Kensington (Olympia) is a combined rail and tube station in Kensington, on the edge of Central London. Services are provided by London Overground, who manage the station, along with Southern and London Underground. It is in Travelcard Zone 2. On the Underground it is the terminus of a short District line branch from , originally built as part of the Middle Circle. On the main-line railway it is on the West London Line from  to , by which trains bypass inner London. The station's name is drawn from its location in Kensington and the adjacent Olympia exhibition centre.

The station was originally opened in 1844 by the West London Railway but closed shortly afterwards. It reopened in 1862 and began catering for Great Western services the following year. In 1872 it became part of the Middle Circle train route that bypassed central London. The station was bombed during World War II and subsequently closed. It reopened in 1946 but the limited service to Clapham Junction was recommended for withdrawal in the 1960s Beeching Report. The main-line station was revitalised later in the decade as a terminus for national Motorail, and upgraded again in 1986 to serve a wider range of InterCity destinations. The station's Underground connection after World War II was limited to a shuttle service to and from Earl's Court.

With around  million passenger journeys recorded in , Kensington (Olympia) is the  station on the entire Underground network.

Name and location

In 1863, with the opening of the West London Extension Railway, a station named Kensington was opened  north of the junction with the West London Railway, but when several underground lines opened stations at High Street Kensington and West Kensington, the station name was changed to Addison Road to avoid any confusion.

The station appears as Kensington Olympia on the National Rail website and on some of its maps and timetables. On London Underground and London Overground maps, station signage and the London Rail & Tube Services map, it is labelled Kensington (Olympia). On the automated announcements and the dot matrix indicators on District line trains, the station is shown as simply Olympia.

The station is located alongside the namesake Olympia exhibition centre. The boundary between the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham here runs parallel to and immediately to the west of the railway line.

The platforms are accessed via Russell Road from the east and Olympia Way from the west. A footbridge connects the two roads, and is segregated so it is possible to walk directly from Russell Road to Olympia Way without having to pass through any ticket barriers. Platform 1 serves the part-time District line services towards High Street Kensington via Earl's Court, platform 2 serves Overground trains towards Willesden, and platform 3 runs towards Clapham Junction.

London Buses routes 9, 23, 27, 28, 49, 306, C1; night routes N9, N28 and Green Line Coaches services 701 and 702 call at and pass the station.

History

Opening

A station called Kensington was opened by the West London Railway as its southern terminus on 27 May 1844, located just south of Hammersmith Road. The line was not popular and it was closed on 1 December that year due to the losses made. A scant and erratic goods service continued. The line was re-opened to passengers on 2 June 1862 as part of the West London Extension Railway with a new station, also called Kensington, to the north of Hammersmith Road, providing services to  and . Great Western Railway trains started serving the station in 1863, with London & North Western Railway trains arriving in 1872. A link to the Hammersmith & City Railway enabled the station to join the Middle Circle service, which operated via Paddington to the north and South Kensington to the south. In 1868 the station was renamed Kensington Addison Road.

From 1869 the London & South Western Railway operated trains from Richmond to London Waterloo via Addison Road, until their branch via Shepherd's Bush closed in 1916. By 1907 the Middle Circle had been replaced by a link to Hammersmith. The station appears on the first 'London Underground' map in 1908 with Metropolitan and District Railway services.

There was an Express Dairies creamery and milk bottling plant close to the station. It was served by milk trains running from the Great Western Railway at Old Oak Common to a siding adjacent to the station.

Decline

In 1940, Addison Road and the link to the Metropolitan line at Latimer Road closed along with the other West London Line stations after the line was bombed, and it was not considered cost-effective to rebuild by the London Passenger Transport Board. Due to its ability to access all lines radiating from London, its close location to SHAEF headquarters and its relative quietness compared to the main London termini, it was the preferred embarkation point for US Army General Dwight D. Eisenhower when he visited troops in Wales preparing for the June 1944 Normandy landings.

On 19 December 1946, the station was renamed Kensington (Olympia) and became the northern terminus of a peak-hour shuttle service to Clapham Junction, serving workers at the Post Office Savings Bank (later National Savings Bank) in nearby Blythe Road. Until 1986, apart from Motorail services, this was the only British Rail service regularly stopping at the station. It was known as the "Kenny Belle" and was unadvertised, reportedly because the Post Office Savings Bank was under the Official Secrets Act. There was also a District line shuttle to Earl's Court, as the station had been left without a dedicated Underground connection. The service originally only ran when there was an exhibition at the centre, but a permanent platform opened on 3 March 1958. The station was sometimes used as a terminus during reconstruction and upgrading of mainline London terminal stations.

Cold War
Kensington (Olympia) was included in 1960s Cold War plans to ensure continuity of government in the event of hostilities. Secret plans entailed use of the station, in the prelude to a nuclear war, to evacuate several thousand civil servants to the Central Government War Headquarters underground bunker (codenamed "Burlington") in Wiltshire. Civil servants tasked with staffing the facility would have been directed to join trains at this station, chosen since the West London Line connected to the Great Western Main Line (and hence Wiltshire) at North Pole Junction,  to the north. These trains would have connected with buses at Warminster for further transfer to the bunker near Corsham.

Motorail

In 1966 Kensington (Olympia) became the main London terminus for British Rail Motorail trains, which carried passengers and vehicles across Britain. In the London Midland Region timetable for 1970–71, services are shown to Perth, Stirling, Carlisle, St Austell, Totnes, Newton Abbot and Fishguard (connecting with the ferry for Rosslare). This facility closed in 1981 with operations transferred to Paddington, Euston and King's Cross.

The car park for the service is now used for exhibition vehicles, and by Europcar for car rental, and is called "Olympia Motorail Car Park P4".

Revival

From 12 May 1986 services at the station were greatly enhanced. The London Underground shuttle service started to run to a regular daily schedule, and inter-regional services from the Midlands and northern England stopped at Kensington (Olympia). Southern Region destinations included  and . As part of this the footbridge was painted in InterCity colours. These trains were operated by the InterCity division of British Rail and later, after privatisation, by Virgin CrossCountry and CrossCountry.  Destinations included , , ,  and . The services were withdrawn in October 2008, by which time only two daily Brighton–Manchester journeys were operated. The station was part of the London Station Group, accepting "London Terminals" tickets, until it was delisted in May 1994. The same year, a full passenger service between Willesden Junction and Clapham Junction was reinstated after a gap of 54 years.

There were two bay platforms on the south-eastern side, mainly used by services to/from Clapham Junction. These platforms were removed in 1983 and the track was lifted; the space was used for an additional car park for the exhibition centre. One of the former platforms is now Olympia Garden, a community garden with 89 vegetable plots.

Before the Channel Tunnel Rail Link was proposed in 1996, Kensington (Olympia) was planned to be expanded to accommodate a car terminal for international services including Regional Eurostar. The line would have run via the West London and South Eastern Main Lines to  before entering the tunnel. Before Eurostar transferred in November 2007 to St Pancras International, Eurostar trains passed through the station between Waterloo International station and North Pole depot, and the station was a backup terminus for the services in case Waterloo International became unusable; immigration facilities were maintained there.

In June 2011, Transport for London (TfL) announced that the District line shuttle between Kensington (Olympia) and Earl's Court would close on weekdays at the end of the year. The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea unsuccessfully protested against the closure, and general weekday services ceased in December 2011. Some special weekday services continue to run on the District line when there is an exhibition on. In 2012 TfL announced plans to introduce ticket gates at the station to combat fare dodgers, which would remove access to the footbridge used by local residents for years. Both the councils within whose boundaries this station falls challenged this loss of an established right of way. The gates were added in September 2013, dividing the bridge into two to maintain pedestrian access on one side without accessing the station platforms.

Services

National Rail

The station is on the West London line of the London Overground network, which is signed by Transport for London as the "Willesden Junction – Clapham Junction" line. The line lies entirely in zone 2, and can be used to bypass central London. National Rail services are provided by London Overground and Southern.

The London Overground services in trains per hour are:

 4 northbound to Stratford
 4 southbound to .

The Southern hourly service pattern is:

 1 northbound to Watford Junction
 1 southbound to East Croydon or Clapham Junction

Two northbound trains per day extend to and from Hemel Hempstead.

District line
The District line shuttle to Earl's Court and High Street Kensington runs at weekends and sometimes when there is an exhibition on. A very limited service also operates during the early morning and evening each weekday. There is no service New Year's Eve or New Year's Day when these days fall on or partly on a weekend.

References
Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

District line stations
Tube stations in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Railway stations in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Former West London Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1844
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1844
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1862
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1940
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1946
Railway stations served by London Overground
Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway
Single platform tube stations
Kensington
1844 establishments in England
London station group

Kensington (Olympia) station


August Hermann Leugers-Scherzberg, geb. Leugers (* 15. April 1958 in Freren, Emsland) ist ein deutscher Historiker.

Leben
Leugers-Scherzberg gibt seit 2005 mit Lucia Scherzberg die Zeitschrift theologie.geschichte heraus. Von 2010 bis 2018 nahm er die Lehrstuhlvertretung für Kirchen- und Theologiegeschichte an der Universität des Saarlandes wahr.

Wissenschaftlicher Werdegang
Leugers-Scherzberg studierte Pädagogik, Geschichte und Katholische Theologie an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster. 1990 wurde er in Münster mit einer Dissertation über den Zentrumspolitiker Felix Porsch promoviert. Zwischen 1984 und 1993 arbeitete Leugers-Scherzberg zunächst als Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Seminar für Mittlere und Neuere Kirchengeschichte der Katholisch-Theologischen Fakultät der Universität Münster und später als Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter im Fach Geschichte an der Universität/ Gesamthochschule Essen. Von 1993 bis 1996 war er Stipendiat der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft. Er habilitierte sich 2001 mit Die Wandlungen des Herbert Wehner. Von der Volksfront zur Großen Koalition im Fach Neuere Geschichte an der Universität Essen. Leugers-Scherzberg erhielt als erster Wissenschaftler uneingeschränkten Zugang zum Nachlass des SPD-Politikers Herbert Wehner.

Forschungsschwerpunkte
Zu Leugers-Scherzbergs wissenschaftlichen Schwerpunkten zählen der politische Katholizismus, Herbert Wehner und die Geschichte der SPD nach 1945 sowie die Kirchen- und Ordensgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts. In dem DFG-Projekt Katholische Missionsschulen in Deutschland 1887-1941 arbeitete er insbesondere an der Entwicklung von Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Datenbanken in der kirchen- und bildungsgeschichtlichen Forschung mit.

Soziales Engagement
Leugers-Scherzberg ist Vorsitzender des "Vereins zur Förderung der Erziehungs- und Friedensarbeit von APAX-Rwanda e.V.", der die 2001 von Donata Uwimanimpaye gegründete Gemeinschaft der "Missionnaires de la paix du Christ-Roi (Umuryango mugari w'Abagabuzi b'Amahoro)" unterstützt, die darum bemüht ist, das fortdauernde Trauma und die soziale Fragmentierung der ruandischen Gesellschaft infolge des Völkermords von 1994 zu bewältigen.

Schriften
Buchveröffentlichungen
 Felix Porsch 1853–1930. Politik für katholische Interessen in Kaiserreich und Republik. Mainz 1990, ISBN 3-7867-1491-6.
 als Hrsg.: Herbert Wehner: Selbstbesinnung und Selbstkritik. Köln 1994, ISBN 3-462-02340-3.
 als Bearbeiter, mit Wilfried Loth: Die Zentrumsfraktion in der verfassunggebenden Preußischen Landesversammlung 1919–1921: Sitzungsprotokolle. Düsseldorf 1994, ISBN 3-7700-5179-3.
 Die Wandlungen des Herbert Wehner. Von der Volksfront zur Großen Koalition. Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-549-07155-8.
 mit Holger Gast und Antonia Leugers: Optimierung historischer Forschung durch Datenbanken. Die exemplarische Datenbank "Missionsschulen 1887–1940". Bad Heilbrunn 2010, ISBN 978-3-7815-1720-2.
 mit Holger Gast und Antonia Leugers: Katholische Missionsschulen in Deutschland 1887–1940. Bad Heilbrunn 2013, ISBN 978-3-7815-1939-8.

Herausgeberschaften
 mit Lucia Scherzberg: theologie.geschichte. Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kulturgeschichte 1 (2006)ff (online).
 mit Lucia Scherzberg: theologie.geschichte, Beihefte (online).
 mit Lucia Scherzberg: Genderaspekte in der Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit, Saarbrücken 2014, ISBN 978-3-86223-175-1.

