The  Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, notably in 1918 and 1936. Later, German climatologist Rudolf Geiger (1894–1981) introduced some changes to the classification system in 1954 and 1961, which is thus sometimes called the Köppen–Geiger climate classification.

The Köppen climate classification divides climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are A (tropical), B (arid), C (temperate), D (continental), and E (polar). Each group and subgroup is represented by a letter. All climates are assigned a main group (the first letter). All climates except for those in the E group are assigned a seasonal precipitation subgroup (the second letter). For example, Af indicates a tropical rainforest climate. The system assigns a temperature subgroup for all groups other than those in the A group, indicated by the third letter for climates in B, C, D, and the second letter for climates in E. For example, Cfb indicates an oceanic climate with warm summers as indicated by the ending b. Climates are classified based on specific criteria unique to each climate type.

As Köppen designed the system based on his experience as a botanist, his main climate groups are based on the types of vegetation occurring in a given climate classification region. In addition to identifying climates, the system can be used to analyze ecosystem conditions and identify the main types of vegetation within climates. Due to its association with the plant life of a given region, the system is useful in predicting future changes of plant life within that region.

The Köppen climate classification system was modified further within the Trewartha climate classification system in 1966 (revised in 1980). The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined middle latitude climate zone, which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system (the climate group C was too general).

Overview

The Köppen climate classification scheme divides climates into five main climate groups: A (tropical), B (arid), C (temperate), D (continental), and E (polar). The second letter indicates the seasonal precipitation type, while the third letter indicates the level of heat. Summers are defined as the 6-month period that is warmer either from April–September and/or October–March while winter is the 6-month period that is cooler.

Group A: tropical climates

This type of climate has an average temperature of  or higher every month of the year, with significant precipitation.
 Af = Tropical rainforest climate; average precipitation of at least  in every month.
 Am = Tropical monsoon climate; driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with precipitation less than , but at least .
 Aw or As = Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate; with the driest month having precipitation less than  and less than .

Group B: arid climates

This type of climate is defined by little precipitation that does not fit the polar (EF or ET) criteria of no month with an average temperature greater than .

The threshold in millimeters is determined by multiplying the average annual temperature in Celsius by 20, then adding:
(a) 280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the spring and summer months (April–September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October–March in the Southern), or
(b) 140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer, or
(c) 0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer.

If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (arid: desert climate); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is BS (semi-arid: steppe climate).

A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Here, h signifies low-latitude climates (average annual temperature above ) while k signifies middle-latitude climates (average annual temperature less than 18 °C). In addition, n is used to denote a climate characterized by frequent fog and H for high altitudes.
 BWh = Hot desert climate
 BWk = Cold desert climate
 BSh = Hot semi-arid climate
 BSk = Cold semi-arid climate

Group C: temperate climates

This type of climate has the coldest month averaging between  (or ) and  and at least one month averaging above . For the distribution of precipitation in locations that both satisfy a dry summer (Cs) and a dry winter (Cw), a location is considered to have a wet summer (Cw) when more precipitation falls within the summer months than the winter months while a location is considered to have a dry summer (Cs) when more precipitation falls within the winter months. This additional criterion applies to locations that satisfies both Ds and Dw as well.
 Cfa = Humid subtropical climate; coldest month averaging above  (or ), at least one month's average temperature above , and at least four months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled). No dry months in the summer.
 Cfb = Temperate oceanic climate or subtropical highland climate; coldest month averaging above  (or ), all months with average temperatures below , and at least four months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
 Cfc = Subpolar oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above  (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
 Cwa = Monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate; coldest month averaging above  (or ), at least one month's average temperature above , and at least four months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
 Cwb = Subtropical highland climate or Monsoon-influenced temperate oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above  (or ), all months with average temperatures below , and at least four months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
 Cwc = Cold subtropical highland climate or Monsoon-influenced subpolar oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above  (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
 Csa = Hot-summer Mediterranean climate; coldest month averaging above  (or ), at least one month's average temperature above , and at least four months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than .
 Csb = Warm-summer Mediterranean climate; coldest month averaging above  (or ), all months with average temperatures below , and at least four months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than .
 Csc = Cold-summer Mediterranean climate; coldest month averaging above  (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than .

Group D: continental climates

This type of climate has at least one month averaging below  (or ) and at least one month averaging above .
 Dfa = Hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below  (or ), at least one month's average temperature above , and at least four months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
 Dfb = Warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below  (or ), all months with average temperatures below , and at least four months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
 Dfc = Subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below  (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
 Dfd = Extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below  and 1–3 months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
 Dwa = Monsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below  (or ), at least one month's average temperature above , and at least four months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
 Dwb = Monsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below  (or ), all months with average temperatures below , and at least four months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
 Dwc = Monsoon-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below  (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
 Dwd = Monsoon-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below  and 1–3 months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
 Dsa = Mediterranean-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below  (or ), average temperature of the warmest month above  and at least four months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than .
 Dsb = Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below  (or ), average temperature of the warmest month below  and at least four months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than .
 Dsc = Mediterranean-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below  (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than .
 Dsd = Mediterranean-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below  and 1–3 months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than .

Group E: polar and alpine climates

This type of climate has every month of the year with an average temperature below .
 ET = Tundra climate; average temperature of warmest month between  and .
 EF = Ice cap climate; eternal winter, with all 12 months of the year with average temperatures below .

Group A: tropical/megathermal climates

Tropical climates are characterized by constant high temperatures (at sea level and low elevations); all 12 months of the year have average temperatures of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher; and generally high annual precipitation. They are subdivided as follows:

Af: tropical rainforest climate

All 12 months have an average precipitation of at least . These climates usually occur within 10° latitude of the equator. This climate has no natural seasons in terms of thermal and moisture changes. When it is dominated most of the year by the doldrums low-pressure system due to the presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and when there are no cyclones then the climate is qualified as equatorial. When the trade winds dominate most of the year, the climate is a tropical trade-wind rainforest climate.

Examples

 Apia, Samoa (Af)
 Balikpapan, Indonesia (Af)
 Davao, Philippines (Af)
 Easter Island, Chile (Af)
 Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States (Af, bordering on Am)
 Georgetown, Guyana (Af)
 Hilo, Hawaii, United States (Af)
 Honiara, Solomon Islands (Af)
 Innisfail, Queensland, Australia (Af)
 Ishigaki, Japan (Af)
 Kampala, Uganda (Af)
 Kisumu, Kenya (Af)
 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Af)
 Kuching, Malaysia (Af)
 La Ceiba, Honduras (Af)
 Lae, Papua New Guinea (Af)
 Manaus, Brazil (Af)
 Medan, Indonesia (Af)
 Medellín, Colombia (Af)
 Moroni, Comoros (Af)
 Pago Pago, American Samoa (Af)
 Paramaribo, Suriname (Af)
 Pontianak, Indonesia (Af)
 Port Vila, Vanuatu (Af)
 Quibdó, Colombia (Af)
 Ratnapura, Sri Lanka (Af)
 Salvador da Bahia, Brazil (Af)
 Santos, Brazil (Af)
 Singapore (Af)
 Suva, Fiji (Af)
 Toamasina, Madagascar (Af)
 Victoria, Seychelles (Af)

Some of the places with this climate are indeed uniformly and monotonously wet throughout the year (e.g., the northwest Pacific coast of South and Central America, from Ecuador to Costa Rica; see, for instance, Andagoya, Colombia), but in many cases, the period of higher sun and longer days is distinctly wettest (as at Palembang, Indonesia) or the time of lower sun and shorter days may have more rain (as at Sitiawan, Malaysia).
Among these places, some have a pure equatorial climate (Balikpapan, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Lae, Medan, Paramaribo, Pontianak, and Singapore) with the dominant ITCZ aerological mechanism and no cyclones or a subequatorial climate with occasional hurricanes (Davao, Ratnapura, Victoria).

(Note. The term aseasonal refers to the lack in the tropical zone of large differences in daylight hours and mean monthly (or daily) temperature throughout the year. Annual cyclic changes occur in the tropics, but not as predictably as those in the temperate zone, albeit unrelated to temperature, but to water availability whether as rain, mist, soil, or groundwater. Plant response (e. g., phenology), animal (feeding, migration, reproduction, etc.), and human activities (plant sowing, harvesting, hunting, fishing, etc.) are tuned to this 'seasonality'. Indeed, in tropical South America and Central America, the 'rainy season (and the 'high water season') is called  Invierno or Inverno, though it could occur in the Northern Hemisphere summer; likewise, the 'dry season (and 'low water season') is called  Verano or verão, and can occur in the Northern Hemisphere winter).

Am: tropical monsoon climate

This type of climate results from the monsoon winds which change direction according to the seasons. This climate has a driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with rainfall less than , but at least  of average monthly precipitation.

Examples

 Baguio, Philippines (Am, bordering on Cwb)
 Cairns, Queensland, Australia (Am)
 Chittagong, Bangladesh (Am)
 Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico (Am)
 Conakry, Guinea (Am)
 Douala, Cameroon (Am)
 Freetown, Sierra Leone (Am)
 Guanare, Venezuela (Am)
 Huế, Thừa Thiên–Huế, Vietnam (Am)
 Jakarta, Indonesia (Am)
 Kochi, Kerala, India (Am)
 Ko Samui, Thailand (Am, bordering on Af)
 Libreville, Gabon (Am)
 Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (Am)
 Malé, Maldives (Am)
 Mangalore, Karnataka, India (Am)
 Miami, Florida, United States (Am)
 Monrovia, Liberia (Am)
 Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria (Am)
 Pucallpa, Peru (Am)
 Puerto Ayacucho, Venezuela (Am)
 Qionghai City, China (Am)
 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Am)
 San Juan, Puerto Rico (Am)
 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Am)
 Taitung, Taiwan (Am)
 Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India (Am)
 Yangon, Myanmar (Am)
 Zanzibar City, Tanzania (Am)

Aw/As: tropical savanna climate

Aw: tropical savanna climate with dry-winter characteristics

Aw climates have a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having precipitation less than  and less than  of average monthly precipitation.

Examples

 Abidjan, Ivory Coast (Aw)
 Abuja, Nigeria (Aw)
 Bamako, Mali (Aw)
 Bangkok, Thailand (Aw)
 Bangui, Central African Republic (Aw)
 Banjul, The Gambia (Aw)
 Barranquilla, Colombia (Aw)
 Brasília, Brazil (Aw)
 Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo (Aw)
 Bujumbura, Burundi (Aw)
 Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Aw, bordering on Am)
 Caracas, Venezuela (Aw)
 Cartagena, Colombia (Aw)
 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Aw)
 Cotonou, Benin (Aw)
 Cuernavaca, Mexico (Aw, bordering on Cwa)
 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Aw)
 Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Aw)
 Dhaka, Bangladesh (Aw)
 Dili, East Timor (Aw)
 Guatemala City, Guatemala (Aw, bordering on Cwb)
 Guayaquil, Ecuador (Aw)
 Haikou, Hainan, China (Aw, bordering on Cwa)
 Havana, Cuba (Aw, bordering on Am)
 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Aw)
 Juba, South Sudan (Aw)
 Kano, Nigeria (Aw)
 Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Aw)
 Key West, Florida, United States (Aw)
 Kigali, Rwanda (Aw)
 Kingston, Jamaica (Aw)
 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Aw)
 Kolkata, West Bengal, India (Aw)
 Kumasi, Ghana (Aw)
 Kupang, Indonesia (Aw)
 Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria (Aw)
 Lomé, Togo (Aw)
 Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (Aw)
 Naples, Florida, United States (Aw)
 Panamá City, Panamá (Aw)
 Phnom Penh, Cambodia (Aw)
 Port-au-Prince, Haiti (Aw)
 Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea (Aw)
 Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago (Aw)
 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Aw, bordering on Am)
 San Pedro Sula, Honduras (Aw, bordering on Am)
 San Salvador, El Salvador (Aw)
 Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Aw)
 Sanya, Hainan, China (Aw)
 Surabaya, Indonesia (Aw)
 Tegucigalpa, Honduras (Aw)
 Townsville, Queensland, Australia (Aw)
 Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico (Aw)
 Vientiane, Laos (Aw)
 Yaoundé, Cameroon (Aw)

Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the tropical zone from the low teens to the mid-20s latitudes, but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e.g., San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) also qualifies. The Caribbean coast, eastward from the Gulf of Urabá on the Colombia–Panamá border to the Orinoco River delta, on the Atlantic Ocean (about 4,000  km), have long dry periods (the extreme is the BSh climate (see below), characterized by very low, unreliable precipitation, present, for instance, in extensive areas in the Guajira, and Coro, western Venezuela, the northernmost peninsulas in South America, which receive <300  mm total annual precipitation, practically all in two or three months).

This condition extends to the Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles forming the circum-Caribbean dry belt. The length and severity of the dry season diminish inland (southward); at the latitude of the Amazon River—which flows eastward, just south of the equatorial line—the climate is Af. East from the Andes, between the dry, arid Caribbean and the ever-wet Amazon are the Orinoco River's Llanos or savannas, from where this climate takes its name.

