Hereford United Football Club was an association football club based in Hereford, England. They played at Edgar Street for their entire history.  They were nicknamed 'The Whites' or 'The Lilywhites', after their predominantly white kit, or 'The Bulls' after the Hereford cattle breed. They contested A49 derby games with Shrewsbury Town.

Founded in 1924, the club entered the Birmingham Combination and switched to the Birmingham & District League four years later. They entered the Southern League after World War II, winning the North-West Division in 1958–59 and Division One in 1964–65. Hereford achieved national prominence in 1972 when they knocked top-flight Newcastle United out of the FA Cup and were elected into the Football League later that year. Promoted out of the Fourth Division in 1972–73, they won the Third Division title in 1975–76, though lasted just one season in the Second Division and were relegated again the following year.

Hereford spent 19 seasons in the fourth tier before losing their Football League status with a last-place finish in 1997. They remained in the Conference for nine seasons under the stewardship of Graham Turner, finishing second three consecutive times before winning promotion after winning the 2006 play-off final. Promoted out of League Two in 2007–08, they were relegated the following season and were again relegated into non-League football in 2012. On 19 December 2014, the club was wound up in the High Court with debts around £1.3million.

Following the demise of United, a new 'phoenix club' was set up, Hereford. The new club incorporates the words 'Forever United' into its crest design, as well as the iconic Hereford Bull, and gained promotion to the National League North in 2018.

History

Hereford United Football Club was founded in 1924 with the merger of two local clubs St Martins and RAOC (Rotherwas), with the intention of sustaining a higher class of football in the city of Hereford. Hereford joined the Birmingham Combination and lost its first match 2–3 to Atherstone United. The club's second ever match was an FA Cup preliminary round tie against future rivals Kidderminster Harriers which they lost 2–7.

Hereford progressed to the Birmingham & District League in 1928 where the club spent 11 seasons, with a best position of 4th. By the late 1930s the number of clubs in the league had decreased and Hereford successfully applied to join the Southern League –  but played only a few games in this league before the outbreak of the Second World War. At the same time the club became a limited company.

When football resumed after the war, Hereford finished 1st in their first full season in the league only to be demoted to 2nd behind Chelmsford City, which was awarded points for unplayed matches. In 27 seasons in the Southern League, Hereford finished as runners-up three times, and also lifted the Southern League Cup three times. When the league was regionalised for one season in 1958–59, Hereford also won their regional division to add to their third League Cup win.

In 1966, Hereford signed John Charles, the former Leeds United, Juventus and Welsh international, boosting the support of the club. He became manager a year later and set about building a team to challenge at the top of the Southern League and gain election to the Football League. With the club becoming one of the best-supported non-league clubs in the country Charles used his standing within the game to canvass votes from member clubs for election to the Football League.

The 1971–1972 season saw the club finish second in the Southern League and gain national prominence due to its exploits in the FA Cup. Charles had departed the club in October 1971 and his successor Colin Addison inherited a side that defeated top-flight Newcastle United in the FA Cup. The star player was Dudley Tyler; Ronnie Radford and Ricky George's goals earned the club a Fourth Round tie against West Ham United where they were defeated in a replay at Upton Park. The Cup run played a part in the club's successful election to the Fourth Division, replacing Barrow.

The club rose rapidly to the Second Division after finishing runners-up in their first season in the Fourth Division and winning the Third Division title in 1976. Dixie McNeil was the leading goalscorer in the top four divisions of English football in the same season, but Hereford would only spend one season in the second tier before dropping back into the Fourth Division. The club's peak was in October 1976 when they were in sixth position before playing Brian Clough's Nottingham Forest, losing 4–3 at the City Ground.

After this period of success the club spent 19 years in the bottom division, suffering financial problems in the early 1980s which resurfaced in the mid-1990s. The club enjoyed brief glimpses of their past success in the Cup competitions, holding Arsenal to a 1–1 draw in the FA Cup of 1985 and narrowly losing 1–0 to Manchester United in the FA Cup of 1990. The club's first trophy for 14 years was the Welsh Cup won in the same season. In the league the club usually finished in the bottom half as it went through a succession of managers, finishing 17th in 4 consecutive seasons.

Graham Turner was appointed manager for the beginning of the 1995–96 season and managed to lead the team to sixth place and the play-offs, despite the club being in 17th position two months previously. This resurgence was in part thanks to the goals of Steve White who emulated Dixie McNeil by being the leading goalscorer in the top four divisions. Hereford lost to Darlington in the play-offs and, with financial problems worsening, the club lost key players for the following 1996–1997 season. After a terrible run of form Hereford were ultimately relegated after a relegation-decider at Edgar Street with Brighton & Hove Albion.

In 1998, Turner purchased a majority shareholding from Peter Hill and Robin Fry. The club was in serious financial difficulties, with debts of £1million owed to a property development company which also controlled the leases on the stadium. Turner purchased only two players between 1997 and 2008 for a combined total of £40,000.

The club's first five seasons in the Conference saw little success on the pitch, with the club being forced to sell many of its key players and the future of Edgar Street in serious doubt. The 2001–02 FA Cup saw the club receive a financial bonus when the BBC televised the First Round match against Wrexham live. Turner stated that the money was critical to the club's survival and therefore Gavin Williams's goal against Dover Athletic in the previous round is seen as the goal that saved the club.

Having reached a 40-year low of 17th in the Conference, the summer of 2002 proved a turning point as almost the entire squad was changed, the majority of new signings having been released from Football League clubs as a result of the ITV Digital collapse. The new squad transformed the club into title contenders which, after a record-breaking season in the 2003–04 season, finished as runners up in the Conference but failed in the play-offs. 2004–05 saw an identical outcome but in 2005–06 Hereford were promoted after defeating Halifax Town in the play-off final.

The club returned to the Football League with a vastly improved financial situation. Under Turner the club was now strictly living within its financial means, having turned a sizeable profit in the latter Conference seasons whilst spending just £20,000 on transfers. In addition the team was playing attractive football which had earned them the mantle of "the best footballing side in the Conference".

In 2006–07, Hereford achieved victories over five of the top eight finishing clubs, but a poor run of form in the last part of the season dropped the club into 16th position. In the 2007–08 season the club were never out of the top five from November onwards and consistently placed in the automatic promotion places. Despite strong competition from Stockport County, Hereford secured third place and promotion with a match to spare by defeating Brentford 3–0 at Griffin Park, though they were tipped to struggle in League One.,

2008–09 saw the club play in the third tier of English football for the first time since 1978.  They rarely placed outside the relegation zone throughout the season, and achieved only 17 points at the halfway point. A 5–0 home win over Oldham Athletic was a rare good result, with top scorer Steve Guinan scoring a hat-trick. Hereford's relegation was confirmed on 18 April 2009, after they recorded 1 win and 11 defeats in a 12 match spell.  Turner subsequently stepped down as manager, paving the way for John Trewick to become manager. However, Trewick did not last a full season after a disappointing campaign and was dismissed on 8 March 2010; and Turner once again took over first team duties on a temporary basis.

David Keyte was announced as the new club chairman on 4 June 2010 with Tim Russon as the new vice-chairman. They appointed Simon Davey as manager on 22 June 2010. Davey was sacked on 4 October 2010 after poor league form. He was succeeded by physio Jamie Pitman who acted as caretaker manager until he was made manager on a full-time basis until the end of the 2010–11 season.

Hereford were further relegated to the Conference from League Two at the end of the 2011–12 season.

Hereford were expelled from the Conference on 10 June 2014 due to financial irregularities. It was revealed a week later that the club's debts could total as much as £1.3million. The club was accepted into the Southern League Premier Division for the 2014–15 season on 19 June 2014. However, financial worries continued, including a winding-up petition started by Martin Foyle, who resigned as manager in March 2014. Hearings of the winding-up petition were adjourned a number of times, including on 7 July 2014. A number of other creditors attached themselves to the Foyle petition, including Andy Porter, former assistant manager, and HMRC. A CVA was proposed by the board of directors of the company, but was rejected by creditors. Many Hereford fans chose to boycott the club due to clashes between fans and the board.

On 10 December 2014, after failing to fully and properly comply with obligations to respond to questions coming from an Independent Regulatory Commission, the FA suspended Hereford United from all forms of football activity with immediate effect, until the order of the Independent Regulatory Commission was complied with to the full satisfaction of the commission. Hereford United's suspension from all football activity was lifted by the Football Association the following day, after chairman and new majority shareholder Andy Lonsdale confirmed the FA received the necessary documentation – including the transfer of shares in the club to Lonsdale. The club was wound-up in the High Court in December 2014.

Colours and badge

Hereford originally played in an all-white strip, but their traditional colours are white shirts and black shorts. This dates back to the end of the Second World War when they used material from blackout curtains to make shorts when they ran out of white material. However, they occasionally reverted to an all-white strip, latterly in the 2004–05 and 2005–06 seasons. Their away colours varied over the years, with predominantly yellow colours being used in later years.

Prior to 1971 the club played in plain shirts with no crest. A depiction of a Herefordshire bull was introduced for the 1971–72 season with H.U.F.C. lettering underneath. A supporters' club crest was also used during the 1970s. The shirt crest design changed several times over the years, with the full club name being added above and below the bull, which remained largely untouched. The current crest was introduced in the early 1990s but was not featured on the shirts until 2003.

Hereford's shirt sponsors were Sun Valley Poultry between 1991 and 2009, the biggest employer in Hereford. A new three-year sponsorship deal was agreed in May 2007 which extended the sponsorship to 19 years, one of the longest in British football history. The logo of Cargill, Sun Valley's parent company, appeared on the shirts from the 2009–10 season onwards. Hereford's shirt and kit suppliers were M and M Direct, another large employer in Herefordshire, which supported the club for many years. For the 2009–10 season, the kit was manufactured by Admiral. In the 2014–15 season Cargill ended sponsorship because of concerns over the financial running of the club. From August 2014 the club had no sponsors with many pulling out in the summer of 2014 due to the club's financial running and future viability.

Stadium

Hereford United played their home matches at Edgar Street from their formation in 1924; the ground was previously used by the amateur club Hereford City as well as for athletics. In later years the ground was central to Hereford's financial troubles, with the previous owners of the club handing the leases over to a development company from which they had borrowed £1 million. During the club's early years in the Conference the future of the ground was in doubt, and relocation was considered to the point that plans for a new 7,500 seater stadium were drawn up. A joint venture agreement was made between the club and the developers to redevelop both ends of the ground to include leisure facilities that would enable the debt to be settled. The area around the ground is subject to a substantial redevelopment plan, known as the Edgar Street Grid (ESG). The club and the developers were originally looking to submit redevelopment plans to the council by the end of 2007. Although the ground redevelopment is independent of the ESG, plans for the building of a cinema at the Blackfriars End drawn up by the club and developers were not supported by ESG and Herefordshire Council. Several months later, plans for the ESG itself were published which included a cinema.

The ground itself changed little since the mid-1970s and was largely outdated and in need of urgent redevelopment, with the Blackfriars End failing a safety inspection in July 2009. The terraced end had fallen into a state of disrepair in recent years which steadily reduced the stadium capacity from nearly 9,000 to reportedly 7,100, although the capacity was officially confirmed as 7,700 in November 2007. Improvements were made in later years to ensure the ground met Football League standards; including new floodlights, dressing rooms and barriers on the terraces. The pitch itself was also completely relaid for the 2007–08 season, with a new sprinkler system installed for the 2008–09 season.
In 2013, the club said the capacity of Edgar Street was 5,966, but in 2014, the club only had a safety certificate to allow 1,000 spectators.

Support
Hereford United was historically one of the best-supported clubs in non-league football, particularly in the last two seasons before their election to the Football League. Indeed, in their campaign for election they produced a newsletter which highlighted the fact that their average attendance (5,224) was higher than those of eight Third Division clubs and 15 Fourth Division clubs. Approximately 10,000 Hereford supporters attended the Conference play-off final.

The club's official programme was Bullseye and there was also a fanzine called Talking Bull until the 2008–09 season, when it was changed to an online format.

Home attendances

Between 1972 and 1977, during the club's rise to the Second Division, home attendances averaged almost 8,000 per game. The support fell during the 1980s with the average home attendance under 3,000, the exception being the 1984–85 season when the club finished fifth.

It was not until the latter Conference years that attendances improved, with the 2003–04 season seeing the average home attendance rise to 3,704. The following season saw the figure drop to just over 3,000 while in the 2005–06 season, despite the club successfully gaining promotion, the figure was 2,791. For the 2006–07 season the club had an average home league attendance of 3,327. With the exception of 2003–04, this is the highest average attendance since the 1984–85 season (3,881).

