Karl Emerich Hirt, auch unter den Pseudonymen Nemesius, Austriacus und K. E. H. bekannt (* 19. Dezember 1866 in Troppau, Schlesien; † 24. Januar 1963 in Innsbruck) war österreichischer Schriftsteller, Kunstkritiker und Essayist.

Leben und Wirken
1868 übersiedelte seine Familie nach Wien. Ab 1872 besuchte er die Volksschule in Döbling, danach verschiedene Gymnasien und der Handelsschule in Wien, ohne jedoch mit Matura abzuschließen. 1890 trat Hirt in die Österreichisch-Ungarische Bank ein. Er arbeitete abwechselnd in Filialen in Wien und Innsbruck. 1913 wurde er in Innsbruck zum Vorstand der Filiale gewählt, diesen Posten hatte er bis zu seiner Pensionierung als Oberinspektor der Österreichischen Nationalbank 1923 inne.

Bis dahin war Hirt hauptsächlich Lyriker, danach verfasste er aber auch Novellen. Sein erstes Gedicht wurde in Peter Rosseggers Heimgarten veröffentlicht. Hirt war bekannt mit Ferdinand von Saar, Adolf Wilbrandt (mit ihm verband Hirt eine bleibende Freundschaft) und später Anton Wildgans, die sein dichterisches Schaffen förderten.
Außerdem stand er in einem intensiven Briefwechsel mit Albin Egger-Lienz. Er wäre selbst gern Maler geworden, musste dies aber aufgrund finanzieller Gedanken aufgeben.

Als Kunstkritiker und Essayist trat Hirt in zahlreichen Vorträgen und Artikeln in Tiroler Tageszeitungen hervor, v. a. in den Innsbrucker Nachrichten sowie den Tiroler Nachrichten.
1914 versuchte er vergeblich, Mitarbeiter am Brenner zu werden. 1919 geriet er mit Ludwig von Ficker wegen einer von Otto König veranstalteten Lesung in Konflikt, was einen satirischen Angriff von Karl Kraus in der Fackel-Nummer Innsbruck und Anderes zur Folge hatte.

Werke
 Der Heereszug Gottes. Das Bekenntnis eines Deutschen. Innsbruck: Deutsche Buchdruckerei Gesellschaft m.b.H. 1914
 Pfingsten. Eine Bergandacht. Innsbruck: Wagner 1916
 Gott bleibt Sieger. Das Kriegstagebuch eines Deutschen. Innsbruck, Wien, München: Tyrolia 1919
 Contessa Hekuba. Preisgekrönte Novelle. Wien, Leipzig: Kultur-Verlag 1925 (Die Kultur, 11, 1925)
 Menschen aus Österreich. Novellen. Berlin, Wien, Leipzig: Zsolnay 1937
 Gloria in dolores. Zum 50. Todestag der Kaiserin Elisabeth von Österreich. Zürich, Leipzig, Wien: Amalthea 1948 (Berühmte Frauen der Weltgeschichte 4)
 Der heilige Krieg. Zum Goethe-Jahr MCMIL. VIII. Gesang aus dem Epos Der Heereszug Gottes. Innsbruck: Inn-Verlag 1949
 Goethe und die polnische Viktusza. Novelle. Innsbruck: Inn-Verlag 1949
 Vollendete Wege. Drei Novellen. Hg. Fritz Eichler. Heidelberg: Odertor-Verlag 1960

Weblinks

 Brenner-Archiv der Universität Innsbruck
 Eintrag über Karl Emerich Hirt in: Lexikon Literatur in Tirol

Kunstkritiker
Autor
Person (Cisleithanien)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literatur (Österreich)
Österreicher
Geboren 1866
Gestorben 1963
Mann

Karl Emerich Hirt


Zbigniew Hubert Cybulski () a fost un actor  polonez de teatru și film. A activat în cinematografie din 1954.

Biografie

Filmografie
 1953-1954  O noapte de amintiri (Celuloza), regia Jerzy Kawalerowicz
 1954 Generație (Pokolenie), regia Andrzej Wajda
 1954 Kariera, regia Jan Koecher
 1954 Sub steaua frigiană (Pod gwiazdą frygijską), regia Jerzy Kawalerowicz
 1955 3 starturi (Trzy starty), regia Ewa și Czesław Petelscy, Stanisław Lenartowicz
 1956 Koniec nocy, r. Paweł Komorowski și Julian Dziedzina
 1956 Tajemnica dzikiego szybu, regia Wadim Berestowski
 1957 Wraki, r. Ewa și Czesław Petelscy
 1958 Ósmy dzień tygodnia, r. Aleksander Ford
 1958 Cenușă și diamant (Popiół i diament), r. Andrzej Wajda
 1958 Krzyż Walecznych, r. Kazimierz Kutz
 1959 Trenul de noapte (Pociąg), regia Jerzy Kawalerowicz
 1960 Do widzenia, do jutra, r. Janusz Morgenstern
 1960 Inocenții fermecători (Niewinni czarodzieje), regia Andrzej Wajda
 1961 Rozstanie, r. Wojciech Has
 1961 Le thé à la menthe, r. Pierre Kafian
 1962 Dragoste neîmplinită (Jak być kochaną), regia Wojciech Has
 1962 Păpușa (La Poupée), r. Jacques Baratier
 1962 Dragostea la 20 de ani (L'amour à vingt ans), scheciul V, r. Andrzej Wajda
 1963 Ich dzień powszedni, r. Aleksander Ścibor-Rylski
 1963 Milczenie, regia Kazimierz Kutz
 1963 Nu vor fi divorțuri (Rozwodów nie będzie), r. Jerzy Stefan Stawiński
 1963 Ucigașul și fata (Zbrodniarz i panna), r. Janusz Nasfeter
 1964 Att alska, regia Jörn Donner
 1964 Giuseppe la Varșovia (Giuseppe w Warszawie), r. Stanisław Lenartowicz
 1964 Manuscrisul de la Saragossa (Rękopis znaleziony w Saragossie), r. Wojciech Has
 1965 Pinguinul (Pingwin), regia Jerzy Stefan Stawiński
 1965 Jutro Meksyk, r. Aleksander Ścibor-Rylski
 1965 Salto, r. Tadeusz Konwicki
 1965 Sam pośród miasta, r. Halina Bielińska
 1966 Mâine Mexicul (Jutro Meksyk), r. Aleksander Ścibor-Rylski
 1966 Przedświąteczny wieczór, r. Jerzy Stefan Stawiński
 1966 Szyfry, r. Wojciech Has
 1967 Cu toată viteza înainte (Cała naprzód), regia Stanisław Lenartowicz
 1967 Criminalul lasă urme (Morderca zostawia ślad), r. Aleksander Ścibor-Rylski
 1967 Jowita, r. Janusz Morgenstern

Note

Legături externe
  Zbigniew Cybulski
  Збигнев Цибульский
  Zbigniew Cybulski

Nașteri în 1927
Nașteri pe 3 noiembrie
Decese în 1967
Decese pe 8 ianuarie
Actori de film polonezi
Actori din secolul al XX-lea
Beneficiari ai Ordinului Polonia Restituta

Zbigniew Cybulski


The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) is the national governing body of Cricket in India. Its headquarters is situated at the Cricket centre in Churchgate, Mumbai. The BCCI is the wealthiest governing body of cricket in the world.

The BCCI was formed in December 1928 and is a consortium of state cricket associations that select their own representatives who elect the BCCI president. Grant Govan was the first BCCI president and Anthony De Mello was its first secretary. , Roger Binny is the incumbent BCCI president and Jay Shah is secretary. The board joined the Imperial Cricket Conference in 1926. The BCCI is an autonomous, private organisation that does not fall under the purview of the National Sports Federation of India and the Government of India has minimal regulation on it. It does not receive any grants or funds from the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. The BCCI is influential in international cricket. The International Cricket Council shares the largest part of its revenue with the BCCI. Its IPL is one of the wealthiest sports league in the world. In financial year 2022-2023 BCCI earned . In 2023, the board sold India cricket's media rights to Viacom18 for more than , WPL media rights was sold for  to Viacom18 in 2023 and in 2022 IPL media rights was sold to Viacom18–Star sports for . All the media rights are awarded for 5 years.The BCCI pays hundreds of crores rupees in the form of tax to the government of India, paid  in financial year 2022-23.

The BCCI has hosted multiple ICC World Cups, and will host the 2023 Cricket World Cup, the 2026 ICC T20 World cup, the 2031 ICC ODI Cricket World Cup, and the 2025 Women's Cricket World Cup.

The BCCI manages four squads that represent India in international cricket; the men's national cricket team, the women's national cricket team, the men's national under-19 cricket team and women's national under-19 cricket team. It also governs developmental India A, India B and India A women's teams. Its national selection committee, which is led by chief national selector, selects players for these teams. As part of its duties, the BCCI organises and schedules matches to be played by each of these teams, and schedules, sanctions and organises domestic cricket in India.

History

The first game of cricket was played in India by European sailors, who played the sport as a recreational activity in the first half of the 18th century. These sailors played cricket near their coastal settlements. The first recorded match in India was played between the British army and British settlers in 1751. The world's second-oldest cricket club, Calcutta Cricket Club, was founded in 1792 in present-day Kolkata. The Parsis were the first civilian community to accept cricket as a sport and play it in India. In 1848, they set up the Oriental Cricket Club in present-day Mumbai. In 1850, they founded the Young Zoroastrian Cricket Club. In 1886, Hindus founded the Hindu Gymkhana sports club.

In 1912, an all-India cricket team visited England for the first time, and were sponsored and captained by the Maharaja of Patiala. In 1926, two representatives of Calcutta Cricket Club travelled to London to attend meetings of the Imperial Cricket Conference, the predecessor of the current International Cricket Council. Although technically not an official representative of Indian cricket, they were allowed to attend by Lord Harris, chairman of the conference. The outcome of the meeting was the MCC's decision to send a team that was led by Arthur Gilligan, who had captained England in The Ashes, to India.

Founding and early years

In a meeting with the Maharaja of Patiala and others, Gilligan promised to press for its inclusion in the ICC if all of the game's promoters in the country united to establish a single controlling body. An assurance was given and on 21 November 1927 a meeting was held in Delhi, which was attended by delegates from Patiala, Delhi, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Rajputana, Alwar, Bhopal, Gwalior, Baroda, Kathiawar, Central Provinces and Berar, Sindh and Punjab. The delegates agreed to create a board for control of cricket in India. On 10 December 1927, a unanimous decision to form a provisional board of control was taken, and the BCCI was formed in December 1928. R. E. Grant Govan was elected as its first president and Anthony de Mello was secretary.

In 1926, the BCCI joined the Imperial Cricket Council, then the governing body for international cricket. In 1936, the BCCI started India's premier first-class cricket championship the Ranji Trophy, which was named after the first Indian person who played international cricket, the King of Nawanagar state K.S. Ranjitsinhji, who played for England in international cricket. The Mumbai cricket team is the most-successful team, winning 41 titles.

In 1932, India played its maiden Test match under the captaincy of C. K. Nayudu against England at Lord's cricket ground in London. During England's 1933-34 tour of India, on 17 December 1933, Lala Amarnath became the first Indian batsman to score a test century, scoring 118 on his debut, at Bombay Gymkhana. In 1967–68, India won its first-ever Test cricket series outside Asia. Previously it had defeated Pakistan, New Zealand and England, and won series in India.

1945–1987

In 1952, the England team toured India; it was their first tour of India after its Independence. Nigel Howard was the captain of touring team. The former India captain Vijaya Ananda Gajapathi Raju, also known as Vizzy, was the BCCI president in the 1960s.

In 1975, the BCCI paid  per match to the test cricketers. Banks, Indian railways and private enterprises would recruit players.

The board appointed Ajit Wadekar captain in 1971, the Indian team won their first test series against England on English soil, and against the West Indies, Sunil Gavaskar made his test debut in latter series.

India won the 1983 Cricket World Cup, defeating the defending champions the West Indies by 43 runs in the final at Lord's. India also won the World Championship of Cricket in 1985, defeating Pakistan by eight wickets in the final at Melbourne Cricket Ground. The BCCI hosted the 1987 World Cup; it was the first time the event was organised outside England.

1987–2000

Through the 1980s and early 1990s, BCCI paid  per match to terrestrial television network Doordarshan to broadcast the Indian cricket team's matches.

It hosted the ICC Cricket World Cup competitions in 1987 and 1996.

In 1991, BCCI proposed South Africa's readmission to international cricket at the International Cricket Council (ICC). After the proposal succeeded, the BCCI sold television broadcast rights for the first time; South African Broadcasting Corporation purchased the rights to broadcast the South African cricket tour of India, South Africa's first official international tour after the 21-year boycott from international cricket. During this time, South Africa joined the "Asian bloc" of the BCCI and its South-Asian neighbours.

In 1993, the BCCI signed a deal with TransWorld International (TWI), which would pay the BCCI to televise England's tour of India on satellite television and Doordarshan would pay TWI for the rights to televise the matches in India. The 1993 Hero Cup was broadcast on Star TV, which made it the first cricket series to be broadcast on satellite television in India and broke the monopoly of Doordarshan. A lengthy legal battle between Doordarshan and the BCCI—which was led by Jagmohan Dalmiya and president I. S. Bindra—ensued. In February 1995, the Supreme Court of India ruled the television rights of India's matches were a commodity belonging to the BCCI, for which the broadcaster must pay BCCI and not the other way around.

