test squad." He did not feature in the playing eleven in the first two matches, but was picked in the third Test at Bangalore to replace an injured Sachin Tendulkar. Batting first, India was 61/4 before Yuvraj and Sourav Ganguly shared a 300-run fifth-wicket partnership, and Yuvraj recorded his highest Test score of 169 off 203 balls, while Ganguly went on to score 239 which was also his highest score in tests.

For his performances in 2007, he was named in the World ODI XI by Cricinfo. He was also named in the World T20I XI by Cricinfo.

Yuvraj had a poor Test series against Australia in Indian tour to that country in 2007/08. After his poor showing in the first two Tests, he was dropped for the remainder of the series.
In November 2008, he hit 138 not out from 78 balls against England at Rajkot, taking 64 balls to reach his century which at the time was the second fastest by an Indian in ODIs after Mohammad Azharuddin's century in 1988 against New Zealand came off 62 balls.
After reaching 50 from 42 balls, he added an additional 88 runs in the next 36 balls. He did so despite straining his back, which necessitated the use of Gautam Gambhir as a runner.
This was followed by a score of 118 off 122 balls and bowling figures of 4/28, with all of his wickets being specialist batsmen, in the next match in Indore, earning him two consecutive man of the match awards.
Yuvraj scored 85 not out and put on an unbroken partnership of 163 with Sachin Tendulkar to defeat England in the First Test at Chennai in December 2008. It was the fourth highest successful run chase in history and the highest in India.
Yuvraj scored a quick, unbeaten 54 in the second innings of the Napier Test against New Zealand to help India save the game after following on. India preserved their series lead and went on to win the series 1–0.

For his performances in 2008, he was named in the World ODI XI by the Cricinfo.

For his performances in 2009, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC.

Yuvraj was dropped from the Asia Cup following the team's return from the World Twenty20 in West Indies. A drop in form, disciplinary issues and fitness were talked of as the reasons for his exclusion, but he made a return for the series against Sri Lanka.
With Suresh Raina scoring a century on Test debut and Cheteshwar Pujara making a compelling case for higher honours with consistent first-class performances, Yuvraj was dropped from the Test squad for the two-match series against Australia.

Golden World Cup
Yuvraj had a dream run at the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup, where he scored 362 runs including one century and four fifties, took 15 wickets, won four Man of the Match awards, the joint-most along with Sri Lanka's Aravinda de Silva in 1996, South Africa's Lance Klusener in 1999 and compatriot Rohit Sharma in 2019, and was also adjudged the Player of the Tournament. In the process, he became the first allrounder to score 300-plus runs and take 15 wickets in a single World Cup.
In India's match against Ireland, he became the first player to take 5 wickets and score 50 runs in a World Cup match. He also took his 100th ODI wicket with the dismissal of Wesley Barresi in the World Cup match against the Netherlands. He later took 2/44 and scored 57 runs against defending champions Australia in the quarter finals, earning him the Man of the Match award.

Yuvraj had respiratory difficulties through 2011 and in May he withdrew from the ODI series in the West Indies due to an illness. His issues began with breathing difficulties, nausea and bouts of vomiting blood.
He toured England but had to return home after breaking his finger in the Nottingham Test and later played two home Tests against West Indies. However, he then pulled out of the ODI series against West Indies in November citing an abnormal tumor in his lung.
Yuvraj had originally targeted the CB series in Australia for his return to international cricket.

After the World Cup he was diagnosed with a cancerous tumor stage-1 in his left lung and underwent chemotherapy treatment at the Cancer Research Institute in Boston, United States as well as the Indiana University Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center in Indianapolis, Indiana where he was cared for by famed oncologist Dr. Lawrence Einhorn.

For his performances in 2011, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC and Cricinfo. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC and Cricinfo.

Cancer diagnosis and comeback
Yuvraj's cancer was detected by a Russian doctor in 2011. In March 2012, Yuvraj was discharged from hospital after completing the third and final cycle of chemotherapy and returned to India in April. After his chemotherapy sessions treating seminoma in Indianapolis, Yuvraj's cancer showing full signs of remission, and he aimed at resuming cricket at the World Twenty20. The selectors picked Yuvraj to be a part of the 15-member Indian squad for the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka in September 2012.

