The wise use movement in the United States is a loose-knit coalition of groups promoting the expansion of private property rights and reduction of government regulation of publicly held property. This includes advocacy of expanded use by commercial and public interests, seeking increased access to public lands, and often opposition to government intervention. Wise use proponents describe human use of the environment as "stewardship of the land, the water and the air" for the benefit of human beings. The wise use movement arose from opposition to the mainstream environmental movement, claiming it to be radical.

Background to the movement
A range of groups belong to the wise use movement, including industry, grassroots organizations of loggers, mill workers, ranchers, farmers, miners, off-road vehicle users, and property owners. It also includes libertarians, populists, and religious and political conservatives. The movement became known as "wise use" after the 1988 Multiple Use Strategy Conference in Reno, Nevada. The movement includes or is supported by most anti-environmentalist groups, by companies in the resource extraction industry, by land development companies, and by libertarian and minarchist organizations. The movement was most active in the Western United States in the late 1980s and 1990s.

Major organizations
According to James McCarthy (2002), the most prominent wise use groups receive most of their support from resource extraction industries (Amoco, British Petroleum, Chevron, Exxon/Mobile, Marathon Oil) as well as the
American Farm Bureau, Dupont, Yamaha, General Electric, General Motors, National Cattlemen's Association, and the National Rifle Association). The policies and political orientations of groups in the wise use movement range from some who self-identify as free-market environmentalists, to industry-backed public relations groups and mainstream think tanks, to some militia groups and fundamentalist religious groups. Major organizations promoting wise use ideas include Alliance for America, the American Land Rights Association, the Cato Institute, the Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, People for the West, the Blue Ribbon Coalition, and the Heartland Institute.

Most members of the wise use movement, including the related County Movement, share a belief in individual rights, as opposed to the authority of the federal government, in particular with regard to the rights of land use. They argue that the environmental movement is both anti-private property and anti-people. While some in the wise use movement have strongly anti-environmental views, others assert that the free market, rather than government regulation, will better protect the environment.

Wise use agenda
Many wise use groups argue that rural residents suffer a disproportionate impact from environmental regulations, and that the environmental movement is biased toward the attitudes of urban elites, ignoring the rural perspective. Opponents observe that the extractive forces behind the wise use movement harm rural residents more and prey on the independence of rural residents - preaching the "right to ride" when behind that is the desire to strip mine and clearcut using unsustainable methods. Some environmentalists disagree with the Sierra Club's "no-cut forest" policy. Steve Thompson wrote the goal of the policy should be to "provide greater flexibility to achieve true forest restoration. A blanket, one-size-fits-all 'zero cut' policy severely restricts the Sierra Club's ability to provide solutions to complex forest mismanagement problems."

Wise use strategies
Wise use groups depict themselves as (and seek to promote themselves as) true environmentalists with close ties to the land, and cast environmental groups as advocating radical environmentalism. Wise use groups also downplay threats to the environment, and highlight uncertainties in environmental science that they argue environmental groups ignore or conceal. Wise use groups also portray the environmentalist movement as having a hidden agenda to control land.

Ron Arnold and wise use
The Wise Use movement first gained prominence in 1988 when Ron Arnold, a vice-president of the Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, helped an organize conference that led to adoption of a 25-point "Wise Use Agenda". This agenda included initiatives seeking unrestricted commercial use of public lands for timber, mining, and oil, and to open recreational wilderness areas for easier access by the general public. Critics point out that Ron Arnold has been quoted as saying his goal is to "destroy the environmental movement".

According to Arnold, many in the wise use movement believe the possibility of unlimited economic growth, in which environmental and social problems can be mitigated by market economy and the use of technology. In his book Ecology Wars, which has been called the "Bible" of the wise use movement, Arnold writes: "Environmentalism is an institutionalized movement of certain people with a certain ideology about man and nature" and that "the goal of our ecology wars should be to defeat environmentalism." Arnold claims that environmentalism is "the excess baggage of anti-technology, of anti-civilization, of anti-humanity, and of institutionalized lust for political power."

Access to public lands

In the 1980s and 1990s, the management focus on public lands shifted from the harvest of timber to ecological goals such as improvement of habitat, largely as a response to the environmental movement. The resultant reduction in timber harvest contributed to the closure of sawmills and the layoff of loggers and other workers. Some members of the wise use movement objected to what they saw as a shifting of control of federal land resources from local to outside, urban interests. They argued that the National Forests were established for the benefit of the local community. They cite Gifford Pinchot, who wrote "It is the duty of the Forest Service to see to it that the timber, water-powers, mines, and every other resource of the forests is used for the benefit of the people who live in the neighborhood or who may have a share in the welfare of each locality." Wise use members have also argued that continued access to public lands is necessary to maintain the health, culture and traditions of local communities.

Jill M. Belsky, a professor of Rural & Environmental Sociology at the University of Montana, wrote:
"there is a pattern for rural peoples and communities to be viewed as destroyers of nature in the United States, given their reliance on extractive industries such as mining, logging, grazing and commercial, petrochemical based-farming; and they provided political action in support of these industries. Given this history, it is not surprising that there has been a reluctance on the part of conservationists to envision how rural peoples and rural livelihoods could have played any significant role in the formation of wildlands or in any potential role they could play in the restoration and protection of large wildlands in the future. In the United States policy emphasizes ecosystems and ecosystem management. But while I understand this logic, I think it underestimates the importance of rural places, peoples and livelihoods in the management of large wildlands."

Criticism
Academics Ralph Maughan and Douglas Nilsona write that wise use is a "desperate effort to defend the hegemony of the cultural and economic values of the agricultural and extractive industries of the rural West", and have  "argued that the Wise Use agenda stemmed from an ideology that combined laissez-faire capitalism with cultural characteristics of an imagined Old West".

Some critics of the wise use movement claim that the strong rhetoric used has deepened divisions between opposing interest groups, and has indirectly increased violence and threats of violence against environmental groups and public employees. "Many observers noted that Wise Use activity in some areas overlapped heavily with the 1990s formation and growth of militias, self-styled volunteer paramilitary organizations presciently committed to their own version of homeland security."

Environmental historian Richard White has criticized Wise Use for upholding the rights of large landowners at the expense of working rural people in his essay, "'Are You an Environmentalist or Do You Work for a Living?': Work and Nature."

Broadcast journalist Stephenie Hendricks claimed in her book Divine Destruction that wise use is in part "being driven by biblical fundamentalists who believe exhausting natural resources will hasten the Second Coming of Jesus Christ."

Grassroots or front groups

Environmental activists have argued that the wise use movement is orchestrated largely or entirely by industry. David Helvarg's book The War Against the Greens contends that the wise use movement is not a collection of grassroots uprisings, but a set of astroturfing movements created by big business. Carl Deal, author of The Greenpeace Guide to Anti-Environmental Organizations also makes the same claim: that wise use groups give the appearance of being popular grassroots movements, but are actually front organizations for industry groups with a financial interest in the movement's agenda. Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. also described this conspiracy against the environment by wise use organizations in his 2004 book Crimes Against Nature.

These critics have largely portrayed so-called "grassroots" groups as being front groups and rural Westerners as serving as dupes for extractive industries and their interests. However, while corporate power played an important role in the wise use movement, the relationship between rural westerners and extractive industries was not a result of individual citizens blindly accepting corporate narratives; instead, wise use was an alliance between groups with similar goals regarding private property rights and access to public lands. Corporations also were better able to connect with rural residents because, according to James McCarthy, "[c]orporations were in fact often more sensitive to the region's cultural politics than many environmentalists and so were better able to engage culture for instrumental purposes."

History
The term wise use was coined in 1910 by U.S. Forest Service leader Gifford Pinchot to describe his concept of sustainable harvest of natural resources.

Today's wise use coalition has appropriated a nineteenth-century term. According to historian Douglas McCleery, the idea of "conservation as wise use" of natural resources began with conservation leader Gifford Pinchot in the late nineteenth century. The original "wise use" movement was a product of the Progressive Era, and included the concept of multiple use—public land can be used simultaneously for recreation, for timber, for mining, and for wildlife habitat. The multiple-use and wise use concepts advocated by Pinchot reflected the view that nature's resources should be scientifically managed so as "to protect the basic productivity of the land and its ability to serve future generations."

The modern use of the term "wise use" to refer to opposition to the environmental movement dates to the publication of Ron Arnold's book Wise Use Agenda in 1989. The wise use movement has it roots in both the earlier "Sagebrush Rebellion" in the western United States during the late 1970s and to the earlier opposition to the formation of the national forests.

However, unlike the Sagebrush Rebellion, which consisted largely of the formation of industry public relations groups by resource extraction industries and corporations such as Coors and Co, wise use included grassroots groups. Ron Arnold argued that the inclusion of citizen groups would make the movement more effective. In 1979, in Logging Management magazine, Arnold wrote: "Citizen activist groups, allied to the forest industry, are vital to our future survival. They can speak for us in the public interest where we ourselves cannot. They are not limited by liability, contract law or ethical codes... industry must come to support citizen activist groups, providing funds, materials, transportation, and most of all, hard facts."

James McCarthy wrote:
The Wise Use movement is a broad coalition of over a thousand national, state, and local groups. Its existence by this name dates from a 1988 'Multiple-Use Strategy Conference' attended by nearly 200 organizations, mainly Western-based, including natural resource industry corporations and trade associations, law firms specializing in combating environmental regulations, and recreational groups. The conference produced a legislative agenda intended to 'destroy environmentalism' and promote the 'wise use' of natural resources - an intentionally ambiguous phrase strategically appropriated from the early conservation movement.

