Bruce Alan Beutler (Chicago, Illinois, 29 de diciembre de 1957) es un inmunólogo y genetista estadounidense. En 2011 recibió, junto a Jules Hoffmann, el Premio Nobel de Medicina y Fisiología por «sus descubrimientos concernientes a la activación de la inmunidad innata» (el otro galardonado de ese año fue Ralph Steinman).

Beutler es profesor y director del Departamento de Genética del Instituto de Investigación de Scripps en La Jolla, California, EE.UU. Su padre, Ernest Beutler, un hematólogo y médico genetista, también fue profesor y jefe de departamento en el Instituto de Investigación de Scripps.

Formación
Nacido en el seno de una familia judía, entre 1959 y 1977, Beutler vivió en el sur de California. Estudió secundaria en la Escuela Politécnica de Pasadena. Se matriculó en la Universidad de California en San Diego, donde se graduó a la edad de 18 años en 1976. Formó parte del alumnado de la facultad de medicina de la Universidad de Chicago en 1977 donde se doctoró a la edad de 23 años, en 1981.

A lo largo de su juventud, Beutler desarrolló un interés tardío por las ciencias biológicas. Algunas de sus experiencias formativas en biología incluyeron formación en el laboratorio donde su padre trabajaba y posteriormente en el laboratorio de Susumu Ohno, un genetista de mamíferos conocido por sus trabajos en evolución, estructura del genoma, y la diferenciación sexual. Además, trabajó en los laboratorios de Abraham Braude, experto en la biología de los lipopolisacáridos (LPS) también denominados endotoxinas, y Patricia Spear, una autoridad en virología del virus de la herpes simple. Posteriormente, Beutler profundizó la investigación científica tanto en el campo del virus del herpes simple como en el de los lipopolisacáridos o LPS, lo que le ayudó a comprender los mecanismos innatos de la resistencia a las infecciones que posteriormente denominó como autoinmunidad.

Vida académica
Desde 1981 hasta 1983 Beutler continuó su práctica médica en el Centro Médico del Suroeste, dependiente de la Universidad de Texas, en Dallas (EE.UU.) como interino del Departamento de Medicina Interna, así como residente en el Departamento de Neurología.

Entre 1983 y 1985 hizo su postdoctorado como becario en la Universidad Rockefeller, en el laboratorio de Anthony Cerami. Se convirtió en profesor asistente en la Universidad Rockefeller en 1985, así como biofísico asociado al hospital universitario entre 1984 y 1986.

Beutler regresó a Dallas en 1986 como profesor asistente del Departamento de Medicina Interna del Centro Médico del Sudoeste de la Universidad de Texas.

También fue asistente de investigación en el Instituto Médico Howard Hughes, donde se mantuvo durante los siguientes 14 años. Se convirtió en profesor e investigador asociado en 1990, llegando a ser profesor titular en 1996.

En 2000, Beutler se marchó al Instituto de Investigación de Scripps en La Jolla, California (EE.UU.) como profesor del Departamento de Inmunología. En 2007, fue nombrado director del recién creado Departamento de Genética en dicho Instituto.

Principales contribuciones científicas
Beutler es conocido principalmente por ser pionero en estudios de los mecanismos moleculares y genéticos asociados a la autoinmunidad. Fue el primero en aislar el factor de necrosis tumoral alfa en ratones (TNF), y en demostrar el potencial inflamatorio de esta citocina, demostrando su importante papel en el shock inducido por endotoxinas. Posteriormente, ideó moléculas recombinantes diseñadas expresamente para neutralizar el TNF, fusionando la porción del receptor del TNF de unión de proteínas con la cadena pesada de una molécula de inmunoglobulina para forzar la dimerización del receptor. Estas moléculas fueron posteriormente usadas de forma masiva como medicamento, conocido como Etanercept en el tratamiento de la artritis reumatoide, enfermedades de Crohn y psoriasis así como otros tipos de inflamaciones.

Interesado en el mecanismo por el que las endotoxinas o lipopolisacáridos LPS activan los mecanismos celulares de inmunidad en los mamíferos, Beutler usó estas células tumorales para producir fenotipos al objeto de identificar receptores de LPS. La identificación de la localización genética en los mamíferos del gen Lps es conocida desde los años 60 y es clave en la determinación genética de todas las respuestas biológicas de los LPS. Beutler así mismo descubrió la clave de la sensibilidad a la infección microbiana de los mamíferos, demostrando que uno de los receptores "Toll" -en la membrana celular- es el TLR4, formando parte del complejo receptor de los LPS. Los receptores tumorales TLR (de los cuales, diez tipos han sido descubiertos en humanos) ahora son mejor conocidos a la hora de detectar microorganismos, cada uno detecta un tipo de moléculas que provocan la infección. Esos receptores median en enfermedades graves incluyendo el coma y la inflamación sistémica que transcurre a lo largo de las enfermedades infecciosas. Ellos son el núcleo de la patogénesis en inflamaciones relacionadas con enfermedades autoinmunes conocidas como eritematosis sistémica lupus.

El mapeo del gen Lps fue completado en 1998. Beutler posteriormente continuó aplicando sus descubrimientos genéticos en el estudio de la inmunidad animal en mamíferos. En este proceso, las mutaciones génicas que se producen en las infecciones autoinmunes, haciendo el proceso aleatorio, son minimizadas usando agentes alquilantes (ENU, -en inglés-), detectados por sus efectos fenotípicos y desde que su posición génica fue aislada. Su trabajo reveló muchas señales moleculares requeridas en la respuesta inmune ayudando a delimitar el campo de la bioquímica de la autoinmunidad.

La mutagénesis de los agentes alquilantes (ENU) ha sido utilizada por Beutler y sus colegas en el estudio de la respuesta definida contra agentes infecciosos. A través de la proyección de un gen mutado para la susceptibilidad del citomegalovirus en los ratones, se han identificado una gran cantidad de genes que permiten establecer la diferencia entre la vida y la muerte durante la infección a los que genéricamente se les denomina "resistomas" del citomegalovirus en ratones.

Esos genes han sido clasificados en grupos por categorías como "sensores", "señalizadores", "efectores," "homeostáticos" y "desarrolladores" y algunos tienen aplicaciones aún no descubiertas. Por ejemplo, los canales iónicos del músculo liso de las arterias coronarias son esenciales en el papel homeostático mientras dura la infección por este microbio y las mutaciones que les afectan son causa repentina de fallecimiento durante el curso infeccioso.

En el transcurso de sus trabajos, Beutler y sus colegas han identificado genes requeridos en otros importantes procesos biológicos, incluyendo la regulación de la absorción de hierro. y también y desarrollo embrionario, desde que su ruptura por ENU ha creado variedades sorprendentes y anormales de fenotipos visibles.

Galardones
 Outstanding Investigator Award (1994)
 Premio Robert Koch (2004)
 William B. Coley Award (2006)
 Gran Prix Charles-Leopold-Mayer (2006)
 Premio Balzan (2007)
 Doctor honorario de la Universidad Técnica de Múnich (2007)
 Frederik B. Bang Award (2007)
 Albany Medical Center Prize (2009)
 Shaw Prize (2011)
 Premio Nobel de Medicina junto con Jules A. Hoffmann y Ralph M. Steinman (2011)

Vida privada
Beutler se casó con Barbara Beutler (nacida Lanzl) en 1980 y se divorció en 1988, Beutler tiene tres hijos: Daniel (n. 1983), Elliot (n. 1984) y Jonathan (n. 1987).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Eintrag auf isiknowledge.com
 The Balzan Foundation - Página web oficial
 The Robert Koch Foundation - Página web oficial
 The Bruce Beutler Laboratory - Página web oficial
 Scientific Publications – All publications of articles by Bruce A. Beutler listed in PubMed.
 How we sense microbes: Genetic dissection of innate immunity in insects and mammals – Breve reseña de la obra reciente, escrito con Jules A. Hoffmann.

Premios Nobel de Estados Unidos
Científicos de Estados Unidos
Inmunólogos
Alumnado de la Universidad de Chicago
Alumnado de la Universidad de California en San Diego
Profesores de la Universidad Rockefeller
Miembros de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Estados Unidos
Premio Balzan
Judíos laureados con el Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina
Doctores honoris causa de la Universidad de Chile
Judíos de Estados Unidos
Miembros de la Leopoldina
Laureados con el Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina
Laureados con el Premio Nobel 2011
Nacidos en Chicago

Bruce Beutler


La Autoridad de Transporte Regional del Sur de la Florida (South Florida Regional Transportation Authority, SFRTA) es una agencia de transporte público de Florida. Tiene su sede en Pompano Beach. Gestiona servicios de trenes en los condados de Broward, Miami-Dade y Palm Beach. También gestiona autobuses en el Condado de Broward.

Véase también
 Departamento de Transporte Público de Miami-Dade

Notas

Enlaces externos
 Autoridad de Transporte Regional del Sur de la Florida (en inglés)

Condado de Broward
Condado de Miami-Dade
Condado de Palm Beach
Miami
Transporte de Florida


Elmar Zimmermann (* 4. Mai 1930 in: Waldshut; † 17. Mai 1998 in Stühlingen) war ein deutscher Lehrer, Heimatforscher, Autor und Künstler.

Leben
Sein Elternhaus war in Erzingen. Elmar Zimmermann bestand 1949 das Abitur in Waldshut und studierte anschließend Pädagogik. Er war ab 1951 Lehrer, zunächst in Dillendorf. Da er sich seit seiner frühen Jugendzeit für Kunst begeisterte, bildete er sich autodidaktisch darin weiter. 1960 wurde er Oberlehrer und 1972 zum Rektor der Realschule in Stühlingen ernannt. Elmar Zimmermann hat zahlreichen Schriften und Forschungen hinterlassen. Mehrfach betätigte er sich als kritischer Autor, unter anderem von Wanderbüchlein. 1988 wurde er vorzeitig in den Ruhestand verabschiedet, sein künstlerisches Wirken geriet fast in Vergessenheit.

Publikationen (Auswahl)
 Schwarzwaldverein Stühlingen (Hrsg.), Wandern in Stühlingen, Text und Linolschnitte
 Heinrich Ernst Kromer, Leben und Werk, Waldshut, 1970
 Schattenrisse der Teufelsküche, 1984
 Der Maler Adolf Hildenbrand – Aspekte zu seinem Bildwerk, Biographie, 1977

Weblinks
 Elmar Zimmermann

Heimatforscher (Baden-Württemberg)
Person (Umwelt- und Naturschutz, Deutschland)
Bildender Künstler (Deutschland)
Autor
Person (Stühlingen)
Schulleiter (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1930
Gestorben 1998
Mann

Elmar Zimmermann


Arheološko nalazište s crkvom sv. Petra, zaštićeno kulturno dobro u Gornjem Muću, općina Muć

Opis dobra
Vrijeme nastanka: 9. stoljeće. Arheološki ostatci predromaničke crkve  (apsida objekta) nalaze se sjeverno od recentne crkve sv. Petra sagrađene na prijelazu iz 19. u 20.st. Predromanička crkva sv. Petra u Muću Gornjem nastala je adaptacijom jednobrodne kasnoantičke građevine. Na lokalitetu je pronađen ulomak arhitrava oltarne ograde sa spomenom imena kneza Branimira i navodom godine 888. Južno od recentne crkve sv. Petra otkriven je ostatak antičke građevine. Tijekom srednjeg vijeka na prostoru oko crkve sv. Petra razvilo se veliko župno groblje koje je funkciju zadržalo do danas. Uz arheološko nalazište s predromaničkom crkvom sv. Petra u Gornjem Muću su vezani sami počeci nacionalne srednjovjekovne arheološke znanosti.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4697 zavedeno je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "arheološka baština".