Aufsätze
 Einstellungen zu Krieg und Frieden im deutschen Katholizismus vor 1914, in: Jost Dülffer/Karl Holl (Hrsg.), Bereit zum Krieg. Kriegsmentalität im wilhelminischen Deutschland 1890–1914, Göttingen 1986, S. 56–73.
 Latente Kulturkampfstimmung im wilhelminischen Kaiserreich. Konfessionelle Polemik als konfessions- und innenpolitisches Kampfmittel, in: Johannes Horstmann (Hrsg.), Die Verschränkung von Innen-, Konfessions- und Kolonialpolitik im Deutschen Reich vor 1914, Schwerte 1987, S. 13–37.
 Die Wahl Adolf Bertrams zum Fürstbischof von Breslau im Jahr 1914. Ein Schritt zur Entpolitisierung des Bischofsamtes in Preußen, in: Archiv für schlesische Kirchengeschichte 47/48 (1990), S. 117–129.
 Die Modernisierung des Katholizismus im Kaiserreich. Überlegungen am Beispiel von Felix Porsch, in: Wilfried Loth (Hrsg.), Deutscher Katholizismus im Umbruch zur Moderne, Stuttgart u. a. 1991, S. 219–235.
 Der deutsche Katholizismus und sein Ende, in: Johannes Horstmann (Hrsg.), Ende des Katholizismus oder Gestaltwandel der Kirche?, Schwerte 1993, S. 9–35.
 Die Akten Wehners, in: Die Zeit Nr. 8 vom 18. Februar 1994.
 Podiumsbeitrag zum Thema "Kärrner und Zuchtmeister. Herbert Wehners Rolle in Partei und Parlament", Bonn, 23. September 1996, abgedruckt in: Dieter Dowe (Hrsg.), Herbert Wehner (1906–1990) und die deutsche Sozialdemokratie, Bonn-Bad-Godesberg 1996, S. 37–40.
 Herbert Wehner (1906-1990), in: Deutsche Politiker 1949–1969, hrsg. von Torsten Oppelland, Bd. 2, Darmstadt 1999, S. 41–51.
 Herbert Wehner und der Rücktritt Willy Brandts am 7. Mai 1974, in: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 50 (2002), S. 303–322.
 Herbert Wehner, in: Biographisches Handbuch der Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages 1949–2001, hrsg. v. Rudolf Vierhaus und Ludolf Herbst, München 2002, S. 927f.
 Von den Stalin-Noten bis zum Deutschlandplan: Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie und der Neutralismus in den 1950er Jahren, in: Dominik Geppert/Udo Wengst (Hrsg.), Neutralität – Chance oder Chimäre? Konzepte des Dritten Weges für Deutschland und die Welt 1945 – 1990, München 2005, S. 45–58.
 Unwillige Historiker. Die Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit der deutschen Geschichtswissenschaft seit den 1990er Jahren, in: Lucia Scherzberg (Hg.), Theologie und Vergangenheitsbewältigung. Eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme im interdisziplinären Vergleich, Paderborn u. a. 2005, S. 89–102.
 Adenauers geheim gehaltene Äußerungen im Londoner Claridge-Hotel oder der latente Antisemitismus des bundesdeutschen Gründungskanzlers, in: theologie.geschichte 1 (2006), S. 343–349.
 "Berufungserlebnisse" im katholischen Milieu der Zwischenkriegszeit. Die Lebensläufe St. Wendeler Missionsschüler von 1930 bis 1938, in: Gisela Fleckenstein / Michael Klöcker / Norbert Schloßmacher (Hrsg.), Kirchengeschichte. Alte und neue Wege. Festschrift für Christoph Weber, Bd. 2, Frankfurt a. M. 2008, S. 763–773.
 Das soziale Ganze beschreiben. Vergemeinschaftungskonzepte in der deutschen Geschichtswissenschaft von der Volksgeschichte bis zur Gesellschaftsgeschichte, in: Lucia Scherzberg (Hrsg.), Gemeinschaftskonzepte im 20. Jahrhundert zwischen Wissenschaft und Ideologie, Saarbrücken 2010 (theologie.geschichte, Beiheft 1), S. 195–217.
 Herbert Wehners Auseinandersetzung mit Nationalsozialismus und Stalinismus in den Jahren 1942/3 bis 1947, in: Lucia Scherzberg (Hrsg.), "Doppelte Vergangenheitsbewältigung" und die Singularität des Holocaust, Saarbrücken 2012 (theologie.geschichte, Beiheft 5), S. 319–331.
 Katholische Kirche, Zwangsarbeiter und die Entdeckung des "kooperativen Antagonismus" in der "nationalsozialistischen Kriegsgesellschaft", in: theologie.geschichte 3 (2008). (veröffentlicht: März 2013) (online).
 Herbert Wehner, das Monnet-Komitee und die europapolitische Wende der SPD 1956/57, in: Michaela Bachem-Rehm, Claudia Hiepel, Henning Türk (Hg.), Teilungen Überwinden. Europäische und Internationale Geschichte im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Festschrift für Wilfried Loth, München 2014, S. 491–505.
 mit Lucia Scherzberg, Der Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs und die katholische Theologie in Deutschland, in: Concilium  50 (2014) 328–332.

Übersetzungen
 mit Lucia Scherzberg aus dem Amerikanischen:  Richard Wolin, Heidegger und Jünger: "Der gefährliche Augenblick", in: August H Leugers-Scherzberg/ Lucia Scherzberg (Hg.), Genderaspekte in der Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit, Saarbrücken 2014, S. 55–82.

Rezensionen
 Ruppert, Karsten: Im Dienst am Staat von Weimar. Das Zentrum als regierende Partei in der Weimarer Demokratie 1923–1930, Düsseldorf 1992, in: Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 34 (1994), S. 666
 Scholz, Michael F.: Wehner in Schweden 1941–1946, München 1995, in: Die Neue Gesellschaft – Frankfurter Hefte 43 (1996), S. 91f.
 Alberigo, Giuseppe (Hrsg.): Geschichte des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils (1959–1965), Bd. 1–3, Mainz/Leuven 1997–2002, in: Concilium 41 (2005), S. 466–469.
 Wenzel, Knut: Kleine Geschichte des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2005, in: theologie.geschichte 1 (2006), S. 357–359.
 Dellwing, Michael: Globalisierung und religiöse Rhetorik. Heilsgeschichtliche Aspekte in der Globalisierungsdebatte, Frankfurt-New York 2008, in theologie.geschichte 4 (2009) (online).
 Rößner, Susan: Die Geschichte Europas schreiben. Europäische Historiker und ihr Europabild im 20. Jahrhundert, Frankfurt/New York 2009, in: theologie.geschichte 7 (2012) (online).
 Faber, Richard / Puschner, Uwe (Hrsg.): Preußische Katholiken und katholische Preußen im 20. Jahrhundert, Würzburg 2011, in: theologie.geschichte 8 (2013) (online).
 Winfried Eberhard/Christian Lübke (Hrsg.): Die Vielfalt Europas. Identitäten und Räume, Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag  2009, in: theologie.geschichte 8 (2013) (online).
 Knigge, Volkhard (Hrsg.): Kommunismusforschung und Erinnerungskulturen in Ostmittel- und Westeuropa, Köln/Weimar/Wien 2013, in theologie.geschichte 9 (2014) (online).
 Müller, Markus: Das Deutsche Institut für wissenschaftliche Pädagogik 1922–1980. Von der katholischen Pädagogik zur Pädagogik von Katholiken. Paderborn 2014, in: H-Soz-Kult, 25. April 2014 (online).
 Zedler, Jörg (Hrsg.): "Was die Welt im Innersten zusammenhält". Gesellschaftlich-staatliche Kohäsionskräfte im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. München 2014, in: H-Soz-Kult, 31. Oktober 2014  (online).
 Zinser, Hartmut: Religion und Krieg, Paderborn 2015, in: theologie.geschichte 10 (2015)  (online).

Weblinks
 Seite von Leugers-Scherzberg an der Universität Duisburg-Essen
 Projektseite des DFG-Projekts Katholische Missionsschulen in Deutschland (1887-1941)

Einzelnachweise

Historiker (Neuere und Neueste Geschichte)
Kirchenhistoriker
Deutscher
Geboren 1958
Mann

August Hermann Leugers-Scherzberg


سلطان بور أو سلطه بور    تتبع ولاية اوتار براديش .

وصف
بلدة سلطان بور هي أحد منازل الأشراف الأحمديون، وتعتبر سلطان بور مدينة العراقة الإسلامية حيث الرجال المخلصين والمدافعين عن الإسلام والمسلمين. لقد كان للطالبيين في سلطان بور حظوة كما كان لهم في غيرها، واقترنت بلدة سلطان بور بأشراف الحجاز الأحمديين عندما وصل إليها الشريف عبد الله بن موسى الحسني الطالبي مع ابنه محمداً فاراً بدمه سنة 1114هـ في مطلع القرن الثاني عشرالهجري، فنعته المؤرخون الثقات وتتبعه أصحاب المسالك وسجله النسابون في جرائدهم وهو غائب عنهم فقد وصلهم خبره، وفي سلطان بور استقر له المقام فولي الصدارة بأرضها فعاش بها وأعقب الذراري، فهو أول شريف حجازي من بني أحمد يدخلها، فعرف بالشريف عبد الله الداخل لأنه دخل بلاد الهند, ومن ذريته فخر السادات الحسنية الشريف نورمحمد بن عيسى الحسني الشهير ب(سلطان بور), علم من أعلام السادة العلوية ونجم من نجوم الدعاة في شبه القارة الهندية الذي اتخذ هو وذريته من الأسرة الحسنية بلدة أطكولي من أعمال الهند سكنا له وعَمَّرها، وتسمى أطكولي (ضلع سلطان بور) وهي على بعد 20كم من مقاطعة سلطان بور، وبها انتهت إليه الرئاسة والسيادة فيها وفي نواحيها .

والحديث عن سلطان بور سجال، فهي مدينة قديمة أثريَّة تابعة للولاية الشمالية عندما كان مقر الحكم في لكنو, وهي تبعد عنها بحوالي 80كم, وهي أرض زراعية غناء وبها مياه عذبة عظيمة وأهلها على الأغلب مسلمين، وقد دمرَّها الإنجليز بالكامل في ثورة الهند، والطريق بينها وبين لكنو جميل يسرُّ المسافرين ويمرُّ بقرى قائمة وبعضها مدمَّر، ومعالم وآثار عديدة ابتداءً من جلديش بور، وحسن بور، حتى نصل إلى سلطان بورأكبر مدينة في المقاطعة جنوب الولاية الشمالية في اتجاه فيض أباد المعروفة حيث كانت تتبع لها في وقت من الزمان.

أعلام
 بانكاج سينغ
 محمد طاهر خان
 بريم أديب

انظر أيضا
 قائمة مقاطعات الهند

المصادر

 مقالة لنسابة المدينة الشريف أنس الكتبي

تأسيسات سنة 1951 في الهند
مدن الهند
مدن في أتر برديش

سلطان بور


Stephen William Gibbons (11 September 1949 – July 2022) was an Australian politician who served as an Australian Labor Party member of the Australian House of Representatives from March 1998 until August 2013 representing the Division of Bendigo, Victoria.

He was born in Melbourne. He attended Golden Square Primary School and Kangaroo Flat Secondary College in Bendigo.  He became an apprentice to a motor mechanic. He worked in auto part wholesaling and packaging industries.

He was a trade union official, small business proprietor and researcher and adviser to the Victorian Leader of the Opposition, John Brumby, before entering politics.

First elected to represent the Bendigo electorate in 1998, he was re-elected in 2001, 2004, 2007 and 2010. In August 2011, Gibbons announced his intention to retire from parliament at the next election.

Gibbons died in July 2022, at the age of 72.

References

External links

1949 births
2022 deaths
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Labor Left politicians
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Bendigo
21st-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian politicians
Politicians from Melbourne

Steve Gibbons (politician)


The Fiat 126 (Type 126) is a four-passenger, rear-engine, city car manufactured and marketed by Fiat over a twenty-eight year production run from 1972 until 2000, over a single generation. Introduced by Fiat in October 1972 at the Turin Auto Show, the 126 replaced the Fiat 500, using major elements from its design. A subsequent iteration, marketed as the 126 Bis, used a horizontally oriented, water-cooled engine and featured a rear hatchback.

The majority of 126s (some 3.3 million) were manufactured in Tychy and Bielsko-Biała plants, Poland and were marketed as the Polski Fiat 126p in many markets. Fiat stopped marketing the 126 in 1993 in favor of its new front-engined Cinquecento. Total production reached approximately 4.7 million units.

In Poland, the car became a people's car, and a cultural icon, earning the nickname Maluch, meaning "The Little One" or "Toddler", a name that eventually became official in 1997, when 'Maluch' started appearing, badged on the rear of the car.

Inearly 2020, the 28-year production run of the Fiat 126 was counted as the twenty-sixth most long-lived single generation car in history by Autocar magazine."

History
The 126 shared its wheelbase and much of the mechanical underpinnings and layout with the Fiat 500, featuring a revised, slightly larger bodyshell designed by Sergio Sartorelli with improved safety and interior space. The added interior space resulted from two things: the move of the starter from the top of the engine bellhousing to the side which permitted shifting the bulkhead/rear seat rearward approximately 10 cm, and the lengthening of the roof for rear-seat headroom.

The engine capacity was increased from 594 cc to 652 cc at the end of 1977 when the cylinder bore was increased from 73.5 to 77 mm. Claimed power output was unchanged at , but torque was increased from  to .
The 594 cc engines were still available in early 1983 production.

A subsequent increase took the engine size to 704 cc in the new "restyling" model Fiat 126 Bis (1987–1991), with  of motive power.

The 126 was manufactured at Fiat's Cassino and Termini Imerese plants, until 1979; with an overall production of 1,352,912 manufactured in Italy.

The 126 was also manufactured under licence by Zastava in Yugoslavia. In Austria, it was briefly assembled by Steyr Puch as a successor to the successful Puch 500, with assembly lasting until 1975; and production of 2069 examples. In Greece, there was an attempt to produce a small car named DIM whose technical layout was largely based on the 126, but only ten were produced before the project was abandoned.

The 126 did not achieve the popularity of the 500 in Western Europe, as the rear-engined layout was displaced by better packaging and handing front-engine, front-wheel drive cars. The 126 became one of the last and longest-production rear-engine small cars manufactured in Europe, survived only by the VW Beetle whose production lasted until 1978 (2003, globally). The 126 was also the last rear-engine small car to be manufactured in Europe until the advent of the Smart Fortwo.

For a brief period in the early 1990s, a German company called POP also offered convertible versions of the 126 BIS. Two models were offered: a lesser equipped one called the "POP 650" and a more luxurious model called the "POP 2000".

Polski Fiat 126p

In Poland, the car was produced under licence by Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych (FSM) (En: Small-Displacement Car Factory) in Bielsko-Biała and Tychy under the brand Polski Fiat 126p (literally in English: Polish Fiat 126p) between 1973 and 2000.

Due to a relatively low price, it was very popular in Poland and was arguably the most common Polish car in the 1980s. Its very small size gave it the nickname maluch ("the small one", "small child", pronounced ). The nickname became so popular that in 1997 it was accepted by the manufacturer as the official name of the car.

At first, it was almost identical to the basic model: differences included a higher chassis, a modified grille on the back, and the front indicator lenses that were clear white in Italy, but orange in other markets. To distinguish it from the original Italian car, the letter "p" was added to its name.

Throughout the 1980s the 126p was continuously modified. First, it received upgraded brakes and new wheels from Italian Fiat, then hazard warning lights were added to meet new lighting requirements.

In 1984, the 126 received a facelift, giving it plastic bumpers (for all versions) and a new dashboard. This model was named the Fiat 126p FL. In 1985 a single rear fog light and reversing light (on opposite sides) were added to the standard plastic bumpers; an electronic ignition system and alternator replaced the undersized generator in around 1987. In 1994, the 126p received another facelift and some parts from the Fiat Cinquecento; this version was named 126 EL. The 126 ELX introduced a catalytic converter.

In 1987 the 126 BIS went into production, featuring a water-cooled 704 cc engine of Polish construction. However, the original model continued to be produced for the Polish market. BIS used some parts from the Fiat Cinquecento.

The factory battery in 126p had a 35-amp hour capacity, which, combined with the undersized generator, resulted in the car often not having a fully charged battery unless driven for an extended time. An upgrade to a 45-amp hour battery from the Fiat 125p (1.5 Litre engine) improved the cold start reliability.

The 126p was exported to many Eastern Bloc countries and for several years it was one of the most popular cars in Poland and in Hungary as well. It also found a minor market in Australia between 1989 and 1992, under the name FSM Niki. During that period it was Australia's cheapest car. There was a convertible version developed for the Australian market. It was also successful in Cuba where it was one of the best-selling cars of its time and an estimated 10,000 are still registered today.