References

Notes

Further reading
The Structure of Social Movements: Environmental Activism and its opponents by Luther P. Gerlac
An Ideological Analysis of the Wise Use Movement
Dangerous Territory: the Attack on Citizen Participation and the Environmental Movement by Jonn Lunsford
A Political Cultural Map to Future Wilderness, Monument and Park Designation by M. A. Nie
Ron Arnold, Ecology Wars: Environmentalism as if People Mattered (Bellevue, WA: The Free Enterprise Press, 1987).
Alan M. Gottlieb, The Wise Use Agenda (Bellevue, WA: The Free Enterprise Press, 1989).
Ron Arnold and Alan Gottlieb, Trashing the Economy: How Runaway Environmentalism is Wrecking America (Bellevue, WA: Free Enterprise Press, 1993).
David Helvarg, The War Against the Greens (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1994).
Carl Deal, The Greenpeace Guide to Anti-Environmental Organizations (Berkeley, CA: Odonian Press, 1993).
Daniel Kemmis, This Sovereign Land: A New Vision for Governing the West (Washington: Island Press, 2001).
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Crimes Against Nature (2004).
Pat Robertson, The New World Order (Dallas: Word Publishing, 1991).
William Cronon (ed.), Uncommon Ground: Rethinking Human Place in Nature (W. W. Norton & Company, 1996).
Jacqueline Vaughn Switzer, Green Backlash (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997).

External links
A Wise Use manifesto written by Ron Arnold
A critical view of Ron Arnold and his influence from the Clearinghouse on Environmental Advocacy and Research (link is to an archived copy of the defunct website at archive.org)
Gerald W. Williams The Property-Rights Movement or the Sagebrush Rebellion Revisited USDA Forest Service, 1997.
The Use of the National Forest Reserves"1905 Use Book"
CBS 60 Minutes, Clean Water Clean Air, television broadcast, 20 September 1992.
William Kevin Burke The Wise Use Movement: Right-Wing Anti-Environmentalism The Public Eye, June 1993.
Sherilyn Wells, Extremism is on the rise in Whatcom County, Washington High Country News, 17 October 1994.
Carrie Spector, Hellraiser Mother Jones, February 1995.
Paul de Armond, Wise Use in Northern Puget Sound Public Good Project, 1995.
Tarso Ramos, Regulatory Takings and Private Property Rights Western States Center, 1995.
High Country News, 12 May 1997, Intimidation is on the rise

Environmental skepticism
New Right (United States)
Political movements in the United States

Wise use movement


Anne Lennard, Countess of Sussex (née Palmer; 25 February 1661 – 16 May 1721 or 1722), formerly Lady Anne FitzRoy, was the eldest daughter of Barbara Villiers, mistress to King Charles II. She became the wife of Thomas Lennard, 1st Earl of Sussex.

Life
Born Lady Anne Palmer in Westminster, she was the first child of Barbara Villiers, the only child of William Villiers, 2nd Viscount Grandison, and the wife of Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine. Anne's mother was one of the mistresses of King Charles II. According to legend, Anne was conceived on the night of Charles's coronation. This cannot be true as she was born two months earlier, but she must have been conceived about the date on which Charles assumed the throne at the Restoration. Both Villiers and the king acknowledged Anne as his daughter, and she was therefore known by the alias of Fitzroy, meaning "son of the king," but she has also been suggested as the daughter of Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield, "whom," says Lord Dartmouth, "she resembled very much both in face and person."

On 11 August 1674, at the age of thirteen, Lady Anne was married at Hampton Court to the 15th Baron Dacre, a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to the King. On the same day her ten-year-old sister Lady Charlotte Fitzroy was contracted to Sir Edward Lee (raised from an early baronetcy to the Earldom of Lichfield two months before, and also a Gentleman of the King's Bedchamber). Both the wedding and her dowry were paid for by Charles II. Dacre was subsequently created Earl of Sussex.

In the summer of 1678, Lady Sussex eloped from a convent in Paris with Ralph Montagu (afterwards 1st Duke of Montagu). He was successively the lover of mother and daughter (the Duchess of Cleveland and Lady Sussex). In a letter to King Charles, dated "Paris, Tuesday the 28th, 1678," her mother wrote:

I was never so surprised in my whole life-time as I was at my coming hither, to find my Lady Sussex gone from my house and monastery where I left her, and this letter from her, which I here send you the copy of. I never in my whole life-time heard of such government of herself as she has had since I went into England. She has never been in the monastery two days together, but every day gone out with the Ambassador (Ralph Montagu), and has often lain four days together at my house, and sent for her meat to the Ambassador; he being always with her till five o'clock in the morning, they two shut up together alone, and would not let my maitre d'hôtel wait, nor any of my servants, only the Ambassador's. This has made so great a noise at Paris, that she is now the whole discourse. I am so much afflicted that I can hardly write this for crying, to see a child, that I doted on as I did on her, should make me so ill a return, and join with the worst of men to ruin me.

Anne's husband the Earl of Sussex was a "popular but extravagant man" who, by extravagance and losses by gambling, had to sell the estate of Herstmonceaux and others. Lord and Lady Sussex separated in 1688, and she was widowed in 1715. The dowager countess of Sussex died 16 May 1721 or 1722, and was buried at Linsted, County Kent.

Issue
The children of her union with Sussex were two sons, who died in infancy; and two daughters, who lived to adulthood, co-heirs of the Barony Dacre:
Barbara Lennard (12 July 1676, Westminster, London – 1741, Paris), married Charles Skelton, Esq., Lieutenant-General in the French service, and Grand Croix de St. Louis. Died without issue.
Charles Lennard, Lord Dacre (25 May 1682, Windsor Castle – 13 March 1684)
Henry Lennard: born about 1683 at Herstmonceaux, Sussex; died in infancy.
Anne Lennard (17 August 1684, Sussex – 26 June 1755, London), 16th Baroness Dacre in her own right. Married four times;
(1) First, to Richard Barrett-Lennard, Esq. (died 1716), son of Dacre Barrett-Lennard and his wife Jane, eldest daughter of Arthur Chichester, the second Earl of Donegal. Died a few months after his marriage to the Lady Anne in 1716, leaving his wife with child. Their son was Thomas Barrett-Lennard, 17th Baron Dacre (1717 – 12 January 1786), who died without legitimate issue.
(2) Secondly, to Henry Roper, 8th Baron Teynham (died 16 May 1723). Had, among other children, Charles, who m. Gertrude, sister and co-heir of John Trevor, esq. of Glynde, in Sussex, and left at his decease, in 1754,
Charles Trevor-Roper, 18th Baron Dacre (1745–1794). Died without issue, and the title devolved upon his nephew.
Gertrude (d. 3 October 1819), who succeeded her brother, as Baroness Dacre. The Hon. Gertrude Roper m. Thomas Brand, esq. of the Hoo, in the county of Herts; by whom she had issue,
Thomas, 20th Baron Dacre
Gertrude.
Henry, C.B., major-general in the army, who distinguished himself during the war in Spain.
(second son) Henry Brand, 1st Viscount Hampden.
(3) Thirdly, to Hon. Robert Moore (d. 1728), fifth son of Henry Hamilton-Moore, Earl of Drogheda, in London, by whom she had one son, Henry.
(4) Fourth, to Joseph Williams by whom she had one son, Jeremiah Williams

References

1661 births
1722 deaths
18th-century English people
17th-century English women
17th-century English people
18th-century English women
English countesses
Anne
Daughters of British dukes
Illegitimate children of Charles II of England
Daughters of kings

Anne Lennard, Countess of Sussex


Verjneadagum ) es un jútor del raión de Krymsk del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Está situada en la orilla izquierda del río Kubán, en su delta y próximo al lugar donde desemboca en este río el Adagum, 7 km al sudoeste de 1 centro de Krymsk y 85 km al oeste de Krasnodar. Tenía 266 habitantes en 2010

Pertenece al municipio Krymskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde  este enlace.
Este artículo es una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Верхнеадагум.
Sitio web del municipio
Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net.
 en Panoramio

Localidades del raión de Krymsk del krai de Krasnodar

Verjneadagum


සමහර රටවල ආහාරයට ගන්නා අලයක් හටගනාවූද, මල ඉතා අප්‍රසන්න සුවඳක් විහිදුවන්නාවූද පැලෑටියකි.

කිඩාරං


Herrernes enkeltstart ved EM i landevejscykling 2018 blev afholdt den 8. august i Glasgow i Skotland. Det var den 3. enkeltstart for herrer ved EM.

Enkeltstarten blev vundet af belgiske Victor Campenaerts for andet år i træk, efterfulgt af spanske Jonathan Castroviejo og tyske Maximilian Schachmann.

Deltagere

Danske ryttere
 Martin Toft Madsen
 Rasmus Quaade

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

Enkeltstart (herrer)

EM i landevejscykling 2018 – Enkeltstart (herrer)


Alpiscorpius zloporubovici est une espèce de scorpions de la famille des Euscorpiidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de Serbie. Elle se rencontre dans les monts Tara.

Description
Le mâle holotype mesure  et la femelle paratype . Alpiscorpius zloporubovici mesure de  à .

Étymologie
Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur de Matija Zloporubović.

Publication originale
 Tropea, 2021 : « Concerning some Balkan Euscorpiidae populations (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae). » Biologia Serbica, , ,  (texte intégral).

Liens externes
 The Scorpion Files : Jan Ove Rein, Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Notes et références

Euscorpiidae
Espèce de scorpions (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de Serbie

Alpiscorpius zloporubovici


An Leptochloa southwoodii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Neil Snow ngan Bryan Kenneth Simon. An Leptochloa southwoodii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Leptochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Leptochloa

Leptochloa southwoodii


Fosca es una ópera en cuatro actos con música de Antônio Carlos Gomes y libreto en italiano de Antonio Ghislanzoni, basado en La festa delle Marie de Luigi Capranica. Se estrenó en el Teatro de La Scala de Milán el 16 de febrero de 1873. Una segunda versión se estrenó el 7 de febrero de 1879 en el mismo teatro milanés.

