Iran Khodro (, Irân Xodro), branded as IKCO, is an Iranian automaker headquartered in Tehran. IKCO was founded in 1962 as Iran National (, Irân Nâsionâl). The public company manufactures vehicles, including Samand, Peugeot and Renault cars, and trucks, minibuses and buses. As of 2009, it produced 688,000 passenger cars per year.

History and development

Name
The word khodro () means "automobile" in Persian, hence Iran Khodro means "Iran Automobile".

Founding
Iran Khodro was founded by Ahmad Khayami, with registered in the  capital of 100,000,000 Rls, on August 29, 1962  Aliakbar Khayami, Ahmad Khayami, Mahmoud Khayami, Marzieh Khayami and Zahra Seyedy Dashty, in Ekbatan world in Tehran.

Structure
Iran Khodro Industrial Group (IKCO) is a public joint stock company with the objective of creation and management of factories to manufacture various types of vehicles and parts as well as selling and exporting them.

Size and production
The company has become the largest vehicle manufacturer in the Middle East, Central Asia and North Africa. In Iran, it is the largest vehicle manufacturing company, having an average share of 65 percent of domestic vehicle production.

Iran Khodro, the largest car manufacturer in the Middle East, produced 774,965 units of passenger cars and commercial vehicles in 2010 and aims to produce and market 850 thousand cars in 2011.

Certifications
Iran Khodro has qualified for ISO 9001 from RW-TUV, Germany, as well as many other health, safety, and environment certificates including ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001. The company has also obtained TÜV, TSE, GOST and some other important standard certification for its different productions.

Products and relationships

For more than three decades, Iran Khodro produced the Paykan, a car developed from the Rootes Group's Rootes Arrow range, best known as the Hillman Hunter. Paykan saloon car production was discontinued in 2005, almost thirty years after the end of Arrow production (latterly as the Chrysler Hunter) in Britain. A pick-up version was still in production until 2015. Bardo Pick-up, pick-up version of Paykan, will be replaced by a new pick-up called the  Arisun which is related  to the Samand .

Iranian-designed IKCO Samand, replaces the dated Paykan as Iran's "national car", and features a part-Iranian designed CNG/petrol dual-fuel engine in its Soren variant.

The firm has a long-term relationship with European and Asian manufacturers including PSA Peugeot Citroën, manufacturing and assembling a number of models under license from these firms. In 2009, Peugeot 206, Peugeot Pars, Peugeot 405, Peugeot Roa, and Samand sedans were IKCO's export-bound cars sent to Azerbaijan, Iraq, Armenia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Syria and Afghanistan. As at 2012, IKCO products incorporate 5-10 percent of components imported from France. IKCO's parts imports from Peugeot accounted for 700-800 million euros ($572–654 million) per year. Iran has reached 98% of self-sufficiency in producing Peugeot 405 parts and 75% in Peugeot 206 parts. By ending year 2012, Peugeot cuts its relations with Iran Khodro due to international sanctions against Iran. Four years later, in 2016, after reaching Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action between Iran and E3+3, Iran Khodro and Peugeot decided to make 50%-50% joint venture named IKAP to start the relations again.

Renault Pars is in charge of the engineering, quality control, parts supply, logistics, managing sales policies as well as marketing and customer services for Renault products in Iran and IKCO is one of its main shareholders that produces Tondar for the domestic market. Renault Pars is a joint venture, 51 percent of which belongs to Renault of France. Forty-nine percent of Renault Pars' shares is jointly held by Iran's Industrial Development and Renovation Organization, IKCO and Saipa. The company was established in 2003.

IKCO also manufactures trucks, buses and E-Class passenger cars under license from Mercedes-Benz. In a joint-venture with Daimler AG, Iran Khodro is to start production of sophisticated 900-class Mercedes-Benz engines; Daimler states that Iranian-made engines will be exported to Germany. Among Asian automotive manufacturers, IKCO is cooperating with Suzuki. Producing Suzuki Grand Vitara in IKCO's Site in Khorasan, IKCO will produce Suzuki Kizashi.

In 2012, IKCO announced that at least 3% of the company's sales will be allocated to research and development. As of 2015, the company's 7-year strategic plans for product development are in body design, die making, suspension, powertrain, trim and car electronics.

Newsly Italian car design firm 'Pininfarina' signed a €70 million 36-month contract with Iran's biggest car producer, Iran Khodro Group on  for the development of four new models and to give the carmaker a second wind in research and development of new models. The agreement will help develop a modular automotive platform for four different vehicles, and the first passenger car of the medium segment of the market, a press release from the Italian firm said.

Production sites

IKCO has 12 production site around the globe, 6 sites in within borders of Iran and 6 other in IKCO's main export markets. In its five-year (2012–17) future growth prospective, IKCO envisions an annual manufacturing capacity of three million units, with exports of a million units per year.

Domestic plants:

Foreign sites:

Export markets
The company won the annual national prize for export activities in years 2006, 2007. Russia, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Egypt, Algeria and Bulgaria are among the most important target markets for the group. Since Iran Khodro group new movement through international markets in year 2004, the company has exported more than 150,000 units of cars in different classes and models to other countries mainly in the Middle East and CIS region.

Export opportunities are restricted to relatively low volumes with $60 million worth of cars exported in 2007. By this Iran Khodro has ranked as 24th company among 100 top companies in Islamic world in year 2008. The Company has exported about 35,000 cars in year 2009. The company exported 40,000 units in 2010, including 30% of the total production of its Samand model. IKCO intends to export 9% of its output in 2011, amounting to 75,000 vehicles, before reaching 16% in exports by 2014.

Cars

IKCO

The following table shows the cars that have been specially designed and built by IKCO:

Peugeot

Peugeot 206; a saloon version of the 206, the Peugeot 206 SD also co-developed with Peugeot in year 2005.
Peugeot 207i; by 2011, Ikco produced about 15,000-20,000 units Peugeot 207i. The production of 207i stopped in 2012 during relation cut between Ikco and Peugeot because of international sanctions against Iran.
Peugeot 405; available in saloon trims GLi and GLX and estate trim GLX
Peugeot 405 trim SLX with 1.6L 16 valve PSA TU5 engine
Peugeot 407; as CBU (about 2000 are imported to Iran by Iran Khodro)
Peugeot Pars; initially called the Peugeot Persia. Changes include a redesigned front and modernized rear
Peugeot RD; chassis and drivetrain are similar to the older Paykan but the outer body shell and appearance resemble a 405, production of this car ended in favor of the ROA.
Peugeot ROA; modified version of Peugeot RD, production of Peugeot ROA was discontinued in 2009.

IKAP

Peugeot 508
Peugeot 2008
Peugeot 301

Renault
Dacia Logan; both IKCO and Saipa produce the car as "Tondar 90".
Renault Captur

Suzuki
Suzuki Grand Vitara - Compact SUV which is divided to different 4 main models:
2000 cc engine with 4-speed automatic gearbox
2000 cc engine with 5-speed manual gearbox
2400 cc engine with 4-speed automatic gearbox
2400 cc engine with 5-speed manual gearbox
Suzuki Kizashi

Haima
Haima S7
Haima S5
Haima 8S
Haima 7X

Engines
 Peugeot engines:
 PSA XU7
 PSA TU3
 PSA TU5
 IKCO engines:
 IKCO EF family
 IKCO TU5-Plus
 IKCO XU7-Plus
 IKCO EF7-Plus
 IKCO 3FX family

EF family

Iran Khodro started to design a new range of engines for its products in 2007 in a joint with F.E.V of Germany. The first EF series engine officially shown to the public in 2008 is EF7 which is currently powering Samand LX car in Iran.

EF7 turbocharged engines were initially shown to the public in mid-2009 and will be installed on Soren ELX by last 2010. Other EF series engines named EF4 & EFD (Diesel) engines design  are finished and they are being tested for  mass production by Iran Khodro. In November 2009, Iran Khodro unveiled its new "national diesel engine" with fuel consumption of 5 liters per 100 kilometers in combined cycle. The engine has achieved emission standard of Euro 5, featuring a Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) as well as a new Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). The 1.5-liter turbodiesel uses advanced technology to deliver strong power and torque of 300Nm. Iran Khodro has designed the EF4 & EFD itself in consultation  with some expert engine designers.

3FX family
IKCO 3FX engine family is a series of straight-three cylinder engines in development by IKCO to be used on class A to class C vehicles.

Platforms

 X7 platform: The first IKCO platform, the X7, was designed in 1995 with the upgrade of the Peugeot 405 platform. The first car built on this platform was Samand, with production beginning in 2001.
 IKP1 platform: IKCO's second proprietary platform. Developed by upgrading the Peugeot PF1 platform. The first car using this platform is Tara, produced since 2021.

Subsidiary companies
Supplying Automotive Parts Company (SAPCO)
SAPCO had been established in 1993 to manage the supplying chain of automotive parts in IKCO, with the main aim of being the best and most respected supplier of automotive parts and technical services. SAPCO also helps its suppliers to improve the quality of their products.

IKCO Spare Parts and After-Sale Services Co. (ISACO)
IKCO Spare Parts and After-Sale Services Co. (ISACO) was founded in 1977. ISACO is providing after-sale services and supplying spare parts for IKCO products throughout the country. ISACO Kish, is one of the subordinate companies of ISACO which is assigned with the task of supplying after-sale services to IKCO vehicles in the international markets. In 2011, 37 percent of the needed spare parts were globally outsourced and ISACO aims to reduce this amount to 23 percent. Iraq, Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Venezuela, Senegal, Algeria and Tunisia are the main target markets for ISACO.

Iran Khodro Power Train Co. (IPCO)
IPCO was established in 1998. The main activity of this engineering services company is in the field of power train including design and development, testing, adjusting, product engineering, and quality assurance processes in mass production and design production. This subsidiary of IKCO is competent in other fields such as designing, installing and commissioning of testing equipments (hardware and software) of automotive parts, engines and vehicles as well.

TAM Co.
This subsidiary of IKCO was found with name "Ghateh Sazan-e Mojarab" in 1997 with the aim of creating cutting-edge has been changed to TAM Co. in 1998.
The company has designed and completed projects of the SAMAND production line in Syria, Venezuela and Senegal without help of foreign companies, relying on its own knowledge and technology. In 2012, TAM won Iran's "Most Admired Knowledge Enterprise (MAKE)" award.

SAMAND Investment Co.
Samand Investment Co. was established as a Corporation in 2004 with the purpose of the identification of investment opportunities, analysis and evaluation of the stock market and creating income for shareholders.

Iran Khodro Rail transport Industries Company (IRICO)

IRICO was established by Iran Khodro Investment Development Company in 2003 to manufacture railway rolling stock. IRICO produces metro wagon, rail bus, light rail vehicle and monorails. In March 2011, Tose-e-Tarabar Raili Iranian Co. acquired RICO from Iran Khodro.

Iran Khodro Diesel Company

Iran Khodro Diesel Company was established initially under the name of Khawar Industrial Group in early 1966. In 1999 Iran Khodro Company merged its bus and midi-bus production lines with Khawar Industrial Group truck production lines together and the new company Iran Khodro Diesel, public joint stock was established to manufacture different types of commercial vehicles for domestic and overseas markets. Iran Khodro Diesel Company exports its products to many countries.

See also

Automotive industry in Iran
List of Iranian companies

References

External links

Iran Khodro Industrial Group

Companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1962
1962 establishments in Iran
Iranian brands
Motor vehicle engine manufacturers
Engine manufacturers of Iran

Iran Khodro


Jekaterina Walerjewna Gnidenko (; englische Transkription Ekaterina Gnidenko; * 11. Dezember 1992 in Tula) ist eine russische Radrennfahrerin, die hauptsächlich auf der Bahn aktiv ist.

Sportliche Laufbahn
2009 wurde Jekaterina Gnidenko bei den Junioren-Bahnmeisterschaften in Moskau Dritte im Teamsprint, gemeinsam mit Olga Hudenko. 2010 wurde sie in Sankt Petersburg zweifache Europameisterin im Teamsprint und im Sprint sowie Dritte der EM im 500-Meter-Zeitfahren. Im selben Jahr stellte sie in Montichiari gemeinsam mit Anastassija Woinowa im Teamsprint mit 35,029 Sekunden einen neuen Juniorinnenweltrekord über 500 Meter auf. 2011 gewann sie das Alexander Lesnikow Memorial im Teamsprint zusammen mit Jelena Breschniwa; im Keirin und im Sprint belegte sie jeweils Platz zwei. Im Sprint und im Teamsprint wurde sie russische Vize-Meisterin sowie Dritte bei der Nachwuchs-Bahn-EM im Keirin.

Bei den UCI-Bahn-Weltmeisterschaften 2012 in Melbourne errang Jekaterina Gnidenko die Silbermedaille im Keirin. Bei den UEC-Bahn-Europameisterschaften 2015 im schweizerischen Grenchen wurde sie Dritte im Keirin. 2019 wurde sei beim Lauf des Weltcups in Minski mit Natalja Sergejewna Antonowa Zweite im Teamsprint Zweite. Beim Lauf des UCI Track Cycling Nations' Cup 2021 in Sankt Petersburg wurde sie mit Alina Lyssenko, Polina Waschchenko und Ksenia Andrejewa erneut Zweite im Teamsprint.

Dopingsperre 2016
Im Juni 2016 wurde bekannt, dass Gnidenko wegen einer positiven Anabolika-Analyse der Olympischen Spiele 2012 in London vorläufig vom Weltradsportverband UCI suspendiert wurde. Zwar war sie nicht in die Medaillenränge gefahren, könnte aber ihre nach den Spielen bei den UEC-Bahn-Europameisterschaften 2012 errungene Silbermedaille im Keirin verlieren. Wenig später fiel auch die B-Probe positiv aus. Bei den nachträglichen Tests zu den Spielen 2012 fielen insgesamt 32 Sportler auf, Gnidenko war der einzige Fall im Radsport. Im Juni 2018 wurde sie vom Weltradsportverband UCI wieder zur Teilnahme an Wettbewerben zugelassen, da im Falle einer Sperre diese inzwischen abgelaufen sei. Im Juli 2018 wurde Gnidenkos Einspruch gegen ihre Suspendierung vom Internationalen Sportgerichtshof (CAS) abgewiesen.