The 126p also has a history in China: In the early 1980s, it became one of the first passenger cars to be imported to the country. The government initially bought 10,000 which were mainly used as taxis, but later the 126p also became available for private buyers - a rarity in the country at the time. In the 1980s, it was one of the best-selling cars in China, selling around 30,000 units per year.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, there were several experimental prototypes developed in Poland. A cargo version was designed in 1974 called "Bombel" (literally "bubble", but also a colloquial term for "small child") because of its fiberglass bubble-shaped cargo area; an off-road version propelled by caterpillar tracks and a front-wheel drive, front-engined model, with a longer front end and a flat cargo area in the rear where the original 126 had its engine. The rear of this prototype was similar to the 126 Bis which also had a rear hatch for accessing a cargo space created by mounting its flat water-cooled engine under the floor.

There was also an attempt at installing a small diesel engine (due to gasoline rationing) in the classic 126p body. It is also a popular platform for electric motor and motorcycle engine swaps.

Timeline of PF 126p

 1972 – the FSM car factory was built in Bielsko-Biała.
 6 June 1973 – the first Polski Fiat 126p constructed from Italian parts. The official price was 69,000 Polish złotys with PKO Bank Polski accepting pre-payments on savings books starting 5 February 1973.
 22 July 1973 – the official opening of the factory's production line (by the end of that year over 1500 Fiats were manufactured).
 September 1975 – production started in a factory in Tychy.
 1977 – engine capacity increased from 594 cc to 652 cc. Engine power increased to about .
 1978 – production of types with engine capacity 594 cc ended.
 1979 – production of Polski Fiat 126p continued only in Bielsko-Biała.
 1981 – 1,000,000th Polski Fiat 126p produced.
 December 1984 – technical changes in the construction and body. Type FL introduced.
 1987 – production begins of a water-cooled Polski Fiat 126p Bis version – a three-door hatchback with 704 cc capacity.
 May 1993 – 3,000,000th Polish Fiat 126p produced.
 September 1994 – body improvement, creating type "el" with parts similar to those used in Fiat Cinquecento.
 January 1997 – introduction of a catalytic converter.
 22 September 2000 – production ended after a production run of 3,318,674 units. All Fiats of the last limited Happy End series were yellow or red (500 cars in red and 500 cars in yellow).

The global production of the car was 4,673,655 units: 1,352,912 in Italy, 2,069 in Austria by Fiat-Steyr, and 3,318,674 in Poland.

Political connotations

The PF 126p has special meaning for Poles and its story had a connection with Polish politics during the communist period (Polish People's Republic, up to 1989). During the absolute rule of the PZPR, a private car was considered a luxury item, due to limited availability and low salaries. In 1971 there were only 556,000 passenger cars in Poland. In a top-down planned economy, decisions on whether a state-owned factory could produce a car were taken on political and not just economic grounds. The authorities themselves initially did not find the idea of private cars attractive. The first relatively cheap Polish car was the Syrena, but it was outdated and its production was limited. Limited numbers of cars were also imported from other Eastern Bloc countries. It was difficult to buy a Western car because the Polish złoty, like other currencies in communist states, was not convertible to Western funds and there was no free market in the country.

Thus, the PF 126p was intended to be the first real, popular, and affordable car, to provide mobility for ordinary families. The license was bought after the rise to power of a new PZPR leader, Edward Gierek, who wanted to gain popularity by increasing consumer spending after the austerity period under Władysław Gomułka. Despite the fact that it was a very small city car, it was the only choice for most families, filling the role of a family car. During holidays, it was common to see families of four driving PF-126s abroad with huge suitcases on a roof rack; sightings of PF-126s towing a small Niewiadów N126 caravan especially designed for the PF 126 were also occasionally reported. PF 126p production, however, was not sufficient and the PF 126p was on sale with a waiting list. Usually, families had to wait a couple of years to buy a car. A coupon for a car could also be given by the authorities based on merit.

Nicknames
In Polish it is called Maluch, which literally means "small one" or toddler (and was an official name since 1997), as well as mały Fiat ("small Fiat"), in contrast to Fiat 125p, called duży Fiat ("big Fiat"). In some regions, it is also called Kaszlak, literally "cougher" (derived from kaszel, "cough", as its engine's sound resembles a cough when it is started).

In Albanian it is known as Kikirez, meaning a "little rooster".

In Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian it is known as Peglica (meaning "little iron").

In Slovene the 126 is also called Bolha ("flea"), Piči-poki (loosely translated as "fast-and-loud") or Kalimero on Slovenian coast after a cartoon character Calimero.

In Hungarian, it is known as kispolszki ("Little Polish", while the 125p is the nagypolszki, meaning "Big Polish"), kispolák ("Little Pole") or kispók ("Little spider"); also, the car was nicknamed egérkamion, meaning "mouse truck".

In German the Fiat 126 was known as the Bambino, the Italian word for child.

In Cuban Spanish it is known as the "Polqi" or "Polaquito", meaning "Little Pole" or "Little Polish man", in Chilean Spanish as "Bototo".

References

Bibliography

External links

126
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Rear-engined vehicles
City cars
Hatchbacks
1970s cars
1980s cars
1990s cars
2000s cars
Cars introduced in 1972
Cars powered by 2-cylinder engines
Science and technology in Poland

Fiat 126


Zgrada Lučke ispostave u Supetru nalazi se na adresi Trg dr Franje Tuđmana 2.

Opis
Jednostavna ožbukana jednokatnica na istočnom kraju luke podignuta je u drugoj polovici 19. stoljeća. Pročelje je raščlanjeno s tri prozorske osi, a uzduž strehe je profilirani vijenac. Tu je djelovao Zdravstveni lučki ured gdje se obavljao pregled putnika pri iskrcaju. Zgrada lučke uprave je rijedak sačuvani primjer zdravstvene kulture u Dalmaciji.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4575 zavedena je pod vrstom "nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno", pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Zaštićene javne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Građevine u Supetru
Vodeni promet u Hrvatskoj

Zgrada Lučke ispostave u Supetru


A bili smo vam dobri hrvatski je film redatelja Branka Schmidta iz 2021. godine.

Uloge

 Rene Bitorajac – Dinko Ćosić

 Krunoslav Belko – Fric

 Slaven Knezović – Crni

Ekipa

 Scenaristica –  Sandra Antolić, Branko Schmidt, Ognjen Sviličić

 Direktor fotografije – Dario Hacek

 Montažer – Hrvoje Mršić

 Kostimografkinja – Gabrijela Kreši

 Glazba - Damir Avdić

Nagrade i festivali
 Pulski filmski festival 2021. – Zlatna arena za scenarij

Izvori

Hrvatski filmovi 2020-ih

A bili smo vam dobri (2021.)


Juan de la Torre y Castro ou Juan de la Torres y Castro (1607 – dezembro de 1662) foi um prelado católico romano que serviu como bispo da Nicarágua (1661–1662).

Biografia
Juan de la Torre y Castro nasceu em Arrancarra de Aranxo, em Espanha, e foi ordenado sacerdote na Ordem dos Frades Menores. A 19 de dezembro de 1661, foi nomeado Bispo da Nicarágua durante o papado do Papa Alexandre VII. Em 1662, foi consagrado bispo por Diego Osorio de Escobar y Llamas, bispo de Puebla. Faleceu seis dias depois de chegar à Nicarágua em dezembro de 1662.

Mortos em 1662
Nascidos em 1607
Bispos católicos
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Alexandre VII

Juan de la Torre y Castro


Hawkshaw is a pair of semi-detached houses on the River Tweed, two miles southwest of Tweedsmuir in the Scottish Borders. Historically part of Peeblesshire, the original village of Hawkshaw was destroyed when the Fruid Reservoir was constructed in 1963, and is remembered as the ancestral family home of the Porteous family, dating from at least 1439.

A fortified tower stood on a hill overlooking the village for hundreds of years, although little remains of it now, its site being marked with a cairn built from stones from the original tower; this was probably one of a series of so-called Peel towers, small fortified keeps built along the Scottish Borders, intended as watch towers where signal fires could be lit to warn of approaching danger. A line of these towers was built in the 1430s across the Tweed valley from Berwick to its source (a few miles from Hawkshaw) as a response to the dangers of invasion from the English Borders. Hawkshaw was one of over two dozen of these in Peeblesshire alone.

Roman artefacts have also been found in the vicinity, pre-dating the tower and indicating continuity of habitation in the area for some hundreds of years.

The cairn plays host to a gathering of Porteous family members from all over the world every five years. The September 2005 gathering attracted seventy family members from five continents, and a short religious service was followed by the laying of a wreath at the cairn, in memory of all fallen Porteous servicemen and women.

See also
List of places in the Scottish Borders
List of places in Scotland
Biggar Museum Trust

External links
CANMORE/RCAHMS record for Hawkshaw, Celtic Head, Stone, Roman
RCAHMS record for Hawkshaw
RCAHMS record for Hawkshaw Castle
RCAHMS record for Hawkshaw, Access Bridge
Cambridge University course, A History of Roman Britain
Ancient Stones:Stone Circle, Hawkshaw, Tweedsmuir
Roman Scotland: Hawkshaw Head
British History Online: Tweedsmuir, Hawkshaw
Photographs of Hawkshaw and Tweedsmuir, about 1934

History of the Scottish Borders
River Tweed
Peel towers in the Scottish Borders
Former populated places in Scotland
Villages in the Scottish Borders
Buildings and structures in the Scottish Borders

Hawkshaw, Scottish Borders


Tertangala is the student magazine of the University of Wollongong.

Content
The magazine features student investigative and feature articles, news, artwork, opinion, film and music reviews, as well as interviews and editorials. Submissions from staff and students (including student association representatives) makes up the bulk of the magazines content, however submissions from other members of the community are also accepted.

From time to time, the Tertangala has been known to use themes as a way to source content and spark interest amongst the student population. However, themes are not at all restrictive and content is accepted even if it does not conform to the set theme.

History
Tertangala was first published in September 1962, when the school was still an external campus of the University of New South Wales, making it older than the University of Wollongong itself. Colloquially referred to as "The Tert" by students, the paper was formerly edited by the elected Media Coordinator of WUSA. The Media Coordinator was elected by a popular vote open to all WUSA members.

Tertangala has a radical editorial tradition and many of its former editors have transitioned into active political and artistic life. Past editors and staff members have also gone on to write for other publications, such as The New York Times, The Guardian, Rolling Stone, The Australian and Vogue.

Throughout the years, Tertangala has won multiple awards, including a merit award for cover design and an investigative journalism award for a feature article about the re-opening of a copper smelter in Port Kembla. Tertangala was also named one of the top five student publications in the country.

Tertangala editors and contributors have also been regularly involved as presenters and organisers of the This is Not Art festival.

Tertangala was originally printed by the Illawarra Mercury.

All copies of Tertangala are archived by the University of Wollongong library, and many are available online.

Name
The name Tertangala is said to mean "smoke signals". The name originates from the time when the University of Wollongong was a campus of UNSW, and was chosen to correspond with then sister paper Thurunka, meaning 'message stick'. Some people suggest that the name was also chosen to parody the atmosphere of Wollongong's industrial city.

First edition
The first edition was a four-page newspaper put together for the Wollongong University College Students' Union and featured a number of satirical and journalistic articles. It also included advertisements for Lance's (a David Jones' store) Maloufs Men's Wear and Rural Bank (which opened on campus for "two hours every pay day").

Controversies
A constitutional provision in the Wollongong Undergraduate Students' Association constitution, designed to check the Media Coordinator's editorial power, provides the right of veto over the content of the paper by the President of WUSA. The right of editorial control versus the censorial privilege of the WUSA President has ofttimes been a source of controversy and tension on the University of Wollongong campus. In early 2004, then-Editor Anneliese Constable fought the then-President Michael Szafraniec for the right to publish reports critical of his administration of WUSA.

There has always been tension between Tertangala and its auspice the Wollongong Undergraduate Students' Association, usually around issues of right to free press and free speech when reporting on WUSA actions. Robert Bruce Keanan Brown (aka b2) (Editor 1988–1990) resigned in an open letter in Tertangala citing the "bureaucratisation" of the magazine as his main reason for leaving. He stated that:

Tertangala has also been accused of being depraved, pornographic, obscene and offensive by residents and local media on more than one occasion. The first was following a Commem Week edition of the publication called Daily Moron in 1974. Locals took issue with the magazine's liberal use of the word 'fuck'.

During 2009, the WUSA Queer Collective produced the Sexuality and Gender edition of Tertangala, without the consent of the Tertangala Collective. The edition received some student criticism relating to 'offensive' material. The Queer Collective confirmed that the publication was intentionally offensive, consistent with a long tradition of subversive student journalism at UOW.

In 2019 the magazine was accused by UOW that their most recent edition of the magazine titled "The Debauchery Edition" was incompatible with the university's "Safe and Respectful Communities" policy. The then Coordinator of the magazine issued a statement instead pointing the finger at the administration which had refused to introduce compulsory consent courses and to combat sexual assault off-campus. UOW subsequently removed their statement following condemnation from local media and the student populace.

Student journalism
Not all controversies have been created by Tertangala, and the magazine has a well-documented history of recording controversial decisions of University of Wollongong administration.  In 1999, the magazine reported the student uproar that followed a university decision to invite conservative commentator Piers Akerman to speak at a graduation ceremony.

Notable contributors
Dr. Karl Kruszelnicki used to write for Tertangala while studying at the University of Wollongong in the 1960s, and he ran for the position of editor in 1966 but was unsuccessful. He wrote to congratulate Tertangala on reaching 45 years in 2007.

Van Badham edited the magazine in 1997. Van is now an award-winning Australian playwright.

Quoted in Federal Parliament
Tertangala was quoted in federal parliament, in a speech made by former Australian Greens Member for Cunningham Michael Organ.

Funding
Throughout its history, Tertangala was funded by WUSA through membership fees collected from students. The introduction of voluntary student unionism significantly reduced the capacity of WUSA to continue to fund the publication. Following a long campaign in 2007 by the students involved, the University of Wollongong guaranteed $24,000 funding a year until 2010 in an effort to support the publication.

The magazine also uses advertising to supplement its funding base. The editor of the Tertangala reserves the right to determine who can and cannot advertise in the paper.