He played against New Zealand in a T20I at Chennai where he scored 34 off 26 balls (1 four, 2 sixes) as his side lost by only 1 run. He started his World Twenty20 campaign with a 3/24 against Afghanistan. He took 1/16 against Australia, 2/16 against Pakistan and a 2/23 against South Africa. He ended up being the highest wicket taker for India in the tournament though he could not meet expectations with his bat.

He got selected for the Test series against England at home. He later played 3 test matches in the 4 match test series against England after which he was dropped. He later was selected for the India-Pakistan Series, returning to form in the second T20I by scoring a blistering 72 off just 36 balls. He could not make an impact in the One Day series against Pakistan and England, only scoring 1 half century in 7 matches.

For his performances in 2012, he was named in the T20I XI of the year by Cricinfo.

In September 2013, Yuvraj made a comeback to India's limited-overs squad for the Twenty20 and first three ODIs of the home series against Australia.

In October 2013, Yuvraj scored 77 off 35 in the only T20I against Australia at Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium in Rajkot. India faced a required run rate of nearly 12 per over when at 100 for 4 in the 12th over, but Yuvraj's unbeaten 102 run partnership with Dhoni guided India to victory. However, Yuvraj had a woeful time in the ODI series that followed, scoring 19 runs in four innings, and being visibly troubled by the pace of Mitchell Johnson.

Yuvraj was unable to return to form in both the home ODIs against West Indies and in the subsequent tour of South Africa, and was dropped for the New Zealand tour given the conditions in that country and the hosts' pace-heavy attack. He was not selected for 2014 Asia Cup in Bangladesh but he was selected for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in the same place. In a Super 10 match against Pakistan he missed a full delivery and was bowled on his second ball by pacer Bilawal Bhatti. In the same match he dropped a catch that would have resulted in the wicket of Mohammad Hafeez, and later against the West Indies dropped a delivery hit by Chris Gayle.

Yuvraj then scored 60 off 43 balls against Australia at Mirpur, his eighth T20I fifty and third against Australia. His 84-run partnership with Mahendra Singh Dhoni is India's third-highest for the fifth wicket.

On 5 July 2014, he played for the Rest of the World XI against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in the Bicentenary Celebration match at Lord's, as he had been left out of India's ODI team. Under Shane Warne's captaincy, he struck a century at nearly a run a ball to rescue his team, who were struggling at 59 for 3. His 100 came up as he hit Sachin Tendulkar for a boundary. The Rest of the World finished on 293 for 7 after 50 overs, but the MCC went on to win the match by 7 wickets.

Yuvraj in an interview with Hindustan Times during his cancer treatment, said  'Even if I die let India win World Cup'.

Notably, Singh was one of five senior members of India's 2011 World Cup squad who were not considered for the 2015 Cricket World Cup and was not included in India's 30-man probable list for the tournament.

Late career
Singh was picked in India's T20I squad for the January 2016 Australia tour on the back of strong performances in Vijay Hazare Trophy, where he was the third-highest run scorer with 341 runs at an average of 85.25. He finished the three-match series with 15 runs after getting to bat in just one innings, while also taking two wickets. He played a crucial role in India's titular run in Asia Cup 2016, often teaming up with Virat Kohli to take the team home. He was also a part of the Indian team in the ICC T20 World Cup 2016. He was not named in the T20I squad for India's tour of West Indies in August. Meanwhile, he was named captain of the India Red side for the 2016–17 Duleep Trophy.
His team lost to India Blue in the final.

Yuvraj was picked in India's ODI squad for the home series against England in January 2017. This came on the back of his fine performances in the Ranji Trophy, having scored 672 runs in five games for Punjab, which included a 260 against Baroda. In the second match of the series, he scored his career best score 150, which came off 127 balls, a knock that included 21 fours and three sixes. He put on 256 runs for the fourth wicket along with Dhoni and helped the team post a total of 381. Following the team's 15-run victory, he was named the Player of the Match.

Following the match, Singh revealed that he had thought of quitting after having been dropped from the team. He said, "When I came back from cancer it was hard work. I was not performing and after being dropped I thought [about] whether I wanted to continue or not."

Yuvraj was selected to play in the Champions Trophy 2017. He scored 53 off 32 balls in a group stage match against Pakistan and won the man of the match award. However, as a result of failing to clear the yo-yo test, Yuvraj was dropped from the squad before the tour of Sri Lanka in August 2017 which ended his international career.

Retirement from international cricket
On 10 June 2019, Yuvraj Singh announced his retirement from international cricket. Yuvraj Singh held a press conference in Mumbai where he announced his decision to retire from all formats of the game. He said that he had decided to "move on". Yuvraj recounted his best memories through his career, while also recalling his worst.