Wenig Wochen nach ihrer Freigabe durch die UCI ging Gnidenko bei den russischen Bahnmeisterschaften an den Start und belegte im Sprint Platz drei sowie im Teamsprint Platz zwei.

Erfolge
 2009
  Junioren-Weltmeisterschaft – Keirin
  Junioren-Weltmeisterschaft – Teamsprint (mit Olga Hudenko)
 2010
  Junioren-Weltmeisterin – Keirin, Teamsprint (mit Anastassija Woinowa)
  Junioren-Europameisterin – Sprint, Teamsprint (mit Anastassija Woinowa)
 2011
  U23-Europameisterschaft – Teamsprint (mit Jelena Breschniwa)
  U23-Europameisterschaft – Keirin
 2012
  Weltmeisterschaft – Keirin
  Europameisterschaft – Keirin
 2013
  U23-Europameisterschaft – Teamsprint (mit Anastassija Woinowa)
 2015
  Bahnrad-Weltcup in Cali – Teamsprint (mit Darja Schmeljowa)
  Europameisterschaft – Keirin

Teams
 2012 Petroholding Leningrad

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Radsportler (Russland)
Olympiateilnehmer (Russland)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Teilnehmer an den Europaspielen (Russland)
Teilnehmer der Europaspiele 2019
Dopingfall im Radsport
Doping in Russland
Bahnradfahrer
Person (Tula)
Russe
Geboren 1992
Frau

Jekaterina Walerjewna Gnidenko


අමිතාභ බුදුන් (සංස්කෘත දී : अमिताभ) යනු සුඛාවති ව්‍යුහ මහායාන සූත්‍රයට අනුකූලව වෙනත් විශ්වයක පිහිටි මනුෂ්‍ය ලෝකයක සර්වබුද්ධත්වය ලැබූ ධර්මාකර නම් භික්ෂුන් වහන්සේය. ලෝකේශ්වර රාජ බුදුන්ගේ නියත විවරණ ලබා ඒ මඟ යමින් ධර්මාකර නම් රජු මහණ වී දස පාරමිතා සම්පූර්ණ කර අමිතාභ බුදුරාජාණන් වහන්සේ ලෙස සර්වබුද්ධත්වය ලබා උන්වහන්සේගේ අපරිමිත බුද්ධ බලයෙන් සුඛාවතී නම් බුද්ධ විශ්වයට පමණක් සීමාවූ පරම පවිත්‍ර බුද්ධ ක්ශේත්‍රය නිර්මාණය කළේය. උන්වහන්සේ තුළින් අපරිමිති ප්‍රඥාව ප්‍රතිරූපනය වේ. ගෞතම බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ විසින් සුඛාවතී බුද්ධ ක්ෂේත්‍රය තුළ සදාකාලික ජන්මය  ලැබීමට අවශ්‍ය භාවනාවන් 16ක් පිළිබඳව අමිතායුර්ධ්‍යාන සූත්‍රයේහි දේශණා කර ඇත. සුඛාවතිව්‍යූහ සූත්‍රයට අනුව අමිතාභ බුදුරජාණන්  වහන්සේ සමස්ථ බෞද්ධ ශ්‍රාවකයන් හට පොරොන්දු 48ක් ලබා දී තිබේ. එයින් 18 වන පොරොන්දුවට අනුව යම් බෞද්ධයකු අමිතාභ බුද්ධ ක්ෂේත්‍රය තුළ ජන්මය ලැබීමට අදහස් කරන්නෙ නම් උන්වහන්සේගේ නාමය 10 වරක් උච්චාරනය කිරිම පමණක් ප්‍රමාණවත් වේ. උන්වහන්සේගේ 19වන පොරොන්දුවට අනුව උන්වහන්සේගේ 'අමිතාභ' යන බුද්ධ නාමය උච්චාරනය කරන ශ්‍රාවකයන්ගේ හා ශ්‍රාවිකාවන්ගේ මරණාසන්න මොහොතේදි උන්වහන්සේ තම බෝධිසත්වයන් සමඟ ඔවුන්ගේ ඉදිරියට විරාජමානව වඩින බවයි.

අමිතාභ බුදුන් වහන්සේ යනු අපරිමිත ප්‍රඥාවේ බුදුන්ය. අමිතායුර්ධ්‍යාන සූත්‍රයේ ගෞතම ශාක්‍යමුණි බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ බිම්බිසාර රජුගේ අගමෙහෙසිය වන වෛදේහි බිසවට සහ ආනන්ද තෙරුන්ට අමිතාභ බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ භෞතික බුද්ධ කාය පිළිබඳව මෙසේ දේශනා කොට වදාළ සේක.
<poem>
ආනන්දයෙනි, එම අමිතායුෂ් බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ ශරීර වර්ණය යාම දිව්‍ය ලෝකයට අධිපති යාම දිව්‍යරාජයාගේ දිව්‍ය විමානයේ ඇති ජාම්බුනද රත්තරන් පැහැයෙහි දීප්තියට වඩා දස ලක්ෂ ලක්ෂවාරයක් වැඩි පැහැයකින් යුක්තය. උන්වහන්සේගේ උස ප්‍රමාණය ගංගා නදියෙහි වැලි මෙන් යොදුන් කෝටි නහුත හය ලක්ෂයක් වන්නේය. දකුණු පසට හැරි ඇති උන්වහන්සේගේ ඇහි බැම දෙක අතර මැද පිහිටා ඇති සුදු පැහැති ඌර්ණ රෝමය සුමේරූ පර්වතයන් පහක් බඳු ය. එහි නිල් පැහැය සහ සුදු පැහැය ඉතා දීප්තිමත්ව බබලයි.

උන්වහන්සේගේ ශරීරයේ රෝමකූප මූලයන්ගෙන් සුමේරු පර්වතය බඳු වූ දීප්තිමත් රශ්මි ධාරා විහිදෙන්නේය. උන්වහන්සේගේ රැස් වළල්ල මහා ලෝක ධාතුන් දස ලක්ෂ සියයක් බඳුය. එම රැස් වළල්ල තුළ ගංගා නම් නදියේ අනන්ත වූ වැලි කැට ගණන මෙන් අනන්ත වූ කෝටි නහුත දස ලක්ෂයක් බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේලා ප්‍රාතිහාර්ය බලයෙන් මවනු ලබා ඇත්තාහ. ඒ සෑම බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ නමක් වෙතම ප්‍රාතිහාර්ය බලයෙන් මවන ලද අනන්ත වූ බෝධිසත්වරුන් සමූහ ඇත්තාහ.

අමිතායුෂ් බුදුන් වහන්සේට මහා පුරුෂ ලක්ෂණ අසුහාර දහසක් ඇත්තේය. ඒ සෑම මහා පුරුෂ ලක්ෂණයකටම අනු ව්‍යංජන අසූහතර බැගින් ඇත්තේය. ඒ හැම අනුව්‍යංජනයකට ම රැස් ධාරා අසුහාර දහසක් බැගින් ඇත්තේය. එම සෑම රැස් ධාරාවක්ම දස දිශාවෙහි පිහිටි ලෝක කරා විහිදී ගොස් ඒවා ආලෝකමත් කරයි.
</poem>

ආශ්‍රීත ලිපි

 ආදි බුදුන්
 මහා වෛරෝචන

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

අමිතාභ බුදුන්


Leo Allatius (Greek: Λέων Αλλάτιος, Leon Allatios, Λιωνής Αλάτζης, Lionis Allatzis; Italian: Leone Allacci, Allacio; Latin: Leo Allatius, Allacius; c. 1586 – January 19, 1669) was a Greek scholar, theologian, and keeper of the Vatican library.

Biography
Leo Allatius was a Greek, born on the island of Chios (then part of the Ottoman Empire and known as Sakız) in 1586. His father was Niccolas Allatzes (from Orthodox religion) and his mother was Sebaste Neurides, both of Greek extraction (Allatius soon converted himself to Catholicism from Greek Orthodoxy). He was taken by his maternal uncle Michael Nauridis to Italy to be educated at the age of nine, first in Calabria and then in Rome where he was admitted into the Greek college. A graduate of the Pontifical Greek College of Saint Athanasius in Rome, he spent his career in Rome as teacher of Greek at the Greek college, devoting himself to the study of classics and theology. He found a patron in Pope Gregory XV.

In 1622, after the capture of Heidelberg by Tilly, when the Protestant Elector of Bavaria Frederick V was supplanted by a Catholic one, the victorious elector Maximilian of Bavaria presented the Palatinate library composed of 196 cases containing about 3500 manuscripts to Pope Gregory. Allatius supervised its transport by a caravan of 200 mules across the Alps to Rome, where it was incorporated in the Vatican library. All but 39 of the Heidelberg manuscripts, which had been sent to Paris in 1797 and were returned to Heidelberg at the Peace of Paris in 1815, and a gift from Pope Pius VII of 852 others in 1816, remain in the Vatican Library to this day.

Allatius was "passed over" for the position of Vatican librarian and instead became librarian to Cardinal Lelio Biscia who had an extensive private library. On the Cardinal's death, Allatius became librarian to Cardinal Francesco Barberini. Pope Alexander VII appointed him custodian of the Vatican Library in 1661, a post he held until his death.

His cultural background, embracing the Greek and Roman worlds, afforded him a unique view of the age-old question of union to heal the Great Schism. Better than any western scholar of his day he knew the religious, historical and artistic traditions of the Orthodox world, struggling under Ottoman domination. More passionately than any other 17th century theologian, he believed that familiarity with these traditions would enable the two churches to bridge their theological and ecclesiastical divide.

Thus in 1651, when he published the first printed edition of the works of George Acropolites, the 13th century emissary of the Byzantine Emperor who acknowledged the supremacy of the Roman pontiff and thus had become something of a celebrity, at least in the West, the Latin essay that formed the preface to this volume, De Georgiis eorumque Scriptis, gained fame itself as a learned plea for the commonalities between the two churches.

Allatius was a natural apologist for the Eastern communions in Eastern Europe, convinced as he was in himself that in the acts of union neither reasons of faith nor of doctrine were fundamental to the succession of the bishops, only a transfer of jurisdictions, and he seems really to have believed that the "Latin faith" and the "Greek faith" were identical and that under "Roman obedience" they could still be Orthodox. So he argued in his contribution to the mid-17th century Uniate pamphlet De Ecclesiae occidentalis atque orientalis perpetua consensione libri tres ("The Western and Eastern Churches in perpetual Agreement, in Three Books") (1648). Such  notions led to the final stipulations that the Eastern Churches were not to be merged with the Catholic Church but would retain their own hierarchical independence and traditional rituals.

Allatius was trained as a physician. In 1645 he included the first methodical discussion of vampires, in De Graecorum hodie quorundam opinationibus ("On certain modern opinions among the Greeks"). In his later years he collected Greek and Syrian manuscripts to add to the late Pope Gregory XV's Eastern Library at the Vatican.

A member of the Accademia degli Incogniti, he knew many of the figures who wrote Venetian operas. His Drammaturgia (1666), a catalogue of Italian musical dramas produced up to that year, is indispensable for the early history of opera. A new edition, carried down to 1755, appeared at Venice in that year.

His works are listed by Johann Albert Fabricius, in Bibliotheca Graeca (xi. 437), where they are divided into four classes:

editions, translations and commentaries on ancient authors
works relating to the dogmas and institutions of the Greek and Roman Churches
historical works
miscellaneous works.

His manuscripts (about 150 volumes) and his voluminous scholarly correspondence are held in the Biblioteca Vallicelliana (referred to by some sources as the "Library of the Oratorians") in Rome.  The number of his unpublished writings is very large; the majority of them are included in the manuscripts of the Vallicellian Library.

Allatius died in Rome on 18 (or 19) January 1669.

In popular culture
Outside scholarly circles Allatius is perhaps best known today for his De Praeputio Domini Nostri Jesu Christi Diatriba (Discourse on the Foreskin of Our Lord Jesus Christ), a minor essay mentioned in Fabricius's Bibliotheca Graeca (xiv. 17) as an unpublished work. According to an unconfirmed nineteenth-century source, its thesis—which to many modern readers appears unintentionally humorous—is that the rings of Saturn (then-recently observed by telescope) are the prepuce of Jesus.

Selected works
 (1629) S.P.N. Eustathii Archiepiscopi Antiocheni et martyris in Hexahemeron commentarius, ac de Engastrimytho dissertatio adversus Origenem; item Origenis de eadem Engastrimytho an videlicet anima ipsa Samuelis fuerit vere evocata incantationibus Pythonissae (de qua I. Reg. cap. 28). Lyon: Laurent Durand, 1629
 (1634) , Rome
 (1640) . Lyon: Laurent Durand
 (1645) De Graecorum hodie quorundam opinationibus
Complete title : De templis Graecorum recentioribus, ad Ioannem Morinum; de narthece ecclesiae veteris, ad Gasparem de Simeonibus; nec non de Graecorum hodie quorundam opinationibus, ad Paullum Zacchiam. Leo Allatius, Cologne: Iodocum Kalcovium & Socios
 (1648) , Cologne: Kalckhoven
Complete title : Leonis Allatii De ecclesiae occidentalis atque orientalis perpetua consensione libri tres, ejusdem dissertationes De dominicis et hebdomadibus Graecorum, et De missa praesanctificatorum, cum Bartholdi Nihusii ad hanc annotationibus de communione orientali
 (1655) . Rome
 (1666) Drammaturgia. Rome, 1666
 Expanded edition to 1755 by Ioanne Cardoni, Venice: Giambattista Pasquali, 1755
 (1882) Relazione sul trasporto della Biblioteca Palatina da Heidelberg a Roma pubblicati per la prima volta da Giovanni Beltrani. Florence: Bencini, 1882

See also
Byzantine scholars in Renaissance

References

Attribution

Bibliography
Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition
 Frazee, Charles A., "Leon Allatios: a Greek scholar of the seventeenth century" in Modern Greek Studies Yearbook vol. 1 (1985)
 Gradić Stjepan, "Leonis Allatii vita" in Angelo Mai (ed.), Novae Bibliotheca Patrum Vol. 6 Part 2, Chapter 2. Rome: 1853 (Incomplete biography)
 Hartnup, Karen, On the beliefs of the Greeks: Leo Allatios and popular orthodoxy Excerpts
 Jacono, Carmela, Bibliografica di Leone Allacci (1588–1669): in appendice una nota biografica e una notizia sull' Epistolario Allacciano, 1962 (Bibliography and biographical notice)
 Lämmer, Hugo, De Leonis Allatii codicibus qui Romae in Bibliotheca Vallicellana asservantur schediasma, Herder: 1864.
 Legrand, Émile, Bibliographie hellénique du XVIIe siècle, vol. 3, Paris, 1895, pp. 435–471 (List of works)
 Mazzi, Curzio, Leone Allacci e la Palatina di Heidelberg, Bologne, 1893 (His share in the foundation of the Vatican Library)
 Petit, L., Dictionnaire de théologie catholique (ed. Vacant, Alfred), vol. 1, Paris: 1900, cols. 830–833 (Theological aspect)
 Petit, L., Dictionnaire d'archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie (ed. Cabrol, Fernand), vol. 1, Paris: 1924, p. 1220-1226.