Izvori

Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Muć
Zaštićene kopnene arheološke zone i nalazišta u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Zadužbine hrvatskih vladara

Arheološko nalazište s crkvom sv. Petra u Gornjem Muću


George Davis (born 1941) is an armed robber, born in Bletchley, England and active in England. He became known through a successful campaign by friends and supporters to free him from prison after his wrongful conviction in March 1975, for an armed payroll robbery at the London Electricity Board (LEB) offices in Ilford, Greater London, on 4 April 1974. The conviction was based solely on unreliable use of identification evidence, in the absence of other evidence connecting him with the crime. Following his release, Davis was jailed for two cases of armed robbery.

Evidence
A number of blood samples (matching different blood groups) were recovered and formed part of the prosecution case. Of four accused, only Davis was convicted. At a number of specific locations, Davis was identified but the blood obtained from the location did not match his; neither did the blood match any of his co-accused.

A further complication turned on the fact that Davis might never have been committed for trial from the lower courts had blood test results been disclosed at the committal stage. Although it subsequently became clear that evidence had by then become available to police, it was suppressed and this abuse of due process became one of the core allegations relied upon by those campaigning for the release of Davis.
"The blood samples taken from ... Davis ... at Walthamstow on 18 May 1974 were passed on to the Yard's Senior Scientific Officer, Peter Martin, on 21 May and he reported his negative findings to the police officer in charge of the case on 20 June. At as late as November 1974 on a third bail application, this time before a judge in chambers, and after committals had been completed (28 October) the police were saying that they still awaited the blood results from forensic."

Campaign for release

Public activism
On 19 August 1975, while Davis was serving a 20-year prison sentence for the Ilford LEB robbery, his supporters dug holes in the pitch and poured oil over one end of the wicket at the Headingley Cricket Ground, preventing further play in the Test match between England and Australia. This direct action protest by relatives and friends of George Davis was accompanied by Davis Campaign graffiti proclaiming "FREE GEORGE DAVIS ... JUSTICE FOR GEORGE DAVIS ... GEORGE DAVIS IS INNOCENT ... SORRY IT HAD TO [BE] DONE". Three men and one woman were tried for this incident, and one, Peter Chappell, was eventually jailed for 18 months. The Davis campaigners who were remanded to prison to await trial for the Headingley sabotage continued their campaigning in support of one another within the prison system. One, Geraldine Hughes, refused to accept bail until it had also been granted to all of her co-accused. The campaign was also characterised by the graffiti "GEORGE DAVIS IS INNOCENT OK" or some variant thereof, in plain white paint, appearing on dozens of walls and bridges in London and on motorways.

Celebrity support
Roger Daltrey of The Who went on stage in 1975 wearing a T-shirt emblazoned with "George Davis Is Innocent". "George Davis Is Innocent" was a song on Sham 69's 1978 debut album Tell Us the Truth, and the song "The Cockney Kids Are Innocent" ends with a namecheck. Patrik Fitzgerald also showed support with "George" on the 1979 EP The Paranoid Ward. Davis received a namecheck in the Duran Duran song "Friends of Mine" on the album Duran Duran (1981): the chorus begins "Georgie Davis is coming out".

The back cover of the Tom Robinson Band's LP Power in the Darkness (1978) contains a cropped photo of the band seated on a street in front of a wall; the 2004 CD issue of that album shows the uncropped photo, showing the wall contained the graffito "GEORGE DAVIS IS GUILTY".

Media sympathy
Before Chappell's 1976 trial and conviction there was media criticism of the decision by the courts to refuse bail to the Headingley defendants (for example The Daily Telegraph editorial "WHEN TO GIVE BAIL", 28 August 1975) and eventually bail was granted to all of them. Bail conditions were stringent and denied the four Headingley accused the right to discuss Davis's wrongful conviction in public.

Related campaigns
Importantly, the original campaign to free Davis overlapped with, variously influenced, and was in turn influenced by other criminal justice campaigns in London, particularly the Free George Ince Campaign. Ince, another London victim of identification evidence, was also eventually freed. Although the "EAST END SOLIDARITY CAMPAIGN...TO STOP EAST END FIT UPS" (October 1975, UPAL/INCE Campaign political poster) had pre-dated the Davis Campaign, it went on to parallel it.

Both campaigns had support from London political activists who had a history of organising radical defence campaigns around the criminal justice system. In particular, among these core activists (who had supported and helped organise "defence campaigns" in connection with The Angry Brigade arrests and criminal prosecutions) were a number who went on to establish Up Against The Law (UPAL), a London-based "political collective". This Collective publicised the Ince case and went on to produce the most detailed publicly available investigation of the 1974 Davis Case armed robbery.

In September 1975, Peter Chappell while awaiting trial in prison for the August 1975 Headingley sabotage, wrote to UPAL:
"When this campaign started 18 months ago I was completely on my own and, if the truth were known, I was probably being labelled as a well meaning nut case, even in East London with no friends at all that I could seriously talk to about Davis's case… I value UPAL'S help a great deal … I thought that I must find other people and that if I make sacrifices then sooner or later others would join the fight…. George Davis is not on his own any more thanks to people like you.  There are more things twixt life and death than a pound note."

Some of UPAL's core activists, involved with both the Davis and Ince Campaigns, had also had late '60s early '70s activist connections with the Release Collective.

Release
In May 1976, despite a then-recent Court of Appeal decision (11 December 1975) not to overturn Davis's criminal conviction, the Home Secretary, Roy Jenkins, on partial completion of a police review of the case, agreed to recommend the release of Davis without further referral back to the Court of Appeal. Jenkins undertook this highly exceptional exercise of the Royal Prerogative of Mercy because of doubts over the evidence presented by the police which helped convict Davis. Davis's release was announced on 11 May 1976.

At the time of Davis's release, former Home Office Minister Alex Lyon wrote at some length to explain the genuine difficulties he had faced in seeking to resolve the constitutional difficulties he saw as preventing Davis's release from a conviction that he had regarded as unsafe.

According to a BBC Radio 4 documentary, although Davis was released because his conviction was deemed to be "unsafe" by the Home Secretary he extraordinarily held that Davis was not held to be "innocent". The period of official embargo on the release to the Public Record Office of official papers, related to the 1976 decision to free Davis, has now been extended by 20 years until 2026.

However, according to a report in The Independent written by the newspaper's Law Editor, Robert Verkaik, Davis and one of his original trial barristers, David Whitehouse, later a QC, intended to make representations to the Criminal Cases Review Commission in the hope that they would return to court citing new evidence and establish Davis's innocence and seek compensation for his period of imprisonment. The appeal was heard "explicitly on the basis that (Davis) has no expectation of compensation or other recognition. His reputation is, clearly, that of an armed robber whatever the result".

On 24 May 2011, Davis's conviction for the 1974 raid on the London Electricity Board was quashed by three judges at the Court of Appeal. One of the judges, Lord Justice Hughes, said that the conviction, based on dubious identification evidence, was unsafe but that the court was not able positively to exonerate Davis.

Further robberies
In 1978, two years after his release from prison, Davis was jailed again, having pleaded guilty to involvement in an armed bank raid on 23 September 1977 at the Bank of Cyprus, Seven Sisters Road, London. Davis was caught at the wheel of the getaway van with weapons beside him; in the raid shots were fired and a security guard clubbed to the ground. He was released early in 1984 but jailed again in 1987 for attempting to steal mailbags. Davis pleaded guilty.

Personal life
Some time after his release from prison in 1976, Davis separated from his first wife Rose. Some years later he married Jennifer, the daughter of a North London police Chief Inspector.

His first wife, Rose Dean-Davis (d. 31 January 2009), wrote a book, The Wars of Rosie: Hard Knocks, Endurance and the 'George Davis Is Innocent' Campaign in 2008.

References

1941 births
Living people
20th-century English criminals
British people convicted of robbery
Date of birth missing (living people)
Overturned convictions in the United Kingdom
Place of birth missing (living people)

George Davis (robber)


La  est l'une des quinze circonscriptions législatives que compte la préfecture de Saitama au Japon. Cette circonscription comptait  électeurs en date du .

Description géographique

La douzième circonscription de la préfecture de Saitama comprend la totalité des villes de Gyōda, Kazo et Hanyū, la majeure partie de Kumagaya et le nord-est de Kōnosu.

Députés

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chambre des représentants du Japon

Circonscription législative au Japon

Douzième circonscription de la préfecture de Saitama


Breamore House est un manoir élisabéthain connu pour sa belle collection de peintures et de meubles et situé au nord-ouest du village de Breamore, au nord de Fordingbridge, Hampshire, Angleterre. Bien qu'il reste entre des mains privées, il est ouvert aux visiteurs d'avril à octobre .

Histoire

Breamore House est achevée en 1583 par la famille Dodington et est construite sur le site de Breamore Priory. Le bâtiment connait des modifications mineures au  et subit une restauration considérable après un incendie majeur en 1856.

Achetée au  par Sir Edward Hulse, baronnet et médecin de la reine Anne et des rois George  et George II  la maison est toujours habitée par la famille Hulse .

Après son mariage avec Dame Elizabeth, fille de Sir Richard Levett, lord-maire de Londres et propriétaire du palais de Kew, la famille Hulse acquiert de nombreux héritages des Sussex Levetts, une ancienne famille normande, qui sont exposés dans la maison .

Lieux de tournage
Breamore House est utilisé comme l'un des lieux de tournage du film Pride & Prejudice de 2005.

Breamore est également le lieu de tournage de l'émission spéciale 2009 de HBO sur Winston Churchill intitulée Into the Storm, où la maison remplace Checkers, la maison du Premier ministre .

Références

Liens externes

Monument classé de Grade II* dans le Hampshire

Breamore House


Trex, pronounced Tricks or Trix, and also known as Ticks, is a four-player Middle Eastern card game mainly played in the Levant region (Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine).  Similar to European games like Barbu, Herzeln, Kein Stich or Quodlibet, Trex is a compendium game in which there are four rounds with each round consisting of five games. Each cycle is called a "kingdom" in reference to the fact that in each cycle one player (the King) determines which contract to play in each of the five games.

Players, cards and deal

Trex is played by four people using a standard international 52-card pack without jokers. The cards in each suit rank from high to low: A-K-Q-J-10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2. Deal and play are counter-clockwise.

To begin the session, the cards are shuffled, cut (by player to left of dealer) and dealt out to the four players, one at a time, so that each player has 13 cards. It does not matter who deals first, but the player who is dealt the 7 of hearts in this first deal is said to "own the kingdom." This player chooses which contract to be played each hand, and is also the dealer for the next four deals. During his or her "kingdom" a player may choose to play any contract based on his or her cards. There is no rule for playing the contracts in a set order, and there are 120 possible combinations of contract orders.

After the first dealer has played all five contracts, the kingdom passes to the player to his right, and so on. In some variations the game passes to the right first two times, then to the person opposite of the second player then to the remaining player. Each of these players, during their kingdoms, must deal five times, choosing a different contract each time, without repetition. After the four kingdoms are complete, 20 deals have been played, every player has chosen every contract once: the game is over.