Historia

Fosca es la segunda ópera que compone Carlos Gomes durante su estancia italiana, tras Il Guarany. Gomes realiza un viaje a Brasil para estrenar "Il Guarany" allí, y a su retorno, además de casarse, comienza la composición de una nueva ópera. En su composición prioriza una estructura discursiva frente a la tradicional división en números cerrados. La novela de Capranica en la que se basa el libreto de Ghislanzoni, "La festa delle Marie" se basa en parte en un legendario suceso que tuvo lugar en Venecia en 973 y que se conmemoraba anualmente en la "Festa delle Marie".
El estreno, que tuvo lugar en La Scala de Milán, fue un fracaso, ya que tuvo lugar en pleno enfrentamiento entre amantes del Bel-Canto y wagnerianos, siendo la obra acusada de wagnerianismo. Gomes, que la consideraba su mejor ópera y por ello se la dedicó a su propio hermano José Pedro de Sant'Anna Gomes, la revisó en varias ocasiones. En 1878 sustituye el aria original de Cambro "Or vieni o donna" por una nueva, "D'amore le ebbrezze", acorta el final del segundo acto suprimiento el concertante y alarga el dúo del tercer acto entre Fosca y Delia. Esta revisión se estrenó en La Scala el 7 de febrero de 1879, con buen resultado de crítica pero sin conseguir entrar en el repertorio. Gomes todavía realizará nuevas modificaciones, presentadas en 1889 y 1890.

Fosca se representó en 1877 en Buenos Aires y en Río de Janeiro, y en 1900 en Malta, y se ha seguido representando ocasionalmente en Brasil.

La ópera se representa poco en la actualidad. Según las estadísticas de Operabase, se dieron 16 representaciones en el periodo comprendido entre 2004 y 2018, siendo la ópera más representada del compositor.

Personajes

Argumento

La trama tiene lugar en Istria y Venecia en el .

Acto I

Habitación rústica en la guarida de los piratas cerca de Piran

Los piratas guardan su botín. Gajolo, su líder, explica a sus secuaces su próximo plan: se infiltrarán en la boda que se celebrará en la Iglesia de San Pedro en Venecia para robar a las novias. Llega entonces Cambro, que trae buenas noticias: el senador Michelle Giotta ha ofrecido una gran suma de dinero para rescatar a su hijo Paolo, a quien tienen prisionero; los piratas aceptan el precio del rescate. Fosca interrumpe las celebraciones para recordar que se le prometió que Paolo sería suyo y que no lo va a cambiar por todo el oro del mundo, ya que se ha enamorado de él (preghiera: Fratel, da un fascino). Sugiere en cambio engañar a Giotta, algo que los piratas rechazan por ser deshonorable.

Acantilado junto al mar, junto a una torre y una cueva

Cambro, que está secretamente enamorado de Fosca, espera que, al partir Paolo hacia Venecia, pueda por fin seducirla y de esa forma reinar sobre los piratas (aria: D'amore le ebbrezze). Se esconde a la llegada de Fosca, quien abre la verja que cierra la cueva y hace salir a Paolo. Él piensa que lo van a matar, pero ella le recuerda cómo le salvó su vida y lo cuidó durante su cautiverio. Le cuenta que su padre ha pagado el rescate que lo hace libre y le propone acompañarlo, pero él le recuerda que está enamorado de la mujer con la que está comprometido (dúo: Cara città natia).Ella le suplica, le advierte sobre el peligro de despertar su odio y finalmente le amenaza con volver a encerrarlo, pero en ese momento llega Gajolo a liberarlo, acompañado de Michele Giotta, padre de Paolo. Fosca, antes de ver irse a Paolo, intenta apuñalarlo, pero es detenida por Gajolo, quien insta a Paolo y Michele a marcharse de inmediato. Cambro sale entonces de su escondite y se aprovecha del odio de Fosca: ella le promete que le entrega a la prometida de Paolo, a cambio de convertirse en su esposa.

Acto II

Casa de Delia en Venecia

Paolo está con su amada Delia, con la que va a casarse pronto (dúo: Soli, del mondo immemori). Ella, una huérfana sin dote, expresa sus simpatías por la desgracia de Fosca, la mujer que cuidó a Paolo en su cautiverio. Mientras, Cambro se hace pasar por un vendedor ambulante e insiste en venderle un precioso collar a Delia, quien, presa de un nefasto presentimiento, lo rechaza. Pero en este tiempo Cambro descubre que ambos estarán en una hora en la iglesia en la que tendrá lugar el rapto.

Pequeña plaza ante la Iglesia de San Pedro

Fosca espera ansiosa la llegada de Cambro. Este le cuenta que ha visto a la pareja y que en un momento estarán en su poder.  Llega Gajolo para dar el golpe y se sorprende al ver a su hermana, que puede ponerlos en peligro. Paolo y delia están a punto de entrar en la iglesia y Fosca desespera al ver a la feliz pareja(aria: Quale orribile peccato). Entonces se presenta ante ellos, por lo que Gajolo le acusa de estar loca. Delia insiste en apresurarse en entrar a la iglesia. En ese momento se produce el asalto de los puratas, y Fosca ve a Cambro salir con la raptada Delia, pero Gajolo es capturado por los venecianos durante el enfrentamiento que se produce tras el asalto.

Acto III

Interior de la gruta de los piratas

En una oscura gruta Delia piensa en su amado Paolo, del que desconoce su destino (aria: Ad ogni mover lontan di frenda). Fosca entra y le dice que Paolo sigue vivo y que está en su poder; acusa entonces a Delia de haber hechizado a Paolo y quiere saber el secreto. Delia le pide que la mate, pero Fosca se niega, porque eso no apagará el amor de Paolo hacia ella, y Fosca lo quiere para sí misma. Delia se ofrece entonces a convertirse en su esclava, aplacando así el odio de Fosca.

Acantilado junto al mar, junto a la torre

Los piratas, deseosos de salvar a su capturado jefe, sospechan de Cambro. éste desea secretamente la muerte de Gajolo para así hacerse con su poder. Llega entonces Fosca, dispuesta a liberar a la pareja para así salvar a su hermano, pero Cambro le dice que entonces no volverá a ver a su amado Paolo, que estará en brazos de Delia, y ella se decide a matarlos.

Acto IV

Sala del senado en el Palacio Ducal

Michelle Giotta está preocupado por su hijo, y el Dux organiza una expedición de rescate, ya que nuevos piratas han sido capturados en la ciudad. Gajolo solicita una audiencia con el Dux que le es concedida. Solicita volver a Piram, ya que Fosca y Cambro han difundido la noticia de su muerte, por lo que los piratas ya no están bajo su control, y eso pone en peligro a Informa que Paolo y Delia. Propone entonces que sea liberado para poder salvarlos: si lo consigue será libre, pero si no volverá para ser ejecutado, propuesta que es aceptada por los venecianos.

Acantilado junto al mar

Cambro le da a entender a Paolo que Delia está muerta, y entonces él solo desea reunirse con ella (aria: Ah! Se tu sei fra gli angeli). llega entonces Fosca y Paolo le suplica que acabe cuanto antes con su vida. Pero Fosca hace llegar a Delia, sin permitir que ambos puedan abrazarse. Ella se conforma con la muerte de unos solo de los dos:  le ofrece a Delia tomar un veneno para así salvar a Paolo, algo que ella acepta. Paolo le suplica que no lo haga y Delia titubea, provocando las burlas de Fosca, que da la orden de matar a Paolo. Pero cuando Delia finalmente se dispone a beber el veneno aparece Gajolo, quien ha matado a Cambro por su traición y ordena que los dos amantes suban a una barca que los llevará a Venecia. Al ver lo sucedido, Fosca toma el veneno y, desesperada, pide perdón a la pareja por todas sus maldades, obteniendo el perdón de ambos. Cuando la pareja parte, Gajolo se da cuenta de lo sucedido: Fosca muere en sus brazos, y él jura vengarse de Venecia.

Estructura

Obertura

Acto I

 Buon dì, compagni (coro y escena - Gajolo)
 Salute al capitano (escena - Cambro)
 Fratel, da un fascino (preghiera (plegaria)- Fosca)
 Ah! Crudeli (stretta y escena)
 D'amore le ebbrezze
 Cara città natia (escena e dúo)
 La tua rivale odiata

Acto II

 Soli, del mondo immemori (escena de amor y dúo)
 Io vengo dai mondi (diálogo y canción)
 Mirate questa collana
 Bel cavaliero (escena y frase)
 Già troppo al mio supplizio (dúo)
 Quale orribile peccato (aria - Fosca)
 Marcha y coro nupcial
 Final segundo

Atto III

 Ad ogni mover lontan di frenda (escena y aria)
 Orfana e sola nel materno tetto (escena e dúo)
 Dei due qual mente? (coro de corsarios)
 Tu la vedrai negli impeti (escena e dúo)

Atto IV

 Son capitano (escena del consejo y estrofas)
 Di Venezia la vendetta (inventiva - coro)
 Ti allegra, o giovane (escena)
 Intenditi con Dio... Ah! Se tu sei fra gli angeli (romanza - Paolo)
 Alfin tremanti e supplici (gran escena)
 Non m'aborrir, compiangimi (cuarteto - escena final)

Discografía

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Libreto completo del estreno publicado en 1875 por Stabilimento musicale di F. Lucca.
Libreto completo del estreno de la revisión publicado en 1878 por Stabilimento musicale di F. Lucca.
Partitura de la reducción para voz y piano.
Notas, discografía y libreto (italiano / español) en Kareol
La festa delle Marie, novela de Luigi Capranica, online (en italiano).

Óperas de Carlos Gomes
Óperas de 1873
Óperas en italiano
Óperas estrenadas en Milán
Óperas basadas en novelas

Fosca (ópera)


August Thara ( — ), arhitekt, nacionalnošću njemački Rus, po drugim vrelima šleski Nijemac. Djelovao je u doba Austro-Ugarske. Zbog srčanih problema, preselio se u južnije krajeve, u Split. U Splitu je napravio jedan ljetnikovac. Po Dalmaciji i Zapadnoj Hercegovini projektirao je skoro sve duhanske postaje (režije duhana). Prepoznatljiv je po drvenom pročelju na zgradama menza ili upravnih zgrada, koje sliče pročeljima alpskih kuća.

