Resident Evil 4 HD Project é um mod para a versão Steam do jogo eletrônico de terror de sobrevivência Resident Evil 4. Criado por uma dupla de modders, Albert Marin e Cris Morales, seu objetivo é atualizar a remasterização original para o nível mais completo possível e fornecer uma "experiência gráfica definitiva". Enquanto estava nos estágios de planejamento desde 2008, seu desenvolvimento só começou logo após o relançamento do jogo para PC em 2014 e continuou pelos próximos sete anos. A sua versão completa foi lançada em 2 de fevereiro de 2022. O mod teve uma recepção positiva unânime dos críticos devido à sua extrema precisão e atenção aos detalhes.

Desenvolvimento
O desenvolvimento do mod levou aproximadamente 13.000 horas, e seus desenvolvedores cobriram quase metade das despesas de aproximadamente US$ 31.000. Ele "remasteriza os visuais em todas as seções de jogabilidade, todas as cinemáticas", assim como o minijogo Separate Ways do jogo, que estava disponível "em todos os lançamentos oficiais de Resident Evil 4, exceto o original do GameCube e o port de Oculus Quest 2".

Além das melhorias de textura, muitos modelos de itens, geometria de cenários do jogo e iluminação também foram alterados. Ports anteriores do jogo do GameCube para outros sistemas causaram bugs, resultando em sons e efeitos visuais ausentes, que foram transferidos para a versão HD. O mod restaura esses efeitos ausentes, como profundidade de campo.

Os desenvolvedores do mod foram declarados "imperturbados" pelos rumores de que a Capcom estava refazendo Resident Evil 4, com Albert afirmando que "os últimos remakes da Capcom são muito diferentes das versões originais", e chamando o jogo original ainda digno de uma remasterização.

O mod foi desenvolvido sem a participação da Capcom, embora no início do desenvolvimento a equipe tenha recebido um documento de planejamento de um funcionário da Capcom interessado no projeto. Embora não reconhecendo isso, a empresa não tentou impedir o desenvolvimento do mod e permitiu que os desenvolvedores fixassem uma postagem nos fóruns do jogo no Steam.

Recepção
Alice O'Connor, da Rock Paper Shotgun, chamou Resident Evil 4 HD Project de "um dos mods mais impressionantes", chamando o "cuidado e atenção aos detalhes" do mod de "esplêndido", além de dizer que superou a remasterização oficial da Capcom e Resident Evil 4 VR. Observando que era "surpreendente", ela notou o fato de que as texturas foram recriadas com precisão e disse que deixava Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy - The Definitive Edition "com vergonha". Ela destacou que um dos aspectos mais impressionantes foi que muitas texturas originais foram localizadas pelos modders na vida real e re-fotografadas para uma precisão perfeita.

Robert Zak, da PC Gamer, chamou a remasterização original de Resident Evil 4 de não ser a melhor representação possível do jogo, observando que as texturas eram apenas "marginalmente mais limpas" do que a versão original do GameCube. Dizendo que o HD Project estava "finalmente prestes a corrigir isso", ele também afirmou "que meus olhos sejam cegos" se não fosse um dos melhores mods no PC. Shaun Prescott, da mesma publicação, descreveu o mod como "um tributo longo e trabalhoso ao jogo clássico, nascido da frustração dos criadores com o manuseio fraco da Capcom na versão para PC".

Ligações externas
 Pagina inicial

Resident Evil

Resident Evil 4 HD Project


නගරයක් () යනු වාණිජ, කාර්මික, මූල්‍ය, අධ්‍යාපන, සෞඛ්‍ය ,පරිපාලන, නේවාසික යනාදී විවිධ වූ කාර්යයන් සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ ජනාවාසයකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 නාගරීකරණය

නගර

නගර


Masovna grobnica Prudnice, masovna grobnica na lokaciji Prudnicama u Općini Brdovcu u Zagrebačkoj
županiji. Zasad su utvrđeni ostatci najmanje 130 osoba.

Povijest nastanka

Povijest nalaska
Sama priprema terenskog istraživanja započela je tijekom rujna 2019. godine kada su obavljeni terenski izvidi i snimanje iz zraka mogućih lokacija grobišta na širem području općine Brdovca. Tijekom postupka pripreme, ali i za vrijeme same terenske obrade obavljeni su razgovori s mještanima koji su nudili svoja raspoloživa saznanja o grobištima.

Ministarstvo je prvu fazu terenskog istraživanja provelo tijekom siječnja 2020. kada je pregledano preko 1000 m2 terena te je na jednom dijelu probnim iskapanjem pronađena masovna grobnica čime su potvrđena ranije prikupljena saznanja. Probna iskapanja obuhvaćaju pregled terena za koje prikupljena saznanja ukazuju na sumnju u postojanje masovne ili pojedinačne grobnice. Ministarstvo je htjelo jasno propisanim postupkom osigurati sustavni pristup u obradi grobišta Drugog svjetskog rata i poslijeratnog razdoblja.

Tijekom dva tjedna, od 4. do 15. svibnja 2020. godine, Ministarstvo hrvatskih branitelja, temeljem Zakona o istraživanju, uređenju i održavanju vojnih groblja, groblja žrtava Drugog svjetskog rata i poslijeratnog razdoblja.
Prema zakonskoj obvezi, jedinice lokalne samouprave na čijem se području pronađu posmrtni ostatci dužna je u sklopu mjesnog groblja osigurati mjesto njihovog trajnog zbrinjavanja.

Obradi masovne grobnice pristupilo se tako što su prvo utvrđeni njezini rubovi te je potom uslijedila ručna obrada koja uključuje čišćenje i pripremu posmrtnih ostataka za njihovu ekshumaciju. Rezultat rada je ekshumacija posmrtnih ostataka najmanje 130 osoba koje su ekshumirane iz masovne grobnice dimenzija 20,3x3,2m (64,96 mm2). Prikupljena operativna saznanja nadležnih međuresornih službi govore kako se radi o žrtvama poslijeratnog razdoblja.

Ekshumirani posmrtni ostatci prevezeni su na Zavod za sudsku medicinu i kriminalistiku Zagreb gdje slijedi njihova antropološka obrada te priprema za njihovo dostojno i trajno zbrinjavanje.

Po prvi put, obradom ove masovne grobnice ostvarena je suradnja Ministarstva hrvatskih branitelja i Ministarstva unutarnjih poslova na dijelu dokumentiranja nalazišta korištenjem 3D laserskog skenera. Služba kriminalističke tehnike Ravnateljstva policije pružila je podršku u vidu opreme i ljudstva pri dokumentiranju i rekonstrukciji 3D modela grobnice, čime se dodatno ojačala već uhodana metodologija Hrvatskog modela za traženje nestalih osoba.

Završetkom ekshumacije u Brdovcu, Uprava za zatočene i nestale Ministarstva hrvatskih branitelja započinje terenska istraživanja na području Općine Đurmanca, odnosno Maceljske gore koja započinju od ponedjeljka 18. svibnja 2020. godine.

Galerija

Izvori

Masovne grobnice žrtava partizanskih zločina u Drugom svjetskom ratu i poraću
Masovne grobnice u Hrvatskoj

Masovna grobnica Prudnice


Fernando Henrique Cardoso (18. juni 1931 i Rio de Janeiro) var præsident i Brasilien mellem 1995 til 2003. Han grundlage og ledede det brasilianske socialdemokratiske parti Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira i 1988. Han var tidligere finansminister og lancerede da Plano Real som gjorde slut på hyperinflationen i Brasilien.

Dekorationer
 : Ridder af Elefantordenen (R.E.)  (1999)
Cardoso modtog i 2002 Den Hvide Ørns Orden fra Polens præsident.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Brasiliens præsidenter
Æresdoktorer ved University of Cambridge

Fernando Henrique Cardoso


PowerPC, AIM olarak bilinen Apple-IBM-Motorola ittifakının 1991'de geliştirdiği bir RISC mikroişlemcisidir. Genel olarak kişisel bilgisayarlar içindir. PowerPC merkezi işlem birimleri (CPU) gömülü (embedded) ve yüksek performans işlemcileri olduğu için popüler olmuştur. PowerPC 1990'da AIM' in ve PReP'in (PowerPC referans platformu) temel taşı oldu, fakat mimari Apple'ın Macintosh'unun 1994–2006 modellerinde daha başarılı bulundu.

PowerPC fazlasıyla IBM'in önceki POWER mimarisi üzerine dayandırıldı ve bununla yüksek bir uyumluluk sağladı. Mimariler, tasarım aşamasında çalıştırılan aynı program ve işletim sistemlerine bağlı kaldı.

Tarihçe

PowerPC'nin tarihi, 1970'lerin sonunda bilgisayar mimarisi ve derleyici tasarımlarına büyük katkısı olan John Cocke'un IBM 801 prototipli yongası ile başlar. 801 tabanlı çekirdekler (cores) IBM'in gömülü ürünlerinde kullanıldı. Sonunda 16 yazmaçlı ROMP işlemcisi haline geldi ve IBRMT 'de kullanıldı. RT, performansta bir hayal kırıklığına yol açtı ve IBM piyasadaki en hızlı işlemciyi yapmak için Amerika Projesi'ni başlattı. Sonuç, 1990 başında RISC System/6000 ile sunulan POWER mimarisi oldu.

POWER mikroişlemcisi, yüksek performans ve çoklu yonga tasarımıydı. IBM tek yongalı mikroişlemciye ihtiyaç olduğunu ve bazı POWER işlemci komutlarının, RS/6000 serisini düşük sonlu makinelerden yüksek sonlu makinelere ölçeklemek için elemek gerektiğini fark etti ve RSC adında tek yongaya sahip POWER mikroişlemcisi üzerinde çalışmaya başladı. 1991 başlarında IBM kendi tasarımlarının endüstride çok tutulan bir mikroişlemci olduğunu fark etti.

İlk POWERPC ürünleri piyasaya ulaştığında büyük bir ilgi gördü. 1990'ların ortalarına kadar, POWERPC işlemcileri x86 merkezi işlem birimlerinin en hızlıları ile çalışan programların test sonuçlarını elde ettiler. Windows, OS/2 ve Sun müşterileri, POWERPC için uygulama yazılımsızlığı ile karşılaştılar. POWERPC versiyonları olan Solaris, OS/2 ve Windows piyasadan kısa bir periyot sonra kaldırıldılar. Sadece Apple POWERPC den kazanç sağladı. Apple'a göre, POWERPC 'nin performansı, Windows 95 ve Windows NT tabanlı PC ler tarafından yapılan artan rekabet yüzünde önemli bir yer tutmaktaydı.

2004'te Motorola, işlemci faaliyetini bağımsız bir kurum olan Freescale Semiconductor kurumuna yöneltti ve yonga üretiminden çıktı. Aynı zamanlarda, IBM Intel işlemci kullanan bilgisayar ürünlerini Çinlilere satarak piyasadan çıktı ve Nintendo Wii, Sony Playstation 3 ve Microsoft xbox360 gibi oyun makinelerinin merkezi işlem birimlerindeki yonga tasarımlarına odaklandı. 2005'te Apple, Macintosh bilgisayarlarında POWERPC işlemcilerini çok uzun kullanmayacağını duyurdu. Bunun yerine daha iyi mikroişlemciler üretti. Kişisel bilgisayar donanımı için yonganın performans sınırları, çıkan sıcaklığa ve ürünlerdeki enerji kullanımına bağlı idi. IBM'in bu hatası 970 işlemcisini 3 GHz değerine taşımıştır. IBM bu kusurundan dolayı Intel ve diğer rakiplerine, hız ve mimari gelişimi alanında yenik düşmüştür. Bu durum AIM birleşimini sona erdirmiştir. IBM POWER PC işlemcilerini oyun konsollarında kullanmaya ve geliştirmeye devam etmiş ve Freescale Semiconductor firması yalnızca gömülü cihazlara odaklanmıştır.

PowerPC işlemcileri geniş alanlı ticaretlerin servis isteklerinde önemli bir yere sahiptir ve günümüzde geliştirilmeye devam edilmektedir. Şimdiki POWER işlemcileri POWERPC mimarisinin komut kümesinin tamamını göstermektedir.

PowerPC tanımlaması şimdi IBM ve Freescale'in üyeleri olan Power.org tarafından ele alınmaktadır. POWERPC, Ceil ve POWER işlemcileri, POWER mimarisi olarak piyasaya sürülmektedir.

Tasarım özellikleri
POWERPC RISC ilkeleri (azaltılmış komut kümesi) boyunca tasarlanır ve paralel komut düzeyinde bir merkezi işlem birimi(CPU) gösterimine (superscalar) izin verir. Tasarımın sürümleri 32-bit ve 64- bit gösterimlerde bulunmaktadır. Basit POWER tanımlaması ile başlarsak, POWERPC aşağıdaki gibi toplanabilir:

 Big endian yöntemi olan en önemli byte değerinin hafızada en düşük adresle tutulması ve little endian yönetimi olan en önemsiz byte değerinin düşük adresle beraber hafızada tutulması yöntemlerinde destek olmaktır. POWER PC çalışma süresinde bir yöntemden diğer yönteme geçebilir. Bu özellik POWER PC G5 de bulunmamaktadır. (Bu Virtual PC'nin G5 tabanlı Macintosh'lara göre daha fazla tutulmasına neden olmuştur.)
 Kelimeyi sayısal yorumlayan (floating point) bazı komutların kesinliği ve buna ilaveten çift kesinlik formları
 Apple tarafınca eklenen sayısal yorumlayıcı komutlar
 32 bit modu ile uygun eksiksiz 64-bit tanımlaması
 Önemli işletim sistemlerine benzeyen özel POWER komutlarının birçoğunu taşıması

Endian yöntemleri
IBM'in bazı gömülü POWERPC yongaları sayfa başına bir byte sırası biti (endianness bit) kullanmaktadır. Sonrakilerin hiçbiri onlara uygun olmamaktadır.