External links
 Biography of Allatius, on the website of the School of Classical Studies

1580s births
1669 deaths
Writers from Chios
Prefects of the Vatican Library
Greek librarians
Greek theologians
Greek Eastern Catholics
Converts to Eastern Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy
Former Greek Orthodox Christians
Greek Renaissance humanists
Greeks from the Ottoman Empire
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Italy
17th-century Greek writers
Greek–Latin translators
17th-century Greek scientists
17th-century Greek educators
17th-century Greek physicians
Pontifical Greek College of Saint Athanasius alumni

Leo Allatius


An Luzula abyssinica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Filippo Parlatore. An Luzula abyssinica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Luzula, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Luzula

Luzula abyssinica


Slagtepræmien, førhen handyrpræmie, er et tilskud til danske landmænd, som skal sikre en fortsat produktion af slagtekvæg hos danske landmænd, samt understøtte slagteriernes råvareforsyning og fastholdelse af arbejdspladser på slagterierne.
Støtten kommer fra EU's landbrugsstøtte og markedsordningen (søjle I).
Handyrpræmien overgik i 2015 til at hedde slagtepræmie. Førhen var der kun præmie på tyre og stude. Grunden til at det skiftede, var en politisk aftale, koblet op på ønsket om at begrænse eksporten af spædkalve, for at minimerer lange dyretransporter til udlandet, primært Holland. Præmien har derfor til formål at gøre det mere økonomisk rentabelt at beholde kalvene i Danmark til opdræt og slagt frem for at eksportere dem.
Kvægbrugets Task Force har et mål om, at mindst 65.000 flere kalve skal opfedes og slagtes i Danmark i 2020.
Et af kravene, for at opnå præmien, omfatter en øvre aldersgrænse på 30 måneder for tyre/stude og 16 måneder for kvier. Grunden til at den er sat lavere for kvier, er for at undgå at støtte udsætterkvier og unge køer.

Tilskuddets størrelse
Der bliver afsat 245 mio. Kr. årligt til slagtepræmier. Mængden af penge som årligt bliver afsat til slagtepræmier varierer fra år til år, og det afhænger af eurokursen, og det samlede antal ansøgte dyr. Den endelige præmie pr. Dyr fastsættes først i februar måned efter ansøgningsåret og ender typisk mellem 700 kr. og 900 kr. pr dyr. Som følge af øgning af det samlede beløb til ordningen i 2021 fra 180 mio. kr til 245 mio. kr, forventes beløbet pr. dyr at blive 1000 kr. - 1200 kr.

Krav og betingelser for opnåelse af tilskud.
Man skal være tilmeldt slagtepræmie ordningen ved Fødevareministeriets for at få del i præmien.
Hvis man råder over landbrugsjord, skal man hvert år anmelde sine landbrugsarealer i Fællesskema. Det gælder også, selv om man ikke søger om støtte for arealerne.
Man kan få præmie for kvier(hundyr) under 16 måneder og tyre og stude (kastreret tyre) under 30 måneder, der enten slagtes på et godkendt dansk slagteri eller udføres til slagtning i et andet EU-land.
Kvier omfatter kviekalve under 12 måneder og kvier mellem 12 og 16 måneder.
Tyre omfatter tyrekalve under 12 måneder, ungtyre mellem 12 og 24 måneder og tyre fra 24 til 30 måneder. Ved slagtning i Danmark skal den slagtede vægt være på mindst 160 kg. Ved udførsel til slagtning i et andet EU-land, skal dyret være mindst 8 måneder gammelt.
Dyret skal have opholdt sig på ansøgeres bedrift, i en periode på mindst 2 måneder af de sidste 3 måneder før slagtning i Danmark eller udførsel til slagtning i et andet EU-land.
Dyret skal kunne identificeres med korrekte øremærker og korrekt registreret i CHR.
Man skal slagte mindst 5 præmieberettigede dyr til et dansk slagteri eller til udførsel til slagtning i et andet EU-land i kalenderåret.
Den samlede slagtepræmie skal for hvert år udgøre mindst 300 EUR (ca. 2.240kr.), medmindre man får udbetalt støtte for mindst 2,00 ha efter grundbetalingsordningen det pågældende år.
Når man er tilmeldt slagtepræmieordningen, bliver oplysninger om slagtning af støtteberettigede dyr på et godkendt slagteri i Danmark automatisk overført til Landbrug- og Fiskeristyrelsen, man skal altså ikke selv søge om støtte for de enkelte dyr.
Ved udførsel af dyr til slagtning i et andet EU-land gælder en særlig ansøgningsprocedure.

Slagtning

Slagtepræmie


El ácido cicórico es un éster del ácido cafeico, un compuesto orgánico de tipo fenilpropanoide y el ácido tartárico. Es un marcador para la distinción de Echinacea por medio de ensayos de HPLC y cromatografía de capa fina.

Fuentes
El ácido cicórico fue aislado por primera vez de Cichorium intybus (achicoria) pero también se encuentra en cantidades significativas en Echinacea, particularmente la E. purpurea, hojas de diente de león, albahaca, toronjil y en plantas acuáticas, incluyendo algas y pastos marinos.

Funciones biológicas
De ha comprobado que el ácido cicórico estimula la fagocitosis tanto en estudios in vitro como in vivo. También inhibe la función de la hialuronidasa, protege al colágeno del daño debido a radicales libres en inhibe la función de la VIH-integrasa

Referencias

Biomoléculas
Metabolito
Fenilpropanoides

Ácido cicórico


سيلنت هيل هي لعبة فيديو من نوع رعب البقاء من تطوير شركة كونامي اليابانية، صدرت سنة 1999 على جهاز سوني الأول. وتعتبر ثورة كبيرة في عالم العاب الرعب بفضل مقاربتها النفسية للخوف مما جعلها تحقق نجاحا عالميا.

تتميز لعبة سيلنت هيل عن غيرها من ألعاب الرعب (ريزدنت ايفل مثلا)، خلقت نوعا جديدا من الرعب لم يكن معروفا من قبل في عالم العاب الرعب أطلق عليه اسم الرعب النفسي، معتمدة في ذلك على مقاربة نفسانية لخلق الخوف لدى اللاعب مبنية على سيناريو وموسيقى متطورين إضافة إلى الاعتماد على طريقة لعب جديدة واستعمال جيد لتنقلات الكاميرا.

اللعبة هي الجزء الأول من سلسلة ألعاب الرعب سايلنت هيل.

القصة
بضغط من ابنته شيريل يتوجه هاري ماسون إلى مدينة سيلنت هيل بغرض السياحة وقضاء العطلة.على مدخل المدينة تتعرض سيارته لحادثة سير بعد محاولته تجنب الاصطدام بفتاة غريبة ظهرت أمامه فجأة على الطريق. فتنقلب سيارتة، مما يفقده الوعي. بعد مدة يستفيق ليجد ابنته قد اختفت بدون ترك أي أثر.ليبدأ في البحث عنها في مدينة مهجورة يلفها الضباب.

الشخصيات
 هاري مايسون (harry mason)
أول ظهور له: (Silent Hill (1999 وأيضا أخر ظهور له في (Silent Hill: Shattered Memories (2010

مقلد الصوت: Kirk Thornton

هويته: أنسان

مكان الولادة: " سايلنت هيل "

سنة الولادة: 1983

العمر: 30

الجنس: ذكر

لون العينين:بني

لون الشعر: بني

وظيفته: كاتب روايات

هاري ماسون هي شخصية كان أول ظهور لها في عام 1999 في أول جزء من سلسلة " سايلنت هيل " لكن ظهر أيضا في اخر جزء من سايلنت هيل وهو " Shattered Memories الذكريات المحطمة " في عام 2009 , أيضا هاري ماسون هي الشخصية القابلة لللعب في الجزء الأول من السلسلة وأيضا جزء " Shattered Memories الذكريات المحطمة " ,في عام 1983 زوجة هاري " Dahlia داليا " انجبت طفلة أسمها " Cheryl شيريل " , هاري كان أباً محبوبا جدا من قبل أبنته " شيريل " , عائلة هاري عاشت في شارع " ليفن " في مدينة سايلنت هيل، لكن بعد ذلك هاري طلق داليا حيث هذا الحدث أثر كثيرا على شيريل لدرجة أنها تلوم نفسها على ذلك، قصة هاري الحقيقية تبدأ عندما ذهب هاري مع أبنته شيريل بعد طلاق هاري لداليا في يوم بارد لنزهة صغيرة لكن توقفت سيارة هاري بسبب حادث قوي حيث صحى هاري بعدها من غفوته لكنه لم يجد " شيريل " حيث هكذا بدأت قصة Shattered Memories …

شكل هاري ماسون تغير في نسخة الريميك Shattered Memories كثيرا.. حيث في الجزء الأول كان يبدو شاب قليلا ولا يرتدي نظارة، لكن في Shattered Memories تغير شكله إلى شكل أفضل ويليق بالشخصية حيث أصبح يرتدي نظارة ليفي مظهره بأنه كاتب قليلا وأيضا أصبح كبير في السن قليلا، أيضا ملابس هاري تتغير حسب اللاعب وحسب خياراته، لكن عند نقطة معينة وليس في بداية اللعبة، ليس لدى هاري أي سلاح يدافع فيه عن نفسه سوى الهروب لكن لديه أدوات مثل الكشاف الذي يستعمله طوال اللعبة وهو مهم جدا، وأيضا هاتفه المحمول الذي يمكن منه التصوير أو يرى خريطة الـ "GPS " , هاري يمكنه دفع الوحوش بعيدا وأيضا يمكنه أخذ شعلة ضوئية ليبعد الوحوش عنه..
 شيرل مايسون ( Cheryl Mason )

شيرل بنت هاري بالتبني ووصفها بانها بنت بعمر سبعة سنوات مع شعر اسود قصير {وصف هاري المعتاد} شيرل بنت غامضة وتحب الرسم فهو من هواياتها الي جانب، الغموض تصبح شيرل مفقودة وستكون هي الهدف الرئيسي الذي يبحث عنه هاري والدها.
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 اليسا ( Alessa )

اليسا وهي ابنة داليا غالسبي و هي تلك الامراة الشبح التي تظهر لهاري في جميع المناطق في التل الصامت ويبدو ان لها علاقة بالمؤامرة المدبرة. اليسا يبدو انها هي قربان الالهة الجديدة وستكون خليطا مع شيرل لتتحول إلى وحش
 سيبل بينت ( Cybil Bennett )

شرطية من شرطة brahmas البلدة المجاورة للتل الصامت سيبل هي الشرطية الشابة التي اتت لقرية سايلنت هيل في الوقت الذي اتى فيه هاري للبلدة زقد وقع الاثنان في نفس المأزق الا وهو الاحداث الغريبة في هذه المدينة الصامتة فعلي هاري وسيبل ان يعملا سويتا لايجاد شيرل والهروب من البلدة والنجاة
 داليا غالسبي (Dahlia Gillespie)

داليا امراة عجوز غامضة جدا لها دور اساسي في اللعبة فهي الوحيدة التي يبدو انه لها فهم ومعرفة بالامور الغريبة التي تحدث في التل الصامت ستقوم باعطاء هاري العديد من الاشياء الضرورية والتي ستساعدك لاحقا في اللعبة.
 ميشيل كوفمان(Dr. Michael Kaufmann)

كوفمان طبيب من مستشفى Alchemilla الموجود في التل الصامت كما نعرف صفاته واضحة في وجهه، رجل جدي بارد النظرات اما عن بدايته مع المغامرة فان كوفمان يستيقظ من الغفوة فيجد سيبل وهاري في خضم الفوضي في سايلنت هيل ولن يكون له مساعدات تذكر.
 الممرضة ليزا جارلاند (Lisa Garland)

ليسا ممرضة بمستشفي Alchemilla ليزا شخص قد تم ابتلاعه من قبل عالم الظلام بسايلنت هيل ليزا فتاة ودودة بطبعها وكلامها تحب ان يبقى معها هاري وتخاف ان يتركها وحدها ليزا لها علاقة بالالهة المزعومة والقصة الغريبة.

وحوش سايلنت هيل 1

Mumbler
تحب وحوش الممبلر العمل في جماعات فيمكن أن تجدها في مجموعة مكونة من اثنين، ولهم طريقة ذكية للإطاحة بهاري حيث يقوم واحد منهم بالإمساك به وتثبيته أما الثاني يقوم بطعنه بالسكين الذي بيده. من الأفضل أن تقوم بقتله عن طريق المسدس أو أي ذخيرة أخرى.

Air screamer

هي مخلوقات طائرة التنبه لها عن طريق سماع صوت الخفقان من حولك. عندما تقترب تقوم بمهاجمة هاري من الخلف وهي نقطة صعبة لهاري يمكنك الهرب منها أو إسقاطها بالبندقية وهي وسيلة فعالة.