BCCI, in a joint bid with Pakistan and Sri Lanka, won the rights to host the 1996 Cricket World Cup, defeating the England-and-Australia bloc. The tournament was a commercial success, yielding the ICC a profit of $50 million.

In 1997, Dalmiya became the president of the ICC. With Dalmiya at the head of the ICC, the BCCI led a successful proposal to grant Test status to Bangladesh in 1999–2000.

21st century

Since 2000, the BCCI has hosted and organised multiple ICC cricket World Cups competitions that is men's 2011 ODI world cup,, the 2023 ODI world cup, the 2016 T20 world cup, the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy and 2021 T20 world cups; 2013, 2016 Women's Cricket world cups.

In 2007, the BCCI established the Indian Premier League (IPL), an annual, franchise-based, Twenty20 cricket league. In 2008, the BCCI sold the ownership rights of eight city-based franchises to corporate groups and Bollywood celebrities in a closed auction for a total of 723.49 million; it also sold the tournament's global media rights for 10 years to World Sport Group for 1.03 billion. The media deal was re-negotiated the following year to $1.6 billion. In 2010, the BCCI expanded the league to 10 teams, selling two new franchises for a total of 703 million. Due to the IPL's commercial success, similarly styled Twenty20 leagues appeared around the world, as did franchise-based leagues in other sports in India.

In 2014, the BCCI, Cricket Australia and the England and Wales Cricket Board seized control of several of the ICC's key committees to form the "Big Three". The foundation of the "Big Three" would result in a complete remodelling of world cricket, with India, England, and Australia now commanding most of cricket's revenue for the foreseeable future.

In 2019, the BCCI recognised retired players' union the Indian Cricketers' Association (ICA), which was formed after the Supreme court appointed Lodha committee's recommendation to form an independent organisation for welfare of nation's players. The board also includes this union's one person as "ICA representative" in BCCI and IPL's apex governing council.

On 14 February 2022, it laid foundation stone for new National Cricket Academy (NCA) at Bangalore, which will replace old NCA located near M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Banglore.

Women's cricket

India women's national cricket team represents India in Women's international cricket. It played its first Women's Cricket World Cup in 1978, when it was first held in India. Diana Edulji was the first captain of the Indian women's cricket team in One Day Internationals (ODIs). The team finished as runner-up in the 2005 and 2017 World Cup, held in South Africa and England, respectively. The India women's U19 team won the inaugural edition of women's U19 T20 world cup on 30 January 2023. It defeated England in the final.

Women's Cricket World Cup tournaments in 1978, 1997 and 2013 were held in India.

In 2007, the governing body of women's cricket in India the Women's Cricket Association of India was merged into the BCCI after the International Women's Cricket Council merged into ICC in 2006.

On 28 October 2022, BCCI secretary Jay Shah announced it would pay equal sums of money to women's team players as it pays to men's team's players. The BCCI pays men  for Test matches,  for ODIs and  for T20I per match.

On 16 January 2023, the BCCI sold the media rights of Women Primer League (WPL) matches to Viacom18 for  and its five teams for  on 25 January 2023. Inspiration to start this league came from the IPL. The first season played in 2023.

Indian Premier League

In 2008, the BCCI launched a Twenty20 franchise cricket league, the Indian Premier League (IPL), which has grown to become the world's most-lucrative cricket league, attracting many of the world's top players. It is one of the biggest sports leagues in the world. The IPL is the BCCI's major revenue source and is the only league to have a special window in ICC Future Tours Programme (ICC FTP), meaning very little international cricket is organised during the tournament.

In 2023 BCCI sold IPL's media rights for record breaking $6.02 bn for the period of 2023–27.

There are 10 teams in IPL, BCCI organise the tournament annually during summer in March–May in various stadiums in India.

IPL controversies

In 2008, the BCCI banned Pakistani players from playing in the IPL due to the nation's involvement in the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks, in which Pakistani trained terrorists slew 166 people and injured 238. This ban was extended four years on, in 2012, due to the BCCI being 'wary' of several issues regarding Pakistani participation like off-field misdemeanours and spot-fixing allegations.

This was accompanied by the body opposing any bilateral series with the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB), restricting India-Pakistan encounters to multinational ICC and ACC events. Since that time, it has rebuffed several approaches by the PCB for a resumption of bilateral cricketing tie as, according to the BCCI, India cannot not play against Pakistan without the Government of India's (which considers Pakistan to be a state-sponsor of terrorism) permission. In 2017, the Sports Minister of India, Vijay Goel said Pakistan should first stop sponsoring terrorists.

BCCI pays 10 percent from the salary of every foreign player to their respective national board. In 2022, the Australian Cricketers' Association expressed their unhappiness about these payments.

Controversies

Conflicts of interest

India Cements-Chennai Super Kings' owner and former president N. Srinivasan was criticised for his alleged biased behaviour towards some state boards by awarding them ODI, Test and T20 matches while in office, possibly in violation of the board's rotation policy on venues.

During Srinivasan's tenure as treasur in BCCI before he became the president, the board constitution was amended to facilitate him to buy an IPL franchise, through his company India Cements during the 2008 IPL team auction (An event held where 8 teams was sold through an open auction). Srinivasan courted further controversy for appointing India national side's and Chennai Super Kings' (CSK) captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni as a vice-president of India Cements. He also interfered in national team's selection, in 2012 ex BCCI selector Mohinder Amarnath reveled that selectors wanted to sack Dhoni from skipper post, after India lost 8 test in a row, including "disastrous series in Australia", they wanted to replace him, it was a unanimous decision by selectors, but Shrinivasan didn't allowed to happen it. Srinivasan's son-in-law Gurunath Meiyappan, who was team principal of CSK, was arrested for involvement in Spot-fixing and betting. Then unrecognised state association by BCCI, the Bihar Cricket Association, filed a petition against it for mismanagement and conflict of interest in its investigation of 2013 IPL corruption scandal. In 2013, Mumbai police arrested the Indian cricket team's regular player S. Sreesanth, other players and IPL team owners of Chennai Super Kings and Rajasthan Royals for their dealings with the illegal betting industry. In 2015, the Supreme Court appointed the Lodha Committee suspended Chennai Super Kings from the IPL for two years, and suspended Meiyappan from cricket activities for life. In 2013, Rupa Gurunath—N Shrinivasan's daughter and Gurunath Meiyappan's wife—who was then president of Tamil Nadu Cricket Association, was found guilty of conflict of interest by the BCCI's ethics officer Justice D.K. Jain. In 2015, the Supreme Court of India barred Srinivasan from the BCCI for contesting elections due to his conflict of interests; the court also struck down the amendments of BCCI constitution that had allowed him to own and operate an IPL team. However he still owns the CSK franchise. In January 2015, Supreme court quashed BCCI'S rule, which allowed its administrators to have financial interests in cash rich leagues such as Championship league, IPL etc. The court barred individuals including N Shrinivasan from BCCI election, who have financial interests in events organised by BCCI.

The BCCI does not allow its contracted, non-contracted, national and domestic players to participate in any cricket leagues abroad. Only players who have retired from all formats of Indian cricket can take part in foreign leagues. Players such as Adam Gilchrist have questioned this policy. Indian players such as Suresh Raina and Robin Uthappa have urged the board to allow non-contracted players like them to participate in foreign leagues.

Tax evasions
Many times BCCI avoided paying taxes to the government. Once it claimed that it is a "charitable organisation", to avoid paying taxes and often disguises itself as an Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO). In 2014, Ministry of finance revealed that, there were as many as 213 cases of tax envisions of BCCI/IPL from 2009–10 to 2014, involving 261.64 Cr rupees. In the decade of 2010s, almost every year the Income Tax Department demand the BCCI their 'outstanding income tax' (see details - #Tax payment ). Frequently till 2012, the board got exemptions for tax under the IT Act 1961 (section 11) but later Income tax department declared BCCI'S earnings as commercial and listed them as business incomes. Whenever ICC organises an international event such as world cup in India, it asks BCCI to get tax exemptions from its government. During 2016 T20 world cup, Modi government gave them 10% exemption. According to Deccan Herald's article on 19 December 2021, even though BCCI is one of the world's richest sports bodies and earns thousands of millions of rupees per year, it shows unwillingness to pay income taxes and finds loopholes in laws to avoid paying taxes.

Politicians in the board

Politicians from multiple political parties have held positions within BCCI; Sharad Pawar of the Nationalist Congress Party, Madhavrao Scindia of the Indian National Congress and Anurag Thakur of Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) were BCCI presidents, , latter's brother Arun Singh Dhumal is the IPL chairman. Jay Shah, the son of the Home Minister of India Amit Shah, is BCCI's secretary. Rajiv Shukla of the Congress party is its vice-president, he is in BCCI continuously since 2000s and held various top positions, he was IPL president from 2011 to 2017. Ashish Shelar of BJP is the treasurer.

Lodha committee reform
The BCCI has been criticised for its monopolistic practices, and has suffered from allegations of corruption and cronyism.  Supreme Court of India appointed a committee to make reforms in BCCI, headed by justice R. M. Lodha, the Lodha committee suggested many reforms to the BCCI, but BCCI did not implemented them as a result Supreme court removed officials of the BCCI. On 30 January 2017, The Supreme Court of India nominated a four-member 'Committee of Administrators' (COA) composed of Vinod Rai, Ramachandra Guha, Vikram Limaye and Diana Edulji to administer the BCCI to implement Lodha Committee's reforms. Vinod Rai, a retired civil servant and the former Comptroller and Auditor General of India, led the committee, which administered the board until elections could be conducted.

Many years BCCI consistently opposed to adhere regulations of the National Anti-Doping Agency, India (NADA). On 9 August 2019, it agreed to adhere the anti-doping mechanisms governed by the NADA.

Rebel league
The rebel league the Indian Cricket League (ICL) was owned and operated by Essel Group. BCCI banned Indian players who played in the ICL, including Hemang Badani, Dinesh Mongia, Rohan Gavaskar and Ambati Rayudu, but later gave amnesty to these players and lifted theirs bans after they ended their ties with the ICL. The BCCI blacklisted Essel Group company Zee Entertainment Enterprises due to this league, and expelled it from the BCCI in 2021. Zee was prohibited from buying BCCI's media rights. In 2006, the BCCI sold the Indian cricket team's media rights to Zee for the 2006-11 period but after Essel Group initiated the ICL, the BCCI terminated this deal. Zee fought a long legal battle with the BCCI; on 12 March 2018, a tribunal headed by three judges found BCCI guilty and asked them to pay Zee  for losses. The tribunal found blacklisting of Zee by BCCI was illegal and said in judgement; "To us it seems that BCCI was exploiting its dominating position in respect of game of cricket in India" and also added Zee and its affiliated companies to the blacklist and banning them from participating in the BCCI bidding process was illegal.

Virat Kohli sacking
In 2021 BCCI sacked Virat Kohli from ODI captaincy, then President Ganguly told media that the BCCI asked him to remain captain but Kohli was not interested. After which Kohli took a press conference and contradicted him (Ganguly), revealing that BCCI did not ask him to remain captain. In February 2023, in a sting operation of Zee News, then chief national selector Chetan Sharma, made shocking revelations, accusing Kohli of lying and in fact president Ganguly had told him to remain as captain, in a meeting in front of all the selectors. According to Sharma, Virat Kohli was considering himself bigger than BCCI and wanted to teach a lesson to the president of the BCCI. He also revealed that after Kohli resigned from T20 captaincy, BCCI decided to sack him from ODI captaincy as well because they did not want two separate captains for limited overs format.

Sharma also alleged that lots of Indian players take injections to expedite their return in national team despite being 80 to 85% fit. After few days he resigned from his post.

Criticism of BCCI and National selection committee
BCCI and its selection committee are routinely slammed for irregularities in their selection process. Ideally, the national team's selectors should select players based upon their performance in all forms of domestic cricket but often a higher precedence is alleged to be given to the performance in the IPL, even in the selection of Test squads. This results in the de facto exclusion of players who regularly do well in domestic tournaments like the Ranji Trophy. In 2023 Sunil Gavaskar, Aakash Chopra, Abhinav Mukund, media and many fans slammed BCCI for doing this, Gavaskar fumed said if you (BCCI-selectors) do not consider and choose best performers from Ranji trophy for India's Test team then stop organising it (Ranji trophy), then just organise IPL and select players from it. Former India skipper Sourav Ganguly also has raised questions on selection process, while talking about appointment of Ajinkya Rahane as Test team's vice-captain for the 2023 West Indies tour. Rahane was dropped from the Test team for 18 months, then BCCI selected him in the squad for the 2023 World test championship final, and after playing just one game they (BCCI) made him vice-captain of the Test team; Ganguly said there should be "consistency and continuity" in selection process, this is "difficult to understand". Some also claim that BCCI's selectors use different yard stick for different players, they usually select players by looking their stardom, big name, past performance rather than current. It is said that the selectors often choose players for national side by considering their one or two best innings in IPL, it seems awarding Indian cap (place in national team) has became[sic] an everydays affair. The position of the captain is also not fixed in the team, random players getting selected as captain, almost each bilateral series had new captain, it is evident by the fact that as of July 2022, the Indian team had 8 different people as captain in last 1 year, almost everyone who played in last 5 year for the team got opportunity to become national team's captain. Venkatesh Prasad said "There is no consistency in selection random stuff happening too much." Since last 2 to 3 years, BCCI consistently doing experiments with the national team (senior men's team), numerous players got selected, but majority of them never got chance to play consistently, as a result of this, there is uncertainty in the one day team, apart from 3-4 players, its not certain who will get selected and who will not (Specially for world cup 2023). It is said that due to BCCI's experiments since 2019 world cup, the team yet not settled, even though 2023 world cup is 2.5 months away. The players are also inconsistent in their performance.

