Abu Muhammad al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi Aqil al-Thaqafi (; ), known simply as al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (), was the most notable governor who served the Umayyad Caliphate. He began his service under Caliph Abd al-Malik (), who successively promoted him as the head of the Caliph's  (select troops), the governor of the Hejaz (western Arabia) in 692–694, and the practical viceroy of a unified Iraqi province and the eastern parts of the Caliphate in 694. Al-Hajjaj retained the last post under Abd al-Malik's son and successor al-Walid I (), whose decision-making was heavily influenced by al-Hajjaj, until his death in 714.

As governor of Iraq and the east, al-Hajjaj instituted key reforms. Among these were the minting of silver dirhams with strictly Muslim religious formulas instead of the coins' traditional, pre-Islamic Sasanian design; changing the language of the  (tax registers) of Iraq from Persian to Arabic; and the introduction of a uniform version of the Quran. To revive agricultural production and increase tax revenue, al-Hajjaj expelled non-Arab, Muslim converts from the garrison cities of Kufa and Basra to their villages of origin and collected from them the  (poll tax) nominally reserved for non-Muslim subjects, and oversaw large-scale canal digging projects. In 701, al-Hajjaj, with reinforcements from Syria, crushed a mass rebellion led by the Kufan Arab nobleman Ibn al-Ash'ath whose ranks spanned the Arab troops, Muslim converts and religious elites of Iraq. Consequently, al-Hajjaj further tightened control over the province, founding the city of Wasit to house the loyalist Syrian troops whom he thereafter relied on to enforce his rule.

Al-Hajjaj was a highly capable though ruthless statesman, strict in character, and a harsh and demanding master. Widely feared by his contemporaries, he became a deeply controversial figure and an object of deep-seated enmity among later, pro-Abbasid writers, who ascribed to him persecutions and mass executions.

Ancestry
Al-Hajjaj was born in ca. 661 in the city of Ta'if in the Hejaz (western Arabia, where Mecca and Medina are located). He belonged to the family of Abu Aqil, called after al-Hajjaj's paternal great-grandfather. The family was part of the Banu Awf branch of the Thaqif tribe. Members of the Thaqif attained high military and administrative ranks in the nascent Caliphate and played important command and economic roles during and after the early Muslim conquests, particularly in Iraq. The tribe's political influence continued to grow with the advent of the Umayyad Caliphate in 661. Al-Hajjaj's ancestry was not particularly distinguished: the Abu Aqil family was poor and its members had worked as stone carriers and builders. His mother, al-Fari'a, had been married and divorced by al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba, a member of the Thaqif who was appointed governor of Kufa by the first Umayyad caliph, Mu'awiya I ().

Early life and career
As a boy, al-Hajjaj acquired the nickname  ('little dog'), with which he was later derisively referred to. His early life is obscure, except for his having been a schoolmaster in his hometown—another source of derision to his enemies—where he taught his pupils to copy and recite the Quran. His father Yusuf ibn al-Hakam and elder brother Muhammad were also teachers in Ta'if.

After a short, undetermined period, al-Hajjaj and his father left their teaching jobs and took up military service under Caliph Yazid I (), who was facing increasing opposition to his rule in the Hejaz. He participated in the Second Muslim Civil War, fighting in the battles of al-Harra (682) and of al-Rabadha (684)—both near Medina—but without distinction. At al-Harra, where a Syrian army dispatched by Yazid defeated the local defenders of Medina who had discarded the Caliph's authority, al-Hajjaj fought in the brigade of Hubaysh ibn Dulja al-Qayni. He fled the field in that engagement. According to verses compiled in the 10th-century  (Book of songs), al-Hajjaj acknowledged: "I took to flight ... but later, I made good my fault by renewing the attack. For a sheikh takes to flight only once". He and his father were among the few to survive the battle at al-Rabadha, where Hubaysh, the commander of the expedition, was slain fighting forces loyal to the Mecca-based anti-Umayyad caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. Al-Hajjaj's first public post, as governor of Tabala in the Tihama region  south of Ta'if, was unremarkable. Al-Hajjaj abandoned the post, considering it beneath his ambition. An Arabic proverb later developed out of this anecdote:  ("as insignificant as Tabala is to al-Hajjaj").

Soon after Abd al-Malik () acceded to the caliphate, al-Hajjaj left his hometown and went to the Umayyad capital, Damascus, where he entered the  (select troops) of the Caliph. However, according to a different account, by Ibn Qutayba (d. 889), al-Hajjaj started his career in the  of Aban ibn Marwan, Abd al-Malik's half-brother and one-time governor of Palestine. The commander of the , the Caliph's main adviser Rawh ibn Zinba al-Judhami, was impressed with al-Hajjaj's military capabilities and thinking. Upon Rawh's recommendation, Abd al-Malik appointed al-Hajjaj to enforce the Caliph's authority over a large army he mobilized for an expedition against the Zubayrid ruler of Iraq, Ibn al-Zubayr's brother Mus'ab, in 689/90. The Caliph was satisfied by the rapidity and efficiency with which al-Hajjaj restored discipline during a mutiny by the troops. During Abd al-Malik's siege of the rebel leader of the Qays tribes of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi, in al-Qariqisiya in the summer of 691, al-Hajjaj was sent as an emissary of the Caliph alongside the theologian Raja ibn Haywa to negotiate a peace with Zufar.

As a result of his success suppressing the Caliph's mutinous troops, Abd al-Malik entrusted al-Hajjaj with command of the army's rear-guard. He achieved further feats of valour, so that after the defeat of Mus'ab at the Battle of Maskin, Abd al-Malik entrusted him to subdue Ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca. In late 691 he set out from Kufa at the head of 2,000 Syrian troops. After taking over Ta'if unopposed, he halted there as Abd al-Malik had charged him to try to secure Ibn al-Zubayr's capitulation by diplomatic means if possible, and to avoid the shedding of blood in Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr rejected the Umayyad offers, and al-Hajjaj, after receiving reinforcements and the Caliph's permission, moved to attack Mecca. The Umayyad troops bombarded the city with catapults from Mount Abu Qubays, not letting up even during the Hajj pilgrimage; the Ka'aba was also targeted, despite the presence of the assembled pilgrims. When a sudden thunderstorm broke out, which his soldiers interpreted as divine wrath, he was able to rally them and convince them that it was actually a sign of victory. Finally, in October 692, after seven months of siege and the defection of several thousand of his supporters, including two of his sons, Ibn al-Zubayr was killed alongside his last remaining loyal followers, fighting around the Ka'aba.

As a reward, Abd al-Malik gave al-Hajjaj the governorship of the Hejaz, Yemen, and al-Yamama (central Arabia). As governor, al-Hajjaj led the Hajj in person in the years 73 and 74 AH (693 and 694 CE), and restored the Ka'aba to the shape and dimensions it had originally, rejecting the alterations made by Ibn al-Zubayr following the first Umayyad siege in 683. Al-Hajjaj was able to restore peace in the Hejaz, but his severity occasioned the frequent personal intervention of the Caliph.

Viceroy of Iraq and the East

In early 694, Abd al-Malik sent al-Hajjaj to govern Iraq. This involved combining the governorships of Kufa and Basra, which had not been done since the days of Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan twenty years earlier. The caliph had previously appointed his brother Bishr ibn Marwan governor of Kufa, but this "experiment in family rule" (Hugh N. Kennedy) had not been a success and when he died in early 694, al-Hajjaj, whose ability and loyalty had been amply demonstrated, was appointed to the crucial office. The governorship of Iraq was indeed "the most important and responsible administrative post of the Islamic state" (A. Dietrich), as it comprised not only Iraq proper, but also included the lands conquered by troops from the two 'garrison towns' () of Kufa and Basra, i.e. Persia, Khurasan and the other eastern provinces of the Caliphate. The governor of Iraq was therefore in charge of a huge super-province or vice-royalty stretching from Mesopotamia to the still expanding borders in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, comprising half of the Caliphate's territory and producing more than half its income. In addition, the post was of particular political sensitivity due to the long history of Kharijism and political dissent in Iraq, particularly in Kufa. This discontent was driven by various tribal, economic, and political factors. The population of Kufa contained people from almost all Arab tribes, but also many of those undesired elsewhere, such as the vanquished of the Ridda wars. Although it dominated the fertile lands of the Sawad, many of these were assigned by the Umayyads to princes of the dynasty, while the average Kufan was given land as a stipend for military service; but as the size of the stipend was determined by the earliness of conversion to Islam, many received only minuscule grants. Finally, the Kufans were largely left out of the spoils of conquest in the East; it was the Basrans who secured the lion's share, taking over far more extensive and richer territory like Khurasan or Sindh, while the Kufans were left with the mountains of Jibal and central Persia as their city's sole dependencies. Al-Hajjaj's purview originally excluded Khurasan and Sistan, which were governed by the largely ineffectual Umayyad prince Umayya ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid, but in 697/8 he received these two provinces as well, expanding his rule over the entire eastern half of the Caliphate. He remained in this post until his death in 714, and throughout this period, encompassing the remainder of Abd al-Malik's reign and most of that of his successor al-Walid I (), he would be "the dominant feature in the sources" (G. R. Hawting).

Relations with the caliphs

Al-Hajjaj was, in the words of A. Dietrich, "the most loyal servant that a dynasty could wish for", and his loyalty was reciprocated by Abd al-Malik with his full trust. The relationship was further strengthened through family ties: al-Hajjaj's daughter wed Masrur, a son of al-Walid, while the daughter of his brother Muhammad was wed to the future caliph Yazid II (); the latter named his first-born son after al-Hajjaj, who in turn named three of his sons after members of the dynasty. Abd al-Malik also named one of his sons al-Hajjaj. This close relationship is further evidenced by the many surviving letters exchanged between al-Hajjaj and Abd al-Malik. Al-Hajjaj's relationship with the latter was much different than with al-Walid, with whom the correspondence was restricted to their official functions. On the other hand, while Abd al-Malik was able to restrain his over-zealous governor whenever he was "extortionate in the raising of taxes, was too liberal with public resources, or was shedding more blood than was necessary" (A. Dietrich), al-Walid considered himself in al-Hajjaj's debt because he had championed the succession of al-Walid against Abd al-Malik's brother Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, and the new Caliph allowed his powerful governor free rein and relied heavily on his counsel even in the appointment and dismissal of officials. If his meddling in the succession had secured him the favour of al-Walid, it had also caused the declared enmity of al-Walid's brother Sulayman (). Sulayman furthermore had championed the cause of Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, whom al-Hajjaj had imprisoned. The possibility of Sulayman's accession so frightened al-Hajjaj that he wished not to outlive al-Walid.

Ibn al-Ash'ath's revolt and aftermath
Arriving at Kufa, al-Hajjaj gave an inaugural sermon at the local mosque that has become famous and is "often cited as an example of Arab eloquence" (G. R. Hawting). The situation he found there was one of disorder. The troops of Basra and Kufa, ostensibly garrisoned at Ramhurmuz under al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra had instead, upon the death of Bishr, left the camp and were idling in the cities. In order to restore discipline, al-Hajjaj announced that any man who did not within three days return to the camp would be put to death and his property be left open to plunder. This proved effective, but when he went to the troops to distribute the pay, al-Hajjaj faced another mutiny under Ibn al-Jarud for making pay cuts that the troops refused to accept. These problems overcome, al-Hajjaj sent the troops against the Kharijites. In 696 al-Muhallab defeated the Azariqa who had rallied around Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a as their anti-caliph, and in spring 697 another Kharijite leader, Shabib ibn Yazid al-Shaybani, was defeated on the Dujayl river in Khuzistan with the aid of Syrian troops. In the same year, al-Hajjaj suppressed the rebellion of the governor of Mada'in, al-Mutarrif ibn al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba, who had allied with the Kharijites.

