Jean d'Elbée est un historien et essayiste français.

Biographie

Il est rédacteur en chef de La Revue hebdomadaire et de la Revue d'histoire diplomatique.

Publications
Saint-Jean-de-Luz, ville royale (1964)
Le Pays basque français, Labourd, Basse-Navarra, Soule (1946)
Pâturages sanglants (1943)
 Lesseps (1939)
Le sourd et le muet (1931)

Références

Liens externes

Historien français du XXe siècle
Lauréat du prix Thérouanne
Rédacteur en chef
Naissance en février 1882
Naissance à Toulouse
Décès en juin 1966
Décès à Guéthary
Décès à 84 ans

Jean d'Elbée


La mosquée de Hotan (chinois : 和田清真寺 / pinyin : Hétián Qīngzhēnsì / ouïghour : مەسچىد خوتەن), ou la mosquée Jiaman (chinois : 加曼清真寺 / pinyin : Jiāmàn qīngzhēnsì), est un édifice religieux ouïghour consacré au culte musulman, situé à Hotan dans la région autonome du Xinjiang.

Histoire
La grande mosquée de Hotan est construite en 1870, époque où la région était brièvement indépendante de la dynastie Qing. Elle est dédiée à Habibullah Khan, dirigeant du bref Khanat de Khotan.

Architecture
Le complexe comprend une grande salle de prière, une grande arche et un centre d'études des écritures reliée à l'édicice principal par une autre entrée. La grande arche est faite d'un édifice de briques faisant face au sud (à la Mecque) entouré de deux colonnes surmontées de lanternes, aux murs décorés d'arabesques, qu'on retrouve sur le contour de l'arche. Le minaret, construit sur le toit séparément, est plutôt bas et est couronné d'un dôme circulaire. Il comprend six fenêtres festonnées.

Après avoir passé l'arche, une allée de peupliers mène à la cour intérieure. À l'ouest de ces arbres se trouve la salle de prière, un long bâtiment au toit plat. Elle a une salle intérieure et un espace extérieur, adapté à la prière pendant les temps plus doux, un type d'arrangement commun dans les mosquées du Xinjiang. Les deux sections sont divisées par des colonnes de bois. Les murs intérieurs de la salle de prière sont fais de briques blanchies à la chaux et couvertes de lambris turquoise. Des médaillons et des plaques ornées d'arabesques couvrent ces murs.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de mosquées de Chine

Bibliographie
 Chang Jingqi, Islamic Architecture in China, 1982, dans .
 .
 .

Liens externes

Mosquée dans la région autonome du Xinjiang

Mosquée de Hotan


Helcmanovce (deutsch Helzmanowitz oder Hannsdorf, ungarisch Nagykuncfalva – bis 1907 Nagykunchfalu – bis 1892 Helcmanóc) ist eine Gemeinde im Osten der Slowakei, mit  Einwohnern (Stand ), die zum Okres Gelnica, einem Kreis des Košický kraj gehört.

Geographie

Die Gemeinde befindet sich im Tal des Hnilec (deutsch Göllnitz) zwischen den Gebirgen Volovské vrchy und Hnilecké vrchy (beide Teil des Slowakischen Erzgebirges). Das Ortszentrum liegt auf einer Höhe von  und ist 10 Kilometer von Gelnica sowie 44 Kilometer von Spišská Nová Ves gelegen.

Geschichte

Helcmanovce wurde zum ersten Mal 1297 als Cuncz schriftlich erwähnt und war im 14. Jahrhundert Teil des Herrschaftsguts von Zipser Burg. 1828 sind 161 Häuser und 1618 Einwohner verzeichnet. Die Bevölkerung war überwiegend in Landwirtschaft und Bergbau beschäftigt.

Bevölkerung
Ergebnisse nach der Volkszählung 2001 (1556 Einwohner):

Bauwerke
 griechisch-katholische Kirche St. Michael Erzengel von 1600, im späten 18. Jahrhundert umgebaut
 neoklassizistisches Landschloss des Großgutbesitzers Imrich Csáky von 1925

Verkehr
Helcmanovce besitzt eine Haltestelle an der Bahnstrecke Margecany–Červená Skala und liegt an der Landesstraße 546 (Prešov–Margecany–Hnilčík).

Weblinks

Ort in der Slowakei
Ersterwähnung 1297

Helcmanovce


John Ford (1 Şubat 1894, Cape Elizabeth, Maine, ABD - 31 Ağustos 1973, Palm Desert, Kaliforniya, ABD), Amerikalı yönetmen. John Ford Western sineması ile özleşmiş ve dönemin sinema dilini en iyi kullanan yönetmenlerinden biriydi. Ford'un filmlerinde mülkiyet ya tarla ya da ev olsun silahla savunma gereklidir. Ortak bir düşmana karşı koymak gerektiğinde ortaya çıkan toplumsal dayanışma ise yönetmenin filmlerindeki ana temalardan biridir. Stagecoach ve The Searchers gibi Western türü filmleriyle tanınır. En iyi yönetmen Oscar'ını, 1935, 1940, 1941 ve 1952 yıllarında kazanmıştır.

Akira Kurosawa, Martin Scorsese ve Steven Spielberg gibi yönetmenlerin de ilham kaynağı olmuştur.

Kariyeri

Yöntmenin The Iron Horse (Demir At, 1924) ülkenin iki yakasını birbirine bağlayan demiryolu hattının yapımını, Arrowsmith (1931) Sinclair Lewis'in romanını, The Lost Patrol (Kayıp Müfrete, 1934) Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Araplar tarafından kuşatılan bir İngiliz müfrezesindeki erlerin korkusunu, The Informer (Muhbir, 1935) İrlanda'da İngilizlere karşı verilen savaşta para karşılığında arkadaşlarını ele veren bir "muhbirin" vicdan azabını, Hurricane (Kasırga, 1937) vahşi batıya düzen getiren atlı askerlerin öyküsünü, Stagecoach (Cehennem Dönüşü, 1939) yedi yolcusuyla birlikte, Apaçilerin oturduğu Yeni Meksika ve Utah'dan geçerek Lordsburg'a gitmekte olan bir posta arabasının yolculuğunu, My Darling Clementine (Kanun Harici) kasaba şerifi ile alkolik doktorun arası bir melez kız yüzünden açılmasını, Fort Apache (Kan Kalesi, 1948) Apaçilerin Amerikan askerlerini kıyıma uğrattığı ünlü Little Big Horn Savaşı'nı, She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (Sarı Kurdelalı Kız, 1949) altın kalplı bir kızın bir kovboy tarafından kurtarılmasını, Rio Grande (Kahramanlar Diyarı, 1950) Amerikan İç Savaşı sırasında atlı birliklerin kahramanlığını, The Searchers (Çöl Aslanı, 1956) kendisini kaçıran Kızılderililere ayak uydurmasını, Cheyenne Autumn (Baharda Hücüm, 1964) yurtlarından sürülerek yollara düşen Cheyenne kabilesinin, uçsuz bucaksız ovalarda, ürkütücü kanyonlarda doğa koşullarına ve açlığa dayanmak için verdiği ölüm kalım savaşını, The Horse Soldiers (Kahraman Süvariler, 1958) Amerikan İç Savaşı'nda bir ailenin öyküsünü, Two Rode Together (Kanlı Mücadele, 1961) Komançilerin kaçırdığı beyazların kurtarılmasını, The Man Who Shot Liberty Valence (Kahramanın Sonu, 1962) kara film anlayışıyla anlatılan bir adamın hikâyesini, How The West Was Won (Batının Fethi, 1962) güçlükleri bileğinin gücüyle yenmeyi yeğleyen öncülerle, beceriyi ve gücü toplumun hizmetine sunan yurttaşlık bilincini, Young Mr. Lincoln (Genç Lincoln, 1939) yurttaşlık bilincinin simgesi saydığı Abraham Lincoln'e Amerikalıların borcunu, The Grapes of Wrath (Gazap Üzümleri, 1940), kapitalizme dayalı makineleşmenin topraksız bıraktığı çaresiz köylülerin dramını, Tobacco Road (Tütün Yolu, 1941) Erskine Caldwell'in öyküsünü ve Richard Llewellyn'den uyarlanan How Green Was My Valley (Vadim O Kadar Yeşildi ki, 1941) 19. yüzyıl sonunda Galler ülkesinde bir maden kasabasında yaşamı konu edindi.

Ödülleri
John Ford, 4 kez en iyi yönetmen Oscar'ı almıştır. Oscar ödülü aldığı filmler  The Informer (1935), The Grapes of Wrath (1940), Vadim O Kadar Yeşildi Ki (1941), ve The Quiet Man (1952)'dir. Ayrıca 1939 yılında Stagecoach filmi ile Oscar adayı olmuştur. 4 kez en iyi yönetmen Oscar'ı kazanan tek yönetmendir.

Yönetmenliği dışında, yapımcı olarak The Quiet Man ve The Long Voyage Home filmleri ile En İyi Film Oscarı'na aday olmuştur.

1973 yılında American Film Institute (AFI)'den yaşam boyu başarı ödülü alan ilk kişidir.

Filmografi

John Ford'un filmografisi için John Ford filmografisi maddesine bakınız.

Biyografileri
 John Ford (Yazar Peter Bogdanovich, revised edition, University of California Press, 1978)
 John Ford (Yazar Andrew Sinclair, 1979)
 The Unquiet Man: The Life of John Ford (Yazar Dan Ford, 1982)
 Print the Legend (Yazar Scott Eyman, 1999)
 Searching for John Ford: A Life (Yazar Joseph McBride, 2001)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Yahoo! Movies sayfası

1894 doğumlular
Cumberland County, Maine doğumlular
1973 yılında ölenler
Amerikalı amiraller
Amerikalı film yönetmenleri
İrlanda asıllı Amerikalılar
II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Amerikalı askerler
Sessiz film yönetmenleri
En İyi Yönetmen Akademi Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Yönetmen National Board of Review Ödülü sahipleri
Başkanlık Özgürlük Madalyası sahipleri
Mide kanserinden ölenler
Kaliforniya'da defnedilenler
Kaliforniya'da kanserden ölenler
National Board of Review Ödülü sahipleri
Directors Guild of America Ödülü sahipleri
New York Film Eleştirmenleri Birliği Ödülü sahipleri
New York Film Eleştirmenleri Birliği En İyi Yönetmen Ödülü sahipleri
Yaşam Boyu Başarı Altın Aslan Ödülü sahipleri

John Ford


Brompton Road is a disused station on the Piccadilly line of the London Underground, located between Knightsbridge and South Kensington stations.

It was closed in 1934, nearly 28 years after being opened by the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway company. During the Second World War it was used as the command centre of the 26th (London) Anti-Aircraft Brigade. In 2014, the owner of the site, the Ministry of Defence, sold it to a Ukrainian businessman, Dmytro Firtash, who claimed an intention to convert it to residential use.

London Transport Museum runs regular Zoom-hosted virtual tours of the station via its "Hidden London" programme; which explore its time as a Second World War bunker and reveal what it looks like today.

History
Brompton Road was opened on 15 December 1906 by the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (GNP&BR). The station was located at the junction of Brompton Road and Cottage Place. Although it was conveniently situated for both the Brompton Oratory and the Victoria and Albert Museum, it saw little passenger usage and by October 1909 some services passed through without stopping.

The station closed on 4 May 1926 due to the general strike and did not reopen until 4 October of that year with services initially only calling there on weekdays. Sunday services were restored on 2 January 1927. As before, Brompton Road was little used, to the extent that two of its lifts were removed and relocated elsewhere and the ticket office was closed.

When the adjacent Knightsbridge station was modernised with escalators replacing lifts, it was provided with a new southern entrance that was built closer to Brompton Road station, reducing its catchment area. When the new entrance for Knightsbridge opened on 30 July 1934, Brompton Road closed.

Just prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, the street-level building together with the lift shafts and lower western passages were sold to the War Office for a sum of £22,000 (equivalent to £ million in ) for use by the 26th (London) Anti-Aircraft Brigade of the 1st Anti-Aircraft Division. During the War, it was the Royal Artillery's anti-aircraft operations room for central London. This use was discontinued in the 1950s. It was subsequently used as the town headquarters (THQ) of the University of London Air Squadron, the University of London Royal Naval Unit and 46F (Kensington) Squadron Air Training Corps.

Station building

Like the others on the GNP&BR, the station building was designed by Leslie Green. The surface building occupied an L-shaped site built on two adjacent sides of a public house which occupied the corner of Brompton Road and Cottage Place. The façades were of Green's standard red-glazed terracotta design with semi-circular arches at first floor level. The entrance and exits to the lifts were on Brompton Road with the Cottage Place elevation providing staff access. The Brompton Road elevation was demolished in 1972, but the Cottage Place elevation remains, now partly incorporated into a larger building.

Although the platforms have long since been removed, their original location can be seen from passing trains by the brick walls that stand in their place. The original tiling remains on the tunnel walls, although soot and dirt now obscures them.

Proposals for reuse

In 2011, proposals from The Old London Underground Company were made suggesting the parts of the station which were used during World War II be opened to the public, with the remainder of the above-ground buildings becoming a restaurant, and the rest of the underground space being turned over to the London Fire Brigade Museum.

In July 2013, the Ministry of Defence announced the site was for sale, with an expected price of about £20 million. The MoD's property surveyor said specialist developers could adapt the  site but stated "a lot of work was needed". In May 2014, the site was sold for £53 million to Dmytro Firtash, a billionaire Ukrainian businessman who claimed an intention to convert it to residential use. The property remained unused .

In popular culture
A 1928 comedy play by Jevan Brandon-Thomas was about a woman who lived near Brompton Road and felt that life was passing her by just as the non-stopping trains were, and so it was titled Passing Brompton Road. The London production starring Marie Tempest ran for 174 performances.  (For a 1931 film adaptation, the title was changed to Her Reputation.)

Another play in 2008 used the station. Sailing By, by Anthony Chew, took place on the long-closed platform, where two people sit and talk while Death stalks them.

References

External links

  (includes photos of station as it is today)
 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive

Piccadilly line stations
Disused London Underground stations
Disused railway stations in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Former Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1906
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1934
Brompton, London
Leslie Green railway stations
Railway stations located underground in the United Kingdom

Brompton Road tube station


La batalla de Gandesa fue un enfrentamiento militar ocurrido a principios de abril de 1938, durante la Guerra Civil Española. La resistencia que llevaron a cabo los brigadistas internacionales permitió la evacuación republicana de material y hombres al otro lado del río Ebro.