Birçok POWERPC yongası, endianness yolu ile MSR yazmacındaki bir bite, ikinci bir bit yardımı ile OS'ye değişik endianness ile çalışmasına izin vererek dönüşüm yapabilir. Tersine çevrilmiş sayfa tablosuna erişimler çoğunlukla big endian modunda yapılır. İşlemci big endian modunda başlar.

Little endian modunda, etkin adresin önemsiz üç biti, operand uzunluğu tarafından seçilmiş üç bit değeri ile özel veya işlemi(XOR) yapılır. Bu durum normal yazılıma göre little endian olarak görünmeye yeterlidir.

Bir işletim sistemi çevre yongalara (video ve iletişim ağı donanımı) eriştiğinde çevrenin çarpık bir görüntüsünü görebilir. Bu çarpık görüntüyü onarma, işlemciye veri giriş ve çıkışlarında 64-bit byte koşulsuz yer değiştirmesinin ana kart tarafından düzenlenmesini gerektirir. Big endian modundaki ana kartta da, little endian modunda işleyen bir işetim sistemi, little endian yongalara erişirken byte'ları yer değiştirmeli ve özel veya (XOR) işlemini geri almalıdır.

AltiVec işlemleri, 128 bit olmasına rağmen, 64 bit gibi davranmaktadırlar. Bu durum, önceki AltiVec'ler için tasarlanmış olan little-endian ana kartları ile uyumluluk sağlar.

Bu gösterimin bir ilginç yan etkisi, bir programın en uzun operand formatı olan 64-bit değerini bir endian modunda iken hafızada tutabilmesi, dönüşüm yöntemleri ve hiçbir byte sırasını değiştirmeden aynı 64 bit değerini geri okuyabilmesidir. Eğer ana kart aynı anda dönüşüm ediyor ise, bu durum söz konusu değildir.

Mercury bilgisayar sistemleri ve Matrox POWERPC'yi little endian modunda çalıştırdılar. Bu durum x86 tabanlı çoklu bilgisayarlarla PCI kartları üzerinde birleşik işlemciler olarak, veri yapılarının paylaşımını sağlayan POWER PC araçları olmak için yapıldı. PCI ve x86'nın her ikisi de little endian idi. POWERPC için Solaris ve Windows NT işlemciyi little endian modunda çalıştırdılar.

Uygulamalar
POWER1 ve POWERPC teknik özelliklerinin bir hibritini gösteren RSC tabanlı MPC601, ilk tekli yonga tasarımı idi. IBM bu yongayı mevcut POWER1 tabanlı platformlarında kullandı. Apple yonga tabanlı Macintosh bilgisayarlar üzerinde çalışmaya devam etti ve sonunda 14 Mart 1994'te 601 tabanlı Power Macintosh olarak bunları piyasaya sürdü.

IBM POWERPC tabanlı yapılmış olan masaüstüleri piyasaya sürmeye hazırdı. Ancak, IBM'in bu bilgisayarlarda çalıştırmak için tasarladığı Microsoft Windows NT işletim sistemi, 1993 başlarında yani makinelerin piyasaya sürülmekte hazır olduklarında, daha tamamlanmamıştı. Bu yüzden IBM husumetini Microsoft'a karşı geliştirdi ve POWER PC için OS/2'yi yeniden yazmaya karar verdi. POWERPC için OS/2'yi baştan yazmak iki yılını aldı. İşletim sistemi bittiğinde, POWERPC 'nin işletim sistemi piyasası yok olmuştu. Bu nedenle, RS/6000 modeli olarak bilinen IBM POWER PC masaüstüleri satılamadı.

POWERPC tabanlı işletim sistemi eksik olan Apple, değişik bir yol izledi. POWERPC mimarisi için Macişletim sisteminin önemli parçalarını yeniden yazdılar ve 68K tabanlı uygulamaları işletebilen 680x0 emülatör ve işletim sisteminin daha önce yazılmamış kısımlarını yazdılar.

İkinci nesil saf olarak adlandırılan düşük sonlu(low end) 603 ve yüksek sonlu (high end) 604 idi. 603 çok düşük fiyat ve güç tüketiminden dolayı tanınmış idi. 603 projesini gelecekteki bütün POWERPC yongaları için basit çekirdekler yapmak için kullanılan, Motorola parçalarına yönelik bir tasarım idi. Apple 603'ü yeni diz üstü tasarımında kullanmayı denedi fakat 8KB Level-1 önbellekten dolayı başaramadı. Mac işletim sistemindeki 68000 emülatörü 8KB'a uymadı ve bu yüzden bilgisayar aşırı derecede yavaşladı. 16KB L1 ön belleğine sahip olan 603e emülatörün daha verimli çalışmasına izin vererek sorunu çözdü.

İlk 64 bit uygulaması 620 idi, fakat fazla kullanılmıyor gibi gözüküyordu. Apple bunu almak istemiyordu çünkü ölü bir alana sahipti ve gömülü piyasa için çok pahalı idi. Daha sonra IBM, POWERPC 970 'in girişi yani 2002 sonuna kadar 64-bit çözümünü kullanmadan kendi POWER3 tasarımını kullandı. 970 POWER4 hizmet birimi (server) işlemcisinden çıkarılan 64-bit bir işlemcidir. Bunu yaratmak için POWER4 çekirdeği 32-bit POWER PC işlemcileri ile geri uyumlu olabilmesi için modifiye edildi ve bir vektör kümesi(Motorola 74xx serisindeki Altivec ilavelerine benzer) eklendi.

İşletim sistemleri
Gömülü POWERPC sistemlerinde kullanılan işletim sistemleri, QNX gerçek zamanlı işletim sistemi, LynxOS gerçek zamanlı işletim sistemi, VxWorks, eCos, LynuxWorks tarafından BlueCat gömülü Linux, AmigaOS 4.x ve MorphOS dur. POWERPC üzerinde çalışan Yellow Dog Linux ve POWERPC Linux Linux'un iki çeşididir. FreeBSD, NetBSD ve OpenBSD'lerin tümü POWERPC işlemcileri ile bazı sistemler üzerinde çalışabilirler. Windows NT 3.51 POWERPC işlemcileri için destek sağlamıştır.

Lisanslar
POWERPC kullanan lisanslı şirketler:
 Altera
 Apple Computer AIM birleşimi, son günlerde Intel dönüşümlü
 Applied Micro Circuits Corporation (AMCC)
 RAD750 merkezi işlem birimi için BAE Sistemleri.
 Yönlendiriciler için Cisco Sistemleri.
 V-Dragon merkezi işlem birimi için Culturecom
 HCL
 Xbox 360 işlemcisi için Microsoft .
 Motorola (şimdi Freescale Semiconductor), AIM'ın bir parçası
 GameCube ve Wii işlemcileri için Nintendo
 P.A. Semi.
 Samsung.
 Cell işlemcisi için Sony ve Toshiba
 Virtex-II and Virtex-4 FPGA'ları için Xilinx

Kaynakça

1991 tanıtımları
Power Architecture

PowerPC


La mesorregión del Nordeste Rio-Grandense es una de las siete mesorregiones del estado brasileño de Rio Grande do Sul. Es formada por la unión de 53 municipios de la Sierra Gaúcha agrupados en tres microrregiones.

Microrregiones
 Caxias do Sul
 Guaporé
 Vacaria

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Mesorregiones de Río Grande del Sur

Mesorregión del Nordeste Rio-Grandense


Ludovico Maria Enrico Einaudi (Torino, 23. studenoga 1955.) talijanski je pijanist i skladatelj. Školovao se na Konzervatoriju "Giuseppe Verdi" u Milanu. Započeo je svoju karijeru kao skladatelj suvremene klasične glazbe, ali je kasnije eksperimentirao s drugim stilovima i žanrovima, poput popa, rocka, narodne i svjetske glazbe.

Einaudi je skladao partiture za brojne filmove i televizijske produkcije, kao što su Ovo je Engleska, Nedodirljivi, Ja sam tu, TV miniseriju Doktor Živago i Acquario (1996.), za koju je osvojio i talijansku nagradu Grolla d'oro za filmsku glazbu. Njegova je glazba korištena kao partitura za Zlatni globus i Oscarom nagrađene filmove Nomadland i Otac. Izdao je i niz solo albuma za klavir i druge instrumente, a posebno se ističu I Giorni 2001., Nightbook 2009. i In a Time Lapse 2013. Dana 1. ožujka 2019., Einaudi je najavio projekt u sedam dijelova pod nazivom Seven Days Walking, koji je objavljen tijekom sedam mjeseci iste godine.

Rani život i obrazovanje
Einaudi je rođen u Torinu u Pijemontu. Njegov je otac Giulio Einaudi bio značajan izdavač, osnivač izdavačke kuće Giulio Einaudi Editore, koji surađivao s piscima kao Italo Calvinao i Primo Levi, a njegov je djed po ocu Luigi Einaudi bio predsjednik Italije od 1948. do 1955. Njegova majka Renata Aldrovandi, bila je pijanistica, kao i njezin otac Waldo Aldrovandi.

Einaudi je počeo skladati vlastitu glazbu kao adolescent, najprije pišući skladbe za gitaru. Školovao se na Konzervatoriju "Giuseppe Verdi" u Milanu, gdje je diplomirao kompoziciju 1982. Iste je godine pohađao satove orkestra kod kompozitora Luciana Berija i ubrzo dobiva stipendiju za Tanglewood Music Festival u Massachusetsu. Pod vodstvom Luciana Berija, započeo je eksperimentiranje s drugim stilovima i žanrovima, a učio je i surađujući s glazbenicima kao što su Ballaké Sissoko iz Malija i Dživan Gasparijan iz Armenije. Njegova je glazba ambijentalna, meditativna i često introspektivna, s tendencijom k minimalizmu i suvremenom popu.

Glazbena karijera

1980-ih
Nakon studija na konzervatoriju u Milanu i kasnije kod Luciana Berija, Einaudi je nekoliko godina skladao eksperimentirajući s tradicionalnim glazbenim oblicima, uključujući nekoliko komornih skladba i skladba za orkestar. Ubrzo je privukao međunarodnu pozornost i njegova je glazba izvođena u Teatro alla Scala, Tanglewood Music Festivalu, Lincoln Centru i UCLA Center for Performing Arts.

Sredinom 1980-ih počeo je tražiti osobniji izraz u nizu djela za ples i multimediju, a kasnije i za klavir.

Skladao je i glazbu za kazalište i ples, među kojom se ističu kompozicije za Sul filo d'Orfeo 1984., glazba za plesno-kazališnu predstavu Time Out koju je napisao Andrea De Carlo, 1988., predstavu The Wild Man 1990., i The Emperor 1991. Među kasnijim suradnjama ističu se Salgari (Per terra e per mare), opera/balet po narudžbi Arene di Verona (1995.)  s tekstovima Emilia Salgarija, Rabindranatha Tagorea i Charlesa Dukea Jr., i E.A. Poe (1997.), zamišljen kao glazbena pratnja za nijeme filmove.

Filmska glazba
Sredinom 1990-ih, Einaudi je komponirao više zvučnih zapisa za film. Započeo je s filmskom glazbom za dva filma Michelea Sordilla, Da qualche parte in città 1994. i Acquario 1996., za koje je dobio nagradu Grolla d'oro za najbolju filmsku glazbu. Godine 1998. skladao je soundtrack za Treno di panna i partituru za Giorni dispari Dominicka Tambasca.

Godine 2000. surađivao je s Antonellom Grimaldijem na Un delitto impossibile, a komponirao je i soundtrack za Fuori del mondo, koji je bio nominiran za Oscara i za koji je 2002. osvojio nagradu Echo Klassik u Njemačkoj. Nakon izlaska njegovog debitantskog albuma, neki su ulomci uključeni u film Aprile Nannija Morettija. Godine 2002., njegov soundtrack za Luce dei miei occhi proglašen je najboljim soundtrackom na talijanskim glazbenim nagradama 2002. godine.

Godine 2002. Einaudi je osvojio talijansku nagradu za najbolju filmsku glazbu za Luce dei miei occhi. Allmusic je u svojoj recenziji za TV seriju Doktor Živago iz 2002. dao ocjenu 4,5/5 zvjezdica i objavio sjajnu kritiku, uspoređujući Einaudijevu vještinu s partiturom Mauricea Jarrea prethodne filmske adaptacije.

Godine 2004. njegov soundtrack za Sotto falso nome dobio je nagradu za najbolju filmsku glazbu na Avignonskom filmskom festivalu.

Godine 2010. Einaudi je napisao glazbu za trailer filma Crni labud. Njegov "Due Tramonti" prikazan je u filmu I'm Still Here (2010.) u režiji Caseyja Afflecka. Njegova skladba "Nuvole Bianche" prikazana je u filmu Insidious (2010.), redatelja Jamesa Wana, britanskoj TV drami This Is England 86, te u TV seriji Derek (2012.), koju je režirao Ricky Gervais i u kojoj je glumio. Za The Intouchables (2011.), najveći kinofilm u francuskoj povijesti, pridonio je pjesmama "Fly", "Writing Poems", "L'origine nascosta", "Cache-cache", "Una Mattina" i "Primavera ." U filmu This Is England nalazimo njegove kompozicije Fuori dal mondo i Dietro casa. Britanska TV dramska serija This Is England '88 također sadržava pjesme "Fuori Dalla Notte", "Solo" (bonus pjesma iz Nightbooka), "Berlin Song" i "Distacco".