Životopis

Rodio se je u pruskome glavnom gradu Königsbergu, današnjem Kalinjingradu. Došavši u Split zbližio se je s prvim gradonačelnikom ponarođenog Split, istaknutim domoljubnim političarem i preporoditeljem Hrvata u Dalmaciji, Gajom Bulatom iz Narodne stranke.
Bulat je Thari ustupio dio svoga terena za gradnju kuće. Postoji mogućnost da mu mu je Thara zauzvrat projektirao vilu u neposrednoj blizini,, iako je vjerojatnije da je arhitekt vile Gaje Bulata zapravo Juraj Botić. Neki Tharini projekti proglašeni su kulturnim dobrom, poput zgrade Zavičajnog muzeja u Imotskom, dio kompleksa Režije duhana. Thara je bio u početku i zakupac nekih od tih objekata, poput onog u Imotskom.

Vila, koju je gradio za sebe u Splitu nalazi se nekoliko desetaka metara udaljen od vile Gaje Bulata, za koju se percipiralo da ju je gradio Thara, i vile Plevne.

Djela

Neka od zgrada koje je projektirao August Thara:
 Vila Plevna u Splitu
 Vila Gaje Bulata u Splitu (sporno)
 Kompleks objekata Režije duhana u Imotskom
 Zgrada Zavičajnog muzeja u Imotskom

Izvori

Njemački arhitekti
Životopisi, Split

August Thara


Spectre — 1940 yılında Jerry Siegel ve Bernard Baily tarafından yaratılan çizgi roman kahramanı.

İlk olarak More Fun Comics'in 52. sayısında gözükür. Adı Jim Corrigan'dır. Ünlü bir gansteri yakalamaya çalıştığı sırada ölür ve tanrı tarafından süper güçler verilerek yeryüzüne geri gönderilir.

Hal Jordan: Kendisi eski bir Green Lantern'dir. Kendi serisinde bütün Green Lantern'lerin gücünü çalarak mutlak güce ulaşır. Zero Hour serisinde evreni yok edip kendi istediği gibi tekrar yaratmak ister. Final Night serisinde ise New Gods tarafından söndürülen güneşi tekrar canladırmak için kendini feda eder.

Judgement Day serisinde ise asi melek Asmodel'e karşı yeni bir Spectre'ye ihtiyaç duyulur. Görevini tamamlayan Jim Corrigan cennetten ayrılmak istemez ve onun yerine bu görev yaptıklarının affedilmesini isteyen Hal Jordan'a verilir ve yeni Spectre Hal Jordan olur. Asmodel ile savaşır ve onu yener.

Infinite Crisis serisine bağlı Day of Vengeance serisinde Eclipso tarafından evredeki bütün büyüyü yok etmesi için kandırılır. Bunun üzerine Spectre DC evrenindeki bütün büyücüleri (Dr.Fate, Phantom Stranger ve Shazam dahil) öldürerek büyüye son verir.

Güçleri

Sahip olduğu gizemli tanrısal güçler sayesinde istediği her şeyi yapabilir.

Diğer isimleri

Tanrı'nın Öfkesi, Hayalet Gardiyan, Acımasız ruh, Karanlığın Adamı.

Çizgi karakterler
Bangsian fantasy
Kurguda ölüm
Kurgusal hayaletler

Spectre (karakter)


Marcus George Singer (January 4, 1926 – February 21, 2016) was an American philosopher. His works include Generalization in Ethics – An Essay in the Logic of Ethics, with the Rudiments of a System of Moral Philosophy (1961).

Personal life
Marcus George Singer was born in 1926 in New York City.  His father, David Singer, a lawyer, died when MGS was 9 years old from a rare autoimmune disease. His mother, Esther Kobre Singer, was a concert level pianist and received awards from the City of New York for her service typing books in braille.  Her father and uncle, through their small bank, provided loans to many Jews to pay passage to the USA (Kobre Bank, NYC). MGS enlisted in the US Army Air Corps Reserves in 1943. From 1944 to 1945 he served in the U.S. Army Air Force as an aerial engineer and was training as a pilot. After mustering out of the army, he attended the University of Illinois, met his future wife, Blanche Ladenson, and graduated with High Honors in Philosophy, Phi Beta Kappa in 1948. In 1952, Singer earned his Ph.D. in Philosophy at Cornell University. Immediately on receiving his doctorate, Singer accepted a position teaching in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he continued to teach until 1994. Marcus lived with his wife, Blanche Ladenson Singer, for almost 70 years. He died February 21, 2016, after battling chronic illness, likely autoimmune. His curiosity, humor, enthusiasm for life and the larger issues of living continued almost until the end of life. Marcus has two daughters, Karen and Debra, and one grand child, Isaac. Karen Singer is Principal and Artistic Director of Karen Singer Tileworks.  Debra Singer is a photographer/designer focused on environmental advocacy, also working at UCSF Medical Center in research program administration (Managing Director, Center for Cellular Construction, UCSF ). One of his closest friends was Claudia Card, Emma Goldman Professor of Philosophy, UW–Madison, whom he mentored since her undergraduate years at UW. She pre-deceased him by six months.

His brilliance manifested at a young age, with insatiable curiosity, quick wittedness, an interest in right and wrong. He served in the US Army Airforce to fight fascism in WW II - the war ended before he was sent to a front, but living through that time of evil profoundly influenced his thinking and actions. His family lost family in Germany and throughout Europe. His brother-in-law Lawrence Cane served in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, fighting against Franco in Spain and was blacklisted as a Communist thinker (See 'Fighting Fascism in Spain: The World War II Letters of An American Veteran of the Spanish Civil War.' MG Singer persisted in focusing on moral philosophy and ethics despite it being out of fashion in philosophical circles. In later years, he explained what he did as 'teaching people how to think for themselves', one of the most important endeavors one can do.

MG Singer served as Chairman of the UW Philosophy Department 1963–1968, during the Vietnam War Years. He served as the president of the American Philosophical Association, Central Division, from 1985 until 1986. He gave generously to support civil liberties, free thought, environmental and social justice, wildlife protection, indigenous peoples' rights, the right to clean air, water, soil, food for all, among other issues. He taught that to keep silent in the face of evil, especially that perpetrated by the culture around one, is to be complicit in that evil. His latest works focused on Evil, and a History of the UW Philosophy Department (to be published in the next year.)

Works
Singer's early work describes a moral philosophy which has become known as the generalization argument.  He further refines this philosophy in later works.  Similar to Immanuel Kant's universalizability principle, Singer argues that if it is acceptable for one person in a particular situation to take – or not take – an action, then it is acceptable for any person in that particular situation to do the same.  He further posits that an action is ethical if the results would be positive if everyone took that action and the results would not be negative if no one took that action. According to Richard Flathman, Singer's 1961 book, Generalization in Ethics – An Essay in the Logic of Ethics, with the Rudiments of a System of Moral Philosophy, was, at its publication, the "most detailed study of the topic" of generalization of the universalizability principle.

According to his profile in the Encyclopedia of Ethics, Singer's "writings also include important work on the moral philosophies of" John Stuart Mill and Henry Sidgwick.  Singer's views of utilitarianism have also been noted as some of the most influential of modern ethicists.

His latest work as Emeritus Professor focused on Evil in the world. More to come from Debra Singer, who is Literary Executor of his works.

References

Sources

1926 births
2016 deaths
University of Illinois alumni
Cornell University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
American philosophers
20th-century American philosophers

Marcus George Singer


Ækvatorialguinea deltog ved sommer-OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro, Brasilien i perioden 5. august til 21. august 2016. Dette var landets niende deltagelse ved sommer-OL.

Referencer

2016
Lande ved sommer-OL 2016

Ækvatorialguinea ved sommer-OL 2016


أندرو بارتون «بانجو» باترسون  (17 فبراير 1864 - 5 فبراير 1941)  هو شاعر وصحفي ومؤلف أسترالي. كتب العديد من القصائد والأغاني عن الحياة الأسترالية، وركز بشكل خاص على المناطق الريفية والنائية، بما في ذلك منطقة بينالونغ في نيو ساوث ويلز، حيث أمضى معظم طفولته. ومن أبرز قصائد باترسون «والتزنج ماتيلدا» و «الرجل من نهر الثلجي» و «كلانسي من أوفيرفلو».

السيرة

ولد أندرو بارتون باترسون في عزبة «نارامبلا»، بالقرب من أورانج في نيو ساوث ويلز، وهو أكبر أبناء أندرو بوجل باترسون، وهو مهاجر اسكتلندي من لاناركشاير، وروز إيزابيلا بارتون أسترالية المولد، وهي قريبة بعيدة لرئيس وزراء أستراليا إدموند بارتون. عاشت عائلة باترسون في محطة باكينبا المنعزلة قرب يوفال في نيو ساوث ويلز حتى كان أندرو في الخامسة عندما فقد والده عمله في الصوف في الفيضانات وأجبر على بيع منزله.  توفي عمه جون باترسون، وأخذت عائلته مزرعة جون في إلالونغ، بالقرب من ياس التي تقع قرب الطريق الرئيسي بين ملبورن وسيدني. وكانت عربات الثيران ورعاة الماشية مشاهد مألوفة بالنسبة له. كما كان يشاهد الخيالة من منطقة نهر موروبيدجي وبلدة سنوي ماونتن وهو يشاركون في سباقات النزهات ومباريات البولو، ما أكسبه ولعا بالخيول وألهم كتاباته.

