Muñecos Rotos es un grupo de música rock (original de Fuenlabrada, Madrid) formado en 2008 inicialmente por Iñaki Arranz, Santiago Arranz, Victor Sánchez y Antonio Rodríguez. En su discreta discografía se encuentra una maqueta y un disco autoproducido por ellos mismos. Su plato principal son los conciertos, donde muestran su potencial encima de las tablas.

En la actualidad, Muñecos Rotos está formado por Iñaki Arranz, Santiago Arranz, Victor Sánchez y Daniel Mancebo.

Biografía

Inicios

Muñecos Rotos se empieza a fraguar en 2003 Antonio, Iñaki y Víctor habían sido parte de un grupo de versiones que nunca llegó a estrenarse en directo, sin embargo fue ahí donde germinó la semilla de la banda actual. Más adelante, en 2007 Iñaki y Antonio participaron en un par de conciertos con el nombre de "Binomio", un dúo acústico donde Iñaki daba salida a sus composiciones y Antonio las aportaba, con su estilo, una base ambiental y melódica. Así y dado el paso de la composición, se dieron cuenta de que estaban preparados para crear una banda, para hacer música y no para "decir" que formaban parte de una banda de rock. Con todo esto decidieron juntarse los tres e integrar a Santi, el que sería el cuarto en discordia; con lo que cuatro visiones distintas de la música que cohabitarían en un espacio común.

2008

En la primavera de 2008 nace definitivamente Muñecos Rotos. Durante el primer año estuvieron modificando y actualizando, canciones ya escritas y diseñadas en formato acústico, mientras buscábamos un sonido y mensaje que fuera propio de un estilo compartido entre los cuatro. Lo mejor de todo eso es que cuando partes de tal punto, con el objetivo de encontrar un lugar en común para los cuatro, acabas dando con un sonido derivado de las partes individuales para acabar confluyendo ahí, en Muñecos Rotos.

2009-2011

En 2009 graban su primera maqueta, gracias a la cual consiguen hacer un gira de un años y media que les ha permitido actuar por la Comunidad de Madrid y Segovia.
Es entonces cuando van tocando de aquí para allá, componiendo y aprendiendo; y en el medio encuentran el fin porque esos siguen siendo sus tres objetivos. A mediados de 2011 deciden plasmar toda composición que tenían en el tintero y dedican el resto del año a grabar un EP autoproducido que no ve la luz hasta 2012.

2012

Luces y Sombras sale a la luz en enero de 2012. EP compuesto por 5 temas, algunos de los cuales son versiones de canciones ya conocidas como clásicas en sus conciertos, empieza a causar una cierta repercusión en los medios virtuales (como Maneras de vivir, Rock in Spain). En febrero abandona la banda el hasta entonces guitarrista del grupo (Antonio Rodríguez), y entra a formar parte de Muñecos Rotos Daniel Mancebo haciéndose cargo de la guitarra solista.

2013

Este año es un año muy activo en lo que actuaciones se refiere. Tras la incorporación de Daniel Mancebo a la guitarra solista y la correspondiente adaptación de la banda al nuevo sonido, Muñecos Rotos encarrila una pequeña gira por salas de Madrid para dar a conocer un estilo renovado plasmado en nuevos temas como Atraco y Días Perros.
Este pequeño tour acabaría a principios del 2014 donde la banda se retira a la composición de nuevos temas que ofrecer.

2014

Un año muy intenso, difícil pero con una gran recompensa. Tras la pequeña gira realizada en los años 2012, 2013 la banda se retira de los escenarios para componer nuevos temas.
El grupo se enfrenta a un nuevo reto, encontrar nuevos temas que sigan la línea de sus dos últimas canciones. El resultado se plasmará en un nuevo E.P grabado a finales de este año y que saldrá a la luz en 2015

2015

El año de su segundo E.P, Liquidación por Cierre .
Saldrá a finales del mes de abril de 2015 y estaría compuesto por 7 canciones, 6 de ellos: Atraco, Segundos Fuera, Servicio Informativo, Días Perros, El Último John Wayne y Mejores Días; composiciones entre los años 2012 y 2014 en donde se recogen preocupaciones y realidades sociales de esos años, y una séptima canción,Ciudad del Paso, rescatada de sus primeros temas aunque en él se puede apreciar una contemporaneidad a los tiempos actuales.

Componentes
 Iñaki Arranz: voz y letras.
 Santiago Arranz: bajo y voz.
 Daniel Mancebo : guitarras eléctrica y acústica.
 Víctor Sánchez: batería y coros.

Discografía

Maquetas
 2009- Maqueta 2009
 - Ciudad del paso
 - Julia
 - Nada
 - Ciego
 - En el andén

Álbumes
 2012- Luces y sombras
 - Like a Bob
 - Standby
 - Julia
 - Nada
 - Berlín

 2015- Liquidación por Cierre
 - Atraco
 - Segundos Fuera
 - Días Perros
 - Servicio Informativo
 - El Último John Wayne
 - Ciudad del Paso
 - Mejores Días

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial de Muñecos Rotos
 Twitter oficial de Muñecos Rotos
 Bandcamp oficial de Muñecos Rotos
 Facebook oficial de Muñecos Rotos
 Canal oficial de Youtube de Muñecos Rotos

Grupos de rock de la Comunidad de Madrid
Grupos de música de los años 2000

Muñecos rotos


The Huron–Manistee National Forests are two separate national forests, the Huron National Forest and the Manistee National Forest, combined in 1945 for administration purposes and which comprise  of public lands, including  of wetlands, extending across the northern lower peninsula of Michigan. The Huron–Manistee National Forests provide recreation opportunities for visitors, habitat for fish and wildlife, and resources for local industry. The headquarters for the forests is in Cadillac, Michigan.

History

The Huron National Forest was established in 1909 and the Manistee National Forest in 1938. In 1945, they were administratively combined, although they are not adjacent. Huron has about 44.8% of the combined area, whereas the larger Manistee has about 55.2%.

The Huron National Forest is prone to frequent seasonal forest fires, due to ecological and geological factors including the domination of the jack pine in sections of the forests, the needles of which are extremely flammable, sandy soil composition as a result of glacial outwash plain geology of sections of the Huron National Forest, and jack pine barrens management practices to create nesting habitat for the Kirtland's warbler resulting in dense, young stands of jack pine that are extremely susceptible to crowning wildfires.

In 2010, the Meridian Boundary Fire burned over  in and near the Huron District of the Huron National Forest. The fire destroyed 13 homes, damaged two others, and destroyed or damaged 46 outbuildings.

