Forsviksån  er et vandløb i  i Västergötland  Sverige som går fra søen Viken til Vättern. Viken får vand fra søerne Örlen mod syd og Unden mod nord; begge ligger  i Västergötland. Forsviksåns totale afvandingsområde er 911 km², hvilket gør den til det største tilløb til Vättern, men en del af vandet løber nu i Göta Kanal lidt længere mod syd.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger
 Forsviksån  på viss.lansstyrelsen.se

Vandløb i Sverige

Västergötland

Forsviksån


Ankara, Türkiye'nin başkenti ve en kalabalık ikinci şehridir. Ankara sözcüğü ile ayrıca şunlardan biri kastedilmiş olabilir;

İdari
Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi, Ankara il sınırları içerisindeki belediye işlerini yürüten kuruluş.
Ankara Sancağı, merkezi günümüzdeki modern Ankara olmak üzere Osmanlı Devleti'ne bağlı sancaklardan bir tanesiydi.
Ankara Eyaleti, Osmanlı'da vilayet sistemine geçilmeden önce var olmuş bir eyaletti.
Ankara Vilayeti, kendisine bağlı beş sancaktan oluşan (Ankara, Çorum, Yozgat, Kırşehir ve Kayseri sancakları) bir Osmanlı vilayetiydi.

Tarih
 Ankara (isim), Ankara şehrinin tarihi adları hakkında bir madde.
Ankara Okulu
Ankara Hükûmeti

Savaş ve anlaşmalar

Ankyra Muharebesi, MÖ 240 yılında Antiokus Hieraks ve kardeşi Selevkos II Kallinikus arasında yaşanmış olan bir çarpışma.
Ankara Muharebesi, 1402 yılında Osmanlı Devleti ile Timur İmparatorluğu arasında yaşanmış olan ve Osmanlı'da Fetret Devri'nin başlamasına sebep olan savaş.
Ankara Antlaşmaları, çeşitli yıllarda ve çeşitli ülkeler arasında Ankara'da imzalanmış olan siyasi ve askeri içerikli anlaşmalar.

Yapılar ve eserler

Ankara Kalesi
Ankara Sinagogu
Saat Kulesi

Kişiler

 Ankyralı Klementos
 Ankyralı Theodotos
 Ankara Yahudileri

Olaylar

 Büyük Ankara Yangını
 Ankara Fetvası
 Ankara Cinayeti

Coğrafya

Akarsular

Ankara Çayı, Sakarya Nehri'nin bir kolu olan ve şehrin tam ortasından geçen akarsu.

Hayvanlar

Ankara çamur balığı, anavatanı Ankara olan bir tatlı su balığı.
Ankara keçisi, şehrin sembollerinden biri olarak kabul edilmesinin yanı sıra yünü tekstil sanayinde sıkça kullanılan bir keçi türü.
Ankara kedisi, literatüre Turkish Angora adıyla geçmiş olan ve Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi tarafından kentin maskotu olarak belirlenen bir kedi cinsi.
Ankara tavşanı, dünyaya Ankara'dan yayılmış olan ve yünü oldukça değerli sayılan bir tavşan türü.
Ankarapithecus meteai, fosilleri Ankara yakınlarında bulunan ve yaklaşık 10 milyon yıl önce yaşadığı düşünülen bir primat.

Bitkiler
Ankara armudu, Ankara yöresinde yetiştiriciliği yapılan bir armut çeşidi.
Ankara çarşağı
Ankara çiğdemi, adını Türkiye'nin başkenti Ankara'dan alan ve bu yörenin endemik bitkisi olan bir çiçek türü.
Ankara karanfili
Ankara sığırkuyruğu

Eğitim

Üniversiteler

 Ankara Üniversitesi
 Ankara Sosyal Bilimler Üniversitesi
 Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi

Liseler

 Ankara Lisesi
 Ankara Fen Lisesi

Ulaşım

 Ankara metrosu
Ankara Garı
Ankaray

Kültür & sanat

Festivaller

 Ankara Uluslararası Film Festivali
 Ankara Uluslararası Müzik Festivali
 Ankara Uluslararası Tiyatro Festivali

Sinema

 Ankara Sinema Derneği
 Türkiye'nin Kalbi Ankara
 Ankara Postası
 Ankara Ekspresi
 Ankara Ekpresi

Televizyon

 Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi
 Behzat Ç. Ankara Yanıyor

Tiyatro

 Ankara Devlet Tiyatrosu

Edebiyat

 Ankara (roman), Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu'nun 1934 yılında yayımlanmış olan bir romanı.

Spor

 Ankara Demirspor
 MKE Ankaragücü
 Ankara Spor Salonu

Sağlık

 Ankara Hastanesi
 Ankara Bilkent Şehir Hastanesi

Diğer

 1457 Ankara, bir asteroit.
 Ankara (puro), TEKEL idaresinin 1950'lerin sonundan itibaren üretmeye başladığı bir puro markası.
 Ankara (viski), TEKEL tarafından 1963'te üretilmeye başlanan bir viski.

Ankara (anlam ayrımı)


Klondike ist ein Gesellschaftsspiel des Schweizer Spieleautorenpaars Stefanie Rohner und Christian Wolf, welches 1993 und 2000 bei HABA erschienen ist. Die erste Ausgabe 1993 hat Doris Matthäus illustriert, die veränderte zweite Ausgabe 2000 wurde von Renate Selig illustriert. Das Spiel wurde 2001 mit dem Kinderspiel des Jahres ausgezeichnet.

Das Spiel ist inspiriert durch den Prozess des Goldwaschens in einer Goldpfanne; der Name leitet sich vom Klondike-Goldrausch ab.

Regeln und Ziele
Ziel eines jeden Spielers ist es, möglichst viel "Gold" anzusammeln.

Verlauf
Dies kann entweder durch Waschen oder durch Wetten erreicht werden.
Die Kugeln in Farben gelb ("Goldnuggets") und schwarz und grau ("Steine") werden in einen Stoffbeutel gefüllt und jeder Spieler nimmt drei Wettkarten einer Farbe auf. Nun zieht der erste Spieler blind drei Kugeln aus dem Beutel. Diese werden nun in eine Schale abgelegt. Ist unter diesen keine gelbe Kugel, ist der nächste Spieler am Zug. Ist es eine Kombination aus grauen, schwarzen und gelben Kugeln, müssen diese durch "Goldwaschen" getrennt werden.

Bevor der Spieler "wäscht", müssen alle anderen Spieler mit Zuhilfenahme ihrer Wettkarten einschätzen, wie erfolgreich er sein wird. Anschließend versucht der Spieler die gelben Kugeln zu isolieren. Hierzu legt er die drei Kugeln in die Schale und versucht durch Drehen, Schwenken oder sonstige Bewegungen die grauen und schwarzen Kugeln aus dem Teller zu entfernen. Dies geht solange, bis entweder keine oder nur gelbe Kugeln übrig sind, welche der Spieler selbst sofort erhält. Dann legen die Mitspieler ihre Tipps offen und werden bei zutreffender Schätzung mit ihren Wetteinsätzen belohnt.

Spielende
Hat ein Spieler kein Gold mehr oder befinden sich weniger als drei Kugeln im Beutel, ist das Spiel beendet. Es gewinnt der Spieler mit den meisten Goldkugeln.

Bei Klondike handelt es sich um ein Geschicklichkeitsspiel, da das "Herauswaschen" der Goldnuggets aus der Schale Fingerspitzengefühl erfordert.

Auszeichnung

Klondike wurde zusammen mit Im Märchenwald und Rüsselbande zum Kinderspiel des Jahres nominiert und konnte sich hierbei durchsetzen.

Weblinks

 Rezension von Arno Steinwender vom 31. Oktober 2002 bei spieletest.at

Einzelnachweise

Spiel 1993
Kinderspiel
Kinderspiel des Jahres
Geschicklichkeitsspiel

Klondike (Spiel)


Humphry Ditton, né en  à Salisbury en Angleterre, mort en 1715 à Londres, est un mathématicien anglais et prêtre anglican.

Biographie

Humphry Ditton naît le  à Salisbury en Angleterre. Il étudie la théologie, et devient ministre du culte à Tonbridge dans le Kent.

Il s'installe à Londres en 1705. C'est seulement à partir de ce moment-là qu'il se consacre aux mathématiques. Il publie en 1706 un traité sur les « fluxions », consacré au calcul différentiel ; cet ouvrage a une grande influence en Angleterre, où il fait connaître les travaux de Newton, comme le fera aussi William Jones.

Ditton publie ensuite son Algèbre en 1709, puis un traité de perspective en 1712. Il écrit aussi beaucoup d'articles, publiés dans les Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Il publie en 1714 un Discours sur la résurrection de Jésus-Christ.

Il est le premier à essayer d'expliquer par les mathématiques le phénomène de la capillarité. Il invente aussi une méthode pour déterminer la longitude d'un lieu, mais bien que Newton ait approuvé cette méthode, le Bureau des longitudes ne l'admet pas.

Il meurt en 1715 à Londres, au Christ's Hospital.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

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 .
 .
 .

Liens externes

Mathématicien anglais du XVIIIe siècle
Prêtre anglican du XVIIe siècle
Prêtre anglican du XVIIIe siècle
Naissance en mai 1675
Naissance à Salisbury (Royaume-Uni)
Décès en octobre 1715
Décès à Londres
Décès à 40 ans

Humphry Ditton


(, ; also 'task forces') were  (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass murder, primarily by shooting, during World War II (1939–1945) in German-occupied Europe. The  had an integral role in the implementation of the so-called "Final Solution to the Jewish question" () in territories conquered by Nazi Germany, and were involved in the murder of much of the intelligentsia and cultural elite of Poland, including members of the Catholic priesthood. Almost all of the people they murdered were civilians, beginning with the intelligentsia and swiftly progressing to Soviet political commissars, Jews, and Romani people, as well as actual or alleged partisans throughout Eastern Europe.

Under the direction of  Heinrich Himmler and the supervision of SS- Reinhard Heydrich, the  operated in territories occupied by the Wehrmacht (German armed forces) following the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. The  worked hand-in-hand with the Order Police battalions on the Eastern Front to carry out operations ranging from the murder of a few people to operations which lasted over two or more days, such as the massacre at Babi Yar with 33,771 Jews murdered in two days, and the Rumbula massacre (with about 25,000 Jews murdered in two days of shooting). As ordered by Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, the Wehrmacht cooperated with the , providing logistical support for their operations, and participated in the mass murders. Historian Raul Hilberg estimates that between 1941 and 1945 the , related agencies, and foreign auxiliary personnel murdered more than two million people, including 1.3 million of the 5.5 to 6 million Jews murdered during the Holocaust.

After the close of World War II, 24 officers, including multiple commanding officers, of the  were prosecuted in the Einsatzgruppen trial in 1947–48, charged with crimes against humanity and war crimes. Fourteen death sentences and two life sentences were handed out. However, only four of these death sentences were carried out. Four additional  leaders were later tried and executed by other nations.

Formation and Aktion T4
The  were formed under the direction of SS- Reinhard Heydrich and operated by the  (SS) before and during World War II. The  had their origins in the ad hoc  formed by Heydrich to secure government buildings and documents following the  in Austria in March 1938. Originally part of the  (Security Police; SiPo), two units of  were stationed in the Sudetenland in October 1938. When military action turned out not to be necessary due to the Munich Agreement, the  were assigned to confiscate government papers and police documents. They also secured government buildings, questioned senior civil servants, and arrested as many as 10,000 Czech communists and German citizens. From September 1939, the  (Reich Security Main Office; RSHA) had overall command of the .

As part of the drive by the Nazi regime to remove so-called "undesirable" elements from the German population, from September to December 1939 the  and others took part in Action T4, a program of systematic murder of persons with physical and mental disabilities and patients of psychiatric hospitals. Aktion T4 mainly took place from 1939 to 1941, but the murders continued until the end of the war. Initially the victims were shot by the  and others, but gas chambers were put into use by spring 1940.