Editors

 1980 Jay Caselberg, James Hartley
 1993 Kathryn Goldie
 1995 Damien Cahill
 1997 Van Badham
 1998 Stuart Hatter
 2000 James Beach
 2013 Andre Charadia, Chloe Higgins
 2016 Claudia Poposki, Jake Cupitt
 2017 Aisha Sini, Kurtis Hughes
 2018 Laura Thomas, Jarrett Wall
 2019 Co-ordinator: Alec Hall; Magazine Editor: Emily Jenkins; Digital Editor: Sarah Gore
 2020 Co-ordinator: Kal Slater; Magazine Editor: Caleb Connolly; Digital Editor: Grace Crivellaro
 2021 Co-ordinator: Eliza Lourenco; Magazine Editor: Lia Stamatopoulos
 2022 Co-ordinator: River McCrossen
 2023 Co-ordinator: Alec Hall; Magazine Editor: River McCrossen

See also
 University of Wollongong
 Wollongong Undergraduate Students' Association

References

External links
 Tertangala Website
 Back issues of the magazine (Internet Archive)
 At a stroke: how censorship renders student media pointless (Internet Archive)
 Tertangala back issues (1962-2004)

Student newspapers published in Australia
Newspapers established in 1962
University of Wollongong
1962 establishments in Australia

Tertangala


ප්‍රාග්ඓතිහාසික කොරියාව යනු ලිඛිත වාර්තා නොපවතින කොරියානු අර්ධද්වීපයේ මානව ජනාවාස පැවති යුගයයි. කෙසේනමුත්, එය කොරියානු ඉතිහාසය පිළිබඳ දැවැන්තම අංශය වන අතර පුරාවිද්‍යාව, භූ විද්‍යාව, සහ පාෂාණිධාතු විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ විද්වතුන් විසින් හදාරනු ලබන ප්‍රධාන අධ්‍යයන අංගය ද වේ.

භූ විද්‍යාත්මක ප්‍රාග්ඉතිහාසය
කොරියානු ඉතිහාසයේ වඩාත්ම පුරාතන කොටස භූ විද්‍යාත්මක ප්‍රාග්ඉතිහාසයයි. කොරියාවේ පැරණිතම පාෂාණ ප්‍රාග්කේම්බ්‍රීය යුගයට අයත් යැයි කාලනිර්ණය කොට ඇත. යොන්චොන් පද්ධතිය ප්‍රාග්කේම්බ්‍රීය යුගයට අනුරූප වන අතර, සෝල් අවට සිට යොන්චොන්-ගුන්වලින් පිටතට ඊසානදිග පිහිටුමක් ඔස්සේ මේවා ව්‍යාප්තව ඇත. මෙය ඉහළ සහ පහළ කොටස්වලට බෙදිය හැකි අතර, ඒවා බයෝටයිට්-ක්වාර්ට්ස්-ෆෙල්ඩ්ස්පාර් ෂීස්ට්, කිරිගරුඬ, හුනුගල්-සිලිකේට, ක්වාර්ට්සයිට්, මිනිරන් ෂීස්ට්, මයිකා-ක්වාර්ට්ස්-ෆෙල්ඩ්ස්පාර් ෂීස්ට්, මයිකා ෂීස්ට්, ඕගන් නයිස් සහ ගානට් දරන ග්‍රැනයිටීය නයිස්වලින් සමන්විත වේ. කොරියානු අර්ධද්වීපය සතුව මීසොසොයික යුගය ඔස්සේ ක්‍රියාකාරී භූ විද්‍යාත්මක ප්‍රාග්ඉතිහාසයක් පැවති අතර, මෙකල බොහෝ කඳු ප්‍රදේශ නිර්මාණය විය. ඒවා සෙමෙන් ස්ථාවර වූයේ සිනොසොයික යුගයේ ය. ප්‍රධාන මීසොසොයික නිර්මාණ අතර ග්යොංසං සුපිරිසමූහය සැලකිය හැක. වර්තමාන ග්යොංසං-දෝ පළාතේ වැඩි ප්‍රදේශයක් ඔස්සේ ව්‍යාප්තව පවතින මෙය බයයෝටයිට් ග්‍රැනයිට්, ශල්ක, වැලිගල්, සම්පිණ්ඩිත ඇන්ඩසයිට්, බැසෝල්ට්, රයෝලයිට් සහ ටෆ් යන ඛනිජවලින් සමන්විත ය.

මෙම ලිපියේ සෙසු කොටස මගින් කොරියානු අර්ධද්වීපයේ මානව ප්‍රාග්ඉතිහාසය විස්තර කෙරේ.

අවධි වර්ගීකරණය
කොරියාවේ ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් කොරියානු ප්‍රාග්ඉතිහාසය වර්ගීකරණය කිරීම සඳහා තුන්-යුග ක්‍රමය භාවිතා කරනු ලබයි. තුන්-යුග ක්‍රමය භාවිතයට ගැනුණේ පශ්චාත්-අධිරාජ්‍යවාදී ජපන් යටත්විජිත යුගයේ ය. ජපානය මෙන් නොව කොරියාව සතුව "ලෝකඩ යුගයක් නොපැවැති බව" පැවසූ ජපන් පුරාවිද්‍යාඥයින්ට පිළිතුරු සැපයීමේ දී භාවිතයට ගැනිණි.

බිසල්මුන්‍යුයි හෙවත් ජ්‍යුල්මුන් කුඹල් යුගය ("නියෝලිතික") ක්‍රි.පූ. 8000-1500
ආරම්භක ක්‍රි.පූ. 8000-6000
මුල්කාලීන ක්‍රි.පූ. 6000-3500
මධ්‍ය ක්‍රි.පූ. 3500-2000
පසුකාලීන ක්‍රි.පූ. 2000-1500/1000
 මුමුන් කුඹල් යුගය ("ලෝකඩ යුගය") ක්‍රි.පූ. 1500/1000-300
 සම්හන් / ප්‍රාක්–තුන් රාජධානි යුගය ("යකඩ යුගය") ක්‍රි.පූ. 100 සිට ක්‍රි.ව. 300 දක්වා

තුන්-යුග ක්‍රමය කොරියාවේ තත්ත්වයට ආදේශ කිරීමේ දී ගැටළු කිහිපයක් පැන නැගී ඇත. මෙම ශබ්ද මාලාව භාවිතා කෙරුණේ ප්‍රාග්‍ඓතිහාසික යුරෝපය සඳහා වන අතර, එහි නියෝලිතික අවධියේ ප්‍රධාන ලක්ෂණ වශයෙන් ස්ථිර ජනාවාස පිහිටුවීම, කුඹල් කර්මාන්තය සහ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සමකාලීනව සිදු විය. කොරියානු පුරාවිද්‍යාඥයින් විසින් භාවිතා කරන ලද අවධි වර්ගීකරණ ක්‍රමවේදය අනුව යෝජනා වී ඇත්තේ නියෝලිතික යුගය ක්‍රි.පූ. 8000දී ආරම්භ වී ක්‍රි.පූ. 1500 තෙක් පැවති බවයි. නමුත් පූර්වශිලා මානව වංශික උද්භිද විද්‍යාව අනුව පළමු සැබෑ වගාවන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 3500 පමණ වනතෙක් ආරම්භ වී නොමැති හෙයින්, මෙය මතභේදාත්මක ය. ක්‍රි.පූ. 8000 සිට 3500 දක්වා වූ කාලය මෙසෝලිතික සංස්කෘතියට අය්ත යැයි සැලකේ. මෙකල දඩයම් සහ රැස් කිරීම් ප්‍රමුඛව පැවති අතර, එය භෞමික මෙන්ම සාගර ආශ්‍රිතව ද සිදු විය.

කොරියානු පුරාවිද්‍යාඥයින් විසින් සම්ප්‍රදායිකව (1990 දශකය තෙක්) ක්‍රි.පූ. 1500 හෝ 1000 යන දිනය ලෝකඩ යුගයේ ආරම්භය ලෙස සලකා තිබිණි. නමුත් ක්‍රි.පූ. 700 තෙක්ම කොරියානු අර්ධද්වීපයේ දකුණු කොටසේ ලෝකඩ තාක්ෂණය භාවිතා වී නැත. එසේම පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක සාක්ෂි අනුව පැහැදිළි වන්නේ කි.පූ. 400 තෙක්ම ලෝකඩ භාණ්ඩ සාපේක්ෂව විශාල ප්‍රමාණවලින් භාවිතා වී නොමැති බවයි. මේ නිසා කොරියාව නියම ලෝකඩ යුගයෙන් ඉවත් වන අතර, එසේවුව ද එහි ලෝකඩ යුගය ඉතා කෙටි එකකි. ලෝකඩ ලෝහ කර්මය පුළුල්ව ව්‍යාප්ත වී මඳ කලකට පසුව, එය විස්ථාපනය කරමින් යකඩ ලෝහ කර්මය ප්‍රචලිත විය.

පේලියෝලිතික

මෙම යුගයේ සම්භවය විවෘත ප්‍රශ්නයක්ව ඇති නමුත්, කොරියාවේ මානව ජනාවාසීකරණයේ පුරාතනය ක්‍රි.පූ. 500,000 තරම් ඈත යුගයකට අයත් විය හැක. ආදිතම ජනාවාසීකරණය පහළ පේලියෝලිතික යුගයට ඇතුළත් කිරීම පිළිබඳ යි සහ ක්ලාක් තරමක් සැක පහළ කරති.

චුංචොංනම්-දෝ පළාතේ ගොංජු අසල පිහිටි පුරාවිද්‍යා භූමියක් වන සොක්ජං-රිහි පහළ ස්තරවල තිබී පහළ පේලියෝලිතික ශිලා මෙවලම් හා සම්බන්ධයක් ඇතැයි සිතිය හැකි පුරාවස්තූන් හමුවී ඇත. ද්වීතල පොරොවක් හෝ කෙටුම් මෙවලම් ද හමුවී ඇත. පසුකාලීන යුගවල දී මිනිසුන් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන්නට ඇතැයි සිතිය හැකි අත් පොරොව සහ මන්නා ද හමු විය.

ජොම්මල් ගුහාවේ තිබී මානව අරාස්ථියෙන් තනන ලද දඩයම් කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා කරන්නට ඇතැයි සිතය හැකි මෙවලමක් හමු විය. මේ සමග සත්ත්ව අස්ථිවලින් තැනූ දඩයම් සහ ආහාර සැකසුම් උපකරණ ද හමු විය. ආහාර සඳහා එක්රැස් කරන ලද විවිධ ගෙඩි වර්ගවල කවච ද සොයාගැනිණි.

සොක්ජං-රි සහ වෙනත් ගංගාසන්න බිම්වලින් පේලියෝලිතික සම්ප්‍රදායයට අයත් පැහැදිළි ලක්ෂණ සහිත හිලා මෙවලම් හමුවී ඇත. මේවා ක්වාර්ට්සයිට්, පෝෆිරි, ඔබ්සිඩියන්, තිරුවාණා සහ ෆෙල්සයිට් මෙන් දිස්වන ඇචියුලියන්, මූස්ටි‍රොවිඩ් සම ලෙවැලොයිසියන් ලක්ෂණ සහිත පාෂාණවලින් නිර්මාණය කොට ඇත. පොරෝ සම්ප්‍රදායයට අයත් ඒවා හැඩයෙන් සරල වන අතර, ඒවා ක්වාර්ට්ස් සහ පෙග්මටයිට් වැනි පාෂාණවලින් නිර්මාණය කොට ඇත. සොක්ජං-රිහි මධ්‍ය ස්තර අනුව පෙනීගොස් ඇත්තේ එකල මිනිසුන් මෙවැනි බෝලා හෙවත් දමාගැසීමේ පාෂාණවලින් දඩයම් කොට ඇති බවයි.

මධ්‍ය පේලියෝලිතික යුගයේ දී, මිනිසුන් ජෙචොන් අසල ජොම්මල් භූමියේ සහ චොංජු අසල දුරුබොං භූමියේ ගුහා තුළ වාසය කොට ඇත. මෙම ගුහා අඩවි දෙකෙහිම සිදුකළ කැනීම්වල දී, වඳවී ගිය රයිනෝසිරස්, දුඹුරු වලසුන්, හයිනා සහ විවිධ මුව විශේෂවල (Pseudaxi gray ප්‍රභේද) ෆොසිල ශේෂයන් හමුවී තිබේ.

පේලියෝලිතික යුගයට අයත් පැරණිතම විකිරණශිලී කාබන් දින අනුව පෙනීයන්නේ කොරියානු අර්ධද්වීපයේ ජනාවාසීකරණය 40,000 සහ 30,000 BP යන කාලසීමාව තුළ සිදුවී ඇති බවයි. සොක්ජං-රිහි ප්‍රදේශය 1 හි කැනීම් බිමෙන් පර්යේෂකයන් විසින් මොංගෝලීය සම්භවයක් ඇති මිනිස් හිසකෙස් කිහිපයක් සහ උඳුනක් අසල සහ වටා තිබී හුනුගල් සහ මැංගනීස් වර්ණක ද හමුවී ඇත. එසේම පාෂාණයෙන් කළ බල්ලන්, ඉබ්බන් සහ වලසුන් වැනි සත්ත්ව රූප ද සොයාගෙන තිබේ. වාර්තා අනුව පැවසෙන්නේ කාබන් කාලනිර්ණය අනුව මේවා වසර 20,000කට ඉහත දී නිර්මාණය කළ ඒවා බවයි.

ක්‍රි.පූ. 8000 පමණ මැටි බඳුන් නිර්මාණය ආරම්භ වීමත් සමග පේලියෝලිතික යුගය අවසන් වේ.

ජ්‍යුල්මුන් කුඹල් යුගය

පැරණිතම හඳුනාගැනුණු කොරියානු මැටි බඳුන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 8000ට පමණ හෝ ඊට පෙර කාලයකට අයත් යැයි සැලකේ. මෙම මැටි බඳුන් යුංගිමුන් මැටි බඳුන් (කොරියානු: 융기문토기) නම් වන අතර, ඒවා අර්ධද්වීපය පුරාම හමු වේ. යුංගිමුන් යුගය‍ට අයත් පුරාවිද්‍යා බිම් අතර ජේජු-දෝහි ගෝසන්-රි සහ මහා උල්සන්හි උබොං-රි වැනි ස්ථාන වැදගත් වේ. ජ්‍යුල්මුන් පනා-රටා සහිත මැටි බඳුන් (즐문토기) හමුවන්නේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 7000න් පසුව වන අතර, ක්‍රි.පූ. 3500-2000 අතර කාලයට අයත් සම්පූර්ණ බඳුන පුරාම පනා මෝස්තර සහිත බඳුන් බහුල වශයෙන් බටහිර-මධ්‍යම කොරියාවෙන් හමුවේ. එකල අම්සා-දොං සහ චිතම්-නි වැනි ජනාවාස ගණනාවක් පැවතියේ ය. ජ්‍යුල්මුන් මැටි බඳුන් මූලික වශයෙන් මෝස්තර සහ ස්වරූපය අතින් රුසියානු වෙරළාසන්න පළාත, මොංගෝලියාව, මැංචූරියාවේ අමුර් සහ සුන්ගරි ගංගා ද්‍රෝණි සහ ජපානයේ ජෝමොන් සංස්කෘතියට සමානත්වයක් දක්වයි.