Groaner

كلاب مسخة جلدها مسلوخ، تقوم هذه الكلاب بجولات استطلاع في البلدة للبحث عن فريسة لينقضو عليا. سهل القضاء عليها ويمكنك قتلها بواسطة المسدس أو البندقية.

Stalker

تصادفك هذه المخلوقات الصغيرة والمخيفة والتي تشبه المخلوقات الفضائية في المدرسة كما يمكن إيجادها في فيما بعد. هذه المخلوقات ذات الصوت الحاد لا تستطيع إيذاء هاري كما بدورك لا تستطيع أن تؤذيها لكنها عادة ما تكون مصحوبة بوحوش أخرى خطرة.

الصراصير

توجد في المجاري وتهجم على رجل هاري. من السهل القضاء عليها إما بركلها أو إطلاق النار عليها.

Romper

أحد اقوى الوحوش المقيمة في التل الصامت بغض النظر عن الوحوش الرئيسية. يقوم واحد منها بالقفز على هاري وإلقائه أرضا ويبدأ في تمزيق جسده وهذه الوحوش عبارة عن رجال بأذمغة مشوهة وعقل معدوم يمكن قتلها بالبندقية وستقابلها في المدينة بعد مرحلة المجاري.

الممرضة/الدكتور

الممرضة والدكتور اللذان يشتغلان في المستشفى. يهاجمون بالسكاكين وعدد الممرضات أكثر من الدكاترة في المستشفى حيث يندر أن تصادف أحد الدكاترة الرجال. يمكن قتلهم عن طريق 3 طلقات من البندقية على الأقل.

Wormhead

هذه الوحوش هي النسخة المتطورة عن ال Groaner الكلاب التي سبق وذكرت. تجوب هذه النوعية الجديدة من الكلاب ذات الرأس الكبير سوية في مجموعات، غالبا ما تكون فيمجموعة من اثنين في الجزء الثاني من المدينة بعد المجارير ويمكن قتلها بالبندقية لأن المسدس لا نفع به معها.

Night flutter

هذه الوحوش تشبه ال Screamers لكنها أقوى وأسرع وأكثر شراسة منها، أساليب هجومها نفس أساليب أبناء عمها الأصغر منها،
ويمكن أن تجدها في نفس المدينة بعد المجاري.

Hanged scratcher

تجدها مستعدة لك ومختبئة في ظلام السقف، يمكنك الاستعانة بالراديو لتنبيهك منها ومن باقي الوحوش ويكمن هجومها في أن تنقض عليك من أعلى.

Claw finger

يشبه هذا الوحش ال Mumblers لكنه يملك مخالب بدلا من السكاكين. ستقابل هذه المخلوقات في المجاري ويمكن القضاء عليها بسهولة عن طريق البندقية أو المسدس لأنها بطيئة الحركة.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

ألعاب فيديو عن الطوائف
ألعاب فيديو خاضعة للرقابة
ألعاب بلاي ستيشن
ألعاب بلاي ستيشن الحصرية
ألعاب بلاي ستيشن نتورك
ألعاب رعب
ألعاب رعب نفسي
ألعاب سايلنت هيل
ألعاب غيم بوي أدفانس
ألعاب فيديو 1999
ألعاب فيديو البقاء
ألعاب فيديو تقع أحداثها في متنزهات ملاهي
ألعاب فيديو تقع أحداثها في مين
ألعاب فيديو حولت إلى أفلام
ألعاب فيديو حولت إلى روايات
ألعاب فيديو حولت إلى قصص مصورة
ألعاب فيديو ذات نهايات بديلة
ألعاب فيديو سجلها أكيرا ياماوكا
ألعاب فيديو فردية
ألعاب فيديو مطورة في اليابان
ألعاب كونامي
روايات مرئية
ألعاب فيديو رعب عقد 1990

سايلنت هيل (لعبة فيديو)


Komsomolski  es un posiólok del raión de Beloréchensk del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Se sitúa en la orilla izquierda del río Bélaya, afluente del río Kubán, frente a Velikovechnoye, 23 km al noroeste de Beloréchensk y 55 km al sureste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 469 habitantes (2007).

Pertenece al municipio Pervomáiskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Комсомольский (Белореченский район).
 Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net .

Localidades del raión de Beloréchensk del krai de Krasnodar

Komsomolski (Beloréchensk, Krasnodar)


Museum im Zeughaus ist der Name eines historischen Museums in Vechta. Es befindet sich auf dem Gelände des Zitadellenparks im Zeughaus der ehemaligen Zitadelle. Das Zeughaus und das Kaponier, das heute mitten in der Vechtaer Innenstadt steht, sind die einzigen erhalten gebliebenen Gebäude der 1769 geschleiften Zitadelle.

Das Museum in der Trägerschaft der Stadt Vechta wurde 1997 eröffnet. Jedes Jahr nehmen rund 40.000 Besucher die Angebote des Museums im Zeughaus (einschließlich der Veranstaltungen) wahr. Da die Veranstaltungen im Freien keinen Eintritt kosten, sind genauere Zahlenangaben nicht möglich.

Geschichte des Gebäudes
Das 33 Meter lange, 13 Meter breite und 7,50 Meter hohe zweigeschossige Backsteinhaus mit ausgebautem Dachgeschoss wurde 1698 fertiggestellt. Es ist das älteste erhaltene militärische Bauwerk des Niederstifts Münster. Das Haus ersetzte ein bereits 1670 errichtetes einstöckiges Fachwerkgebäude. Der bombensichere Neubau war so konzipiert, dass er dem Beschuss durch schwere Artillerie durch ein äußerst massives Ziegelmauerwerk mit wuchtigen Außenstützen und einem doppelten, in jedem Stockwerk vorhandenen, von massiven Strebepfeilern getragenen Kreuzgratgewölbe standhalten sollte. Für das Fundament wurden die Steine des abgebrochenen Amtshauses auf der ehemaligen Burg verwendet. Insgesamt besteht das Gebäude aus 432.500 Ziegel-, Feld- und Sandsteinen. Das Wappen des Bauherrn, des Fürstbischofs Friedrich Christian von Plettenberg (Amtszeit 1688 bis 1705), ist über dem Portal an der Ostseite eingelassen.

Nach der Schleifung der Zitadelle wurde das Zeughaus zunächst als Kornspeicher benutzt. Von 1816 bis 1991 wurde es für Zwecke des Strafvollzugs, während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus auch zur Unterbringung von Zwangsarbeitern verwendet. Das äußere Erscheinungsbild des unter Denkmalschutz stehenden Zeughauses wurde seit seinem Bau kaum verändert. Insbesondere musste der durch einen Bombentreffer im Jahr 1944 entstandene Schaden behoben werden.

Konzept

Auf über 1000 m² auf drei Stockwerken eine Vielfalt von historischen Inszenierungen und Mitmachaktionen zur steinzeitlichen, mittelalterlichen und barocken Welt, wie auch den historischen Strafvollzug und die Stadtgeschichte gezeigt. Hinter dem Museumsgebäude ist ein Backhaus errichtet. Auch im Außenbereich des Museums sind Exponate aufgestellt, z. B. Kampfmaschinen.

Das Museum arbeitet eng mit dem Zentrum für Experimentelles Mittelalter zusammen, das in den Museumsräumen seinen Sitz hat. Das Museum fühlt sich dem Konzept "Geschichte zum Anfassen" verpflichtet. Es bietet den Besuchern überall in seinen Räumen Möglichkeiten, Exponate anzufassen, also sie im wörtlichen Sinne zu begreifen, und mitzumachen.

Das Museum beteiligt sich impulsgebend an der Erforschung der regionalen und mittelalterlichen Geschichte. Es verfolgt dabei den Ansatz der "Vergleichenden Regionalforschung", begleitet Ausgrabungen und bewahrt, dokumentiert und erforscht deren Befunde sowie auch die eigenen Sammlungsbestände. Es gibt eigene Publikationen heraus.

Erstes Zentrum für Experimentelles Mittelalter
Im Museum ist das Erste Zentrum für Experimentelles Mittelalter (ZEM) untergebracht, eine 2001 gegründete Einrichtung der Stadt Vechta. Es hat sich die Aufgabe gestellt, mittelalterliches Leben, auch durch "Learning by doing", zu erforschen und es der Öffentlichkeit seriös zu präsentieren. Dabei stellt sich das Zentrum in die angelsächsische Tradition des Mediävalismus. Das ZEM arbeitet zur Wahrung des wissenschaftlichen Anspruchs eng mit der Universität Vechta zusammen. So hat die Universität Vechta am 3. und 4. Juni 2010 in den Räumen des Museums im Zeughaus eine Konferenz zum Thema "Mediävalismus im Spannungsfeld von Wissenschaft, Museum und populärer Geschichtskultur" organisiert.

Projekte des ZEM

Karlsboot
Im Jahr 2009 wurde ein "Karlsboot" aus der Zeit Karls des Großen nachgebaut, das seitdem auf der Gräfte des Zitadellenparks betrachtet werden kann. Das Boot hat eine Länge von 9,20 m bei einer Breite von 1,80 m. Das archäologische Vorbild dieses Objekts liegt im Deutschen Schifffahrtsmuseum in Bremerhaven. Dieses wurde 1989 in Bremen in einer Baugrube der Martinistraße als Fragment gefunden.

Arme des Heiligen Alexander
In der Propsteikirche St. Georg in Vechta werden als Reliquie die Arme des Heiligen Alexander aufbewahrt. Umhüllt sind diese mit einem byzantinischen Seidengewebe aus dem 8. bzw. 9. Jahrhundert. Dieser Stoff wurde im Auftrag des ZEM von der Webermeisterin Doris Arendholz nachgewebt. Die Stoffrepliken werden in der Dauerausstellung "Mittelalter" im Museum im Zeughaus präsentiert, zusammen mit dem schriftlichen Bericht über die Translatio und Miracel der Alexanderreliquien um 850. In diesem Teil der Dauerausstellung wird die Bedeutung der Missionierung der Sachsen durch die Wildeshauser Nachfahren Widukinds herausgestellt.

Grubenhäuser
Bei Ausgrabungen in Holdorf und in Endel wurde 2006 eine große Anzahl von Grubenhäusern gefunden. Grubenhäuser dienten im Mittelalter als Vorratskammern oder als handwerkliche Produktionsstätten. Solche Produktionsstätten, z. B. an Furten wie in Vechta, waren im Mittelalter immer wieder Ansätze für eine spätere Besiedlung. Zur großen Überraschung fand man bei der Grabung Endel in einem Grubenhaus einen fast vollständig erhaltenen Steinofen. Dieser konnte mit Hilfe der Landesarchäologie in situ komplett geborgen und gesichert werden. Dieser Fund gab den Anstoß, nicht nur den Steinofen museal der Öffentlichkeit zu präsentieren, sondern auch entsprechend dazugehörige Grubenhäuser zu rekonstruieren, die zurzeit im Bau sind. Geplant ist die Präsentation von drei Grubenhäusern im Außenbereich des Museums: die Werkstatt eines Knochenschnitzers, ein Webhaus und ein Grubenhaus mit Steinofen.

Castrum Vechtense

Ehrgeizigstes Projekt des Zentrums für Experimentelles Mittelalter ist der Nachbau der historischen Burg Vechta im Nordosten des Zitadellengeländes unter dem Projektnamen Castrum Vechtense. Der Nachbau soll sich in mehreren Abschnitten vollziehen; mit den Arbeiten für den ersten Abschnitt ist im Frühjahr 2012 begonnen worden. Die drei Inseln, auf denen die Burg stehen soll, sind inzwischen fertiggestellt. Am 28. September 2013 wurde zum Abschluss des ersten Bauabschnitts der 13 Meter hohe, aus 48 Kubikmetern rohem Eichenholz bestehende Turm der Burg im Rahmen der Burgmannen-Tage eingeweiht.

Aufstellung von Eisenfiguren

2016 stellte die Stadt ein vom Museum im Zeughaus entwickeltes LEADER-Projekt mit dem offiziellen Titel "Erläuterung der historischen Parkanalage Zitadelle Vechta – Touristische und Pädagogische Inwertsetzung" vor. Begründet wurde das Projekt damit, dass es "[i]m Zitadellenpark Vechta […] bisher an Erklärungen und Informationen über die historische Bedeutung der weitläufigen Anlage [fehlt], die sich Besucher und Schulklassen außerhalb geführter Wanderungen durch das Museum selbst erarbeiten können." Die Umsetzung des Projekts besteht darin, dass über das Gelände verstreut Eisenfiguren aufgestellt wurden, die Szenen des soldatischen Lebens darstellen. "Die Figuren sollen ein verbindendes Element zwischen den bisher isoliert für sich stehenden Museumsbereichen 'Museum im Zeughaus', dem 'Zitadellenpark' und dem 'Castrum Vechtense' darstellen."

Kooperationen
Das Museum im Zeughaus arbeitet im Rahmen der "Vergleichenden Regionalforschung" eng mit dem Kreismuseum in Syke zusammen. Der Leiter des Museums, Axel Fahl-Dreger, hat sich als Ko-Autor des von der "Deutschen St. Jakobus-Gesellschaft" herausgegebenen Pilgerführers Der Baltisch-Westfälische Weg der Jakobspilger zwischen Bremen und Osnabrück betätigt. Eng arbeitet das Museum im Zeughaus auch mit der Universität Vechta zusammen. Es ist eine Station der Boxenstopp-Route, einer Ferienstraße, die sich durch das gesamte Oldenburger Münsterland zieht.

Veranstaltungen
In den Räumen des Museums finden wissenschaftliche und kulturelle Veranstaltungen statt. Zum Angebot des Museums gehören "Ausflüge ins Mittelalter, Begegnungen mit Märchenfiguren, Cafehausnachmittage, ein Weinbergfest, Ausstellungen, Vorlesungen".

Die Universität Vechta organisiert Ringvorlesungen im Museum im Zeughaus.