In July 2023, BCCI has faced heavy criticism on social media for not broadcasting domestic tournaments such Deodhar trophy, Duleep trophy etc. on TV.

Organisation

Constitution
The BCCI is governed by its constitution. The board has been prohibited by the Supreme Court of India from amending its own constitution without its approval.

Headquarters
The BCCI's headquarters is located at the Cricket Centre within the premises of the Mumbai Cricket Association at Wankhede Stadium in Churchgate, Mumbai, where it occupies three floors of a four-floor building.

Legal status
According to the BCCI, it is an autonomous body and does not receive any grants or funding from the Indian government. In 2004, in the Supreme Court of India, the BCCI's lawyers said the Indian cricket team is "the official team of BCCI and not the official team of India". The lawyers also said the BCCI "do not even fly the national flag" and that it never "uses any national emblem in the activities of the Board". The BCCI recommends its players for prestigious awards such as the Arjuna award but says it is not a national sports federation.  Since its foundation, the BCCI has not been sanctioned by Government of India; without sanction it started as a national governing body of cricket in India and as a sole representative of India in international cricket.

Logo
The BCCI's logo is derived from the Star of India emblem. According to Information Commissioner Sridhar Acharyulu, the logo was designed by the Government of India in 1928. It is 90% similar to the Star of India. The BCCI was alleged to use old official government emblem without prior permission from Government of India and it is an offence under the Emblem and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950.

National teams

The BCCI have 'India cricket team (men), Women national team, India men's and women's U19 teams which represents India in international level cricket while it also govern second-tier or junior teams: India A, B (men's), India A Women's. Rohit Sharma is the skipper of the India cricket team. It has won the 1983, 2011 ODI, and 2007 T20 world cups.

Anti-corruption unit
The BCCI has a special anti-corruption unit that is responsible for preventing malpractice in cricket within India. This unit is responsible for investigating unlawful activities such as betting, spot-fixing, match-fixing and corrupt approaches to players. Shabir Hussein has been the head of this unit since April 2021 .

Ethics officer
Former Indian Supreme Court judge Vineet Saran is the BCCI's incumbent ethics officer and ombudsman. He was appointed in June 2022. The board created this ethics officer post in 2017 due to increasing complaints of conflict of interest in the board's office holders, employees and associated people. The officer reviews complaints of conflict of interest.

Anti-doping unit
Dr. Abhijit Salvi is the head of BCCI's anti-doping unit. NADA sends qualified doctors to collect blood and urine sample of players and later analyse it in lab to find out performance-enhancing drugs or steroids in blood. After that BCCI takes appropriate actions if found doing violations.

Television production
In 2012, the BCCI established its own production house. The BCCI's broadcast service produces coverage of international matches of the Indian national cricket team those held in India; and matches of leading domestic tournaments including the IPL. Until 2012, the BCCI paid the production costs to the company who purchased the media rights from them. Nimbus Communications did production for the BCCI for many years. The BCCI's production house holds production rights and copyrights of Indian cricket's content. The BCCI broadcasts video highlights of domestic and bilateral cricket series in India on its website. Starting in July 2023, it will broadcast live, important domestic games form tournaments such as Duleep and Deodhar Trophy on its website.

Affiliated members

Membership of the Board of Control for Cricket in India consists of full members and associate members; only full members have voting rights in annual general meetings (AGMs).

Following the Lodha Committee's recommendations in 2015, full membership was restricted to state and union territory associations, and limited to one representative body per state. Subsequently, several state associations became full members and, because the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra each had three members, Mumbai, Baroda, Saurashtra and Vidharbh were relegated to associate membership. Neither the Cricket Club of India of Mumbai nor the National Cricket Club of Kolkata field teams in major domestic tournaments but as founding members of BCCI, they had full voting rights until the Lodha Committee recommendations were implemented. Some of the recommendations that were implemented have since been reversed. In 2018, Railways, Services and Universities regained full membership; and in 2022, the rule restricting states to a single full member was removed, meaning Mumbai, Baroda, Saurashtra and Vidharbh once again became full members.

Officials

President

President is an elected position, and is considered the most-powerful position in the BCCI administration. Due to the president's financial power and the popularity of cricket in India, it is considered as a highly prestigious position. The President of the BCCI presides over the meeting of the apex council and the general body. He signs audited annual accounts and financial statements.

The full-member state boards can vote in the presidential election. Gujarat and Maharashtra have more than one full member but as per the Lodha Committee, supreme court guidelines state any state can have only one vote in the election at any time.

Former India-and-Karnataka cricketer, national selector, India under-19 teams' coach and President of the Karnataka State Cricket Association Roger Binny is the incumbent President of the BCCI. He succeeded Sourav Ganguly. Binny is a member of India's 1983 Cricket World Cup-winning team. He took charge in October 2022.

Secretary
'BCCI secretary' is the second most powerful and important post after president. Secretary signs all the contracts and carries correspondence on behalf of BCCI. Jay Shah is the incumbent secretary. The secretary have power to take action or defend office bearers, employees of the BCCI. Shah is also the present president of Asian Cricket Council.

CEO
As per the eligibility criteria, the person who has at least 10 years of working experience in a -or-more annual turnover company on management position can be a chief executive officer (CEO) of the BCCI. Hemang Amin is the incumbent CEO. Rahul Johari became the first CEO; the post was created after the recommendation of the Lodha Committee. The CEO of the BCCI handles its management duties and reports to the BCCI secretary.

National selectors

National selectors are responsible for selecting national men's senior team. It also select male junior teams India A and India B, which represent India in second-and-third tiers of international cricket. The selection committee is composed of five former cricketers from five different zones of the country, Shivasundar Das, Sridharan Sharath, Salil Ankola and Subroto Banerjee are its present members. Chief selector's position is vacant as of 22 May 2023 BCCI's junior national selection committee selects players for junior teams such as India U19 and U15 men. Sharath Sridharan is its chairman since 17 September 2021.

BCCI gives chief national selector 1.25 Cr rupees per year for his job.

The All India women's selection committee selects players for Indian female cricket team. It consists of five female former players from five zones of the nation, who have represented India at international level. , former left-arm spinner Neetu David is the head of this committee since her appointment on 26 September 2020. The committee consists of Neetu David (head), Aarti Vaidya, Renu Margrate, Mithu Mukharjee, Venkatechar Kalpana.

Cricket Advisory Committee
This committee has three members. CAC is responsible for selecting head coach for men's and women's national senior team.

Domestic tournaments

The BCCI organise following national-level tournaments :

Men's domestic cricket

 Ranji Trophy
 Vijay Hazare Trophy
 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy
 Indian Premier League (IPL)
 Duleep Trophy
 Deodhar Trophy
 Irani Cup
 CK Nayudu Trophy
 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy
 Under 25 State A Trophy (One Day format)

Women's domestic cricket

 Women's Senior One Day Trophy
 Women's Senior T20 Trophy
 Women's Premier League (WPL)
 Senior Women's Challenger Trophy
 Senior Women's T20 Challenger Cup
 Senior Women's Inter zonal tournament (T20 format)
  Senior Women's Inter-zonal One Day

Women's junior tournaments

 Women's Under 19 T20 Challenger Trophy  (India A, B, C and D teams participate)
 Women's under 19 T20 trophy
 Women's under 19 One Day Trophy
 U-16 one day tournament
 Women's under 15 One Day Trophy

Men's Junior cricket tournaments

 Cooch Behar Trophy (U-19, 4 day format)
 Vinoo Mankad Trophy (U-19, One Day format)
 Vijay Merchant Trophy (U-16)
 Vizzy Trophy (List-A format)

Finance

Earning
The BCCI is a private entity; it does not depend on the Government of India for its finances. In 2020, with US$405 million out of US$1,534 million, India had 26% share in the ICC FTP income disbursed to 10 Test playing nations, while the England and Wales Cricket Board received US$139 million as the second-highest earner. In the same year, to refinance other boards after the global economic decline and the significantly reduced income of most boards due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the ICC changed its FTP schedule to organise more international matches with India.

ICC will share 38.5% of its total annual income with BCCI from 2023 to 2027, the board could earn $1.15 bn plus in this cycle. BCCI will receive biggest share of ICC's income than any other board.

Income
In financial year (FY) 2019–2020, the BCCI's total annual income was estimated to be over  (US$535 million), including  (US$345 million) from the IPL,  (US$139 million) from bilateral cricket with other nations, and  (US$51 million per year or total US$405 million for eight years) from India's share of ICC revenue.
In financial year 2021-2022 the BCCI earned ₹4542 Cr, in FY 2022-2023 earned ₹6558 Cr.

ICC income share
In 2020, as per the present eight-year Future Tours Program (FTP), India receives US$405 million from the ICC, as contrasted with US$139 million to the England and Wales Cricket Board, while US$128 million for each of Cricket Australia, Cricket South Africa, Pakistan Cricket Board, New Zealand Cricket, Sri Lanka Cricket, Cricket West Indies and Bangladesh Cricket Board, and US$94 million for Zimbabwe.

In FY 2023–2027, ICC going to share 38.5% of its annual revenue with the BCCI.

Media rights
On 16 January 2023, the board sold the Women's Premier League's media rights in  for the period of 2023-2027 to Viacom18.

On 31 August 2023, Viacom18 has acquired the media rights of "India cricket" as a result Viacom18 has exclusive rights to broadcast all the bilateral matches of India national women's-men's cricket team's which will take place in India and right to air all the domestic tournaments such as Ranji, Vijay Hazare trophy, Irani Cup, Duleep trophy and many more. The  deal will last from Sept 2023 to March 2028.

The IPL is the BCCI's largest source of income by medium of media rights. From 2018 to 2022, global rights were awarded to Star India for ₹16,347.5 crore (US$2.0 billion). In 2022, BCCI sold IPL media rights for a staggering ₹48,390 crore (equivalent to ₹510 billion or US$6.4 billion in 2023), comprising television rights of ₹23,575 crore and digital rights of ₹20,500 crore, which were won by Disney and Viacom18 respectively. This deal includes 410 matches from 2023 to 2027. Viacom 18 won the exclusive digital rights for the Indian subcontinent and for streaming to the UK, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa; while Times Internet won global streaming rights in the Middle East, North Africa and the United States. Due to this deal, the IPL became the second-richest league in the world behind National Football League (NFL).

 History of BCCI's media rights-

In 2018, satellite broadcaster Star India won the BCCI's exclusive media rights for the years 2018–2023. Star India won the rights to broadcast Indian cricket team's matches on their television channels, and rights to broadcast on Disney+ Hotstar for .

On average, Star Sports pays  per match to the BCCI. The deal also include rights to broadcast men's domestic tournaments such as the Vijay Hazare trophy, Ranji trophy, Irani Cup, Duleep trophy and Mushtaq Ali Trophy; and women's international cricket matches in India on Star Sport and Disney+ Hotstar.

Sponsorship rights
Viacom18's Sports18 TV channel and its OTT platform JioCinema is the current (2023-2027) official broadcaster of thr BCCI. Adidas is kit sponsor (since June 2023), September 2023 onwards IDFC First Bank is title sponsor for all the bilateral series in India and for all the domestic tournaments, excluding the IPL and Women's Premier League because their title sponsor is TATA for 2022-23 season. Dream 11, Ambuja and Hyundai are official partners.

Ticketing rights

BCCI sold IPL 2022 ticket-selling rights to Book My Show. The deal includes management of spectator entry on stadum gates. Paytm insider app also often sells bilateral series's tickets.

Expenditure

Cricketing infrastructure development

On 12 September 2006, the BCCI announced it would spend  over the next year to upgrade cricket stadiums in India.

In the early 2000s, it established the National Cricket Academy at Bangalore to train future cricketers. On 17 February 2022, the BCCI president Sourav Ganguly founded a new NCA facility at Bangalore, which occupies  of land near an airport. On completion, it will have three cricket grounds, 40 practice pitches, residential rooms, a swimming pool and a gymnasium. Construction will cost .

Stadium security
The BCCI hires police for security and crowd control in arenas during IPL, bilateral and ICC tournaments, unlike Australian or English cricket boards who hire private security agencies. In Maharashtra from June 2023 onwards they have to pay ₹35, ₹50, ₹60 lakhs for Test, ODI and T20 per game respectively to the Maharashtra government.

Donations
In March 2020, BCCI President Sourav Ganguly announced a donation of  to the PM CARES Fund to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2021, the media reported that the BCCI would donate 2,000  Oxygen concentrators to help India fight COVID.

In 2021, the BCCI announced, it will donate ₹10 Cr to Olympic bound Indian contingent.

In August 2023, it paid  to the Constitution Club of India based in New Delhi, to buy gym equipments. The club is an exclusive club for members of parliament of India.

Encouragement to other sports
 It announced reward to the Indian olympians who won medal at Tokyo Olympics.

Players' contracts and welfare

Contracts
The BCCI created four grades for contracted male players—A+, A, B andC; and three grades for contracted female players—A, B and C. Male players who are in A+ grade get  a year. Players of A-grade get , B-grade's players get  and C-grade players receive  per year. Female players who are in A grade get  a year, B-grade players get  a year and C-grade players get  a year.