Invasion of Poland

In response to Adolf Hitler's plan to invade Poland on 1 September 1939, Heydrich re-formed the  to travel in the wake of the German armies. Membership at this point was drawn from the SS, the  (Security Service; SD), the police, and the Gestapo. Heydrich placed SS- Werner Best in command, who assigned  to choose personnel for the task forces and their subgroups, called , from among educated people with military experience and a strong ideological commitment to Nazism. Some had previously been members of paramilitary groups such as the . Heydrich instructed Wagner in meetings in late July that the  should undertake their operations in cooperation with the  (Order Police; Orpo) and military commanders in the area. Army intelligence was in constant contact with  to coordinate their activities with other units.

Initially numbering 2,700 men (and ultimately 4,250 in Poland), the 's mission was to murder members of the Polish leadership most clearly identified with Polish national identity: the intelligentsia, members of the clergy, teachers, and members of the nobility. As stated by Hitler: "... there must be no Polish leaders; where Polish leaders exist they must be killed, however harsh that sounds". SS- Lothar Beutel, commander of  IV, later testified that Heydrich gave the order for these murders at a series of meetings in mid-August. The lists of people to be murderedhad been drawn up by the SS as early as May 1939, using dossiers collected by the SD from 1936 forward. The  performed these murders with the support of the , a paramilitary group consisting of ethnic Germans living in Poland during Operation Tannenberg. Members of the SS, the Wehrmacht, and the  also shot civilians during the Polish campaign. Approximately 65,000 civilians were murdered by the end of 1939. In addition to leaders of Polish society, they murdered Jews, prostitutes, Romani people, and the mentally ill. Psychiatric patients in Poland were initially murdered by shooting, but by spring 1941 gas vans were widely used.

Seven  of battalion strength (around 500 men) operated in Poland. Each was subdivided into five  of company strength (around 100 men).
  I, commanded by SS- Bruno Streckenbach, acted with 14th Army
  II, SS- Emanuel Schäfer, acted with 10th Army
  III, SS- Herbert Fischer, acted with 8th Army
  IV, SS- Lothar Beutel, acted with 4th Army
  V, SS- Ernst Damzog, acted with 3rd Army
  VI, SS- Erich Naumann, acted in Wielkopolska
  VII, SS- Udo von Woyrsch and SS- Otto Rasch, acted in Upper Silesia and Cieszyn Silesia

Though they were formally under the command of the army, the  received their orders from Heydrich and for the most part acted independently of the army. Many senior army officers were only too glad to leave these genocidal actions to the task forces, as the murders violated the rules of warfare as set down in the Geneva Conventions. However, Hitler had decreed that the army would have to tolerate and even offer logistical support to the  when it was tactically possible to do so. Some army commanders complained about unauthorised shootings, looting, and rapes committed by members of the  and the , to little effect. For example, when  Johannes Blaskowitz sent a memorandum of complaint to Hitler about the atrocities, Hitler dismissed his concerns as "childish", and Blaskowitz was relieved of his post in May 1940. He continued to serve in the army but never received promotion to field marshal.

The final task of the  in Poland was to round up the remaining Jews and concentrate them in ghettos within major cities with good railway connections. The intention was to eventually remove all the Jews from Poland, but at this point their final destination had not yet been determined. Together, the Wehrmacht and the  also drove tens of thousands of Jews eastward into Soviet-controlled territory.

Preparations for Operation Barbarossa

On 13 March 1941, in the lead-up to Operation Barbarossa, the planned invasion of the Soviet Union, Hitler dictated his "Guidelines in Special Spheres re: Directive No. 21 (Operation Barbarossa)". Sub-paragraph B specified that  Heinrich Himmler would be given "special tasks" on direct orders from the Führer, which he would carry out independently. This directive was intended to prevent friction between the Wehrmacht and the SS in the upcoming offensive. Hitler also specified that criminal acts against civilians perpetrated by members of the Wehrmacht during the upcoming campaign would not be prosecuted in the military courts, and thus would go unpunished.

In a speech to his leading generals on 30 March 1941, Hitler described his envisioned war against the Soviet Union. General Franz Halder, the Army's Chief of Staff, described the speech:

Though General Halder did not record any mention of Jews, German historian Andreas Hillgruber argued that because of Hitler's frequent contemporary statements about the coming war of annihilation against "Judeo-Bolshevism", his generals would have understood Hitler's call for the destruction of the Soviet Union as also comprising a call for the destruction of its Jewish population. The genocide was often described using euphemisms such as "special tasks" and "executive measures";  victims were often described as having been shot while trying to escape. In May 1941, Heydrich verbally passed on the order to murder the Soviet Jews to the SiPo NCO School in Pretzsch, where the commanders of the reorganised  were being trained for Operation Barbarossa. In spring 1941, Heydrich and the First Quartermaster of the , General Eduard Wagner, successfully completed negotiations for co-operation between the  and the German Army to allow the implementation of the "special tasks". Following the Heydrich-Wagner agreement on 28 April 1941, Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch ordered that when Operation Barbarossa began, all German Army commanders were to immediately identify and register all Jews in occupied areas in the Soviet Union, and fully co-operate with the .

In further meetings held in June 1941 Himmler outlined to top SS leaders the regime's intention to reduce the population of the Soviet Union by 30 million people, not only through direct murder of those considered racially inferior, but by depriving the remainder of food and other necessities of life.

Organisation starting in 1941

For Operation Barbarossa, initially four  were created, each numbering 500–990 men to comprise a total force of 3,000.  A, B, and C were to be attached to Army Groups North, Centre, and South;  D was assigned to the 11th Army. The  for Special Purposes operated in eastern Poland starting in July 1941. The  were under the control of the RSHA, headed by Heydrich and later by his successor, SS- Ernst Kaltenbrunner. Heydrich gave them a mandate to secure the offices and papers of the Soviet state and Communist Party; to liquidate all the higher cadres of the Soviet state; and to instigate and encourage pogroms against Jewish populations. The men of the  were recruited from the SD, Gestapo,  (Kripo), Orpo, and Waffen-SS. Each  was under the operational control of the Higher SS Police Chiefs in its area of operations. In May 1941, General Wagner and SS- Walter Schellenberg agreed that the  in front-line areas were to operate under army command, while the army provided the  with all necessary logistical support. Given their main task was defeating the enemy, the army left the pacification of the civilian population to the , who offered support as well as prevented subversion. This did not preclude their participation in acts of violence against civilians, as many members of the Wehrmacht assisted the  in rounding up and murdering Jews of their own accord.

Heydrich acted under orders from  Himmler, who supplied security forces on an "as needed" basis to the local SS and Police Leaders. Led by SD, Gestapo, and Kripo officers,  included recruits from the Orpo, Security Service and Waffen-SS, augmented by uniformed volunteers from the local auxiliary police force. Each  was supplemented with Waffen-SS and Order Police battalions as well as support personnel such as drivers and radio operators. On average, the Order Police formations were larger and better armed, with heavy machine-gun detachments, which enabled them to carry out operations beyond the capability of the SS. Each death squad followed an assigned army group as they advanced into the Soviet Union. During the course of their operations, the  commanders received assistance from the Wehrmacht. Activities ranged from the murder of targeted groups of individuals named on carefully prepared lists, to joint citywide operations with  which lasted for two or more days, such as the massacres at Babi Yar, perpetrated by the Police Battalion 45, and at Rumbula, by Battalion 22, reinforced by local  (auxiliary police). The SS brigades, wrote historian Christopher Browning, were "only the thin cutting edge of German units that became involved in political and racial mass murder."

Many  leaders were highly educated; for example, nine of seventeen leaders of  A held doctorate degrees. Three  were commanded by holders of doctorates, one of whom SS- Otto Rasch) held a double doctorate.

Additional  were created as additional territories were occupied.  E operated in Independent State of Croatia under three commanders, SS- , SS- Günther Herrmann, and lastly SS- Wilhelm Fuchs. The unit was subdivided into five  located in Vinkovci, Sarajevo, Banja Luka, Knin, and Zagreb.  F worked with Army Group South.  G operated in Romania, Hungary, and Ukraine, commanded by SS- .  H was assigned to Slovakia.  K and L, under SS- Emanuel Schäfer and SS- Ludwig Hahn, worked alongside 5th and 6th Panzer Armies during the Ardennes offensive. Hahn had previously been in command of  in Greece.

Other  and  included  (operated in Carinthia, on the border between Slovenia and Austria) under SS- Paul Blobel,  (Yugoslavia)  (Luxembourg),  (Norway) commanded by SS- Franz Walter Stahlecker,  (Yugoslavia) under SS- Wilhelm Fuchs and SS- August Meysner,  (Lithuania, Poland), and  (Tunis), commanded by SS- Walter Rauff.

Killings in the Soviet Union

After the invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the 's main assignment was to kill civilians, as in Poland, but this time its targets specifically included Soviet Communist Party commissars and Jews. In a letter dated 2 July 1941 Heydrich communicated to his SS and Police Leaders that the  were to execute all senior and middle ranking Comintern officials; all senior and middle ranking members of the central, provincial, and district committees of the Communist Party; extremist and radical Communist Party members; people's commissars; and Jews in party and government posts. Open-ended instructions were given to execute "other radical elements (saboteurs, propagandists, snipers, assassins, agitators, etc.)." He instructed that any pogroms spontaneously initiated by the population of the occupied territories were to be quietly encouraged.

On 8 July, Heydrich announced that all Jews were to be regarded as partisans, and gave the order for all male Jews between the ages of 15 and 45 to be shot. On 17 July Heydrich ordered that the  were to murder all Jewish Red Army prisoners of war, plus all Red Army prisoners of war from Georgia and Central Asia, as they too might be Jews. Unlike in Germany, where the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 defined as Jewish anyone with at least three Jewish grandparents, the  defined as Jewish anyone with at least one Jewish grandparent; in either case, whether or not the person practised the religion was irrelevant. The unit was also assigned to exterminate Romani people and the mentally ill. It was common practice for the  to shoot hostages.

As the invasion began, the Germans pursued the fleeing Red Army, leaving a security vacuum. Reports surfaced of Soviet guerrilla activity in the area, with local Jews immediately suspected of collaboration. Heydrich ordered his officers to incite anti-Jewish pogroms in the newly occupied territories. Pogroms, some of which were orchestrated by the , broke out in Latvia, Lithuania, and Ukraine. Within the first few weeks of Operation Barbarossa, 10,000 Jews had been murdered in 40 pogroms, and by the end of 1941 some 60 pogroms had taken place, claiming as many as 24,000 victims. However,  Franz Walter Stahlecker, commander of  A, reported to his superiors in mid-October that the residents of Kaunas were not spontaneously starting pogroms, and secret assistance by the Germans was required. A similar reticence was noted by  B in Russia and Belarus and  C in Ukraine; the further east the  travelled, the less likely the residents were to be prompted into murdering their Jewish neighbours.

All four main  took part in mass shootings from the early days of the war. Initially the targets were adult Jewish men, but by August the net had been widened to include women, children, and the elderly—the entire Jewish population. Initially there was a semblance of legality given to the shootings, with trumped-up charges being read out (arson, sabotage, black marketeering, or refusal to work, for example) and victims being murdered by a firing squad. As this method proved too slow, the  began to take their victims out in larger groups and shot them next to, or even inside, mass graves that had been prepared. Some  started to use automatic weapons, with survivors being murdered with a pistol shot.

As word of the massacres got out, many Jews fled; in Ukraine, 70 to 90 per cent of the Jews ran away. This was seen by the leader of  VI as beneficial, as it would save the regime the costs of deporting the victims further east over the Urals. In other areas the invasion was so successful that the  had insufficient forces to immediately murder all the Jews in the conquered territories. A situation report from  C in September 1941 noted that not all Jews were members of the Bolshevist apparatus, and suggested that the total elimination of Jewry would have a negative impact on the economy and the food supply. The Nazis began to round their victims up into concentration camps and ghettos and rural districts were for the most part rendered  (free of Jews). Jewish councils were set up in major cities and forced labour gangs were established to make use of the Jews as slave labour until they were all dead, a goal that was postponed until 1942.

The  used public hangings as a terror tactic against the local population. An  B report, dated 9 October 1941, described one such hanging. Due to suspected partisan activity near Demidov, all male residents aged 15 to 55 were put in a camp to be screened. The screening produced seventeen people who were identified as "partisans" and "Communists". Five members of the group were hanged while 400 local residents were assembled to watch; the rest were shot.