"I would say I am extremely lucky to play 400-plus games for India. I would've not imagined doing this when I started my career in cricket. Through this journey, some matches that remain in my memory are - the 2002 NatWest series final, my first Test hundred in Lahore in 2004, the 2007 Test series in England, of course the six sixes and the 2007 T20 World Cup. And then the most memorable one was the 2011 World Cup finals."

"And then, probably the worst day in my career, was the 2014 World T20 final against Lanka where I scored 11 off 21 balls. It was so shattering that I felt my career was over."

He also said "As for now, I have decided to provide service and help for people affected by cancer."

Speculations of return
In September 2020, Yuvraj Singh hinted at making a return to the Punjab team and play domestic T20s for them. He said that it was on the suggestion of Punjab Cricket Association secretary Puneet Bali that he had considered to come out of retirement. However, his return was denied by the Punjab Cricket Association, as he had taken part in foreign franchise leagues.

T20 franchise cricket

Indian Premier League
Yuvraj was the icon player and captain for Indian Premier League (IPL) team Kings XI Punjab in the first two seasons; in 2010, the third season, icon player status was discontinued and the captaincy given to Kumar Sangakkara. The Kings XI Punjab came second in the round-robin phase of the tournament, but lost the semi-finals to the Chennai Super Kings. On 1 May 2009, Yuvraj registered his first hat-trick in T20 cricket against Royal Challengers Bangalore at Kingsmead in Durban, the same ground where he hit his six sixes. He dismissed Robin Uthappa, Mark Boucher and Jacques Kallis. On 17 May 2009, Yuvraj took his second Twenty20 hat-trick against Deccan Chargers at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg. Yuvraj dismissed Herschelle Gibbs, Andrew Symonds and Venugopal Rao.

The Pune Warriors were a new team introduced for the 2011 IPL. Yuvraj Singh was bought by the team and chosen as captain. Pune Warriors finished ninth, ahead of only the Delhi Daredevils. From 14 matches, Yuvraj took 11 wickets and also scored 343 runs at an average of 34.30, including two half-centuries. After much controversy, the BCCI allowed Pune Warriors to find a replacement for Yuvraj for the 2012 Indian Premier League, citing his medical condition and non-availability for 2012 IPL as the reasons for doing so.

In 2014, Yuvraj was bought by the Royal Challengers Bangalore for 14 crore. A Kingfisher employee union sent a letter to Yuvraj requesting him not to play for Royal Challengers Bangalore. He had a successful stint with RCB, scoring 376 runs and taking six wickets. In 2015, he was bought by Delhi Daredevils for Rs.16 Crores, the highest ever bid at an IPL auction. at the time.

In the 2016 IPL auction he was bought by Sunrisers Hyderabad for Rs.7 crores. He had a very successful IPL campaign with the Sunrisers Hyderabad with them winning the 2016 Indian Premier League. He played several crucial knocks at crunch moments, and some experts called him the "Unsung hero of SRH's titular run". Yuvraj scored 38 runs from 23 balls in the final.

Yuvraj was retained by Sunrisers Hyderabad for the 2017 Indian Premier League.

In the 2018 IPL auction, he was picked by Kings XI Punjab for base price of 2 crores. He scored only 64 runs from 6 innings at a low average of 12.80. He batted at four different positions during those six innings and was not given a consistent run by the team management.

Yuvraj was released by Kings XI Punjab ahead of the 2019 IPL Auction, where was purchased by Mumbai Indians for his base price of ₹1 crore. He scored 53 in his debut match for Mumbai Indians, and smashed a hattrick of sixes against Yuzvendra Chahal in the next match, but he wasn't given a longer run by the team management, and was dropped after he failed in the next two matches. He was released by the Mumbai Indians ahead of the 2020 IPL auction.

Other leagues
In June 2019, Yuvraj was selected to play for the Toronto Nationals franchise team in the 2019 Global T20 Canada tournament. He also played for the Maratha Arabians in the Abu Dhabi T10 League in 2019. In 2020, Yuvraj played in the Ultimate Kricket Challenge.