The club rarely enjoyed capacity crowds at Edgar Street in its later years, last seeing a five-figure home attendance in 1990.  After the reduction of the Edgar Street capacity in line with the Taylor Report the highest home attendance was 8,953 in 1994 – a Coca-Cola Cup second-round match against Nottingham Forest. The highest league home attendance was 8,532, which was the relegation decider against Brighton & Hove Albion in 1997.

Following the takeover by Tommy Agombar, following the conclusion of the 2013–2014 season, Hereford's supporters trust voted to boycott United's fixtures and subsequently attendances dropped from around 2000 in the 2013–2014 season, to around 200–400 during the opening exchanges of the 2014–2015 Southern League.

Club anthem
The club's official anthem was Hereford United (We All Love You) which was written and performed by Danny Lee, a notable supporter of the club. Originally recorded and released in 1972, the same year as the famous FA Cup run, a rendition was usually sung at every Hereford match both home and away. The song was remixed three times: in 1979, 2002 and 2006. It was covered and released as a fundraising single, by local band King Mantis in 2013.

Rivals
Hereford had a number of rivalries with other clubs throughout their history. In the club's Southern League era Worcester City were considered their fiercest rivals. Both Cardiff City and Newport County were considered rivals in the 1970s and 1980s.

The derby against Shrewsbury Town, known as the A49 derby, after the road separating the two towns, was listed nineteenth in The Daily Telegraph'''s twenty fiercest rivalries in English football. However, since Hereford's resurrection the two sides have never met.

In the recent Football League era since promotion from the Conference, the club's rivals included Kidderminster Harriers, Cheltenham Town, and Forest Green Rovers.

Managers

Graham Turner was the longest serving Hereford United manager and was also second to Sir Alex Ferguson as the longest serving manager in the English football league, having completed almost 14 seasons at the club.

The statistics of Hereford United's four most successful managers from the 1972–73 season onwards are shown below. Statistics include league matches only and are correct as of 7 May 2011.

Notable players

A number of full internationals played for Hereford in its 90-year history, although Brian Evans was the only player to be capped whilst at the club. Gavin McCallum came on for Canada on 29 May 2010 against Venezuela in a friendly and scored a late equaliser becoming the second Hereford United player to be capped and the first to score whilst at the club.

    Astrit Ajdarević
  James Walker
  Moses Ashikodi
  Marvin McCoy
  Meshach Wade
  Kentoine Jennings
  Gavin McCallum
  Jose Veiga
  Jarrod Bowen
  John Snape
  Gary Hooper
  Mike Bailey
  Ken Brown
  Steve Bull
  William Churcher
  Sam Clucas
  Andy Todd
  Edwin Holliday
  David Icke
  Joe Johnson
  Eric Keen
  Terry Paine
  Bill Perry
  Rob Purdie
  Peter Spiring
  Roy Williams
  Mika Kottila
  Bruno Ngotty
  Edrissa Sonko
  Delroy Facey
  Péter Gulácsi
  Stephen Gleeson
  Jimmy Higgins
  Darren Randolph
  Kevin Sheedy
  Trevor Benjamin
  Theo Robinson
  O'Neil Thompson
    Eric Odhiambo
  Yoann Arquin
  Wayne Dyer
  Lyle Taylor
  James Musa
  Ade Akinbiyi
  Tony Capaldi
  Robbie Dennison
  Michael Ingham
  Matty Lund
  Adam Musiał
  Febian Brandy
  Jim Blyth
  Jonathan Gould
  Michael McIndoe
  Bryn Allen
  John Charles
  Ray Daniel
  Nick Deacy
  Brian Evans
  Roy Evans
  Roger Freestone
  Ryan Green
  Ron Hewitt
  Billy Hughes
  Steve Lowndes
  Paul Parry
  Derek Showers
  Derek Sullivan
  Dai Thomas
  Nigel Vaughan
  Marley Watkins
  Gavin Williams

Records

After their solitary season in the old Second Division in 1976–77, the club became the first old Third Division champions to finish bottom the following season. Hereford were also the last English club (not counting The New Saints, who play in the Welsh football league system despite being based in England) to have won the Welsh Cup, which they did so in 1989–90.

John Layton Sr. holds the record for competitive appearances for the club, making 549 appearances between 1946 and 1964. In recent times the only player to come close to breaking this record was Mel Pejic who had made 523 appearances before his departure in 1992. Pejic made a record 412 Football League appearances for the club.

Charlie Thompson holds the record for goals scored for the club, scoring 184 in all competitions between 1945 and 1958.
Roy Williams is the second highest goalscorer in the club's history, scoring 154 goals in 357 appearances over two spells between 1947 and 1963.
In recent times Stewart Phillips is the only player to even approach this total with 124. His total of 95 goals in the Football League is a club record.

The sale of Lionel Ainsworth is set to break the club's transfer record of £440,000, dependent on the fortunes of Watford.

Honours

 Leagues
Third Division (Tier 3)
Champions: 1975–76
Fourth Division (Tier 4)Runners-up: 1972–73
Conference (Tier 5)Runners-up: 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06
Southern League (Tier 5)Runners-up:'' 1945–46, 1950–51, 1971–72

Cups
Welsh Cup
Winners: 1989–90
Southern League Cup
Winners: 1951–52, 1956–57, 1958–59

Further reading

Footnotes

External links

Official
Official website of successor club Hereford F.C.
Graham Turner Column (Hereford Times)

General
Hereford Times
HUFC In Action – Match Photos
Unofficial Hereford United Archives
Russian fan-club

National League (English football) clubs
English Football League clubs
Defunct football clubs in Herefordshire
Hereford
Association football clubs established in 1924
Southern Football League clubs
1924 establishments in England
Defunct football clubs in England
Association football clubs disestablished in 2014

Hereford United F.C.


Varme i landbruget er en dokumentarfilm instrueret af Gunnar Sneum efter manuskript af Gunnar Sneum.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1967

Varme i landbruget


Paragraf, herhangi bir yazının bir satır başından öteki satır başına kadar olan bölümüne denir. Daha geniş bir ifadeyle, paragraf "bir duyguyu, bir düşünceyi, bir isteği, bir durumu, bir öneriyi, olayın bir yönünü, yalnızca bir yönüyle anlatım tekniklerinden ve düşünceyi geliştirme yollarından yararlanarak anlatan yazı türüdür. Kelimeler cümleleri, cümleler paragrafları, paragraflar da yazıları oluşturur. Paragraf bir yazının küçültülmüş bir örneğidir. Bu yönüyle yapı bakımından bir yazıya benzer.

Yapısı
 Giriş paragrafı: Paragrafın anlatmak istediğini, konusunu belirten cümledir. 1-2 cümleyi geçmez ve paragrafın başında yer alır.
 Gelişme paragrafı: Paragrafın açılıp ilerlemesi için örneklerden, karşıtlıklardan, benzerliklerden faydalanma bölümüdür. Bu bölüme geçiş paragrafı da denir.
 Sonuç paragrafı: Paragrafın son cümleleridir. Sonuç bölümü çoğunlukla tek bir cümleden meydana gelir. En kuvvetli fikir, en önemli görüş, sonuç cümlesinde yer almalıdır.

Paragrafta anlatım teknikleri

Betimleme
Gözleme dayalı olan anlatım türüdür. Yazar bolca niteleme sıfatları kullanarak okuyucuya gördüklerini ve düşündüklerini anlatmaya ve okurun kafasında canlandırmaya çalışır. Betimlemeye tasvirleme adı da verilir ve durağan bir yapı söz konusudur. Betimlemede varlıkların şekil, renk, boyut gibi ayırt edici özellikleri verilir. Betimlemede yazar gördüklerine kişisel yorumlarını katarsa öznel betimleme denir. Yazar gördüklerini aynen aktarıp ekleme yapmayıp kişisel görüşten kaçınırsa buna nesnel betimleme denir.

Öyküleme
Olay anlatımı olarak da tanımlanır. Öyküleme tekniğinde özne, mekan, zaman üçlüsü mutlaka olmalıdır. Olaylar belirli bir oluş sırasına göre verilir. Durağan bir yapı olmayıp hareketlilik söz konusudur.Yani hareket çoktur. Öyküleme tekniğinde daha çok geçmiş zaman dilimi kullanılır.Öyküleme; yaşanan, görülen duyulan ya da tasarlanan olayların anlatılması demektir.

Açıklama
Bir konuda okuyucuyu bilgilendirme amacıyla yazılan metinlerdeki anlatım tekniğidir. Genellikle nesnel bir dil kullanılır ve içeriğin sade ve yalın olması tercih edilir. Ders kitapları ve ansiklopedilerde kullanılan teknik açıklama tekniğidir.

Tartışma
Tartışmada önce bir düşünce verilir ardından verilen düşünce eleştirilip ona karşı başka bir düşünce savunulur. Yazar bu anlatım tekniğinde karşı olduğu düşünceyi çürütmeye çalışır. Tartışma metinlerinde genellikle okurla karşılıklı konuşma havası vardır ve kinayelere de sıkça yer verilir.

Paragrafta düşünceyi geliştirme yolları

Karşılaştırma
İki varlık veya kavramın birbiriyle olan ortak veya farklı yönlerinin ortaya konulduğu türdür. Karşılaştırma türünde gibi, -oysa, -ise ve - en gibi ifadeler sıkça bulunur.

Tanımlama
Paragrafta bu nedir sorusunun cevabıdır. Tanımlamada özelliklerinden yararlanılarak bir varlığın veya kavramın ne olduğu anlatılmaya çalışılır.

Örneklendirme
Örneklendirme düşünceyi geliştirmede sıkça kullanılır.Paragrafta geçen konu, kişi, olay vb. İle ilgili örnek(ler) verilir. Yazar yazdığı paragrafta düşüncelerini okura daha iyi geçirebilmek ve okurum zihninde canlandırabilmek için bu tekniği kullanır.

Tanık gösterme
Yazar yazdığı konularda uzman kişilerin görüşlerine yer vererek yazdıklarını inandırıcı kılmak ister. Tanık göstermede kişilerin görüşleri tırnak işareti içerisinde eksiksiz olarak verilir.

Benzetme
Anlatılanların okurun kafasında daha iyi canlandırılabilmesi için kullanılan yöntemdir. Benzetmede iki varlık veya iki kavramın birbirleriyle olan ilişkileri ile ortak ve farklı yönleri ortaya konarak bağlantı kurulur.

Kişileştirme
İnsana ait özelliklerin doğaya veya hayvana aktarılması durumudur.

Sayısal Verilerden Yararlanma
Yüzdelik dilim, kesir veya herhangi bir konuda sayı bulunduran paragrafta kullanılan yöntemdir.

Paragrafta konu ve ana düşünce

Konu
Yazarın paragrafta ele aldığı düşünce, olay veya durumdur. Paragraf okunduktan  sonra ''Yazar burada ne anlatmak istiyor?'' sorusunun cevabıdır.

Ana düşünce
Yazarın paragrafta vermek istediği mesajdır. Ana düşünce küçük bir kısımda verilebildiği gibi paragrafın genelinden de çıkarılabilir. Paragrafta bulunan: ''-oysa, aslında, -kanımca, -önemli olan'' gibi ifadeler genellikle ana düşüncenin başında yer alır. Paragrafta ana düşünceyi bulabilmek için: ''Yazar ne mesaj veriyor ve bunları niçin anlatıyor?'' sorusu sorulmalıdır.

Dilbilgisi

Paragraf


El Campeonato de Futsal de la OFC 2011 fue la octava edición de la máxima competencia de fútbol sala de Oceanía. Se disputó en Fiyi por 4.º vez consecutiva. El seleccionado de las Islas Salomón se llevó el título tras vencer en la final a Tahití por 6-4.

Resultados

Grupo A

Fecha 1

Fecha 2

Fecha 3

Grupo B

Fecha 1

Fecha 2

Fecha 3

Partido por el 7.º puesto

Partido por el 5.º puesto

Semifinales

Partido por el 3.º puesto

Final

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Resultados en la página oficial de la OFC

Fútbol sala en 2011
2011
Fiyi en 2011
Eventos deportivos en Fiyi
Fútbol sala en Fiyi

Campeonato de Futsal de la OFC 2011


Natura 2000-område nr. 98 Tinglev Sø og Mose, Ulvemose og Terkelsbøl Mose består af består af fuglebeskyttelsesområde (F62). Området ligger i Aabenraa Kommune i vandplanopland 4.1 Kruså-Vidå . Det er er delt i to adskilte områder på hver side af Tinglev, Ulvemose og Terkelsbøl Moser nordvest for byen, og den tidligere Tinglev Sø, nu Tinglev Mose sydøst for Tinglev. Hele området dækker omfatter 919 hektar hvoraf er 115 ha statsejet.