ජ්‍යුල්මුන්හි ජනයා දඩයම් කිරීම, රැස් කිරීම, සත්ත්වාහාර සපයා ගැනීම සහ කුඩා පරිමාණයේ වල් පැළෑටි වගා කිරීම වැනි ආර්ථික කටයුතුවල නියැළී ඇත. ජ්‍යුල්මුන් යුගයේ දී ආසියානු මහාද්වීපයේ සිට කොරියානු අර්ධද්වීපය වෙත මිලට් සහ වී වගාවන් හඳුන්වා දීම ද සිදු විය.

මුමුන් කුඹල් යුගය

කෘෂිකාර්මික සමාජ සහ පැරණිතම සමාජ-දේශපාලන සංකීර්ණභාවයන් මුමුන් කුඹල් යුගය (ක්‍රි.පූ. 1500–300 පමණ) තුළ දී ඉස්මතු විය. දකුණුදිග කොරියාවේ ජනයා විසින් බෝග රාශියක් සමග වියළි-බිම් සහ කුඹුරු වගා කෘෂිකාර්මික ක්‍රම අනුගමනය කිරී‍ම මුල්කාලීන මුමුන් යුගයේ දී (ක්‍රි.පූ. 1500–850) සිදු විය. ප්‍රධානීන් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද පළමු සමාජයන් මධ්‍ය මුමුන් (ක්‍රි.පූ. 850–550) යුගයේදීත්, පළමු අලංකාර වංශවත් භූමදාන ස්ථාන පසුකාලීන මුමුන් (ක්‍රි.පූ. 550–300) යුගයට අයත් වූයේ යැයි සිතිය හැක. මධ්‍ය මුමුන් යුගයේ දී ලෝකඩ නිෂ්පාදනය ඇරඹුණු අතර, ක්‍රි.පූ. 700න් පසුව මුමුන් උත්සව සහ දේශපාලනික සමාජය තුළ ලෝකඩවලට ඉහළ වටිනාකමක් හිමි විය. පළමු වතාවට ගම්මානවල නැගීම, පුළුල් වීම සහ බිඳ වැටීම සිදුවූයේ මුමුන් තුළ ය. මින් ඇතැම් වැදගත් උදාහරණ ලෙස සොංගුං-නි, දේප්යොං, සහ ඉග්‍යුම්-දොං යන ප්‍රදේශ හඳුනාගත හැක. දිගු-දුර වෙළඳාම, අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල වැඩි වීම සහ ලෝකඩ හා යකඩ කර්මාන්තය හඳුන්වා දීම මුමුන් යුගයේ අවසන් කාලයේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 300 අවට සිදුවූ වැදගත් නැඹුරුතාවන් වේ.

කොරියාවේ ලෝකඩ යුගය ක්‍රි.පූ. 800 ආරම්භයේ උදා වූ අතර, මෙය චීන ඔස්සේ සම්ප්‍රේෂණය වූවකි. ක්‍රි.පූ. 4වන සියවස තෙක්ම ලෝකඩ කර්මාන්තය එතරම් පුළුල්ව ව්‍යාප්තව නොපැවැති අතර, ක්‍රි.පූ. 1වන සියවස වන විට යකඩ මිශ්‍ර ලෝහ කර්මාන්තය දියුණු විය.

යකඩ යුගය

කොරියාවේ පසුකාලීන ලෝකඩ යුගයේ සිට මුල්කාලීන යකඩ යුගය දක්වා වූ සංක්‍රමණ කාල සීමාව ක්‍රි.පූ. 4වන සියවසේ දී ආරම්භ විය. මෙය ගෝජොසොන්හි පසුකාලීන අවධිය, දකුණෙහි ජින් රාජ්‍ය යුගය සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 1 සිට 4වන සියවස් තෙක් දිවුණු ප්‍රාක්-තුන් රාජධානි යුගය තෙක් පැතිර පවතියි.

ක්‍රි.පූ. 300න් පසුව එළඹෙන අවධිය 'මූලඓතිහාසික' යුගයක් ලෙස සැලකිය හැක. මෙකල කොරියානු අර්ධද්වීපයේ සමාජයන් විස්තර වන ඇතැම් ලේඛනගත මූලාශ්‍ර දක්නට ලැබේ. මෙම ඓතිහාසික රාජ්‍ය සංස්ථාවන් සම්ගුක් සගි වැනි පුරාතන ලේඛනවල සඳහන් කොට ඇත.

කොරියාවේ ඓතිහාසික යුගය ඇරඹෙන්නේ ක්‍රි.ව. 4වන සියවසේ පසුකාලයේ සිට 5වන සියවසේ මැද භාගය දක්වා වූ කාලසීමාව තුළ ය. මෙකල බුදු දහම ව්‍යාප්ත වීමත් සමග, කොරියාවේ තුන් රාජධානි විසින් පැරණි කොරියානු බසින්වන පැරණිතම වාර්තා නිර්මාණය කිරීමට චීන ලේඛන ක්‍රමය භාවිතා කොට තිබේ.

පුරාණෝක්තිමය ප්‍රාග්ඉතිහාසය

සම්ගුක් සගි, සම්ගුංන්‍යුසා, පසුකාලීන හන්හි ග්‍රන්ථය ඇතුළු පුරාතන ලේඛනවල කොරියානු ප්‍රාග්ඉතිහාසයේ ඇතැම් අවස්ථා අර්ථකථනයට උත්සාහ දරා ඇත. මින් වඩාත් ප්‍රචලිතම ප්‍රභේදය කොරියානු ජාතියේ සම්භවය විස්තර කෙරෙන මිත්‍යාමය "පළමු අධිරාජයා" වන දංගුන්ගේ පුරාවෘත්තයයි. මැවුම්කාර දේවතාවාගේ දරුවකු ලෙස වැලහින්නකට දාව මිනිස් ස්වරූපයෙන් උපන්නෙකි, ඔහු. දංගුන් විසින් ඔහුගේ පළමු නගරය ඉදිකරන ලදී. විසිවන සිවසේ සැලකිය යුතු ඓතිහාසික විමර්ශන ග්‍රන්ථ සංඛ්‍යාවක් මගින් ඓතිහාසික මූලාශ්‍රවල සඳහන් ගෝජොසොන් (ක්‍රි.පූ. 2333–108), ගිජා ජොසොන් (ක්‍රි.පූ. 1122–194), විමන් ජොසොන් (ක්‍රි.පූ. 194–108) ඇතුළු සෙසු රාජ්‍ය පිළිබඳ අර්ථකථන සිදු කිරීමට උත්සාහ දරා තිබේ.

මේවාත් බලන්න
බන්ගුදේ ගල් කැටයම්
දොංසම්-දොං කවච ගොඩැල්ල
ප්‍රාග්ඓතිහාසික ආසියාව

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

වැඩිදුර කියවීමට
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 Rhee, S N and M L Choi (1992)  Emergence of Complex Society in Prehistoric Korea. Journal of World Prehistory 6: 51–95.

කොරියාවේ පුරාවිද්‍යාව
කොරියාව
ජාතික ප්‍රාග්ඉතිහාසයන්

ප්‍රාග්ඓතිහාසික කොරියාව


Imam Khataev (; Kulary, 31 de agosto de 1994) é um boxeador russo, medalhista olímpico.

Carreira

Khataev conquistou a medalha de bronze nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio como representante do Comitê Olímpico Russo, após confronto na semifinal contra o britânico Benjamin Whittaker na categoria peso meio-pesado.

Pugilistas olímpicos da Rússia
Pugilistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Imam Khataev


Med Danmarks regentpar i Kina er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1979 instrueret af Carl Otto Petersen efter eget manuskript.

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1979

Med Danmarks regentpar i Kina


الكتابة الأكاديمية هي كتابة رسمية أي تبتعد عن تلقائية الأحاديث الاعتيادية وتتجنب التناقضات والمصطلحات غير الأكاديمة، وهي كتابة موضوعية أي كتابة غير شخصية لا تدخل المشاعر والمواقف الشخصية فيها وتركز على الأشياء والوقائع والأفكار، وتقنية أي تستخدم الألفاظ المرتبطة نوعيًا بالاختصاص المقصود.

تستخدم في المجالات الأكاديمية المختلفة كالكتابة والنشر، ولها عدة طرق وأشكال مختلفة. بشكل مختصر يمكن القول بأنها تلك الأساليب النقدية في الكتابة المستندة على العلم والمنطق.

الكتابة الأكاديمية في هذا السياق يجب أن تكون جدية؛ يستهدف بها جمهور (قراء) مطلع؛ تُصاغ على أساس تحري المعرفة؛ تطرح الأفكار والحجج وتحفز على النقاش (الجدل). على الرغم من أن الكتابة الأكاديمية في الغالب تنحصر في المجال الأكاديمي، إلا إن الكاتب قد يجد جمهور خارج هذا المجال.

الأسلوب الأكاديمية

مجتمع حواري

محددات المجتمع الحواري

الكتابة لمجتمع حواري

الحجة الجديدة

التناص Intertextuality

الدخول في النقاش

العناصر الرئيسية

أنماط المستندات الأكاديمية

مستندات للطلاب

مختصرات المعارف

جمع أعمال الآخرين

الأبحاث والخطط

نشر المعرفة خارج الجامعة

الأشكال التقنية والإدارية

الأشكال الشخصية للمستندات

الأشكال الحديثة
النصوص التعاونية باستعمال شبكة الإنترنت، والنصوص ذات الروابط التشعبية والتي تضم الوسائط

الصيغة
عادة تتخذ النمط التقليدي (مقدمة، طريقة، نتائج، نقاش)

مراجع

أكاديمية
كتابة اللغة الثانية

كتابة أكاديمية


Curitiba, a capital do estado brasileiro do Paraná, não possui uma zona ou área rural desde a implantação do plano diretor municipal do ano de 2000 (Lei n° 9.800), que considerou todo o território da cidade como zona urbana.

Até 2000, a cidade possuía uma "Zona Agrícola", que cobria, por exemplo, o bairro Ganchinho, o qual tinha ainda, em 2005, chácaras e casas com grandes terrenos próximas da área de proteção ambiental (APA) do Rio Iguaçu.

No ano de 2009, a prefeitura municipal, através da Secretaria Municipal do Abastecimento (criada em 1991), lançou os resultados de um estudo de 2008 para criar programas de incentivo à agricultura urbana na cidade, com o fim de levar para produtores remanescentes urbanos o acesso aos mesmos benefícios de produtores fora do perímetro urbano, como o crédito rural. Uma das alternativas estudadas era também a redução do IPTU (Imposto sobre a Propriedade Predial e Territorial Urbana).

Apesar da zona rural oficialmente extinta, a capital paranaense abrigava, em 2009, cerca de 275 propriedades rurais,  que ocupavam cerca de 3% da área da cidade (1620 km²), o que seria equivalente a onze parques Barigui. Dos 75 bairros da cidade, 23 possuíam áreas rurais, sendo uma distribuição bem dispersa. O bairro de Umbará concentrava então 38 propriedades, com cultivo de hortaliças e lavoura de milho, feijão e mandioca. Outros bairros com paisagens agrícolas, mais próximos do Centro, eram São Lourenço e Campo Comprido.

Curitiba tinha, em 2009, cerca de 2 mil animais, como caprinos, gado, equinos e ovinos, bem como piscicultura.

Economia de Curitiba
Geografia de Curitiba
Curitiba

Área rural de Curitiba


Jesper Hovgaard (* 9. September 1981) ist ein ehemaliger dänischer Badmintonspieler.

Karriere
Jesper Hovgaard gewann 2003 und 2004 die Mixedkonkurrenz bei den Italian International, wobei er beim ersten Erfolg mit Karina Sørensen am Start war und beim zweiten mit Line Isberg. 2005 siegte er im Mixed und im Herrendoppel bei den Cyprus International.

Sportliche Erfolge

Weblinks

Badmintonspieler (Dänemark)
Däne
Geboren 1981
Mann

Jesper Hovgaard


الكيتوكونازول () هو عقار يتم إنتاجه صناعيًا وهو عقار مضاد للفطريات يتم استخدامه في منع وعلاج أنواع العدوى الجلدية والفطرية؛ خاصةً في حالة المرضى الذين يعانون من ضعف المناعة - كما هو الحال مع مرضى الإيدز. ويتم تداول هذا العقار تجاريًا في صورة شامبو لعلاج قشرة الرأس وكريم موضعي وقرص فموي تحت العلامة التجارية نيزورال من إنتاج شركة جونسون آند جونسون في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وكذلك تحت اسم Sebizole  من إنتاج شركة دوجلاس للأدوية (Douglas Pharmaceuticals) في كل من أستراليا ونيوزيلندا.

والكيتوكونازول عقار أليف الشحم، لذا يؤدي استخدامه إلى تراكم الأنسجة الدهنية. أما مركبات التريازول الأخرى التي تتميز بدرجة سمية أقل ودرجة فاعلية أكبر - مثل فلوكونازول وايتراكونازول - فيتم استخدامها بصورة أكبر كبديل للكيتوكونازول للاستخدام الداخلي. ويتم امتصاص عقار الكيتوكونازول كأفضل ما يكون في الأوساط شديدة الحمضية. لذا، تعمل مضادات الحموضة أو المسببات الأخرى لانخفاض مستوى أحماض المعدة على تقليل درجة امتصاص العقار عند تناوله عن طريق الفم. ويمكن العمل على زيادة امتصاص العقار عن طريق تناوله مصحوبًا بمشروب حمضي، مثل: الكوكاكولا.

تاريخ العقار
تم اكتشاف عقار الكيتوكونازول في عام 1976، أما طرحه للتداول العام فقد بدأ في عام 1981م. وقد جاء اكتشافه بعد عقار جريسيوفولفين ليكون واحدًا من أول العقاقير الفموية التي أصبحت متاحة للاستخدام لعلاج العدوى الفطرية.

استخدامات العقار
عادةً ما يتم وصف عقار الكيتوكونازول كعلاج لبعض أنواع العدوى الموضعية، مثل: القدم الرياضي والقوباء الحلقية وداء المبيضات (العدوى الفطرية أو القلاع)، وحكة جوك (jock itch). ويمكن استخدام الشامبو المتاح للتداول دون وصفة طبية كغسول للجسم يتم وصفه لعلاج مرض التينيا الملونة.
ويتم استخدام عقار الكيتوكونازول لعلاج مرض الورم الفطري الحقيقي؛ وهي الصورة الفطرية من مرض الفطور الحقيقية.
وأحيانًا ما يتم استخدام الآثار الجانبية للعقار في علاج الأمراض غير الفطرية. ويؤدي استخدام هذا العقار في انخفاض هرمون التستوستيرون؛ الأمر الذي قد يجعله مفيدًا في علاج مرض سرطان البروستاتا وكذلك في منع الانتصاب الذي يعقب العمليات الجراحية  بعد إجراء عمليات جراجية في القضيب.
ويتم استخدام العقار - أيضًا - في الحد من التكوين غير الطبيعي لهرمون الجلوكوكورتيكويد الذي يتم استخدامه لعلاج متلازمة كوشنج. وقد تمت - أيضًا - دراسة الآثار الجانبية لعقار الكيتوكونازول لاستخدامها في الحد من الأعراض الاكتئابية  وإدمان المخدرات. وعلى الرغم من ذلك، لم يفلح العقار في القيام بهذين الدورين.