Playing style
Yuvraj is primarily a left-handed batsman but can bowl part-time left-arm orthodox spin, which he improved in the latter part of his career. He is regarded as a better batsman against fast bowling than spin bowling, and cites the Indian Oil Cup 2005 as a turning point in his career. Yuvraj is one of the athletic fielders in the Indian team, fielding primarily at point & covers with a good aim at the stumps. Yuvraj is a natural stroke player with an aggressive style of play, as seen by his strike rate of above 150 in T20 internationals & just below 90 in ODIs. Many regard him as one of the best clean strikers of the ball, with his trademark punch through the covers a treat to watch. When in good touch, he can clear the ropes quite effortlessly. A Cricinfo report published in late 2005 showed that since 1999, he was the fourth most prolific fielder in affecting ODI run outs, and of those on the list of prolific fielders, he had the second highest rate of effecting a run out.

Achievements and honours

In a 2007 ICC World Twenty20 match, he hit six sixes in a single over.
He holds the record for fastest T20 fifty by scoring it in 12 balls against England national cricket team during the 2007 ICC World Twenty20
He was the Man of the Tournament in the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011.
He was awarded with the Arjuna Award (India's second highest, Sporting Award) in 2012 by the President of India.
In 2014, he was awarded with the Padma Shri Award.
In February 2014, he was honoured with FICCI Most Inspiring Sportsperson of the Year Award.
He is a two-time Indian Premier League champion. He won one championship with the Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2016 and another one with the Mumbai Indians in 2019.

Outside cricket

Charity and commercial interests

Yuvraj was signed by Microsoft to be a brand ambassador for the Xbox 360 video game console when it was launched in India in 2006. He appeared in advertisements for the console alongside Bollywood actor Akshay Kumar. Codemasters' cricket video game Brian Lara International Cricket 2007 was released with his endorsement in India, titled "Yuvraj Singh International Cricket 2007". The Bollywood animated film, Jumbo features cricketer Yuvraj Singh's voice therefore starting his career in Bollywood. The upcoming animated full-length feature film Captain India features Yuvraj Singh as the main protagonist.

Yuvraj has also been involved in sports based e-commerce; he is a brand ambassador of sports365.in, an online store focused on selling sports goods and fitness equipment. Yuvraj is also the brand ambassador for the sports brand Puma. He was appointed as the brand ambassador of Ulysse Nardin watch in 2013.

Yuvraj's own charity YouWeCan has treated over hundreds of cancer patients. In April 2015, he announced the intention to invest INR 40–50 crores in online startups, expanding the YouWeCan proposition by setting up YouWeCan Ventures in order to do so. In 2015, YouWeCan also initiated the nationwide cancer awareness in association with Jayakrishnan, the founder of Heyyo Media. The campaign took cancer awareness to many students across the country.
Yuvraj Singh also participated in the 'Celebrity Clásico 2016′ which was played with an objective to generate funds for charitable initiatives.

References

External links

Yuvraj Singh at Indian Premier League

1981 births
Living people
Indian cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
India Test cricketers
India Twenty20 International cricketers
Punjab, India cricketers
North Zone cricketers
Yorkshire cricketers
Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers
ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers
Punjab Kings cricketers
Pune Warriors India cricketers
Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers
India Blue cricketers
India Red cricketers
Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup
Punjabi people
Cricketers from Chandigarh
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
Man of the Tournament in ODI Worldcup
Cricketers who have acted in films

Yuvraj Singh


Indverska karlalandsliðið í knattspyrnu er er fulltrúi Indlands í knattspyrnu. Liðið hefur aldrei tekið þátt  heimsmeistaramóti, það hafa hinsvegar oft tekið þátt í asíubikarnum og einu sinni nælt sér í silfur þar. Það hefur líka náð 4. sæti á Ólympíuleikunum einu sinni, það var árið 1956.

Asísk knattspyrnulandslið
Karlalandslið í knattspyrnu

Indverska karlalandsliðið í knattspyrnu


Mehama est un Hun du groupe Alkhon qu'il dirige dans les environs de 461 à 493. Javukha le précède et Lakhana Udayaditya est son successeur direct. Tora-māṇa est un successeur plus tardif.

Notes et références

Alkhon
Dirigeant du monde indien
Hephthalites

Mehama


GNOME Files (GNOME Dosyalar), önceki adıyla Nautilus, GNOME masaüstü ortamının resmi dosya yöneticisidir.

