The Privacy Act of 1974 (, ), a United States federal law, establishes a Code of Fair Information Practice that governs the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of personally identifiable information about individuals that is maintained in systems of records by federal agencies. A system of records is a group of records under the control of an agency from which information is retrieved by the name of the individual or by some identifier assigned to the individual. The Privacy Act requires that agencies give the public notice of their systems of records by publication in the Federal Register. The Privacy Act prohibits the disclosure of information from a system of records absent of the written consent of the subject individual, unless the disclosure is pursuant to one of twelve statutory exceptions. The Act also provides individuals with a means by which to seek access to and amendment of their records and sets forth various agency record-keeping requirements. Additionally, with people granted the right to review what was documented with their name, they are also able to find out if the "records have been disclosed" and are also given the right to make corrections.

Provisions of the Privacy Act

Conditions of disclosure

The Privacy Act states in part:

No agency shall disclose any record which is contained in a system of records by any means of communication to any person, or to another agency, except pursuant to a written request by, or with the prior written consent of, the individual to whom the record pertains...

There are specific exceptions to the Act that allow the use of personal records. Examples of these exceptions are:
 For statistical purposes by the Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics
 For routine uses within a U.S. government agency
 For archival purposes "as a record which has sufficient historical or other value to warrant its continued preservation by the United States Government"
 For law enforcement purposes
 For congressional investigations
 Other administrative purposes

The Privacy Act mandates that each United States Government agency have in place an administrative and physical security system to prevent the unauthorized release of personal records.

To protect the privacy and liberty rights of individuals, federal agencies must state "the authority (whether granted by statute, or by Executive order of the President) which authorizes the solicitation of the information and whether disclosure of such information is mandatory or voluntary" when requesting information. () This notice is common on almost all federal government forms which seek to gather information from individuals, many of which seek personal and confidential details.

Department of Justice

Subsection "U" requires that each agency have a Data Integrity Board. Each agency's Data Integrity Board is supposed to make an annual report to OMB, available to the public, that includes all complaints that the Act was violated, such as use of records for unauthorized reasons or the holding of First Amendment Records and report on —…"(v) any violations of matching agreements that have been alleged or identified and any corrective action taken". Former Attorney General Dick Thornburg appointed a Data Integrity Board but since then, the USDOJ has not published any Privacy Act reports.

Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act

The Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1988, P.L.
100–503, amended the Privacy Act of 1974 by adding certain protections for the subjects of Privacy Act records whose records are used in automated matching programs. These protections have been mandated to ensure:
 procedural uniformity in carrying out matching programs;
 due process for subjects in order to protect their rights, and
 oversight of matching programs through the establishment of Data Integrity Boards at each agency engaging in matching to monitor the agency's matching activity.

The Computer Matching Act is codified as part of the Privacy Act.

Access to records

The Privacy Act also states:

Each agency that maintains a system of records shall—
 Upon request by any individual ... permit him ... to review the record and have a copy made of all or any portion thereof in a form comprehensible to him ...
 Permit the individual to request amendment of a record pertaining to him ...

Issues of scope

The Privacy Act does apply to the records of every "individual," defined as "a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence"  but the Privacy Act only applies to records held by an "agency".  Therefore, the records held by courts, executive components, or non-agency government entities are not subject to the provisions in the Privacy Act and there is no right to these records.

On January 25, 2017, President Trump signed an executive order that eliminates Privacy Act protections for foreigners. Section 14 of Trump's "Enhancing Public Safety" executive order directs federal agencies to "ensure that their privacy policies exclude persons who are not United States citizens or lawful permanent residents from the protections of the Privacy Act regarding personally identifiable information" to the extent consistent with applicable law.

Exemptions
Following the controversial Passenger Name Record (PNR) agreement signed with the European Union (EU) in 2007, the Bush administration provided an exemption for the Department of Homeland Security and the Arrival and Departure Information System (ADIS) from the U.S. Privacy Act. ADIS is intended to authorize people to travel only after PNR and API (Advance Passenger Information) data has been checked and cleared through a US agency watchlist. The Automated Targeting System is also to be exempted. The Privacy Act does not protect non-US persons, which is problematic for the exchange of Passenger Name Record information between the US and the European Union.

See also
 Data privacy
 Digital identity
 Privacy
 Civil liberties
 Information privacy law
 Federal Records Act
 Data Act (Sweden)
 Bundesdatenschutzgesetz

References

Sources
This article uses material from the public domain source:
'''

External links
 Privacy Act of 1974 (5 USC Sec. 552a)
  Privacy Office at the Department of Homeland Security
 OMB Guidance for Implementing the Privacy Provisions of the E-Government Act of 2002
 DOD CIO re Privacy Impact Assessments

1974 in American law
93rd United States Congress
Data laws of the Americas
Privacy law in the United States
United States federal government administration legislation
United States federal privacy legislation

Privacy Act of 1974


John Dixwell, alias James Davids,  1607 to 18 March 1689, was an English lawyer, republican politician and regicide. Born in Warwickshire, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms he held various administrative positions in Kent on behalf of Parliament, and approved the Execution of Charles I in January 1649. Under the Commonwealth, he served as Governor of Dover Castle, and was a member of the English Council of State.

Aware that he faced likely prosecution as a regicide, Dixwell fled to Germany shortly before the May 1660 Stuart Restoration, and was condemned to death by Parliament. He later made his way to New Haven, Connecticut, where he lived quietly under the name of James Davids, untroubled by the authorities, who thought him dead. He died in 1689.

Personal details
John Dixwell was born  1607, younger son of Edward Dixwell (1575–1617), and his wife Mary Hawksworth (1580–1627). He had an elder brother Mark (?–1644), who was killed serving under the Parliamentarian general William Waller.

After moving to New England, in November 1673 he married Joanna Ling, who died shortly afterwards. Bathsheba Howe (1648–1729) became his second wife in 1677, and they had three children; Mary (1679–1727), John (1681–1725), and Elizabeth (died young).

First and Second English Civil Wars

After their father died in 1617, Dixwell and his brother seem to have been raised by their childless and wealthy relative, Sir Basil Dixwell (1585–1642), a former High Sheriff of Kent who lived near Folkestone. In the late 1630s, he moved to Broome Park, which was inherited by Mark Dixwell when Sir Basil died in 1642. John Dixwell began legal training at Lincoln's Inn in 1631, and qualified as a lawyer in 1638.

When the First English Civil War began in August 1642, Kent was quickly secured for Parliament, although there were significant pockets of Royalist support. In July 1643, the Royalists assembled some 4,000 men at Sevenoaks, which had to be suppressed by Parliamentarian troops led by Richard Browne. Its proximity to London and key ports like Dover, Deal and Sandwich meant control of the county was an important strategic objective for both sides.

John Dixwell played a prominent role in the local Parliamentary administration, serving on the County Committee which collected taxes and controlled the courts. His older brother Mark was a colonel in the Kent Trained Bands until his death in early 1644, when John was appointed guardian of his children and took up residence in Broome Park. He succeeded Mark as colonel of the local militia, and in August 1646 was elected MP for Dover in the Long Parliament, replacing Sir Edward Boys.

The First Civil War ended when Charles I surrendered in June 1646, but victory was succeeded by a series of disputes over the post-war political settlement between the New Model Army and the majority of MPs. In this contest, Dixwell appears to have sympathised with the army and religious Independents in Parliament. In December 1647, protests in Canterbury against alterations to the Book of Common Prayer escalated into a pro-Royalist revolt, which was eventually put down by the County Committee.

When the Second English Civil War began in early 1648, Kentish Royalists occupied towns including Maidstone and Dover. By August, the rising had been suppressed, but many Independents like Dixwell now believed only the removal of  Charles I would end the fighting. In December 1648, Pride's Purge excluded all MPs who opposed putting him on trial, and Dixwell was one of those who retained their seats in what became known as the "Rump Parliament". He sat on the court set up for the trial, and approved the Execution of Charles I in January 1649.

The Interregnum

Dixwell was made a member of the English Council of State in November 1651, then confirmed as Governor of Dover Castle in January 1652. However, his closest political allies were republicans like Edmund Ludlow and Henry Vane, who opposed Cromwell's dissolution of the Rump Parliament in April 1653, and establishment of The Protectorate. Unlike Ludlow, Dixwell did not openly oppose the regime, and was elected MP for Kent in 1654 and 1656, then for Dover once again in 1659.

However, in the political crisis that followed the death of Oliver Cromwell in September 1658, and the resignation of his successor Richard Cromwell in April 1659, Dixwell sided with those who wanted to re-assert civilian control over the army, and restore the Commonwealth. When the Rump Parliament was re-installed in May 1659, he resumed his seat as MP for Dover, was confirmed as Governor of Dover Castle, and appointed to the Council of State. Along with Vane and Oliver St John, he was one of three councillors who refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the Protectorate.

By spring 1660, it was clear efforts to maintain the Commonwealth had failed, and a Stuart Restoration was imminent. In May, Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda, which offered a general pardon for all "crimes" committed since 1640, with the notable exception of the regicides. In June, Dixwell was one of ten regicides whose lives were guaranteed in return for their surrender, but decided not to rely upon this commitment. To protect his estates from confiscation, he sold part of Broome Park to his Royalist neighbour Sir Thomas Peyton, while his nephew Basill Dixwell married one of Peyton's daughters.  After requesting a delay due to illness, he escaped into exile,  and on 11 June 1660, Parliament passed an Act of Attainder, which condemned twenty-three regicides to death, including Dixwell.

Exile, later life, and death

Along with other exiles, Dixwell initially settled in the German town of Hanau, a well-known refuge for political and religious dissidents. With Royalist agents actively seeking to kidnap or assassinate those regicides still at large, several decided Hanau was too exposed. At some point, Dixwell moved to Switzerland, before sailing for New England in early 1665. He spent the next two years in Hadley, Massachusetts, where he briefly shared lodgings with two other regicides, William Goffe and Edward Whalley.