These campaigns eradicated the Kharijite rebellion, but came at a cost to his relationship with the Iraqis: the campaigns against the Kharijites were extremely unpopular, and measures like the reductions in pay, according to Kennedy, "[seem] almost to have goaded the Iraqis into rebellion, as if looking for an excuse to break them". The explosion came in 699: when he had been conferred the governorships of Khurasan and Sistan, al-Hajjaj had given it to al-Muhallab, but in Sistan, the situation was far more unstable, and the country had to be essentially reconquered. An army under the local governor Ubayd Allah ibn Abi Bakra had suffered a heavy defeat against the ruler of the kingdom of Zabulistan, known as the Zunbil, and now al-Hajjaj ordered Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath, the most pre-eminent member of the Kufan aristocracy (the ) to lead an army against the Zunbil. This army was drawn from the Kufan soldiery, and such was the splendour of its equipment, or perhaps the "proud and haughty manner of the Kufan soldiers and  who composed it" (Hawting), that it became known in history as the "Peacock Army". This expedition marked the beginning of a rebellion that came close to destroying not only al-Hajjaj's, but also Umayyad, power in Iraq.

Ibn al-Ash'ath led his army to Sistan, and, as Dietrich writes, "at first carried out his campaign carefully and according to orders; he pacified each territory as it was conquered, ensured supplies and accustomed his troops gradually to the different climatic conditions". Al-Hajjaj, however, sent letter after letter to his commander, demanding an immediate assault against the Zunbil. The tone of these letters was extremely offensive, and he threatened to dismiss Ibn al-Ash'ath and appoint his brother Ishaq to command the expedition instead. Al-Hajjaj's harsh tone and unreasonable demands, as well as the army's evident reluctance to continue such a protracted and arduous campaign so far from their homes, provoked a widespread mutiny, led by Ibn al-Ash'ath. The rebel army marched back to Iraq, growing to over 100,000 strong in the process as they were joined by other malcontents. It transformed from a mutiny against al-Hajjaj—denounced as an enemy of God and a latter-day Pharaoh—to a full-blown anti-Umayyad movement.

Al-Hajjaj tried to stop the rebels at Tustar, but the rebels were victorious (early 701). Al-Hajjaj abandoned Basra to the rebels, and Ibn al-Ash'ath entered the city in triumph. Reinforced with Syrian troops, al-Hajjaj managed to score a minor victory, after which the bulk of the rebel army left Basra for their natural stronghold, Kufa. Al-Hajjaj recaptured Basra and pursued Ibn al-Ash'ath to Kufa, encamping near the city. Ibn al-Ash'ath's progress had sufficiently alarmed the Umayyad court that they sought a negotiated settlement, even though they kept sending Syrian reinforcements to al-Hajjaj. Abd al-Malik offered to dismiss al-Hajjaj, appoint Ibn al-Ash'ath as governor over one of the Iraqi towns, and raise the Iraqis' pay so that they received the same amount as the Syrians. Ibn al-Ash'ath was inclined to accept, but the more radical of his followers, especially the scholars known as , refused, believing that the offered terms revealed the government's weakness, and pushed for outright victory. The two armies met in the Battle of Dayr al-Jamajim in April 701, and al-Hajjaj and his more disciplined Syrians scored a crushing victory. Kufa surrendered afterward, and al-Hajjaj further undercut Ibn al-Ash'ath's support by promising amnesty to those who surrendered, providing however that they acknowledged that their rebellion had been tantamount to renouncing Islam; those who refused were executed. The remnants of the rebel army fled to Basra, but were soon evicted and pursued by the Syrians to Khuzistan and Sistan. There Ibn al-Ash'ath sought refuge with the Zunbil, but was either assassinated by the latter or committed suicide to avoid being surrendered to al-Hajjaj. Most of his remaining followers tried to reach Herat, but were defeated by al-Muhallab's son, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, who surrendered those of north Arab provenance (Mudaris) but let the southern Arab (Yamani) go.

The failure of Ibn al-Ash'ath's revolt led to the tightening of Umayyad control over Iraq. In 702 al-Hajjaj founded the city of Wasit, situated midway between Basra and Kufa, where he moved his seat. There he gathered all Syrian troops present in Iraq, ostensibly in order to rein in the Syrians and prevent excess at the expense of the populace, but in reality his aim was to isolate the Syrians from the locals and solidify their loyalty to him. Henceforth, Iraq passed under virtual Syrian occupation, and the Iraqis, regardless of social status, were deprived of any real power in the governance of the region. Al-Hajjaj was now the undisputed master not only of Iraq, but of the entire Islamic East; only the governor of Khurasan, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, retained some autonomy. Although Yazid was able to refuse several summons to Wasit, finally in 704 al-Hajjaj persuaded the Caliph to dismiss him, and Yazid was imprisoned.

Campaigns of expansion

As governor of Iraq and viceroy of the East, al-Hajjaj supervised a major wave of expansion. He appointed his kinsman Muhammad ibn al-Qasim al-Thaqafi to lead the conquest of Sindh (northwestern India), Qutayba ibn Muslim to conquer Transoxiana (Central Asia), and Mujja'a ibn Si'r to Oman. Although al-Hajjaj himself undertook no campaign during these years, his role was essential: not only did he select the generals who carried out these campaigns, but also "prepared them very carefully, sparing no expense, since he calculated that with victory he would recover his expenses many times over" (A. Dietrich).

The relationship between al-Hajjaj and Muhammad ibn al-Qasim has always been one of great debate. Many accounts list al-Hajjaj as being his uncle or father-in-law. According to the Chach Nama, the oldest chronicle of the Arab conquest of Sindh, the primary reason al-Hajjaj ordered an expedition against the region's ruler Raja Dahir, was the pirate raid off the coast of Debal, resulting in the capturing of gifts to the caliph from the king of Serendib (modern Sri Lanka) as well as the female pilgrims on board who were captured. Upon hearing of the matter, al-Hajjaj wrote a letter to the Raja, and upon unsuccessful resolution being reached, launched a military attack. Other reasons attributed to al-Hajjaj's interest was gaining a foothold in Makran(Balochistan) and Sindh, protecting the maritime interests of the caliphate, and punishing the armies of Sindh for participating alongside the Persians in various battles such as those at Salasal, Qadisiyya and Nahawand and also the granting of refuge to fleeing rebel chieftains.

Domestic government and reforms

Already in 695, al-Hajjaj began minting the new gold and silver coins, which superseded the Byzantine and Sasanian coins still used until then. He established mints at Kufa and later in Wasit and decreed strict punishments for counterfeiters. The new coins contained the name of Allah, and hence were initially opposed by many theologians who argued that they would also be used by infidels, but they quickly became a success and "helped to promote the circulation of money and the stabilization of economic conditions" (Dietrich). Al-Hajjaj also ordered the translation of the tax registers () into Arabic from the Persian in which it had hitherto been kept, so that he could supervise it personally.

Following his victory over the Iraqis, al-Hajjaj began a series of reforms aimed at restoring tranquility and prosperity to the troubled province after almost twenty years of civil war and rebellions. He invested much effort in reviving agriculture, especially in the Sawad, and thereby increasing revenue through the  (land tax). He began to restore and expand the network of canals in lower Iraq. According to the 9th-century historian al-Baladhuri, he spared no expense to repair embankments when they broke, awarded uncultivated lands to deserving Arabs, and took measures to reverse the flow of the rural population to the cities, especially the new converts (). According to the 9th-century historian Ibn Abd al-Hakam, al-Hajjaj, with the support of Abd al-Malik, was the first to collect the jizya (poll tax) from the , despite its imposition being traditionally restricted to the non-Muslim subjects of the Caliphate.

Uniformity of the Quran and grammatical reforms
As part of his efforts to strengthen uniformity in the state, he also tried to introduce a definitive, uniform version of the Quran so as to eliminate theological quarrels. Al-Hajjaj's version also probably included new vowel diacritics. He declared this version to be the only valid one, while prohibiting the use of Ibn Mas'ud's  (). On the other hand, a number of authors argue that it is difficult to assess any role had by al-Hajjaj, though they argue for the plausibility of a widely known account that has him ordering the grammarian and  Nasr ibn Asim al-Laythi to introduce new vowel diacritics, a story that is unchallenged, despite the strong hostility of Muslim sources towards al-Hajjaj.

The orientalist Arthur Jeffery argued that al-Hajjaj seemed "to have made an entirely new recension of the Qur'an", basing his argument on a Muslim source and two Christian sources. The Muslim source is a hadith report in Sunan Abu Dawood, which details eleven changes. Researcher Umar Ibn Ibrahim Radwan, argues that the changes could be categorised as differences in the . Doubting the authenticity of the hadith report, Radwan argues that the codex of Uthman, a caliph favored by al-Hajjaj, had already been memorised by thousands of Muslims and that the Abbasid dynasty, which was known for polemically showcasing the negative aspects of Umayyad rule, would have taken the opportunity to show that the Umayyads had corrupted the Quran. One of the Christian sources was a letter reported by the 8th-century Armenian priest Levond to have been written by the Byzantine emperor Leo III addressed to Caliph Umar II. Jefferey notes the authenticity of the letter is disputed by historians, including John Wansbrough, who denied that Levond had reported it. Neal Robinson argues that even if the letter was authentic, the activity of al-Hajjaj would have been limited to destroying sectarian writings and early codices which preserved the suras (Quranic chapters) in a different order. The other Christian source is an apologetic letter attributed to Abd al-Masih al-Kindi. The dating of the letter is disputed, the Arabist Paul Kraus concluding that its composition dated to the beginning of the 10th century. Moreover, other authors have rejected that the letter had any factual basis, arguing that it was a polemical work.

According to the Islamic historical tradition, in , al-Hajjaj improved written Arabic by adding diacritical marks to the bare  ('script') of early "defective" Arabic so that consonants such as these five letters ـبـ ـتـ ـثـ ـنـ ـيـ  (y, n, th, t, b) could be distinguished from one another. However, some historians believe these language reforms occurred earlier in Syria or Iraq before the advent of Islam.

Death and legacy
Al-Hajjaj died in Wasit in May or June 714 at the age of 53 or 54. On his deathbed, he appointed his son Abd Allah to replace him as leader of the Friday prayers. He penned a letter to al-Walid, which concluded as follows:When I meet God and find favour with Him, therein shall be the joy of my soul. The eternity of God sufficeth me, and I therefore place not my hopes on mortals. Those who were before us have tasted of death, and after them we also shall taste it.

The cause of his death, according to the 13th-century historian Ibn Khallikan, was a stomach cancer. The following year, al-Walid died as well, and his brother Sulayman came to power. As the heir apparent, Sulayman had allied with many of al-Hajjaj's opponents, particularly Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, whom he appointed governor of Iraq shortly after his accession. Possibly having been convinced by such allies that al-Hajjaj had provoked hatred among the Iraqis toward the Umayyads as opposed to fostering their loyalty, the caliph deposed the late viceroy's appointees and allies in the province and throughout the eastern Caliphate. This was likely due to their connection with al-Hajjaj personally. Among those who fell from grace was Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, who was dismissed from his governorship of Sindh and executed in Wasit.