GNOME Files, önceleri Nautilus adıyla Eazel adlı eski şirketin baş projesi olarak geliştirilmeye başlandı. Şirketin, geliştiricileri işten çıkarmasıyla beraber Nautilus'un gelişimi, özgür yazılım toplulukları tarafından devam ettirildi. Nautilus, 2001 yılında GNOME 1.4 numaralı sürümünde Midnight Commander yerine kullanılmaya başlandı. GNOME 2.0 sürümünden itibaren GNOME'un varsayılan dosya yöneticisi olarak gelmektedir.

GNOME Files, GNU Genel Kamu Lisansı ile lisanslı bir özgür yazılımdır.

Sürüm geçmişi
 1.0 numaralı sürümü, 13 Mart 2001 tarihinde yayımlandı.
 1.4 numaralı sürümü ile GNOME'a dahil edildi.
 2.0 numaralı sürümü GTK+ 2.0 için özelleştirildi.
 2.2 numaralı sürümü Kullanıcı Arayüz Standartları ile uyum için birçok değişiklik geçirdi.
 2.4 numaralı sürümünde freedesktop.org standartlarına uyum için masaüstü klasörü ~/Desktop olarak değiştirildi ("~" kullanıcının "Home" klasörünü temsil etmekte).

Özellikleri
 GNOME Files, FTP sitelerine, WebDAV sunucularına, Windows SMB paylaşımlarına ve GNOME VFS vasıtasıyla SFTP sunucularına erişebilir.
 Gamin kütüphanesinin kullanımıyla, dosyalardaki değişimleri gerçek zamanlı olarak takip edebilir.
 Yer imi desteklidir. Böylece sık ziyaret edilen konumlar yer imi olarak kaydedilebilir.
 Sekmeli tarama desteklidir. İnternet tarayıcılarında olduğu gibi (Ctrl+T) tuş bileşimi ile yeni sekmeler açılabilir.
 Dosyaları toplu olarak yeniden adlandırma desteklidir.
 Metin dosyaları, resimler, ses veya video dosyalarının önizlemelerini simgelerinde gösterebilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Dolphin – KDE masaüstü ortamının dosya yöneticisi
 Thunar – XFCE masaüstü ortamının dosya yöneticisi
 PCMan – LXDE masaüstü ortamının dosya yöneticisi

Kaynakça

2001 yazılımları
Özgür yazılım
GNOME uygulamaları
GTK+ kullanan yazılımlar

GNOME Files


Școala hanafită (حنفي, transliterat hanafī) este una din cele patru școli (madhab) de jurisprudență ce aparțin islamului sunnit, alături de școala malekită, șafeită și Școala hanbalită. Școala hanafită este numită după învățatul Abu Hanifa (699-767), ale cărui perspective au fost păstrate de către doi din cei mai de seamă discipoli ai săi: Abu Yusuf și Muhammad al-Shaybani, care, mai târziu, au pus bazele a ceea ce mai târziu va fi hanafismul.

Școala hanafită va avea cei mai mulți adepți din rândul musulmanilor sunniți, accetul fiind pus pe aspectele practice ale legii. În acest sens, în special în primele trei secole ale islamului, hanafiții erau axați, mai mult decât oricare altă școala de jurisprudență, pe manuale (shurut), documente notariale și ocupația și conduita judecătorului. Aceasta distinge față de celelalte trei școli prin faptul că punea mai puțin accent pe tradițiile orale în masă ca sursă de cunoaștere locală. Au acceptat obiceiurile locale ca pe o a doua sursă de lege, dupa Coran și hadith.

Jurisprudența hanafită rămâne și în prezent cea mai semnificativă școală din lumea musulmană, predominând în țări precum: Bosnia și Herțegovina, Kosovo, Albania, Turcia, Iordania, Liban, Siria, Emiratele Arabe Unite, Egipt, Kazahstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kârgâzstan, Pakistan, Afganistan, India sau Bangladesh. De asemenea, majoritatrea musulmanilor din România, în special cei de etnie turcă și tătară, urmează hanafismul.

Caracteristici

Una din cele mai importante caracteristici ale școlii hanafite este faptul că pune accent pe Qiyas și Raa'i (opinia personală) mai mult decât pe alegerile hadith-urilor. Această școală nu recunoaște imamatul lui Ahlul Bayt.