Unlike his two companions, who were known to be in New England, no warrants were issued for Dixwell, since the authorities had been unable to trace him and assumed he had died. He settled in New Haven, Connecticut in 1670, using the name "James Davids" and pretending to be a retired merchant. He remained committed to his republican views, writing 'the Lord will appear for his people...and there will be those in power again who will relieve the injured and oppressed'. Although some of his neighbours suspected Dixwell was a fugitive, he lived quietly with his wife and children, and only revealed his true name just before he died on 18 March 1689.

Legacy
Dixwell was laid to rest in the Old Burying Ground behind the Center Church on New Haven Green. The original monument is still visible, with a larger one added later. Various towns in New England have streets commemorating Dixwell, Whalley and Goffe, including Hadley and New Haven.

Footnotes

References

Sources

1607 births
1689 deaths
Regicides of Charles I
Parliamentarian military personnel of the English Civil War
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Kent Militia officers
People from Kent
People of colonial Connecticut
English emigrants
English MPs 1640–1648
English MPs 1654–1655
English MPs 1656–1658
Members of the Parliament of England for Dover

John Dixwell


Une autorité héraldique, qui tire son nom du héraut, fait référence aux autorités de l'État qui sont ou étaient chargées de s'occuper de toutes les affaires relatives aux armoiries (parfois, mais pas nécessairement, en lien avec les titres de noblesse).

Allemagne

Le bureau royal prussien du héraut est créé pour la première fois en 1706 sous le nom de , mais est déjà fermé à nouveau en 1713/1714. Le , il est rétabli à Berlin en tant qu'autorité de la noblesse et est dissous le . Outre diverses préoccupations de la noblesse, l'héraldique municipale, c'est-à-dire l'attribution des armoiries de la ville, relève également de la compétence du bureau du héraut. En outre, il décide de l'utilisation des armoiries royales. Ses dossiers sont arrivés aux  à Berlin-Dahlem en 1920.

Le bureau du héraut royal bavarois, plus tard le bureau du héraut impérial, est créé en 1808. Le registre de la noblesse bavaroise est conservé depuis 1809 et, après 1918, il est transféré aux  à Munich.

Dans le royaume de Saxe, le "Comité pour les questions de noblesse" est créé au ministère de l'Intérieur en 1902, qui n'est transformé en bureau du héraut qu'en 1918. En 1919, son registre de noblesse avec archives et bibliothèque est transféré à la "Fondation saxonne pour la recherche familiale" à Dresde.

Dans le royaume de Wurtemberg, des registres de la noblesse sont créés en 1818.

Les bureaux historiques des hérauts sont abolis en Allemagne. Les registres d'armoiries sont aujourd'hui poursuivis par les associations héraldiques. Dans les questions de droit aristocratique, la commission de droit aristocratique statue aujourd'hui sur application, ce qui fait que depuis 1919 il ne s'agit plus de droit public mais de droit privé. Cependant, ceci est toujours basé sur les principes de la loi salique, qui est utilisée depuis environ .

Autres pays
Dans les pays anglo-saxons en particulier, des registres nationaux d'armoiries (Heraldic Authority) sont conservés. Souvent, ceux-ci sont associés à une société héraldique (Heraldic Society) pour obtenir des conseils scientifiques. Le nom de l'English Herald's Office en tant que "College of Arms" est souvent utilisé comme synonyme de l'autorité respective des armoiries du pays.

 Bureau de l'héraldique pour l'Afrique du Sud
 En Belgique, Conseil héraldique flamand pour la Flandre et Conseil d'héraldique et de vexillologie pour la Communauté française de Belgique (le Conseil de noblesse est compétent pour la noblesse belge)
 Autorité héraldique du Canada, pour le Canada
 En France, la commission nationale d'héraldique est seulement compétente pour conseiller les collectivités locales
 Bureau du héraut en chef de l'Irlande pour l'Irlande
 Commission héraldique de l'État, pour la Lituanie
 Au Royaume-Uni, le College of Arms pour l'Angleterre, le Pays de Galles et l'Irlande du Nord, et les pays du Commonwealth qui ne sont pas dotés de leur propre autorité ; et la Cour du Lord Lyon pour l'Écosse.

Représentations dans les longs métrages
Dans le film de James Bond Au service secret de Sa Majesté, Bond découvre une correspondance entre le méchant Blofeld et le British College of Arms. Il se fait alors passer pour l'un des treize officiers du collège pour contacter Blofeld.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Robert Steimel: Kleine Geschichte des deutschen Adels. "... im vordersten Gefecht!" Steimel, Köln-Zollstock 1959.
 Harald von Kalm: Das Preußische Heroldsamt. (1855–1920). Adelsbehörde und Adelsrecht in der preußischen Verfassungsentwicklung (= Quellen und Forschungen zur brandenburgischen und preußischen Geschichte. Bd. 5) Duncker und Humblot, Berlin 1994  (Zugleich: Bonn, Universität, Dissertation, 1993).

Liens externes

Noblesse

Autorité héraldique


Jelena Karleuša (d. 17 Ağustos 1978, Belgrad), Sırp Turbo-Folk ve Pop şarkıcısıdır. Tarkan Tevetoğlu'nun seslendirdiği Şımarık ("Žene Vole Dijamante") ve Şıkıdım ("Zovem se Jelena") olarak seslendirdi. Ludača (Halay) en başarılı çalışmalarındandır.

Karleuša, müzik kariyerine ek olarak medyada önemli ölçüde yer aldı ve açık sözlü görüşleri, genellikle sinirli görünümü ve kişisel hayatı adına tartışmalara yol açtı. Ayrıca, diğer kamuya mal olmuş kişilerle anlaşmazlıkları olduğu için bir itibar geliştirdi. Karleuša, Instagram'da Sırbistan'dan en çok takip edilen ikinci kişi olarak önemli bir sosyal medya topladı.

Özel hayatı
23 Eylül 2004'te Karleuša, Sırp işadamı Bogoljub Karić'in yeğeni Bojan Karić ile evlendi. Evlilikleri ertesi yıl Mart ayında sona erdi.

Haziran 2006'da Karleuša, Sırp futbolcu Duško Tošić ile çıkmaya başladı. Çift sonunda iki yıl sonra 28 Haziran 2008'de evlendi. Her ikisi de 7 Eylül'de sezaryenle dünyaya gelen Atina (d. 2008) ve Nika (d. 2009) adında iki kızı var. 5 Temmuz 2022'de Karleuša, Instagram aracılığıyla Tošić ile 14 yıllık evliliğin ardından ayrılacağını doğruladı. Ayrıca, kızlarının velayetini alması konusunda karşılıklı olarak anlaştıklarını belirtti.

Karleuša kendini ateist olarak tanımlıyor. Ayrıca 2016'dan beri vejetaryen ve tamamen vegan olmak istediğini belirtti.

Albümleri
 Ogledalce (1995)
 Ženite Se Momci (1996)
 Veštice, Vile (1997)
 Jelena (1998)
 Gili, Gili (1999)
 Za Svoje Godine (2001)
 Samo Za Tvoje Oči (2002)
 Magija (2005)
 JK Revolution (2008)
 The Diamond Collection CD1/CD2 (2009)
 Diva (2012)

Video klipleri
Ogledalce (1995)
Najbolja Drugarice (1995)
Ženite Se Momci (1996)
Sad Smo Stranci Postali (1996)
Preživecu (1998)
Gili, Gili (1999)
Ludača (2001)
Samo Za Tvoje Oči (2002)
Manijak (2003)
Slatka Mala (2005)
Upravo Ostavljena (2006)
Tihi Ubica (2008)
Mani Se (2008)
Insomnia (2010)
Muškarac Koji Mrzi Žene (2011)
Krimi rad (2012)
So (2012)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Sırp müzisyenler
1978 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
Belgrad doğumlular
Gey ikonu
Sırp turbo-folk şarkıcıları
21. yüzyıl kadın şarkıcıları

Jelena Karleuša


Stephen Ormsby (* 1759 im County Sligo, Irland; † 1844 bei Louisville, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1811 und 1817 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Das genaue Geburtsdatum von Stephen Ormsby ist unbekannt. Noch in seiner Kindheit kam er aus seiner irischen Heimat nach Philadelphia in Pennsylvania. Dort erhielt er eine gute Grundschulausbildung. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium und seiner 1786 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Danville in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. 1787 war er stellvertretender Bezirksstaatsanwalt im Jefferson County. Im Jahr 1790 nahm er als Brigadegeneral der Miliz an einem Indianerfeldzug teil. 1791 wurde er Bezirksrichter im Jefferson County; von 1802 bis 1810 war er erneut als Richter tätig.

Politisch war Ormsby Mitglied der von Thomas Jefferson gegründeten Demokratisch-Republikanischen Partei. Im Jahr 1796 war er Wahlmann bei den Präsidentschaftswahlen. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1810 wurde er im dritten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1811 die Nachfolge von Henry Crist antrat. Bei den folgenden Kongresswahlen verlor er in seinem Wahlkreis gegen Richard Mentor Johnson. Nach dem Tod des im neugeschaffenen achten Distrikt gewählten Kandidaten John Simpson, der noch vor Beginn der Legislaturperiode verstorben war, wurde Ormsby bei der fälligen Nachwahl zum ersten Kongressabgeordneten für diesen Bezirk gewählt. Am 20. April 1813 konnte er sein neues Mandat antreten. Nach einer Wiederwahl im Jahr 1814 verblieb er bis zum 3. März 1817 im Kongress. In seine Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus fiel der Britisch-Amerikanische Krieg.