Combates
El enfrentamiento tiene su origen en el momento en que la XV Brigada Internacional se atrincheró en esta localidad catalana para intentar detener la ofensiva de las tropas franquistas, que desde el comienzo de la Ofensiva de Aragón avanzaban imparables. Los internacionales de la XV Brigada venían retirándose desde el comienzo de esta ofensiva, cuando el frente republicano se vino abajo. A pesar de las proezas de los defensores interbrigadistas, el 3 de abril cayó Gandesa y con ella unos 140 brigadistas británicos fueron hechos prisioneros.

Consecuencias
A pesar de las bajas sufridas por las brigadistas, su resistencia en los alrededores (la zona de la Tierra Alta)  duró unos días más y permitió la evacuación de valioso material bélico, además de permitir que pudieran reagruparse numerosas unidades republicanas al otro lado del río Ebro. Unos meses después, tras el comienzo de la Batalla del Ebro, la localidad volvió a verse agitada con el nuevo intento de capturarla que llevaron a cabo las tropas republicanas, entre ellas nuevamente tropas de la XV Brigada Internacional.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Salas Larrazabal, Ramón (2006); Historia del Ejército Popular de la República, La Esfera de los Libros, Madrid; ISBN 84-9734-465-0.

Guerra civil española en Cataluña
Batallas de la guerra civil española de 1938
Batallas en la provincia de Tarragona
Gandesa

Batalla de Gandesa (1938)


The Shi'ar ( ) are a fictional species of aliens appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Shi'ar Empire (or Imperium), is a vast collection of alien species, cultures, and worlds situated close to the Skrull and Kree Empires. The Shi'ar are one of the three main extraterrestrial empires depicted in the Marvel Universe, alongside the Kree and Skrulls.

Publication history
The Shi'ar first appeared in Uncanny X-Men #97 (Feb. 1976) and were created by writer Chris Claremont and artist Dave Cockrum.

Biology
The Shi'ar are cold-blooded humanoids of avian descent; they resemble humans with feathered crests atop their heads in lieu of hair. Two different styles are common: most Shi'ar, particularly those of the aristocracy, have feathers sprouting in a triangular shape away from the face, one peak on the top of the head and one peak on each side slightly over the shoulder; the other commonly seen "hairstyle" is bushy on both sides and very flat on the top.

Internally, they have lightweight and hollow bones, and on their forearms there are still some vestigial feathers left of wings that were lost over millions of years of evolution. The average Shi'ar can lift 1 ton in Earth-like gravity and has far greater stamina than the average human. Most Shi'ar have no other special abilities, though occasionally a genetic throwback appears possessing wings that allow for flight (an example of  atavism). The superhuman Shi'ar can at least lift one ton through exercise.The Wasp stated that the Shi'ar aren't stronger than humans.

The Shi'ar conceive their offspring in eggs. They are nurtured in special chambers and the children are referred to as hatchlings.

The Shi'ar have more chakras than a human.

Unlike Humans the Shi'ar do not dream, except for those born "defective" or "infected by dreams". Such Shi'ar include Warbird and the Shi'ar having survived the Fianden's weapons.

There have also been Shi'ar who had developed superpowers such as Electron, Rook'shir, Deathcry, Dakari, White Noise and Black Light. This can be explained as most of them are members of the Imperial Family and because of Rook'shir, who had transmitted his Phoenix Force manipulation power to his descendants.

Some Shi'ar have also telepathic abilities.

Technology
The Shi'ar possess technologies common to most Marvel alien races, including:

 Starships capable of moving faster-than-light
 Energy-based weapons in their ships and in their handheld weapons
 force fields
 Faster-than-light communication
 Teleportation technology
 Robots
 Missiles

The Shi'ar also possess more unique technologies, including:

 Hologram technology: which is used by the X-Men in their Danger Room.
 Cloaking technology: rendering a craft completely invisible, used by the X-Men on their Blackbird aircraft.
 Stargates: Devices in a network system. They are used for travel to faraway distances including instantaneous travel between galaxies. There are planet-based Stargates (used for personal travel to other solar systems and galaxies) and enormous space-based versions (used for starships to travel through).
 Starcracker technology: This is the Shi'ar ultimate weapon. The Starcracker causes stars to go supernova.
 Warp-Capable Warships: Ranging in size from small starships to planetoid sized ships.
 Armageddon-class Killstations: Orbital battle space stations.
 Flying Walker-Spacecraft: Spaceships with walker-like legs used on land.
 Nega-Bomb: A Galactic-level weapon used to destroy Dwarf Galaxies, like the Large Magellanic Cloud. There are also lower yield Nega-Bombs used to destroy planets.
 Fusion Space Mines

According to a statement by Emma Frost in Astonishing X-Men #9, most if not all Shi'ar technology is sentient.

Culture

Language
A Shi'ar "Galaxian" has stated that they have learned nearly every spoken language.

The Shi'ar have multiple forms, including the High Shi'ar, used for formal events, and Shi'ar Glorkon dialect.

Mostly for tactical terms or insults, the Shi'ar insert words of their language into English sentences.

Philosophy
Traditionally, the Imperium has aggressively absorbed new cultures. Warren Ellis' 1995 Starjammers miniseries described the story of the Shi'ar deities Sharra and K'ythri as a parable which guides the Shi'ar expansionist philosophy to other worlds:

Sharra and K'ythri are the gods in marriage. The gods who didn't want to marry, but were forced into it. In marriage they found strength and in strength they found love. That's what the Shi'ar Imperium does. It marries other cultures. Shotgun weddings.

There are aggressive and violent ancient traditions, such as the Rite of Arin'nn Haelar, which is a battle to the death. This rite can be invoked to settle disagreements and their outcomes are accepted by the Imperium. Their philosophy also impacts their court, as they do not recognize insanity.

X-Men writer Ed Brubaker compared the Shi'ar to Star Treks Romulans, saying they are "smart, aggressive, and mean".

Politics
Though the empire has grown to include hundreds of thousands of different sentient species and worlds, the Shi'ar race controls and governs the empire. Its central base of power is located on the "throneworld" Chandilar, while the Shi'ar homeworld is called Aerie (it is unknown if the planet still exists). The leader of the empire is given the title Majestor (male) or Majestrix (female) and is a hereditary position, occupied by members of the royal family of the Shi'ar. Formerly, the Neramani family represented the royal bloodline.

The Shi'ar Empire is one of the most advanced and expansive civilizations in the universe, spanning entire galaxies. It is mainly an economic co-operative, where trade with other galactic powers is its driving force. Not all races have the same rights in the Imperium, as the Shi'ar appear to have a disproportionate influence on its governance.

It is nominally ruled over by a high council, which has representatives from a large majority of the alien races that exist within the Imperium. However, in practice, the head of the council (the Majestor or Majestrix) exercises strong executive control and can institute policy virtually by decree.

The leader of the Shi'ar empire is protected by his or her own personal guard called the Imperial Guard, which is made up of the most powerful and elite soldiers from throughout the Empire with most of them being Shi'ar and others being from other alien races in the Shi'ar's jurisdiction. The Imperial Guard is led by a praetor. The military itself (outside of the Imperial Guard) has been depicted as consisting almost exclusively of Shi'ar personnel, at least in most of the command positions.The Uncanny X-Men #471. Marvel Comics.

Though having warlike and militaristic ancestry, the Shi'ar Empire has largely occupied the role of peacekeepers in many interstellar affairs. Just to name a few, Empress Lilandra Neramani tried to broker peace between the Kree Empire and the Skrull Empire to help bring an end to their devastating war: she sought interstellar accord when deciding how to end the threat of Dark Phoenix, and attempted to avenge the destruction of Tarnax IV, the Skrull throneworld, by Galactus.

Attitude toward the arts
The Shi'ar consider artistic creativity to be a sign of insanity and deviance, as they lack the ability to dream. Shi'ar who have the ability to dream and create do all they can to suppress their impulses. In the past, execution was a common remedy to such 'infections'. A race called the Fianden had the ability to cause any Shi'ar to dream; this caused mass catatonia and insanity in most Shi'ar, although a small subset who already are able to dream recover after a brief delay. The Fianden were wiped out in a mass genocide. After they were used to destroy the Fianden, the Shi'ar executed all of the natural dreamers to purge the taint from their bloodlines. Nevertheless, the trait does still emerge periodically, to continued violent repression.Star-Lord #8. Marvel Comics.

History
After leaving their world, the Shi'ar started an intergalactic Empire and forced other cultures in order to become stronger and ruled for millions of years.Starjammers #4. Marvel Comics. Such cultures included the Chameloids, Lupaks, Stygians, Strontians, Hodinn, Saurids and many more. When the Shi'ar invaded the homeworld of the Mephitisoids, they declared to bring civilization to the primitive world. However this was a lie and the Mephitisoids had technology almost equal to the Shi'ar. The Shi'ar conquered the peaceful Mephistoids stealing their technology. However, the true history was lost to legend and propaganda.

When the Shi'ar known as Rook'shir was bonded to the Phoenix Force, he became Dark Phoenix and wreaked havoc across Shi'ar Empire. In order to stop him, the first Imperial Guard sent Gladiator after him, who killed him. For years all his descendants were culled, out of fear that one of them might host the Phoenix Force like their ancestor. Rook'shir left behind a sword known as the Blade of the Phoenix which contained a small portion of the Phoenix Force's power. The sword could only be lifted by Rook'shir's descendants. Korvus is the only known surviving descendant of Rook'shir.

M'Kraan Crystal

D'Ken Neramani, a corrupt Shi'ar ruler, attempted to use the powerful M'Kraan Crystal to take over the universe. His younger sister Lilandra and her new allies, the X-Men, foiled his plans. He was rendered comatose by the crystal and Lilandra then took over as the Majestrix of the Shi'ar Empire. The X-Men, as well as most of Earth's other superheroes, have had cordial if not friendly relations with the Shi'ar Empire ever since.

Trial of Galactus
The Shi'ar put Reed Richards on trial for the crimes of genocide. He was guilty of reviving Galactus after he was defeated on Earth. Shortly after his revival, Galactus proceeded to consume the Skrull throneworld, resulting in the death of billions. Uatu the Watcher, acting as his lawyer and with the help of Odin and Galactus himself, convinced the gathered tribunal that Galactus is a necessary force of betterment of the universe and is not a villain. This was done by summoning Eternity. The truth as shown by Eternity however, is so grand and overpowering that none of the tribunal's members can remember it fully, although the comprehension stays.

Deathbird, the Kree-Shi'ar War, and the Spartoi
In the 1980s, Lilandra and D'Ken's unstable exiled elder sibling Deathbird made several attempts to overthrow her sister from power. Deathbird even resorted to attacking Lilandra's Earth-based allies in order to achieve her goals. She is also responsible for initially directing the alien parasites known as the Brood towards the Earth and its heroes. Deathbird was eventually deposed with the assistance of the X-Men.

In the 1992 crossover "Operation: Galactic Storm," the Shi'ar annexed the Kree Empire at the end of the Kree-Shi'ar War and Deathbird was placed into a prominent position as viceroy of Hala, the Kree homeworld. However, Deathbird did not last long in this position and has since abandoned her responsibilities and it appears that the Kree Empire has, at least in some part, been re-established.

The Shi'ar have had recent contact with the Spartoi.

Phalanx
The empire came under the threat of the "techno-organic" alien race known as the Phalanx after they infiltrated the Shi'ar Empire as the "Pure", killing tens of thousands before the X-Men fought them on the Shi'ar throneworld and separated the transmode virus from its hosts, killing most of those Phalanx.Warlock #7-8. Marvel Comics.

Cassandra Nova
Professor X's evil twin sister Cassandra Nova single-handedly destroys a good portion of the Shi'ar Empire. Inhabiting the body of her brother, Nova asserts control of Empress Lilandra and causes a Shi'ar civil war. Jean Grey is instrumental in ending this threat.

Phoenix Endsong and End of Greys

Despite the aid she gave them by eliminating the threat of Cassandra Nova, the Shi'ar still held a grudge against Jean Grey for the destruction she caused as Dark Phoenix. In the Phoenix Endsong series, a group of Shi'ar tried to eliminate both the Phoenix Force and Jean Grey. Jean, however, escaped their suicide bomb attack and returned to the White Hot Room to restore herself. In the "End of Greys" story arc, the Shi'ar wanted to wipe out the Grey genome and Quentin Quire with the purpose of eliminating the possibility of a new Omega-level mutant becoming a host for the Phoenix Force. The Shi'ar Death Commandos murdered Jean Grey's father, niece, nephew, and other relatives in an alien invasion on Earth, thus inciting the wrath of Rachel Summers, the daughter of Jean Grey and Scott Summers from an alternate future, who has since declared vengeance on the entire Shi'ar Empire. Recent events seem to indicate the Shi'ar Council was responsible for this, and that Lilandra is unaware of what has been done in her name.

Fall of the Shi'ar

Another Shi'ar threat comes from an X-Men villain called Vulcan. During his tenure as majestor of the empire, D'Ken killed Vulcan's mother Katherine Summers (also mother to longtime X-Men Scott and Alex Summers) and made him a slave for most of his adolescent life. Bent on revenge against D'Ken, Vulcan attacks the Empire. Not only that, but within the empire, there is a coup to dethrone Lilandra and return D'Ken to power, with the aid of Deathbird. The X-Men once again team up with their space allies, the Starjammers, to stop both Vulcan and the plot to return rulership of the empire to D'Ken. In the end, Vulcan kills his father, Corsair, and D'Ken, and assumes the throne of the Shi'ar Empire for himself, with Deathbird as his queen; Lilandra and the Starjammers now lead a resistance against Vulcan's rule. This occurs in a 12 issue arc entitled "The Rise and Fall of the Shi'ar Empire".

Emperor Vulcan

The civil war between Vulcan's forces and those loyal to the dethroned Lilandra rages on. Led by Havok and the Starjammers, Lilandra's forces gradually whittle away at Vulcan's forces, which are plagued by defections. The Shi'ar, contrary to Vulcan's expectations, are not happy to have an outsider as their ruler. Vulcan is discouraged by this, but Deathbird convinces him that they will come to accept him.

Warned in advance of a rebel raid on Feather's Edge, Vulcan and his fleet ambush the Starjammers. However, in the middle of the battle, his ship, the Hammer, is destroyed by the Scy'ar Tal (translates as "Death to the Shi'ar"). Vulcan and Gladiator (still the praetor of his Imperial Guard) attack the leader of the Scy'ar Tal and are easily defeated, whereupon they retreat deeper into Shi'ar space.

