අරියාලෙයි යනු යාපනය දිස්ත්‍රික්කය තුල පිහිටි කුඩා නගරයකි. එය යාපනය සිට කිලෝ මීටර 5 ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටයි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන

අරියාලෙයි


Agrilus putillus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Say, 1833.

Referências

putillus

Agrilus putzeysi


El aguatero, aguatero americano o becacina pintada (Nycticryphes semicollaris) es una especie de ave de la familia Rostratulidae, que se encuentra en Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay.

Hábitat
Vive en planicies encharcadas, incluyendo humedales, ciénagas y las orillas de estuarios, ríos y arroyos, por debajo de los 500 m de altitud.

Descripción

Mide de 19 a 23 cm de longitud y pesa entre 65 y 86 g. Tiene la cabeza y el cuello de color pardo rojizo oscuro, la corona negruzca entre dos franjas blancas, con una franja central también blanca; las partes superiores y las alas son de color marrón grisáceo oscuro, con las secundarias y coberteras con manchas negras y blancas y líneas blancas con tintes anaranjados o dorados a lo largo de cada flanco; las partes inferiores son blancas; la cola es castaño rojiza con estrías negras. Las hembras generalmente son de mayor tamaño y más claras.

Alimentación
Omnívoro, toma con su pico de entre el barro insectos, crustáceos, moluscos, lombrices y otros invertebrados y sus larvas , así como semillas y otros materiales vegetales.

Reproducción
Monógamo. El nido tiene forma de taza y es hecho de hierbas y juncos, frecuentemente rodeado de agua. La hembra pone dos o tres huevos. Ambos sexos cuidan los pichones.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

BirdLife Species Factsheet
Answers.com - South American Painted Snipe
Imagen; ADW

Rostratulidae
Aves de América del Sur
Géneros monotípicos de aves
Taxones descritos por Louis Pierre Vieillot
Animales descritos en 1816

Nycticryphes semicollaris


Acesta este o listă de filme care au fost produse în Uniune Sovietică între 1917 și 1991. Filmele sunt listate după anul lansării pe pagini diferite în ordine alfabetică.

1917-1929
 Filme sovietice: 1917–1921
 Listă de filme sovietice din 1922
 Listă de filme sovietice din 1923
 Listă de filme sovietice din 1924
 Listă de filme sovietice din 1925
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Anii 1930
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Anii 1940
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Anii 1950
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Anii 1960
Listă de filme sovietice din 1960
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Anii 1970
Listă de filme sovietice din 1970
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Listă de filme sovietice din 1976
Listă de filme sovietice din 1977
Listă de filme sovietice din 1978
Listă de filme sovietice din 1979

1980-1991
 Filme sovietice: 1980–1991

Legături externe
 Filme sovietice la Internet Movie Database

Vezi și
 Lista celor mai vizionate filme sovietice

Liste de liste

Listă de filme sovietice


Ichabod Crane is a fictional character and the protagonist in Washington Irving's short story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." Crane is portrayed in the original work, and in most adaptations, as a tall, lanky individual. He is the local schoolmaster, and strongly believes in all things supernatural, including the legend of the Headless Horseman. Crane eventually tries unsuccessfully to court the heiress Katrina Van Tassel, a decision that angers Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, a local man who also wishes to marry Katrina. After supposedly proposing to Katrina, Crane is headed home alone at night when the Headless Horseman appears and chases the schoolmaster, until the Horseman throws his pumpkin head at him, causing him to mysteriously disappear without a trace.

Origin
Ichabod—meaning 'without glory' in Hebrew—comes from the biblical name of the grandson of Eli the High Priest and son of Phinehas. Irving might have borrowed the name from that of Ichabod Crane, a colonel in the US Army during the War of 1812 whom he had met in 1814 in Sackets Harbor, New York.According to a notation by Irving and a certification written in longhand by Martin Van Buren, the 'pattern' (Van Buren's words) for the character of Ichabod Crane was based on the original Kinderhook schoolmaster named Jesse Merwin—born in Connecticut—whom Irving befriended in Kinderhook, New York, in 1809. The two friends continued a pen-pal correspondence for thirty years.

Kinderhook's original schoolhouse is now owned by the Columbia County Historical Society and called the Ichabod Crane Schoolhouse. The area's modern-day school district, Ichabod Crane Central School District, is also named for the character.

It is claimed by many in Tarrytown that Samuel Youngs is the original from whom Irving drew his character of Ichabod Crane. Author Gary Deniss asserts that while the character of Ichabod Crane is loosely based on Merwin, it may include elements from Youngs' life.

Characteristics
According to Irving, Ichabod's appearance is like that of a goofy, old scarecrow who escaped the cornfield. He is described by Irving in the story as "tall, but exceedingly lank, with narrow shoulders, long arms and legs, hands that dangled a mile out of his sleeves, feet that might have served for shovels, and his whole frame most loosely hung together. His head was small, and flat at top, with huge ears, large green glassy eyes, and a long snipe nose, so that it looked like a weather-cock perched upon his spindle neck, to tell which way the wind blew."

Role in story

Life and vocation
Ichabod Crane is a schoolteacher with strong beliefs in the supernatural. He is described as "a conscientious man and ever bore in mind the golden maxim, 'Spare the rod and spoil the child.'" However, "Ichabod Crane's scholars certainly were not spoiled. He administered justice with discrimination rather than severity; taking the burden off the backs of the weak, and laying it on those of the strong."

He made little money as a schoolmaster; his wages were "scarcely sufficient to furnish him with daily bread." He was able to sustain this work through the help of locals, who "according to country custom in those parts, boarded and lodged at the houses of the farmers whose children he instructed . . . with these he lived successively a week at a time, thus going the rounds of the neighborhood, with all his worldly effects tied up in a cotton handkerchief."

Ichabod was also known as "the singing-master of the neighborhood" and often on Sundays would "take his station in front of the church gallery, with a band of chosen singers; where, in his own, he completely carried away the psalm from the person." In addition to his work as a schoolmaster, he "instructed young folks in psalmody."

Caleb Stegall suggests that "the most distinctive characteristic Irving gives Ichabod is that of a psalm singer," and that Ichabod Crane is the "most celebrated Covenanter in all of the literature."

Supernatural beliefs and local renown
Ichabod was described as being well-read in the literature of the supernatural and superstition. In the story, he was "esteemed by the women as a man of great erudition, for he had read several books quite through, and was regarded a master of Cotton Mather's History of New England Witchcraft, in which, by the way, he most firmly and potently believed." In addition, he "took pleasure in reading old Mather's direful tales till dusk after school. Moreover, no supernatural story or superstition was hard for him to believe." He would often share his beliefs and readings with others. Indeed, in the story, he "would delight listeners equally by his anecdotes of witchcraft, and of the direful omens and portentous sights and sounds in the air, which prevailed in the earlier times of Connecticut; and would frighten them woefully with speculations upon comets and shooting stars, and with the fact that the world did absolutely turn round, and that they were half the time topsy-turvy!"

Irving describes Ichabod as "a man of some importance in the female circle of a rural neighborhood; being considered a kind of idle, gentleman-like personage, of vastly superior taste and accomplishments to the rough country swains, and, indeed, inferior in learning only to the parson." Ichabod spent ample time in the company of the locals telling tales of the supernatural and discussing local gossip. He is described as "like a travelling gazette, carrying the whole budget of local gossip from house to house so that his appearance was always greeted with satisfaction." It is also said that "another of his sources of fearful pleasure was to pass long winter evenings with the old Dutch wives, as they sat spinning by the fire, with a row of apples roasting and spluttering along with the hearth, and listen to their marvelous tales of ghosts and goblins, and haunted fields, and haunted brooks, and haunted bridges, and haunted houses, and particularly of the headless horseman, or Galloping Hessian of the Hollow, as they sometimes called him."

Katrina Van Tassel
Ichabod is said to have a "soft and foolish heart towards the [opposite] sex." In the story, Irving writes regarding Ichabod: "he would have passed a pleasant life of it, despite the Devil and all his works, if his path had not been crossed by a being that causes more perplexity to mortal man than ghosts, goblins, and the whole race of witches put together, and that was—a woman."

A turning point in the story occurs when Ichabod becomes enamoured of one Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and only child of a wealthy farmer named Baltus Van Tassel, who pays little attention to his daughter other than to be proud of her merits when they are praised. On account of her father's wealth (which Ichabod is eager to inherit), he begins to court Katrina, who seems to respond in kind. This attracts the attention of the town's rowdy, Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, who also wants to marry Katrina and is challenged in this only by Ichabod. Despite Brom's efforts to humiliate or punish the schoolmaster, Ichabod remains steadfast, and neither contestant seems able to gain any advantage throughout this rivalry.

Later, both men are invited to a harvest festival party at Van Tassel's where Ichabod's social skills far outshine Brom's. After the party breaks up, Ichabod remains behind for "a tête-à-tête with the heiress", where it is supposed that he makes a proposal of marriage to Katrina but, according to the narrator, "Something, however ... must have gone wrong, for he certainly sallied forth, after no very great interval, with an air quite desolate and chapfallen", meaning that his proposal is refused, allegedly because her sole purpose in courting him was either to test or to increase Brom's desire for her. Therefore, Ichabod leaves the house "with the air of one who had been sacking a enroots, rather than a fair lady's heart."

Encounter with the Headless Horseman
During his journey home, Ichabod encounters another traveller, who is eventually revealed to be the legendary Headless Horseman; the ghost of a Hessian soldier who was decapitated by a cannonball during the American Revolutionary War. Ichabod flees with the Headless Horseman pursuing him, eventually crossing a bridge near the Dutch burial ground. Because the ghost is incapable of crossing this bridge, Ichabod assumes that he is safe. However, before Ichabod can react, the Headless Horseman throws his severed head at him, knocking him from the back of his own horse and sending him "tumbling headlong into the dust." The next morning, Ichabod's hat is found abandoned near the church bell bridge, and close beside it is a shattered pumpkin. Ichabod is never seen in Sleepy Hollow again and is therefore presumed to have been spirited away by the Headless Horseman.

Later, "an old farmer, who had been down to New York on a visit several years after, and from whom this account of the ghostly adventure was received" suggests that Ichabod had been frightened by both the Horseman and the anticipated anger of his current landlord into leaving the town forever, later to become "a justice of the ten-pound court" in "ten-pound part of the country." Katrina marries Brom, who is said to look "exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related, and always laughed heartily at the mention of the pumpkin." These events "led some to suspect that he knew more about the matter than he chose to tell." Therefore, it can be assumed that Brom himself was the Horseman, whose legend he took advantage of to rid himself of his rival.