Bei den Wahlen des Jahres 1816 verlor Ormsby gegen Richard Clough Anderson. Im Jahr 1817 wurde er zum Leiter der Niederlassung der Second Bank of the United States in Louisville ernannt. Dort ist er im Jahr 1844 auch verstorben.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratisch-Republikanischen Partei
Richter (Kentucky)
Staatsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1759
Gestorben 1844
Mann

Stephen Ormsby


Seefeld er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Mittelholstein i den sydlige del af Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde. Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde ligger i den centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Seefeld er beliggende omkring 26 km sydøst for Heide. Nord for kommunen løber Kielerkanalen, og omkring 10 km mod syd løber Bundesstraße 430 fra Neumünster mod Meldorf og omkring 12 km mod sydvest Bundesautobahn 23 fra Hamborg til Heide.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde

Seefeld (Holstein)


Altarið (latína: Ara) er stjörnumerki á suðurhimni, milli Sporðdrekamerkisins, Sjónaukans, Suðurþríhyrningsins og Hornmátsins. Björtustu stjörnur merkisins eru Alfa Arae og Beta Arae. Sjö sólkerfi með reikistjörnum hafa fundist í þessu stjörnumerki, þar á meðal Mú Arae með fjórar plánetur og tvístirnið Gliese 676, einnig með fjórar.

Tenglar
 Altarið á Stjörnufræðivefnum

Stjörnumerki

Altarið (stjörnumerki)


Haymo Ernst Gustav Rethwisch (* 9. Oktober 1938 in Hamburg; † 13. Februar 2014) war ein deutscher Unternehmer, Stifter und Sportschütze im Wurfscheibenschießen der Disziplin Skeet. Bekannt wurde er als Gründer der Deutschen Wildtier Stiftung.

Leben
1967 erbte Rethwisch von seinem Vater die boco GmbH & Co. KG, ein mittelständisches Unternehmen für Berufskleidung, das er bis 1993 leitete. 1997 verkaufte er die Boco GmbH, die seitdem als CWS-boco International firmiert und ein Teil der Investmentholding Franz Haniel & Cie. ist. Im Jahr 1990 gründete Rethwisch die "WILDTIERLAND gemeinnützige Gesellschaft für ökologische Landschaftskultur und -forschung mbH", die über 130 Hektar Land verfügt, das für heimische Wildtiere verfügbar gemacht wurde. 1992 gründete Rethwisch die mit zunächst 45 Millionen Mark Stiftungskapital ausgestattete "boco-Stiftung", die seit 1999 als Deutschen Wildtier Stiftung firmiert und den Schutz einheimischer Wildtiere zum Ziel hat. Rethwisch, im Privatleben selbst Jäger, war es dabei ein Anliegen, die Verständigung von Jagd und Naturschutz zu befördern, um Schutz und Nutzung möglichst in Einklang zu bringen. Ab 1995 baute die Stiftung in Gut Klepelshagen im südöstlichen Mecklenburg-Vorpommern einen weiteren Standort auf. Rethwisch zog mit seiner Frau von Hamburg in das in der Nähe gelegene Georgenthal (Strasburg) um.

Auf dem im Naturschutzgebiet Klepelshagen gelegenen Gut richtete er im Jahr 2004 eine "Gourmet Manufaktur" ein, die Fleischprodukte von Angus-Rindern und Wildtieren produziert. 2005 eröffnete er in Klepelshagen das "Wildtierland", in dessen Zentrum sich das "Tal der Hirsche" befindet, eine etwa 100 Hektar große Fläche, auf der Rothirsche auch tagsüber beobachtet werden können.

Haymo Rethwisch verstarb am 13. Februar 2014. Das Gut ist an die Stiftung übergegangen, welche seine Arbeit fortsetzen wird. 2015 belief sich das Stiftungsvermögen bereits auf 109 Millionen Euro.

Sportliche Karriere
Bis 1967 betrieb Haymo Rethwisch das Wurfscheibenschießen als Leistungssport und war recht erfolgreich, gemeinsam mit Konrad Wirnhier dem späteren Goldmedaillengewinner der Olympischen Spiele 1972 in München, Peter von Hohenthal und Hans-Joachim Suppli gewann er 1966 die Bronzemedaille mit der Skeet-Mannschaft bei der Weltmeisterschaft in Wiesbaden. Bereits im Jahr zuvor wurde er in Lissabon Vizeeuropameister im Einzel sowie mit der Mannschaft. Im Zeitraum 1962–1966 wurde Rethwisch dreimal Deutscher Vizemeister und erhielt dreimal Bronze.

Auszeichnungen und Ehrungen
 2001 Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande für seine Leistungen im Wildtier- und Naturschutz
 2011 Deutscher Stifterpreis des Bundesverbandes Deutscher Stiftungen
2018 wurde eine neu errichtete Straße, die Klepelshagen mit dem Ort Gehren verbindet, Rethwisch zu Ehren posthum auf den Namen Haymo-Rethwisch-Damm getauft.

Weblinks

 Daten über Rethwisch beim Bundesverband Deutscher Stiftungen (PDF; 17 kB)
 Vita von Haymo G. Rethwisch auf www.deutschewildtierstiftung.de
 Artikel über Rethwisch in der WELT

 Haymo Rethwisch in den Datenbanken vom Freundeskreis Wurfscheibe

Belege

Unternehmer (Deutschland)
Naturschützer
Person (Jagd)
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande
Träger des Deutschen Stifterpreises
Deutscher
Geboren 1938
Gestorben 2014
Mann
Sportschütze (Deutschland)

Haymo Rethwisch


Plagiotheciaceae, biljna porodica u redu Hypnales. Postoji nekoliko rodova.

Rodovi
 Acrocladiopsis (Broth.) Cardot
 Bardunovia Ignatov & Ochyra
 Complanato-hypnum Hampe
 Isocladiella Dixon
 Isopterygiopsis Z. Iwats.
 Ortholimnobium Dixon
 Philoscia Berk.
 Pilaisaea Desv.
 Plagiothecium Schimp.
 Rectithecium Hedenäs & Huttunen
 Saviczia Abramova & I.I. Abramov

Izvori

Hypnales

Plagiotheciaceae


Robert James Hoffman III () este un actor, dansator și coregraf american.

Educație timpurie
Robert James Hoffman III sa născut în Gainesville, Florida , fiul lui Charlotte și Robert Hoffman al II-lea, și sa mutat cu familia sa la Madison, Alabama, când avea șapte ani.Are un frate mai mic, Chris, și două surori mai mici, Ashley și Lauren. A urmat liceul Bob Jones . El și-a descoperit pasiunea pentru dans după ce a văzut Thriller-ul lui Michael Jackson . A participat la Școala de Arte Frumoase din Alabama cu Charlie Griffin.

Carieră
În 2004, Hoffman a jucat în filmul " You Got Served as Max", un dansator principal în echipajul adversarului.  A jucat, de asemenea, în seria de televiziune de comedie a lui Nick Cannon , Wild 'n Out . În 2006, a jucat alături de Amanda Bynes în filmul She's the Man .

În 2007, Hoffman a jucat rolul lui Bluto în filmul de groază Shrooms .  A jucat, de asemenea, rolul lui Clyde "Windmill" Wynorski în filmul de comedie National Lampoon's Bag Boy .  Hoffman a jucat în multe spectacole, cum ar fi American Dreams , Quintuplets , Vanished , CSI: Miami , Campus Ladies , Drop Dead Diva și Anatomia lui Gray .

În 2008, a jucat în filmul Step Up 2: The Streets ca Chase Collins, o dansatoare talentată la Școala de Arte din Maryland (MSA).  În 2009, oaspetele său a jucat în familia ABC arată greacă ca fratele mai mare al Evan Chamber.  Pe 1 iunie 2008, Step Up 2: The Streets a câștigat Hoffman și co-star Briana Evigan un premiu MTV Movie for Best Kiss.  În 2008, el și Evigan au jucat în videoclipul lui Enrique Iglesias pentru single-ul " Push ", unde au reluat rolurile Step Up .

Hoffman a apărut în filmul Aliens in the attic din 2009 ca Ricky.  În 2010, Hoffman a jucat rolul lui Chad Bower în filmul thriller de comedie Burning Palms .  Hoffman a apărut ca Garth în filmul de comedie muzicală BoyBand .  A jucat rolul lui Tyler "Dance Machine" Jones în filmul Take Me Home Tonight .

A fost de asemenea prezentat în videoclipul lui Garfunkel și al lui Oates pentru piesa "Present Face".  La sfârșitul lunii ianuarie 2012, Hoffman a aterizat un rol recurent în cel de- al patrulea sezon al teatrului de teatru CW 90210 ca Caleb Walsh, student la școala de seminarcare studiază pentru a deveni preot.

În 2014, Hoffman a jucat rolul lui Kevin Shepherd în drama indie Lap Dance alături de Briana Evigan , Ali Cobrin și Carmen Electra . Oaspetele lui Hoffman a jucat rolul lui Thad Callahan în emisiunea TV The Night Shift .  În 2016, el a avut un rol în filmul de comedie Amateur Night, regizat de Lisa Addario și Joe Syracus.

Filmografie

Premii

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1980
Nașteri pe 21 septembrie
Actori americani din secolul al XXI-lea

Robert Hoffman


John Varick Tunney (June 26, 1934 – January 12, 2018) was an American politician who served as a United States Senator and Representative from the state of California in the 1960s and 1970s. A Democrat, Tunney was known for his focus on anti-trust and environmental legislation, especially the Noise Pollution Control Act of 1972 and the anti-trust Tunney Act. Tunney also strongly supported civil rights and shepherded the 1975 expansion of the Voting Rights Act.

He was the son of boxing champion Gene Tunney. A fellow Irish-American Catholic, Tunney was a roommate of Edward Kennedy at the University of Virginia School of Law, and became one of his best friends. Tunney won the 1970 United States Senate election in California, but was narrowly defeated by a Republican S. I. Hayakawa in the 1976 United States Senate election in California. After his loss, Tunney became an environmental activist.

Early life and career
Tunney was born in New York City, the son of heavyweight boxing champion J. Joseph Tunney, widely known as "Gene", and Polly Lauder Tunney, a member of the Lauder Greenway Family. He grew up on the family's Star Meadow Farm in Stamford, Connecticut and attended New Canaan Country School and the Westminster School.