Babi Yar

The largest mass shooting perpetrated by the  took place on 29 and 30 September 1941 at Babi Yar, a ravine northwest of Kyiv city center in Ukraine that had fallen to the Germans on 19 September. The perpetrators included a company of Waffen-SS attached to  C under Rasch, members of  4a under SS- Friedrich Jeckeln, and some Ukrainian auxiliary police. The Jews of Kyiv were told to report to a certain street corner on 29 September; anyone who disobeyed would be shot. Since word of massacres in other areas had not yet reached Kyiv and the assembly point was near the train station, they assumed they were being deported. People showed up at the rendezvous point in large numbers, laden with possessions and food for the journey.

After being marched  northwest of the city centre, the victims encountered a barbed wire barrier and numerous Ukrainian police and German troops. Thirty or forty people at a time were told to leave their possessions and were escorted through a narrow passageway lined with soldiers brandishing clubs. Anyone who tried to escape was beaten. Soon the victims reached an open area, where they were forced to strip, and then were herded down into the ravine. People were forced to lie down in rows on top of the bodies of other victims, and they were shot in the back of the head or the neck by members of the execution squads.

The murders continued for two days, claiming a total of 33,771 victims. Sand was shovelled and bulldozed over the bodies and the sides of the ravine were dynamited to bring down more material. Anton Heidborn, a member of  4a, later testified that three days later that there were still people alive among the corpses. Heidborn spent the next few days helping smooth out the "millions" of banknotes taken from the victims' possessions. The clothing was taken away, destined to be re-used by German citizens. Jeckeln's troops shot more than 100,000 Jews by the end of October.

Killings in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia

 A operated in Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia (the three Baltic countries which had been occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940–1941). According to its own reports to Himmler,  A murdered almost 140,000 people in the five months following the 1941 German invasion: 136,421 Jews, 1,064 Communists, 653 people with mental illnesses, 56 partisans, 44 Poles, five Romani, and one Armenian were reported murdered between 22 June and 25 November 1941.

Upon entering Kaunas, Lithuania, on 25 June 1941, the  released the criminals from the local jail and encouraged them to join the pogrom which was underway. Between 23 and 27 June 1941, 4,000 Jews were murdered on the streets of Kaunas and in nearby open pits and ditches. Particularly active in the Kaunas pogrom was the so-called "Death Dealer of Kaunas", a young man who murdered Jews with a crowbar at the Lietukis Garage before a large crowd that cheered each murder with much applause; he occasionally paused to play the Lithuanian national anthem "Tautiška giesmė" on his accordion before resuming the murders.

As  A advanced into Lithuania, it actively recruited local nationalists and antisemitic groups. In July 1941, local Lithuanian collaborators, pejoratively called "White Armbands" (), joined the massacres. A pogrom in the Latvian capital Riga in early July 1941 killed 400 Jews. Latvian nationalist Viktors Arājs and his supporters undertook a campaign of arson against synagogues. On 2 July,  A commander Stahlecker appointed Arājs to head the , a  of about 300 men, mostly university students. Together,  A and the  murdered 2,300 Jews in Riga on 6–7 July. Within six months, Arājs and collaborators would murder about half of Latvia's Jewish population.

Local officials, the , and the  (Auxiliary Police) played a key role in rounding up and massacring local Jews in German-occupied Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. These groups also helped the  and other killing units to identify Jews. For example, in Latvia, the , consisting of auxiliary police organised by the Germans and recruited from former Latvian army and police officers, ex-, members of the Pērkonkrusts, and university students, assisted in the murder of Latvia's Jewish citizens. Similar units were created elsewhere, and provided much of the manpower for the Holocaust in Eastern Europe.

With the creation of units such as the  in Latvia and the  in Lithuania, the attacks changed from the spontaneous mob violence of the pogroms to more systematic massacres. With extensive local help,  A was the first  to attempt to systematically exterminate all the Jews in its area. Latvian historian Modris Eksteins wrote:

In late 1941, the  settled into headquarters in Kaunas, Riga, and Tallinn.  A grew less mobile and faced problems because of its small size. The Germans relied increasingly on the Latvian  and similar groups to perform massacres of Jews.

Such extensive and enthusiastic collaboration with the  has been attributed to several factors. Since the Russian Revolution of 1905, the  and other borderlands had experienced a political culture of violence. The 1940–1941 Soviet occupation had been profoundly traumatic for residents of the Baltic states and areas that had been part of Poland until 1939; the population was brutalised and terrorised, and the existing familiar structures of society were destroyed.

Historian Erich Haberer has suggested that many survived and made sense of the "totalitarian atomization" of society by seeking conformity with communism. As a result, by the time of the German invasion in 1941, many had come to see conformity with a totalitarian regime as socially acceptable behaviour; thus, people simply transferred their allegiance to the German regime when it arrived. Some who had collaborated with the Soviet regime sought to divert attention from themselves by naming Jews as collaborators and murdering them.

Rumbula

In November 1941 Himmler was dissatisfied with the pace of the exterminations in Latvia, as he intended to move Jews from Germany into the area. He assigned SS- Jeckeln, one of the perpetrators of the Babi Yar massacre, to liquidate the Riga ghetto. Jeckeln selected a site about  southeast of Riga near the Rumbula railway station, and had 300 Russian prisoners of war prepare the site by digging pits in which to bury the victims. Jeckeln organised around 1,700 men, including 300 members of the , 50 German SD men, and 50 Latvian guards, most of whom had already participated in mass-murdering of civilians. These troops were supplemented by Latvians, including members of the Riga city police, battalion police, and ghetto guards. Around 1,500 able-bodied Jews would be spared execution so their slave labour could be exploited; a thousand men were relocated to a fenced-off area within the ghetto and 500 women were temporarily housed in a prison and later moved to a separate nearby ghetto, where they were put to work mending uniforms.

Although Rumbula was on the rail line, Jeckeln decided that the victims should travel on foot from Riga to the execution ground. Trucks and buses were arranged to carry children and the elderly. The victims were told that they were being relocated, and were advised to bring up to  of possessions. The first day of executions, 30 November 1941, began with the perpetrators rousing and assembling the victims at 4:00 am. The victims were moved in columns of a thousand people toward the execution ground. As they walked, some SS men went up and down the line, shooting people who could not keep up the pace or who tried to run away or rest.

When the columns neared the prepared execution site, the victims were driven some  from the road into the forest, where any possessions that had not yet been abandoned were seized. Here the victims were split into groups of fifty and taken deeper into the forest, near the pits, where they were ordered to strip. The victims were driven into the prepared trenches, made to lie down, and shot in the head or the back of the neck by members of Jeckeln's bodyguard. Around 13,000 Jews from Riga were murdered at the pits that day, along with a thousand Jews from Berlin who had just arrived by train. On the second day of the operation, 8 December 1941, the remaining 10,000 Jews of Riga were murdered in the same way. About a thousand were murdered on the streets of the city or on the way to the site, bringing the total number of victims for the two-day extermination to 25,000 people. For his part in organising the massacre, Jeckeln was promoted to Leader of the SS Upper Section, Ostland.

Second sweep

 B, C, and D did not immediately follow  A's example in systematically murdering all Jews in their areas. The  commanders, with the exception of  A's Stahlecker, were of the opinion by the fall of 1941 that it was impossible to murder the entire Jewish population of the Soviet Union in one sweep, and thought the murders should stop. An  report dated 17 September advised that the Germans would be better off using any skilled Jews as labourers rather than shooting them. Also, in some areas poor weather and a lack of transportation led to a slowdown in deportations of Jews from points further west. Thus, an interval passed between the first round of  massacres in summer and fall, and what American historian Raul Hilberg called the second sweep, which started in December 1941 and lasted into the summer of 1942. During the interval, the surviving Jews were forced into ghettos.

 A had already murdered almost all Jews in its area, so it shifted its operations into Belarus to assist  B. In Dnepropetrovsk in February 1942,  D reduced the city's Jewish population from 30,000 to 702 over the course of four days. The German Order Police and local collaborators provided the extra manpower needed to perform all the shootings. Haberer wrote that, as in the Baltic states, the Germans could not have murdered so many Jews so quickly without local help. He points out that the ratio of Order Police to auxiliaries was 1 to 10 in both Ukraine and Belarus. In rural areas the proportion was 1 to 20. This meant that most Ukrainian and Belarusian Jews were murdered by fellow Ukrainians and Belarusians commanded by German officers rather than by Germans.

The second wave of exterminations in the Soviet Union met with armed resistance in some areas, though the chance of success was poor. Weapons were typically primitive or home-made. Communications were impossible between ghettos in various cities, so there was no way to create a unified strategy. Few in the ghetto leadership supported resistance for fear of reprisals on the ghetto residents. Mass break-outs were sometimes attempted, though survival in the forest was nearly impossible due to the lack of food and the fact that escapees were often tracked down and murdered.

Transition to gassing

After a time, Himmler found that the killing methods used by the  were inefficient: they were costly, demoralising for the troops, and sometimes did not kill the victims quickly enough. Many of the troops found the massacres to be difficult if not impossible to perform. Some of the perpetrators suffered physical and mental health problems, and many turned to drink. As much as possible, the  leaders militarized the genocide. The historian Christian Ingrao notes an attempt was made to make the shootings a collective act without individual responsibility. Framing the shootings in this way was not psychologically sufficient for every perpetrator to feel absolved of guilt. Browning notes three categories of potential perpetrators: those who were eager to participate right from the start, those who participated in spite of moral qualms because they were ordered to do so, and a significant minority who refused to take part. A few men spontaneously became excessively brutal in their killing methods and their zeal for the task. Commander of  D, SS- Otto Ohlendorf, particularly noted this propensity towards excess, and ordered that any man who was too eager to participate or too brutal should not perform any further executions.

During a visit to Minsk in August 1941, Himmler witnessed an  mass execution first-hand and concluded that shooting Jews was too stressful for his men. By November he made arrangements for any SS men suffering ill health from having participated in executions to be provided with rest and mental health care. He also decided a transition should be made to gassing the victims, especially the women and children, and ordered the recruitment of expendable native auxiliaries who could assist with the murders. Gas vans, which had been used previously to murder mental patients, began to see service by all four main  from 1942. However, the gas vans were not popular with the , because removing the dead bodies from the van and burying them was a horrible ordeal. Prisoners or auxiliaries were often assigned to do this task so as to spare the SS men the trauma. Some of the early mass murders at extermination camps used carbon monoxide fumes produced by diesel engines, similar to the method used in gas vans, but by as early as September 1941 experiments were begun at Auschwitz using Zyklon B, a cyanide-based pesticide gas.

Plans for the total eradication of the Jewish population of Europe—eleven million people—were formalised at the Wannsee Conference, held on 20 January 1942. Some would be worked to death, and the rest would be murdered in the implementation of the Final Solution of the Jewish question (). Permanent killing centres at Auschwitz, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka, and other Nazi extermination camps replaced mobile death squads as the primary method of mass-murder. The  remained active, however, and were put to work fighting partisans, particularly in Belarus.

After the fall of Stalingrad in February 1943, Himmler realised that Germany would likely lose the war, and ordered the formation of a special task force, Sonderaktion 1005, under SS- Paul Blobel. The unit's assignment was to visit mass graves all along the Eastern Front to exhume bodies and burn them in an attempt to cover up the genocide. The task remained unfinished at the end of the war, and many mass graves remain unmarked and unexcavated.

By 1944 the Red Army had begun to push the German forces out of Eastern Europe, and the  retreated alongside the Wehrmacht. By late 1944, most  personnel had been folded into Waffen-SS combat units or transferred to permanent death camps. Hilberg estimates that between 1941 and 1945 the  and related agencies killed more than two million people, including 1.3 million Jews. The total number of Jews murdered during the war is estimated at 5.5 to six million people.