In the assessment of the historian Julius Wellhausen, al-Hajjaj was "harsh and at times hard, but not cruel; neither was he petty or bigoted". Though he was criticized in the early Muslim sources for his bombardment of Mecca and the Ka'aba during his siege of Ibn al-Zubayr, "other shameful deeds" al-Hajjaj was held responsible for are the "inventions and fabrications of the hatred of his enemies". Among these was a charge by an anonymous source recorded by al-Tabari that al-Hajjaj massacred between 11,000 and 130,000 men in Basra following his suppression of Ibn al-Ash'ath's revolt, in contrast to the older traditional Muslim sources, which held that al-Hajjaj granted a general pardon in Kufa and Basra after his victory for rebels who renounced Ibn al-Ash'ath.

Family
Al-Hajjaj's first wife was Umm Aban, a daughter of Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari, an aide of Caliph Mu'awiya and onetime governor of Kufa. Before being appointed governor of Iraq, he was also wed to another daughter of Nu'man, Hamida, after she had been divorced by Rawh ibn Zinba; al-Hajjaj divorced Hamida during his governorship in Iraq. During his governorship of Medina, al-Hajjaj married Umm al-Julas, a daughter of Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid, a member of the Umayyad dynasty. This followed his divorce of Umm Kulthum bint Abd Allah ibn Ja'far, a grandniece of Caliph Ali (). While al-Mas'udi holds al-Hajjaj divorced Umm Kulthum to humiliate the family of Abu Talib (the father of Ali), accounts recorded in the  and by Ibn Abd Rabbihi and Ibn al-Athir hold that Abd al-Malik ordered al-Hajjaj to divorce her and return her dowry after petitions by her father and the Umayyad prince Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mu'awiya; the modern historian Shiv Rai Chowdhry argues the latter account is more credible. During his rule in Iraq, al-Hajjaj married Hind, a daughter of al-Muhallab, but according to the historian al-Tabari, divorced her in 708/09 because she cried audibly at the torture of her brother Yazid in al-Hajjaj's prison. With his marriage to Umm Banin bint al-Mughira ibn Abd al-Rahman, a great-granddaughter of al-Harith ibn Hisham, al-Hajjaj became one of the few non-Qurayshites to marry into the aristocratic Banu Makhzum clan; two of his sons also married into the clan.

According to the historian Ibn Hazm (d. 1064), al-Hajjaj had four sons: his eldest Muhammad, and Abd al-Malik, Aban and Sulayman (or al-Walid). The latter three were named after members of the Umayyad dynasty. Al-Tabari mentions a son named Abd Allah. Muhammad died during al-Hajjaj's lifetime and his descendants were recorded living in Damascus as late as the 9th century. Abd al-Malik also had descendants recorded living in the 9th century, in Basra, while Aban and Sulayman (or al-Walid) died without progeny.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

661 births
714 deaths
7th-century Arab people
8th-century Arab people
Arab generals
Banu Thaqif
Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate
Chach Nama
City founders
People of the Second Fitna
Tabi'un
One Thousand and One Nights characters
Umayyad governors of Iraq
Umayyad governors of Mecca
Umayyad governors of Medina

Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf


Mólos, en , est un village et un ancien dème du district régional de Phthiotide, en Grèce-Centrale. Depuis 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème de Mólos-Ágios Konstantínos, devenu, en 2018, dème de Kaména Voúrla.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème compte  tandis que celle de la localité s'élève à .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème en Grèce-Centrale
Ancien dème en Grèce
Village en Grèce-Centrale

Mólos (Phthiotide)


රොෂාන් ගුනරත්න (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Roshan Guneratne) යනු හිටපු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයකි.

ජීවන සටහන්

රොෂාන් ගුනරත්න  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යා‍ලයෙහි ආදි සිසුවෙකි.
1980 සිට 1982 දක්වා රොෂාන් කොලඹ නාලන්ද  විද්‍යාලයේ  ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩා පිලේ ක්‍රීකල අතර 1982 දී නාලන්දා නායකයාවිය.

ආශ්‍රිත
රොෂාන් ගුනරත්නයන්ගේ ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩියා පිටුව

කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු ක්‍රීඩකයින්

ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
1962 උපත්
2005 මරණ
ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

රොෂාන් ගුණරත්න


Lîlot Saint-Christophe, ou Nukutapu (pouvant s'écrire Nuku-Tapu ou encore Nuku Tapu) en wallisien (à ne pas confondre avec l'îlot homonyme se situant au nord de Wallis), est un îlot français proche de l'île de Nukuatea dans le territoire des îles Wallis et Futuna.

Géographie

Situation
L'îlot français fait partie de la collectivité d'outre-mer de Wallis-et-Futuma. Plus précisément, l'îlot se situe dans l'océan Pacifique Sud au sud, dans le lagon d'une des deux îles principales de la collectivité, Wallis, et au nord-ouest de l'île de Nukuatea. C'est l'îlot le plus occidental du groupe d'îles de Wallis. Il fait partie d'un des trois districts de l'île, le district de Mua.

Les îles Wallis sont délimitées par des bassins lagunaires ; l'îlot se situe dans le bassin d'Est qui, lui-même, appartient à un des deux lagons principaux des îles, le lagon de Wallis. Cet îlot permet de passer dans un autre bassin grâce à une passe.

Géologie et relief
L'îlot est l'un des nombreux îlots composant le récif de l'île Wallis (parmi eux : Nukuatea, Nukufotu, Nukuloa, Nukuteatea, Luaniva, Fugalei, Nukuhifala, Nukufetau, Faioa, Nukuofo et Fenuapo).

L'îlot se situe dans la barrière orientale de la formation corallienne de l'île Wallis et, comme la majorité des îlots et des îles autour de l'île de Wallis, a été formée par des coulées volcaniques et des tufs. Avec le temps, l'îlot est devenu sableux avec des rivages de beach rock. Contrairement au nord de la formation corallienne de l'île Wallis, les quelques îlots au sud y compris l'îlot Saint Christophe sont formés de tufs fins et ne comportent pas d'inclusions coralligènes.

Infrastructures

Une chapelle se situe au sommet de l'îlot.

Faune et flore

Flore

Sur les contours de l'îlot, on rencontre une forêt supralittorale sur rochers sur une hauteur comprise entre 10 et 25 mètres. Dans cette forêt, il est possible de rencontrer des Syzygium clusiifolium, des Planchonella, des Dyospyros, des Barringtonia, des Pandanus, des Ficus, des Micromelum, des Cerbera, des Premna, des Scaevola et des Thespesia. Dans le sous-bois de cette forêt, on rencontre des Randia et des Alyxia et, plus rarement, des Psychotria, des Davallia, des Microsorum, des Nephrolepis, des Asplenium nidus, des Entada, des Hoya, des Ipomea sp. et des Scleria. Dans cette forêt supralittorale se rencontre la Tephrosia, une plante envahissante.

Plus haut, au niveau de l'oratoire de Saint-Christophe (la chapelle), une forêt secondaire s'est implantée composée d'Hibiscus, de Macaranga, de Ficus, d'Acalypha grandis, de Caesalpinia bonduc, de Colubrina asiatica et d'Abrus precatorius. Dans les plantes de type envahissant, on y trouve le Miscanthus floridulus, le Terminalia catappa, le Tephrosia purpurea, le Tacca, le Cordyline, le Chamaesyce hirta, la Vernonia cinerea, la Plumeria rubra, la Morinda citrifolia, le Phyllanthus amarus, le Spermacocce, l'Arundo donax, le Bidens pilosa, l'Allamanda, la Stachytarpheta, la Passiflora foetida, la Mikania micrantha et le Desmodium heterocarpon.

Notes et références

Références

Bibliographie
 document utilisé pour la rédaction de cet article :

Îlot du lagon de Wallis
Wallis-et-Futuna

Îlot Saint-Christophe


Hymnen (en español: Himnos) es una composición de música electrónica y concreta de Karlheinz Stockhausen. Escrita en 1966-67 y reelaborada en 1969, es la obra número 22 del catálogo del compositor. Se considera una de las composiciones más significativas de su autor y, para algunos estudiosos, una de las cimas de la historia de la música.

Estructura
El fundamento de la obra está en la grabación de distintos himnos (casi todos ellos, himnos nacionales), modificados electrónicamente. Consta de cuatro movimientos, denominados regiones por el compositor. A menudo las melodías de los himnos están solo sugeridas, o aparecen ocultas, enmascaradas, sobrepuestas o fragmentadas y combinadas unas con otras. Stockhausen había planificado al principio componer más regiones y había seleccionado ciento treinta y siete himnos nacionales, de los cuales solo utilizó finalmente unos cuarenta. En la edición impresa de la partitura, Stockhausen indicó:

Regiones
Cada una de las regiones se basa en algunos himnos concretos:

La región I (dedicada a Pierre Boulez) consta de dos:
La Internacional;
La marsellesa.

La región II (dedicada a Henri Pousseur) se apoya en:
el himno nacional de Alemania;
un grupo de varios himnos de distintos países africanos;
el inicio del himno nacional de la URSS
una grabación del estudio en el que, en palabras del compositor, el tiempo presente, el pasado y el pluscuamperfecto llegan a ser simultáneos.

La región III (dedicada a John Cage) se basa en tres:
la continuación del himno soviético (el único recreado exclusivamente con sonidos electrónicos);
el himno de Estados Unidos The Star-Spangled Banner
la Marcha real española.

La región IV (dedicata a Luciano Berio) se apoya solo en el himno nacional de Suiza. Con sus últimos acordes, Stockhausen imagina un supuesto himno nacional titulado Hymunion in Harmondie under Pluramon.

Regiones sin concluir
Stockhausen tenía material organizado para dos regiones más, pero finalmente no las llegó a componer.
Región V: Países del bloque comunista.
Región VI: Repúblicas árabes unidas.

Versiones
Stockhausen concibió Hymnen en tres versiones:
 como música electrónica y concreta. El sonido cuadrafónico de la música electrónica y concreta fue realizado en el Estudio de Música Electrónica de la Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR, Radio del Oeste de Alemania), en Colonia.
 como música electrónica y concreta, con el añadido de músicos solistas interpretando sus partes en directo. El estreno mundial de la versión con solistas tuvo lugar en Colonia, el 30 de noviembre de 1967, en un concierto del ciclo Musik der Zeit de la WDR. Los solistas fueron los pianistas Aloys y Alfons Kontarsky, el viola Johannes Fritsch, Harald Bojé (electronium) y los percusionistas Rolf Gehlhaar y David C. Johnson. Los técnicos de sonido fueron David Johnson y Werner Scholz. El propio Stockhausen dirigió a todo el conjunto.
 con orquesta. Esta última versión fue compuesta en 1969.

Críticas
Pese a que Stockhausen había previsto componer una quinta región dedicada a los países socialistas, el compositor marxista Konrad Boehmer criticó Hymnen por motivos políticos, afirmando que la preponderancia de himnos nacionales de países capitalistas y fascistas convertía la obra en un emblama del nacionalismo e indicaba una orientación ideológica derechista por parte del autor. Boehmer también juzgó el himno utópico de Hymunion como irracional y pequeñoburgués. Por el contrario, Robin Maconie considera que cualquier mensaje político que pudiera contener la obra no tiene ninguna importancia, ya que el propósito de Stockhausen al tratar estos himnos es musical y no patriótico. Además, los oyentes actuales ya están muy alejados del momento histórico concreto en el que esta música se compuso, cuando podía estar muy presente en el ánimo de los oyentes el recuerdo de las recientes revueltas estudiantiles de 1968, la guerra del Vietnam y otros motivos de protesta entonces vigentes.