Das Zentrum für Experimentelles Mittelalter veranstaltet regelmäßig im Museum im Zeughaus Kurse. Interessierte können dabei die Herstellung von Gegenständen mit Materialien und Techniken erlernen, die den Menschen im mittelalterlichen Mitteleuropa bereits zur Verfügungs standen. Darüber hinaus gibt Kurse zur Erlernung der Fecht-, der Koch- sowie der Sanges- und Tanzkunst in Mittelalter und Renaissance. Die Nachhaltigkeit des Lern- und Sozialprozesses wird durch das gemeinsame Tun und den Austausch von Wissen und Fähigkeiten der Teilnehmer untereinander verstärkt. Das ZEM bildet so eine wichtige Schnittstelle zwischen Wissenschaft/universitärer Forschung und Öffentlichkeit.

Seit 2010 organisiert das ZEM in der Adventszeit einen Barbaramarkt vor dem Museum.

Vor dem Museum finden alljährlich ferner Anfang Juni die Landpartie "StadtgARTen" und Anfang September das "Weinbergfest" statt.

Burgmannen-Tage

Wichtigste Veranstaltung des Zentrums für Experimentelles Mittelalter sind die alljährlich Ende September stattfindenden Burgmannen-Tage, ein Mittelaltermarkt auf dem gesamten Gelände des Zitadellenparks Vechta. Die Burgmannen-Tage sind nach den Verteidigern der im 17. Jahrhundert geschleiften Burg Vechta benannt und wurden 1999 erstmals durchgeführt. Die Burgmannen-Tage sind das einzige Mittelalter-Festival in Norddeutschland mit freiem Eintritt.

Der Name der Veranstaltung geht auf das Burgmannen-Kollegium in Vechta zurück. Es war zunächst als Schutzmannschaft für die Burg gedacht, bekam allerdings durch den Verkauf der Ravensberger Grafschaftsrechte an das Hochstift Münster im Jahre 1252 erweiterte Funktionen. Fortan vertrat es den Fürstbischof in seinen Geschäften in Vechta. In Vechta sollen insgesamt 22 Burgmannenhöfe nachweisbar sein. Bis zu 51 Burgmannen waren in der Blütezeit des Gremiums Mitglieder. Erst 1806 wurde das Kollegium endgültig aufgelöst.

Während der Burgmannen-Tage wurden bislang u. a. die folgenden Aktionen durchgeführt:
 Darstellungen und Aktionen zum mittelalterlichen Alltag in den Heerlagern und den Handwerkerständen (z. B. Badehaus, Seilerei, Falknerei etc.)
 eine simulierte Burgeroberung, der "Sturm auf die Palisaden"
 der "Kampf der Freien Ritter"
 Darbietungen mittelalterlicher Musik
 eine Modenschau zu Gewändern des 13. Jahrhunderts
 eine Feuershow
 ein Bogenschützenturnier
 Mitmachstände für Kinder und Jugendliche

Literatur
 Mark Feuerle: Blide – Mange – Trebuchet: Technik, Entwicklung und Wirkung des Wurfgeschützes im Mittelalter. Eine Studie zur mittelalterlichen Innovationsgeschichte, (Veröffentlichungen des 1. Zentrums für Experimentelles Mittelalter, Vechta, Band 1), ISBN 978-3-928186-78-0.

Weblinks
 Homepage des Museums im Zeughaus
 Museum im Zeughaus: Jahresbericht 2011 (S. 42-47)
 Axel Fahl-Dreger: Das Museum im Zeughaus. In: Verbund Oldenburger Münsterland: Argumente 2013, S. 248–252 (PDF; 21,8 MB)

Einzelnachweise

Organisation (Vechta)
Vechta
Gegründet 1997
Erbaut in den 1690er Jahren
Bildung in Vechta
Kultur (Vechta)

Museum im Zeughaus (Vechta)


සංඛ්‍යාන විද්‍යාවට අනුව අවකාශය විශ්ලේෂණය හෝ අවකාශ සංඛ්‍යානය යනු යම් වස්තුවක් ස්ථුල විද්‍යානුකූල ජ්‍යාමිතිකව හෝ භූ විද්‍යාත්මක ලක්ෂණ අනුව අධ්‍යයනයයි. මෙහි විවිධ ක්‍රම අඩංගු වන අතර එයින් බොහෝමයක්ම තවමත් සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතියි. විවිධ වි‍ශ්ලේෂණ ක්‍රම භාවිතයෙන් මෙය විශ්වයේ පවතින විවිධ චක්‍රාවාට වල පිහිටීම අධ්‍යයනය කරන තාරකා විද්‍යාව වැනි පුළුල් විෂයක්ද, චිප සකස් කිරීමේදී ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව, ස්ථාන හා ගමන් පථය සොයාගැනීමට භාවිතා වන සංකීර්ණ ඇල්ගොරිතම වැනි විවිධ අධ්‍යයන අංශ වල භාවිතාවේ. වඩාත් පටුව සැලකුවහොත් මෙය සාපේක්ෂ ව්‍යුහ විශේෂයෙන්ම භූ විද්‍යාත්මක දත්ත විශ්ලේෂණය සඳහා භාවිතාවේ. මෙම වාක්‍ය කණ්ඩ පරීක්ෂණයක එක් කොටසක භාවිතාවන යම් ක්‍රමවේදයක් හැඳින්වීමට යොදාගනී.
භූ සංඛ්‍යානය මේ සඳහා නිදසුනකි.

විසිවන සියවසේ අගභාගය තෙක්ම අවකාශීය විශ්ලේෂණයේ ක්‍රමවේදයන් විධිමත් ලෙස නොපැවතුනි. අවකාශීය විශ්ලේෂණයේ ඉතිහාසය ඇතිවන්නේ සිතියම් ඇඳීම, සමීක්ෂණය වැනි අංශවලින් සුසැදි  භූගෝල විද්‍යාවේ ආරම්භයත් සමඟය. නුතන අවකාශීය විශ්ලේෂණය විශාල දත්ත ප්‍රමාණයන් හා භූ විද්‍යාත්මක තොරතුරු පද්ධති, මෘදුකාංග, පරිගණක ආකෘති සැකසීමේ ප්‍රබලතාව වැනි කරුණු මත රඳා පවතී. අවකාශ විශ්ලේෂණය සඳහා  භූගෝල විද්‍යාව, ජීව විද්‍යාව, ව්‍යංගන අධ්‍යයනය, සංඛ්‍යානය, භූගෝල තොරතුරු විද්‍යාව, දුර සංවේදනය, පරිගණක විශ්ලේෂණ වැනි ක්‍රම හඳුන්වා  දී ඇත.

පැහැදිලි නිර්වචනය කරන ලද හෝ සම්පුර්ණව නොවිසඳුනු සංකිර්ණ ගැටළු රාශියක්ම අවකාශ විශ්‍ලේෂණයේදී මතුවේ. මේවා තවමත් පර්යේෂණ සඳහා මුලාශ්‍රව පවතී. මෙම ගැටළු වලින් මුලික ගැටළු වන්නේ අධ්‍යයනයට බඳුන්වන වස්තුවේ අවකාශීය පිහිටීම අර්ථ දැක්වීමයි. නිදසුනක් ලෙස මනුෂ්‍යයෙකුගේ සෞඛ්‍ය අධ්‍යයනය මඟින් එම පුද්ගලයා ජීවත් වන ස්ථානය මත පදනම්ව හෝ රැකියා ස්ථානය පදනම්ව, හෝ සතිය පුරා කෙරෙන ගමනාගමනය රේඛාවක් ලෙස පදනම් කරගෙන අවකාශීය ස්ථානය නිර්වචනය කළ හැක. මෙම තෝරාගැනීම් එකිනෙක මඟින් විශ්ලේෂණය භාවිතා කළ හැකි ක්‍රමවේදය හා එයින් ලබාගන්නා ප්‍රතිඵල කෙරෙහි සැලකිය යුතු බලපෑමක් එල්ල කරයි. අවකාශ විශ්ලේෂණයේදී මුහුණදෙන ගැටළු වන්නේ ගණිතමය දැනුමේ සීමා, පවතින සංඛ්‍යාන ක්‍රම, යොදාගන්නා කල්පිත හා පරිගණක මත පදනම් වු ගණනය කිරීම් වල ගැටළුය.

අවකාශය විශ්ලේෂණයේ භාවිතා වන ක්‍රමවේදය වර්ගීකරණයන් කිරීම අපහසුය. එයට හේතු වන්නේ විශාල පර්යේෂණ ක්ෂේත්‍ර පැවතීම, යොදා ගත හැකි මුලික ආරම්භයන්ගේ ඇති විවිධත්වය හා දත්ත වලට ලබාගත හැකි විවිධ ආකාරයි.

සටහන්

අවකාශ විශ්ලේෂණය


Voleurs de caca est le huitième épisode de la vingt-troisième saison de la série télévisée d'animation américaine South Park. Ce 305 épisode de la série a été diffusé pour la première fois le 27 novembre 2019, sur Comedy Central, aux États-Unis.

Synopsis
Au centre communautaire de South Park, Sheila Broflovski tombe gravement malade et commence à vomir et à déféquer de manière incontrôlable. À l'hôpital Hell's Pass, son médecin annonce à ses fils Kyle et Ike que Sheila a une infection bactérienne appelée C. diff, provoquant le dépassement des bactéries bénéfiques de son estomac par des bactéries malignes, et qu'elle a besoin d'une greffe fécale pour remplacer son microbiome. Après la greffe, Sheila vante les effets bénéfiques de la procédure sur la santé à ses amies Laura Tucker, Harriet Biggle et Linda Stotch, au grand embarras de ses fils. En consultant une vidéo sur la façon d'empêcher le ridicule d'une telle situation, Kyle est horrifié d'apprendre que les micro-organismes constituent la moitié des cellules de son corps. La nuit, il rêve de bactéries et de l'image d'une bibliothèque qui le réveille en sursaut.

Les amies de Sheila lui disent qu'elles aimeraient subir une greffe fécale, mais que leurs médecins ne prescriraient la procédure que pour des raisons médicales, et lui demandent de donner un échantillon de selles afin qu'elles puissent effectuer la procédure elles-mêmes à la maison. Sheila refuse, car elle trouve cela risqué. Cependant, Harriet se rend chez Kyle et propose d'offrir à celui-ci un exemplaire de Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order s'il parvient à lui procurer un échantillon de selles de Sheila. Kyle refuse, mais ses trois amis, Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman et Kenny McCormick, acceptent le marché. Stan, Cartman et Kenny se faufilent donc dans le sous-sol des Broflovski et accèdent au tuyau d'évacuation pendant que Sheila utilise les toilettes, puis, volent ses excréments, à la grande colère de Kyle, qui les surprend en flagrant délit.

Kyle consulte son médecin pour se plaindre de l'échange de microbiome et se demande si les personnes ayant des profils de santé idéaux, comme Tom Brady, deviendront la cible de ceux qui souhaitent bénéficier de telles greffes. À la mention du nom de Brady, cependant, le médecin devient instable et commence un monologue intérieur chuchoté, un bâillon récurrent dans l'épisode (qui est une parodie du film Dune). Il note que Kyle « connaît » le microbiome de Brady, qu'il appelle « The Spice Melange ». Bien que le microbiome de Brady (l'« épice ») soit introuvable, le médecin se demande si Kyle sera celui qui le lui apportera.

Après avoir effectué une greffe fécale à domicile avec une poire à dinde, Harriet loue les avantages de la procédure à ses amies, mais refuse de révéler à Sheila comment elle a obtenu l'échantillon de selles. Les garçons sont confrontés au conseiller scolaire M. Mackey, qui propose à chacun d'eux d'acheter leur propre copie séparée de Fallen Order, s'ils obtiennent pour lui l'échantillon de selles de quelqu'un d'autre, qu'il appelle également « The Spice Melange » dans son dialogue intérieur. Lors d'une conférence de presse d'après-match, la presse demande à plusieurs reprises à Brady un échantillon de selles, qui répond qu'il n'en donnera ni n'en vendra à personne. Alors que les rêves de Kyle sur le microbiome se poursuivent, il est à nouveau hanté par des visions de la bibliothèque et développe la capacité de voir les micro-organismes recouvrant son corps lorsqu'il est éveillé. Lors d'un autre repas partagé, Harriet, malade et couverte de taches de vomi, prend ses amies à témoin et accuse avec colère Sheila d'avoir contaminé ses excréments d'une manière ou d'une autre pour saboter sa greffe. Linda et Laura tombent alors elles-mêmes malades, après avoir volé le reste de l'échantillon volé d'Harriet et effectué leurs propres greffes. Alors que l'hôpital Hell's Pass se remplit de citoyens locaux souffrant de C-diff, un médecin dit au détective de police Harrison Yates que l'épidémie a commencé au restaurant où les clients ont été infectés par les amis de Sheila. Il explique que parce que les poires à dinde qu'ils ont utilisées pour leurs greffes ne sont utilisées qu'une fois par an à Thanksgiving, ils passent le reste de l'année à collecter des bactéries pathogènes. Il dit ensuite que l'hôpital n'a plus d'excréments de donneurs sains, et que parce que suffisamment d'excréments sains n'ont pas pu être récoltés à temps pour donner des greffes à tous les patients, la moitié de South Park mourra.

Les garçons se rendent chez Brady, où ils attendent avec d'autres personnes dans l'espoir d'acquérir son « Spice Melange ». Brady demande à tout le monde de partir, mais Kyle apparaît et conduit tout le monde à la bibliothèque du salon de Brady, qu'il révèle être une porte secrète vers une pièce cachée où Brady garde ses excréments en pot. Brady explique qu'il a arrêté de tirer la chasse parce que les gens n'arrêtaient pas de casser ses tuyaux pour les acquérir. Les garçons apportent les matières fécales à l'hôpital, où elles sont utilisées pour traiter tous les patients infectés. Lorsque Sheila demande à Kyle comment il a su résoudre l'épidémie, Kyle explique que son microbiome le savait, disant qu'il a appris que les créatures en lui font partie de lui et qu'il fait « désormais un peu plus confiance à son instinct ».

Une blague courante prétend que l'épisode est « un pour les dames », avec une intro unique et des Bumpers entre les pauses publicitaires le proclamant à plusieurs reprises.