De centrale mosearealer er nedbrudt højmose med spredte tørvegrave, brunvandede søer og store andele af skovbevokset tørvemose, der er en særligt truet naturtype (prioriteret naturtype). Randarealerne er lavtliggende marginaljord, som drives ekstensivt. Begge
områder er afvandet gennem systemer af grøfter. Afvandingen er blevet dårligere de seneste årtier, da arealerne i og omkring moserne har sat sig, som følge af nedbrydning af tørven.
Udpegningsarterne rørhøg og hedehøg var tidligere faste ynglefugle i moserne, og for hedehøgens vedkommende fandtes den her i en af landets største koncentrationer af arten. I 2012 blev følgende arter tilføjet udpegningsgrundlaget: Trane, blåhals og rødrygget tornskade

Fredning
Tinglev Sø og Mose blev fredet i 1966, i et forsøg på at råde bod på den uheldige vandstandssænkning der var foregået ved afvandingen der blev gennemført samme år.  I sidste halvdel af 1990'erne var der et naturgenopretningsprojekt, hvor man bl.a. anlagde en sti hele mosen rundt.

Natura 2000 handleplaner
I den første Natura 2000-plan 2010-15 gennemførte man rydninger, forbedrede de hydrologiske forhold og iværksatte plejetiltag. Der er for anden planperiode 2016-21, givet tilsagn om tilskud til pleje i form af græsning/slæt på 40 ha, forberedelse af græsning
på 19 ha og rydning på 18 ha. Samlet er der givet tilsagn til naturplejeindsats på 62 ha for at forbedre forholdene for fuglene på udpegningsgrundlaget.

Se også
 Internationale naturbeskyttelsesområder i Danmark
 Naturtyper i Danmark

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Naturplanen
 Basisanalysen 2016-21
 Tinglev Sø blev til en afvandet mose med landbrug dettabteland.dk hentet 6. oktober 2017

Natura 2000-planer
Fredede arealer i Danmark
Lokaliteter i Aabenraa Kommune
EU-habitatområder i Danmark
Fuglebeskyttelsesområder i Danmark
Naturgenopretning i Danmark


ក /kɑ:/ est une consonne et la première lettre de l'alphabet khmer.

Elle désigne une Consonne occlusive vélaire sourde.

Langue khmère

ក (lettre khmère)


Skylon is a series of concept designs for a reusable single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane by the British company Reaction Engines Limited (Reaction), using SABRE, a combined-cycle, air-breathing rocket propulsion system.

The vehicle design is for a hydrogen-fuelled aircraft that would take off from a specially built reinforced runway, and accelerate to Mach 5.4 at  altitude (compared to typical airliner's ) using the atmosphere's oxygen before switching the engines to use the internal liquid oxygen (LOX) supply to accelerate to the Mach 25 necessary to reach a 400 km orbit.

It would carry  of cargo to an equatorial low Earth orbit (LEO); up to  to the International Space Station, almost 45% more than the capacity of the European Space Agency's Automated Transfer Vehicle; or  to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO), over 24% more than SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle in reusable mode ().

The relatively light vehicle would re-enter the atmosphere and land on a runway, being protected from the conditions of re-entry by a ceramic matrix composite skin.  When on the ground, it would undergo inspection and necessary maintenance, with a turnaround time of approximately two days, and be able to complete at least 200 orbital flights per vehicle.

As work on the project has progressed, information has been published on a number of design versions, including A4, C1, C2, and D1. Testing of the key technologies was successfully completed in November 2012, allowing Skylon's design to advance from its research phase to a development phase. , the groundworks for an engine test facility have been completed at Westcott. Current plans are for the plant to be completed and the first ground-based engine tests to begin in 2021, and SABRE engines could be performing uncrewed test flights in a "hypersonic testbed" (HTB) by 2025.

In paper studies, the cost per kilogram (kg) of payload carried to LEO in this way is hoped to be reduced from the current £1,108/kg (), including research and development, to around £650/kg (718.16USD/Kg), with costs expected to fall much more over time after initial expenditures have amortised. In 2004, the developer estimated the total lifetime cost of the Skylon C1 programme to be about $12 billion. , only a small portion of the funding required to develop and build Skylon had been secured. For the first couple of decades the work was privately funded, with public funding beginning in 2009 through a European Space Agency (ESA) contract. The British government pledged £60 million to the project on 16 July 2013 to allow a prototype of the SABRE engine to be built; contracts for this funding were signed in 2015.

Research and development programme

Background and early work
Skylon has its origins within a previous space development programme for an envisioned single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) spaceplane, known as HOTOL. In 1982, when work commenced on the HOTOL by several British companies, there was significant international interest to develop and produce viable reusable launch systems, perhaps the most high-profile of these being the NASA-operated Space Shuttle. In conjunction with British Aerospace and Rolls-Royce, a promising design emerged to which the British government contributed £2 million towards its refinement; British engineer Alan Bond was amongst the engineers who worked on HOTOL. However, during 1988, the British government decided to withdraw further funding from the programme, resulting in development work being terminated. Aerospace publication Flight International observed that HOTOL and other competing spaceplane programmes were "over-ambitious" and that development on such launch systems would involve more research and slower progress than previously envisioned.

Following the setback of HOTOL's cancellation, in 1989 Alan Bond, along with John Scott-Scott and Richard Varvill decided to establish their own company, Reaction Engines Limited, to pursue the development of a viable spaceplane and associated technology using private funding. In 1993, Reaction publicly revealed its spaceplane proposal, which it named Skylon after the Skylon structure that had inspired Alan Bond at the Festival of Britain exhibition. Skylon was a clean sheet redesign based on lessons learned during development of HOTOL, the new concept again utilised dual-mode propulsion system, using engines that could combust hydrogen with the external air during atmospheric flight.
Early on, Skylon was promoted by the company to the ESA for its Future European Space Transportation Investigations Programme (FESTIP) initiative, as well as seeking out both government or commercial investment in order to finance the vehicle's development. Reaction has also sought to form ties with other companies with the aim of producing an international consortium of interested firms to participate in the Skylon programme.

Project brief
The Skylon design features several distinct differences when compared with the earlier HOTOL program. Whereas HOTOL would have launched from a rocket sled as a weight-saving measure, Skylon is to be equipped with conventional retractable undercarriage. The revised engine design, using the SABRE engine, is expected to offer higher performance than its predecessor. The rear mounted engine of HOTOL meant that the vehicle possessed intrinsically poor in-flight stability; early attempts to resolve this problem had ended up sacrificing much of HOTOL's payload potential, which in turn contributed to the failure of the overall project. Skylon's solution to the issue was to position its engines at the end of its wings, which located them further forward and much closer to the vehicle's longitudinal centre of mass, thereby resolving the instability problem.

Reaction intends ultimately to operate as a for-profit commercial enterprise which, upon the completion of development, shall manufacture Skylon vehicles for multiple international customers who shall operate their fleets directly, while being provided with support from Reaction. Skylon has been designed with the target of achieving no less than 200 flights per vehicle. According to the company, its business plan is to sell vehicles for $1 billion each, for which it has forecast a market for at least 30 Skylons, while recurring costs of just $10 million per flight are predicted to be incurred by operators. While the Reaction intends to manufacture some components directly, such as the engine precooler, other components have been designed by partner companies and a consortium of various aerospace firms is expected to handle full production of Skylon.

In service, Skylon could potentially lower the cost of launching satellites which, according to evidence submitted to the UK parliament by Reaction, is forecast to be around £650/kg; as of 2011, the average launch cost using conventional methods was estimated to be roughly £15,000/kg. Amongst other prospective operations, Skylon would be capable of transporting payloads of up to 10-tonnes to the International Space Station. Reaction has also completed internal studies into the use of Skylon as a launch platform for a network of space-based solar power satellites, which have been historically unfeasible due to high launch costs. According to business publication Management Today, Skylon has been discussed as a possible replacement for NASA's Space Shuttle programme.

Funding
Speaking in June 2011, Reaction estimated that it would require ultimately $12 billion to achieve an operational configuration, which was then estimated to be achieved around 2020, dependent on funding. The obtaining of additional financing for the Skylon programme from the British government has often been difficult. During 2000, Reaction issued an ultimately unsuccessful request for funding from the British government; according to the government, Reaction's proposal had involved an offer of a potentially large return on its investment. However, several officials have emerged as proponents and advocated for the official backing of the Skylon programme. Speaking in 2009, the former UK Minister for Science and Innovation, Lord Drayson, stated of Reaction: "This is an example of a British company developing world-beating technology with exciting consequences for the future of space."

During February 2009, following on from a series of extended discussions with the British National Space Centre (which later became the UK Space Agency), it was announced that a major funding agreement had been established between the British National Space Centre, ESA and Reaction, committing €1 million ($1.28 million) for the purpose of producing a demonstration engine for the Skylon programme by 2011. The initiative, known as the Technology Demonstration Programme, was scheduled to last approximately 2.5 years, during which further financing in the form of €1 million was made available by ESA. The 2009 agreement allowed Reaction to involve several external companies, including EADS-owned Astrium, the University of Bristol and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), in further development work. As a consequence of the enactment of the Technology Demonstration Programme, Reaction was able to transition from a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of 2/3 up to 4/5 within a matter of months.

By 2012, according to the UK Space Agency, the funding required to develop and construct the entire craft has not yet been secured; as such, research and development work was at that point mainly focused on the engines alone, which was supported by an ESA grant of €1 million. In January 2011, Reaction submitted a proposal to the British Government requesting additional funding for the Skylon project. On 13 April 2011, Reaction announced that the design of the Skylon had passed several rigorous independent reviews. On 24 May 2011, ESA publicly declared the design to be feasible, having found "no impediments or critical items" to be present in the proposal. Speaking on the topic of Skylon in 2011, David Willetts, the UK Minister of State for Universities and Science, stated:

In June 2013, George Osborne, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, stated that the British government would be giving £60 million towards the further development of the SABRE engine. The grant was contingent upon Reaction having an industrial partner. The first grant of £50 million was approved by the European Commission in August 2015.

In October 2015, British defence conglomerate BAE Systems entered into an agreement with Reaction Engines, under which it would invest £20.6 million in Reaction to acquire 20% of its share capital, as well as to provide assistance in the development of the SABRE engine.

In July 2016, the second grant of £10 million was approved by ESA.

On 25 September 2017 it was announced that the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) had awarded a contract to Reaction Engines for an undisclosed amount to conduct high-temperature airflow testing at a Colorado, United States site of a Reaction Engines precooler called HTX. Testing work is scheduled to start in 2018.

In April 2018, Reaction Engines announced Boeing and Rolls-Royce would be joining BAE Systems as investors in the development of the SABRE engine. A total of $37.5 million of new funding is to be provided including contributions from Baillie Gifford Asset Management and Woodford Investment Management.

Development

In 2000, the firm completed work with University of Bristol testing the precooler.

From 2007 to 2009 Reaction worked with University of Bristol and Airborne Engineering on Project STERN (Static Test Expansion/Deflection Rocket Nozzle), which tested Reaction's engine ignition system, a Reaction designed air breathing hydrogen rocket engine, and investigated the flow stability and behaviour of with Dr Neil Taylor's expansion deflection nozzle design via multiple test-firings by Airborne Engineering. An expansion deflection nozzle is capable of compensating for the changing ambient pressure encountered while gaining altitude during atmospheric flight, thus generating greater thrust and thereby efficiency.

Work on STERN was continued in project STRICT (Static Test Rocket Incorporating Cooled Thrust-chamber), which investigated the stability of the engine's exhaust flow and the dissipation of the generated heat into the engine walls. The results and designs delivered by both the STRICT and STERN projects were subsequently declared by Reaction to have been "a great success".

Static testing of the engine precooler began in June 2011, marking the start of Phase 3 in the Skylon development programme, In April 2012, Reaction announced that the first series of the precooler test programme had been successfully completed. On 10 July 2012, Reaction announced that the second of three series of tests has been completed successfully, and the final series of tests would begin the following month after the testing facilities had been upgraded to allow testing of  temperatures. ESA's propulsion division audited the precooler tests during mid-2012 and found the results satisfactory.

On 9 May 2011, Reaction stated that a preproduction prototype of the Skylon could be flying by 2016, and the proposed route would be a suborbital flight between the Guiana Space Centre near Kourou in French Guiana and the North European Aerospace Test Range, located in northern Sweden. Pre-orders are expected in the 2011–2013 time frame coinciding with the formation of the manufacturing consortium. On 8 December 2011, Alan Bond stated that Skylon would enter into service by 2021–2022 instead of 2020 as previously envisaged. On 13 July 2012, ESA Director-General Jean-Jacques Dordain publicly stated that the ESA would be holding a series of talks with Reaction with the aim of developing a further "technical understanding".