Einaudi je 2016. sudjelovao u Greenpeaceovoj kampanji za spašavanje Arktika.

Godine 2020. njegova je glazba korištena u filmovima Nomadland i The Father.

Samostalna izdanja

Einaudi je potpisao ugovor s izdavačkom kućom Decca Records, a izdaje ga Chester Music Limited.

Nakon multimedijski inspiriranog Time Outa 1988., 1992. izdaje Stanze, koju je skladao za harfu. Album je izvela Cecilia Chailly, jedna od prvih glazbenica koja je koristila električnu harfu. Einaudi je 1996. izdao svoj prvi solo klavirski album, Le Onde, putem producentske kuće BMG. Album se temelji na romanu The Waves britanske spisateljice Virginije Woolf i doživio je velikii uspjeh, osobito u Italiji i Velikoj Britaniji. Njegov nastavak iz 1999., Eden Roc, također je objavljen putem BMG-a. Na projektu je surađivao s armenskim duduk glazbenikom Djivanom Gasparyanom.

Njegovo sljedeće solo klavirsko izdanje, I Giorni (2001.), inspirirano je putovanjima po Africi. Solo klavirska pjesma "I Giorni" bila je predstavljena u promociji BBC-jevih umjetničkih i kulturnih programa i privukla je veliko zanimanje zbog emitiranja djela Grega Jamesa na BBC Radiju 1 u lipnju 2011. James je spomenuo da je ovu kompoziciju doživljavao terapeutskom dok je studirao na sveučilištu. Zbog ponovljenih emitiranja tog mjeseca, pjesma je ušla na UK Singles Chart na 32 mjesto 12. lipnja 2011.

Godine 2003. Einaudi je objavio live album La Scala Concert 03.03.03, koji je snimljen u poznatoj opernoj kući La Scala u Milanu. Njegov album iz 2003. Diario Mali je plod Einaudijeve suradnje s malijskim glazbenikom Ballakéom Sissoko. Godine 2004. Einaudi izdaje album Una Mattina za producentsku kuću Decca Records. Album Divenire iz 2006. čine kompozicije za klavir uz pratnju orkestra. Album također sadrži hvaljenu pjesmu "Primavera". Snimio ju je Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, s Einaudijem koji je svirao klavir. Ubrzo nakon objavljivanja, Einaudi je otišao na turneju u razne gradove u Velikoj Britaniji, svirajući i glazbu na Divenireu i orkestralne aranžmane svojih drugih djela. Album je zauzeo prvo mjesto na ljestvici iTunes klasične glazbe.

U listopadu 2009. izlazi Nightbook. Na albumu je Einaudi krenuo u novom smjeru sa svojom glazbom jer je ugradio sintetizirane zvukove uz svoj klavir. Album je osmišljen i snimljen u dogovoru s njemačkim slikarom i kiparom Anselmom Kieferom u čijem je izložbenom prostoru Einaudi nastupio prvog dana otvaranja galerije. Neka je djela iz albuma napisao inspiriran bubnjevima i elektronskom glazbom Whitetree Projecta, izvođačkog tria koji su formirali Robert i Ronald Lippok iz To Rococo Rot, njemačke grupe elektronske glazbe i samog Einaudija. U Italiji je album postao zlatni s više od 35.000 prodanih primjeraka.

Einaudijev album In a Time Lapse objavljen je 21. siječnja 2013. s kojim je bio na turnejama u SAD-u i Kanadi. Također se pojavio na KCRW-u u Los Angelesu. Dana 17. rujna 2013., Einaudi je izveo različite pjesme iz In a Time Lapse, zajedno s novim ansamblom, na godišnjem iTunes festivalu održanom u Roundhouseu u Londonu. Grupa je uvježbala ovaj nastup u štali Einaudijeve kuće. U ožujku 2016. održana je svjetska premijera novog koncerta za klavir "Domino" u Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra.

Diskografija

Studijski albumi

 Time Out (razni instrumenti; eksperimentalni) (1988.)
 Stanza (harfa) (1992.)
 Salgari (razni instrumenti; balet) (1995.)
 Le Onde (klavir) (1996.)
 Eden Roc (klavir i gudači) (1999.)
 I Giorni (klavir) (2001.)
 Diario Mali (klavir, kora) (2003.)
 Una Mattina (klavir, violončelo) (2004.)
 Divenire (klavir, gudački orkestar, elektronska glazba) (2006.)
 Nightbook (klavir, elektronska glazba) (2009.)
 In a Time Lapse (klavir, elektroska glazba) (2013.)
 Projekt Taranta (klavir, elektronska glazba, orkestar, violončelo, kora) (2015.)
 Elements (klavir, elektronska glazba, orkestar) (2015.)
 Seven Days Walking (klavir, violina, viola, violončelo) (2019.)
 12 Songs from Home (klavir) (2020.)
Einaudi Undiscovered (klavir) (2020.)
Cinema (klavir) (2021.)

Albumi uživo

 Koncert La Scale 03.03.2003.
 Uživo u Berlinu (2007.)
 iTunes festival: London 2007. (2007.)
 Uživo u Pragu (2009.)
 Koncert Royal Albert Halla (2010.)
 La notte della Taranta 2010. (2011.)
 iTunes festival: London 2013. (2013.)
 U vremenskoj turneji (2014.)
 Elementi, posebno izdanje obilaska (2016.)

Kompilacije

 Echoes: kolekcija Einaudi (2003.)
 I primi capolavori (2010.)
 Islands: Essential Einaudi (2011.)
 Einaudi Essentiel (2012.)
 Undiscovered (2020.)
 Cinema (2021.)

Remiksevi

 Table Vs Ludovico Einaudi (2002.)
 Elements, Remixes (2016.)

Singlovi

 "Ultimi Fuochi" (1998.)
 "Blusound" (2001.)
 "Night" (2015.)
 "Elements" (2015.)
 "Drop" (2015.)
 "Elegy for the Arctic" (2016.)
 "Luminous" (2021.)

S glazbenim bendom Whitethree
Cloudland (2009.)

Glazba za film

 Treno di panna (Redatelj: Andrea De Carlo) (1988.)
 Da qualche parte in città (Redatelj: Michele Sordillo) (1994.)
 Acquario Redatelj: Michele Sordillo) (1996.)
 Aprile (Redatelj: Nanni Moretti) (1998.)
 Giorni dispari (Redatelj: Dominick Tambasco) (1998.)
 Fuori dal mondo (Redatelj: Giuseppe Piccioni) (1999.)
 La vita altrui (Redatelj: Michele Sordillo) (2000.)
 Un delitto impossibile (Redatelj: Antonio Luigi Grimaldi) (2000.)
 Le parole di mio padre (Redatelj: Francesca Comencini) (2001.)
 Alexandreia (Redatelj: Maria Iliou) (200.1)
 Luce dei miei occhi (Redatelj: Giuseppe Piccioni) – Talijanska glazbena nagrada za najbolju filmsku glazbu
Doktor Živago (TV mini serija, Redatelj: Giacomo Campiotti) (2002.)
 Sotto falso nome (Redatelj: Roberto Andò) – Nagrada za najbolju filmsku glazbu na Avignonskom Filmskom Festivalu 2004. (2004.)
 Mission: Saturn (2004.)
 This Is England (Redatelj: Shane Meadows) (2006.)
 This Is England '86 (Redatelj: Shane Meadows) (2010.)
 Stargate Universe – Pathogen (2010.)
 Sangandaan – Landas ng Buhay (2010.)
 I'm Still Here (Redatelj: Casey Affleck) (2010.)
 Das Ende ist mein Anfang – njemački film (2010.)
 Black Swan trailer (Redatelj: Darren Aronofsky) (2010.)
 This Is England '88 (Redatelj: Shane Meadows) (2011.)
 Intouchables – (Redatelj: Olivier Nakache i Eric Toledano) (2011.)
 Primavera – (dokumentarni film) (2011.)
 J. Edgar – (Redatelj: Clint Eastwood) (2012.)
 Derek (pilot epizoda) – (Redatelj: Ricky Gervais) (2012.)
 The Water Diviner – (Redatelj: Russell Crowe) (2014.)
 Mommy – (Redatelj: Xavier Dolan) (2014.)
 This Is England '90 – (Redatelj: Shane Meadows) (2015.)
 The Third Murder – (Redatelj: Hirokazu Koreeda) (2017.)
 The Father - Redatelj: Florian Zeller) (2020.)
 Nomadland - Redatelj: Chloé Zhao) (2020.)
 Cosmos: Possible Worlds - (TV serija, redatelj: Ann Druyan; epizoda: "The Sacrifice of Cassini", scenarij Alan Silvestri) (2020.)

Ostalo

 BBC – pozadinska glazba uz minutu šutnje za nedavne smrti na utrkama prije Formule 1 Airtel Grand Prix Indije (30. listopada). (2011.)
 Airtel India TV reklama    – ulomak iz "I Giorni". (2011.)
 Procter & Gamble TV reklama "Najbolji posao" za Olimpijske igre 2012. (). (2012.)
 Brojne epizode BBC-jevog Top Geara, uključujući Bolivia Special iz 2009.
 Godina nastanka nepoznata: Nacionalna košarkaška asocijacija (NBA) Amerike, .
 Božićni specijal Jamesa Maya Priče o igračkama, ulomak iz "Divenire". (2012.)
 Pozadinska glazba "The Snow Prelude N. 03 in C-dur" za reklame Nationwide Building Society. (2012.)
 Vodafone RED, ulomak iz "Walk". (2013.)
 BBC – Šegrt – Epizoda 7: Karavani (Lady Labyrinth & The Crane Dance). (2013.)
 Oglas British Airwaysa: , "Experience (Starkey Remix)" za reklamu (2013.)
 Één 'ROĐENDAN', belgijski dokumentarac fotografkinje Lieve Blancquaert – 9 epizoda. – "Life" kao uvodna i vanjska pjesma
 Službeni trailer "The Book Thief" – "Life" – .
 "Pokretna umjetnost" Louie Schwartzberg, Netflix serija. (2013.)
 Najava prvog izgleda za " . (2013.)
 Procter & Gamble TV reklama za Olimpijske igre u Sočiju 2014. – "Primavera". (2014.)
 Duhovni vodič Alana Wattsa, Izbori – . (2014.)
 Nike Golf oglas, Rory Mcilroy posveta Tigeru Woodsu – "Nuvole Bianche". (2015.)
 ANZ Australija: . (2015.)
 UFC 193 promo video: UFC 193: Rousey vs. Holly Holm – . (2015.)
 BBC: "Fly" korištena kao glazbena tema za TV seriju Doktor Foster. (2015.)
 RTVE: "Nuvole Bianche" korištena kao glazbena tema reklame za Španjolsku lutriju 2015. (2015.)
 BBC MasterChef, "Life" je korišten kada je proglašen pobjednik. (2015.)
 SKY Sports, "Experience" glazba za reklame Golf Open 2016. (2016.)
 Procter & Gamble TV reklama  za Olimpijske igre u Riju 2016, "Experience" glazba za reklamu. (2016.)
 Amazon Prime – Svećenik i imam se sastaju na šalici čaja. Ulomak iz "I Giorni". (2016.)
 Finale serije Sense8 "Amor Vincit Omnia", "Experience" - završna scena. (2018.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 , pristupljeno 22. prosinca 2021.
 Web stranica tvrtke Evolution Promotion , pristupljeno 22. prosinca 2021.
 Biografija Ludovica Einaudija - Chester Novello, pristupljeno 22. prosinca 2021.
 Ludovico Einaudi na SoundCloudu, pristupljeno 22. prosinca 2021.
 Ludovico Einaudi na Facebooku, pristupljeno 22. prosinca 2021.
 Ludovico Einaudi na Twitteru, pristupljeno 22. prosinca 2021.
 Ludovico Einaudi – Virtualna međunarodna filharmonija, pristupljeno 22. prosinca 2021.

Talijanski skladatelji
Talijanski glazbenici
Skladatelji filmske glazbe

Ludovico Einaudi


Meskhetian Turks, also referred to as Turkish Meskhetians, Ahiska Turks, and Turkish Ahiskans, (;  Meskhetis turk'ebi) are a subgroup of ethnic Turkish people formerly inhabiting the Meskheti region of Georgia, along the border with Turkey. The Turkish presence in Meskheti began with the Turkish military expedition of 1578, although Turkic tribes had settled in the region as early as the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

Today, the Meskhetian Turks are widely dispersed throughout the former Soviet Union (as well as in Turkey and the United States) due to forced deportations during World War II. At the time, the Soviet Union was preparing to launch a pressure campaign against Turkey and Joseph Stalin wanted to clear the strategic Turkish population in Meskheti who were likely to be hostile to Soviet intentions. In 1944, the Meskhetian Turks were accused of smuggling, banditry and espionage in collaboration with their kin across the Turkish border. Expelled by Joseph Stalin from Georgia in 1944, they faced discrimination and human rights abuses before and after deportation. Approximately 115,000 Meskhetian Turks were deported to Central Asia and subsequently only a few hundred have been able to return to Georgia as Georgia does not allow repatriation. Those who migrated to Ukraine in 1990 settled in shanty towns, inhabited by seasonal workers.

