El Estado Libre de Oldemburgo  fue un estado de la República de Weimar. Fue establecido en 1918 tras la abdicación del Gran Duque Federico Augusto II siguiendo la revolución alemana.

En 1937, perdió el distrito exlcave de Eutin cerca de la costa báltica y Birkenfeld en el suroeste de Alemania en favor de Prusia y ganó la ciudad de Wilhelmshaven; sin embargo, esto fue una formalidad, ya que el régimen de Hitler había abolido de facto los estados federados en 1934.

Al inicio de la II Guerra Mundial en 1939, como resultado de estos cambios territoriales, Oldemburgo tenía un área de 5.375 km² y una población de 580.000 habitantes.

Después de la II Guerra Mundial, Oldemburgo fue fusionado en el estado de nueva formación de Baja Sajonia como la región administrativa (Verwaltungsbezirk) de Oldemburgo. Ambos territorios se convirtieron en parte de la República Federal de Alemania en 1949. Los dos enclaves se convirtieron en parte de los estado federados de Schleswig-Holstein y Renania-Palatinado respectivamente.

Primeros Ministros del Estado Libre de Oldemburgo

Véase también
 Organización territorial de la República de Weimar

Enlaces externos
Estado Libre de Oldenburgo (alemán)
Estados de Alemania desde 1918

Antiguos estados y territorios del estado de Baja Sajonia
Antiguos estados y territorios del estado de Schleswig-Holstein
Estados de la República de Weimar
Oldemburgo
Estados y territorios fundados en 1918
Estados y territorios desaparecidos en 1945
Alemania en 1918
Alemania en 1945

Estado Libre de Oldemburgo


الكلابية (بكسر الكاف وفتح اللام) هي قرية سعودية تقع في الاحساء شرق مدينة المبرز، وتبعد عن مدينة الهفوف بنحو 14 كيلومتر وجميع أهل الكلابية من أهل السنة والجماعة. يوجد في الكلابية مسجد جواثا الأثري ومدينة جواثا السياحيه وقصر عين بنت قنيص.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في المنطقة الشرقية
قرى المنطقة الشرقية

الكلابية (الأحساء)


FNs hjælpeorganisation for palæstinensiske flygtninge i Mellemøsten (UNRWA) (engelsk: United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East) er et byreau underlagt FN, som arbejder med at forbedre forholdene for palæstinensiske flygtninge, som bor i Jordan, Libanon, Syrien, samt på Vestbredden og på Gazastriben. Det arbejder blandt andet med at give flygtningene sundhedstjenester og skoletjenester. De har også hjulpet palæstinenserne med at oprette flygtningelejre. Dette er det eneste FN-bureau, som er dedikeret til at hjælpe flygtninge fra en bestemt region eller konflikt. UNRWA er ikke en del af UNHCR, som er et FN-bureau som er dedikeret til at hjælpe flygtninge i hele verden.

UNRWA blev oprettet efter den arabisk-israelske krig i 1948 af FNs generalforsamling, resolution 302 af 8. december 1949. I dag har bureauet ansvaret for omkring 400.000 palæstinensiske flygtninge. På grund af UNRWA gælder Flygtningekonventionen af 1951 ikke for palæstinensere: Afsnit 1(D) stipulerer, at et individ, som modtager beskyttelse fra en anden FN-organisation (i dette tilfælde UNRWA), ikke anerkendes som flygtninge under flygtningekonventionen.

Organisation og administration
UNRWA er et bureau, som er underlagt FNs generalforsamling, og mandatet fornys hvert tredje år. Det er den største virksomhed i FN og sysselsætter over 25.000 ansatte, hvoraf 99 % er lokalt rekrutterede palæstinensere. Bureauets hovedkontor er delt mellem Gazastriben og Amman. Virksomheden er organiseret i fem områder: Jordan, Syrien, Libanon, Vestbredden og Gaza.

UNRWAs generalkommissær er Karen Koning AbuZayd, en amerikansk statsborger, som efterfulgte Peter Hansen, en dansk statsborger i 2005.

Eksterne henvisninger
 UNRWA
 FNs hjelpeorganisation for palæstinensiske flygtninge

Hjælpeorganisation for palæstinensiske flygtninge i Mellemøsten
Etableret i 1949
Palæstinensere


Claydon House est une maison de campagne dans la vallée d'Aylesbury, dans le Buckinghamshire, en Angleterre, près du village de Middle Claydon. Elle est construite entre 1757 et 1771 et appartient maintenant au National Trust.

La maison est classée Grade I sur la Liste du patrimoine national de l'Angleterre, et ses jardins sont classés Grade II sur le Registre des parcs et jardins historiques.

Histoire
Claydon est la maison ancestrale de la famille Verney depuis 1620. L'église de Tous les Saints, Middle Claydon se trouve à proximité de la maison et contient de nombreux monuments commémoratifs à la famille Verney : parmi eux Edmund Verney, qui est le principal porte-drapeau du roi Charles  pendant la guerre civile anglaise. Edmund est tué à la bataille d'Edgehill le 23 octobre 1642 défendant l'étendard. Son fantôme est réputé hanter la maison. En 1661, à la suite de la restauration de la monarchie, le fils d'Edmund (Ralph Verney) reçoit le titre de baronnet du roi Charles II pour sa loyauté et sa bravoure et celles de son père au cours de la précédente période de troubles. Le deuxième fils et héritier survivant de Ralph, John Verney, est plus tard, en 1703, nommé vicomte Fermanagh et son fils Ralph Verney, en 1743, est créé comte Verney.

On pense qu'il y a une maison sur le site depuis au moins les années 1400. Le manoir de Middle Claydon est acheté par Ralph Verney, Lord Maire de Londres, en 1463. Cependant, le terrain est immédiatement loué à Roger Giffard et le premier enregistrement de la maison sur place décrit le manoir en briques Tudor en forme de H des Giffard en 1539. Edmund Verney le porte-étendard rachète le bail en 1620 et il devient le siège principal des Verney à partir de ce moment-là. La maison reçoit quelques modifications au , notamment en 1654 lorsque Ralph Verney revient de son exil politique et commence à reconstituer la fortune familiale après la guerre civile. La maison est pratiquement reconstruite à partir de 1757 par Ralph Verney (2e comte Verney). Plus tard en 1759, Lord Verney construit une nouvelle aile ouest pour la maison revêtue de pierre afin de fournir une suite d'appartements d'État. Après son élection en tant que député du Buckinghamshire en 1768, Verney agrandit considérablement cette maison pour créer un nouveau hall d'entrée en rotonde centrale et une aile de salle de bal. La conception originale est celle d'un manoir rivalisant avec l'immense manoir Stowe House, à quelques kilomètres de là, près de Buckingham. Cependant, la maison telle qu'elle se présente aujourd'hui ne représente qu'une fraction de sa taille initialement prévue, car la salle de bal et la rotonde sont démantelées en 1791-92 après la mort du comte. Lord Verney rencontre des problèmes financiers avant que les deux dernières ailes ne soient entièrement achevées et doit passer les dernières années de sa vie sur le continent pour échapper à ses créanciers. Le domaine passe à sa nièce, Mary Verney,  baronne Fermanagh en 1791, qui vend une grande partie des terres de la famille et vend l'aile inachevée de la maison brique par brique .

Description
L'extérieur de la maison est assez austère – sept travées au total, sur deux étages, avec une élévation centrale proéminente à trois travées surmontée d'un fronton. La fenestration est de fenêtres à guillotine. Les fenêtres du rez-de-chaussée sont couronnées de petites fenêtres rondes suggérant une mezzanine inexistante. La travée centrale contient une grande fenêtre vénitienne centrale au rez-de-chaussée.

Contrairement à l'extérieur, les intérieurs sont une extravagance de l'architecture rococo dans sa forme la plus élevée. Les encadrements de portes à fronton brisé sont ornés de sculptures rococo, réalisées par Luke Lightfoot, le sculpteur sur bois le plus talentueux de l'époque, qui a beaucoup travaillé sur le grand manoir. Son travail se retrouve au plafond et dans les niches des murs. La sculpture ornée se poursuit dans les rails dado et sur les colonnes corinthiennes soutenant l'immense fenêtre vénitienne. La troisième salle principale est redécorée en bibliothèque par Parthenope, Lady Verney en 1860. Le plafond rococo en plâtre reste dans toute sa splendeur.

Un escalier en marqueterie mène au premier étage. Les murs du hall d'escalier sont ornés de médaillons et de guirlandes sculptées reflétant le thème établi dans les principales pièces de réception. La balustrade en fer forgé de l'escalier contient des épis de blé en ferronnerie, qui bruissent comme les vrais quand on monte les volées.

La merveille du premier étage est la chambre chinoise : une des pièces les plus extraordinaires de la maison. Ici, le rococo continue, mais cette fois sous une forme connue sous le nom de chinoiserie - essentiellement une version chinoise du style décoratif rococo.

Également à cet étage se trouve un petit musée dédié à la pionnière des soins infirmiers Florence Nightingale, la sœur de Parthenope, Lady Verney. Dans ses dernières années, Nightingale séjourne régulièrement à la maison.

Claydon House aujourd'hui
La famille Verney actuelle, qui vit toujours dans l'aile sud plus récente en briques rouges, est la descendante de Harry Verney (2e baronnet) qui hérite de la maison en 1827. Il n'a de parenté très ténue avec les Verney que par le mariage. Cependant, il adopte le nom Verney en héritant. La maison est donnée au National Trust en 1956 par Ralph Verney (5e baronnet). Son fils, Edmund Verney,  baronnet, ancien haut shérif du Buckinghamshire, vit aujourd'hui dans la maison.

Chaque année (généralement le dernier week-end de juillet) à Claydon House, une réunion de course d'aéroglisseurs est organisée par la succursale de Chilterns dans le cadre de la série nationale de courses d'aéroglisseurs HCGB (Royaume-Uni).

En 2013, Claydon House est utilisé pour les plans intérieurs et extérieurs du tournage de Far from the Madding Crowd, une version cinématographique britannique du roman de Thomas Hardy.

Références

Sources

Liens externes

Rotonde
Propriété du National Trust dans le Buckinghamshire
Monument classé de Grade I dans le Buckinghamshire

Claydon House


Difterivaccine er en vaccine , der anvendes mod Corynebacterium diphtheriae der forårsager difteri. Det har resulteret i et fald på mere end 90 % i antallet af tilfælde på verdensplan mellem 1980 og 2000. De anbefales at man tager tre start doser, hvorefter virkningen er 95 % effektiv. Vaccinen er effektiv i omkring 10 år, hvor efter en boosterdosis er nødvendig. Vaccinationen kan starte i seks uger alder, med yderligere doser hver fjerde uge der efter.

Difterivaccine er meget sikker. Betydelige bivirkninger er sjældne. Smerter kan opstå på injektionsstedet. Injektionsstedet kan blive hævet i et par uger efter vaccinationen. Vaccinen er sikker i både graviditet og for folk der har dårlig immunfunktion.

Difterivaccine kommer i flere forskellige kombinationer. Disse omfatter tetanus toxoid (kendt som dT og DT-vaccine), og en anden variation også indeholder stivkrampe og kighoste vaccine, kendt som DPT-vaccinen. World Health Organisation har anbefalet brugen af Difterivacciner siden 1974. Cirka 84 % af verdens befolkning er vaccineret. Den gives som en intramuskulær injektion. Vaccinen skal opbevares koldt, men ikke frosset.

Difterivaccine blev udviklet i 1923. Det er på WHOs Liste af livsvigtige Lægemidler, som en af de vigtigste mediciner i et grundlæggende sundheds-system. Engros-pris i udviklingslandene, for en version  der indeholder tetanus toxoid, var i 2014 mellem 0,12 og 0.99 USD per dosis. I USA koster de mindre end 25 USD.

References

Vacciner

Difterivaccine


NGC 6104 est une galaxie spirale barrée située dans la constellation de la Couronne boréale. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 6104 a été découverte par l'astronome germano-britannique William Herschel en .

NGC 6104 une galaxie active de type Seyfert 1.5.

À ce jour, onze mesures non basées sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donnent une distance de , ce qui est à l'intérieur des valeurs de la distance de Hubble.

Supernova
La supernova SN 2002de a été découverte dans NGC 6103 le  par les astronomes M. Papenkova et W. D. Li de l'université de Californie à Berkeley dans le cadre du programme LOTOSS de l'observatoire Lick. Cette supernova était de type Ia.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 6104 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

6104
Constellation de la Couronne boréale
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie spirale barrée
Galaxie active
Galaxie de Seyfert
Objet céleste découvert en 1787
Objet céleste découvert par William Herschel

NGC 6104


La Coupe des Pays-Bas de football 2001-2002, nommée la KNVB beker, est la  édition de la Coupe des Pays-Bas. La finale se joue le 12 mai 2002 au stade De Kuip à Rotterdam.