The five contracts

Four of the five contracts are trick-taking games in which the aim is to avoid taking tricks, or particular cards. The dealer always leads to the first trick, and the winner of each trick leads to the next. Players must follow suit if they can, and the highest card of the suit led collects the trick.

King of hearts or "roi de coeurs"

The player who takes the trick containing the king of hearts loses 75 points in standard setting. When the contract is announced, the player who has the king of hearts has the option of revealing it to the other players and in doing so doubling its value. Hence, this process is called "doubling". If the player doubling the card fails, and collects it, he or she is reduced 75 points. Oppositely, If another player collects it when it is "doubled" he or she is reduced 150 points (double the standard value) and the player who originally had it gets 75 points.

One common strategy followed in the pursuit of forcing the card's holder to collect it him or herself is for players to purposely lead hearts when possible.

If this contract is chosen and a player holds either the king of hearts alone, the ace of hearts alone, or the king of hearts and the Ace of hearts, he or she may request that the hand be re-dealt. This is because such a player would most probably collect the card, which would be unfair for him or her! The player making the appeal should show all his or her cards to the other players. If this happens the replayed contract does not have to be King of Hearts.

Diamonds

Each card of the diamond suit taken in a trick costs 10 points off the running total of the collecting player. In some variations the collected diamonds are kept face up in front of the players taking them so that everyone can see which diamonds have been taken, and/or played, although this is not the standard method of play. Normally they are not shown.

Girls or "femmes"

Each queen taken in a trick costs the collecting player 25 points. Queens are stored face up in front of the winner of the trick in which they were played. Queens can also be doubled, causing the player who collects a doubled queen to be reduced 50 points and the one giving it to gain 25 points. If a doubled queen is collected it has a card placed over its half. Among some Trex players this is called "a blanket to keep her warm". If a normal queen is collected it has a card placed under its half. This is called "a pillow for her head".

Collections/ "slaps"/"slapping"/"lutoosh"

Each trick taken costs the collecting player 15 points.

Trex or trix

Despite its name, this is the only contract that is not a trick-taking game, but a game of the Card Domino family. Players try to get rid of their cards as soon as they can by playing them to a layout, which begins with the jacks, and continues upwards in each suit to the ace and downwards to the two. The dealer begins and play continues counter-clockwise. Players must play one card if they can. Legal plays are: any jack, or any card that is one rank higher or lower than a card that has already been played. If a player is unable to play, they pass. The first player who runs out of cards scores plus 200 points. The others continue playing and the second scores plus 150 points, the third plus 100 points and the last gets plus 50 points.

If Trex is announced, any player who holds four twos or three twos and the three of the fourth suit can require the cards to be thrown in. The cards are shuffled and redealt, and the dealer can choose any contract that he has not already played (including Trex).

The game is repeated if a suit is closed without all jacks on the table

Scoring

After 20 deals, when all four players have completed their kingdoms by choosing all five contracts, the game is over. The final scores indicate the result - the players with positive scores win by that amount, and the players with negative scores lose similarly.

The total points available in the five contracts are -75, -130, -100, -195, +500, so the total scores at the end of each kingdom and at the end of the whole game are always zero.

Tactics

Common tactics

 Open with the suit with the fewest cards, try to run out.
 Keep track how many cards are out of your hand from each suit, and how many have been played.
 Remember what suit each player opened with.
 When someone plays a very low rank (2's and 3's), that usually means they ran out, or almost ran out of that suit.
 When playing partners, it might be a good idea for one partner to keep one high value card of a suit the other partner still has, so they can hand them the game when they are stuck.
 Except in very rare cases, players should not play a suit that every other player ran out of (called tlata'shawy meaning thirteen).
 Tafreesh, is forcing an opponent to collect a trick when all the remaining cards in their hands are either very high or tlata'shawy, in that case they hand a trick to anyone else.
 If a player have a good hand for multiple contracts, the player should choose in this order of importance: Trex, king of hearts, queens, slaps, diamonds.
 Queens can be more important than king in partners if two queens can be doubled.

King of hearts
Generally, the king of hearts is an important game, and the easiest to pick if the player has the right cards. One should choose this contract and double the king if they (in order of risk):

 Have 5 or more hearts including the king (protected king)
 Have 3-4 hearts of high value (the ace and queen are helpful) including the king, with 2 or less cards of at least one other suit.
 Have 3-4 hearts including the king with 1 or less cards of at least one other suit.

If the player doesn't have the king of hearts, they should choose this contracts only if all other contracts available are extremely risky, because they might lose the chance to double the king and give an opponent the chance to control the game. It's important to have a high number (4 or more) of high value hearts. It's also preferable to have low values (2's and 3's) in the other suits, to avoid collecting the king of hearts on a trick of another suit.

Strategy
If a player has the king, one tactic is to start with the suit with the fewest cards until they run out, they can then play the king on that suit if their opponent will collect it.

If a player has 7 or more high value hearts including the king, they can almost guarantee success by leading with hearts until everyone runs out, then play all their high value cards from the other suits, before handing the game to another player with a low value card.

If a player counts cards correctly, they may be able to lead with the king when an opponent has the ace alone in their hand.

When playing partners and the king is on a player's left, they can try not to play hearts until their partner does so, making sure they don't have the ace in their hand. If they do, the first partner should play a suit they ran out of to let them get rid of the ace.

If one partner opened with a card other than 2, and that suit was played one time only, the other partner should play a high rank of that suit to make sure their partner runs out before wasting their low rank card.

If a player only has high cards of the suit their partner has run out of, they should keep playing that suit (high to low) until their partner runs out of another one, or an opponent is forced to collect.

If a player knows for a fact that the player on their right has the ace of hearts, and that the player's partner has the king, it could be possible to lead with hearts to force them to play the ace.

Queens
The strategy for picking queens is the same for the king of hearts, except it applies to all suits. It is preferable to be able to double at least two queens when a player pick this contract, but not necessary. Queens in a player's hand that they cannot double can at least assure that no one else will double them, and the player can mediate the loss from collecting one with a doubled queen given to an opponent.

Strategy
Same as the king of hearts except it applies to all suits. Also, the player has to pay to keep track of both kings and aces of each suit.

It is always preferable for a player to collect a non-doubled queen if they can, to make their opponent to collect a doubled queen.

Queens is usually an economic game, where the player has to weigh their wins and losses.

Tafreesh (see above) is a very common strategy in this contract, and especially useful when a player has a queen with a lot of protection of low ranks.

Diamonds
Diamonds is the go-to contract when a player has no other contracts to pick, since each diamond is worth -10 and usually they are distributed between multiple players. A perfect diamond hand is a hand with a lot of low rank diamonds (especially a 2), and generally low rank cards of other suits (although with a hand like that it might be preferable to pick slaps because it's a riskier game). The player can also pick the game if they have only one or two very low rank diamonds. Having another suit with one or two cards is also important, especially if the player has a high run of diamonds.

Strategy
Generally similar to other trick games. Keep an eye out for high rank diamonds and avoid playing tlata'shawy.

It's also a good idea for a player to keep at least one high-mid rank diamond to allow their partner to hand them the game if they are stuck.

If a player is the one who picked diamonds, it's preferable for them to wait for their partner to lead with diamonds, because usually that means that the player is the one with low rank diamonds.

If allowed, it is preferable to open with a diamond card if the player has only one or two mid-rank diamonds.

Slaps
Slaps are picked if a player has generally low cards, and preferably a suit with one or two cards, so they can run out and get rid of their high rank cards.

If playing partners, a player should not pick slaps if they only have low ranks as their partner's hand may also have a low value, and keeping a high card will allow them to give hand the game to the player.

Strategy
When an early game trick has low or medium ranks, the player can leave it. This is preferable, unless their partner is the one collecting it.

In late game, if a player has counted the cards correctly, they can take a trick with a high card and play a low card after, giving it back to an opponent, usually resulting in tafreesh.

Sometimes it's better for a player to lead with high cards so they will not collect tricks in the late game, as above.

One player might play a suit that their partner ran out of in order to let them get rid of their high ranks. Here, the first player may have to play tlata'shawy. This is a risky strategy, but can help when the player want to help their partner avoid tafreesh.

Trex
Trex is usually the most important and decisive contract (especially in partners), and it's the only positive score game (outside of doubling). Trex favors higher value hands, especially queens through aces. Also having mid rank cards of the same suit in order (e.g. 4, 5, 6 of hearts) is very helpful. Having 2's is detrimental, especially in partners where a player has to reveal them. Furthermore, having no cards of a suit, or having only a queen or higher of a suit will make the game significantly harder, as the player cannot control the game and will have to play cards for their opponents. Having a lonely jack, and no other jacks, is also detrimental because the player will have to play it immediately. On the other hand, having 10, J, Q of a suit gives the player the best start, because the player will not affect the game, forcing other players to play the jacks that the player needs.

Strategy
Generally, the player should play the cards they need (based on their 2s and their partner's), followed by non-risk cards (aces, 2s, and cards that where the player has the successor), then low risk cards (queens, kings, 3s, and cards where a successor with one card separation), then other cards.

When the player forced to play cards for their opponent, they should try to focus on only one suit, preferably the one they have the most of.

Sometimes, the player might have to keep a card that they or their partner need in their hand, to force a player to play another card that they also need.

If someone is passing, and a player has to play a card for an opponent (especially a 3), they should try to play cards for the one passing. That way, they make sure that the others will be forced to play cards which benefit the player.

It is helpful to see how many cards each player has before playing a card in the late game.

In partners, 2nd and 3rd are the same as 1st and 4th, so players do not need to risk the game if they not sure that their partner will be first.

Variations

The following are some common Trex variations:

 Some play that in the first three contracts, a player who is unable to follow suit must discard a penalty card (king of hearts in contract 1, diamond in contract 2, queen in contract 3) if they have one.
 Some players interchange the scores for diamonds (each diamond costs 10 points) and slapping (each trick costs 15 points).
 Some players reverse all the scores, giving positive points for the first four contracts and negative points for Trex. The object is then to have as low a score as possible at the end. Clearly this makes no difference to the way the game is played.
 Some play the contracts in a different order. For example: trix, girls 3asba, king of hearts, diamonds, collection.
 Trex is sometimes played as a partnership game, partners sitting opposite each other. The game is played the same way - each player gets a turn to choose contracts. There are two differences: (1) in the contract "Trex", after each player has had their first turn, all players must put any 2's that they hold face up on the table, so that everyone knows who has them and (2) scores are kept in terms of teams not individuals.
 It can be agreed in advance that when (King of Hearts) or (Girls) is announced, any player who holds a penalty card can place it face up on the table before the first lead. In this case the player who takes the card in a trick loses twice as much (-150 for the king of hearts, -50 for a queen) and the player who held the card scores +75 for the king of hearts or +25 for a queen.
 Trex Complex is a recent variant in which a dealer can play two or more of the first four contracts at the same time. In this case all the penalty cards and tricks from the contracts being played are scored in that deal. The number of deals is reduced accordingly - for example if a dealer starts by playing Diamonds, Girls and Collection together, then he has only two more deals, which must be King of Hearts and Trex (in either order). This variation is not recommended since it increases the luck factor - a player who is fortunate to deal himself a hand full of low cards can get a huge score by playing contracts 1-4 all at once.
 In Palestine and Jordan Trix complex refers only to the game when all four contracts are played at once while Trix is separate. When combining contracts according to desire of the king of the game, the game is called Trix Combination.