Origins and terms

Most Meskhetian Turks identify themselves as having descended from Ottoman settlers. Pro-Georgian historiography has traditionally argued that the Meskhetian Turks, who speak the Kars dialect of the Turkish language and belong to the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, are simply Turkified Meskhetians (an ethnographic subgroup of Georgians) converted to Islam in the period between the sixteenth century and 1829, when the region of Samtskhe–Javakheti (Historical Meskheti) was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. However, the Russian anthropologist and historian Professor Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov has argued against the pro-Georgian narrative and has said that:

Anthropologist Kathryn Tomlinson has pointed out that in Soviet documents about the 1944 deportations of the Meskhetian Turks, the community were referred to simply as "Turks" because of their faith Islam, not only them but also every Muslim of Georgia was referred as Turks and that it was after their second deportation from Uzbekistan that the term "Meskhetian Turks" was invented. According to Ronald Wixman, the term "Meskhetian" only came into use in the late 1950s. Indeed, the majority of the Meskhetian Turks call themselves simply as "Turks" or "Ahiskan Turks" () referring to the region, meaning "Turks of Ahiska Region". The Meskhetians claim sometimes that the medieval Cumans-Kipchaks of Georgia (Kipchaks in Georgia) may have been one of their possible ancestors. According to historians, it is less likely because part of the Kipchaks left Georgia during the invasion of Mongols, while others joined Mongols.

History

Ottoman conquest
By the Peace of Amasya (1555), Meskheti was divided into two, with the Safavids keeping the eastern part and the Ottomans gaining the western part. In 1578, the Ottomans attacked the Safavid possessions in Georgia, which initiated the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578–1590, and by 1582 the Ottomans were in possession of the eastern (Safavid) part of Meskheti. The Safavids regained control over the eastern part of Meskheti in the early 17th century. However, by the Treaty of Zuhab (1639), all of Meskheti fell under Ottoman control, and it brought an end to Iranian attempts to retake the region.

Soviet rule

1944 deportation from Georgia to Central Asia

On 15 November 1944, the then General Secretary of CPSU, Joseph Stalin, ordered the deportation of over 115,000 Meskhetian Turks from their homeland, who were secretly driven from their homes and herded onto rail cars. As many as 30,000 to 50,000 deportees died of hunger, thirst and cold and as a direct result of the deportations and the deprivations suffered in exile. The Soviet guards dumped the Meskhetian Turks at rail sidings across a vast region, often without food, water, or shelter.

According to the 1989 Soviet Census, 106,000 Meskhetian Turks lived in Uzbekistan, 50,000 in Kazakhstan, and 21,000 in Kyrgyzstan. As opposed to the other nationalities who had been deported during World War II, no reason was given for the deportation of the Meskhetian Turks, which remained secret until 1968. It was only in 1968 that the Soviet government finally recognised that the Meskhetian Turks had been deported. The reason for the deportation of the Meskhetian Turks was because in 1944 the Soviet Union was preparing to launch a pressure campaign against Turkey. In June 1945 Vyacheslav Molotov, who was then Minister of Foreign Affairs, presented a demand to the Turkish Ambassador in Moscow for the surrender of three Anatolia provinces (Kars, Ardahan and Artvin). As Moscow was also preparing to support Armenian claims to several other Anatolian provinces, war against Turkey seemed possible, and Joseph Stalin wanted to clear the strategic Georgian-Turkish border where the Meskhetian Turks were settled and who were likely to be hostile to such Soviet intentions.

Unlike the other deported Muslim groups, the Meskhetians have not been rehabilitated nor permitted to return to their homeland. In April 1970, the leaders of the Turkish Meskhetian national movement applied to the Turkish Embassy in Moscow for permission to emigrate to Turkey as Turkish citizens if the Soviet government persisted its refusal to allow them to resettle in Meskheti. However, the response of the Soviet government was to arrest the Meskhetian leaders.

1989 deportation from Uzbekistan to other Soviet countries

In 1989, riots broke out between the Meskhetian Turks who had settled in Uzbekistan and the native Uzbeks. Nationalist resentments against the Meskhetians who had competed with Uzbeks for resources in the overpopulated Fergana Valley boiled over. Hundreds of Meskhetian Turks were killed or injured, nearly 1,000 properties were destroyed and thousands of Meskhetian Turks fled into exile. The majority of Meskhetian Turks, about 70,000, went to Azerbaijan, whilst the remainder went to various regions of Russia (especially Krasnodar Krai), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine.

Khojaly Massacre
Meskhetian Turk refugees who had been persecuted in Central Asia were relocated to Azerbaijan where they settled in Khojaly before being subsequently massacred along with Azerbaijanis in 1992.

Russian journalist Victoria Ivleva took photos of the town streets strewn with dead bodies of its inhabitants, including women and children. She described Meskhetian Turks from Khojaly who were captured by Armenian militants and she was hit by an Armenian soldier who took her for one of the captives when she was helping a Meskhetian Turk woman falling behind the crowd with four children, one of which wounded, and the other one newly born.

Russo-Ukrainian War
Around 2,000 Meskhetian Turks have been forced to flee from their homes in Ukraine since May 2014 amid fighting between government forces and pro-Russian separatists. Turkish Meskhetian community representative in the eastern city of Donetsk, Nebican Basatov, said that those who have fled have sought refuge in Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkey and different parts of Ukraine. Over 300 Meskhetian Turks from the Turkish-speaking minority in eastern Ukraine have arrived in eastern Turkey's Erzincan province where they will live under the country's recently adopted asylum measures.

Demographics

According to the 1989 Soviet Census, there were 207,502 Turks living in the Soviet Union. However, Soviet authorities recorded many Meskhetian Turks as belonging to other nationalities such as "Azeri", "Kazakh", "Kyrgyz", and "Uzbek". Hence, official censuses do not necessarily show a true reflection of the real population of the Meskhetian Turks; for example, according to the 2009 Azerbaijani census, there were 38,000 Turks living in the country; however, no distinction is made in the census between Meskhetian Turks and Turks from Turkey who have become Azerbaijani citizens, as both groups are classified in the official census as "Turks" or "Azerbaijani". According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees report published in 1999, that 100,000 Meskhetian Turks lived in Azerbaijan and the defunct Baku Institute of Peace and Democracy stated, in 2001, that between 90,000 and 110,000 Meskhetian Turks lived in Azerbaijan, similarly, academic estimates have also suggested that the Turkish Meskhetian community of Azerbaijan numbers 90,000 to 110,000.

More recently, some Meskhetian Turks in Russia, especially those in Krasnodar, have faced hostility from the local population. The Krasnodar Meskhetian Turks have suffered significant human rights violations, including the deprivation of their citizenship. They are deprived of civil, political and social rights and are prohibited from owning property and employment. Thus, since 2004, many Turks have left the Krasnodar region for the United States as refugees. A large number of them, comprising nearly 1300 individuals, is in Dayton, Ohio. They are still barred from full repatriation to Georgia. Apart from that, in Georgia, racism against Meskheti Turks is still prevalent due to differences in beliefs and ethnic tensions.

Culture

Religion
Most Meskhetian Turks are Sunni Muslims and a minority are Shiite Muslims.

Language
The Meskhetian Turks speak an Eastern Anatolian dialect of Turkish, which hails from the regions of Kars, Ardahan, and Artvin. The Turkish Meskhetian dialect has also borrowed from other languages (including Azerbaijani, Georgian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Russian, and Uzbek) which the Meskhetian Turks have been in contact with during the Russian and Soviet rule.

Wedding

Meskhetian Turks' weddings consist of a traditional proposal from the groom's parents and if the bride's parents accept the proposal, an engagement party, or Nişan, is done. Everyone at the Nişan is given a ceremonial sweet drink, called Sharbat. The actual wedding lasts for two days. On the first day the bride leaves her house and on the second day is when the marriage happens. Before the bride enters her husband's house she uses the heel on her shoe to break two plates with her foot and applies honey on the doorway. This tradition serves the purpose of wishing happiness upon the new bride and groom in their marriage. At the end of the wedding, a dance ensues with the men and women dancing separately. Finally, the newlyweds have their last dance which is called the 'Waltz' and that completes the wedding.

Circumcision
The Religious male circumcision Ceremony of the Ahiska Turks, is hold in a big way of Dance, Music, Guests, rezitation of the Koran and a special  Kirve (Sandek).

Notable people

The following is list of people of Turkish Meshetian origin:

, Azerbaijani artist
Fatih Ahıskalı, Turkish musician
Taner Akçam, Turkish historian
Celal Al, Turkish actor in Diriliş: Ertuğrul and Kuruluş: Osman
, Turkish politician
Aslan Atem, Turkish wrestler
Tevfik Arif, Kazakh-Turkish billionaire, real estate developer and investor residing in the US
Refik Arif, Kazakh businessman
, Turkish poet
Isgender Aznaurov, Uzbek-born National Hero of Azerbaijan who fought in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War
Ömürbek Babanov, Kyrgyz billionaire and politician who served as Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (2011-2012)
Yusuf Rıza Bey, Ottoman soldier in the Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa special forces
, Turkish painter and museologist
, Turkish actor
, Azerbaijani literary critic
Ata Demirer, Turkish filmmaker and comedian
, one of the first female journalists, educators, writers and philanthropists in Azerbaijan
, Turkish linguist and Turkologist
, Azerbaijani military doctor
, Azerbaijani ashik
, Azerbaijani scientist
, Azerbaijani scientist
, Azerbaijani literary critic
, lawyer and mystic
Niyaz Ilyasov, Russian judoka; medalists in the 2018 and 2019 World Judo Championships
Elvira Kamaloğlu, Ukrainian-born Turkish female wrestler
, Uzbek football coach
Timur Kapadze, Uzbek football player
Handan Musaoğlu Kasa, Turkish presenter on TBMM TV
Mediha Kayra, Ottoman-Turkish writer and teacher
Abubekir Kurşumov, Russian architect and owner of the KavkazStroyGrupp construction company
Movlud Miraliyev, Uzbek-born Azerbaijani judoka
Mukhtar Mukhtarov, Kazakh football player
Bahram Muzaffer, Uzbek boxer
Ömer Faik Nemanzade, Azerbaijani journalist
, Russian war hero during the Great Patriotic War
Emrah Ormanoğlu, Ukrainian-born Turkish freestyle wrestler
Fatih Osmanlı, Kazakh-born actor in the Turkish historical drama Kuruluş: Osman
Buğra Öner, Turkish professional boxer
Alptuğ Öner, Turkish professional boxer
Cüneyt Özdemir, Turkish journalist
, Ottoman statesman
Ahmad bey Pepinov, Azerbaijani Minister of Agriculture
Mikail Suleymanov, Uzbek actor, copywriter and film director
Ravil Tagir, Kazakh-born Turkish football player
Fırat Tanış, Turkish actor
Yalçın Topçu, Turkish politician and former Ministry of Culture and Tourism
, Uzbek-Russian educator

See also
 Turkish communities and minorities in the former Ottoman Empire
 Turks in the former Soviet Union
 Meskhetians
 Meskheti

Notes

Bibliography

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 .

Further reading

 Robert Conquest, The Nation Killers: The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities (London: Macmillan, 1970) ()
 S. Enders Wimbush and Ronald Wixman, "The Meskhetian Turks: A New Voice in Central Asia," Canadian Slavonic Papers 27, Nos. 2 and 3 (Summer and Fall, 1975): 320-340
 Alexander Nekrich, The Punished Peoples: The Deportation and Fate of Soviet Minorities at the End of the Second World War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978) ().
 Emma Kh. Panesh and L. B. Ermolov (Translated by Kevin Tuite). Meskhetians. World Culture Encyclopedia. Accessed on September 1, 2007.

External links

Turkish diaspora
Peoples of the Caucasus
Ethnic groups in Georgia (country)
Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan
Ethnic groups in Russia
Muslim communities of Russia
Turkic peoples of Asia
Turkish communities outside Turkey
Islam in Georgia (country)
Turkic peoples of Europe
Muslim communities of the Caucasus

Meskhetian Turks


පිහිටීම
හල්තොට ලෙනවර රජ මහා විහාරය' කළුතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටා ඇති ඉපැරණි විහාරස්ථානයකි.  මෙම විහාරය නිමවා ඇත්තේ අනුරාධපුර යුගයේදී බව ඉතිහාස පොත පතෙහි සඳහන් වේ. එමෙන්ම මෙම විහාරස්ථානය මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සිට අඩි 600 ක් පමණ උසින් පිහිටා ඇත.

ලෙනවර රජ මහා විහාරය, හල්තොට


Sever Pop (n. 1884, Baita - d. ?) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Născut într-o familie de țărani agricultori, dintr-un tată preot ce s-a remarcat drept un luptător activ al cauzei națiunii române din zona Sălajului. După terminarea studiilor, în anul 1912, își deschide propriul cabinet de avocatură, în Halmeu, județul Ugocea. În anul 1915 se însoară cu fiica preotului din Turț, Ioan Hotea, de origine din Giulești, județul Maramureș. În anul 1918, împreună cu Doboși Ioan, avocat tot în Halmeu, organizează plasa și județul Ugocea, ținând adunarea de constituire la 17 noiembrie 1918 în comuna Turț. Tot el este cel care organizează și Garda Națională în această zonă. În cadrul adunării de constituire din comuna Turț, este delegat împreună cu alți 4 inși, pentru Adunarea de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918. Este ales, la propunerea lui Gheorghe Pop de Băsești, membru al Marelui Sfat Național, în data de 1 decembrie 1918. Din anul 1912, până în anul 1921, practică avocatura la Halmeu, urmând ca mai apoi să-și mute biroul la Șomcuta-Mare, în județul Satu Mare, de unde se va muta iarăși, la 3 septembrie 1943, în Baia de Arieș, județul Cluj-Turda.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1884
Anul decesului lipsă
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Sever Pop (avocat)


Răscoalele neneților din 1934 și 1943 (cunoscute și ca Revolta Yamal sau Mandalada) au reprezentat rezistența înarmată a neneților din tundra arctică, împotrivă autorităților sovietice care au dorit să elimine structura socio-economică tradițională a acestui popor. Mai exact, opoziția s-a constituit împotriva politicii de confiscare a terenurilor și averilor private cu scopul distribuirii acestora către gospodării colective.