Marvel Girl makes contact with the Eldest Scy'ar Tal and discovers their true origin. The Scy'ar Tal were originally called the M'Kraan. Early in their history, the Shi'ar attacked them, killed a great number of their people, making the rest flee for their lives. Eventually, the Shi'ar settled on their planet, took the M'Kraan Crystal as their own, and passed down the legend of the M'Kraan Crystal as a sacred gift from their deities, Sharra & K'ythri. The M'Kraan then changed their name to Scy'ar Tal and devoted their culture and society to the destruction of the Shi'ar Empire. With their first attack, they destroyed Feather's Edge by transporting a star to obliterate it. After which, Vulcan makes contact with the Starjammers to call a temporary ceasefire.

Under the ceasefire, the Shi'ar and the Starjammers decide to take out the Finality, thus crippling the Scy'ar's biggest threat. Once Havok and Vulcan are in position to destroy Finality, the Eldest Scy'ar tries to stop them. Once Vulcan figures out how the Eldest is powered, he severs the connection Eldest has with his brothers, making him powerless. Once the connection is severed, the Scy'ar become disorganized, and the tide of the battle shifts to the Sh'ar. The Shi'ar then proceed to attack both the Scy'ar and the Starjammers. Meanwhile, Vulcan blasts Havok into a sun.

Vulcan decides to use Finality to destroy the Scy'ar by using the weapon to place a star in the middle of their fleet. Alex returns and, having absorbed enough power to burn him, decides to end things with Vulcan. While they battle, Rachel and Korvus try, but fail to stop the beacon that will initiate the attack by the Shi'ar. The Shi'ar Imperial Guard end Alex's battle with Vulcan by appearing with the Starjammers in captivity, threatening to kill them. Before surrendering, Alex destroys Finality. With Alex and the Starjammers in custody Vulcan declares that he will return the Shi'ar Empire to its former glory.

X-Men: Kingbreaker

Vulcan and the Shi'ar were featured prominently in the mini-series X-Men: Kingbreaker that revolved around Vulcan and the Starjammers following the conclusion of the mini-series Emperor Vulcan. This mini-series led to the War of Kings event and revealed that eons ago the Shi'ar, used dark sorcery to created and stored in Null Space the Tree of Shadows which is the repository for all of the Darkhawk amulets used to empower the Fraternity of Raptors to whom the Shi'ar intended to use to maintain the Shi'ar Empire as it evolved over the centuries. The Fraternity of Raptors refer to their mission to protect the long term interests of the empire as "The Great Purpose." However, as the Shi'ar Empire aggressively expanded so to did the Fraternity of Raptors and eventually they grew too powerful for the Empire to control. Therefore, they all were sealed in patches of dark matter throughout Shi'ar territory and their history almost completely forgotten.

War of Kings

The story revolved around the Starjammers, the Shi'ar, the Inhumans, the Kree, the Guardians of the Galaxy, and the Nova Corps.

The Shi'ar end up in conflict with the Inhumans and the Kree. After the death of Lilandra and the presumed deaths of Vulcan and Black Bolt, Gladiator assumes the throne and surrenders to the Inhumans and the Kree when the damage to the Shi'ar military is too much.

Infinity
During the "Infinity" storyline, it is revealed that at some point, the Shi'ar managed to take control of their own empire back from the Kree as Gladiator appears as a member of the Galactic Council representing the Shi'ar Empire.

Time Runs Out
When the Shi'ar found out that the reason for the decay of the universe was on Earth, they decided to destroy the planet. However, the Guardians of the Galaxy managed to warn the Avengers about the attack.

When approaching Earth, the Shi'ar alerted humanity about their destruction of Earth. However Sunspot and A.I.M. used a super weapon to retaliate against the Shi'ar, while S.H.I.E.L.D.'s Avengers used a Planetkiller to attack from behind. However, A.I.M.'s weapon exploded due to overheat, and the Planetkiller was destroyed by the Annihilation Wave. The Avengers were ready to meet their end, but the Illuminati intervened used the controller disk of a rogue planet that shared the same space with Earth, while Iron Man flew to the Sol's Hammer, and used it, successfully destroying the Shi'ar fleet, including the Imperial Guards.

All-New, All-Different Marvel
As part of the "All-New, All-Different Marvel," it was revealed that some Shi'ar that are living on Earth have established a Shi'ar corporation called Shi'ar Solutions Consolidations.

Asgard/Shi'ar War
During "The Asgard/Shi'ar War" storyline, the Shi'ar Gods Sharra and K'ythri do a "Challenge of the Gods" by bringing the Shi'ar fleet to Asgard whilst threatening Earth with their Super Destroyers. An event which had been secretly instigated by Loki behind closed doors. In the Natural Disasters Round, Sharra and K'ythri use their power to cause a tidal wave in order to ferment greater worship in the survivors. Thor impedes their efforts by saving lives instead of claiming them, the round going to her as the living Shi'ar people are thankful for her mercy; much to her displeasure. Round after round where countless denizens of the Shi'ar are slaughtered in these inane divinity games weights heavily on Thor/Jane's conscience. Until finally after the Genesis Round, where the Shi'ar gods use dust to create Shi'ar Giants who indiscriminately murder more of their worshipers causes the female Thor to fight them. As the female Thor failed to create life, the Shi'ar won the Genesis Round. Having had enough of the murderous spectacles, Thor chose to directly challenge the Shi'ar gods; later receiving some unexpected help from the Asgardian Gods themselves. It was this act that tilted the Challenge of the Gods in her favor as none had ever brought so many divine under their banner to fight at their side before, causing the new Thor to be crowned winner of the Challenge. Greatly angered at such a turn of events Sharra and K'ythri order their Majestor to eviscerate her homeworld in retribution; but the Emperor of the Shi'ar rebel's against their gods after their wanton display. In their final fit of mindless ire, the Shi'ar gods summoned the Phoenix Force to eviscerate the galaxy spiting everyone who defied them. Later after a sorrowing battle following the appeasement of the Phoenix, the former gods of the empire are taken away to the dungeons of Omnipotence City for their crimes and reckless actions. All while Kid Omega, holder of a Phoenix Force shard, acts as a stand in for the divinity of the Shi'ar empire.

Infinity Countdown
During the search of the Infinity Stones, Razor reveals the true origin of the Tree of Shadows and the creation of the Fraternity of Raptors, according to Razor the Tree of Shadows was created eons ago by the Elder of the Universe known as The Gardener who tried to bring life to the Null Space and planted it in the Darkforce Dimension. Eventually, Null Space and the Tree of Shadows were discovered by a more pre-historic version of the Shi'ar and the Skrulls, a find that ended in war erupting between the two alien races. The war ranged until one member of the Shi'ar was able to grasp one of the seeds of the Tree. His physiology, fear and belief's shaped the birth of the most vicious killing machine the universe had ever seen, the first Raptor and while the Skrulls, being shape-shifters, were still able to hold out against the Shi'ar, they eventually were nevertheless slaughtered by Raptor Prime, a creature of instinct and adaptation which quickly learnt to use their enemies shape-shifting abilities as well. It can be assumed that due to the incident with Rook'shir, the Shi'ar then intended to use the seeds of the Tree of Shadows to create an army to unleash Ratha'kon or the Dark Starhawk, a being who would be able to contain and act as a "predator" to the Phoenix Force, however, while the Fraternity of Raptors attempted to mimic the Cosmic entity, because of their mechanoid nature, they were unable to unlock much less ascertain the coveted true power of which within their ranks.Infinity Countdown: Darkhawk #3. Marvel Comics. Which was why Gyre, a corrupted anathema of the Fraternity utilized the once Nova turned Raptor Robbie Rider; brother of Richard Rider and traitor to the Nova Corp and Earth. Sought to utilize the amulet of Christopher Powell as the conduit in which Talon-R would become host to the Dark Starhawk with intent to raze the planet Earth, but was destroyed by the possessed entity due to his reviled nature as a result.

Mr. & Mrs. X
Though largely prosperous for a time the Shi'ar still suffer from the occasional strife brought upon by the treacherous Deathbird. She and her rebel faction stand against the empire on the grounds that Kallark, head of the Imperial Guard and current Majestor of the Shi'ar, isn't a true Shi'ar and thus believe his rule to be illegitimate. To actualize their claim, the insurgents are in hot pursuit of an item pertaining critical importance to the Shi'ar Imperium, a glowing egg contain the next successor to monarchy and the throne. In truth the shell was only a telepathic mirage thrown up by its true contents, the prize in actuality being the genetically engineered daughter of Professor and Lilandra Neramani whom after having telepathically scanned the minds of X-Men newlyweds Rogue and Gambit, took the name of Xandra when modeling herself after her deceased parents. Kitty Pryde goes on to say that the reason she's such a sought after commodity across the spaceways is because she was sworn into the Shi'ar royal line by her mother on top of having inherited her father's vast psionic talents making her both an Omega Level Weapon not to mention a highly coveted political bargaining chip to the Shi'ar themselves.

First Blood Spilled
Since then Xandra has assumed the throne of the Shi'ar Empire and has been successfully running the vast galactic society, at least until the recent reveal that the Shi'ar Empire has hidden a secret about the first "ancient mutants" from everyone, even Majestrix Xandra herself. The Marauders and Xandra come into conflict with the Shi'ar's sect of secret-keepers the Crimson Kin, who eventually assassinate her to stop her from "betraying" their darkest secrets to Krakoa.

Eventually, Kate Pryde and her band of Marauders discover the greatest secret of the Shi'ar - an encounter with the inhabitants of Earth that occurred billions of years ago. The ancient Shi'ar, still possessing their avian traits, were a race of raiders allied with the Lupak, and on Earth they discovered a civilization capable of repelling them, a mutant society named Threshold. Incredibly, this mutant community existed billions of years before humans evolved. With their pride wounded, the Shi'ar prepared for a war, and tried to wipe out these ancient mutants only to lose again. Their defeat was so overwhelming that they hid it from the annals of history. But the truth remained as they used the Xorrian science to alter their evolution into the Shi'ar of the present day and when these early mutants were forced to flee Earth to avoid a cataclysmic events, the Shi'ar took the opportunity to wipe out most of the briefly vulnerable mutants as they attempted in other realities. Only a handful of mutants survived, placed outside of time by the Shi'ar, but even then they were seemingly executed by the Shi'ar years previously, cutting off Krakoa from that piece of their history.

Known Shi'ar
The following are members of the Shi'ar:

 Adam Neramani – The genetically engineered son of former Emperor D'Ken. Adam is a Shi'ar/Human hybrid, created by combining the DNA of D'Ken and Katherine Summers with the only purpose for D'Ken to introduce a hybrid with a specific genetic potential into the Shi'ar Monarchy and to rule the Shi'ar Empire. Adam Neramani is, therefore, half-brother of Scott and Alex Summers, however when the truth about his heritage was discovered, Adam requested that knowledge to be erased from his mind and his brothers so he could get on with his life.
 Araki – He was both the Prime Minister of the Shi'ar Imperium and the Lord Chancellor of the Empire's ruling emperor or empress. Noted for his wisdom and venerated among the Shi'ar for his political savvy and diplomacy, Araki had his own DNA sequence and consciousness copied and used as a form of cloned reincarnation with the intention of serving the Shi'ar Empire for generations. While the exact differences between the incarnations of Araki has not been clarified, one such version, Araki 6 is seen announcing to Professor Xavier the annulment of his marriage to Empress Lilandra. Araki was later cloned again, as a female, and served as adviser for the former Majestor Gladiator.
 Aroke – One of the Lords Chamberlain who informed the Majestix Lilandra of the Shi'ar's victory over the Kree.
 Alake – A Praetor in the Shi'ar military.
 Ava'Dara Naganandini – A member of the Shi'ar Warbirds.
 Avios – A royal aid to the Neramani family.
 Atratus – An old man who hired Monark the Starstalker to kidnap Alex Summers.
 Babob – A Praetor in the Shi'ar military.
 Baranka – A Shi'ar Royal Concierge that escorted Jubilee, Forge, Storm and Professor X from L'Deroh's transport ship to Luten, who saw that they were dressed for the ceremony Lilandra had summoned them to.
 Black Light – A member of the Imperial Guards and twin brother of White Noise.
 Bloodwing – A member of the fanatical Crystal Claws, a Shi'ar group dedicated to returning D'Ken back to power. He sought to kill Legacy in order to allow his sister, Kaladar, to pass on to the next life.
 C'efn – A Commander in the Grand Jahr, a military fleet of ships with the sole purpose of bringing new planets into the Shi'ar Empire. He and his crew were all killed as their ship warped into a star.
 Cerise –  Member of The Graces.
 Chakar – A Praetor in Shi'ar military. He was killed by the crazed Spaceknight Plor.
 Davis Cameron – A Human Mutant and Shi'ar hybrid.
 Dai'andral – A Shi'ar that befriended Gabriel Summers and brought him a book about mythology, which inspired him to name himself Vulcan.
 Dakari – A powerful Praetor of the Shi'ar military. He was killed by the ship medic who stole the armor of the Spaceknights Pulsar in order to free his race.
 D'Ken – The former Majestor of the Shi'ar and the brother of Lilandra and Deathbird.
 D'Keth – The son of D'Kath, was a member of the Weather Council, an advisory body who counsel the entire Shi'ar.
 Deathbird – The sister of Lilandra Neramani and D'Ken.
 Deathcry – A Shi'ar commando who is the niece of Lilandra.
 D'rehn –
 D'Syndri – An imperial Pathfinder who was killed in Manhattan by a squad of Badoon hunters.
 Dahrev – A instructor at the Chandilar Academy.
 Electron – A Shi'ar who is a member of the Imperial Guard.
 Erik the Red – A Shi'ar spy who is a member of the Shi'ar Imperial Agency.
 Eluke – A crew member of a Shi'ar star-cruiser. He witnessed the Dark Phoenix destroy a star system and he with the crew were killed when their ship was caught in the explosion.
 Fath'raj – A member of a team consisted of gladiators who tested the fighting capabilities of the Nova Corpsmen.
 Forunn – A medic who was killed by Cassandra Nova.
 Freena – A student at the Chandilar Academy.
 Frr'dox – A Shi'ar who is the Supreme Director of Interstellar Operations at Shi'ar Solutions Consolidations.