ويمكن أن يتم وصف عقار الكيتوكونازول في صورة أقراص 200 ملليجرام، وكريم 2%، وجل 2%، ورغوة 2%، وشامبو لعلاج قشر الرأس أو لعلاج المرض الذي يصيب البشرة والمعروف باسم التهاب الجلد الدهني. كذلك، يتم استخدامه دون وصفة طبية في صورة شامبو 1% ويحمل اسمه العلامة التجارية Perkhotal ونيزورال. ومع ذلك، يتم - أيضًا - بيع شامبو 2% دون وصفة طبية في العديد من دول العالم.

كذلك، يتم طرح عقار الكيتوكونازول في صورة موس موضعي ويحمل العلامة التجارية Ketomousse. وقد أثبتت الدراسات السريرية أن استخدام هذا المستحضر أكثر فاعلية للعلاج من الشامبو. ولا يتوافر هذا المستحضر حاليًا إلا في أوروبا.

وقد تم تصميم الشامبو المضاد لقشرة الرأس لاستخدام الأشخاص الذين يعانون من الإصابة الحادة بقشرة الرأس حيث تشمل أعراض هذه الإصابة عدم توقف فروة الرأس عن تكوين القشرة وكذلك الحكة الشديدة؛ وإن كانت الأعراض لا تقتصر عليهما.

ويتم تصنيف العقار ضمن فئة السلامة أثناء الحمل C، وذلك لأن التجارب على الحيوان التي تم إجراؤها لاختبار هذا العقار قد أثبتت أن الجرعات العالية من هذا العقار تسبب الإصابة بظاهرة التشوه الجنيني. وحتى وقت قريب، كان قد تم تسجيل حالتين - فقط - في التجارب التي تم إجراؤها على البشر (وكلاهما أثناء العلاج من متلازمة كوشنج) بينما لم يتم تسجيل آثار ضارة لاستخدام هذا العقار. وعلى الرغم من ذلك، لا يمكن الاعتماد على هذه البيانات بدرجة تسمح باستخلاص أي استنتاج نهائي له معنى عن العقار. وقد فشلت محاكمة تمت في فترة لاحقة في أوروبا في إثبات الخطورة التي تهدد الأطفال في مراحل النمو الأولى إثر تناول أمهاتهم لعقار الكيتوكونازول.

وأحيانًا ما يصف الطبيب البيطري هذا العقار لعلاج الحيوانات الأليفة، ويكون العلاج - عادةً - عبارة عن أقراص بدون مذاق؛ قد تحتاج إلى أن يتم تقسيمها إلى أجزاء أقل حجمًا للحصول على الجرعة الصحيحة من العقار.

آلية عمل العقار
بوصفه عقارًا مضادًا للفطريات، يتشابه عقار كيتوكونازول في تركيبه مع المركب العضوي إميدازول كما يتدخل لإضعاف تكوين المركب الستيرولي إرجوستيرول - الذي يعتبر مكونًا أساسيًا في غشاء الخلية الفطرية - وكذلك أشكال معينة من الإنزيم. ويقوم عقار الكيتوكونازول - شأنه شأن مركبات الأزول المضادة للفطريات كلها - بأداء دوره العلاجي عن طريق تثبيط إنزيم 14-alpha-demethylase المعروف اختصارًا باسم (P45014DM) والذي ينتمي لمجموعة الإنزيمات cytochrome P450. ويساهم هذا الإنزيم في التحول الذي يطرأ في رحلة التكوين الحيوي لمركبات الستيرول حيث يتحول مركب لانوستيرول إلى مركب إرجوستيرول. ويتم استخدام جرعات أقل من فلوكونازول وايتراكونازول للتخلص من الفطريات - وذلك مقارنةً بعقار الكيتوكونازول؛ ذلك لأن هذه المركبات تجد طريقها خلال أغشية الخلية الفطرية بطريقة أسهل.

أما بوصفه مضادًا للأندروجين، فهناك - على الأقل - طريقتان معروفتان لعمل عقار الكيتوكونازول. في الطريقة الأولى - وهي الطريقة الأكثر شيوعًا - يتم تناول جرعات كبيرة من عقار الكيتوكونازول عن طريق الفم (400 ملليجرام بمعدل ثلاث جرعات في اليوم الواحد) لتثبيط التكوين الحيوي للأندروجين الخصوي والكظري؛ الأمر الذي يؤدي إلى الحد من مستويات هرمون التستوستيرون في الجسم. ويكون للعلاج بعقار الكيتوكونازول هذا الأثر لأنه يقوم بتثبيط مجموعة الإنزيمات المعروفة باسم cytochrome P450 وإنزيم 17,20-lyase الذي ينتمي لهذه المجموعة؛ وهي إنزيمات ضرورية لعملية التكوين الحيوي وتكسير روابط مركبات الستيرويد؛ ويشمل ذلك المواد السابقة لتكوين هرمون التستوستيرون. ونظرًا لفعاليته في الحد من مستويات الأندروجين الذي تقوم بعض أجهزة الجسم بتكوينه، فقد تم استخدام عقار الكيتوكونازول كعلاج لسرطان البروستاتا المعتمد على الأندروجين. من ناحية أخرى، يتعتبر عقار الكيتوكونازول من مضادات مستقبلات الأندروجين حيث ينجح في منع هرمونات الأندروجين مثل: التستوستيرون والهيدروتستوستيرون DHT من الارتباط بمستقبلات الأندروجين في الخلية. ومن المرجح أن يكون هذا التأثير لعقار الكيتوكونازول ضعيفًا إلى حد بعيد حتى مع تناول العقار عن طريق الفم بجرعات كبيرة.

حساسية الفطريات للكيتوكونازول
يعمل عقار الكيتوكونازول على تثبيط نمو الفطريات الجلدية وأنواع من الخميرة مثل الكانديدا ألبيكان. وقد أدى ازدياد أعداد المرضى الذين يعانون من ضعف المناعة - كما هو الحال مع المصابين بفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية ومرضى الإيدز - إلى زيادة معدلات الإصابة بأنواع العدوى الفطرية الانتهازية وكذلك حدتها. وقد تمت ملاحظة مقاومة عقار الكيتوكونازول في عدد من الحالات التي تم عزلها بهدف العلاج السريري؛ واشتملت هذه الحالات على المصابين بفطر الكانديدا ألبيكان. أما مقاومة العقار أثناء إجراء التجارب عليه، فعادةً ما تنشأ نتيجة للطفرات التي تطرأ على مسار التكوين الحيوي لمركبات الستيرول. ذلك حيث يؤدي الخلل في إنزيم 5-6 desaturase السيترولي إلى تقليل التأثير السمي في عملية تثبيط الأزول في الخطوة الخاصة بنزع الميثيل من الإنزيم 14-alpha. ويمكن أن تلعب الجينات المقاومة للعديد من أنواع العقاقير MDR أيضًا  - دورًا مهمًا في الحد من مستويات وجود العقار في الخلايا. وكما هو الحال مع كل مضادات الفطريات من مركبات الأزول - والتي تؤثر كلها عند النقطة نفسها في رحلة تكون الستيرول، فإن الفطريات المقاومة للعقار التي تم عزلها تكون مقاومة أيضًا لكل عائلة الأزول.

التأثير الفعال لعقار الكيتوكونازول كعلاج لفقدان الشعر
تشير الأبحاث المبدئية إلى أن الشامبو الذي يعتمد في تركيبه على عقار الكيتوكونازول (والذي يحمل العلامة التجارية نيزورال) قد يفيد في علاج الرجال الذين يعانون من الثعلبة ذكرية الشكل. وتعتبر أهم الدراسات التي تدعم هذا الرأي تلك الدراسة التي تم إجراؤها في عام 1998؛ والتي تم فيها عقد مقارنة بين الكيتوكونازول 2% وبين العقار المستخدم بالفعل في علاج فقدان الشعر والمعروف باسم مينوكسيديل 2% (والذي يحمل الاسم التجاري روجين) وذلك في حالة الرجال المصابين بمرض الثعلبة ذكرية الشكل. وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن "كثافة الشعر وحجم بصيلات الشعر ونسبة وجودها قد تحسنت بالدرجة نفسها تقريبًا باستخدام طريقتي العلاج التي تعتمد على عقار كيتوكونازول، وأيضًا التي تعتمد على عقار مينوكسيديل. وبعبارة أخرى، ثبت أن استخدام شامبو يعتمد في تركيبه على عقار الكيتوكونازول بواقع مرتين إلى أربع مرات أسبوعيًا كان له تقريبًا التأثير نفسه الذي أحدثه استخدام عقار مينوكسيديل 2% الذي يتم استخدامه بالفعل في علاج فقدان الشعر. وبينما لا تزال الآلية التي يؤثر بها عقار الكيتوكونازول في علاج فقدان الشعر غير واضحة، فقد بات واضحًا تمامًا أن تآزر تأثير الهرمونات مع الجهاز المناعي يعرض بصيلات الشعر للإصابة. وبما أن عقار الكيتوكونازول يعالج بشكل فعال الفطر الخميري المعروف باسم الملاسيزية والذي يهاجم عادةً فروة الرأس ويستقر فيها، فقد افترض الباحثون أن هذا العقار قد يمنع فقدان الشعر عن طريق الحد من الالتهاب الذي يسببه الفطر؛ بالإضافة إلى تأثيره المباشر كمضاد للالتهاب.

وقد حاول الباحثون توخي الحذر في التعامل مع ما تم التوصل إليه من نتائج موضحين أنه لا بد من إجراء دراسات تتسم بدرجة أكبر من الدقة على مجموعات أكبر من الرجال للتأكيد على ما تم التوصل إليه من نتائج عن عقار الكيتوكونازول؛ وذلك بهدف تقدير الجرعة المناسبة للعلاج وكذلك لتركيب العقار بالإضافة إلى تقييم كون العلاج في هذه الحالة مرغوبًا فيه أم لا. وعلى الرغم من عدم إجراء أي أبحاث أخرى على البشر، فقد تم إجراء دراسة عن عقار الكيتوكونازول في عام 2005 أكدت على وجود تأثير تحفيزي للعقار على نمو الشعر؛ ولكن بالنسبة للفئران في هذه المرة.

وتشير التقارير المتواترة إلى أن الجرعتين كيتوكونازول 1%، وكيتوكونازول 2% لهما تأثير فعال في علاج فقدان الشعر. ولكن، يمكن أن تكون لاستخدام التركيب الأكثر قوة كيتوكونازول 2% نتائج أكثر فاعلية. أما الاستخدام المفرط لواحد من هذين التركيبين، فلم يثبت أنه يؤدي إلى تحقيق نتائج أفضل. وقد أثبتت النتائج المستخلصة من الدراسة التي تم إجراؤها على مجموعة من الرجال باستخدام شامبو كيتوكونازول 2% - والتي تم فيها استخدام الشامبو بواقع مرة واحدة في الفترة التي تتراوح ما بين يومين إلى أربعة أيام مع ترك الشامبو على فروة الرأس لمدة تتراوح ما بين ثلاث دقائق وخمس دقائق قبل أن يتم غسله بالماء (مثلما يحدث في حالة علاج قشر الرأس والتهاب الجلد الدهني). وقد أثبتت الدراسات أن هذه العلاجات قادرة على الحفاظ على الشعر الموجود بالفعل - حتى في حالة انعدام القدرة على نمو المزيد من الشعر - ويمكن اعتبارها علاج فعال لعلاج مرض فقدان الشعر المعروف باسم الثعلبة ذكرية الشكل. وتشير البيانات المتوافرة حاليًا إلى أن عقار الكيتوكونازول يجب أن ينضم إلى هذه المجموعة من العقاقير.

ويعتبر شامبو نيزورال هو الشامبو الوحيد المصدق عليه من إدارة الأغذية والأدوية لعلاج قشر الرأس وكذلك التهاب الجلد الدهني الذي يصيب فروة الرأس. لذا، فعلى الرغم من أن شامبو نيزورال قد يكون مفيدًا كعلاج لفقدان الشعر، فلن يمكن التصديق عليه أو تسويقه للاستخدام بشكل عام.

انظر أيضًا
 العقار المضاد للفطريات
 بيريثيون الزنك، عامل مضاد للبكتيريا يتم استخدامه في بعض أنواع الشامبو الطبية
 ثاني كبريتيد السيلينيوم، مكون نشط يتم استخدامه في بعض أنواع من الشامبو مثل النوع شامبو سلسون بلو.
 رانولازين

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Dandruff and Ketoconazole Information
 PubPK - Ketoconazole Pharmacokinetics
 Janssen Pharmaceutica fungal infections page
 Doctor Fungus Ketoconazole page
 Nizoral (الموقع الإليكتروني الخاص بالشركة التي تقوم بتصنيعه)
 Regenepure DR with Ketoconazole (الموقع الإليكتروني الخاص بالشركة التي تقوم بتصنيعه)
 Ketoconazole (معلومات عن العقار من المرضى)
 Ketoconazole (أحدث المعلومات المتوافرة عن العقار)
  - عقار الكيتوكونازول (في شامبو نيزورال) مقارنةً بمركب الزنك بيريثيون (في شامبو هيد آند شولدرز)

أدوية هرمونية مضادة للأورام
أسيتاميدات
اختراعات بلجيكية
ديوكسولانات
ذيفانات الكبد
كلوروأرينات
مثبطات الأروماتاز
مخلات بالغدد الصماء
مضادات الهرمونات القشرية السكرية
مضادات فطريات إميدازولية
يانسن للأدوية

كيتوكونازول


Tessin ist ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde Wittendörp im Landkreis Ludwigslust-Parchim in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

Geografische Lage
Das Dorf Tessin (bis zur Neubildung der Gemeinde Wittendörp am 13. Juni 1999 amtlich Tessin b. Wittenburg) in Mecklenburg liegt östlich der Ratzeburger Seenplatte und 7,5 km westlich von Wittenburg. Geologisch befindet sich Tessin genau am Übergang der Endmoräne in den Sander der letzten glazialien Serie, die für Norddeutschland landschaftsprägend war.

Geschichte
Die wendische Siedlung  Tessin (altsl. "Ort des Têša") wurde 1230 erstmals urkundlich im Ratzeburger Zehntregister erwähnt und gehörte zu dieser Zeit zum Bistum Ratzeburg. Die nach deutschem Recht organisierten Dörfer, gleich ob von Slawen oder ins Land gerufenen deutschen Siedlern bewohnt, mussten Grundsteuern, den sogenannten "Zehnten", an den Bischof in Ratzeburg zahlen. Diesen Zehnt wiederum verlehnte der Bischof an seine Lehnsmänner. Die verlehnten Zehnten wurden alsdann im Register verzeichnet. Den Zehnt von 5 der insgesamt 10 Vollbauernstellen in Tessin hatte Bischof Gottschalk an den slawischen Adeligen Herrmannus de Bluchere, also Herrmann von Blücher, verliehen. Der Familie von Blücher gehörte das Dorf bis 1616.