Pension schemes
The BCCI gives pensions to former domestic and international players who played for India. On 31 December 1993 BCCI decided to give 50,000 rupees pension to the players, who played more than 25 International Test match for the nation. The board gives  pensions to the players who played in the Ranji Trophy before the 1957-to-1958 season. In 2013, the BCCI gave one-time benefits to domestic players who played in more than 75 first-class matches. For female cricketers, the board give a - per-month pension to players who played 10 or more Tests for India; and  per month for those who played between five and nine Tests.

Insurance
The BCCI has taken insurance for nearly everything related to them; they covered mediclaim of their employees, they have insured international and domestic players for loss of fees due to injury, matches, their old office and new office at Wankhede stadium and IPL matches. In case of cancellation of IPL, domestic and international cricket matches due to poor weather, riot, or fire, the BCCI receives payments from insurance companies. The BCCI provides  insurance to players who played under the board.

Tax payment
In 2018,  of tax was outstanding till 1 April 2018;l, this sum was cleared along with interest in September 2018. However the Department of Revenue issued a notice for tax evasion to the BCCI, they also demanded the BCCI for another outstanding income-tax payment of ; according to details submitted by the Ministry of finance in the Parliament in February 2019.

Since IPL began Income Tax Department (IT department) refused to give income tax exemption for IPL, said it is an annual commercial activity. Since financial year 2007-2008 to 2017-2018, BCCI paid ₹3,500 Cr to IT department, out of around ₹12000 Cr it earned from the IPL.

In 2007–08, although the IT department withdrew this exemption, BCCI only paid tax amounting to  against its tax liability of  in the 2009–2010 financial year

In 2012, BCCI paid no income tax, claimed they are a charitable organisation.

In 2015, then Finance minister Jayant Sinha said, ministry collected ₹2140.58 Cr from BCCI, 2004–05 onwards, but tax payment still pending, 53 Cr is from assessment year 2008–09, ₹100 Cr from 2010 to 11, ₹100 Cr from 2011 to 12, ₹116.89 Cr of year 2012–13 from BCCI. In 2014–15, the BCCI paid ₹864.78 Cr income tax by leaving outstanding tax of ₹462.52 Cr, which income tax department want from it, also demanded ₹400 Cr from FY 2015–16.

The following table contains the information of BCCI's tax payment :

In popular culture

 The BCCI was featured in the Jersey, a 2019 Telugu language film in which the main protagonist Arjun (Nani) aspires to play for the India national cricket team and in the Ranji Trophy.
 This organisation was mentioned in M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story (2016) Bollywood film.
 The BCCI was a major talking point in comedian Hasan Minhaj's "Cricket Corruption" episode on the Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj. In "Cricket Corruption", Minhaj claims that the growth of Indian cricket is suppressing cricket's inclusivity and accessibility to fledgling nations (these are referred to as "Associate Members" by the ICC). He even opines that the financial successes of the IPL have launched the BCCI to a position where they now transcend the ICC in global cricketing power and influence.
 The BCCI was featured in Kabir Khan's 83 (2021), which is a Hindi-language sports drama film that chronicles India's against-all-odds victory in the 1983 Cricket World Cup. Albeit not by any means the central focus of the film, the BCCI are presented as an important organization in Indian cricket in supporting and promoting the game across the nation.

See also
 Cricket in India
 BCCI Awards
 Sport in India – Overview of sport in India
 List of national level sport governing bodies in India

Explanatory notes

References

External links
 Official Website

Cricket administration in India
Cricket
1928 establishments in India
Sports organizations established in 1928
Indian cricket administrators
Organisations based in Mumbai

Board of Control for Cricket in India


Carl Hamilton kan henvise til:

 Carl Bastiat Hamilton (1865–1926), svensk generalmajor og politiker
 Carl Hamilton (diplomat) (1890–1977), svensk diplomat
 Carl B. Hamilton (født 1946), svensk nationaløkonom og politiker
 Carl Hamilton (forfatter) (født 1956), svensk økonom, forfatter og debattør
 Carl Hamilton (litterær figur), litterær figur skabt af Jan Guillou

Carl Hamilton


Yang Jiayu (Wuhai, 18 de fevereiro de 1996) é uma atleta chinesa especializada na marcha atlética, campeã e recordista mundial da marcha de 20 km.

Foi medalha de ouro da prova no Campeonato Mundial de Atletismo de 2017 realizado em Londres, vencendo com um tempo de 1:26:18, seu recorde pessoal até então. Em março de de 2021 quebrou o recorde mundial com o tempo de 1:23:49, ao vencer o Campeonato de Marcha Atlética da China, seletiva chinesa para
Tóquio 2020, realizado em Huangshan.

Atletas da China
Marchadores olímpicos da China

Yang Jiayu


Ekolojik genetik, canlılar arasındaki ilişkiler ve canlılarla ortamları arasındaki ilişkiler bağlamında genetiğin araştırmasıdır. Moleküler genetik genlerin yapı ve işlevlerini moleküler seviyede incelerken, ekolojik genetik (ve onunla ilgili bir saha olan popülasyon genetiği) doğal canlı topluluklarında fenotipik evrim üzerinde çalışır. Bu alandaki araştırmalar, ekolojik düzeyde anlamlı olan özellikler üzerinedir. Bir diğer deyişle, bu araştırma konuları bir canlının sağ kalımını ve üremesine etki eden biyolojik uyumla ilgili özellikler ile ilgilidir, örneğin, çiçek açma zamanı, kuraklığa dayanıklılık, cinsiyet oranları gibi.

Araştırmalar çoğu zaman böcekler ve kısa nesil süresi olan diğer canlılar üzerinde yapılır, çünkü bunlarda evrimsel değişiklikler daha çabuk gözlemlenebilir.

Tarih
Doğal topluluklar üzerinde çalışmalar daha evvel de yapılmış olsa da, bu sahanın İngiliz biyolog E.B. Ford (1901-1988) tarafından 20. yüzyılın başlarında kurulmuş olduğu genel olarak kabul edilir. Ford Oxford Universtesi'nde Julian Huxley'den genetik öğrenmiş, ve 1924'te doğal toplulukların genetiği üzerinde araştırma yapmaya başlamıştır. Ekolojik Genetik (Ecological Genetics) konu üzerindeki onun 1964 tarihli büyük eseridir.

Diğer kayda değer genetik genetikçiler arasında Theodosius Dobzhansky sayılabilir, Dobzhansky meyve sineklerindeki kromozom polimorfizmleri üzerinde çalışmıştır. Rusya'da genç bir genetikçiyken Dobzhansky Sergei Chetverikov tarafından etkilenmişti. Chetverikov de bu sahanın öncülerinden sayılmayı hakkeder ama onun katkılarının önemi ancak çok sonraları takdir edilebildi.

Philip Sheppard, Cyril Clarke, Bernard Kettlewell ve A.J. Cain Ford'dan kuvvetle etkilenmişlerdir. Bunların kariyerleri ikinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında başlar. Toplu olarak bu araştırmacıların lepidoptera ve insan kan grupları üzerindeki çalışmaları bu akademik sahayı yerleştirmiştir. Doğal topluluklarda seleksiyon olduğu daha evvelden şüpheyle karşılanırken bunun nasıl olduğunun ayrıntılarını aydınlatmışlardır.

Bu tür çalışmalar uzun vadeli maddi destek gerektirir, ayrıca hem ekoloji hem de genetik konusunda sağlam bir eğitime sahip olmak gerekir. Bazı araştırma projeleri bir araştırmacının kariyerinden daha uzun sürebilir. Örneğin taklitçilik üzerine araştırmalar 150 yıl önce başlamış olmasına rağmen hâlâ dinamik şekilde sürmektedir.

Kaynakça
 Ford E.B. (1964). Ecological Genetics
 Cain A.J. and W.B. Provine (1992). Genes and ecology in history.  In: R.J. Berry, T.J. Crawford and G.M. Hewitt (eds).  Genes in Ecology.  Blackwell Scientific: Oxford. (Provides a good historical background)
 Conner, J.K. and Hartl, D. L. "A Primer of Ecological Genetics". Sinauer Associates, Inc.; Sunderland, Mass. (2004) Provides basic and intermediate level processes and methods.

Popülasyon genetiği
Genetiğin alt alanları
Genetik

Ekolojik genetik


مصرف البصرة الدولي للاستثمار مصرف عراقي خاص يقع في بغداد. للمصرف 12 فرع بواقع 5 فروع في بغداد، 4 فروع في البصرة، فرعين اثنين في النجف وفرع واحد في المنطقة الحرة في دمشق.

المصادر

اقتصاد العراق
بنوك أسست في 1993
بنوك العراق
تأسيسات سنة 1993 في العراق
شركات مقرها في بغداد
شركات عراقية أسست في 1993

مصرف البصرة الدولي للاستثمار


An Aloe cooperi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Gilbert Baker. An Aloe cooperi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 A. c. cooperi
 A. c. pulchra

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Aloe

Aloe cooperi


22 metka, francuski akcijski kriminalistički film iz 2010. godine.

Sažetak
Charlie Mattel tri godine živi mirni obiteljski život sa ženom i djecom. Prije toga imao je posla s mafijom. Jednog dana na parkiralištu sustigla ga je prošlost. Ostavljen je s 22 metka u tijelu. Preživjevši napad, želi se osvetiti i krenuo je u potragu za osobama koje su ga pokušale ubiti.

Francuski filmovi 2010-ih

22 metka (2010.)


فرقة سافاج أو الفرقة البرية  هي تشكيل فرسان في الجيش الإمبراطوري الروسي تتألف من متطوعين من الشيشان وإنغوشيا وداغستان وقراشاي وسيركاسيا وقبردينو - بلقاريا وأذربيجان. شاركت الفرقة في الحرب العالمية الأولى، بقيادة الجنرال الروسي، الدوق ميخائيل الكساندروفيتش رومانوف شقيق القيصر نيقولا الثاني

خلال الثورة الروسية ظلت فرقة سافاج على ولائها ل الحكومة الروسية المؤقتة.

قضية كورنيلوف
قام قائد الفرقة الجنرال الكسندر كريموف وضباطه برد فعل على حركة التمرد من قبل العملاء الألمان في بتروغراد، من خلال نقل بعيد عن جبهة الحرب إلى بتروغراد خلال قضية كورنيلوف. لكن المندوبين المسلمين لسوفييت بتروغراد، وأعضاءه الاسميين في الجمعية الروسية التأسيسية، وصلوا إلى الفرقة مباشرة من العاصمة وليس فقط لتبديد شائعات التمرد، واثبتوا أيضا بالمستندات التي ان كريموف كان يقود تمرد مع قواته ضد الحكومة.

من بين هؤلاء المندوبين بعض المسلمين المعروفين، مثل حفيد الإمام شامل. لهذا السبب، لم يتم القبض عليه، وهو القرار الذي يتعارض مع رغبات ضباط كريموف. هذا وان القبض عليه من شأنه أن يشكل انتهاكا لعادات الضيافة لدى الشيشان وداغستان. لعجزه عن الوفاء لبلده، انتحر قائد الفرقة كريموف.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الفصل 32 «تمرد كورنيلوف» في تاريخ الثورة الروسية  ليون تروتسكي

الإسلام في روسيا
تاريخ القوقاز
تاريخ شمال القوقاز
وحدات وتشكيلات روسيا العسكرية في الحرب العالمية الأولى
وحدات وتشكيلات عسكرية انحلت في 1917
وحدات وتشكيلات عسكرية أسست في 1914

الفرقة البرية


Sakupljači magle su jedan od alternativnih način prikupljanja vode iz magle. Veliki komadi platna koriste se za prikupljanje magle. Hvatanjem magle na platno kapljice padaju u kanal koji se nalazi neposredno ispod platna. Prikupljene kapljice se potom odvode u spremnike. Vodena para iz zraka kondenzira na hladnim površinama pri čemu na površini nastaju kapljice – rosa. Fenomen se najbolje zapaža na tankim, ravnim vidljivim površinama uključujući i lišće i travke. Procesom zračenja toplina prijelazi s površine u okolinu, vlaga iz atmosfere se brže sakuplja nego što isparava, što rezultira nastankom kapljica vode.

Povijest
Prirodna pojava prikupljanja magle prvi put je uočena kod kukaca i biljaka. Skarabej s područja pustinje Namib, poznat i pod nazivom Sakupljač magle (Stenocara gracilipes) živi od vode koja se nakuplja na njegovim krilima zbog pozicija na njegovom tijelu alternativne hidrofilije i hidrofobije.

Obalne sekvoje mogu preživjeti na maloj količini vode upravo zbog kondenzata koji se apsorbira u korijenje. Prvi izum za sakupljanje magle datira iz vremena Inka. Posude su se postavljale ispod sekvoja kako bi se iskoristio prirodni fenomen.

Suvremeni sakupljači magle po prvi put se počinju proučavati 1900-ih. Prvi zapisi o korištenju sakupljača magle, potječu iz Južne Afrike, 1969. godina, gdje se sakupljena magla koristila kao izvor vode u žračnoj bazi. Projekt je realiziran s 2 mreže, površine 100 m2. Prosječno je proizvedeno oko 11 litara vode dnevno, u periodu od 14 mjeseci koliko je trajalo istraživanje, što je 0,5 l vode po m2.

Način prikupljanja vode
Magla obično sadržava od 0,05 do 0,5 grama vode po metru kubnom, s kapljicama od 1 do 40 mikrometara u promjeru. Magla se polako stvara i nošena je vjetrom. Stoga se mreže moraju postavljati na vjetrovita mjesta, struktura materijal mreže treba biti finije i čvrste obrade, kako ne bi došlo do otpuhivanja mreže uzrokovanog jakim vjetrom. Kapljice se hvataju na mrežu, drugi sloj mreže se naslanja na prvi i svojim pomicanjem stvara prolazak kapljica prema dnu mreže gdje se nakuplja u kanal i odvodi.