As: tropical savanna climate with dry-summer characteristics

Sometimes As is used in place of Aw if the dry season occurs during the time of higher sun and longer days (during summer). This is the case in parts of Hawaii, northwestern Dominican Republic, East Africa, southeast India and northeast Sri Lanka, and the Brazilian Northeastern Coast. In most places that have tropical wet and dry climates, however, the dry season occurs during the time of lower sun and shorter days because of rain shadow effects during the 'high-sun' part of the year.

Examples

 Cali, Colombia (As)
 Cape Coast, Ghana (As)
 Fortaleza, Brazil (As)
 Jaffna, Sri Lanka (As)
 Lanai city, Hawaii, United States (As)
 Mombasa, Kenya (As)
 Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic (As)
 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (As)
 Nha Trang, Vietnam (As)
 São Tomé, São Tomé and Principe (As)
 Trincomalee, Sri Lanka (As)

Group B: arid (desert and semi-arid) climates

These climates are characterized by the amount of annual precipitation less than a threshold value that approximates the potential evapotranspiration. The threshold value (in millimeters) is calculated as follows:

Multiply the average annual temperature in °C by 20, then add

According to the modified Köppen classification system used by modern climatologists, total precipitation in the warmest six months of the year is taken as a reference instead of the total precipitation in the high-sun half of the year.

If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (arid: desert climate); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is BS (semi-arid: steppe climate).

A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Here, h signifies low-latitude climate (average annual temperature above 18 °C) while k signified middle-latitude climate (average annual temperature below 18 °C).

Desert areas situated along the west coasts of continents at tropical or near-tropical locations characterized by frequent fog and low clouds, although these places rank among the driest on earth in terms of actual precipitation received are labeled BWn with the n denoting a climate characterized by frequent fog. The BSN category can be found in foggy coastal steppes.

BW: arid climate

BWh:Hot desert

 ʽAziziya, Jafara, Libya (BWh)
 Ahvaz, Iran (BWh)
 Alexandria, Egypt (BWh)
 Alice Springs, Australia (BWh)
 Almería, Andalusia, Spain (BWh, bordering on BSh)
 Baghdad, Iraq (BWh)
 Biskra, Algeria (BWh)
 Cairo, Egypt (BWh)
 Coober Pedy, Australia (BWh)
 Death Valley, California, United States (BWh), location of the hottest air temperature ever reliably recorded on Earth
 Djibouti City, Djibouti (BWh)
 Doha, Qatar (BWh)
 Dubai, United Arab Emirates (BWh)
 Eilat, Southern District, Israel (BWh)
 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico (BWh)
 Jodhpur, India (BWh)
 Karachi, Pakistan (BWh)
 Khartoum, Sudan (BWh)
 Kuwait City, Kuwait (BWh)
 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain (BWh)
 Las Vegas, Nevada, United States (BWh)
 Lima, Peru (BWh)
 Mecca, Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia (BWh)
 Muscat, Oman (BWh)
 Nouakchott, Mauritania (BWh)
 Phoenix, Arizona, United States (BWh)
 Punto Fijo, Venezuela (BWh)
 Qom, Iran (BWh)
 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (BWh)
 Timbuktu, Mali (BWh)
 Upington, Northern Cape, South Africa (BWh)
 Yazd, Iran (BWh)

BWk:Cold desert

 Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States (BWk, bordering on BSk)
 Antofagasta, Chile (BWk)
 Aral, Kazakhstan (BWk)
 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (BWk)
 Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico (BWk, bordering on BWh)
 Damascus, Syria (BWk)
 Isfahan, Iran (BWk)
 Kerman, Iran (BWk)
 Leh, India (BWk)
 Neuquén, Argentina (BWk)
 Nukus, Uzbekistan (BWk)
 Ölgii, Mongolia (BWk)
 Saint George, Utah, United States (BWk, bordering on BWh)
 San Juan, Argentina (BWk, bordering on BWh)
 Sanaa, Yemen (BWk, bordering on BSk)
 Turpan, Xinjiang, China (BWk)
 Walvis Bay, Erongo Region, Namibia (BWk)
 Yakima, Washington, United States (BWk, bordering on BSk)

BS: semi-arid (steppe) climate

BSh: Hot semi-arid

 Accra, Ghana (BSh, bordering on Aw)
 Alicante, Spain (BSh, bordering on BSk)
 Barquisimeto, Venezuela (BSh)
 Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India (BSh)
 Dakar, Senegal (BSh)
 Delhi, India (BSh, bordering on Cwa)
 Dezful, Iran (BSh)
 Gaborone, Botswana (BSh)
 Honolulu, Hawaii, United States (BSh)
 Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa (BSh)
 Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India (BSh)
 Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan (BSh)
 Lampedusa, Sicily, Italy (BSh)
 Luanda, Angola (BSh)
 Malakal, South Sudan (BSh)
 Mandalay, Myanmar (BSh, bordering on Aw)
 Maputo, Mozambique (BSh)
 Maracaibo, Venezuela (BSh)
 Marrakesh, Morocco (BSh)
 Mogadishu, Somalia (BSh)
 Monterrey, Mexico (BSh, bordering on Cwa)
 Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq (BSh, bordering on Csa)
 Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia (BSh)
 Murcia, Spain (BSh)
 N'Djamena, Chad (BSh)
 Nicosia, Cyprus (BSh)
 Odessa, Texas, United States (BSh)
 Oranjestad, Aruba (BSh)
 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (BSh)
 Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (BSh)
 Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil (BSh)
 Piraeus, Greece (BSh)
 Port Louis, Mauritius (BSh)
 Querétaro City, Querétaro, Mexico (BSh)
 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (BSh)
 Santiago del Estero, Argentina (BSh)
 Saveh, Iran (BSh)
 Toliara, Madagascar (BSh)
 Tripoli, Libya (BSh)
 Windhoek, Namibia (BSh)

BSk: Cold semi-arid

 Aleppo, Syria (BSk)
 Alexandra, New Zealand (BSk, bordering on Cfb)
 Asmara, Eritrea (BSk)
 Astrakhan, Russia (BSk)
 Baku, Azerbaijan (BSk)
 Batna, Algeria (BSk)
 Bloemfontein, South Africa (BSk)
 Boise, Idaho, United States (BSk)
 Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina (BSk)
 Denver, Colorado, United States (BSk)
 Kabul, Afghanistan (BSk)
 Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, Australia (BSk)
 Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada (BSk)
 Karaj, Iran (BSk)
 Konya, Turkey (BSk)
 L'Agulhas, Western Cape, South Africa (BSk)
 La Quiaca, Jujuy, Argentina (BSk)
 Mashhad, Iran (BSk)
 Mildura, Victoria, Australia (BSk, bordering on BSh)
 Polokwane, Limpopo, South Africa (BSk, bordering on BSh)
 Quetta, Pakistan (BSk)
 Reno, Nevada, United States (BSk)
 Santiago, Chile (BSk)
 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (BSk, bordering on Dfb)
 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (BSk)
 Tehran, Iran (BSk)
 Tianjin, China (BSk, bordering on Dwa)
 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (BSk, bordering on Dwb)
 Ulan-Ude, Russia (BSk)
 Volgograd, Russia (BSk)
 Yerevan, Armenia (BSk, bordering on Dfa)
 Zacatecas City, Zacatecas, Mexico (BSk)
 Zaragoza, Spain (BSk)

Group C: temperate/mesothermal climates

In the Köppen climate system, temperate climates are defined as having an average temperature above  (or , as noted previously) in their coldest month but below . The average temperature of  roughly coincides with the equatorward limit of frozen ground and snow cover lasting for a month or more.

The second letter indicates the precipitation pattern—w indicates dry winters (driest winter month average precipitation less than one-tenth wettest summer month average precipitation). s indicates at least three times as much rain in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer. f means significant precipitation in all seasons (neither above-mentioned set of conditions fulfilled).

The third letter indicates the degree of summer heat—a indicates warmest month average temperature above  while b indicates warmest month averaging below 22 °C but with at least four months averaging above , and c indicates one to three months averaging above .

Cs: Mediterranean-type climates

Csa: mediterranean hot summer climates

These climates usually occur on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 30° and 45°. These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather. Summers are hot and dry, due to the domination of the subtropical high-pressure systems, except in the immediate coastal areas, where summers are milder due to the nearby presence of cold ocean currents that may bring fog but prevent rain.

Examples

 Adelaide, Australia (Csa)
 Algiers, Algeria (Csa)
 Amman, Jordan (Csa, bordering on BSh)
 Antalya, Turkey (Csa)
 Athens, Greece (Csa, bordering on BSh)
 Barcelona, Spain (Csa, bordering on Cfa)
 Beirut, Lebanon (Csa)
 Casablanca, Morocco (Csa)
 Dushanbe, Tajikistan (Csa)
 Faro, Portugal (Csa)
 Ilam, Iran (Csa)
 Irbid, Jordan (Csa)
 Izmir, Turkey (Csa)
 Jerusalem, Israel (Csa)
 Kermanshah, Iran (Csa)
 Latakia, Syria (Csa)
 Lisbon, Portugal (Csa)
 Los Angeles, California, United States (Csa, bordering on BSh)
 Madrid, Spain (Csa, bordering on BSk)
 Marseille, France (Csa)
 Mersin, Turkey (Csa)
 Monaco (Csa)
 Naples, Italy (Csa, bordering on Cfa)
 Nice, France (Csa)
 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (Csa)
 Perth, Australia (Csa)
 Rome, Italy (Csa)
 Sacramento, California, United States (Csa)
 Tangier, Morocco (Csa)
 Tashkent, Uzbekistan (Csa, bordering on BSk)
 Tecate, Baja California, Mexico (Csa)
 Tel Aviv, Israel (Csa)
 Tlemcen, Algeria (Csa)
 Tunis, Tunisia (Csa)
 Valletta, Malta (Csa)
 Vatican City (Csa)

Csb: mediterranean warm/cool summer climates
Dry-summer climates sometimes extend to additional areas (sometimes well north or south of) typical Mediterranean climates, however since their warmest month average temperatures do not reach  they are classified as Csb. Some of these areas would border the oceanic climate (Cfb), except their dry-summer patterns meet Köppen's Cs minimum thresholds.

Examples

 Albany, Western Australia, Australia (Csb)
 Bayda, Libya (Csb)
 Cape Town, South Africa (Csb)
 Concepción, Chile (Csb)
 Guarda, Portugal (Csb)
 Linares, Chile (Csb)
 Mount Gambier, South Australia, Australia (Csb)
 Nakuru, Kenya (Csb)
 Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada (Csb)
 Ohrid, North Macedonia (Csb)
 Portland, Oregon, United States (Csb)
 Porto, Portugal (Csb)
 Rieti, Italy (Csb)
 Salamanca, Spain (Csb)
 San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina (Csb)
 San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain (Csb)
 San Francisco, California, United States (Csb)
 Seattle, United States (Csb)
 Sintra, Portugal (Csb)
 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (Csb)

Csc: mediterranean cold summer climates
Cold summer Mediterranean climates (Csc) exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to coastal Csb climate areas, where the strong maritime influence prevents the average winter monthly temperature from dropping below 0 °C. This climate is rare and is predominantly found in climate fringes and isolated areas of the Cascades and Andes Mountains, as the dry-summer climate extends further poleward in the Americas than elsewhere. Rare instances of this climate can be found in some coastal locations in the North Atlantic and at high altitudes in Hawaii.

Examples

 Akureyri, Iceland (Csc), alternatively: dry-summer subarctic climate (Dsc)
 Balmaceda, Chile (Csc)
 Government Camp, Oregon, United States (Csc, bordering on Dsb and Dsc)
 Haleakalā Summit, Hawaii, United States (Csc)
 Harstad, Norway (Csc), alternatively: dry-summer subarctic climate (Dsc)
 Liawenee, Australia (Csc, bordering on Csb)
 Røst, Norway (Csc, bordering on Cfc)
 Spirit Lake, Washington, United States (Csc)

Cfa: humid subtropical climates

These climates usually occur on the eastern coasts and eastern sides of continents, usually in the high 20s and 30s latitudes. Unlike the dry summer Mediterranean climates, humid subtropical climates have a warm and wet flow from the tropics that creates warm and moist conditions in the summer months. As such, summer (not winter as is the case in Mediterranean climates) is often the wettest season.

The flow out of the subtropical highs and the summer monsoon creates a southerly flow from the tropics that brings warm and moist air to the lower east sides of continents. This flow is often what brings the frequent and strong but short-lived summer thundershowers so typical of the more southerly subtropical climates like the southeast United States, southern China, and Japan.