Plans for the Middle East and Britain
According to research by German historians Klaus-Michael Mallmann and , Einsatzgruppe Egypt, led by Walter Rauff, was raised in 1942 in Athens. The unit was to enter Egypt and Mandatory Palestine once German forces arrived there. According to Mallmann and Cüppers, the unit's purpose was to carry out mass-murder of the Jewish populations in those areas. Given its small staff of only 24 men, Mallmann and Cüppers theorize the unit would have needed help from local residents and from the  to complete their assignment. Former Iraqi prime minister Rashid Ali al-Gaylani and the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin al-Husseini played roles, engaging in antisemitic radio propaganda, preparing to recruit volunteers, and in raising an Arab-German Battalion that would also follow  Egypt to the Middle East. On 20 July 1942 Rauff was sent to Tobruk to report to Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, Commander of the . Since Rommel was 500 km away at the First Battle of El Alamein, it is unlikely that the two met.  According to historian Haim Saadon, Director of the Center of Research on North African Jewry in World War II, Rauff's documents show that his foremost concern was assisting the Wehrmacht, and his plan for this was to place the Jews in forced labour camps. In relative terms, the North African Jews largely escaped the Final Solution. The plans for  Egypt were set aside after the Allied victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein.

Had Operation Sea Lion, the German plan for an invasion of the United Kingdom been launched, six  were scheduled to follow the invasion force into Britain. They were provided with a list called the  ('Special Search List, G.B'), known as The Black Book after the war, of 2,300 people to be immediately imprisoned by the Gestapo. The list included Churchill, members of the cabinet, prominent journalists and authors, and members of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile.

Jäger Report

The  kept official records of many of their massacres and provided detailed reports to their superiors. The Jäger Report, filed by Commander SS- Karl Jäger on 1 December 1941 to his superior, Stahlecker (head of  A), covers the activities of  III in Lithuania over the five-month period from 2 July 1941 to 25 November 1941.

Jäger's report provides an almost daily running total of the liquidations of 137,346 people, the vast majority of them Jews. The report documents the exact date and place of massacres, the number of victims, and their breakdown into categories (Jews, Communists, criminals, and so on). Women were shot from the very beginning, but initially in fewer numbers than men. Children were first included in the tally starting in mid-August, when 3,207 people were murdered in Rokiškis on 15–16 August 1941. For the most part the report does not give any military justification for the murders; people were murdered solely because they were Jews. In total, the report lists over 100 executions in 71 different locations. Jäger wrote: "I can state today that the goal of solving the Jewish problem in Lithuania has been reached by  3. There are no more Jews in Lithuania, apart from working Jews and their families." In a February 1942 addendum to the report, Jäger increased the total number of victims to 138,272, giving a breakdown of 48,252 men, 55,556 women, and 34,464 children. Only 1,851 of the victims were non-Jewish.

Jäger escaped capture by the Allies when the war ended. He lived in Heidelberg under his own name until his report was discovered in March 1959. Arrested and charged, Jäger committed suicide on 22 June 1959 in a Hohenasperg prison while awaiting trial for his crimes.

Involvement of the Wehrmacht

The murders took place with the knowledge and support of the German Army in the east. As ordered by Hitler, the Wehrmacht cooperated with the , providing logistical support for their operations, and participated in the mass killings. On 10 October 1941 Field Marshal Walther von Reichenau drafted an order to be read to the German Sixth Army on the Eastern Front. Now known as the Severity Order, it read in part:

Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt of Army Group South expressed his "complete agreement" with the order. He sent out a circular to the generals under his command urging them to release their own versions and to impress upon their troops the need to exterminate the Jews. General Erich von Manstein, in an order to his troops on 20 November, stated that "the Jewish-Bolshevist system must be exterminated once and for all." Manstein sent a letter to  D commanding officer Ohlendorf complaining that it was unfair that the SS was keeping all of the murdered Jews' wristwatches for themselves instead of sharing with the Army.

Beyond this trivial complaint, the Army and the  worked closely and effectively. On 6 July 1941  4b of  C reported that "Armed forces surprisingly welcome hostility against the Jews". Few complaints about the murders were ever raised by Wehrmacht officers. On 8 September,  D reported that relations with the German Army were "excellent". In the same month, Stahlecker of  A wrote that Army Group North had been exemplary in co-operating with the exterminations and that relations with the 4th Panzer Army, commanded by General Erich Hoepner, were "very close, almost cordial". In the south, the Romanian Army worked closely with  D to massacre Ukrainian Jews, murdering around 26,000 Jews in the Odessa massacre. The German historian Peter Longerich thinks it probable that the Wehrmacht, along with the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), incited the Lviv pogroms, during which 8,500 to 9,000 Jews were murdered by the native population and  C in July 1941. Moreover, most people on the home front in Germany had some idea of the massacres being committed by the . British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper noted that although Himmler had forbidden photographs of the murders, it was common for both the men of the  and for bystanders to take pictures to send to their loved ones, which he felt suggested widespread approval of the massacres.

Officers in the field were well aware of the killing operations being conducted by the . The Wehrmacht tried to justify their considerable involvement in the  massacres as being anti-partisan operations rather than racist attacks, but Hillgruber wrote that this was just an excuse. He states that those German generals who claimed that the  were a necessary anti-partisan response were lying, and maintained that the slaughter of about 2.2 million defenceless civilians for reasons of racist ideology cannot be justified.

Einsatzgruppen trials
Most of the surviving perpetrators of Nazi war crimes were never charged, and returned unremarked to civilian life. The West German government only charged about 100 former  members with war crimes. As time went on, it became more difficult to obtain prosecutions; witnesses grew older and were less likely to be able to offer valuable testimony. Funding for trials was inadequate, and the governments of Austria and Germany became less interested in obtaining convictions for wartime events, preferring to forget the Nazi past.

1947–1948 trial

After the close of World War II, 24 senior leaders of the  were prosecuted in the Einsatzgruppen trial in 1947–48, part of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials held under United States military authority. The men were charged with crimes against humanity, war crimes, and membership in the SS (which had been declared a criminal organization). Fourteen death sentences and two life sentences were among the judgments; only four executions were carried out, on 7 June 1951; the rest were reduced to lesser sentences. Four additional  leaders were later tried and executed by other nations.

Several  leaders, including Ohlendorf, claimed at the trial to have received an order before Operation Barbarossa requiring them to murder all Soviet Jews. To date no evidence has been found that such an order was ever issued. German prosecutor Alfred Streim noted that if such an order had been given, post-war courts would only have been able to convict the  leaders as accomplices to mass murder. However, if it could be established that the  had committed mass murder without orders, then they could have been convicted as perpetrators of mass murder, and hence could have received stiffer sentences, including capital punishment.

Streim postulated that the existence of an early comprehensive order was a fabrication created for use in Ohlendorf's defence. This theory is now widely accepted by historians. Longerich notes that most orders received by the  leaders—especially when they were being ordered to carry out criminal activities—were vague, and couched in terminology that had a specific meaning for members of the regime. Leaders were given briefings about the need to be "severe" and "firm"; all Jews were to be viewed as potential enemies that had to be dealt with ruthlessly. British historian Sir Ian Kershaw argues that Hitler's apocalyptic remarks before Barbarossa about the necessity for a war without mercy to "annihilate" the forces of "Judeo-Bolshevism" were interpreted by  commanders as permission and encouragement to engage in extreme antisemitic violence, with each  commander to use his own discretion about how far he was prepared to go.

1958 trial

The crimes of the Einsatzgruppen came into wider public awareness with the Ulm Einsatzkommando trial in 1958. At the trial, ten former members of  were on trial accused of murdering around 5,500 Jewish men, women, and children in the German-Lithuanian border area in mid-1941. Among them were the heads of the Tilsit task force , , and the head of the Tilsit SD section . The responsible senior public prosecutor, , used as evidence documents from the American Einsatzgruppen trial in Nuremberg, existing specialist literature, SS personnel files, and surviving "USSR event reports".

See also
 Functionalism versus intentionalism
 Glossary of Nazi Germany
 List of Nazi Party leaders and officials
 Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
 Porajmos

References

Explanatory notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum article on
 "Einsatzgruppen"  The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

Military units and formations of Germany in World War II
The Holocaust in Ukraine
The Holocaust in Latvia
The Holocaust in Lithuania
The Holocaust in Estonia
The Holocaust in Russia
The Holocaust in Belarus
The Holocaust in Poland
Holocaust terminology
Gestapo
Reinhard Heydrich
Reich Security Main Office
Police of Nazi Germany

Einsatzgruppen


Werner Glogauer (* 21. Dezember 1925 in Wansen, Niederschlesien; † 1. Oktober 2013 in Augsburg) war ein deutscher Pädagoge und Hochschullehrer an der Universität Augsburg.

Leben
Glogauer studierte Pädagogik, Psychologie und Literatur an der Philosophisch-theologischen Hochschule in Regensburg und der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Er besuchte die Lehrerbildungsanstalt in Straubing und legte 1950 die Erste Lehramtsprüfung für den Volksschuldienst und 1952 die Zweite Lehramtsprüfung ab. Er promovierte bei Martin Keilhacker mit einer Untersuchung über Vorbilder und Leitbilder des Films im Jugendalter. 1980 wurde er Professor für Schulpädagogik mit dem Schwerpunkt allgemeine Didaktik an der Universität Augsburg. Er war Autor des Geschichtsbuches Wir erleben die Geschichte.

Forschungsschwerpunkt
Glogauer forschte und publizierte zu didaktischen Themen sowie zum Thema "Gewalt in den Medien". Glogauer war mehrfach in öffentlichkeitswirksamen Prozessen als Gutachter zu Mediengewalt bestellt worden. Aufsehen erregte der Medienpädagoge immer wieder durch die These, Gewalt in den Medien könne einen Einfluss auf kindliches Verhalten haben.

Veröffentlichungen
 Das Strukturmodell der Didaktik. Systematik und Methodologie. Ehrenwirth, München 1967
 Wir erleben Geschichte. Bayerischer Schulbuch Verlag, München 1971
 Zur Lernwirksamkeit des Schulfernsehens. Empirische Untersuchungen. Universitäts- und Schulbuchverlag, Saarbrücken 1974, ISBN 3-87834-107-5
 Neue Konzeptionen für individualisierendes Lehren und Lernen. Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 1976, ISBN 3-7815-0250-3
 Rechtschreibtests zur Fehlerdiagnose und objektiven Leistungsmessung und -beurteilung für die 3./4. [dritte, vierte] Jahrgangsstufe: mit 15 Testbogen zum Kopieren, Lösungen u. Prozentrangtabellen. Ehrenwirth, München 1980, ISBN 3-431-02283-9
 Videofilm-Konsum der Kinder und Jugendlichen. Erkenntnisstand und Wirkungen. Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 1988, ISBN 3-7815-0611-8
 Kriminalisierung von Kindern und Jugendlichen durch Medien. Wirkungen gewalttätiger, sexueller, pornographischer und satanischer Darstellungen. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 1991, ISBN 3-7890-3391-X
 Die neuen Medien verändern die Kindheit. Nutzung und Auswirkungen des Fernsehens, der Videofilme, Computer- und Videospiele, der Werbung und Musikvideoclips. Beltz, Weinheim 1998, ISBN 3-89271-500-9
 Die neuen Medien verändern die Kindheit. Beltz, Weinheim 1998, ISBN 978-3-89271-500-9
 Die neuen Medien machen uns krank. Gesundheitliche Schäden durch Medien-Nutzung bei Kindern, Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen. Beltz, Weinheim 1999, ISBN 3-89271-868-7

Einzelnachweise

Pädagoge
Hochschullehrer (Universität Augsburg)
Deutscher
Geboren 1925
Gestorben 2013
Mann

Werner Glogauer


Édouard Philippe (n. 28 noiembrie 1970, Rouen) este un avocat și politician francez care a ocupat funcția de Prim-ministru al Franței din 15 mai 2017, succedându-l pe socialistul Bernard Cazeneuve, până pe 3 iulie 2020, atunci când și-a dat demisia, acesta a fost succedat de Jean Castex.

Édouard Philippe a lucrat între 2007 și 2010 ca director de afaceri publice pentru grupul nuclear Areva. Membru al Uniunii pentru o Mișcare Populară, redenumită Republicanii din mai 2015, Philippe este membru al Adunării Naționale a Franței din 2012 și fost primar al orașului Le Havre. Ales în 2010, a renunțat la funcție după ce președintele Emmanuel Macron l-a nominalizat premier pe 15 mai 2017.

Philippe și-a început activitatea politică în studenție, ca militant socialist afiliat fostului premier Michel Rocard, înainte de a se alătura dreptei. Ca și Macron, a urmat Școala Națională de Administrație (ENA), o instituție de elită.