Von 1567 bis 1759 wechselte das Rittergut Tessin fünf Mal den Besitzer, danach war es im Besitz der Familie von Husan, ab 1779 im Besitz der Familie von Lützow bis 1888, der auch die Güter Dreilützow, Groß Salitz und Schönwolde gehörten und 1789 die Ländereien von Raguth dazukauften.

1835 wurde das Gutshaus Schloss Tessin mit seinem imposanten Aussichtsturm, dem Katzenturm, und einem angelegten Schlosspark, von der Familie von Bülow erbaut.

1921 ging das Rittergut in den Besitz des Grafen Isenberg, bis es 1938 an die Reichsumsiedlungsgesellschaft verkauft wurde. Von ihr wurden die umliegenden Ländereien für die Umsiedlung deutscher Bauern aufgeteilt. Das Schloss Tessin wurde zum Wohnhaus des Herrn von Kumrowski, einem Reeder aus Hamburg. Nach der Enteignung 1945 wurde das Schloss Tessin bis 1954 als Krankenhaus genutzt. Von 1954 bis 1971 gehörte das Anwesen der Erzdiözese Breslau und wurde von Ordensschwestern der Elisabethinen geleitet. Nach der Verstaatlichung 1971 war im Schloss Tessin bis 1990 ein Pflegeheim für psychisch Kranke und ein Altenheim untergebracht.

Nach dieser bewegten Geschichte wurde das gesamte Gebäude mit erheblichem Aufwand zwischen den Jahren 1991 und 1995 denkmalgerecht rekonstruiert und grundsaniert. Es wird jetzt als Fachklinik für Drogenabhängige genutzt.

"Auf landesherrliche Verordnung vom 18. Juni 1819 wurde im August 1819 die erste allgemeine Volkszählung zu bevölkerungsstatistischen Zwecken im Großherzogtum Mecklenburg-Schwerin durchgeführt." Nach dieser Volkszählung gab es in Tessin 236 und am 1. Dezember 1910 etwa 195 Einwohner. Durch die Reichsumsiedlungsmaßnahmen (1937–1939) und die Flüchtlingswelle (Bessarabien, Sudetenland, Ostpreußen) am Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges bis 1948 gab es wieder eine erhebliche Zunahme der Einwohnerzahl auf etwa 450, davon 252 Umsiedler. Im Jahr 2012 sind es wieder erheblich weniger durch Wegzug.

1937 bis 1939 siedelten elf Familien wegen der Anlegung des Truppenübungsplatzes Baumholder (Lager Aulenbach) und sieben Familien wegen der Erweiterung des Truppenübungsplatzes Senne nach Tessin um. Einige kehrten nach kurzer Zeit wieder in ihre alte Heimat zurück, weil sie sich in Tessin nicht heimisch fühlten.

Am 2. Mai 1945 wurde Tessin bei Wittenburg von amerikanischen Truppen besetzt und bereits vier Wochen später übergaben die amerikanischen Besatzer das Gebiet an die britischen Besatzungstruppen. Nach den Beschlüssen der Krim-Konferenz wurden britisch besetzte Gebiete in Mecklenburg für den britischen Besatzungssektor in Berlin an die sowjetische Besatzungsmacht abgetreten (Gebietsausgleich) und am 2. Juli 1945 wurde Tessin bei Wittenburg, Kreis Hagenow, sowjetische Besatzungszone.

Es dauerte nicht lange und diese Besatzungsmacht hinterließ ihre Spuren. Die sowjetische Kommandantur in Hagenow befahl das Hauptgebäude der beiden Pferdeställe vor dem Gutshaus Tessin abzureißen, um den feuerroten Backstein für die Ausbesserung und Errichtung von Gebäuden in der alten Wehrmachtskaserne Hagenow zu nutzen, die zur sowjetischen Garnison wurde.

Die Pferdestatue die sich auf dem Eingangsportal des Pferdestalles befand, wurde auf Anordnung der Kommandantur 1946 an das Gestüt Redefin abgegeben, wo sie nach 1960 vor der Schwemme aufgestellt wurde.

Tessin gehört seit 1999 dem Gemeindezusammenschluss Wittendörp an. Dieser wird vom Amt Wittenburg mit Sitz in der Stadt Wittenburg verwaltet.

Wirtschaft
1230 wird das Dorf mit einer Größe von 10 Bauernhufen (ca. 139 Hektar) im Ratzeburger Zehntregister angegeben. Die Bauern waren vom Gut abhängig, indem sie nicht im Besitz der landwirtschaftlichen Maschinen waren, für deren Nutzung sie aber wöchentlich zwei Hand- und Gespanndienste ableisten mussten. Handdienste waren Hof- und Feldarbeiten ohne die Hilfe von Ochsen- oder Pferdegespannen. Neben den Bauern gab es auf dem Rittergut noch die Kossaten, besitzlose Lohnarbeiter. Sie waren auf dem Gut als Saisonarbeiter oder ganzjährig von Sonnenaufgang bis Sonnenuntergang beschäftigt und erhielten neben Unterkunft und Essen einen Wochenlohn von etwa einem Taler. Für besonders schwere Arbeit gab es auch Stundenlohn. Den Bauern wurden bis zu acht Kossaten zugeteilt.

Das Gut lebte von seinen land- und forstwirtschaftlichen Erträgen.

Ende des 19./Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts war das typisch mecklenburgische Gut hauptsächlich durch seine Pferdezucht geprägt. Zwei große Pferdeställe in unmittelbarer Nähe des Schlosses und die große Feldscheune prägten das Dorfbild.  Daneben gab es eine große Gutsgärtnerei (Schröder), eine Stellmacherei (Wegner), eine Hufschmiede (Plihal), den Gutsjäger (Schröder), einen Vorschnitter, einen Schweitzer und einen Guts-Vogt als Verwalter.

Weblinks

Quellen
 Chronik der Gemeinde Tessin bei Wittenburg zur 750-Jahrfeier
 Chronik der Gemeinde Tessin bei Wittenburg zur 775-Jahrfeier

Wittendörp
Ort im Landkreis Ludwigslust-Parchim
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Ludwigslust-Parchim)
Gemeindeauflösung 1999
Ersterwähnung 1230

Tessin (Wittendörp)


ديفيد فينشر  (ولد في 28 أغسطس 1962) هو مُخرج ومنتج أفلام أمريكي، معروف بأفلامه ذات الطابع المظلم والتي غالباً ما تكون مقتبسة عن روايات. ترشح لجائزة الأوسكار لأفضل مخرج عن حالة بنجامين بتن العجيبة في 2008، والشبكة الاجتماعية في 2010. حاز على جائزة غولدن غلوب لأفضل مخرج وجائزة البافتا لأفضل مخرج عن الشبكة الاجتماعية.

أَخرج أفلام أخرى مثل سبعة (1995)، نادي القتال (1999)، زودياك (2007)، الفتاة ذات وشم التنين (2011)، والزوجة المفقودة (2014).

قائِمة الأعمال

الجوائز والترشيحيات
 جائزة الأوسكار
 أفضل مخرج عام 2009 عن فيلم The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
 أفضل مخرج عام 2011 عن فيلم The Social Network

جائزة الغولدن غلوب
 أفضل مخرج عام 2009 عن فيلم The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
 أفضل مخرج عام 2011 عن فيلم The Social Network (فاز بها)
 أفضل مخرج عام 2014 عن فيلم Gone Girl

الأكاديمية البريطانية لفنون الفيلم والتلفزيون
 أفضل مخرج عام 2009 عن فيلم The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
 أفضل مخرج عام 2011 عن فيلم The Social Network (فاز بها)

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 ديفيد فينشر في موقع الطماطم الفاسدة

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من آشلاند (أوريغن)
أشخاص من دنفر (كولورادو)
أشخاص من سان أنسيلمو
أمريكيون من أصل ألماني
حائزون على جائزة إيمي برايم تايم
حائزون على جائزة بافتا لأفضل مخرج
حائزون على جائزة غرامي
مخرجو أفلام أمريكيون
مخرجو أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
مخرجو أفلام رعب
مخرجو أفلام من أوريغون
مخرجو أفلام من كاليفورنيا
مخرجو أفلام من كولورادو
مخرجو تلفزيون أمريكيون
مخرجو فيديوهات موسيقية أمريكيون
منتجو أفلام أمريكيون
منتجو أفلام من أوريغون
منتجو تلفزيون أمريكيون
منتجو تلفزيون من كاليفورنيا
منتجون سينمائيون من كاليفورنيا
مواليد 1962
مواليد في دنفر (كولورادو)
منتجو تلفزيون من أوريغن

ديفيد فينشر


, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden, ülkenin güneyinde bulunan Endülüs otonom bölgesinin Jaén eyaletine bağlı doksan yedi belediyesinden biridir. 2002 yılı sayımlarına göre belediyenin nüfusu 1.018 kişidir.

Orografi
İlçe, Sierra de Cazorla, Segura ve Las Villas Doğa Parkı içerisinde yer almaktadır.
Albanchez Towers Villarrodrigo ve Ciudad Real ve Albacete il sınırları arasında yer Arbutus odası denilen bir yerleşim yeri vardır.

Kaynakça

Torres de Albanchez


Public secret er en eksperimentalfilm fra 1995 instrueret af Ane Mette Ruge, Jacob F. Schokking efter manuskript af Jacob F. Schokking, Ane Mette Ruge.

Handling
»Public Secret« er et videooratorium med dokumentarisk udgangspunkt. To mænd, Norman og Carl, fortæller og synger erindringer fra deres liv på improviserede melodier. Nærbilleder viser deres åbne og intense ansigter, mens de med uskolede stemmer synger deres morsomme, rørende og nogle gange smertefulde fortællinger til kameraet. Private hemmeligheder bliver offentlige i refleksioner over almentmenneskelige temaer som forfængelighed, kærlighed og død. Ud over de to mænds stemmer består lydsiden af et firestemmigt kor og elektronisk akkompagnement.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1995

Public secret


Patronyme

 Javier Sánchez Broto (1971-), footballeur espagnol.
 Laura Garcia Broto (1979-), cinéaste et auteure espagnole.

Toponyme

 Broto, municipalité espagnole de la comarque de Sobrarbe, dans la communauté autonome d'Aragon.

Broto (homonymie)


James Perry Dabney Jr., američki pjevač, skladatelj, tekstopisac i DJ. Pionir je house glazbe u Chicagu, koja tada tamo nije bila baš velika, pa se preselio u London, a onda i u Hrvatsku. Surađivao je s velikim glazbenicima kao što su Seal i George Michael. Dabneyu se je u Hrvatskoj 2010. rodila kći. Nakon nekog vremena doselio se je u Hrvatsku zbog kćeri. Hrvatsku je za boravište izabrao jer želi biti svog djeteta, biti mu dobar otac te mu osigurati da zna koji su joj korijeni. Hrvatska mu se svidjela posebice zbog usmjerenosti na obitelj.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Discogs

Američki pjevači
Američki skladatelji
Američki tekstopisci
DJ-evi
Elektronička glazba

James Perry Dabney Jr.


Tysk hudindustri er et studiealbum med den danske heavy metal-gruppe Red Warszawa fra 2000. Det det første af deres album, ikke indeholder nogen sange fra de første tre demobånd og er også blevet kaldt, Greatest Hits 1986-2000 Volume 3. Albummet er indspillet og produceret i MAYONAISE-STUDIO i perioden fra oktober 1999 til februar 2000.

Sange
 "Heavy for dig (Intro til album)"
 "KKK-Salat"
 "Pludselig får du cirkelspark af folk du ikke kender"
 "Der vil altid være en straf"
 "Tråkker"
 "Bilerne ud af byen"
 "Tror du det er for sjov jeg drikker"
 "EPO-sangen"
 "Æggemad"
 "Brun"
 "Wie dumm kann mann sein"
 "Prost"
 "Narko og porno"
 "Beige"
 "Hestehviskeren"
 "Svensk/finsk løsning"
 "Messermann"
 "BBBMPVHNK"

Medvirkende
 "Lækre" Jens Mondrup – vijak
 "Heavy" Henning Nymand – Guitar, kor, vokal på EPO-sangen, Prost og Messermann.
 "Tonser" Henrik – Bass
 "Puff Danny" Daniel Preisler Larsen – trommer

Kort efter pladens udgivelse forlod "Puff Danny" bandet og blev erstattet af trommeslageren "Måtten Møbelbanker".

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Album fra 2000
Red Warszawa-album

Tysk hudindustri


183403 Gal este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
183403 Gal este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Apache Point Observatory în cadrul programului Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,07 ua, o excentricitate de 0,03 și o înclinație de 10,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 183001-184000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2002
Centura de asteroizi

183403 Gal


تهتم لبنان بالمتاحف والفنون والآثار، وتوجد فيها العديد من المتاحف، ومن أهمها المتحف الوطني اللبناني (متحف بيروت)، الذي يهتم بعرض الآثار التي تمثل الحقب التاريخية المهمة في تاريخ لبنان مثل الآثار الفينيقية واليونانية والرومانية، والفتح العربي حتى العصر المملوكي.

قائمة المتاحف

متاحف أخرى
 معلم مليتا للسياحة الجهادية وهو متحف مفتوح عن المقاومة اللبنانية قرب جرجوع في جنوب لبنان.
 متحف كيليكيا للكاثوليك الأرمن في انطلياس.
 متحف ما قبل التاريخ في جامعة القديس يوسف في بيروت.
 متحف التراث اللبناني في جونية مبنى التلفريك.
 متحف روائع البحر في المتن – جديدة المتن.
 متحف روبير معوض الخاص، زقاق البلاط. شارع الجيش.
 متحف كاتدرائية القديس جاورجيوس ، ساحة النجمة، بيروت.
 المتحف العلمي للطيور والفراشات والحيوانات، دير مار ضومط للأباء الكرمليين. القبيات. قضاء عكار.
 معتقل الخيام، بلدة الخيام، الجنوب اللبناني.
متحف «ارام بزيكيان» لايتام الإبادة الأرمنية، -عش العصافير- جبيل

انظر أيضًا
قائمة المواقع الأثرية في لبنان
موريس حافظ شهاب

مراجع

آثار لبنان
قوائم المتاحف حسب المكان
قوائم مبان ومنشآت في لبنان
قوائم متاحف في آسيا
قوائم متعلقة بالتعليم في لبنان
قوائم مواقع جذب سياحي في لبنان
متاحف لبنان
معالم لبنانية

قائمة متاحف لبنان


O Volejbalový Klub Dukla Liberec é um clube de voleibol masculino profissional fundado em 1948 cuja sede é em Liberec.