تعلم باترسون في البداية على يد مربية، ثم بدأ يدرس في مدرسة في بينالونغ. في عام 1874 تم إرسال باترسون إلى مدرسة سيدني لقواعد اللغة، وأظهر نفسه كطالب مجد ورياضي. وخلال هذا الوقت، عاش في كوخ يسمى روكيند في ضواحي غلاديسفيل. تم إدراج الكوخ الآن في سجل العقارات الوطنية. غادر المدرسة المرموقة في سن السادسة عشرة بعد أن رسب في امتحان المنح الدراسية لجامعة سيدني. أصبح بعدها كاتبا قانونيا في شركة محاماة في سيدني برئاسة هربرت سالوي وتم قبوله كمحام في عام 1886.

بدأ باترسون أيضا مسيرته الأدبية في هذه الفترة. وبدأ تقديم ونشر الشعر في مجلة "The Bulletin" من عام 1885، وهي مجلة أدبية تركز على الأدباء في أستراليا. وكان عمله الأول قصيدة تنتقد حرب بريطانيا في السودان، التي شارك فيها الجنود الأستراليون. وفرت له هذه المجلة على مدى العقد المقبل منصة هامة لعمله الأدبي، وظهر فيها باسم مستعار هو "ذا بانجو"، وهو اسم حصانه المفضل. حقق باترسون شهرة كبيرة في البلاد خلال تسعينات القرن التاسع عشر وشكل صداقات مع شخصيات أخرى مهمة في الأدب الأسترالي، مثل إي جاي برادي وبريكر مورانت وهنري لوسون. وقد دخل باترسون في منافسة ودية في الشعر مع لوسون في وصف حياة الأحراش الأسترالية.

أصبح باترسون مراسلا حربيا لصحيفة سيدني مورنينغ هيرالد وذا أيج خلال حرب البوير الثانية، وأبحر إلى جنوب أفريقيا في أكتوبر 1899. وصفت تقاريره عمليات إغاثة كيمبرلي واستسلام بلومفونتين (كان أول مراسل يصل) واحتلال بريتوريا ما جذب له انتباه الصحافة في بريطانيا.  وكان مراسلا أيضا خلال ثورة الملاكمين، حيث التقى بالجنرال جورج موريسون وكتب عن لقائه به في وقت لاحق.  وكان رئيس تحرير صحيفة سيدني إيفينينغ نيوز (1904-06) ومجلة تاون أند كانتري (1907-08).

في عام 1908 عاد من رحلة إلى المملكة المتحدة وقرر التخلي عن الصحافة والكتابة وانتقل مع عائلته إلى عقار مساحته 16,000 هكتار (40,000 فدان) بالقرب من مدينة ياس.

حاول باترسون أن يغطي القتال في فلاندرز في الحرب العالمية الأولى ولم ينجح، لكنه أصبح سائق سيارة إسعاف مع المستشفى الأسترالي الطوعي في ويمريو في فرنسا. عاد إلى أستراليا في بدايات العام 1915، وبصفته طبيبا بيطريا فخريا، سافر في ثلاث رحلات بالخيول إلى أفريقيا والصين ومصر. تم تعيينه في وحدة إعادة التوطين الثانية ضمن القوة الإمبراطورية الأسترالية في 18 أكتوبر 1915، وخدم في البداية في فرنسا حيث أصيب وسجل في عداد المفقودين في يوليو 1916، ثم أصبح قائد وحدة في القاهرة. أعيد لاحقا إلى أستراليا وتم تسريحه من الجيش بعد أن ترقى إلى رتبة رائد في أبريل 1919. وقد انضمت زوجته إلى الصليب الأحمر وعملت في وحدة إسعاف قريبة من زوجها.

عاد باترسون إلى أستراليا ونشر المجموعة الثالثة من أشعاره بعنوان Saltbush Bill JP، وواصل نشر الأشعار والقصص القصيرة والمقالات واستمر في الكتابة على جريدة Truth الأسبوعية من سيدني.  كما كتب باترسون على دوري كرة الرجبي في عقد 1920 لصالح جريدة سيدني سبورتسمان.

مات باترسون بنوبة قلبية في سيدني في 5 فبراير 1941 وهو يناهز من العمر 76 عاما. يقع قبر باترسون بجانب قبر زوجته في المقبرة التذكارية في الضواحي الشمالية في سيدني.

الحياة الشخصية

تزوج من "أليس إميلي ووكر" في 8 أبريل 1903، من تنتيرفيلد ستيشن، وكان زواجهما في كنيسة سانت ستيفن المشيخية في تنتيرفيلد في نيو ساوث ويلز. وكان منزلهما يقع في شارع كوين في وولارا. أنجب باترسون طفلينن هما غريس (ولد في 1904) وهيو (ولد في 1906).

أعمال

اشتهرت قصيدة «الرجل من نهر الثلجي» مع خمس قصائد أخرى في جريدة «ذا بوليتين» والتي جعلت اسم بانجو مألوفا.في عام 1895، نشرت دار أنجس وروبرتسون هذه القصائد في مجموعة من القصائد الأسترالية. وبيع من الكتاب 5000 نسخة في الأشهر الأربعة الأولى من النشر.

في عام 1895، توجه باترسون شمالا إلى محطة داغورث بالقرب من وينتون في كوينزلاند. وكان باترسون يسافر مع خطيبته سارة رايلي والتقيا بصديقتها القديمة في المدرسة كريستينا ماكفرسون التي حضرت سباقا في وارنامبول في فيكتوريا. سمعت سارة رايلي فرقة تعزف لحنا هناك، وعلق اللحن في رأسها واعادت عزفها لباترسون على آلة الأوتوهارب. حفظ باترسون اللحن وألهمه لتأليف أغنية «والتزنج ماتيلدا». ودار الكثير من النقاش حول ما ألهمه لكتابة الكلمات، إلا أن هذه الأغنية أصبحت إحدى أشهر قصائده.

وبالإضافة إلى هذه الأغنية، كتب باترسون كلمات أغاني أخرى مع نوتة بيانو، مثل The Daylight is Dying""  و Last Week.  ونشرت أيضا من قبل أنجس وروبرتسون بين عامي 1895 و 1899. في عام 1905، أصدر دار النشر مجموعة بعنوان "أغاني الأحراش القديمة Old Bush Songs، وهي مجموعة من قصائد باترسون تم تجميعها منذ عام 1895.

رغم أن باترسون عاش وعمل في سيدني في معظم حياته، إلا أن قصائده رسمت صورة رومانسية عن الأحراش وشخصية أهل الأحراش. وتأثر بعمل شاعر أسترالي آخر هو جون فاريل، وكان يمثل شخصية مواطن الأحراش كشخصية قوية ومستقلة وبطولية وأصبحت الصفات المثالية التي بنيت عليها الشخصية الوطنية.

ألف باترسون روايتين؛ An Outback Marriage عام 1906 و The Shearer's Colt عام 1936، والعديد من القصص القصيرة، وألف كتابا على أساس تجاربه كمراسل حربي؛ Happy Dispatches عام 1934. كما ألف كتابا للأطفال بعنوان «الحيوانات التي نسيها نوح» (1933)

قام الممثل جاك تومسون بتسجيل عدد من قصائد باترسون المعروفة،  ولعب تومسون دور كلانسي في الاقتباس السينمائي عام 1982 لقصيدة «الرجل من نهر الثلجي».

ذكرت تقارير إعلامية في أغسطس 2008 أنه عثر قصيدة لم تكن معروفة من قبل في مذكرات الحرب التي كتبها خلال حرب البوير.

الإرث

تظهر صورة بانجو باترسون على ورقة 10 دولارات إلى جانب رسم مستوحى من قصيدة «الرجل من نهر الثلجي»، وكذلك نص القصيدة نفسها مطبوع في نقش الحماية من التزوير.

في عام 1981 تم تكريمه على الطوابع البريدية الصادرة عن البريد الأسترالي.

سميت عليه كلية أ. ب. باترسون في أروندل على غولد كوست في كوينزلاند، وكذلك مكتبة أ. ب. «بانجو» باترسون في مدرسة سيدني لقواعد اللغة.

في عام 1983 كانت أغنية «والتزينغ ماتيلدا» بأداء مغني الكانتري الأسترالي سليم داستي هي أول أغنية بثها رواد الفضاء إلى الأرض.

مراجع

 Notes on Author: Andrew Barton Paterson
 Australian Authors – A. B. ("Banjo") Paterson (1864–1941)
 "Banjo" Paterson

وصلات خارجية

 AB 'Banjo' Paterson Biographical Summary – Reserve Bank of Australia website
 Family Tree
 Photos of Banjo Paterson memorial outside Orange NSW

 Works by A B Paterson at Project Gutenberg Australia
 "The Man from Snowy River and Other Verses" on Freeread.co.au
 منظمة ناشيونال جيوغرافيك magazine August 2004 article on "Banjo" Paterson
 Banjo Paterson Biography at www.wallisandmatilda.com.au
 Paterson, Andrew Barton (Banjo) (1864–1941) The National Library of Australia's Federation Gateway (Retrieved 5 August 2007)
 Listen to the first recording of the song Waltzing Matilda on australianscreen online
 'Waltzing Matilda' was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2008.

روابط إضافية

أستراليون من أصل إسكتلندي
أشخاص في حرب البوير الثانية
أشخاص من سيدني
شعراء أستراليون
شعراء أستراليون في القرن 19
شعراء أستراليون في القرن 20
شعراء القرن 19
صحفيو دوري رغبي أستراليون
صحفيون أستراليون
عسكريون أستراليون في الحرب العالمية الأولى
كتاب أستراليون في القرن 19
كتاب قصة قصيرة أستراليون في القرن 19
كتاب من سيدني
كتاب من نيوساوث ويلز
مراسلون حربيون أستراليون
مراسلون عسكريون
مواليد 1864
وفيات 1941
وفيات في سيدني

بانجو باترسون


Culross dans le Perthshire (depuis 1889 dans le Fife) était un burgh royal  qui a élu un Commissaire au Parlement d'Écosse et à la Convention des États.