Note

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Politicieni francezi
Francezi în viață
Oameni din Rouen

Édouard Philippe


Vi lader billedet stå et øjeblik er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2017 instrueret af Esther Wellejus.

Handling
En film fra en datter til en far. En film om erindring, tab og kærligheden til mennesket bag diagnosen. I filmen træder vi ind i et utydeligt billede af mørke, farve og skygger. Det er erindringens slørede stier, som åbner sig. Filmen er skabt med billeder af naturen som en uvis fortælling. Vi ser som et barn, der opslugt betragter hver detalje i træernes blade og skaber sit eget drømmende univers midt i oplevelsen af en far, der forsvinder i en nyfunden religiøs vækkelse og sin hjernes vilde udsving.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2017

Vi lader billedet stå et øjeblik


Un Jack-o'-lantern este un dovleac sculptat manual, adoperat ca decorație în mod tradițional în țările anglo-saxone în timpul Halloween-ului. Crearea unui Jack-o'-lantern constă în tăierea părții de sus a dovleacul care ia forma unui capac, și odată scoasă pulpa interioară, se sculptează o față monstruosă sau una comică pe părțile laterale. Pentru a crea efectul de lanternă, se poate poziționa o sursă de lumină, de obicei o lumânare, în interiorul dovleacului. Această tradiție a fost dusă în Statele Unite de către imigranții irlandezi.

Tradiția populară

Dovleacul Jack-o'-lantern este legat în mod special de legenda irlandezului Jack, un fierar șiret, avar și bețiv, care într-o zi la o cârciumă a întâlnit Diavolul. Din cauza faptului că era beat, sufletul lui Jack era aproape să cadă în mâinile Diavolului, dar, mulțumită istețimii sale, Jack a cerut acestuia să se transforme într-o monedă pentru a putea cumpăra încă o ultimă băutură, promițându-i sufletul său. Jack a pus Diavolul trasformat în monedă într-o pungă, lângă o cruce de argint, astfel încât să nu se poată transforma înapoi. Atunci diavolul a promis că nu va lua sufletul lui în următorii zece ani, așa că Jack l-a eliberat.

După ce au trecut acești ani, Diavolul s-a prezentat din nou lui Jack. Acesta i-a cerut Diavolului să rupă un măr din vârful unui copac, înainte de a-l duce în Iad. Pentru a nu fi răpit, Jack, după ce Dracul s-a suit pe pom, a desenat niște cruci pe trunchi, astfel încăt Diavolul să numai poată coborî. După o lungă ceartă cei doi au ajuns la un compromis: dacă Diavolul ar fi vrut să coboare, trebuia să-l salveze pe Jack de la condamnarea veșnică.

În timpul vieții sale, Jack a comis multe păcate iar atunci când a murit nu a fost acceptat în Paradis, și când s-a prezentat la intrarea Iadului, a fost respins de Diavol, acesta reamintidu-i lui Jack despre acordul făcut cu el, și a lăsat spiritul lui Jack să se rătăcească. Deoarece era întuneric, Demonul i-a aruncat un jar aprins, pe care Jack l-a pus într-un nap pe care l-a avut cu el. Din acel moment spiritul lui Jack hoinărește în căutare de un loc unde să se odihnească, iar în ziua Halloween-ului oamenii atârna un felinar în fața ușii pentru a indica sufletului nefericit că acea casă nu este un loc pentru el.

Originile

Tradiția dovleacului Jack-o'-lantern provine din Irlanda. În secolul al XIX-lea pentru sărbătorirea Halloween-ului în unele părți din această țară și din Highlands se foloseau napi și sfecle furajere fără interior, iluminate pentru a fi utilizate ca lanterne și uneori sculptate cu fețe grotești. Totodată în aceste regiuni celtice Halloween-ul a fost, de asemenea, festivalul Samhain, și se credea că era timpul când ființele supranaturale și sufletele morților umblau pe pământ.

Aceste felinare erau făcute pentru a reprezenta spiritele și ființele supranaturale, sau erau folosite pentru a alunga spiritele rele. Unii foloseau felinarele Jack-o'-lantern pentru a speria oamenii în timpul Halloween-ului  iar alții le puneau deasupra pervazului pentru a ține spiritele răutăcioase departe de casă. Unele felinare Jack-o'-lantern reprezentau și sufletele creștinilor în Purgatoriu, Halloween-ul fiind și ajunul Sărbătorii Tuturor Sfinților (1 Noiembrie) și Zilei morților (2 Noiembrie).

Recorduri Mondiale
Pentru o lungă perioadă de timp, Keene, New Hampshire a deținut recordul mondial pentru cei mai mulți Jack-o'-lantern iluminați într-un singur loc. Life is Good Company împreună cu Camp Sunshine, o tabără la care partecipă copiii cu boli și familiile acestora, a doborât recordul pe data de 21 octombrie 2006, aprinzând 30.128 Jack-o'-lantern într-un parc din orașul Boston. Highwood, Illinois a încercat să doboare acest record cu 30.919 Jack-o'-lantern, dar nu a urmat regulamentul impus de Guinness World Records, și prin urmare realizarea nu a fost socotită.

În 19 octombrie 2013 Keene, New Hampshire a depășit recordul din Boston și a recăpătat recordul mondial pentru cel mai mare număr de dovleci Jack-o'-lantern aprinși într-un loc, pentru a opta oară.

Pe data de 31 octombrie 2005 Scott Cully a sculptat cel mai mare Jack-o'-lantern din lume, din cel mai mare dovleac din lume, în Northern Cambria, Pennsylvania. Dovleacul fusese crescut de Larry Checkon și cântărise 666,33 kg (1469 lb), pe data de 1 octombrie 2005, la Pennsylvania Giant Pumpkin Growers Association.

Galerie

Note
Antropomorfism
Halloween
Creaturi legendare
Legende urbane
Nemorți

Jack-o'-lantern


Stormont Castle is a manor house on the Stormont Estate in east Belfast which is home to the Northern Ireland Executive and the Executive Office. It is a Grade A listed building.

History
Stormont Castle was completed c.1830 and was reworked in 1858 by its original owners, the Cleland family, to the designs of Thomas Turner in the Scottish baronial style with features such as bartizans used for decorative purposes. The building and  of adjoining land was bought by the newly established Government of Northern Ireland for £15,000 in 1921.

Between 1921 and 1972, it served as the official residence of the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. However, a number of Prime Ministers chose to live at Stormont House, the official residence of the Speaker of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland, which was empty as a number of Speakers had chosen to live in their own homes. It also served as the meeting place for the Cabinet of the Government of Northern Ireland from 1921 to 1972.

With the imposition of direct rule in 1972, it served as the Belfast headquarters of the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Northern Ireland Office (NIO) ministers and supporting officials. During The Troubles, it was also used by MI5 officers. The Good Friday Agreement was concluded in nearby Castle Buildings in April 1998.

A £7.5m renovation was completed in 2001. The work was the most extensive completed since the building's construction and the architect stated that "[the] objective was to create a modern, functioning office space while maintaining the historic character of the building."

The castle is open to the public each year on the European Heritage Open Day weekend.

References

External links
Tours of Parliament Buildings

Buildings and structures in Belfast
Government buildings in Northern Ireland
Official residences in the United Kingdom
Grade A listed buildings
Country houses in Northern Ireland
Scottish baronial architecture

Stormont Castle


En çok gözetilen ulus kaydı (eski adı: en ziyâde müsâadeye mazhar millet şartı, en ziyâde müsâadeye mazhar olan millet kaydı, en ziyâde mazhar-ı müsâade olmuş devlet, en çok müsâadeli millet muâmelesi, en çok kayrılan devlet kaidesi, İngilizce: the most favoured nation clause, Fransızca: la clause de la nation la plus favorisée, Almanca: Meitsbegüngstigungsklausel), bir antlaşmaya taraf olan devletlerin, başka antlaşmalarla başka devletlere tanıdıkları ayrıcalıkları ve yararları birbirlerine de tanıyacaklarını ifade etmeleridir. Şöyle ki, A ve B devletleri arasında yapılan ve içerisinde "en çok gözetilen ulus" kaydı bulunan bir antlaşma sayesinde, A devleti başka bir antlaşma ile C devletine daha önemli bir yarar, bir ayrıcalık tanıdığında, bu ayrıcalıktan B devleti ve yurttaşları da yararlanacaktır; dolayısıyla bu sayede A ile B arasında yeniden bir antlaşma yapılmasına gerek kalmayacaktır. En çok ticâret antlaşmalarında kullanılmaktadır. Amaç, farklı muameleleri önlemek, eşitliği sağlamaktır. Bununla beraber, bu kaydın karşılıklılık esası gözetilmeden uygulandığı örnekler de mevcuttur. En çok gözetilen ulus kaydı genellikle ikili antlaşmalarda rastlanılan bir yöntem olmasına karşın, bu kayda çok taraflı antlaşmalarda da rastlanılmaktadır.

Gümrük birliği, serbest ticaret bölgesi ve sınır ticaretine ilişkin anlaşmalar bu kaydın istisnasını oluşturur.

Kaynakça
 Belgesay, Mustafa Reşit. Teorik ve Pratik Adliye Hukuku IV: Devletler Hususi Hukukunda Adliye (İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayını, 1937), s.39.
 Bilsel, Cemil. Devletler Hukuku kitap 3: Devletler arasında Andlaşmalar (İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayını, 1936), s.144,356.
 Çelik, Edip F. Milletlerarası Hukuk, gözden geçirilmiş baskı (İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayını, 1965), I, 180-182.
 Pazarcı, Hüseyin. Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri, gözden geçirilmiş 4.baskı (Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 1994), I, 176-177.

Uluslararası ticaret
Uluslararası hukuk
Dünya Ticaret Örgütü

En çok gözetilen ulus kaydı


Delo, slovenske dnevne novine iz Ljubljane, jedna od starijih i utjecajnijih tiskovina u Sloveniji. Izlazi od 1959. Uz tiskano izdanje, novine izlaze i u mrežnom obliku.

U 2021. godini prosječna naklada iznosila je više od 21 000 primjeraka. S druge strane, čitanost mrežnoga izdanja u travnju 2022. iznosila je više od 140 000 dnevnih posjeta mrežnih stranica novina.

Uredništvo novina od 1991. dodijeljuje godišnju nagradu »Kresnik« za najbolji slovenski roman u protekloj godini.

Izvori

Dnevne novine
Ljubljana
Slovenski tiskani mediji

Delo


Yeni Parti, 7 Ekim 1993'te Turgut Özal'ın kardeşlerinden Yusuf Bozkurt Özal liderliğinde kuruldu. Kuruluş amacı Turgut Özal'ın ölümünden önce hazırladığı İkinci Değişim Programı'nı Türkiye'de uygulamak olan Yeni Parti (YP), katıldığı 1995 genel seçimlerinde % 0.13'lük oy oranına ulaştı. Yusuf Bozkurt Özal'ın başlayan sağlık sorunları nedeniyle parti, Kasım 1997'de genel başkanlığını - aynı zamanda abisi olan - Korkut Özal'ın yaptığı Demokrat Parti ile birleşti.

Yeni Parti ve seçimler

Genel seçimler

Kaynakça

1993'te kurulan siyasi partiler
1997'de kapatılan siyasi partiler
Türkiye'deki eski liberal partiler

Yeni Parti (1993)


Darrell K Royal (July 6, 1924 – November 7, 2012) was an American gridiron football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Mississippi State University (1954–1955), the University of Washington (1956), and the University of Texas (1957–1976), compiling a career college football record of 184–60–5. In his 20 seasons at Texas, Royal's teams won three national championships (1963, 1969, and 1970), 11 Southwest Conference titles, and amassed a record of 167–47–5. He won more games than any other coach in Texas Longhorns football history. Royal also coached the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL) for one season in 1953. He never had a losing season as a head coach for his entire career. Royal was an All-American at the University of Oklahoma, where he played football from 1946 to 1949. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1983. Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium in Austin, Texas, where the Longhorns play their home games, was renamed in his honor in 1996.

Early life
"K" was Royal's given middle name, not an abbreviation. He received it in honor of his mother, Katy, who died when he was an infant. She died of cancer, but because of the stigma surrounding the disease at that time, Royal was led to believe until he was an adult that she had died giving birth to him.