Adaptations in other media

Will Rogers portrayed Crane in the 1922 silent film The Headless Horseman.
Crane is one of the title characters in The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949), which was produced by Walt Disney Productions and packaged with a companion 30-minute short "The Wind in the Willows" based on Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows. It is probably the best-known version, as it ran for years as part of the television Halloween special Disney's Halloween Treat and is considered one of the truest adaptations of the Irving story. This animated interpretation features Bing Crosby as the narrator and sole voice actor of the entire 30-minute piece and extends both the role of Ichabod Crane to make his (Crane's) singing that of a crooner instead of the nasal psalmodist described in the story and that of Brom Bones to include the latter as the singer of the song about the Horseman's legend.
Jeff Goldblum starred as Ichabod Crane in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1980), and NBC-produced a made-for-television movie. In this version, the story ends with Ichabod arriving at Katrina's house and the Headless Horseman returning to the dark forest after having dealt with an imposter.
Ed Begley, Jr. portrayed Ichabod Crane in a 1985 adaptation by Lan O'Kun for Shelley Duvall's Tall Tales and Legends, directed by Edd Griles, which also starred Beverly D'Angelo as Katrina, Tim Thomerson as Brom and Charles Durning as narrator Doffue van Tassel, Katrina's uncle. This version definitively identifies Brom as the Headless Horseman who chases Ichabod but also adds a twist ending that takes place on the night after Halloween.
Crane appears as a ghost in a third-season episode of Nickelodeon's Are You Afraid of the Dark? called "The Tale of the Midnight Ride."
The character is featured in a two-part Halloween episode of the PBS television series Wishbone (1997), in which Crane is portrayed by the title character.
Constable Ichabod Crane serves as the protagonist in Sleepy Hollow (1999), directed by Tim Burton and starring Johnny Depp. In this interpretation, he is a New York City policeman with an interest in forensic science sent to Sleepy Hollow to investigate a series of grisly murders to prove the merits of his style of the investigation, after he argues against the police's current methods. As in the original story, his horse is named Gunpowder. Ichabod's most notable traits in the movie include an ahead-of-his-time liking for post-mortem examinations, deduction, and scientific methods, as well as his being very quirky, skittish, and disturbed by death and blood, despite his occupation. His backstory is also explored: when he was seven his mother, an "innocent child of Nature" was "murdered to save her soul" by his father, "a Bible black tyrant behind a mask of righteousness", which led to a loss of faith for him. It is Ichabod who finally releases the Hessian Headless Horseman (Christopher Walken) from the control of Lady van Tassel (Miranda Richardson), whom the Horseman takes to Hell with him. Katrina Van Tassel (Christina Ricci) is seen at the end of the movie going to New York with Ichabod, along with a boy who helped him in the investigation. Brom Bones (Casper Van Dien), who at one point does disguise himself as the Horseman and throws a pumpkin at Ichabod, is killed by the real Horseman halfway in the film.
In 1999, a telefilm entitled The Legend of Sleepy Hollow aired on Odyssey starring Brent Carver as Ichabod Crane. It was filmed in Montreal.
The 1999 computer-animated FoX TV special The Night of the Headless Horseman featured William H. Macy as the voice of Crane. This version has an ending that reveals that Brom (voiced by Luke Perry) had made a "Devil's bargain" with the Horseman that he was forced to fulfil thirty years later
The 2004 TV movie The Hollow centres on a high school student named Ian Cranston (portrayed by Kevin Zegers), a descendant of Ichabod Crane.
Tom Mison plays Crane in Sleepy Hollow (2013), an American supernatural/police drama television series. The series is considered a "modern-day retelling" with Crane being a former professor of history at Oxford University prior to the American Revolution, he came to America with the British before switching sides and becoming a spy for the Colonials. Having beheaded the Horseman in 1781, he was brought back to life in modern times with the Horseman due to their blood mixing when they died. This version of Crane also appears in the 2015 Halloween episode of the TV series Bones. Other mentions and references to the Sleepy Hollow TV series exist throughout the episode.
Ichabod Crane is also featured in the 2013 episodic video game, The Wolf Among Us, developed and produced by Telltale Games. In the game, Crane (voiced by Roger L. Jackson) is the deputy mayor of Fabletown, a secret community of magical, fairytale beings who were exiled from their homelands centuries ago, and forced to live in the world of mundane humans. In episodes 2 through 3, Crane was revealed to have been soliciting prostitutes and using a magic spell to make them look like his assistant Snow White; Sheriff Bigby Wolf and Snow arrest Crane for this and embezzling Fabletown's money to pay for them, but Crane is then kidnapped by the minions of the Crooked Man, the crime lord Crane owes money to.
In 2022, Ichabod Crane was portrayed by Sean Persaud in Headless: A Sleepy Hollow Story.

References

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
Fictional characters from Connecticut
Fictional schoolteachers
Characters in short stories
Literary characters introduced in 1820

Ichabod Crane


P.O.T. was a Filipino rock band, formed in 1994 and officially disbanded in 2005. The band was fronted by Karl Roy who also fronted the bands Advent Call and Kapatid. The group is famous for their 1997 remake of the song "Yugyugan Na", originally performed by The Advisors in 1977. The band held a reunion concert on July 22, 2006, at The 70's Bistro in Quezon City. On 1997, Harley Alarcon left the band and was replaced by Jay Alviar who also left a year later. In 1999, Ian Umali left the band to go back to school and continue his studies.

In February 2005, EMI Philippines release a repackaged version of the first (and only) P.O.T. album. with an additional bonus tracks a new version of the song Ulitin", "Piece of This", and "Panaginip", as well as a brand new song.

The initials of the band name P.O.T. is a pseudo-acronym, meaning it doesn't stand for anything at all or as what Karl Roy stated in an interview, fans of the band can freely decide in making up any meanings that fit the initials.

In the early morning of March 13, 2012, Karl Roy died due to cardiac arrest.

Return

P.O.T. performed again for the first time in almost 16 years on June 25, 2022, at The 70's Bistro with original members Paraguya and Umali, Red Dela Peña of Ojo Rojo (Red Eye) filling in for vocals, and Reli de Vera on drums. The band is slated for another concert on July 16, 2022, at 19 East in Parañaque City.

Members
Karl Roy† – lead vocals
Mally Paraguya – bass guitar
Francis Reyes – guitars
Ian Umali – guitars
Jeff Lima – drums
Carol Hope Castillo – drums
Harley Alarcon – drums
Jayman Alviar – drums

Session musicians
Tom Vinoya – Keyboards
Jay Gapasin – Percussion

Discography

Studio albums
P.O.T. (1997; PolyEast Records)
Remastered (2005; PolyEast Records)

Singles
"Yugyugan Na!"
"Fishcake"
"F.Y.B."
"Hindi N'yo Alam"
"Overload"
"Love to See"
"Monkey on my Back"
"Posse-bility"
"Panaginip"
"Don't Blink"
"Ulitin"
"Piece of This"
"It Don't Matter"

Awards

References

External links
GMA News Online - Karl Roy rocked this world to the end

Filipino rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups disestablished in 2005
1994 establishments in the Philippines
Musical groups from Manila

P.O.T.


In the Eastern Orthodox Church, akribeia () is the strict adherence to the letter of the law of the Church.

Akribeia is to be distinguished from economy, which is discretionary deviation from the letter of the law in order to adhere to the spirit of the law.

Canon law
In Eastern Orthodox canon law, there exists two notions: akriveia and economia. Akriveia, which is harshness, "is the strict application (sometimes even extension) of the penance given to an unrepentant and habitual offender." Economia, which is sweetness, "is a judicious relaxation of the penance when the sinner shows remorse and repentance."

See also
Antinomianism
Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Legalism (theology)
Oikonomia (leniency, opposite of akribeia)

References

Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church

Akribeia


Garfield 2: Priča o dvije mačke (engl. Garfield 2: A Tail of Two Kitties) je američko-britanski dugometražni igrano-računalni film iz 2006. Režirao ga je Peter Hewitt, a scenarij su napisali Joel Cohen i Alec Sokolow. Film je nastavak istoimenog filma iz 2004. i bio je toliko popularan da je po njemu nastala i videoigra.

Radnja

Jon Arbuckle planira zaprositi svoju djevojku dr. Liz Wilson, koja ide na poslovno putovanje u London zajedno s Kraljevskim društvom za zaštitu životinja. Jon je slijedi u Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo kako bi je iznenadio; nakon bijega iz hotela za ljubimce, Garfield i Odie se sakriju u njegov kovčeg i pridruže mu se na izletu. Dok se Jon priprema iznenaditi Liz koja je u istom hotelu, Garfield i Odie bježe kroz prozor i izgube se u Londonu.

Istovremeno, u dvorcu Carlyle u unutrašnjosti Engleske, čita se oporuka gospe Eleanor Carlyle. Ona ostavlja cijeli svoj posjed svom omiljenom mačku Princu XII., što razbjesni njezinog pohlepnog nećaka, lorda Manfreda Dargisa. Lord Dargis će, prema odredbama oporuke, dobivati mjesečnu rentu od 50 funti, ali će zato naslijediti dvorac jednom kada Princ umre. Stoga lord Dargis zarobljava Princa u košari za piknik i baca ga u rijeku.

Princ izlazi iz rijeke i dolazi u London gdje sreće Odieja, a pronalazi ih Jon i vraća se s obojicom u hotel. Dargisov sluga Smithee pronalazi Garfielda koji se izgubio i uzima ga k sebi. Time su Garfield i Princ zamijenili mjesta. U velikom dvorcu Garfield dobiva mnogo slugu i upoznaje svoje životinjske podanike. Tijekom kratkotrajne vladavine pokreće neke reforme, od kojih je najvažnija ukidanje ponedjeljka. Garfield pouči svoje prijatelje kako napraviti lazanje, a Princ se pomalo ulijenio i naviknuo na način života kućne mačke. Lord Dargis ugleda Garfielda i pomisli da se vratio Princ, te više puta pokušava ubiti Garfielda kako bi odvjetnici prepisali dvorac na njega. Pritom zli plemić otkriva svoj tajni plan: uništiti farmu, pobiti životinje i sagraditi raskošne hotele. Jedan od pokušaja uključuje i huškanje rotvajlera Rommela, nazvanog po slavnom njemačkom generalu, da ubije Garfielda.

Odie uspije nagovoriti Princa da se vrati u dvorac Carlyle, pa Princ putem sretne Garfielda. Jon također otkriva zamjenu i stiže u dvorac, u kojem su odvjetnici, investitori i Liz. Garfield ohrabruje životinje i ponese se kao junak, te on i Princ suoče Dargisa čiji je plan otkriven. Dargis uzima oružje i prijeti svima ako ne prepišu posjed na njega. Životinje onesposobe Dargisa i Jon ga udara, a Smithee pozove policiju koja uhićuje Dargisa zbog njegovih zločina. Jon zaprosi Liz, ona prihvaća i oni se zagrle i poljube.

Glumci

Pravi glumci

 Breckin Meyer kao Jon Arbuckle

 Jennifer Love Hewitt kao dr. Liz Wilson

 Billy Connolly kao lord Manfred Dargis

 Ian Abercrombie kao sluga Smithee

 Roger Rees kao gospodin Hobbs

 Lucy Davis kao gospođica Abby Westminster

 Jane Carr kao gospođa Witney

 Oliver Muirhead kao gospodin Greene

Sinkronizacija

Uloge

 Filip Šovagović kao Garfield

 Franjo Dijak kao Jon Arbuckle

 Iva Šulentić kao Liz Wilson

 Sven Medvešek kao Lord Manfred Dargis

 Boris Miholjević kao Princ XII.

 Pero Juričić kao Smithee

 Žarko Potočnjak kao Winston

 Sven Šestak kao Preston

 Zlatko Ožbolt kao gospodin Hobbs

 Živko Anočić kao Nikica

 Ivan Zelić kao Christophe

 Toni Gojanović kao Boško Buha

 Marijana Mikulić kao Eenie i asistentica veterinara

 Jelena Hadži-Manev kao Meenie

 Bojan Navojec kao Rojs i hotelski radnik

 Goran Bogdan kao Zećina

 Željko Šestić kao Bolero

 Daria Knez kao Abby Westminister

 Mirela Brekalo kao gospođa Whitney

 Berko Muratović kao gospodin Greene

 Željko Mavrović kao pripovjedač

 Martin Milinković kao portir i ostale uloge

 Pavlica Bajsić kao vodič i patka

Ostale uloge
 Dalibor Ivanović
 Ivor Hadžiabdić
 Edin Serdarević
 Luka Miletić
 Korana Serdarević
 Petra Vukelić
 Anja Nigović

Izvori

Garfield
Američki filmovi 2000-ih
Filmske komedije
Pustolovni filmovi

Garfield 2: Priča o dvije mačke


Francisco Argerich Batallas fue un médico español del siglo XVIII. Coronel de los Reales Ejércitos, sirvió en el Río de la Plata durante la rebelión de Túpac Amaru II.

Biografía
Francisco Argerich Batallas (Batalla, Baliat o Baliath) nació en 1732 en Sisteró, Obispado de Urgel, provincia de Lérida, Cataluña, España, hijo de Francisco Javier Argerich y de María Josefa Batallas.

Fue uno de los primeros médicos españoles titulados que consta fijaron su residencia en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, entonces capital de la Gobernación del Río de la Plata, adonde arribó el 18 de marzo de 1752. Allí actuó como médico de los jesuitas en Buenos Aires y otras órdenes religiosas.