 Heather Cameron – A Human mutant and Shi'ar hybrid.
 Immundra – A Shi'ar driven insane by Cassandra Nova.
 Jorrsk – An officer who along with his crew were killed by Cassandra Nova.
 Juber – The commander of the Shi'ar Star-cruiser. He along with his crew were killed when caught in the explosion caused by the Dark Phoenix.
 K'illace – A Shi'ar commander.
 K'renn –
 K'rin – A Shi'ar nursemaid.
 K'rk'N'Kazaii – A captain in the Shi'ar empire's fleet and one of best officers.
 K'Tor – He is the vice-chancellor to Lilandra.
 K'toth – A Praetor in the Shi'ar military.
 Ka'ardum – A major-general in the Shi'ar army.
 Kachil – The commander of the Shi'ar super destroyer Lamentations of the Enemy's Widow.
 Korvus – Wielder of The Blade of the Phoenix.
 K'ythri – One of the two chief deities of the Shi'ar. Husband of Sharra.
 L'Deroh - An envoy of royal commission stationed on the planet Kree-Kar, he was sent by Lilandra to Earth to retrieve the X-Men for the ceremony of the annexation of the Kree Empire to the Shi'ar territory. Once he reached Earth, L'Deroh beamed Professor X, Jubilee, Forge and Storm without explanation, and  moved toward the Kree galaxy. He played a hologram of Lilandra ordering their presence and as they arrived, he turned them over to Baranka and Luten to prepare them for the ceremony.
 Lilandra Neramani – The former Majestrix of the Shi'ar and the sister of D'Ken and Deathbird.
 Luten – A Shi'ar Royal Concierge who saw that Jubilee, Forge, Storm and Professor X were dressed for the ceremony Lilandra had summoned them to.
 Lyth'ka – A Shi'ar Commander.
 M'korr – A Shi'ar commander who wanted to use the energy emitting from a Cosmic Cube as an excuse to invade Earth as part of the Shi'ar Empire.
 Maelen – A chancellor of Lilandra.
 Magique – A Shi'ar who is a member of the Imperial Guard.
 Magique II – Replaced the previous one.
 Malick Tarcel – A Shi'ar that was promoted to the new Nova Prime.
 Milyann tec Hilyiani – A messenger who informed the Minister of Peace T'cahr that the Starjammers had destroyed a ship commanded by D'rehn.
 Mimoza – A Shi'ar soldier who attacked the Starjammers.
 Misa – A  member of the Slaughter Squad, a group gathered by Mister Knife to do his biddings. She was later by the Black Vortex.
 Mylz-ob'ryn – A chief of operations.
 N'Ruto – A Shi'ar commander.
 Nassis – A former Shi'ar student turned Brood.
 Nightscream – A Shi'ar that tried to purchase Women's Magazine from Carol Danvers under the alias of Barbara Nelson.
 Oracle– A long-time member and warrior serving in the Royal Elite of the Shi'ar Imperial Guard.
 Ou'zli – A Shi'ar Captain.
 P!rai – She approached Forge during the restoration ceremony of Empress Lilandra Neramani.
 P'kar –
 P'krrd – A Praetor in Shi'ar military.
 Peri – A member of the Pathfinders squad, gave his life to save Lilandra from D'Ken.
 Pupugli – A Shi'ar soldier who attacked the Starjammers.
 Rugar – A Shi'ar scientist who created the Nega-Bomb.
 Raptor Prime – An ancestor of the more evolved Shi'ar and the one to give birth to the most vicious killing machine the universe had ever seen, the first Raptor, a creature of instinct and adaptation.
 Rook'shir – A Shi'ar who is the ancestor of Korvus and one of the hosts of the Phoenix Force.
 Samédàr – Lord Samédàr became Grand Admiral after Lilandra was made Shi'ar Empress.
 Sapt – He was tasked by Samedar to watch over Colossus and Kitty Pride.
 Sharra – One of the two chief deities of the Shi'ar. Wife of K'ythri.
 Shi'ar Giants - A race of Shi'ar who are giants that were created by K'ythri and Sharra.
 Shy'tarra – A member of a team consisted of gladiators who tested the fighting capabilities of the Nova Corpsmen.
 Si'ani – A Shi'ar Astrogator.
 Sovel Redhand – Captain of a group of Salvagers of various races.
 Syth'kach – A communications officer on a Shi'ar warship which was destroyed by Supernova.
 T'Cahar – A friend of D'Ken's before his fall and formerly the Minister of Peace for the Shi'ar.
 T'Korr – He  was Majestor of the Shi'ar Empire centuries ago and the one who first assembled the Imperial Guard.
 T'kyll Alabar – He was the son of a lesser family who fought against the Mephitisoids and was promoted to a high position of power, commanding the first Shi'ar Imperial Fleet. He along with the Mephitisoids leader, Butcher, were put in stasis in order to prevent any further problem and after twelve-hundred years they crashlanded on Earth where he along with Avengers battled the Mephitisoids and Kree.
 Tiv – A Shi'ar monitor.
 Urizen Ul'var –
 Vitana – Former chancellor of the Shi'ar Empire.
 Vivali – A commander of a Shi'ar fleet that went after the Silver Surfer believing that he was involved in the destruction of the planet Zenn-La.
 Vyr'tal – He was the Emperor of the Shi'ar Empire, when they discovered the M'Kraan Crystal.
 Wiwarto – A praetor who attacked the Starjammers.
 White Noise – A member of the Imperial Guards and twin sister of Black Light.
 Xandra – The genetically engineered daughter of Lilandra and Charles Xavier and current Majestrix of the Shi'ar Empire.
 Ya'lont – A Shi'ar Praetor and Admiral in the Shi'ar military.
 Yahnos Tr'morr – A commander in the Shi'ar military.
 Za'ken''' – A exile, he teamed up with Hercules and Deathcry and attempt to return from exile.

Other versions
Ultimate Marvel
In the Ultimate Marvel universe, the Shi'ar are not an alien race, but a religious group whose beliefs are said to have descended from alien knowledge. They worship the Phoenix, believing it to be a god of not only destruction, but renewal. Their beliefs state that all of the Earth was originally a prison created by ancient alien civilizations to hold the Phoenix, but its presence at the core led to the creation of life on Earth, and the Phoenix's direct influence resulted in all major steps of evolution for man, and specifically, led to the creation of mutants. The Ultimate version of the Hellfire Club is an offshoot of the Shi'ar religion that believes the Phoenix only desires destruction.

Recently an alternate version of the Lilandra character has turned up in the Ultimate Marvel universe's Ultimate X-Men title. Ultimate Lilandra is not an alien, but the Majestrix of the Church of Shi'ar Enlightenment, and contacts Professor Xavier with the offer of funding his school's immense budget, in exchange for the chance to see if Jean Grey is the human host for The Phoenix.

Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse reality, the Shi'ar Empire was almost decimated by the Brood. However, D'Ken remains as Majestor of the Imperium, while Lilandra has been executed and Deathbird leads the Starjammers.Tales from the Age of Apocalypse #2. Marvel Comics.

MC2
In Last Planet Standing, a limited series set in the alternate timeline known as MC2, the Shi'ar homeworld is destroyed by Galactus.

 2099
In Marvel 2099, is mentioned that the encroaching twilight of the Shi'ar left a void of power.

 Marvel Zombies
In Marvel Zombies Return, led by Luke Cage of another reality, the Shi'ar were defeated and killed by the zombified heroes of the Earth.

In other media
Television
 The Shi'ar Empire appears in the 1990s X-Men TV series, the first appearance being part of the Phoenix Saga, with other appearances later on including the Dark Phoenix Saga.
 The Shi'ar are briefly referenced in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes episode "Live Kree or Die." They appear as one of the Kree's enemy races.
 In the second season of Legion, Cary describes a piece of technology of "advanced", but "not Shi'ar."

Video games
 In X-Men for the Sega Genesis, the X-Men visit the Shi'ar empire.
 The Shi'ar appear in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance''. The heroes travel to a Shi'ar warship to obtain a shard of the M'Kraan Crystal. Unfortunately, some of the Shi'ar soldiers and the Imperial Guard have sided with Deathbird in overthrowing Lilandra Neramani. The heroes had to fight Deathbird, the Imperial Guard members on her side, and an army of Shi'ar Soldiers, Shi'ar Soldier Commanders, Shi'ar Gunners, Shi'ar Gunnery Sergeants, and Shi'ar Trackers in order to restore Lilandra to the throne.

References

External links

 Shi'ar at Comic Vine

Fictional governments
X-Men
Characters created by Chris Claremont
Characters created by Dave Cockrum
Fictional humanoids
X-Men supporting characters
Avian humanoids

Shi'ar


Треугольники (din ) este un single al formației Carla's Dreams, lansat la 1 septembrie 2016. Piesa este compusă și produsă de membrii trupei Carla's Dreams, iar versurile sunt în limba rusă. În cântec se vorbește despre un triunghi letal al dragostei, lucru dedus din titlu. Piesa este inclusă în albumul ANTIEXEMPLU și a fost promovată la multe posturi de radio din Rusia în timpul turneului de promovare a trupei în această țară. Producția a fost oferită de Alex Cotoi și Carla's Dreams.

Piesa s-a auzit prima dată live la posturile de radio din Rusia în turneul de promovare a trupei în septembrie 2016. Piesa a mai fost interpretată live și la toate concertele trupei, fiind printre puținele piese în rusă ale formației.

Videoclip
Filmările a avut loc la București în regia lui Roman Burlaca. Videoclipul prezintă un triunghi amoros dintre un bărbat și două femei care ajunge la o luptă violentă. În clip mai este prezentat și solistul trupei. Videoclipul a fost încărcat pe canalul de YouTube al trupei Carla's Dreams și a adunat până în ianuarie 2018 peste 15 milioane de vizualizări.

Lansări

Note

Cântece de Carla's Dreams
Cântece românești
Cântece din 2016
Discuri single din 2016

Triunghiuri


غيل باوزير هي إحدى مدن الجمهورية اليمنية. تتبع جغرافيًا لمحافظة حضرموت وإداريًا لمديرية غيل باوزير. يبلغ تعداد سكانها 25741 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الذي جرى عام 2004.

سبب التسمية
تدل كلمة «الغيل» في اللغة العربية على الماء الذي يجري على وجه الأرض، بينما «باوزير» اسم قبيلة يعتبر هم أول من سكنوها.

التاريخ
يقترن اسم المدينة باسم مؤسسها الشيخ عبد الرحيم بن عمر باوزير، الذي يعود له الفضل في إظهارها وإشهارها كمدينة معمورة آهلة بالسكان، حيث استقدم إلى غيل باوزير من حضرموت الداخل مجموعة من العوائل تعتبر من أوائل السكان التي تمتد جذورها إلى عهد الشيخ عبد الرحيم بن سعيد باوزير (حفيد المؤسس) الملقب بمولى الطرائق، وذلك حوالي منتصف القرن التاسع الهجري.

الموقع
تقع غيل باوزير إلى الشمال الشرقي من مدينة المكلا في محافظة حضرموت، وتبعد عنها نحو (43 كيلومتر)، وهذه المدينة برواسيها تعتبر من المدن المرتفعة عن سطح البحر، حيث يبلغ ارتفاعها عن ساحل البحر من 80-200 متر. وهي أرض واسعة فيها ينابيع ماء غزيرة جارية عليها كثيراً من أشجار النخيل وأكثر ما يزرع عليها التبغ، ويعرف هناك بالتنباك، وهو من أجود الأنواع المشهورة في حضرموت خاصة وفي اليمن عامة.

الطقس والمناخ
في غيل باوزير، الصيف حار وشاق وجاف، لكنه غائم في الغالب. أما الشتاء فهو قصير ودافئ ورطب وجاف مع سماء صافية في الغالب. على مدار العام، تتراوح درجة الحرارة عادةً من 20 درجة مئوية إلى 34 درجة مئوية، ونادراً ما تكون أقل من 17 درجة مئوية أو أعلى من 37 درجة مئوية. يستمر الموسم الحار حوالي ثلاثة أشهر وقليل، بالتحديد من 28 أبريل إلى 6 أغسطس. بينما موسم البرودة يستمر لشهرين ونصف فقط، من 14 ديسمبر إلى 28 فبراير.

مراجع وروابط خارجية
 World Gazetteer:Yemen
 الجهاز المركزي للإحصاء بجمهورية اليمن
 المركز الوطني للمعلومات باليمن

غيل باوزير
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة حضرموت
مديرية غيل باوزير

غيل باوزير


عبد الله مغرم كاتب ومستشار إعلامي وخبير في تقنيات الواقع الافتراضي ومخرج.

تعليمه
حاصل على درجة الماجستير من معهد ملبورن الملكي للتقنية جامعة (RMIT) الأسترالية. حقق مشروع تخرجه على جائزة المشروع الأكثر إبداعاً عن فيلم واقع افتراضي لبهو الجامعة وتم عرضه في حفل مرور 130 سنة على تأسيس الجامعة. أخرج عدد من أفلام الواقع الافتراضي لجهات سعودية وخارجية ومنها: جامعة RMIT، وزارة الخارجية السعودية، قصر المصمك والمتحف الوطني في الرياض.

عمله
عمل خلال عقد ونصف ككاتب صحفي وتنقل في الكتابة بين عدد من الصحف السعودية كان آخرها صحيفة الرياض حتى أواخر عام2017 م. كما عمل في عدد من المؤسسات الإعلامية كمستشار إعلامي ومنها القناة الثقافية السعودية لأربعة سنوات ساهم خلالها في إعداد وتطوير بعض البرامج والتغطيات الإعلامية الخاصة، ومنها اللقاء الحصري مع الفائز بجائزة نوبل للآداب الأديب الصيني العالمي مو يان ليكون أول لقاء لقناة عربية والثاني على مستوى العالم. كما حقق برنامج الصالون الثقافي الذي كان من إعداده على جائزة أفضل برنامج ثقافي في مهرجان الخليج للإذاعة والتلفزيون في عام 2013م.

شارك في إدارة عدد من المشاريع الإعلامية والأمسيات والفعاليات والندوات ومنها مشروع جناح وزارة الخارجية في الجنادرية من حيث المحتوى وأساليب العرض والتصميم الداخلية وكذلك في تنظيم الأمسية الشعرية للأمير الشاعر بدر بن عبد المحسن لصالح أطفال مرضى السرطان في عام 2013م، ورئاسة ندوتي القوة الناعمة في المملكة وأثرها السياسي والثقافي والاقتصادي والتي نظمتها وزارة الخارجية في عام 2018 م، والفيلم السعودي القصير ضمن فعاليات معرض الكتاب في العام 2013، كما شارك في ندوة مؤسسة مسك يوداستي عن تقنيات الإعلام الغامر 2018.

شارك في عدد من الفعاليات الثقافية والوطنية ومنها اللقاء الخامس للحوار الوطني الذي نظمه مركز الملك عبد العزيز للحوار الوطني وكذلك البرنامج الثقافي لمعرض الرياض الدولي للكتاب في العام 2013م بإدارة ندوة الفلم السعودي القصير والتي شارك فيها عدد من السينمائيين السعوديين، إضافة إلى مشاركته في تنظيم الأمسية الشعرية للأمير الشاعر بدر بن عبد المحسن لصالح أطفال مرضى السرطان في العام 2013م وتغطيتها إعلامياً.