Le club vainqueur de la coupe est qualifié pour le premier tour de la Coupe UEFA 2002-2003.

Finale
L'Ajax Amsterdam gagne la finale contre le FC Utrecht et remporte son quinzième titre. La rencontre s'achève sur le score de 3 à 2 après le but en or de Zlatan Ibrahimović en prolongation.

Notes et références

Lien externe
 tous les résultats de la Coupe 2001-02 sur rsssf.com

2001-2002
Pays-Bas
Football
Football


Jeferson Antonio Alves Dupin (født 19. oktober 1972) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Montedio Yamagata.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Jeferson Antonio Alves Dupin


بلدية أولاد سيدي إبراهيم هي إحدى بلديات ولاية المسيلة، تقع وسط الولاية وتبعد
عنها بمسافة 60 كلم، تحتل موقعا استراتجيا هاما كونها تتواجد في محور
رئيسي يربط الشمال بالجنوب الجنوب بالشرق وتقدر مساحتها بـ220كلم,2 أما
عدد سكانها يزيد عن 11500 نسمة، أنشئت في ديسمبر 1956 وتعد من البلديات
القديمة إداريا بالولاية، أما عن تأسيسها التاريخي فيعود إلى نهاية القرن
الثامن الهجري حوالي (1350 م) من طرف الولي الصالح سيدي إبراهيم الغول
دفين الجزائر العاصمة بالأميرالية، وسمي بالغول لتغوله في العلم.

أولاد سيدي إبراهيم المسيلة .

دائرة أولاد سيدي إبراهيم هي إحدى دوائر ولاية المسيلة، تقع وسط الولاية وتبعد عنها بمسافة 60 كلم، تحتل موقعا استراتجيا هاما كونها تتواجد في محور رئيسي يربط الشمال بالجنوب الجنوب بالشرق وتقدر مساحتها بـ220كلم,2 أما عدد سكانها يزيد عن 11500 نسمة، أنشئت في ديسمبر 1956 وتعد من البلديات القديمة إداريا بالولاية، أما عن تأسيسها التاريخي فيعود إلى نهاية القرن الثامن الهجري حوالي (1350 م) من طرف الولي الصالح سيدي إبراهيم الغول ابن إبراهيم السلامي دفين الجزائر العاصمة بالأميرالية، وسمي بالغول لتغوله في العلم.

الموقع

تقع بجوار بوسعادة والتي تبعد عنها 10 كم وتبعد عن مركز ولاية المسيلة ب 60 كم
يحدها شمالا بلدية بنزوه ودائرة الشلال وجنوبا بلدية بوسعادة وشرقا بلدية المعاريف وغربا بلدية بنزوه وبلدية سيدي عامر
وتحظى أيضا البلدية بموقع استراتيجي هام، وذلك من خلال الطريق الوطني رقم -08- الذي يربطها ببسكرة والطريق الوطني رقم -46- الذي يصلها بالجلفة.

الموقع الجغرافي وأهميته الجهوية

ان الارتباط الوثيق بين مواقع المراكز العمرانية والوطائف التي تقدمها، أوجب بدرجة كبيرة توضيح خصائص مجال الدراسة والذي يميزه موقعه في الجهة الغربية لولاية المسيلة بمساحة 2096كم ² . وهو عبارة عن أراضي سهبية شاسعة تتخللها عدة سلاسل جبلية يتراوح ارتفاعها بين 500م و 1500م من أهمها السلسلة الجبلية الممتدة من الجنوب إلى الجنوب الشرقي . تتكون من جبل العقدة الزرقة وجبل العنقود كما تتوسط المنطقة سلسلة جبلية أخرى . تفصل بين تامسة وسيدي عامر ممتدة إلى غاية بلدية بن زوه نذكر منها جبل زمرة وخنقة السبع وجبل الويزة -727م- و جبل غربية -1247م- و جبل تافزة وغيرها .
إضافة إلى جبل العرقوب وجبل حشلافة في الجهة الشمالية الشرقية .
كما أنها تتمتع بخط جبلي يمتد على مسافة تقدر بـ 20 كلم تنطلق من جل القليعة وتنتهي عند جبال سالات كما تعتبر جبال سالات هي من أكبر القمم المتواجدة بالمنطقة حيث يبلغ ارتفاعها 1500م عن مستوى سطح البحر.

المصادر

بلديات ولاية المسيلة
بلديات ولاية برج بوعريريج

أولاد سيدي إبراهيم (ولاية المسيلة)


Økologisk mad er mad fremstillet ved metoder, der overholder normerne for økologisk landbrug. Standarder varierer over hele verden, men økologiske landbrugsfunktioner genbruger generelt ressourcer, fremmer økologisk balance og bevarer biodiversitet. Organisationer der regulerer økologiske produkter kan begrænse anvendelsen af visse pesticider og gødninger i de landbrugsmetoder, der anvendes til fremstilling af sådanne produkter. Økologiske fødevarer behandles typisk ikke ved hjælp af bestråling, industrielle opløsningsmidler eller syntetiske fødevaretilsætningsstoffer.

I det 21. århundrede kræver EU, USA, Canada, Mexico, Japan og mange andre lande at producenterne opnår speciel certificering for at markedsføre deres mad som økologisk. Selvom produktionen af køkkenhaver faktisk kan være økologisk, sælges fødevarer med en økologisk etiket af offentlige fødevaresikkerhedsmyndigheder, såsom det amerikansk US Department of Agriculture, det danske Fødevarestyrelsen eller Europa-Kommissionen(EU).

Fra et miljømæssigt synspunkt kan gødning, overproduktion og anvendelse af pesticider i konventionelt landbrug påvirke økosystemer, biodiversitet, grundvand og drikkevand negativt. Disse miljø- og sundhedsspørgsmål skal minimeres eller undgås i økologisk landbrug. Udfaldet af økologisk landbruget kan imidlertid ikke producere sådanne fordele, fordi økologisk landbrug har højere produktionsomkostninger og lavere udbytter, højere lønomkostninger og højere forbrugerpriser.

Efterspørgslen efter økologiske fødevarer er primært drevet af forbrugernes bekymringer for personlig sundhed og miljøet. Der kan være nogle forskelle i næringsstof- og antinæringsindholdet i organisk og konventionelt produceret mad, gør den variable karakter af fødevareproduktion, forsendelse, opbevaring og håndtering det vanskeligt at generalisere resultaterne.
 Påstanden om, at "økologisk mad smager bedre" er generelt heller ikke understøttet af test.

Økologiske æbler indholder dog en mere sund bakterie mikrobiota end ikke-økologiske æbler.

Referencer

Slankekure
Produktcertificering
Økologisk mad og drikke

Økologisk mad


Le référendum constitutionnel biélorusse de 2022 a lieu le  afin de permettre à la population de se prononcer sur plusieurs amendements de la Constitution de 1994.

Porté par le président Alexandre Loukachenko , le projet a pour principal objet la mise en place d'une Assemblée du peuple biélorusse aux pouvoirs étendus. Cette dernière permettrait notamment à Loukachenko de se maintenir indirectement aux commandes du pays lors d'un éventuel futur départ de la présidence.

Le projet de révision constitutionnelle est approuvé à une large majorité des suffrages exprimés. Il recueille également les votes positifs de plus de la moitié du total des inscrits sur les listes électorales, ce qui lui permet d'être validé.

Contexte

Le référendum constitue une réponse du président Alexandre Loukachenko aux importantes manifestations anti-gouvernementales qui ont agité le pays les deux années précédentes. À la tête du pays depuis 1994, Loukachenko dirige un régime autoritaire généralement qualifié de .

Déjà précédées de manifestations de grande ampleur en 2005 et 2017, de nouvelles manifestations éclatent en 2020 en réaction à l'annonce par le président de sa candidature à un sixième mandat à l'élection présidentielle d'août 2020. La plupart des opposants sont empêchés de participer à l'élection ou emprisonnés, dont notamment Viktor Babariko et Sergueï Tikhanovski. Ce dernier est remplacé dans la course par sa femme Svetlana Tikhanovskaïa, qui devient rapidement la principale candidate de l'opposition.

Le mouvement s'intensifie à l'annonce des résultats, qui donne une large victoire au président sortant, Loukachenko ayant recueilli selon ces derniers un peu plus de 80 % des suffrages exprimés. D'importantes manifestations éclatent le soir du scrutin, tandis que les résultats sont récusés par les candidats d'opposition, dont Tikhanovskaïa, qui dénoncent des fraudes massives. Craignant pour sa sécurité, cette dernière fuit le pays pour la Lituanie voisine.

Le mouvement de protestation s'intensifie au cours des mois qui suivent, avant que la répression ne finisse par l'étouffer fin mars 2021. Le bilan est alors de quatre morts, cinquante disparus, plus d'un millier de blessés et plus de  arrestations. L'investiture d'Alexandre Loukachenko a entretemps lieu le  au cours d'une cérémonie tenue secrète, sans annonce préalable.

En réponse aux manifestations, Loukachenko proclame dès janvier 2021 la mise en chantier de plusieurs amendements à la Constitution, annoncés pour la fin de l'année. Le 27 décembre, ceux-ci sont rendus publics par le gouvernement. Visant à apaiser la population tout en permettant au président de conserver sa mainmise du pouvoir, les amendements ont pour principale conséquence la mise en place d'un nouveau pouvoir parallèle à l'Assemblée nationale : l'Assemblée du peuple biélorusse. Dotée de nouveaux pouvoirs dont celui de démettre le président, cette dernière serait conçue non pas comme un contre-pouvoir au président Loukachenko mais au contraire comme une porte de sortie devant lui permettre, en en prenant la tête, de quitter à terme la présidence tout en exerçant un pouvoir de contrôle sur son successeur. Selon Svetlana Tikhanovskaïa, la réforme constitutionnelle .

Des consultations publiques officiellement appelées  sont organisées du 28 décembre 2021 au 18 janvier de l'année suivante, immédiatement suivies le 20 janvier par la validation du projet gouvernemental par Loukachenko, qui rend le texte définitif par décret et fixe la date du référendum au . Au total, 83 articles de la Constitution de 1994 sont modifiés, tandis que onze autres et un chapitre entier sont ajoutés. Les électeurs ont la possibilité de recourir à un vote anticipé du 22 au 26 février.

Le référendum est obligatoire, l'article 140 de la Constitution de la Biélorussie imposant la tenue d'un référendum pour valider les révisions constitutionnelles concernant les chapitres I, II, IV et VIII. Ce même article impose pour en valider le résultat qu'une majorité absolue de l'ensemble des électeurs inscrits sur les listes électorales vote en faveur du projet.

Le référendum intervient quelques jours après la fin annoncée des manœuvres militaires « Détermination de l'Union 2022 » organisées en Biélorussie pendant deux semaines dans le contexte de la Crise russo-ukrainienne. Selon l'imagerie satellitaire, la participation des forces russes attendue est d'une ampleur inégalée depuis la fin de la Guerre Froide. Le 24 février, la crise se transforme en guerre ouverte avec l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie, dont une partie des troupes attaque depuis la Biélorussie. La révision constitutionnelle, si elle est approuvée, autoriserait notamment le déploiement d'armes nucléaires russes sur le territoire biélorusse.

Contenu

La question posée est :  (en biélorusse  ; en russe )

Assemblée du peuple biélorusse

Jusqu'ici consultative et réunie tous les cinq ans pour effectuer le bilan des plans quinquennaux, l'Assemblée du peuple biélorusse  est dotée de véritables pouvoirs. Désignée explicitement comme le plus important organe de représentation de la République, elle représente à la fois le législatif, l'exécutif, le judiciaire, les conseils locaux et la société civile.

Désormais réunie au minimum une fois par an, elle peut ainsi convoquer des référendums, soumettre des lois et des propositions d'amendements de la Constitution au Parlement, déclarer l'état d'urgence et la loi martiale. Elle nomme les juges des Cours suprême et constitutionnelle  ainsi que les membres de la commission électorale, et peut se prononcer sur la légitimité d'une élection. L'Assemblée du peuple biélorusse détermine également les principes de la politique intérieure, extérieure, économique et sécuritaire du pays, et décide des opérations militaires à l'étranger sur proposition du président de la République. Elle dispose ainsi du pouvoir d'annuler les décisions de tout autre autorité .

Enfin, l'Assemblée du peuple biélorusse peut révoquer le président de la République par un vote à la majorité simple, une prérogative jusque là réservée au Parlement.

Elle est composée de  membres qui ne sont pas nécessairement des élus, mais avant tout des représentants des différents corps de la société civile. La méthode exacte de désignation des membres de l'Assemblée n'est pas explicitée dans les amendements, mais laissée à une future loi ordinaire.