Para el compositor Johannes Fritsch Hymnen es una obra maestra, parangonable a la Missa Solemnis de Beethoven, a la Sinfonía n.º 8 de Mahler o a Moses und Aron de Schönberg.

Grabaciones
Ausstrahlungen: Andere Welten: 50 Jahre Neue Musik in NRW. Koch / Schwann 2-5037-0 (2 CD). Incluye Hymnen: Dritte Region mit Orchester Orquesta Sinfónica de la Radio de Colonia, dirigida por Peter Eötvös (grabación de 1979).
Hymnen Elektronische und Konkrete Musik; Hymnen Elektronische und Konkrete Musik mit Solisten. Aloys y Alfons Kontarsky (piano), Alfred Ailings y Rolf Gehlhaar (tamtanes amplificados), Johannes G. Fritsch (viola eléctrica), Harald Bojé (electronium). Deutsche Grammophon DG 2707039 (2 LP). Grabación reeditada en CD como parte de la colección de obras completas de Stockhausen.
Hymnen Elektronische Musik mit Orchester. Gürzenich-Orchester der Stadt Köln, dirigida por Karlheinz Stockhausen. Stockhausen Complete Edition: Compact Disc 47.

Bibliografía
 ANDRASCHKE, Peter. 1979. "Das revolutionär-politische Zitat in der avantgardistischen Musik nach 1965". Musik und Bildung 11, no. 5:313–18.
 BLUMRÖDER, Christoph von. 1999. "Die Vokalkomposition als Schaffenskonstante". In Internationales Stockhausen-Symposion 1998: Musikwissenschaftliches Institut der Universität zu Köln, 11. bis 14. Novembre 1998: Tagungsbericht. Signale aus Köln: Beiträge zur Musik der Zeit 4, edited by Christoph von Blumröder, 188–97. Saarbrücken: Pfau-Verlag. ISBN 3-89727-050-1
 BOEHMER, Konrad. 1970. Zwischen Reihe und Pop: Musik und Klassengesellschaft, hrsg. in Zusammenarbeit mit der österreichischen Gesellschaft für Musik. Vienna and Munich: Jugend und Volk.
 BRAUN, Thomas Manfred. 2004. Karlheinz Stockhausens Musik im Brennpunkt Ästhetischer Beurteilung. Kölner Beiträge zur Musikwissenschaft 1. Kassel: Bosse. ISBN 3764927011
 COTT, Jonathan. 1973. Stockhausen: Conversations with the Composer. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0671214950
 CUSTODIS, Michael. 2004. Die soziale Isolation der neuen Musik: Zum Kölner Musikleben nach 1945. Beihefte zum Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 54, pubblicato da Albrecht Riethmüller, con Reinhold Brinkmann, Ludwig Finscher, Hans-Joachim Hinrichsen, Wolfgang Osthoff, e Wolfram Steinbeck. Stoccarda: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-08375-8
 FRISIUS, Rudolf;  Ulrich Günther. 1971. "Politische und soziologische Bezüge im Musikunterricht, dargestellt an einem Ausschnitt aus den Hymnen von Kh. Stockhausen". In Musikunterricht an Gesamtschulen: Analysen—Berichte—Materialen, Reihe Curriculum Musik, Jahrgang 1, Heft 1 (maggio 1971), pubblicato da Willi Grundlach and Thomas Ott, 42–65, 128–35. Stuttgart: Ernst Klett Verlag. ISBN 3-12-968950-8
 FRITSCH, Johannes G. 1976.  "Hauptwerk Hymnen", Schweizerische Muzikzeitung/Revue Musicale Suisse 116, no. 4:262–65. Ristampato in Feedback Papers, no. 16 (1978): 19–21.
 GUTKNECHT, Dieter. 2003. "Karlheinz Stockhausens Hymnen und der Aspekt der Raummusik". In Bühne, Film, Raum und Zeit in der Musik des 20. Jahrhunderts, Hartmut Krones, 275–84. Viena: Böhlau. ISBN 3205772067
 HARVEY, Jonathan. 1975.  "Stockhausen's Hymnen", Musical Times 116, n.º 1590 (agosto): 705, 707.
 HERBORT, Heinz Josef. 1967. "Das musikalische Weltdorf: Stockhausens Hymnen in Köln uraufgeführt". Die Zeit (8 de diciembre).
 HOPKINS, Nicholas F. 1991. "Hymnen: tractatus musica unita", Feedback Papers, no. 37.
 LICHTENFELD, Monika. 1968. "Stockhausens Frischzellentherapie für Nationalhymnen". Melos 35, n.º 2 (febbraio): 69–70.
 MACONIE, Robin. 2005. Other Planets: The Music of Karlheinz Stockhausen. Lanham, Maryland, Toronto, Oxford: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8108-5356-6
 SCHWINGER, Wolfram. 1967. "Diesen Kuß der ganzen Welt: Stockhausens elektronische Hymnen". Stuttgarter Zeitung (5 de diciembre).
 SKOWRON, Zbigniew. 1985. "Muzyka elektroniczna Karlheinza Stockhausena. II: Utwory z lat 1955–67". Muzyka  27, nos. 1–2:11–36.
 STOCKHAUSEN, Karlheinz. 1968. Nr. 22, Hymnen: elektronische und konkrete Musik. Mitlese-Partitur. Viena: Universal Edition.
 STOCKHAUSEN, Karlheinz. 1971. Texte zur Musik 3 Dieter Schnebel. Colonia: Verlag M. DuMont Schauberg. ISBN 3-7701-0493-5
 STOCKHAUSEN, Karlheinz. 1978. Texte zur Musik 4, Christoph von Blumröder. Colonia: DuMont Buchverlag. ISBN 3-7701-1078-1
 STOCKHAUSEN, Karlheinz. 1998a. Texte zur Musik 7, pubblicato da Christoph von Blumröder. Kürten: Stockhausen-Verlag.
 STOCKHAUSEN, Karlheinz. 1998b. "Bildung ist große Arbeit: Karlheinz Stockhausen im Gespräch mit Studierenden des Musikwissenschaftlichen Instituts der Universität zu Köln am 5. Februar 1997." In Stockhausen 70: Das Programmbuch Köln 1998. Signale aus Köln: Musik der Zeit 1, Imke Misch & Christoph von Blumröder, 1–36. Saarbrücken: Pfau-Verlag.
 STOCKHAUSEN, Karlheinz. 2009. Kompositorische Grundlagen Neuer Musik: Sechs Seminare für die Darmstädter Ferienkurse 1970, pubblicato da Imke Misch. Kürten: Stockhausen-Stiftung für Musik. ISBN 978-3-00-027313-1
 TOOP, Richard. 1981. "Stockhausen's Electronic Works: Sketches and Work-sheets from 1952–1967". Interface 10, n.º 3–4:149–97.
 WEID, Jean-Noël von der. 1985. "L'apocalypse de Stockhausen." Silences 1:169–77.

Notas

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Karkheinz Stockausen, con abundante información sonora, documental y gráfica sobre Hymnen.

Música de cámara de Karlheinz Stockhausen
Composiciones de 1967
Música clásica del siglo XX

Hymnen


An Disa miniata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Victor Samuel Summerhayes. An Disa miniata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Disa, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Disa

Disa miniata


L'A6 C8 (désignation de type officielle F2) est un modèle de voiture de la catégorie grande routière du constructeur automobile allemand Audi disponible depuis 2018. L'A6 continuera d'être produite à l'usine Audi de Neckarsulm. Dans le VIN, l'Audi A6 C8 a le code de série F2.

Historique du modèle
La berline a été officiellement dévoilée le 28 février 2018. Le véhicule a eu sa première publique officielle lors du 88e Salon international de l'automobile de Genève en mars 2018. Mi-avril 2018, Audi a présenté la version break. En janvier 2019, la version longue, l'A6L, a été présentée à Guangzhou.

La S6 a été présentée en avril 2019. Pour la première fois, elle est propulsée par un moteur diesel.

Début , Audi présente le nouveau A6 allroad quattro basé sur l'Avant.

Le RS6 Avant a été présenté en août 2019. Il dispose d'un groupe motopropulseur V8 avec hybridation légère d'une puissance maximale de 441 kW (600 ch). Comme le modèle précédent, le RS6 n'est pas disponible en berline. Pour la première fois, le RS6 sera également commercialisé en Amérique du Nord.

Technologie et équipement

Général
Comme l'A7 C8 et l'A8 D5, l'Audi A6 est basée sur la plate-forme MLBevo, qui a été développé par Audi pour le groupe Volkswagen. Comparé à sa prédécesseur, elle est plus grande dans toutes les dimensions. Contrairement à la tendance actuelle de l'industrie automobile à construire des voitures toujours plus légères, la C8 pèse environ 200 kg de plus que la C7, ce qui est principalement dû à la motorisation hybride douce standard.

Les innovations comprennent également ce que l'on appelle les "phares à LED à matrice HD" avec feux de route anti-éblouissants en option et phares à LED en équipement standard, ainsi que l'extension des systèmes d'assistance à la conduite pour être similaire à ceux de l'A8 D5, ce qui permet théoriquement d'augmenter l'autonomie au niveau 3. Cependant, la conduite autonome ne peut être actuellement (début 2019) activée en raison d'un manque de réglementation légale. Depuis fin 2018, le scanner laser nécessaire à la conduite autonome ne peut plus être commandé ou a été omis du Assistenzsystem Tour correspondant et sans remplacement. En attendant la possibilité ultérieure d'une activation de la conduite autonome de niveau 3, cela élimine entre autres l'assistant d'embouteillage. Une autre innovation technique est l'introduction de la direction intégrale, qui réduit le rayon de braquage d'un mètre à 11,1 m, car les roues arrière peuvent braquées jusqu'à 5°.

Système d'infodivertissement
L'intérieur a un nouveau concept de fonctionnement qui repose presque exclusivement sur des écrans tactiles. Il y a un écran LCD à cet effet dans le tableau de bord et dans la console centrale. La diagonale de l'écran supérieur du tableau de bord est de 8,8 ou 10,1 pouces, et il a une résolution de 1280 × 720 ou 1540 × 720 pixels, selon la configuration. Alors que l'écran supérieur est utilisé pour faire fonctionner le système de navigation et d'infodivertissement, l'écran inférieur de 8,6 pouces (1280 × 660 pixels) de la console centrale contrôle les fonctions du véhicule et de confort telles que la climatisation ou les sièges chauffants. Les deux écrans peuvent également être utilisés en combinaison l'un avec l'autre, par exemple, il est possible de saisir l'adresse de destination via l'écran inférieur ou d'avoir un affichage étendu de la climatisation sur l'écran supérieur. D'autres commandes telles que les réglages du mode de conduite ou le chauffage de la lunette arrière sont mises en œuvre à l'aide de commutateurs mécaniques ou sensoriels, selon l'équipement, séparés. Tous les écrans tactiles ont également un retour haptique. Pour la première fois, le cockpit virtuel est également disponible en option dans l'Audi A6. Le combiné d'instrumentations analogique côté conducteur est remplacé par un écran de 12,3 pouces avec une résolution de 1920 × 720 pixels.