Dijelovi sakupljača magle
Sakupljači magle sastavljeni su od tri osnovna djela: okvira, mreže i kanala za prikupljanje vode.

Okvir pridržava mrežu. Okvir može biti napravljen od različitih materijala, kao što su nehrđajući čelici pa sve do okvira načinjenih od bambusa. Oblici okvira variraju, tako mogu biti geometrijski, cilindrični i dr. Linearni oblici su obično pravokutnici s krajnjim točkama pričvršćenim u zemlji, na vrhovima se provlači uže koje se potom pomoću klinova zabija u zemlju kako bi se osigurala dodatna sigurnost.

Mreža kao najvažniji dio ovog sustava sastoji se od vlakana koje su međusobno isprepletene te se između njih nalaze male rupice koje se oblažu s kemikalijama u svrhu što bolje kondenzacije. Kemikalije smanjuju histerezu kontaktnog kuta kapljica vode, što omogućava stvaranje više kapljica. Mreža koja se koristi je Shade Cloth, zbog njenih odličnih karakteristika i zbog pristupačnosti na lokalnoj razini u nerazvijenim zemljama. Vlakna karakteriziraju hidrofilna i hidrofobna svojstva, što povećava kondenzaciju. Tako napravljena mreže dohvaća 2% vlage iz zraka, smanjivanjem rupica i veličine niti učinkovitost se povećava. Najbolje mreže su napravljene od nehrđajućeg čelika s nitima veličine od tri do četiri vlasi kose i s rupicama koje su dvostruko veće od niti. Ovakva vrsta mreže može uhvatiti 10% vlage u zraku.

Na samom dnu mreže nalazi se kanal i spremnik za vodu. Ako  je kolektor magle kružni, voda se pohranjuje u bazenu na dnu mreže.

Moderne metode

Nakon prvog istraživanja u Južnoj Africi, sljedeće veliko istraživanje započinje 1987. godine. Započeli su ga Katoličko sveučilište Čilea i Internacionalna organizacija za razvitak i istraživanja (International Development Research Centre Canada) u Kanadi. U Sjevernoj Italiji postavili su 100 mreža, površine 48 m2. Rezultat tog projekta bio je proizvodnja 0,5 l vode za svaki metar kvadratni ili ukupno 33 litre vode po stanovnika (300 stanovnika) mjesta svaki dan.

Kanadski projekt

Sredinom osamdesetih, Meteorološka služba Kanade (MSC) započela je gradnju i postavljanje kolektora na Mount Sutton u Quebecu. Kolektori su se sastojali od velikog komada platna (dimenzija 12 x 4 m) koji se protezao između dva drvena stupa u razmaku od 6 m, pričvršćeni s užadi, a na dnu se nalazi kanal i spremnik.

Čileanski projekt

Namjera kanadskog projekta bila je korištenje sakupljača magle u svrhu proučavanja sastava magle. Međutim, njihov uspjeh izazvao je interes znanstvenika u čileanskoj Nacionalnoj šumskoj korporaciji (CONAF) i Katoličkom sveučilištu u Čileu kako bi iskoristio oblake Camchanca ili Garu (garúa) koji prekrivaju sjevernu obalu Čila u zimskim mjesecima. Uz financiranje Međunarodnog istraživačkog centra za razvoj (IDRC), MSC je surađivao s Čileancima kako bi započeo testiranje različite načine prikupljanja na planini El Tofo u sjevernom Čileu. Kada je planiranje završilo, oko 50 sustava je podignuto i započelo je korištenje vode iz magle za navodnjavanje, koje je trebao rezultirati pošumljavanjem. Ako bi se sadnice primile, one bi počele same za sebe prikupljati maglu, poput ostalih prašuma u Južnoj Americi, te bi se tako vratio život.

Međutim, uspjeh projekta pošumljavanja ostao je nerealiziran zbog poteškoća nastalih tijekom planiranja oko pet godina nakon početka projekta, obližnje selo Chungungo počelo je zahtijevati spuštanje cjevovoda u selo. Premda to nije bio u okviru CONAF-a, dogovoreno je proširenje sabirnog objekta na 94 mrežna sakupljača s rezervnim spremnikom i cjevovodima koji bi vodio do 300 stanovnika Chungungoa.

Projekt koji je završen 1992. godine u početku je postigao spektakularan uspjeh s prosječnom proizvodnjom od 15.000 litara vode dnevno (na 100.000 litara) koje su se mogle pohraniti ili odvoditi u selo za piće, kupanje i navodnjavanje. Postignuti uspjeh rezultirao je velikim publicitetom, stanovnici  su kolektore nazivali "čudom".

Nažalost, IDRC izvještava da je deset godina kasnije, 2002. godine, ostalo samo 9 sakupljača od 50 postavljenih te da su u lošem stanju. S druge strane, MSC navodi u svom članku da je objekt još uvijek bio u potpunosti funkcionalan 2003. godine.

Kao razlog  neuspjeha ovog projekta navode se mnogi čimbenici. Budući da je projekt započeo u jednom smjeru, a provedba se nastavila u drugom smjeru javlja se neorganiziranosti, koja je dovela do nejasnog krajnjeg cilja. Mještani Chungungo formirali su odbor za održavanje i popravak kolektora koji su financirani iz seoskih domaćinstava, ali je nova vodoopskrba dovela do povećanja populacije sela, a odbor nije imao sredstva za nadogradnju sustava.

Međutim, postojeći dokazi upućuju na to da je neuspjeh popravljen i da su operacije uspješne.

Marokanski projekt

Mahadi Lafram iz tima Dar Si Hmad (DSH), marokanska nevladinih  udruga, govori u ožujku 2015. godine o izgradnji sustava na području Anti-Atlasa. Upravo u tom području je velika potražnja za vodom, a isto to područje prekriveno je maglom 6 mjeseci godišnje. Tehnologija koju je osmislila DSH u sebi ima i sustav za praćenje količine sakupljene vode te dostavu podataka putem SMS poruka. Ovakav sustav je od presudne važnosti u poticanju društva u lokalnoj zajednici. Prema ispitivanju MIT-a, metode prikupljanja magle koje provodi DSH, "poboljšavaju učinkovitost prikupljanja za oko petsto posto".

Međunarodna primjena

Iako sami projekt nije uspio u Čileu, ova metoda prikupljanja vode prihvaćena je diljem svijeta. Danas, Internacionalna Organizacija za korištenje rose (International Organization for Dew Utilization) radi na efektivnim kondenzatorima na bazi folije za regije u kojima kiša ili magla ne mogu pokriti potrebe vode tijekom cijele godine.

Nedugo nakon uspjeha, formirana je neprofitna organizacija, FogQuest, koja je započela djelovanje i postavljanje novih sustava u Jemenu i središnjem Čileu, projektiranje novih sustava za Gvatemalu, Haiti i Nepal u nadi da će ovo biti projekt za budućnost s velikom funkcionalnošću. Sela u ukupno 25 država svijeta posjeduju ovaj sustav prikupljanja magle. Neki od njih se koriste za održavanje vegetacije. Pretpostavka je da će upravo ovaj sustav biti jedan od glavnih sustava prikupljanja magla u budućnosti.

Prednosti
Voda se može prikupljati u bilo kojem okolišu, uključujući i iznimno suha područja, kao što je pustinja Atacama. Tako prikupljena voda može biti sigurnija za piće od vode vađene iz zemlje. Sakupljanje magle smatra se  niskobudžetnim načinom prikupljanja vode, nakon postavljanja potrebno je samo povremeno četkanje mreže kako bi ostala čista. Dijelove nije teško pronaći, što omogućava jednostavni popravak sustava isto tako za opravak nije potrebno veliko znanje. Sakupljači magle najjeftiniji su oblik alternativnog sakupljanja vode.

Nedostatci
Postavljanja sakupljača magle ograničeno je klimom i područjem postavljanja. Količina prikupljene vode tijekom godine se razlikuje, na količinu vode koja je skupljena utječu vremenske promjene. Voda koja je prikupljena može sadržavati štetne organizme, prašinu i insekte. Sakupljena vlaga može potaknuti rast plijesni i drugih moguće toksičnih mikroorganizama na mreži.

Vidi još

 Fog Collector
 Kišnica
 Filtriranje vode
 Biovodik
 Solar still

Vanjske poveznice

 Stenocara gracilipes
 Kontaktni kut
 Shade Cloth
Katoličko sveučilište Čilea
International Development Research Centre Canada
 MSC-Meteorological Service of Canada
CONAF
garúa

 International Organization for Dew Utilization)

Izvori

Voda
Tehnologija

Sakupljači magle


WFU can refer to
Wake Forest University, a private university in North Carolina
Water filtration unit, used for water purification
Westlife Fans United, a fan club for the vocal group Westlife
Wildland Fire Use, a wildland fire management term
Withdrawn from use, a military acronym, particularly in the United Kingdom
Women's Food and Farming Union, an organization in the United Kingdom
 Woodfree uncoated paper
 WuFeng University in Chiayi County, Taiwan

WFU


Saeed Poursamimi, né le  à Téhéran (Iran), est un acteur iranien.

Il fait ses débuts en 1987 dans Capitaine Khorshid réalisé par Nasser Taghvai.

Il détient le record du plus grand nombre de prix Simorgh de cristal pour un  acteur de soutien avec trois récompenses.

Filmographie partielle

Au cinéma

 1975 : Mir Nassir va ghool-e negoonbakht
 1984 : Tohfeha : Tavassol
 1987 : Capitaine Khorshid (Nakhoda Khorshid) :
 1988 : Hey Joe! : Jafar Panahi
 1988 : Ta ghoroob
 1991 : Pardehe Akhar
 1992 : Del Shodegan : Naser Khan Deylaman
 1993 : Abadani-Ha : Darvish
 1995 : Chehre : Gholamreza Maveddat
 1996 : The Land of the Sun : Lefteh
 1997 : Jahan Pahlevan Takhti : The Unknown Old man
 1998 : The Ugly and The Beautiful : The Rebels' Boss
 1999 : Iran saray-e man ast : Karmand
 1999 : Nasl-e Sookhte : The Old Prince
 1999 : Eshgh-e Taher : Ferti/Mohandes Minavi
 2000 : Bride of Fire : The lawyer
 2002 : Inja cheraghi roshan ast
 2003 : The Fever : Yar-Mohamamd
 2004 : The Equation : Ali-Morad
 2007 : Lonesome Trees : Roshan
 2007 : The Painting
 2007 : The Rules of the Game : Esrafil Khan/Biyuk Ghoraze
 2011 : A Cube of Sugar : Uncle Ezzatolah
 2012 : Kissing the Moon-Like Face
 2018 : Columbus de Hatef Alimardani
 2020 : Amphibious
 2022 : Leila et ses frères (Leila's Brothers)

Récompenses et distinctions

 Simorgh de cristal du meilleur second rôle pour Naghmeh-ha - 1986
 Simorgh de cristal du meilleur second rôle pour Pardeh-ye Akhar - 1990
 Tandisse d'or du meilleur premier rôle pour Sarzamin-e Khorshid - 1997
 Prix Hafez pour toute la carrière cinématographique - 1997

Notes et références

Liens externes

Acteur iranien du XXe siècle
Acteur iranien du XXIe siècle
Naissance en février 1944
Naissance à Téhéran
Acteur iranien de cinéma
Acteur iranien de télévision
Acteur iranien de théâtre

Saeed Poursamimi


Thornton may refer to:

People
Thornton (surname), people with the surname Thornton
Justice Thornton (disambiguation), judges named "Thornton"
Thornton Wilder, American playwright

Places

Australia
Thornton, New South Wales
Thornton, Queensland, a locality in the Lockyer Valley Region
Thornton, South Australia, a former town
Thornton, Victoria

Canada
Thornton, Ontario

New Zealand
Thornton, Bay of Plenty, settlement in the Bay of Plenty
Thornton, Waikato, suburb of Hamilton
Thornton Bay, settlement on the Coromandel Peninsula

South Africa
Thornton, Cape Town

United Kingdom
Thornton, Angus, a location
Thornton, Buckinghamshire
Thornton, East Riding of Yorkshire
Thornton, Fife
Thornton, Lancashire
Thornton, Leicestershire
Thornton, Lincolnshire
Thornton, Merseyside
Thornton, Northumberland, a location
Thornton, Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire
Thornton, Pembrokeshire
Thornton, West Yorkshire
Thornton Abbey, Lincolnshire
Thornton Curtis, Lincolnshire
Thornton Heath, London
Thornton Hough, Merseyside
Thornton in Craven, North Yorkshire
Thornton in Lonsdale, North Yorkshire
Thornton-le-Beans, North Yorkshire
Thornton-le-Clay, North Yorkshire
Thornton-le-Dale, North Yorkshire (also simply Thornton Dale)
Thornton le Moor, Lincolnshire
Thornton-le-Moor, North Yorkshire
Thornton-le-Moors, Cheshire
Thornton-le-Street, North Yorkshire
Thornton Rust, North Yorkshire
Thornton Steward, North Yorkshire
Thornton Watlass, North Yorkshire
Thornton (ward), an electoral ward of the Lambeth London Borough Council

United States
Thornton Creek, a stream in Seattle, Washington, USA

Communities
Thornton, Arkansas
Thornton, California
Thornton, Colorado
Thornton, Idaho
Thornton, Illinois
Thornton, Iowa
Thornton, Kentucky
Thornton, Mississippi
Thornton, New Hampshire
Thornton, Pennsylvania
Thornton, Rhode Island
Thornton, Texas
Thornton Township, Cook County, Illinois
Thornton Township, Buffalo County, Nebraska
Thornton, Wisconsin

Companies and organizations
Thorntons Inc., a U.S. gasoline and convenience store chain
Thorntons Ltd., a UK chocolate brand
Thornton's Bookshop (aka Thornton's) a university bookshop in Oxford, England
Thornton Academy, a private 6-12 school in Saco, Maine, USA

Other uses
USS Thornton, several United States Navy ships

See also

Thorntons Gap, Hervey Range, North Queensland, Australia
Thornton Hibs F.C., a Scottish football club
Thorton (disambiguation)
Grant Thornton (disambiguation)

Thornton


Fred Sands (født 16. februar 1938, død 23. oktober 2015) var en amerikansk forretningsmand og investor i fast ejendom. Han var formand for Vintage Capital Group.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Vintage Capital Group
 Vintage Real Estate
 Vintage Fund Management

Personer fra New York City
Erhvervsfolk fra USA

Fred Sands


L'Hôpital Ippokrátio (en ) est un hôpital public de Thessalonique, en Grèce.