Le Parlement d'Écosse a cessé d'exister avec l'Acte d'Union de 1707 et le commissaire de Culross, Sir David Dalrymple, a été l'un de ceux qui ont été cooptés pour représenter l'Écosse au premier Parlement de Grande-Bretagne. À partir des Élections générales de 1708 Culross, Dunfermline, Inverkeithing, Stirling, et Queensferry ont formé le district de Stirling, élisant un Membre du Parlement.

Liste des commissaires de burgh

 1661–63, 1669–74, 1678 convention, 1685–1686: Sir Alexander Bruce de Broomhall
 1665 convention: William Pearson, baili
 1667 convention: David Mitchell, baili
 1681–1682: George Wilson,  doyen de la guilde
 1689 convention, 1689-1697: William Erskine de Torry (mort en 1700)
 1697–1702, 1702-1707: Sir David Dalrymple

Références

Article connexe
 Liste des circonscriptions au Parlement d'Écosse au moment de l'Union

Circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse (jusqu'en 1707)
Politique dans le Fife
Politique dans le Perth and Kinross

Culross (circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse)


As relações entre Brasil e Guiné-Bissau referem-se às relações bilaterais entre a República Federativa do Brasil e a República de Guiné-Bissau. Ambas as nações são membros da Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, Grupo dos 77 e das Nações Unidas.

História
Brasil e Guiné-Bissau estiveram unidos por trezentos anos como parte do Império Português. Como parte do Império Português e durante o tráfico atlântico de escravos, o Brasil recebeu milhares de guineenses que chegaram ao país como escravos. De 1815 a 1822, a Guiné-Bissau foi administrada pelo Brasil durante a Transferência da corte portuguesa para o Brasil.

Em setembro de 1973, a Guiné-Bissau declarou sua independência de Portugal. Em 16 de julho de 1974, o Brasil reconheceu a independência de Guiné-Bissau antes do reconhecimento de Portugal. Pouco depois, os dois países estabeleceram relações diplomáticas. Nesse mesmo ano, o Brasil abriu uma embaixada em Bissau. Em 1984, o presidente brasileiro João Figueiredo fez uma visita oficial à Guiné-Bissau, a primeira de um presidente brasileiro. A visita foi retribuída em 1997 com a visita ao Brasil do Presidente de Guiné-Bissau, João Bernardo Vieira. Houve inúmeras visitas de alto nível entre líderes de ambas as nações desde as visitas iniciais.

Em 2010, o Presidente de Guiné-Bissau, Malam Bacai Sanhá, fez uma visita ao Brasil. Durante a sua visita, foram assinados vários acordos, como o Acordo para Implementação de Programas de Combate ao HIV / SIDA na Guiné-Bissau; Acordo de Atendimento a Mulheres e Adolescentes Vítimas de Violência de Gênero; Acordo de Exercício de Atividade Remunerada por Dependentes de Pessoal Diplomático, Consular, Militar, Administrativo e Técnico; Memorando de Entendimento na Área de Agricultura; Memorando de Entendimento no Setor Pesqueiro; e um Memorando de Entendimento sobre Educação Superior.

Em maio de 1978, os governos do Brasil e de Guiné-Bissau assinaram um acordo de cooperação técnica, por meio do qual o governo brasileiro apoiaria o desenvolvimento socioeconômico de Guiné-Bissau. Guiné-Bissau é um dos maiores destinatários de projetos de desenvolvimento com recursos da Agência Brasileira de Cooperação. A Agência Brasileira de Cooperação auxilia e desenvolve projetos nas mais diversas áreas, incluindo segurança, saúde, agricultura, educação, segurança alimentar, justiça, apoio a eleições, entre outros, na Guiné-Bissau.

Visitas de alto nível

Visitas de alto nível do Brasil à Guiné-Bissau

 Presidente João Figueiredo (1984)
 Presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2005)
 Chanceler Celso Amorim (2009)

Visitas de alto nível da Guiné-Bissau ao Brasil

 Presidente João Bernardo Vieira (1997, 2007)
 Presidente Malam Bacai Sanhá (2010)
 Presidente José Mário Vaz (2015)

Missões diplomáticas residentes

 O Brasil tem embaixada em Bissau.
 A Guiné-Bissau tem embaixada em Brasília.

Ver também

 Jogos da Lusofonia
 Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves

Bibliografia

 }

Relações entre Brasil e Guiné-Bissau


Stefan Roy Frederiksen (født 19. oktober 1994 i Nykøbing Falster) er forhenværende landsformand for Liberal Alliances Ungdom.

Baggrund og uddannelse
Frederiksen er født i Nykøbing Falster og er vokset op delvist i Maribo, Odense og Næstved. Han har både gået på Herlufsholm Skole og Gods og på Flakkebjerg Efterskole, inden han rejste til Michigan, USA og dimitterede fra Cadillac High School.

Han vendte hjem til Danmark og startede på ZBC Næstved i 2012. Her blev han elevrådsformand fra 2012 til 2015, og derudover valgt til forretningsudvalget i Landssammenslutningen af Handelsskoleelever.

Frederiksen har været aktiv i Pulterkammerets Aktivister, hvor han medvirkede til bekæmpning af hævnporno og cybermobning. I 2017 blev han valgt som næstformand for foreningen. Posten bestred han frem til 2018.

Fra august 2017 aftjente Frederiksen sin værnepligt ved Den Kongelige Livgarde, hvor han blev valgt som landstalsmand. I 2018 fik han også tillidshvervet som rådsmedlem i Værnepligtsrådet.

I 2018 påbegyndte Stefan Roy Frederiksen sit nuværende studie, Teknoantropologi på Aalborg Universitet i København.

Politisk karriere
I 2014 meldte Frederiksen sig ind i Liberal Alliances Ungdom. Samme år blev han lokalformand for Liberal Alliances Ungdom Næstved. Foreningen blev i 2015 kåret som årets lokalforening, mens Frederiksen blev kåret som "Årets liberale fighter" og valgt som medlem af Forretningsudvalget med ansvar for organisationsudvikling.

I marts 2016 efterfulgte han Alex Vanopslagh som landsformand for Liberal Alliances Ungdom efter et kampvalg, hvor også Anders Burlund kandiderede til posten. Som landsformand gjorde Frederiksen sig bemærket ved at tale for en legalisering af hash og hårde stoffer, EU-skepsis og Lolland som frihandelszone. Han var som landsformand medlem af Hovedbestyrelsen i Liberal Alliance. Han blev dog i februar 2017 suspenderet som formand for Liberal Alliance Ungdom efter "mistanke om uretmæssig adgang til to medlemmers konti på sociale medier". Suspenderingen skete samtidigt med en suspendering af formanden for kampagneudvalget Mathias Wehrsdorf. Ved landsmødet den 25. februar 2017 blev han ekskluderet som medlem af Liberal Alliance Ungdom. Københavns Politi valgte dog ikke at rejse en sag i forholdet.

Han deltog i "demokratiløftet", et projekt af Everyday for at mindske politikerlede og har også bidraget til en bogudgivelse fra Ungdomsbureauet med titlen "De engagerede".

Udover det partipolitiske foreningsliv har Frederiksen bestredet en post i hovedbestyrelsen hos Borgerlige Studerende fra 2015 til 2017.

Hans politiske engagement skildres løbende i en dokumentar af videodokumentarist Lise Birk Pedersen.

Referencer

Personer fra Nykøbing Falster
Danske ungdomspolitikere
Liberal Alliances Ungdom

Stefan Roy Frederiksen


Ercole Bernabei (født ca. 1622 i Caprarola, død 5. december 1687 i München) var en italiensk organist, kapelmester og komponist.

Biografi
Bernabei fik sin musikuddannelse i Rom, hvor han var elev af Orazio Benevoli. I tiden 1653–1665 var han organist ved San Luigi dei Francesi. Forgængeren i dette embede var Luigi Rossi. Juli 1665 blev Bernabei udnævnt til kapelmester ved San Giovanni in Laterano. I 1667 var han igen ved San Luigi dei Francesi, denne gang som kapelmester. I 1672 hjalp dronning Christina af Sverige ham til en post som kapelmester i Det Sixtinske Kapel i Vatikanet.

I 1674 rejste han på invitation af Ferdinand Maria af Bayern til München, hvor han gik i tjeneste som hofkapelmester efter Johann Kaspar Kerll. Her blev han resten af livet. Sønnen Giuseppe Antonio Bernabei blev i 1688 hans efterfølger som kapelmester.

Ercole Bernabei skrev hovedsagelig kirkelig vokalmusik, men mens han var i München komponerede han fem operaer. Musikalsk blev han regnet blandt de konservative og kæmpede for en tilbagevenden til Palestrinas stil.

Værker
 Concerto madrigalesco per 3 voci e basso continuo (1669, Roma)
 Sacrae modulationes op. 2, per 5 voci, 2 violini e basso continuo
 2 messe per 16 voci
 23 fra mottetti, inni, antifone per 4-8 voci
 Varie cantate, canzonette, arie per 1 voce e basso continuo

Eksterne henvisninger

 Sceneværker

Barokkomponister
Operakomponister fra Italien
Komponister fra Italien
Hofkapelmestre
Personer fra provinsen Viterbo

Ercole Bernabei


was a town located in Higashiusuki District, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan.

In 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,838 and a density of . The total area was .

On February 20, 2006, Kitakata, along with the town of Kitaura (also from Higashiusuki District), was merged into the expanded city of Nobeoka.

External links
Official website of Nobeoka

Dissolved municipalities of Miyazaki Prefecture
Nobeoka, Miyazaki

Kitakata, Miyazaki


Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones je action-adventure videoigra koju je razvio i objavio Ubisoft. Objavljena je 1. prosinca 2005. godine. Igra je nastavak na Prince of Persia: Warrior Within igru koja je izašla godinu dana prije. Objavljena je za PlayStation 2, GameCube, Microsoft Windows, Xbox i Java (samo za mobilne telefone). Cenzurirana je i prebačena na PlayStation Portable i Wii, pod naslovom Prince of Persia: Rival Swords s Wii verzijom koja koristi funkciju senzora pokreta pokretača.