Features

Huron–Manistee boasts thousands of lakes and miles of sparkling  rivers and streams.  The nationally known Pere Marquette and Au Sable Rivers offer quality canoeing and fishing. Additionally, over  of trails are available for hiking.

The Huron–Manistee National Forests are an attraction to many campers. You do not need a permit to camp on the National Forest campgrounds. However, some do require that one pays a reservation or camping fee. A wood permit is required to cut firewood.

The Manistee National Forest portion is located in northwest lower Michigan. It has varying but largely sandy terrain covered with trees. There are numerous lakes and frontage on Lake Michigan. The area is popular for fishing, camping, boating, snowmobiling, cross-country skiing and hunting. The North Country Trail passes through it. It has a total area of . In descending order of land area it lies in parts of Lake, Newaygo, Wexford, Manistee, Mason, Oceana, Muskegon, Mecosta, and Montcalm counties. There are local ranger district offices located in Baldwin and Wellston at the historic Chittenden Nursery location.

The Manistee National Forest is not one continuous mass but is broken by private property and towns. Much of the land had been abandoned by logging companies after being logged off a century ago. The Lumberjack 100, a 100-mile ultra-endurance mountain bike race is held annually within its bounds.

The Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness is a unique feature in the Manistee portion. This relatively small area of , situated on the east shore of Lake Michigan is one of the two designated wilderness areas in Michigan, and one of few in the U.S. with an extensive lake shore dunes ecosystem. Most of the dunes are 3500 to 4000 years old and some stand about  higher than the lake. The Nordhouse Dunes are interspersed with woody vegetation such as juniper, jack pine and hemlock. There are many small water holes and marshes dotting the landscape and dune grass covers many of the dunes. The beach is wide and sandy.  There are two trailheads to access Nordhouse Dunes: from the north at the Lake Michigan Recreation Site and from the south off Nurmberg Road.

The Huron National Forest portion is in northeast lower Michigan. It has a total area of . It lies in parts of Oscoda, Alcona, Iosco, Crawford, and Ogemaw counties. There are local ranger district offices in Mio and Oscoda.

The Bull Gap ORV Trail is located in the Huron portion. It contains  of ORV trails.

The threatened Kirtland's warbler nests in the area, and tours are available, subject to time restrictions.

See also
 Michigan AuSable Valley Railroad
 Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness - Lake Michigan Recreation Site & Nurmberg Road Trailhead
 Lumbermans Monument

References

External links

National Forests of Michigan
1909 establishments in Michigan
1938 establishments in Michigan
Important Bird Areas of Michigan
Northern Michigan
Protected areas of Lake County, Michigan
Protected areas of Newaygo County, Michigan
Protected areas of Wexford County, Michigan
Protected areas of Manistee County, Michigan
Protected areas of Mason County, Michigan
Protected areas of Oceana County, Michigan
Protected areas of Muskegon County, Michigan
Protected areas of Mecosta County, Michigan
Protected areas of Montcalm County, Michigan
Protected areas of Oscoda County, Michigan
Protected areas of Alcona County, Michigan
Protected areas of Iosco County, Michigan
Protected areas of Crawford County, Michigan
Protected areas of Ogemaw County, Michigan
Landmarks in Michigan

Huron–Manistee National Forests


a fost un castel japonez în stilul perioadei Edo situat în centrul orașului Jōetsu, prefectura Niigata din regiunea Hokuriku din Honshu, Japonia. În timpul shogunatului Tokugawa, acesta era centrul domeniului Takada.

Prezentare generală

Castelul Takada este situat lângă punctul de confluență a râurilor Seki și Yashiro, și utilizează o înălțimea mică înconjurată de râurile curbe, ca parte a șanțului său exterior. Castelul este situat, de asemenea, astfel încât să controleze gâtuirea în traseul principal dintre Marea Japoniei și regiunea Kantō la est. Începând cu secolul al XIV-lea, această zonă a fost condusă de o ramură a clanului Nagao, care a fost deținătoarea principală a clanului Uesugi sub shogunatul Muromachi. Clanul Nagao a construit castelul Kasugayama din apropiere, iar la mijlocul secolului al XVI-lea, Uesugi Kenshin (1530-1578) (fost membru al clanului Nagao, dar care a ajuns la conducerea clanul Uesugi) a unit provincia Echigo sub conducerea sa. Cu toate acestea, după moartea sa, clanul a fost forțat să se supună lui Toyotomi Hideyoshi și a fost transferat la Aizu. Hideyoshi l-a numit pe Hori Hideharu (1575-1606) ca stăpân al Echigo și s-a mutat de la Kasugayama la castelul Fukushima din portul Naoetsu. Clanul Hori a fost privat de proprietățile sale în 1610 de către Tokugawa Ieyasu la scurt timp după începerea shogunatului Tokugawa, și domeniul a fost dat celui de-al șaselea fiu al lui Ieyasu, Matsudaira Tadateru.

Matsudaira Tadateru era fiul lui Ieyasu cu o concubină și fusese trimis departe pentru a fi crescut de servitori imediat după naștere. El a fost numit daimyō al Fukaya în Musashi în 1599 și a fost transferat la Domeniul Sakura în 1602, urmat de Domeniul Kawanakajima în 1603. Numirea lui la Domeniul Takada a venit cu o kokudaka de 750.000 koku, făcând domeniul cel de-al doilea cel mai mare domeniu în Japonia și a fost destinat să compenseze dominația Domeniului Kanazawa condus de clanul Maeda. Deși Castelul Fukushima a fost bine proiectat și a fost în mod convenabil aproape de portul din Naoetsu, Tadateru a descoperit că era prea mic pentru forțele sale și că era supus inundațiilor frecvente. În 1614, el a decis să construiască un castel complet nou într-o locație mai în interiorul continentului.

În această perioadă de timp, relațiile dintre shogunatul Tokugawa și Toyotomi Hideyori și susținătorii acestuia din Osaka se apropiau rapid de războiul deschis. În consecință, shogunatul nu și-a putut permite nici timpul, nici banii pentru un nou castel la Takada. Shogunatul i-a ordonat lui Date Masamune (care era și socrul lui Tadateru) să organizeze construcția și a 13 case daimyō pentru a contribui la resursele și forța de muncă. Acestea i-au inclus pe Maeda Toshitsune de pe Domeniul Kanazawa și chiar pe fostul războinic al lui Echigo, Uesugi Kagekatsu, care se afla acum la Yonezawa. Construcția castelului a început la 15 martie 1614 și a fost mai mult sau mai puțin terminată doar patru luni mai târziu. Pentru a economisi timp și resurse, s-au folosit numai valuri de pământ, fără piatră, și nu a fost construită nici o tenshu.