Les anciens présidents de la République ainsi que celui en exercice en sont membres de droit, et peuvent être élus à la présidence de l'Assemblée.

Président de la République
Le président de la République voit ses pouvoirs diminuer progressivement au cours d'une période de transition de deux ans. Ses décrets ne peuvent plus supplanter les lois, et le nombre de ses mandats est de nouveau restreint à un maximum de deux. Cette dernière disposition ne prend cependant pas en compte les mandats préalablement effectués ni celui en cours. Les candidats à une élection présidentielle se voient par ailleurs interdits de participer s'ils ont moins de quarante ans , une double nationalité , ou s'ils ont résidé à l'étranger dans les vingt années précédant le scrutin .

En cas de décès ou d'incapacité du président, l'intérim n'est plus exercé par le Premier ministre mais par le Conseil de sécurité, présidé par le président du Conseil de la République, la chambre haute du Parlement.

Un ancien président ne peut être inculpé pour les actions exercées au cours de ses mandats. Il devient par ailleurs membre à vie du Conseil de la République, ce qui lui apporte une immunité à vie.

Parlement
Le mandat de la Chambre des représentants et du Conseil de la République qui composent l'Assemblée nationale passe de quatre à cinq ans. La Chambre et le Conseil ne peuvent par ailleurs plus être dissous au cours de la première ainsi que de la dernière année de leur législature, là où la Constitution de 1994 ne l'interdisait que pendant la première année.

Société
Le patriotisme est un devoir de tout citoyen, qui doit par ailleurs contribuer au développement de la société et de l'État, et préparer ses enfants à effectuer un .

Le gouvernement a pour obligation de préserver la  des accomplissements du peuple biélorusse au cours de la Grande Guerre patriotique.

La Constitution définit explicitement le mariage comme une union entre un homme et une femme, interdisant toute possibilité de légalisation du mariage homosexuel.

Relations extérieures
L'obligation faite au pays de ne pas détenir d'armes nucléaires sur son territoire, ainsi que l'obligation de neutralité du gouvernement, sont supprimées de la Constitution. En lieu et place, les  contre d'autres pays à partir du territoire biélorusse sont interdites.

Les citoyens, ONG et gouvernements étrangers ne peuvent financer la préparation et l'organisation des élections.

Révisions ultérieures
Les futures révisions de la Constitution par référendum ne nécessiteront plus que les votes favorables atteignent la majorité absolue du total des inscrits sur les listes électorales : celle des suffrages exprimés sera suffisante pour valider le résultat.

Critiques
Les projets d'amendements font l'objet de critiques de la part de l'opposition ainsi qu'à l'étranger.

Les principaux dirigeants de l'opposition, dont Svetlana Tikhanovskaïa et Pavel Latouchka appellent la population à boycotter le scrutin en rendant des bulletins délibérément nuls.

La commission de Venise estime notamment que les amendements . La commission pointe également du doigt l'absence d'implication du Parlement dans l'élaboration des amendements, le caractère opaque du processus dans son ensemble, et l'absence manifeste de coopération entre le gouvernement et l'opposition en exil ainsi qu'avec la société civile lors de cette réécriture de la loi fondamentale du pays.

Résultat

Répartition des suffrages exprimés :

Répartition des inscrits :

Suites
Les résultats définitifs sont rendus publics le 3 mars : une large majorité des suffrages exprimés se prononcent en faveur du projet, et le résultat positif est validé par l'obtention de la majorité des inscrits. La révision de la Constitution entre en vigueur le 15 mars 2022.

Notes et références

2022
Biélorussie
2022 en Biélorussie
Biélorussie, 2022
Politique en février 2022
27 février

Référendum constitutionnel biélorusse de 2022


Harold "Hal" Cole (* 20. November 1912 in Tacoma, Washington, USA; † 12. November 1970 in Los Angeles, Kalifornien, USA) war ein US-amerikanischer Autorennfahrer.

Karriere

Cole startete zwischen 19456 und 1951 in 8 Rennen der AAA-National-Serie, wobei ein fünfter Platz 1948 auf der Strecke von DeQuoin sein bestes Ergebnis war. Er versuchte sich zwischen 1946 und 1950 vier Mal für das 500 Meilen Rennen von Indianapolis zu qualifizieren. Drei Versuche gelangen, 1946 stand er auf dem 4. Startplatz,  1950 hatte er im Qualifikationstraining einen Unfall, so dass er sich für das Rennen nicht qualifizieren konnte. Sein bestes Rennergebnis gelang ihm 1948 mit einem 6. Rang, 1947 wurde sein Fahrzeug zurückgezogen. Darüber hinaus fuhr er zahlreiche NASCAR und Sprint-Car-Rennen.

Er starb kurz vor seinem 58. Geburtstag an einem Herzinfarkt.

Statistik

Indy-500-Ergebnisse

Weblinks

 Indianapolis 500 1950
 Ergebnisse in der AAA-National-Serie

Einzelnachweise

Rennfahrer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Champ-Car-Rennfahrer
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1912
Gestorben 1970
Mann

Hal Cole


Autódromo Juan y Oscar Gálvez er et argentinsk motorsportsanlæg beliggende i hovedstaden Buenos Aires sydligste bydel Villa Riachuelo. Banen blev indviet i 1952 under præsident Juan Perón, og fik navnet Autódromo 17 de Octubre, da 17. oktober var en særlig dag for Perón og hans parti. Fra  til  blev Argentinas Grand Prix i Formel 1-serien i alt kørt 20 gange på banen.

Navne
 1952–1955: Autódromo 17 de Octubre
 1955–midt 1960'erne: Autódromo Municipal Ciudad de Buenos Aires
 midt-1960'erne–1989: Autódromo Municipal del Parque Almirante Brown de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires
 1989–2008: Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez
 2008–nu: Autódromo Juan y Oscar Gálvez

Eksterne henvisninger

 Autódromo Juan y Oscar Gálvezs officielle hjemmeside

Formel 1-baner
Motorsportsanlæg i Argentina
Etableret i 1952
Buenos Aires

Autódromo Juan y Oscar Gálvez


Ulrich von Zaktikhoven fue un escritor medieval alemán del ciclo artúrico.

Su obra más conocida es Lanzelet, probablemente redactada en 1193, adaptación en alemán del mito, pero con una visión diferente de la de Chrétien de Troyes.

Su nombre proviene de su origen geográfico  (Zezikon) y se conocen pocas cosas sobre su vida, pero se acepta la idea de que Zaktikhoven era Uolricus de Cecinchoven, un sacerdote de Lommis en Thurgau citado en un documento en 1214.

Enlaces externos

 E-Text conservé à la  Bibliotheca Augustana
 Cod. Pal. germ. 371: Ulrich von Zaktikhoven, Lanzelet (Manuscrit illustré du Lanzelet, Moyen Âge tardif, Heidelberg)

Escritores en alemán del siglo XII
Escritores en latín del siglo XII
Religiosos de Alemania del siglo XII
Escritores de obras de la materia de Bretaña
Poetas de Alemania del siglo XII
Poetas de Alemania del siglo XIII

Ulrich von Zatzikhoven


Akwa Ibom State is a state in the South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria on the east by Cross River State, on the west by Rivers State and Abia State, and on the south by the Atlantic Ocean. The state takes its name from the Qua Iboe River which bisects the state before flowing into the Bight of Bonny. Akwa Ibom was split from Cross River State in 1987 with its capital Uyo and with 31 local government areas.

Of the 36 states, Akwa Ibom is the 30th largest in area and fifteenth most populous with an estimated population of nearly 5.5 million as of 2016. Geographically, the state is divided between the Central African mangroves in the coastal far south and the Cross–Niger transition forests in the rest of the state. Other important geographical features are the Imo and Cross rivers which flow along Akwa Ibom's eastern and western borders, respectively while the Kwa Ibo River bisects the state before flowing into the Bight of Bonny. In the southeast corner of the state is the Stubb's Creek Forest Reserve, a heavily threatened wildlife reserve that contains declining crocodile, putty-nosed monkey, red-capped mangabey, and Sclater's guenon populations along with potentially extirpated populations of African leopard and Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee. Offshore, the state is also biodiverse as there are large fish populations along with various cetacean species including bottlenose dolphins, pantropical spotted dolphins, humpback whales, and killer whales.

Modern-day Akwa Ibom State has been inhabited by various ethnic groups for hundreds of years, primarily the closely related Ibibio, Anaang, Oro and Obolo peoples in the North-East, North-West, and Southern zones of the state, respectively. In the pre-colonial period, what is now Akwa Ibom State was divided into various city-states like the Ibom Kingdom and Akwa Akpa before the latter become a British protectorate in 1884 as a part of the Oil Rivers Protectorate. In the early 1900s, the British actually gained formal control of the area before incorporating the protectorate (now renamed the Niger Coast Protectorate) into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate which later merged into British Nigeria; after the merger, much of modern-day Akwa Ibom became a centre of anti-colonial resistance during the Women's War and political activism through the Ibibio State Union.

After independence in 1960, the area of now-Akwa Ibom was a part of the post-independence Eastern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the South-Eastern State. Less than two months afterwards, the Igbo-majority former Eastern Region attempted to secede as the state of Biafra; in the three-year long Nigerian Civil War, now-Akwa Ibom was hard-fought over in the prelude to the Invasion of Port Harcourt while people from Akwa Ibom were persecuted by Biafran forces as they were mainly non-Igbo. At the war's end and the reunification of Nigeria, the South-Eastern State was reformed until 1976 when it was renamed Cross River State. Eleven years later, Cross River State was divided with western Cross River being broken off to form the new Akwa Ibom State.

Economically, Akwa Ibom State is based around the production of crude oil and natural gas as highest oil-producing state in the country, with Ibeno, Mbo and Eastern Obolo as oil-producing LGAs. Key minor industries involve agriculture as the state has substantial cocoyam, yam, and plantain crops along with fishing and heliciculture. Despite its vast oil revenues, Akwa Ibom has the seventeenth highest Human Development Index in the country in large part due to years of systemic corruption.

History

The region of the state was created out of Cross River State on September 23, 1987, by the then Military Administration of General Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida.
No central government existed among the people of what is now Akwa Ibom State, prior to the British invasion in 1904.

Although several Scottish missionaries arrived in Calabar in 1848, and Ibono in 1887, the British did not firmly establish control of the area until 1904. In that year, the Enyong Division was created encompassing the area of the current state of Akwa Ibom, with headquarters at Ikot Ekpene, an Annang city described by the noted Africanist Kaanan Nair, as the cultural and political capital of Annang and Ibibio.

The creation of Enyong Division for the first time, allowed the numerous ethnic groups to come together. This further provided a venue for the creation of the Ibibio Welfare Union, later renamed Ibibio State Union. This social organization was first organized as a local development and improvement forum for educated persons and groups who were shut out from the colonial administration in 1929.

When Akwa Ibom state was created in 1987, Uyo was chosen as the state capital to spread development to all regions of the state.

Climate
Akwa Ibom has a tropical monsoon climate (Classification: Am) and is 42.58 meters (139.7 feet) above sea level. The city's average annual temperature is -0.99% lower than Nigeria's averages at 28.47°C (83.25°F). 342.56 millimeters (13.49 inches) of precipitation and 294.37 rainy days (80.65% of the time) are typical annual totals for Akwa Ibom.

The Akwa Ibom region experiences tropical monsoons. All year long, there are high temperatures and a lot of rain. The region of Akwa Ibom experiences an average yearly temperature of 60 degrees and 672 inches of precipitation. With an average humidity of 80% and a UV-index of 7, it is dry for 52 days out of the year.

The climate of Akwa Ibom is tropical with significant rainfall with only a short dry season.

Government
Politics in Akwa Ibom state are dominated by the three main ethnic groups: the Ibibio, Annang and Oro. Of these three, the Ibibio remain the majority and have held sway in the state since its creation.

Ministries, Departments and Agencies
Here are the list of ministries in Akwa Ibom State
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Justice
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Agriculture and Food Sufficiency
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Account and Finance
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Works
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Education
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Environment
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Transport & Petroleum Resources
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Lands, Town Planning & Survey
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Information & Strategy
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Health
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Science & Technology
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Women Development and Social Development
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Youth & Sports
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Administration & Supplies
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Economic Development Labour and Manpower Planning
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Investment, Commerce and Industries
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Culture and Tourism
Akwa Ibom State Bureau of Political/Legislative Affairs and Water Resources
Akwa Ibom State Bureau of Rural Development & Cooperatives
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Power and Petroleum Resources

Local Government Areas

Akwa Ibom State consists of thirty-one (31) local government areas. They include:

 Abak
 Eastern Obolo
 Eket
 Esit-Eket
 Essien Udim
 Etim-Ekpo
 Etinan
 Ibeno
 Ibesikpo-Asutan
 Ibiono-Ibom
 Ika
 Ikono
 Ikot Abasi
 Ikot Ekpene
 Ini
 Itu
 Mbo
 Mkpat-Enin
 Nsit-Atai
 Nsit-Ibom
 Nsit-Ubium
 Obot-Akara
 Okobo
 Onna
 Oron
 Oruk Anam
 Ukanafun
 Udung-Uko
 Uruan
 Urue-Offong/Oruko
 Uyo

Demographics

Ethnic groups
The main ethnic groups of the state include:
Ibibio,
Anaang, Oro and Obolo.