The Two Thrones posljednje je poglavlje trilogije Sands of Time, ali to nije bila zadnja igra koja je postavljena u svom kontinuitetu. Dvije izdvojene igre smještene između prethodnih poglavlja trilogije, Battles of Prince of Persia i Prince of Persia: The Forgotten Sands objavljene su, a prva je bila dostupna samo nekoliko dana nakon što su objavljena Two Thrones.

Radnja igre
Igra je smještena nakon događanja u igri Prince of Persia: Warrior Within, u kojoj Princ ubija Dahaku, spašava Kaileenu i sprečava stvaranje Pijeska vremena. Za razliku od prethodnih igara, priču pripovijeda Kaileena. Prinčeve odluke koje je donio u prošloj igri poremetili su vremensku liniju događaja. U originalnoj vremenskoj crti, Vezir i Maharadža putovali su na Otok vremena i pronašli pješčani sat ispunjen Pijeskom vremena. U modificiranoj vremenskoj crti pronalaze pješčani sat prazan. Budući da Vezir nikada nije pustio Sands of Time i borio se s Princom, on je još uvijek živ na početku ove igre. Farah, koja je pomagala Princu tijekom Sands of Time igre, nikada nije upoznala Princa.

Dok se Princ i Kaileena vraćaju u grad Babilon, smatraju da ga je razarao rat. Njihov je brod napadnut i uništen, a on i Kaileena isperu se na obalu. Princ se budi i promatra kako neprijateljski vojnici odvode Kaileenu. Princ se bori protiv neprijatelja dok ne dođe do palače gdje se suočava s Vezirom, koji ubija Kaileenu bodežom vremena, ponovno oslobađajući Pijesak. Vezir se potom nabije na njega i učini se besmrtnim. Princ je također pogođen, a u kožu mu je ugrađeno oružje nalik biču poznato pod nazivom Bodež, kada Sands zarazi ranu. Međutim, u zabuni nakon puštanja Pijeska, Vezir baci Bodež u stranu i Princ ga uspije ukrasti prije nego što ga Pijesak u potpunosti zarazi.

Princ pada u kanalizaciju i odvozi ga u predgrađe Babilona. Dok još jednom putuje gradom kako bi ubio vezira, otkrije da zaraza uzrokovana Pijeskovima vremena utječe na njegov um, što dovodi do alter ega zvanog Tamni Princ (glas Rick Miller), koji se očituje glasom unutar. Tamni Princ je hladan, okrutan, arogantan i sarkastičan; pokušava uvjeriti princa da se treba truditi služiti samo sebi, koristeći svoju osvetu kao katalizator za svoje druge osjećaje. U mnogim prilikama Tamni Princ preuzima kontrolu nad prinčevim tijelom i Princ se u potpunosti transformira u hibridno čudovište od pijeska sa sposobnostima koje omogućuju Princu da prođe inače nepremostive prepreke. Princ se trudi da njegova transformacija svima ostane tajna, što je najočitije kada je prisiljen pobjeći u kanalizaciju kad se počne transformirati nedugo nakon što ljudi svjedoče njegovoj pobjedi nad krupnom Klompom, generalom vezira, u areni u kojoj bili su zatvoreni.

Kasnije Princ susreće Farah (glas Helen King), koja je iznenađena da Princ zna njezino ime. Unatoč tome, par započinje s potpuno novom romansom, ali ne drži se lako kad utjecaj Tamnog Princa natjera Princa da djeluje agresivno i nerazumno, što Farah dovodi u pitanje njegov lik. Nakon što Farah krene spašavati žene u javnoj kući, a Princ se nakratko odijeli kako bi porazio Mahastiju, drugog generala od Vezira, Farah na kraju otkriva Princa preobraženog u Tamnog Princa nedugo nakon što je ubio Mahastiju, a njezino nepovjerenje u njega dolazi do glava. Pokušava se držati podalje od njega, a Princ sam nastavlja u grad.

Shvativši negativan utjecaj korupcije Tamnog Princa na njegov odnos s Farah, Princ odlučuje promijeniti svoj stav i počinje ignorirati Tamnog Princa. Odlučuje se boriti protiv patnje svog naroda, protiv koje je Tamni Princ uvijek govorio. Uz povremenu pomoć moći Tamnog Princa, Princ dolazi do kraljevske radionice i koristi kip svog oca kako bi razbio izlaz ljudima koji su zarobljeni u požaru, uključujući starca iz Ratnika iznutra, koji sada izražava nadu da će Princ moći spasiti svoje carstvo nakon što je u početku sumnjao u svoju sposobnost da promijeni sudbinu. Tada Princ progoni i pobjeđuje još dvojicu vezirovih generala, naoružanih mačem i sjekirom, dok se Farah vraća za kraj vremena da ih dokrajči. Zatim ih stjera u vezirovu pješčanu vojsku, ali spašavaju ih spašeni građani Babilona, mobilizirajući se kao neočekivana vojska koja stiže da se oduži Princu što ih je spasio. Prorezali su otvor kroz neprijateljske snage kako bi pomogli dvojici junaka da pobjegnu.

Na kraju se ponovno okupljaju na ulazu u palaču, gdje se Princ ispričava Farah za prošli arogantan i bezobziran stav pod utjecajem Tamnog princa. Princ tada popravlja dizalo kako bi ih doveo do visećih vrtova palače. Dublje u vrtove, vezir zarobljava Farah i baca Princa u drevni zdenac, gdje se dugo tihi Tamni Princ ponovno pojavljuje i pokušava preuzeti trajnu kontrolu. Princ se očajnički pokušava oduprijeti moći, polako zalazeći dublje u zdenac tražeći bijeg, ali polako slabi. Na dnu bunara, princ naleti na mrtvo tijelo svog oca Sharamana. Tuguje za njim, uzimajući očev mač i prihvaćajući posljedice onoga što je učinio da napokon potisne sposobnost Tamnog Princa da kontrolira svoje tijelo. S novom odlukom da popravi stvari, Princ se bori pod zemljom i natrag u dvorane palače, prije nego što se popne na njegov masivni toranj da bi se konačno suočio s vezirom i oslobodio Farahu.

Na vrhu tornja palače, Princ se sučeljava i ubija Vezira bodežom vremena. Pijesci se oslobađaju Vezira i njegovih vojnika koji polako umiru. Vidjevši to, narod Babilona se raduje. Sands ima oblik Kaileene koja liječi prinčevu infekciju i uništava Bodež vremena. Kaže da ovaj svijet nije bio namijenjen njoj, ali postojat će i drugi svjetovi za nju gdje će naći svoje mjesto. Kaže Princu da je slobodan i da je njegovo putovanje na kraju i nestaje. Dok Princ pronalazi Sharamanovu krunu, Tamni Princ je uzima i govori mu da će sve što princ posjeduje s pravom biti njegovo i namamiti princa u njegov um, gdje se njih dvoje bore sve dok Princ ne napusti svoju sjenu uz pomoć Farahova glasa. Igra završava tako što Farah pita kako Princ zna njezino ime, a princ odgovara prepričavanjem priče o svom prvom iskustvu s Pijescima vremena u Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time.

Igra
Igra kombinira istraživanje i borbu. Oba elementa koriste Prinčevu akrobatsku sposobnost i okretnost. Tijekom većeg dijela igre igrač mora pokušati preći palaču trčeći preko zidova, uspinjući se ili spuštajući se ponorima skačući naprijed-natrag između zidova, izbjegavajući zamke, penjajuće konstrukcije i skačući s platforme na platformu, čineći druge vrste dobro tempiranim. skače, rješavajući zagonetke i koristeći otkrivene predmete za napredak. Postoji i nekoliko sljedova na tračnicama u kojima Princ mora voziti kočija dugom dionicom ceste opasnom brzom brzinom, zahtijevajući od igrača izbjegavanje prepreka i odbijanje neprijatelja na putu.

Tijekom borbe, mnogi od istih poteza vitalnih za igrača u drugim situacijama mogu se koristiti za nadvladavanje neprijatelja. Primjer je sposobnost Princa da skače sa zidova kako bi odlučno udario neprijatelje. Igrač obično napada neprijatelje i blokira pomoću bodeža, iako se drugi predmeti ili čimbenici, poput Bodeža vremena i njegovih sposobnosti upravljanja vremenom, na kraju pokazuju presudnima za pobjedu. Bodež vremena također se može nadograditi onemogućavanjem "pješčanih vrata" koja neprijatelji mogu koristiti za pozivanje pojačanja, što će povećati broj naboja pijeska koje može zadržati za svoje moći i na kraju otključati dvije nove sposobnosti koje troše više naboja pijeska radi oštećenja ili oštećenja. uništiti više neprijatelja odjednom. Nastavljajući stil borbe slobodnog oblika koji se koristi u Warrior Within, Princ također može dobiti sekundarno oružje od poraženih neprijatelja ili nosača oružja i koristiti ga u borbi s dvostrukim mačevima, s tim da većina oružja ima ograničenu trajnost i postaje neupotrebljivo nakon određene količine pogodaka ili nakon što su bacaju se kao projektili ili bacaju kad se Princ pretvori u Tamnog Princa. Wii verzija porta 2007, Rival Swords, provodi napade generičkim podrhtavanjima Wii Remote-a i Nunchuka, pri čemu prvi zamahuje bodežom, a drugi zamahom opremljenim sekundarnim oružjem.