História

Fundado em 1948,com os melhores jogadores de voleibol do exército  de Praga e estavam concentrados em um clube independente recém-criado, ATK Praha (Clube de Esportes do Exército). Com o passar dos anos, o clube passou por uma série de reformulações e mudanças, inclusive mudando o nome do clube: do já mencionado ATK antes da ÚDA (Casa do Exército Central) para o nome de hoje DUKLA, que está intimamente relacionado à história do CSA. Os melhores jogadores de vôlei do exército também mudaram de posição várias vezes. Desde a sua fundação até 1957  a base foi em Praga, no período 1957 - 1966 a sede foi em Kolín, em conexão com a transição da 1ª Liga de Voleibol para as quadras dos anos 1966 a 1969 transferiu-se para Jihlava e finalmente desde 1969 os fixou-se em Liberec.

Alcunhas utilizadas:
1948–1952 ATK Praha
1953–1955 ÚDA Praha
1955–1957 Dukla Prag
1957–1966 Dukla Kolín
1966–1969 Dukla Jihlava
1969-atualmente VK Dukla Liberec

Títulos conquistados

 18 Campeonato Checo
1949-50, 1950-51, 1951-52, 1952-53, 1953-54, 1954-55, 1959-60, 1960-61, 1962-63, 1972-73, 1974-75, 1975-76, 1979-80, 1982-83, 2000-01, 2002-03, 2014-15, 2015-16
 11 Copa da República Checa
1974-75, 1991-92, 1994-95, 2000-01, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2012-13, 2013-14, 2015-16, 2017-18, 2020-21
 Supercopa Checa

 Liga MEVZA (Europa Central)

 1Liga dos Campeões da Europa
1975-76

 Taça CEV

 Challenge Cup

 Mundial de Clubes

Ligações externas

Clubes masculinos de voleibol da Chéquia

Dukla Liberec


Aurel Benović (14. srpnja 2000.), hrvatski gimnastički reprezentativac, vježbač na parteru.

Osvojio je brojna odličja na prvenstvima Hrvatske: u kadetskoj konkurenciji 2012. u Nedelišću 2012. osvojio je sedam odličja, u konkurenciji mlađih juniora 2013. u Ogulinu dva te 2014. na višebojskom prvenstvu broncu i u Belom Manastiru 4 odličja, u juniorskoj konkurenciji u Nedelišću 2015. pet odličja, 2016. u Sisku pet odličja te 2017. u Nedelišću na pojedinačnom prvenstvu zlato u parteru. Član hrvatske juniorske reprezentacije na Europskom prvenstvu u Bernu 2016. godine i Europskom olimpijskom festivalu mladeži u Juri u Mađarskoj 2017. godine. Kao senior pobijedio je na prvenstvu Hrvatske u Sisku 2018. godine.

Na Svjetskom gimnastičkom kupu u Dohi u Kataru bio je 11. i u Hrvatskoj u Osijeku 9., sve 2018. godine. 2019. je u završnici Svjetskog kupa u slovenskom Kopru bio je brončani, a 1. rujna iste godine godine u završnici Svjetskog kupa u turskom Mersinu u vježbi na parteru osvojio je svoje prvo zlato.

Izvori

Hrvatski gimnastičari
Životopisi, Osijek

Aurel Benović


Royal Museums Greenwich er fællesbetegnelsen for fire museer i Greenwich, London.

De fire er:
 National Maritime Museum
 Queen's House
 Royal Greenwich Observatory
 Cutty Sark

Eksterne henvisninger
 Royal Museums Greenwichs officielle hjemmeside

Museer i London
Greenwich

Royal Museums Greenwich


Der Westland Westminster war ein Projekt der britischen Firma Westland Aircraft für einen Transporthubschrauber. Er basierte auf Grundelementen des Sikorsky S-56. Die Entwicklung wurde Anfang 1960 eingestellt.

Technische Daten

Siehe auch
 Liste der Hubschraubertypen

Literatur
 Giorgio Apostolo: Weltenzyklopädie der Flugzeuge, Band 3, Südwest-Verlag, München 1984, ISBN 3-517-00851-6.

Transporthubschrauber
Erstflug 1958

Westland Westminster


Elektroskop, bir cisimde statik elektrik yükünün olup olmadığını, yükün eksi (-) veya artı (+) işaretli olduğunu tespit etmeye yarayan alet.

Yapısı
İletken bir çubuğun bir ucuna iki yaprakçık, diğer ucuna iletken bir plaka veya küre yerleştirerek, plakanın alt kısmı yaprakçıklarla beraber yalıtkan bir muhafazanın içine alınır. Bu basit bir yapraklı elektroskopu teşkil eder. Birkaç voltluk potansiyel farkları tespit etmeye yarayan kondansatörlü elektroskopların yanında, bulutlarda statik elektriğin olup olmadığını bulmaya yarayan elektroskoplar da mevcuttur.

Özellikleri

Elektroskop nötr iken yaprakları kapalıdır.
Elektroskop kullanılmadan önce Dokunma veya sürtünme yolu ile önceden (+) veya (-) yükle yüklenir. Bir cismin elektrik yükünün cinsini belirleyebilmek için yük cinsi bilinen bir elektroskopun topuzuna yaklaştırılır. Bu durumda:
 Elektroskopun yaprakları daha çok açılıyorsa cismin yükü elektroskopla aynıdır.
 Elektroskopun yapraklarının açıklığı azalıyorsa cismin yükü elektroskopla zıttır.
Yükün az veya çok oluşuna göre yaprakların açılma miktarı değişmektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
Elektron
Elektrostatik
Elektriklenme
Elektriksel yük
Radyasyon
Radyoaktivite

Elektrostatik
Ölçü aletleri
Bilimsel aletler
Fransız icatları

Elektroskop


Remsa ist ein Ortsteil von Windischleuba im Landkreis Altenburger Land in Thüringen.

Lage
Remsa liegt nahe an der Bundesstraße 7 und an der Landesstraße 1355 in der Pleißenaue östlich von Altenburg und südlich von Windischleuba. Die Landschaft um die Gemarkung gehört zum lössbeeinflussten Hügelland um Altenburg am Rande der Leipziger Tieflandsbucht und weist daher beste Ackerbaustandorte auf.

Geschichte
Das als slawisches Rundlingsdorf Remsa wurde erstmals urkundlich in den Jahren 1165–1170 erwähnt. Remsa gehörte zum wettinischen Amt Altenburg, welches ab dem 16. Jahrhundert aufgrund mehrerer Teilungen im Lauf seines Bestehens unter der Hoheit folgender Ernestinischer Herzogtümer stand: Herzogtum Sachsen (1554 bis 1572), Herzogtum Sachsen-Weimar (1572 bis 1603), Herzogtum Sachsen-Altenburg (1603 bis 1672), Herzogtum Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg (1672 bis 1826). Bei der Neuordnung der Ernestinischen Herzogtümer im Jahr 1826 kam der Ort wiederum zum Herzogtum Sachsen-Altenburg. Nach der Verwaltungsreform im Herzogtum gehörte er bezüglich der Verwaltung zum Ostkreis (bis 1900) bzw. zum Landratsamt Altenburg (ab 1900). Remsa gehörte ab 1918 zum Freistaat Sachsen-Altenburg, der 1920 im Land Thüringen aufging. 1922 kam das Dorf zum Landkreis Altenburg.

Am 1. Juli 1950 wurde Remsa in der Kerngemeinde Windischleuba eingemeindet, mit dem der Ort 1952 zum Kreis Altenburg im Bezirk Leipzig, 1990 zum thüringischen Landkreis Altenburg und 1994 zum Landkreis Altenburger Land kam. In Remsa lebten im Jahr 2012 176 Einwohner. Außerdem wird die Tradition der Landwirtschaft mit einem Vierseitenhof aus dem Jahr 1746 mit Laubengang mit Porstube gepflegt.

Remsa (Adelsgeschlecht)
In Remsa bei Windischleuba ist im Mittelalter eine Adelsfamilie von Remsa nachweisbar. Es handelte sich um niederen osterländischen Dienstadel. Nennungen dieser Familie erfolgen etwa zwischen 1200 und 1450. Es wird vermutet, dass diese Familie geschichtlich auch mit dem Ort Remse im Tal der Zwickauer Mulde zusammenhängt. Belegbar ist das urkundlich nicht. Belegt ist aber ein Zusammenhang zwischen Familie von Remsa und den Herren von Schönburg, die im Muldental reichsunmittelbare Rechte ausübten. Die von Remsa waren zeitweise Lehnsnehmer der Schönburger als sie die Burg Stein im Erzgebirge als Lehen besaßen. Auch in Lichtenstein im Erzgebirge waren die Ritter von Remsa zeitweise als schönburgische Lehnsnehmer ansässig (auf Burg Lichtenstein ?). Es ist noch darauf hinzuweisen, dass die von Remsa, urkundlich als "von Remse" genannt werden.

Im Burgmuseum der Burg Stein (im Palas) ist eine Infotafel der Burgbesitzer-Familien und ihrer Wappen ausgestellt. Das Wappen derer von Remsa ist dort abgebildet. Nach dieser Infotafel war 1411 "Heinz von Remse der Ältere" (Adelsgeschlecht Remsa) Lehnsnehmer der Schönburger als Besitzer von Burg Stein bei Hartenstein.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Altenburger Land
Windischleuba
Rundling
Ersterwähnung im 12. Jahrhundert
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Altenburger Land)
Gemeindeauflösung 1950

Remsa (Windischleuba)


The  long,  elevation, , and  max depth Lake Alice is the largest natural lake found in the western portion of the Bridger-Teton National Forest in the state of Wyoming. It is a unique lake that was created thousands of years ago when a massive landslide peeled from the  Lake Mountain and dammed Poker Creek with debris. The lake's outlet flows below the surface through the natural dam and emerges from the mountain as a creek  away. The mountainside scar from the landslide is still visible today.
Lake Alice is the home of the only known pure lake strain of naturally reproducing Bonneville cutthroat trout caused by the isolation of the landslide preventing outside genetic influence. At one time the subspecies was thought to be extinct in Wyoming.

The nearest city is Cokeville, Wyoming about  to the southwest. Access to the lake requires traversing a winding  dirt mountain road, and fording a creek with water as deep as  in the spring time. A high clearance vehicle is recommended. The road ends at Hobble Creek campground and from there a  hike up a moderately steep mountain trail is required to reach Lake Alice. Nine primitive tent campsites are available though camping is not restricted to a campsite.

Multiple drownings have occurred at the lake which is named after a young girl who drowned in the early 1900s. The most recent drowning occurred on August 12, 2019. Schuyler McKnight, 22, drowned while canoeing at the lake. His body was recovered 41 days later.

External links
Public Lands Lake Alice Campground Information

References

Lakes of Wyoming
Lakes of Lincoln County, Wyoming
Landslide-dammed lakes

Lake Alice (Wyoming)


لغة رقم واجهة المستخدم  هي لغة رقم تقوم بإظهار ووصف واجهات المستخدم الرسومية. العديد من لغات رقم واجهة المستخدم تعتبر شكل من أشكال إكس إم إل.

مراجع

لغات ترميزية

لغة ترميز واجهة مستخدم


عملية عشب من النيكل  كانت عملية إمداد جوي إستراتيجية نفذتها الولايات المتحدة لإمداد إسرائيل بالأسلحة خلال حرب أكتوبر. قامت قيادة النقل الجوي العسكري التابعة للقوات الجوية الأمريكية بشحن 22,225 طن من الدبابات، والمدفعية، والذخيرة وإمدادات أخرى إلى إسرائيل، تم الشحن في الفترة ما بين 14 أكتوبر و14 نوفمبر 1973. كان هذا الإمداد شديد الأهمية لإسرائيل في قتالها ضد الجيوش العربية المهاجمة.

هذه المهمة للتعويض والتصعيد السريع كانت بالغة الأهمية لتمكين القوات المسلحة الإسرائيلية من إحباط الهجومين المصري والسوري لاستعادة أراضيهما المحتلة من قبل إسرائيل في حرب 1967. وقد كان لعملية الإمداد تأثيراً فورياً شاملاً وآخر اضافي يتعدى الخصوم المباشرين. فعلى إثر تعهد أمريكي اضافي بإمداد هائل آخر في 19 أكتوبر، قامت الدول العربية الأعضاء في منظمة اوپك بتنفيذ تهديدها السابق باستخدام النفط كسلاح وأعلنت حظراً كاملاً على تصدير النفط إلى الولايات المتحدة، وقيوداً على الصادرات لدول أخرى. وقد أدى ذلك الحظر، وفشل متزامن لمفاوضات حجم إنتاج وتسعير النفط بين المصدرين وشركات النفط الكبرى إلى الحظر النفظي على الدول الغربية.

تفاصيل العملية
بعد انهيار إسرائيل المفاجئ في حرب 1973 واستمرار القتال لمدة 6 أيام كانت الخسائرالإسرائيلية في المدرعات والطائرات والأفراد لا تحصى، هذا بخلاف سقوط خط بارليف في يد المصريين واستيلائهم عليه وتحرير بعض المدن المصرية في سيناء.

بعثت جولدا مائير رئيسة الوزراء الإسرائيلية نداء استغاثة إلى الرئيس الأمريكي كانت أهم عبارة بها (أنقذونا من الطوفان المصري). وعلى الفور تحرك الحلفاء الأمريكيين وأقاموا جسرا ً جويا ًلتعويض الجيش الأسرائيلى عما خسره في الحرب من طائرات ودبابات وخلافه منذ يوم 10 أكتوبر بصورة غير رسمية.

ومنذ 13 أكتوبر بصورة رسمية وسميت بعملية نيكل جراس واستخدمت فيها طائرات سي 5 گالاكسي وسي 141 (طائرات نقل عسكرية أمريكية عملاقة)، ولم تكلف إسرائيل بطائرات الجامبو السبع لشركة العال لنقل احتياجاتها من الأسلحة والمعدات، ولذلك عملت محاولات لاستئجار طائرات مدنية أمريكية لسرعة أجراء النقل لكن شركات الطيران رفضت التعاون خوفا من المقاطعة العربية.

اقرأ أيضا
 حرب أكتوبر
 العلاقات العسكرية بين الولايات المتحدة وإسرائيل
 أزمة النفط (1973)

مراجع

 حماد، جمال; الطبعة الثانية (2002). المعارك الحربية على الجبهة المصرية. القاهرة، مصر: دار الشروق.

العلاقات الإسرائيلية الأمريكية
العلاقات العسكرية بين إسرائيل والولايات المتحدة
حرب أكتوبر
وحدات أمريكية غير قتالية

عملية عشب النيكل