Références culturelles
Le « mélange d'épices », les yeux bleus de Kyle et les images de la défécation de Tom Brady ressemblant à un ver géant sortant d'un paysage désertique, sont autant de références au roman de Frank Herbert Dune. Le dialogue intérieur utilisé par de nombreux personnages est quant lui une référence à l'adaptation cinématographique du roman de 1984, dans lequel le dialogue en question est directement exposé au public pour aider à conduire l'intrigue et ainsi raccourcir la durée du film.

Accueil
L'épisode n'a attiré que 660 000 téléspectateurs lors de sa première diffusion aux États-Unis, l'audience la plus faible jamais enregistrée pour un épisode de South Park.

Jesse Schedeen d'IGN a donné à l'épisode une note de 9,7 sur 10, déclarant dans sa critique : "South Park n'est peut-être plus aussi cohérent qu'avant, mais la série peut toujours offrir des épisodes qui rivalisent avec le meilleur de ses années dorées. En combinant un format classique avec des blagues de caca hilarantes et la parodie de Dune la plus étrangement envoûtante imaginable, cet épisode touche toutes les bonnes notes."

Joe Matar de Den of Geek a donné à l'épisode 3 étoiles sur 5, déclarant : « Ce n'est pas un épisode particulièrement mauvais. En fait, dans ce qui a été une saison en grande partie ennuyeuse et pas drôle, c'est probablement la meilleure jusqu'à présent. Pourtant, à la fin, comme dans tant d'épisodes de South Park, votre plaisir dépendra de votre intérêt pour les gags courants qui se répètent encore et encore. Dans ce cas, ces gags sont une référence Dune et les femmes qui vomissent et chient beaucoup. Pour moi, ce truc avait des rendements décroissants. J'évaluerais 'Voleurs de caca' quelque part entre 'meh' et 'bien'."

Stephanie Williams de The AV Club a donné à l'épisode une note de "B", en disant dans sa critique, "Les dames ont reçu le même pouvoir que les hommes de South Park, et c'est un pouvoir de merde, sans jeu de mots."

Notes et références

Épisode de South Park, saison 23
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Voleurs de caca


كتب الحديث الخمسة هم كتب السنن الأربعة لكل من سنن أبو داود جمعه الإمام أبو داود السجستاني وسنن الترمذي جمعه الإمام أبو عيسى محمد الترمذي وسنن النسائي جمعه الإمام أحمد بن شعيب النسائي وسنن ابن ماجه جمعه الإمام محمد بن ماجه ،و المسند للإمام أحمد بن حنبل، فحينما يقال رواه الخمسة يقصد بها رواه أحمد وأبو داود والنسائي والترمذي ومحمد بن ماجه.

مراجع

كتب أهل السنة والجماعة
كتب الحديث
مصطلحات الحديث

الكتب الخمسة


L'immeuble, 96 et 98 rue Colbert est une ancienne maison à colombages dans la ville de Tours, dans le département français d'Indre-et-Loire.

Il est sans doute construit au  mais largement remanié ultérieurement ; sa façade sur rue, deux escaliers extérieurs et des cheminées dans certaines pièces sont classés comme monument historique en 1946.

Localisation
L'immeuble est situé dans le Vieux-Tours, dans la rue Colbert. Cette rue, reprenant le tracé d'une voie antique, est jusqu'au  la principale rue de Tours, reliant les quartiers proches de la basilique Saint-Martin à l'ouest au secteur de la cathédrale Saint-Gatien à l'est.

Histoire
L'édifice semble construit au . Il est peut-être divisé en deux au  avant d'être remanié au siècle suivant. Enfin, au , entre 1818 et 1839, ses façades sur la rue Colbert sont frappées d'alignement.

Sa façade sur la rue Colbert, deux escaliers en bois donnant sur une cour intérieure et des cheminées dans certaines pièces sont classées comme monument historique par arrêté du .

Description

L'immeuble comporte un rez-de-chaussée, deux étages et un comble.

Sur la rue Colbert, la façade est à pans de bois avec une couverture en ardoise. Un mur partage en deux cette propriété. Dans la cour intérieure, deux escaliers en charpente, l'un hélicoïdal et l'autre à volées droites, desservent respectivement les étages d'une moitié de l'immeuble. Une toiture commune couvre les deux escaliers.

Notes et références

Pour en savoir plus

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de Tours

Liens externes

Monument historique classé en 1946
Patrimoine du XVIe siècle
Monument historique à Tours
Maison monument historique (France)

Immeuble (96 et 98 rue Colbert, Tours)


Türkiye kadın  millî basketbol takımı, Türkiye'yi uluslararası turnuva ve maçlarda temsil eden kadın basketbol takımıdır. Millî takım ilk kez 2005 yılında İzmir'de düzenlenen Universiade oyunları öncesi kullanılan ifade ile "Potanın Perileri" unvanıyla anılmaktadır.

İdari ve teknik kadro

Güncel kadro
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 85%; width: 87%; "
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #E30A17; color: white; text-align: center;" | Türkiye kadın millî basketbol takımı kadrosu
|- style="background-color: white ;color: #E30A17; text-align: center;"
! Oyuncular !! Antrenörler
|-
| valign="top" |
{| class="sortable" style="background:transparent; margin:0px; width:100%;"
! Mev. !! #  !! İsim !! Yaş – Doğum tarihi !! Boy !! Kulüp !! Ülke
|-

Turnuvalar

Olimpiyat Oyunları

Dünya Şampiyonası

Avrupa Şampiyonası

Akdeniz Oyunları

Geçmiş kadrolar
2005 Avrupa Kadınlar Basketbol Şampiyonası: 12 takım arasında 8. bitirdi.

Arzu Özyiğit, Aylin Yıldızoğlu, Birsel Vardarlı, Esmeral Tunçluer, Korel Engin, Müjde Yüksel, Nevriye Yılmaz,  Nilay Yiğit, Serap Yücesir, Şaziye İvegin, Şebnem Kimyacıoğlu,     Yasemin HorasanKoç: Cem Akdağ

2007 Avrupa Kadınlar Basketbol Şampiyonası: 16 takım arasında 9. bitirdi.

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Bahar Çağlar, Birsel Vardarlı, Gülşah Gümüşay, Melek Bilge, Naile İvegin, Nevin Nevlin, Nilay Yiğit, Sariye Gökçe, Şaziye İvegin, Tuğba Palazoğlu, Yasemen Saylar, Yasemin HorasanKoç: Ceyhun Yıldızoğlu

2011 Avrupa Kadınlar Basketbol Şampiyonası: 16 takım arasında 2. bitirdi.

Bahar Çağlar, Birsel Vardarlı, Gülşah Akkaya, Işıl Alben, Naile Ivegin, Nevin Nevlin, Nevriye Yılmaz, Nilay Yiğit, Seda Erdoğan, Şaziye İvegin, Tuğba Palazoğlu, Yasemin HorasanKoç: Ceyhun Yıldızoğlu

2012 Yaz Olimpiyatları: 12 takım arasında 5. bitirdi.

Bahar Çağlar, Begüm Dalgalar, Birsel Vardarlı, Esmeral Tunçluer, Işıl Alben, Nevriye Yılmaz, Nilay Kartaltepe, Quanitra Hollingsworth, Şaziye İvegin, Tuğba Palazoğlu, Tuğçe Canıtez, Yasemin HorasanKoç: Ceyhun Yıldızoğlu

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Bahar Çağlar, Begüm Dalgalar, Birsel Vardarlı, Cansu Köksal, Esmeral Tunçluer, Işıl Alben, Lara Sanders, Nevriye Yılmaz, Şaziye İvegin, Tilbe Şenyürek, Tuğba Palazoğlu, Tuğçe CanıtezKoç: Ceyhun Yıldızoğlu

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Ayşe Cora, Bahar Çağlar, Birsel Vardarlı, Esra Ural, Işıl Alben, Lara Sanders, Nevriye Yılmaz, Olcay Çakır, Şaziye İvegin, Şebnem Kimyacıoğlu, Tilbe Şenyürek, Tuğçe CanıtezKoç: Ekrem Memnun

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2019 Avrupa Kadınlar Basketbol Şampiyonası: 16 takım arasında 14. bitirdi.

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2021 Avrupa Kadınlar Basketbol Şampiyonası: 16 takım arasında 14. bitirdi.

Alperi Onar, Bahar Çağlar Ökten, Esra Ural Topuz, Gökşen Fitik, İnci Güçlü, Kuanitra Holingsvorth, Melis Gülcan, Meltem Yıldızhan, Olcay Çakır Turgut, Pelin Bilgiç, Sevgi Uzun, Tuğçe CanıtezKoç: Ceyhun Yıldızoğlu

Başantrenörler

İlgili bağlantılar
 Türkiye millî basketbol takımı
 Kadınlar Basketbol Süper Ligi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Türkiye Basketbol Federasyonu resmî sitesi

Kadın millî takımı
Kadın Basketbol Takımı
Asya'daki millî basketbol takımları
Avrupa'daki millî basketbol takımları
Kadın millî basketbol takımları

Türkiye kadın millî basketbol takımı


Lorenz van Steenwinckel (født 1585, død 1619) var en flamsk-dansk arkitekt og billedhugger, søn af Hans van Steenwinckel den ældre og broder til Hans van Steenwinckel den yngre.

Fra 1613 var han ansvarlig for en række byggeprojekter under kong Christian IV, herunder kongens kapel i Roskilde Domkirke, Trefoldighedskirken i Kristianstad, samt Børsen, som hans bror færdiggjorde efter Lorenz' pludselige død i 1619.

Vurderingen af Steenwincels bidrag har varieret, nogle kunsthistorikere har givet ham ansvaret for mange af de vellykkede bygninger, men andre har set mere af ham som murer og stenhugger. Et tegn på det sidste er, at det i kontrakterne tydeligt er skrevet, at han skal arbejde i henhold til tegninger leveret af kongen.

Kilder
 Den store danske

Arkitekter fra Danmark

Lorenz van Steenwinckel


Otoni Moura de Paulo, também conhecido como Otoni de Paula Pai (Magé, 3 de janeiro de 1953) é um servidor público e político brasileiro filiado ao Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (MDB). É pai do deputado federal Otoni de Paula.

Em 2002 e 2018, concorreu sem sucesso a deputado estadual pelo Rio de Janeiro, estando filiado ao PT do B e ao Solidariedade, respectivamente. Em 2020, concorreu a vereador na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, novamente pelo Solidariedade e não sendo eleito. Em 2022, foi eleito deputado estadual pelo Rio de Janeiro com 41.932 votos.

Naturais de Magé
Membros do Avante (partido político)
Membros do Partido Liberal (1985)
Membros do Partido Liberal (2006)
Membros do Partido Social Cristão
Membros do Solidariedade (partido político)
Membros do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (1980)
Deputados estaduais do Rio de Janeiro

Otoni de Paula Pai


Philippe Koehler (né le  à Strasbourg) est un coureur cycliste français, professionnel entre 2000 et 2004.

Biographie
En 1999, Philippe Koehler se distingue sous les couleurs du CC Étupes en remportant Liège-Bastogne-Liège espoirs (moins de 23 ans). Il termine également deuxième de la Ronde de l'Isard, une course par étapes réputée pour les jeunes grimpeurs. En fin de saison, il est sélectionné en équipe de France pour les championnats du monde de Vérone, où il se classe  de la course en ligne espoirs. Ses bonnes performances lui permettent d'être le lauréat du Vélo d'or espoirs.

Fort de ses résultats, il passe professionnel en 2000 dans la puissante formation Mapei. Son seul résultat notable est sa victoire sur l'étape reine du Grand Prix de Beauce 2001, au mont Mégantic. Il revient ensuite en France en 2002 au sein de l'équipe Saint-Quentin-Oktos. En septembre, il s'impose sur une étape du Tour de l'Avenir et endosse provisoirement le maillot de leader.

En 2003, il rejoint en cours de saison l'équipe Palmans-Collstrop, avec son coéquipier Eddy Lembo. Il termine sa carrière de manière anonyme par une chute en 2004 au Tour du Poitou-Charentes. En juin 2006, il est condamné par le Tribunal correctionnel de Bordeaux à dix mois de prison avec sursis, dans le cadre d'une affaire de dopage relative à un trafic de « pot belge ».

Palmarès
 1999
 Liège-Bastogne-Liège espoirs
 Grand Prix des Carreleurs
  de la Ronde de l'Isard
 2001
  du Grand Prix de Beauce
 2002
  du Tour de l'Avenir

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste français
Naissance en septembre 1969
Naissance à Strasbourg

Philippe Koehler


est un dessinateur de manga japonais né le  dans la Préfecture d'Ishikawa au Japon.

Il fait partie de cette nouvelle vague de mangaka qui assurent la relève du manga d'auteur tout en publiant leurs œuvres dans des revues de prépublication, faisant ainsi le pont entre le monde des grands éditeurs et celui des indépendants. Cette jeune génération d'artistes regroupant des personnalités tels que Inio Asano, Kengo Hanazawa ou encore Shuzo Oshimi, conjuguent ainsi un savoir-faire précoce et une sensibilité artistique ouverte sur le monde.

Biographie

Keigo Shinzō naît le  dans la Préfecture d'Ishikawa au Japon.

Tout petit, il rêvait déjà d'être mangaka. Lors d'une interview pour la revue spécialisée ATOM, il explique : .

Il suit une formation artistique au lycée préfectoral de Saitama avant d'entrer au département des beaux-arts de .

Il fait ses débuts en tant que mangaka avec , une histoire courte prépubliée en 2008 dans l'hebdomadaire Big Comic Spirits des éditions Shōgakukan, alors qu'il était encore étudiant. L'œuvre obtient le prix Spirits  récompensant les jeunes talents publiés chez l'éditeur.

Suivent deux one-shots, , prépublié dans le mensuel Big Comic Spirits en 2010 et adapté en série télévisée japonaise en 2016, dans lequel un jeune homme apathique s'ouvre aux autres en fréquentant une auto-école non homologuée tenue par des marginaux, puis , prépublié en 2012 dans le Big Comic Spirits, où une éruption volcanique transforme soudainement un village rural en destination touristique.