In November 2012, Reaction announced that it would commence work upon a three-and-a-half-year project to develop and build a test rig of the SABRE engine to prove its performance across both the air-breathing and rocket modes. Reaction's precooler tests are still ongoing as of July 2022.

Technology and design

Overview

The Skylon is a fully reusable SSTO vehicle, able to achieve orbit without staging, which is intended to be used principally as a reusable launch system. Proponents of the SSTO approach have often claimed that staging involves a number of inherent complications and problems due to complexity, such as being difficult or typically impossible to recover and reuse most elements, thus unavoidably incurring great expense to produce entirely new launch vehicles instead; therefore, they believe that SSTO designs hold the promise of providing a reduction to the high cost of space flights. Operationally, it is envisioned for the non-crewed Skylon to take off from a specially strengthened runway, gain altitude in a fashion akin to a conventional aeroplane and perform an ascent at very high speeds, in excess of five times the speed of sound (), to attain a peak air-breathing altitude of roughly , where payloads would typically be launched prior to the vehicle's re-entry into the atmosphere, upon which it will conduct a relatively gentle descent before performing a traditional landing upon a runway.

The design of the Skylon D1 features a large cylindrical payload bay,  long and  in diameter. It is designed to be comparable with current payload dimensions, and able to support the containerisation of payloads that Reaction Engines envisions being produced in the future. To an equatorial orbit, Skylon could deliver  to a  altitude or  to a  altitude. Using interchangeable payload containers, Skylon could be fitted to carry satellites or fluid cargo into orbit, or, in a specialised habitation module, the latter being capable of housing a maximum of 30 astronauts during a single launch. Richard Varvill, technical director at Reaction, stated of Reaction's market: "we're competing with expendable rockets, a machine that is only used once".

Because the SABRE engine uses the atmosphere as reaction mass at low altitude, it will have a high specific impulse (around  for SABRE 4, or  for SABRE 3,) and burn about one fifth of the propellant that would have been required by a conventional rocket. Therefore, Skylon would be able to take off with much less total propellant than conventional systems. The weight reduction enabled by the lower quantity of propellant needed meant that the vehicle would not require as much lift or thrust, which in turn permits the use of smaller engines and allows for the use of a conventional wing configuration. While flying within the atmosphere, the use of wings to counteract gravity drag is more fuel-efficient than simply expelling propellant (as in a rocket), which again serves to reduce the total amount of propellant needed. The payload fraction would be significantly greater than normal rockets and the vehicle should be fully reusable, capable of performing in excess of 200 launches.

SABRE engines

One of the most significant features of the Skylon's design is its powerplant, known as Synergetic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine (SABRE). The design of the SABRE engine has drawn heavily upon the STRICT/STERN experimental engines, sharing many features such as the propellant and the adoption of the trialled Expansion Deflection Nozzle, as well as building upon the wider field of liquid air cycle engines (LACE). The engines are designed to operate much like a conventional jet engine to around ,  altitude, beyond which the air inlet closes and the engine operates as a highly efficient rocket to orbital speed. The proposed SABRE engine is not a scramjet, but a jet engine running combined cycles of a precooled jet engine, rocket engine and ramjet. Originally the key technology for this type of precooled jet engine did not exist, as it required a heat exchanger that was ten times lighter than the state of the art. Research conducted since then has achieved the necessary performance.

Operating an air-breathing jet engine at velocities of up to Mach 5.5 poses numerous engineering problems; several previous engines proposed by other designers have worked well as jet engines, but performed poorly as rockets. This engine design aims to be a good jet engine within the atmosphere, as well as being an excellent rocket engine outside; however, the conventional problem posed by operating at Mach 5.5 has been that the air coming into the engine rapidly heats up as it is compressed into the engine; due to certain thermodynamic effects, this greatly reduces the thrust that can be produced by burning fuel. Attempts to avoid these issues have typically resulted in the engine being much heavier (scramjets/ramjets) or has greatly reduced the thrust generated (conventional turbojets/ramjets); in either of these scenarios, the end result would be an engine that possesses a poor thrust to weight ratio at high speeds, which in turn would be too heavy to assist much in reaching orbit.

The SABRE engine design aims to avoid the historic weight-performance issue by using some of the liquid hydrogen fuel to cool helium within a closed-cycle precooler, which quickly reduces the temperature of the air at the inlet. The air is then used for combustion in a similar manner to a conventional jet engine. Once the helium has left the pre-cooler it is further heated by the products of the pre-burner giving it enough energy to drive the turbine and the liquid hydrogen pump. As a consequence of the air being cooled at all speeds, the jet can be built of light alloys and the weight is roughly halved. Additionally, more fuel can be burnt at high speeds. Beyond Mach 5.5, the air would normally become unusably hot despite the cooling; accordingly, the air inlet is closed upon attaining this speed and the engine instead is solely fed via on-board liquid oxygen and hydrogen fuel, as in a traditional rocket.

Fuselage and structure

The currently proposed Skylon model D1 is a large vehicle, possessing a length of  and a diameter of . The fuselage of the Skylon is expected to be a silicon carbide reinforced titanium space frame; a light and strong structure that supports the weight of the aluminium fuel tanks and to which the ceramic skin is attached. Multiple layers of titanium foil thermal insulation are sandwiched between the skin and frame to protect the inside of Skylon from the heat of hypersonic flight and the intense heat of re-entry.

Due to the vehicle's use of a low-density fuel in the form of liquid hydrogen, a great volume is required to contain enough energy to reach orbit. The propellant is intended to be kept at low pressure to minimise stress; a vehicle that is both large and light has an advantage during atmospheric reentry compared to other vehicles due to a low ballistic coefficient. Because of the low ballistic coefficient, Skylon would be slowed at higher altitudes where the air is thinner; as a consequence, the skin of the vehicle would reach only . In contrast, the smaller Space Shuttle was heated to  on its leading edge, and so employed an extremely heat-resistant but fragile silica thermal protection system. The Skylon design does not require such an approach, instead opting for using a far thinner yet durable reinforced ceramic skin; however, due to turbulent flow around the wings during re-entry, some sections of the vehicle shall need to be provided with active cooling systems.

The Skylon will possess a retractable undercarriage, equipped with high pressure tyres and water-cooled brakes; if any difficulties were to occur just before a take-off, the brakes would be applied to stop the vehicle, the water boiling away to dissipate the heat. During a normal landing, the empty vehicle would be far lighter, and hence the water would not be required, so upon a successful take-off, the  of water would be jettisoned. When this feature was introduced in the C1 model of the design the weight of the brakes was reduced from around .

Support facilities
A special runway will be required for launch: it needs to be reinforced to tolerate the high equivalent single wheel load; necessitated by the Skylon's 325 tonnes takeoff weight; it will need to have heat resistant sections at the start of the take-off run and at the rotation zone; and it will have to be  long to allow the Skylon to accelerate to its  rotation speed, yet still have  to abort the launch and brake to a standstill if required. At nearly 20,000 feet, this would be the longest paved runway in the world. The Skylon would be able to land on a  Code F civil runway.

When on the ground, it would undergo inspection and necessary maintenance, with a turnaround time of approximately two days, and be able to complete at least 200 orbital flights per vehicle.

Specifications (Skylon D1)

See also
 Reaction Engines A2, a Reaction design for an antipodal airliner using similar engine technology
 CFASTT-1, a similar design by University of Strathclyde
 Reusable launch system

References

Citations

Bibliography

  IAC-15,D2,1,8,x31601

External links

 Reaction Engines Limited
 Mark Hempsell from REL on The Space Show talking about Skylon
 World Tiles  Skylon model
 Liquid Air Cycle Engine (LACE) rocket equation reasonably well predicts the performance of Skylon
 Video animation TROY Mars Mission Concept
 Video – SKYLON – Operations from Reaction Engines Ltd on Vimeo.

Space programme of the United Kingdom
Canard aircraft
Hydrogen-powered aircraft
Hypersonic aircraft
Mixed-power aircraft
Proposed space vehicles
Reaction Engines aircraft
Proposed reusable launch systems
Rocket-powered aircraft
Single-stage-to-orbit
Spaceplanes
Pre-cooled air-breathing rocket engines

Skylon (spacecraft)


Hugo Oscar Juri (Córdoba, 2 de octubre de 1948) es un médico y docente argentino, que ejerció como Ministro de Educación durante menos de un año, bajo la presidencia de Fernando de la Rúa. Fue rector de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba desde el año 1998 al 2000. En 2016 fue electo de nuevo junto a Ramón Pedro Yanzi Ferreyra para un mandato de tres años, siendo el primero elegido por voto directo en esta universidad. En 2019 fue reelecto hasta el 2022, siendo sucedido por el Mgter. Jhon Boretto.

Biografía

Formación y trayectoria académica
Ingresó al Liceo Militar General Paz, en 1961, y egresó  en 1965 (Promoción XVII) con el título de Subteniente de Reserva del Ejército Argentino. Algunos camaradas conocidos son: Antonio María Hernández, Fernando Vaca Narvaja y Juan Schiaretti, entre otros.

Graduado de Médico Cirujano en la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) en 1971, se doctoró en medicina en la misma Universidad en 1984. Se especializó en cirugía del cuello y cabeza en la Universidad Estatal de Nueva York, en Estados Unidos, donde también fue docente. Realizó otras especializaciones, incluyendo uno en Universidad de Harvard.

A principios de los años 1990 regresa a la Argentina, ocupando un cargo como docente interino en la Facultad de Medicina de la UNC. Allí sería designado por concurso en 1992 como profesor adjunto de la materia Informática médica. En esta facultad creó la carrera de Magíster en Administración de Salud y fue profesor de Física Biomédica.

Dirigió varios proyectos de medicina de alta complejidad, incluyendo la cirugía láser, de la que fue el máximo exponente en el país, creando el Centro Láser Córdoba, dedicado a la investigación y formación de especialistas en esa rama técnica. En 1995 fue el organizador del Congreso Mundial de Cirugía Láser.

Interesado en el desarrollo formativo de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, integró repetidamente su claustro de profesores. En 1993 fue elegido como decano de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la UNC, cargo que asumiría al año siguiente. Había sido Secretario de Salud y Ambiente de la ciudad de Córdoba.

En 1995 asume como vicerrector de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, acompañando a Eduardo Staricco. Desde allí construyó un espacio político con una fracción del radicalismo, el peronismo y la derecha que le permitió llegar al rectorado de la universidad en 1997. En 1999 asumió la presidencia del Consejo Interuniversitario Nacional.

Ministro de Educación (2000-2001)
Tras la renuncia de Llach, en septiembre de ese año, el presidente Fernando de la Rúa nombró a Juri en su reemplazo. Fue muy bien recibido por la comunidad universitaria, aunque no por ello se detuvieron las manifestaciones en contra de la política económica restrictiva que llavaba adelante el gobierno nacional.

No obstante, al asumir el nuevo Ministro de Economía de la Nación, Ricardo López Murphy, anunció nuevas medidas de ajuste económico. El día 16 de marzo, el ministro anunció al país, en una conferencia pública al país, medidas que incluían restricciones al presupuesto de educación y anunció el arancelamiento de la totalidad de la educación universitaria. El ministro Juri, que se encontraba presente, se levantó en medio de la conferencia y se dirigió al presidente, a quien presentó de inmediato su renuncia indeclinable. La crisis desatada por tales anuncios, que causó huelgas generalizadas y protestas violentas, incluyendo tomas de universidades por parte de estudiantes secundarios y universitarios, provocó la renuncia de López Murphy, solo cuatro días más tarde.

Actividad posterior
La carrera educativa y médica de Juri continuó tras su paso por el Ministerio de Educación, y llegó a ser presidente de la Comisión Nacional para el Mejoramiento de la Educación Superior, miembro del Consejo Académico del Centro de Estudios sobre Universidad y Educación Superior, y miembro correspondiente de la Academia Nacional de Educación.

En 2016 se presentó como candidato a rector de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, acompañado por Pedro Yanzi Ferreyra como candidato a vicerrector. La fórmula de Juri se impuso en cuarta vuelta con 118 votos contra 107 que obtuvo Francisco Tamarit. De esta manera, la Asamblea Universitaria consagró a Hugo Juri como Rector de la UNC para el período 2016-2019. En mayo de 2019, Juri es reelecto junto a Pedro Yanzi Ferreira para el periodo 2019-2022.

Premios y distinciones

 Premio Mejor Tesis del Año. Cirugía. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. 1985.-
 Miembro Honorario de la Sociedad de Cirugía de Cuba.
 Presidente de la Sociedad Internacional de Laser en Medicina y cirugía- Bangkok- Tailandia
 Caballero Gran Cruz de la Orden de Isabel la Católica otorgado personalmente por el Rey Juan Carlos de España. Máxima condecoración civil española.