El 17 de agosto de 1757 casó en la Iglesia de La Merced (Buenos Aires), con la porteña María Josefa del Castillo Burgués (o del Castillo y Burguez, 1742, 1787) con quien tuvo numerosos hijos: Cosme Mariano (1758, 1820), Juana Josefa (1760, ?), Roque (1762,?), Antonio Nicolás (1763, ?), Francisco José (1764,?), Francisco Javier (1765, 1824), José Damián (1766,?), Manuel (1768,   ?), Ascencio (1769,?), Diego (1771, ?), Josefa Ramona (1774, ?), Faustina (1775,?), María Josefa (1776, ?), María Manuela (1777,?), Eulalia (1779,?), Francisca (1782,?), Francisca Argerich del Castillo (1785,?).
Daba así inicio al linaje de los Argerich, facultativos que tuvieron mucha influencia en el desarrollo de la medicina argentina.

En 1780, con el grado de coronel de los Reales Ejércitos, fue enviado por el virrey Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo como jefe médico de la expedición enviada para combatir la insurrección de Túpac Amaru II.

Falleció en Buenos Aires el 27 de marzo de 1787.

Notas y referencias

Bibliografía
Vicente Osvaldo Cutolo, Nuevo diccionario biográfico argentino (1750-1930), Editorial Elche, 1968
Instituto Argentino de Ciencias Genealógicas, Genealogía, hombres de mayo, Revista del Instituto Argentino de Ciencias Genealógicas, 1961

Enlaces externos
Francesc Argerich i Batallas. Galeria de Metges Catalans en catalàn
Grandes figuras de la cirugía argentina
Los primeros aportes de la psiquiatría a la medicina legal en la Argentina
Francisco de Argerich Batalla, en geni.com

Francisco Argerich Batallas

Médicos de Cataluña
Médicos de España del siglo XVIII
Médicos del Virreinato del Río de la Plata
Médicos en el Imperio Español
Fallecidos en Buenos Aires

Francisco Argerich Batallas


24680 Alleven este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
24680 Alleven este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Siding Spring de Robert H. McNaught. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,28 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 5,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 24001-25000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1989
Centura de asteroizi

24680 Alleven


Patronyme

 Paolo Ghiglione (1997-), footballeur italien ;
 Rodolphe Ghiglione (1941-1999), psychologue français;
 Frédéric Ghiglione (1973-), écrivain français.

Patronyme italien

Ghiglione


Ryuji Akiba (født 13. juni 1984) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Nagoya Grampus Eight og Vegalta Sendai.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Ryuji Akiba


Frédéric IV de Moers (parfois cité comme Frédéric III dans la littérature ; vers 1380 - ) fut comte de Sarrewerden de 1399 à 1418, gouverneur du duché de Luxembourg et du comté de Chiny de 1408 et de 1418 à sa mort, le comte de Moers. Sa vie survient lorsque sa famille atteint son apogée.

Biographie
L'année de naissance de Frédéric est certainement après 1376, l'année du contrat de mariage de ses parents, et avant 1392. Il a été mentionné pour la première fois en 1392, mais était encore mineur à ce moment.

Il était le fils aîné du comte Frédéric III de Moers (parfois nommé Frédéric II dans la littérature) et Walburge de Sarre Werden. Ses frères sont Thierry II de Moers, qui fut archevêque de Cologne de 1414 à 1463, , évêque de Münster de 1425 à 1450, et Waléran de Moers, qui devint évêque d'Utrecht en 1434 puis évêque de Munster en 1450.

Frédéric a été élevé par la famille et son oncle maternel, l'archevêque de Cologne, Frédéric III de Sarrewerden, choisi pour succéder à la tête du comté de Sarre Werden, formé en 1397 par la mort du comte . La moitié du comté était l'héritage de sa mère, l'autre moitié a été achetée à Hildegarde, la sœur de sa mère. L'archevêque lui a donné le montant (un total de , dont  pour l'achat et  en espèces) pour son mariage avec Engelberta von der Mark. Frédéric a pu faire valoir sa revendication dans une querelle contre l'évêque de Metz, de Coucy, qui avait déclaré les fiefs de Metz et Frédéric en a refusé la propriété. Ce n'est que le successeur Conrad II Bayer de Boppard qui a inféodé Frédéric avec les fiefs de Metz le .

Le , son père constitua une famille entraînée par une disposition testamentaire (disposition paternelle) afin de prévenir de futures disputes entre ses fils. L'héritage de chaque fils a été déterminé. Frédéric, en tant qu'aîné, devait recevoir le comté de Moers et le comté de Sarre, qui était auparavant détenu aussi par son père, devait être remis à son jeune frère Johann. La terre d'un fils décédé sans descendance masculine devait revenir au frère aîné après sa mort. Le comté de Moers ne devait en aucun cas être reconnu ou reçu par Clèves comme fief. Après la mort de Frédéric III (entre le  et le ), Frédéric IV a repris le comté de Moers conformément au décret et remis le comté de Sarre Werden à son jeune frère Johann, qui était prévôt de Saint-Cunibert à Cologne et démissionna en 1418, se maria et fonda la lignée Sarre Werden, qui exista jusqu'au .

Le contrat d'héritage avec son frère Johann en date du  stipulait que Frédéric devait à l'avenir s'appeler "comte de Moers et de Saarden" et Johann devait s'appeler "comte de Saardenden et de Moers". De cette manière, la propriété et les revendications mutuelles ont été documentées. Frédéric devait faire écarteler les armoiries des Moers et de la Sarre, comme il les avait utilisées auparavant. Les deux contrats d'héritage du  contiennent des informations différentes sur les nouvelles armoiries de Johann.

Le fils aîné de Louis IV de Lichtenberg (1396-1434), Jacques de Lichtenberg (1416-1480) et la fille de Frédéric, Walpurgis, ont été fiancés quand ils étaient enfants. Lorsque Louis IV abdiqua en faveur de ses deux fils, en 1429, après deux graves défaites politiques, il transféra la régence de son règne à Frédéric IV de Sarre Werden-Moers. Il régna jusqu'en 1436.

Frédéric est entré au service du duc de Bourgogne et a été employé par lui dans des missions diplomatiques qui se sont répandues dans toute l'Europe. Le , il est nommé chevalier de l'ordre de la Toison d'or par le duc Philippe le Bon au premier chapitre de Lille (diplôme n° 26). En 1439, il était capitaine du duché de Luxembourg, qui à l'époque appartenait encore officiellement à Élisabeth de Goerlitz en tant que privilège, et que le duc bourguignon Philippe avait combattu pendant des années jusqu'à ce qu'il puisse prendre le pouvoir au Luxembourg en 1443.

Frédéric IV de Moers est mort le  et a été enterré à Église Saint-Pantaléon à Cologne.

Famille
Frédéric était marié à Engelberta de la Marck, fille d'Adolphe III de La Marck, comte de Clèves, et Marguerite de Juliers, qui lui survécut dix ans († Cologne ). Avec elle, il eut cinq enfants :

 Vincenz († 1499), chanoine à Cologne jusqu'en 1437, puis comte de Moers ; ⚭ Anna de Palatinat-Simmern-Zweibrücken
 Walburgis († 1459), dame de Baer et Lathum ; ⚭ 1er comte Jacques de Lichtenberg, ⚭ 2e Guillaume d'Egmont (1412–1483)
 Marguerite († 1453), ⚭ Gerhard von Loen, seigneur de Juliers, comte de Blankenheim ()
 Jehanne († 1461), ⚭ Jacques , comte de Horn († 1488) (Maison de Horn)
 Clara († 1459/61), abbesse de la basilique Saint-Quirin à Neuss en 1448/58

Armoiries

Ascendance

Notes et références

Bibliographie
  Hans-Walter Herrmann Geschichte der Grafschaft Saarwerden bis zum Jahre 1527. 2 Bände, Saarbrücken 1957–1962, zugleich Dissertation, Saarbrücken 1959
  Gerhard Köbler Historisches Lexikon der deutschen Länder. Die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. 7., vollständig überarbeitete Auflage. C.H. Beck, München 2007, .
 Raphael de Smedt (Hrsg.), Les chevaliers de l'ordre de la Toison d'or au . Notices bio-bibliographiques. (Kieler Werkstücke, D 3). 2., verbesserte Auflage. Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2000, , , n° 25.
  Walter Janssen, Moers, Gf.en v.. in Lexikon des Mittelalters, tome VI, 2003, Spalte 714
  Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln, tome 29, 2013, Tafel 94

Voir aussi
 Comté de Moers

Liens externes

Date de naissance incertaine (XIVe siècle)
Décès en 1448
Comte germanique

Frédéric IV de Moers


William Edmondstoune Aytoun ( - ) est un poète écossais, avocat de formation et professeur de rhétorique et de belles lettres à l'université d'Édimbourg. Il publie de la poésie, de la traduction, de la fiction en prose, de la critique et de la satire et collabore toute sa vie au périodique littéraire d'Édimbourg Blackwood's Magazine. Il est aussi un collectionneur de ballades écossaises.

Au début des années 1850, le professeur Aytoun soutient la jeune Association nationale pour la revendication des droits écossais. Son héritage distinctif en tant qu'enseignant l'amène à être appelé le «premier professeur moderne de littérature anglaise» .

Jeunesse et éducation

William Aytoun est né au 21 Abercromby Place dans la nouvelle ville d'Édimbourg, fils unique de Joan Keir (1771–1861) et de Roger Aytoun WS (1769–1843), directeur de la chancellerie d'Écosse. Ses parents sont tous deux épiscopaliens . À sa mère, une femme de culture, il doit son penchant précoce pour la littérature (notamment la poésie de ballade), ses sympathies politiques et son admiration pour la maison Stuart. Il compte également le poète Sir Robert Aytoun (mort en 1638) parmi ses ancêtres .

À l'âge de onze ans, William est envoyé à l'Académie d'Édimbourg, puis entre à l'université d'Édimbourg .

Voyages et écrits
William Aytoun publie son premier livre, Poland, Homer, and other Poems, en 1832, à l'âge de 19 ans. Cet ouvrage exprime une fervente préoccupation pour la cause de la Pologne.

En 1833, il se rend à Londres où il passe quelques mois à étudier le droit, mais décide en septembre de la même année de se rendre à Aschaffenbourg où il étudie l'allemand. Pendant son séjour en Allemagne, il fait une traduction en vers blanc de la première partie du Faust de Goethe, mais il n'est jamais publié, devancé par d'autres traductions. Il reste en Allemagne jusqu'en avril 1834 .

De retour en Écosse, Aytoun reprend ses études de droit dans le cabinet de son père. Il est admis comme écrivain à la chevalière en 1835, et cinq ans plus tard certifié avocat écossais. De son propre aveu, bien qu'il ait suivi la loi, il n'a jamais pu la « dépasser. »

Aytoun contribue au périodique littéraire d'Édimbourg Blackwood's Magazine, à partir de 1836 avec l'acceptation par le magazine de ses traductions d'Uhland. En 1839, il rejoint le personnel de Blackwood's, une association qu'il maintient jusqu'à la fin de sa vie . Ses contributions au périodique comprennent des histoires humoristiques en prose, telles que The Glenmutchkin Railway, How I Became a Yeoman, et How I Stood for the Dreepdaily Burghs, un roman en partie autobiographique, Norman Sinclair, et le travail sur lequel sa réputation de poète est principalement basé, ses Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers (1848) .

Vers 1841, Aytoun fait la connaissance de Théodore Martin et, en association avec lui, écrit une série d'articles humoristiques sur les modes et les folies de l'époque, dans lesquels sont intercalés les vers devenus populaires par la suite sous le nom de Bon Gaultier Ballads (1855) .

Sa réputation de satiriste passionné est également démontrée par son poème dramatique Firmilian, a Spasmodique Tragedy, ou The Student of Badajoz (1854) sous le nom-de-plume de T. Percy Jones, une fausse tragédie dans laquelle il parodie les poèmes des poètes spasmodiques. Il est destiné à faire la satire d'un groupe de poètes et de critiques, dont George Gilfillan, Sydney Thompson Dobell, Philip James Bailey et Alexander Smith. Sa parodie joue un rôle décisif pour mettre fin à la vogue de ces œuvres.