See also
 Barbu (card game)

External links
 Online game

Compendium games
Year of introduction missing

Trex (card game)


Ilinca Hărnuț (n. 30 iunie 1984, Cluj-Napoca) este o actriță română de film, scenă și voce.

Biografie
Ilinca Hărnuț a absolvit Universitatea Națională de Artă Teatrală și Cinematografică "I.L. Caragiale" din București, Facultatea de Teatru, secția actorie, în anul 2006.

Teatru
 Trei surori de Cehov, spectacol al anului al IV-lea actorie, clasa Doru Ana, alături de Simona Cuciurianu, Geo Remeș, Vlad Popescu
 2008 - Femeile din Trahis
 2010 - Ich Clown de Vera Ion și Sorin Poamă - piesă a programului Scrie despre tine

Filmografie
 2006 — Margo – Vera
 2007 — California Dreamin' (nesfârșit) – tânăra #4
 2007 — Marilena de la P7 – o prostituată
 2012 — Minte-mă frumos – Sanda
 2012 — Diavolul din tine (titlul în engleză The Devil Inside) – infirmiera italiană
 2016 — Discordia – Ilinca (scenariul și regia, Ion Indolean)
 2016 — Inimi cicatrizate – Isa

Note

Legături externe
 IMDB
 Actrița la Cinemagia
 Interviu cu Ilinca Hărnuț și cu Lucian Teodor Rus la a 22-a ediție a Festivalului de film de la Sarajevo
 Ilinca Hărnuț — Monologul din piesa În centrul atenției
 Fotografii ale Ilincăi Hărnuț pe websitul Festivalului de film de la Locarno
 Interviu cu Ilinca Hărnuț - News.ro

Nașteri în 1984
Nașteri pe 30 iunie
Actrițe de film române
Actrițe de radio române
Actrițe de teatru române
Actrițe de televiziune române
Actrițe de voce române
Actrițe române
Actori români din secolul al XX-lea
Actori români din secolul al XXI-lea
Actori români în viață
Clujeni

Ilinca Hărnuț


Baron Willoughby de Eresby ( ) is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1313 for Robert de Willoughby. Since 1983, the title has been held by Jane Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby.

History
The title of Baron Willoughby was created by writ in 1313 for Robert de Willoughby, lord of the manor of Eresby in the parish of Spilsby, Lincolnshire. He was the son of Sir William de Willoughby and Alice, daughter of John Beke, 1st Baron Beke of Eresby. The writ was addressed to "Roberto de Wylghby," and the suffix of de Eresby was added to the title between 1350-1360 to distinguish it from other members of the de Willoughby family.

The fourteenth Baron was created Earl of Lindsey in 1626. His great-grandson, the fourth Earl and seventeenth Baron, was created Marquess of Lindsey in 1706 and Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven in 1715. On the death of the first Duke's great-grandson, the fourth Duke, the Dukedom, Marquessate and Earldom were inherited by his uncle, while the Barony of Willoughby de Eresby fell into abeyance between the late Duke's sisters Lady Priscilla and Lady Georgiana. In 1780, the title was called out of abeyance in favour of Priscilla. She was the wife of Peter Burrell, 1st Baron Gwydyr. Their son Peter inherited both Baronies. On the death of Peter's only son Albyric, the Barony of Gwydyr was passed on to a cousin, while the Barony of Willoughby de Eresby fell into abeyance between his sisters Clementina Drummond-Willoughby, wife of Gilbert John Heathcote, 1st Baron Aveland and Charlotte, wife of Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington. In 1871 the abeyance was terminated in favour of Clementina. She was succeeded by her and Lord Aveland's son Gilbert, 2nd Baron Aveland and 25th Baron Willoughby de Eresby. In 1892 he was created Earl of Ancaster, a revival of the Ancaster title created for his maternal ancestor in 1715. On the death of his grandson, the third Earl, in 1983, the Earldom and Barony of Aveland became extinct (while the Baronetcy also held by the Earl was passed on to a distant relative), while the Barony of Willoughby de Eresby was inherited by the late Earl's daughter, Nancy, the present holder of the title.

Since 1626, the Barony of Willoughby de Eresby has been associated with office of Lord Great Chamberlain. In that year, the first Earl of Lindsey inherited the Great Chamberlainship. Upon the death of the fourth Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, it was divided between his sisters Priscilla and Georgiana (who was later Marchioness of Cholmondeley). Thereafter, the barony of Willoughby de Eresby has been associated with the senior share of the Lord Great Chamberlainship. However, it has not been associated with the highest share. The share belonging to Lady Cholmondeley has been passed intact to her heirs, the Marquesses of Cholmondeley, but Lady Willoughby de Eresby's share has been split between many heirs. As of 2004, only one-fourth of the Lord Great Chamberlainship is possessed by the holder of the barony.

The peerage has been held by a woman six times, more than any other peerage except that of Baron de Ros.

The family seats are Grimsthorpe Castle in Edenham, near Bourne, Lincolnshire and Drummond Castle, near Crieff, Perthshire, Scotland, originally the family seat of the Drummond earls of Perth. Both are managed by the Grimsthorpe and Drummond Castle Trust.

Barons Willoughby de Eresby (1313)

Robert de Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1260–1317)
John de Willoughby, 2nd Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1304–1349)
John de Willoughby, 3rd Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1329–1372)
Robert Willoughby, 4th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1349–1396)
William Willoughby, 5th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1370–1409), KG
Married Lucy le Strange and Joan Holland. His daughter Margery, by Lucy, married William FitzHugh, 4th Lord FitzHugh of Ravensworth and had a son Henry who became the 5th Lord FitzHugh. Two of the 5th Lord FitzHugh's daughters included Alice and Elizabeth FitzHugh. Elizabeth, from her first marriage, was the mother of Sir Thomas Parr and thus paternal grandmother of queen consort Catherine Parr.
Robert Willoughby, 6th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1385–1452)
Joan Willoughby, 7th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby (d. 1462)
Robert Welles, 8th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (d. 1470)
Joan Welles, 9th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby (d. 1475)
Christopher Willoughby, 10th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1453–1499)
William Willoughby, 11th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1482–1526)
Catherine Willoughby, 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby, Duchess of Suffolk (1519–1580)
Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1555–1601)
Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey, 14th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1582–1642)
Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey, 15th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (d. 1666)
Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey, 16th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1630–1701)
Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, 17th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1660–1723)
Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, 18th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1686–1742)
Peregrine Bertie, 3rd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, 19th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1714–1778)
Robert Bertie, 4th Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, 20th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1756–1779) (abeyant 1779)
Priscilla Barbara Elizabeth Bertie, 21st Baroness Willoughby de Eresby (1761–1828) (abeyance terminated 1780)
Peter Robert Drummond-Burrell, 22nd Baron Willoughby de Eresby, 2nd Baron Gwydyr (1782–1865)
Albyric Drummond-Willoughby, 23rd Baron Willoughby de Eresby, 3rd Baron Gwydyr (d. 1870) (abeyant 1870)
Clementina Elizabeth Drummond-Willoughby, 24th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby (1809–1888) (abeyance terminated 1871)
Gilbert Henry Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 1st Earl of Ancaster, 25th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1830–1910)
Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Earl of Ancaster, 26th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1867–1951)
Gilbert James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster, 27th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1907–1983)
(Nancy) Jane Marie Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby (b. 1934)
As of 2023 the co-heirs presumptive are:
Sebastian St Maur Miller (b. 1965), son of Carola Ramsden, the only child of the 26th Baron's elder daughter, Lady Catherine, and
Sir James John Aird, 5th Baronet (b. 1978), son of Sir John Aird, 4th Baronet, only son of the 26th Baron's younger daughter, Lady Priscilla.

See also
Baron Gwydyr
Earl of Lindsey
Earl of Abingdon
Heathcote baronets

Further reading
National Archives, Archives of Barons Willoughby de Eresby, ref: ANC

References

External links
Grimsthorpe Castle
Drummond Castle

1313 establishments in England
Noble titles created in 1313
Baronies in the Peerage of England
Baronies by writ
Willoughby family