Sécurité
Lors de l'essai de choc effectué par l'Euro NCAP en 2018, le véhicule a obtenu cinq étoiles.

Motorisations
Toutes les unités V6 ont un système électrique de 48 volts qui, avec l'alterno-démarreur à courroie, forme la technologie MHEV (automobile hybride électrique léger).

Notes et références

A6 C8
Automobile des années 2010
Automobile des années 2020
Berline
Break
Véhicule à transmission intégrale

Audi A6 V


Arivaldo Alves dos Santos (født 19. november 1980) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Arivaldo Alves dos Santos


Mehraban ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Maryam Mehraban (* 1989), iranische Pianistin
 Melissa Mehraban (* 1984), iranisch-dänische Schauspielerin

Mehraban


HKScan er en multinational virksomhed, der producerer, sælger og markedsfører svinekød, oksekød, fjerkræ og forarbejdet kød.

De opererer i Finland, Sverige, Danmark, De Baltiske Lande og Polen,

HKScan blev grundlagt den 11 jan. 1913 af Lounais-Suomen Osuusteurastamo (LSO), der i dag også ejer størstedelen af virksomheden.

Ejerkredsen består af  LSO (34,88%), Sveriges Djurbönder (12,54%), Varma Mutual Pension Insurance Company (2,17%) og Elo Pension Company (2,08%).

Navnet HK er oprindeligt en forkortelse af Helsingin Kauppiaat ("Helsinki Forhandlere"), en virksomhed, der blev overtaget af LSO i 1991. Dets finske datterselskab er stadig kendt som HK Ruokatalo Oy ("HK Food House Inc."). HKScan Oyj er den 25. største fødevareproducent af kød i verden og noteret på børsen i Helsinki.

Kilder

Fødevarevirksomheder fra Finland
Turku

HKScan


Armenian Power, también conocido como AP-13 o la mafia armenia, es una organización criminal estadounidense de armenios en el Condado de Los Ángeles, California. Están involucrados en el tráfico de drogas, asesinato, asalto, fraude, robo de identidad, juego ilegal, secuestro, extorsión y robo. Se cree que tiene más de 700 miembros.

Historia
Armenian Power tiene fuertes vínculos con el crimen organizado ruso, dado que la delincuencia organizada en la Unión Soviética era multi-étnica. La banda también tiene algunos miembros de origen mexicano. En verano de 1988, 74 miembros de la banda tomaron un pequeño establecimiento en el centro comercial del este de Hollywood y lo convirtieron en su cuartel general. Los miembros de la banda suelen llevar el uniforme clásico del pandillero de barrio: pantalones holgados,camisetas de tirantes blancas y 'Locs' gafas de sol con estilo de la marca. Muchos están tatuados con símbolos armenios y símbolos típicos de barrios de Los Ángeles. A mediados de 1997 se creía que la banda Armenian Power era responsable de una docena de asesinatos en ``drive-by´´. La banda Armenian Power se compone de cerca de 750 miembros por lo que no es relativamente pequeña en comparación con muchas otras bandas étnicas en los Estados Unidos. En Estados Unidos, las pandillas de origen europeo en general componen sólo el 16% del porcentaje total de las pandillas contra otros grupos raciales / étnicos. La actividad de pandillas armenias nunca se ha reportado en la Costa Este. La composición étnica única de armenios del área de Los Ángeles, tenía una fuerte presencia de muchas bandas diferentes, AP juega un papel importante en el crimen en general de Los Ángeles.

Conflicto chicano-armenio
Armenian Power ha tenido una historia de conflictos con miembros de pandillas chicanas en el pasado, pero se cree que se han calmado en los últimos años. Armen "Silent" Papoyan, uno de los fundadores de la Armenian Power, fue muerto a tiros el 22 de mayo de 2000 por Jose Argueta, miembro de la pandilla latina Cerco Blanco. El 24 de mayo de 2000, miembros de pandillas mexicanas dispararon a una persona armenia fuera de un restaurante en Hollywood, California. Como venganza por estos miembros de Armenian Power mataron a 5 menores de edad en presencia de sus respectivos padres, miembros de bandas latinas.

Operación Interrupción del suministro eléctrico
El 16 de febrero de 2011 durante la Operación Interrupción del suministro eléctrico más de 800 autoridades policiales federales y locales arrestaron a casi 100 personas presuntamente involucradas en el crimen organizado armenio, en el área de Los Ángeles. Gran parte de la delincuencia era asesinato, robo de identidad y clonación de tarjetas de crédito. El número de delitos incluido el secuestro, el fraude, la extorsión, el robo de identidad, la usura, el robo, intimidación de testigos, el tráfico de drogas, cargos de drogas, incluyendo el cultivo de marihuana y otras drogas como cocaína y heroína y delitos relacionados con armas.

Referencias

 `` a b c d "Ruthless Armenian Power gang hit by 74 arrests in huge crackdown on organised crime". Daily Mail. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2012. "The group start as a street gang in East Hollywood, California, in the 1980s, identifying themselves with tattoos, graffiti and gang clothing... In all, the crime group is believed to have more than 200 members."
 Coleman, Wanda (1996). Native in a Strange Land: Trials & Tremors. Black Sparrow Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-57423-024-6.
 Krikorian, Michael (August 17, 1997). Violent Gang Is a Stain on a Proud Ethnic Community Series: The rise of a small street gang, Armenian Power, is causing a tragic cycle of fear and death. Los Angeles Times
  "Russsian Organized Crime". Fas.org. Retrieved 2012-03-17.
 Lutton, Wayne. "Russian Mafia Invades California". The Social Contract. Retrieved 2012-03-17
  "Ruthless Armenian Power gang hit by 74 arrests in huge crackdown on organised crime". Daily Mail (London). February 17, 2011.

Organizaciones delictivas de Estados Unidos
Armenio-estadounidenses

Armenian Power


Rosalind Patricia-Anne Howells, Baroness Howells of St Davids  COG (born 10 January 1931) is a British Labour politician, who formerly served as member of the House of Lords.

Having been awarded an OBE in the 1994 New Year's Honours, she was made a Life peer as Baroness Howells of St Davids, of Charlton in the London Borough of Greenwich on 21 July 1999. The name St Davids refers to the parish in Grenada where she was brought up, to the south-east of the island. She retired from the House of Lords on 10 January 2019.

Life and career
Howells was educated at St Joseph's College, Reading, South West London College and the University of the District of Columbia in Washington, D.C. In 1955, she married John Charles Howells and they have two daughters.

Howells served as the Director of the Greenwich Racial Equality Council as well as a Community and Equal Opportunities Worker. Baroness Howells is a trustee of the Stephen Lawrence Charitable Trust, and served as the unofficial advisor to the Lawrence family.

Howells was the first black woman to sit on the GLC's Training Board; the first female member of the Court of Governors of the University of Greenwich and was the Vice Chair at the London Voluntary Service Council. She has worked with the Carnival Liaison Committee, the Greater London Action in Race Equality, and has been an active campaigner for justice in the field of race relations. She is a Trustee of the Jason Roberts Foundation, which aims to provide a range of sporting opportunities for children and young people in the United Kingdom and Grenada.

In March 2009 she was inaugurated as the Chancellor of the University of Bedfordshire in Luton. Baroness Howells is a trustee of St George's University's UK Trust and serves on the board of the Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation (WINDREF), the research institute affiliated with St. George's University.

References

External links
Announcement of her introduction at the House of Lords House of Lords minutes of proceedings, 25 October 1999.
100 Great Black Britons.

1931 births
Living people
Howells of St Davids, Rosalind Howells, Baron
Life peeresses created by Elizabeth II
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Grenadian emigrants to England
Black British women politicians
People associated with the University of Bedfordshire
Peers retired under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014

Rosalind Howells, Baroness Howells of St Davids


Andre De Grasse (født 10. november 1994 i Scarborough i Ontario) er en canadisk atletikudøver, som konkurrerer i sprint. Han slog igennem i 2015 med to guldmedaljer ved de Panamerikanske lege og bronze på 100 meter ved VM i atletik 2015 i Beijing, og han har siden blandt andet vundet seks OL-medaljer.

Han løb sin første 100 meter i maj 2012, som 17-årig, og løb da på 10,90. Tony Sharpe tog da kontakt med ham, og begyndte at træne ham, og nogle uger senere løb han på 10,50. I 2015 blev han den første canadier nogensinde til både at løbe 100 meter på under 10 sekunder og 200 meter på under 20 sekunder.

Idrætskarriere
De Grasse deltog ved Panamerikanske juniormesterskab i atletik 2013 i Medellín i Colombia, hvor han fik to medaljer. Han kom på 2. pladsen på 100 meter, med tiden 10,36, kun slået af Zharnel Hughes. På 200 meter kom han på 3. pladsen, med tiden 20,74.

I 2014 deltog han ved Commonwealth Games 2014 i Glasgow, men blev slået ud i semifinalen på 200 meter.

Ved Pacific-12 Conference 2015 vandt han 100 meter med personlig rekord med tiden 9,97, dette var første gang en canadier havde løbet under 10 sekunder siden år 2000. Det var også mesterskabsrekord for Pacific-12 Conference. Han løb også 200 meter på 20,03 ved dette mesterskab, som var canadisk rekord på distancen. Han blev kåret til Pac-12 Conference men's track and field athlete of the year ved dette mesterskab. Ved NCAA-mesterskabet i maj 2015 vandt han også både 100 og 200 meter, med henholdsvis 9,75 og 19,58 sekunder, men begge disse var med for meget medvind til at de tæller som officielle rekorder.

I begyndelsen af juli 2015 blev han canadisk mester på 100 meter, hvor han løb på 9,95 i finalen. Han deltog ved Panamerikanske lege 2015 i Toronto i Canada. Her vandt han 100 meter med tiden 10,05 i finalen, men han løb på 9,97 i semifinalen. På 200 meter vandt han med tiden 19,88, som var ny canadisk rekord, dermed blev han den første canadier i historien som har løbet 100 meter på under 10 sekunder og 200 meter på under 20 sekunder. Canada kom også først i mål på 4 x 100 meter stafet, men blev senere diskvalificeret fordi Gavin Smellie havde løbet udenfor sin bane.

Ved VM i atletik 2015 kvalificerede han sig til finalen på 100 meter, efter 9,99 i indledningsheatet og 9,96 i semifinalen. I finalen satte han ny personlig rekord på 9,92, og fik bronze efter Usain Bolt og Justin Gatlin. Bronzen delte han med amerikanske Trayvon Bromell.

Ved OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro fik han bronze på 100 meter efter Usain Bolt og Justin Gatlin og satte igen ny personlig rekord på 9,91 sekunder.