Le bâtiment principal a été construit en 1908. L'institution s'appelait avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale l'hôpital Hirsch en hommage au philanthrope et financier juif français Maurice de Hirsch. Il a été édifié par l'architecte italien .

Pendant l'occupation de la Grèce par l'Axe, il est réquisitionné par l'armée allemande. Il a été rebaptisé après la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

De nos jours, il fait partie du système national de santé grecque et est le plus grand hôpital de Thessalonique.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Ιπποκράτειο Νοσοκομείο
 ippokratio.gr

Hôpital en Grèce
Fondation en 1908

Hôpital Ippokrátio


Four Star Playhouse (titre original) est une série-anthologie américaine en quatre saisons et cent-trente épisodes, diffusée originellement de 1952 à 1956.

Synopsis
Chaque épisode a un synopsis différent, selon le principe de la série-anthologie.

Fiche technique
 Titre original : Four Star Playhouse
Réalisateurs (sélection) :
Roy Kellino (46 épisodes, 1953-1956)
Robert Florey (38 épisodes, 1952-1956)
Richard Kinon (10 épisodes, 1955-1956)
Robert Aldrich (5 épisodes, 1953-1954)
Blake Edwards (5 épisodes, 1953-1954)
William A. Seiter (4 épisodes, 1954-1956)
Scénario (sélection) :
Blake Edwards (54 épisodes, 1952-1954)
Musique (sélection) :
Ernest Hughes (épisodes non spécifiés)
Gérard Calvi (2 épisodes, 1955-1956)
Directeurs de la photographie (sélection) :
George E. Diskant (114 épisodes, 1952-1956)
Nicholas Musuraca (5 épisodes, 1953-1956)
Direction artistique (sélection) :
 (100 épisodes, 1952-1956)
 (21 épisodes, 1952-1953)
Montage (sélection) :
Samuel E. Beetley (93 épisodes, 1952-1956)
Producteurs (sélection) :
Charles Boyer (29 épisodes, 1952-1956)
David Niven (28 épisodes, 1952-1956)
Dick Powell (28 épisodes, 1952-1956)
Roy Kellino (7 épisodes, 1954-1955)
Ronald Colman (3 épisodes, 1952-1953)
Série-anthologie en noir et blanc – Durée de chaque épisode : 25 min
Société de production :
Chaîne de première diffusion : Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)
Dates de diffusion () :
Premier épisode (My Wife Geraldine) :
Dernier épisode (Success Story) :

Distribution (sélection)
(par nombre d'épisodes et ordre alphabétique)

Plusieurs épisodes
David Niven (32 épisodes, 1952-1956)
Dick Powell (32 épisodes, 1952-1956)
Charles Boyer (30 épisodes, 1952-1956)
Ida Lupino (19 épisodes, 1953-1956)
Herb Vigran (14 épisodes, 1952-1956)
Regis Toomey (8 épisodes, 1952-1956)
Rhys Williams (6 épisodes, 1952-1955)
John Doucette (5 épisodes, 1954-1955)
Ronald Colman (4 épisodes, 1952-1954)
Merle Oberon (3 épisodes, 1953-1955)
Teresa Wright (2 épisodes, 1955-1956)

Un épisode
Charles Bronson (épisode The Whitness, 1953)
Angie Dickinson (épisode The Rites of Spring, 1956)
Joanne Dru (épisode A Kiss for Mr. Lincoln, 1955)
Cedric Hardwicke (épisode Tunnel of Fear, 1956)
Maureen O'Sullivan (épisode The Gift, 1953)
Franchot Tone (épisode Award, 1955)
Lee Van Cleef (épisode Trail's End, 1953)
Natalie Wood (épisode The Wild Bunch, 1955)

Épisodes
Voir détails sur l'IMDb ci-après.

Liens externes

Série télévisée créée en 1952
Série télévisée disparue en 1956
Série télévisée américaine des années 1950
Anthologie à la télévision ou dans les séries télévisées
Série télévisée de CBS

Four Star Playhouse


يشار كمال
كمال صادق جوكجلى  (جوكجلى: من اللون الأزرق السماوى) وهو عثمانى كردى، روائى وكاتب سيناريو وقصص قصيرة، مواليد عام 1923، هو واحد من الكتاب الرواد في الأدب التركى. أول كتاب قصة ألفه هو في الأصفر الساخن. وقد نشر رواية محمد النحيل في الجمهورية فكانت بمثابة رواية الطفل الأولى. رواية محمد النحيل ترجمت إلى ما يقرب من أربعين لغة وقد نشر وطبع أكثر من أربعين ألفا من كتبه. يشار كمال الذي استفاد كثيرا من أساطيره وحكاياته التي كتبها في الأناضول. وهو واحد من أعضاء جمعية كتاب بن.وهو أول كاتب كردى تركى رشح ل جائزة نوبل في الأدب.

طفولته
يشار كمال هو ابن المزارع صادق أفندى ونيجار هانم. أتى إلى الدنيا وهو من عائلة تعيش في قرية أربيس (أونسلى حاليا) التابعة لمركز مرادية القريبة من بحيرة وان وعلى طريق وان آرجيش. ووفقا لأفكاره فإنه كان طفلا من عائلة كردية واحدة في قرية تركمان. يشار كمال الذي ولد ونشأ في قرية وبيت كردى إلا أنه تحدث اللغة التركية بطلاقه. وانتقلت عائلته إلى قرية هميته (جوكجدام حاليا) التابعة لأضنه العثمانية بسبب الحرب العالمية الأولى. وهو في عمر الخامسة شهد مقتل والده في الجامع. وفي فترة الثانوية عمل في وظائف مختلفة. في عام 1941 عمل ككاتب وفلاح أجير في مزرعة لزراعة قطن أبناء قوزوجو. وفي عام 1942 عمل كموظف في مكتبة أبناء رمضان في مركز أضنة. وعمل كرئيس أيضا في وقاية النباتات ثم بعد ذلك عمل كوكيل معلم في قرية حديقة قاديرلى ما بين عامى 1941 و 1942. وعمل في حقول القطن وكفلاح أجير في مزارع سمكية وكسائق للجرار في بعض الأحيان وعمل كمشرف في حقول الأرز.

حياته الفنية
قبل أن يبدأ الدراسة الابتدائية شرع في تدوين الأعمال الفنية في بداية عام 1978. وأوضح ما جال بخاطره وتعرفه بالشعراء الشعبيين كبار السن عندما بدأ دراسته وبادر بأعمال الشعر. وبينما كان في آخر صف من دراستة الابتدائية تعرف بصديقه المحبوب أحمد وكان يعزف على آلة موسيقية ببراعة بينما كان يشار كمال يعزف على ألته الموسيقية بردائه وكان السبب في ذلك هو والدته. فبسبب هذا أدخل على اللغة بهذه الكلمات: (لدى أسبابى لعدم إستطاعتى العزف جيدا على آلتى الموسيقية، فأنا سوف أصبح عاشقا لأمى وسأتجول أيضا بين الديار، قال لآلته الموسيقية قد أصبحتى عدوه لعشقى هذا فقد كنت طفلها الوحيد حيث أن عينيها لم تفارقنى يوما. وفي المدرسة تعرفت بصديقى المحب ماجد وزادت معرفتى به في الأعياد والحفلات وأتذكر الآن جيدا مدى معرفتى الواسعة بصديقى ماجد وإلتقائى به صباحا ومساء في مقهى في قاديرلى). وبعد أن ترك المدرسة الثانوية بدأ في تجميع المأثورات الشعبية. والرثاء هو أول كتاب يحتوى على الرثاء الذي جمعه من التوروس مع جوكوروقا وقد نشر في جميع أنحاء أضنة في عام 1943. وقد نشر له أول قصة في عام 1944 ولكنها كانت قصة سيئة للغاية. وكتب خلال خدمته العسكرية في قيصرى. ونشرت قصص له بعنوان صاحب المتجر والطفل في عام 1950. وقد كتب ونشر كتب متنوعه باسم كمال صادق كوغجلى وبدأ باستخدام اسم يشار كمال عندما إنضم إلى جريدة الجمهورية. قصة في الأصفر الساخن كان تسلل لأول كتاب من القصص القصيرة التي نشرت في عام 1952. وقد كتب أيضا قصص قصيرة بعنوان الطفل. وكتب محمد النحيل في عام 1947 ولكنه تركها في نصفها وأنتهى منها في عام1953. وأوضح فيما قد قيل في حادثة ابن عمه وتعرضه للضرب في الجبال بسبب قطاع الطرق واللصوص في كتابة رواية عن هذا في عام 1987. وأيضا فيما قد قيل عن طفولته التي قضاها مع اللصوص وقطاع الطريق في عام 1936 حيث أن خاله هو واحدا من قطاع الطريق الكبار ويعيش بين ما يقرب من خمسمائة لص وهو واحد أيضا من تلك المنظمات الأولى في حرب الاستقلال وهو رمزى بيه وقيل أنه من عائلة أبناء كراموفتو الشهيرة. رمزى بيه هذا الذي شرح لنفسه أول حكاية محمد النحيل وأوقع حكاية جكير ديكانى وصنع لنفسه فلسفة خاصه باللصوص فقط وشرحها ليشار كمال. قصة الطفل هو أول عمل نشر في دنيا يشار كمال وترجمت من قبل إلى اللغة الفرنسية ثم بعد ذلك ترجمت إلى لغات آخرى مثل اللغة الإنجليزية واللغة الإيطالية واللغة الروسية واللغة الرمانية.

حياته السياسية
منذ سبعة عشر عاما وهو بداخل السياسات الاشتراكية. وفي عام 1962 أنضم إلى حزب العمال في تركيا والتي تأسس بعد إعلان الدستور في عام 1961. كمال هو واحد من المديرين والذي عمل لمدة ثمانى سنوات في هذا المجال. والذي كان يرغب في الانتقال من أعمال الإدراة إلى الطبقة العاملة. وكان قد أوضح الحاجة إلى حزب ماركسست في تركيا والذي قد تحدث عنه في عام1987. وقد طرح سؤالا في نفس المقابلة بخصوص (النموذج وكيفية التقرب اليه؟) وقد أعطى هذا الجواب: كل دولة تؤسس لنفسها نموذج مشترك فلا يمكننا أن نقبل تاريخ حياة النموذج السوفياتى منذ سبعين عاما وإن اشتراكية الاستقلال كانت مئة بالمئة من حيث استقلال الشخص واستقلال الدولة واستقلال السياسة واستقلال الاقتصاد وخاصة الاستقلال الثقافى فإن الاشتراكية لا يوجد لها معنى آخر بالنسبة لى ولا يوجد ثقافات الا وقد تم تغذية بعضها من البعض حتى عصرنا هذا ومع ذلك فقد استخدمت الثقافة عمدا من أجل تدمير الثقافات من قبل الإمبرياليين وبالنسبة لى فإن العالم هو عبارة عن حديقة ثقافية تتكون من ألف زهرة وأنى أفقد العد الأعظم من أجل العالم إذا لم تكن هناك حتى زهرة واحدة في البستان. وانفصاله عن الكتابة في هذا المجال قد تسبب في خسارته لطبيعة الحزب لينتقل بعد ذلك إلى أيدى البيروقراطين ويتصل بهم وينتزع من العمال. وإن انهيار الاتحاد السوفيتى ليس هو انهيار الاشتراكية على العكس من ذلك فإن العالم هو انتصار الاشتراكية فقد أعرب عن كل هذا في مقابلة التي كانت عام 1993.

الموضوعات
إذا كان الشعب قد ظلم، وإذا كان، وإذا كان الشعب قد سحقوا، وإذا كان، وهم من يستغلون، وإذا استغلوا، وهل هذه إقطاعية، وهل هذه بورجوازية، فإن لدى أعمالى الفنية فإذا مرت لمواجهة سعادة الناس فقد كنت واجهتها بجميع حياتى، وإذا لم تستطيع العظام ان تنفصل عن اللحم ولكنى أريد أن تنفصل أعمالى عن الشعب فانا لا أؤمن بأن الفن قد انقطع عن الشعب في هذا العصر. وأصبح حاكما عندما فكر يشار كمال في الدراسات الأدبية وإظهارها للشعب. وعلى هذا قد أخرجه موحدا بفكره السياسى في هذا المجال. حاول عدم انتزاع القيم الإنسانية كما هو الحال في ملحمة العمل الفنى في الشعر الشعبى. وقد أعرب يشار كمال وأحضر إلى اللغة مصالح البروليتاريا في التخلص من الفن والذي كان يعتقد أن الناس والطبيعة غير متوازيون مع فن الرأى السياسى.