Religion
The people of Akwa Ibom are predominantly Christians.

Languages
Like their Efik neighbors of Cross River State, people of Akwa Ibom speak various dialects of the Ibibio-Efik languages, which belong to the Benue–Congo language family, forming part of the Niger–Congo group of languages.

The following table lists languages of Akwa Ibom State, and the local government areas in which they are spoken:

Education
The Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Education is tasked with monitoring the education sector of the state. The current region of Akwa Ibom State in old Calabar Kingdom, was the first to encounter Western education in Nigeria, with the establishment of Hope Waddell Training Institute, at Calabar in 1895, and the Methodist Boys' High School, Oron  in 1905, as well as other top schools such as the Holy Family College at Abak and Regina Coeli College in Essene.

Some educational institutes in the state are:

Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic Ikot Osurua
Akwa Ibom State University (Oruk Anam LGA and Mkpat Enin LGA)
 Federal Polytechnic, Ukana
Foundation College of Technology Ikot Ekpene
Heritage Polytechnic, Eket
Maritime Academy of Nigeria, Oron
Obong University, Obong Ntak
Ritman University
University of Uyo, Uyo

 Federal University of Technology, Ikot Abasi
 Federal College of Education Ididep, Ibiono
School of Basic Studies, Abak
School of Nursing, Uyo, Eket, Oron, Ikot Ekpene, Etinan
Sure Polytechnic, Ukanafun
Topfaith University, Mkpatak
Trinity Polytechnic, Uyo
Uyo City Polytechnic Nduetong Oku

Notable people

 Obong Victor Attah, former governor of Akwa Ibom State
 Senator Godswill Akpabio, former governor of Akwa Ibom State, former Senate Minority Leader, Senate President (2023-)

 Nathaniel Bassey is a Nigerian gospel music minister and RCCG Pastor from Uyo L.G.A, in Akwa ibom state.
 Effiong Dickson Bob
 Hilda Baci, known for attempting to break the Guinness World Record for longest cooking marathon.
 Ini Edo, Nollywood Actress
 Obong Ufot Ekaette, secretary to the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria from 1999 to 2007 under President Olusegun Obasanjo
 Dominic Ekandem first cardinal in English-speaking West Africa. First Nigerian Cardinal to qualify as a candidate to the papacy.
 Senator (Engr.) Chris Ekpenyong Former deputy governor of Akwa Ibom State in the Victor Attah administration and former Senator representing Akwa Ibom North-West Senatorial District in the 9th Assembly.
 Engr. Patrick Ekpotu, former Deputy Governor of Akwa Ibom State
 Udom Gabriel Emmanuel, former Governor of Akwa Ibom State
 Senator Ita Enang, Senior Special Assistant (Niger-Delta) to President Muhammadu Buhari
 Vincent Enyeama, professional footballer (Goalie) and former Super Eagle captain
 Mark Essien, entrepreneur and founder of Hotels.ng
 Chief Donald Etiebet, former Minister of Petroleum
 Nse Ikpe-Etim, Nollywood actress
Eve Esin, Nollywood actress
 Etim Inyang, former Inspector General of the Nigerian Police Force (I.G.P) 1985 to 1986
 Emmanuel Iren founder of Celebration Church International
 Obong Akpan Isemin, elected governor of Akwa Ibom State in Nigeria from January 1992 to November 1993 during the Nigerian Third Republic
 Clement Isong, second governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria; first civilian governor of the former Cross River State
 Emem Isong, multi-award winning filmmaker and CEO of Royal Arts Academy
 Rt. Hon. Onofiok Luke, the 11th Speaker of the Akwa Ibom State House of Assembly and the Pioneer Speaker of the Nigeria Youth Parliament
 Group Capt. Idongesit Nkanga, former military governor of Akwa Ibom State
 Samuel Peter, world heavyweight boxing champion
 Egbert Udo Udoma, from Ikot Abasi, former chief justice of Uganda
 Ime Bishop Umoh, Nollywood actor
 Professor Okon Uya was briefly chairman of the National Electoral Commission of Nigeria (NECON), appointed by President Ibrahim Babangida after the presidential elections of 12 June 1993 had been annulled and his predecessor Humphrey Nwosu dismissed.

Politics
The State government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with the state house of assembly. The capital city of the state is Uyo.

Electoral system

The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas.

See also
 Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Education
 List Of Government Ministries Of Akwa Ibom State

References

58. Pastor Nathaniel Bassey, Moses Bliss and Jimmy D Psalmist also made the list of 2022 Owwre.com Top 10 Nigerian Gospel Music Artists from Akwa Ibom State.

59. https://leadership.ng/2023-next-president-govs-must-get-two-thirds-spread-says-inec/

External links
 akwaibomstate.gov.ng: Official website of the Akwa Ibom State Government

States of Nigeria
States and territories established in 1987
1987 establishments in Nigeria

Akwa Ibom State


Ruth Myrtle Patrick (* 26. November 1907 in Topeka; † 23. September 2013 in Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania) war eine US-amerikanische Botanikerin und Limnologin, die sich auf Kieselalgen und Süßwasser-Ökologie spezialisierte. Patrick hat Methoden entwickelt, um die Gesundheit von Süßwasser-Ökosystemen zu messen, und sie hat mehrere Forschungseinrichtungen gegründet.

Patrick absolvierte 1925 die Mädchenschule Sunset Hill in Kansas City (Missouri). Anschließend studierte sie an der University of Virginia, wo sie 1934 ihren PhD erhielt.

Ihr botanisches Autorenkürzel ist .

Preise und Auszeichnungen
 1970: Lewis L. Dollinger Pure Environment Award
 1970: Mitgliedschaft in der National Academy of Sciences
 1974: Mitgliedschaft in der American Philosophical Society
 1976: Mitgliedschaft in der American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 1989: Ehrendoktorwürde der University of South Carolina
 1993: Benjamin Franklin Medal der American Philosophical Society
 1996: National Medal of Science
 2002: Heinz Award Chairman's Medal
 2006: A.C. Redfield Lifetime Achievement Award
 Das Ruth Patrick Science Education Center der University of South Carolina ist nach ihr benannt.
 Am 17. November 2007 gab es anlässlich ihres bevorstehenden 100. Geburtstags eine Gala an der Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia.

Weblinks
 Patrick Center for Environmental Research
 Who's Who: Meet Dr. Ruth Patrick

Einzelnachweise

Botaniker (20. Jahrhundert)
Phykologe
Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Mitglied der American Philosophical Society
Mitglied der National Academy of Sciences
Träger der National Medal of Science
Ehrendoktor einer Universität in den Vereinigten Staaten
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1907
Gestorben 2013
Hundertjähriger
Frau

Ruth Patrick


Willows Gemfields is a rural town in the locality of Willows in the Central Highlands Region of Queensland, Australia. In the , Willows Gemfields had a population of 114 people.

Sapphires are extensively mined.

History
The town was named on 1 October 1979.

At the , the Willows Gemfields town had a population of 108.

In the , Willows Gemfields had a population of 114 people.

Education
There are no schools in Willows Gemfields. The nearest primary school is Anakie State School in Anakie to the north-east. The nearest secondary school is Emerald State High School in Emerald to the east.

References

External links
Map and facilities list
A Gemfields homepage

Mining towns in Queensland
Towns in Queensland
Central Highlands Region

Willows Gemfields


Darżewo ( Darsow) ist ein Dorf in der polnischen Woiwodschaft Pommern. Es gehört zur Gmina Nowa Wieś Lęborska (Landgemeinde Neuendorf) im Powiat Lęborski.

Geographische Lage
Das Dorf liegt in Hinterpommern, etwa dreizehn Kilometer westsüdwestlich der Stadt Lębork (Lauenburg in Pommern) und 28 Kilometer südlich der an der Ostsee gelegenen Stadt Łeba. Nördlich des Dorfes erhebt sich ein bewaldeter Hügel, Schlossberg genannt, auf dem sich ein Burgwall aus  vorgeschichtlicher Zeit befindet.

Geschichte

Die ersten Nennungen von Darsow in pommerschen Urkunden des 14. Jahrhunderts gebrauchen Darsow als Herkunftsnamen: Im Juli 1310 beurkunden die brandenburgischen Markgrafen Waldemar und Johann V., dass sie Stolp zur Stadt erhoben und die städtische Gerichtsbarkeit dem Detbernus  von Zirchow und dessen Sohn Johannes von Zirchow sowie dem Johannes von Darsow übertragen haben. 1313 wird Johannes von Darsow als Bürgermeister von Stolp genannt.  Das ehemalige Rittergut Darsow war in älterer Zeit ein  Lehen der Familie Stojentin. 1453 werden in einer  Urkunde ein Jereslaf Stoyentin to Darzowe und 1523 in der Musterrolle Teslaff Stoientin tho Darsow erwähnt.

1734 kam Darsow an die Familie Grumbkow. Das Dorf wurde dann von Friederike von Podewils, geb. v. Grumbkow, geerbt. Um das Jahr 1784 gab es in Darsow ein Vorwerk, drei Vollbauern, zwei Halbbauern, sechs Kossäten, einen Schulmeister, auf der Feldmark das Vorwerk Drzigowa mit einem Kossäten und insgesamt zwanzig Haushaltungen.

Die auf der Feldmark gelegenen Vorwerke Schidlitz und Heide mit zusammen fünf Haushaltungen und das Vorwerk Schmelz waren ebenfalls alte Stojentinsche Lehen. Im 19. Jahrhundert hatte die Familie Stojentin Schorin und Darsow in Besitz. Letzte Eigentümer  waren Robert von Stojentin und dessen Sohn Emil von Stojentin. Als Letzterer 1912 starb, erlosch mit ihm der gesamte Stojentinsche Familienzweig B, und Darsow ging auf Leo Robert von Bonin über.
Im Jahr 1925 standen in Darsow 44 Wohngebäude. 1939 wurden 89 Haushaltungen und 386 Einwohner gezählt.

Vor Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs gehörte Darsow zum Landkreis Stolp im Regierungsbezirk Köslin der Provinz Pommern. Das Gemeindegebiet war 2.110 Hektar groß. Auf dem Gemeindegebiet gab es neben dem Dorf Darsow die fünf Wohnplätze Alt Schidlitz, Forsthaus und Vorwerk Darsow, Hahnenberg, Laaske und Neu Schidlitz.

Gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde Darsow am 9. März 1945 von der Sowjetarmee besetzt und bald darauf zusammen mit ganz Hinterpommern unter polnische Verwaltung gestellt. Es begann danach die Zuwanderung polnischer Zivilisten. Darsow wurde in Darżewo umbenannt. Das Gut blieb bis zum 5. November 1945 unter sowjetischer Militärverwaltung. Die deutschen Dorfbewohner wurden in der darauf folgenden Zeit vertrieben; die beiden letzten Familien wurden 1958 ausgewiesen. Gutsbesitzer Leo Robert von Bonin hielt sich mit Familienmitgliedern noch bis 1957 im Landkreis Stolp auf und reiste dann aus.

Später wurden in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 178 und in der DDR 95 aus Darsow vertriebene Dorfbewohner ermittelt.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Söhne und Töchter des Ortes
 Valentin von Stojentin (~1485–1528/1529), herzoglich-pommerscher Rat und Schlosshauptmann, Streiter für das Luthertum

Literatur
 Karl-Heinz Pagel: Der Landkreis Stolp in Pommern. Lübeck 1989, S. 438–441 (Ortsbeschreibung Darsow; PDF)
 Ludwig Wilhelm Brüggemann: Ausführliche Beschreibung des gegenwärtigen Zustandes des Königl. Preußischen Herzogtums Vor- und Hinterpommern. Teil II, Band 2, Stettin 1784, S. 959, Nr. 53 und S. 980–983, Nr. 83

Weblinks

 Gunthard Stübs und Pommersche Forschungsgemeinschaft: Die Gemeinde Darsow im ehemaligen Kreis Stolp in Pommern (2011)

Fußnoten

Ort in Pommern
Ort der Woiwodschaft Pommern
Gmina Nowa Wieś Lęborska

Darżewo (Nowa Wieś Lęborska)


Os Delírios de Consumo de Becky Bloom (2000) é um romance chick-lit de Sophie Kinsella, e o primeiro livro da série Becky Bloom. A obra se concentra em Becky Bloomwood, uma jornalista financeira que está endividada devido ao vício em compras.