Tunney graduated from Yale University in 1956 with a degree in anthropology, where he was a member of the St. Anthony Hall fraternity. He attended The Hague Academy of International Law in the Netherlands and graduated from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1959, where he was a roommate of future Massachusetts senator Ted Kennedy, who remained a close friend. Tunney was admitted to the Virginia and New York bars in 1959 and practiced law in New York City. He married his first wife, Mieke Sprengers, in 1959.

Tunney joined the United States Air Force as a judge advocate and served until he was discharged as a captain in April 1963. He taught business law at the University of California, Riverside in 1961 and 1962. In 1963, he was admitted to practice law in California. He was a special adviser to the President's Committee on Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime from 1963 until 1968.

In 1964, Tunney was elected as a Democrat in the United States House of Representatives from California's 38th congressional district (Riverside and Imperial counties). He served from January 3, 1965, until his resignation on January 2, 1971, when he became a senator. Members of the Kennedy family such as Patricia Kennedy Lawford campaigned for Tunney.

In July 1969, while serving as a congressman, Tunney was called to Hyannisport, Massachusetts by Senator Kennedy, a friend and former college roommate, to assist in dealing with the death of Mary Jo Kopechne following the Chappaquiddick incident. Noting his "service to the state," Tunney was made an honorary member of Phi Sigma Kappa by the fraternity's Cal State Northridge chapter in 1970.

United States Senator
In early 1970, Representative Tunney announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination for the Senate. His announcement was followed by that of fellow congressman George Brown, Jr. Their primary battle turned into one of the most bitter in California history. One of the key issues was the military draft. While Brown and Tunney both questioned expanding U.S. involvement in Vietnam, Brown opposed a continuation of the military draft while Tunney favored it. This conflict gave incumbent Republican George Murphy an early lead in the polls. Murphy's staunch support for the Vietnam War hurt his campaign and as the general election approached, Tunney overtook him in the polls. The Murphy campaign suffered another setback when he underwent surgery for throat cancer, weakening his voice to a whisper. The Tunney campaign used his youthful appearance and high energy to contrast with the aging Murphy. His hairstyle and mannerisms drew comparisons to Robert F. Kennedy; New York Times praised Tunney for his "Kennedyesque, prize-fighter glamour" and "Kennedy-like accent and mannerisms", calling him "a swinger who wears his hair styled like a tight, furry helmet". Ultimately, Californians split their ticket in the 1970 midterm election, re-electing Republican governor Ronald Reagan and electing Democrat Tunney to the Senate.

In the 1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries, John Tunney, described by New York Times as one of the best friends of Edward Kennedy, endorsed Edmund Muskie. This endorsement was a part of a larger effort by Kennedy to aid Muskie - K. Dun Gifford, a former member of Kennedy's Senate staff, agreed to join the Muskie organization in Massachusetts. Kennedy's decision to support Muskie was considered surprising, as George McGovern was considered to be ideologically closer to Ted Kennedy's views than Muskie. Media hinted that the vote of Kennedy could then be personal rather than idelogical - Muskie was a Roman Catholic just like Kennedy and Tunney. The New York Times stated that "Mr. Tunney's endorsement is one of the most important Mr. Muskie has received since his Presidential campaign began"; Tunney was also considered as a possible running mate for Muskie in the event of Muskie's presidential nomination.

During his Senate term, Tunney produced a weekly radio report to California, in which he often interviewed other legislators. In 1974, he authored an antitrust bill known as the Tunney Act. Antitrust legislation was central to Tunney's politics, along with his focus on environmental protection and civil rights - Tunney's most important bills were the Noise Pollution Control Act of 1972, as well as the 1975 expansion of the landmark Voting Rights Act. Tunney would later write a book, The Changing Dream, about what he saw as a looming resource crisis.

In December 1975, Tunney advocated for using American diplomacy in dealing with the Angolan Civil War. American covert and military support for pro-US rebels there suggested a return to the policies that had led up toward the highly unpopular Vietnam War. The Senate had postponed passage of the annual defense budget because of concerns that the bill contained funds for covert operations against Soviet-backed Angolan rebels. The CIA conducted highly classified briefings for senators, including Tunney, providing an accounting of where money was being spent. However, they failed to persuade him of the policy's usefulness. It was at this time that Tunney introduced an amendment that would cut $33 million from the defense budget that was to be allocated to pro-US rebels for covert operations. That effectively ended current and future covert funding from defense appropriations for Angola. Aid supporters filibustered the cutoff, offered counter-amendments and tried to shelve the amendment in committee.

The Ford administration, which strongly supported the covert operations, asserted that the amendment was a threat to both US-Soviet and US-Cuban relations. Cuba had deployed combat troops to Angola a month earlier. On December 20, 1975, Tunney's amendment passed 54–22 with the support of 16 Republicans. Its passage also increased the power of the Congress in foreign affairs at the expense of the executive branch.

As a prominent Democrat politician in the populous and electorally pivotal state of California, Tunney was considered a potential "national leader in the making", but "instead he seemed mired in indecision about both the issues and his own future". Jeremy Larner, a former speechwriter often hired by Democratic politicians, provided a fictionalized story of John Tunney in the 1972 film The Candidate. In it, Tunney was portrayed as a well-intentioned but aimless young Democrat who was preyed upon by his domineering father. In real life, Tunney was accused of being unfaithful to his wife and underwent a divorce, which further complicated his 1976 re-election run. The film and divorce tarnished John Tunney's image as a Kennedy-like figure, and made his 1970 electoral campaign backfire, given his image as a youthful, relaxed and aspiring politician - one ad showed him walking on the beach with a suit jacket slung over his shoulder. Tunney now faced accusations of being an adulterous divorcee and dating teenage girls. However, these claims were never substantiated, and friends and colleagues described Tunney's "playboy" label as completely false.

Tunney was renominated for a second term in 1976 despite a high-profile challenge from his left in the form of Tom Hayden. Tunney was attacked by Hayden's wife Jane Fonda, who accused Tunney of being a "playboy dilettante who dates teenage girls". Hayden also criticized Tunney, mentioning his friendship with Edward Kennedy and calling Tunney "a Chappaquiddick waiting to happen" - a reference to the Chappaquiddick incident, which tarnished Kennedy's reputation; Hayden later apologized for the accusation. That fall, Tunney was defeated in his reelection bid by Republican S. I. Hayakawa, the former president of San Francisco State University, who had never held elected office. Hayakawa ran as an outsider and highlighted Tunney's numerous travels, missed Senate votes, and poor Senate attendance record during the campaign. He also painted Tunney as a flip-flopper.

Still, Tunney led in the polls right up to election night, despite a steadily shrinking lead as the campaign wore on. Despite Democrat Jimmy Carter's victory in the presidential election, Tunney lost to Hayakawa in a mild upset, though Republican Gerald Ford carried California in the presidential election. Tunney resigned his Senate seat on January 1, 1977, two days before his term would officially expire, to allow Hayakawa to have seniority over other incoming senators.

Throughout Tunney's term as a senator, he served as California's junior senator and served with Alan Cranston.

After his 1976 Senate defeat, Tunney resumed practicing law and was a named partner at Manatt, Phelps, Rothenberg & Tunney (1976–1987). He also served on several corporate boards.

Interest in constitutional rights and government surveillance
In early 1975, soon after becoming chairman of the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, Tunney asked the subcommittee staff to initiate a long-term comprehensive investigation into the technological aspects of surveillance. The Surveillance Technology Report of 1976 stated that "This investigation of surveillance was the first attempt to organize an immense amount of data in a comprehensive and usable format and to provide a framework for future analyses and, ultimately, for the creation of institutional mechanisms that will diminish the threats posted by surveillance technology." In the preface of the report Tunney stated, "If knowledge is power, then certainly the secret and unlimited acquisition of the most detailed knowledge about the most intimate aspects of a person's thoughts and actions conveys extraordinary power over that person's life and reputation to the snooper who possesses the highly personal information."

Tunney also served as chairman of the Commerce Subcommittee on Science and Technology, and as a member of the Joint Atomic Energy Committee.

Personal life
Born in an Irish-American family, Tunney was a Roman Catholic. Originally, Tunney's parents wanted him to become a priest, which was a common desire for immigrant Irish parents at the time.

On May 22, 1972, Tunney's Dutch-born wife Mieke sued for dissolution of their 13-year marriage on the basis of irreconcilable differences. In addition to alimony, child support and half of the community property, she requested custody of the couple's three children.

On April 23, 1977, Tunney married Kathinka Osborne, a member of the 1964 Swedish Olympic ski team, with longtime friend Senator Kennedy serving as the best man.

In February 2003, Tunney joined former Senate colleagues George McGovern and Fred Harris in opposing the Iraq War.

John and Kathinka Tunney lived primarily in Sun Valley, Idaho (with homes also in New York and Los Angeles). He was chairman of the board of the Armand Hammer Museum of Art and Culture Center at UCLA and remained active in environmental causes. Tunney retired from the Hammer Museum board at the end of 2013. In February 2015, a pedestrian bridge at the museum designed by architect Michael Maltzan was named in Tunney's honor.

Writer Jeremy Larner and director Michael Ritchie reportedly based the 1972 film The Candidate, starring Robert Redford, on Tunney's successful Senate race in 1970.

Following his narrow defeat in 1976, Tunney largely stayed out of politics and committed himself to environmental causes, including serving on the board of Living with Wolves, an organization dedicated to raising consciousness of the animals' importance.

In The Ted Kennedy Jr. Story, a 1986 NBC-TV movie based on Ted Kennedy Jr. losing one of his legs to cancer, Tunney was portrayed by Michael J. Shannon.

Tunney died of prostate cancer on January 12, 2018, in Santa Monica, California, at the age of 83.