رحصل على عدد من الدورات الإعلامية والإدارية في مجال إدارة المشاريع وتخطيط المؤسسات الإعلامية وكذلك في مجال الصحافة والتلفزيون والإعلام الجديد في عدد من مراكز التدريب ومنها ومنصة هوتسوت المتخصصة إدارة حسابات التواصل الرقمي صحيفة الجارديان البريطانية.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
حساب عبد الله مغرم في تويتر https://twitter.com/amaghram

رابط مقالات صحيفة الرياض
رابط فيلم جامعة RMIT ملبورن

كتاب سعوديون

عبد الله مغرم


Sfântul Grigorie din Decapole sau Grigorie Decapolitul (în ; n. înainte de 797 - d. 20 noiembrie 842 sau mai devreme) a fost un călugăr bizantin din secolul al IX-lea, cunoscut pentru călătoriile sale de propovăduire a credinței creștine în lumea bizantină. El este considerat de credincioșii creștini ca făcător de minuni și este numit "Noul făcător de minuni" (în ), iar ziua sa de prăznuire în Biserica Ortodoxă și Biserica Romano-Catolică este 20 noiembrie.

Biografie
Grigorie s-a născut la sfârșitul secolului al VIII-lea, în cetatea Irinopolis din ținutul Decapolea Isauriei, de unde i se trage supranumele. Francis Dvornik datează nașterea lui între anii 780 și 790, în timp ce Cyril Mango considera anul 797 drept terminus ante quem pentru nașterea sa. Părinții lui erau Sergios și Maria și el a avut cel puțin un frate, al cărui nume nu este cunoscut. O rudă ulterioară a familiei a fost Eftimie, patriarh al Constantinopolului la începutul secolului al X-lea.

Potrivit hagiografiei sale, el a început să învețe la școala elementară la vârsta de opt ani și, fiind atras încă din copilărie de stilul de viață al monahilor, a fugit de acasă în munți atunci când părinții lui au vrut să-l căsătorească (prin 815/816). Acolo l-a întâlnit pe fostul episcop de Irinopolis, care fusese obligat să renunțe la tronul episcopal din cauza opoziției sale față de erezia iconoclastă, susținută și de împăratul Leon Armeanul (813-820). După ce a primit binecuvântarea mamei sale și la sfatul ei, a intrat de tânăr în mănăstirea în care fratele său era deja călugăr. Curând, s-a certat cu starețul său, care avea idei religioase proiconoclaste, și a părăsit acea mănăstirea, mutându-se la mănăstirea unde viețuia unchiul său matern, Simion. A rămas la mănăstirea unchiului său timp de 14 ani, sporind în virtuți creștinești, după care a cerut permisiunea de a se retrage într-o peșteră ca pustnic (prin anul 830). Acolo a avut viziunea luminii divine, precum și viziunea apariției unei femei care l-a vindecat în mod miraculos de dorința sexuală printr-un fel de operație, o posibilă aluzie la faptul că Grigorie a devenit eunuc.

Cam prin anii 832/823, după ce a primit un "ordin divin", a început să rătăcească pe teritoriul Imperiului Bizantin pentru a învăța poporul să respingă erezia iconoclastă. El a mers mai întâi la Efes, de unde a luat nava către Prokonnesos, Ainos și Christoupolis. De acolo a pornit spre Tesalonic și spre Corint. S-a urcat în Corint pe un vas ce mergea către Roma, prin Reggio Calabria și Napoli. Grigorie a fost deținut timp de trei luni într-o închisoare din Roma, după care și-a continuat călătoria spre orașul Siracusa din Sicilia, unde a petrecut din nou o perioadă în contemplație izolată într-un turn din port. Din Sicilia s-a întors la Tesalonic, prin Otranto, unde a fost maltratat, fiind confundat cu un spion arab (circa 834). A predat învățătura creștină la Tesalonic mai multor ucenici, printre care și Iosif Imnograful.

Câțiva ani mai târziu, posibil prin 836/837, el a călătorit - însoțit de Iosif, potrivit hagiografiei acestuia - la Constantinopol, unde a rămas la Biserica Antypas sau la Biserica "Sfinților Serghie și Vah" și a vizitat comunitatea monahală de pe Muntele Olimp din Bitinia. În ultimii săi ani de viață a fost bolnav, suferind mai întâi de epilepsie și apoi de hidropizie. El a murit la Constantinopol în ziua de 20 noiembrie a anului 842 sau, potrivit unor interpretări diferite, a anului 841 sau poate chiar mai devreme. În jurul anului 850 trupul său a fost deshumat și, fiind găsit neputrezit și răspândind bună mireasmă, a fost transferat într-o mănăstire fondată de Iosif Imnograful, lângă mormântul Sfântului Ioan Gură de Aur, în Biserica Sfinților Apostoli din Constantinopol,. unde a fost păstrat cu cinste.

Hagiografie și venerarea ca sfânt
Hagiografia care descrie viața sa este atribuită călugărului și scriitorului contemporan Ignatie Diaconul, însă unii cercetări contestă că el ar fi autorul. Deși a trăit în a doua perioadă a iconoclasmului bizantin și este menționat ca apărător al doctrinei iconofile, Grigorie nu a fost persecutat. El este menționat în scrierile bisericești ortodoxe ca sfânt făcător de minuni, de unde i se trage și supranumele νέος θαυματουργός, "Noul făcător de minuni". Singura lucrare a lui Grigorie Decapolitul, care s-a păstrat, este o predică referitoare la convertirea - probabil istorică - a unui musulman la creștinism.

Ca lucrare istorică, hagiografia sa este o sursă slabă de informații despre evenimentele istorice contemporane, dar "oferă multe informații despre practica administrativă și juridică" din Bizanțul contemporan. Icoanele Sfântului Grigorie sunt rare și el este reprezentat "ca un călugăr cu o barbă albă rotundă". Ziua prăznuirii sale în Biserica Ortodoxă este 20 noiembrie.

Cultul său s-a răspândit imediat după moartea sa. Cei doi discipoli ai săi, Iosif și Ioan, l-au stabilit la Constantinopol, unde Iosif Imnograful a fondat câțiva ani mai târziu o mănăstire dedicată apostolului Bartolomeu (deținând o părticică din moaștele lui) și Sfântului Grigorie Decapolitul. El a compus un canon în cinstea lui, iar Ignatie Diaconul a scris o hagiografie. După cucerirea Constantinopolului de către turci în anul 1453, moaștele Sfântului Grigorie Decapolitul au fost răscumpărate pentru o sumă considerabilă de banul Barbu Craiovescu al Olteniei, care le-a transportat în 1497 în Țara Românească și le-a așezat în biserica principală a Mănăstirii Bistrița, pe care o rezidise din temelii în Munții Căpățânii.

Note

Bibliografie
 Kazhdan, Alexander; Ševčenko, Nancy Patterson (1991). "Gregory of Dekapolis". În Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford și New York: Oxford University Press. p. 880.
 Preda, Emil, Dicționar al sfinților ortodocși, Ed. Lucman, București, 2000, pp. 115-116.

 Venerable Gregory Decapolite. OCA - Lives of the Saints. Accesat la 17 septembrie 2014.
 Great Synaxaristes:  Ὁ Ὅσιος Γρηγόριος ὁ Δεκαπολίτης. 20 Νοεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.

Lectură suplimentară

Nașteri în secolul al VIII-lea
Decese în anii 840
Sfinți în Biserica Ortodoxă
Călugări ortodocși greci

Grigorie Decapolitul


McDaniels Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 McDaniels Township (North Carolina)
 McDaniels Township (Oklahoma)

McDaniels Township


KUD Apokalipsa nakladnička je kuća iz Slovenije, utemeljena 1993.god.  Njen osnivač i urednik je Primož Repar, filozof i pjesnik. Nakladu započinju 1994.godine izdavanjem revije Apokalipsa, koja od 2002. godine prerasta u mjesečnik. Godine 1995. se šire i na književni program.

Fokusirani su na 'udruženja žive kulture', neformalne skupine suradnika – pjesnika, filozofa, esejista, znanstvenika, pisaca, umjetnika, slikara i drugih.

Zbirke
Nakladnička kuća ima različite zbirke: Apokalipsa, Aurora, Aut, Fraktal, Haiku, Haiku strip, Strip, Pretoki, Posebna izdanja.

Zbirka Apokalipsa želi čitatelju predstaviti literaturu koja nije dio širih poetika. I njihove druge knjižne zbirke otvaraju prostor razlike, izmjene, komunikacije, međunarodne razmjene i izdanja u različitim jezicima (npr. antologija slovenske haiku poezije Ribnik tišine izdan je u 12 jezika, Breskvini popki (Pupoljci breskve) u 6 jezika, kao i antologija višegradske haiku Razsipane jagode (Rasipane jagode) u 5 jezika.

U zbirci AUT izašla su mnoga djela Paula Ricoeura i Soerena Kierkegaarda, ali i Jacquesa Derrida, Hannah Arendt in Béle Hamvasa. Među izdanim knjigama su i četiri Nobelovke, Olga Tokarczuk, Herta Mueller, Wislava Shimborska, Doris Lessing; kao i najbolje pjesničke zbirke u Sloveniji (naprimjer Barbara Korun – Veronikinina nagrada idr.); autori filozofskih djela,  Tomaš Halik, J.L. Marion, Miklavž Ocepek, Dejan Aubreht, Goran Starčević i drugi.

Od 2016.godine ima i monografsko podzbirku koju izdaje u suradnji sa Sveučilištem u Torontu (Kierkegaard Circle, Trinity College) i Srednjoeuropskim istraživačkim institutom Soeren Kierkegaard u Ljubljani (CERI-SK).

Članovi uredništva su: Primož Repar, Jurij Hudolin, Alenka Koželj, Andrej Božič, Samo Krušič, Katarina Majerhold, Stanislava Chrobáková Repar, Janko Rožič, Bojan Velikonja, Martina Soldo, Zoran Triglav, Matjaž Bertoncelj, Jan Cvitković, Gašper Pirc.

Suradnja na projektima
Dio djelatnosti izdavačke kuće Apokalipsa je od 2002.god. i projekt Revija u reviji (Review within Review), čiji ustanovitelji su Primož Repar i Stanislava Chrobáková Repar. U projektu se umrežuju europske literarne i literarno-humanističke revije. Festival Revija u reviji je međunarodni susret nakladnika, urednika i autora projekta.  Filozofska djelatnost je od 2007.godine nadgrađena Međunarodnim filozofskim simpozij Miklavža Ocepka koji se od te godine održava bijenalno, a od 2013.god. organizirane su i međunarodne konferencije te filozofske radionice »Kierkegaard« (u suradnji s CERISK) te u suradnji s Cankarjevim domom - Unesco Slovenija.

Organizacija međunarodnih natječaja
Svoj međunarodni haiku natječaj organizira od 1998. do 2019. za najbolji haiku a čiji sudionici dolaze sa svih kontinenata svijeta. Nekoliko godina organizirala je i natječaj haiku stripa što je izvorna zamisao Apokalipse.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Mrežno mjesto izdavača Apokalipsa
Izdavaštvo
Slovenija

KUD Apokalipsa


iGO est un progiciel d'aide à la conduite et d'assistance de navigation par GPS développé par la société hongroise NNG LLC (anciennement Nav N Go). NNG propose différentes versions du logiciel, adaptées aux utilisateurs, aux fabricants d'appareils, aux constructeurs automobiles, aux opérateurs de réseaux et aux professionnels du transport. Des produits basés sur iGO sont vendus par les marques Becker (Harman Kardon), Clarion, Pioneer, Samsung et Vodafone.

Historique du produit

iGO My way 2006 était le premier progiciel de navigation GPS de Nav N Go (devenue maintenant NNG) pour les appareils PDA/GPS, introduit en 2005 au CeBIT de Hanovre. Grâce à la nouvelle technologie de compression de cartes, le produit tient sur une carte SD de 1 Go. En 2006, la version améliorée iGO My way 2006 Plus est annoncée.

En avril 2008 NNG publie iGO 8 pour PDA et GPS. Cette version apporte les cartes de navigation 3D haute définition, les élévations des routes, les points de repères et les bâtiments 3D.

iGO Amigo (pour les appareils GPS) a été lancé lors du CeBIT 2009. iGO Amigo est le premier d'une nouvelle série de logiciels et introduits une simplification de l'interface utilisateur, et donc moins de fonctionnalités que son prédécesseur iGO 8.

iGO My Way 2009 (pour les appareils iOS) est d'abord sorti en Amérique du Nord et en Europe de l'Ouest d'être disponible dans toute l'Europe en 2010.

Sorti en 2010, iGO Primo (pour les appareils iOS et PDA/GPS), devient en 2015 le produit principal de la gamme iGO Navigation. La version 6, sortie à la fin de 2012, apporte des améliorations comme la recherche en local de Google, le routage vert, l'achat d'extras, la surveillance du trafic en temps réel, la synthèse vocale TTS Pro, et l'affichage 3D des voies et des embranchements.

L'application iGO Primo pour les appareils iOS a été présentée au CeBIT de 2011. Fonctionnant sur le moteur logiciel iGO primo, l'application actualisée couvre 115 pays avec une recherche basée sur la localisation, un routage écologique et un affichage des voies et des embranchements améliorées. Les versions Android et Windows Mobile sont disponibles pour les fabricants de smartphones et les fournisseurs de réseau, mais pas pour la vente au détail.

iGO Primo Nextgen est sorti en 2015.

Naviextras

Naviextras.com, le portail de mises à jour de NNG (cartes, applications, etc...), fournit des mises à jour pour iGO 8, iGO amigo et iGO primo. Le portail publie généralement des mises à jour quatre fois par an. Ces mises à jour sont disponibles pour plus de 90 pays et régions. En 2013, le portail prenait en charge 5200 appareils et comptait près de 1,8 million d'utilisateurs enregistrés dans le monde.

Comme NNG est un fournisseur de logiciel de navigation indépendant, il se fournit en cartes auprès de plusieurs sources. Les produits iGO embarquent différentes versions de cartographies pour un même pays ou une même région, venant de différents fournisseurs, comme TomTom, HERE, Sensis, ainsi que des fournisseurs régionaux.

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

 Site internet de NNG LLC

Sécurité routière
Conduite automobile
Radar routier
Positionnement par satellites
Web 2.0
Logiciel pour iOS
Logiciel pour Android
Produit lancé en 2005

IGO (logiciel)


Priozersk (; ; ) is a town and the administrative center of Priozersky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located at the northwestern shore of Lake Ladoga, at the estuary of the northern armlet of the Vuoksi River on the Karelian Isthmus. It is served by a station of the same name on the St. Petersburg—Khiytola railway. Population:

History

The main landmark of Priozersk, the Korela Fortress, has historically been the center for the Karelians of the Karelian Isthmus and from time to time the northwestern outpost of the realm of the Russians or the eastern outpost of the realm of the Swedes.