Structura

Castelul avea o suprafață de 800 x 400 de metri, cu o curte interioară de 220 x 230 metri, protejată de șanțuri și de un zid de argilă. Curtea avea două porți în stil masugata și un yagura cu trei etaje în colțul sud-vestic, care servea ca donjon. Curtea interioară era înconjurat de cea de-a doua incintă unde erau incinte terțiare mai mici spre nord-vest și sud-vest, cu un șanț larg. În comparație cu dimensiunile sale uriașe, Ccstelul Takada avea o structură simplă, cu doar trei yagura, și era în principal protejat doar de o combinație de șanțuri și zid de argilă.

Istoric

Tadateru nu avea prea mult timp să se bucure de noul său castel. În timpul asediului de la Osaka din 1615, Tadateru s-a certat cu fratele său mai mare Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada, care îl privea ca un potențial rival. Poziția lui Tadateru era, de asemenea, pusă în pericol de lipsa unui sentiment familiar a lui Tokugawa Ieyasu pentru cel de-al șaselea fiul al său și de faptul că frații săi mai tineri favorizați, Tokugawa Yoshinao, Tokugawa Yorinobu și Tokugawa Yorifusa, au ajuns la vârsta la care li s-au acordat domenii mari. Tadateru a fost înlăturat în 1616 și a fost reținut la castelul Takashima din provincia Shinano până la moartea sa, 50 de ani mai târziu.

Domeniul Takada a fost considerabil redus în kokudaka și a fost atribuit unei serii de fudai daimyō, dintre care mulți au deținut domeniul doar pentru o perioadă scurtă și au văzut această poziția ca fiind doar o piatră de temelie pentru o mai bună promovare. Domeniul a intrat sub controlul clanului Sakakibara în 1741, care a domnit până la restaurația Meiji.

Castelul Takada a fost distrus de un cutremur în 1665 și din nou în 1751. În 1802, tot castelul a ars, cu excepția porților și a turnurilor din colț.

Deși castelul nu a suferit nici un prejudiciu în timpul războiului Boshin, palatul reconstruit și yagura cu trei etaje au ars în 1870. În 1872, conform unui edict al guvernului Meiji, restul structurilor castelului au fost dezmembrate și șanțurile au fost umplute, jumătatea de est a castelului castel vândută și utilizată ca un teren pentru o școală. Partea centrală a castelului a devenit baza pentru Divizia 13 infanterie a Armatei japoneze imperiale. După cel de-al doilea război mondial, jumătatea centrală și ce a mai rămas din partea vestică a zonei castelului au devenit Parcul Takeda, unde s-au plantat peste 4.000 de copaci sakura. În contextul sărbătorilor de 20 de ani ale orașului Jōetsu (1991) s-a decis ca yagura din colț să fie reconstruită în forma sa originală, folosindu-se planuri vechi, șanțurile care au mai rămas. Zidurile de pământ au fost reparate și un pod care leagă curtea interioară cu cea secundară a fost, de asemenea, restaurat.

Bibliografie
 Ikeda Koichi, Takada-jo in: Miura Masayuki (Ed.), Shiro to jinya. Tokoku-hen. Gakken, 2006. .
 Miyaji Saichiro (Ed.), Takada-jo in Bakumatsu shoshu saigo-no hanshu-tachi. Higashinihon-hen. Jinbunsha, 1997. .
 Niigata-ken no rekishi sampo henshu iinkai (Ed.): Niigata-ken no rekishi sampo. Yamakawa Shuppan, 2009. .

Legături externe

 Takada Castle pe JCastle Guide
 Takada Castle la Niigata Official Travel Guide
 Pagina oficială a Organizației Naționale de Turism a Japoniei

Castele din Japonia
Jōetsu, Niigata

Castelul Takada


عقد 2010 هي فترة زمنية في التقويم الغريغوري، وبدأت يوم 1 يناير 2010 وانتهت في 31 ديسمبر 2019.