Referencias

Académicos de la Academia Nacional de Educación
Cordobeses (capital)
Cirujanos de Argentina
Rectores de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
Médicos de la provincia de Córdoba (Argentina)
Ministros de Educación de Argentina
Alumnado de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
Rectores de universidades de Argentina
Caballeros grandes cruces de la Orden de Isabel la Católica
Gabinete de Fernando de la Rúa

Hugo Juri


271009 Reitterferenc este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
271009 Reitterferenc este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Piszkesteto de Krisztián Sárneczky. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,40 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 0,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 271001-272000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2002
Centura de asteroizi

271009 Reitterferenc


An Liparis sachalinensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Takenoshin Nakai. An Liparis sachalinensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Liparis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Liparis (Orchidaceae)

Liparis sachalinensis


İbradı, Antalya ilinin en az nüfuslu ilçesi.

İlçenin adının Arapça ''ibrad'' yani "soğuk yer" manasındaki sözcükten geldiği düşünülür. 2022 Sonu itibarıyla nüfusu 2875'dir.

Tarihçe
Psidya sınırları içinde yer alan İbradı'nın kuruluş tarihi tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Ancak, İbradı ve çevresinde bulunan kalıntılardan Roma devrine uzandığı tahmin edilmektedir. Örneğin, İbradı'ya 2 km. mesafede kurulu Ormana Belediyesi ile 7 km. mesafedeki Ürünlü Köyü' nün arasında Helenistik Dönem Erymna Antik Kenti'nin kalıntıları mevcuttur. Kentin nekropolü ise Ormana'yı çevreleyen kayalık sırtlardır.

Yine Ormana'ya 11 km uzaklıkta Çukurviran köyü çevresinde Helenistik dönemlere ait kalıntılar görülmektedir. İbradı kervan yolunun Kesikbel mevkiinde bulunan Selçuklu Kervansarayı'ndan geriye sadece temel taşları kalmıştır. Evliya Çelebi, ünlü Seyahatname'sinde ibradı'nın 17. yüzyılda oldukça mamur ve mühim bir belde olduğunu yazar.

Coğrafya
İlçe doğusunda Beratlı, Trabeza, Kurkur, Çuvallı, Aktepe; batısında Melik, Toka, Geçkar ve Çeçkar, Uluçukur, Kesik; kuzeyinde Zimbit, Obet, Gaydan, Uluçukur, Akpınar, Lök, Pınarcık, Enerli; güneyinde Katara, Karadağ, Akıncı, Kurtgediği dağları ile çevrilmiştir. Gembos ve Gemboğazı ovası İbradı'nın kuzeyinde Dereköy ile Göynem ve İbradı arasındadır. Rakamı 1300 metredir. Dağlardan inen sularla dolar göl halini alır. En kuzey ucu Taşköprü, en güney ucun da Başpayam İbradı belidir. Ortası, Ortapayam ve Erilikli adıyla anılır. Kapladığı arazi aynı bir bademi andırır. Bu ovanın genişliği 2 km uzunluğu 15 km'dir. Bir diğer ova olan Eynif Ovası Toka, Karadağ ve Cimriği Dağları arasındadır. Genişliği Gembos'a yakındır. Üzümcü Ovası ise Başlar Köyü yakınında olup, İbradı'nın Çukurviran Mahallesi yanındadır. Ekim ve meraya elverişli bir sahadır. Bu üç ovadan ilçede başka küçük çapta ovalar bulunmaktadır.

Ancak İbradı'nın kendisi bir yayladır. Selçuklu Sultanı Alaaddin Keykubat'ın İbradı'yı yazlık konaklama yeri olarak kullandığı söylenir. Denizden yüksekliği 950 metre olan İbradı'da yaz aylarında ortalama sıcaklık gündüz 30 derece gece ise 10 °C'dir. Nem ise yok denecek kadar az olduğu için insan vücudunda terleme olmaz.

Yöre halkından özellikle hayvancılıktan geçimini temin edenler ise de 1200-1500 metre yüksekliğindeki ardıç, sedir ve çam ormanlarıyla kaplı Sütleğen, Söbüce, Sülek, Elmaağacı yaylarına çıkmakta, buraların doğa güzelliğinin yanı sıra serin havası ve soğuk kaynak suları ile insanların ilgisini çekmektedir. Çadırlı olarak kamp yapmak için ideal yerler, İbradı - Beyşehir yolu üzerindeki yaylalardır.

Bademli"den başlayarak Gümüşdamla'da (Zilan) İbradı konağı adındaki yerde çıkan pınarlardan meydana gelen ve Üzümdere önünden geçtikten sonra Unulla (Ürünlü) ile Menerye arasından geçerek, Manavgat'a inen Manavgat Çayı bölgenin en büyük ırmağıdır. Bu ırmak üzerinde Üzümdere köyü civarında Gavuryolu denilen yerde başka bir pınar suyunu alarak İbradı Değirmeni yanında epeyce çoğalmış olur. Irmak kenarında zeytin, incir gibi iklime has bitkiler yetişmektedir ve özellikle turistlerin ilgisini çeken Alabalık bulunmaktadır.

İlçede ayrıca turistik yönden önemli yere sahip olan Altınbeşik - Düdensuyu Mağarası vardır.

Nüfus

Ekonomi
İlçenin dağlık bir bölgede bulunuşu hayvancılık faaliyetlerini geliştirmiştir. En çok beslenen hayvan kıl keçisidir. Tarımsal faaliyetlerde pazara dönük bir üretim yapılmamaktadır. Tahıl ve meyvecilik başlıca yer tutmaktadır. Yüksek kesimlerdeki ormanlardan kesim ve dikim işçiliği yapılmaktadır.

Turizm İlçede turizm açısından değer taşıyan en önemli varlık 1994 yılında çevresindeki alanla birlikte milli park ilan edilen Altınbeşik Mağarası'dır. Mağara turizme açılmış olup yerli ve yabancı turistlerin ilgisini çekmektedir.İlçede Roma devrini ait olduğu tahmin edilen tarihi kalıntılarda bulunmaktadır. Ormana Beldesi Ürünlü köyü arasında Roma Dönemi Erimna Antik Kenti ile Çukurviran Mahallesi civarındaki kalıntılardan söz edilebilir.İlçenin dağlık coğrafyası kendisine özgü doğal bir turizm potansiyeli oluşturmakta, özellikle safari turları ve günü birlik geziler için uygun bulunmaktadır. Yine İbradı Merkezi'nde 7 adet tarihi konak koruma altına alınarak turizme kazandırılmıştır.İbradı Antik Melas Irmağının çıkışına yakın dağlık kısımdadır. Vaktiyle Psidya sınırları buraya kadar uzanırdı. Psidya hudutları içinde olan Erimna şehrin meydana getirdiği Ormana Beldesi ile Unulla (Ürünlü) köyü arasındaki küçük bir tepe üzerinde bazı burç ve sarnıç harabeleri ile çeşitli taşlara rastlanmaktadır. İbradı'nın Çukurviran Soğukoluk ve Kayadibi mevkiilerinde Yunan Kadim devrine ait taş ve yapılara rastlanmaktadır. Eynif ve Kesik Beli yolu üzerinde Bahadır Oluğu Pınarı bir Selçuklu eseridir. Yine bu çevrede Tolhan canlılığını korumaktadır. İlçede 7 adet eski konak (ev) bir adet cami, bir mezarlık, korunması gerekli kültür ve tabiat varlıklarındandır. İbradı Mezarlığı Arkeolojik sit alanı kapsamında, Çukurviran Mahallesindeki anıt mezar, İbradı'daki asırlık Arabastı Kestanesi ağacı da korunması gereken kültür ve tabiat varlıklarındandır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 YerelNet
 İbradi Belediyesi

İbradı


Skuldelev 6 er en fiskebåd fra slutningen vikingetiden som blev fundet i Roskilde Fjord i 1998. Den blev oprindeligt bygget i Sognefjorden i Norge.

Skuldelev 6 er bygget ved Sognefjorden i Vestnorge. Det originale skib er bygget i Sognefjorden i Norge omkring år 1030. Det er mærkværdigvis på samme sted og på samme tid som det havgående handelsskib Skuldelev 1.

Konstruktion
Skibet er bygget omkring 1030, og med sikkerhed efter 1027. Skuldelev 6 er hovedsageligt bygget fyrretræ, men også birk og egetræ er anvendt.

Delene i den indvendige konstruktion er fremstillet af fyr, rødel og birk. Der er flere ligheder i konstruktionen af de to skibe, som viser slægtskabet. F.eks. har de begge det specielle, langsgående bundknæk i skibssiden under vandlinjen.

Dybdegangen på skibet har været omkring 0,5 m, hvilket har gjort den velegnet til meget lavt vand. Det tyder på, at båden oprindeligt har været brugt til fiskeri i de norske fjorde. På et tidspunkt er fartøjet dog blevet forhøjet med en planke i hver side. Ved denne ombygning har man fjernet de oprindelige åretolde, og antallet af årer er blevet reduceret. Årsagen til ombygningen er sandsynligvis, at man har ville bruge den til transport langs Norges kyster frem for til fiskeri.

Rekonstruktion

Efter fundet af Skuldelev 6 begyndte man snart efter en rekonstruktion af vikingeskibet. Det stod færdigt og blev søsat i 1998 under navnet Kraka Fyr. Denne rekonstruktion er fremstillet som Skuldelev 6 oprindeligt har set ud. Stævnen, der ikke er bevaret, blev bygget på baggrund af den, som findes på skuldelev 3. Skuldelev 3 er også blevet rekonstrueret som båden Roar Ege.

I 2010 byggede man atter en rekonstruktion kaldet Skjoldungen. Ved denne rekonstruktion ændrede man stævnen på baggrund af flere arkæologiske fund af fiskerbåde i Vestnorge samt på baggrund af stævnen på Skuldelev 1, som båden minder en del om.

Begge rekonstruktioner findes i dag i museumshavnen ved Vikingeskibsmuseet.

Referencer

Eksterne Henvisninger

 Skuldelev 6  på Vikingeskibsmuseets hjemmeside
 The Roskilde 6 Ship
 Billeder af Kraka Fyr

Skuldelev-skibene

Skuldelev 6


Hovin Station (Hovin stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Dovrebanen, der ligger ved byområdet Hovin i Melhus kommune i Norge. Stationen består af to spor, to perroner og en stationsbygning i rødmalet træ.

Stationen åbnede 5. august 1864, da Trondhjem–Størenbanen, nu en del af Dovrebanen, stod færdig. Oprindeligt hed den Hovind, men den skiftede navn til Hovin 23. april 1921. Den blev fjernstyret 27. juli 1965.

Stationen ligger lige syd for Gaulfossen, hvor elven Gaula løber gennem en trang dal. Den trange dal gør områderne omkring elven ekstra udsatte for oversvømmelser. Ved en stormflod 24. juni 1918 stod vandet til skulderhøjde på stationen, mens det 24. august 1940 stod til op over stueetagen på stationsbygningen.

Galleri

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Dovrebanen
Etableret i 1864
Jernbanestationer i Trøndelag

Hovin Station


Erich Bechtolf (* 8. April 1891 in Elberfeld; † 30. Oktober 1969 in Hamburg) war ein deutscher Jurist. Er war von 1942 bis 1945 und von 1952 bis 1957 Vorstandsmitglied und von 1960 bis 1967 Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender der Deutschen Bank.

Leben
Erich Bechtolf war verheiratet mit Margarete Bechtolf, geborene Schwammborn, mit der er einen Sohn, den am 2. April 1923 in Wuppertal geborenen Politikwissenschaftler und im Vorstand der Vereins- und Westbank Hamburg mitwirkenden Hans Joachim Bechtolf, hatte. Nach dem Jurastudium arbeitete Erich Bechtolf zunächst als Syndikus beim Arbeitgeber-Verband in Elberfeld, bevor er 1922 zur Deutschen Bank wechselte. 1925 wurde Bechtolf zunächst Filialleiter in Hamm, bevor er 1928 als Abteilungsdirektor in das Sekretariat der Berliner Filiale wechselte. In den folgenden Jahren wirkte er bei der Fusion mit der Disconto-Gesellschaft als juristischer Berater mit und ging 1932 als Filialleiter nach Hamburg, wo er vor allem die Geschäftsverbindungen zu den Großreedereien wie der HAPAG aufbaute und pflegte. 1940 wechselte er in den Aufsichtsrat der niederländischen Handel-Maatschappij H. Albert de Bary & Co.-Bank in den besetzten Niederlanden.
1942 wurde er Vorstandsmitglied der Deutschen Bank, wo er für die rheinischen und sächsischen Filialbezirke zuständig war. 1945 ging Bechtolf nach Hamburg, weil man für die erwartete russische Besetzung Berlins eine Verlagerung der Bankzentrale in den Westen organisieren wollte.