See also
 List of United States senators from California

References

External links
 Former U.S. Senator John V. Tunney
 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress entry

|-

|-

|-

1934 births
2018 deaths
American people of Irish descent
American Catholics
Catholics from New York (state)
Lauder Greenway Family
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from cancer in California
Democratic Party United States senators from California
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California
Military personnel from New York City
Politicians from New York City
The Hague Academy of International Law people
University of California, Riverside faculty
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Yale University alumni

John V. Tunney


Ryan Benjamin Tedder (f. 26. júní 1979) er bandarískur söngvari, lagahöfundur, og upptökustjóri. Hann er best þekktur sem söngvari hljómsveitarinnar OneRepublic auk fyrir verkin hans sem lagahöfundur og framleiðandi margra annarra listamanna, þar með talið U2, Beyoncé, Leona Lewis, Miley Cyrus, Ed Sheeran, Jonas Brothers, Jennifer Lopez, Camila Cabello, Lady Gaga, Maroon 5, MØ, One Direction, Sugababes, Taylor Swift, Katy Perry, Ariana Grande, Adele, Logic, Paul McCartney, Blackpink, Twice, Bastille, Lil Nas X, og Anitta.

Útgefið efni

Breiðskífur með OneRepublic
 Dreaming Out Loud (2007)
 Waking Up (2009)
 Native (2013)
 Oh My My (2016)
 Human (2021)

Tilvísanir

Tenglar

 Vefsíða OneRepublic

Bandarískir söngvarar
Bandarískir upptökustjórar
Bandarískir tónlistarmenn

Ryan Tedder


ශ්‍රී ලංකා නීති විද්‍යාලය 1874 වන වර්ෂයේ පිහිටුවන ලදි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ පිහිටි විශ්වවිද්‍යාල
විශ්වවිද්‍යාල පිළිබඳ අංකුර ලිපි

ශ්‍රී ලංකා නීති විද්‍යාලය


La loi du 22 juin 1987 relative au service public pénitentiaire, dite loi Chalandon du nom du ministre qui l'a portée, est une loi ordinaire française relative, comme son titre l'indique, au service public pénitentiaire. Son principal objectif est d'autoriser la gestion déléguée des établissements pénitentiaires.

Historique

Contenu

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Administration pénitentiaire en France
 Prison en France

Liens externes
Texte de la loi sur Légifrance.

Droit pénitentiaire en France
1987 en droit

Loi relative au service public pénitentiaire


පේදුරු තුඩුව යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උතුරු පළාතේ යාපනය දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටා ඇති නගරයකි. පේදුරු තුඩුව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වඩාත්ම උතුරු කෙලවරයි.
පේදුරු තුඩුවේ සම්පූර්ණ ජනගහනය ( වසර 2011 දි ) 31,351 විය.

ඉතිහාසය

උරුමයන්
ප්‍රදීපාගාරය
ශාන්ත ලෝඩ්ස් දේවස්ථානය
වල්ලිපුරම් දේවස්ථානය

අධ්‍යාපනය
හාට්ලි විද්‍යාලය
වෙලායුදම් මහා විද්‍යාලය
වඩමාරච්චි හින්දු බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය
මෙතොදිස් උසස් බාලිකා විදුහල

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර ලැයිස්තුව
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
පේදුරු තුඩුව මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය

මූලාශ්‍ර

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන

පේදුරු තුඩුව


Eladio Domínguez (1884 - 19?) fue un político mexicano nacido en Motul, Yucatán y muerto en la ciudad de Mérida. Fue gobernador interino de Yucatán durante un brevísimo periodo en el mes de febrero de 1921.

Datos biográficos
Fue jefe del Departamento del Trabajo durante la gestión del general Salvador Alvarado en Yucatán. En 1916 organizó el Primer Congreso Obrero Precursor Socialista en Yucatán. Instaló las primeras Juntas de Conciliación y Arbitraje en el estado.

Eladio Domínguez en 1917 lanzó la convocatoria que promovía la elección de Salvador Alvarado como gobernador constitucional de Yucatán a fin de que este continuara en el poder y quien instó a todos los afiliados del Congreso Obrero a apoyar esa candidatura, que más tarde habría de declinar el propio interesado cuando Venustiano Carranza se manifestó contrario a la iniciativa.

Fue diputado federal por Yucatán al Congreso de la Unión de México. También fue diputado local por el Cuarto Distrito, con cabecera en el puerto de Progreso en 1920.  Desempeñó el cargo de Contador Mayor de Hacienda durante ocho años. Fue fundador del Partido Constitucionalista que más tarde se incorporaría al Partido Socialista del Sureste.

Del 1 al 4 de febrero de 1921 fue gobernador interino de Yucatán, prácticamente sólo con el fin de promulgar las reformas de ley que modificaron la edad mínima para ser gobernador del estado de 35 a 25 años, ley que dio paso a su sucesor Manuel Berzunza quien contaba a la fecha, con 27 años de edad. Manuel Berzunza y Berzunza fue entonces gobernador de Yucatán de febrero de 1921 hasta la toma de posesión de Felipe Carrillo Puerto el 1 de agosto de 1922.

Véase también
 Salvador Alvarado
 Revolución mexicana en Yucatán
 Gobernantes de Yucatán

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Gobernadores de Yucatán, México
 Leyes y Decretos de la Revolución en Yucatán, Diario Por Esto  Con acceso el 24 de enero de 2012.
 Documentos para la historia de la Revolución, Diario Por Esto  Con acceso el 24 de enero de 2012.
  Con acceso el 24 de enero de 2012.
  Con acceso el 24 de enero de 2012.
 (en inglés) Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory, Francis Boluin and William Rosenberg, University of Michigan Press Con acceso el 24 de enero de 2012.
 La Revista de la Revolución en Yucatán

Nacidos en Motul de Carrillo Puerto
Gobernadores de Yucatán del siglo XX
Socialistas de México
Revolución mexicana en Yucatán
Fallecidos en Mérida (México)

Eladio Domínguez


El estrecho de Balábac es un estrecho que conecta el mar de la China Meridional al este con el mar de Sulú al oeste. Al norte se encuentra la isla filipina Balábac, que pertenece a la provincia de Palawan, y al sur la isla malasia de Banggi, que está situada al norte de Borneo y pertenece al estado federado de Malasia Sabah.

Su punto más estrecho tiene 49 km de ancho.

Al este del estrecho se encuentran las islas Mangsee del Norte y Mangsee del Sur y el arrecife de Mangsee (Great Reef).

En mayo del 1941 el submarino americano SS-183 Seal hundió en el estrecho de Balábac el buque de transporte Tatsufuku Maru (1946 t).

Referencias

Balábac

Balábac

Balábac
Mar de China Meridional
Frontera Filipinas-Malasia

Estrecho de Balábac


32735 Strekalov este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
32735 Strekalov este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul de Astrofizică din Crimeea de Liudmila Cernîh. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,41 ua, o excentricitate de 0,25 și o înclinație de 11,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 32001-33000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1978
Centura de asteroizi

32735 Strekalov


Papiroloji, Antik Mısır, Yakındoğu, Antik Yunan ve Antik Roma arkeolojilerinde büyük önemi olan, papirüs üzerine yazılmış belgelerin bakımı, korunması, okunması ve yorumlanması ile uğraşan bilim dalıdır.

Mısırbilim

Papiroloji


Die Niederländische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2002 fand vom 1. bis zum 3. Februar 2002 im Nationaal Badminton Centrum in Nieuwegein statt.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
 http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=6D2803C3-AAD9-496A-B98F-C2B76365886F

2002
Badminton 2002
Badmintonwettbewerb in Nieuwegein


Kelis Rogers (; born August 21, 1979), known mononymously as Kelis, is an American singer-songwriter and chef. She attended New York's Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts, where she learned to play the saxophone and won a spot in the Girls Choir of Harlem. After she graduated from high school, Kelis took on a variety of jobs before landing a backup vocal slot on an album track called "Fairytalez", released by the American hip hop group Gravediggaz. She then began working with music producers Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo, known as The Neptunes, which ultimately resulted in her being signed to Virgin Records in 1998.

Kelis released her debut studio album Kaleidoscope with Virgin Records on December 7, 1999. Inspired by jazz and disco music from the 1970s, the album was a critical and international success. It spawned three singles: "Caught Out There", "Good Stuff", and "Get Along with You". The album reached number 43 in the United Kingdom, becoming her first album to be certified gold. She left her label Virgin Records after its follow-up Wanderland (2001) received little sales attention and no U.S. release until 2019. In 2003, Kelis released her third studio album Tasty. The album produced the singles "Milkshake", "Trick Me", "Millionaire" (featuring André 3000), and "In Public" (featuring Nas). The album earned the singer commercial prominence. Her fourth album, Kelis Was Here (2006), was preceded by the lead single "Bossy" (featuring Too Short) and reached number 10 on the Billboard 200. Kelis took a hiatus from music after its release, venturing into culinary arts at Le Cordon Bleu. She later signed with will.i.am and began recording her fifth album, Flesh Tone, which was released in 2010. The album spawned four singles, including "Acapella" and "4th of July (Fireworks)", which were successful on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart and the UK Dance Singles Chart. Kelis' neo soul-inspired sixth studio album Food (2014) became her second top-20 album in the UK and spawned three singles: "Jerk Ribs", "Rumble" and "Friday Fish Fry".

Kelis has been recognized at the Brit Awards, Q Awards, NME Awards, and Grammy Awards ceremonies. Her musical output, both as a lead and featured artist, encompasses various genres. She has collaborated with R&B and hip hop acts including Busta Rhymes and Clipse; electronic and dance producers such as Calvin Harris, Timo Maas, and Richard X; pop and rock acts Enrique Iglesias and No Doubt; and indie and alternative musicians including Björk and Dave Sitek. She has sold 6 million records worldwide and has had particular success in the United Kingdom, where ten of her singles have peaked within the top ten of the UK Singles Chart.