Examples

 Asunción, Paraguay (Cfa, bordering on Aw)
 Atlanta, Georgia, United States (Cfa)
 Bandar-e Anzali, Iran (Cfa)
 Belgrade, Serbia (Cfa)
 Bologna, Italy (Cfa)
 Bratislava, Slovakia (Cfa, bordering on Cfb)
 Brisbane, Australia (Cfa)
 Budapest, Hungary (Cfa)
 Buenos Aires, Argentina (Cfa)
 Chongqing, China (Cfa, bordering on Cwa)
 Dallas, Texas, United States (Cfa)
 Durban, South Africa (Cfa)
 Edirne, Turkey (Cfa, bordering on Csa)
 Florianópolis, Brazil (Cfa)
 Jeju, South Korea (Cfa)
 Kozani, Greece (Cfa)
 Krasnodar, Russia (Cfa)
 La Plata, Argentina (Cfa)
 Lugano, Switzerland (Cfa, bordering on Cfb)
 Lyon, France (Cfa, bordering on Cfb)
 Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Cfa, bordering on Aw)
 Milan, Italy (Cfa)
 Montevideo, Uruguay (Cfa)
 New York City, New York, United States (Cfa, bordering on Dfa)
 Odesa, Ukraine (Cfa, bordering on Dfa and BSk)
 Osaka, Japan (Cfa)
 Porto Alegre, Brazil (Cfa)
 Qabala, Azerbaijan (Cfa, bordering on Dfa and Dfb)
 Rasht, Iran (Cfa)
 Rosario, Argentina (Cfa, bordering on Cwa)
 Samsun, Turkey (Cfa)
 San Marino (Cfa, bordering on Cfb)
 São Paulo, Brazil (Cfa, bordering on Cwa)
 Sari, Iran (Cfa)
 Shanghai, China (Cfa)
 Sochi, Russia (Cfa)
 Split, Croatia (Cfa, bordering on Csa)
 Srinagar, India (Cfa)
 Sydney, Australia (Cfa)
 Taipei, Taiwan (Cfa, bordering on Cwa)
 Tbilisi, Georgia (Cfa)
 Tirana, Albania (Cfa)
 Tokyo, Japan (Cfa)
 Toulouse, France (Cfa)
 Ulsan, South Korea (Cfa)
 Varna, Bulgaria (Cfa)
 Venice, Italy (Cfa)
 Yokohama, Japan (Cfa)
 Zaqatala, Azerbaijan (Cfa)
 Zonguldak, Turkey (Cfa, bordering on Cfb)

Cfb: oceanic climate

Marine west coast climate
Cfb climates usually occur in the higher middle latitudes on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 40° and 60°; they are typically situated immediately poleward of the Mediterranean climates. However, in southeast Australia, southeast South America, and extreme southern Africa this climate is found immediately poleward of temperate climates, on places near the coast and at a somewhat lower latitude. In western Europe, this climate occurs in coastal areas up to 68°N in Norway.

These climates are dominated all year round by the polar front, leading to changeable, often overcast weather. Summers are mild due to cool ocean currents. Winters are milder than other climates in similar latitudes, but usually very cloudy, and frequently wet. Cfb climates are also encountered at high elevations in certain subtropical and tropical areas, where the climate would be that of a subtropical/tropical rainforest if not for the altitude. These climates are called "highlands".

Examples

 Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands (Cfb)
 Artvin, Turkey (Cfb, bordering on Csb)
 Auckland, New Zealand (Cfb)
 Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom (Cfb)
 Bergen, Vestland, Norway (Cfb)
 Berlin, Germany (Cfb)
 Bern, Switzerland (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
 Bilbao, Spain (Cfb)
 Block Island, Rhode Island, United States (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
 Bordeaux, France (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)
 Brussels, Belgium (Cfb)
 Christchurch, New Zealand (Cfb)
 Copenhagen, Denmark (Cfb)
 Corvo Island, Azores, Portugal (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)
 Debrecen, Hungary (Cfb, bordering on Cfa and Dfa)
 Dublin, Ireland (Cfb)
 Forks, Washington, United States (Cfb)
 Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany (Cfb)
 George, Western Cape, South Africa (Cfb)
 Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (Cfb)
 Hobart, Tasmania, Australia (Cfb)
 Ketchikan, Alaska, United States (Cfb)
 Ljubljana, Slovenia (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)
 London, England, United Kingdom (Cfb)
 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg (Cfb)
 Malmö, Sweden (Cfb)
 Mar del Plata, Argentina (Cfb)
 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Cfb)
 Munich, Bavaria, Germany (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
 Mutsu, Aomori, Japan (Cfb, bordering on Cfa and Dfa)
 Ørland, Trøndelag, Norway (Cfb)
 Osorno, Los Lagos Region, Chile (Cfb)
 Paris, France (Cfb)
 Penticton, British Columbia, Canada (Cfb, bordering on Dfb and BSk)
 Port Elizabeth, South Africa (Cfb)
 Poznań, Poland (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
 Prague, Czech Republic (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
 Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada (Cfb)
 Puerto Montt, Los Lagos Region, Chile (Cfb)
 Punta del Este, Uruguay (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)
 Santander, Spain (Cfb)
 Santiago de Compostela, Spain (Cfb)
 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
 Skagen, Denmark (Cfb)
 Sofia, Bulgaria (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
 Vaduz, Liechtenstein (Cfb)
 Valdivia, Los Ríos Region, Chile (Cfb)
 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Cfb, bordering on Csb)
 Vienna, Austria (Cfb)
 Vladikavkaz, Russia (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
 Wellington, New Zealand (Cfb)
 Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)
 Zagreb, Croatia (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
 Zürich, Switzerland (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)

Subtropical highland climate with uniform rainfall

Subtropical highland climates with uniform rainfall (Cfb) are a type of oceanic climate mainly found in the highlands of Australia, such as in or around the Great Dividing Range in the north of the state of New South Wales, and also sparsely in other continents, such as in South America, among others. Unlike a typical Cwb climate, they tend to have rainfall spread evenly throughout the year. They have characteristics of both the Cfb and Cfa climates, but unlike these climates, they have a high diurnal temperature variation and low humidity, owing to their inland location and relatively high elevation.

Examples

 Aetomilitsa, Greece (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
 Bogotá, Colombia (Cfb)
 Boone, North Carolina, United States (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
 Cameron Highlands, Malaysia (Cfb)
 Chachapoyas, Peru (Cfb)
 Cobán, Guatemala (Cfb)
 Constanza, Dominican Republic (Cfb)
 Cuenca, Ecuador (Cfb)
 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil (Cfb)
 Eldoret, Kenya (Cfb)
 Imilchil, Morocco (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
 Kodaikanal, India (Cfb)
 Le Tampon, Réunion, France (Cfb)
 Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia (Cfb)
 Manizales, Colombia (Cfb)
 Maseru, Lesotho (Cfb, bordering on Cwb)
 Mérida, Venezuela (Cfb, bordering on Cwb and Am)
 Mouthe, France (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)
 Mthatha, South Africa (Cfb)
 Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka (Cfb)
 Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador (Cfb)
 Sa Pa, Vietnam (Cfb)
 Soria, Spain (Cfb)
 Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Cfb)
 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)

Cfc: subpolar oceanic climate
Subpolar oceanic climates (Cfc) occur poleward of or at higher elevations than the maritime temperate climates and are mostly confined either to narrow coastal strips on the western poleward margins of the continents, or, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, to islands off such coasts. They occur in both hemispheres, most often at latitudes from 60° north and south to 70° north and south.

Examples

 Auckland Islands, New Zealand (Cfc)
 Karlsøy, Norway (Cfc)
 Miena, Tasmania, Australia (Cfc)
 Punta Arenas, Chile (Cfc)
 Reykjavík, Iceland (Cfc)
 Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina (Cfc)
 Río Turbio, Santa Cruz, Argentina (Cfc)
 Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Cfc)
 Unalaska, Alaska, United States (Cfc)

Cw: dry-winter subtropical climates

Cwa: dry-winter humid subtropical climate
Cwa is monsoonal influenced, having the classic dry winter–wet summer pattern associated with tropical monsoonal climates. They are found at similar latitudes as the Cfa climates, except in regions where monsoons are more prevalent. These regions are in the Southern Cone of South America, the Gangetic Plain of South Asia, southeastern Africa, and parts of East Asia and Mexico.

Examples

 Busan, South Korea (Cwa)
 Chengdu, Sichuan, China (Cwa)
 Córdoba, Argentina (Cwa)
 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico (Cwa)
 Guangzhou, China (Cwa)
 Guwahati, India (Cwa)
 Hanoi, Vietnam (Cwa)
 Hong Kong (Cwa)
 Islamabad, Pakistan (Cwa)
 Kathmandu, Nepal (Cwa)
 Lilongwe, Malawi (Cwa)
 Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo (Cwa)
 Lucknow, India (Cwa)
 Lusaka, Zambia (Cwa)
 Macau (Cwa)
 Mackay, Queensland, Australia (Cwa)
 Pretoria, South Africa (Cwa)
 Rangpur, Bangladesh (Cwa)
 Sialkot, Pakistan (Cwa)
 Siguatepeque, Honduras (Cwa)
 Taunggyi, Myanmar (Cwa)
 Tucumán, Argentina (Cwa)
 Yeosu, South Korea (Cwa)
 Zapopan, Mexico (Cwa)
 Zhengzhou, China (Cwa)

Cwb: dry-winter subtropical highland climate
Dry-winter subtropical highland climate (Cwb) is a type of climate mainly found in highlands inside the tropics of Central America, South America, Africa, and South and Southeast Asia or areas in the subtropics. Winters are noticeable and dry, and summers can be very rainy. In the tropics, the monsoon is provoked by the tropical air masses and the dry winters by subtropical high pressure.

Examples

 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Cwb)
 Antananarivo, Madagascar (Cwb)
 Arusha, Tanzania (Cwb)
 Cajamarca, Peru (Cwb)
 Cherrapunji, India (Cwb)
 Cusco, Peru (Cwb)
 Da Lat, Vietnam (Cwb)
 Dali City, China (Cwb)
 Diamantina, Brazil (Cwb)
 Gangtok, India (Cwb)
 Hakha, Myanmar (Cwb)
 Harare, Zimbabwe (Cwb)
 Johannesburg, South Africa (Cwb)
 Kunming, China (Cwb)
 Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China (Cwb, bordering on Dwb and BSk)
 Mbabane, Eswatini (Cwb)
 Mexico City, Mexico (Cwb)
 Mokhotlong, Lesotho (Cwb)
 Nairobi, Kenya (Cwb)
 Ooty, India (Cwb)
 Phongsali, Laos (Cwb)
 Quetzaltenango, Guatemala (Cwb)
 Salta, Argentina (Cwb)
 Shimla, India (Cwb)
 Thimphu, Bhutan (Cwb, bordering on Cwa)
 Vereeniging, South Africa (Cwb, bordering on Cwa)

Cwc: dry-winter cold subtropical highland climate
Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climates (Cwc) exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to Cwb climates. This climate is rare and is found mainly in isolated locations mostly in the Andes in Bolivia and Peru, as well as in sparse mountain locations in Southeast Asia.

 El Alto, Bolivia (Cwc, bordering on ET)
 Juliaca, Peru (Cwc, bordering on ET)
 La Paz, Bolivia (Cwc, bordering on ET)
 Mount Pulag, Philippines (Cwc, bordering on ET and Cwb)
 Potosí, Bolivia  (Cwc, bordering on ET)

Group D: continental/microthermal climates

These climates have an average temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) in their warmest months, and the coldest month average below 0 °C (or , as noted previously). These usually occur in the interiors of continents and on their upper east coasts, normally north of 40°N. In the Southern Hemisphere, group D climates are extremely rare due to the smaller land masses in the middle latitudes and the almost complete absence of land at 40–60°S, existing only in some highland locations.

Dfa/Dwa/Dsa: hot summer continental climates

Dfa climates usually occur in the high 30s and low 40s latitudes, with a qualifying average temperature in the warmest month of greater than . In Europe, these climates tend to be much drier than in North America. Dsa exists at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean (Csa) climates.

These climates exist only in the northern hemisphere because the southern hemisphere has no large landmasses isolated from the moderating effects of the sea within the middle latitudes.

Examples

 Almaty, Kazakhstan (Dfa)
 Boston, Massachusetts, United States (Dfa, bordering on Cfa)
 Bucharest, Romania (Dfa, bordering on Cfa)
 Cheonan, South Korea (Dfa, bordering on Dwa)
 Chicago, Illinois, United States (Dfa)
 Chișinău, Moldova (Dfa)
 Dnipro, Ukraine (Dfa, bordering on Dfb)
 Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (Dfa, bordering on Dfb)
 Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States (Dfa)
 Rostov-on-Don, Russia (Dfa)
 Sapporo, Japan (Dfa, bordering on Dfb)
 Saratov, Russia (Dfa)
 Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dfa, bordering on Dfb)
 Urmia, Iran (Dfa, bordering on BSk)
 Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China (Dfa, bordering on BSk)
 Windsor, Ontario, Canada (Dfa)

In eastern Asia, Dwa climates extend further south due to the influence of the Siberian high-pressure system, which also causes winters there to be dry, and summers can be very wet because of monsoon circulation.

Examples

 Beijing, China (Dwa)
 Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast, Russia (Dwa, bordering on Dwb)
 Chuncheon, Gangwon Province, South Korea (Dwa)
 Harbin, China (Dwa)
 Incheon, South Korea (Dwa)
 North Platte, Nebraska, United States (Dwa, bordering on Dfa and BSk)
 Pyongyang, North Korea (Dwa)
 Seoul, South Korea (Dwa)
 Shenyang, China (Dwa)

Dsa exists only at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean (Csa) climates.