Nomination universitaire et affiliations politiques
En 1845, Aytoun est nommé professeur de rhétorique et de belles lettres à l'université d'Édimbourg. Ses conférences attirent un grand nombre d'étudiants, faisant passer la fréquentation de 30 à 150.

Ses services à l'appui du parti conservateur, en particulier pendant la lutte anti Corn Laws, reçoivent une reconnaissance officielle avec sa nomination en 1852 en tant que shérif des Orcades et des Shetland,  un poste qu'il occupe pendant .

En 1853, Aytoun soutient l'Association nationale pour la revendication des droits écossais, partageant une tribune en tant que conférencier avec Lord Eglinton lors des deux réunions publiques déterminantes tenues au nom de l'Association cette année-là à Édimbourg et à Glasgow .

Ayntoun est initié à la franc-maçonnerie écossaise dans la loge Canongate Kilwinning, n ° 2, le 9 mars 1836. Il est maître de cette loge pour 1839 .

Famille
William Aytoun est marié à Jane Emily Wilson, la fille du professeur John Wilson (Christopher North). Elle meurt en 1859 et il se remarie ensuite à Fearnie Jemima Kinnear, décédée en 1904. Il n'a pas d'enfants par l'une ou l'autre femme.

Il meurt chez lui, 16 Great Stuart Street sur le Moray Estate, le 4 août 1865 .

Il est enterré près du professeur Wilson dans la section sud du cimetière Dean à Édimbourg.

Références

Liens externes

Traducteur écossais du XIXe siècle
Professeur à l'université d'Édimbourg
Étudiant de l'université d'Édimbourg
Membre de la Royal Society of Edinburgh
Décès en août 1865
Naissance en juin 1813
Écrivain écossais du XIXe siècle
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière Dean
Décès à 52 ans

William Edmondstoune Aytoun


Dansk Sociologiforening er en dansk forening af sociologer og andre med sociologisk interesse, der typisk arbejder med eller uddanner sig indenfor sociologisk faglighed. Foreningen udgiver det danske videnskabelige sociologiske tidsskrift Dansk Sociologi. Nuværende formand er Barbara Fersch, og næstformand er Alberte Alsø Dokkedal.

Foreningen har til formål at udvikle og formidle sociologien som faglighed i Danmark. Udover at udgive Dansk Sociologi, afholder foreningen derfor en række gratis arrangementer for offentligheden, metodekurser for medlemmer og en videnskabelig konference hvert andet år.

Dansk Sociologiforening er organiseret i Nordisk Sociologforbund (NSF), European Sociological Association (ESA) og International Sociological Association (ISA). NSF udgiver tidsskriftet Acta Sociologica, hvor redaktionen skifter imellem de nordiske medlemsorganisationer hver fjerde år. I perioden 2023-2027 vil Dansk Sociologiforening redigere tidsskriftet.

Historie
Dansk Sociologiforening blev oprettet i 1965, hvor den erstattede Dansk Sociologisk Selskab, som havde eksisteret siden 1958. Foreningen havde i 1975 192 medlemmer, hvilket i 2012 var steget til omkring 690 medlemmer. Der findes to typer medlemskab. Mens antallet af regulære medlemmer er mere eller mindre uændret siden 1996, steg antallet af studerende, arbejdsløse og pensionerede fra 1996 til 2004, hvor efter det er faldet igen. Ved indkaldelsen til generalforsamlingen 2022 havde foreningen sammenlagt 479 medlemmer. I 2015 skiftede foreningen navn fra Dansk Sociologforening til Dansk Sociologiforening.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Dansk Sociologiforenings officielle websted
 Tidsskriftet Dansk Sociologi websted

Se også

 Dansk Sociologi
 Acta Sociologica
 Nordisk Sociologforbund
 European Sociological Association
 International Sociological Association
 American Sociological Association

Referencer

Sociologiforening
Sociologiske organisationer

Dansk Sociologiforening


Matejev učinak akumulirane prednosti, Matejev princip ili samo Matejev učinak, pojava je stjecanja društvenog ili ekonomskog uspjeha pojedinaca u skladu s njihovom početnom popularnosti, prijateljima, bogatstvu itd. Ponekad se sažima izrekom »bogati postaju sve bogatiji, a siromašni sve siromašniji«. Izraz su izmislili sociolozi Robert K. Merton i Harriet Zuckerman 1968. godine, a nazvan je po Prispodobi o talentima iz Evanđelja po Mateju.

Matejev učinak se u velikoj mjeri može objasniti povlaštenom povezanosti, gdje se bogatstvo ili krediti raspodjeljuju među pojedincima prema tome koliko već imaju. Ovo ima neto učinak otežavanja niskorangiranim pojedincima u povećanju svojih ukupnih prihoda zbog manjka resursa dostupnih za trošenje tijekom vremena, a olakšava visokorangiranim pojedincima sve lakše očuvanje velikih prihoda jer imaju mogućnost visokorizičnih ulaganja.

Proučavanje Matejevih učinaka u početku je bilo usmjereno prvenstveno na nejednakost u načinu na koji su znanstvenici dobivali priznanje za svoj rad. Međutim, Norman W. Storer sa Sveučilišta Columbia predvodio je novi val istraživanja. Vjerovao je da je otkrio kako nejednakost koja je postoji u društvenim znanostima također postoji i u drugim institucijama.

Etimologija
Koncept je nazvan prema dvjema Isusovim prispodobama u sinoptičkim evanđeljima (Tablica 2 Euzebijevih kanona).

Koncept uključuje obje sinoptičke verzije Prispodobe o talentima:"Doista, onomu koji ima još će se dati, neka ima u izobilju, a od onoga koji nema oduzet će se i ono što ima." (Mt 25, 14-3)

"Kažem vam: svakome, koji ima, dat će se; a tko nema, njemu će se oduzeti, i ono što ima."  (Lk 19,26)
Koncept uključuje dvije od tri sinoptičke verzije prispodobe o svjetiljci ispod čahure (izostavljene u Matejevoj verziji):"Doista, onomu tko ima dat će se, a onomu tko nema oduzet će se i ono što ima." (Marko 4,25)

"Gledajte dakle kako slušate; jer ko ima, daće mu se, a ko nema, uzeće se od njega i ono što misli da ima." (Lk 8, 18)Koncept je ponovno predstavljen u Evanđelju po Mateju izvan prispodobe tijekom Kristovog objašnjenja svojim učenicima svrhe prispodoba:"A on odgovarajući reče im: vama je dano da znate tajne carstva nebeskoga, a njima nije dano. Jer ko ima, daće mu se, i preteći će mu; a koji nema, uzeće mu se i ono što ima." (Mt 13, 11-12)

Sociologija znanosti
U sociologiji znanosti izraz "Matejev efekt" koristio je Robert K. Merton za opisivanje pojave da, između ostalog, ugledni znanstvenici često dobivaju više priznanja nego relativno nepoznat istraživač, čak i kada su im radovi slični; ovo također pokazuje kako najviše priznanja dobivaju već poznati znanstvenici. Primjerice, nagrada će se gotovo uvijek dodjeljivati najstarijem istraživaču koji je uključen u projekt, čak i ako je sav posao odradio student. To je kasnije formulirao Stephen Stigler kao Zakon o eponimiji – "Niti jedno znanstveno otkriće nije nazvano po izvornom otkriću". Stigler je izričito nazvao Mertona pravim izumiteljem, čineći njegov "zakon" kao dokaz samome sebi.

Merton je nadalje tvrdio kako se među znanstvenicima Matejev učinak osjeća dalje od samog ugleda te utječe širi sistem, igrajući ulogu u socijalnoj selekciji i dovodeći do koncentracije resursa i talenta. Kao primjer je pružio neproporcionalnu pažnju danu člancima već poznatih autora u kontrastu one dane jednako kvalitetnim ili boljim člancima nepoznatih autora. Također je istaknuo da koncentracija pažnje na istaknute pojedince može dovesti do povećanja njihove samouvjerenosti, potičući ih na provođenje istraživanja u važnim, ali problematičnim područjima.

Primjeri:

 Eksperimenti koji manipuliraju brojem preuzimanja ili bestselera za knjige i glazbu pokazali su da izbori potrošača slijede ono najpopularnije.
 Model za napredak u karijeri kvantitativno uključuje Matejev učinak kako bi se predvidjela raspodjela duljine pojedinačnoj karijera u konkurentnim profesijama. Predviđanja modela potvrđena su analizom empirijskih raspodjela dužine karijere za karijere u znanosti i profesionalnom sportu (npr. Major League Baseball). Kao rezultat toga, razlika između velikog broja kratkih karijera i relativno malog broja iznimno dugih karijera može biti objašnjena "bogatiji postaju sve bogatiji", koji u ovom pogledu pruža iskusnijim i uglednijim pojedincima sa većom kompetitivnom prednosti u dobivanju novih mogućnost.
 U svojoj knjizi The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined, kognitivni psiholog Steven Pinker spominje posljedice Matejevog efekta u društvima, pri čemu sve uspijeva ispravno u nekima, a krivo u drugim. U devetom poglavlju pretpostavlja kako bi ovo mogla biti posljedica pozitivne povratne sprege u kojoj neodgovorno ponašanje nekih pojedinaca stvara kaotično okruženje koje potiče neodgovorno ponašanje drugih. On navodi istraživanje Martina Dalya i Marga Wilsona pokazuje da je nestabilnije okruženje, što više ljudi ne uzimaju u obzir budućnost, i tako manje gledaju dugotrajne posljedice svog ponašanja.
 Veliki Matejev učinak bio je otkriven u studiju financiranju znanosti u Nizozemskoj, gdje je utvrđeno da su pobjednici neposredno iznad praga financiranja akumulirali više nego dvostruko više sredstava tijekom sljedećih osam godina kao nepobjednici s gotovo identičnim rezultatima revizije koji su bili neposredno ispod praga.
 U znanosti, dramatične razlike u produktivnosti mogu se objasniti s tri fenomena: svetom iskrom, kumulativnom prednošću i troškovi potrage za minimizacijom izdavača. Sveta iskra upućuje na to da se znanstvenici razlikuju u svojim početnim sposobnostima, talentu, vještinama, postojanosti, radnim navikama itd. koji pojedincima pružaju ranu prednost. Ti čimbenici imaju multiplikativni efekt koji im pomaže u kasnijem uspjehu. Model kumulativne prednosti tvrdi da početni uspjeh pomaže istraživaču da dobije pristup resursima (npr. nastavno oslobađanje, najbolji diplomski studenti, financiranje, objekti itd.), što zauzvrat postiže daljnji uspjeh. Troškovi potrage svode se na pokušaj smanjenja vremena i truda, svjesno ili nesvjesno, od strane izdavača biranjem poznatih školaraca. Dok je točan mehanizam u podlozi ovih fenomena još uvijek nepoznat, dokumentirano je da manjina svih akademika proizvodi najviše rezultata istraživanja i privlači najviše citata.

Obrazovanje
U obrazovanju je izraz "Matejev efekt" usvojio psiholog Keith Stanovich, a popularizirao teoretičar obrazovanja Anthony Kelly kako bi opisao fenomen koji je uočen u istraživanju o tome kako novi čitatelji stječu vještine čitanja. Naime, rani uspjeh u stjecanju vještina čitanja najčešće dovodi do kasnijih uspjeha u čitanju kako učenik raste, dok neuspjeh u učenju čitanja prije treće ili četvrte godine školovanja može biti pokazatelj doživotnih problema u učenju novih vještina.

To je zato što djeca koja zaostaju u čitanju, kao posljedica manje čitaju, povećavajući jaz između njih i njihovih vršnjaka. Kasnije, kada je učenicima neophodno "čitanje za učenje" (gdje je prije bilo učenje čitanja), njihove poteškoće u čitanju stvaraju poteškoće u većini drugih predmeta. Na taj način sve više zaostaju u školi, te odustaju u puno većoj stopi nego njihovi vršnjaci.