Oricât de clară este expresia voinței lui Dumnezeu în Coran sau în Sunna, mai puteau exista probleme de interpretare sau aplicare a principiilor, astfel, că, treptat s-au dezvoltat o serie de școli de jurisprudență (madhab), care poartă numele primilor autori în ale căror scrieri își au originea: hanfiții – de la Abu Hanifa; malikiții – de la Malik; șafeiții – de la Shafi'i; handbaliții – de la Ibn Hanbal, dar și alții, care au dispărut însă pe parcursul timpului. Aceștia aveau diferite opinii cu privire la anumite puncte fundamentale ale legii, ca și în privința unor principii de raționament juridic (usul al-fiqh), dar în special în privința rolului hadith-ului și al legitimității, a limitelor și metodelor ijtihad-ului - singura cale ca un musulman să evite eroarea era ca acesta să lase problema în seama învățaților din domeniul religiei, astfel încât ei să își folosească rațiunea pentru a clarifica hadith-ul și Coranul. Confruntați cu o situație nouă, cei abilitați trebuiau să recurgă la analogie (qiyas): trebuiau să găsească un element similar cu un alt element al unei situații asupra căreia se luase deja o decizie, iar un astfel de raționament riguros era numit ijtihad, iar justificarea se găsea într-un hadith. Toate cele patru școli făceau parte din comunitatea sunnită. Cu toate acestea, alte grupuri de musulmani și-au făcut propriile sisteme de jurisprudență și de morală socială: ibadiții, zaydiții – în rândul sunniților și duodecimanii în rândul șiiților.
Ca apărători ai unei norme deja stabilite pentru comportamentul social, aceștia puteau fixa, până la un anumit punct, limite pentru acțiunile suveranilor, sau cel puțin puteau să le ofere sfaturi. De asemenea, ei puteau juca rolul de purtători de cuvânt ai comunităților sau cel puțin ai unei componente urbane a comunității. În general, ei se țineau departe de administrație, dar și de societate, păstrând sentimentul că sunt un grup care beneficiază de călăuzire divină, fără legatură cu interesele suveranilor.
În secolul al XI-lea se conturase deja o distincție clară între cele patru școli de interpretare morală și juridică. Uneori, legăturile dintre adepții unor diferite madhab-uri deveneau tensionate, la Bagdag, spre exemplu, în perioada abbasida, șafiismul și hanafismul au inspirat facțiuni urbane care au luptat unele împotriva altora. Ulterior, se poate spune că aceste diferențe au devenit mai puțin controversate, deoarece în anumite regiuni prevala câte un madhab. Malikiții au devenit aproape singura școală din Maghreb, șafiiții erau răspândiți în Egipt, Siria, Irak, Iran și Hijaz, hanfiții în Asia Centrală și India, iar hanbaliții constituiau un element important în Bagdad și ulterior Siria. Cu timpul, aceste școli de jurisprudență au ajuns să se accepte reciproc, asemenea celor de teologie. Unele diferențe dintre madhab-uri constau în definirea exactă și ponderea fiecărui principiu de jurisprudență. Școala hanafită a fost una din școlile care permiteau o oarecare flexibilitate în aplicarea ijtihad-ului – ei susțineau că analogia strictă nu trebuie să fie utilizată întotdeauna, iar învățații aveau capacitatea de a-și exprima preferința individuală în intepretarea Coranului și hadith-ului. Aceste principii constituiau fundamentul jurisprudenței, încercarea de a prescrie detaliat modul de viață (șariʿa) pe care musulmanii trebuiau să îl urmeze pentru a se supune voinței lui Dumnezeu. Toate acțiunile omului în relație cu Dumnezeu puteau fi incluse în următoarele categorii: obligatorii, recomandabile, neutre din punct de vedere moral, condamnabile sau interzise.

Preceptele jurisprudenței hanafite în privința practicilor comerciale corespund practicilor urmate de negustorii egipteni, după cum reiese dintr-o serie de documente. Ceea ce era stipulat în șariʿa în legătură cu contractele s-a modificat prin acceptarea în codul hanfit a unor stratageme juridice (hiyal) prin care anumite practici erau aduse în limita legii (dobânda, spre exemplu). Emiterea de reglementări și exercitarea autorității juridice de către suverani și demnitarii acestora se făceau cu condiția de a nu se depăși limitele impuse de șariʿa. Se considera că suveranul avea dreptul de a decide care cazuri trebuiau să fie prezentate pentru a fi judecate unui qadi și pe care trebuia să le păstreze pentru a lua el însuși decizii. Disputele asupra proprietății puteau fi aduse în fața unui qadi din cel mai apropiat oraș, pentru ca acesta să adopte o hotărâre sau să concilieze părțile, în cazurile necesare. Același lucru se putea întâmpla și cu contractele sau înțelegerile asupra cărora se dorea să se revină cu un caracter solemn și stabil.