Efter at Bolt havde indstillet sin karriere, var der ikke nogen klar favoritter i sprint-løbene ved OL 2020 (afholdt i 2021) i Tokyo, og i 100 meter-løbet kvalificerede De Grasse sig igen til finalen. Her viste den amerikanskfødte italiener Lamont Marcell Jacobs sig hurtigst og vandt i tiden 9,80 sekunder, mens amerikaneren Fred Kerley blev nummer to i 9,84 og De Grasse nummer tre i 9,89, ny personlig rekord for ham. I 200 meter-løbet førte De Grasse i finalen fra start, men ved 150 m var amerikanerne Noah Lyles og Kenny Bednarek forrest. Imidlertid havde De Grasse kræfterne til spurten og vandt i ny canadisk rekordtid 19,62 sekunder, mens Bednarek fik sølv i 19,68 og Lyles bronze i 19,74 sekunder. Endelig løb han sidste tur for canadierne i 4×100 meter-stafetløbet, som blev nummer to i tiden 37,70 sekunder, 0,2 sekunder efter de italienske mestre og 0,09 sekund foran kineserne på tredjepladsen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Sprintere fra Canada
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2016
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2020
Deltagere for Canada ved sommer-OL 2016
Deltagere for Canada ved sommer-OL 2020
Olympiske mestre fra Canada
Olympiske sølvmedaljevindere fra Canada
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Canada
Atleter ved sommer-OL 2016
Atleter ved sommer-OL 2020
Olympiske medaljevindere i atletik

Andre De Grasse


Pedalj grad, gradina Pedalj je bio srednjovjekovna utvrda smještena na 349 metara visokom brijegu iznad današnjeg sela Pedlja, u općini Dvoru, Sisačko-moslavačka županija. Kao jedna od najvećih utvrda na području Zrinske gore bio je značajan posjed obitelji Zrinski i imao značajnu ulogu u odbrani od Osmanlija kroz stoljeća. Danas su od istog ostale samo ruševine.

Povijest

Ime Pedalj se javlja već u 13. stoljeću, a iz literature i dostupnih zemljovida uočljivo je da je kroz povijest osim Pedalj zvan i Pedaly, Pedal, Peed, Pedl, Pedwar, Poedl i Petel.

Godine 1287. zemlje Pedalj i Stupnica pripale su Babonićima. Oni su te posjede držali sve do 1346. godine kada ih je Dujam Babonić prodao Oliveru, županu zolijskom. Već sljedeće godine, kada je kralj Ludovik tražio Ostrovicu od Šubića u zamjenu za Zrin, čini se da i Pedalj pripada zajedno sa Zrinom Šubićima, kasnijim Zrinskima. Nije posve izvjesno je li tada postojala utvrda Pedalj, ali je sigurno da je postojala 1381. godine, jer se tada u jednoj povelji naređuje da se Pavlu Zrinskom predaju sva pisma koja se tiču grada Pedlja.

U jednoj povelji s kraja 15. stoljeća spominju se i sela koja pripadaju pod grad Pedalj. Tada su se unutar pedaljskog imanja nalazila sela Novobrdo, Novitrg, Sliven, Jurmanova sela, Gudetin, Brizje, Vešićje, Komarnica Donja, Stupnica i Ubeškovići. Do danas je samo Stupnica sačuvala svoje ime, a u naseljima Novitrg, Gudetin, Komarnica Donja možemo prepoznati Trgove, Udetin i Komoru. Više puta su Zrinski zbog velikih dugova ovu utvrdu, i čitav posjed, davali u zakup vjerovnicima, ali su uglavnom vrlo brzo otplaćivali svoje dugove i vraćali posjede u svoje vlasništvo.

Prvi ozbiljniji osmanski napadi zabilježeni su polovicom 16. stoljeća. Godine 1551. odveli su Osmanlije veliki broj podanika grada Pedlja u ropstvo, a napadi na Pedalj nastavljali su se i u sljedećim godinama. Zrinski nisu imali ni moći ni vremena brinuti se o ugroženim utvrdama na granici, pa su se orijentirali na svoje međimurska posjede.

Godine 1558. Pedalj je zajedno s Prevršcem i Komogovinom srušen u jednom turskom napadu. Okolni se je narod zbog straha od sve učestalijih napada odselio na imanja Zrinskih u Međimurje, ali i izvan granica današnje Hrvatske. Njemačka posada je tada zauzela utvrdu, ali je pod pritiskom Ivana Lenkovića, koji je uglavnom predlagao da se sruše sve utvrde čiji su vlasnici bili Zrinski, grad 1561. godine bio razoren. Tek neposredno pred osmansko osvajanje 1577. godine došli su vojni krugovi na ideju da se grad obnovi za obranu Pounja, ali tada je već bilo kasno.
Osmanlije su ruševinu zauzeli i popravili je. Nakon istjerivanja Osmanlija iz Pounja, Pedalj je ponovo obnovljen, a čak se još 1801. godine spominje da u utvrdi stanuje jedan časnik, no da je ona vrlo zapuštena. Od čitave utvrde najbolje je sačuvana bila početkom 20. stoljeća okrugla kula. Laszowski 1902. godine piše kako je kula još 1897. godine bila u potpunosti čitava, ali da je onda u nju udario grom te da ju je srušio.

Danas

Danas su ostatci utvrde Pedalj teško dostupni, ali i dalje vidljivi i predstavljaju dobru osnovu za turističku i tradicijsku valorizaciju. Do njih se dolazi cestom od Gline ili Dvora s koje se odvaja put prema selu Stupnici, a iz Stupnice dalje na desno za Pedalj.

Literatura

 Škiljan, Filip, Kulturno-historijski spomenici Banije, SNV, Zagreb,

Izvori

Utvrde u Hrvatskoj

Pedalj grad


Axelline Lund (født 23. oktober 1836 i København, død 17. december 1918) er dansk forfatter forfatter og kvindesagsforkæmper.

Familie
Forældre: krigsassessor Carl Christian Mørch (1807-70) og Dorothea Margrethe Magdalene Müller (1809-58).

Hun blev gift 7. oktober 1859 med maler Frederik Christian Lund.

Arbejde
Axelline Lund stiftede foreningen Cirklen i 1897.

Hun var formand for foreningen Cirklen fra 1897 til 1910, hvor hun blev afløst af kunstneren Palline Fallesen. Hun var ved sin afgang som formand 1910 blev Axelline Lund udnævnt til æresmedlem.

Axelline Lund var 1898-1904 ansat som lærerinde i italiensk ved Kunstakademiet. Som formand for Cirklen blev hun 1898 medstifter af Danske Kvindeforeningers Valgretsudvalg. Hun var kasserer og sekretær i denne gren af kvindestemmeretskampen indtil 1907. På Axelline Lund initiativ blev Cirklen desuden en af de allerførste organisationer, der indmeldtes i Dansk Kvinderaad, siden Danske Kvinders Nationalråd (DKN), efter dets stiftelse 1899 som en indenlandsk paraplyorganisation og et led i International Council of Women. Hun var kasserer i DKN 1899-1902 og i en kort periode næstformand. Cirklen opretholdt ikke på langt sigt sin forbindelse til DKN.

Kilder
http://www.kvinfo.dk/

Forfattere fra Danmark i det 19. århundrede
Forfattere fra Danmark i det 20. århundrede

Axelline Lund


Aslan aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Aslan (Panthera leo) (zooloji), bir hayvan
 Aslan burcu, (astroloji), bir burç
 Aslan (film), sinema filmi
 Galatasaray SK, Galatasaray Spor Kulübü'nün takma ismi

İnsanlar

Arslan
 Arslan Ekşi (d. 1985), Türk voleybolcu
 Arslan Toğuzata (1886-1963), Türk milis lideri, politikacı ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu polis komiseri
 Uğur Arslan Kuru (d. 1986), Türk futbolcu

Aslan
 Aslan Abaşidze (d. 1938), Acara eski lideri
 Aslan Mashadov (1951-2005), Çeçen lider
 Aslan Thakuşinov (d. 1947), Adige Cumhuriyeti, Rusya Başkanı
 Aslan Zaseyev (d. 1982), Rus futbolcu

Yerleşim yerleri
 Arslanköy, Toroslar - Mersin ili Toroslar ilçesine bağlı köy

Aslan (anlam ayrımı)


Villibañe es una pedanía perteneciente al municipio de Valdevimbre, situado en El Páramo con una población de 108 habitantes según el INE.
Está situado en la CV-194-14.

Topónimo

El topónimo alude al poblador principal o propietario. Se trata de una forma popular de VILLA IOHANNIS, con –b- epentética o de rotura de hiato, forma en todo equivalente a la que ha producido los apellidos Peribáñez o el frecuente topónimo Santibáñez. Documentado en 1365 sin cambios significativos. Se repite en Palencia un topónimo similar: el despoblado de Santa María de Villibáñez, en Villacidaler.

Demografía

Tiene 108 habitantes, 55 varones y 53 mujeres censados en la localidad.

Referencias

Localidades de El Páramo

Villibañe


Prescott ist eine Kleinstadt (mit dem Status City) im Pierce County im Westen des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Wisconsin an der Mündung des St. Croix River in den Mississippi. Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 hatte Prescott 4258 Einwohner.

Geographie
Prescott liegt an der Mündung des St. Croix River in den oberen Mississippi, der die Grenze zu Minnesota bildet. Prescott liegt auf 44°45′06″ nördlicher Breite und 92°47′35″ westlicher Länge und erstreckt sich über eine Fläche von 6,2 km², die sich auf 5,2 km² Land- und 1,0 km² Wasserfläche verteilen.

Am gegenüberliegenden Mississippiufer liegt das auf dem Landweg 9 km in westliche Richtung entfernte Hastings. Weitere Nachbarorte sind Cottage Grove, Minnesota (16,2 km nordwestlich), River Falls, Wisconsin (21,8& km nordöstlich), Trimbelle, Wisconsin (19,8 km östlich) und Diamond Bluff (21,4 km südöstlich).

Die nächstgelegenen größeren Städte sind Minnesotas Hauptstadt St. Paul (38,2 km nordwestlich), Eau Claire (124 km ostnordöstlich), La Crosse (187 km südöstlich) und Rochester in Minnesota (108 km südlich).

Verkehr
Prescott liegt am den Wisconsin-Abschnitt der Great River Road bildenden Wisconsin Highway 35, der im Zentrum des Ortes auf den U.S. Highway 10 und auf den Wisconsin Highway 29 trifft.

Durch Prescott verläuft eine Bahnlinie der BNSF Railway, die entlang des gesamten Laufes des Mississippi führt.

Der Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport liegt 46,3 km in westnordwestlicher Richtung.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website
 Handelskammer von Prescott
 www.city-data.com - Prescott, Wisconsin

Ort am Mississippi

Prescott (Wisconsin)


Olaylar
14 Ocak - Kral I. James'in başkanlık ettiği ve Anglikan piskoposlar ile Püriten liderlerin katıldığı Hampton Sarayı Konferansı toplandı. Kral James Onaylı Kitab-ı Mukaddes ve Ortak Dua Kitabı üzeride deşiklikler yapılması kararı verilir.
Haziran - 1603-1618 Osmanlı-Safevî Savaşı : I. Abbas komutasındaki Safevi ordusu kuşatma sonrasında Erivan'ı Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndan aldı.
 28 Ağustos - İngiliz-İspanyol Savaşı'nı bitiren Londra Anlaşması imzalandı.
 9 Ekim - Kepler Süpernovası (SN 1604) olarak bilinen bir süpernova, ilk olarak İtalya'nın kuzey kesimlerinde gözlendi. 17 Ekim'den itibaren de Johannes Kepler Prag'da bir yıl sürecek gözlemine başladı. 1987'ye kadar başka bir "çıplak gözle" süpernova görülmeyecek. 2022 itibarıyla bu Samanyolu'nda gözlemlenen son süpernovadır.
 1 Kasım - William Shakespeare'in Othello tragedyası Londra'daki Whitehall Sarayı'nda ilk kez sehnelendi.
 29 Aralık - Tayvan Boğazı'nda meydana gelen 8.1 büyüklüğündeki bir deprem birkaç kişinin ölümüne neden oldu.
Fransa, Kuzey Amerika'daki ilk kolonisi olan Akadya'ya yerleşimlere başladı.