Stanovichevim riječima: "Sporo čitanje ima kognitivne, bihevioralne i motivacijske posljedice koje usporavaju razvoj drugih kognitivnih vještina i inhibiraju uspješnost mnogih akademskih zadataka. Ukratko, dok se čitanje razvija, drugi kognitivni procesi prate razinu vještina čitanja. Baze znanja koje su u uzajamnim odnosima s čitanjem također su inhibirane daljnjim razvojem. Što se više ovaj razvojni niz nastavi, to će se više generalizirati deficiti, uviđati sve više i više područja spoznaje i ponašanja. Ili da ga više jednostavno - i nažalost - u riječima jednog groznog devetogodišnjaka, već frustriran stoji iza svojih vršnjaka u čitanju napretka, "Čitanje utječe na sve što radiš"."Ovaj učinak je uspješno korišten u pravnim slučajevima, kao što je Brody protiv Odbora za obrazovanje Dare okruga. Takvi slučajevi dokazuju da je rana obrazovna intervencija ključna za djecu s poteškoćama u razvoju, te da će izostanak toga negativno utjecati na njih.

Znanost o mrežama
U znanosti o mrežama, Matejev učinak se koristi kako bi se opisala povlaštena povezanost ranijih čvorova u mreži, što objašnjava da ti čvorovi imaju tendenciju ranijeg privlačenja više veza. "Zbog povlaštenog pristupa čvorište koje stječe više veza od drugog povećat će svoju povezanost po višoj stopi i stoga će se početna razlika u povezivosti između dvaju čvorova dodatno povećati kako mreža raste, dok će stupanj pojedinačnih čvorova biti razmjeran kvadratnom korijenu vremena." [ 5] Matejev efekt stoga objašnjava rast nekih čvorova u ogromnim mrežama kao što je Internet.

Tržišta s društvenim utjecajem
Društveni utjecaj često dovodi do "bogati postaju sve bogatiji" fenomena u kojem popularni proizvodi postaju još popularniji. Primjer uloge Matejeva efekta na društvenom utjecaju jest eksperiment Salganika, Dodds i Wattsa u kojem su stvorili eksperimentalno virtualni tržište pod nazivom MUSICLAB. U MUSICLAB-u, ljudi su mogli slušati glazbu i preuzeti pjesme koje su najviše voljeli. Pjesme su bile nepoznate i izvedene od nepoznatih bendova. Bilo je dvije grupe testiranih; jedna grupa dobila je nula dodatnih informacija o pjesmama, a drugoj grupi je rečena popularnost svake pjesme i ukupan broj njenih preuzimanja.

Naime, grupa koja je imala znanje koje su pjesme najpopularnije i često preuzete je bila pristrana izboru tih pjesama. Pjesme koje su najpopularnije i najprodavanije su bile na vrhu liste i dosljedno su dobivale najviše vrtnje. Rezultati eksperimenta su pokazali da su najuspješnije pjesme bile one koje su već imale najviši broj preuzimanja. Preuzimanje rankinga imalo je pristojan efekt; međutim, ne toliko utjecajan kao rang ljestvice. Osim toga, Abeliuk et al. (2016.) dokazao je da će se prilikom korištenja "rankinga" stvoriti monopol za najpopularnije pjesme.

Izvori

Sociologija

Matejev učinak


Korsør Landevej er en nordlig omfartsvej der går nord for Skælskør.

Vejen er med til at tage den tunge trafik der kommer fra Korsør og Slagelse, og for at få den uden om Skælskør, så byen ikke bliver belastet af for meget trafik, som skal til det østlige Skælskør hvor bryggeriet Harboe ligger, eller til industri- og erhvervsområderne i Stigsnæs hvor både Stigsnæs Industripark, Stigsnæsværket, Stigsnæsværkets Havn samt Stigsnæs Gulfhavn Olie Terminal og resterne af det tidligere olieraffinaderi på Stigsnæs ligger.

Kilder

Omfartsveje i Danmark
Transport i Skælskør

Korsør Landevej (Skælskør)


An Draconanthes in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Draconanthes in nahilalakip ha familia nga Orchidaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Draconanthes

Draconanthes


Conte pis raconte est une série web qui présente la littérature jeunesse francophone du Québec et d'ailleurs. Elle présente aussi les artisan.e.s, auteurs.trices et illustrateurs.trices québécois par différents segments.

La série de 10 épisodes d'environ 12 minutes a été mise en ligne le 16 février 2022 sur la plateforme ICI Tou.TV.

Production
La série, animée par Pierre-Yves Lord, est produite en français. La comédienne Catherine Trudeau y anime aussi un segment récurrent. Plusieurs auteurs et illustrateurs sont aussi présentés dans des segments tels que des ateliers d'illustrateurs et d'illustratrices, des entrevues d'auteurs et d'autrices faites par des enfants, des suggestions de livres et des sketches animés.

Épisodes

Diffusion
La série est produite par Saturne 5 et a été diffusée en entier le 16 février 2022 sur ICI Tou.TV.

Références

Liens externes
IMDB: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt18412402/?ref_=ra_gb_ln

Tou.TV: https://ici.tou.tv/conte-pis-raconte/S01B00

Références générales

Web-série québécoise

Conte pis raconte


La lettre rum, ꝵ (minuscule uniquement), est une lettre additionnelle de l'alphabet latin utilisée en latin et en portugais au Moyen Âge comme abréviation de -rum, -runt.

Utilisation

Le signe rum est utilisé au Moyen Âge dans certaines abréviations latines pour -rum comme dans   (, « martyr ») ou   (, « intègre ») ou pour -runt.

Représentations informatiques
Le rum peut être représenté avec les caractères Unicode (latin étendu D) suivants :

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Voir aussi

R
Lettre latine additionnelle

ꝵ


فيلا دوريا بامبيلي (بالإيطالية:Villa Doria Pamphili) على تلة جياني كولو Gianicolo ثاني أكبر تلال روما السبعة. هي فيلا وحدائق تعد أكبر الحدائق العامة في العاصمة الإيطالية مساحة، إذ تبلغ مساحتها 9 كيلومترات مربعة. أصبحت الفيلا عائدة للدولة الإيطالية منذ العام 1957، فيما قامت بلدية روما بشراء الحدائق بين عامي 1965-1971 من أسرة دوريا لاندي بامبيلي "Doria Landi Pamphili".

إضافة لجمال البناء والمعروضات والحدائق فان الفيلا تعتبر مكانا مميزا لمراقبة الطيور وممارسة رياضة المشي السريع في المدينة.

تم بناء الفيلا بين عامي 1644 - 1652 من قبل أليساندرو ألغاردي وجيوفاني فرانسيسكو غريمالدي لحساب الأمير كاميللو بامبيلي، وهو قريب للبابا انوسنت العاشر (1574-1655)، وبالنسبة للحدائق فقد تم تصميمها في أواخر القرن الثامن عشر من قبل فرانشيسكو بيتيني.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Villa Doria Pamphili - a Gardens Guide review

دوريا ب
عمارة إيطالية
دوريا ب

فيلا دوريا بامبيلي


Bad Weilbach

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Flörsheim

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Weilbach

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Wicker

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Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Florsheim am Main
!

Liste der Kulturdenkmäler in Flörsheim am Main


An Vanda bicolor in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Griffiths. An Vanda bicolor in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vanda, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Vanda

Vanda bicolor


Ægteskabets tornefulde Vej er en stumfilm fra 1913 instrueret af Sofus Wolder efter manuskript af Lars Svenné Langkjær.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1913

Ægteskabets tornefulde Vej


Esgrus Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı bölge. 18,06 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 829 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Jürgen Vogel tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Resim galerisi

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-steinbergkirche.de

Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Esgrus


Med det hele ... (org. Ham on Rye) er en semibiografisk roman fra 1982 (da. 1989) af den amerikanske forfatter og digter Charles Bukowski. Romanen, der regnes for Bukowskis hovedværk, er en dannelsesroman, der skildrer jeg-fortælleren Henry "Hank" Chinaskis barske opvækst og ungdom i Los Angeles' hvide underklassemiljø under 1930'ernes økonomiske depression.

Henry Chinaski er Bukowskis litterære alter ego, og han er en gennemgående karakter i Bukowskis fem semibiografiske værker: Ekstrabudene (1971), Alt forefaldende arbejde (1975), Kvinder (1978), Med det hele … (1982) og Hollywood (1989). I Med det hele ... følger man den unge Henrys tilværelse i barndomshjemmet, hvor faren lader sine frustrationer over bl.a. arbejdsløshed gå ud over sønnen i form af regelmæssige tæsk. Tæsk får Henry også i skolen, hvor omgangstonen er hård og mobning og slagsmål er hverdagskost. Senere stifter Henry bekendtskab med litteraturen og tilbringer mange timer på det lokale bibliotek i selskab med bl.a. D.H. Lawrence, Aldous Huxley og Hemingway. Biblioteket og bøgerne bliver et fristed og får afgørende betydning for Henrys videre færd. Han stifter også bekendtskab med alkoholen, der ligeledes bliver en livslang følgesvend. Man følger Henry fra hans tidlige barndom til USA's indtræden i 2. Verdenskrig.

Med det hele … er skrevet i Bukowskis karakteriske enkle, nøgne stil, hvor rå og nogle gange brutale beskrivelser blandes med en befriende, fandenivoldsk humor. Romanen er derfor på samme tid både morsom, medfølende, frastødende og foruroligende.

Med det hele … udkom på dansk i 1989 i oversættelse af Klaus Lynggaard fra forlaget Per Kofod. I 2017 blev romanen genudgivet i Lynggaards oversættelse af Bechs Forlag - Viatone, der udover den fysiske udgave også har udgivet romanen som e-bog og som lydbog indtalt af Thomas Gulstad.

Noter

Romaner fra USA
Litteratur i 1982

Med det hele ...


Sovrana er en film instrueret af Anita Saij.

Handling
En dokumentarisk dansevideo. Den danske danser Anita Saijs soloforestilling SOVRANA vist i B&W Hallerne i København i 1989. Forestillingen er lavet i samarbejde med japaneren Kazu Ohno under Anita Saijs ophold i Japan.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1990

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Sovrana


Keten kuşu (Carduelis cannabina), ispinozgiller (Fringillidae) familyasından ötücü bir kuş türüdür. Adını kenevir ve keten tohumlarına olan düşkünlüğünden alır.

Tanımı
Ortak keten, uzun kuyruğu olan ince bir kuştur. Üst kısımları kahverengi, boğazı lekeli beyaz ve gagası gridir. Yaz erkeğinin gri ensesi, kırmızı baş bandı ve kırmızı göğsü vardır. Dişiler ve genç kuşların kırmızısı yoktur ve alt kısımları beyazdır, göğüsleri çizgili devetüyü rengindedir. Sıradan linnet'in hoş şarkısı hızlı triller ve cıvıltılar içerir. Yerde beslenir ve çalıların altında beslenir, yiyeceği esas olarak civcivlerine de beslediği tohumlardan oluşur. Çoğu ekilebilir yabani ot, budak otu, rıhtım), kuş otu, karahindiba, devedikeni, devedikeni, yer yosunu, alıç ve huş ağacından elde edilen küçük ila orta boy tohumları sever. Diyetlerinde küçük bir Omurgasız bileşeni vardır.

Davranış
Üreme için sık çalılıkları ve açık araziler tercih eder. Yuvasını bir çalıya kurar ve dört ila yedi yumurta bırakır. Bu tür, üreme mevsimi dışında büyük sürüler oluşturabilir, bazen kıyılarda ve tuz bataklıklarında twite gibi diğer ispinozlarla karışabilir.

Özellikleri
Dişinin tüyleri kahverengi zemin üstüne koyu kahverengi çizgili, erkeğin sırtı kızıl kahverengi, üreme mevsiminde tepesi ve göğsü parlak kızıldır. Uzun kuyrukludurlar. 13 cm uzunluğunda olan ve çalılık bölgelerde yaşayan bu kuşlar kışın diğer kuş türleriyle karışık sürüler oluşturarak yem ararken, açık arazide de görülür. Çalılıklara yaptıkları yuvalarına 4-7 yumurta bırakırlar.

Dağılımı ve ötüşü

Erkeğin tatlı bir ötüşü vardır. Tohumla beslenen ketenkuşu Türkiye'nin her bölgesinde yaz kış görülür.