Enredo
Becky Bloomwood mora em um apartamento em Fulham, Londres, de propriedade dos pais ricos e aristocráticos da melhor amiga dela, Suze. Além disso, ela trabalha como jornalista financeira para a revista Successful Savings, da qual  não gosta. Porém, Becky admite saber pouco sobre finanças pessoais e ter milhares de libras em dívidas devido a gastos imprudentes com utensílios domésticos, roupas e produtos de beleza de grife, os quais elaracionaliza como "investimentos". Ainda assim, a jornalista recebe cartas de divulgação que oferecem cartões de crédito e lojas de departamentos. Certa vez, ao visitar os pais em Surrey, eles orientam que ou ela reduza os gastos, ou então ganhe mais dinheiro.

Neste contexto, a caminho de uma coletiva de imprensa na Brandon Communications, Becky descobre que uma echarpe que desejava há muito tempo está com 50%  de desconto na Denny & George, mas percebe que deixou seu cartão de crédito no escritório. Porém, a balconista concorda em guardá-la até o fim do dia.

Na coletiva de imprensa, Becky é saudada por Alicia, um membro da equipe da Brandon Communications, que a questiona sobre algumas notícias financeiras de última hora, das quais Becky finge saber. Após a conversa, Luke Brandon, chefe da Brandon Communications, informa a ela que um grupo financeiro comprou outro recentemente, e que há rumores de que a Flagstaff Life está seguindo o mesmo caminho. Durante a conferência, Becky percebe que não terá tempo de voltar ao escritório para pegar o cartão de crédito, mas só precisa de mais 20 libras para comprar o lenço. Porém, Luke a ouve pedindo dinheiro emprestado a uma amiga e interrompe a entrevista coletiva para emprestar o valor a ela, depois de Becky inventar uma história sobre a compra de um presente para a tia hospitalizada.

Contudo, mais tarde naquela semana, a colega de apartamento de Becky, Suze, a convida para jantar com ela e os primos dela, o que inclui o miionário Tarquin. Porém, Luke está jantando com os pais no mesmo restaurante e a madrasta dele, Annabel, elogia o cachecol de Becky. A jornalista afirma que foi a tia quem deu a ela, de modo a evitar as suspeitas de Luke. Então, Luke pede a Becky para fazer compras com ele na Harrods. Ela inicialmente gosta da ideia, mas fica chateada ao saber que na verdade as compras são para a namorada dele, Sacha. Logo, ela repreende Luke por humilhá-la.

Nesse contexto, Suze e Becky encontram um artigo de revista sobre milionários, incluindo Tarquin e Luke. Então, Tarquin convida Becky para sair e elogia a echarpe. Enquanto Tarquin vai ao banheiro, Becky olha o talão de cheques e fica desapontada. Porém, Tarquin retorna e Becky sente que ele a viu olhando o talão de cheques. Ela perde o interesse por Tarquin, apesar da riqueza, e admite que ele simplesmente não faz o tipo dela.

Ao longo da história, Derek Smeath, o gerente bancário de Becky, tenta por diversas vezes contatá-la para discutir sobre o cheque especial. Então, Becky oferece várias desculpas implausíveis para não encontrá-lo, até que Smeath percebe que ela não pode pagar e insiste em vê-la. Sem desculpas, Becky resolve se esconder na casa dos pais, contando que tem um perseguidor. Ela descobre que os vizinhos tomaram uma decisão financeira com base em um conselho que ela ofereceu distraidamente e, por isso, podem perder milhares de libras. Mortificada, ela tenta fazer as pazes escrevendo um artigo expondo a duplicidade do banco no Daily World. Este artigo faz sucesso e leva Becky a aparecer em um programa de televisão diurno, o The Morning Coffee.

No entanto, Becky não observou que o banco era cliente da empresa de relações públicas de Luke. Ele fica zangado com ela, por acreditar que ela escreveu o artigo em retaliação por ele desrespeitá-la. Então, Becky menciona que tentou ligar para Luke várias vezes para saber o lado dele da história, mas Alicia egoisticamente desligou na cara dela, acreditando que ela não passava de uma fanática. Eles se reencontram na emissora de televisão e Becky mostra o próprio ponto de vista sobre a duplicidade de Flagstaff Life, ao passo que Luke admite que ela estava certa sobre eles enganarem os clientes e anuncia que a Brandon Communications não representará mais o banco. Então, Becky torna-se uma comentarista regular no Morning Coffee e um entrevistador pergunta como ele pode fazer com que a situação financeira ruim dele desapareça por causa das más decisões que tomou. Ao ouvir a história parecida com a dela, Becky o aconselha a assumir a responsabilidade pelas finanças, porque fugir dos problemas só vai piorar as coisas. Depois disso, ela segue o próprio conselho, fala com Smeath, pede desculpas por seu comportamento e concorda em encontrá-lo para discutir sobre as dívidas.

Então, Luke convida Becky para um "jantar de negócios" no The Ritz. Eles acabam dormindo juntos no final da noite, e Becky perde outro encontro com Smeath. No entanto, Smeath escreve para dizer que a reunião pode ser adiada, porque os débitos diminuíram graças ao trabalho na televisão, embora ele continue monitorando a conta dela.

Recepção
O livro recebeu elogios ao modo "esperto" como Kinsella começa cada capítulo, por meio de uma carta do banco para Becky. Além disso, críticos elogiaram o modo o livro desperta empatia pela protagonista, como se ela se fosse de fato uma amiga dos leitores, considerando que a personagem, embora tenha defeitos, é "irresistivelmente maluca". Muitos críticos concordaram que Kinsella conseguiu dosar dois ingredientes essenciais que tornam um romance popular entre os leitores: realismo e humor espirituoso. Por exemplo, mulheres relataram identificação com a protagonista e as situações narradas.

Filme
Uma adaptação cinematográfica dos dois primeiros romances da série Becky Bloom, protaginizada por Isla Fisher como Becky Bloomwood, Hugh Dancy como Luke Brandon e Krysten Ritter como Suze, teve lançamento em 13 de fevereiro de 2009.

Referências

Livros ambientados em Londres
Obras publicadas sob pseudónimo
Livros de 2000

The Secret Dreamworld of a Shopaholic


O tufão Vera foi um tufão que causou graves danos ao Japão em setembro de 1959.

Visão geral

Vera desenvolveu-se em 20 de setembro entre Guam e Chuuk, e inicialmente seguiu para o oeste antes de tomar um curso mais ao norte, atingindo força de tempestade tropical no dia seguinte. A essa altura, Vera assumiu uma direção de movimento mais para o oeste e começou a se intensificar rapidamente, atingindo seu pico de intensidade em setembro. 23 com ventos máximos sustentados equivalentes aos de uma categoria moderna 5 furacão. Com pouca mudança na força, Vera curvou e acelerou para o norte, resultando em um landfall em setembro. 26 perto de Shionomisaki em Honshu. Os padrões de vento atmosférico fizeram com que o tufão emergisse brevemente no Mar do Japão antes de voltar a se curvar para o leste e se mover para a costa de Honshu pela segunda vez. O movimento sobre a terra enfraqueceu muito Vera e, depois de reentrar no Oceano Pacífico Norte mais tarde naquele dia, Vera fez a transição para um ciclone extratropical em setembro. 27; esses remanescentes continuaram a persistir por mais dois d ias.

Embora Vera tenha sido previsto com precisão e sua rota para o Japão tenha sido bem antecipada, a cobertura limitada de telecomunicações, combinada com a falta de urgência da mídia japonesa e a intensidade da tempestade, inibiu muito os processos potenciais de evacuação e mitigação de desastres. A precipitação das bandas de chuva externas da tempestade começou a causar inundações nas bacias hidrográficas bem antes da chegada da tempestade. Ao chegar à costa de Honshu, o tufão trouxe uma forte tempestade que destruiu vários sistemas de defesa contra inundações, inundando regiões costeiras e afundando navios. Total de danos de Vera chegou a US $ 600 milhões. O número de mortes causadas por Vera permanece discrepante, embora as estimativas atuais indiquem que o tufão causou mais de 5.000 mortes, tornando-se um dos tufões mais mortíferos da história japonesa. Também feriu quase 39.000 pessoas e deixou cerca de 1,5 milhão de pessoas desabrigadas.

Ver também
Temporada de tufões no Pacífico de 1959

Referências

Tufões no Japão
1959 no Japão

Tufão Vera


Lavfrekvens har flere betydninger:
 Lavfrekvens (3 Hz - 30 kHz) - audiofrekvens.
 Lavfrekvens (30 kHz - 300 kHz) - langbølger.

Lavfrekvens


جويل بحلق (27 أكتوبر 1979 -)، وهي ممثلة وإعلامية لبنانية.

واختيرت ملكة جمال لبنان لعام 1997. وتعمل مصممة أزياء  تعاقدت على الظهور في إعلانات شركات كبرى منها شركة كبرى تتعامل بالذهب. ودرست تصميم الأزياء وقدمت برنامج ستايل مع جويل في قناة إم بي سي. وقد أثبتت أنها ممثلة قديرة في أول تجربة تمثيلية لها في المسلسل البدوي آخر الفرسان التي بنيت قصته من وحي أشعار الشيخ محمد بن راشد آل مكتوم وأخرجه نجدة إسماعيل أنزور. ولقد أدت جويل دور البطولة النسائية في المسلسل وهو دور الأميرة شيماء التي وقعت في حب بشار وقد أدى دوره رشيد عساف الذي فضلته على ابن عمها رابح الذي أدى دوره عمار شلق. تزوجت جويل مؤخرا من رجل الأعمال اللبناني السيد عادل نادر.

أعمالها
 برنامج ستايل مع جويل، إم بي سي.
 مسلسل آخر الفرسان.

انظر أيضا
 نادين نجيم
 جورجينا رزق
 ريما فقيه

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
خريجو الجامعة اللبنانية
عارضات أزياء لبنانيات
مذيعات لبنانيات
مسيحيون لبنانيون
مصممات أزياء لبنانيات
ملكات جمال لبنانيات
ممثلات لبنانيات في القرن 21
مواليد 1399 هـ
مواليد 1979
مواليد في بيروت
ممثلات من بيروت
ممثلات تلفزيون لبنانيات

جويل بحلق


Edward Koiki Mabo (29 June 1936 – 21 January 1992) was an Indigenous Australian man from the Torres Strait Islands known for his role in campaigning for Indigenous land rights in Australia, in particular the landmark decision of the High Court of Australia that recognised that indigenous rights to land had continued after the British Crown acquired sovereignty and that the international law doctrine of terra nullius was not applicable to Australian domestic law. High court judges considering the case Mabo v Queensland (No 2) found in favour of Mabo, which led to the Native Title Act 1993 and established native title in Australia, officially recognising the rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia.

Early life and family
Mabo was born Edward Koiki Sambo on 29 June 1936 in the village of Las located on the island of Mer in the Torres Strait. His parents were Robert Zesou Sambo and Poipe Mabo, but Eddie was adopted by his uncle Benny Mabo when his mother died shortly after he was born. This adoption was part of traditional Torres Strait Islander adoption practices.

When young, Mabo was influenced by his teacher Robert 'Bob' Victor Miles, a relieving teacher with the Schools for Islanders. Miles was known as a friend of all his students; he not only taught the children of the islands but also learnt their language and encouraged them to use their own language in class. Mabo was one of these students and learnt more than just language from Miles, he also gained an understanding of 'mainland' culture. Mabo, who lived with Miles for a time while his mother was ill, later reflected on the importance of his education. That, along with his confident use of language, self-assured public speaking and understanding of mainland politics, culminated in the landmark case Mabo v Queensland in 1992.

Eddie had a great bond with his tradition. He enjoyed activities such as Aboriginal painting, dancing and singing. But his uncle and aunt, Benny and Maigo Mabo, taught him to respect other's cultures as well.

Mabo married Bonita Neehow, an Australian South Sea Islander, in 1959. The couple had seven children and adopted three more. Bonita Mabo died in Townsville on 26 November 2018, aged 75, just days after receiving an honorary doctorate of letters from James Cook University for her contributions to Indigenous rights and human rights.

One daughter, Gail Mabo (born 1966
), is a successful visual artist who has had her work exhibited across Australia. Before beginning her studies in art in the 2000s, she had a career in dance, choreography, and acting.
 She has also worked with schools in New South Wales as a cultural advisor, and has served as the family's designated spokesperson.

Mabo's nephew was Anglican Bishop Saibo Mabo.