Examples

 Arak, Iran (Dsa)
 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (Dsa)
 Cambridge, Idaho, United States (Dsa)
 Hakkâri, Turkey (Dsa)
 Hamedan, Iran (Dsa)
 Muş, Turkey (Dsa)
 Salt Lake City, Utah, United States (Dsa, bordering on Csa)
 Saqqez, Iran (Dsa)
 Shymkent, Kazakhstan (Dsa, bordering on Csa)

Dfb/Dwb/Dsb: warm summer continental or hemiboreal climates

Dfb climates are immediately poleward of hot summer continental climates, generally in the high 40s and low 50s latitudes in North America and Asia, and also extending to higher latitudes in central and eastern Europe and Russia, between the maritime temperate and continental subarctic climates, where it extends up to 65 degrees latitude in places.

Examples

 Akhaltsikhe, Georgia (Dfb)
 Ardebil, Iran (Dfb, bordering on BSk)
 Ardahan, Turkey (Dfb)
 Chamonix, France (Dfb)
 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (Dfb)
 Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy (Dfb)
 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (Dfb)
 Erzurum, Turkey (Dfb)
 Fairbanks, Alaska, United States (Dfb, bordering on Dfc)
 Falls Creek, Victoria, Australia (Dfb, bordering on Dfc)
 Gyumri, Armenia (Dfb)
 Helsinki, Finland (Dfb)
 Karaganda, Kazakhstan (Dfb)
 Košice, Slovakia (Dfb)
 Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan (Dfb)
 Kyiv, Ukraine (Dfb)
 Lillehammer, Norway (Dfb)
 Marquette, Michigan, United States (Dfb)
 Minsk, Belarus (Dfb)
 Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Dfb)
 Moscow, Russia (Dfb)
 Novosibirsk, Russia (Dfb)
 Oslo, Norway (Dfb)
 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Dfb)
 Portland, Maine, United States (Dfb)
 Pristina, Kosovo (Dfb, bordering on Cfb and Cfa)
 Riga, Latvia (Dfb)
 Saint Petersburg, Russia (Dfb)
 Stockholm, Sweden (Dfb)
 Tallinn, Estonia (Dfb)
 Vilnius, Lithuania (Dfb)
 Warsaw, Poland (Dfb, bordering on Cfb)

Like with all Group D climates, Dwb climates mostly only occur in the northern hemisphere.

Examples

 Baruunturuun, Mongolia (Dwb)
 Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Dwb, bordering on Dfb and BSk)
 Heihe, China (Dwb)
 Irkutsk, Russia (Dwb, bordering on Dwc)
 Pembina, North Dakota, United States (Dwb, bordering on Dfb)
 Pyeongchang, South Korea (Dwb)
 Vladivostok, Russia (Dwb)
 Yanji, China (Dwb)

Dsb arises from the same scenario as Dsa, but at even higher altitudes or latitudes, and chiefly in North America, since the Mediterranean climates extend further poleward than in Eurasia.

Examples

 Abali, Iran (Dsb)
 Chaghcharan, Afghanistan (Dsb)
 Dras, India (Dsb)
 Fayzabad, Afghanistan (Dsb)
 Flagstaff, Arizona, United States (Dsb, bordering on Csb)
 Puente del Inca, Argentina (Dsb, bordering on Csb)
 Roghun, Tajikistan (Dsb)
 Sewell, O'Higgins Region, Chile (Dsb, bordering on Dsc)
 Sivas, Turkey (Dsb)
 South Lake Tahoe, California, United States (Dsb, bordering on Csb)
 Spokane, Washington, United States (Dsb, bordering on Dsa and Csb)

Dfc/Dwc/Dsc: subarctic or boreal climates

Dfc, Dsc and Dwc climates occur poleward of the other group D climates, or at higher altitudes, generally between the 55° to 65° North latitudes, occasionally reaching up to the 70°N latitude.

Examples:

 Alta, Norway (Dfc)
 Anadyr, Russia (Dfc)
 Anchorage, Alaska, United States (Dfc)
 Arkhangelsk, Russia (Dfc)
 Bodie, California, United States (Dsc, bordering on Dsb)
 Charlotte Pass, New South Wales, Australia (Dfc)
 Chita, Russia (Dwc)
 Delta Junction, Alaska, United States (Dwc, bordering on BSk)
 Feldberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (Dfc)
 Fraser, Colorado, United States (Dfc)
 Inukjuak, Quebec, Canada (Dsc, bordering on ET)
 Kangerlussuaq, Greenland (Dfc, bordering on ET and BSk)
 Livigno, Italy (Dfc)
 Lukla, Nepal (Dwc)
 Luleå, Sweden (Dfc)
 Lysá hora, Czech Republic (Dfc)
 Mohe, Heilongjiang, China (Dwc)
 Nagqu, China (Dwc, bordering on ET)
 Norilsk, Russia (Dfc)
 Nyurba, Russia (Dfc, bordering on Dfd)
 Oulu, Finland (Dfc)
 Paganella, Italy (Dfc, bordering on Dwc  and ET)
 Røros, Norway (Dfc)
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon, France (Dfc, bordering on Dfb)
 Sarıkamış, Turkey (Dfc)
 Soldotna, Alaska, United States (Dsc)
 St. Moritz, Grisons, Switzerland (Dfc)
 Tampere, Finland (Dfc, bordering on Dfb)
 Thompson, Manitoba, Canada (Dfc)
 Tromsø, Norway (Dfc)
 Tsetserleg, Arkhangai Province, Mongolia (Dwc)
 Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada (Dfc)
 Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada (Dfc)
 Yushu City, Qinghai, China (Dwc)

Dfd/Dwd/Dsd: subarctic or boreal climates with severe winters
Places with this climate have severe winters, with the temperature in their coldest month lower than −38 °C. These climates occur only in eastern Siberia. The names of some of the places with this climate have become veritable synonyms for the extreme, severe winter cold.

Examples

 Allakh-Yun, Sakha Republic, Russia (Dwd)
 Delyankir, Sakha Republic, Russia (Dwd)
 Khonuu, Sakha Republic, Russia (Dfd)
 Okhotsky-Perevoz, Sakha Republic, Russia (Dfd)
 Oymyakon, Sakha Republic, Russia (Dwd)
 Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic, Russia (Dfd)

Group E: polar climates

In the Köppen climate system, polar climates are defined as the warmest temperature of any month being below 10 °C (50 °F). Polar climates are further divided into two types, tundra climates and icecap climates:

ET: tundra climate
Tundra climate (ET): warmest month has an average temperature between 0 and 10 °C. These climates occur on the northern edges of the North American and Eurasian land masses (generally north of 70 °N although they may be found farther south depending on local conditions), and on nearby islands. ET climates are also found on some islands near the Antarctic Convergence, and at high elevations outside the polar regions, above the tree line.

Examples

 Alert, Nunavut, Canada (ET, bordering on EF)
 Ben Nevis, Scotland, United Kingdom (ET)
 Cairn Gorm, Scotland, United Kingdom (ET)
 Campbell Island, New Zealand (ET)
 Crozet Islands (ET)
 Dikson Island, Russia (ET)
 Esperanza Base, Antarctica (ET)
 Finse, Norway (ET)
 Ilulissat, Greenland, Denmark (ET)
 Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada (ET)
 Ísafjörður, Iceland (ET, bordering on Csc)
 Ittoqqortoormiit, Greenland, Denmark (ET)
 Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (ET)
 Kasprowy Wierch, Poland (ET)
 Kerguelen Islands (ET)
 Macquarie Island, Australia (ET)
 Mauna Loa (slopes), Hawaii, United States (ET, bordering on Csc and Cfc)
 Mount Fuji, Japan (ET)
 Mount Rainier (slopes), Washington, United States (ET)
 Mount Washington, New Hampshire, United States (ET, bordering on Dfc)
 Mount Wellington, Tasmania, Australia (ET)
 Murghab, Tajikistan (ET)
 Mykines, Faroe Islands (ET, bordering on Cfc)
 Mys Shmidta, Russia (ET)
 Novaya Zemlya, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia (ET)
 Nuuk, Greenland, Denmark (ET)
 Phari, China (ET)
 Prince Edwards Islands (ET)
 Puerto Williams, Chile (ET, bordering on Cfc)
 Puno, Peru (ET, bordering on Cwc)
 Sněžka, Czech Republic (ET, bordering on Dfc)
 Stanley, Falkland Islands (ET, bordering on Cfc)
 Svalbard, Norway (ET)
 Trepalle, Italy (ET)
 Ushuaia, Argentina (ET, bordering on Cfc)
 Yu Shan, Taiwan (ET)
 Zugspitze, Bavaria, Germany (ET)

EF: ice cap climate
Ice cap climate (EF): this climate is dominant in Antarctica, inner Greenland, and summits of many high mountains, even at lower latitudes. Monthly average temperatures never exceed 0 °C (32 °F).

Examples

 Aconcagua, Chile/Argentina (EF)
 Amundsen–Scott Station, Antarctica (EF)
 Byrd Station, Antarctica (EF)
 Chimborazo, Ecuador (EF)
 Concordia Station, Antarctica (EF)
 Denali, Alaska, United States (EF)
 Dome Fuji, Antarctica (EF)
 Huascarán, Peru (EF)
 Ismoil Somoni Peak, Tajikistan (EF)
 Jengish Chokusu, China/Kyrgyzstan (EF)
 K2, China/Pakistan (EF)
 Kangchenjunga, India/Nepal (EF)
 Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (EF)
 Lhotse, Nepal (EF)
 Makalu, Nepal/China (EF)
 McMurdo Station, Antarctica (EF)
 Mount Ararat, Turkey (EF)
 Mount Everest, China/Nepal (EF)
 Mount Logan, Canada (EF)
 Mount Rainier (summit), Washington, United States (EF)
 Ojos del Salado, Chile (EF)
 Pico de Orizaba, Mexico (EF)
 Plateau Station, Antarctica (EF)
 Puncak Jaya, Indonesia (EF, bordering on ET)
 Sajama, Bolivia (EF)
 Scott Base, Antarctica (EF)
 Showa Station, Antarctica (EF)
 Summit Camp, Greenland, Denmark (EF)
 Ushakov Island, Russia (EF)
 Vostok Station, Antarctica (EF)

Ecological significance

Biomass
The Köppen climate classification is based on the empirical relationship between climate and vegetation. This classification provides an efficient way to describe climatic conditions defined by temperature and precipitation and their seasonality with a single metric. Because climatic conditions identified by the Köppen classification are ecologically relevant, it has been widely used to map the geographic distribution of long-term climate and associated ecosystem conditions.

Climate change
Over recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using the classification to identify changes in climate and potential changes in vegetation over time. The most important ecological significance of the Köppen climate classification is that it helps to predict the dominant vegetation type based on the climatic data and vice versa.

In 2015, a Nanjing University paper published in Scientific Reports analyzing climate classifications found that between 1950 and 2010, approximately 5.7% of all land area worldwide had moved from wetter and colder classifications to drier and hotter classifications. The authors also found that the change "cannot be explained as natural variations but are driven by anthropogenic factors".

A 2018 Nature study provides detailed maps for present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution.

Other Köppen climate maps
All maps use the ≥0 °C (or >-3 °C) definition for temperate climates, the 18 °C annual mean temperature threshold to distinguish between hot and cold dry climates, and solely 18 °C for tropical climates.

See also
 Trewartha climate classification
 Holdridge life zones
 Hardiness zone

References

External links

 World Map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification for the period 1951–2000 (archived 6 September 2010)
 Global climate maps, using Köppen classification (FAO, 1999)

Climate records
 IPCC Data Distribution Center (archived 18 April 2016)

Climate and weather classification systems

Köppen climate classification


Mereologia (da raiz  Grega μέρος - compartilhar ou partes; sufixo -logia - discurso, estudo, saber) é uma área da lógica e da filosofia que estuda as relações de participação, de partes com um todo, da relação das partes dentro de um todo. O termo foi criado no início do século XX pelo filósofo e matemático Stanisław Leśniewski, para designar uma teoria particular que comporia o sistema formal com o qual ele pretendia fundamentar a lógica e a matemática. O termo assumiu um sentido mais geral, e hoje denomina qualquer teoria sobre esse tipo de relação, como também o campo de estudo em torno dela.

O interesse pelo estudo dessas relações e dos problemas filosóficas implicados acompanha a filosofia desde seu início. Assim, muitos debates metafísicos, cosmológicos e lógicos entre os pré-socráticos já continham elementos de uma teoria das relações partes-todo—a defesa eleática da uniformidade e indivisibilidade do Ser, ou a tese atomista de uma unidade indivisível subjacente formando todas as coisas. Em outras tradições filosóficas, como a filosofia chinesa, também desenvolviam tese mereológicas—como a escola Míngjiā, que aderia à uma tese pluralista, ou nos debates das escolas filosóficas do Jainismo, que giravam em torno do teses semelhantes ao atomismo. A mereologia está presente no pensamento de Platão, Aristóteles e das escolas helenísticas, como o Epicurismo e Estoicismo.

Porém, as maiores contribuições para o desenvolvimento de uma teoria formal da participação aconteceram principalmente na obra de Franz Brentano e seus alunos, como Edmund Husserl nas Investigações lógicas (1901). E foi com as publicações de Leśniewski que a mereologia ganhou seu caráter de uma teoria pura das relações de participação, apesar de sua influência ter sido inicialmente mediada por outros autores, dado o acesso restritivo ao original em polonês na perspectiva da comunidade filosófica geral.