Carduelis
Türkiye'deki kuşlar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Keten kuşu


1888-1930
Türkiye'de elektrik enerjisi, ilk kez 1888 yılında İstanbul'da Haliç Tersanesi'nde kurulan elektrik fabrikasının işletmeye açılmasıyla üretilmeye başlanmıştır.

Türkiye'de ilk elektrik santrali Tarsus'ta inşa edilmiştir. Şehrin elektrik altyapısının yapılması 1906'da düşünülmüştür. Kentteki aydınlatma ve içme suyu sıkıntısından dolayı bir hidroelektrik santrali yapılması planlanmıştır. Çalışmalar sonucunda kentin elektrik altyapısı 1910'da tamamlanmıştır. Kentin elektrik altyapısı, Tarsus Belediyesi tarafından yapılmıştır. Elektrik santrali, planlandığı gibi bir hidroelektrik santraliydi. Santral, kent merkezinin yaklaşık iki kilometre kuzeyinde Berdan nehrinin yanına inşa edilmiştir. 75 kilowatt elektrik üretebilmekteydi. Elektrik, santralden yüksek gerilimli olarak kent merkezine iletilmiştir. Burada alçak gerilime indirilerek elektrik abonelerine dağıtılmıştır. Elektrik altyapısı, önceleri Tarsus Belediyesi tarafından yönetilmiştir. Daha sonra bu işin belediyenin doğrudan idare edeceği bir iş olmadığı düşünülmüştür. Bu nedenle kentin elektrik altyapısı 1922/1923'te Tarsus Elektrik Komandit Şirketi'ne devredilmiştir. Ancak elektrik şirketinin önemli bir kısmı belediyeye aitti. Dolayısıyla kentin elektrik altyapısının yönetiminde belediyenin idaresi devam etmiştir. Elektrik ücretlerinde, abonelerin niteliğine göre farklı tarifeler uygulanmıştır. Postane, cami, okul, kışla gibi resmi kurumlara mevcut ücretin yarısı alınmıştır.

1914 yılında ilk kayda değer elektrik üretim tesisi olarak Silahtarağa Termik Santralı hizmete girmiştir. 14 Şubat 1914'te açılan bu tesis, ekonomik ömrünü tamamladığı 1983 yılına kadar hizmet vermiştir.

1930-1950
1930'lu yıllara kadar Türkiye'deki elektrik çalışmaları, genelde yabancı işletmelerin elinde olan küçük yerel santraller ve onların beslediği birbirlerinden ayrı yerel dağıtım şebekelerinin işletilmesi şeklinde olmuştur. 1939 yılında yabancı şirketlere verilmiş olan bu imtiyazlar devletleştirilerek genellikle dağıtım hizmetleri belediyelere devredilmiştir. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kurulduğu 1923 yılında, kurulu güç 33 MW ve yıllık üretim 45 milyon KWh iken; 1935 yılına gelindiğinde, kurulu güç 126,2 MW, üretim ise 213 milyon kWh, elektriklenmiş il sayısı ise 43'tür. 1933 yılında 2301 sayılı Kanun ile İller Bankası kuruldu.

1935 yılında, 2805 sayılı Kanun ile kurulan Etibank'ın 3 ana işlevinden biri elektrik işletmeciliği olarak düzenlenmiştir. Yine aynı yıl, 2804 sayılı Kanun ile Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü (MTA), 2819 sayılı Kanun ile Elektrik İşleri Etüt İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (EİEİ) kurulmuşlardır. 1954 yılında Devlet Su İşleri (DSİ) kurulana kadar hidroelektrik tesis dahil tüm üretim ve dağıtım Etibank önderliğinde bu kuruluşların katkılarıyla yürütülmüş, küçük kapasiteli dizel ve hidrolik santraller ve birçok sanayi kuruluşunun ve belediyelerin işlettiği dizel santraller ile şehirlerin elektrik ihtiyaçları karşılanmaya çalışılmıştır.

1948 yılında, Silahtarağa Termik Santralı'ndan o güne en büyük tesis olan Zonguldak'taki Çatalağzı Termik Santralı devreye girmiş ve 1952 yılında 154 kV'luk bir Enerji nakil hattı ile İstanbul'a elektrik takviyesi yapılmıştır. Bu Enerji nakil hattı, ulusal enerji sisteminin de (Enterkonnekte sistem) başlangıcını oluşturmuştur.

1950'li yıllarda, Türkiye'nin kurulu gücü 407.8 MW, yıllık üretim ise 500 milyon kWh'a ulaşmıştır. 1956 yılında 3 önemli tesis ulusal elektrik sistemine bağlanmıştır. Bunlar; Adana yakınlarında Seyhan Barajı ve HES, Ankara yakınlarındaki Sarıyar barajı ve HES ile Kütahya yakınlarındaki Tunçbilek Termik Santralı'dır.

1956-1984

1956 yılında, Sarıyar Barajı ilk iki ünitesi toplam 80 MW güç ile hizmete girmesinden tam 14 yıl önce, 1942 yılında ABD de hizmete giren Grand Coulee Barajı 24 jeneratörlü 6180 MW gücünde idi. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihinin en büyük elektrik projesi Atatürk Barajı 2400 MW gücündedir.

1958 yılında Nazilli yakınlarında Kemer Barajı ve HES, 1959 yılında Kırşehir yakınlarında Hirfanlı Barajı ve HES, 1960 yılında Manisa yakınlarında Demirköprü Barajı ve HES o yıllarda kurulan hidroelektrik tesislerdir.

1970 yılında 1312 sayılı yasa ile Türkiye Elektrik Kurumu (TEK) kurulmuş, Belediyeler ve İller Bankası dışında bütünlük sağlanmış, bazı istisnalar dışında üretim, iletim ve dağıtım tesislerinin yapım ve işletilmesi ile elektrik sektörünün planlanması tekel statüsüyle TEK'e verilmiştir. Bu tarihte de kurulu güç 2234.9 MW, üretim ise 8 milyar 623 milyon kWh seviyelerine yükselmiş, ilk 380 kV "Enerji Nakil Hattı" sisteme dahil edilmiştir. 1970 yılında elektriklenmiş köy sayısı % 7'ye ulaşmıştı. 1972 yılında, Türkiye'nin o güne kadarki en büyük baraj ve HES'i olan Eskişehir yakınlarındaki 300 MW gücündeki Gökçekaya Barajı ve HES ile yine en büyük termik santral projesi olan Seyitömer Termik Santralı devreye alınmıştır. 1975 yılında Fırat Nehri üzerindeki inşa edilen Keban Barajı, 1330 MW'lık kapasitesi ile o yıla kadar kurulan tüm barajlı santralerin toplamından daha büyük kurulu güce sahipti.

Türkiye kurulu gücü 1980 yılında 5118.7MW'a üretimi ise 23 milyar 275 milyon kWh kapasitesine ulaşmıştır. 1982 yılında Belediyeler ve Birliklerin ellerindeki elektrik tesisleri TEK'e devredilmiştir. Bu tarihten itibaren de enerjinin üretimi, dağıtımı ve satışları bu kurum (TEK) tarafından yapılması sağlanmıştır. Bu dönemde de Türkiye'nin kurulu gücü 6638.6 MW, üretimi ise 26 milyar 552 milyon kWh olarak gerçekleşmiş, bu yıl elektriklenmiş köy sayısı % 61'e ulaşmıştır. Bu yıllarda birde Çayırha Termik Santrali yapılmıştır. 300MW 2 ünite daha sonra 2000 yılında 2 ünite daha faliyete geçmiştir.

1984-2001
1984 yılında kabul edilen 3096 sayılı yasa ile TEK'in tekel statüsü kaldırılmış, yerli ve yabancı Sermaye Şirketlerine üretim tesisi kurmak ya da mevcut üretim ve dağıtım tesislerinin mülkiyeti TEK'da kalmak üzere işletme hakkı devralmak suretiyle faaliyette bulunma imkânı verilmiştir. 12 Ağustos 1993'te TEK; ikiye ayrılarak üretim ve iletimden sorumlu TEAŞ, dağıtımdan sorumlu TEDAŞ kurulmuştur.

Bu dönemde Yap-İşlet Devret (YİD) modeli ile kurulması kabul edilen üretim tesislerinin finansmanının teşebbüs sahiplerince sağlanması, üretilen tüm enerjinin TEK tarafından satın alınması benimsenmiştir. 3096 sayılı yasa ile Özel sektöre üretim, iletim, dağıtım ve ticaret yetkisi veren, Yap-işlet-Devret modeline, otoprodüktör (Kendi elektrik enerjisi ihtiyacını kendi ürettiği tesislerden sağlayan, ürettiği fazla enerjiyi kamuya satan sanayi kuruluşları) uygulamasına ve mevcut tesislerin işletme hakkı devirlerine imkân sağlanmıştır. 1996 yılında sadece yeni üretim tesislerinin yapımı için Yap-İşlet Modeli uygulamasına yönelik olarak 4283 sayılı yasa yayınlanmıştır.

2001-Günümüz
3 Mart 2001 tarihinde, 4628 Sayılı Elektrik Piyasası Kanunu ile Enerji Piyasası Düzenleme Kurumu (EPDK) oluşturulmuş olup piyasada faaliyet gösterecek olan işletmelerin bu kurum ve kurul ile uyumlu çalışması öngörülmüştür. Bu dönemde Türkiye Elektrik Üretim ve İletim Anonim Şirketi (TEAŞ) üçe bölünerek;
 Türkiye Elektrik Üretim Anonim Şirketi (EÜAŞ)
 Türkiye Elektrik Ticaret ve Taahhüt Anonim Şirketi (TETAŞ)
 Türkiye Elektrik İletim Anonim Şirketi (TEİAŞ) kurulmuşlardır.

Türkiye'de 2019 yılında 290,4 milyar kilovatsaat elektrik tüketilmiştir.

İllerin üretim ve tüketimleri
Not:Tabloların üst kısmında bulunan  tuşu, ilgili sütuna göre sıralama yapmaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 elektrik
 Elektrik tarihi
 Lisanssız elektrik üretimi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 EÜAŞ ana sayfası

Elektrik tarihi
Elektrik
Elektriğin tarihi

Türkiye'de elektriğin tarihi


Ingham Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Ingham Township (Iowa)
 Ingham Township (Michigan)

Ingham Township


Le  de reconnaissance de corps d'armée () est une unité de cavalerie française partiellement motorisée ayant participé à la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Chargée d'éclairer le  d'armée, elle combat pendant la bataille de France, notamment à Stonne le  et à Blois le .

Historique
Le  est mis sur pied à partir du  par le centre mobilisateur de cavalerie de Dinan. Il quitte la ville le , rejoignant le  d'armée.

Arrivée dans la région de Sedan le , il est engagé au nord de Bouillon (Belgique) en couverture de la  légère de cavalerie qui s'engage dans les Ardennes le . À partir du 12, le GRCA se replie derrière la Meuse, rejoignant le lendemain la région des Grandes-Armoises. Le 13 au soir, il rejoint Stonne.

Le 14, le groupe d'escadrons motorisés s'installe dans le bois du Mont-Dieu tandis que le lendemain le groupe d'escadrons à cheval combat les blindés allemande dans le village de Stonne, soutenant le  d'infanterie (de la  ) et le  de chars de combat (de la ).

Le 16 au matin, le GEM est bombardé par l'artillerie allemande et déplore notamment la perte de deux officiers, puis, bombardé dans l'après-midi dans le bois de Sy, perd le chef d'escadrons de Boissesson. Relevé par la , le GRCA passe en réserve.

Après rattachement provisoire à diverses unités en arrière du front, le GRCA rejoint son  d'armée le  à Versailles. Avec l'armée de Paris, le  et son GRCA se replient à partir du 13 vers la Loire.

Le 17, le  prend position à Blois-Vienne, bloquant le pont sur la Loire. Il couvre le repli de la , ainsi que de la . Le 18, il défend le pont que le génie fait sauter puis les cavaliers de la  l'aident à défendre la Loire. Les Allemands traversent au matin du 19 la Loire en radeaux au niveau de Saint-Gervais-la-Forêt mais le GRCA tient jusqu'à son repli en bon ordre à midi.