Hanafismul și otomanii
Otomanii și tradiția islamică – știm că titlurile adoptate de suveranul otoman, ca padișah sau sultan, reflectau legătura lui cu tradiția persană a regalității, însă el era și moștenitorul unei tradiții specific islamice. Îndatorirea lor fundamentală ca și suverani musulmani era de a menține șariʿa, pentru a întări alianța sa cu populația musulmană. În perioada otomană, instituțiile prin care era păstrată șariʿa s-au apropiat foarte mult de suveran. Școala de jurisprudență preferată a otomanilor era cea hanafită, iar judecătorii care o aplicau erau numiți și plătiți de către guvern. Otomanii au creat un corp special de ʿulama oficiali, care jucau un rol important în administrația imperiului. În fruntea lor se aflau doi judecători militari, sub care se aflau qadi-ii marilor orașe, sub care se aflau qadi-ii din orașele mai mici sau cartiere. Atribuțiile unui qadi nu erau numai judiciare. El era și intermediarul prin care erau emise ordine și proclamații de către sultan și guvernatorii săi. Mufti-ii hanafiți erau numiți de către guvern pentru interpretarea legii, iar în fruntea lor se regăsea Șeyhülislam, mufti-ul Istanbulului, care era cel mai venerabil personaj. El era consilierul religios al sultanului. Toți cei numiți în funcții înalte în ierarhia juridică beneficiau de instruire în școli imperiale.

Bibliografie
  Ruthven, Malise; Namji Azim, Historical Atlas of Islam, Harvard University Press, 2004
 Hourani, Albert, Istoria popoarelor arabe, Traducere de: Irina Vainovski-Mihai, Polirom, 2015
 Hitti, Philip K, Istoria Arabilor, Traducere și note: Irina Vainovski-Mihai All-București, 2008
 Anghelescu Nadia, Introducere în islam, Polirom, 2014

Islam

Școala hanafită


A suicide bombing occurred on November 21, 2002 in a public bus in the neighborhood of Kiryat Menachem in Jerusalem. 11 people were killed in the attack and over 50 were injured.

The Palestinian Islamist militant organization Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack.

The attack
On November 21, 2002, at around 7:00 am,  Palestinian suicide bomber Na'el Abu Hilail, wearing an explosives belt packed with five-kilograms of explosives and shrapnel, boarded the public bus on Mexico Street in Jerusalem.

The suicide bomber detonated the explosives in the crowded bus, before the bus reached the next stop, while the bus was in the suburban neighborhood of Kiryat Menachem. 11 people were killed in the attack and over 50 were injured.

The perpetrators
Hamas took credit for the attack, which was carried out by Na'el Abu Hilail, 22, from el-Khader, just south of Bethlehem. Four of the victims were children on their way to school. Abu Hilail's father said he was pleased with his son, saying "Our religion says we are proud of him until the day of resurrection." His friends said he was a supporter of Islamic Jihad.

See also
Israeli casualties of war

References

External links
 Bomb in Crowded Commuter Bus in Jerusalem Kills at Least 10  – The Washington Post, November 21, 2002
 Jerusalem suicide bombing kills 11 – The Guardian, November 21, 2002
 4 Children Are Among Dead In Jerusalem Bus Bombing – published on the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, November 22, 2002
 Jerusalem bus blast kills 11 – published on BBC News, November 21, 2002
 Suicide bomber kills 11 in Jerusalem  – published on The Sun, November 22, 2002
 Bus Bomb Attack Kills 11 / Jerusalem blast injures 50; Sharon considering retaliation  – published on Newsday, November 22, 2002
 Suicide bombing of No. 20 Egged bus in Kiryat Menahem, Jerusalem,  November 21, 2002 – Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Mass murder in 2002
Suicide bombings in 2002
Israeli casualties in the Second Intifada
Terrorist incidents in Jerusalem
Hamas suicide bombings of buses
2002 in Jerusalem
November 2002 events in Asia
Terrorist incidents in Jerusalem in the 2000s

Kiryat Menachem bus bombing


Eduard Fueter ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Eduard Fueter (Architekt) (1845–1901), Schweizer Architekt
 Eduard Fueter senior (1876–1928), Schweizer Historiker
 Eduard Fueter junior (1908–1970), Schweizer Historiker

Eduard Fueter