Exigențele neneților către sovietici
Exigențele înaintate de samoiezi rebeli către guvernul sovietic:

 Anularea normelor achiziționării alimentelor și produselor industriale
 Achiziționarea produselor de nevoie și pe bani
 Jos cu "bogați" și "săraci" - noi suntem egali cu toții!
 Restabilirea în drepturi la voce oamenilor bogați și șamanilor
 Nu recunoaștem nici pe sovietici nici pe ai noștri (aleși de autoritățile sovietice), nu ne vom supune lor;
 Nu avem nevoie de factoriile voastre, jos cu rușii voștri!
 Suntem împotrivă legilor sovietice și refuzăm să le executăm!

Bilanțurile rebeliunii samoiezilor
Executarea condițiilor ultimatului înaintat de Mandalada ar însemna că puterea sovietică-comunistă renunță la toate evenimentele efectuate în tundră. În mod practic acest lucru ar însemna lichidarea puterii sovietice în tundră. Tocmai de asta, rebeliunea samoiezilor a fost crud strivită. Mulți oameni au fost asasinați de trupele NKVD, iar cei rămași în viață (conform unelor surse ca. 40 de oameni)au fost prinși de comunștii ruși și prin hotărârea instanței de judecată au fost condamnați la muncă silnică în lagărele de concentrare. Doar un om a fost justificat și eliberat din sala de judecată, astfel evitând pedeapsa.
Revolte în Uniunea Sovietică

Răscoalele neneților împotriva autorităților sovietice


Filip Tapalović (Gelsenkirchen, 22. listopada 1976.) bivši je hrvatski nogometni reprezentativac, danas je nogometni trener.

Filipov mlađi brat Toni bio je profesinalni nogometni vratar, a da nas je trener vratara u minhenskom Bayernu.

Igračka karijera
Igračku karijeru počeo je u mlađim kategorijama u rodnom Gelsenkirchen, prvo u Fortuni, pa potom u prvoligaškom Schalkeu 04. Prije nastupa za seniora Schalkea nastupao je dvije sezone u Bochumu, te se potom vratio u rodni grad nastupajući dvije sezone za seniore Schalkea. Nakon toga u 1860 Münchenu, te ponovo u Bochumu. Potom slijedi sezona u austrijskom Wackeru, pa povratak u Njemačku u Carl Zeiss Jena. Karijeru je završio u Rijeci 2008. godine.

Tapalović ima upisana i tri nastupa za hrvatsku nogometnu reprezentaciju 2002. godine.

Trenerska karijera
Trenersku karijeru započeo je 2013. godine kao trener juniora u 1860 Münchenu. Sljedeću sezonu je bio pomoćni trener u prvoj momčadi, nakon čega odlazi u Adelaide United u australsku A-League na mjesto pomoćnog trenera. Tapalović je napustio Adelaide zajedno s glavnim trenerom Marcom Kurzom, te su zajedno prešli u Melbourne Victoryju.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Profil na hrnogomet.com

Hrvatski nogometni reprezentativci
Hrvatski nogometni treneri
Nogometaši Bochuma
Nogometaši Schalkea 04
Nogometaši 1860 Münchena
Nogometaši HNK Rijeke

Filip Tapalović


حميد منصور هو مطرب عراقي اشتهر خلال فترة السبعينات والثمانينات، من مواليد عام 1945 ، يقطن في محافظة الديوانية ، تخرج عام 1970 من كلية الزراعة وعمل مهندساً زراعياً لغاية عام 1984.

عن حياته
حميد منصور مُطْرِب من عقد السبعينيات التي تألّقَ فيها الكثير من المُطْربين و المُطْربات في العراق، وقد قدَّمَ حميد منصور مجموعة جميلة من الأغاني كما أدى أيضًا أغاني شعبيّة كثيرة. وأود أن وأداء الأغاني السابقة لا يؤشر أبدًا قصور في المستوى الفني للفنان بل أنَّ ذلك يرجع بصورة عامة إلى ضعف الإنتاج الغنائي في العراق. ويمتاز الفنان حميد منصور بصوتٍ دافِئ رخيم وبإنتقاء مُمْتاز للكلمات التي يُغنيها.

الأغاني
 يم داركم
 يالداركم معمورة
 سلامات (من كلمات الشاعر العراقي الراحل كاظم الرويعي)
 خاله شكو
 الله ما يقطع حبيبي
 أخاف أحجي وعلي الناس يحجون
 اعذرك ليش
 ذكرك بيا
 انتظرتك
 تعال
 توصيني
 يامعزهم
 لاياروحي
 يا تين يا ناعم
 بالله ياصاحبي * تفرحون افرحلكم * يا هوى الهاب *
 جيت يهل الهوى

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من الديوانية
خريجو كلية الزراعة (جامعة بغداد)
عراقيون من أصل باكستاني
مغنون ومغنيات عراقيون
مهندسون زراعيون عراقيون
مواليد 1945

حميد منصور


Der Bataan-Nationalpark liegt in der Provinz Bataan auf der Insel Luzon, Philippinen. Er erstreckt sich auf einer Fläche von 25.676 Hektar. Als er 1945 eingerichtet wurde, hatte er eine Fläche von 31.365 ha, wurde jedoch 1980 auf eine Fläche von 23.688 reduziert und 1992 auf seine heutige Größe erweitert. Er steht im Anhang des NIPAS-Gesetzes von 1992 als ein geschützter Naturpark.

Er erstreckt sich um den 1.253 Meter hohen Berg Natib auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinden Bagac, Abucay, Morong, Orani, Hermosa und Balanga City. Im Nordwesten schließt sich die 6.261 Hektar große Subic Watershed Forest Reserve an. Der Nationalpark ist ein beliebtes Ausflugsziel für Touristen und für die einheimischen Bevölkerung.

Die Kernzone des Nationalparks bildet die Region um die beiden Gipfelcalderen des Natib. An seinen Berghängen erstrecken sich bis in ca. 900 Meter Höhe immergrüne Flachlandregenwälder, darüber bildet sich ein Bergwald aus. In den Randzonen liegen landwirtschaftlich genutzte Flächen, die sich mit bebauten Flächen abwechseln. Die Wälder sind jedoch stark bedroht durch Brandrodungen und illegalen Holzeinschlag. Der Ausbruch des nördlich gelegenen Pinatubo im Jahr 1991 schädigte die Wälder im Nationalpark nachhaltig.

Die abwechslungsreiche Naturkulisse bietet einen Lebensraum für die auf den Philippinen endemischen Riesenborkenratten (Phloeomys pallidus), den Goldkronen-Flughund (Acerodon jubatus), den Philippinenhirsch (Cervus mariannus) und das Philippinische Pustelschwein (Sus philippensis).

Unter der Avifauna sind bemerkenswert die Philippinenente (Anas luzonica), der Philippinenhaubenadler (Nisaetus philippensis), der Rotsteißkakadu (Cacatua haematuropygia), der Luzon-Spatelschwanzpapagei (Prioniturus luconensis), der Streifenuhu (Bubo philippensis) und die Manila-Papageiamadine (Erythrura viridifacies).

Siehe auch

 Biodiversität der Philippinen
 Nationalparks auf den Philippinen

Weblinks

Nationalpark in Asien
Nationalpark auf den Philippinen
Bataan
Geographie (Luzon)

Bataan-Nationalpark


Brachylaena, biljni rod iz porodice Compositae. kojemu pripada 12 uglavnom dvodomnih vrsta grmova i drveća, u Južnoj Africi, južnoj tropskoj Africi, Komorima i Madagaskaru.

Lišće je naizmjenično raspoređeno, ima nazubljene rubove, a listovi su s donje strane prekriveni vunastim dlakama. Cvjetovi su žuti ili bijeli, zvjezdasti; muški cvjetovi su manji od ženskih.

Vrste
 Brachylaena discolor DC.
 Brachylaena elliptica (Thunb.) Less.
 Brachylaena glabra (L.fil.) Druce
 Brachylaena huillensis O.Hoffm.
 Brachylaena ilicifolia (Lam.) E.Phillips & Schweick.
 Brachylaena merana (Baker) Humbert
 Brachylaena microphylla Humbert
 Brachylaena neriifolia (L.) R.Br.
 Brachylaena perrieri (Drake) Humbert
 Brachylaena ramiflora Humbert
 Brachylaena stellulifera Humbert
 Brachylaena uniflora Harv.

Izvori

Tarchonanthoideae

Brachylaena


Alexandru Mureșan  (n. 1854, Sătmărel – d. 8 august 1938, Sătmărel) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Alexandru Mureșan s-a născut în localitatea Sătmărel, în 1854 și a fost un agricultor cu șase clase din  Sătmărel; a decedat în anul 1938, la data de 8 august, în localitatea natală.

Activitate politică
A fost delegat al cercului electoral Cinghir la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 18 noiembrie/ 1 decembrie 1918.

Note

Lectură suplimentară
Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)
Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
 http://www.dacoromania-alba.ro/nr67/gazeta.htm

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1854
Decese în 1938
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Agricultori români

Alexandru Mureșan


The Grammy Award for Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album was awarded from 1991 to 2011.  From 1991 to 1993 it was awarded as Best Pop Gospel Album. According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards, the award is reserved "For albums containing at least 51% playing time of newly recorded pop/contemporary gospel vocal tracks."

The award was discontinued in 2012 in a major overhaul of Grammy categories. From 2012, recordings in this category were shifted to the newly formed Best Contemporary Christian Music Album category.

Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year.

Recipients
Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year.

 Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year.

See also
 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Album
 Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album
 List of Grammy Award categories

References

General

Specific

External links
Official site of the Grammy Awards

Grammy Awards for gospel music
Pop Contemporary Gospel Album
Pop Contemporary Gospel
Album awards


Ariadne ist seit 1988 die politische Frauenkrimireihe des Argument Verlags und wurde von Frigga Haug gegründet. Else Laudan ist die aktuelle Verlegerin.

Geschichte
Das Konzept der Reihe dreht sich um Unterhaltungsliteratur als kulturpolitisches Projekt. Zunächst erschienen paritätisch politische Frauen- und "Lesbenkrimis", in denen Frauen souverän auftreten und die Szene beherrschen. Den feministischen Herausgeberinnen ging es darum, das damals von Machos als Ermittlern dominierte Krimigenre neu zu besetzen.

In den 1990er Jahren löste Ariadnes wachsende Beliebtheit einen regelrechten Frauenkrimi-Boom bei einigen  Verlagen aus. Die erfolgreichsten und populärsten Ariadne-Titel dieser Zeit waren die Kriminalromane von Marion Foster, Sarah Dreher, Katherine V. Forrest, J.M. Redmann, P.M. Carlson und Val McDermid.

Programm
Seit dem Jahr 2000 liegt der Schwerpunkt der Ariadne-Reihe auf der Produktion von Romanen deutschsprachiger Autorinnen wie Monika Geier, Christine Lehmann, Dagmar Scharsich,  Merle Kröger und Anne Goldmann, sowie aktuell der französischen Thrillerautorin Dominique Manotti, deren romans noirs typisch für den sozialkritischen wie auch den literarischen Anspruch der Ariadne-Reihe sind. Aus den USA kam die indigene Autorin Marcie Rendon dazu, die mit Am Roten Fluss eine Art Western-Krimi aus unverträumt weiblicher Protagonisten-Perspektive vorlegte.

Mit der Aufnahme der schottischen "Queen of Tartan Noir" Denise Mina und ihrem Roman Blut Salz Wasser, adäquat übersetzt von Zoë Beck, gelang es dem Kleinverlag im Mai 2018, erstmals mit gleich zwei Romanen ganz oben in der Krimibestenliste vertreten zu sein. Im Juni erreichte der Mina-Titel sogar den Spitzenplatz, zugleich kam Manottis Kesseltreiben auf den  sechsten Rang der Top 10.

Weblinks
 Website der Krimireihe im Argument Verlag
 Interview mit der Herausgeberin
 Artikel im Jugendmagazin des Bundesamts für politische Bildung

Belege

Serie (Literatur)
Kriminalliteratur
Literatur (Hamburg)

Ariadne Kriminalromane


Mart Port (né le  à Pärnu et mort le  à Tallinn) était un architecte et professeur estonien.

Il est à la tête de nombreux plans statutaires à l'époque soviétique, à l'exemple du Sokos Hotel Viru, du bâtiment du Comité central du Parti communiste d'Estonie (maintenant bâtiment du ministère des Affaires étrangères), ou du mémorial de la Seconde Guerre mondiale de Maarjamäe.

Il est le fils du botaniste  et le père du biologiste .