Im Jahr 1946 wurde er von den Alliierten suspendiert. Ab Ende 1947 setzte Bechtolf seine Arbeit im sogenannten Führungsstab Hamburg fort.  In der sogenannten Teilbankenzeit war Bechtolf Mitglied im Vorstand der Norddeutschen Bank in Hamburg. Nach der Entnazifizierung durch die britischen Militärs nahm Bechtolf ab 1948 in der Leitung des Führungsstabes Hamburg an der Dezentralisierung der Großbanken in der britischen Besatzungszone teil. Dabei war Bechtolf vor allem für die Börse und Rechtsabteilung zuständig. Von 1960 bis 1967 war er Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender der Deutschen Bank.

Sein Enkelsohn ist der Theaterschauspieler und Regisseur Sven-Eric Bechtolf (* 1957).

Positionen
 Mitglied des Vorstandes der Deutschen Bank AG
 Sprecher des Vorstands der Norddeutschen Bank AG
 Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender der Deutschen Bank AG
 Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender von Hoesch
 Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender der Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken
 Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender der Nord-Deutschen Lebensversicherungs-AG

Ehrungen
 1956: Großes Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Literatur
 Lothar Gall: Die Deutsche Bank 1870–1995. Beck, München 1995, ISBN 3-406-39997-5.

Weblinks
 Biografie auf der Internetpräsenz der Historischen Gesellschaft der Deutschen Bank e.V. (abgerufen 17. Juli 2022)

Anmerkungen

Person (Deutsche Bank AG)
Träger des Großen Bundesverdienstkreuzes
Person (deutsche Besetzung der Niederlande 1940–1945)
Deutscher
Geboren 1891
Gestorben 1969
Mann

Erich Bechtolf


La microrregión de Jaguariaíva es una de las microrregiones del estado brasileño del Paraná perteneciente a la mesorregión Centro Oriental Paranaense. Su población fue estimada en 2009 por el IBGE en 105.061 habitantes y está dividida en cuatro municipios. Posee un área total de 5.653,986 km².

Municipios

 Arapoti
 Jaguariaíva
 Piraí do Sul
 Sengés

Jaguariaíva

Microrregión de Jaguariaíva


Abraham Kennedy Wogute (* 28. Februar 1974) ist ein in Kenia lebender ugandischer Badmintonspieler.

Karriere
Abraham Wogute gewann von 1994 bis 1998 sieben Titel bei den Kenya International. 2009 war er bei den Uganda International erfolgreich. 2006 und 2010 nahm er an den Commonwealth Games teil.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen

Badmintonspieler (Uganda)
Badmintonspieler (Kenia)
Geboren 1974
Mann
Ugander
Teilnehmer an den Commonwealth Games (Uganda)

Abraham Wogute


Hysterionica, rod glavočika smješten u podtribus Homochrominae,  dio tribusa Astereae.

Postoje 11 vrsta, sve su iz Južne Amerike,

Vrste
 Hysterionica aberrans Cabrera
 Hysterionica bakeri Hicken
 Hysterionica cabrerae Ariza
 Hysterionica glaucifolia (Kuntze) Solbrig
 Hysterionica jasionoides Willd.
 Hysterionica matzenbacheri A.A.Schneid.
 Hysterionica nebularis Deble, A.S.Oliveira & Marchiori
 Hysterionica pinnatiloba Matzenb. & Sobral
 Hysterionica pinnatisecta Matzenb. & Sobral
 Hysterionica pulchella Cabrera
 Hysterionica resinosa (Spreng.) P.L.R.Moraes

Izvori

Conyzinae

Hysterionica


Harvester of Sorrow (englisch für "Ernter des Kummers") ist ein Lied der US-amerikanischen Metal-Band Metallica. Es wurde im Vereinigten Königreich als zweite Single ihres vierten Studioalbums …And Justice for All ausgekoppelt, während in Nordamerika Eye of the Beholder als zweite Single veröffentlicht wurde.

Hintergrund
Harvester of Sorrow wurde von James Hetfield und Lars Ulrich geschrieben. Das Lied ist in einem für die Band zur damaligen Zeit langsamen Tempo gehalten. Gegen Ende des Liedes spielt sie es auf eine gegentaktische Weise. Textlich geht es um einen Mann, der ein normales Leben führt und eine Frau und drei Kinder hat. Eines Tages dreht der Mann durch und bringt alle Menschen in seiner Umgebung um.

Als B-Seite nahm die Band Coverversionen der Lieder Breadfan und The Prince auf, welche im Original von der walisischen Heavy-Metal-Band Budgie bzw. der englischen Heavy-Metal-Band Diamond Head geschrieben wurden.

Live-Aufführungen
Erstmals wurde das Lied am 23. Mai 1988 bei einem Konzert in Los Angeles gespielt. Harvester of Sorrow gehört zu den regelmäßig gespielten Liedern der Band und wurde über 600 Mal aufgeführt. Lediglich zwischen 1995 und 2003 wurde das Lied nicht gespielt. Eine Liveversion des Liedes wurde als B-Seite für die Single Nothing Else Matters verwendet. Bei dieser Version vergaß die Band, den zweiten Refrain zu spielen.

Rezeption

Die Single erreichte Platz 20 in den britischen Singlecharts. Harvester of Sorrow belegte in der vom Magazin Guitar World erstellten Liste der 100 besten Metallica-Lieder aller Zeiten Platz 31.

Coverversionen
 2000: Link 80
 2001: Funker Vogt
 2003: Apocalyptica

Weblinks
 Liedtext und Übersetzung

Einzelnachweise

Lied 1988
Thrash-Metal-Song
Metallica-Lied
Lied von James Hetfield
Lied von Lars Ulrich

Harvester of Sorrow


Die beiden stillgelegten Schächte des Kaliwerks Gewerkschaft Großherzog Wilhelm Ernst (Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach) liegen unmittelbar westlich von Oldisleben, einem Ortsteil von An der Schmücke im thüringischen Kyffhäuserkreis (vergleiche untenstehenden Lageplan). Sie befinden sich auf dem einstigen Gebiet der "Exklave Oldisleben".

Am 9. Dezember 1905 wurde mit dem Abteufen des Schachtes Großherzog Wilhelm Ernst I (auch als Schacht Möllendorf bezeichnet) begonnen, seine Endteufe mit 595 m erreichte man nach drei Jahren. Die zweite Schachtanlage, Schacht Großherzog Wilhelm Ernst II (auch Schacht Hainthal genannt) liegt ca. 1325 m westlich vom Schacht I. Mit seinem Abteufen begann man erst sieben Jahre später, am 6. November 1912. Seine Endteufe mit 621 m erreichte man Anfang 1914. Die Gewinnung von Carnallitit und Hartsalz erfolgte ab 1908. Die bergmännische Abbaumethode war das Kammerbau-Verfahren. Die Verarbeitung der geförderten Salze erfolgte in der gewerkschaftseigenen Kalifabrik, zu der eine Seilbahn führte. Im Jahre 1922 wurde die Schachtanlage Großherzog Wilhelm Ernst gemäß § 83a der Stilllegungsverordnung stillgelegt (nähere Erläuterungen zu den betreffenden Rechtsvorschriften: siehe unter Abschnitt "Stilllegung des Kaliwerkes"). Beide Schächte wurden im Jahre 1923 mit einem Betondeckel verschlossen.

Such- und Erkundungsarbeiten
Im Jahr 1861 gelang es chemischen Fabriken im Staßfurter Raum, die als "unrein" bezeichneten, beim Abteufen der ursprünglich nur auf die Gewinnung von Steinsalz zur Anreicherung der schwachen Sole der Staßfurter Saline niedergebrachten Schächte v. d. Heydt / v. Manteuffel vorgefundenen carnallitischen Salze für eine technische Verwendung nutzbar zu machen. Es war möglich geworden, das in diesen Salzen enthaltene Kaliumchlorid (KCl) zu lösen und letztlich als Düngemittel in der Landwirtschaft zu vermarkten. Und das Bekanntwerden dieser Kalisalzfunde -das "Staßfurter Berggeschrey"- regte auch an Unstrut und Finne die Suche nach solchen Salzlagerstätten an.

Die Hallesche Tiefbohrgesellschaft Thumann erbohrte "bei Oldisleben" ein von 309 m bis 690,5 m reichendes Steinsalzlager, ohne jedoch das Kalilager anzutreffen. Eine weitere Bohrung, Tiefbohrung II in der "Eselsgasse im Eingangstal zum Möllendorf", erschloss von 502,45 bis 522,75 m Kalisalze. Die Ansatzpunkte dieser Bohrungen sind heute nicht mehr genau zu belegen.

Die geologischen und hydrogeologischen Lagerstättenbedingungen

Das Grubenfeld der Gewerkschaft Großherzog Wilhelm Ernst befindet sich auf der Südwest-Flanke des Heldrunger Sattels. Dieser streicht parallel zum Roßlebener Sattel, welcher zum nordöstlichen Teil der Hermandurischen Scholle gerechnet wird. Unmittelbar südöstlich befinden sich die Grubenfelder der Gewerkschaften Irmgard, Walter und Heldrungen II. Schacht I (Möllendorf) erreichte das Kaliflöz Staßfurt bei 515,0 m Teufe, Schacht II (Hainthal) bei 528,8 m (vergleiche nebenstehende Schichtenprofile).

Hydrogeologisch ist das gesamte Gebiet der an Unstrut und Finne gelegenen Kalischächte gekennzeichnet durch die starke Wasserführung des Buntsandsteins, insbesondere der Rogensteinzonen des Unteren Buntsandsteins. Zuflüsse beim Abteufen der Schächte bis zu 4 m³ / min waren nicht selten.

Der Betrieb des Kaliwerkes

Die finanziell-betriebswirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse

Gründung:
Statut vom 31. Juli, 1. August 1905 und 16. Juli 1906, handelsgerichtliche Eintragung Oktober 1905.

Kuxe der früheren Gewerkschaft:
1000, davon befanden sich 501 im Besitz der Deutschen Kaliwerke. Die Majorität befand sich 1921 in den Händen der Gewerkschaft Alexandershall und wurde dann von den Deutschen Kaliwerken übernommen.

Gegenstand des Unternehmens:
Anlage und Betrieb eines Salz- resp. Kalisalzbergwerks im Gebiet der Großherzoglichen Sächsischen Exklave Oldisleben, sowie Herstellung und Betrieb aller Anlagen, die Ausnutzung jenes Bergwerks und die Verwertung der Produkte desselben in roher oder verarbeiteter Form, ferner die Beteiligung an Bergwerken, Bohrgesellschaften oder chemischen Fabriken.

Gerechtsame:
Für die Exklave Oldisleben ist durch Vertrag vom 12. Februar 1901 das alleinige Recht der Schürfung auf Kalisalze, sowie der eventuellen späteren Ausbeutung der etwa erschlossenen Kalifelder seitens der Großherzoglich Weimarischen Regierung Amtsrat Hühne im Schackental mit der Maßgabe übertragen, dass innerhalb eines Jahres vom Tage der eigentlichen Verleihung der Gerechtsame, die im September 1905 erfolgte, mit dem Schachtbau begonnen wird, und dass spätestens im Jahre 1908 die Förderung ihren Anfang nimmt. Die Gerechtsame umfasst 2150 ha gleich ca. 10 Normalfelder und ist mit einer jährlichen Grubenfeldabgabe von 6550,80 M. belastet. Ferner erhält die Weimarische Regierung 10 % des Reingewinns. Die Gerechtsame umfasst die ganze Exklave Oldisleben und grenzt westlich an die Felder Günthershall und östlich an die von Heldrungen I und II.

Schachtanlage: Am 9. Dezember 1905 erfolgte der erste Spatenstich für den auf den Namen "Wilhelm Ernst" getauften Schacht, welcher eine lichte Weite von 5½ m hat. Er ist bis zur Endteufe von 595 m fertiggestellt. Der Schacht steht von 0 – 6 ½ m in Mauerung. Die Wasser wurden bei 150 m endgültig abgeschlossen. Die obere Sohle wurde bei 540 m unter dem Kalilager im älteren Steinsalz, die untere Sohle bei 580 m angesetzt. Die Aufschlüsse auf den Sohlen ergaben gute Carnallite, daneben Hartsalze.
Der neue Schacht der Schachtanlage Hainthal ist im Herbst 1912 in Angriff genommen. Er steht von 0 – 12,6 m in Mauerung, von 12,6 – 177 m in Tübbings, von 177 – 621 m in Mauerung (Endteufe). Der Schacht erreichte das Kalisalzlager im Dezember 1913. Ab 1. Februar 1914 erhielt die Schachtanlage Hainthal die vorläufige Beteiligungsziffer. Diese wurde mit Gültigkeit ab 1. Februar 1916 erteilt. Die beiden Schächte wurden im Jahre 1923 nach der Betriebsstilllegung mit einem Betondeckel verschlossen.