His great-nephew is NBA athlete Patty Mills, the third Indigenous Australian to represent the nation in Olympic basketball.

Career
Mabo worked on pearling boats, as a cane cutter, and as a railway fettler (worker), becoming a gardener at James Cook University in Townsville, Queensland at age 31.

In 1973, Eddie and Bonita Mabo established the Black Community School in Townsville, where Torres Strait Islander children could learn their own culture rather than white culture.

Speaking to the State Library of Queensland for their podcast series about the Mabo decision, Eddie's daughter Gail Mabo recalled that her father particularly objected to Torres Strait Islander children being taught a version of history that did not include any Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander voices or perspectives. She also said that Eddie Mabo believed that knowledge of their culture would give Torres Strait children growing up on the mainland a solid foundation and a sense of pride.

Noel Zaro OAM attended the Black Community School, also known as BCS. He remembered that on a standard day, the school taught Western subjects such as English and Maths in the morning: after lunch, students would be taught about Torres Strait Islander culture, including basic Meriam language vocabulary as well as traditional dancing. Some students, including Noel Zaro, took field trips to other schools for traditional dance demonstrations, often transported by parents or family members.

As the school was not sanctioned by the Queensland education board, Eddie Mabo served unpaid as principal, cultural instructor and school bus driver. He continued to work as a gardener at James Cook University in the evenings.

The time Mabo spent on the James Cook University campus had a massive impact on his life. In 1974, he was talking with James Cook University historians Noel Loos and Henry Reynolds, and Loos recalls:we were having lunch one day in Reynolds' office when Koiki was just speaking about his land back on Mer, or Murray Island. Henry and I realised that in his mind he thought he owned that land, so we sort of glanced at each other, and then had the difficult responsibility of telling him that he didn't own that land, and that it was Crown land. Koiki was surprised, shocked and even ... he said and I remember him saying 'No way, it's not theirs, it's ours.'

Later, when Mabo was a research assistant on an oral history project in the Torres Strait, Reynolds records:
He got as far as Thursday Island and no further. He was refused permission to land on any of the other islands in the Straits. A reputation as a radical was a heavy burden in Queensland at the time. For Eddie the rejection was devastating. He could not go home. He was not only landless in the eyes of white man's law, he was an exile as well.

Land rights advocate

In 1981 a land rights conference was held at James Cook University and Mabo gave a speech in which he explained the land inheritance system on Murray Island. The significance of this in terms of Australian common law doctrine was noted by one of the attendees, a lawyer, who suggested there should be a test case to claim land rights through the court system. Perth-based solicitor Greg McIntyre was at the conference and agreed to take the case; he then recruited barristers Ron Castan and Bryan Keon-Cohen. McIntyre represented Mabo during the hearings.

Of the eventual outcome of that decision a decade later, Reynolds said: "it was a ten-year battle and it was a remarkable saga really".

Death and Mabo decision

On 21 January 1992, Eddie Mabo died of cancer at the age of 55.

Five months later, on 3 June 1992, the High Court announced its historic decision to recognise the land rights of Indigenous Australians. That decision, formally Mabo v Queensland (No 2), now commonly called "Mabo" in Australia, is recognised for its landmark status.

Three years after Mabo died, that being the traditional mourning period for the people of Murray Island, a memorial service was held. The next day, Mabo's gravesite was attacked by vandals who spray-painted swastikas and racial slurs on his tombstone as well as removing a bronze bas-relief portrait of him. His family decided to have his body reburied on Murray Island. On the night of his reinterment, the Islanders performed their traditional ceremony for the burial of a Meriam king, a ritual not seen on the island for 80 years.

Legacy

In 1992, Mabo was posthumously awarded the Australian Human Rights Medal in the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Awards, together with the Reverend Dave Passi, Sam Passi (deceased), James Rice (deceased), Celuia Mapo Salee (deceased) and Barbara Hocking (deceased). The award was in recognition "of their long and determined battle to gain justice for their people" and the "work over many years to gain legal recognition for indigenous people's rights".

In 1993 The Australian newspaper commemorated his work by voting him the 1992 Australian of the Year (not to be confused with the official Australian of the Year awards issued by the Australian Government).

A documentary film, Mabo: Life of an Island Man, directed by Trevor Graham, was released in 1997 and received the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Documentary.

The Eddie Koiki Mabo Lecture Series was established in his honour in 2004 at James Cook University. The lectures have been given by eminent Australians on Mabo Day (3 June), in National Reconciliation Week, in most years since then.

On 21 May 2008, James Cook University named its Townsville campus library the Eddie Koiki Mabo Library.

Mabo Day is an official holiday in the Torres Shire, celebrated on 3 June, and occurs during National Reconciliation Week in Australia.

On 10 June 2012, Mabo, a television drama based on Mabo's life, was broadcast on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC).

In June 2014, the annual Eddie Mabo Award for Social Justice was created as one of three awards at the newly-established National Indigenous Human Rights Awards in Sydney, New South Wales.

On 3 June 2015, on the 23rd anniversary of the Mabo decision, a star was named Koiki after Eddie Koiki Mabo. It was named by Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, with the naming ceremony taking place at Sydney Observatory. The star is within the Southern Cross constellation as well as the huge Torres Strait Islanders' constellation known as Tagai, which is very culturally significant and used for nautical navigation.

On 24 August 2015, Tony Abbott became the first Prime Minister of Australia to visit Mabo's grave on Murray Island, where he paid tribute to his legacy.

In 2016, Google Doodle commemorated his 80th birthday.

In 2017, the Royal Australian Mint issued a 50-cent coin commemorating 25 years since Mabo's death and the legal decision and 50 years since the referendum. It was designed by his granddaughter Boneta-Marie Mabo and released in National Reconciliation Week.

In 2022, the State Library of Queensland produced a podcast called Hi, I'm Eddie. Hosted by Rhianna Patrick, the podcast discusses the Mabo's life, the High Court case, and the enduring legacy of both.

The State Library of Queensland holds several significant collections relating to the Mabo decision and the Mabo family, including:

 OM95-26 Mabo Cutting Books - these books contain newspaper clippings relating to the Mabo case between November 1990 and October 1994
 29122 Album of Photographs Relating to the Mabo Case on Mer Island 1989 - a photographic account of the proceedings of the Mabo case on Mer (Murray Island)
 6837 Justice Moynihan - Determination re Mabo Case Papers 27 Feb 1986 - three bound volumes regarding the determination of a reference from the High Court of Australia of the factual issues raised in the action by Eddie Mabo and others, prepared by Justice Moynihan.
 32825 Mabo family collection - Includes a collection of shirts worn by and commemorating Eddie Mabo, many made by his wife Dr. Bonita Mabo AO for the extended family. Other significant items include the annotated Mabo family copy of Margaret Lawrie's Myths and legends of the Torres Strait.

See also
Mabo v Queensland (No 1)
Mabo v Queensland (No 2)
Native title in Australia
Mabo (TV film)

References

Further reading

 Apek kebile: Eddie Koiki Mabo : the boy from the other side of the island (videorecording) – "about Eddie Mabo, his love for his people and his homeland ..." / Office for Torres Strait Islander Affairs
 Mabo: life of an island man / original screenplay by Trevor Graham (1999, )

External links

 Hi, I'm Eddie - Podcast by the State Library of Queensland. Winner 2021 Best Indigenous podcast, Australian Podcast Awards.

 Album of Photographs Relating to the Mabo Case on Mer Island 1989, State Library of Queensland

1936 births
1992 deaths
Torres Strait Islands culture
Australian indigenous rights activists
Deaths from cancer in Queensland
Torres Strait Islanders
Q150 Icons

Eddie Mabo


إدواردو نوريغا  ممثل إسباني من مواليد 1 أغسطس 1973.

مواقع خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من سانتاندير
إسبان من أصل مكسيكي
ممثلو أفلام إسبان
ممثلون إسبان
ممثلون إسبانيون في القرن 20
ممثلون إسبانيون في القرن 21
مواليد 1973
مواليد في سانتاندير
ممثلون ذكور من أصل مكسيكي
ممثلون من منطقة كانتابريا

إدواردو نوريغا


Ernst Wageman, né le  à Chañarcillo au Chili et mort en  à Bad Godesberg en Allemagne, est un économiste et statisticien allemand.

Biographie
Après des études à Göttingen, Berlin et Heidelberg, Wagemann passe son doctorat en 1907. De 1908 à 1910, il est chargé de cours à l'Institut colonial de Hambourg. En 1914, il est habilité à donner des cours à l'Université Friedrich-Wilhelms de Berlin. En 1919, il est nommé professeur associé à l'Université de Berlin, tout en étant en même temps économiste au ministère prussien de l'Agriculture et chargé de cours au ministère de l'Économie du Reich.

De 1923 à 1933, Wagemann est président de l'Office statistique du Reich. À ce titre, il est également de 1924 à 1933 [membre de la commission des élections.

Wagemann est considéré comme le fondateur de la recherche empirique sur le cycle économique en Allemagne. En 1925, il fonde « l'Institut de recherche sur le cycle économique », plus tard Institut allemand de recherche économique. En 1932, il présente le Plan Wagemann pour lutter contre la crise économique, dans lequel il recommande, sans consulter le cabinet de Heinrich Brüning, une expansion modérée de la masse monétaire combinée à une réforme structurelle du système bancaire.

En 1933, à l'instigation d'Alfred Hugenberg, Wagemann perd d'abord tous ses postes, après quoi il rejoint le NSDAP et, après une audience avec Rudolf Hess, redevient directeur de l'Institut, poste qu'il occupe jusqu'en 1945.
En 1948, Wagemann fonde le  Instituto de Economía  au Chili, et occupe à partir de 1949, un poste de professeur à Santiago de Chile jusqu'à son retour en Allemagne en 1953.

Ernst Wagemann théoricien de la population
La loi de population d'Ernst Wagemann diffère fondamentalement de la loi de population de Thomas Robert Malthus. Alors que Malthus considére négativement chaque augmentation de la population en raison, Wagemann voit l'augmentation de la densité de population qui en résulte comme une source d'amélioration de la capacité de production. Cette augmentation passe par une intensification accrue du système économique et social grâce à une amélioration des échanges et une coopération accrue. Étant donné que cette amélioration de la capacité de la population ne se produit pas immédiatement, mais avec un retard dans le temps, des phases de surpopulation et de sous-population (alternance) se sont produites à plusieurs reprises au cours de l'évolution.

Cette approche d'Ernst Wagemann apporte un éclairage nouveau sur certaines questions économiques. elle explique à la fois l'explosion démographique survenue ces 200 dernières années et, d'autre part, la coexistence de la prospérité, de la pauvreté et la faim. Avec l'augmentation de la densité de population au cours de l'évolution socioculturelle, divers groupes qui étaient isolés en raison de la faible densité de population initiale fusionnent progressivement en un bloc ethnique plus homogène.

Réception
Si La loi élaborée par Ernst Wagemann dans les années 1940 est tombée dans l'oubli néanmoins, L'agronome danois Ester Boserup a publié des considérations similaires dès les années 1960.

Œuvre
 Die deutschen Kolonisten im brasilianischen Staate Espirito Santo.  Duncker & Humblot, München / Leipzig 1915. (Digitalisat [PDF]). Nachdruck 1992, .
 Das Alternationsgesetz wachsender Bevölkerungsdichte: ein Beitrag zur Frage des Lebensraums. In: Vierteljahreshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Bd. 16, 1941/42, S. 173–219.
 Ernst Wagemann: Narrenspiegel der Statistik. Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, 1942
 Menschenzahl und Völkerschicksal – eine Lehre von den optimalen Dimensionen gesellschaftlicher Gebilde. Hamburg 1948.
 Welt von morgen – Wer wird Herr der Erde? Düsseldorf: Econ, 1952/53.
D'où vient tout cet argent ? Création de monnaie en temps de guerre et en temps de paix, 1941

Référence

Économiste allemand du XXe siècle
Naissance en février 1884
Naissance au Chili
Décès en 1956
Décès à Bad Godesberg

Ernst Wagemann


The music of the Canary Islands reflects its cultural heritage. The islands used to be inhabited by the Guanches which are related to Berbers; they mixed with Spaniards, who live on the islands now. A variant of Jota is popular, as is Latin music, which has left its mark in the form of the timple guitar.
There has been a strong connection with Cuban music, Venezuelan, Puerto Rican, and other Caribbean countries both through commerce and migration.

Popular dances from the Canary Islands include:
 Isas
 Tajaraste
 Baile del Candil
 Baile de Cintas
 Danza de Enanos
 El Santo Domingo
 Tanganillo
 Folias
 Malagueña

Of these, the Isas, a local variation of Jota, are the best-known and most characteristic of the Canary Islands. They are graceful music, with much variation between islands. In some places, a captain leads the dance and organizes others in a chain as the dance grows more and more complex.