From the Middle Ages, Priozersk was known as Korela to Russians and Käkisalmi to Karelians and Finns. The town was a part of Vodskaya pyatina of the Novgorod Republic. Novgorod taxation documents from 1500 list 183 houses in Korela, suggesting an estimated population of 1,500–2,000. The Swedes captured Korela twice: in 1578 for seventeen years and in 1611 for a hundred years. In the Swedish Empire, the fortress was called Kexholm and the whole region became known as the County of Kexholm. Russia definitively secured the area during the Great Northern War; the town's Swedish name was retained, however, as Keksgolm (). Unfortunately, wars and devastating fires in 1300, 1580, 1634, and 1679 took their toll on the civilian population. Consequently, when the town gained its first court house in 1800, the population was only 400.

In 1812, as the Grand Duchy of Finland three years earlier had been formed within the Russian Empire, Tsar Alexander I incorporated Keksgolm with the rest of Old Finland (Vyborg Governorate) into an autonomous region. Keksgolm was the smallest city in the governorate. Since 1812, Vyborg Governorate was known as the Viipuri Province. In 1917, Finland became independent. The town's growth was boosted by the construction of the St. Petersburg–Hiitola railway in 1917 and by establishing two big saw mills and a big Ab Waldhof Oy's wood pulp mill in 1929. In 1939, Käkisalmi had a population of 5083. Around the town laid the rural municipality of Käkisalmi, with a population of 5,100. Minorities were Orthodox (946 persons), Swedish, Russian, or German. Total population was 11,129 in 1939.

The Winter War on November 30, 1939 began with the Soviet attack. Eventually, after hard fighting, Finland was forced to cede Käkisalmi and the eastern portion of Finnish Karelia to the Soviet Union by the terms of the 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty. During the Continuation War in 1941–1944, Finland gained back Keksgolm and other territories ceded to the Soviets in 1940. The population returned to rebuild the town, but were again evacuated at the close of World War II.

Keksgolmsky District with the administrative center in Keksgolm was established as a part of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Karelian ASSR) in March 1940. On March 31, 1940, the Karelian ASSR was transformed into the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic. On November 24, 1944, Keksgolmsky District was transferred from the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic to Leningrad Oblast.

On October 1, 1948, Keksgolm was renamed Priozersk as a part of the campaign to rename localities in the areas annexed from Finland after the Second World War. Priozersk was settled with mainly Russians, Belarusian, and Ukrainian migrants, who have since comprised the majority of the local population.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Priozersk serves as the administrative center of Priozersky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with three rural localities, incorporated within Priozersky District as Priozerskoye Settlement Municipal Formation. As a municipal division, Priozerskoye Settlement Municipal Formation is incorporated within Priozersky Municipal District as Priozerskoye Urban Settlement.

Economy

Industry
The main industrial enterprise in Priozersk is the former paper mill transformed into a furniture production plant.

Transportation
Priozersk railway station is located on the Saint Petersburg – Hiitola railroad connecting Saint Petersburg and Sortavala via Hiitola. There is suburban (about 3 hours), express (about 2 hours) and long-distance service to Finland Station in Saint Petersburg.

The town is connected by roads with Saint Petersburg, Vyborg, and Sortavala.

Culture and recreation

Some remains of the pre-1917 Russian culture, mainly the Korela Fortress, survive. The ramparts and towers of the fortress are located on the bank of the Vuoksi, still visible when traveling to the town from St. Petersburg. There is a small museum in the fortress. Much of the remnants of the Finnish presence was destroyed. Priozersk contains thirty-three cultural heritage monuments of federal significance. The great majority of these monuments belong to the Korela fortress.

The town is popular destination with the residents of St. Petersburg, many of whom have dachas in the vicinity (such as the Ozero community).

Notable people
Dave Komonen
Aku Korhonen
Erkki Melartin
Urpo Ylönen

References

Notes

Sources

External links

Photos of Priozersk
Information about the fortress
History of Käkisalmi
Pre-1939 pictures

Cities and towns in Leningrad Oblast
Priozersky District
Grand Duchy of Finland
History of the Karelian Isthmus

Priozersk


Baždarna invarijantnost (eng. gauge invariance, fra. invariance de jauge) je neovisnost mjerljivih veličina o izboru referentne točke u definiciji potencijala ili potencijalne energije.

Izvori

Teorijska fizika

Baždarna invarijantnost


ගෞතම බුදුන් වහන්සේ විසින් ඉගැන්වීම් බුදුදහම ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

පුද්ගලයා මුහුණදෙන දුක, හා එයට පුද්ගලයාගේ ඇති වගකීමත්(බැඳීමත්), එම දුකෙන් මිදීමට පුද්ගලයාගේ ඇති ශක්‍යතාව හෙවත් නිවන ප්‍රායෝගිකව ලැබියහැකි ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂයක් බවත්, ඒ සඳහා අනුගමනය කලයුතු ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයත් පෙන්වාදීම බුදුදහමේ පණිවුඩයයි.
ගෞතම බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ දේශනා තුළ කියවෙන්නේ දිගින් දිගටම ඉපදෙමින් මැරෙමින් යන සංසාරය ඉතාම දුක් සහිත බවත් අප්‍රමාදීව මේ පැවැත්ම නවත්වන ප්‍රතිපදාවකට අවතීර්ණ වන ලෙසත්ය. එසේ අනතුරු හැඟවීමෙන් නොනවතින බුදු හිමියන් මේ (ඉපදෙමින් මැරෙමින් යන) සසර පැවැත්මට හේතුවත්, එම හේතුව නැති කර දැමීමෙන් භව ගමන නතර කළ හැකි බවත් පෙන්වා දෙයි. එසේ නතර කිරීම පිණිස ඇති වැඩ පිළිවෙලද පරිපූර්ණ ආකාරයට ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.

මූලික උගැන්වීම්
"සබ්බ පාපස්ස අකරණං - කුසලස්ස උපසම්පදා, සචිත්ත පරියෝ දපනං - ඒතං බුද්ධානුසාසනං."සියලු පවින් වැලකුමත් - කුසලයෙහි යෙදීමත්, සිත දමනය කිරීමත් - බුද්ධ අනුසාසනයයි.මේ ජීවිත පැවැත්ම තුළ පවතින, එහෙත් අපට පියවි ඇසට නොපෙනෙන අනතුරක් බුදු හිමියන්ගේ නුවණැසට හසු විය. එනම් සසර ගමන තුළ අපට නොයෙක් ලෝකවල ඉපදෙන්නට සිදු වන බවයි. මිනිස් ලොව හැරුන විට, තිරිසන් ලෝකය වැනි අපට ගෝචරවන තැන්වලත්; ප්‍රේත ලෝකය, නිරය, දිව්‍ය ලෝක ආදී අපට හසු නොවන තැන්වල ද  ඉපදීමට සිදු වෙයි. සසර පැවැත්මේ ඇති අවදානම එහි ඇති අනාත්ම (තමාගේ වසඟයේ පැවැත්විය නො හැකි) ස්වභාවයත්; එනිසා ම නිරය වැනි ඒකාන්තයෙන්ම දුක් සහගත ලෝක මඟ හැර සිටීමේ නොහැකියාවත් ය.

කුමණ ලෝකයක ඉපදුනත්, ඉපදීම තුළින් බහුල වශයෙන් ලැබෙන්නේ වයසට යාම(ජරා රෝගෝ දුක්ඛෝ), කැමති දේ නොලැබීම  වැනි දුක් ගොඩක් බව බුදු හිමියන් පෙන්වා දෙයි. මනුෂ්‍ය ලෝකයේ සැප දුක් මිශ්‍ර තත්ත්වයක් මතුවී පෙනුනත්, අප ජීවිත නිරන්තරයෙන්ම වෙනස්වන ස්වභාවයට (අනිත්‍ය), ඒ නිසාම දුක් සහිත (දුක්ඛ) එලෙසම තමාට අවශ්‍ය ආකාරයට පැවැත්විය නොහැකි (අනාත්ම) ස්වභාවයෙන් යුක්ත බව, යන යතාර්ථය ගැඹුරෙන් සිතන ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට දැක ගත හැකිය. එම දැක්ම අෂ්ඨලෝක ධර්‍මය හමුවේ නොසැලී සිටීමට අවශ්‍ය ජීවන දර්ශනයයි (නිවීමයි).

චතුර්රාර්ය සත්‍යය

බරණැස් නුවර අසළ පිහිටි මෙකල සාරානාථ නමින් හඳුන්වනු ලබන ඉසිපතනයේදී තථාගතයන් වහන්සේ විසින්  පස්වග මහණුන් උදෙසා පවත්වන ලද පළමු වැනි ධර්‍ම දේශනාවටම ඇතුළත් වූ චතුරාර්‍ය්‍ය සත්‍යය බුදු දහමේ හදවතය. එසේ වන්නේ බුදු දහමේ මූලික අරමුණ වන නිර්වාණය අවබෝධ කර ගැනීම යනු, චතුරාර්‍ය්‍ය සත්‍යය අවබෝධ කර ගැනීමම වන බැවිනි.

"මහණෙනි , මෙම චතුරාර්‍ය්‍ය සත්‍යය ධර්මය අවබෝධ නොකිරීමේ හේතුවෙන් මටත් ඔබටත් බොහෝ කලක් සසර සැරිසරන්නට සිදු විය."

බෞද්ධ දර්ශනයට අනුව මෙම සත්‍යය මෙලොවදීම ප්‍රත්‍ය‍ක්‍ෂ කළ හැකිය.

 දුක පිලිබඳ උතුම් සත්‍යයය (දුක්ඛාර්ය සච්ච)
 දුකට හේතුව පිලිබඳ උතුම් සත්‍යයය (දුක්ඛ සමුදයාර්ය සච්ච)
 දුක නැති කිරීම පිලිබඳ උතුම් සත්‍යයය (දුක්ඛ නිරෝධාර්ය සච්ච)
 දුක නැති කිරීමේ මාර්ගය පිලිබඳ උතුම් සත්‍යයය (දුක්ඛ නිරෝධ ගාමිණී පටිපදාර්ය සච්ච)

පටිච්ච සමුප්පාදය

සංසාරය හෙවත් යමෙක් හෝ යමක් පවතින්නේ වෙනත් දෙයක්, සංකීර්ණව විහිදුණූ අතීත, වර්තමාන හා අනාගතය හා බැදුනු හේතුඵල ජාලයක පැවැත්මෙනි. සියලු දේම අනෝන්‍යව හේතු ඵල අනුව පවත්නා බැවින් (ශුන්‍යය). එය අනිත්‍ය වීම හේතුවෙන් තමන් යැයි හදුන්වන විශේෂිත වූ පුද්ගලයෙක් නැත (අනාත්ම)ය. හේතූන්ගෙන් හටගත්(සංඛත) සියල්ල ත්‍රිලක්ෂණය ට යටත්ය. - "සබ්බේ සංඛාරා අනිච්ඡා ති".

අනිත්‍ය   - සියළු දේ  නැසෙන සුළුයි.

දුක්ඛ      - සියළු සත්වයෝ දමනය නොකළ සිත් ඇති නිසා දුක් විදිති.

අනාත්ම - සදාකාලික පුද්ගල ආත්මයක් නොපවතී.

සත් තිස් බෝධි පාර්ශ්වික ධර්ම
සත් තිස් බෝධි පාර්ශ්වික ධර්ම යනු සූත්‍ර දේශනාවල දක්වා ඇති නිවන (බෝධිය) ලබාගැනීමට සම්පූර්ණ කලයුතු සතර සතිපට්ඨානය, සතර ඍද්ධිපාද, සතර සම්මප්මදාන වීර්යය, පංච ඉන‍්ද්‍රිය, පංච බල, සප්ත බොජ්ඣංග, ආර්ය අෂ්ඨාංගික මාර්ගය යන ධර්ම කරුණු ය. මෙම දහම ඉලක්ක වී ඇත්තේ නිවන වෙතම ය; එහි ගැබ් වී ඇත්තේ විමුක්ති (දුකින් පරිපූර්ණ ලෙස ම මිදීම) රසය යි.

තිසරණ

බුද්ධ ධර්මයට අනුව බෞද්ධයකු සරණයායුත්තේ තිසරණ පමණකි.
 බුද්ධ
 ධම්ම
 සංඝ

බුදු රජාණන් වහන්සේ ශ්‍රාවකයන් ට අනුදැන වදාළේ තමා ම සරණ කරගෙන; ධර්මය ම සරණ කරන ගෙන වාසය කරන ලෙස යි.

බුද්ධ ධර්මයේ ප්‍රධාන සම්ප්‍රදායන්

බෞද්ධ සම්ප්‍රදායන් වර්ග කිරීමේ ප්‍රධාන ක්‍රමය වන්නේ දැනට පවතින ධර්ම ග්‍රන්ථ ලියා ඇති භාෂාවන් අනුව වර්ග කිරීමයි. ඒවා නම් පාලි, සංස්කෘත, ටිබෙට් (මොංගාලියානු පරිවර්තන) හා චීන වන අතර සමහරක් කොරියාන් භාෂාවෙන් ද තිබේ. මෙය ප්‍රායෝගිකව ප්‍රයෝජනවත් වර්ගීකරණයක් වුවද භාෂා වෙනස්කම හැරුණු විට සියලු සම්ප්‍රදායන් බැඳී ඇති පොදු කරුණු ද ඇති බැවින් දර්ශනවාදී හා ආගමික මත වර්ගීකරණය සඳහා මෙය සුදුසු නොවේ.

	සෑම සම්ප්‍රදායක් ම බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ  තම ගුරුවරයා ලෙස පිළිගනිති.

	සෑම සම්ප්‍රදායක් ම මධ්‍යම ප්‍රතිපදාව, පටිච්ච පමුප්පාදය, චතුරාර්ය සත්‍යය හා ආර්ය අෂ්ඨාංගික මාර්ගය පිළිගන්නා නමුත් සමහර සම්ප්‍රදායන් වල මේවාට එතරම් ලොකු වැදගත්කමක් නොලැබේ.