Il s'attèle ensuite à des récits plus longs avec les séries  et Tokyo Alien Bros..

Keigo Shinzō est marié à la mangaka Natsuko Taniguchi.

Œuvres

Œuvres publiées en France

Les œuvres de Keigo Shinzō bénéficiant d'une traduction française et d'une publication en France sont à ce jour toutes éditées par Le Lézard Noir.

Œuvres publiées au Japon

Certaines œuvres de l'auteur sont toujours inédites en France à ce jour.

Style, thèmes et influences

Comme bon nombre d'auteurs de la nouvelle vague du manga, Keigo Shinzō ne se cantonne pas à un genre en particulier. De la science fiction avec Midori no Hoshi, au drame social avec Mauvaise herbe, en passant par la comédie, l'auteur phagocyte tous les genres. Car finalement, le contexte de ses histoires n'est souvent qu'un outil lui servant à exprimer les thèmes qui lui sont chers: les errements de sa génération, les désillusions d'une jeunesse désabusée, désenchantée et sans espoir, qui part à la dérive. Une constante cependant: ses histoires s'articulent souvent autour d'un duo de personnages, un binôme autour duquel l'intrigue, ainsi que les thèmes qui lui sont associés, vont se construire, et évoluer. Deux frères dans Tokyo Alien Bros., deux anciens amis qui se retrouvent dans Summer of Lave, un policier dépressif et une jeune fille à la dérive qui lui rappelle sa défunte fille dans Mauvaise herbe... c'est l'intime que cherche à exprimer avant tout Keigo Shinzō : , dira l'auteur dans une interview donné par la revue ATOM, .

Un autre thème cher à l'auteur est celui de la marginalité. Il s'applique dans ses œuvres à représenter des inadaptés, des personnages à la dérive, évoluant aux côtés de personnages correspondant davantage à la norme. Mais au lieu de traiter ces marginaux sur une tonalité comique afin de mettre en valeur les autres personnages, il s'intéresse au contraire à la dynamique qui anime ces relations inégales, cherchant à montrer avec réalisme la lumière chez les marginaux, et les failles chez les autres.

Les influences de Keigo Shinzō se devinent facilement à la lecture de ses œuvres. Taiyō Matsumoto, tout d'abord, auteur d'Amer Béton, à qui Keigo Shinzō voue une grande admiration depuis son adolescence et qui influence toujours son écriture. Fumiko Takano ensuite, mangaka du quotidien à la ligne légère et fluide, mais encore l'artiste émergente Akino Kondoh. L'auteur dit apprécier le style de mangaka moins conventionnels comme Iō Kuroda ou ceux cités plus haut.

Liens externes
Compte Pixiv de Keigo Shinzō
Compte Twitter de Keigo Shinzō
Interview de Keigo Shinzō sur manga-news

Références

Mangaka
Naissance en janvier 1987
Naissance dans la préfecture d'Ishikawa

Keigo Shinzō


إسطفانوس الليبي هكذا يطلق علية المسيحين وهو من اصل ليبي من منطقة مرماريكا طبرق حاليا. يروي لنا القديس بلاديوس سيرة الطوباوي إسطفانوس الذي من أصل ليبي، وقد عاش ناسكًا في البرية على حدود مارماريكا Marmarica ومريوط في الصحراء الغربية (يبدو بالقرب من ليبيا)، وتشعر من حديثه عنه مدى اشتياقه أن يلتقي معه لولا بعد المسافة، وقد سمع عنه من القديسين أمونيوس وأغريس الذين زاراه في مرضه. قال عنه القديس بلاديوس: [سكن في البرية ستين عامًا، وقد بلغ مرتفعات تدبير الحياة الكاملة، وحُسب (بنعمة الله) أهلاً أن يهب تعزية للغير، حتى أن كل متألم -أيا كان- إذ يقترب منه يخرج فرحًا. وقد تعرف عليه الطوباوي أنطونيوس. إسطفانوس هذا استمر في هذه الحياة حتى أيامنا، لكنني لم أعش معه قط، ولا التقيت به، لأن الجبل الذي يقطنه بعيد عني جدًا.

القديسان أمونيوس وأغريس اللذان ذهبا لافتقاده رويا لي قصصًا عنه، فقد قالا: إذ ذهبنا إليه وجدناه في مرض خطير جدًا، فقد أصيب بأورام في الأجزاء السفلية من جسده، أصيب «بغرغرينة»، وقد وجدنا طبيبًا يبتر أجزاءً من جسمه (غالبًا إحدى رجليه). ومع هذا كان القديس يعمل بيديه، يجدل سعفًا، وكان يتحدث معنا بينما كان الطبيب يبتر في جسده. كان محتملاً ذلك بصبرٍ، كما لو كان البتر في جسم غير جسمه، وإذ بُترت هذه الأجزاء كأن شعرًا قد قُص، استمر القديس بنعمة الله دون أن يعطي الأمر اهتمامًا. صار الطبيب يربط الجراحات بينما جلس هو ليجدل السلال بيديه، وتحدث معنا فرحًا شاكرًا لله... لقد وقفنا ونحن مندهشين لهذه المأساة، إذ لم نكن قادرين على احتمال رؤية الإنسان الذي سلك حياة نسكية روحية سامية أن تُبتر أعضاؤه تحت الضرورة. أدرك الطوباوي أفكارنا، وإذ شعر بحزننا، أجاب قائلاً لنا: «لا تحزنا يا بني لهذا الأمر، ولا يضعف إيمانكما بسبب هذا الأمر فإن الله لن يصنع شرًا قط، بل بالعكس يتطلع إلى نهاية سعيدة (لأعماله). كم من مرة استحقت هذه الأعضاء الحكم بالعقوبة! لقد استحقت الأعضاء البتر، فلتجازى هنا أفضل من أن تجازى بعد الرحيل من هذا العالم». هذا ما نطق به معنا، فأراحنا، وأرسلنا، قائلاً لنا: [لا تتعثروا عندما تجدًان تجارب من هذا النوع تحل بالقديسين، فبها يبنينا الله، ويهبنا الراحة ويثبتنا في النواميس التي هي ضد التجارب. لقد رويت هذه الأمور لكي لا تتعجبوا عندما ترون قديسين يسقطون في ضيقات].

مراجع

تاريخ ليبيا
قديسون ليبيون

إسطفانوس الليبي


Mladen Bušić (Mostar, 1. svibnja 1964.) hrvatski je liječnik, oftalmolog i bivši ravnatelj Kliničke bolnice Sveti Duh u Zagrebu.

Životopis
Bušićeva obitelj je iz Metkovića, ali je on zbog kompliciranog porođaja rođen u bolnici u Mostaru. Osnovnu i srednju školu završio je u Metkoviću. S nenavršenih šest godina ostao je bez oca Mile, koji je umro u 32. godini života. Majka Zlata ostala je podstanarka i nezaposlana udovica s troje male djece. Mladen i mlađi brat Boris već su s 12 i 10 godina počeli redovito zarađivati svirajući s metkovskom Gradskom glazbom, te dodatno radeći različite sezonske poslove u Metkoviću i okolici.

Nakon što je diplomirao na Medicinskom fakultetu u Zagrebu 1991. godine, Bušić se zaposlio najprije u Domu zdravlja Novi Zagreb, a potom je 1992. prešao na Zavod za oftalmologiju. Godine 1996. položio je specijalistički ispit, s užim područjem mikrokirurgije prednjeg segmenta oka te ultrazvučnim operacijama sive mrene u djece i odraslih. Potom je pohađao poslijediplomski studij na Prirodoslovno matematičkom fakultetu u Zagrebu te doktorski studij Biomedicine i zdravstva na Medicinskom fakultetu u Zagrebu. Redovni profesor na Medicinskom fakultetu u Osijeku postaje 2013.

Još od 1991. godine na Zavodu za oftalmologiju tadašnje Opće bolnice Sveti duh sudjeluje u pripremama za osnutak prve očne banke Lions Hrvatska pod voditeljstvom tadašnjeg predstojnika zavoda, svojega metkovskog susjeda, oftalmologa Nikice Gabrića i doktorice Ljerke Henč-Petrinović.

Za njegovog mandata na čelu bolnice, Opća bolnica Sveti Duh prerasla iz opće u Kliničku bolnicu, kao jedina kojoj je to uspjelo od 21 opće bolnice u Hrvatskoj.

Radovi i angažman
Između ostalog član je Hrvatskog oftalmološkog društva, Europskog udruženja za kirurgiju katarakte i refraktivnu kirurgiju te Američke akademije za oftalmologiju. Objavio je više od 150 znanstvenih i stručnih radova u domaćim i inozemnim stručnim časopisima, glavni je urednik i autor u deset sveučilišnih udžbenika iz oftalmologije, glavni urednik prvog svjetskog osmojezičnog enciklopedijskog medicinskog rječnika te voditelj znanstvenog projekta "Hrvatsko oftalmološko nazivlje" Hrvatske zaklade za znanost.

Član je upravnih odbora zagrebačkih udruga "Društvo Neretvana i prijatelja Neretve" i "Dani Neretve". Jedan je od osnivač i "Instituta za razvoj Doline Neretve".

Predsjednik je košarkaškog kluba Cibona.

Nagrade i priznanja
 Nagrada Grada Metkovića
 Nagrada Grada Zagreba
 Nagrada Akademik Andrija Štampar Medicinskog fakulteta u Osijeku za izdavačku djelatnost.

Izvor

 Hrvatski liječnici
Životopisi, Metković

Mladen Bušić


Yixin (11January 1833– 29May 1898), better known in English as PrinceKung or Gong, was an imperial prince of the Aisin Gioro clan and an important statesman of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in China. He was a regent of the empire from 1861 to 1865 and wielded great influence at other times as well.

At a young age, Yixin was already noted for his brilliance and was once considered by his father the Daoguang Emperor as a potential heir. However, his older half-brother Yizhu eventually inherited the throne as the Xianfeng Emperor. During the Second Opium War in 1860, Prince Gong negotiated with the British, French and Russians, signing the Convention of Beijing on behalf of the Qing Empire. Following the death of the Xianfeng Emperor, Prince Gong launched the Xinyou Coup in 1861 with the aid of the Empress Dowagers Ci'an and Cixi and seized power from a group of eight regents appointed by the Xianfeng Emperor on his deathbed to assist his young son and successor, the Tongzhi Emperor. After the coup, he served as Prince-Regent from 1861 to 1865 and presided over the reforms implemented during the Tongzhi Restoration (1860–74). Despite his demotions in 1865 and 1874 for alleged corruption and disrespect towards the Emperor, Prince Gong continued to lead the Grand Council and remain a highly influential figure in the Qing government. The final decades of Prince Gong's career, under the reign of his nephew the Guangxu Emperor, were marred by his conflict with conservative elements in the Qing imperial court – In particular, his conflict with his former ally, Cixi, deepened his disillusionment with the court, and eventually opted to withdraw from politics and live in seclusion in the temple.

Having established in 1861 the Zongli Yamen, the Qing government's de facto foreign affairs ministry, Prince Gong is best remembered for advocating greater constructive engagement between the Qing Empire and the great powers of that era, as well as for his attempts to modernise China in the late 19th century. His former residence, "Prince Gong's Mansion", is now one of Beijing's few AAAAA-rated tourist attractions.

Names

Yixin is the pinyin romanisation of the Mandarin pronunciation of his Manchu name I-hin. He shared his surname Aisin Gioro with the other members of the Qing imperial family. His courtesy or art name was "Master of the Yuedao Hall" or "Hall of the Way of Music".

Kung is the Wade-Giles romanisation of Mandarin pronunciation of the same Chinese character , now spelt Gōng in pinyin. It is not really a name but a part of a descriptive title — "The Respectful Prince of the Blood" — previously borne by Changning, the fifth son of the Shunzhi Emperor. The Chinese title  translates literally as "king" but is usually understood as a "prince" in terms of the imperial Chinese nobility. Because Changning's rank had not been given "iron-cap" status, each generation of his descendants were reduced in rank unless they somehow proved themselves anew and earned a new title of their own. Yixin, however, was given "iron-cap" status and his direct heirs inherited his full title as well. In English, however, it is usually misunderstood as a name: PrinceKung in older sources and PrinceGong in newer ones. He was also sometimes known as the "Sixth Prince" or, less flatteringly, "Devil #6". He was posthumously known as "the Respectful and Loyal Prince of the Blood": Prince Kung-chung or Gongzhong.

Life

Early life
Yixin was born in the Aisin Gioro clan, the imperial clan of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, as the sixth son of the Daoguang Emperor. He was the third son of his mother, Imperial Noble Consort Jing, who was from the Khorchin Mongol Borjigit clan. He studied in the imperial library and practised martial arts with his fourth brother, Yizhu. He created 28 qiang (spear) movements and 18 dao (sword) movements, which were respectively named "Lihua Xieli" (棣華協力) and "Bao'e Xuanwei" (寶鍔宣威) by his father. His father also gave him a White Rainbow Sword (白虹刀) as a gift.

Yixin was mentored by Zhuo Bingtian (卓秉恬) and Jia Zhen (賈楨), two eminent scholar-officials who obtained the position of jinshi (進士; successful candidate) in the imperial examination in 1802 and 1826 respectively.

In 1850, when the Daoguang Emperor became critically ill, he summoned Zaiquan (載銓), Zaiyuan, Duanhua, Sengge Rinchen, Mujangga, He Rulin (何汝霖), Chen Fu'en (陳孚恩) and Ji Zhichang (季芝昌) to Shende Hall (慎德堂) in the Old Summer Palace, where he revealed to them a secret edict he wrote previously. According to the edict, the Fourth Prince, Yizhu, would become the new emperor while Yixin, the Sixth Prince, would be made a qinwang (first-rank prince). He died on the same day. However, it is rumored that Yixin was the real successor emperor, and the secret decree have been tampered with.

Under the Xianfeng Emperor
Yizhu ascended the throne in 1850 after the death of the Daoguang Emperor and adopted the regnal title "Xianfeng"; he is thus historically known as the Xianfeng Emperor. In accordance with their father's secret edict, the newly enthroned Xianfeng Emperor granted Yixin the title "Prince Gong of the First Rank" (恭親王) in the same year. In 1851, the Xianfeng Emperor established an office for Prince Gong, gave him permission to enter the inner imperial court, assigned him to be in charge of patrol and defence matters, and ordered him to continue carrying the White Rainbow Sword given to him by their father.