Doğumlar
 12 Ağustos - Tokugawa Iemitsu, Tokugawa Hanedanlığı'nın 3. şogunu (ö. 8 Haziran 1651)
 3 Kasım - II. Osman, Osmanlı padişahı (ö. 1622)

Ölümler

1604


Yoshio Kato (født 1. august 1957) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

|-
|1980||3||0
|-
|1981||5||0
|-
!Total||8||0
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yoshio Kato


Karl Johann Heinrich Eduard Gerlach, depuis 1840 von Gerlach, (né le  à Neuwedell et mort le  à Booßen) est président de la police de Berlin et est nommé  en 1834 pour ses services.

Biographie
Le protestant Karl Gerlach est le fils du conseiller judiciaire Karl Gerlach et de sa femme Eleonore, née Stegmann. Après avoir terminé sa scolarité, il étudie le droit à Francfort-sur-l'Oder et à Berlin. Ses études terminées, il entre en 1814 dans la fonction publique prussienne, où il est employé comme stagiaire au gouvernement, à l'intendance de la police et à la direction des impôts et de l'industrie. En 1821, il est transféré au ministère de la Guerre en tant que lieutenant, où il occupe en dernier lieu le poste de conseiller de guerre secret.

Le 1er avril 1832, Gerlach occupe alors le poste de chef de la police de Berlin, qu'il occupera pendant près de sept ans. Avec l'ordre du cabinet le plus élevé (AKO) du 5 janvier 1839, il reçoit également la fonction de président de district et donc de chef du gouvernement royal prussien à Cologne, qu'il prend le 8 février. Le 24 janvier 1843, il ordonne la suppression du Rheinische Zeitung. Sans changer de poste, il obtient par AKO du 14 mai 1844 sa mutation au district d'Erfurt (nomination définitive le 1er juillet 1844), où il prend finalement sa retraite le 1er juillet 1845. Il passe les dernières années de sa vie à Francfort-sur-l'Oder. Le 15 octobre 1840, le roi de Prusse lui rend hommage en l'anoblissant .

Famille
Karl von Gerlach se marie le 28 mars 1824 à Berlin avec Regine Pauline Lütke (également Lütcke) (née le 15 mars 1805 à Berlin et morte le 25 avril 1880 à Francfort-sur-l'Oder). Elle est la fille du conseil municipal de Berlin et fabricant de chapeaux Johann Ferdinand Lütke et de sa femme Sabine Regine, née Degner. Le couple a plusieurs enfants :

 Klara Pauline Johanna (née le 13 mars 1825) mariée en 1852 avec Gustav Walther von Rheinbaben (1817–1866), parents du ministre Georg von Rheinbaben
 Marie (née le 9 novembre 1826 et morte en janvier 1831)
 Émilie Henriette Ferdinandine (née le 28 novembre 1827) mariée en 1850 avec Guillaume Linau (mort le 22 juillet 1888)
 Ferdinand Karl Paul (né le 16 octobre 1829 et mort le 29 novembre 1859) marié en 1856 avec Marianne Charlotte Julie Karbe (née le 20 janvier 1834 et mort le 18 janvier 1890)
 Friedrich Wilhelm Max (né le 13 avril 1832 et mort le 22 janvier 1909) marié en 1861 avec Wally Marianne Peyer (née le 19 novembre 1837 et morte le 13 septembre 1899), parents de Hellmut von Gerlach
 Heinrich Edouard Karl (né le 8 janvier 1833 et mort le 19 septembre 1859)
 Eleanor Charlotte Elisabeth (née le 8 juillet 1835 et morte le 2 novembre 1859)
 Pauline Caroline Anna (née le 10 octobre 1838 et morte le 15 janvier 1919) mariée en 1865 avec  (1820-1910), lieutenant général prussien
 Edouard Hermann Franz (né le 20 octobre 1840 et mort le 28 février 1917) marié en 1876 avec Anna Klara Elisabeth von Arnim (née le 27 octobre 1856 et morte le 6 janvier 1929)
 Théodora Marianne Hermine (née le 1er avril 1845 et morte le 20 juillet 1873) mariée en 1866 avec  (1831–1897), lieutenant général

Bibliographie
 August Klein: Karl von Gerlach (1839–1844). In: 150 Jahre Regierungsbezirk Köln. Länderdienst-Verlag Berlin-West, Berlin 1966, S. 77–81 (incl. Abb.).
 Horst Romeyk: Die leitenden staatlichen und kommunalen Verwaltungsbeamten der Rheinprovinz 1816–1945 (= Publikationen der Société d'histoire rhénane. Band 69). Droste, Düsseldorf 1994, , S. 466.
 Marcelli Janecki: Handbuch des preußischen Adels. Band 2, 1893, S. 260 f.

Références

Liens externes

Président du district de Cologne
Président de la police de Berlin
Personnalité prussienne anoblie
Citoyen d'honneur de Berlin
Naissance en décembre 1792
Naissance dans la voïvodie de Poméranie-Occidentale
Naissance dans la province de Poméranie (1653-1815)
Décès en août 1863
Décès à Francfort-sur-l'Oder
Décès dans la province de Brandebourg
Décès à 70 ans

Karl von Gerlach


An Dissanthelium pygmaeum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jason Richard Swallen ngan Oscar Tovar. An Dissanthelium pygmaeum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dissanthelium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dissanthelium

Dissanthelium pygmaeum


Doğanca, Eskişehir ilinin Mahmudiye ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin eski ismi Cönger'dir. Köyü Mekke'den gelen Şeyh Osman efendi isimli bir kişinin kurduğu bilinmektedir.

Coğrafya
Eskişehir il merkezine 51 km, Mahmudiye ilçesine 8 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Mahmudiye'nin mahalleleri

Doğanca, Mahmudiye


වියන ලද පොල් අතු () වහල සෙවිළිකිරීමට භාවිතා වේ.

පොල්

පොල් අතු


Lehman College is a public college in New York City. Founded in 1931 as the Bronx campus of Hunter College, it became an independent college within CUNY in September 1967. The college is named after Herbert H. Lehman, a former New York governor, United States senator, philanthropist, and the son of Lehman Brothers co-founder Mayer Lehman. It is a senior college of the City University of New York (CUNY) and offers more than 90 undergraduate and graduate degree programs and specializations.

History

The Bronx Branch of Hunter College was first established in 1931.

The campus was the main national training ground for women in the military during World War II. For a decade before the entry of the United States in World War II, only women students attended, taking their first two years of study at the Bronx campus and then transferring to Hunter's Manhattan campus to complete their undergraduate work. During the war, Hunter leased the Bronx Campus buildings to the United States Navy who used the facilities to train 95,000 women volunteers for military service as WAVES and SPARS.

When the Navy vacated the campus, the site was briefly occupied by the nascent United Nations, which held its first Security Council sessions at the Bronx campus for six months in 1946. From March to August 1946, the first American meetings of the Security Council were held in the Gymnasium Building where intercollegiate basketball, archery, swimming, and other sports have been played. During festivities marking the 40th anniversary of the United Nations in 1986, the Southern New York State Division of the United Nations Association presented the College with a commemorative plaque, now displayed outside the Gymnasium Building. The College participated in the United Nations' 50th anniversary activities in 1995–96.

The process of separating Lehman College from its Hunter College-affiliated predecessor began in 1967, culminating in the establishment of an independent unit of the City University of New York on July 1, 1968. This new college, known as Herbert H. Lehman College or Lehman College, was established as a senior undergraduate college. The newly-established school was named after Herbert H. Lehman, the former, four-term governor of New York. Lehman College's founding president was Leonard Lief.

President Lief was succeeded by Ricardo R. Fernández in 1991. In 2016, José Luis Cruz, a former Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs at California State University, Fullerton, was appointed as the third president of the College. On July 1, 2019, Jose Luis Cruz was appointed as the CUNY Executive Vice Chancellor and stepped down from the Lehman presidency. On February 21, 2021, the CUNY Board of trustees appointed Dr. Fernando Delgado to succeed interim president Daniel Lemons as the fourth president of the college.

The college closed like other CUNY campuses on March 11, 2020, in response to the coronavirus outbreak. Later, in April, the university released a study that concluded that the virus could be spread through a building's ventilation system. On October 5, 2020, 98% of classes were fully online due to the coronavirus pandemic. On May 26, 2022, after two years of conducting commencement ceremonies online due to the COVID-19 restrictions regarding mass gathering in NYC, Lehman held its first commencement ceremony post COVID-19 lockdowns.

Campus

Lehman has a 37-acre (15 hectare) campus with a combination of Collegiate Gothic and modern architecture, located near the Jerome Park Reservoir at 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West (250 West 200th Street). The school's architects were Kerr Rainsford, John A. Thompson, and Gerald A. Holmes; they had earlier designed the Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity in Manhattan's Upper East Side.

Lehman College houses a multimedia center in Carman Hall, comprising an acoustically designed recording studio, audio and video production control rooms, editing suites, student newsroom, media conversion room, graphics room, and "technology-enhanced" classrooms. BronxNet public access channel is also headquartered in Carman Hall, where many programs are produced including Bronx Talk and Open.

In 2012, Lehman dedicated its new $70 million Science Hall, a four-story building equipped with high-tech classrooms and laboratories, as well as a rooftop teaching and research greenhouse. In 2013, Science Hall was awarded a LEED platinum rating from the U.S. Green Building Council, the first CUNY building to earn the top green building rating. The structural engineers for this project was Leslie E. Robertson Associates (LERA).

The Lehman College Center for the Performing Arts is a professional theater which seats 2,310. The campus is also home to the Lehman College Art Gallery.

The Apex, Lehman College's post-modern style athletic and fitness facility, opened in 1994. Designed by architect Rafael Viñoly, the Apex stands in contrast to the original Gothic revival buildings that define the campus.

Lehman is located between Bedford Park Blvd and West 195th Streets in the Bronx, along Goulden Avenue and Paul Avenue as well as parts of Jerome Avenue The campus is served by the following methods of public transportation:

New York City Subway: the Bedford Park Blvd–Lehman College subway station at Jerome Avenue, served by the 4 train; and the Bedford Park Blvd station in the Grand Concourse, served by the B and D trains.

MTA Regional Bus Operations: Bx9, Bx10, Bx22, Bx26, Bx28 routes; The Bx1, Bx2, and Bx3 routes also run near the campus and have stops that are at walking distance.

Students
Students at Lehman College are from multiple ethnic and racial identities, multiple language backgrounds, various social classes, and diverse sexual orientations with many international students.

Enrollment (Fall 2018) Lehman College:
 Undergraduates: 12,639
 Graduate Students: 2,148
 Total: 14,787 students

Academics
Lehman College offers undergraduate and graduate programs in its Schools of Arts & Humanities, School of Education, School of Natural and Social Sciences, School of Business, School of Health Sciences, Human Services, and Nursing, and School of Continuing Education.

Macaulay Honors College at Lehman
The highly selective Macaulay Honors College at Lehman provides a full tuition scholarship, Apple laptop computer, and opportunities fund of $7,500 that can be used for various activities such as study abroad, reimbursements for internships or research, and service learning. Students in the honors college are required to take 4 seminars relating to New York City, maintain a 3.5 grade point average, and graduate within four years. They also must take four Lehman Scholars Program Seminars, or "LSP"s.