أعماله

القصص
 الأصفر الساخن، الأصول 1952.
 جميع الحكايات، جمع 1975.

الروايات
 محمد النحيل، المجلد الأول 1955.
 الصفيحة، الأصول 1955.
 مركز الدعامة، رمزى 1960.
 حديد الأرض ونحاس السماء، الثقة 1963.
 العشب لا يموت، القسم 1968.
 محمد النحيل، المجلد الثانى 1969.
 جناية سوق الحدادين، جمع 1974.
 ماذا لو قتلوا الثعبان، جمع 1976.
 الطيور أيضا قد ذهبت (قصة طويلة)، الوطنية 1978.
 استياء البحر، الوطنية 1978.
 طيور ممطرة، لا أحد هنا الأولى، طوروس 1980.
 شجرة الرمان التي في هيويوك، طوروس 1982.
 محمد النحيل، المجلد الثالث 1984.
 بوابة القلعة، لا أحد هنا الثانية، طوروس 1985.
 محمد النحيل، المجلد الرابع 1987.
 صوت الدم، لا أحد هنا الثالثة، طوروس 1991.
 انظر اليك فرصة تدفق المياه والدم، حكاية جزيرة الأولى، الرجل 1997.
 النمل داخل المياه، حكاية جزيرة الثانية، الرجل 2002.
 ديك مطلع الشمس، حكاية جزيرة الثالثة، الرجل 2002.
 البحر العارى والجزيرة العارية، حكاية جزيرة الرابعة 2012.
 الطيور المجنحة 2013.

روايات أطفال
 النملة العرجاء ذو اللحية الحمراء مع الفيل السلطان، جمع 1977.

ترجمة
 مجوهرات من ضوء القمر، مع فيداليا وثيلدا كمال، الرجل 1977.

مقابلة
 50 يوما في غابة محرقة، جمعية الغابات التركية 1955.
 جوكوروفا بجانب بعضها، ياديتبه 1955.
 الركام الترابى، الأصول 1957.
 كليا من هذا الوطن، جمع 1971.
 سحابة تغلى، جمع 1974.
 جنود الله، الوطنية 1978.
 60 عاما في كتابة مقابلة 2011.
 الأطفال هم بشر 2013.

التجارب والتدوين
 الرثاء، أضنة: مركز الجالية 1943.
 في أحسن الأحوال، أتاكاما 1961.
 الملح الذي في العسل (مقالات صحفية 1959-1974)، جمع 1974.
 بقى وجه السماء الزرقاء (مختارات من الأدب الشعبى، مع ايوبوغلو).
 تعفن الشجر: مقالات_خطب (كما يقول: ألباى كباجالى)، الوطنية 1980.
 10 نوحات غير منشورة، فن الأناضول 1985.
 محتويات الدفتر الأصفر: تجميعات الفولكور (جائزة ألباى كاباجالى) 1997.
 النحل هو الصانع، جان 1995.
 الاضطهاد أنت فن، جان 1995.
 حديقة كثيرة الزهور 2009.

الجوائز
 1955 جائزة تميز جمعية الصحفيين (مع تسلسل مقابلة تسمى: سبعة أيام في أكبر مزرعة في العالم).
 1956 جائزة رواية الأصول (مع محمد النحيل).
 1966 جائزة إلهان إسكندر (مع لعبة توافق بنفس الاسم من الصفيحة).
 1966 الجائزة الأولى لمهرجان المسرح الدولى (مع لعبة الجدول الطويل الذي وضع لمشهد يلماز اوناى، وتوافقه مع مشهد نهادالآسيوى من رواية حديد الأرض ونحاس السماء، جائزة تركيا وتشاركت معها البرازيل).
 1974 جائزة رواية الحقير (مع جناية سوق الحدادين).
 1977 جائزة أفضل رواية أجنبية لإتحاد النقاد الفرنسيين (مع حديد الأرض ونحاس السماء).
 1978 جائزة أفضل كتاب أجنبى في فرنسا.
 1979 جائزة أفضل كتاب لهيئة تحكيم كبرى في فرنسا.
 1982 جائزة سينو ديل دوكا الدولية.
 1984 جائزة الشرف الفرنسية برتبة قائد.
 1984 جائزة شعبية معرض الكتاب.
 1985 جائزة أدبية لمؤسسة سيدات سيمافى.
 1986 جائزة رواية اورهان كمال.
 1988 جائزة شعبية معرض الكتاب.
 1988 وسام الفنون والأداب بدرجة قائد في وزارة الثقافة الفرنسية.
 1991 دكتوراه الفخر لجامعة ستراسبورغ الفرنسية.
 1992 كاتب الفخر لمعرض الكتاب 11.
 1992 دكتوراه الفخر لجامعة البحر الأبيض المتوسط أنطاليا.
 1993 جائزة كبرى لوزارة الثقافة.
 1994 جائزة رابطة خريجى رشدى كوراى.
 1995 جائزة جريدة يولاندس بوستن الدنمارك.
 1996 جائزة حرية التعبير لإتحاد الناشرين تركيا.
 1996 جائزة الكتاب الأجنبى للبحر الأبيض المتوسط مع صوت الدم (بربينيان، فرنسا).
 1996 جائزة كاتالونيا السادسة الدولية (برشلونة، إسبانيا).
 1996 جائزة الشجاعة ضد الطباعة ليليان هيلمان وهاميت داشيل، ومنظمة حقوق الإنسان ورصد الانتهاكات.
 1997 جائزة حرية الكلام وفكر مؤسسة كينا (أوبسالا، السويد).
 1997 جائزة رابطة الكتاب النرويجية، وتتقاسمها مع وول سوينكا.
 1997 جائزة رابطة الناشرين الألمانيين ومعرض فرانكفورت للكتاب.
 1998 الدكتوراه الفخرية جامعة فرى برلين.
 1998 جائزة الأداب الأجنبية لإتحاد الناشرين بوردو.
 2002 الدكتوراه الفخرية جامعة بلكنت.
 2003 جائزة الشعر هوميروس.
 2003 جائزة سافانوس (سالونيك).
 2003 جائزة نشر الأعمال اتحاد الناشرين تركيا.
 2008 جائزة الفن الكبرى والثقافة الرئاسية.
 2009 الدكتوراه الفخرية جامعة كوكوروفا.
 2011 وسام الشرف.
 2013 وسام كريكور ناريجتسى.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية

 تصريحات موجزة حول يشار كمال.
 الموقع الرسمى.
 جامعة سابانجى مدرسة اللغات يشار كمال_مشكلة الثقافة.
 السيرة الذاتية ليشار كمال.
 يشار كمال وغونتر غراس: دعاة التنوع.
 عنوان الدكتوراه الفخرية.
بوابة تركيا

أكراد أتراك
حائزون على جائزة سينو ديل دوكا
حاصلون على وسام جوقة الشرف من رتبة ضابط عظيم
حاصلون على وسام جوقة الشرف من رتبة قائد
روائيو القرن 20
روائيون أتراك
سجناء ومعتقلون أتراك
مدفونون في مقبرة زنجيرلي قويو
مصورون أتراك
مواليد 1342 هـ
مواليد 1923
وفيات 1436 هـ
وفيات 2015
وفيات بسبب متلازمة الاختلال العضوي المتعدد
وفيات في إسطنبول

يشار كمال


1948 දක්වා වසර 150 ක් තරමි  කාලයක් ශ්‍රි  ලංකා පාලනය කල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත්  විජිත පාලකයෝ 1840 ගනන්වලදි කෝපි වගාව  සහ ඉන්පසු 1880 ගණන්වලදි තේ සහ රබර් වැනි නව වැවිලි  බෝග ආරමිභ කිරිමක් සමග රටට වැවිලි ආර්ථිකයක්  හදුන්වා  දුන්නාය. සාමිප්‍රදායික ගැමි කෘෂිකර්මය ඉවතට ලා ඵ්වෙනුවට 1840 ගණන්වලදි මේ  නව ආර්ථිකය ඉස්මතු විමත් සමග ශ්‍රි  ලංකික ආර්ථිකය ලෝක ආර්ථිකය  ඵ්කාබද්ධ  කිරිම හා ක්‍රියාවලිය සහ ඵ් හා ආශ්‍රිත දුර්වලතා  ආරමිභ කිරිමක් විය.

1956දි දේශපාලන නායකත්වයේ  වෙනසක් වීමෙන් පසු 1977 දක්වා  කාලයේ වර්ධනයට පසුබිම තත්වයන්ට කළින් කාල සිමා‍වේ තත්වයන්ට වඩා වෙනස් විය. විවිධාකාර ව්‍යුහාත්මක පිස්කල්, මුල්‍ය සහ තෛතික ක්‍රියාමාර්ග ක්‍රියාකාරි කිරිමෙන් ආර්ථිකය  ක්‍රමයෙන් වැසුණු සහ පාලිත ඵකක් බවට පත් කෙරිණි. 1956 දි රජය වෙනස් විමත්  සමග පෞද්ගලික අංශයට වඩා රාජ්‍ය අංශය පුමුඛවන සමාජවාදි ප්‍රතිපන්ති  පෙරදැරි කරගෙන පරිපාලන ක්‍රමයකට කැප‍විම නව රජය විසින් ප්‍රකාශයට  පත්කරනු ලැබිණ. 1956 න්  පසු මෙම වෙනස්වන දේශපාලන රටාව, ශ්‍රි  ලංකා දේශපාලන ව්‍යුහයේ පැහැදිලි කඩඉමක් විය.ධනවාදි  ආර්ථිකය  ප්‍රතිපන්ති අනුගමනය  කල දේශපාලඟඳයින්ගේ සමාජවාදි අනුගමනය  කල දේශපාලඟඳයින්ගේ පවා  දේශපාලන   තත්තවයේ  වෙනස් ඇති විය. මෙහි දි ගනු ලබන ප්‍රතිපන්තිමය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ කුලකයට  බොහෝ දේශිය,විදේශිය මිල පාලනයන් ඉවත්  කිරිම, වෙළඳ ආරක්‍ෂණය  අඩු  කිරිම, විනිමය අනුපාතය ඵ්කියකරණය, රුපියල අවප්‍රමාණය  කිරිම සහ පාලනය  කරන විනිමය අනුපාතය ක්‍රමයකට ද යොමු විම යනාදි විය. මුල්‍යමය පාලනයන් ඉවත් කෙරුණු   අතර, ප්‍රාග්ධන වෙළෙඳ මත ප්‍රතිපන්තිමය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ පසුව විස්තර  කෙරෙන වොෂින්ටන්  ඵ්කමතිකතාවයන්"Washington  Consensus  වලට සමාන වේ.

1977 ට පෙර ප්‍රතිපන්තිමය  ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවලට පෙර පැවැති ප්‍රතිපන්තීගෙන්  වෙනස්  වීමක් පෙන්නුම් කරන ලදි. 1977 ට පෙර පැවැති  ප්‍රතිපන්ති වල මිල   පාලනයන් (දේශිය සහ විදේශිය) සානු බලයන් සහ තහංචි  මගින් හැසිරිවිම ආර්ථිකය රඡය මගින් හැසිරිවිම,සිමා කරන  ද විදේශ වෙළඳාම සහ රාඡය සංස්ථා ස්වරුපයෙන් යුත් රඡය  මුල් කොටගත් කාර්මිකරණය  යනාදිය අන්තගත   වුණි.

ආශ්‍රිත ග්‍රන්ථ

 ආර්ථික විමසුම අප්‍රේල්/මැයි මහඡන බැංකු ප්‍රකාශය.

ශ්‍රි ලංකා ආර්ථිකය ලිබරල්කරණය වීම.


Bhikangao es una localidad de la India en el distrito de Khargone, estado de Madhya Pradesh.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 281  a 324 km de la capital estatal, Bhopal, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 16 532 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Madhya Pradesh

Bhikangaon


اّمبر لورا هيرد  (ولدت في 22 أبريل 1986) وهي ممثلة أمريكية التحقت بأكاديمية سانت مايكل الكاثوليكية في أوستن بتكساس حتى المرحلة الإعدادية، ثم تركتها للعمل في هوليوود. لعبت أدواراً ثانوية في عديد من البرامج التلفزيونية والأفلام. ربما كان أشهر أدوارها دور غريتا ماثيوز في برنامج تلفزيون ذا سي دبليو بعنوان "Hidden Palms". كما لعبت الدور الرئيسى (وشخصية العنوان) في جميع الأولاد يحبون ماندي لين، الذي عرض لأول مرة في مهرجان تورونتو السينمائي الدولي في عام 2006 ثم عرض مسرحيا عام 2008.

ظهرت أيضا على غلاف مجلة Maxim ، ولعبت دور صديقة سيث روجن في "Pineapple Express". شاركت في العرض السينمائي لرواية The Informers لبريت ايستون اليس.