Liens externes

Naissance à Pärnu
Naissance en janvier 1922
Décès à Tallinn
Décès en février 2012
Décès à 90 ans
Architecte estonien du XXe siècle

Mart Port


ප්‍රසන්න රණතුංග, පා.ම (දෙමළ: பிரசன்ன ரணதுங்க, ඉංග්‍රීසි:Prasanna Ranatunga; උපත 1 ජනවාරි 1967) යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකික දේශපාලකයෙක් වන අතර වත්මන් නාගරික සංවර්ධන සහ නිවාස අමාත්‍ය වේ. රණතුංග ගම්පහ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය සඳහා ශ්‍රී ලංකා නිදහස් පොදුජන සන්ධානය නියෝජනය කරමින් ශ්‍රී ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙක්.
ඔහු බස්නාහිර පළාතේ 8 වන ප්‍රධාන අමාත්‍ය ලෙසද කටයුතු කළේය. ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ හිටපු නායක අර්ජුන රණතුංග මහතා ඔහුගේ සහෝදරයායි.

මේවාද බලන්න
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දේශපාලන පවුල් ලැයිස්තුව

ආශ්‍රිත

ශ්‍රී ලාංකික දේශපාලඥයෝ

ප්‍රසන්න රණතුංග


William Vesey-FitzGerald, 2nd Baron FitzGerald and Vesey,  (24 July 1783 – 11 May 1843) was an Anglo-Irish statesman. A Tory, he served in the governments of Lord Wellington and Robert Peel, but is best known for his defeat in the 1828 Clare by-election, hastening Catholic Emancipation across Britain and Ireland.

Background and education
FitzGerald was the elder son of James FitzGerald and Catherine, 1st Baroness FitzGerald and Vesey, daughter of Reverend Henry Vesey. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford. Through his father he was of both Old English and Gaelic Irish descent.

Political career
FitzGerald first entered parliament in 1808 as the member for Ennis (succeeding his father), a seat he held until October 1812, when he was replaced by his father, and again between January 1813 and 1818. He was implicated in the scandal involving the Duke of York and his mistress Mary Anne Clarke, but after bringing valuable evidence of the case to the courts he was rewarded when he was appointed a Lord of the Irish Treasury and sworn of the Irish Privy Council in 1810. In 1812 he was admitted to the British Privy Council and made a Lord of the Treasury in England, Chancellor of the Irish Exchequer and First Lord of the Irish Treasury. He held the Irish offices until they were merged with the English treasury in 1816. In 1820 FitzGerald was returned to Parliament for Clare, which constituency he represented until 1828. In 1820 he was appointed Ambassador to Sweden. He tried to make the Swedish King, Charles XIV John, repay the large sums of money given to him during the Napoleonic Wars, but this was to no avail and he returned to Britain in 1823.  He served as Paymaster of the Forces under successively Lord Liverpool, George Canning and Lord Goderich between 1826 and 1828.

In 1828 the Duke of Wellington appointed him President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy. This required him to contest the Clare constituency once again, but he was defeated. The election was noteworthy in terms of Irish history because it led directly to Catholic Emancipation spearheaded by his successor, Daniel O'Connell as a result of his win. However, FitzGerald managed to get elected for Newport in 1829, and served as President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy until February 1830, when he resigned. He briefly represented Lostwithiel in 1830 and then Ennis from 1831 until 1835.

FitzGerald succeeded his mother as second Baron FitzGerald and Vesey in 1832. As this was an Irish peerage it did not entitle him to a seat in the House of Lords. However, in 1835 he was created Baron FitzGerald, of Desmond and of Clan Gibbon in the County of Cork, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, and was able to take a seat in the House of Lords. He again held office as President of the Board of Control under Sir Robert Peel between 1841 and 1843. Apart from his political career FitzGerald was Lord Lieutenant of County Clare from 1831 to 1843, a trustee of the British Museum, President of the Institute of Irish Architects and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.

Personal life
Lord FitzGerald and Vesey died in May 1843, aged 59. He was unmarried and on his death the barony of 1835 became extinct. He was succeeded in the Irish title by his younger brother, Henry. Lord FitzGerald and Vesey's illegitimate son Sir William Vesey-FitzGerald became a successful Conservative politician.

References

1783 births
1843 deaths
18th-century Irish people
19th-century Irish politicians
Barons FitzGerald and Vesey
FitzGerald, William Vesey-FitzGerald, 1st Baron
Fitzgerald, William Vesey-
Lord-Lieutenants of Clare
Paymasters of the Forces
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Sweden
Commissioners of the Treasury for Ireland
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Vesey-FitzGerald, William
Vesey-FitzGerald, William
Vesey-FitzGerald, William
Vesey-FitzGerald, William
Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers
Vesey-FitzGerald, William
Vesey-FitzGerald, William
Vesey-FitzGerald, William
Vesey-FitzGerald, William
Vesey-FitzGerald, William
Vesey-FitzGerald, William
UK MPs who inherited peerages
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Presidents of the Royal Asiatic Society
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Board of Trade
Peers of the United Kingdom created by William IV
Presidents of the Board of Control
Diplomatic peers


An Gelidocalamus velutinus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Wan Tao Lin. An Gelidocalamus velutinus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gelidocalamus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gelidocalamus

Gelidocalamus velutinus


Takeshi Urakami (født 7. februar 1969) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Yokohama Marinos, Shimizu S-Pulse og Kawasaki Frontale.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takeshi Urakami


අභිධර්මය බුදු හිමි ප්‍රථම වරට දේශනා කළේ තාවතිංස දෙව්ලොවේ වැඩවසන මාතෘ දිව්‍යරාජයාටයි.

අභිධර්ම පිටකය


Menneskeaben er en film fra 1910 med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
En chimpanse viser sine 'menneskelige' færdigheder: iført jakkesæt, strømper og sko spiser den med kniv og gaffel, tænder trænerens cigaret, bærer bordet ud, tager jakkesæt og sko af og ifører sig natskjorte, leger, løber på rulleskøjter og cykler.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1910
Stumfilm fra Danmark

Menneskeaben


Maximum time in grade in a military force is the longest amount of time that an officer or enlisted man is allowed to remain in the service without being promoted. If the soldier has not been promoted by the time he reaches MTIG, he is discharged from the service. Today, a recruit may enter the service at 17 years old and stay in service until age 65, for a total of 48 years of service.

Record holder
The record holder for the longest enlisted service is Chief Torpedoeman Harry Simond Morris (1887-1975), who entered the U.S. Navy at age 15 as an apprentice boy, and served for 55 years of continuous service, a record that cannot be surpassed under current regulations.

Morris was the last living apprentice boy entitled to wear the apprentice "knot" on his uniform, and he was the founder and chairman of the "Great White Fleet Association," which held annual reunion dinners to commemorate the cruise at the U. S. Grant Hotel in downtown San Diego.

References

Military ranks of the United States

Maximum time in grade


Donca Steriade (n. 1951) este actualmente profesor de lingvistică la Massachussetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Înainte de aceasta, ea a fost profesor de lingvistică la University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). A obținut doctoratul în cadrul Departamentului de Lingvistică și Filosofie al MIT în 1982, masteratul la Universitatea Laval, în 1976, și licența în Filologie la Universitatea București în 1974. Ea a fost cooptată în Linguistic Society of America în 2015.

Activitatea de cercetare
Cercetarea Doncăi Steriade  se concentrează pe fonologie și morfofonologie, ea fiind acum unul dintre cei mai importanți fonologiști, mai ales în domeniile subspecificării (underspecification) și neutralizării. Ea și-a început cariera academică cu studii clasice în București, dar a emigrat împreună cu tatăl ei în Canada. Mai târziu, ea a fost admisă în MIT pentru a studia sub conducerea lui Morris Halle pentru a investiga universal elementele universale ale limbajului. Teza sa de doctorat a fost intitulată "Prozodia greacă și natura silabificării". Ea a studiat o serie de limbi indoeuropene și a publicat lucrările de referință: Phonetically Based Phonology și Linguistics: An Introduction to Linguistic Theory.

Lucrări publicate
Steriade, Donca (2001) Directional asymmetries in place assimilation: A perceptual account. In The Role of Speech Perception in Phonology, eds. E. Hume and K. Johnson, 219-250. New York: Academic Press.
Steriade, Donca (2000) Paradigm uniformity and the phonetics-phonology boundary. In Papers in Laboratory Phonology V: Acquisition and the Lexicon, eds. M. B. Broe and J. B. Pierrehumbert, 313-334. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Steriade, Donca (1995) Markedness and underspecification. In J. Goldsmith (ed.) The Handbook of Phonological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. 114-174.
Steriade, Donca (1988) Reduplication and syllable transfer in Sanskrit and elsewhere. Phonology 5.73-155.
Steriade, Donca (1987) Locality conditions and feature geometry. Proceedings of NELS 17. 595-618.

Note

Legături externe
 http://linguistics.mit.edu/user/steriade/
 http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/steriade/steriade.htm
 http://mit.academia.edu/DoncaSteriade

Nașteri în 1951
Lingviști
Oameni în viață
Absolvenți ai Universității din București
Cadre didactice ale Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Donca Steriade


Aleksandr Osipovič Drankov, (ruski: Алекса́ндр О́сипович Дранко́в; Rusko Carstvo, 18. siječnja 1886. – San Francisco, Kalifornija, Sjedinjene Američke Države, 3. siječnja 1949.), ruski filmski redatelj.

Filmovi
 Bolšoj čelovek,
 Svadba Krečinskogo,
 Taras Bulba

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Aleksandr Drankov na kino-teatr.ru

Ruski filmski redatelji

Aleksandr Drankov


Andorras U/19-fodboldlandshold er Andorras landshold for fodboldspillere, som er under 19 år og administreres af Federació Andorrana de Futbol (FAF).

U/19-fodboldlandshold
U/19-fodboldlandshold i Europa

Andorras U/19-fodboldlandshold


Zdravko Stoyanov Zdravkov (Bulgarca: Здравко Здравков) (d. 4 Ekim 1970, Sofya), Bulgar eski millî futbolcudur. 2005-2008 yılları arası Çaykur Rizespor'da forma giymiştir.

Futbolculuk kariyeri

Kulüp takımları kariyeri
Zdravkov ilk olarak 1989 - 1995 yılları arasında Bulgar takımı Levski Sofya'da oynamıştır. Daha sonra 1997-1999 ve 2000-2002 yıllarında iki dönem İstanbulspor, 1999-2000 sezonunda Adanaspor, 2002-2003 sezonunda Çerno More ve 2003-2004 sezonunda yine Bulgaristan ekibi Liteks Loveç forması giymiştir.

Millî takım kariyeri
60 kez Bulgaristan millî futbol takımı forması giymiştir. 1998 FIFA Dünya Kupası ve 2004 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası'nda Bulgaristan'ın birinci kalecisi olarak kadroya girmiştir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Kicker Dergisi Resmî İnternet Sitesi - Zdravko Zdravkov Profili
 goal İnternet Sitesi - Zdravko Zdravkov Profili
 weltfussball.de İnternet Sitesi - Zdravko Zdravkov Profili
 LevskiSofia.info Profili

1970 doğumlular
Sofya doğumlular
Bulgar futbolcular
Çaykur Rizespor yabancı futbolcuları
Adanaspor yabancı futbolcuları
İstanbulspor yabancı futbolcuları
PFK Levski futbolcuları
PFK Liteks Loveç futbolcuları
PFK Slaviya Sofiya futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Bulgaristan millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
1998 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2004 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
1996 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
Türkiye'deki Bulgar gurbetçiler
Türkiye'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
Bulgar gurbetçi futbolcular
Yaşayan insanlar
Kaleci futbolcular
Prva profesionalna futbolna liga futbolcuları

Zdravko Zdravkov


Earl of Perth is a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1605 for James Drummond, 4th Lord Drummond. The Drummond family claim descent from Maurice, son of George, a younger son of King Andrew I of Hungary. Maurice arrived in Scotland on the ship which brought Edgar Ætheling, the Saxon claimant to the crown of England after the Norman Conquest, and his sister Margaret to Scotland in 1068. Maurice was given lands in Lennox (Dunbartonshire), together with the hereditary stewardship of the county. The Hungarian Prince theory has been discounted as no evidence of any relationships exists in written records or DNA.  "The Red Book of the Menteiths" clearly discounts the Hungarian Prince as a myth likely formed to give status to the Drummond origins. The Drummonds in the 12th century were allied to the Menteiths – their early fortunes developed through the relationship.  Indeed, one "Johannes De Drumon", said to have died in 1301, was buried in Inchmahome Priory which was founded by the Menteiths.   His successor John Drummond, the 7th Steward, was deprived of the lands and retired into Perthshire.

John Drummond, Justiciar of Scotia, was created a Lord of Parliament as Lord Drummond of Cargill in 1487–8 by King James III of Scotland. His direct descendant, James, 4th Lord Drummond, Ambassador to Spain, was created Earl of Perth and Lord Drummond of Stobhall in 1605.

James Drummond, 4th Earl of Perth was attainted for supporting the Jacobites during the rising of 1715. He had been created Duke of Perth, Marquess of Drummond, Earl of Stobhall, Viscount Cargill, and Lord Concraig in 1701 by the exiled Jacobite claimant to the British thrones, recognised by adherents of the Royal Stuarts as King James III and VIII. This creation, in the Jacobite Peerage, was never recognised by the de facto British government. He and his successors nonetheless continued to claim the Earldom together with the Dukedom. Upon the death of the sixth Duke in 1760, he was succeeded by a second cousin, descended from the younger brother of the 4th Earl and 1st Jacobite Duke, John Drummond, first Earl and Jacobite Duke of Melfort, by his first wife. He, in turn, was succeeded by his third but only surviving son, as the 8th (Jacobite) Duke and 11th de jure Earl, who obtained in 1783 the restoration of the estates, forfeited as a result of the Jacobite rising of 1745. He did not succeed, however, in removing the attainder of 1716, but was created by George III of the Hanoverian dynasty, in 1797, Lord Perth, Baron Drummond of Stobhall, in the Peerage of Great Britain, which title became extinct on his death in 1800. He was succeeded, as 9th Jacobite Duke of Perth by his cousin, James Lewis Drummond, fourth Duke of Melfort, another holder of a Jacobite dukedom. The 10th Duke, who also held the Melfort titles, was a prelate of Catholic Church, known as the Abbé de Melfort. Upon his death in 1840, he was succeeded in his peerage titles by his nephew, George Drummond, who had embraced the Protestant faith.