Baron Willoughby de Eresby


ජයන්ති කුරු උතුම්පාල යනු, ශ්‍රිලාංකික ත්‍රාසජනක,  වෘත්තීය පාෂාණ කදු නගින්නෙකු වන අතර එල්ජීබීටී සහ කාන්තා අයිතිවාසිකම් ක්‍රියාකාරිනියකි.ජයන්ති කුරු උතුම්පාල යනු එවරස්ට් කන්ද තරණය කල පළමු ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයා වේ. ඇය 2016 මැයි 21 වන දින පෙරවරු 5:03 ට පමණ එවරස්ට් කන්ද ශිඛරයට ලඟා විය. ඇය ගවේෂණ කිහිපයක් සදහා සෙසු කදු නගින්නෙකු වන ජොහාන් පීරිස් සමග සහයෝගිතාවයක් ඇති කර ගත්තාය.
                       ජයන්ති කුරු උතුම්පාල 1979 සැප්තැම්බර් 3 වන දින කොළඹදී උපත ලැබීය.ඇගේ පියා නිස්සංක යාන්ත්‍රික ඉංජිනේරුවරයෙකි. ඇගේ මව ජසින්තා ආගන්තුක සත්කාර කර්මාන්තයේ කළමනාකාරවරියකි. ඇගේ වැඩිමහල් සහෝදරයා රුක්ෂාන් මවුන්ට් ලැවීනියා වේ ශාන්ත තෝමස් විදුහලට ඇතුලත් විය. ඇගේ තරුණ වියේදී ඇය නිර්භීත පුද්ගලයෙකු ලෙස ඇගේ සහෝදරයා විසින් විස්තර කරන ලදී. ඇගේ ළමා කාලය තුළ ඇගේ මිතුරන් ඇයව ටොම්බෝයි ලෙස හැදින්වූයේ ඇය පිරිමි ළමයෙකුට සමාන වූ නිසා හා ගස් නැගීමෙන් සහ කඳුකරයෙන් බයිසෙප් සහ ට්‍රයිසෙප් නිපදවන බවට ඇගේ මිතුරියන්ට අනතුරු ඇඟවූ බැවිනි.
                  ජයන්ති 1984 දී සිය ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය සදහා බිෂොප් විද්‍යාලයට බැදුණු අතර 1998 දක්වා එම පාසලේම ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය හැදෑරුවාය. පාසැල් අධ්‍යාපනය අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු 1999 දී ශ්‍රි ලංකා පදනම් ආයතනයට බැදී පුවත්පත් කලාව හා සන්නිවේදනය පිළිබද ඩිප්ලෝමාවක් හැදෑරුවාය. 2000 දී දිල්ලි විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ මිරැන්ඩා මන්දිරයට සම්බන්ධ වූ ඇය 2003 දී ශාස්ත්‍රවේදී උපාධියක් සහ ඉංග්‍රීසි සාහිත්‍ය පිළිබද උපාධියලබා ගත්තාය. 2002 දී හිමාලයානු කදු නැගීමේ ආයතනයේ දින 28ක හමුදා කදු නැගීමේ පාඨමාලාවටද ඇය සහභාගී වූවාය. 2007දී කොළඹ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයෙන් කාන්තා අධ්‍යයනය සදහා උපාධි ඩිප්ලෝමාව ලබා ගත්තාය.
             ජයන්ති එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සසෙක්ස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබීම සදහා ශිෂ්‍යත්වයක් දිනාගත් අතර 2009 දී ස්ත්‍රි පුරුෂසමාජ භාවය පිළිබද ශාස්ත්‍රපති උපාධිය ලබා ගත්තාය. 2003 සිට ඇය ශ්‍රීලංකාවේ කාන්තා ව්‍යාපාරයේ ප්‍රධාන සාමාජිකාවක් මෙන්ම කාන්තා හා මධ්‍ය සාමූහිකයේ සාමාජිකාවක් ද වූවාය. ඇය 2015 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී කෙයාර් ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් ශ්‍රිලාංකා සමාගමේ ස්ත්‍රී පුරුෂ සමාජ භාවය හා ලිංගිකත්වය පිළිබද විශේෂඥවරියක ලෙස සේවය කළාය. 2016 දී එවකට කාන්තා කටයුතු පිළිබද අමාත්‍ය චන්ද්‍රානි බණ්ඩාර ජයසිංහ විසින් ශ්‍රීලංකාවේ කාන්තා අයිතිවාසිකම් පිළිබද පළමු සුහද තානාපතිනිය ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී.
                 ජයන්ති 2011 දී ජොහාන් පීරිස් සමග අත්වැල් බැඳගත් අතර ඔහු සමග සාර්ථක ගවේෂණ කිහිපයකම වැඩ කර ඇත. 2012 දී ඇඩම්ස් පීක්, අයිලන්ඩ් පීක්, 2014 කිලිමන්ජාරෝ සහ 2016 එවරස්ට් කන්ද තරණය ද ඊට ඇතුළත්ය. ඇය ස්ටෙලන්බොෂ් හි පාර්ල් රොක්ස්, අජන්ටිනාවේ ආර්නෙල්ස් මෙන්ඩෝසා, ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ පිරෙනීස් හා ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ බෙන් නෙවිස් වැනි ගවේෂණ කටයුතුද සම්පූර්ණ කළාය. 2019 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී ජයන්ති සහ ජොහාන් පීරිස් හැටන් නැෂනල් බැංකුවේ සන්නාම තානාපතිවරුන් ලෙස නිල වශයෙන් අත්සන් කරන ලදී.
                       2014 සිට ජයන්ති සහ ජොහාන් එවරස්ට් කදු මුදුන තරණය කිරීමට පුහුණු වූ අතර පිහිනීම සහ කදු නැගීම වැනි විවිධ විනෝදාත්මක ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වලට සහභාගී වූහ. 2016 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ඔවුන් දෙදෙනා එවරස්ට් කන්ද තරණය කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුමක යෙදී සිටින බව නිවේදනය කළහ. ඔවුන් 2016දී ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ එවරස්ට් ගවේෂණ ව්‍යාපාරය ආරම්භ කරන ලදී.
            ජයන්ති 2016 මැයි 21 දින අලුයම 5:03ට එවරස්ට් කන්ද මුදුනට සාර්ථකව ළඟා වූ අතර, ජොහාන්ගේ ඔක්සිජන් ටැංකිය කන්ද තරණයට පෙර මීටර් 400ක් (අඩි 1,300 ) දී අසමත් වීම නිසා ඔහුට එය සම්පූර්ණ කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. ජොහාන් මීටර් 8,400 ක් (අඩි 27,600) ක උසකට ළඟා වූ අතර එය  4 වන කඳවුරෙන් ඔබ්බටය. ජයන්ති එවරස්ට් තරගය ජයගත් පළමු ශ්‍රිලාංකික මෙන්ම ප්‍රථම සහ එකම ශ්‍රිලාංකික කාන්තාව බවට පත්විය. ජයන්තිගේ මෙම තරගය නිසා පෝලන්තය, ක්‍රොඒෂියාව, සහ දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවට පසුව ලෝකයේ සිව්වන රට බවට ශ්‍රි ලංකාව පත් විය.
        ජයන්ති 2016 වසරේ අද දෙරණ රූපවාහිනි නාලිකාව වෙතින් විශේෂ සම්මානයක් ලබා ගත්තාය.
                අන්තර්ජාතික කාන්තා දිනයට සමගාමීව ශ්‍රි ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තුව විසින් 2019 මාර්තු මාසයේදී ඇය වඩාත් බලගතු කාන්තාවක් ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර කාන්තා වෙනස් වීම් සාදන්නන් අතරද ඇය ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව විසින් නම් කරන ලදී.
                 2019 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී ඇය ශ්‍රිලංකා ජනාධිපති මෛත්‍රීපාල මහතාගෙන් 2019 සදහා ජාතික ගෞරව සම්මාන ලැබූ 66 දෙනාගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

1979 උපත්

ජයන්ති කුරු උතුම්පාල


Dinky Toys was the brand name for a range of die-cast zamak zinc alloy scale model vehicles, traffic lights, and road signs produced by British toy company Meccano Ltd. They were made in England from 1934 to 1979, at a factory in Binns Road in Liverpool.

Dinky Toys were among the most popular die-cast vehicles ever made – pre-dating other popular die-cast marques, including Corgi, Matchbox and Mattel's Hot Wheels.

Vehicles commercialised under the "Dinky" name include cars, trucks, aircraft, military, ships.

Pre-war history

Frank Hornby established Meccano Ltd. in 1908 to make metal construction sets. The company later moved into model railways, with its O gauge clockwork trains appearing in 1920.

In the early 1930s, Meccano made many types of tinplate and other metal cars, such as its Morgan and BSA three-wheelers, mostly in kit form. In 1933, Meccano Ltd issued a series of railway and trackside accessories to complement its O gauge (1/45) Hornby Trains model railway sets. The accessories were first called "Hornby Modelled Miniatures", but in the April 1934 issue of Meccano Magazine, they were given the name "Meccano Dinky Toys" for the first time. In August 1935, the name Meccano was dropped and the marque became DINKY TOYS, which lasted until 1971. By December 1934, the Dinky name was also used for the "Dinky Builder" sets, which were coloured flat metal pieces that could be hinged together to make buildings and vehicles.

One story about the origin of the "Dinky" name is that it derived from a nickname that a friend gave to Frank Hornby's daughter. Another version is that when one of Hornby's daughters-in-law first saw the models, she called them "dinky", a Scottish word meaning "neat" or "fine".

The legacy of vehicles

In the mid-1930s, six vehicles were released (designated 22a through f), including a sports car, a sports coupe, a truck, a delivery van, a farm tractor, and a tank, all cast in lead. Soon after, the first Dinky model car, a sports car based on the MG Magic Midget, was made available individually, numbered 23. At that time, a series 24 (a-h) was introduced, which included a generic ambulance (made until the late 1940s), a grand sport open four-seater, a grand sport two-seater, a coupe and a limousine. The 24 series was also made in France.

Some smaller vehicles were produced alongside model track workers, passengers, station staff and other O scale trackside accessories. All of the early cars were inaccurate representations and had die-cast metal bodies and chassis, and wheels with rubber tyres. By August 1935, there were around 200 different products in the Dinky Toys range which included die-cast ships, aeroplanes and small trains. Dinky Toys model cars were available individually in trade packs of six cars per pack. Most models were not made available in individual boxes until 1952.

The number of commercial vehicles expanded with the addition of Series 28, which included many delivery vans. In 1935, a new series 30 was introduced which, for the first time, featured accurate likenesses of specific vehicles. They included a generic ambulance, a Daimler saloon, a Vauxhall saloon, a Chrysler Airflow saloon, and a Rolls-Royce saloon. Smaller Matchbox-sized Austin 7 saloons and tourers were also made. At about the same time, several models were also made and marketed in France. Liveries of well-known companies began to decorate the commercial vehicles.

Series 30 included:
30a Chrysler Airflow Saloon (originally no. 32)
30b Rolls-Royce
30c Daimler
30d Vauxhall
30e Breakdown car
30f Ambulance

In 1938, a new Series 36 was introduced. Most of those models were also made after World War II, up to 1948. Production was halted during the war so that the Binns Road factory in Liverpool could produce many items for the war effort. Models in series 36, meanwhile, included a Rover Saloon, a Bentley 2 seat sports coupe, an Armstrong-Siddeley limousine, a British Salmson 4 seater convertible, a British Salmson 2 seat convertible, and a Humber Vogue coupe. Chassis were cast with open holes, saving expense and metal. Provision was made on some models for attachment of metal drivers, but not many appeared before the war, making them more valuable.

Dinky had acute problems on early models with zinc pest, also known wrongly as metal fatigue, caused by impure alloys which caused corrosion between molecules, resulting in cracking of the metal, which would crumble prematurely. That was much more common in the years 1938–1941, and is the main reason why it is rare to find surviving toys in good condition from that period. Some early castings have survived in numbers, while others are rare without some form of damage – such as the 28/2 Series vans. Another theory is that the metal was corrupted by contamination with lead from Hornby train and Dinky Toys production, or lead ties from sacks and foil from cigarette wrappers.

Military

Between 1937 and 1939, a number of military vehicles were introduced, numbered from 151 to 162. They were painted army green, and consisted of a medium and a light tank, an Austin 7 military car, a six-wheeled truck, a reconnaissance car, a searchlight lorry, an anti aircraft gun, a Vickers Light Dragon artillery tractor with limber and 18-pounder gun. Most interesting were several fairly detailed trailers, including an ammunition trailer, a cooker trailer and a water tank trailer. The military offerings were produced through 1941, though a few select models – the clever (161b) anti-aircraft gun, the (151a) medium tank, and some of the trailers – were also made again from 1946 to 1955.

Pre-war models were fitted with thin diameter 1.626 mm. (0.064 in.) axles, whereas the post-war axles were 2.032 mm. (0.08 in.). The pre-war hubs were smooth, but after the war there was a raised part in the centre of the hub. Tracks on the tanks and the (162a) Light Dragon artillery tractor were made with a wire-link sprocket chain wrapped around the hubs. That gave a mechanical, although not very realistic, appearance to the tracks. The side panels of the anti-aircraft folded and, not only did the gun swivel 360 degrees, but it could be moved from level to about a 50-degree angle upward. The searchlight was also adjustable in horizontal and vertical directions.

Military models were made until the end of production in the late 1970s. A wide variety of military vehicles were produced, such as thejeep-like Austin Champ, which included a driver and passengers.

Aircraft and ships

Aircraft
In the early days of the Dinky Toys range, aeroplanes and ships formed a considerable part of the output of the Binns Road factory, along with models of cars, vans and trucks. Both civilian and military aircraft were subjects for the Dinky Toys modellers, and the model of the Spitfire was sold in a special presentation box between 1939 and 1941, as part of The Spitfire Fund, to raise money for the supply of a real Spitfire to the Royal Air Force. Some models were clearly identified, whereas others re-issued in 1945 had generic names such as Heavy Bomber (66a) and Two Seater Fighter (66c). The reason for that is not clear, but it may have been that they were not true representations of particular aircraft types. However, there were rumours that some models of aircraft and ships were disguised so that enemy agents would not be able to recognise allied aircraft and shipping from the Dinky Toys models. That was of particular importance in the production of French Dinky models, due to the political friction in Europe before the war and the fact that France was occupied by the Axis forces during hostilities. Those theories do not seem to be valid, because the models with generic names were issued in 1945, after hostilities had ceased.