Rondalla arrangements are very common. Instruments include charangas, timples (similar to a cavaquinho / ukulele), castanets, panderetas, lauds and guitars. A peculiar ensemble in El Hierro island is made of pito herreño players (a wooden transverse flute) and drums. Some ritual dances in Tenerife island are led by a tabor pipe player. Joyful music for carnival lies to a big extent on brass bands and Latin American patterns.

Canary musicians
 Brandania
 Pedro Guerra
 Rosana
 Valentina la de Sabinosa

Canary Islands
Canarian culture

Music of the Canary Islands


is a vehicular combat racing game, originally released as an arcade video game by Taito in 1988. It is sometimes seen as a spiritual successor to Taito's earlier Full Throttle. The player assumes the role of a police officer named Tony Gibson, member of the "Chase Special Investigation Department". Along with his partner, Raymond Broady, he must stop fleeing criminals in high-speed pursuits in a black Porsche 928.

Chase H.Q. was ported to many home computers by Ocean Software in 1989, including versions for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, MSX, Amiga and Atari ST. Taito produced versions for the Family Computer (1989), Game Boy (1990), Master System (1990), TurboGrafx-16 (1990), Game Gear (1991), and Saturn (1996). It was released for PlayStation 2 in Japan in 2007 as part of Taito Memories II Volume 2.

The game was a commercial success, becoming Japan's highest-grossing dedicated arcade game of 1989 while also becoming a hit overseas for arcades and home systems. The game was also well received by critics. It was followed by three arcade-based sequels: Special Criminal Investigation (1989), Super Chase: Criminal Termination (1992) and Chase H.Q. 2 (2007). Two spin-offs were also released: Crime City (1989) and Quiz H.Q. (1990).

Gameplay
At the start of each level the player is informed who they are pursuing, a great distance away: They must apprehend the criminal before their time limit expires. The criminal's car is constantly moving away, so if the player repeatedly crashes or drives too slowly, the criminal will escape. At some points during the game the road splits, and the correct turn must be taken, otherwise it will take longer to catch the criminal. When their vehicle is reached, the time limit is extended; the vehicle must be rammed a number of times until the criminal is forced to stop, then is arrested.

The game includes five levels. Both the initial time limit to reach the criminal and the time extension to ram the criminal are 60, 65, or 70 seconds.

When Nancy at Chase HQ (at the start of every level) calls on the radio, the frequency is often between 144 and 148 MHz. This is actually the 2-meter band of amateur or ham radio frequencies.

Although superficially similar in technology to Sega's Out Run, Chase HQ features significant technical advancements over that title in the presentation of perspective, hills and track splits.

Villains (for arcade versions):
1. Ralph, the Idaho Slasher (White Lotus Esprit)
2. Carlos, the New York armed robber (Yellow Lamborghini Countach)
3. Chicago pushers (Silver Porsche 911)
4. L.A. kidnapper (Blue Ferrari 288 GTO)
5. Eastern Bloc Spy (Red Porsche 928)

The last villain's car is always listed as unidentified.

If the level is completed, bonus points are as follows: if completed without continuing, 100,000 times level in play, otherwise, 10,000; plus, 5,000 per second saved for completing level. A 5,000,000-point award is collected for beating the game.

Ports and related releases
Ocean released versions of the game for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, Commodore Amiga and Atari ST in December 1989. The MSX version was released in February 1990 only in Spain, roughly one month later after the launch of the rest of Ocean's versions in that market.

Taito produced ports (known as Taito Chase H.Q.) for the Family Computer (1989), Game Boy (1990/1991), Master System (1990), TurboGrafx-16 (1990) and Game Gear (1991). It was released on the Genesis as Chase H.Q. II (known as Super H.Q. in Japan), with some minor changes, including alternative player vehicles.

In December 1990, the game was included on the Wheels Of Fire compilation, which also featured Hard Drivin, Power Drift and Turbo OutRun on the commodore 64. In June 1991, the game was released on the Power Up compilation, which also featured also on the C64 Altered Beast, Turrican, Rainbow Islands and X-Out.

In 1991, the game was released for the FM Towns.

In 1993, Taito released Super Chase H.Q. (known in Japan as Super H.Q. Criminal Chaser) for the Super NES. Unlike other home versions, it is played in first person perspective and is based upon Super Chase: Criminal Termination rather than the original Chase H.Q. Gameplay is modeled on the original with some aspects of S.C.I. incorporated. A PAL version of Super Chase H.Q. was released exclusively in Australia in 1993 by Mattel (Nintendo's ANZ distributor until 1994) and re-released by Nintendo Australia thereafter. There is also a Super Chase H.Q. for the Game Boy, which was released exclusively in North America, in 1994. The game is similar to the Game Boy's Taito Chase H.Q. (1991).

In 1996, Taito released an emulation of the arcade original for the Sega Saturn in Japan, bundled together with Special Criminal Investigation on one disc.

In 2000, Chase H.Q. Secret Police was released for the Game Boy Color.

In July 2008, the TurboGrafx-16 version of the game was re-released on the Wii Virtual Console.

A spin-off was released in 1989 titled Crime City. The game play deviates from the traditional third-person driving and is instead a side scrolling type shooter.

Reception

Commercial
Upon release in arcades, Game Machine listed Chase H.Q. on their 15 November 1988 issue as being the second most-successful upright arcade cabinet of the month in Japan. It went on to become Japan's highest-grossing dedicated arcade game of 1989. In the United Kingdom, it was a hit in the arcades, becoming the top coin-on arcade game at one point.

The home computer conversions topped the UK sales chart in Christmas 1989. The ZX Spectrum version of the game was later number 2 on the UK sales charts in early 1990, behind Rainbow Islands.

Critical
The arcade game was very well received by critics. Computer and Video Games gave it a positive review, stating "at last" a "racing game with something more to do than just whizzing around a track to beat the course time". They concluded that it is "fast and challenging with great graphics" and "good clear sound effects" and is "definitely a winner". ACE said that the "Out Run theme keeps being expanded and presented in different ways" like Power Drift but "Chase HQ is the best so far." They concluded that the game's driving and violence is "a winning coin-up combination". Crash said it "is a great game" and "the ultimate arcade version of cops-and-robbers movies". According to Arcade History, it "was arguably the first sprite-scaled racer since" Out Run "to truly capture the gaming public's imagination".

The home computer conversions were also mostly well received by critics. The 16-bit Amiga and Atari ST versions received positive reviews, while the 8-bit ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC conversions received very high review scores and are generally recognised as the most accurate and most playable of the Ocean Software home computer releases. All three of the ZX Spectrum magazines awarded it 94% or above, praising the speed of the game and the originality. Crash gave the game 95%, while Sinclair User awarded it 96%. On the other hand, the 8-bit Commodore 64 conversion received a generally negative reception.

The Master System conversion was well received by critics. Computer and Video Games said the "gameplay is as exciting as it was in the arcades" and "the high-speed thrills of this conversion make it well worth a look."

Accolades
At Japan's 1989 Gamest Awards, the arcade version was nominated for Hit Game of the Year, for which it was voted 10th place. According to an Ocean Software advert in 1989, the arcade version was voted Arcade Game of the Year.

At the 1989/1990 Golden Joystick Awards, the 8-bit home computer versions were awarded Best 8-Bit Coin-Op Conversion and Best 8-Bit Soundtrack. The Spectrum version also topped Computer and Video Games "The Best Games of '89" list (along with Super Mario Bros. 2). The Spectrum version was voted number 1 in the Your Sinclair poll of Readers' Top 100 Games of All Time in 1993.

Records
Brian Kuh from Weirs Beach, New Hampshire holds the official arcade world record with a score of 3,596,680 points achieved on 1 June 2006 at Funspot Family Fun Center, Weirs Beach, New Hampshire. Robert Gray from Dumfriesshire, Scotland holds the official MAME world record with a score of 11,490,280 points achieved on 13 June 2010.

Legacy
Chase H.Q. was successful enough to earn two arcade-based sequels - the widely released Special Criminal Investigation released in 1989 and the extremely rare Super Chase: Criminal Termination released in 1992. It also earned two spin-offs - the run and gun Crime City, and the quiz game Quiz H.Q..

Special Criminal Investigation expands on the original with the addition of guns - the passenger can rise out of the T-top of his Nissan 300ZX Z32 and shoot at oncoming targets. To take advantage of this, enemies are placed throughout the level and will attempt to shoot at or ram the player as they attempt to pursue the main criminal. Deviating from the relatively realistic tracks on offer in the original, the sequel features pursuits through waterfalls and unfinished sections of elevated highway.

Super Chase: Criminal Termination was the third arcade release in the Chase H.Q. series, released in 1992.

The 1997 PlayStation game Ray Tracers, developed and released by Taito, has been described as "more or less a follow up" to the game, with "only a few differences" such as a different speed-boost system and a greater variety of targets.

In February 2006, Chase H.Q. : Nancy Yori Kinkyuu Renraku () was presented at the Arcade Operator's Union trade show in Tokyo. The game was released as Chase H.Q. 2 later in the year.

Saint Etienne recorded a demo dance track called "Chase HQ" that was inspired by Chase H.Q. It includes samples of the "Oh man!" and "Punch the pedal!" exclamations from the game action. The track was released as a bonus track on the 2009 Deluxe reissue of the band's 1991 album, Foxbase Alpha.

Chase HQs gameplay, which involved ramming the enemy car while avoiding oncoming traffic, has been cited as a precursor to the gameplay of later titles such as Driver and Burnout.

References

External links

Arcade History Database entry
Xleague.TV/TGWTG Video Retrospective feature of the Chase H.Q. series
Review of the ZX Spectrum conversion of Chase HQ
Review of the Amiga and Commodore 64 conversions of Chase HQ
Twin Galaxies Official MAME World Record

1988 video games
Arcade video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
FM Towns games
Game Boy Color games
Game Boy games
Game Gear games
Golden Joystick Award winners
Master System games
MSX games
Ocean Software games
Racing video games
X68000 games
Single-player video games
Square Enix franchises
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Taito arcade games
Taito Z System games
TurboGrafx-16 games
Virtual Console games
Video games about police officers
Video games scored by David Whittaker
Video games scored by Yasuhisa Watanabe
ZX Spectrum games
Video games developed in Japan

Chase H.Q.


Halle Berry  (d. 14 Ağustos 1966, Cleveland, Ohio), Amerikalı oyuncu, eski manken ve güzellik kraliçesi.

Filmografi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1966 doğumlular
Cleveland, Ohio doğumlu kadın oyuncular
Amerikalı kadın dizi oyuncuları
Amerikalı kadın sinema oyuncuları
Amerikalı kadın modeller
İngiliz asıllı Amerikalılar
En İyi Kadın Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahipleri
Miss USA katılımcıları
Miss World 1986 katılımcıları
Yaşayan insanlar
En İyi Kadın Mini Dizi veya Televizyon Filmi Oyuncusu Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri
20. yüzyılda Amerikalı kadın oyuncular
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı kadın oyuncular
Afrikalı Amerikalı kadın oyuncular
En İyi Kadın Oyuncu National Board of Review Ödülü sahipleri
Başrolde Kadın Oyuncu Üstün Performansı Ekran Oyuncuları Derneği Ödülü sahipleri
Gümüş Ayı En İyi Kadın Oyuncu Ödülü sahipleri
Afrikalı Amerikalı kadın modeller
Afrikalı Amerikalı televizyon yapımcıları
Amerikalı kadın seslendirme sanatçıları
Amerikalı kadın aktivistler
Bond kızları
En İyi Kadın Oyuncu SAG Ödülü sahipleri
Mini dizi ya da Filmlerde En İyi Kadın Oyuncu Emmy Ödülü sahipleri

Halle Berry


ජාවා යනු සමගාමී, පන්ති-මූලික, වස්තු-නැඹුරු,  පොදු-කාර්ය පරිගණක ක්‍රමලේඛන භාෂාවකි, එය විශේෂයෙන් ම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ පරායත්තතාවන් අවම කරමින් සැලසුම් කර ඇත. එමගින් යෙදවුම් සංවර්ධකයන්ට "එක් වරක් ලියා, ඕනෑම තැනක ධාවනය කිරීමට" (WORA) අවස්ථාව ලබා දීමට අපේක්ෂා කර ඇත, එනම් සම්පාදිත ජාවා කේතය ඊට සහාය දක්වන සියලු ප්ලැට්ෆෝම් වල ප්‍රතිසම්පාදනය කිරීමකින් තොරව ධාවනය කළ හැක. ජාවා යෙදවුම් නියමාකාරයට සම්පාදනය (Compile) කරන්නේ පරිගණක වාස්තුව නොසලකා ඕනෑම ජාවා වර්චුවල් යන්ත්‍රයක (JVM) ධාවනය වන බයිට්කෝඩ් වලටය. 2016 වනවිට, ජනප්‍රියම පරිඝනක ක්‍රමලේකන භාෂාවකි, එමෙන්ම ලොව පුරා මිලියන 9ක් පරිශීලකයන් භාවිතා කරන අතර ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙබ් යෙදුම් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යොදාගනි. Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since been acquired by Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them.