In 1853, the sixth Duke of Melfort, George Drummond, was by Act of Parliament deemed the 5th Earl of Perth, and the previous attainder was reversed. Drummond also dropped the use of the dukedom of Melfort, although he had been recognised in French law courts as the duc de Melfort, comte de Lussan and baron de Valrose. At his death in 1902, several titles held by him, such as the Earldom of Melfort, became dormant because no-one could prove a claim to the title. The Earldom of Perth, however, as well as the titular Jacobite Dukedom, passed to William Huntly Drummond, 11th Viscount Strathallan (his 7th cousin twice removed, a descendant of the 2nd Lord Drummond). Because some writers do not count the de jure holders of the Earldom in the numbering, the 14th Earl is sometimes referred to as the 5th Earl, and so on. The present Earl of Perth considers himself the 19th holder of the title.

The subsidiary titles held by the Earl of Perth are: Viscount Strathallan (created 1686), Lord Drummond of Cargill (1488), Lord Drummond of Stobhall (1605), Lord Maderty (1609) and Lord Drummond of Cromlix (1686). The title Viscount Strathallan is the courtesy title of the Earl's eldest son and heir. All titles are in the Peerage of Scotland.

The Earl of Perth is the hereditary Clan Chief of Clan Drummond.

The family seat is at Stobhall, near Perth, from the early 14th century.

Lords Drummond of Cargill (1488)
John Drummond, 1st Lord Drummond (1438–1519)
David Drummond, 2nd Lord Drummond (c. 1515–1571)
Patrick Drummond, 3rd Lord Drummond (1550–1600)
James Drummond, 4th Lord Drummond (died 1611); became Earl of Perth in 1605

Earls of Perth, Lords Drummond of Stobhall (1605)
James Drummond, 1st Earl of Perth (died 1611)
John Drummond, 2nd Earl of Perth (died 1662), 1st Earl's brother
James Drummond, 3rd Earl of Perth (c. 1615–1675), 2nd Earl's elder son.
James Drummond, 4th Earl of Perth (c. 1649–1716) (attainted), 3rd Earl's son.

Jacobite Dukes of Perth and claimants to the Earldom of Perth (1716–1797)
James Drummond, 1st Duke of Perth (c. 1649–1716) 4th Earl of Perth, created Duke of Perth in the Jacobite Peerage in 1701, non-Jacobite titles forfeited by attainder 1716
James Drummond, 2nd Duke of Perth (died 1720), titular 5th Earl of Perth, 1st Duke's elder son
James Drummond, 3rd Duke of Perth (died 1746), titular 6th Earl of Perth, 2nd Duke's elder son
John Drummond, 4th Duke of Perth (died 1747), titular 7th Earl of Perth, 2nd Duke's 2nd son
John Drummond, 5th Duke of Perth (died 1757), titular 8th Earl of Perth, 1st Duke's 2nd son
Edward Drummond, 6th Duke of Perth (died 1760), titular 9th Earl of Perth, 1st Duke's 3rd son
James Lundin, after 1760, Drummond, 7th Duke of Perth (1707–1781), titular 10th Earl of Perth, 1st Duke's grand-nephew by elder nephew
James Drummond (formerly Lundin), 8th Duke of Perth (17442 July 1800), titular 11th Earl of Perth, his son, Lord Perth, Baron Drummond of Stobhall

Lord Perth, Baron Drummond of Stobhall (1797)
James Drummond (formerly Lundin) (17442 July 1800)

Jacobite Dukes of Perth and claimants to the Earldom of Perth (1800–1853)

James Louis Drummond, 4th Earl and Duke of Melfort and 9th Duke of Perth (1750September 1800), titular 12th Earl of Perth, 1st Duke's great-grandnephew by younger nephew.
Charles Edouard Drummond, 5th Earl and Duke of Melfort and 10th Duke of Perth (1752–1840), titular 13th Earl of Perth, "Abbé de Melfort", his brother
George Drummond, 6th Earl and Duke of Melfort and 11th Duke of Perth (1807–1902), his nephew, recognised by the Committee of Privilege of the House of Lords as the "5th Earl of Perth" in 1853, being the titular 14th Earl in the Jacobite peerage.

Earls of Perth (1605, restored 1853)
George Drummond, 5th Earl of Perth, Lord Drummond of Stobhall, Lord Drummond of Cargill (1807–1902) (restored 1853)
William Huntly Drummond, 11th Viscount Strathallan and 6th Earl of Perth (1871–1937), titular (Jacobite) 12th Duke of Perth; a seventh cousin of the 5th Earl, he was a descendant of James Drummond, 1st Lord Maderty, a younger son of David Drummond, 2nd Lord Drummond (see Viscount Strathallan'').
James Eric Drummond, 7th Earl of Perth (1876–1951), titular (Jacobite) 13th Duke of Perth, 12th Viscount Strathallan, a half-brother of the 6th Earl
John David Drummond, 8th Earl of Perth (1907–2002), titular (Jacobite) 14th Duke of Perth, 13th Viscount Strathallan, only son of the 7th Earl
John Eric Drummond, 9th Earl of Perth (7 July 1935 – 27 March 2023), titular (Jacobite) 15th Duke of Perth, 14th Viscount Strathallan. The 9th Earl was the elder son of the 8th Earl and his wife Nancy Fincke, an American. He grew up at Stobhall, near Stanley, Perthshire. He was educated at Downside School, Trinity College, Cambridge, and Harvard University, where he graduated M.B.A. On 7 January 1963. the 9th Earl married Margaret Anne Gordon, a daughter of Robin Gordon, and they had three children before divorcing in 1972: Annabella Margaret Drummond (born and died 1964), James David Drummond, Viscount Strathallan (subsequently the 10th Earl, born 1965) and Robert Eric Drummond (born 1967) In 1988, he married secondly Marion Verity Grey Elliot, née Eton.

James David Drummond, 10th Earl of Perth (born 1965), titular (Jacobite) 16th Duke of Perth, 15th Viscount Strathallan, elder son of the 9th Earl.

Present day
James David Drummond (born 1965) is the 10th Earl of Perth, titular (Jacobite) 16th Duke of Perth, 15th Viscount Strathallan, elder son of the 9th Earl. He was educated at Eton, the University of St Andrews and the London School of Economics.

The heir presumptive to the earldom is the present earl's younger brother Hon. Robert Eric Drummond (born 1967). He married Lara Baumann in 2012, with whom he has a daughter, Juna Violet (born 2012), and a son, Jaego Alexander (born 2016).

Notes

References
 Historical facts and explanations regarding the succession to the lordships, baronies and free regality of Drummond and Earldom of Perth. Published 1866 by George Drummond, Earl of Perth and of Melfort

Earldoms in the Peerage of Scotland

Noble titles created in 1605
People associated with Perth and Kinross
Scottish people of Hungarian descent

Earl of Perth


Beauvoir se poate referi la:

Localități
 Beauvoir, localitate în departamentul Manche
 Beauvoir, localitate în departamentul Oise
 Beauvoir, fostă localitate în departamentul Sarthe, azi parte din Aillières-Beauvoir
 , localitate în departamentul Seine-et-Marne
 Beauvoir, fostă localitate în departamentul Somme, azi parte din Rollot
 Beauvoir, localitate în departamentul Yonne
 Beauvoir-de-Marc, localitate în departamentul Isère
 Beauvoir-en-Lyons, localitate în departamentul Seine-Maritime
 Beauvoir-en-Royans, localitate în departamentul Isère
 Beauvoir-l'Abbaye, fostă localitate în departamentul Somme, azi parte din Neuilly-l'Hôpital
 Beauvoir-lès-Rue, fostă localitate în departamentul Somme, azi parte din Rue
 Beauvoir-sur-Mer, localitate în departamentul Vendée
 Beauvoir-sur-Niort, localitate în departamentul Deux-Sèvres
 Beauvoir-Wavans, localitate în departamentul Pas-de-Calais

Oameni
 Familia franceză :
 Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986), eseistă, scriitoare și feministă
  (1910-2001), pictoriță și sora Simonei
  (n. 1941), profesoară franceză de filozofie și fiica adoptată a Simonei
  (n. 1967), scriitoare franceză
  (sec. al XV-lea), episcop al Amiens între 1457 și 1473
 , cântăreț și basist american
  (1846-1929), călător francez
  (1936-2015), biochimist haitian
  (1809-1866), romancier și dramaturg francez

Pseudonime
 Madame Roger de Beauvoir, pseudonimul literar al  (1822-1859), actriță și scriitoare franceză

Familii
  din Bourgogne
  din Viennois

Altele
  din Argentina
  din Québec, Canada

Beauvoir


Gelibolu Marşı, asıl adı 'Akdeniz Kıyılarında' olan ve I. Dünya Savaşı'ndaki en ciddi muharebelerin yaşandığı Çanakkale cephesinden gazi olarak dönen Osmanlı askerleri için Samih Rifat tarafından yazılan şiirin, Leylâ Saz tarafından bestelenmiş şekline verilen addır.

Dış bağlantılar

Türk marşları
Çanakkale Savaşı hakkında eserler

Gelibolu Marşı


Die Turngemeinde Witten von 1848 (TG Witten) ist ein 1848 gegründeter Sportverein in Witten. Sie ist überwiegend ein Breitensport-Verein mit Angeboten vom Tennis, über Basketball bis zum Karate, nimmt aber über das Triathlon-Team TG Witten auch aktiv am Leistungssport teil.

Geschichte

Gründung und Anfangsjahre
Seit mindestens 1846 wird Turnen in Witten betrieben. In diesem Jahr legte Theodor Müllensiefen einen ersten, privaten Turnplatz nahe seiner Privatschule am Crengeldanz, auf dem Gelände des jetzigen Privatfriedhofs Müllensiefen an. Die Turngemeinde wurde 1848 von 13 Personen, darunter dem späteren Industriellen und Politiker Louis Constanz Berger als Turnverein zu Witten gegründet. Der Gründung vorausgegangen war ein Besuch beim 1. Märkisch-westfälischen Gesangsfest in Iserlohn 1846 samt Schauturnen. Kurz vor der Gründung erschien in der ersten Ausgabe der Wittener Wochenzeitung Wittekind 1848 ein Aufruf, einen Turnverein zu gründen. Die Vereins-Gründer waren mutmaßlich von den Ideen der Märzrevolution 1848 beeinflusst. Noch 1848 wurde die erste Satzung fertiggestellt. Man traf sich wöchentlich, 1849 begannen die Turnübungen auf einem zum Turnplatz hergerichteten, gepachteten Grundstück. Den Schulen der verschiedenen Konfessionen (evang., kath. und jüd.) wurde angeboten, den Turnplatz mit zu nutzen. Im Haus Witten wurde ein Raum gemietet, in dem Fechten und Freiübungen betrieben wurden. Eine erste Vereinszeitschrift Der Turner wurde an die Mitglieder verteilt. Im selben Jahr benannte sich der Verein um in Wittener Turngemeinde von 1848 und trat dem ebenfalls 1848 gegründeten Deutschen Turner-Bund bei. Noch 1949 wurde der Pachtvertrag gekündigt. Die Turngemeinde konnte Gelände und Halle eines anderen Bauernhofes pachten. Die geplante Einführung von Schwimmunterricht in der Ruhr scheiterte am Ertrinken eines Vorturners 1850. Zum ersten Turnfest 1850 wurde die Vereinsfahne vorgestellt. Superintendent Friedrich August König, der Pfarrer der Johanniskirche, zeigte die Verantwortlichen des Turnfestes 1850 wegen angeblicher Entweihung des Sonntags an, was in einer symbolischen Strafe von einem Taler endete.

Der königliche Landrat von Bochum löste 1852 die Turngemeinde auf, sie wurde aber im selben Jahr unter neuem Namen Wittener Turnverein wiedergegründet. Über das Turnen hinaus wurden weitere Initiativen entfaltet, wie z. B. zu einer vereinseigenen Büchersammlung. Nach mehreren Umbenennungen wurde 1862 wieder der Name Turngemeinde angenommen. Die Stadt Bochum lud 1963 die Turnerschaften umliegender Städte zum Beiwohnen einer Löschgeräteübung der Bochumer Turner-Feuerwehr ein. Nach Besuch dieser Vorführung wurde 1863 auch innerhalb der Turngemeinde eine Turnerfeuerwehr eingerichtet, die Vorläuferin der Feuerwehr Witten. Sie bildete einen "Verein im Verein" mit eigenem Vorstand, der allerdings vom Vorstand der Turngemeinde bestätigt werden musste. 1863 schloss sich der im gleichen Jahr gegründete Männerturnverein der Turngemeinde an. Nach Problemen im Zusammenhang mit Alkoholkonsum wurde die Turnerfeuerwehr 1868 neu gegründet, ebenfalls wieder innerhalb der Turngemeinde. Die ältere Feuerwehr durfte städtische Feuerwehrausrüstung und Spritzenhaus nicht mehr nutzen. Nach 1869 spaltete sich der Allgemeine Turnverein zu Witten vom Wittener Turnverein ab. Beide Vereine schlossen sich aber 1872 wieder zur Turngemeinde Witten von 1848 zusammen. 1873 schlossen Turngemeinde und die Stadt Witten einen Vertrag über den Bau einer Turnhalle ab. Die Turngemeinde übertrat der Stadt einen Turnhallen-Baufond sowie Turngeräte und bekam dafür Nutzungsrechte an Halle und Geräten. 1873 wurde der Grundstein an der Kurzen Straße (heute Synagogenstraße) gelegt. Die Turnhalle wurde allerdings erst 1879 fertiggestellt. 1877 traten acht jüdische Mitglieder aus der Turngemeinde aus, da das Stiftungsfest 1877 mit Jom Kippur zusammenfiel, und gründeten den Wittener Turnverein 1877. Die Turngemeinde lehnte die Diskussion über die Abtretung von Turngeräten an den Wittener Turnverein ab. 1879 wurden Turnerfeuerwehr und die Freiwillige Feuerwehr getrennt und die Turnerfeuerwehr aufgelöst. Auf dem Stiftungsfest 1888 wurde ein Festspiel Gut Heil! über Friedrich Ludwig Jahn und die Gründung der Turngemeinde aufgeführt.