U igri The Two Thrones, Prinčeve su se akrobatske vještine poboljšale i sada se, između ostalog, može lansirati sa zidova pod kutom od 45 stupnjeva na strateški postavljenim vertikalnim kapcima, spustiti se niz kanale i uravnotežiti na ljuljajućim stupovima. Dizajneri su također poboljšali stealth sustav. Umjesto da samo može nanijeti veću štetu prilikom udaranja, a da vas nitko ne vidi, igra koristi sustav za brzo ubijanje kako bi pružio jednu priliku za trenutni poraz neprijatelja ili dva. Da bi to uspio, igrač mora pritisnuti gumb za napad u određeno vrijeme (s brojem potrebnih pogodaka i intervalima između svakog napadačkog znaka, ovisno o cilju); ako to ne učini, meta će odbaciti Princa. Isti sustav također je sastavni dio nanošenja štete u nekim šefovskim bitkama. Napadi na neprijatelje sadrže grafičke efekte nasilja koji se mogu prebaciti u izborniku opcija u igri, ali se uklanjaju u suparničkim mačevima.

Princ također razvija podijeljenu osobnost, poznatu kao Tamni Princ, i ovaj se alter ego neprestano prepire s njim u mislima o dobrom i zlom kao većini unutarnjeg glasa većinu vremena. U određenim vremenima, Princ će se automatski i fizički transformirati u Tamnog Princa, što igrač ne može učiniti po svojoj volji. U to doba, međutim, Princ zadržava kontrolu nad svojim tijelom, a igrač još uvijek ima kontrolu nad likom. Kada kontrolira Tamnog Princa, igrač gubi sposobnost rukovanja sekundarnim oružjem, umjesto da koristi "Daggertail", bič s oštricom stopljen s rukom. Ovo posebno oružje može sekuti neprijatelje na srednjem dometu i presudno je za izvlačenje blokova iz zidova i hvatanje uz baklje ili visoke šipke kako bi prešli dugačke praznine. Tamni Princ također konstantno gubi zdravlje kao rezultat polutransformacije, s konačnom smrću od gubitka. Vraća se punom zdravlju kad god sakupi pijesak, bilo od čudovišta ili od predmeta. Također, njegov Daggertail ima drugačiju shemu kontrole brzih ubijanja, u kojoj igrač opetovano pritiska tipku za napad kako bi ovim oružjem otpio glave svojih žrtava (ili ih zadavio ako su efekti krvi onemogućeni). Princ će se vratiti u normalu korakom u vodu, što se ne može izbjeći.

Tijekom igre Princ može pronaći do šest razgranatih bočnih putova kako bi zaradio nadogradnju zdravlja, kao i zaraditi pijesak za otključavanje konceptne umjetnosti prikupljanjem pijeska, uništavanjem sanduka s pijeskom i onemogućavanjem pješčanih vrata u cijelom gradu. Princ može oporaviti zdravlje samo pijući vodu iz određenih područja ili na spasonosnim fontanama, ali također može u potpunosti oporaviti zdravlje kada se presvuče na i s Tamnog Princa. Ako Princ ili Tamni Princ umru od gubitka zdravlja, nezgode kočija ili smrtnog pada, a igrač ne može ili ne želi upotrijebiti moć opoziva bodeža da preokrene svoju smrt, igra se nastavlja od posljednje spasilačke fontane koju je koristio ili od kontrolne točke koju je prošlo, s nekoliko potonjih prisutnih između većine spasonosnih fontana.

Neprijatelji

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena web stranica Princa Perzije
 Web stranica izdavača igre

Akcijske videoigre
Avanturističke igre
Prince of Persia
Videoigre iz 2005.
Videoigre za Windows
Videoigre za PlayStation 2
Videoigre za Xbox

Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones


Weinmannia trichosperma, le tineo, est un arbre à feuilles persistantes de la famille des cunoniaceae, il est originaire du Chili et d'Argentine, entre 35°S et 47°S où il est endémique de la laurisylve des forêts tempérées valdiviennes.

Description
Weinmannia trichosperma peut atteindre  de haut. Il a un tronc droit, gris, avec écorce fissurée atteignant  de diamètre. Ses feuilles sont imparipennées et opposées. Entre les folioles se trouvent des ailes triangulaires donnant à chaque paire un contour rhomboïde. Il y a deux stipules caduques à la base des feuilles. Les feuilles mesurent environ 3 à  de long et 2 à  de large et les folioles mesurent 0,6 à  de long et 0,6 à  de large et denté. Le feuillage a tendance à être clairsemé et étalé.

Les fleurs sont hermaphrodites, petites, blanches et regroupées en grappes. Le calice est composé de 4 à 5 sépales imbriqués ; la corolle a 3 à 5 pétales composites ; l'androcée a 8-10 étaminess ; le gynécée a un ovaire supère avec 2 carpelles et des stigmates blancs.

Le fruit est une capsule coriace obovale qui est divisée en deux. En automne, la capsule devient rouge vif et mesure 6 à  de long et  de large. Il s'ouvre au milieu entre les styles. Les graines sont ellipsoïdes, brun clair, à poils blancs épars et petites :  de long et  de large.

Culture et utilisations
L'écorce peut être utilisée pour tanner le cuir. W. trichosperma est cultivé au Chili comme arbre ornemental. Les fleurs sont utilisées par les abeilles européennes introduites pour fabriquer un miel très parfumé. Le bois est dur et forme des motifs alternés de grain vif de couleurs foncée et claire, ce qui le rend très prisé pour les utilisations décoratives. Il prospère dans les climats frais et humides et réussit comme plante ornementale en Irlande du Nord, en Écosse, dans certaines parties de l'Angleterre et sur la côte nord du Pacifique aux États-Unis.

Étymologie
Le nom générique Weinmannia,  honore le botaniste allemand  (1782–1858) ; le nom spécifique  trichosperma, est formé sur le grec (« graines poilues »). Le nom vernaculaire tineo appartient au vocabulaire mapuche.

Liens externes

 Donoso, C. 2005. Árboles nativos de Chile. Guide de reconnaissance. Édition 4. Marisa Cuneo Ediciones, Valdivia, Chili.
 Hoffmann, A. 1982. Flore silvestre du Chili, Zona Araucana. Édition 4. Fondation Claudio Gay, Santiago.

Trichosperma
Espèce d'Oxalidales (nom scientifique)
Arbre d'ornement
Arbre de climat tempéré océanique
Arbre en Argentine
Arbre au Chili
Flore des Andes
Flore originaire du Chili

Weinmannia trichosperma


Arthur Dunkel, né le 26 août 1932 à Lisbonne et mort le 8 juin 2005 à Meyrin, est le directeur général de l'Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT) entre 1980 et 1993.

Références

Liens externes

Personnalité suisse du monde des affaires
Directeur général de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce
Naissance en août 1932
Naissance à Lisbonne
Décès en juin 2005
Décès dans le canton de Genève
Décès à 72 ans

Arthur Dunkel


دائرة بني يني إحدى دوائر ولاية تيزي وزو. مقرها بني يني.
تبلغ مساحتها 82.7375 كم² يقطنها 15,151 نسمة (أي بكثافة سكانية تقدر بـ 183 نسمة /كم²).
وتضم كل من بلديات :

 بني يني
 يطافن
 إبودرارن

مواضيع ذات صلة
 دوائر ولاية تيزي وزو
 بلديات ولاية تيزي وزو

مصادر

دوائر الجزائر
بني يني

دائرة بني يني


Samuel R. (Sam) Buss est un informaticien et mathématicien américain qui travaille en logique mathématique, théorie de la complexité et en complexité des preuves. Il est, en 2022, professeur à l'université de Californie à San Diego.

Biographie

Buss obtient son baccalauréat en 1979 à l'université Emory, sa maîtrise et son doctorat à l'université de Princeton, respectivement en 1983 et 1985. Il rejoint le département de mathématiques de l'université de Californie à Berkeley en 1986 en tant que lecturer  jusqu'en 1988. Buss devient professeur assistant à la faculté d' 'informatique et de mathématiques de l'université de Californie à San Diego en 1988 ; il y est promu professeur en 1993.

En 2019, Buss est Gödel Lecturer, avec une conférence intitulée Totalité, prouvabilité et faisabilité.

Recherche

Buss est considéré comme l'un des pères de l'arithmétique bornée et de la complexité des preuves

Buss a étudié l'arithmétique bornée c'est-à-dire des versions atténuées de l'arithmétique de Peano, dans lesquelles les quantificateurs sont par exemple limités. Elle a été introduite en 1971 par Rohit Jivanlal Parikh. Buss s'y est intéressé en 1985 dans le cadre de sa thèse de doctorat, la thèse a également été publiée sous forme de livre et constitue un ouvrage de référence dans ce domaine. Sa thèse est l'une des principales références dans le domaine de l'arithmétique bornée. Buss est également auteur/éditeur de plusieurs livres en logique mathématique et en informatique.

Buss a prouvé en 1983 que le problème d'évaluation de formules booléennes est dans la classe de complexité ALogTime (alternating log time), alors un résultat majeur en théorie de la complexité. Buss a également donné des bornes inférieures dans les systèmes de preuve propositionnelle.

Publications (sélection)

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Notes et références

Liens externes

 Page d'accueil de Samuel R. Buss

Professeur à l'université de Californie à San Diego
Étudiant de l'université de Princeton
Étudiant de l'université Emory
Personnalité américaine de l'informatique
Gödel Lecturer

Samuel R. Buss


المعهد العالي لإدارة الأعمال بصفاقس هي إحدى المؤسسات العليا التابعة لجامعة صفاقس، أنشئ بمقتضى الأمـر عدد 1912 المؤرّخ في 14 أوت 2001 .

أرقام
طبقا لأرقام السنة الدراسية 2007-2008 يدرس بها 1552 طالبا من بينهم 941 طالبة.

وصلة خارجية
 موقع المعهد العالي لإدارة الأعمال بصفاقس.

التعليم في تونس
تعليم عال
جامعة صفاقس
معاهد علمية

المعهد العالي لإدارة الأعمال بصفاقس


Čeveljuša je naselje unutar mjesnog odbora Stablina u Republici Hrvatskoj, u sastavu Grada Ploča, Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija.

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