The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License. Others have also developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java (bytecode compiler), GNU Classpath (standard libraries), and IcedTea-Web (browser plugin for applets).

The latest version is Java 8 which is the only version currently supported for free by Oracle, although earlier versions are supported both by Oracle and other companies on a commercial basis.

ජාවා යනු පරිගණක ක්‍රමලේඛණය කිරිමට හාවිතා කරයි. "සන් මයික්‍රෝසිස්ටම්ස්" (Sun Microsystems) නැමැති ආයතනය විසින් 1995 වර්ෂෙය්දි හදුන්වාදෙන ලදි. මෙමය C සහ C++ යන පරිගණක ක්‍රමලේඛණ හාෂා වලට සමානකම් දැක්වුවද ඊට වඩා වැඩි පහසුකම් අන්තර්ගතය. ජාවා වැඩසටහන් bytecode නැමැති ක්‍රමයට පරිවර්තනය කොට "ජාවා වැඩකරන පරිසරය" තුල ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ. "ජාවා" යනු දැනට භාවිතයේ පවතින ජනප්‍රියතම ක්‍රමලේඛන භෂාවක් වන අතර,එය පරිගනක යෙදවුම් මෘදුකාංග (Computer Application Software) සැකසීමේ සිට වෙබ් යෙදවුම් (Web Application) දියුණු කිරීම දක්වා වූ පුළුල් පරාසයක ව්‍යප්ත වී පවතී. නමුත් දැන් ජාවාහි අයිතිය "ඔරකල් ආයතනය" (Oracal Corp.) සතුව පවති.

ඉතිහාසය

ජේම්ස් ගොස්ලිං (James Gosling), මයික් ෂෙරිඩන් (Mike Sheridan) සහ පැට්‍රික් නෝටන් (Patrick Naughton) යන අය ඇතුලු "ග්‍රීන් ටීම්" (Green Team) නමින් හැන්දින්වු කන්ඩායම 1991 ජූනි මාසය පමන වන විට "Green Project" ව්‍යපෘතිය ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. මෙම ක්‍රම ලේඛන භාෂාව මුලින්ම "ඕක්"(oak) ලෙස හඳුන්වන වනු ලැබූ අතර,ජේම්ස් ගොස්ලිං ගේ කාර්යාලය ඉදිරිපිට තිබූ "ඕක්" ගසක් එයට හේතු වූ බව සඳහන් වේ. පසුව එය "ග්‍රීන්"(Green) ලෙස වෙනස් වූ අතර, අවසානයේදී සසම්භාවීව තෝරා ගත් වචන සමූහයක් අතරින් "ජාවා" (Java) යන නමින් නම් කරනු ලැබීය.
සන් මයික්‍රෝසිස්ටම්ස් ආයතනය  විසින් 1995 වර්ෂයේදී ජාවා පරිගනක භාෂාව මුලින්ම මහජනයා වෙත ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදී (2010 ජනවාරි 27 වන දින සිට ඔරකල් ආයතනය විසින් අත්පත් කරගන්නා ලදී ). එය එවකට ජනප්‍රිය පද්ධති වෙනුවෙන් වියදම් රහිත භාෂාවක් ලෙස ප්‍රචලිත විය.

මුලික වැඩසටහනක්

class HelloWorldApp {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String x="Hello World"; // Create string variable.
        System.out.println(x); // Display the string.
    }
}
මෙම කුඩා වැඩසටහන වදන් සැකසීමෙ වැඩසටහනක් (Notepad) මගින් සකස් කර HelloWorldApp.java නම්න් ගබඩා කර විධාන ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ වැඩසටහනක් (eg: Windows Command Prompt) ආධාරයෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කර බැලිය හැකිය. මෙම වැඩසටහන ධාවනය කිරිමට පෙර compile කර ගත යුතුය. ඒ සදහා javac විධානය යොදා ගත හැකිය. (eg: javac HelloWorldApp.java). ධාවනය කිරීම සදහා java විධානය යොදා ගත හැකිය. (උදා: java HelloWorldApp)

ඔබගේ පරිඝනකයට ජාවා පරිගණක ක්‍රමලේඛන බස පිහිටුවා ගන්නා ආකාරය

ඔබගේ මෙහයුම් පද්දතිය WINDOWS නම්,

 පලමුව ඔබගේ ම්හයුම් පද්දට්තියාට ගෑලපෙන ජවා ක්‍රමලේඛනය භාගත කර ගන්න. මෙය ප්‍රධාන ලෙස 32 bit සහ 64 bit  ලෙස වර්ග දෙකකින් ඈත.
ඔබගේ මෙහයුම් පද්දතිය ගෑන දෑන ගෑනීම සදහා DxDiag මෙවලම භාවිතා කරන්න

 සාර්ථකව පිහිටුවා ගැනීමෙන් පසු පහත සදහන් SYSTEM variable, ENVIRONMENT variable ඇතුලත් කරන්න.
JAVA_HOME=C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.6.0_33  ( ඔබට ගෙලපෙන ලෙස වෙනස් කර ගන්න )

 මෙහයුම් පද්දතියේ PATH variable පහත ලෙස සංස්කාණය කරගන්න.
$JAVA_HOME\bin

දෑන් ඔබ සාර්තකව පිහිටුවාගෙන අවසානය්. ඔබ සාර්තක දෑය් දෑන ගෑනීමට විධාන පුවරුවක් ගෑන java අතුල්කරන්න එවිට ඔබට නව පිහිටුවා ගෙනීමේ විස්තර ලෙබෙනු ඈත.

සංස්කරණය
සන් ආයතනය ජාවා ක්‍රමලේඛන විවිධ මාධ්‍ය (Platform) ඉලක්ක කරගනිම්න් සකස්කර ඇත. ඒවා නම්,

 ජාවා කාඩ් ස්මාට්කාඩ් සදහා.
 ජාවා මයික්‍රෝ සංස්කරණය (ජාවා එම්.ඊ.) — සීමාසහිත සම්පත් ඇති පද්ධති සදහා(ජංගම දුරකථන, රූපවාහිනි ආදිය සදහා).
 ජාවා සාමාන්‍ය සංස්කරණය (ජාවා එස්.ඊ.) — සාමාන්‍ය පරිඝනක සදහා.
 ජාවා වානිජ සංස්කරණය (ජාවා ඊ.ඊ.) — වානිජමය ඉතා දියුනු අන්තර්ජාල යෙදුම් නිර්මාණය කිරිම සදහා.

ඉහත සදහන් එක් එක් සංස්කරණ සදහා වෙන වෙනම ඊට අදාල සම්පත් ජාවා සතුව පවති.
අදාල කේතයන් Sun ආයතනය මගින් නඩත්තු වන අතර ඒ පිලිබද උනන්දුවක් දක්වන්නන්ට එම ක්‍රියාවලියට සහභාගි විය හැක.

සන් ආයතනය PersonalJava නම්න්ද සංස්කරණයක් ජාවා මයික්‍රෝ සංස්කරණය සම්බන්ධයෙන් ලබාදුන්නත් පසුව එම සංස්කරණය දියුනු කිරිම නවතා ඇත.

බාහිර සබැඳුම්
 ප්‍රධාන ජාවා වෙබ් අඩවිය
 ජාවා ඉතිහාසය

පරිගණක වැඩසටහන්කරණය
පරිගණක භාෂා
පරිගණක විද්‍යාව

ජාවා (ක්‍රමලේඛන භාෂාව)


Phragmataecia este un gen de insecte lepidoptere din familia Cossidae.

Specii

 Phragmataecia albicans
 Phragmataecia albida
 Phragmataecia andarana
 Phragmataecia argillosa
 Phragmataecia arundinis
 Phragmataecia atrireta
 Phragmataecia brunni
 Phragmataecia capucina
 Phragmataecia castaneae
 Phragmataecia cineraria
 Phragmataecia cinerea
 Phragmataecia cinnamomea
 Phragmataecia clara
 Phragmataecia dudgeoni
 Phragmataecia erschoffi
 Phragmataecia furia
 Phragmataecia furiosa
 Phragmataecia fusca
 Phragmataecia fuscifusa
 Phragmataecia grandis
 Phragmataecia gummata
 Phragmataecia hummeli
 Phragmataecia impura
 Phragmataecia innominata
 Phragmataecia innotata
 Phragmataecia irrorata
 Phragmataecia itremo
 Phragmataecia lata
 Phragmataecia leonadae
 Phragmataecia longivitta
 Phragmataecia melaina
 Phragmataecia minima
 Phragmataecia minor
 Phragmataecia minos
 Phragmataecia obscura
 Phragmataecia okovangae
 Phragmataecia pallens
 Phragmataecia pallidalae
 Phragmataecia purpureus
 Phragmataecia pygmaea
 Phragmataecia reticulata
 Phragmataecia roborowskii
 Phragmataecia rubescens
 Phragmataecia saccharum
 Phragmataecia sericeata
 Phragmataecia sicca
 Phragmataecia sordida
 Phragmataecia stigmatus
 Phragmataecia sumatrensis
 Phragmataecia terebrifer
 Phragmataecia territa
 Phragmataecia testacea
 Phragmataecia transcaspica

Referințe

Legături externe

Galerie

Phragmataecia

Phragmataecia


Augustin Pierre Isidore de Polinière, né le  à Vire dans le Calvados et mort le  à Lyon, est un médecin français et membre de l'Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon.

Biographie
Issu d'une fratrie de 5 enfants, Isidore de Polinière est le seul fils de ses parents. Il naît à Vire dans le Calvados le . Sur la volonté de son père, médecin de profession, Isidore de Polinière renonce à une carrière militaire et entreprend des études de médecine. En 1809, il est mobilisé sur le front où il exerce comme aide-chirurgien militaire. Il reprend ensuite ses études, et prend des cours de philosophie et d'histoire. Il soutient sa thèse à Paris en 1815, elle porte sur la puberté.

Après son diplôme, il s'installe à Lyon. En attendant de se faire connaître afin de se constituer une clientèle, il occupe son temps à écrire des rapports pour des concours pour des sociétés savantes. Il écrit en collaboration avec Jean-Baptiste Monfalcon, lui aussi médecin lyonnais, un rapport sur la fabrication des eaux minérales artificielles. Il obtient la médaille d'or de l'Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon en 1821 pour son rapport sur .

En 1822, il participe aux concours de l'Hôtel-Dieu afin de devenir médecin suppléant. Il est classé premier et devient aussitôt médecin titulaire. Il est élu deux fois président de la société de médecine. Puis il est nommé secrétaire général du Conseil de salubrité. En 1832 il quitte l'Hôtel-Dieu et devient médecin à l'hospice de la charité.

A la suite de son intervention auprès de René Auguste de Brosses durant la révolution de 1830, où il insiste à ne pas répandre de sang inutilement, il obtient le titre de Baron en 1844.

Il meurt le .

Sociétés savantes
Isidore de Polinière est élu membre de l'Académie des sciences belles-lettres et arts de Lyon en 1832. En 1847, à la création des différentes classes, il occupe un siège à la classe des sciences. Il est président de l'académie en 1836 et en 1845.

Publications
 Essai sur la puberté (thèse méd. Paris n° 157), Paris : Didot, 1815, 39 p.
 Avec J. B. Monfalcon, Traité de la salubrité des grandes villes, suivi de L'hygiène de Lyon, Paris : Baillière, 1846.
 Avec J. B. Monfalcon, Rapport sur la fabrique des eaux artificielles de P. Bourgeois, Lyon : Impr. Louis Perrin, 1825.
 Considérations sur la salubrité de l'Hôtel-Dieu et de l'hospice de la Charité par le Docteur Baron de Polinière, Lyon : Impr. Louis Perrin, 1853.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 J.B. Monfalcon, Éloge du docteur baron de Polinière lu à l'Académie le 31 mars 1857 MEM S 1858, et Lyon : Impr. Rey et Suzanne, 1857. – P. Diday, « Vie du docteur Polinière », Gazette médicale de Lyon, nos 3 et 4, février 1857.

Liens externes

Médecin français du XIXe siècle
Membre de l'Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon
Naissance en décembre 1790
Décès en juillet 1856
Décès à 65 ans
Naissance à Vire
Décès dans le 2e arrondissement de Lyon

Isidore de Polinière