Berger-Denkmal

Der Vorsitzende der Turngemeinde Friedrich Wilhelm August Pott regte 1891 die Errichtung eines Denkmals auf dem Hohenstein für den Mitbegründer der Turngemeinde Louis Constantz Berger an. 1897 wurde ein Ausschuss zur Errichtung eines Denkmals unter dem Vorsitz von Bürgermeister Gustav Haarmann eingerichtet. In den Jahren 1901 bis 1904 erfolgte der Bau des 21 m hohen Aussichtsturms aus Ruhrsandstein. Er ist heute ein Wahrzeichen der Stadt und gehört zur Route der Industriekultur mit der Themenroute 12: Geschichte und Gegenwart der Ruhr.

1918–1933
1920 erwarb die Turngemeinde ein ehemaliges Ziegeleigelände an der Sandstraße und legte darauf ihren ersten eigenen Turnplatz Jahnplatz an, der bis 1922 fertiggestellt wurde. Die Tennisabteilung wurde 1922 eingerichtet. 1924 wurde ein Teilstück der Sandstraße in Jahnstraße (nach Friedrich Ludwig Jahn) umbenannt. Die erste eigene Turnhalle der Turngemeinde wurde 1925 auf dem Jahnplatz in Holzbauweise erbaut. 1928 folgten die ersten beiden Tennisplätze.

1933–1945
Seit 1933 musste der Vereinsvorsitzende nach Möglichkeit NSDAP-Mitglied sein. Der Vereinsvorsitzende musste sich zur nationalsozialistischen Regierung bekennen und bestimmte die restlichen Mitglieder des Vorstands. Die paramilitärischen Sportarten Wehrturnen und Geländesport wurden eingeführt. Die Schülerabteilung der Turngemeinde musste 1936 aufgelöst und dem Deutschen Jungvolk zugeführt werden. 1939 wurde die Turngemeinde mit dem Turnverein Eintracht Witten zusammengeschlossen. Gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde der Jahnplatz zu einer Flugabwehrstellung umgewandelt. Durch einen Bombenangriff auf Witten wurden 1945 die erste Turnhalle und ein Großteil des Vereinsarchivs zerstört. Später wurden noch zahlreiche Bombentrichter beseitigt.

Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs löste die englische Militärregierung Mitgliedsvereine des Deutschen Reichsausschuss für Leibesübungen auf und verlangten die Zusammenfassung aller Vereine. NSDAP-Mitglieder von vor 1933, Zellenleiter und höhere NSDAP-Parteifunktionäre und SS- sowie SA-Männer durften keine Mitglieder mehr sein. Einfache NSDAP-Mitglieder konnten Mitglied bleiben, aber kein Amt mehr innehaben. Eduard Schröder, der Vorsitzende der Turngemeinde, musste sein Amt niederlegen, blieb aber weiterhin Mitglied. Der Breitensport sollte auf eine einheitliche, demokratische Grundlage gestellt werden. Es wurden zwei Sammelvereine, "Witten-West" und "Witten-Ost" gebildet.

Seit 1945
1946 wurde die Turngemeinde Witten von 1848 neu gegründet. Eine Fechtabteilung wurde 1951 eingerichtet. 1950 wurden ein Tennisheim und eine Tennishalle erbaut. Die Turnhalle wurde 1952 wieder aufgebaut und nach Eduard Schröder benannt, dem 1. Vorsitzenden von 1939 bis 1945 und 1954 bis 1957, der 1945 wegen seiner NSDAP-Mitgliedschaft hatte zurücktreten müssen. 1952 schloss sich ebenfalls die Tischtennis-Abteilung des Wittener FC 92 der TG an. 1955 wurde die Rasendecke des Sportplatzes erneuert, die Laufbahn verlängert und das Jahnsportgelände vervollständigt. Aus Anlass des 110-jährigen Bestehens fand 1958 auf dem Jahnplatz das größte je in Witten veranstaltete Leichtathletik-Sportfest statt. In den 1950er und 1960er Jahren erreichte die Turngemeinde einige Erfolge in der Leichtathletik. Die Feldhandballmannschaft der Turngemeinde stieg 1958/59 bis in die Oberliga Westfalen (damals höchste Spielklasse in Deutschland) auf und konnte sich dort bis zur Saison 1965/66 halten.

Da die Unterhaltung des Jahnplatzes die Mittel des Vereins überschritt, verkaufte die Turngemeinde 1973 den Platz an die Stadt Witten. Nur die Tennisplätze blieben im Besitz der TG. Die Turngemeinde verpflichtete sich, vom Verkaufserlös eine Sporthalle in Fertigbauweise zu errichten, die nach Fertigstellung ebenfalls in städtischen Besitz übergehen sollte. Die erste Tennishalle wurde 1973 erbaut, das Clubhaus 1976, eine zweite Tennishalle 1977. Die neue Jahnsporthalle und die ältere Turnhalle wurden für den Schulsport genutzt. 1999 wurde eine Karate-Abteilung eingerichtet (Gōjū-Ryū Yuishinkan), 2004 eine Basketball-Abteilung. 2005 schloss sich das 2003 aus dem PV Triathlon Witten hervorgegangene und im Leistungssport aktive Triathlon Team Witten der Turngemeinde an. Seit 2008 kooperiert die Turngemeinde mit der Universität Witten/Herdecke, sodass Studierende vergünstigt am Sportangebot der Turngemeinde teilnehmen können.

Am 22. Juli 2015 nutzte die Stadt Witten den Teil des Jahnsportgeländes um die beiden Jahnhallen in eine Notunterkunft für 158 Flüchtlinge um. Das Gelände wurde zu diesem Anlass mit einem kostenlosen Internetzugang über Freifunk versorgt.

Sportangebot

Das heutige Angebot umfasst die Sportarten Basketball, Darts, Freizeitfußball, historisches Fechten, Inlinehockey, Karate, Laufen, Nordic Walking, Tennis, Tischtennis, Triathlon, Turnen, Walking und Wassergymnastik.

Triathlon Team TG Witten
Das Triathlon Team TG Witten ist die Triathlon-Abteilung der Turngemeinde. Sie ging 2005 aus dem Triathlon Team Witten (TTW) hervor, das wiederum 2003 durch Abspaltung einer großen Gruppe Triathleten, darunter der sportliche Leiter Richard Gutt sowie der damalige Bundesliga-Kader, vom PV-Triathlon Witten entstand. Sowohl das Startrecht für die 1. Triathlon-Bundesliga wie auch der damalige Hauptsponsor Asics wechselten damit zur TG Witten. Mit dem Stadtwerke Team Witten (bis Ende 2010 Asics Team Witten) nahm bzw. nimmt es an der 1. Triathlon-Bundesliga, Welt- und Europameisterschaften und den Olympischen Spielen teil. Jährlich richtet es den Wittener Uni-Run und den Ruhrtaltriathlon aus.

Mit fünf Meistertiteln bei den Herren und 10 bei den Damen (Rekordsieger) in der Triathlonbundesliga, ist es einer der erfolgreichsten Triathlonvereine Deutschlands.

Für das Stadtwerke Team Witten bzw. Asics Team Witten starten bzw. starteten u. a.
Faris Al-Sultan,
Nils Frommhold,
Ewa Komander,
Kathrin Müller,
Lisa Nordén,
Maik Petzold,
Christiane Pilz,
Christian Prochnow,
Ina Reinders,
Maxine Seear,
Thomas Springer, Katrien Verstuyft,
Daniel Unger,
Hendrik De Villiers und
Stephan Vuckovic.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website
 Triathlon Team TG Witten
 Abteilung Karate-Dō
 Ad Arma – historisches Fechten
 Witten Baskets – Basketball

Einzelnachweise

Witten, TG
Sportverein (Witten)
Gegründet 1848
Witten #Turngemeinde von 1848

Turngemeinde Witten von 1848


Akçakese, Ankara ilinin Kızılcahamam ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Köyün tarihi 1071 yılında Malazgirt'te Sultan Alparslan'ın Bizansı yenmesi ve Anadolu'nun kapılarının Türklere açılmasıyla Kızılcahamam ve çevresine Türkler yerleşmeye başlamıştır ve şu an Kızılcahamam'a bağlı olan Akçakese köyünün de o tarihlerden itibaren Türkleşmeye başladığı düşünülmektedir.

İlk olarak yazılı kaynaklarda ismi Akçakilise olarak geçen köyün bağlı olduğu yer Ankara vilayetinin Çubuk Kazasıdır. Çubuk ve çevresine ait ve bugün elimizde bulunan ilk Osmanlı arşiv belgesi, Ankara Sancağı'na ait 1463 tarihli Maliyeden Müdevver Defterler arasında yer alan 9 numaralı tahrir defteridir. Bu defterde yer alan Çubuk kazasındaki yerleşim yerlerinden birisi de ismi Tahrir defterinde Akçakilise olarak geçen Akçakese köyüdür. 1530 tarihli diğer yazılı kaynak olan Muhasebe-i Vilayet-i Anadolu Defterinin "Akçakilise k., Çubuk kz., Ankara l., Anadolu vt.: TD 438/385, 387 " belirtilen sayfada aynen yazıldığı şekilde ismi görülmektedir. 1830 yıllarında yapılan ilk resmi nüfus sayımında ise köyün Ankara vilayetinin Şorba (Kızılcahamam-Pazar köyü) kazasına bağlı olduğu görüldüğü ve 1915 yılında da Şorba kazasının merkezinin şu an ki Kızılcahamam ilçesine taşınması ile Kızılcahamam ilçesine bağlanmıştır.

Coğrafya
Ankara iline 89 km, Kızılcahamam ilçesine 8 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Kızılcahamam'ın mahalleleri

Akçakese, Kızılcahamam


Sól rís 1980-2020 er safnplata með íslenska tónlistarmanninum Bubba Morthens sem kom út þann 1. desember 2020. Platan var sjöunda safnplata Bubba á ferlinum.

Lagalisti
Plata eitt: A-hlið

Ísbjarnarblús (Bubbi Morthens)

Hiroshima (Utangarðsmenn)

Ha ha ha (Rækjureggae) (Utangarðsmenn)

Serbinn (Bubbi Morthens)

Blindsker (Das Kapital)

Stúlkan sem starir á hafið (Bubbi Morthens)

Plata eitt: B-hlið

Sól rís (Bubbi Morthens)

Stórir strákar fá Raflost (Egó)

Hrognin eru að koma (Bubbi Morthens)

Lög og regla (Bubbi Morthens)

Fatlafól (Bubbi og Megas)

Syneta (Bubbi Morthens)

Stál og hnífur (Bubbi Morthens)

Plata tvö: C-hlið

Kyrlátt kvöld (Utangarðsmenn)

Talað við gluggann (Bubbi Morthens)

Er nauðsynlegt að skjóta þá (Bubbi Morthens)

Frelsarans slóð (Bubbi Morthens)

Strákarnir á Borginni (Bubbi Morthens)

Það er gott að elska (Bubbi Morthens)

Plata tvö: D-hlið

Aldrei fór ég suður (Bubbi Morthens)

Móðir (Egó)

Foxtrot (Bubbi Morthens)

Háflóð (Bubbi Morthens)

Afgan (Bubbi Morthens)

Plata þrjú: E-hlið

Fjöllin hafa vakað (Egó)

Sumarið er tíminn (GCD)

Trúir þú á engla (Bubbi Morthens)

Fallegur dagur (Bubbi Morthens)

Regnbogans stræti (Bubbi Morthens)

Plata þrjú: F-hlið

Rómeó og Júlía (Bubbi Morthens)

Með þér (Bubbi Morthens)

Án þín (Bubbi og Katrín Halldóra Sigurðardóttir)

Við Gróttu (Bubbi, Stríð og friður)

Kveðja (Bubbi, Stríð og friður)

Bubbi Morthens
Hljómplötur gefnar út árið 2020

Sól rís 1980-2020


"Everyway That I Can" este piesa care a câștigat Concursul Muzical Eurovision 2003 pentru Turcia și este cântată de Sertab Erener. Piesa a fost scrisă de către Demir Demirkan în 2003 iar aranjamentul și producția au fost făcute de Ozan Çolakoğlu,, binecunoscut pentru colaborarea sa cu faimosul cântăreț Tarkan.

Clasamente

Referințe

Cântece la Concursul Muzical Eurovision 2003

Everyway That I Can