Production of model aircraft resumed after the war with a mixture re-issues of pre-war models, along with models of new civilian airliners and recently introduced jet-powered aircraft. Production of Dinky planes tailed off in 1968, but was resurgent in 1971 with a range of World War II types complete with battery-powered propellers, as well as modern jet fighters, and even a Sea King helicopter. Those large-scale planes had been developed by Airfix but were made by Meccano Ltd., which had recently been bought by Airfix.

The range included:

60a Imperial Airways Liner (Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta) (1934)
62a Supermarine Spitfire (1939)
60c Percival Gull (1934)
60d Sikorsky S58 Helicopter
60f Cierva C.30A autogiro
60g de Havilland Comet
60h Short "Singapore III" flying boat
60r Short S 23 Empire flying boat
60s Fairey "Battle" bomber (1940–41)
60w Clipper III Flying Boat
62g Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress (1939)
62k The King's Aeroplane
62m Airspeed Envoy
62p Armstrong Whitworth Ensign
62s Hawker Hurricane (1940)
62w Imperial Airways Liner Frobisher Class
63 Mayo Composite aircraft
63b Mercury Sea Plane
64a Amiot 370 (1939)
64b Bloch 200 (1939)
67a Junkers Ju 89 (1941)
70a Avro York (1946)
70c Vickers Viking (1954)
70d Twin Engine Fighter
70e Gloster Meteor (1946)
70f Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star (1947)
701 Short Shetland Flying Boat
702 De Havilland Comet BOAC (1954)
703 Handley Page Herald (1955)
704 Avro York Airliner (1954) – re-issued from 70a
705 Vickers Viking  – re-issued from 70c
706 Vickers Viscount Airliner (1956)
707 Avro Vulcan – renumbered as 749 before release
708 Vickers Viscount Airliner (BEA) (1957)
710 Beechcraft Bonanza S35
712 US Army T-42A – retracting undercarriage
715 Beechcraft Baron – retracting undercarriage
716 Westland Sikorsky S51 Helicopter
717 Boeing 737 in Lufthansa Livery
731 Twin Engine Fighter – re-issue of 70d
730 Hawker Tempest II Fighter
732 Gloster Meteor (1946) – re-issue of 70e
732 Bell Police Helicopter – same issue number as above (Meteor) – 1974 release
733 Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star – re-issue of 70f
734 Supermarine Swift (1955)
735 Gloster Javelin (1956)
736 Hawker Hunter (1955)
737 P.1B Lightning Fighter (1959)
738 de Havilland Sea Vixen (1960)
715 Bristol 173 Helicopter
718 Hawker Hurricane Mk IIe (1972)
719 Supermarine Spitfire Mk II (1969) – motorised propeller
721 Junkers Ju 87 'Stuka' (1969)
722 Hawker Siddeley Harrier (1970) – retracting undercarriage
723 Hawker Siddeley H.S.125 Executive Jet – retracting undercarriage
724 Sea King Helicopter and Apollo Spacecraft Capsule (1971) – motorised main rotor.
726 Messerschmitt Bf 109E (1972) – motorised propeller
730 US Navy McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom (1972)
731 SEPECAT Jaguar (1973) – retracting undercarriage
749 Avro Vulcan (1955) – boxes marked "992" – "Supertoys" range
997 SE 210 Caravelle Airliner (1962) made alternatively in France and in England – "Super toys" range
998 Bristol Britannia Airliner (1959)
999 Comet Airliner (1956) – re-issue of 702

Although the production of aircraft models continued after the war, the heyday of Dinky ships was between 1934 and 1939. The models, which were 1/1200 to 1/1985 scale, were cast from the same unstable alloy that was used across the entire pre-war Dinky range and have therefore suffered from the metal decay that makes survivors all the more rare. Small metal rollers were also included in the design and concealed in the underside of the hull so that the models could be moved smoothly across surfaces. Mirroring the aircraft range, both civilian and military ships were issued, and again, some were disguised.

Ships
The liner France was the only Dinky Toys ship produced in France after the war. It was made partly of zamac and partly of plastic, at the scale of 1/1200. It was not until 1976 that five further models were added to the long line of maritime releases from Dinky Toys. Those were in the larger scale of 1/180 – 1/200.

Models in the pre-war range include:

50a
50b Battle ship Nelson class
50c Cruiser Effingham
50d HMS York
50e HMS Delhi
50f Destroyer Brook class
50g K class submarine
50h Destroyer Amazon class
50k X class submarine
51b Norddeutscher Lloyd Europa
51c Italia Line Rex
51d CPR Empress of Britain
51e P & O Strathaird
51f Furness Queen of Bermuda
51g Cunard White Star Britannic
52a Cunard/White Star Queen Mary
52c Paquebot La Normandie made in France
52c Battleship Dunkerque  made in France

Post-war history
No Dinky Toys models were made between 1941 and 1945. The French Meccano factory was occupied by the Germans, some of whom worked for Märklin, and the British factory was on war work but every Christmas a few models would be sold from pre-war stocks. Thus during and after the war a few 'pre-war' models survived and were sold in 1945. The first new models released after the war were U.S. military jeeps ref.153a in April 1946 in England and ref. 24M in France, it was the first Dinky Toy made at the scale of 1/43.

Besides some of the military vehicles offered before and after the war, the first significant releases from Dinky in the late 1940s were the 40 series, which were all British saloons. The first new model car released was an Armstrong Siddeley Coupe. These were the opening chapter of the "golden age" of Dinky Toys in the post-war era and represented far greater accuracy and detail than their pre-war relatives. These were very popular and today are often considered by collectors to be the quintessential Dinky Toys models. The 40 series cars were manufactured from better quality alloy, meaning that the survival rate is higher and although originally sold in trade boxes of six, they were renumbered in 1954 and re-coloured in two-tone paintwork in 1956, the Austin Somerset ref. 40j is probably the first model sold in its own individual yellow box. The first two models in the 40 series were in 1:48 scale, while the others were in 1:45 scale. The Jowett Javelin saloon is an interesting case as plans were made, but the model was never issued. More recently, Odgi Models have remade the Jowett and a couple other Dinky Toys Models which were planned but never manufactured.

The series included :

Dinky Supertoys
As part of the post-war development and expansion of the range, in 1947 Meccano Ltd introduced a series of model lorries modelled to the usual Dinky scale of 1:48, and introduced the altered name of Dinky Supertoys. Some models issued in this line included:

In 1950, Meccano introduced in the Supertoys series a number of Guy Vans finished in appealing period liveries. Each model was an identical all metal box van with opening rear doors. The Guy cab was joined by a Bedford S cab in 1955 and a Guy Warrior cab was introduced in 1960. Later, A.E.C. and other models were also added. Supertoys were commonly packaged in white boxes with thin blue horizontal lines and were marketed all on their own – no longer were these models solely focused on railroad accessories. Still, they did not quite reach the commercial marketing level of later die-cast brands like Corgi Toys or Solido.

Meccano continued producing detailed Dinky Supertoys commercial vehicles through the fifties and sixties, including such subjects as a Mobile Television Control Room and Camera Van in both BBC and ABC Television liveries, a Leyland test chassis with removable miniature 5 ton weights, a series of military vehicles including a Corporal Erecting Vehicle and missile (a subject also modelled by Corgi Toys at the same time), a range of Thornycroft Mighty Antar heavy haulage transporters complete with loads and a Horse Box in British Railways and later in Newmarket liveries.

In 1965 after the take over of Meccano Ltd. by Lines Brothers, the marque Dinky Supertoys was dropped and the large models were renamed Dinky Toys. Later a new trade mark was registered in France : "Super Dinky" but only a few models were issued with this marque before the production stopped definitely.

Post-war car lines

Having been well known before the war, Dinky Toys were popular in the United Kingdom in the early 1950s. The smaller cars were in a scale of 1:45, while the larger cars and many Supertoys, as stated above, were in a scale of 1:48, which blended in with O scale railway sets, but many buses and lorries were scaled down further. The scale of the Dinky Toys land vehicles range from 1/27 for the Lunar Roving Vehicle ref. 355 and 1/99 for the Duple Viceroy Luxury coach ref. 293 / 296. Because of the introduction of data processing, the British Dinky Toys range was reorganized in 1954 with a new numbering system – previously model numbers were commonly followed by letters and often sold in sets with several vehicles. Now each model had its own unique three digit catalogue number (with no letters), and cars were now sold in individual boxes. The renumbering also happened in France, but in 1959.

The Dinky Toys ranges became more sophisticated throughout the 1950s. Some cars in the sporty pre-war line were carried on after the war like the Alvis sports tourer, the Sunbeam Talbot, or the Frazer-Nash BMW. These offerings then led to a magnificent line-up in the post war Dinky range, which included a Lagonda, an Armstrong-Siddeley, MG, Sunbeam Alpine, Austin Atlantic, Austin Healey 100, Aston Martin DB3S racer, Morris Oxford sedan and Triumph TR2. Additionally, several models introduced were American cars, and even now still seem unique choices, such as a 1954 Packard convertible, a 1955 Plymouth Belvedere, a Cunningham, the 1953 and 1957 Studebakers (and a 1957 Packard), a Chrysler New Yorker Convertible, a 1957 Rambler, and a late model Hudson Hornet. In many cases, even domestic British / European vehicle choices for models were not everyday selections, e. g. the Connaught racing car, Maserati Sports 2000, AC Aceca, Humber Hawk, 1954 Bristol LeMans car with large fins – and a Daimler instead of the more routine Jaguar.

Several colourful gift sets of sports and racing cars were offered in the mid-1950s, usually five cars to a set. For example, Gift set no. 4 / 249 offered Cooper-Bristol in British racing green, Alfa Romeo in the Italian red, Ferrari in the blue and yellow of Argentina (Juan Manuel Fangio's country), and H.W.M. in light green, and Maserati in the red and white colours of Switzerland. No. 149, the sports car set, offered an MG, Austin-Healey, Sunbeam Alpine, Aston-Martin and Triumph TR-2.

Production of agricultural machinery and implements had occurred since the 1930s, such as the 1933 number 22e Fordson farm tractor, and such offerings were maintained post-war. One interesting model was the odd Opperman 3-wheeled Motocart, a tilting flat-bed vehicle with engine hanging off to the side of its large front wheel.

Dublo Dinky

In November 1958, Meccano Ltd introduced the Dublo Dinky range of models in 1:76 OO scale, designed to be used with the Hornby railway system. These were relatively cheap to produce – having a one-piece die-cast metal body, a base plate and or windows on some, and plastic wheels. There was the added bonus of being able to compete in the small-scale toy car market which, at the time, was dominated by Lesney's Matchbox.

There were a total 15 Dublo models, although with upgrades and modifications there are possibly up to 42 variations (not including box variations) manufactured. All models came boxed. There were no colour changes throughout the short life of Dublo.

Models were well-proportioned and looked similar in style to contemporary Matchbox or Budgie Toys. For example, similar to Matchbox, the Land Rover (which came with a horse trailer) had windows, grey or black plastic wheels and a black base. Wheels, however, (the Land Rover had one on the bonnet as well as one underneath) were somewhat flatter and wider than those of Matchbox and their circumference was not ribbed at the beginning but this feature was added later. The baseplate, however, was pressed steel with etched lettering (not die-cast with moulded lettering as was the case with Matchbox, Budgie Toys or Lone Star vehicles). Finally, the Land Rover had a trailer hook behind which was a cut, curved extension of the baseplate. The front and rear axles were held to the vehicle differently. The front was covered by the tube of the baseplate and held pinched on each side by extensions of the die-cast body. The rear axle was exposed and run through holes in rounded sections folded over on each side of the plate. The ref. 072 Bedford articulated lorry was a reproduction of the Meccano factory lorry, its articulated flat trailer was dimensioned to receive the Hornby Dublo container.