Early life
Rogers was born and raised in the Frederick Douglass Houses in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan. Her first name is a portmanteau of her father's name, Kenneth (1944–2000), and her mother's name, Eveliss. Her father Kenneth was an African-American jazz musician and  Pentecostal minister and was formerly a professor at Wesleyan University. Her mother Eveliss is a Chinese-Puerto Rican fashion designer who inspired Rogers to pursue her singing career. She has three sisters, two older and one younger.

As a child, Rogers sang in church choirs and played violin, piano, and saxophone while attending Manhattan Country School, a private school. At 13, she shaved off all of her hair. In an interview, Rogers says she was kicked out of her parents' house at 16 for bad behavior, stating that she would sometimes clash with her mother, but continued her education at the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts, where she formed the R&B trio BLU (Black Ladies United). She was also a bartender and a sales associate at a clothing store before graduating high school.

Career

1997–2002: Kaleidoscope and Wanderland
In 1997, Kelis provided background vocals on "Fairytalez", a track on hip hop group Gravediggaz's album The Pick, the Sickle and the Shovel. Afterward, a friend introduced Kelis to The Neptunes (Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo); they formed a strong bond, and with their support she landed a record deal with Virgin Records. According to Kelis, Virgin Records advised her that publishing royalties would be split evenly among Williams, Hugo, and herself; however, Kelis made no money from sales of her first two albums on the label. Kelis has said that Williams was credited as a songwriter on songs of hers that he had not written.

Kelis began recording her debut album Kaleidoscope in mid-1998 and was finished within a year. Produced by The Neptunes and released by Virgin Records in 1999, Kaleidoscope peaked at number 144 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and reached the top five on the Top Heatseekers chart. As of 2006, the album has sold 249,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan. Its lead and most notable single "Caught Out There" became a top 10 Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs hit and peaked at number 54 on the Billboard Hot 100. During this time, Kelis featured on Ol' Dirty Bastard's U.S. top 40 single "Got Your Money".

The album performed better in Europe, where "Caught Out There" was a moderate hit in most European countries except the United Kingdom, where the song saw massive success, peaking at number four on the UK Singles Chart. The single "Good Stuff" (featuring Terrar of Clipse) reached number 19; another single "Get Along with You" was less successful, reaching number 51. The British Phonographic Industry certified Kaleidoscope gold for sales of 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom, where it reached number 43 on the UK Albums Chart.

In 2001, Kelis won the Brit Award for International Breakthrough Act and the NME Award for Best R&B/Soul Act, then joined Moby and U2 on the Area:One and Elevation tours, respectively. Kelis and the Neptunes' output at this time was heralded as foreshadowing an innovation in contemporary R&B, but she later said "I was never an R&B artist. People coined me one but that's because, especially if you're in the States, if you're black and you sing, then you're R&B". Her colorful style in both clothing and hair received considerable attention.

Kelis's second album Wanderland was released in 2001 in Europe, Asia, and Latin America but did not receive a North American release until 2019. According to Kelis, Virgin Records, her U.S. record company at the time, had laid off those that worked on Kaleidoscope; their replacements did not understand or believe in Wanderland. Eventually, Kelis was dropped from Virgin around the time of the album's European release, but she remained on the label's roster in Europe. A commercial failure, Wanderland peaked at number 78 in the UK; its only single "Young, Fresh n' New" managed to crack the top 40 on the UK Singles Chart. The album, which was produced in its entirety by the Neptunes and features collaborations with members of Clipse and No Doubt, received a subdued critical response. NME wrote: "In our collective fantasies, Kelis Rogers is already the ghetto-fabulous sex-queen of discodelic future-funk pop-rock-soul...But beyond the initial shopping-and-funking dazzle, there is way too much filler here for a hotly hyped alterna-soul princess with her eyes on the big prize". The Fader later referred to Wanderland as "Kelis's long lost masterpiece".

In 2002, Kelis recorded "So Be It" for the Red Hot Organization's Fela Kuti tribute CD Red Hot and Riot, from which all proceeds were donated to AIDS-awareness charities. The same year, she had a top 20 U.S. club hit with a remix of "Young, Fresh 'n' New", produced by Timo Maas, who featured Kelis on his single "Help Me". She hosted the DanceStar USA Awards ceremony at that year's Winter Music Conference.

2003–2005: Tasty
In 2003, Kelis achieved a second top 10 hit in the UK as a featured artist on Richard X's "Finest Dreams", a reworking of the S.O.S. Band's 1986 single "The Finest", and a European club hit (and UK top 40 single) as a featured artist on "Let's Get Ill" by P. Diddy, her manager for a brief period. She found mainstream success in the U.S. later in 2003 with her Hot Dance Club Play number one, Billboard Hot 100 top three single "Milkshake"; this single helped to propel her third album Tasty to gold status in the U.S., where it peaked at number 27 on the Billboard 200 and has sold 533,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan. "Milkshake" also went gold, selling over 500,000 copies, and earned Kelis a Grammy Award nomination in 2004 for Best Urban/Alternative Performance.

Although the Neptunes contributed several tracks to Tasty—the album was released by their label Star Trak Entertainment, a joint venture with Arista Records—Kelis also collaborated with other producers such as Dallas Austin, André 3000, Rockwilder, and Raphael Saadiq. She stated in an interview: "I felt like I had a lot to prove with this album. People had started messing with me along the lines of 'Is she REALLY any good without The Neptunes?' — which I knew was ridiculous. And so I was like 'I'll take that challenge'." The album was well-received critically; Entertainment Weekly wrote that Tasty is "Kelis' past—big beats, out-there imagery, and sex appeal—refined...much of the beauty of Tasty is in witnessing Kelis rise to the challenge of working with multiple imaginative maestros."

"Milkshake" and Tasty immediately found success in Europe. According to the BPI, Tasty went platinum in the United Kingdom, selling over 300,000 copies, and "Milkshake" went silver, selling over 200,000 units. The Dallas Austin-produced "Trick Me", the album's second single, went to the top 10 in many European countries during mid-2004; it did not, however, garner success in the U.S. in the absence of promotion by Jive Records, the label Kelis had been transferred to after Arista Records folded at the time of Tastys release. Kelis' success grew in Australia, where Tasty went gold and where "Milkshake" and "Trick Me" went platinum. Kelis followed the success of the third Tasty single, the BPI silver-certified "Millionaire" (featuring André 3000), with the Rockwilder-produced track "In Public" (featuring Nas), which reached number 17 on the UK chart.

"Not in Love", Kelis's collaboration with Enrique Iglesias from his 2003 album 7, was released as a single the following year, reaching the UK top five. Although the single failed to chart on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, it topped the country's Hot Dance Club Play chart. Also in 2004, Kelis collaborated with Björk on a remix of the latter's track "Oceania" (from Björk's album Medúlla), which appeared as a B-side to the single "Who Is It". Kelis toured as the opening act for fellow Jive artist Britney Spears's The Onyx Hotel Tour, then headlined her own tour of Australia and New Zealand. In 2005, she was featured on the soundtrack to the film Just Like Heaven with a cover version of The Pretenders' "Brass in Pocket".

2006–2008: Kelis Was Here
Kelis contributed a track titled "80's Joint" to the soundtrack of the 2006 dance film Step Up. She collaborated with Busta Rhymes and will.i.am on the track "I Love My Bitch", the second single from Rhymes's 2006 album The Big Bang. This was the second time Kelis collaborated with Rhymes, the first being his 2001 song "What It Is".

Kelis Was Here was released in 2006, and it debuted and peaked at number 10 on the Billboard 200. Despite the career-high debut, the album has sold only 157,000 copies in the United States as of 2007, according to Nielsen SoundScan. In the UK, Kelis Was Here charted at number 41 and has sold 60,000 copies, earning a silver certification from the BPI. The album was Kelis's first not to feature contributions from The Neptunes, as she had left Star Trak by this time; instead, she recorded with Cee-Lo Green, Max Martin, Raphael Saadiq, Scott Storch, and will.i.ams. According to Kelis, she received no support from Jive Records for the recording or promotion of Kelis Was Here and argued heavily with the label, later describing the period as "[not] the most creative atmosphere" and "the only time where I felt like I was being pulled in different directions. There were too many cooks in the kitchen". MTV characterised critical consensus of the album as "intriguingly intelligent, if unjustifiably disjointed and long" and wrote in 2016 that "it remains her most creatively anarchic project". Kelis Was Here was nominated for Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 2007 Grammy Awards.

"Bossy" (featuring Too Short), Kelis Was Heres lead single, was a moderate hit in the U.S., peaking at number 16; it additionally went multi-platinum as a mobile phone ringtone, according to the RIAA. The single "Blindfold Me" (featuring Nas) reached number 91 on the R&B chart and did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100. Kelis's European label, Virgin, instead released the Cee-Lo-featuring "Lil Star", which was another top 10 hit for Kelis in the United Kingdom (peaking at number three on the UK Singles Chart). During mid 2007, Kelis toured in Europe, appearing in numerous festivals across the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, such as Wireless, Rise and Gurtenfestival. Ford chose Kelis to help advertise the 2007 Ford Edge, and she recorded a theme song for the commercial, titled "Push It to the Edge", with help from producer Scott Storch.

Jive Records dropped Kelis in late 2007. Her manager at the time said that the singer was working with Cee-Lo Green on an alternative dance album and would be shopping a pop album produced by songwriter Guy Chambers. Scottish electronica producer Calvin Harris was said to be collaborating with her. Kelis took a hiatus from music: "I was like 'I will never put out another record again, I hate this business, I hate all these people.' I was in this race that I didn't even realise that I was in. I woke up and ten years had passed. That was never my plan".

After Kelis left Jive, the label released a 14-track greatest hits album titled The Hits in 2008. The album does not contain any previously unreleased songs; Ol' Dirty Bastard's "Got Your Money", N.E.R.D's "Truth or Dare", and Richard X's "Finest Dreams" appear on the album with every charted Kelis single to that date, with the exception of "Blindfold Me". Also in 2008, the Kelis Was Here album track "I Don't Think So" became a top 40 hit in Australia after being used in promotion for the 2008 season of the reality series Big Brother Australia.