Le GRCA se replie ensuite jusqu'à arriver le 26 dans le Lot-et-Garonne. Ses hommes y sont démobilisés à partir de juillet, le  étant dissous le .

Ordre de bataille

D'après un relevé des effectifs de mi-septembre 1939 :

 Escadron hors-rang (EHR), commandé par le capitaine Delacour, et état-major du GRCA
 environ , un side-car, sept motos, six voitures de liaison et 27 camions
 Groupe d'escadrons à cheval (GEC), commandé par le chef d'escadrons de Boissesson
 État-major
 Groupe antichar hippomobile (deux canons de  )
 , commandé par le capitaine Dollois
 Quatre pelotons de cavaliers, un mortier de , un groupe de deux mitrailleuses modèle 1914, un groupe de ravitaillement
 , autant de chevaux, deux motos, quatre camions
 , commandé par le capitaine Lescot
 même composition que le
 Groupe d'escadrons motorisés (GEM), commandé par le chef d'escadrons Mouton
 , commandé par le capitaine Lebel :
 Quatre pelotons de  motocyclistes (commandés par les lieutenants Hachette, Guillerie, Josset et un chef de peloton inconnu) et un mortier de
 environ , 26 side-cars, 77 motos, huit voitures de liaison, six camions
  de mitrailleuses et d'engin, commandé par le capitaine Desvergnes :
 Deux pelotons de deux groupes de deux mitrailleuses modèle 1914 (commandés par les lieutenants Montcuit et Bourel), un groupe antichars de deux canons de   (commandé par le lieutenant Marchand)
 environ , cinq motos, treize voitures de liaison, quinze camions Lorraine 28
Le GRCA est commandé du 8 au 11 septembre par le colonel de Lafond, du 12 septembre au 7 novembre par le colonel de Galard-Terraube puis à partir du 8 novembre par le colonel Crémière.

Insigne
L'insigne présente sur un fond d'hermines un cavalier de jeu d'échecs.

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Groupe de reconnaissance
 Liste des groupes de reconnaissance de corps d'armée
 Liste des groupes de reconnaissance de division d'infanterie

12
Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1939
Unité ou formation militaire dissoute en 1940

12e groupe de reconnaissance de corps d'armée


9832 Xiaobinwang este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
9832 Xiaobinwang este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Siding Spring de Schelte J. Bus. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,43 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 7,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 9001-10000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1981
Centura de asteroizi

9832 Xiaobinwang


"One" je pjesma američkog heavy metal sastava Metallica. Objavljena je kao treći i posljednji singl s četvrtog studijskog albuma "...And Justice for All" iz 1988. godine. Također je prvi Top 40 hit singl, a bila je na 35. mjestu ljestvice Billboard Hot 100 te na prvom mjestu ljestvice u Finskoj.

Godine 1990. pjesma je postala prva koja je osvojila nagradu Grammy u metal kategoriji. Pjesma je jedna od najpopularnijih pjesama sastava te ju redovito sviraju na svakom koncertu. Pjesma je također najsviranija s albuma "...And Justice for All".

Videspot za pjesmu objavljen je u siječnju 1989. godine na MTV-ju. Govori kako se vojnik iz Prvog svjetskog rata koji je bio slijep, nepokretan i u nemogućnosti govoriti vratio iz rata kako bi umro u miru. Jedina mu je nada bila da smisli način kako komunicirati s osobljem bolnice. Videospot je snimljen u crno-bijeloj tehnici, te su korišteni isječci iz filma Johnny je krenuo u rat.

Izvori

Singlovi 1980-ih
Skladbe Metallice

One (pjesma sastava Metallica)


Narcao (sardinski: Narcàu) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Južnoj Sardiniji u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 125 metara i ima 3 300 stanovnika. Prostire se na 85,88 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 38 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Carbonia, Iglesias, Nuxis, Perdaxius, Siliqua, Villamassargia i Villaperuccio.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Narcao


Mythimna convecta es una polilla de la familia Noctuidae. Se encuentra en Australia. Las orugas marchan en grupos buscando el follaje en que se alimentan.

La envergadura es de unos 40 mm.

Las larvas se alimentan de una amplia gama de plantas agrícolas, como Ananas comosus, Ipomoea batatas, Medicago sativa y especies de gramíneas y por lo tanto M. convecta es considerada como una plaga.

Referencias

Species info

Enlaces externos

convecta

Mythimna convecta


Bhishma (), also known as Pitamaha, Gangaputra, and Devavrata, is a major character of the epic Mahabharata. He was the supreme commander of the Kaurava forces during the Kurukshetra War of the epic. He was the only character who witnessed the entirety of the events of the Mahabharata, beginning from the reign of his father, King Shantanu of the Kuru kingdom. Bhishma was the stepbrother of Vyasa, the grandfather of both the Pandavas and the Kauravas. He was a prominent statesman of the Kuru Kingdom. He was born as the elder son of the illustrious King Shantanu and goddess Ganga.

Originally named Devavrata, he was made the heir-apparent of his kingdom. However, he renounced his birthright for his father's happiness and took a vow of lifelong celibacy. Owing to this selfless decision, he came to be known as Bhishma, and was blessed to live as long as he wanted, by his father, Shantanu. He participated in the Kurukshetra War on the side of the Kauravas. On the tenth day of the war, the Pandava prince Arjuna, with the help of Shikhandi, pierced Bhishma with numerous arrows and paralysed him upon a bed of arrows. After spending fifty-one nights on the arrow bed, Bhishma left his body on the auspicious Uttarayana (winter solstice). Before his death, he passed down the Vishnu Sahasranama to Yudhishthira.

Bhishma is a revered figure in Hinduism. Each year his death anniversary is celebrated as Bhishma Ashtami, which falls on the eighth lunar day of the Shukla (light) half of the Magha (January–February) month.

Etymology and epithets
According to Monier Monier-Williams, the word Bhishma (भीष्म) means "terrible", "horrible", "fearful" or "fierce". The word is also used to describe Rudra, the fierce god, as well as the Rakshasa. In the epic, Devavrata received this as he undertook a fierce or terrible vow (Bhishma pratigya) and fulfilled it. Bhishma was given the name Devavrata (देवव्रत) at his birth, meaning one who is devoted to Gods.

As Bhishma was the only surviving son of Ganga, he was given many epithets which mean "son of Ganga"  Gangaputra (गंगापुत्र), Gang (गंग), Gangasuta (गंगासुत) and Gangeya (गांगेय). The word Gangadatta (गंगादत्त) means given by Ganga. Patronymics of Bhishma include Shantanava (शान्तनव), Shantanuputra, Shantanusuta and Shantanuja. Bhishma was also referred as:
 Gaurānga (गौरांग) – the one with fair body
 Shvetaveera (श्वेतवीर) – a white warrior or the one who is heroic white and has all weapons in white Colour
 Bhārata (भारत) – a descendant of Bharata
 Mahāmahima (महामहिम) – his excellency
 Parshuramashishya (परशुरामशिष्य) – disciple of Parshurama
 Pitāmaha (पितामह)- Grandfather (also known as Bhishma Pitamaha; called by Pandavas and Kauravas)

Birth and early life

Bhishma's birth and youth are mainly narrated in the Adi Parva book of the epic. He was the only surviving son of Shantanu, a king belonging to the lunar dynasty, and his first wife Ganga, a river goddess. It is believed that he was the avatar of a Vasu named Dyu, alias Prabhasa.

According to the legend, Shantanu, the youngest son of the king Pratipa and the king of Kuru kingdom, was on a hunting trip, when he saw a beautiful woman on the banks of the river Ganga. He fell in love with her and asked for her hand in marriage. The lady agreed to his proposal but with one condition that he will never question her actions; and if this condition was broken, she would abandon him. Shantanu accepted it and lived a happy marital life with her. However, when a child was born, the queen used to drown him in the river Ganga. One by one, seven sons were born and drowned, while Shantanu remained silent because of his commitment. When she was about to throw the eighth child into the river, Shantanu, unable to control himself, stopped her and confronted her about her actions. After hearing Shantanu's harsh words, the woman revealed herself to be the goddess Ganga and justified her actions and narrated the following story.

Once the celestial Vasus and their wives were enjoying themselves in the forest when the wife of Dyu spotted an excellent cow and asked her husband to steal it. The cow was Nandini, daughter of the wish-fulfilling cow Surabhi, and was owned by the sage Vashishtha. With the help of his brothers, Dyu tried to steal it but Vashishtha caught them and cursed them to be born as mortals and suffer a miserable life. Upon their pleading, Vashishta showed mercy and told the other seven Vasus that they will be liberated soon after their birth. However, Dyu being the protagonist of the theft was cursed to endure a longer life on the earth. Before the birth of her sons, Ganga was requested to kill the seven children soon after their birth. Hearing this, Shantanu was filled with grief and regrets and Ganga decided to abandon him as her condition was broken. Before disappearing, she promised Shantanu to return his heir.

Ganga named her son Devavrata and took him to different loka (realms), where he was brought up and trained by many eminent sages.

 Brihaspati and Shukracharya taught Devavrata the duties of kings (Dandaneeti), or political science and other Shastras.
 The sages Vashishtha and Chyavana taught the Vedas and Vedangas to Devavrata.
 Sanatkumara: The eldest son of the god Brahma taught Devavrata the mental and spiritual sciences.
 Markandeya: The immortal son of Mrikandu of Bhrigu's race who acquired everlasting youth from the god Shiva taught Devavrata in the duties of the Yatis.
 Parashurama: The son of Jamadagni trained Bhishma in warfare.
 Indra: The king of the Devas. He bestowed celestial weapons on Bhishma.

Years later, Shantanu was roaming on the banks of the Ganga and observed that the water of the river had turned shallow. He saw a young man blocking the water currents with a dam made up of arrows. Shantanu recognised his son because of the similarities and begged Ganga to return him. Ganga appeared in a youthful form and handed her son to Shantanu as per her promise. The young Devavrata was known as Gangadatta as he was handed over by Ganga.

The oath

Devavrata was made the heir-apparent, and the citizens loved him because of his divine background and eligibility. Meanwhile, Shantanu went to the forest and met a fisherwoman named Satyavati, who operated the boats crossing the Yamuna. He fell in love with her and asked for her hand in marriage from her father. However, the fisherman-chief told that he would only agree if Shantanu promised to put the son born to Satyavati as the heir. Shantanu rejected the offer as he had already promised the throne to Devavrata and returned to the palace. He started to avoid any company and spend his time in bed in grief and solitude. Devavrata noticed his father's sorrow and discovered the reason behind it from a minister.

Devavrata immediately rushed to the cottage of the fishermen-chief and begged him for Satyavati, but the fishermen-chief repeated his former condition. For his father's pleasure and happiness, Devavrata ceded his rights to the throne and promised to put the son of Satyavati on the throne of the kingdom. Satyavati's father was not assured as he claimed that disputes were likely to arise between Satyavati's son and Devavrata's children regarding the rights to the throne. To satisfy him, Devavrata took the vow of lifelong Brahmacharya (celibacy), thus denying himself the pleasures of marital life.

The celestials showered flowers from heaven and he came to be known as "Bhishma" as he took a terrible vow. With the consent of the fisherman, Bhishma took Satyavati to his father on a chariot and informed him about his vows. A loving father Shantanu gave him a boon of Iccha Mrityu, the control over the time of his death. Shantanu and Satyavati soon married and two children – Chitrangada and Vichitravirya were born.

Affairs of Kuru Kingdom
After the death of his father, Bhishma played a major role in the affairs of the Kuru kingdom. He managed the kingdom when there were succession crises. He also arranged the marriage of his nephews and tried to bring peace between his grand-nephews, the Kauravas and the Pandavas.

The text Harivamsa mentions that during the mourning period after Shantanu's death, Bhishma killed Ugrayudha Paurava, a statesman of Panchala kingdom who lusted for Satyavati and tried to buy her with wealth. According to the Mahabharata, Chitrangada was crowned as the king, however, he was soon killed by a Gandharva (celestial musician). Bhishma performed Chitrangada's funeral rites. Vichitravirya, who was too young to rule, was crowned as the king by Bhishma but the actual control of the kingdom was under Satyavati until he reached adulthood. Bhishma aided Satyavati during that time.