	ගිහි පැවිදි ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට නිර්වාණය අවබෝධ කර ගත හැක (බෝධි)

	බුද්ධත්වය ඉහළම මාර්ගඵලයයි. ථේරවාදී බුදුසමයේ දි රහතන්වහන්සේලා ලබාගත් නිර්වාණය ද බුදුන් වහන්සේ කෙනෙක් ලබාගන්නා නිර්වාණය හා සම බව  සලකයි. (සියල්ලන්ටම පවතින්නේ එකම නිර්වාණයකි) බුදුන් වහන්සේනමක් යනු තනිවම නිවන් මග සොයාගෙන එය අන්‍යයන්ට අවබෝධ කරදෙන තැනැත්තෙකි.

ත්‍රිපිටකය

බුදු දහම පිළිබඳව සුවිශේෂී කාරණය වන්නේ භික්‍ෂූන් වහන්සේලා වනපොත් ආකාරයට (මුල් දේශනාව ඒ ආකාරයෙන්ම කටපාඩමින් තබා ගැනීම) රැකගත් බුද්ධ දේශනා 18,000ට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් අදටත් ත්‍රිපිටකය නමින් සුරක්‍ෂිතව ග්‍රන්ථාරූඪච තිබීමයි. මෙම ග්‍රන්ථ ත්‍රිපිටකය නම් වෙයි. අදටත් එම දේශනා හදාරන්නෙකුට බුදු සමිඳුන්ගේ විස්මිත අවබෝධය දැක ගත හැකිය. එලෙසම උන් වහන්සේ වදාළ මාර්ගය ඔස්සේ සසර දුක නිමා කර ගැනීමටද අදටත් කිසිඳු බාධාවක් නැත.

බුදු දහම අඩංගු වන්නේ ත්‍රිපිටකය නම් ග්‍රන්ථ එකතුවෙහි ය. දළ වශයෙන් ගත් කල: සූත්‍ර පිටකය යනු නොයෙකුත් අවස්ථාවල බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ විසින් ශ්‍රාවකයන්ගේ අවබෝධය ට ගැලපෙන ලෙස දේශනා කරන්නට යෙදුනු, නිවන් මග හෙළි කරන, නවාංග ශාස්තෘ ශාසනයට අයත් මූලික බුද්ධ දේශනා ආදිය යි; විනය පිටකයෙහි ඇතුළත් වන්නේ විවිධ අවස්ථාවල බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ විසින් ශ්‍රාවකයන් නිවන් මඟ තුළ හික්මවීමට දේශනා කරන විනය කරුණු ය; අභිධර්ම පිටකය යනු එම ධර්ම කරුණුවල ම සවිස්තරාත්මකව බෙදා දැක්වීමකි.

බොහෝ පඩිවරැන්   විශ්වාස කරන්නේ පාලි ධර්ම ග්‍රන්ථ වල බුදුරජාණන්වහන්සේ ගේ නියම ඉගැන්වීම් සැබෑ ලෙසම අඩංගු වන බවයි. නමුත් මහායාන වල මුලාරම්භය මුල් බුදුදහමේ අඩංගු වුවද මහායාන සුත්‍ර බුද්ධ දේශනා නොවේ. නමුත් කිසිවෙක් බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ සැබෑ ලෙස දේශනා කළේ මේ කරැණු යැයි නිසැකයෙන් ම කීමට නොහැකි හෙයින් මහායාන ලියවිලි වල තම ශ්‍රාවකයාට මේ බුදුරජාණන්වහන්සේගේ මුල් දේශනා ලෙස දක්වා ඇත. නමුත් බටහිර වියතුන් බොහෝ දෙනෙක් පිළිගන්නේ ගෞතම  බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ ඉගැන්වීම් සත්‍ය වශයෙන්ම අඩංගු වන්නේ පාලිධර්ම ග්‍රන්ථ වල බවයි.

බුද්ධාගම

බුද්ධාගම හෙවත් බුදුසමය යනු බුදුන් වහන්සේ දේශනාකල බුදු දහම පාදකකොට ගොඩනැගී ඇති ආගමයි.  බුදු දහම ස්ථිර සහ අකාලික නමුදු බුද්ධාගම ප්‍රදේශයෙන් ප්‍රදේශයට සහ කාලයෙන් කාලයට වෙනස්වේ.

බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ යනු කවුද ? උන්වහන්සේගේ ඉගැන්වීම් මොනවාද?  යන්න විවිධ වූ අර්ථ විවරණ වලින් දැනගත හැකිය. උන්වහන්සේ උත්තම ස්ථානයකට පත්වූ මනුෂ්‍යයෙක් ද, නොඑසේ නම් මහායාන බෞද්ධයන් විශ්වාස කරන අන්දමට විශ්වයේ පැතිර සිටින උතුම් ජිවියෙක් ද යන මතයන් තහවුරැ කිරීමට අවශ්‍ය සාක්ෂි ඉතිහාසයේ අඩංගු නොවේ. මහායාන බුදුදහමෙ දී මෙම කරැණු එතරම් සැලකිල්ලකට නොගනී.

විවිධ බුද්ධ සම්ප්‍රදායන් වලට අයත් අය අතර බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ ඉගැන්වීම් හා භික්ෂු විනය නීති පිළිබදව විවිධ මතභේද පවතී.

මුල් බුදුසමය
සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ සදාචාරය හා නිවැරදි අවබෝධය සදහා අනුබල දුන් සේක. දෙවියන් ද තම තමා‍ගේ කර්මයට යටත් වන බව දේශනා කළ බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ යමෙකුට  සත්‍ය නිවැරදි ව අවබෝධ  කර ගැනීමට අවශ්‍ය නම් තමා විසින් ම නිවනට යන මාර්ගයේ ගමන් කළ යුතු බවත් තමා එම මාර්ගය පෙන්වා දීමට සිටින ගුරුවරයෙකු පමණක් වන බවත් දේශනා කළ සේක. බුදුදහමේ එන භාවනාව සෘද්ධි බල ලබාගැනීමට නොව මනසේ යථා ස්වරෑපය අවබෝධ කරගෙන බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ ඉගැන්වීම් තුළින් නිර්වාණය ලගා කරගැනීමට යොදා ගනී.

වජ්‍රායනය

වජ්‍රායනය හා එහි තාන්ත්‍රික ප්‍රතිපත්ති හටගත් කාලය පිළිබඳව විවිධ මත තිබේ. ටිබෙට් ජනප්‍රවාදවලට අනුව ශාක්‍යමුනි බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ තන්ත්‍ර දේශනා කළද ඒවා රහස්‍ය ඉගැන්වීම් නිසා ඒවා ලියාතැබුවේ උන්වහන්සේගේ අනෙක් දේශනාවලට බොහෝ කලට පසුවයි. නාලන්දා විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වජ්‍රායන මතවාදයේ කේන්ද්‍රස්ථානය වු අතර 11 වන ශතවර්ෂය තෙක්ම වජ්‍රායන ක්‍රමවේදය පුරෝගාමීත්වය ඉසිලීය. මෙම කරුණු, ධර්ම ග්‍රන්ථ හා මතවාද චීනය, ටිබෙටය, ඉන්දුචීනය හා ගිනිකොණ චීනයට පැතිර ගියේය.

මෙම විෂය සම්බන්ධයෙන් ලියැවුනු පළමුවන නූතන නිබන්ධනයේ අයිතිකරුවන ෆෙයාර් ෆීල්ඩ් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ මහාචාර්ය රොනලඩ් එච්. ඩේවිඩ්සන් විග්‍රහ කරන්නේ වජ්‍රායනයේ නැග්ම එකල ඉන්දියාවේ දේශපාලනික වෙනස්වීම් වලට ප්‍රතිචාරයක් ලෙස ඇතිවූ බවයි. ගුප්ත අධිරාජ්‍යයේ බැස්මත් සමඟම ඇති වූ කලහකාරී දේශපාලනික වාතාවරණය නිසා සම්ප්‍රදායික බුද්ධ ආශ්‍රමවලට අනුග්‍රාහකයින් සොයා ගැනීම දුෂ්කර වූ අතර සිද්ධුන් විසින් මෙහෙය වු ජන ව්‍යාපාර වඩා ප්‍රචලිත විය. ශතවර්ෂ දෙකකට පමණ පසු මෙය ආශ්‍රම තුළට සම්බන්ධ වීමට පටන් ගැනිණි.

වජ්‍රායනයේ මුලිකාංග බොහෝ ප්‍රමාණයක් සංවර්ධනය හා සංයුක්ත කිරීමෙන් සිදුවිනි. මෙයින් බොහෝ කොටස් ශතවර්ෂ ගණනාවක් පැවතුණි.

වර්තමානයේ බුද්ධාගම

බුදුදහම ඉන්දියාවෙන් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පරිහානියට පත් වු අතර එහි අවට රටවල්වල බුදුදහම පැවතුනද, බුදුදහමේ ව්‍යාප්තියක් සිදු නොවීය. නමුත් වර්තමානයේ එය නැවත ශක්තිමත් වෙමින් පවතී. බුදුදහම අදහන්නන් මිලියන 230 සිට 500 දක්වා ප්‍රමාණයක් ලොව පුරා පැතිර සිටින අතර සමහරක් ඇස්තමේන්තුවලට අනුව එය මිලියන 310 ක් පමණ වේ. නමුත් මෙම ප්‍රමාණය නියත නොවේ. එයට හේතු,

	බෞද්ධයන් යන ගණයට අයත්වන්නන් නිර්වචනය අපහසු වීම

	චීනය, වියට්නාමය හා උතුරු කොරියාව යන රටවල තත්වය

එකී විමර්ශනයකින් හෙළිවුයේ බුදුදහම ලෝකයේ 4 වෙනියට වැඩිම පිරිසක් අදහන ආගම වන අතර ඉදිරියෙන්ම ඇත්තේ ක්‍රිස්තියානි, ඉස්ලාම් හා හින්දු ආගම් යන බවය. බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ ජීවන කාලයේදී ආරම්භ වු සංඝ ශාසනය ලෝකයේ පැරණිතම සංවිධාන වලින් එකකි.

	පාලි ධර්ම ග්‍රන්ථ අසුරු කරන ථේරවාදී බුදුදහ‍ම කාම්බෝජය, ලාඕස්, තායිලන්තය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව හා බුරුමයේ ප්‍රධානම බුදුදහමයි. ඉන්දියාවේ දාලිත් බෞද්ධ සංගමයද, අනුගමනය කරන්නේ ථේරවාදි බුදුදහමය.

	චීනය, ජපානය, කොරියාව, තායිලන්තය, සිංගප්පුරුව හා වියට්නාමයේ පවතින්නේ චීන බසින් ධර්ම ග්‍රන්ථ ලියවුණු මහායාන බුදුදහමයි.

	ටිබෙට් භාෂාවෙන් ලියවුනු ටිබෙට් බුදුදහම ටිබෙටයේ, ඉන්දියාව, භූතානය, මොංගෝලියාව, නේපාලය හා රුසියානු සමුහාණ්ඩුවේ දක්නට ලැබේ.

ආගමික සංඛ්‍යාන සම්බන්ධ වෙබ් අඩවියකින් පවත්වන ලද සංගණනයකින් හෙලි වුයේ ඉහත සඳහන් ප්‍රධාන සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුනට පිළිවෙලින් මිලියන 124, 185 හා 20? පමණ බැතිමතුන් සිටින බවයි.

වර්තමානයේ බුද්ධ ධර්මය ලොවපුරා ව්‍යාප්තව ඇති අතර බෞද්ධ ග්‍රන්ථ විවිධ භාෂාවලට පරිවර්තනය වී ඇත. බටහිර රටවල්වලදී බුදුදහම විදේශීය හා ප්‍රගතිශීලි ලෙස සළකන අතර නැ‍ගෙනහිර දී එය සංස්කෘතියේම කොටසකි. ආසියාවේ බුදුදහම මනා සංවිධානයකින් යුක්තවන අතර රාජ්‍ය අනුග්‍රහයක් ලැබෙයි. සමහර රටවල එය නිලවශයෙන් පිළිගත් ආගමක් වේ. බටහිරට එය වර්ධනය වන අධ්‍යාත්මික දර්ශනයකි.

ධර්ම සංගායනා

ධර්ම ග්‍රන්ථවලට අනුව බුද්ධ පරිනිර්වාණයෙන් පසුව පළමුවන ධර්ම සංඝායනාව පැවැත්විය. ඉන්දියානු සම්ප්‍රදායට අනුව ඉගැන්වීම් පරපුරෙන් පරපුරට පැවතුනේ මුඛ වහරෙනි. මෙම සමුළුවේ මූලික අරමුණ වුයේ මෙසේ මුඛ පරම්පරාවෙන් පැවතෙන ධර්ම කරුණු සාමුහිකව කියවීමෙන් පසුව එම කරුණුවල වැරදි තිබේදැයි පරික්ෂා කිරීමයි. පළමුවන ධර්ම සංඝායනාවේදී බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ උපස්ථායක වන ආනන්ද තෙරුන් විසින් පාලි සූත්‍ර හා අභිධර්මය කියවූ අතර උපාලි මහරහතන් වහන්සේ විනය නීති දේශනා කළ සේක.

දෙවන ධර්ම සංඝායනාවෙන් යම් කාලයකට පසුව සංඝ සමාජය විවිධ නිකාය බෙදීම් වලට ලක්විය. මෙම නිකාය භේදය ඇතිවූයේ කිනම් කාලයකදී දැයි නිශ්චිතව කිව නොහැකි නමුත් දීපවංශයට අනුව එය දෙවන ධර්ම සංඝායනාව අවසන් වු වහාම සිදු විය.

නිකාය භේදය හටගත්තේ ස්ථිවර හා මහාසාංඝික යන කොටස් දෙක අතරය. මෙම දෙපාර්ශවයේම ජනශ්‍රැති එකිනෙකට වෙනස් අදහස් දක්වයි. ථේරවාදි ග්‍රන්ථයන් වන දීප වංශයට අනුව දෙවන ධර්ම සංඝායනාවේ ඇති වූ මතභේදයේ දී පරාජයට පත් වූ පිල විරෝධය දැක්වීමක් වශයෙන් වෙන්ව ගොස් මහා සාංඝික ලෙස නිකායන් පිහිටුවා ගත් බවයි. උතුරු පරම්පරාවක් වන සරස්වතිවාද හා පුග්ගලවාද (අතීත ස්ථිවිර කොටසින් බෙදුනු කොටස්) නිකායට අනුව මෙම භේදය රහතන් වහන්සේලාගේ තත්වය පහළ බැසීමට හේතු වූ කරුණු 5 න් එකකි. ස්ථිවිර කොටස් තුළින් සම්ප්‍රදායන් කිහිපයක් හටගත් අතර ථේරවාදි සම්ප්‍රදාය ඉන් එකකි. මුල් යුගයේදී මෙම මතවාද විනය නිසා හටගත් අතර විවිධ සම්ප්‍රදායන් අනුගමනය කරන භික්ෂුන් වහන්සේලා එකම ආරාමයේ සමගිව විසුහ. නමුත් ක්‍රි.ව. 100 දී පමණ ආගමික කරුණු මුල් කරගෙන මතභේද හටගැනීම ආරම්භ විය.