السياسة والحروب

الحروب الدولية

الحروب الأهلية

الربيع العربي

انقلابات

هجمات إرهابية

أحداث سياسية بارزة

الشرق الأوسط

أفريقيا

الأمريكتين

أبرز قادة العالم

شخصيات بارزة
 2011: مقتل الزعيم الليبي معمر القذافي.
 2011: وفاة مؤسس أبل ستيف جوبز.
 2011: مقتل زعيم تنظيم القاعدة أسامة بن لادن.
 2012: وفاة الرئيس الجزائري الأسبق أحمد بن بلة.
 2012: وفاة الرئيس الجزائري الأسبق الشاذلي بن جديد.
 2013: وفاة الزعيم الأفريقي نيلسون مانديلا.
 2013: وفاة رئيس فنزويلا هوغو تشافيز.
 2013: وفاة رئيسة الوزراء البريطانية مارغريت ثاتشر.
 2013: اغتيال السياسي التونسي شكري بلعيد.
 2013: مقتل عالم الدين السوري محمد سعيد رمضان البوطي.
 2014: وفاة الكاتب الكولومبي غابرييل غارثيا ماركيث.
 2015: وفاة ملك السعودية عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود.
 2015: وفاة الممثلة المصرية فاتن حمامة.
 2015: وفاة رئيس الوزراء اللبناني الأسبق عمر كرامي.
 2015: وفاة الممثل المصري نور الشريف.
 2015: وفاة وزير الخارجية السعودي سعود الفيصل بن عبد العزيز آل سعود.
 2015: وفاة السياسي اللبناني أنطوان لحد.
 2015: وفاة الممثل المصري والعالمي عمر الشريف.
 2015: وفاة الروائي المصري جمال الغيطاني.
 2015: وفاة أقدم سجين لبناني في إسرائيل سمير القنطار.
 2015: وفاة وزير الخارجية العراقي طارق عزيز.
 2016: وفاة الزعيم الكوبي فيدل كاسترو.
 2016: وفاة الكاتب المصري محمد حسنين هيكل.
 2016: إعدام رجل دين شيعي سعودي نمر النمر.
 2016: وفاة السياسي المصري بطرس بطرس غالي.
 2016: وفاة المفكر السوداني حسن الترابي.
 2016: وفاة لاعب كرة القدم الهولندي يوهان كرويف.
 2016: وفاة سيّدة الولايات المتحدة الأولى الأسبق نانسي ريغان.
 2016: وفاة المفكر السوري جورج طرابيشي.
 2016: وفاة المغني الأمريكي برنس.
 2016: وفاة الممثل المصري سيد زيان.
 2016: وفاة زعيم جبهة البوليساريو محمد عبد العزيز.
 2016: وفاة الملاكم الأمريكي محمد علي كلاي.
 2016: وفاة آن ملكة رومانيا.
 2016: وفاة العالم المصري أحمد زويل.
 2016: وفاة الرئيس الإسرائيلي الأسبق شمعون بيريز.
 2016: وفاة المغني والملحن اللبناني ملحم بركات.
 2016: وفاة عالم دين سوري محمد سرور.
 2016: وفاة الممثل المصري أحمد راتب.
 2017: وفاة الرئيس الموريتاني الأسبق إعلي ولد محمد فال.
 2017: وفاة الممثلة المصرية شادية.
 2017: وفاة مستشار ألمانيا هلموت كول.
 2017: مقتل الرئيس اليمني علي عبد الله صالح.
 2018: وفاة الكاتب المصري إبراهيم نافع.
 2018: وفاة أحد أبرز الطهاة في تاريخ فرنسا بول بوكوز.
 2018: وفاة مؤرخ الشرق الأوسط البريطاني برنارد لويس.
 2018: وفاة الممثلة المصرية مديحة يسري.
 2018: وفاة الموسيقار المصري سعد محمد حسن.
 2018: وفاة مؤسس إيكيا إينغفار كامبراد.
 2018: وفاة العالم الفيزيائي ستيفن هوكينج.
 2018: اغتيال العالم الفلسطيني فادي البطش.
 2018: وفاة الأمين العام السابع للأمم المتحدة كوفي أنان.
 2018: وفاة السيناتور الأمريكي جون ماكين.
 2018: وفاة الرئيس الأمريكي السابق جورج بوش الأب.
 2018: اغتيال الصحفي السعودي جمال خاشقجي.
 2019: مقتل المعارض السوري عبد الباسط الساروت.
 2019: وفاة البطريرك اللبناني نصر الله بطرس صفير.
 2019: وفاة الممثل المصري فاروق الفيشاوي.
 2019: وفاة السياسي الجزائري عباسي مدني.
 2019: وفاة الرئيس المصري محمد مرسي.
 2019: وفاة الرئيس التونسي الباجي قائد السبسي.
 2019: وفاة الرئيس التونسي زين العابدين بن علي.
 2019: وفاة رئيس إندونيسيا الثالث يوسف حبيبي.
 2019: وفاة رئيس زيمبابوي روبرت موغابي.
 2019: وفاة الرئيس الفرنسي جاك شيراك.
 2019: مقتل اللواء السعودي عبد العزيز الفغم.
 2019: مقتل زعيم تنظيم داعش أبو بكر البغدادي.
 2019: وفاة رئيس الأركان الجزائري أحمد قايد صالح.
2019: وفاة المهندس والباحث والمفكر السوري محمد شحرور.

مراجع

القرن 21
تاريخ معاصر

عقد 2010


Mythimna impura es una polilla de la familia Noctuidae. Se distribuye en toda Europa.

Al igual que con otros Mythimna, sus alas anteriores de color amarillo con venación prominente. El friso ahumado tiene una raya oscura basal con otra raya más. Esta especie tiene alas posteriores grises con márgenes blancos. La envergadura es de 31 a 38 mm. Una o dos crías se producen cada año y los adultos se pueden ver entre junio y octubre. Vuelan de noche y se sienten atraídas por la luz, las flores y el azúcar.

La larva es de color marrón con líneas oscuras y negras; se alimenta de varias gramíneas incluyendo Alopecurus, Dactylis, Deschampsia, Leymus y de Phragmites; también se ha registrado en los juncos, Carex y Luzula. Esta especie pasa el invierno en un estadio larval temprano.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

impura
Taxones descritos por Jakob Hübner
Insectos descritos en 1808
Lepidópteros de Europa

Mythimna impura


An Trichotosia pulvinata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Friedrich Fritz Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin. An Trichotosia pulvinata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trichotosia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Trichotosia

Trichotosia pulvinata


Nord-Ouest (French) or Nòdwès (Haitian Creole; both meaning "North West") is one of the ten departments of Haiti as well as the northernmost one. It has an area of  and a population of 728,807 (2015 Census). Its capital is Port-de-Paix.

Department
There is a proposal for the department to become 2 departments, Nord-Ouest and Bas-Nordouest (Mole-St-Nicolas) with the Horn-of-Artibonite.

History

Taino Period
The region of the Great North of Haiti was under the administration of the Marien casicazgo, the Taino-chief Guacanaric was the one to have received Christopher Columbus on his first voyage to Ayiti. Columbus explained how the Taino chief offers him safe harbor after one of his boats sunk. Columbus described the place has Paradise Valley or Valparaiso and named the island La Isla Espanola. This department specifically the town of Mole-Saint-Nicolas is believed to be the first place on the island to have received a Christian cross.

The Island of Tortuga was part of the Taino dominion under the name of Cahini.

French Period
The Spaniards lost interest in the western part of the island leaving it vacant for French, Dutch and British pirates, and buccaneers, making Tortuga one of the biggest pirates hubs in the Caribbean. Under the French administration, the Nord-Ouest was part of the Ouest department and many French Governors governed the island from Le Môle.

Haitian Revolution
Early on the N-O departement was a strategic point for Toussaint Louverture, one of the first diplomatic and pre-independence treaty signed between the Indigènes and the British was signed by Toussaint and British Officer Maitland and thus the Indigènes took controlled of the part of Saint-Domingue that was under British rules.
After Napoléon sent his troop to capture the Toussaint and put them under French slavery, the Haitian Officer Maurepas under the order of Toussaint burned down the city of Port-de-Paix and went uphill to Les Trois Pavillons fort. Maurepas was later on captured by the French and they drowned him in the Bay of Cap-Haitian.

Francois Lamort Cappois and the 9th demi-brigade freed the city of Port-de-Paix and later on the island of Tortuga on April 12, 1803.
Le Mole officially became under Haitian control 10 days after the Battle of Vertières with the help of Vincent Pourcely colonel in the 9th demi-brigade.

Haitian Period
Cappoix-Lamort commander of Port-de-Paix is a signatory of the Haitian Declaration of Independence.
Francois Cappoix the brilliant and vaillaint Haitian officers was trapped by Henry 1st men and assassinated in Limonade. The department was in open rebellion with the Crown. Pétion in the West who needed ally after the rebellion of Rigaud in the South and Goman in the Grand'Anse, sent troops to support the N-O.
Henry 1st crushed the rebellion and granted amnitice to the rebelled troops.