The range met with limited success and the first model was withdrawn in October 1960 having only been on sale for 18 months – there was no replacement. Within 22 months of their launch there were price reductions to 3 models. Further models were withdrawn in May 1961, September 1962 and March 1963 until in November 1963 those models that remained were taken off the shelf six years after the Dinky Dublo line was introduced. Thus ended the production of Dublo Dinky Toys under Meccano who went into receivership two years later.

Five of the Dublo models enjoyed a new lease on life when Meccano was purchased by Lines Brothers.

The range:

 061 Ford Prefect: Introduced in March 1958 and withdrawn October 1960. Three model variations and one box variation.
 062 Singer Roadster: Introduced in March 1958 and withdrawn 1960. Two model and one box variation.
 063 Commer Van: Introduced in March 1958 and withdrawn 1960. Three model and two box variations.
 064 Austin Lorry: Introduced December 1957; withdrawn 1962. Four model variations and four box variations.
 065 Morris Pick Up: Introduced December 1957; withdrawn 1960. Two model and one box variation.
 066 Bedford Flat Truck: Introduced December 1957; withdrawn 1960. Four model variations and two box variations.
 067 Austin Taxi: Introduced March 1959; withdrawn 1966. Two model variations and two box variations.
 068 Royal Mail Van: Introduced April 1959; withdrawn 1964. Three model variations and two box variations.
 069 Massey Ferguson Tractor: Introduced September 1959; withdrawn 1964. Five model variations and two box variations. Model was also issued with a low sided wagon as part of the Hornby Dublo railway system, no. 6494, boxed.
 070 AEC Mercury Tanker: Introduced October 1959; withdrawn 1964. Two model variations and two box variations.
 071 Volkswagen Delivery Van: Introduced March 1960; withdrawn 1964. Three model variations and two box variations.
 072 Bedford Articulated Flat Truck: Introduced June 1959; withdrawn 1964. Two model variations and no box variations.
 073 Land Rover & Horse Trailer: Introduced September 1960; withdrawn 1966. The most complex of all Dublos; three model variations and three box variations. The horse came in light, medium and dark tan.
 074 This number was never used : Land Rover was to be marketed as separate but model was never produced.
 075 This number was never used : Horse trailer was to be marketed as separate but model was never produced.
 076 Lansing Bagnall Tractor & Trailer: Introduced June 1960; withdrawn 1964. No model variation but two box variations.
 077 This number was never used : The planned model was to have been an AEC Transporter but model was never produced.
 078 Lansing Bagnall Trailer (Trade box of 6): Introduced June 1960; withdrawn 1966. Three box variations.

Competing with the "Ones with Windows"

Dinky offerings at this time were striking, but due to the lack of much competition, development of new models was perhaps a bit slow at least until July 1956, when Mettoy introduced a rival line of models under the Corgi brand name. The most obvious difference was the addition of clear plastic window glazing. While Corgi Toys called their vehicles, "The Ones With Windows", Meccano Ltd responded by updating the Dinky Toys range and the models from both companies quickly became more and more sophisticated featuring such things as working suspension, "fingertip steering", detailed interiors, and jewelled headlights. The first model to have jewelled headlights was the no. 196 Holden Special sedan made from 1963 to 1969.

Truck offerings remained continuously creative including a Simca glass truck with a sheet of "glass" (clear plastic) and a mirror (polished aluminium), a Leyland Octopus flatbed truck complete with realistic chain around the bed, a car carrier with a car carrying trailer, a Dunlop tyre rack full of tyres, a Berliet truck hauling an electrical transformer, and an intricately detailed Brockway bridgelaying truck. One of the most astounding was the Mighty Antar truck hauling a large gold ship's propeller. A wide variety of military vehicles continued under production.

A rival third range of model cars also appeared in 1959 called "Spot-on" which were manufactured in Northern Ireland and produced by Tri-ang, a division of Lines Brothers. This range was kept to one scale, 1:42, also featured mainly British makes, and were comparatively more expensive, never managing to sell as many units as Corgi or Dinky Toys. To compete with Spot-on, the scale of British Dinky Toys was increased to 1:42 in 1963. In 1964 Tri-ang took over the parent Meccano company (which included Hornby trains as well as Meccano itself).  Since Dinky Toys were more popular, Spot-On Models were phased out in 1967, although a few cars originally designed for Spot-On were made in Hong Kong and marketed as Dinky Toys. After the take-over, Meccano continued to use the 1:42 scale for many of the English made cars and trucks until 1977. The French factory stuck to 1:43 scale, which it had used since 1947.

The Mattel onslaught
In 1969, two years after appearing in America, Mattel's Hot Wheels entered the U.K. model car market. Their low-friction axles and bright paint schemes gave new play value and appeal. Dinky and other British brands rushed to catch up, usually unsuccessfully. Each manufacturer responded with its own version of Hot Wheels innovations–Dinky's name was "Speedwheels". The company continued to make innovative models, with all four doors opening (a first in British toy cars), retractable radio aerials (another first), new metallic paints, and jeweled headlights (pretty, but not very realistic). Such features, however, were expensive to manufacture and toy prices could only be kept low if the quantity was high, and in the face of Mattel's creation, Dinky faced an uphill battle.

Though the writing was on the wall, Dinky's offerings in the 1970s covered the entire spectrum of vehicles, both real and fictitious. Besides the normal gamut of passenger, sports and racing cars, buses, farm, emergency and military vehicles – cars, aeroplanes and spacecraft were also offered from popular (mostly British) TV shows of the time like Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons, UFO, Thunderbirds, the Pink Panther, The Secret Service, and Joe 90 (Dinky Toys 1974). It could be argued, though, that it was too little too late, as Corgi Toys had already been offering for several years vehicles from far more well-known shows and movies in the United States like Batman, The Saint, Daktari, James Bond, and The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Dinky's seemingly weaker standing made it all the more susceptible to Mattel's unstoppable Hot Wheels onslaught. At least the Corgi name still survives as a well-known collectible brand.

Into the 1970s, many British made Dinky vehicles lost the precision quality of detailing and proportions seen during the two previous decades. Models like no. 186 Jensen FF or no. 213 European Ford Capri were rather chunky and unrefined with thick metal door frames, imprecise grilles, and ungainly doors and bonnets painted in separate colours from the rest of the body. Many just did not look quite right. Others, like the no. 1453 Citroën DS Présidentielle saloon were still impressive–flying French flags, with driver, and battery operated lights. Some of the truck and construction models remained very clever as well, with many moving features, like the Bedford refuse truck or the Taylor Excavator. At this time, Dinky also introduced "Action Kits" which were regular models that came disassembled with build instructions and consisted of about 40 pieces.  On the other hand, French Dinky Toys, which had to compete with Solido since 1957, were much more accurate with better paint and sharper details than their English counterparts. The no. 825 DUKW military truck is a good example of the quality of French Dinky Toys.

Mini-Dinky
A second series of small scale models was introduced four years later in 1967, somewhat larger than the Matchbox range at 1:65. Mini-Dinky Toys, as the range was called, featured opening bonnets, doors and boots and were produced in Hong Kong and the Netherlands, with some construction models designed in Hong Kong as copies of models made in Italy by Mercury. The latter were to a smaller scale ranging from 1:87 to 1:130 depending on the model.

Each model was sold in stackable red plastic garages, with clear removable top and sides. The model would slide out of a double hinged opening door to one end. This was in place of the usual cardboard box. Some Mini-Dinkys were also blister packaged in a dark grey pack (some with garage and some not) with bright yellow lettering (Mini Dinky 2011).

Television and movie tie-ins
Although Dinky Toys were not known as widely for producing television related models as Corgi Toys, they still made a number of vehicles widely known from the small screen. Many of these models were the result of beating Corgi Toys to the signing of a licensing deal with Gerry Anderson's Century 21 Productions, whose programmes are immensely popular in the United Kingdom. The French factory produced only one TV series related model: the 1406 Renault 4 Sinpar "Michel Tanguy".

Country-specific models

France

In 1912 Frank Hornby set up an office in Paris on Rue Ambroise Thomas to import Meccano toys into France. By 1921, the French market had proved so successful that production of Meccano began in Paris at the newly opened factory on Rue Rebeval, with another plant opening in 1931 in Bobigny where production of the Dinky Toys range would be based. In the early days production consisted mainly of tiny model trains cast in lead, with vehicles gradually increasing in number. By the late 1930s the French Dinky Toys range had begun to diversify from that of the British parent company, concentrating on the products of the French motor manufacturers and eventually including; Citroën, Peugeot, Simca, Renault, Panhard and Ford of France.

During the Second World War the Meccano factory was commandeered by the invading Germans and used in the Nazi war effort. The Bobigny factory was also produced an equivalent toy to the Meccano using the Märklin name. From 1945, the model vehicles were forcibly shod with solid metal wheels and the pumps did not have rubber hoses due to the shortage of rubber which was needed for the army. In the early post war period, rubber was needed badly as the French supply came from Cambodia and Laos in war against France, rubber tyres were not fitted on models until 1950. In 1951, the headquarters and offices which were still at Rue Rebeval closed and Dinky Toys production was now solely based at Bobigny.

In 1951, French Meccano has been the first post-war European manufacturer to introduce 1:43 scale. Initially, the scales of French Dinky Toys were similar to those of English Dinkys. The Citroën Traction Avant (24N), released in 1949, was 1:48, while the Ford Vedette 1949 (24Q), released in 1950, was 1:45, the same scales as used in the British 40 series. But then, in 1946 Meccano France released their first car in 1:43 scale: the Jeep (24M).

By the late 1950s, Italian, German and other marques, like the Dutch DAF were also offered by Dinky Toys of France. Focusing on export, American cars were also made like the late 1950s Studebaker, Chrysler's DeSoto, Buick Roadmaster, Plymouth Belvedere Coupe, Chrysler New Yorker convertible and Saratoga sedan, Ford Thunderbird "Squarebird" and Lincoln Premiere sedan. 1960s cars produced by Meccano France were the first Corvair sedan, a 1967 Ford Thunderbird coupe and a 1966 Ford Galaxie 500 sedan.

Some models such as the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia were produced both in France as 24M / 530 and in the UK at the Binns Road plant in Liverpool as number 187. By the 1960s there was virtually no crossover of product between the two countries resulting in a fascinating range that complemented the models. The vast majority of the French Dinky range was only available in the home market, Belgium, Switzerland, U.S.A. and other non-British Commonwealth countries although a few models did make it across the English Channel both before and after the war. Similarly, some examples of the British range of Dinky Toys were exported to France at the same time. The factory at Bobigny closed in 1970 and production moved to the present Meccano factory in Calais where the range continued to be manufactured until 1972 when the final single sheet catalogue spelt the French Meccano-built end for the best known name in die-cast toys. A contract had been signed with the Spanish firm Auto Pilen who received some tools and produced some models both as Dinkys and Auto-Pilens.

Spain
As import duties were high on finished goods and reduced on components, to get into the Spanish market, Meccano s.a. (France) exported sixteen unpainted and unassembled Dinky Toys to the Novades Poch Company in Barcelona. There the models were finished and fitted with specific Pirelli tyres.