2009–2011: Flesh Tone
In 2009, Kelis signed to Interscope Records via the will.i.am Music Group to release Flesh Tone, which included production from Ammo, Free School, Benny Benassi, Burns, Boys Noize, DJ Tocadisco, will.i.am, and David Guetta. Flesh Tone marked Kelis' transition into dance music. Kelis said she was hesitant to sign to another major label after her experiences with Jive Records but did not want the album to be "swept under the rug with a smaller label". Coinciding with her change in musical direction, Kelis appeared on Basement Jaxx's 2009 album Scars on the title track, on Benassi's 2010 single "Spaceship" (with apl.de.ap and Jean Baptiste)—a top 40 U.S. and UK club hit—and on the Crookers single "No Security" from their debut album Tons of Friends.

Critical reception to Flesh Tone was generally positive, with Pitchfork naming the album Kelis's best since her debut Kaleidoscope. "Acapella" (produced by David Guetta), the first single from Flesh Tone, debuted in the top five on the UK Singles Chart and reached number one on the U.S. Hot Dance Club Songs and the UK Dance Chart, eventually receiving a BPI silver certification. Flesh Tone peaked at number 48 on the Billboard 200 and at number five on the Dance/Electronic Albums. The single "4th of July (Fireworks)" was accompanied by a video co-directed by Kelis (with Rankin and Nicole Ehrlich) and became a top 10 club hit in America and Britain. The singles "Scream" and "Brave" made minimal chart impact.

During mid-2010, Kelis embarked on her first U.S. tour, titled All Hearts with Robyn, amid a selection of club, festival, and solo dates that continued through 2011 – these included Glastonbury, The Big Chill, Good Vibrations Festival, and Lovebox. Kelis appears on the Mark Ronson-produced track "The Man Who Stole a Leopard" from the 2010 Duran Duran album All You Need Is Now, a song she and the band performed in a concert directed by filmmaker David Lynch. She co-wrote the song "Waiting" for British pop singer Cheryl Cole's Messy Little Raindrops. Kelis then collaborated with Calvin Harris on the 2011 single "Bounce", the lead single from Harris' album 18 Months. "Bounce" debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Kelis's tenth UK top 10 single and her biggest selling in the country (as of 2017). It eventually received a platinum certification from the BPI.

2012–2017: Food

In 2012, Kelis's management firm at the time announced that her sixth studio album would be released in late 2012 and feature production from Skream, Burns, Tom Neville, Dan Black, and Caspa. The first single, the Skream-produced "Distance", received its UK radio premiere in mid 2012. Kelis said of the album, "I've been on a real 1990s vibe with this record, it's kind of trip-hoppish...it's more electro, it's a little deeper and darker". Kelis was featured on Dan Black's single "Hearts" and Skream's "Copy Cat" (both 2013), the latter of which led to a dispute after Kelis alleged that Skream refused to have her appear in the music video. She opted to move on from dance music: "when everyone else starts doing it, it's not as much fun...too much time went by. That [sound] wasn't a new idea any more". The rest of the material from these recording sessions remains unreleased.

By 2013, Kelis was working with producer Dave Sitek, and it was announced that she would release two albums via Sitek's label Federal Prism. The single "Jerk Ribs" premiered online. Kelis then signed to British independent label Ninja Tune for the release of the album Food in 2014. Produced entirely by Sitek, Food entered the UK Albums Chart at number 20, becoming Kelis' second highest-peaking album after Tasty in 2004. In the U.S., it reached number 73 on the Billboard 200 and the top 20 on the Independent Albums. Subsequent singles were "Rumble" (a top 40 hit on the UK Independent Singles Chart) and "Friday Fish Fry". Food received positive reviews from critics, including a five-star review in The Independent: "Kelis's sixth album is a moveable feast...If music be the food of love, Kelis has cooked up something tasty enough to satisfy all but the hungriest of hearts." Mic named Food the best album of 2014 and of Kelis's career, and Rolling Stone listed it as one of the year's best R&B albums.

A limited edition version of Food included remixes by electronic producers such as Actress, Mount Kimbie, Ben Pearce, Breach, Machinedrum, and Will Saul. Breach reworked his remix of "Rumble" into "The Key", a track featuring Kelis, released as a single later in 2014. Kelis' performance at London's Somerset House was recorded and released as the album Live in London in late 2014. In 2015, Kelis featured on veteran disco producer Giorgio Moroder's album Déjà Vu, singing on the track "Back and Forth". In 2017, she was featured with rapper Sage The Gemini on English house DJ TCTS' single "Do It Like Me (Icy Feet)" and on Dan Black's single "Farewell". Also in 2017, she released the song "Who's Lovin' You" (originally sung by The Miracles), on the Danger Mouse-produced compilation Resistance Radio: The Man in The High Castle for the television show The Man in the High Castle.

2018–present: Kaleidoscope anniversary tour and new music
Kelis contributed vocals to the dance track "My Milkshake", a rework of her 2003 single "Milkshake" by British producer Freejak, in 2018. Kelis embarked on the Kaleidoscope 20th Anniversary Tour, a UK and European tour celebrating the 20th-anniversary release of her debut album Kaleidoscope, in March 2020, though this was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Kelis was featured on a Disclosure song titled "Watch Your Step" in 2020 and on "Deal with It", a track on Demidevil, the debut mixtape by Ashnikko, in 2021. The former single, from Disclosure's Grammy Award-nominated album Energy, received frequent airplay on radio stations in the UK and reached the UK dance chart top 40. In October 2020, a biographical animated short about her life as a singer and chef was released on YouTube.

Kelis revealed to i-D magazine in 2019 that she was working on an EP that, at the time of the interview, was intended for release in 2020; in 2021, she said an album, Dirt, would be released in 2022. Kelis released the single "Midnight Snacks" in 2021 and "Feed Them" in 2022, the latter in collaboration with the meal delivery service Daily Harvest.

An interpolation of Kelis's "Milkshake" was used in the Beyoncé song "Energy" on her 2022 album Renaissance. The song was updated on some streaming services to remove the interpolation after Kelis said that she was not notified nor asked for approval for the song's use. Kelis said that Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo of the Neptunes, the credited songwriters on "Milkshake", had "stolen" and "swindled" her publishing rights for the song.

In February 2023, Kelis appeared on a commercial to advertise that year's Super Bowl; the commercial also featured Diddy, Montell Jordan and Donna Lewis, among others. In March 2023, Kelis announced she would be performing on the West Holts stage at that year's Glastonbury Festival. That same month, she announced tour dates for a European-only tour. On June 3, 2023, Kelis performed at the Mighty Hoopla music festival in London.

Other ventures

Culinary
From 2006 to 2010, Kelis trained part-time as a saucier, eventually graduating from Le Cordon Bleu.
In 2013, Kelis debuted her sauce line, Feast, at the Beverly Hills Food & Wine Festival. Kelis has described sauce as "what accessories are to a woman's outfit. Sauce defines where the dish is from and who's making it...I think everything is better smothered, poured, or dipped." The line went on general sale in 2015 under the new name of Bounty & Full. Kelis's first cookbook, My Life on a Plate, was also released in 2015; Kelis describes it as "an exploration of tastes and cultures, and my experience as a chef, musician, mother and wife". Kelis had previously written an unreleased cookbook with Lauren Pesavento in 2006.

In March 2014, Kelis set up a food truck to cook for attendees of the American music festival SXSW. She promoted her 2014 album Food by sharing her recipes for apple farro, jerk ribs, New York vanilla bean cheesecake, and more on the Spotify app Supper. That same year, the Cooking Channel aired a cooking television series starring Kelis, titled Saucy and Sweet. In 2016, Kelis and cooking duo Le Bun opened a pop-up restaurant in London that she adapted as a food truck to tour around UK music festivals. In September 2017, she released a milkshake recipe in collaboration with Baileys. In 2019, Kelis developed an exclusive menu with a local street food vendor for Jam on Rye Festival in London. She also appears in Cooked with Cannabis, a competition cooking series that Netflix launched on April 20, 2020.

Fashion/TV
In 2006, Kelis designed her own line of fashion accessories, titled Cake. In 2007, she was in talks to host a Project Runway-esque show for VH1 and auditioned for various film and TV roles.

In 2017, Kelis joined BBC One's singing contest Pitch Battle as a judge of the competition with Gareth Malone. In 2020, Kelis competed as the Daisy in the British version of The Masked Singer, where she was eliminated in the fifth episode.

Personal life
Kelis met rapper Nas at an MTV Video Music Awards party in 2002; they dated for one year, became engaged in 2004, and married in January 2005. In April 2009, she filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. She was seven months pregnant at the time. In July 2009, Kelis gave birth to her first son. The couple's divorce was finalized in May 2010. Kelis has described her relationship with Nas as physically and mentally abusive, crediting the anticipated birth of her child as a factor in her decision to end her marriage. Kelis also recalled that the domestic violence incident between Rihanna and Chris Brown influenced her decision to leave Nas. After she saw pictures of Rihanna battered, she felt embarrassed because she also had bruises all over her body, but she was hesitant to speak about it. Nas replied to the accusations on social media, accusing Kelis of attempting to slander him in the time of a custody battle and accusing Kelis of abusing his daughter. In addition to the domestic abuse claims, she alleged that Nas' drinking habit began to damage their relationship, and he had been having adulterous affairs for two years. They are involved in an ongoing custody battle over their son. In April 2018, Kelis claimed that until 2012, she had not seen "a single cent" from Nas in child support and he has not been an active parent. She said "He doesn't participate. He shows up when it's fun, he shows up when there's a good photo-op...I don't think it should be 50/50 just because you had sperm involved."