Abwässerkonzession:Für eine tägliche Verarbeitung von 10 000 dz vorhanden.
Beteiligungsziffer:Die Quoten sind infolge Stilllegung der Schächte bis Ende 1953 verkauft. Ab 1. Oktober 1932 betragen die Quoten für Schacht I 4,4237 Tausendstel, für Schacht II 3,9971 Tausendstel.

Liquidation und Besitzübergang an die Kali-Industrie (spätere Wintershall) A.-G. :
Die Gewerkenversammlung vom 20. September 1926 beschloss die Liquidation der Gewerkschaft und Veräußerung des Gesamtvermögens an die Kali-Industrie A.-G. Im Umtausch bot die Kali-Industrie Aktiengesellschaft den Gewerken pro Kux nom. 1000 RM Kali-Industrie-Aktien. Das Umtauschangebot erging mit Wirksamkeit ab 4. Mai 1927. Voran ging der Transaktion der Abschluss eines Interessengemeinschaftsvertrages, in dem die Kali-Industrie A.-G. den Gewerken pro Kux die Dividende von zweieinhalb Kali-Industrie-Aktien (je 400 RM) bot. [aus MOSSNER, 1936]

Hier einige statistische Zahlen aus den Jahren 1907 bis 1914:

1907: Besitzer: Gewerkschaft "Großherzog Wilhelm Ernst" in Weimar. Verwaltung: J.H. Sachse, Vorsitzender des Grubenvorstandes, in Hannover. Anzahl der Kuxe: 1000. Name der Anlage: "Schacht Wilhelm Ernst" in Oldisleben. Das Werk befindet sich noch nicht in Förderung, Schacht zurzeit ca. 240 m tief. An Aufbereitungsanstalten befinden sich die Chlorkaliumfabrik und Salzmühle im Bau. Die sonstigen Gebäude über Tage sind fast vollständig fertiggestellt. Betriebsführer: Wilhelm Lichte und Arthur Sachse in Oldisleben.

1908: Besitzer, Verwaltung und Kuxe wie 1907. Das Werk beginnt am 15. Oktober dieses Jahres die Förderung. Der Schacht ist bis zur Endteufe von 595 m fertiggestellt. Die Chlorkaliumfabrik ist soweit fertiggestellt, dass die bei den Aufschlussarbeiten entfallenden Salze verarbeitet werden können. An dem weiteren Ausbau der Fabrik wird gearbeitet. Die sonstigen Betriebsanlagen über Tage sind fertiggestellt. Technische Leitung: Betriebsführer Wilhelm Lichte, Betriebsführer Arthur Sachse und Karl Koelichen, sämtlich in Oldisleben. Zubußen: 1905 250 Mark, 1906 1450 Mark, 1907 822,22 Mark pro Kux bei 900 zubußepflichtigen Kuxen. 100 zubußefreie Kuxe gehören der Gewerkschaft. Auf dieselben hat die Großherzoglich Sächsische Regierung ein Optionsrecht zur Übernahme gegen Erstattung des auf diese Kuxe entfallenden Anteils der aufgewandten Kosten.

1909: Besitzer, Verwaltung und Kuxe wie 1907. Das Werk hat im Mai 1908 mit der Förderung begonnen. Schacht und Fabrik sowie die Tagesanlagen sind fertiggestellt. Technische Leitung: Betriebsführer Wilhelm Lichte, Betriebsingenieur Arthur Sachse und Fabrikleiter Karl Koelichen, sämtlich in Oldisleben. Arbeiterzahl: 221 Mann. Mitglied des Kali-Syndikats.

1910: wie 1909.

1911: Besitzer, Verwaltung und Kuxe wie 1907. Technische Leitung: Betriebsführer Wilhelm Lichte, Betriebsingenieur Robert Meyer in Oldisleben. Durchschnittliche Arbeiterzahl: 88 Mann. Mitglied des Kali-Syndikats, Beteiligungsquote an Gewerkschaft Alexandershall verkauft.

1912: Besitzer, Verwaltung und Kuxe wie 1907. Vorrichtungs- und Aufschlussarbeiten werden in geringem Umfange betrieben. Technische Leitung: Betriebsführer Klaube, Betriebsingenieur Robert Meyer in Oldisleben. Durchschnittliche Arbeiterzahl: 88 Mann. Mitglied des Kali-Syndikats.

1913: wie 1912.

1914: Besitzer: wie zuvor. Grubenvorstand: Vorsitzender: W. Piepmeyer, Kassel; stellvertr. Vorsitzender: W. Mayer, München; Mitglieder: Kommerzienrat Isenstein, Hannover, Bergrat G. Kost, Hannover, Generaldirektor M. Tathke, Berka a.d. Werra, ein Delegierter des Großherzoglich Sächsischen Staatsministeriums. Verwaltung: J. H. Sachse, Oldisleben, Direktor; F. Mönkemeyer und R. Meyer, beide zu Oldisleben, Prokuristen. Durchschnittliche Arbeiterzahl: 250 Mann. Mitglied des Kali-Syndikats.

Der Schachtbau
Schacht I ("Möllendorf" oder "Wilhelm Ernst I" genannt):

Höhe der Rasenhängebank: +170,97 m NN. Gesamtteufe: 595,0 m.
1. Sohle: –359,02 m NN = 540-m-Sohle (Wettersohle).
2. Sohle: –408,72 m NN = 580-m–Sohle (Fördersohle).
Schachtdurchmesser: 5,5 m lichte Weite. Schachtausbau: O-6,5 m Mauerung; 6,5-173 m Tübbings; 173-595 m Mauerung.

Schacht II ("Hainthal" oder "Wilhelm Ernst II" genannt):

Höhe der Rasenhängebank: +203,78 m NN. Gesamtteufe: 621,0 m.
1. Sohle: –401,11 m NN = 580-m-Sohle (Fördersohle).
Schachtdurchmesser: 4,5 m lichte Weite. Schachtausbau: 0–12,6 m in Mauerung, 12,6–177 m Tübbings, 177–621 m Mauerung.

Der Abstand der Schächte zueinander beträgt ca. 1325 m Luftlinie.

Aus- und Vorrichtung, Abbau- und Versatzverfahren
Das nordwest-südost streichende Kalilager wurde in Streichrichtung durch das Auffahren von Doppelstrecken ausgerichtet. In regelmäßigen Abständen von etwa 30 m bis zu 50 m verbanden diese Durchhiebsstrecken. Diese Streckenverbindungen waren sowohl der Wetterführung als auch als Fluchtwege dienlich, lagen doch die Schächte von der Ortsbrust bis über 1,6 km (hier in Richtung Südost vom Schacht I) entfernt. Dem Baugrundriss dieser Schachtanlagen mit Stand von 1913 ist zu entnehmen, dass zu dieser Zeit ein Abbau des Kalilagers nur südlich des Schachtes I stattfand. Als Abbauverfahren wurde der Firstenkammerbau angewandt. Die Länge dieser Abbaue entsprach der Lagerstättenmächtigkeit und erreichte bis etwa 40 m bei einer Breite der Sicherheitspfeiler zwischen den einzelnen Abbaukammern von ca. 10 m.

BONK (1970) macht hingegen in seiner bergschadenkundlichen Analyse nachstehende Angaben:
Abbaubreite 15 m, Abbaulänge 100 - 130 m, Pfeilerbreite 10 m, Streckenpfeiler 8 m, Abbauhöhen 6 - 14 m, Durchhiebe 3 - 4 m breit im Abstand von 20 – 25 m, Baufeldgröße der Schachtanlage I 2500 m, Baufeldgröße der Schachtanlage II 340 m.

Welches bergmännische Rißwerk mit welchem Nachtragsdatum BONK zur Verfügung stand, ist dem Autor dieses Artikels nicht bekannt.

Als Versatzgut dienten Fabrikrückstände und Steinsalz aus Streckenauffahrungen. Die detaillierten Angaben hierzu fehlen, sodass auch nicht das letztlich unversetzte Grubenhohlraumvolumen ausgewiesen werden kann.

Die fabrikatorische Verarbeitung
Außerhalb der Ortschaft Oldisleben, an der Straße nach Frankenhausen, wurde ab 1906 mit der Errichtung der Fabrikanlage zur Verarbeitung der Rohsalze begonnen. Die Kapazität sowie die Abwässerkonzession waren auf die Verarbeitung von 10.000 Doppelzentner Rohsalz pro Tag ausgelegt.
Folgend die Absatzstatistik der Jahre 1911 bis 1920 [aus MOSSNER, 1936]:

Die Stilllegung des Kaliwerkes
Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts erlebte die Bohrtätigkeit in Deutschland zur Suche von Kalisalz und Steinkohle einen wahren Boom.
Um die Ausuferung der Schaffung immer neuer Kaliwerke (sowie auch Steinkohlengruben) und damit Überproduktionen zu unterbinden, beschloss der preußische Landtag auf Antrag des Abgeordneten Karl von Gamp-Massaunen u. a. das "Gesetz, betreffend die Abänderung des Allgemeinen Berggesetzes vom 24. Juni 1865/1892, vom 5. Juli 1905 (G.B.S. 265)", so bezeichnet als Lex Gamp.

Es führte zunächst zu einer vorläufigen Mutungssperre von zwei Jahren auf Kalisalze und Steinkohle. Das bedeutete, dass nur der Staat Bergwerkseigentum erwerben konnte. Dieser konnte es in Form eines zeitlich beschränkten dinglichen Gewinnungsrechts Dritten übertragen.

Die Lex Gamp war der Beginn weiterer staatlicher Eingriffe zur Vermeidung von Monopolbildungen bis hin zur Regulierung von Preisen und die durch maßlose Zunahme von Kalibergwerken bedingte Überproduktion. Letzterem diente auch die sogenannte Stilllegungsverordnung vom 22. Oktober 1921 ("Verordnung betreffend Abänderung der Vorschriften zur Durchführung des Gesetzes über die Regelung der Kaliwirtschaft vom 18.Juli 1919", (Reichs-Gesetzbl. S. 663)).

Im § 83a dieser Verordnung heißt es: "Eine Änderung der für die Einschätzung maßgebenden Verhältnisse bleibt bis zum 31. Dezember 1953 auf den Fortbestand und die Höhe der Beteiligungsziffer derjenigen Werke ohne Einfluss, welche bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt freiwillig stillgelegt werden. Eine dahingehende unwiderrufliche Erklärung ist bis zum 1. April 1923 (verlängert bis 31. Dezember 1926) der Kaliprüfungsstelle abzugeben. Diese setzt unter Berücksichtigung der wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse, insbesondere der Salzvorräte, den Zeitpunkt fest, bis zu welchem die Stilllegung durchgeführt sein muss; eine Verlängerung dieser Frist über den 1. April 1924 hinaus ist nicht zulässig. Eine Stilllegung im Sinne dieses Absatzes bedingt, dass jede Förderung von nutzbaren Mineralien aus dem stillgelegten Schachte unterbleibt. Ausnahmen kann nur der Reichswirtschaftsminister nach Anhörung des Reichskalirates und der Kaliprüfungsstelle bewilligen".

Zustand der Schachtanlage nach deren Stilllegung
Nach Abgabe und Wirksamkeit der Stilllegungserklärung wurden beide Schachtröhren mit einem Betondeckel verschlossen.
Nach 1945 wurde die Schachtanlage zum Eigentum des Volkes erklärt; 1953 wurde sie vom VEB Kaliwerk "Heinrich Rau" Roßleben in Rechtsträgerschaft übernommen. Mit Erlass der Verwahrungsanordnung der DDR vom 10. Oktober 1971 (DDR-GBl. II Nr. 73) wurde der Rat des Bezirkes Halle für eine Vielzahl von Alt-Kalischächten, sogenannte "Grubenbaue alten Bergbaus ohne Rechtsnachfolger", zuständig; somit auch für die Grubenbaue der Gewerkschaft Großherzog Wilhelm Ernst.

1978/79 erfolgten auf Veranlassung der ehemaligen Abteilung Geologie des Rates des Bezirkes Halle Untersuchungen an beiden Schächten (siehe Bildergalerie untenstehend).

Dabei wurde der Schachtgrund im Schacht I bei −349,77 m NN, im Schacht II bei nur 179,80 m angelotet.