The models are:

 509 Fiat 850
 510 Peugeot 204
 513 Opel Admiral
 514 Alfa Romeo Giulia
 517 Renault 8
 518 Renault 4L
 519 Simca 1000
 520 Fiat 600
 523 Simca 1500
 530 Citroën DS 19
 534 BMW 1500
 537 Renault 16TL
 553 Peugeot 404
 558 Citroën 2CV
 559 Taunus 17M
 560 Furgoneta 2cv Citroën

In 1974 labour was getting too expensive in France, and Meccano subcontracted the manufacture of some models to Auto Pilen s.a. in Spain. These models had already been made in France and were sold exclusively under the marque Dinky. When the Calais factory closed down some of the recent tools were sent to Liverpool where the models were produced with new baseplates. Some of these tools were later sent to Auto-Pilen where they were modified or updated before being re-issued; however, it is not known if the dies were modified by Meccano or by Pilen. These models were sold in France under the marque Dinky, they were clearly identified as Dinky and as MADE IN SPAIN on the base plate. In Spain they were sold as Pilen and marked as such. Pilen models, most of which were Dinky dies, were very popular and numerous in Spain and commonly sold in El Corte Inglés and Galerias Preciados department stores.

According to a contract between Meccano s.a. and Pilen, the last five so called French Dinkys were in fact Pilen models designed and tooled in Algeciras and fitted with a Dinky Toys base plate. Like the previous series, they were sold in France as Dinky and are very rare and as Pilen in Spain.

They were :
  11539 VW Siroco
  11540 Renault 14
  11541 Ford Fiesta
  11542 Simca 1308 GT
  11543 Opel Ascona

South Africa

Meccano Ltd exported Dinky Toys to all of the United Kingdom's old colonies relatively cheaply because of existing Commonwealth trade agreements. South Africa was one of its big importers.

Around 1952–1954, Meccano Ltd shipped to South Africa a limited-edition set of vehicles for the South African Defence Force. This set included a Motor Truck, a Covered Wagon, an Ambulance, a Dispatch Rider, a Van, a petrol tanker, a fire engine, a road roller, a Mechanical horse and trailer, a loudspeaker van.

When South Africa withdrew from the Commonwealth in 1961, it imposed a luxury goods import tax, making Dinky Toys very expensive – a potential loss for Meccano Ltd. To resolve this problem, Meccano Ltd began shipping Dinky Toy parts to South Africa in 1962 where models were assembled and painted locally. The import of unfinished goods was not subject to the tax. These models were sold in South Africa between 1962 and 1963 and it is believed that only one batch of each model was produced, making South African Dinky Toys very rare. South Africa also imported Dinky Toys parts from the French factory in 1966 and six models were assembled and painted locally.

Some of the distinguishing features of South African Dinky Toys are:
 The boxes have Afrikaans lettering at the one end and "Printed in South Africa" on the side.
 The colours are often different from those on the same models assembled in the UK.
 The base plates have a glossy finish, whereas the same models released in the UK have matte black base plates.

South African Dinky Toys from Liverpool were:

 112 Austin Healey Sprite Mk. II
 113 MG B
 139 Ford Cortina
 140 Morris 1100*
 141 Vauxhall Victor Estate car
 142 Jaguar Mk. X.
 144 Volkswagen 1500
 148 Ford Fairlane
 155 Ford Anglia
 172 Fiat 2300 station wageon
 177 Opel Kapitan
 181 Volkswagen
 183 Mini Minor Automatic
 184 Volvo 122S saloon
 186 Mercedes 220
 193 Rambler cross country station wagon
 194 Bentley Serie S coupe
 196 Holden special sedan
 198 Rolls-Royce Phantom V
 240 Cooper
 241 Lotus
 242 Ferrari
 242 B.R.M.
 300 Massey Harris tractor
 405 Universal Jeep
 449 Chevrolet El-Camino pick-up

South African Dinky Toys from Bobigny:

 519 Simca 1000
 548 Fiat 1800 familiale
 552 Chevrolet Corvair
 553 Peugeot 404
 554 Opel Rekord
 555 Ford Thunderbird

Chile
Circa 1967–1973, for reasons related to import substitution, some Dinky Toys were made in Arica, a tax free port at the very north of Chile. Only twelve models are known today, those which in England were packed in clear boxes and were provided in Chile with specific yellow packaging with a red 'globe' symbol. The boxes were printed with "Armado en Arica" ("Assembled in Arica"). Many of these models were painted in different colours from those made in England. The following are some of the models made in Chile:

 110 Aston Martin DB5
 116 Volvo 1800 S
 129 Volkswagen 1300
 232 Ford RV 40 (with left hand drive)
 136 Vauxhall Viva (with left hand drive)
 153 Aston Martin DB6
 161 Ford Mustang Fast back
 170 Lincoln Continental
 215 Ford GT 40 racing car (with left hand drive)
 216 Dino Ferrari
 240 Cooper racing car
 242 Ferrari 156 racing car
 243 Formula 1 B.R.M.

India
Original British-made Dinky Toys had been available in select cities in India from pre-war days until about 1955, when import curbs on toys came into effect. Old stocks of original Dinky toys continued to be available for a few years in Calcutta and other metro areas until supplies were exhausted.

Later, similar to how Corgis became Milton Toys and Matchboxes became Maxwells in India, Dinkys eventually appeared there under a distinct name. In 1963, Meccano closed its Speke factory and sold the dies, the casting machines and remains of spare parts and yellow boxes to S. Kumar & Co. in Calcutta, India. Toys were marketed as Atamco Ltd. products. The toys were first assembled with parts made in Liverpool and packed in original yellow boxes with the Dinky Toys name. The quality was very poor and it is believed that Meccano Ltd. asked S. Kumar & Co. not to use the Dinky name. Kumar then applied stickers with the name NICKY on the boxes to hide the name DINKY. Later when the stock of original boxes ran out, NICKY TOYS boxes of poor quality were printed in India.

These were selected Dinky dies, and not the whole British range – with only 32 different cars and trucks produced. Several aeroplanes were also made.

Hong Kong
Between 1965 and 1967 six model cars were produced for Dinky Toys in Hong Kong for the lucrative U.S. market. Originally intended to be produced by Spot-On, but re-branded as Dinky Toys when the Spot-On parent company (Tri-ang) bought Meccano Ltd, they were built to the usual Spot-On scale of 1:42. These were all American vehicles:
57-001 Buick Riviera
57-002 Chevrolet Corvair Monza
57-003 Chevrolet Impala
57-004 Oldsmobile 88
57-005 Ford Thunderbird
57-006 Rambler Classic

During 1978 and 1979, production of Dinky Toys in Hong Kong was again resumed. These were poor quality models, however, compared to earlier Dinkys, and an attempt to cut production costs and possibly shift production should the Binns Road Factory close, which it eventually did. So, the last new Dinky Toys made by Meccano were Hong Kong products. These are now some of the most sought after of all Dinky Toys. A few, such as Steed's Jaguar from the New Avengers TV series exist as pre-production examples only.

Italy
In 1980 after the Binns Road factory had closed two models have been made in Italy:
122 Volvo 265 DL station wagon
361 Missile firing war chariot

The parts may have been made in England or the tools exported, they were made and assembled by Polistil in Milan.

Demise and rebirth

The Matchbox connection
Changing fashions in the toy industry, international competition and the switch to cheap labour in lower wage countries meant that the days of British-made toy vehicles like Dinky Toys were numbered. After attempts at simplifying the products as a means of saving costs, the famous Binns Road factory in Liverpool finally closed its doors in November 1979. By comparison, Corgi Toys managed to struggle on until 1983. Matchbox was taken over by Universal International of Hong Kong in 1982. Thus ended the era when UK-made die-cast toy models were dominant.

The Dinky trade-name changed hands many times before ending up as part of Matchbox International Ltd in the late 1980s. This seemed to be a logical and perhaps synergistic development, uniting two of the most valuable and venerated names in the British and world die-cast model car market under one roof. For a time some Matchbox vehicles were sold under the Dinky name. In the 1980s, Matchbox began issuing model cars of the 1950s and 1960s through the "Dinky Collection" – these models were marketed toward adult collectors. The models, like a Wolseley Hornet or a 1953 Buick Skylark convertible, were attractive and honoured the tradition of the Dinky name in realism. In fact these were often even more detailed than original Dinkys, instead resembling something more like Lledo's Vanguard range.  Still, production stopped after only a few years.

The "Dinky Collection" eventually was absorbed into a themed series offered by Matchbox Collectibles Inc, owned by the US giant Mattel – which portrayed little interest in any historical honoring of the Dinky brand. Mattel has preferred to occasionally re-badge normal Matchbox models with the Dinky name for some editions in certain markets. In some cases 1:43 scale models from the Matchbox era were sometimes given the Dinky name. No new "dedicated" Dinky castings have been created in the Mattel era since Matchbox Collectibles was shut down in 2000.

Atlas partworks issues
In 2008 French partworks publishers, Atlas Editions, began to reissue models previously available as Dinky Toys under licence from Mattel. These models were only available by subscription in some European countries, initially France. This range is a twice monthly partwork featuring a particular Dinky Toy model complete with certificate and an information leaflet on the history of the casting and the real model. These models were from brand new tooling as the original Meccano dies had been previously sold to other toy makers worldwide or were destroyed or lost. The castings were similar to original Dinky Toys but the baseplates were marked "Atlas Editions – Made in China" which replaced the "Meccano – Made in England" (or "France") imprints. The new range is available in the UK, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium and Sweden.

In 2016, DeAgostini, the parent company of Atlas editions, launched another range of Dinky Toys in the United Kingdom and Italy, this time relaunching some of the range from 2008 onward, but replacing Atlas Editions with DeAgostini on the baseplate. Offerings to the general public were through selected newsagents in Dorset and Milan or by subscription. After a test run of 5 issues the range was discontinued in the UK. In the United Kingdom, the first five models issued were the Triumph TR2, Bedford CA Van, Ford Thunderbird, Morris Mini Traveller and the Jaguar XK120 coupe. In Italy the first three issues were the Citroen DS, Fiat 600 and the Volkswagen beetle. Issue 6 was continued in Italy and eventually Issue 6 was issued in the UK which as of November 2019 stands at issue 44. The Italian range ended after 70 issues in July 2019.

Notes

References

 Coopee, Todd. 2015. "Klingon Battle Cruiser from Dinky". ToyTales.ca.
 Dalefield, Wes.  2013.  History of Meccano webpage.  Wes Dalefield's Meccano Erector website.
  Dinky Toys.  1974.  Catalogue no. 10.  Tough die-cast metal models.

  Johnson, Dana.  1998.  Collector's Guide to Diecast Toys and Scale Models, 2nd ed.  Padukah, Kentucky: Collector Books, a division of Schroeder Publishing Co. Inc.

  DINTOYS. Dinky Toys – Supertoys Club of Net Catalogue.
  Rampini Paolo, The Golden Book of Modelcars, Milano 1995, Paolo Rampini Editore
  Schellekens, Jona. 2009. "The history behind 1:43". Model Collector 24 (12), pp. 54–55.

Die-cast toys
Model manufacturers of the United Kingdom
1:43 scale models
Toy cars and trucks
Toy brands
Toy companies of the United Kingdom
Defunct toy manufacturers
Manufacturing companies established in 1934
British companies established in 1934
1934 establishments in England
Toy companies established in 1934

Dinky Toys