História
Discussões de parte e todo surgiram como proeminentes no monismo eleático, como em Parmênides e Melisso. Em resposta aos seus problemas lógicos, Platão realizou uma análise inaugural da mereologia no seu diálogo Parmênides, em que aborda sobre as relações existentes entre as subdivisões e totalidade no Um; mas são também encontradas sofisticadas teorias platônicas de parte e todo em seu Teeteto e Timeu.

Euclides, em Elementos, define um ponto como sendo aquilo que não tem partes.

É também um tópico principal na Metafísica, Física, Tópicos e Das Partes dos Animais de Aristóteles; em De Divisione e In Ciceronis Topica de Boécio; e nas discussões de ontologistas medievais e filósofos escolásticos como Garlando Computista, Pedro Abelardo, Tomás de Aquino, Raimundo Lúlio, João Duns Escoto, Walter Burley, Guilherme de Ockham e Jean Buridan. Aparece na Logica Hamburgensis (1638) de Jungius, na Dissertatio de arte combinatoria (1666) e Monadologia (1714) de Leibniz e nos escritos iniciais de Kant Gedanken (1747) e Monadologia physica (1756).

Na modernidade recente, Alfred North Whitehead foi um dos primeiros a desenvolver axiomas à teoria de partes e todos, a qual ele chamava de "teoria da extensão".

Gosma

Em mereologia, chama-se de "gosma" (em inglês: gunk) a consideração de que as partes nunca se atomizam: "será que tudo é feito de "gosma" sem átomos—como Lewis (1991: 20) chama—que se divide para sempre em partes cada vez menores?".

Na doutrina de homeomerias ou de "tudo em tudo", Anaxágoras é por vezes interpretado como apresentando em sua teoria um caráter do tipo "gosma". Platão, no Parmênides, avança experimentos mentais de análise mereológica considerada a certo ponto do tipo "gosma", como na sua terceira dedução. Para ele, na sétima dedução, em Parmênides 164d–c, isso existiria caso se desconsiderasse a existência do "Um" e ocorressem subdivisões de partes ad infinitum: como se, ao se visualizar uma poeira infinita, cada parte pequena a princípio se apresenta com pouca definição; mas, sempre em se ampliando o olhar, suas delimitações passam a ser vistas como ilusórias, e mostra-se que, na verdade, é formada por outras partes menores, sem nunca se alcançar átomos unitários:"Mas cada massa deles é ilimitada em número, e mesmo que você pegue o que parece ser o menor pedaço, ele muda de repente, como algo em um sonho, o que parecia ser um é visto como muitos, e em vez de muito pequeno, é visto como muito grande em comparação com as frações minúsculas dele. (...) Tais massas de outros seriam outros uns dos outros, se os outros existem e Um não existe. (...) Haverá, então, muitas massas, cada qual parecendo ser uma, mas que não é uma, se o Um não existe?"Outros pensadores a discutirem sobre elementos lógicos que envolvem esse conceito de uma "gosma" material incluem Zenão, Aristóteles, Guilherme de Ockham, René Descartes e Alfred Tarski. As primeiras menções contemporâneas ao conceito encontram-se nos trabalhos de Alfred North Whitehead e Bertrand Russell, e posteriormente nos escritos de David Lewis.

Ver também

 Contínuo (teoria)
 Henologia
 Holismo e reducionismo
 Infinito atual e infinito potencial
 Metéxis
 Navio de Teseu
 Teoria dos conjuntos

Referências

Bibliografia

Conceitos de epistemologia
Conceitos de lógica
Conceitos metafísicos
Mereologia
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Pretas)

Mereologia


Serikschan Rüstemuly Muschyqow (; * 17. Juni 1989 in Taldy-Kurgan, Kasachische SSR) ist ein kasachischer Fußballspieler.

Karriere

Verein

Schetissu Taldyqorghan
Von 2006 bis 2008 spielte Muschyqow für die zweite Mannschaft des kasachischen Erstligisten Schetissu Taldyqorghan. In der Saison 2008 rückte er in den Kader der A-Mannschaft auf. Sein Premjer-Liga-Debüt gab er am 17. Mai 2008, dem zehnten Spieltag, im Auswärtsspiel gegen Ordabassy Schymkent über 90 Minuten. In seiner Premierensaison konnte er sich noch nicht als Stammspieler im Mittelfeld etablieren und stand nur in zwölf Spielen für Taldyqorghan auf dem Platz.

In der Saison 2010 erzielte er in 29 Spielen sechs Tore. Sein erstes Profitor erzielte er am 12. Mai 2010 beim 1:2-Auswärtssieg gegen den FK Atyrau. In de folgenden Spielzeit konnte er mit Taldyqorghan den bisher größten Erfolg der Vereinsgeschichte feiern. Mit 19 Siegen sicherte sich Taldyqorghan den zweiten Tabellenplatz in der Premjer-Liga, wodurch der Verein an der Europa League 2012/13 teilnehmen durfte. Dort spielte Muschyqow in den beiden Spielen der ersten Qualifikationsrunde gegen Lech Posen, wobei er im Rückspiel am 12. Juli 2012 mit dem Treffer zum 1:1-Endstand sein erstes Tor in einem internationalen Wettbewerb erzielte.

FK Astana
Im Januar 2014 wechselte er zum FK Astana.

Nationalmannschaft
Sein Debüt in der Kasachischen Nationalmannschaft feierte er bei der 3:2-Niederlage von Kasachstan gegen Aserbaidschan.

Erfolge
 Kasachischer Meister: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballnationalspieler (Kasachstan)
Fußballspieler (Tobyl Qostanai)
Fußballspieler (FK Astana)
Fußballspieler (Qaisar Qysylorda)
Fußballspieler (Schetissu Taldyqorghan)
Kasachischer Meister (Fußball)
Sowjetbürger
Kasache
Geboren 1989
Mann

Serikschan Muschyqow


الشوتل هو سيف منحني الشكل منشؤه أبيسينيا (أثيوبيا القديمة)، وانحناؤه يشكل نصف دائرة تقريبًا، نصله مسطح وثنائي المَضرِب. يبلغ طول النصل ما يقارب 40 إنشًا. مقبضه عبارة عن قطعة خشبية لا واقي لها، وغمده يُصنع من الجلد.

مراجع

أسلحة ذات نصال
ثقافة إثيوبية

شوتل


Die Saison 2007/08 der Oberliga Südwest war die 30. Spielzeit der Fußball-Oberliga Südwest seit ihrer Wiedereinführung im Jahr 1978 sowie die 14. und letzte als vierthöchste Spielklasse in Deutschland. Durch Verschiebungen im Zuge der Einführung der 3. Fußball-Liga zur nachfolgenden Saison gab es in dieser Saison vier Aufsteiger in die Regionalligen.

Die Meisterschaft und den Aufstieg in die Regionalliga sicherte sich die zweite Mannschaft des 1. FSV Mainz 05 mit acht Punkten Vorsprung auf die Zweitvertretung des 1. FC Kaiserslautern. Neben den Mainzern stiegen auch die zweit- bis viertplatzierten Kaiserslauterer, Wormatia Worms und Eintracht Trier in die Regionalliga auf. Mainz stand schon früh als Meister fest. Bei der Verteilung der restlichen Aufstiegsplätze ergab sich jedoch eine enge Konstellation. So wurde der 1. FC Saarbrücken am vorletzten Spieltag von den Aufstiegsrängen verdrängt.  Die Abstiegsränge belegten Eintracht Bad Kreuznach und der FV Engers 07.

Die Aufsteiger waren der SC 07 Idar-Oberstein als Meister der Verbandsliga Südwest, der SV Roßbach/Verscheid als Meister der Rheinlandliga sowie die Sportfreunde Köllerbach als Meister der Verbandsliga Saar.

Die Torschützenkönige wurden Christian Bolm von Wormatia Worms und Nazif Hajdarović vom 1. FC Saarbrücken. Sie erzielten jeweils 16 Treffer.

Tabelle

|}

Kreuztabelle
Die Kreuztabelle stellt die Ergebnisse aller Spiele dieser Saison dar. Die Heimmannschaft ist in der linken Spalte, die Gastmannschaft in der oberen Zeile aufgelistet.

Weblinks
 Oberliga Südwest 2007/08 bei kicker.de

2007
Fußballsaison 2007/08

Fußball-Oberliga Südwest 2007/08


Pro Evolution Soccer 2017 (skraćeno PES 2017, u Aziji službeno World Soccer: Winning Eleven 2017) šesnaesta je nogometna videoigra u serijalu Pro Evolution Soccer, proizvođača i izdavača Konamija uz pomoć Blue Sky Teama. Na omotu igre kutije videoigre nalaze se najbolji nogometaši FC Barcelone, a među njima i Ivan Rakitić.

Kao i prijašnje verzije igre, i ovo izdanje ima UEFA-inu licencu za Ligu prvaka, Europsku ligu i Superkup zajedno s licencom CONMEBOL-a za Copa Santander Libertadores.

Natjecanja i momčadi
Zahvaljujući ekskluzivnom ugovoru s UEFA-om i CONMEBOL-om, UEFA Liga prvaka, UEFA Europska liga, UEFA Superkup i Copa Libertadores imaju punu licenciju.

Lige i Kupovi
 FA Premier liga
 Football League Championship
 FA Kup
 Community Shield
 Ligue 1
 Ligue 2
 Kup
 Super Kup
 Serie A
 Serie B
 Kup
 Super Kup
 Eredivisie
 Kup
 Super Kup
 Primeira Liga
 Kup
 Super Kup
 La Liga
 Liga Adelante
 Copa Del Rey
 Supercopa Espana
 Primera Division
 Kup
 Super Kup
 Brasileirão
 Kup
 Primera Division
 Kup
Liga PEU (Europa)
Copa PEU
Super Cup PEU
Liga PLA (Južna Amerika)
Copa PLA
Liga PAS (Azija)
Copa PAS

Međunarodna natjecanja (države)
FIFA Svjetsko prvenstvo
UEFA Europsko prvenstvo
CONMEBOL Copa America
CONCACAF Gold Cup
AFC Azijski kup
CAF Afrički kup
OFC Kup nacija

Međunarodna natjecanja (klubovi)
FIFA Klupsko Svjetsko prvenstvo
UEFA Liga prvaka
UEFA Europska liga
UEFA Superkup
Copa Libertadores
Copa Sudamericana
Recopa Sudamericana
AFC Liga prvaka

Reprezentacije
PES 2017 sadrži 86 nogometnih reprezentacija, '+' označava novu reprezentaciju u PES-u, a '*' označava reprezentaciju koja se vratila u serijal PES.

Europa:

Sjeverna i Južna Amerika:

Azija i Oceanija:

  +

  +
  +

Afrika:

  +

  +

  Obala Bjelokosti

Klubovi

Europa

 Gabala FK
 Qarabağ FK
 FK Austria Beč
 Rapid Wien
 Red Bull Salzburg
 Club Brugge
 KAA Gent
 KRC Genk
 RSC Anderlecht
 Standard Liege
 BATE Barysaŭ
 FK Sarajevo
 Ludogorec Razgrad
 APOEL
 AEK Larnaca
 Slovan Liberec
 Sparta Prag
 Viktoria Plzen
 København
 HJK Helsinki
 AEK Atena
 Olympiacos
 Panathinaikos
 PAOK
 Dinamo Zagreb
 Hajduk Split
 Dundalk F.C.
 Hapoel Beer Sheva
 Maccabi Tel-Aviv
 Astana

 Rosenborg
 Bayer Leverkusen
 Bayern München
 Borussia Dortmund
 Borussia Mönchengladbach
 Mainz 05
 Schalke 04
 Legia Varšava
 Astra Giurgiu
 Steaua Bukurešt
 CSKA Moskva
 Krasnodar
 Rostov
 Zenit Petrograd
 Slovan Bratislava
 NK Maribor
 FK Crvena zvezda
 Celtic
 AIK
 Basel
 Young Boys
 Zurich
 Beşiktaş
 Fenerbahçe
 Galatasaray
 Konyaspor
 Osmanlispor
 Šahtar Donjeck
 Dinamo Kijev
 Zorja

Južna Amerika
 Caracas

Azija
 Tokyo

Pjesme
 Peking Duk ft. Nicole Millar - High
 Carlos - La Bamboula
 All Twins - Thank You
 Mauro Pilato And Max Pont - Gam Gam
 Eiffel 65 - Panico
 Simple Plan - Boom
 Hunter Hunted - Keep Together
 JR JR - In The Middle
 Skrillex And Diplo With Justin Bieber - Where Are U Now
 Twenty One Pilots - Ride
 The Chainsmokers ft. Daya - Don't Let Me Down
 Galantis - In My Head
 Miike Snow - Genghis Khan
 Ellie Goulding - On My Mind
 Vant - Parking Lot
 James Bay - Hold Back The River
 Clean - Big Data

Stadioni

Vidi još
 Pro Evolution Soccer (serijal)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

HCL recenzija

PES10
Videoigre iz 2011.
Videoigre za Windows
Videoigre za PlayStation 2
Videoigre za PlayStation 3
Videoigre za PlayStation Portable
Videoigre za Wii
Videoigre za Xbox 360
Videoigre za Nintendo 3DS

Pro Evolution Soccer 2017


جبل الكُوز  جبل يقع جنوب مدينة جيان بمنطقة الأندلس ذاتية الحكم بجنوب إسبانيا.