Abduction of the Kashi princesses and battle with Parashurama
When Vichitravirya grew up, Bhishma decided to bring Amba, Ambika and Ambalikathe princesses of Kashi kingdomand get them married to him. Bhishma reached the kingdom and forcefully abducted the princesses, who were choosing their spouse in a Swayamvara (self-choice ceremony where a woman chooses her husband from a group of suitors). Shalva, the ruler of Shalwa or Saubala Kingdom and the lover of Amba, attempted to stop Bhishma but failed. Upon reaching Hastinapura, Ambika and Ambalika consented to marry Vichitravirya, while Amba told Bhishma about her love for Shalva. Learning about her feelings, Bhishma sent Amba to Saubala Kingdom.

The Udyoga Parva further narrates about Amba as well as the battle between Bhishma and Parashurama. When Amba requested Shalva to marry her, he rejected her, claiming that he was already humiliated during the Svayamvara. He also told her that he could not accept a woman, who was won by another man. A variant suggests that after Amba returned to Hastinapur, Bhishma then asked Vichitravirya to marry her, but he also refused to marry her as she loved another man. With no one to accept her, Amba blamed Bhishma for her misery and wanted revenge from him. She went to the kings of several kingdom and tried to convince them to slay Bhishma; but none of them agreed. After she was advised by some sages, she met Parasurama, Bhishma's teacher and successfully convinced him in giving vow to help her.

Parasurama went to Kurukshetra and sent a message to Bhishma to meet him. Bhishma arrived at the place and offered his service to his teacher. Wanting to solve the situation, Parasurama ordered him to marry Amba, telling him that it was his duty. However, Bhishma denied it, reminding him about his vow. This enraged Parashurama and he threatened Bhishma with death. Bhishma tried to calm him but it failed. An intense battle began with both protecting their words. They fought for twenty-three days, each using celestial weapons. Ganga tried to stop them but was unsuccessful. On the twenty-fourth day of battle, Bhishma attempted to use the  Prashwapastra against Parashurama, but the divine sage Narada and the gods intervened and showed their concern over the use of powerful weapons which could destroy the world. Parashurama ended the conflict and the battle was declared a stalemate. After hearing about the event, Amba decided to take her revenge on her own and did severe austerities to please the god Shiva. Shiva appeared in front of her and assured that she would be reborn and become instrumental in Bhishma's death. Satisfied, she then made a funeral pyre of woods and killed herself. Years later, she was reborn as Shikhandini, daughter of King Drupada of Panchala kingdom.

Political influences

Vichitravirya was crowned as the king of Hastinapura and he ruled for a few years, before he died of tuberculosis. He had no offspring and the lineage was at the risk of extinction. Satyavati persuaded Bhishma to marry the widows of Vichitravirya and rule as the king or at least impregnate them to produce an heir. However Bhishma refused the proposal and told her about his vow. He then suggested that a sage could be requested to perform Niyoga (a practice in which another person is requested to impregnate a woman, whose husband is deceased or impotent). Satyavati called her premarital born son, Vyasa, to impregnate her daughters-in-law. Three children were born Dhritarashtra from Ambika, Pandu from Ambalika and Vidura from a maid. Bhishma trained them and also got them married. He arranged the wedding of Dhritarashtra with Gandhari, the princess of Gandhara Kingdom. He also brought Madri for Pandu from Madra Kingdom and also got Vidura married to the daughter of Devaka.

Despite Dhritrashtra being the eldest among the brothers, he was denied the throne because of his blindness. Pandu was appointed as the king, but later, he renounced his position and went to the forest with his wives. Dhritarashtra was made the de facto king and  Gandhari gave birth to the Kauravas siblings. Meanwhile, Pandu's two wives gave birth to the five Pandava brothers. After the premature death of Pandu, his first wife Kunti returned to Hastinapur with her sons. Satyavati, along with Ambika and Ambalika, decided to retire to the forest for penance, leaving Bhishma with the responsibility of the kingdom. A Brahmin warrior Drona, was hired by Bhishma to train the princes in warfare.

From their childhood, the Kauravas hated their cousins and tried to kill them multiple times. One such was the event of Lakshagriha, in which Duryodhana—the eldest Kaurava—decided to burn the Pandavas. Bhishma was despondent but Vidura consoled him and told them that the Pandavas were alive. The event led to the succession dispute between Duryodhana and Yudhishthira. To resolve this, Bhishma advised Dhritarashtra to divide the kingdom among the princes. The Pandavas made their capital in Indraprastha and performed the Rajasuya to achieve sovereignty and the status of the emperor. Bhishma supported them and attended the ceremony. He suggested Yudhishthira give Krishna the highest place in the ceremony, but this enraged Shishupalaan enemy of Krishna. He initially protested to give the position to Bhishma, but after Bhishma showed no objection in honouring Krishna, Shishupala started insulting him.

Bhishma was present during the gambling game in Hastinapur, where Draupadi—the wife of the Pandavas—was humiliated in the court. When she questioned the dharma of Yudhishthira losing her in the game, Bhishma tried but failed to answer her and described dharma to be subtle.

The Kurukshetra War

In the great battle at Kurukshetra, Bhishma was the supreme commander of the Kaurava forces for ten days. He fought reluctantly on the side of the Kauravas. Bhishma was one of the most powerful warriors of his time and in history. He acquired his prowess and invincibility from being the son of the sacred Ganga and by being a student of Lord Parashurama. Despite being about five generations old, Bhishma was too powerful to be defeated by any warrior alive at that time.  Every day, he slew at least 10,000 soldiers and about a 1,000 rathas. At the beginning of the war, Bhishma vowed not to kill any of the Pandavas, as he loved them, being their grand-uncle. Duryodhana often confronted Bhishma alleging that he was not actually fighting for the Kaurava camp as he would not kill any of the Pandavas. He also did not allow any of the Kauravas to be killed in the war, as he loved all his grand-nephews and wanted a peace negotiation.
Duryodhana approached Bhishma one night and accused him of not fighting the battle to his full strength because of his affection for the Pandavas. On the next day there was an intense battle between Bhishma and Arjuna. Although Arjuna was very very skilled and Powerful, he was not fighting seriously as his heart was not in it to hurt his beloved grandsire Bhishma. Bhishma fired arrows such that Arjuna and Krishna were both injured. That angered Krishna who had already vowed to not raise a weapon in the war, lifted a chariot wheel and threatened Bhishma. Arjuna stopped Lord Krishna by convincing him to return to the chariot and put down the wheel, promising to fight with all his might and stop Bhishma. Thus Bhishma fulfilled his vow of forcing Krishna to raise a weapon. Then Arjuna used stronger weapons,  injuring Bhishma. Bhishma and Arjuna's duel was praised by the gods themselves as they watched over it from the sky.
The war was thus locked in a stalemate. As the Pandavas mulled over this situation, Krishna advised them to visit Bhishma himself and request him to suggest a way out of this stalemate. Bhishma loved the Pandavas and knew that he stood as an obstacle in their path to victory and so when they visited Bhishma, he gave them a hint as to how they could defeat him. He told them that if faced by one who had once been of the opposite gender, he would lay down his arms and fight no longer.

Later Krishna told Arjuna how he could bring down Bhishma, through the help of Shikhandi. The Pandavas were not agreeable to such a ploy, as by using such tactics they would not be following the path of Dharma, but Krishna suggested a clever alternative. And thus, on the next day, the tenth day of battle Shikhandi was accompanied by Arjuna as Arjuna was his chariot protector and they faced Bhishma who avoided Shikhandi. He was then felled in battle by Arjuna, pierced by innumerable arrows. Arjuna shot arrows at Bhishma, piercing his entire body. Thus, as was preordained (Mahadeva's boon to Amba that she would be the cause of Bhishma's fall) Shikhandi, that is, Amba reincarnated was the cause of Bhishma's fall. As Bhishma fell, his whole body was held above the ground by the shafts of Arjuna's arrows which protruded from his back, and through his arms and legs. Seeing Bhishma lying on such a bed of arrows humbled even the gods who watched from the heavens in reverence. They silently blessed the mighty warrior. When the young princes of both armies gathered around him, inquiring if there was anything they could do, he told them that while his body lay on the bed of arrows above the ground, his head hung unsupported. Hearing this, many of the princes, both Kaurava and the Pandava alike brought him pillows of silk and velvet, but he refused them. He asked Arjuna to give him a pillow fit for a warrior. Arjuna then removed three arrows from his quiver and placed them underneath Bhishma's head, the pointed arrow tips facing upwards. To quench the war veteran's thirst, Arjuna shot an arrow into the earth, and a jet stream of water rose up and into Bhishma's mouth. It is said that Ganga herself rose to quench her son's thirst.

Death
After the war, while on his deathbed (arrow bed), he gave deep and meaningful instructions to Yudhishthira on statesmanship and the duties of a king. Bhishma always gave priority to Dharma. He always walked in the path of Dharma, despite his state because of the vow, he was supposed to forcefully follow the orders of his king Dhritharashtra, which were mostly Adharma, he was totally upset. He was sure he must let dharma win and Pandavas win, but the way he led the war and stayed silent were his sins in a way and he paid for it with the bed of arrows. Finally, Bhishma gave up the fight, focusing his life force and breath, sealing the wounds, and waiting for the auspicious moment to give up his body on the arrow bed. He did wait for about 58 nights for the winter solstice or first day of Uttarayana to give up his body on the arrow bed. Mahabharata states that he attained salvation after his death. He was granted the Maatru Lok (which is considered even above Swarga, the heaven). Magha (month) Shukla Ashtami marks the death anniversary of Bhishma Pitamah(Father), the day being known as Bhishma Ashtami. Hindus observe Ekodishta Śrāddha for him on this day, for many generations, and can only be performed by those whose fathers are not alive. Bhishma Panchaka vrata (fast) is observed in all Vishnu temples, starting from Bhishma Ashtami, for five days until Bhishma Dwadasi. People believe that they will have a son with the steadfast qualities of Bhishma if they observe these holy rituals on the river banks. It is also said that those who will perform this fast will live a happy life and attain salvation after their death.

In popular culture

Films and television
His life has been made into many films in different Indian languages. The first silent film was made in 1922. During the talkie period, the first film was made in Hindi (1937). It was followed by a Bengali film in 1942 directed by Jyotish Bannerjee. Jahar Ganguli played the title role.

 Telugu cinema, two films were made. The first film on Bhishma was made in 1944 directed by Chitrapu Narayana Rao. Jandhyala Gourinatha Sastry played the role of Bhishma. B. A. Subba Rao made a film in 1962 titled Bhishma. The title role was played by N. T. Rama Rao.
 Bhishma's character was played by Mukesh Khanna in the B.R. Chopra's classic television series Mahabharat (1988).
 In Ramanand Sagar's television series Shri Krishna (1993) Sunil Nagar portrayed the character.
 Surendra Pal portrayed the character in Chandraprakash Dwivedi's Ek Aur Mahabharat.
 In the television series Draupadi (2001) Pankaj Dheer played the character.
 In Balaji Telefilms' Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki (2008) Ronit Roy played the role.
 In Star Plus' television series Mahabharat (2013) Aarav Chowdhary played the role of Bhishma.
 Amitabh Bachchan has also voiced the character in the animated Mahabharat (2013).
 Naved Aslam in Sony TV's Suryaputra Karn.
 Ambareesh played the role of Bhishma in the 2019 mythological Kannada movie Kurukshetra, which was his last film as well.
 In the 2022 Malayalam movie Bheeshma Parvam , the lead character (played by Mammootty ) was based on Bheeshma. The story and characters were inspired by both Mahabharat and The Godfather.

Modern references
The tank T-90 Main Battle Tank, one of the world's most advanced MBTs acquired from Russia for the Indian Army, is named after Bhishma.

Notes

Citations

References

External links

 Persons and stories from the Mahābhārata
 Small story illustrating Bhishma's greatness

Characters in the Mahabharata
Characters in Hindu mythology

Bhishma


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Hljómplötur Lady Gaga
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A Star Is Born (tónlist)