In March 2007, Kelis was detained by police in Miami Beach, Florida and charged with disorderly conduct. The arrest report said an operation in which officers posed as prostitutes in the South Beach nightclub district was disrupted when Kelis started screaming racial profanities at them. She was sent to Miami-Dade County Jail and was later released on a $1,500 bond. In September 2008, Kelis was acquitted of the charges. A spokesman for Kelis further commented that the singer would file a lawsuit against the Miami Beach Police, claiming unlawful arrest and the violation of her civil rights.

Kelis married photographer Mike Mora in 2014, and gave birth to her second son in November 2015. Since January 2020, Kelis has been living on a remote farm outside Los Angeles that she manages. In September 2020, she gave birth to her and Mora's second child, a daughter. In September 2021, Mora revealed publicly that he had stage IV stomach cancer. In an Instagram post, he stated he had been diagnosed with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma in September 2020 and given eighteen months to live. Mora died on March 14, 2022, at age 37.

Artistry
AXS called Kelis a "punky, rebellious" singer-songwriter. The New York Times considered Kelis's vocals "dynamic" and commended her for being "well schooled in the intricacies of heartache". IGN described Kelis as  being "strange, weird, and eccentric". The Chicago Tribune stated that Kelis made the most of "a voice that lives in the basement".

Kelis's debut album Kaleidoscope took influence from a variety of 1970s genres, which included urban, rock, jazz, hip hop, R&B, soul, and disco music. Kelis cited early Sarah Vaughan, Ella Fitzgerald and Dinah Washington as major influences for the album. Several of the album's tracks were designed for clubs, and contained electro beats meant for dancing. Her second studio album Wanderland resembles musically its predecessor while exploring more modern funk sounds, dabbling heavily into genres such as soul and rap. It carried on the same themes developed in Kaleidoscope, and was criticized for doing so.

Food (2014) contains influences of soul, funk, gospel, and Afrobeat—Kelis said of the album "You know, those records in your life that your parents played and they resonate with who you are? They make you nostalgic. I wanted to find out how to get that feeling."

Awards and nominations

Discography

Studio albums
 Kaleidoscope (1999)
 Wanderland (2001)
 Tasty (2003)
 Kelis Was Here (2006)
 Flesh Tone (2010)
 Food (2014)

Tours

Headlining
 Tasty Down Under Tour (2004)
 All Hearts Tour (with Robyn) (2010)
 Intimate Venues Tour (2014)
 Kaleidoscope 20th Anniversary Tour (2020)

Supporting act
 Area:One Tour (2001)
 Elevation Tour (2001)
 MTV2's Sisters for Hip-Hop & Soul Tour (2001)
 The Onyx Hotel Tour (2004)
 Hip Hop – Don't Stop (with Missy Elliott and Talib Kweli) (2004)
 Sugar Water Festival (2006)

Filmography

References

External links

 Kelis at china-underground.com

1979 births
African-American chefs
African-American women singer-songwriters
African-American women singers
African-American songwriters
American women singer-songwriters
Alumni of Le Cordon Bleu
Alternative R&B musicians
American chefs
American women chefs
American women pop singers
American musicians of Chinese descent
American musicians of Puerto Rican descent
Arista Records artists
Asian American chefs
Brit Award winners
Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni
Interscope Records artists
Jive Records artists
Living people
Ninja Tune artists
Musicians from Harlem
Singers from New York City
Virgin Records artists
American cookbook writers
Women cookbook writers
American contemporary R&B singers
21st-century American women singers
American women non-fiction writers
21st-century American singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)

Kelis


Simo - Siniša Bogdanović (Vorkapić, 14. veljače 1833. – 1909.) bio je nacionalno-romantičarski srpski povjesničar.

Životopis
Otac i djed su mu bili pravoslavni svećenici u Vorkapićima, a rođen je na praznik Sretenja Gospodnjeg. Djed po majci Katarini Janjanin, poginuo je 1812. kod Borodina. U Rakovcu je završio 5 razreda gimnazije i zatim otišao u vojsku. Kao natporučnik bio je učitelj povijesti i zemljopisa u kadetskoj školi u Zagrebu. Družio se s Vukom Karadžićem kad je ovaj bio boravio u Topuskom. Skupljao je za njega riječi i poslovice, u izdanjima Vukovih djela potpisane sa S.M.B. Na pogrebu mu je bio jedan bataljon pješačke 53. pukovnije s potpukovnikom Crevarom na čelu. Sin Bogdan bio je činovnik srbijanskog ministarstva financija, a kći Milica profesorica na ženskom liceju u Zagrebu. Kći mu je bila među prvim studenticama Zagrebačkog sveučilišta, uz Milku Maravić i Vjeru Tkalić, koje su upisale studij 1901. godine, odmah nakon što im je to bilo omogućeno kraljevskim dekretom. Milica Bogdanović je bila i prva žena koja je doktorirala na Kraljevskom sveučilištu Franje Josipa I u Zagrebu, 1907. godine. Tema doktorata je bila Car Julijan Apostata prema hrišćanstvu.

Izvori

Srbi u Hrvatskoj

Siniša Bogdanović


Eivydas ist ein männlicher litauischer Vorname.

Namensträger

 Eivydas Musteikis (*  1987), Biathlet

Männlicher Vorname
Litauischer Vorname

Eivydas


Dağıtıcı (İngilizce: switch), bilgisayarların ve diğer ağ öğelerinin birbirlerine bağlanmasına olanak veren ağ donanımlarından biridir. OSI yedi katman modelinin 2. katmanında ve yeni dağıtıcılar IP routing yapabildiği için 3. katmanda da çalışır.

Çalışma Şekli
Dağıtıcının her bir kapısı diğerlerinden bağımsız veri alış-verişinde bulunabilir. Bir veri paketi (veri çerçevesi) kapılardan birine ulaştığında dağıtıcı gönderenin MAC adresini ve gönderilen kapıyı adres tablosuna kaydeder. MAC adres tablosundaki mevcut kayıtlar incelenerek hedef MAC adresinin bağlı olduğu kapıyı tespit etmeye çalışır. Eğer herhangi bir kayıt bulunamazsa, veri paketi gelen kapı hariç bütün kapılara gönderilir. Eğer MAC adresi biliniyorsa, bu durumda veri paketi sadece hedef kapıya gönderilir. Eğer gönderenin ve alıcının MAC adresleri aynıysa paket silinir.

Çalışma şekli itibarıyla ağ köprüsü ve ağ göbeğine (İngilizce: hub) benzerliğinden dolayı saydam köprü, çok kapılı köprü ya da akıllı hub olarak da adlandırıldığı olur. Saydamlığı dağıtıcının kullanıcı için fark edilemez olmasından, yani gelen paketlerin dağıtıcıdan geçtiğinin anlaşılamamasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu da dağıtıcıların yönetimini zorlaştıran durumlardan biridir. Bu zorluğu özellikle ağ yöneticileri için ortadan kaldırmak için belli bir kapıdan geçen veri trafiğini dışardaki bir hedefe yansıtan kapı ikizleme (İngilizce: port mirroring) yöntemi geliştirilmiştir. SMON iletişim kuralları RFC 2613 ile tanımlanmış ve standardlaşmıştır.

Kullanımı
Dağıtıcı yıldız topolojisine sahip yerel ağlar oluşturmanın yanında, paket anahtarlamalı farklı ağları birbirine bağlamakta da kullanılabilirler. Yıldız topolojisine sahip çok sayıda ağın birbirine bağlandığı topolojiye ağaç topolojisi denir. İki dağıtıcı arasındaki bağlantıyı sağlamak için genelde üstbağ kapısı (İngilizce: uplink port) kullanılır. Switchlerin konfigürasyonu için CLI(command line interface) arayüzü veya http arayüzü kullanılabilir. CLI arayüzü http arayüzüne göre daha profesyonelce ve daha fazla opsiyonu içinde barındırır.

Kullanım alanlarına bakıldığında ise, switchler VLAN(virtual Local Area Network) uygulamaları yapılabilir, ayrıca SPB(shortest path bridging), STP(Spanning tree protocol)protokolünü de içinde barındırır.

Anahtarlama Yöntemleri
Bir dağıtıcının kullanabileceği dört çeşit iletme yöntemi vardır:
 Depola ve İlet (İngilizce: store and forward): Dağıtıcı her bir veri paketini iletmeden önce ara belleğe alır ve bir kontrol toplamı oluşturur. Oluşturulan kontrol toplamı pakette kayıtlı olanla uyuşmuyorsa paket iletilmez. Bu sayede ağ içerisinde hatalı paketlerin dolaşması engellenmiş olur. Ağ öğeleri farklı hızlarla ya da farklı ortamlardan bağlanıyorlarsa, kullanılabilinecek tek yöntemdir. Kopyalama ve kontrol toplamı işlemleri nedeniyle yavaş ama aynı nedenlerden dolayı güvenilir bir yöntemdir.
 Kestirme (İngilizce: cut-through): Dağıtıcı veri paketinde sadece MAC adresi bilgisini okur ve iletmeye başlar. Hata kontrolü yapılmaz. Diğer dağıtıcıların ya da daha üst OSI katmanların varsa hatayı bulacaklarından yola çıkılır. Hızlı bir yöntemdir.
 Serbest Parça (İngilizce: fragment free): Yukarıdaki iki yöntemin avantajlarından faydalanmaya çalışan bir yöntemdir. Veri paketinin, adresleme bilgisinin de içinde olduğu ilk 64 byte okunur ve paket kontrol toplamı oluşturulmadan iletilir. Ethernet'teki minimum veri büyüklüğü olan 64 byte'a ulaşamayan paketler süzgeçlenerek silinir.
 Uyarlamalı Anahtarlama (İngilizce: adaptive switching): Yukarıdaki üç yöntem arasında kendi kendine seçim yapan bir yöntemdir.

Ayrıca Gözat

 Yönlendirici
 Ağ köprüsü

Dağıtıcı
Bağ protokolleri

Ağ anahtarı