حياتها الشخصية
ولدت هيرد ونشأت في أوستن بولاية تكساس. يعمل والدها ديفيد مقاولاً، وتعمل والدتها بايج باحثة إنترنت للولاية. عندما كانت هيرد في سن المراهقة، كانت ناشطة في مدرستها في قسم الدراما، وظهرت في إعلانات وحملات المدرسة. في سن الـ 16، فقدت صديقتها المقربة في حادث سيارة. نشأت هيرد على المذهب الكاثوليكي، لكنها الآن أعلنت نفسها ملحدة. وكانت قد تركت أكاديمية سانت مايكل الكاثوليكية في سن الـ 17، وانتقلت إلى نيويورك للعمل في مجال عرض الأزياء لكنها لم تستمتع به. انتقلت بعد ذلك إلى لوس أنجلوس للعمل في مجال التمثيل، في حفل توزيع جوائز GLAAD (تحالف المثليين ضد التشهير) اعترفت أنها سحاقية، وقد ظهرت مع عشيقتها المصورة تاسيا فان ري.
اجتمعت هيرد والممثل جوني ديب في تصوير فيلم يوميات روم وبدآ يتواعدان منذ عام 2012. وأصبحا خطيبين عشية عيد الميلاد 2013. تزوج جوني ديب منها في 31 يناير 2015 لكن كانت هيرد قد رفعت دعوى الطلاق في مايو/أيار بعد 15 شهرا من الزواج، وحصلت بعد ذلك بأيام على أمر تحفظي مؤقت ضد ديب.تضمنت الوثائق القضائية التي قدمت في المحكمة العليا لمقاطعة لوس أنجليس، تفاصيل لتقسيم الأصول الزوجية، وموافقة ديب على دفع مبلغ سبق الإعلان عنه يبلغ 7 ملايين دولار إلى هيرد.

حياتها الفنية

ظهرت هيرد في كثير من البرامج التلفزيونية في لوس أنجلوس. قدمت دور ليز في الحلقة التجريبية Jack & Bobby عام 2004 قي تليفزيون WB، ودور رايلي في حلقة The Mountain عام 2004، كما قامت بدور صغير كبائعة في فيلم The O.C عام 2005. كان دور ماريا أول دور سينمائي لها في (أضواء ليلة الجمعة) Friday Night Lights عام 2004. كما تألقت في فيلم الرعب Side FX عام 2005، ثم قدمت دورا ثانويا في Drop Dead Sexy عام 2005، ثم Price to Pay عام 2006، وYou Are Here عام 2006 أيضا. أما أبرز أدوارها كان في فيلم لنيكي كارو بعنوان North Country عام 2005، حيث قامت بدور جوسى الصغيرة، وكذلك دور ألما في فيلم (الكلب ألفا) Alpha Dog لـنيك كاسافيت عام 2006. تألقت عام 2006 في حلقة من (عقول إجرامية) Criminal Minds في دور ليلا آرتشر، ممثلة شابة في هوليوود تريد القضاء على سبنسر ريد.

شاركت هيرد بعد ذلك في Hidden Palms بتلفزيون CW. جسدت دور غريتا ماثيوز، التي تعانى من فقدان كل من والدتها وصديقها إدي، ثم تصادق جوني الذي لا يتسم بأي من صفات البطولة. من أجل القيام بهذا الدور، طلب من هيرد إنقاص وزنها. استغرق ذلك منها أربعة أشهر من التدريبات اليومية والامتناع عن الكربوهيدرات لتفقد 25 رطلا. عرض Hidden Palms لأول مرة في الولايات المتحدة في 30 مايو 2007. في النهاية، أنهى تليفزيون CW سلسلة الصيف مبكرا؛ فبدلا من 12 حلقة، بث ثمانية حلقات فقط. وانتهى العرض في 4 يوليو / تموز، قبل أسبوعين من الموعد المقرر أصلا.

قدمت بعد ذلك دور شخصية ماندي لين في جميع الأولاد يحبون ماندي لين، وهو فيلم رعب عرض لأول مرة في مهرجان تورونتو السينمائي الدولي في أيلول / سبتمبر 2006، ثم على الفور تعاقدت مع هارفي أينشتاين، وعلى الرغم من مرور قرابة العام على عرضه في تورونتو، إلا أن الفيلم لم يصل إلى المسارح. في تموز / يوليو 2007، وجد ماندي لين موزعا جديدًا، وأخيرًا قدم الفيلم في بريطانيا في شباط / فبراير عام 2008، ثم صدر في دي في دي في حزيران / يونيو.

في عام 2007، ظهرت هيرد في الفيلم القصير Day 73 with Sarah ثم في الدراما (خارج هوليوود) Remember the Daze أو The Beautiful Ordinary، الذي عرض لأول مرة في مهرجان لوس أنجلوس السينمائي في يونيو / حزيران، وعرض حصريًا في نيسان / أبريل 2008. بعد ذلك شاركت في كوميديا جود أباتاو Pineapple Express، ثم دراما فنون الدفاع عن النفس Never Back Down، الذي عرض عام 2008 واحدا تلو الاّخر. وافتتح الثاني في آذار / مارس، ولعبت هيرد دور باجا ميلر التي تغرم بجاك تايلر الذي يقوم بدوره سين فارس. حقق الفيلم نجاحا في شباك التذاكر، وحقق لهيرد شهرة واسعة. ظهرت في العديد من المجلات، وروجت للفيلم عالميا.

كما قدمت دورا صغيرًا في Californication لتلفزيون شوتايم، وانضمت إلى فريق عمل The Informers، المأخوذ عن رواية لبريت ايستون اليس تحمل نفس العنوان، ومن المقرر أن يصدر عام 2009. كما صورت فيلم الرعب زوج الأم، والفيلم الكوميدي Ex-Terminators واحدا تلو الاّخر عام 2008، وفي الوقت نفسه كانت تروج لكل من لا تتراجع، وماندي لين وتذكر المذهول.<ref> A Hilarious Brief Chat with Amber Heard, Star of 'Stepfather' & 'Zombieland' </ref>

في أواخر عام 2008، صورت فيلم The River Why، وعائلة جونز؛ من المقرر صدورهم في وقت لاحق من هذا العام. في بداية عام 2009، عرض The Informers في مهرجان صندانس السينمائي كانت معظم الأراء عنه سلبية. تلى ذلك فيلم زومبي لاند، لعبت فيه دورًا صغيرًا. كما ستظهر لاحقا في الجناح لجون كاربنتر. بدأت هيرد تصوير يوميات روم في آذار / مارس، مع جوني ديب، في بورتوريكو وقيل أن هيرد فازت بالدور بدلا من سكارليت جوهانسون وكيرا نايتلي. في عام 2010، قامت ببطولة وإنتاج وقريبا الظلام، وشاركها البطولة أوديت يوستمان وكارل أوربان.

في تشرين الأول / أكتوبر 2009، في مقالة لتين فوجو، شبهت امبر دورها بدور جوني ديب في فيلم يوميات روم''، وقالت: «كانت أفضل تجربة مررت بها.»

نشاطها
قامت آمبر برفع الوعي عن العنف المنزلي والعنف الجنسي، وبالاشتراك مع كلًا من الممثلتين جابوري سيديبي وفريدا بينتو، ألقت خطاب نيابًة عن ضحية الاعتداء الجنسي إميلي دو في حفل توزيع جوائز نساء هذا العام لعام 2016 التابع لمجلة غلامور، مع العلم أن دو هي من تلقت الجائزة، وقامت هيرد أيضًا بإعلان خدمة عامة عن العنف المنزلي لمشروع  نظرة الفتاة (GirlGaze Project)، وكتبت عن تجربتها مع العنف المنزلي في عدد ديسمبر 2016 لمجلة بورتر وفي واشنطن بوست في ديسمبر 2018، أصبحت سفيرة الاتحاد الأمريكي للحريات المدنية لحقوق المرأة وخاصة العنف القائم على النوع منذ ديسمبر 2018، وسُميت بمناصرة لحقوق الإنسان لأجل مشاركتها في حملة الدفاع عن حقوق الإنسان الخاصة بالمفوضية السامية لحقوق الإنسان، وفي مايو 2019 ألقت خطاب تأييدًا لقانون الحماية في الكونجرس بكابيتول هيل، مُناقشة تجربتها في اختراق صورها الخاصة العارية، وتوزيعها على الإنترنت دون موافقتها.

قائمة أفلامها
 2004: أضواء ليلة الجمعة (الدور: ماريا)
 2005: شمال المدينة (الدور: جوسى ايمز الصغيرة)
 2006: الكلب ألفا (الدور: ألما)
 2006: جميع الأولاد يحبون ماندي لين (الدور: ماندي لين)
 2008: لا تتراجع (الدور: باها ميلر)
 2008: قطار الأناناس السريع (الدور: انجي اندرسون)
 2009: عائلة جونز (الدور: جن جونز)
 2009: زومبي لاند (الدور: 406)
 2009: زوج الأم (الدور: كيلي بورتر)
 2010: وقريبا الظلام (الدور: ستيفاني)
 2010: الجناح (الدور: كريستين)
 2011: محرك غاضبون (الدور: بايبر)
 2011: يوميات روم (الدور: تشينولت)
 2013: بارانويا (الدور: إيما جينينغز)
 2013: ماشيتي يقتل (الدور: ملكة جمال سان أنطونيو)
 2018: الرجل المائي (الدور: ميرا)

التلفزيون

الأدوار الرئيسية

ضيفة

الجوائز

ترتيب أكثر امرأة مثيرة

المراجع

الروابط الخارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من يوككا فالي (كاليفورنيا)
أمريكيون مسيحيون سابقون
أمريكيون ناشطون بحقوق الإنسان
جوني ديب
شخصيات إل جي بي تي من تكساس
شخصيات إل جي بي تي من كاليفورنيا
ضحايا عنف أسري
فنانون ترفيهيون مثليون من الولايات المتحدة
كاثوليك سابقون
لاأدريون أمريكيون
متحدثون رسميون
مثليون ومثليات من الولايات المتحدة
ملحدون
ملحدون أمريكيون
ملحدون في القرن 21
ملحدون من أصل مسيحي
ممثلات أفلام أمريكيات
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 21
ممثلات تلفزيون أمريكيات
ممثلات مثليات الجنس
ممثلات من أوستن (تكساس)
ممثلات من كاليفورنيا
ممثلون مثليون من الولايات المتحدة
ممثلون وممثلات من ولاية تكساس
مواليد 1986
مواليد في أوستن (تكساس)
ناشطات أمريكيات
ناشطو حقوق إل جي بي تي أمريكيون
ناشطون من تكساس
ناشطون من كاليفورنيا
نساء ثنائيات الميول الجنسية

آمبر هيرد


Giuliano Gozi (Cidade de San Marino, 7 de agosto de 1894 - 18 de janeiro de 1955) foi um militar e político san-marinhense que serviu como Secretário de Relações Exteriores de San Marino de 1918 a 1943. Ele também ocupou o cargo de capitão-regente de San Marino 5 vezes entre 1923 e 1941, liderando um governo inspirado no Fascismo italiano de Benito Mussolini.

Biografia

Serviço ao Exército Italiano
Nascido em 1894, Gozi estudou direito na Universidade de Bolonha durante os anos de 1914-1915, até que se alistou voluntariamente ao Exército Real Italiano durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, embora de San Marino, se sentiu obrigado em servir ao país vizinho. Em novembro de 1915, foi nomeado segundo-tenente dos Alpini, sendo enviado com o Regimento para lutar na frente do Valle del Boite e em Tofane, onde obteve a Medalha de Bronze de Valor Militar.

Em 1916, foi promovido a tenente e enviado para treinar recrutas. Em agosto de 1917, serviu na segurança pública para conter os motins antiguerra de Torino; depois de Caporetto, em novembro deste mesmo ano, voltou ao front com o Batalhão Monte Pasubio do 6º Alpini, participando da resistência contra os austro-alemães no Monte Grappa e em Valdastico. Ele deixou o Exército Italiano em 4 de setembro de 1918 por motivos políticos e foi premiado com as medalhas de Cruz Vermelha Italiana, a Medalha de Prata da República de San Marino e a Medalha Inter-Aliada.

Carreira política
Em 30 de abril de 1918, o Conselho Grande e Geral de San Marino nomeou Gozi como Secretário das Relações Exteriores de San Marino. Em 1922, Gozi fundou o Partido Fascista de San Marino; com a vitória do PFS nas eleições de 1923, Gozi dissolveria partidos e o Conselho Grande e Geral, substituído pelo Conselho Príncipe e Soberano, assim estabelecendo um regime aos moldes do fascismo italiano até 1943.

Em 1939 assinou a Convenção de amizade e boa vizinhança com o rei da Itália, Victor Emmanuel III, que vigora até os dias atuais. Em 17 de setembro de 1942, quatro anos após os italianos terem promulgado as leis raciais italianas de 1938, Gozi emitiu a lei racial nº 33, que proibia o casamento entre samarineses e estrangeiros ou judeus; casamentos com italianos não-judeus ainda eram permitidos.

Dias após o colapso do fascismo italiano, em 28 de julho de 1943, o regime fascista de Gozi entra em colapso após uma grande manifestação em San Marino. Com o advento da República de Saló, Gozi tentou reconstruir seu partido no ano seguinte - renomeado para Fascio Repubblicano di San Marino, existindo de janeiro até setembro de 1944.

No pós-guerra houve julgamentos dos participantes do fascismo samarinês, sendo Gozi também julgado. Em 1946, um decreto dos Capitães Regentes revogou seu título de conde, que lhe havia chegado pela via patrilinear, e a medalha de mérito de primeira classe; no mesmo procedimento, entre outras coisas, foi revogada a lei racial de 1942. Giuliano Gozi veio a falecer em 18 de janeiro de 1955, após uma longa doença.

Capitães-regentes de São Marinho
Pessoas da Primeira Guerra Mundial (Itália)
Fascistas

Giuliano Gozi