Playing career
In 1942, during World War II, Royal finished Hollis High School, where he had played football. He joined the United States Army Air Corps, where he played football for the 3rd Air Force team during 1945 and was spotted and recruited by scouts for the University of Oklahoma Sooners football program. He played quarterback and defensive back at the University of Oklahoma under his mentor, coach Bud Wilkinson, from 1946 to 1949. While attending Oklahoma, he joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity.

Royal was most noted for his prowess as a defensive back, where his 18 career interceptions and his three interceptions in the 1947 game against Oklahoma A&M (now Oklahoma State) are still Sooner records.

Royal's part-time contributions as quarterback had a similar impact, despite the fact that he shared time with Jack Mitchell and Claude Arnold at the position. He threw a 43-yard pass against North Carolina in the 1949 Sugar Bowl. Royal holds the fourth-best winning percentage in school history (minimum 15 starts) with a 16–1 mark as a part-time quarterback starter. His 11–0 mark as a starter in 1949 ranks as one of the best seasons in school history.

In 1992, Royal was inducted into the Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame.

Coaching career

Early positions
Royal served as an assistant coach at North Carolina State, Tulsa and Mississippi State. He coached the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League, and in 1954, he returned to Mississippi State for his first collegiate head coaching job. After two seasons, he left for Washington in the Pacific Coast Conference, but stayed in Seattle for less than ten months.

University of Texas
Royal took over as head coach at the University of Texas (UT) on December 18, 1956. The team went from a 1–9 record in 1956, their worst record ever, to a 6–4–1 mark in 1957 and a berth in the Sugar Bowl. Within two years, Royal had the Longhorns in the Cotton Bowl as the number-four team in the country. In Royal's 20 years as head coach, Texas never had a losing season. Royal posted a  record at Texas, and his overall record was . Some of his most memorable games were against the Arkansas Razorbacks, and fellow College Football Hall of Fame head coach Frank Broyles.

With Royal at the helm, Texas won the school's first three national championships (1963, 1969 and 1970), won or shared 11 Southwest Conference championships, and made 16 bowl appearances. His 1963 and 1969 teams finished the season undefeated and untied—something no Longhorn team would do again until 2005.

Royal's teams were known for being very run-oriented. The quote, "Three things can happen when you pass, and two of them are bad," is often attributed to Royal, but Royal himself attributed it to another run-first coach, Woody Hayes.

Royal's coaching tactics were the subject of criticism in Gary Shaw's exposé of college football recruiting and coaching practices, Meat on the Hoof, which was published in 1972, six years after Shaw left the Texas football program.

Beginning in 1962, Royal also served as Texas' athletic director. He retired from coaching in 1976 and remained director of athletics until 1980. He then served as special assistant to the university president on athletic programs.

During his tenure, Royal oversaw the integration of African-Americans into the UT athletics program. At that time, while UT began admitting black students in 1956 and opening the athletics program to them in 1963, there were no black student-athletes well into the late 1960s.

In a confidential University of Texas memo dated November 10, 1959 which related to how various coaches at the university felt about black players, it was stated that "Coach Royal has coached Negro students, but says they create problems. White players particularly resented Negro boys coming in their room and lounging on their beds. Darrell was quite pronounced in not wanting any Negroes on his team until other Southwest Conference teams admit them and until the housing problem is solved or conditions change."

In 2005, Royal retrospectively noted that "things they are a-changing. But they weren't changing that quickly around here at the time." He offered a scholarship to Julius Whittier (1950-2018) of San Antonio after the last recipient dropped out due to poor academic performance, and Whittier became the first black student-athlete to play for the Texas Longhorns football team. Whittier went on to graduate from the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs in 1976 with a master's degree and worked as a chief prosecutor with the Dallas District Attorney's Office.

Royal also coached Freddie Steinmark, who was a member of the 1969 Longhorns National Championship team and subsequently died from bone cancer. Steinmark has been the topic of several books and a 2015 movie, My All American where Royal was portrayed by Aaron Eckhart.

In 1996, the University honored Royal by renaming Texas Memorial Stadium as Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium. Royal was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1983.

Coach Royal was famous for the inspirational Royalisms he deployed as motivational tools. These sayings include:

 "God gives talent, size, speed. But a guy can control how hard he tries."
 "I want to be remembered as a winning coach, but I also want to be remembered as an honest and ethical coach."
 "You've got to think lucky. If you fall into a mud hole, check your back pocket—you might have caught a fish."
 "Punt returns will kill you quicker than a minnow can swim a dipper."
 "Don't matter what they throw at us. Only angry people win football games."

Late life and death
Royal spent his retired years enjoying life with his wife, Edith, and close friends such as former president Lyndon B. Johnson and noted musician Willie Nelson. He enjoyed playing golf and spending time in nature. In 1991, Royal paid $117,350 for Willie Nelson's Pedernales Country Club after it was seized by the IRS due to Nelson's tax debt. He, along with professional baseball player Pete Runnels, also helped found a co-ed summer camp, Camp Champions in Marble Falls, Texas, which is still in existence today.

Royal died on November 7, 2012, due to complications of Alzheimer's disease. He is interred at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin, Texas.

Royal was survived by his wife Edith (b. 1925), whom he married on July 26, 1944. They have a son, Sammy Mack, and two predeceased children, Marian Royal Kazen (1945–73) and David Wade Royal (1952–82), both of whom died in automobile-related accidents.

Head coaching record

College

Canadian football

See also
List of presidents of the American Football Coaches Association

References

External links

1924 births
2012 deaths
American football running backs
American football quarterbacks
College football announcers
Edmonton Elks coaches
Mississippi State Bulldogs football coaches
NC State Wolfpack football coaches
Oklahoma Sooners football players
Texas Longhorns athletic directors
Texas Longhorns football coaches
Tulsa Golden Hurricane football coaches
Washington Huskies football coaches
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
People from Hollis, Oklahoma
Coaches of American football from Oklahoma
Players of American football from Oklahoma
Burials at Texas State Cemetery
Neurological disease deaths in Texas
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease

Darrell Royal


ديساتوريز أو نازع التشبع  هو إنزيم ينزع ذرتي هيدروجين من مركب عضوي مكونا رابطة كربون/كربون زوجية.

تصنف نازعات التشبع كالأتي:
 دلتا - دلالة على أن الرابطة الزوجية تنشأ عند مكان ثابت من مجموعة الكربوكسيل الخاصة بالحمض الدهني (مثلا: نازع تشبع Δ9 ينشئ رابطة زوجية عند المكان التاسع من النهاية الكربوكسيلية)
 أوميجا (مثل نازع تشبع ω3 ) دلالة على إنشاء الرابطة الزوجية بين ذرة الكربون الثالثة والرابعة من النهاية المثيلية للحمض الدهني.

في التخليق الحيوي للأحماض الدهنية الأساسية، فإن الإيلونجيز يتناوب مع نازعات تشبع مختلفة (مثلا نازع تشبع Δ6) بصورة متكررة ويقوم بإدخال مجموعة إيثايل ثم ينشئ رابطة زوجية.

دوره في التمثيل الغذائي في الإنسان
هناك ثلاث نازعات تشبع في الإنسان: نازع تشبع Δ9 ونازع تشبع Δ6 ونازع تشبع Δ5.

نازع تشبع Δ9 والذي يعرف أيضا ب Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 ويستعمل لتخليق حمض الأوليك وهو حمض أحادي التشبع ومكون واسع الانتشار في كل خلايا جسم الإنسان. نازع تشبع Δ9 ينتج حمض الأوليك عن طريق نزع تشبع حمض الأستيارك وهو حمض دهني مشبع يمكن أن يخلق في الجسم من حمض البالمتيك أو يؤخذ في الغذاء مباشرة.

نازعي التشبع Δ6 و Δ5 مهمين لتخليق الأحماض الدهنية عالية عدم التشبع مثل ال EPA وال DHA (يخلقو من حمض لينولينك) وحمض أراشيدونيك (الذي يخلق من حمض لين‌أوليك).هذه العملية متعددة المراحل وتتطلب خطوات متعاقبة من جانب إنزيمات الإيلونجيز ونازعات التشبع. تم تحديد الجينات المشفرة لإنتاج نازعي التشبع Δ6 و Δ5 على الكروموسوم البشري رقم 11.

مراجع

إنزيمات

نازع تشبع


O Auxois () é uma Região natural da França, no Departamento de Côte-d'Or. Tem 2500 km.

Geografia

Geologicamente, o Auxois repousa sobre parte de um planalto calcário formado no Jurássico, e inclinado desde o limiar da Borgonha (ou Côte d'Or ) no sul em direção à região de Paris no norte, e correspondendo a um fosso, ou graben, entre o Morvan e os planaltos de Langres-Châtillonnais. Em hidrologia, é uma bacia hidrográfica cujas águas se encontram no distrito de Montbard antes de se juntarem ao Sena, e que toca ou inclui o ponto divisor de águas entre Loire, Ródano e Sena.

Bibliografia
 Étienne Bavard, Émile Bergeret, Charles Boyard, Michel-Hilaire Clément-Janin, Hippolyte Marlot, Tradições, superstições e lendas de Auxois, Textos do século XIX e início do século XX, Editions JALON, 2018, 164 p., .
 Jacques Denizot, A língua borgonhesa de Auxois, Edição comentada do Vocabulaire patois (Sainte-Sabine e arredores) Século XIX, Editions JALON, 2018, 164 p., .

Ligações externas

 Site oficial do Pays de l'Auxois
 Michel Kasprzyk, Pierre Nouvel e Antony Hostein, " Epigrafia religiosa e comunidades cívicas no início do Império : a delimitação do território da  II séc. E III º séculos », Revue archeologique de l'Est, volume  (2012), publicado em 4 de setembro de 2013 em rae.revues.org (consultado em 6 de março de 2014)
 Conde Guérin de Chalon
 família da Vergy

Condados da França
História da Borgonha
Geografia de Côte-d'Or

Auxois (região)


Silická Jablonica este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Rožňava din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 186 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Silická Jablonica este atestată documentar din 1386.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Silická Jablonica


Dette er en autogenereret liste over værker af P.S. Krøyer ud fra data i Wikidata.

Peder Severin Krøyer (født 23. juli 1851 i Stavanger; død 20. eller 21. november 1909 i Skagen) var en dansk maler – og en af de danske Skagensmalere. Han blev født i Norge, men voksede op hos sin moster i København. Onklen var den danske zoolog Henrik Nikolai Krøyer.

Initialerne P.S. stod for Peder Severin; han blev kaldt Søren af sine venner. Krøyers signatur var ofte S K. Hans værker er blandt de dyreste danske malerier på auktion, adskillige har opnået priser over en million kroner.

Hvis et eller af flere af værkerne står med Q-nummer, er du mere end velkommen til at tilføje værkets danske titel på Wikidata.

Referencer

Krøyer

Værker af P.S. Krøyer


නෙෆර්ටෙම් (බොහෝවිට "පියවෙන අලංකාර තැනැත්තා" හෝ "පියවෙන්නේ නැත්තා"; නෙෆර්ටම් හෝ නෙෆර්-ටෙමු ලෙසින් ශබ්ද නැගෙයි) යනු,   ඊජිප්තියානු පුරාණෝක්තිවේදයෙහි ආරම්භයෙහිදී ලෝකය මැවීමේදී, ආදිමය ජලයෙන් නැගී ආ නෙළුම් මලක් විය.

නෙෆර්ටෙම්


Steagurile marinei militare (sau steagurile de război) sunt acele steaguri folosite doar de navele militare drept steaguri naționale.

Pe lângă steagurile marinei comerciale, steagurile marinei militare se numără printre primele alcătuiri ale steagurilor naționale. În afară de steagurile de război, navele militare mai afișează în porturi și un steag de provă (sau steag de bompres). Forma acestuia din urmă este adesea derivată din forma steagului de război, însă poate fi și simplificat sau poate avea un alt raport al laturilor.

Germania

Steaguri istorice ale marinei de război germane

Austria
Steagul navelor militare austrice este drapelul Austriei.