In October 1853, as the Taiping rebels closed in on Jinan (畿南; the area south of the Hai River), Prince Gong was appointed to the Grand Council, which was in charge of military affairs. The following year, he received three additional appointments: dutong (都統; Banner Commander), you zongzheng (右宗正; Right Director of the Imperial Clan Court) and zongling (宗令; Head of the Imperial Clan Court). He was publicly praised in May 1855 after the Taiping rebels were driven out of Jinan.

When Prince Gong's mother died in August 1855, the Xianfeng Emperor reprimanded Prince Gong for failing to observe court protocol and removed him from the Grand Council and his zongling and dutong appointments. However, Prince Gong was still permitted to enter the inner imperial court and the imperial library. He was restored to his position as a dutong in June 1856, and further appointed as an Interior Minister (內大臣) in May 1859.

Second Opium War

In September 1860, during the Second Opium War, as the Anglo-French forces closed in on the capital Beijing, the Xianfeng Emperor ordered Zaiyuan and Muyin (穆廕) to negotiate for peace at Tongzhou with the enemy. The Anglo-French delegation, which included Harry Smith Parkes and Henry Loch, were taken prisoner by the Mongol general Sengge Rinchen during the negotiations. Sengge Rinchen then led his elite Mongol cavalry to attack the Anglo-French forces at the Battle of Baliqiao but was defeated. The Xianfeng Emperor recalled Zaiyuan and Muyin from Tongzhou, fled with most of his imperial court to Rehe Province, and appointed Prince Gong as an Imperial Commissioner with Discretion and Full Authority (欽差便宜行事全權大臣).

Prince Gong moved to Changxindian (長辛店; in present-day Fengtai District, Beijing) and called for an assembly of the troops stationed there to enforce greater discipline and raise their morale. On one hand, Qinghui (慶惠) suggested to the Xianfeng Emperor to release Harry Smith Parkes and let Prince Gong continue negotiating. On the other hand, Yidao (義道) urged the emperor to surrender Beijing to the enemy. In the meantime, the British and French looted and burnt down the Old Summer Palace in the northwest of Beijing.

On 24 October 1860, Prince Gong concluded the negotiations with the British, French and Russians, and signed the Convention of Beijing on behalf of the Qing Empire. He then wrote a memorial to the Xianfeng Emperor, requesting to be punished for signing the unequal treaty. The emperor replied, "The responsibility assigned to Prince Gong to carry on peace negotiations is not an easy one to shoulder. I deeply understand the difficult situation he was put into. There is no need to punish him." Prince Gong settled the diplomatic affairs in Beijing by the end of 1860.

In 1861, Prince Gong set up the Zongli Yamen, which functioned as the Qing government's de facto foreign affairs ministry, and placed Guiliang (桂良) and Wenxiang in charge of it. He wrote a memorial to the Xianfeng Emperor, proposing to enhance the training of Banner Troops in Beijing and let the Qing troops stationed in Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces train with the Russian Empire's forces and stockpile military supplies. The generals Shengbao (勝保), Jingchun (景淳) and others were ordered to train the troops in Beijing and northeast China.

Under the Tongzhi Emperor

Xinyou Coup
Before the Xianfeng Emperor died in August 1861 in the Chengde Mountain Resort, he appointed a group of eight regents – led by Zaiyuan, Duanhua and Sushun – to assist his underage son and successor, Zaichun. Yixin's flexible attitude towards dealing with the Western powers had put him at odds with the eight regents, who were politically conservative and opposed to Western influence. Upon request, Prince Gong was granted permission to travel to Chengde to attend the funeral. In Chengde, he met the Empress Dowagers Ci'an and Cixi and told them about how the eight regents monopolised state power. When the Xianfeng Emperor's coffin arrived back in Beijing in November 1861, Prince Gong and the two empress dowagers launched a coup – historically known as the Xinyou Coup (辛酉政變) – to oust the eight regents from power. The regents were arrested and removed from their positions of power.

As Prince-Regent
Zaichun, who was enthroned as the "Tongzhi Emperor", appointed Prince Gong as Prince-Regent (議政王) and granted him some special privileges. These privileges included: "iron-cap" status awarded to the Prince Gong title/peerage; an increment in salary to twice that of a normal qinwang (first-rank prince); exemptions from having to kowtow in the emperor's presence and having to write his name on memorials submitted to the emperor. Prince Gong firmly declined to accept the "iron-cap" privilege, and instead sought to be concurrently appointed as zongling (宗令; Head of the Imperial Clan Court) and put in charge of the Shenjiying (a firearms-equipped unit in the Qing army). The two empress dowagers also ordered Prince Gong to supervise Hongde Hall (弘德殿; a hall in the Forbidden City), where the Tongzhi Emperor studied.

In 1864, Qing forces finally suppressed the Taiping Rebellion after a war lasting more than a decade, and recaptured Jiangning (江寧; in present-day Nanjing) from the rebels. The imperial court issued a decree to praise Prince Gong for his effective leadership in the regency that led to the end of the rebellion – in addition to conferring more prestigious titles on his sons Zaicheng, Zaijun and Zaiying.

As the longstanding leader of the Zongli Yamen, which he established in 1861, Prince Gong was responsible for spearheading various reforms in the early stages of the Self-Strengthening Movement, a series of measures and policy changes implemented by the Qing government with the aim of modernising China. He also founded the Tongwen Guan in 1862 for Chinese scholars to study technology and foreign languages.

Fall from grace

Around April 1865, an official, Cai Shouqi (蔡壽祺), accused Prince Gong of "monopolising state power, accepting bribes, practising favouritism, behaving arrogantly, and showing disrespect towards the Emperor". The Empress Dowagers Ci'an and Cixi publicly reprimanded Prince Gong and stripped him of his position as Prince-Regent. Yishen (奕脤), Yixuan, Wang Zheng (王拯), Sun Yimou (孫翼謀), Yin Zhaoyong (殷兆鏞), Pan Zuyin, Wang Weizhen (王維珍), Guangcheng (廣誠) and others pleaded with the empress dowagers to pardon Prince Gong and make him Prince-Regent again. Although the empress dowagers did not restore Prince Gong as Prince-Regent, they permitted him to remain in the inner imperial court and continue running the Zongli Yamen. Prince Gong personally thanked the empress dowagers and made a tearful apology. The empress dowagers issued a decree announcing: "The Prince practised favouritism. As we are bound by a common cause and have high expectations of him, we cannot show leniency in punishing him. He will still be allowed to oversee the Grand Council."

In March 1868, as the Nian rebels approached the suburbs of Beijing, Prince Gong was tasked with mobilising troops and managing defence arrangements. He was also appointed as you zongzheng (右宗正; Right Director of the Imperial Clan Court).

In 1869, An Dehai, a court eunuch and close aide of Empress Dowager Cixi, was arrested and executed in Shandong Province by Ding Baozhen, the provincial governor. This was because it was a capital crime for eunuchs to travel out of the Forbidden City without authorisation. The empress dowager became more suspicious of Prince Gong because she believed that he instigated Ding Baozhen to execute An Dehai.

Demotion and restoration
In October 1872, when the Tongzhi Emperor married the Jiashun Empress, he granted Prince Gong the "iron-cap" privilege again. He officially took over the reins of power from his regents in around February 1873. In the same year, Prince Gong displeased Empress Dowager Cixi when he strongly opposed her plan to rebuild the Old Summer Palace.

In August 1874, Prince Gong was reprimanded and punished again for failing to observe court protocol. This time, he was demoted from a qinwang (first-rank prince) to a junwang (second-rank prince). Zaicheng, Prince Gong's eldest son, also lost his beile title. Despite his demotion, Prince Gong was still allowed to remain in the Grand Council. The following day, the empress dowagers ordered Prince Gong and Zaicheng to be restored as a qinwang and beile respectively. Towards the end of the year, the Tongzhi Emperor increased Prince Gong's salary by more than twice that of a normal qinwang, but died not long later in around December.

Under the Guangxu Emperor
The Guangxu Emperor, who succeeded the Tongzhi Emperor in 1875, continued the practices of exempting Prince Gong from having to kowtow in the emperor's presence and having to write his name on memorials submitted to the emperor. Prince Gong was also appointed as zongling (宗令; Head of the Imperial Clan Court).

Sino-French War

In 1884, when the French invaded Vietnam, Prince Gong and the members of the Grand Council were unable to arrive at a decision on whether or not to intervene in Vietnam and go to war with the French. As a consequence, Empress Dowager Cixi reprimanded Prince Gong and his colleagues for their dispirited and indecisive attitude towards the war, and removed them from their positions. Prince Gong stopped receiving his double salary and was ordered to retire to recuperate from illness. However, he started receiving his double salary again from November 1886 and was allowed to receive his share of the offerings from ceremonial events. He remained in Jietai Temple in western Beijing for most of the time.

Prince Gong's seventh brother, Yixuan (Prince Chun), replaced him as the head of the Grand Council. Some officials such as Baojun (寶鋆), Li Hongzao, Jinglian (景廉) and Weng Tonghe, who previously served in Prince Gong's administration, were also dismissed from office. The incident is known as the "Cabinet Change of Jiashen" (甲申易樞) or "Political Change of Jiashen" (甲申朝局之變) because it took place in the jiashen year according to the Chinese sexagenary cycle.

First Sino-Japanese War

In 1894, when the Japanese invaded Korea and the situation became dire, Empress Dowager Cixi summoned Prince Gong back to the imperial court, placed him in charge of the Zongli Yamen again, and tasked him with supervising the Beiyang Fleet (the Qing navy) and military affairs. Although Prince Gong had been recalled to politics, Empress Dowager Cixi also decreed that since he had not yet recovered from illness, he was exempted from having to constantly attend court sessions.

Death
In 1898, Prince Gong was appointed as zongling again, but he became critically ill by the end of April. Empress Dowager Cixi visited him thrice during this period of time. He eventually died at the age of 67 (by East Asian age reckoning) in May.

The Guangxu Emperor personally attended Prince Gong's funeral and, as a sign of mourning, cancelled imperial court sessions for five days and ordered mourning attire to be worn for 15 days. The emperor also granted Prince Gong the posthumous name "Zhong" (忠; literally "loyal"), gave him a place in the Imperial Ancestral Temple, and issued an edict honouring Prince Gong as a role model of loyalty that all Qing subjects should learn from.

Family

Primary Consort

 Imperial Princess Consort Gongzhong, of the Gūwalgiya clan (恭忠亲王妃 瓜爾佳氏; 1834 – 29 June 1880)
 Princess Rongshou of the First Rank (榮壽固倫公主; 28 February 1854 – 24 December 1924), first daughter, later adopted by Empress Xiaoqinxian
 Married Zhiduan (志端; d. 1871) of the Manchu Fuca clan on 15 October 1866
 Zaicheng, Prince Guomin of the Third Rank (果敏貝勒 載澂; 12 September 1858 – 21 July 1885), first son
 Second daughter (15 March 1860 – 28 March 1864)
 Zaijun, Duke of the Second Rank (輔國公 載濬; 31 July 1864 – 6 June 1866), third son

Secondary Consort

 Secondary consort, of the Xuegiya clan (側福晉 薛佳氏)
 Zaiying, Prince of the Third Rank (貝勒 載瀅; 11 March 1861 – 29 September 1909), second son
 Secondary consort, of the Liugiya clan (側福晉 劉佳氏)
 Third daughter (6 March 1879 – 12 June 1880)
 Lady of the First Rank (郡君; 24 July 1884 – 6 March 1909), fifth daughter
 Secondary consort, of the Liugiya clan (側福晉 劉佳氏)
 Zaihuang, Duke of the Fourth Rank (不入八分輔國公 載潢; 11 November 1880 – 3 March 1885), fourth son
 Secondary consort, of the Janggiya clan (側福晉 張佳氏; 1858 – 4 October 1883)
 Fourth daughter (31 August 1881 – 8 September 1882)

Grandchildren

 First grandson Puwei 溥偉 , Prince Gong of the First Rank,  (1880–1936),
 Second grandson: PuRu 溥儒, (1896–1963).
Third grandson: Puyou 溥佑, (1898- Died).
Fourth grandson: Puhui 溥僡(1896-Died).

Descendants

Puwei 's Family

 Yulin, 毓嶙  (1905,died )
 Yuyuan,毓岏  (1906,died )
 YuSong,毓崧  (1907,died)
 Yupan, 毓岎  (1909,died)
 Yanzhan 毓嶦 (1923,died)
 Yulv    毓嵂  (1926,died )
 Yurong  毓嶸v(1930, died)
 Yuyong, 毓嵱 (1932, died)
 Hengshou 恆铄(Hakesh)
 Hengyan  恆鋺 (Jasmine)
 Hengqian 恆鈐(Cherry)
 Hengqin  恆欽(Cecilia)
 Qisong   啟鬆 (Jinon)
 Qining   啟寧 (jinin)

PuRu's Family

Yuli       毓岦

Yucen  毓岑

PuYou's Family

Yujunyan 毓君彥

QiHui 啟芸 (Jinun)

PuHui's  Family

Yuhuan 毓峘

Qiyuan 啟芫(Jinan)

Qien 啟恩(Jinen)

Ancestry

Legacy

Prince Gong's former residence in Xicheng District, Beijing is now open to the public as a museum and garden park. It was previously the residence of the notoriously corrupt official Heshen.

In 2006, Prince Gong's life was adapted into a Chinese television series, Sigh of His Highness, starring Chen Baoguo as the prince.

See also
 Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty

References

Citations

Bibliography

1833 births
1898 deaths
19th-century Chinese people
19th-century regents
Grand Councillors of the Qing dynasty
Manchu Bordered Blue Bannermen
Manchu politicians
People of the Second Opium War
Daoguang Emperor's sons
Qing dynasty regents
Ministers of Zongli Yamen
Prince Gong
Chinese reformers

Prince Gong