Die chemische Analyse der in den Schachtröhren angetroffenen Salzlösungen aus einer Teufe des Schachtes I von 516,82 m bei der in-situ-Temperatur von + 32 Grad ergab nachstehenden Gehalt an Einzelsalzen (alles in g/l): CaSO4 2,72; MgSO4 23,30; MgCl2 343,90; KCl 20,30; NaCl 4,00; Dichte 1,289 g/ml. Diese, dem Chloridtyp zuzurechnende Lösung stand im chemischen Gleichgewicht zum erschlossenen Salinar. Die chemische Analyse aus einer Teufe des Schachtes II von 317,60 m ergab nachstehenden Gehalt an Einzelsalzen (alles in g/l): CaSO4 1,36; MgSO4 32,19; MgCl2 92,64; KCl 21,00; NaCl 127,40; Dichte 1,201 g/ml. Auch diese Lösung stand im chemischen Gleichgewicht zur erschlossenen geologischen Abfolge im Beprobungsbereich. Bodenproben des jeweils angeloteten Schachtgrundes wiesen auf Verbruchserscheinungen im Mauerwerk hin.

Mit dem Beitritt der DDR zum Geltungsbereich des Grundgesetzes galten diese stillgelegten Schächte auch als "stillgelegte Anlagen eines bergbaulichen Gewinnungsbetriebes, für den ein Rechtsnachfolger nicht vorhanden oder nicht mehr feststellbar ist". Anstelle der Räte der Bezirke traten die jeweiligen Landesregierungen bis zum Erlass entsprechender ordnungsbehördlicher Vorschriften (Thüringer Gesetz über die Gewährleistung der öffentlichen Sicherheit und Ordnung in Objekten des Altbergbaus und in unterirdischen Hohlräumen (Thüringer Altbergbau- und Unterirdische Hohlräume-Gesetz – ThürABbUHG vom 23. Mai 2001 (veröffentlicht im ThürGVBl Nr. 4 vom 31. Mai 2001, S. 41) i. d. F. der Änderung durch das Thüringer Gesetz zur Anpassung von Behördenbezeichnungen in der Bergverwaltung vom 03.12.2002 (GVBl S. 430, 431))) ein. Somit stehen bis dato diese stillgelegte Schächte ordnungsrechtlich bezüglich der Fürsorgepflicht zwecks Gefahrenabwehr in der Zuständigkeit des Thüringer Landesbergamtes (siehe auch "Leitfaden Verwahrung Tagesschächte"). Zur Gewährleistung der öffentlichen Sicherheit sind beide Schachtröhren neu abgedeckelt worden (siehe nebenstehende Fotos). Der unmittelbare Zugang ist mittels Maschendrahtzaun vor unbefugtem Betreten gesichert.

Quellenverzeichnis
 J. Mossner (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Kali-Bergwerke, Salinen und Tiefbohrunternehmungen. Finanz-Verlag, Berlin 1936.
 Pinzke, G.: Handakten betreffend die Untersuchung stillgelegter Kalibergwerke im Bezirk Halle. Rat des Bezirkes Schwerin, Abteilung Geologie, 1978, unveröff. So auch Vermerke aus: Bonk: Bergschadenkundliche Analyse für das stillgelegte Kaliwerk "Großherzog Wilhelm-Ernst". Sondershausen, 25. März 1970.
 Pinzke, G.: Gutachten zur Einschätzung der Bergbau- und öffentlichen Sicherheit ausgewählter Kalischachtanlagen ohne Rechtsnachfolger auf dem Territorium des Bezirkes Halle. Gutachten, Rat des Bezirkes Schwerin, Abt. Geologie 1979, Archiv des LAGB Sachsen-Anhalt.
 o.V: Jahrbücher der Deutschen Braunkohlen-, Steinkohlen- und Kali-Industrie. Verlag von Wilhelm Knapp in Halle/Saale.
 o. V.: Handbuch der Kali-Bergwerke, Salinen und Tiefbohrunternehmungen 1924-25. Finanz-Verlag, Berlin.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 E. Loock: Stillgelegte Schächte – ein Problem der Kaliindustrie. Freiberger Forschungshefte, Reihe A 136, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1960.
 J. Löffler: Die Kali- und Steinsalzlagerstätten des Zechsteins in der DDR. Teil III: Sachsen-Anhalt. Freiberger Forschungshefte C 97/III, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1962.

Weblinks

 Ausgewählte Kali-u.Steinsalzschächte Sachsen-Anhalts und Thüringens sowie Löseversuche im Kaliflöz Staßfurt
 Exklave Oldisleben

Kalibergwerk im Südharz-Kalirevier
Kyffhäuserkreis
An der Schmücke

Kaliwerk Gewerkschaft Großherzog Wilhelm Ernst


İstanbul Film Festivali, eskiden (1984-88) Uluslararası İstanbul Sinema Günleri ve Uluslararası İstanbul Film Festivali, İstanbul Kültür ve Sanat Vakfı tarafından 1982'den beri düzenlenmekte olan festival. Her sene nisan ayı içinde çeşitli sinemalarda gerçekleştirilir, ayrıca festivalin içeriğinde ulusal ve uluslararası olarak iki ayrı yarışma barındırır. Festivalin direktörlüğünü 2015 yılı itibarıyla Kerem Ayan üstlenmektedir.

Tarihi
İstanbul Kültür ve Sanat Vakfı tarafından düzenlenen film gösterileri ilk kez 1982'de, 10. Uluslararası İstanbul Festivali kapsamında 6 günlük bir film haftasıyla başladı. Ertesi yıl festival süresine yayılan ve büyük bir ilgi gören gösteriler 1984'te, yaz aylarında da düzenlenen Uluslararası İstanbul Festivali'nden ayrılarak 23 Nisan-6 Mayıs 1984 arasında 17 ülkeden 44 filmin katıldığı Uluslararası İstanbul Sinema Günleri adıyla yapıldı. Sonraki yıllarda düzenli biçimde nisan ayı içinde yapılan ve 1985'te yarışmalı bölümlere de yer verilmeye başlanan şenlik kısa sürede gelişerek uluslararası düzeyde tanındı. 1989 yılı başında, Uluslararası Film Yapımcıları Dernekleri Federasyonu (FIAPF) tarafından "özel konulu, yarışmalı festival" olarak tanınarak, dünya çapında bir festival olma niteliği kazanınca ismi Uluslararası İstanbul Film Festivali olarak değiştirildi.

İstanbul Film Festivali, 25. yılını kutladığı 2006 yılında Köprüde Buluşmalar'ı başlattı. Köprüde Buluşmalar, sinemacılara yeni uzun metraj projelerinin ve post-prodüksiyon aşamasındaki filmlerinin ilk uluslararası sunumunu yapmaları için olanak yaratırken, ortak yapımlar için de zemin hazırlamayı amaçlıyor. Köprüde Buluşmalar, İstanbul Film Festivali'yle eş zamanlı olarak her sene nisan ayında düzenleniyor.

Yarışma
Festivalde, uluslararası bir seçici kurulun değerlendirmesi sonucu Altın Lale Uluslararası Yarışma Ödülü ile Jüri Özel Ödülü'nün verildiği Uluslararası Yarışma'nın yanında yılın en iyi Türk filminin seçildiği Altın Lale Yılın En İyi Türk Filmi ile Altın Lale Yılın En İyi Türk Yönetmeni, En İyi Kadın Oyuncu, En İyi Erkek Oyuncu, En İyi Senaryo, En İyi Görüntü Yönetmeni, En İyi Müzik ve Jüri Özel ödüllerinin verildiği Ulusal Yarışma düzenlenmektedir.

Ulusal Kısa Film Yarışması, Ulusal Belgesel Yarışması, Seyfi Teoman En İyi İlk Film Ödülü başlıkları altında filmleri ödüllendiren festival, uluslararası kurumlarla ortak ödüller de vermektedir. Her sene biri uluslararası, diğeri ulusal yarışma kapsamında olmak üzere iki ödül veren uluslararası sinema yazarları federasyonu FIPRESCI, 2016 yılı itibarıyla Ulusal Kısa Film Yarışması'na da bir ödülle destek vermeye başlamıştır. Avrupa Konseyi, "Sinemada İnsan Hakları" bölümünde gösterilen filmlerden birine FACE Avrupa Konseyi Sinema Ödülü'nü takdim etmektedir. 2016 yılında, Avrupa Konseyi ortak yapım fonu Eurimages, kadın yönetmenlerin yapıtlarının görünürlüğünü artırmak üzere bir kadın yönetmene sunduğu Audentia Ödülü'nün ilkini İstanbul Film Festivali'nde vermiştir. 1996'dan beri festivalde, sinema dünyasına imzasını atan isimlere her yıl "Yaşam Boyu Başarı Ödülü" ve "Sinema Onur Ödülü" verilmektedir. Cineuropa.org'un da festival kapsamında verdiği bir ödülü bulunmaktadır.

Gösterimler
Yaklaşık iki hafta süren festivalde Türk Klasikleri Yeniden, Yıllara Meydan Okuyanlar, Genç Ustalar, Dünya Festivallerinden, NTV Belgesel Kuşağı, Sinema ve Sanatlar, Çocuk Mönüsü, Mayınlı Bölge gibi bölümlerle ülke sinemalarına ve belirli yönetmenlere ayrılan bölümler yer almakta, belgesel filmler ve canlandırma filmleri de gösterilmekte, festival kapsamında çeşitli sergiler ve toplantılar da düzenlenmektedir. Müzik ve müzisyenlerin hayatlarına odaklanan filmleri sergileyen Musikişinas ve sinema tarihinde varlığı az bilinen filmleri su yüzüne çıkaran Gömülü Hazineler bölümleri 2016 yılında festival programına dâhil edilmiştir. Festival, ayrıca, "Türk Klasikleri Yeniden" projesi kapsamında Türk sinemasının önemli yapıtlarını restore ettirerek gün ışığına çıkarmakta, bu klasiklerin yeni kopyalarını Türk sinemasına kazandırmaktadır.

Altın Lale Kazanan Filmler

Uluslararası Yarışma - Altın Lale En İyi Film

Ulusal Yarışma - Altın Lale En İyi Film

Ulusal Yarışma - En İyi Yönetmen

Ulusal Yarışma - En İyi Kadın Oyuncu

 Yıl  Film  Oyuncu
2023Ayna AynaManolya Maya, Şenay Aydın, Laçin Ceylan
2022Ela ile Hilmi ve AliEce Yüksel
2021SardunyaDirlik Düzenlikİlayda Elif ElhihAsiye Dinçsoy

 2020  Aşk, Büyü vs.  Selen Uçer, Ece Dizdar

 2019  Kız Kardeşler  Cemre Ebüzziya, Ece Yüksel, Helin Kandemir

 2018  Sofra Sırları  Demet Evgar

 2017  Tereddüt  Ecem Uzun
 2016Toz BeziAsiye Dinçsoy
 2014Ayhan HanımVahide Perçin

 2013  Özür Dilerim  Sema Poyraz

 2012  Şimdiki Zaman  Sanem Öge

 2011  Saç  Nazan Kesal

 2010  Ben Gördüm (Min Dit)  Şenay Orak

 2009  Pandora'nın Kutusu Derya Alabora

 2008  Gitmek Ayça Damgacı

 2007  Beynelmilel Özgü Namal

 2006  Babam ve Oğlum Şerif Sezer

 2005  Anlat İstanbul Yelda Reynaud

 2004  Bulutları Beklerken Rüçhan Çalışkur

 2003  Gönderilmemiş Mektuplar  Suna Selen

 2002  Hiçbiryerde  Zuhal Olcay

  9  Serra Yılmaz

 2001  Filler ve Çimen  Sanem Çelik

 2000  Üçüncü Sayfa  Başak Köklükaya

Ulusal Yarışma - En İyi Erkek Oyuncu

Seyfi Teoman En İyi İlk Film Ödülü

Ayrıca bakınız
 Avrupa Konseyi Film Ödülü

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 İstanbul Film Festivali Resmi Sitesi
 İstanbul Film Festivali'nde ödül almış filmler, oyuncu ve yönetmenler hakkında bilgiler içermektedir.

İstanbul
Seyfi Teoman En İyi İlk Film Ödülü

İstanbul Film Festivali


Archidasyphyllum, rod glavočika sa dvije vrste južnoameričkog drveća iz Čilea i Argentine.. Prvi puta opisan je 1959. kao podrod roda Dasyphyllum, a 2019. kao novi rod.

Vrste
 Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides (Less.) P.L.Ferreira, Saavedra & Groppo
 Archidasyphyllum excelsum (D.Don) P.L.Ferreira, Saavedra & Groppo

Sinonimi
 Dasyphyllum subgen.Archidasyphyllum Cabrera

Izvori

Glavočike

Archidasyphyllum