The town of Môle Saint-Nicolas is located in the Nord-Ouest. Ever since Columbus landed here in 1492 and named the island Hispaniola, Môle St-Nicolas has been of interest to the colonials, including the British, Spanish, French, and the Americans due to its strategic location on the Windward Passage, just miles from Cuba.

The Mole-St-Nicolas affair was a diplomatic incident between the Haitians and the Americans because the Americans wanted a safe harbor to control the Winward Passage after the construction of the Panama Canal. The Haitian intellectual Anténor Firmin was remarkable in that affair.

Sometime during the 19th century, it was created out of the Nord and Ouest departments.

Geography
The department is bordered to the north by Cuba, Bahamas, and Florida, and has direct access to the Atlantic through the Tortuga Canal, on the west the Windward Passage, the south Gulf of Gonave and Artibonite Department and the east and North Department.

At the western tip of the department, the Mole Peninsula protects the city of the same name.

With the exception of Tortuga Island (La Tortue) and the coastal area near Port-de-Paix, the northwest is mostly arid and barren. In fact, the department has Haiti's second biggest satellite island under its administrative control, located less than 10 km offshore.

At Les Palmiste on the eastern coast visit a pre-Columbian rock carving presumed to be of native Taino origin of a goddess at La Grotte au Bassin exists.

Due to a lack of water management, the Trois-Rivières often flood the city of Port-de-Paix during the rainy season located on its east shore. On the west shore of the river, there is a lagoon.

Economy

Agriculture
Port-de-Paix, which was once a large exporter of coffee and bananas, now imports goods and produce from Miami.
The Bombardopolis Plateau is another area of sustainable potential for industry, tourism, ecological reserve, and agriculture.
Salt production is a major industry in the area.

Tourism
Tortuga island, once the biggest pirate base in the Caribbean is a popular tourist site and is represented frequently in films and movies based on piracy. Named for the smooth shape that reminded travelers of a turtle's shell, Tortuga's best beach is Pointe Saline at the western tip of the small island.

There are several ruined forts along the coast. On clear nights the Guantánamo Province of Cuba can be seen.
This area is dry and offers little shade but has a beautiful shoreline.

Port-à-L'Écu is the point of interest in leisure tourism.

Environnement
It is one of Haiti's dryest areas, the N-O still offers a unique scenery in Haitian tourist and ecological package. The Canal and the Tortuga island are more or less well preserved although they need to be reinforced.
Although not having a major plain the Trois-Rivières (Three Rivers), the second longest river after Artibonite offers a productive watershed and valley.

Transport
The department has long been isolated from Port-au-Prince, gaining it the nickname of Far-West.
The RN5 now connects Gonayiv to Gros-Morne and Port-de-Paix. the RN6 from Ouanaminthes to Cap-Haitian is to be continued until Port-de-Paix.

Port-de-Paix is the second biggest port on the Haitian Atlantic coast.

Port-de-Paix has its own airport.

The mountains overlooking the city of Port-de-Paix have great potential for wind energy.

Culture
The N-O has two of Haiti's major lakoun-Vodoun or Vodoun Yard such as lakoun Vilokan, probably the first lakoun in Ayiti since early Spanish colonial time, and lakoun-Grann-Sent-Àn in Anse-à-Foleur.

Administrative divisions
The Department of Nord-Ouest is subdivided into three arrondissements, which are further subdivided into ten communes.

Môle Saint Nicholas Arrondissement
Baie de Henne
Bombardopolis
Jean-Rabel
Môle Saint Nicholas
Port-de-Paix Arrondissement
Bassin Bleu
Chansolme
La Tortue
Port-de-Paix
Saint-Louis du Nord Arrondissement
Anse-à-Foleur
Saint-Louis du Nord

References

Departments of Haiti

Nord-Ouest (department)


Gimli, J. R. R. Tolkien'in yarattığı Orta Dünya evrenindeki kurgu kahramanlardan biri.

Gimli, Durin'in halkından Ereborlu bir cüce. Babası Bilbo'nun yanında Yalnız Dağ'a yapılan sefere katılan Glóin'di. Gimli genç olduğu için babasının yanında o serüvene katılamadı, ama kendisi de Tek Yüzük'ü yok etmek için kurulan Yüzük Kardeşliği'''ne üye olarak babasından çok daha önemli bir serüvene katıldı. Gimli onurlu, bilge ve güçlü bir savaşçıydı. Savaş alanındaki favori silahı baltasıydı.

Gimli, elf leydisi Galadriel ile karşılaşmasında ondan çok etkilenmişti; ayrıca elf Legolas ile de sağlam bir dostluğu vardı. Bu ilişkiler  Orta Dünya'nın cüceleri ile Eldar arasındaki uzun ama zayıf ilişkinin iyileştirilmesine büyük katkıları oldu.

 Yaşamı
Üçüncü Çağ'ın 2876. yılında Mavi Dağlar'da doğan Gimli, Ejderha Smaug'un ölümünden sonra 2941 yılında Erebor'a yerleştirildi. Gimli'nin babası Glóin, cüce Thráin'in ve daha sonra da Thorin'in yol arkadaşlarından biridir. 3018 yılında Gimli babası ile birlikte Ayrıkvadi'ye gittiler ve Yüzük Kardeşliği üyeliğine katıldılar.

Gimli, elfler ile dost olan nadir cücelerdendir.

Gimli, Kardeşlik'e Moria'dan geçmelerini öğütledi, kuzeni Balin'i orada görmeyi umuyordu. Gimli burada Balin'in mezarını gördü. Gandalf'ın balrog ile karşılaşmasına tanık oldu. Moria'dan çıkan Aragorn önderliğindeki Yüzük Kardeşliği kafilesi ile Lorien'e girdi ve oradan da Amon Hen'e gittiler. Orada Boromir'in ölüsünü Büyük Nehir'den aşağı yolladı ve Gandalf'ın geri dönüşüne tanık oldu. Gimli, Miğfer Dibi Savaşı'nda, Pelennor Çayırları Savaşı'nda ve Morannon Savaşı'nda yer aldı.

Savaştan sonra Gimli, Miğfer Dibi altında bulunan Parıldayan Mağaraların Efendisi oldu. Dördüncü Çağ'ın 120. yılında Aragorn'un ölümüne dek Rohan'daki krallığının başında kaldı; bu olayın ardından bir elf gemisi ile Ölümsüz Topraklara'' doğru Legolas ile birlikte yelken açtı.
Gimli karakter olarak cesur,korkusuz,sadık bir cücedir ve yüzük kardeşliği ekibinin en kısa boylu üyesi  olmasıyla tanınır.
Gimlinin oğlu kesin olarak bilinmemekle beraber oğlunun adı Durin'dir.