ටිබෙට් දුල්වා ග්‍රන්ථයන්හි සංගායනාව සඳහා පාදක වූ වෙනස්ම හේතුවක් දැක්වේ. "සැරියුත් හිමියන්ගේ පරිනිර්වාණයෙන් සංවේගයට පත් මහරහතන් වහන්සේලා අසූදාහක් පිරිනිවන් පෑහ. මුගලන් හිමියන්ගේ පරිනිර්වාණයෙන් සංවේගයට  පත් මහරහතන් වහන්සේලා  සැත්තැදහසක් පිරිනිවන් පෑහ. බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ පරිනිර්වාණයෙන් පසුව සංවේගයට පත් මහරහතන් වහන්සේලා එක්ලක්ෂි අසූදහසක් පිරිනිවන් පෑහ. එහෙයින් මහජනයාගෙන් එල්ලවන චෝදනාවන්ගෙන් මිදීම පිණිස ධර්මය සහ විනය සංගායනා කළහ." යනුවෙන් එහි සඳහන් වේ. මේ හා සමාන ප්ර කාශයක් මහා වස්තුවේද හමු වේ. එහි සඳහන් වන්නේ බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ පරිනිර්වාණයෙන් පසුව මහරහතන් වහන්සේලා පන්සීයක් පිරිනිවන් පෑ බවත් ඒ නිසා සංගායනාව සිදු කළ බවත්ය.

මෙම සියලු කාරනා පිරික්සා බැලීමේදී පැහැදිලි වන කරුණ නම් බුදු දහමේ සුරක්ෂිතභාවය උදෙසා ධර්ම සංගායනාවක අවශ්‍යතාව බුද්ධ කාලයේ සිටම පැවති බවයි. එය බුද්ධ පරිනිර්වාණයෙන් පසුව අත්‍යාවශ්‍ය  කරුණක් විය. මේ සඳහා සුභද්‍ර නම් මහලු භික්ෂුවගේ වචනය ප්‍රබලම හේතුවක් වූ අතර විසිරී තිබූ ධර්මය එක්රැස් කිරීමටත්, ධර්මය හා විනය සම්බන්ධව පැවති ගැටළු නිරාකරණය කිරීමටත් ඇති වූ උවමනාව ධර්ම සංගායනාවක් කිරීම සඳහා හේතු විය. එමෙන්ම බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ ඇවෑමෙන් ධර්මය සහ විනය ගුරු තනතුරෙහි තබා ගන්නා ලෙස කළ අවවාදයත්, ධර්මය සංගායනා කිරීමේ වැදගත්කම සඳහන් වන දේශනාත් ප්‍රථම සංගායනාව සඳහා පාදක විය. එහෙයින් පාවචනය අතීතසත්ථුක නොවන පරිදි දෙව්මිනිසුන්ගේ හිත සුව පිණිස, ශාසන චිරස්තිථිය සඳහා මහතෙරුන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ප්‍රථම ධර්ම සංගායනාව සිදු කරන ලදී. ඒ අනුව යමින් ස්ථවිරයන් වහන්සේලා විසින් සංගායනාත්‍රයක් සිදු කළ බැව් ශාසන ඉතිහාසය තුළින් ප්‍රකට වේ.

දහමේ වර්ගීකරණයන්
ධම්මවිනය - සූත්‍ර පිටකය, විනය පිටකය, අභිධර්ම පිටකය යැයි කාන්ඩ තුනකට එක්රැස්කොට ඇත. ඒවා ත්‍රිපිටක පොත් වහන්සේලා ලෙස ගෞරවාර්ථයෙන් හඳුන්වනුලැබේ.
නවාංග සාත්‍රෘ සාසනය- සුත්ත, ග‍ෙය්‍ය, වෙය්‍යාකරණ, ගාථා, උදාන, ඉතිවුත්තක, ජාතක, අබ්බූතධම්ම, වේදල්ල යනුවෙන් ශාසනය සංග්‍රහ වේ.

දහමේ (අාර්‍ය්‍යවිනයේ) සංකල්ප
නව ලෝකෝත්තර ධර්ම - සතර මාර්ග (4), සතර ඵල (4), නිවන (1)

සතර මහා අපදේශ

යොමුව

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 බුද්ධාගම
 ගෞතම බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ
 චතුරාර්ය සත්‍යය
 බෞද්ධ ධර්ම සංගායනා

බාහිර සබැඳුම්
  https://www.bl.uk/projects/sinhalese-manuscripts-digitisation-project  ත්‍රිපිටක නම් ග්‍රන්ථ එකතුව 2021
 http://english.mahamevnawa.lk/ ( It is the wise gentlemen (Kalyānamitta) who show the good that should be associated with. Their wisdom is profound. Those wise people are the ones who practice the Dhamma without any delay. They have realized the extremely deep and difficult to comprehend trenchant meaning of the Four Noble Truths. -This is the stanza delivered by Arahant Punhnha Thero.)

 Pure Theravada Buddhism Exposed according to The Original Pali Canon
Collection of the Therawada buddhist Books of Most Venerable Rerukane Chandawimala Maha Nayaka Thero & Other Buddhist books
 Arya Sangha
 damruwana.org- Dhamma Desana in Sinhala, Guide to attain Nibbanic bliss
 Buddhist Society of Western Australia
 Tipitaka and Articles (SL)
 Complete Tipitaka in Pali
 International home page of the organizations which offer courses in Vipassana Meditation in the tradition of Sayagyi U Ba Khin as taught by S.N. Goenka
 About Buddhism - the Teachings of Buddha
 Buddhism Portal for the Milton Keynes area (UK)
 E-Sangha Buddhism Portal
 His Holiness The Dalai Lama teachings on Buddhism
 Hongaku Jodo, a major American movement of Pure Land Buddhism
 Access to Insight Readings in Theravada Buddhism.
 BuddhaNet
 Buddhism.about.com
 Buddhist Studies WWW Virtual Library: the Internet guide.
 DharmaNet
 Essentials of Buddhism
 ReligionFacts.com on Buddhism facts, glossary, timeline and articles.
 Tathagatagarbha Buddhism five of the main "tathagatagarbha" sutras in full (or in part)
 "Nirvana Sutra Buddhism": full text and discussion of the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra
 Journal of Global Buddhism by Charles S. Prebish, Pennsylvania State University (USA) and Martin Baumann, University of Lucerne (Switzerland)
 http://sinhala.mahamevnawa.lk/ ( Me jeewithaya Ithama sundarawa gatha kirimatath,Maranin mathu jeewithayada sundarawa gatha kirima pinisath emenma Maranaye miyana thana wana A ama niwanata path wimatath kamathi nam Mahamevnawa wata rok wanna.)
 http://mahamegha.lk/ ( Raga, Dwsa saha Mohayen Ginigena dawena sitha thema surakinu pinisai )

බුදු දහම
සංසන්දනාත්මක බුද්ධාගම

බුදු දහම


شيفرة متعددة الأبجدية (Polyalphabetic cipher) هي شيفرة استبدالية باستخدام استبدال متعدد الأبجديات. تعتبر آلة الإنجما ذات نظام أعقد ولكنها تعتمد على الشيفرة المتعددة الأبجدية.

مراجع

شيفرات سرية

شيفرة متعددة الأبجدية


Villarino de Conso-La Capilla (en gallego: Vilariño do Conso-A Capela) es una estación ferroviaria situada en la localidad de Venta da Capela, parroquia de Pentes, en el municipio español de Villarino de Conso en la provincia de Orense, comunidad autónoma de Galicia. Desde el cierre de la línea Puebla de Sanabria-Ourense en los recortes del sector ferroviario producidos por el Gobierno en junio de 2013, esta estación no tiene servicios ferroviarios.

Situación ferroviaria
La estación se encuentra en el punto kilométrico 167,800 de la línea férrea de ancho convencional que une Zamora con La Coruña, en dirección Orense. Está situada a 435 metros de longitud. El tramo es de vía única y está sin electrificar.

Historia
La voluntad de unir Madrid, vía Medina del Campo con Vigo por el camino más corto posible es antigua y apareció plasmada en algunos anteproyectos como el de 1864. Sin embargo, el mismo descartaba dicha posibilidad al considerar que suponía "dificultades enormísimas" que superaban incluso "los de la bajada del puerto de Pajares en el ferrocarril de Asturias". Es por ello, que la estación no fue inaugurada hasta el 1 de julio de 1957 con la puesta en marcha del tramo Orense – Puebla de Sanabria de la línea Zamora-La Coruña vía Orense. Su explotación inicial quedó a cargo de RENFE cuyo nacimiento se había producido en 1941.

Desde el 31 de diciembre de 2004 Renfe Operadora explota la línea mientras que Adif es la titular de las instalaciones ferroviarias.

La estación
Como muchas de las estaciones de este tramo la estación ha sido edificada en piedra. Posee dos pisos y tejado de varias vertientes de teja. Dispone de dos andenes laterales a los que acceden dos vías.

Servicios ferroviarios

Media Distancia
A continuación se presenta la línea que pasaba por la estación y que cerró el Ministerio de Fomento en los recortes al sector ferroviario de junio de 2013.

Servicios de Media Distancia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Media Distancia Galicia en la web de Renfe.

Villarino de Conso
Villarino de Conso
Villarino de Conso
Estaciones de ferrocarril de España inauguradas en 1957
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Galicia inauguradas en el siglo XX
Villarino de Conso
Comarca de Viana
La Gudiña

Estación de Villarino de Conso-La Capilla


බ්‍රිටන්වරු යනු, යකඩ යුගයෙහි සිට රෝමානු සහ උප-රෝමානු යුගයන් දක්වා මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙහි ජීවත්වූ පුරාතන කෙල්ටික ජන කණ්ඩායමකි.

කෙල්ටික බ්‍රිටන්වරු


أيس كريم في جليم هو الالبوم التاسع للفنان المصري عمرو دياب، تم إصداره عام 1992

قائمة الأغاني

الكليبات التي تم تصويرها من الألبوم

1 - ( حتمرد على الوضع الحالي )

2 - ( رصيف نمرة خمسة )

3 - ( أنا حر )

4 - ( واحنا معاك )

5 - ( دانا دانا )

6 - ( أيس كريم في جليم )

ألبومات 1992
ألبومات عمرو دياب

آيس كريم في جليم (ألبوم)


was a town located in Kimotsuki District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,758 and a density of 76.734 persons per km². The total area was 88.06 km².

On March 31, 2005, Nejime, along with the town of Sata (also from Kimotsuki District), was merged to create the town of Minamiōsumi.

External links
 Official website of Minamiōsumi

Dissolved municipalities of Kagoshima Prefecture

Nejime, Kagoshima


Günter Judick (* 15. Dezember 1929 in Tönisheide (heute ein Ortsteil von Velbert); † 23. Februar 2017 in Velbert) war ein deutscher Historiker.

Leben
Judick arbeitete zunächst in Metallbetrieben und als Redakteur. Von 1951 bis 1954 absolvierte er ein Fernstudium an der Parteihochschule "Karl Marx" und von 1963 bis 1968 studierte er Geschichte mit dem Abschluss als Diplom-Historiker an der Humboldt-Universität in Ost-Berlin.

Am 2. Mai 1945 trat Judick in die KPD ein, 1968 in die DKP, deren Geschichtskommission er leitete. Er war in der Bildungsarbeit der Partei tätig und Kulturreferent im Bundesvorstand der Naturfreunde.

Die offene Liste der PDS vertrat er 1999 bis 2004 im Stadtrat von Velbert.

Schriften
 mit Jakob Goldberg, Fritz Rische: Afrika im Wandel. Zu einigen Problemen des nationalen Befreiungskampfes und der Bonner Afrikapolitik. Verlag Marxistische Blätter, Frankfurt am Main 1979. ISBN 3-88012-572-4
 mit Bernd Hartmann: Wichtige Erfahrungen aus den demokratischen Bewegungen der fünfziger und sechsziger Jahre. In: Frank Deppe, Willi Gerns,  Heinz Jung (Hrsg.): Marxismus und Arbeiterbewegung. Josef Schleifstein zum 65. Geburtstag. Verlag Marxistische Blätter, Frankfurt am Main 1980. ISBN 3-88012-605-4, S. 81–94.
 Zu einigen Ursachen mangelnden Klassenbewußtseins in der Bundesrepublik. In: Marx  ist Gegenwart. Materialien zum Karl-Marx-Jahr 1983. Hrsg. vom Institut für Marxistische Studien und Forschungen. Verlag Marxistische Blätter, Frankfurt am Main 1983, S. 252–256. ISBN 3-88012-686-0
 KPD 1945–1968. Dokumente. Hrsg. u. eingel. von Günter Judick, Josef Schleifstein und Kurt Steinhaus. 2 Bände. Edition Marxistische Blätter, Frankfurt am Main 1989.
 mit Kurt Steinhaus (Hrsg.): Stalin bewältigen. Sowjetische Dokumente der 50er, 60er und 80er Jahre. Edition Marxistische Blätter, Düsseldorf 1989. ISBN 3-88501-083-6
 "Ihr sollt die Kraft von dem Verband noch lange Zeiten spüren!" Aus 100 Jahren Geschichte der IG Metall Velbert. PapyRossa-Verlag, Köln 1991.  ISBN 3-89438-030-6
 mit Hans-Joachim Krusch (Hrsg.): Wider die Verfälschung deutscher Geschichte. Beiträge zum antifaschistischen Widerstand in Deutschland und zur Gründung der BRD und der DDR. Neue-Impulse Verlag, Essen 1999. ISBN 3-910080-16-2
 Der verkürzte Lehrgang. Vor 65 Jahren: "Kurzer Lehrgang der Geschichte der KPdSU (B)". In: Unsere Zeit vom 14. November 2003. Digitalisat
 mit Josef Schleifstein, Kurt Steinhaus: Lernen aus Krieg und Faschismus! Zu einigen Fragen der Nachkriegsgeschichte der KPD 1945-1968. Neue Impulse Verlag, Essen 2015.

Weblinks
 Interview mit Günter Judick 2. Mai 2015
 "Günter Judick verstarb am 23.02.2017" auf dkp-rheinland-westfalen.de, abgerufen am 3. März 2017

Einzelnachweise

Historiker
KPD-Mitglied
DKP-Funktionär
Deutscher
Geboren 1929
Gestorben 2017
Mann

Günter Judick