Lehman Scholars Program
The Lehman Scholars Program (L.S.P.) is designed for capable and highly motivated students who have the desire and ability to pursue a somewhat more independent liberal arts course of study. The program offers the advantages of a small, intimate college, including special courses, seminars, and individual counseling.

The Lehman Scholars Program offers several special features, first being that students are exempt from all Degree Requirements. They must, however, pass the CUNY Skills Assessment Tests to be admitted to the program and meet all course prerequisites and requirements for their major field.

The Lehman Scholars Program has its own requirements, which students must fulfill: a one-semester honors course in English composition and stylistics; two years of a foreign language at the college level or its equivalent; four honors seminars from any of four different academic areas: Fine and Performing Arts, Humanities, Natural Science, and Social Science; and a senior honors essay.

Students who enter the program with more than 30 credits may be considered for exemption from one seminar after consultation with the Program Director, Professor Gary Schwartz.

Mentors: Each student entering the program will be assigned to a faculty mentor in his or her field of interest. The mentor will advise the student in the areas of program planning and academic and career goals.

Application Procedure: Students who have earned 60 or fewer college credits may apply for either September, June, or January admission. They will be notified about their acceptance in time for the following semester's registration.

College Now
The College Now program allows selected high school students to take college courses. The program is offered during the spring, summer and fall semesters and the courses are taught at the main Lehman campus.

Freshman Year Initiative
The Freshman Year Initiative is a program involving "blocks" of classes, similar to many high schools, which allows for new and first year students to get to know each other and become familiar with the college environment.
All first-year students participate in the program, which promotes an interdisciplinary curriculum, faculty collaboration, and peer support. All students take mathematics and writing courses as well as a Freshman Seminar when they arrive to prepare them for the rest of their college courses.

Athletics
Lehman College teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III. The Lightning Bugs are a member of the City University of New York Athletic Conference (CUNYAC). Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, soccer, swimming & diving, track & field, tennis and volleyball; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, volleyball, and cheerleading.

In 2012–13, the Lightning Bugs won CUNYAC Championships in men's swimming and diving and women's outdoor track and field. The school produced two All-Americans in women's outdoor track: Tobi Alli (100 m) and Jasmine Springer (Triple Jump).

Conference affiliations
 Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC)

Notable faculty
There are nearly 400 full-time faculty. Notable faculty include:

 Allison Amend (born 1974), Professor of English, novelist, and short story writer
 Michael Bacon, Associate Professor of Music, Lehman alumnus, and Emmy Award winning composer and songwriter; performs in the band the Bacon Brothers with his brother Kevin Bacon
 Jason Behrstock, Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science, Sloan Fellowship winner
 Laird W. Bergad, Distinguished Professor of Latin American and Puerto Rican Studies
 Jerome Charyn, former Professor of English, novelist, and film critic
 Eugene M. Chudnovsky, Distinguished Professor of Physics
 Jane K. Cleland, Lecturer in English
 Billy Collins, Professor Emeritus of English, United States Poet Laureate 2001–2003
 María Teresa Babín Cortés, Professor Emeritus of Latin American and Latino Studies
 John Corigliano, Professor of Music, Academy Award winner
 Joseph W. Dauben, Distinguished Professor of History
 J. Yellowlees Douglas, former Assistant Professor of English
 Martin Duberman, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of History
 Melvin Fitting, Professor Emeritus of Mathematics and Computer Science
 J. E. Franklin, former Lecturer in Education
 Dmitry Garanin, Russian-American Professor of Physics
 Nancy Griffeth, Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science
 Michael Handel, Professor of Mathematics
 Nicholas Hanges, Professor Emeritus of Mathematics (in memoriam)
 David Freeman Hawke, Professor Emeritus of History (in memoriam)
 William M. Hoffman, Associate Professor of Theatre (in memoriam)
 Ulysses Kay, Distinguished Professor of Music (in memoriam)
 Linda Keen, Professor Emerita of Mathematics, Noether Lecturer
 Ádám Korányi, Hungarian-American Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Mathematics and Computer Science
 William Latimer, Professor of Health Sciences
 Robert Lekachman, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Economics (in memoriam)
 John L. Locke, Professor of Language Science
 Ursula Meyer, Professor Emerita of Sculpture (in memoriam)
 Margot Mifflin (born 1960), Professor of English
 Joan Miller, former Professor of Dance and founder of the Dance program
 Melvyn B. Nathanson, Professor of Mathematics
 Matt O'Dowd, Associate Professor of Astrophysics
 Victor Pan, Distinguished Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science
 Shauneille Perry, former Associate Professor and Director of Theatre
 Lawrence Raphael, Professor Emeritus of Speech Science
 Stanley Renshon, Professor of Political Science
 Rob Schneiderman, Professor of Mathematics
 Raymond Smullyan, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Mathematics and Philosophy
 Marilyn Sokol (born 1944), Distinguished Lecturer of Theatre
 Christina Sormani, Professor of Mathematics
 Dannielle Tegeder, Associate Professor of Art
 Concetta M. Tomaino, Adjunct Professor of Music
 Lloyd Ultan, former Adjunct Professor of History
 Ruth Westheimer (born Karola Siegel, 1928; known as "Dr. Ruth"), German-American sex therapist, talk show host, author, professor, Holocaust survivor, and former Haganah sniper.
 Eric Wolf, former Distinguished Professor of Anthropology
 Eleanore Wurtzel, Professor of Biology, AAAS Fellow
 Naomi Zack, Professor of Philosophy

Notable alumni

 André Aciman, writer, author of Call Me by Your Name, and professor at CUNY Graduate Center
 Debo Adegbile, Commissioner for the United States Civil Rights Commission
 Andrea Apolo, medical oncologist and researcher at the National Cancer Institute
 Gary Axelbank, journalist, disk jockey and TV personality based in The Bronx
 Michael Bacon, Emmy Award winning composer and songwriter, and Associate Professor of Music at Lehman College; performs in the band the Bacon Brothers with his brother Kevin Bacon
 Jacqueline Bishop, writer, visual artist and photographer from Jamaica and a professor at New York University
 Steven Contursi, businessman and numismatist
 Blondell Cummings, modern dancer and choreographer
 Rubén Díaz Jr., Borough President of the Bronx in New York City from 2009 to 2021
 Rubén Díaz Sr., member of the Democratic Party; represented the 32nd district in the New York State Senate from 2003 to 2017
 Jeffrey Dinowitz, politician who represents District 81 in the New York State Assembly
 Brandon M. Easton, professional writer, screenwriter, and educator
 Christopher Emdin, professor in the Department of Mathematics, Science, and Technology at Teachers College, Columbia University
 Eliot Engel, U.S. representative for New York's 16th congressional district (1989–2021)
 Oswald Feliz, Councilmember representing District 15 of New York City
 Ailene Fields, sculptor and stone-carving teacher
 Nabie Foday Fofanah, Guinean sprinter, also known as the Speed Doctor
 Philip Foglia, prosecutor and Italian American civic rights activist
 John Fox, former novelist and short-story writer
 Joe Foy, Major League Baseball third baseman
 Eve Franklin, Democratic, represented Great Falls in the Montana Senate from 1991 through 2002 and served in the Montana House of Representatives from 2003 to 2007
 Lewis Gordon, philosopher, works in Africana philosophy, philosophy of human and life sciences, and phenomenology
 Micki Grant, singer (soprano), actress, writer, and composer
 Ramona Hernández, community leader, sociologist and historian, Professor of Sociology at the City College of New York, and director of the CUNY Dominican Studies Institute
 Andre Harrell, founder of Uptown Records, president/CEO of Motown Records, and the first half of the hip hop duo Dr. Jeckyll & Mr. Hyde
 Letitia James, Attorney General of New York since 2018
 Janet Kaplan, poet and professor
 Matt Kilcullen, Director of Athletics at Mercy College
 Woodie King Jr., theatre and film director and producer and founding director of the New Federal Theatre in New York City
 Jeffrey R. Korman, politician who was a member of the New York State Senate (33rd District) from 1990 until 1992
 Graig Kreindler, painter and illustrator
 Don Leicht, visual artist who has worked as a painter and sculptor in the Bronx
 Kenney Mencher, painter and Associate Professor of Art and Art History at Ohlone College
 Steve Mirsky, writer for Scientific American and the host of the magazine's weekly science podcast, Science Talk
 Jacqueline Moody, writer, editor, and producer, and Founder and Chief Executive of YadaYadaCo
 Devon J. Moore, poet and author
 Jenn Morel, Dominican singer and songwriter
 Robert McCullough, former basketball player
 Pepón Osorio, Latino artist
 Ron Perlman, actor and voice actor, best known for playing the comic book character Hellboy in both Hellboy (2004) and its sequel Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008), and Clay Morrow on the television series Sons of Anarchy (2008–2013).
 Richard Rakowski, entrepreneur, investor, and health care and energy consultant
 Christopher "Kid" Reid, actor, comedian and former rapper, formerly known as Kid (shortened from his original MC name, Kid Coolout)
 Elizabeth Rodriguez, Puerto Rican actress who plays Aleida Diaz in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black (2013–2019)
 Ediberto Roman, Professor of Law at Florida International University College of Law
 Jimmy Rowser, jazz double-bassist
 Murray Sabrin, professor of finance at Ramapo College and candidate for US Senate in 2018
 Abdel R. Salaam, choreographer, director, producer, mentor, and educator, and co-founder and director of Forces of Nature Dance Theatre
 Davi Santos, Brazilian-born actor best known for playing Sir Ivan, The Gold Ranger on the television series Power Rangers Dino Charge
 Ivan Seidenberg, former chairman and CEO of Verizon Communications Inc.
 José Enrique Serrano, member of the United States House of Representatives since 1990
 David L. Spector, cell and molecular biologist and professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) and head of the Gene Regulation and Cell Proliferation program of the CSHL Cancer Center
 Andrea Stewart-Cousins, Democrat who represents District 35 in the New York State Senate
 Bob Stewart, jazz tuba player
 Andrea Stone, until 2019 the director of career services of the CUNY Graduate School of Journalism (later the Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism)
 Theodore Swetz, actor, theatre director, and educator and Head of Acting at UMKC Theatre at the University of Missouri-Kansas City
 Al Taylor, Democrat and Assembly member for the 71st District of the New York State Assembly
 Michelle Tokarczyk, author, poet, and literary critic and a professor of English and former co-director of the Writing Program at Goucher College
 Celines Toribio, Dominican actress, model, and Spanish-speaking television personality
 Robert Torres Sabor Latino, hip hop artist and author
 Julius Penson Williams, African-American composer, conductor, and professor at the Berklee College of Music in Boston
 Lowell Hawthorne, Jamaican businessman, founder of Golden Krust Caribbean Bakery & Grill
Karen Yu (born 1992), professional wrestler, also known as "Karen Q" and "Wendy Choo".

References

External links

 Official athletics website

1931 establishments in New York City
Universities and colleges established in 1931
Colleges of the City University of New York
Jerome Park, Bronx
Universities and colleges in the Bronx
Universities and colleges in New York City

Lehman College


Fevziye, Eskişehir ilinin Alpu ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Eskişehir iline 46 km, Alpu ilçesine 6 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Birdunyabilgi

Kırım Tatarları'nın yaşadıkları bölgeler
Alpu'nun mahalleleri

Fevziye, Alpu