Kaynakça

Orta Dünya cüceleri
Yüzüklerin Efendisi karakterleri
1954 tanıtımları
Kurgusal erkek karakterler

Gimli


Henrique Dawid Korenchendler (født 1948 i Rio de Janeiro, Brasilien) er en brasiliansk komponist, pianist, dirigent, lærer og professor.

Korenchendler studerede klaver, teori og komposition på Escola National de Musica hos bl.a. José de Lima Siqueira.

Han har skrevet 6 symfonier, orkesterværker, korværker, kammermusik, en violinkoncert, et requiem, klaverstykker etc.

Korenchendler blev lærer og professor på Villa-Lobos Institute of UniRio, og en Verdens omrejsende koncertpianist og dirigent.

Udvalgte værker

 6 Symfonier
 Violinkoncert
 Requiem
 klaverstykker

Kilde
 Om Henrique Dawid Korenchendler på musicweb-international.com

Komponister fra Brasilien
Pianister fra Brasilien
Dirigenter
Lærere
Professorer

Henrique Dawid Korenchendler


الدكتور جبارة بن عيد الصريصري الجهني وزير النقل السعودي السابق، من مواليد مدينة ينبع النخل.

مؤهلاته العلمية
بكالوريس اقتصاد من جامعة الملك سعود.
ماجستير اقتصاد من جامعة كولورادو في دنفر.
دكتوراه من جامعة كولورادو بولدر.

مناصبه السابقة
 أستاذ مساعد في قسم الاقتصاد بجامعة الملك سعود
 مدير تنفيذي مناوب للمملكة في مجلس إدارة صندوق النقد الدولي
 رئيس الفريق الخليجي المكلف بالتفاوض مع الامانة العامة للمجلس الدول العربية
 وكيل وزارة المالية المساعد للتعاون الاقتصادي
 وكيل وزارة المالية للتعاون الاقتصادي
 نائب وزير المالية

أشخاص من ينبع
جهينة
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة (أشخاص أحياء)
وزراء سعوديون سابقون
وزراء نقل سعوديون

جبارة بن عيد الصريصري


James Phillip Hoffa (born May 19, 1941) is an American labor leader and attorney who was the tenth General President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. He is the son of Jimmy Hoffa. Hoffa was first elected in 1998, and subsequently re-elected in 2001, 2006, 2011, and 2016 to five-year terms. In 2018, Hoffa was elected chair of the Road Transport Section of the International Transport Workers' Federation at its quadrennial Congress in Singapore. Hoffa is the second-longest serving General President of the Teamsters Union, after Dan Tobin, who served from 1907 to 1952. Hoffa's final term as General President ended in 2022.

Personal life

Hoffa is the son of Jimmy Hoffa, who was also General President of the Teamsters, and his wife Josephine (née Poszywak). He has one sister, Judge Barbara Ann Crancer. Hoffa is married to Virginia (Ginger) Sue Harris (born 1945), a former teacher and licensed veterinary technician since 1969. They have two sons, David (born 1970) and Geoffrey (born 1972), and six grandchildren.

Born in Detroit, Michigan on May 19, 1941, Hoffa attended Cooley High School. There, he became a member of the National Honor Society, and an all-city and all-state football player. During the summer months, the Hoffa family visited their cottage in rural Orion Township outside Detroit.

Hoffa often accompanied his father to Teamster meetings and events, and became a Teamster in 1959 on his 18th birthday. Hoffa holds a degree in economics from Michigan State University (1963) and a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Michigan Law School (1966). Hoffa was awarded a Ford Foundation Fellowship to work in the Michigan State Senate as an aide to senate and house members doing constituent relations and research. Hoffa is a member of Alpha Tau Omega. He was an attorney for the Teamsters from 1968 to 1993.

Teamsters activity

2021 Election of International Union Officers
Following 23 years as the leader of the union, Hoffa announced his intent to retire at the end of his term and backed the Vairma-Herrera Teamsters Power Slate. In November 2021, the O'Brien-Zuckerman Teamsters United Slate beat the Hoffa-backed slate by a more than two-to-one margin. O'Brien and his slate were sworn into office on March 22, 2022, at Teamsters headquarters in Washington, D.C. On the day his administration was installed, O'Brien fired more than 80 employees at the headquarters. He did not offer any severance or extension of benefits to the terminated staff. The International Brotherhood of Teamsters currently faces charges with the National Labor Relations Board in connection the terminations.  As of November 10, 2022, the union was required to pay eligible terminated employees more than $175,000 as part of a settlement with the District of Columbia Attorney General's Office for violating D.C. Code 32-1303.

2021 Pension Reform
Hoffa led Teamster efforts to protect defined-benefit pension plans for more than a decade following the economic collapse of 2008. The legislation championed by Hoffa and the Teamsters was known as the Butch Lewis Act, named after a Teamster retiree pension activist, and became law as part of President Biden's American Rescue Plan stimulus package in 2021. As part of the ARP, more than 50 Teamster pension plans – including its largest, the Central States Pension Fund – are eligible for assistance at the outset of the bill's enactment, with more of the union's plans becoming eligible in 2022. Under the new law, money to assist eligible plans will come directly from the U.S. Treasury Department in the form of grants which would not need to be repaid. Plan participants will receive 100 percent of their earned pension benefits.

Appointments
(2019 – Present) Chair, Road Section, International Transport Workers Federation; (2019 – Present) Member, Executive Board, International Transport Workers Federation; (2015 – Present) Board Member, Roosevelt Institute; (2010 – Present) USTR Advisory Committee on Trade Policy and Negotiations; (2009 – Present) Department of Labor Advisory Committee for Trade Negotiations and Trade Policy; (2013 – 2015) National Freight Advisory Committee; (2002 – 2004) President's Council on the 21st Century Workforce; (2002 – 2004) Secretary of Energy's Advisory Board

Legislative activities during tenure
Hoffa earned a reputation as an advocate for fair trade and worker safety. He transformed the Teamsters into a premier political force by changing alliances
and rhetoric unpredictably.

Under his leadership, the Teamsters ended a federal program that allowed Mexican truckers to haul goods beyond the border zone in the United States. The Teamsters strongly opposed a trade deal with Colombia through lobbying and street protests, and were credited with helping to prevent a similar trade deal with Panama.

The Teamsters successfully encouraged Congress to pass legislation increasing rail security in 2007.