المراجع

جبال إسبانيا
أماكن ذات اسم عربي الأصل في شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية

جبل الكوز


Eysenhardtia, rod mahunarki iz tribusa Amorpheae, dio potporodice Faboideae. Postoji 13 vrsta raširenih od juga SAD-a (Texas, Novi Meksiko, Arizona) preko Meksika na jug do Nikaragve..

Vrste
 Eysenhardtia adenostylis Baill.
 Eysenhardtia byei Cruz Durán & M.Sousa
 Eysenhardtia officinalis R.Cruz & M.Sousa
 Eysenhardtia orthocarpa (A.Gray) S.Watson
 Eysenhardtia parvifolia Brandegee
 Eysenhardtia peninsularis Brandegee
 Eysenhardtia platycarpa Pennell & Saff.
 Eysenhardtia polystachya (Ortega) Sarg.
 Eysenhardtia punctata Pennell
 Eysenhardtia schizocalyx Pennell
 Eysenhardtia spinosa Engelm.
 Eysenhardtia subcoriacea Pennell
 Eysenhardtia texana Scheele

Sinonimi
 Varennea DC.
 Viborquia Ortega
 Wiborgia Kuntze

Izvori

Amorpheae

Eysenhardtia


Endülüs Emevîleri, Abbasilerin, Emevî hanedanına son vermesi ile 10. Emevi halifesi Hişam bin Abdülmelik'in torunu ve Muaviye bin Hişâm'in oğlu Abdurrahman, İspanya'ya giderek burada 756 yılında Endülüs Emevî Devleti'ni kurdu. Abdurrahman, Abbâsîler ile mücadele etti, Franklara karşı başarılar kazandı.

Emevîler İspanya'da tam bir İslam egemenliği kurmuşlardı. Ancak zamanla, başa geçen hükümdarlar cihadı bıraktı ve saraylarda sefa sürmeye başladılar. Taht kavgaları ve sevdaları, kardeş kanının dökülmesi sebebiyle yıkım dönemi başladı. Ülke çevresinde gelişen Hristiyan birlikler zamanla daha fazla güçlendi. Aragon kralı Ferdinand ile Kastilya kraliçesi I. İsabel'in evlenmesi ve ordularını birleştirmesi ile Hıristıyanlar daha da güçlenmiş ve Yahudilerle Müslümanları Endülüs'ten çıkarmışlardır. Kemal Reis komutasında bir donanma ile kurtulan Yahudilerle Müslümanlar gemilerle doğuya getirilmişlerdir.

Endülüs Emevîleri'nin en parlak dönemi III. Abdurrahman (912-961) ve II. Hakem (961-976) zamanlarıdır. III. Abdurrahman, halife unvanını da kullanınca İslam tarihinde aynı anda Abbâsîler, Endülüs Emevîleri ve Fâtımîlerde olmak üzere ilk kez üç halife çıktı.

KuruluşuEmevilerin soyundan gelenlerin Afrika üzerinden cebeli tarıktan ispanyaya geçmesi üzerine 731 yılında kurulmuştur

Toplumsal yapı

Analiz

Sanat
Halifenin Madinat al-Zahra'dakiler gibi resmi atölyeleri, sarayda kullanılmak veya misafirlere, müttefiklere ve diplomatlara hediye olarak kullanılmak üzere sanatsal üretimi teşvik eden lüks ürünler üretti. Halifenin atölyelerinde üretilen birçok obje daha sonra Avrupa'daki müzelerin ve Hristiyan katedrallerinin koleksiyonlarına girdi. Bu dönemin en ünlü objeleri arasında bitkisel, figüratif ve epigrafik motiflerle oyulmuş fildişi kutular vardır. Hayatta kalan kayda değer örnekler arasında al-Mughira'nın Pyxis'i, Zamora'nın Pyxis'i ve Leyre Sandığı yer alır. Metal işi objeler de üretildi, bunlardan günümüze ulaşan en ünlü parçası, Madinat al'da yapılmış bir geyik şeklinde oyulmuş bronz bir çeşme musluğu olan "Cordoba Geyik". -Zahra ve Cordoba Arkeoloji Müzesi tarafından korunmaktadır. Benzer işçiliğin geyik şeklindeki diğer iki bronz örneği, Madrid'deki Ulusal Arkeoloji Müzesi'nde ve Doha'daki İslam Sanatları Müzesi'nde muhafaza edilmektedir. Hilafet'in yıkılmasından sonra fildişi ve ipek eşyaların üretimi büyük ölçüde dururken, daha sonraki dönemlerde deri ve seramik gibi diğer ortamlarda üretim devam etti.

Hükümdarlar listesi

Kurtuba Emevî Emirleri

 I. Abdurrahman, 756-788
 I. Hişam, 788–796
 I. Hakem, 796–822
 II. Abdurrahman, 822–852
 I. Muhammad, 852–886
 Mündhir, 886–888
 Abdullah bin Muhammed, 888–912
 III. Abdurrahman, 912–929

Kurtuba Emevî Halifeleri
 III. Abdurrahman, halife olarak, 929–961
 II. Hakem, 961–976
 II. Hişam, 976–1008
 II. Muhammed, 1008–1009
 II. Süleyman, 1009–1010
 II. Hişam, (ikinci kez), 1010–1012
 II. Süleyman, (ikinci kez) 1012–1016
 IV. Abdürrahman, 1017

Emevî hanedanı yerine Hammûdiler'in gelmesi:

 Ali bin Hammud-el-Nasır, 1016–1018
 Kasım bin Hammud-el-Ma'mu, 1018–1021
 Yahya bin Ali bin Hammud-el-Mu'tali, 1021–1023
 Kasım bin Hammud-el-Ma'mu, 1023 (ikinci defa)

Emevîler'in tekrar hükümdarlığa geçmesi:

 V. Abdürrahman, 1023–1024
 III. Muhammed, 1024–1025
 Ara hükümdar Yahya bin Ali bin Hammud el-Mu'tali, 1025-1026
 III. Hişam, 1026–1031

Emevî hâlifelerinin soyağacı

Soyağacı renk anahtarı

Ayrıca bakınız
 Emevîler
Cevheriler

Kaynakça

İslam devletleri
750'lerde kurulan bölgeler ve ülkeler

Endülüs Emevî Devleti


حبيبز  هي سلسة من المطاعم الموجودة في البرازيل متخصصة بتقديم أكلات من الشرق الأوسط. لديها أكثر من 260 فرع في البرازيل، وقد بدأ حديثاً العمل على افتتاح فروع في بلدان أخرى. إنّ مطاعم حبيبز معروفة بسبب أسعار الوجبات المنخفضة جداً، وبسبب الأطباق المميزة. إن الأطباق الشرق أوسطية رائجة في البرازيل منذ قدوم المهاجرين السوريون واللبنانيون إلى البرازيل، على الرغم من أن عددهم لايتجاوز 7% من تعداد سكان البرازيل.

التاريخ
أول مطعم تم افتتاحه عام 1988 في ساو باولو، رئيس الشركة هو البرتو سارايفا، عدد الموظفين هو 14000 تقريباً. تقدم في مطاعم حبيبز بعض الأكلات الخفيفة مثل التبولة، الكبّة والصفيحة. بالإضافة إلى بعض الصندويشات البرازيلية. وتعد سلسلة مطاعم حبيبز المنافس الأقوى لسلسة مطاعم ماكدونالدز في البرازيل.

مراجع

شركات أسست في 1988
شركات مقرها في ساو باولو
علامات تجارية برازيلية
مطاعم برازيلية
مطاعم أسست في 1988
سلاسل وجبات سريعة في البرازيل

حبيبز


José Hermano Saraiva (* 3. Oktober 1919 in Leiria; † 20. Juli 2012 in Setúbal) war ein portugiesischer Historiker, Jurist, Politiker und Diplomat. Er wurde in Portugal besonders mit Fernsehsendungen über die Geschichte des Landes bekannt.

Leben
Saraiva wurde 1919 in Leiria geboren, als Sohn des Geschichtsprofessors José Saraiva (1881–1946) und als jüngerer Bruder des späteren Professors für Literaturgeschichte und Aktivisten der Kommunistischen Partei Portugals, António José Saraiva (1917–1993). Er absolvierte ein Jurastudium (Abschluss 1941) und ein Studium der Geschichtsphilosophie (Abschluss 1942) an der Universität Lissabon. Im Anschluss arbeitete er als Rechtsanwalt und lehrte an weiterführenden Schulen und an Hochschulen, so am Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Política Ultramarina und der Faculdade de Letras der Universität Lissabon.

Von 1968 bis 1970 war er Bildungsminister in der Regierung Marcelo Caetanos, des Estado-Novo-Regimes, und wurde in der Funktion mit den Studentenunruhen (crise académica) vor allem an der Universität Coimbra 1969 konfrontiert. 1972 wurde er Botschafter Portugals in Brasilien, bis zur Nelkenrevolution 1974, nach der er kein offizielles Amt mehr bekleidete. Er wurde nun bekannt mit Fernsehsendungen über die Geschichte Portugals.

Rezeption
Einerseits entwickelte er bedeutende Arbeiten zur Geschichte Portugals, darunter sein sechsbändiges Standardwerk História de Portugal (Publicações Alfa, Lissabon 1981). Andererseits waren seine Arbeiten nicht immer unumstritten unter Historikern, etwa in Bezug auf die von Salazar errichtete Diktatur, der Saraiva in verschiedenen Positionen gedient hatte.

Vor allem mit seinen Fernsehsendungen und seiner präzisen, dabei anschaulichen Art, Geschichte zu vermitteln, ist Saraiva eine bekannte Persönlichkeit in Portugal geworden. Bei der 2007 vom öffentlich-rechtlichen Fernsehsender RTP veranstalteten Wahl des "Größten Portugiesen aller Zeiten" (Os Grandes Portugueses) belegte er den 26. Platz.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Rechtsanwalt (Portugal)
Bildungsminister (Portugal)
Historiker
Hochschullehrer (Universität Lissabon)
Fernsehmoderator (Portugal)
Jurist im auswärtigen Dienst
Portugiesischer Botschafter in Brasilien
Träger des Ordens des Infanten Dom Henrique (Großkreuz)
Portugiese
Geboren 1919
Gestorben 2012
Mann

José Hermano Saraiva


Izvanredni profesor je samostalni predavač na fakultetu, po stupnju viši od docenta, a niži od redovitog profesora.

U ženskom obliku naziv je izvanredna profesorica.

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Izvanredni profesor


Ponoć u doslovnom smislu na pol noći ponoć, trenutak je kada sunce naizgled uzima najniži položaj ispod horizonta, suprotno od podneva, kada je najviša. Ovaj trenutak je izabran za početak dana, a onda je sat na 00:00 (0 h, 0 min) ili 12.00.

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ponoćno sunce

Vanjske poveznice

Dijelovi dana

Ponoć


Ioan Niculae Alecu (n. 9 iulie 1945, București) este un agronom român contemporan, profesor doctor la Academia de Științe Agricole și Silvice Gheorghe Ionescu-Șișești, președinte de onoare și rector al USAMV București între 2000 și 2008.

Este doctor în agronomie și președintele Secției de Economie Agrară și Dezvoltare Rurală al ASAS.

Distincții și titluri academice
 Ordinul național "Pentru Merit" în grad de Comandor conferit de Președintele României - anul 2000
 "Doctor Honoris Causa" conferit de către USAMV Iași - anul 2005
 Ordinul "Meritul Agricol" în grad de "Ofițer" conferit de Președintele României - anul 2007

Contribuții științifice
Ioan Niculae Alecu a publicat de-a lungul carierei sale ca agronom și cadru universitar mai multe lucrări de referință. Dintre lucrările sale de marcă se pot aminti:
 Caiet de lucrări practice la disciplina Conducerea unităților agricole, București, 1989;
 Îndrumător privind întocmirea proiectului pentru management în agricultură, București, 2000;
 Managementul aprovizionării și desfaceri, Craiova, 2003;
 Agroturism și marketing agroturistic, București, 2006;

Condamnare penală
La data de 02.08.2017, Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție, a condamnat la 6 ani de închisoare pe Ioan Niculae Alecu în dosarul "Ferma Băneasa" instrumentat de procurorii DNA, în care a fost acuzat de abuz în serviciu cu consecințe deosebit de grave și în formă continuată. În perioada 2000 - 2004, rectorul Ioan Niculae Alecu, alături de alți inculpați, a trecut 224 hectare de teren din proprietatea statului în proprietate privată prin încalcarea prevederilor legale.

Note

Nașteri în 1945
Agronomi români
Profesori români în viață
Nașteri pe 9 iulie
Oameni de știință români în viață
Profesori universitari români

Ioan Niculae Alecu


කුරුණෑගල දිස්තිරික්කයේ බමුණාකොටුව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් බලප්‍රදේශයේ මූණමලේ, කොස්වත්ත, යහලේගෙදර යන ගම් තුනෙහි සීමා මායිම්හි පිහිටා තිබේ. නුවරයුගයට පෙර සිට පැවත එන බවට ජනප්රවාද පවතී.

කුරුණෑගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

මොණරාගල පුරාණ විහාරය


«Who You Are» —en español: «Quién eres»— es una canción de la cantante y compositora británica de pop Jessie J. La canción fue compuesta por ella misma, Toby Gad y Shelly Peiken, mientras que su producción musical estuvo a cargo de Gad. Se lanzó como el penúltimo sencillo de Who You Are el 11 de noviembre de 2011 mediante un EP publicado en iTunes. La canción alcanzó el octavo puesto en la lista UK Singles Chart y se le otorgó un disco de plata por vender más de 200 000 copias en el país. Mike Diver de BBC la comparó con «Hometown Glory» de Adele.

Antecedentes y composición

«Who You Are» es una canción de géneros neo soul y pop compuesta por Jessie, Toby Gad y Shelly Peiken, mientras que su producción quedó a cargo de Gad. En una entrevista con The Independent, afirmó que «Who You Are» es una de las canciones que más la hace sentirse orgullosa de sí misma. También dijo que en una ocasión recibió un mensaje de una chica diciéndole: «Yo no le veía objetivo a mi vida, así que ya estaba lista para darme por vencida y acabar con ella hasta que escuche "Who You Are"», la cantante se dijo a sí misma: «Esa expresión fue hermosa, pero da miedo al mismo tiempo». Luego, en una entrevista con el diario The Sun, dijo que: «"Who You Are" salvó mi vida musical. Un día antes de escribir la canción estaba lista para renunciar a la música. Es increíble como tres minutos y medio de la letra y la melodía pueden cambiar tú vida y estoy muy feliz de que no solo salvó mi vida sino que también salva a otras personas». De acuerdo con la partitura publicada por Sony/ATV Music Publishing en el sitio Musicnotes.com, la canción tiene un tempo vivace de 130 pulsaciones por minuto y está compuesta en la tonalidad de fa menor. El registro vocal de Jessie se extiende desde la nota fa♯3 hasta la mi♯5.

Vídeo musical

El vídeo musical de la canción fue dirigido por el británico Emil Nava y lanzado 29 de septiembre de 2011 en la cuenta de VEVO oficial de la cantante. Toda la trama del videoclip transcurre en una habitación pequeña que solo cuenta con una cama y algunas lámparas, también se puede ver un pequeño baño. En todo el vídeo, la cantante solo usa un sostén, una pequeña blusa semitransparente y un collar dorado. Casi al terminar, comienza a llover dentro de la habitación, por esto, las lámparas empiezan a hacer corto circuito y a explotar una por una, hasta que toda la habitación queda a oscuras.

Versiones y remezclas
 Descarga digital

Posicionamiento en listas

Semanales

Certificaciones

Referencias

Sencillos de Jessie J
Canciones de Jessie J
Sencillos de pop
Sencillos de 2011

Who You Are (canción de Jessie J)


The White Oak River is a blackwater river, close to 48 mi (77 km) long, on the coastal plain of southeast North Carolina in the United States. It empties in the Atlantic Ocean.

Course
It rises in the White Oak Pocosin in northern Onslow County and southern Jones County approximately 15 mi (24 km) north of Jacksonville. It flows east, then SSE, along the border between Onslow, Jones and Carteret counties, and forming the western boundary of Croatan National Forest. The lower 10 mi (16 km) of the river is a tidal estuary, approximately 1.6 km wide. It enters the Atlantic at Bogue Sound, then passes between two barrier islands (Bogue Banks and Bear Island) through Bogue Inlet into the open Atlantic at Onslow Bay.

Habitat
The White Oak River runs through a variety of habitats including swamps, hardwood forests, and salt marsh flats. A wide variety of wildlife can be found in and around the river and its smaller river feeders. These creeks provide safe havens for many small animals such as, fish, snakes, frogs and many more animal as well as plant life. Along the river, there are reports of bald cypress trees over one thousand years of age. Many alligators can be found along the river.

In 2016, scientists from Uppsala University reported a new class of archaean microbes with rare chemosynthetic properties, Hadesarchaea, living in hot, low-oxygen environments near White Oak River.  In the same year, a University of Texas-led team discovered a new archaen phylum, Thorarchaeota, from samples taken from the White Oak River estuary.

See also
 List of North Carolina rivers

References

Rivers of North Carolina

White Oak River


ටර්බයිනයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමේ දී විවිධ ක්ෂේත්‍රයන්හි නියැලෙන ඉංජිනේරුවන්ගේ සහභාගීත්වය අවශ්‍ය වේ.

ඉංජිනේරුවන් ප්‍රශ්න වලට විසඳුම් සෙවීමට හෝ පවතින දෙයක් වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමට භෞතික විද්‍යාව හා ගණිතය උපයෝගී කර ගනී. තෝරා ගැනීම් කිහිපයක් තිබුණහොත් ඉංජිනේරුවන් ඒවායේ යෝග්‍යතාව මැන අවශ්‍යතාවයට වඩාත්ම උචිත විසඳුම තෝරාගනී. ඉංජිනේරුවෙකුගේ ඉතාම වැදගත්ම හා විශේෂිතම කාර්යභාරය වන්නේ නිර්මාණයක ඇති සීමාවන් හඳුනා ගැනීම, තේරුම් ගැනීම හා අර්ථ දැක්වීම මඟින් සාර්ථක ප්‍රථිඵල අත්කර ගැනීමයි. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් තාක්ෂණික අතින් සාර්ථක නිර්මාණයක් කිරීම පමණක් නොසෑහේ, එය ඉදිරි  අවශ්‍යතාවයන් සඳහා ද ගැලපිය යුතුය.  සීමාවන් අතරට භාවිතයට ඇති සම්පත්, භෞතික, සංකල්පමය, තාක්ෂණික සීමාවන් , අනාගත සංශෝධනයට ඇති නැඹුරුව,වියදම් ,ආරක්ෂාව ,ඉල්ලුම, ඵලදායීතාව සහ වැඩදායීතාව වැනි සාධක ඇතුලත් වේ. මෙම සීමාවන් හඳුනා ගැනීම මඟින් ඉංජිනේරුවන් සෑදිය හැකි වස්තුවක් හෝ පද්ධතියක් නිපදවීමට හෝ ක්‍රියා කිරීමට අවශ්‍ය සීමාවන් පනවනු ලබයි.

ගැටළු වලට විසඳුම් සෙවීම

ඉංජිනේරුවන් ඔවුන්ගේ විද්‍යාව, ගණිතය සහ මනා පලපුරුද්ද භාවිතා කරමින් ගැටළු වලට විසඳුම් සොයයි. ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව යනු ව්‍යවහාරික ගණිතය හා විද්‍යාවෙහි එක්තරා ශාඛාවකි. ගැලපෙන ගණිතමය ආකෘතියක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම ඉංජිනේරුවන්ට එය අධ්‍යයනය කිරීම පහසු කරන අතර ගැලපෙන විසඳුම් පරීක්ෂා කිරීමද කල හැක.බොහෝ විට තෝරා ගැනීම් කිහිපයක් තිබෙන අතර ඉංජිනේරුවන් එම නිර්මාණ වල යෝග්‍යතාව පරීක්ෂා කර අවශ්‍යතාවයට වඩාත්ම උචිත විසඳුම තෝරාගත යුතුය. ගනරික් අල්තුරෙල් (Genrich Altshuller), පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍ර විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් අධ්‍යයනය කිරීමෙන් පසුව, පහල මට්ටමේ ඉංජිනේරු නිර්මාණ සඳහා සම්මුතියකට එලඹීමේ හැකියාව මූලික වන බවත් ඉහල මට්ටමේදී වඩාත්ම උචිත නිර්මාණය වන්නේ ප්‍රධානතම ගැටළුව ඇති කරන සාධකය ඉවත් කිරීම බවත් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලදී.
මහා පරිමාණයෙන් නිපදවීමට පෙර ඉංජිනේරුවන් තම නිර්මාණයන් කෙතරම් දුරට නියමිත පරිදි ක්‍රියා කරන්නේදැයි නිගමනය කිරීමට උත්සාහ දරයි. ඔවුන් මේ සඳහා මූලාකෘති, සුළු පරිමාණයේ ආකෘති, අත්හදා බැලීම්, ආතතිය පිලිබඳ පරීක්ෂණ, විනාශවීම හා නොවීම පිලිබඳ පරීක්ෂණ භාවිතා කරයි. මෙවැනි පරීක්ෂණ මඟින් නිෂ්පාදනය කොතරම් දුරට අපේක්ෂිත පරිදි ක්‍රියාකරන්නේද යන්න නිගමනය කල හැකිය.ඉංජිනේරුවන් හොඳ වෘත්තිකයන් වශයෙන් තම නිෂ්පාදනයන් නියමිත පරිදි ක්‍රියා කරනවාද යන්න පිලිබඳ ඇති වගකීම ඉතා බරපතල ලෙස සලකන අතර මහ ජනතාවට හිතාමතාම හානියක් වන අයුරින් ක්‍රියා නොකරයි. අනපේක්ෂිත හානි අවම කර ගැනීමට ඔවුන්ගේ නිර්මාණ වල ආරක්ෂාකාරීබව පිලිබඳ විශේෂ කොටස් ඇතුලත් වේ. කෙසේ වුවද බොහෝවිට ආරක්ෂාකාරීබව ඉහල යන විට නිර්මාණයේ කාර්යක්ෂමතාව පහල බසී.
භෞතික විද්‍යාව
ගණිතය

ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ ක්‍රමවේදය


"Getaway Car" je pjesma američke pop kantautorice Taylor Swift. Objavljena je 6. rujna 2018. godine kao šesti singl s njezinog šestog studijskog albuma Reputation u izdanju diskografske kuće Big Machine Records. Swift je pjesmu napisala i producirala s Jack Antonoffom.

O pjesmi
"Getaway Car" napisali su i producirali Swift i Jack Antonoff. Pjesma traje tri minute i pedeset tri sekunde i ima tempo od 86 otkucaja u minuti. Swift pjesmu izvodi u C-duru u rasponu glasova od G3 do D5. Glazbeno, pjesma je synth-pop broj, koji podsjeća na djela s njenog prošlog albuma 1989 te kao djela iz godine 1989.

Pjesma govori o pokušaju napuštanja osobe s kojom je trenutno u vezi te pokušava "pobjeći" s drugom osobom, koristeći metaforu lopova i kradljivaca. Swift također spominje zloglasni par kriminalaca Bonnie i Clyde u tekstovima.

Ljestvice

Izvori

Skladbe Taylor Swift

Getaway Car (pjesma Taylor Swift)


Lovelady Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Lovelady Township (Burke County, North Carolina)
 Lovelady Township (Caldwell County, North Carolina)

Lovelady Township


Les 121 État 2602 à 2620 sont des locomotives de vitesse des chemins de fer de l'Etat, utilisées pour la traction des trains de voyageurs.

La construction
La construction se déroule dans l'ordre suivant:
 n° 2601, livrée par la SACM en 1889
 n° 2602-2610, livrées par Fives-Lille en 1890
 n° 2611-2620, livrées par Cail en 1890

Histoire
Les 121 État 2602 à 2620 sont affectées aux trains rapides du réseau.

À l'origine, un prototype est établi par la SACM et présenté à l'Exposition Universelle de 1889. Il est immatriculé 2601 dans le parc des chemins de fer de l'Etat, puis 121-002 en 1909. Lors d'un concours de vitesse organisé sur le PLM, le , il atteint une vitesse proche de 125km/h.

Une série de 19 locomotives est ensuite réalisée et immatriculée 2602 à 2620. Elles deviennent en 1909 les 121-051 à 121-069. En 1938, lors de la création de la SNCF, elles formeront la série des 3-121 C 51 à 69.

Caractéristiques
 Pression de la chaudière :
 Surface de grille :
 Surface de chauffe :
 Diamètre des cylindres HP :
 Diamètre des cylindres BP :
 Diamètre des roues motrices :
 Empattement des roues motrices:
 Empattement total :
 Masse en ordre de marche :
 Longueur hors tout :

Notes références

Locomotive à vapeur française
Matériel roulant de l'État

121 État 2602 à 2620


Rhodogorgon, rod crvenih algi smješten u porodicu Rhodogorgonaceae. Postoje dvije priznate vrste; obje su morske.

Rhodogorgon carriebowensis J.N.Norris & Bucher, 1989 je holotip roda Rhodogorgon, sinonim za R. ramosissima J.N.Norris & Bucher.

Vrste
 Rhodogorgon flagellifera Huisman, 2018
 Rhodogorgon ramosissima J.N.Norris & Bucher, 1989

Izvori

Rhodogorgonales

Rhodogorgon


UEFA Europa League 2018-19 var den 48. sæson af europas næststørste klubturnering i fodbold arrangeret af UEFA, og den 10. sæson, siden den blev omdøbt fra UEFA Cup til UEFA Europa League .