Steaguri istorice ale marinei militare austriece

Alte țări
Cele mai multe state folosesc drept steaguri ale marinei militare drapelul național în forma lui standard. În alte țări nu există steaguri ale marinei militare deoarece acele state au doar ape interne. Navele de patrulare poartă aici steagul militar sau drapelul național.

Următoarea listă nu este exhaustivă și are doar valoare de exemplu.

Pavilion
Unul dintre primele steaguri speciale ale marinei militare a fost pavilionul britanic White Ensign. În zilele noastre, multe țări (în special foste colonii britanice) și-au croit steaguri ale marinei militare pe modelul stindardului britanic.

Steme adăugate drapelului național

Steaguri dublu-triunghiulare sau alte forme triunghiulare

Alte proporții

Design propriu

Vezi și
 Pavilion (steag)
 Steaguri ale marinei comerciale

Note

Steaguri
Marina Militară

Steaguri ale marinei militare


Jan Werner Danielsen, más conocido como Jan Werner (Nord-Odal, 10 de abril de 1976 - Oslo, 29 de septiembre de 2006) fue un cantante noruego de pop rock célebre por su poderosa voz. Representó a  Noruega en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 1994, en un dúo con la cantante Elisabeth Andreassen.

Carrera
Jan Werner ya era conocido por su voz con tan solo 12 años, cuando obtuvo la victoria en un concurso de talentos. Entre 1988 y 1993, cantó regularmente con la orquesta sinfónica de Hamar. En 1994, participó en los acontecimientos culturales de los Juegos Olímpicos de Lillehammer 1994. Ese mismo año, participó en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 1994, junto a Elisabeth Andreassen, quedaron en sexto lugar con el tema Duett. En 2000, volvió a participar en las eliminatorias noruegas para el Festival de Eurovisión, pero quedó en segundo lugar.

El punto culminante de su carrera musical llegó en 2003 cuando interpretó en el Royal Albert Hall, de Londres, el tema Air de Johann Sebastian Bach. Falleció víctima de una insuficiencia cardíaca, causada por una inflamación de los bronquios pulmonares y también debido al estrés derivado de una intensa actividad profesional.

Discografía

Sencillos
My Prayer, 1989
Duett, con Elisabeth Andreassen, 1994, representó a Noruega en el Festival de Eurovisión 1994.
Find Your Way, 1997
Bonne Chance a France, con Synnøve Svabø, 1998.

Álbumes
All By Myself, 1995
Inner Secrets, 1997
Music Of The Night, 1998
Bettan & Jan Werners jul, 1999
Singer Of Songs, 2003
Stronger, 2006
Eg veit i himmelrik ei borg - Frelsesarmeens Juleplate 2007, 2007

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial

Cantantes masculinos de Noruega
Participantes en Eurovisión 1994
Representantes de Noruega en Eurovisión
Cantantes en noruego
Fallecidos por insuficiencia cardíaca
Participantes en el Melodi Grand Prix 1994
Artistas ganadores del Melodi Grand Prix
Personas de Nord-Odal

Jan Werner Danielsen


Alfred Davenport (Oxford, 1849 - Abingdon-on-Thames, 1932) est un joueur de rugby anglais. Il est l'un des premiers joueurs internationaux anglais de rugby, ayant participé comme  (avant) au tout premier match international de l'histoire opposant l'Angleterre à l'Écosse le .

Biographie
Alfred Davenport naît à Oxford le .

Il étudie d'abord à l'école de Rugby avant d'intégrer l'université d'Oxford.

Bien que capitaine de l'équipe de rugby de son université, c'est au sein du Ravenscourt_Park_Football_Club qu'il évolue, lorsqu'il est sélectionné pour représenter l'Angleterre lors du tout premier match international de rugby de l'histoire contre l'Écosse, ayant lieu le  à Raeburn Place, à Édimbourg. L'Écosse l'emporte  en inscrivant  et  contre  non transformé pour l'Angleterre (seules les transformations rapportaient des points à l'époque).

C'est le seul match international auquel il prend part.

Alfred Davenport meurt à Abingdon-on-Thames, à quelques kilomètres d'Oxford, le .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance à Oxford
Naissance en mai 1849
Décès dans l'Oxfordshire
Décès en avril 1932
Décès à 82 ans
Joueur international anglais de rugby à XV

Alfred Davenport


May el-Toukhy, (født 17. august 1977 i Charlottenlund), er en dansk filminstruktør.

Baggrund

el-Toukhys mor er dansker og hendes far er egypter. Hun er født i Charlottenlund og vokset op i Storkøbenhavn. Hun blev uddannet hos Den Danske Scenekunstskole i 2002, og senere som instruktør ved Den Danske Filmskole i 2009.

Karriere

el-Toukhys spillefilminstruktørdebut var i 2015 med en kærlighedskomedie kaldt Lang historie kort.
Filmen var en ensemble fortælling med Mille Lehfeldt, Trine Dyrholm, Jens Albinus og Danica Curcic. Den blev varmt modtaget og vandt både en Robert, for bedste kvindelige birolle, og 2 Bodilpriser for bedste manuskript og bedste kvindelige hovedrolle.

el-Toukhys Dronningen fra 2019 blev overordentligt godt modtaget af danske anmeldere med seks stjerner i Filmmagasinet Ekko,
Berlingske
og af DR's Per Juul Carlsen
samt seks hjerter fra Politiken. Den har derudover også vundet flere priser, bl.a. publikumprisen på Sundance filmfestival.

Filmografi

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige filminstruktører fra Danmark
Modtagere af Nordisk Film Prisen
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog
Personer fra Charlottenlund
Robertprisen for årets instruktør

May el-Toukhy


Zeus (Eski Yunanca: , Zeús; Modern Yunanca: Δίας, Días), "Tanrıların ve İnsanların Babası" ve Yunan mitolojisinde en güçlü ve önemli tanrıdır. Roma'da Jüpiter olarak da bilinir. Göklerin, şimşeklerin ve gök gürültülerinin tanrısıdır. Çoğu zaman elinde bir şimşek ile resmedilmiştir. Bereket ile özdeşleşmiştir, yağmur ondan beklenir. Titan Kronos'un ve eşi Rhea'nın en küçük çocuğu ve oğludur. Tanrıça Hera'nın kocasıdır. Simgesi şimşeğin yanında boğa, kartal ve meşe ağacıdır. Aynı zamanda tanrıların kralı olduğu için taht ve asa ile de sık sık betimlenir. Ayrıca Athena'nın ona hediyesi olan Aegis'in de taşıyıcısıdır. Zeus'un en eski kült ve bilicilik merkezi Yunanistan'daki Dodona antik şehirdir. Habercisi oğlu Hermes'tir. Gigantlar arasındaki karşıtı Kral Porphyrion'dur.

En bilinen özelliklerinden biri çapkın oluşudur. İstediği her şeyin şekline girebilen Zeus'un Leda için kuğu, Antiope için satir, Aegina için ateş, Danae için altın yağmuru, Alkmene için kocasının kılığına, Hera için guguk kuşu, Callisto için Bakire Tanrıça Artemis'in kılığına, Mnemosyne için yakışıklı bir çoban, İo için bulut, Demeter için geyik, Europa için boğa oluşu kudretine en iyi örnektir. Ölümlü ölümsüz herkese aşık olabilen tanrıların tanrısı Zeus çapkınlığı yüzünden eşi Hera tarafından sürekli takip ettirilmektedir. Tanrı Zeus'un tahtı için yaptıkları şeylerin başlıcaları şunlardır: Eşi Metis'i yutması, Prometheus'u zincirlemesi, Thetis'i bir ölümlü ile evlendirmesi.

Babası olan Titan Tanrı Kronos'u diğer Olimpos tanrılarının yardımıyla yer Tartarusa hapsetti. Sonra Atlantisliler Tanrı Zeus'un takipçilerini (yani Yunanları) ellerinde olmadan (çünkü onlara tuzak kurulmuştu) yok ederek Olimposlu tanrıların gücünü azaltıp Kronos ve yanındaki diğer Titanları serbest bıraktılar.

Zeus ayrıca İksion, Salmoneus, Arkadya Kralı Lykaon ve ateşi çalan Prometheus'u küstahlıkları nedeniyle cezalandırmıştır.

En bilinen efsanesi
Tanrı Zeus'un en bilinen efsanesi Hera'nın yanına Poseidon, Apollon ve Athena'nın desteğini alarak kronos'u devirme girişiminde bulunmasıdır:

Zeus'un diğer kadınlarla ilişkisine kızan Hera bir plan kurar ve bu plan Baş tanrıyı devirmektir Poseidon, Apollon, Athena ve Hera yani bir İtilâf yapan bu dört tanrı Zeus'u altın bir ağ ile bağlar fakat Thetis, Olimpos'ta oluşabilecek karışıklığı önceden görüp ve yüz elli Briareus'tan yardım ister ve Briareus'un ağı çözmesiyle Zeus kurtulur ve hepsini cezalandırır: Hera'yı yüksek bir yere asarak, ayaklarına ağırlık bağlar ve tanrıların teker teker sadakat yemini etmediği müddetçe Hera'yı serbest bırakmayacağını söyler. Bunun ardından isyana karışmış Poseidon ile Apollon'u da ceza olarak Truva Kralı Laomedon'a hizmet etmeye yollar. Laomedon Apollon'a çobanlık yapmasını yani sürülerini otlatma emri verir. Poseidon'a ise çıplak elleriyle Truva şehrinin etrafına yeni duvarlar yapma emrini verir. Uzun bir zaman sonra Poseidon ve Apollon'un sürgünü biter ve Zeus onları Olimpos'a geri alır. Dionysos'a ise 100 yıl şarap içmeme cezası verir ama kısa bir zaman sonra onun üzüntüsüne dayanamayıp cezasını bitirir.

Çapkınlığı
Tanrı Zeus Yunan Tanrıları arasında en çapkını ve en çok çocuğu olan Tanrı'dır. Öyle ki çapkınlığı tanrıçaları, kadınları, nemfleri, Titanları bile kapsamaktadır. Yaptığı kandırmacalar ile herkesi elde edebilmektedir. Kız kardeşleri Hera ve Demeter'in yanı sıra kendi kızı Persephone'ye bile aşık olmuş hatta ondan Zagreus isminde bir oğlu olmuştur.

Doğumu
Kronos ile Rhea'nın evliliklerinden Hestia, Demeter, Hera adlarında üç kızla, Hades, Poseidon, Zeus adlı üç erkek çocuk dünyaya gelir. Babası Uranüs'e yaptıklarını unutmayan Kronos kendisinin de oğullarından aynı karşılığı göreceğinden korkar ve bu yüzden karısının her yeni doğurduğu çocuğu yutup, karnında saklar. Bu duruma üzülen Rhea ise Gaia'nın öğütleri ile yalnız Zeus'u onun elinden kurtarır. Tanrıça, Zeus'u yanına alarak gecenin karanlığından faydalanarak çabucak koşup Girit Adası'nda İda Dağı'nın tepesine çıkar. Orada Gaia çocuğu alır ve onu bir mağaranın dibine saklar. Rhea ise geri dönüp bir kocaman taşı kundak bezlerine sarıp Kronos'a verir.

Çocukluğu
Rhea, Zeus'u Girit'teki İda Dağı'ndaki bir mağarada saklar. Bundan sonra Zeus, hikâyenin değişen sürümlerine göre sırayla;
 Rhea tarafından bırakıldıktan sonra Gaia tarafından yetiştirilir.
 Amalthea adlı bir keçi ile Kourete'ler tarafından yetiştirilir. Ormanların sık dalları arasında büyüyen Zeus'un ağlamalarını babası Kronos duymasın diye Koureteler da onun başında kalkanlarını çarparak gürültüler çıkarırlar.
 Adamanthea adlı bir nemf tarafından bir ağaca asılarak Yer'e, Göğ'e ve Deniz'e hükmeden Kronos'tan gizlenerek yetiştirilir.
 Cynosura adlı bir nemf tarafından yetiştirilir. Zeus da buna şükran olarak onu yıldızlar arasına koyar.
 Sürülerini kurtlardan koruması sözü üzerine Giritli çoban bir ailenin yanında yetiştirilir.