The Teamsters sued the Bush administration in 2005 to overturn regulations that extended the number of hours a driver could spend behind the wheel of a truck. The Teamsters argued the rule would contribute to driver fatigue. The Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia sided with the Teamsters, but it was the Obama administration that finally agreed to change the rule.

Under his leadership, the Teamsters ended a federal program in 2009 that allowed Mexican truckers to haul goods beyond the border zone in the United States. Hoffa predicted the failure of a second version of the program in October 2011, and challenged it in federal court.

George Washington University
In 2008, Hoffa established the Teamsters Labor History Research Center and the Teamsters archives at the George Washington University Gelman Library in Washington, D.C.

Hoffa was awarded the university's President's Medal in 2014. "George Washington is proud to honor Jim Hoffa as a passionate advocate for social justice and the labor movement, as one of the foremost experts on labor issues, and also as a dedicated partner and friend of this university," said Steven Knapp, GW President.

1996 campaign
Hoffa campaigned against the Teamsters incumbent president, Ron Carey, at the Teamsters international convention of June 1996 in Philadelphia. After nearly 500,000 votes were cast in early November 1996, Ron Carey had won the election with 52 percent of the vote. At the time Carey characterized the victory as one for "reformers in the American labor movement."

Five months later, in April 1997, news broke that a federal grand jury was investigating Hoffa led allegations that Ron Carey had received illegal campaign kickbacks and employer contributions during the Teamsters election the previous year. The union has been supervised by a court-appointed administrator ever since a consent decree with the Justice Department in 1989.

A new election for Teamsters president was ordered by the federal government in August 1997, after federal official Barbara Zack Quindel's investigation uncovered a "complex network of schemes" that involved the improper use of Teamster assets.

Quindel found that the Carey campaign had received more than $220,000 in illegal contributions (funneled in by Hoffa associates). Ultimately, the Independent Review Board found that more than $750,000 in union assets had been used in Carey's 1996 reelection campaign.

During the 1998 election Tom Leedham, then-director of the Teamsters Warehouse Division, campaigned against James P. Hoffa. Campaigning to unite the union, Hoffa won the election. After having lost narrowly in 1996 to Ron Carey, Hoffa's new role as president was considered by Teamster members as a chance to rebuild the union.

Hoffa was re-elected in 2001, 2006, 2011, and 2016 to five-year terms.

1999
"The first big test of the Hoffa administration" after abruptly walking away from the Overnite Transportation organization effort that Ron Carey had all but won, was the ratification in June 1999, of a four-year contract covering 13,000 carhaul members after an unprecedented amount of communication in the form of rallies, newsletters, and a telephone hotline that was called more than 20,000 times over the course of the contract campaign. Solidarity rallies in Detroit, Los Angeles, and Nashville attracted more than 6,000 carhaulers, family members, and friends. The new contract averted a national strike and included pension gains, job security language, and significant wage increases.

"The new union leader is being closely watched in part because he has pledged to restore unity in Teamsters' ranks in the wake of a divisive campaign finance scandal."

Two thousand full-time jobs were created after Teamster pressure on United Parcel Service (UPS) as part of the commitment made by the 1997 contract won by Ron Carey. "My administration sent UPS management a very clear message. We expect UPS to meet their obligations under the 1997 agreement, and we will not tolerate company delays or numbers manipulation."

2000s and 2010s
In April 2000, more than 8,000 flight attendants at Northwest Airlines voted to ratify a new contract with improvements in compensation and retirement packages and ending a 3½ year labor dispute. A decade later, Northwest Airlines merged with Delta Air Lines and ceased operations on January 31, 2010.

Casino workers in Detroit saw an end to biased wages and a disregard for seniority with their new collective bargaining agreement ratified in 2001. The new agreement initiated immediate wage parity between casinos in addition to wage increases in each year of the three-year contract.

Demonstrating increased strength and confidence in Teamster representation Champion Air flight attendants voted for their first Teamster contract in March 2001. The contract resulted in improved pay rates, hours of service, working conditions, and benefits. Union protection remained in effect until the airline ceased all operations on May 31, 2008.

After a month-long strike, bus drivers at Laidlaw Education Services in Los Angeles ratified a new contract in April 2002. The strike occurred due to the disparity between the wages and benefits of drivers who are direct employees of the Los Angeles Unified School District and those paid by Laidlaw.

A landmark agreement with UPS was reached in July 2002 for the 210,000 Teamsters employed there. Hoping to avoid a damaging strike similar to the one in 1997, negotiators at UPS acquiesced to Teamster demands, producing a contract with a 25% increase in wages and benefits. "These negotiations have taken place in an economic climate in which millions of American workers are seeing their health benefits cut and their retirement savings wiped out. We have shown the nation that job and benefit cuts are not inevitable," said Hoffa.

Mechanics at Continental Airlines ratified a four-year contract resulting in wage and benefit increases in December 2002. This was the second Teamster contract for the 3,300 mechanics and one that made subcontracting nearly impossible due to its defining all maintenance work as being within the jurisdiction of the Teamsters. Continental Airlines was merged into United Airlines in 2012.

A new contract for 65,000 drivers working under the Teamsters National Master Freight Agreement was reached in February 2003. The contract restored the union's right to strike when there was a deadlock over grievances, a right given up under a previous contract of 1994. "The nation is in the depths of recession and on the brink of war, and we maintained our strong health care benefits, protected our pensions and won the highest wage increases in more than a decade," said Hoffa.

Carhaulers ratified a new, five-year contract that protected health benefits and pensions and provided job security for the more than 6,500 members nationwide. The contract included increases of wages and benefits by 13.4% over the term of the agreement.

Chicago area trash haulers represented by the Teamsters reached an agreement in October 2003, ending a nine-day garbage strike that left local officials begging for the garbage trucks. The new contract included higher wages and improvements to health benefits and pensions and covered 3,300 solid waste hauling workers.

Anheuser-Busch Teamsters ratified a new, five-year agreement in December 2003. The Teamsters Union won a guarantee from the company that prohibits the closing of any of its 12 breweries in the United States. Wage increases, free health care, and increased pension benefits were all included in the contract covering 7,500 Teamster members nationwide.