Finalen blev spillet på det Olympiske stadion i Baku, Aserbajdsjan, mellem de engelske hold Chelsea og Arsenal - og dermed var det den første Europa League-finale, der blev spillet mellem to hold fra samme by. Chelsea besejrede Arsenal 4-1 og har vandt retten til at spille mod Liverpool, vinderne af UEFA Champions League 2018-19, i UEFA Super Cup 2019. Som vindere ville Chelsea også have været kvalificeret til UEFA Champions League 2019-20-gruppespillet; men da de allerede havde kvalificeret sig gennem en tredjepladsen i Premier League, blev den reserverede plads givet til tredjepladsen i Ligue 1 2018-19 - da Frankrig var det 5. bedste land ifølge næste sæsonens adgangsliste.

For første gang blev videoassistentdommeren (VAR) -systemet brugt i turneringen, hvor det blev implementeret i finalen.

Turneringsændringer
Den 9. december 2016 bekræftede UEFA reformplanen for UEFA Champions League for 2018-2021-cyklen, der blev annonceret den 26. august 2016. I henhold til de nye regler vil alle hold, der elimineres i UEFA Champions League kvalificerede runder, få en chance i Europa League.

Hold fra forbund
I alt 213 hold fra alle 55 UEFA-forbund deltog i UEFA Europa League 2018-19. Forbundsrangeringen baseret på UEFA-koefficienter anvendes til at bestemme antallet af deltagende hold for hvert forbund:

 Forbund 1-51 (undtagen Liechtenstein ) har hver tre hold.
 Forbund 52-54 hver har to hold.
 Liechtenstein og Kosovo (forening 55) har hver et hold kvalificeret (Liechtenstein organiserer kun en pokalturnering og ingen indenlandsk liga, Kosovo som en beslutning truffet af UEFA's eksekutivkomité).
 Desuden er 55 hold der blev elimineret i UEFA Champions League 2018-19 overført til Europa League (standard nummer er 57, men to færre hold konkurrerer i UEFA Champions League 2018-19).

Forbundsrangering
For UEFA Europa League 2018-19 fordeles forbundene efter deres UEFA landskoefficienter fra 2017, der tager højde for deres præstation i europæiske turneringer fra 2012-13 til 2016-17.

Bortset fra tildelingen baseret på landets koefficienter kan forbund have yderligere hold, der deltager i Champions League, som anført nedenfor:

  - Yderligere hold overført fra UEFA Champions League

Fordeling
I standardadgangslisten overføres 17 tabere fra Champions Leagues første kvalifikationsrunde til Europa Leagues anden kvalifikationsrunde (Mestervejen). Men en færre taber ville blive overført, da Champions League-titelindehavere allerede kvalificerede sig til gruppespillet via deres nationale liga. Derfor kom kun 19 hold ind i Mestervejens anden kvalifikationsrunde (en af taberne fra Champions League første kvalifikationsrunde ville gennem lodtrækning blive oversiddere).

Derudover overføres tre tabere fra Champions League anden kvalifikationsrunde (Ligavejen) til Europa League tredje kvalifikationsrunde (Hovedvejen). Men en taber færre ville blive overført, da Europa League-titelhaverne allerede kvalificerede sig til gruppespillet via deres nationale liga. Som følge heraf blev følgende ændringer af adgangslisten foretaget:

 Pokalvinderne i forbund 18 (Danmark) trådte ind i tredje kvalifikationsrunde i stedet for anden kvalifikationsrunde.
 Pokalvinderne i forbund 25 (Norge) kom ind i anden kvalifikationsrunde i stedet for første kvalifikationsrunde.
 Pokalvinderne i forbund 50 og 51 (Wales og Færøerne) kom ind i første kvalifikationsrunde i stedet for den præ-kvalifikationsrunden.

 Når vinderne i hjemmekampen (betragtes som den "højest placerede" kvalifikation inden for den nationale forening med den seneste startrunde) også kvalificerer sig til Champions League, bliver deres Europa League-plads fraflyttet. Som følge heraf kvalificeres det højest placerede hold i ligaen, som endnu ikke har kvalificeret sig til europæiske konkurrencer, til Europa League, med Europa League-kvalifikatørerne, der slutter over dem i ligaen, flyttede op på et "sted".
 Når vinderne i cupen også kvalificerer sig til Europa League gennem ligaposition, bliver deres plads gennem ligapositionen ledig. Som følge heraf kvalificeres det højest placerede hold i ligaen, som endnu ikke har kvalificeret sig til europæiske konkurrencer, til Europa League, med Europa League-kvalifikatørerne, der slutter over dem i ligaen, flyttede om muligt et "sted".
 For sammenslutninger, hvor et Europa League-sted er forbeholdt enten League Cup eller slutningen af sæsonens europæiske konkurrenceafspillede vindere, kvalificerer de sig altid til Europa League som den "lavest placerede" kvalifikationskamp. Hvis League Cup-vinderne allerede har kvalificeret til europæiske konkurrencer gennem andre metoder, er dette reserverede Europa League-sted taget af det højest placerede hold i ligaen, som endnu ikke har kvalificeret sig til europæiske konkurrencer.

Indledende runde

I den indledende runde blev holdene inddelt i seedede og useedede hold baseret på deres UEFA Klubkoefficienter fra 2018, og derfor gennem lodtrækning fordelt i ude- og hjemmekampe. Hold fra samme forbund kunne ikke trækkes mod hinanden. Lodtrækning fandt sted den 12. juni 2018. Den første kamp fandt sted den 26.-28. juni og returkampen blev spillet den 5. juli 2018.

Referencer

2018-19
Pages with unreviewed translations

UEFA Europa League 2018-19


Aux phares de la Bastille est un grand magasin parisien d'habillement ouvert en 1875, au coin de la place de la Bastille et de la rue Saint-Antoine, à la limite des 4 et 12 arrondissements. Il fermera lors de la Première guerre mondiale.

Le bâtiment
Le bâtiment de style haussmannien forme un important quadrilatère avec une grande cour centrale entre la place de la Bastille et les rues Saint-Antoine et rue de la Bastille, cependant, les vues proposées par les affiches ou tracts de l'époque le représentent toujours plus grand qu'il n'est réellement. Le nom du magasin fait référence aux quatre clochetons qui marques les angles et qui abritent des phares qui s'illuminent le soir. De nos jours, c'est une annexe de la Banque de France qui occupe une partie des locaux. Au rez-de-chaussée, le Café des Phares rappelle l'originalité de l'ancien bâtiment qui a perdu ses tourelles en 1947.

La politique commerciale
Le directeur, monsieur Gabriel, utilise tous les artifices publicitaires pour promouvoir son magasin face à la concurrence effrénée dans cette deuxième partie du  qui voit s'ouvrir de nombreux magasins du même genre à Paris. Il fait imprimer de nombreuses affiches, fait distribuer des tracts, offre des images à collectionner pour ses clients. Profitant de son emplacement, pour les fêtes du 14 juillet 1880, il distribue 25 000 drapeaux tricolores. En 1887, il crée une publication trimestrielle qui sera éditée pendant plus de dix ans. Dès son ouverture, le magasin dispose aussi d'un catalogue de vente par correspondance qui expédie ses produits dans toute la France et à l'étranger. C'est la crise créée par la guerre de 1914-18 qui provoque la fermeture du commerce.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Google livre : En marge du vieux Paris, les magasins de nouveautés, Histoire rétrospective et anecdotique de Paul Jarry, 1948
 Bernard Marrey, Les Grands magasins des origines à 1939, éditions Picard, Paris, 1979. .
 Béatrice De Andia et Caroline François, Les cathédrales du commerce parisien. Grands magasins et enseignes, Action Artistique de la Ville de Paris, 2006. .

Liens externes

Grand magasin disparu à Paris
4e arrondissement de Paris

Aux phares de la Bastille


En la mitología griega, Egialeo (Αιγιαλέας / Aigialeus), descendiente de Ínaco, fue el primero en darle nombre a lo que hoy conocemos como el Peloponeso. Apolodoro dice que es el hijo mayor de los oceánidas Ínaco y Melia, y por lo tanto hermano de Foroneo. Egialeo murió sin descendencia y en su honor una región del Peloponeso se llamó la tierra Egialea. Aunque según un escolio de Eurípides, es hijo de Foroneo y Peito y en este caso hermano de Apia (Apis). Fue el padre de Europs o Éurope, el héroe epónimo de las tierras europeas.Fuentes tardías historizantes dicen que Egialeo fue anterior incluso a Ínaco y que su hijo Éurope le sucedió en el reino de las tierras egialeas;y que incluso su reinado sucedió cuano Belo llevaba quince años gobernando en Asiria.

Pausanias y la tradición local posterior ya ubica a Egialeo como rey corintio. Nos dice que la tierra situada entre Élide y Sicionia, que se extiende hacia el mar oriental y que luego pasó a llamarse Acaya por el de sus habitantes, se llamaba antiguamente Egíalo y los que la habitaban egialeos, según dicen los sicionios, por Egialeo, que fue rey en lo que ahora es Sicionia.Cástor de Rodas alega que Egialeo fue el primero de los reyes de Sición y que su gobierno duró cincuenta y dos años.

Ancestros

Éste es el árbol genealógico según la Biblioteca mitológica.

Bibliografía

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

 Aigialeus en Greek Myth Index (en inglés).

 Egialeo, en el Proyecto Perseus.

Autóctonos
Reyes de Sición

Egialeo (hijo de Ínaco)


El santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación está construido a 6 kilómetros de Carrión de Calatrava. Está muy cerca del antiguo castillo de Calatrava la Vieja, cuna de la orden de Calatrava. Aquí está la Virgen de la Encarnación, patrona de Carrión, guardada pero a vista de todos, hasta el Domingo de Resurrección, que es llevada al  pueblo de Carrión donde permanece durante 40 días

Historia

Es un edificio de origen musulmán, con unos 1000 años de antigüedad. Debió ser una mezquita en época musulmana como lo atestigua un arco de herradura con alfiz situado en la fachada norte de la iglesia del santuario. Sobre esta mezquita se erigió la primitiva capilla de Nuestra Señora de los Mártires y a su alrededor un cementerio donde reposaban los restos de los calatravos muertos tras la batalla de Alarcos.

En el  se describe - visita de 1635 - la iglesia dedicada a Santa María de los Mártires, el cuarto del santero y la ermita de Santa Catalina (ahora llamada "cuarto de los mártires").

Posteriormente - sobre 1700 - la iglesia santuario se dedica a Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación de los Santos mártires de Calatrava la Vieja. Ya en el  el Santuario se completa con los edificios actuales.
Es un edificio de claro sabor manchego muy cuidado y querido por los carrioneros. A su alrededor, arboledas, servicios, barbacoas, bar, facilitan la estancia en romerías y días de campo.

En la nave central se encuentra la iglesia donde se da la misa en determinados días del año, en el altar se encuentra la imagen de nuestra señora de la encarnación (patrona de carrión), aunque la imagen de la virgen preside la iglesia hay otra imagen de un ángel con un niño.
Muchos de los mayores de la zona aseguran que el rey de España, dijo a los calatravos que si ganaban la batalla de calatrava la vieja les regalaría una iglesia dedicada a la virgen de los mártiles allá por el .

El santuario es famoso por los numerosos exvotos de cera que custodia ofrendados a la Virgen de la Encarnación.

Distribución de galerías y habitaciones

Se articula con un patio central, alrededor del cual se distribuyen las distintas dependencias. Iglesia y galería de "los milagros" u ofrendas y sacristía-camarín. El ala norte del patio es porticada con galerías de poste y carrera en planta baja y alta. A estas galerías se abren habitaciones, la cocina y el salón-comedor en la planta alta. El lado sur del patio está ocupado por el cuarto de "los mártires" y las habitaciones del santero. El lado este da acceso a otras dependencias y almacén y el oeste lo ocupa una galería en planta baja y el salón comedor en la planta alta.
El santuario también es utilizada para alquilar habitaciones durante la romería, que se subastan en un acto donde también se sortean otros artículos todos relacionados con la patrona.
Además durante los días previos a sábado santo en el santuario se deja ver a los mayores de 18 años como visten a la virgen.

Fiestas

Alrededor del santuario se celebran 3 fiestas:

 Carreras de Carrión: es una carrera que se recorre rodeando calatrava la vieja y el santuario
 Salida de la Virgen de la Encarnación: el domingo de resurrección cientos de personas se reúnen en el santuario para llevar a hombros a paso de trote a la Virgen de la Encarnación hasta Carrión
 Romería de la Virgen de la Encarnación: Se celebra el domingo de la Ascensión (el domingo anterior, domingo VI de Pascua, tiene lugar la Procesión General por las calles del pueblo). El día de la Romería la imagen de la Virgen regresa a su Santuario tras haber permanecido 6 semanas en el templo parroquial de Santiago Apóstol en Carrión

Galería de imágenes

Véase también
 Carrión de Calatrava
 calatrava la vieja
 Santuario de la Encarnación

Enlaces externos

 monumentos de carrión
 http://www.virgendelaencarnacion.com/IMAGENES.html

Carrión de Calatrava
Carrión
Carrión
Iglesias de la provincia de Ciudad Real
Arquitectura en Castilla-La Mancha en el siglo XVI
La Mancha
Carrion de Calatrava

Santuario de la Encarnación (Carrión de Calatrava)