Tanrıların kralı oluşu
Olgunluk çağına gelince Zeus, saklandığı mağaradan çıkar. Ve savaşa hazırlanır. İlk iş olarak yer altı ülkesine gider ve Kronos'un hapsettiği kiklopları ve elli başlı, yüz kollu hekatonkheirleri serbest bırakır. Kikloplar ise buna karşılık yıldırımlarını hediye eder. Savaş, Kiklopların hekatonkheirlerle birlikte devasa büyüklükteki kayaları gökyüzündeki titanlara savurmasıyla başlar. Her bir hekatonkheir, yüz koluyla aynı anda yüz taş atabildiğinden aynı anda çok büyük miktardaki iri kayayı titanlara atarak onları geri püskürtürler. Bu esnada Zeus da şimşekleri ile Titanlara saldırır. Sonra da Rhea'nın verdiği kusturucu bir içecek ile Kronos'u yuttuğu tanrıları ve taşı çıkarmaya zorlar. Titanomachy (Titan - Tanrı savaşları) adlı savaşta Zeus ve kardeşleri, Hekatonkheirler ile Kikloplarlarla beraber Kronos ile titanlara karşı savaşırlar. Sonra da Kronos ve titanları gökten kovup dünyanın dibine, yerin ve denizin alt tabakasının daha da altına, Tartarus'a atar. Bu savaşta Zeus'a karşı savaşan titanlardan biri olan Atlas, Zeus tarafından gök kubbeyi omuzlarında taşımakla cezalandırılır. Bunların ardından Tanrılar arasında kura çekilir. Ve Hades'e yer altı, Poseidon'a denizler Zeus'a ise gökler düşer. Bu savaştan sonra Hikmet ve Akıl Tanrısı Okeanid Metis, Zeus'tan hamile kalır. Zeus ise Gaia'nın 'Metis'in doğuracağı erkek çocuğun iktidarına el koyacak' şeklindeki kehanetine uyarak Metis hamileyken onu yutar. Ama Athena ölmez daha sonra Zeus'un kafasından doğar. Zeus kızının kendini affetmesi için ona mızrak, miğfer ve kalkan verir. Böylece Zeus, kuşaktan kuşağa geçen iktidar lanetini yok eder ve böylece değişmez bir düzen kurar.

Fakat bu savaşta Tanrıların savaşıp Tartarus'a attıkları Titanlar, gökyüzünü sırtında taşımak zorunda kalan Atlas ve Kafkas dağlarına zincirlenmiş Prometheus, Gaia'nın çocukları olduğundan Gaia buna öfkelenir. Ve bu yüzden çocukları Typhon ile Ehidna, Olimpos tanrılarına saldırır. Tanrılar bu savaşta birçok gigant(dev) ile savaşır. Bunun üzerine Zeus da Typhon ile savaşıp onu yener ve Ehidna ile beraber Etna Dağı'nın en dibine kapatır.

Zeus ve Hera
Hera, Zeus'un kardeşi aynı zamanda tek resmi karısıdır. Bir bahar günü Zeus, tapınağında dinlenirken, pencerenin kıyısına gider. Ve bahçede çiçek toplayıp şarkı söyleyen dünyalar güzeli bir kız görür ve ona aşık olur. Zeus daha önce de yaptığı gibi farklı bir kılıkta görünerek, soğuk bir gecede soğuktan titreyen bir guguk kuşu olur. Hera kuşa acıyıp avuçlarına alır ve onu göğsüne bastırır. Bu sırada Zeus, gerçek haline bürünür. Ve şu sözleri söyler:

"Hera, istiyorum ki sen benim karım olasın, büyük gözlü güzel tanrıça benim peşimden gel, Olimpos'ta parlak bir taht üzerinde ve benim sağımda oturarak saltanat sür."

Bunun üzerine Hera bu teklifi kabul eder. Hesperidlerin bahçesinde bütün tanrıların ve perilerin katıldığı görkemli bir düğünle evlenirler. Gaia, Hera'ya doğurganlık simgesi olarak nar verir. Hera onu Hesperidlerin bahçesine diker. Bu düğün yeryüzünde bolluk ve verimlilik simgesidir. Bu nedenle bu düğüne "Hieros Gamos"(kutsal evlilik) adı verilir. Düğüne yalnız Khelone adındaki bir peri kızı gelmemişti. Bu yüzden tembelliğinin cezası olarak onu ağır hareketin ve hantallığın sembolü olan kaplumbağaya çevrilir.

Zeus ile Hera'nın evliliğinden Ares, Hephaistos, Angelos, Heusha, Hebe ve Eileithyia doğar.

Zeus'un sıfatları
Zeus'un ''Bulutları Devşiren'', ''Tanrıların Ve İnsanların Babası'', ''Tanrıların Kralı'' dışında birçok sıfatı daha vardır. Bunlar:
 Pantokrator: ''Her Şeye Gücü Yeten, Kainatın Efendisi'' anlamına gelir. Bu unvanı Nikia (İznik) konsülü ile İsa'ya verilmiştir.
 Zeus Olympios: Zeus'un diğer Olimpos tanrılarının üstün olduğunu vurgular.
 Zeus Aegiduchos veya Aegiochos: Aegis'in taşıyıcısı anlamına gelir.
 Zeus Horkios: Zeus'un yeminlerin tutucusu olduğunu belirtir.
 Zeus Xenios, Philoxenon veya Hospites: Zeus'un misafirperverliğini belirtir.

Birliktelikleri

Tanrıçalarla Birliktelikleri
 Metis: Athena
 Themis: Hora'lar ve Moira'lar
 Dione: Aphrodite ve Niobe
 Eurynome: Kharit'ler
 Mnemosyne: Müzler
 Leto: Apollon, Artemis
 Demeter: Persephone
 Hera: Ares, Hebe, Hephaistos, Heusha, Angelos ve Eileithyia
 Persephone: Zagreus, Melinoe
Selene: Pandia
Eos: Carea, Ersa
 Kadınlarla Birliktelikleri
 Alkmene: Herakles
 Antiope: Amphion, Zethos
 Callisto: Arkas
 Danae: Perseus
 Aigina: Aiakos
 Elektra: Dardanos, Iasion
 Europa: Minos, Rhadamanthys
 İo: Epaphos, Keroessa
 Leda: Helen, Pollux
 Maia: Hermes
 Niobe: Argos, Pelasgos
 Plouton: Tantalos
 Semele: Dionysos
 Taygete: Lakedaimon
 Laodamia: Sarpedon
 Lamia: Altheia, Demetrius
 Karme: Britomartis

Kült

Zeus kültü ilk olarak Girit adasında ortaya çıktıysa da en önemli kült merkezi Olympia'dadır. Olympia Zeus tapınağındaki Zeus heykeli Dünyanın 7 Harikasından biridir. Ayrıca ilk olimpiyatlar yine bu şehirde bu tanrı adına başlamıştır.

Türkiye
Yunan kolonilerinde bile önce, tarım için yağmura muhtaç Anadolu coğrafyasında gökyüzü ve yağmur tanrısı hep önemli rol oynamıştır. Hitit baş tanrısı olan Teşup elinde şimşekle betimlenen ve boğa ile özdeşleşen Zeus gibi bir gökyüzü tanrıdır. İkisi de aynı şekilde ev ve yuva ile ilişkilendirilen tanrıçalarla evlidir. Bu açıdan tanrının kökeni sırf Yunan uygarlığında aranmamalıdır. Zaten yerel inançlarda da var olduğu için Anadolu'da saygı görmüş ve adına birçok tapınak yapılmıştır.

İstanbul Boğazı'nın, yabancı dillerdeki karşılığı olan "Bosphorus" yani "İnek Geçiti" ismi Zeus'un eşi Hera'dan saklamak için inek şekline soktuğu sevgilisi İo'dan gelir. Bunun dışında Türkiye'de Zeus ile ilgili veya Zeus inancının olduğu yerler

Adatepe Zeus Sunağı, Zeus'un Truva Savaşını izlediği söylenen sunak, altar.
Ankyra
Didim
Labranda, Zeus Labrandenos
Magnesia, Zeus Sosipolis
Mylasa, Zeus Osogoa
Olbe
Smyrna
Stratonikeia, Zeus Khrysaoreus
Tralles, Zeus Larisaios
Tyana

Modern Etkisi

Helenizm

Zeus, 1990'lardan bu yana ortaya çıkan, çeşitli şekillerde eski Yunan dini uygulamalarını canlandırmaya yönelik dini hareketler içerisinde inanılan Tanrılardan biridir. Helen dini Oniki Olimposlu Yunan Tanrıları etrafında dönen çağdaş bir dindir.

Kaynakça

Mitolojik tecavüzcüler
Kurtarıcı tanrılar
Kurgusal büyücüler
On İki Olimposlu tanrılar
Masal karakterleri
Yıldırım tanrıları
Güneş tanrıları
Hava ve gök tanrıları
Yunan mitolojisinde krallar
Adalet tanrıları
Jüpiter ilahları

Zeus


El silabario chipro-minoico (abreviado CM), o Lineal C, es un sistema de escritura silábica no descifrada, empleada en la isla de Chipre hacia finales de la Edad del Bronce (c. 1550-1050 a. C.) El término «chipro-minoico» fue acuñado por Sir Arthur John Evans en 1909 debido a su similitud con el Lineal A de la Creta minoica, pues, en su opinión, de este provendría el silabario chipro-minoico. Se han encontrado unos 250 objetos con inscripciones chipro-minoicas: tablillas de arcilla, soportes para velas votivas, cilindros y bolas de arcilla. Los hallazgos han tenido lugar en excavaciones de varios parajes de Chipre, y también en la antigua ciudad de Ugarit, en la costa siria.

Las inscripciones fueron clasificadas por Emilia Masson en cuatro grupos íntimamente relacionados: el CM arcaico, el CM 1 (también conocido con el nombre de Lineal C), el CM 2 y el CM 3, si bien hay eruditos que divergen de dicha clasificación. Apenas se sabe sobre el origen de esta escritura, o en qué tipo de lengua se escribía. Sin embargo, su uso continuado hasta el comienzo de la Edad del Hierro está atestiguado, haciendo de enlace con el silabario chipriota, que se lee como el griego y por lo tanto fue descifrado.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Silabarios
Lenguas de Chipre
Prehistoria de Chipre
Historia antigua de Chipre

Silabario chipro-minoico


An Tridactyle tanneri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Phillip James Cribb. An Tridactyle tanneri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tridactyle, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tridactyle

Tridactyle tanneri


(8422) Mohorovičić, denumire internațională (8422) Mohorovicic, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8422 Mohorovičić este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la observatorul astronomic din Farra d'Isonzo. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,96 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 3,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi

8422 Mohorovičić


Lazăr-Octavian Cosma (n. 1933) este un muzicolog român, membru titular al Academiei Române din 2016.

Legături externe

 Membrii Academiei Române din 1866 până în prezent – C

Nașteri în 1933
Muzicologi români
Membri titulari ai Academiei Române

Lazăr-Octavian Cosma


Lava bezeichnet:

 Lava, eruptiertes Magma, das an die Erdoberfläche ausgetreten ist
 Lava (Mythologie), ein Zwillingssohn von Rama und Sita im indischen Epos Ramayana
 Lava, ein ehemaliger britischer Musikfernsehsender, siehe Greatest Hits TV
 Lava (Album), ein Album der deutschen Band Das Ich
 William Lava (1911–1971), US-amerikanischer Filmkomponist und Arrangeur
 Lava (2014), Kurzfilm von Pixar aus dem Jahr 2014
 Lava, vierteilige Mini-Kriminalserie aus Island von 2014 (Originaltitel Hraunið)

Siehe auch:

 Lawa
 Lava Lava (Begriffsklärung)
 Lava-Ströme

Lava (Begriffsklärung)


Asplenium praemorsum é uma espécie de  planta do gênero Asplenium e da família Aspleniaceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1788 por Olof Swartz.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie epífita, rupícola e herbácea.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Bahia, Ceará, Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina e São Paulo.
A espécie é encontrada nos  domínios fitogeográficos de Cerrado e Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta estacional semidecidual, floresta ombrófila pluvial e mata de araucária.

Ligações externas
 Asplenium praemorsum no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Asplenium
Plantas descritas em 1788
Flora do Brasil
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Asplenium praemorsum