President George W. Bush appointed Hoffa to the Advisory Committee for Trade Policy and Negotiations (ACTPN). "U.S. trade policy has not focused on the economic impact of unfair trade deals on working families. We must shape a trade policy that meets the needs of working families and ends the economic race to the bottom."
Members of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers (BLE) voted to merge with the Teamsters Union by an 80% majority. With 32,000 active members, the BLE was one of the oldest labor organizations in the country. The BLE became the first members of the newly created Teamsters Rail Conference. Soon after merging with the Teamsters, the BLE changed its name to the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen (BLET) in recognition of the trainmen of the union.
In October 2004, members of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees (BMWE) voted to become Teamsters. More than 75% of the BMWE's members voted to merge with the Teamsters Union and become part of the growing Teamsters Rail Conference. "As did my father, I have envisioned one union representing all transportation workers – roads to rails, ports to planes –that would provide workers with real power on the job and the political arena."
A majority of the members of the Graphic Communications International Union (GCIU) voted to merge with the Teamsters Union effective January 2005, making it the third independent union to merge with the Teamsters in 18 months. The union becomes an "autonomous conference" of the Teamsters.

Employees of Allied Waste/BFI in the Atlanta area ratified their first Teamster contract in December 2005. The second-largest U.S. trash hauler, Allied Waste agreed to labor contracts that cover more than 450 workers. The Teamsters secured agreements after a year and half of bargaining during which the company tried to demoralize the union and its members by granting raises to workers in non-union location shops and intimidating union supporters. "These contracts are a testament to the workersk' courage and determination, and a major step forward in our battle to raise living standards for waste workers across the South," said Hoffa at the time of the victory.

The Teamsters started contract negotiations in September 2006 with UPS over its package workers' contract and initial bargaining at a UPS Freight terminal in Indianapolis, Indiana. Ken Hall, Director of the Teamsters Parcel and Small Package Division said that the initial contract at the UPS Freight terminal in Indianapolis would serve "as a template or a model for other locations."

A new, five-year contract was ratified by NetJets mechanics, aircraft fuelers, cleaners, and stock clerks in January 2007.
"At NetJets, Teamsters are making real gains despite negative trends elsewhere," said Allen Price, Teamsters Local 284 President. The contract covers 143 workers.

A tentative agreement was reached for Teamster members working at Costco in California in January 2007. More than 13,000 workers at 40 locations in the state are covered under the agreement.

Members of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees (BMWED) and Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen (BLET) ratified a new contract for those working on the nation's freight rail lines. The agreement includes general wage increases totaling 17 percent (18.2 percent compounded over the life of the agreement), which will remain effective until December 31, 2009. Both the BMWED and BLET are members of the Teamsters Rail Conference.

Indianapolis Teamsters working at UPS Freight voted to ratify their first contract in October 2007. The agreement will improve wages, benefits, and working conditions. "For more than 50 years, workers at UPS Freight's predecessor, Overnite, fought to win a Teamster contract. Today the union fulfilled its promise that we would not quit until workers achieved economic justice."

UPS Teamsters approved a new contract in November 2007 with a five-year term covering 240,000 workers. The contract will increase wages annually and increase funds that provide pension, health, and welfare benefits. "We…have negotiated an agreement that will greatly benefit our members at U.P.S. as well as Teamster members in other industries covered by pension and health and welfare funds."

Teamster freight members ratified agreed to a Memorandum of Understanding in February 2008 after Hoffa had them "vote until they got it right" . Covering 60,000 workers at YRC Worldwide, Yellow Transportation, Roadway and regional units at USF Holland and New Penn Motor Express. The Memorandum of Understanding included a 15% wage concession, loss of a vacation week, and reduced pension contributions.

On February 20, 2008, Hoffa became the first major union leader to endorse Democratic senator Barack Obama in his bid to become president of the United States. Hoffa campaigned in major states for Obama throughout the primary and general election. He served as a superdelegate to the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver and a member of the Michigan Electoral College.

On March 11, 2008, members of the Brotherhood of Maintenance Way Employes (BMWED), part of the Teamsters Rail Conference, approved a new contract with Amtrak after eight years of negotiations. Workers, who had been working for sub-par rates for the past several years, will receive increases of wages and benefits.

Workers at DHL Express ratified a new national agreement in early May 2008. These were the first national agreements negotiated by the Teamsters Union in more than 30 years. "The vote from DHL Express members is a strong signal of support. We were determined to obtain the best contract that we could for members, and I believe we achieved that," said Hoffa.

Several months after DHL signed the agreement with the Teamsters eliminating the strike clause, more than 85% of the union drivers were laid off. This contract ultimately led to the demise of the union drivers at DHL. Facilities such as DTW (Romulus, Michigan), which had nearly 200 union drivers, now have only approximately 25 drivers in which most of these workers came from the Troy and Southfield location. In all Teamsters Local 299 lost approximately 375 union jobs as the outcome of this contract as well as several thousand jobs throughout the United States.

Teamster carhaulers ratified a new three-year national agreement on October 24, 2008. A record level of employer contributions towards health, welfare, and pension benefits were won by the union by the agreement covering approximately 8,100 workers.

Gaining a 15% wage increase over five years, Teamsters working at Anheuser-Busch facilities in the U.S. voted in a new agreement on November 7, 2008. The contract included the promise that Anheuser-Busch, recently acquired by InBev, would keep all 12 U.S. breweries open for the life of the contract.

For the first time in nearly 40 years, pressmen at the Los Angeles Times voted in a Teamster contract in December 2008. The 250 men and women working in the press operations section of the newspaper voted in their first collective bargaining agreement with the Graphic Communications Conference of the Teamsters.

On September 14, pilots with Amerijet Cargo approved their first contract after five years of negotiations. Workers at Amerijet, an air freight carrier, had been on strike since August 27 partly due to the unsanitary conditions on the aircraft. The company will reinstall bathrooms on the aircraft as part of the contract agreement.

For the last 14 months, Hoffa managed the Teamsters' effort as the union worked with YRC Worldwide (YRCW) as the country's largest less-than-truckload company struggled during the recession after their less than strategic, needless purchases of Roadway and USF Holland which Hoffa failed to oppose. The Teamsters and YRCW reached a labor cost savings agreement in August, and YRCW reached new bank terms with its lenders at the end of October.

But in December, Hoffa sent letters to the Securities and Exchange Commission, state attorneys general, state insurance officials and Congressional leaders on financial industry oversight calling on regulators to review the questionable promotion of credit default swaps for bonds of YRCW. Hoffa urged the oversight bodies to investigate financial firms that were underwriting and/or marketing basis packages that consist of YRCW bonds and credit default swaps.

Two days after the letters were sent, YRCW announced it had obtained the necessary thresholds on its bond holder debt-to-equity exchange offer, which was the final part of a comprehensive restructuring plan that required all major stakeholders—its workers, pension funds, secured lenders and bond holders—to contribute toward helping the company survive the worst business decisions in generations.

Hoffa and the Teamsters were credited in several news reports for helping YRCW avert bankruptcy. Bloomberg said Goldman Sachs helped YRCW complete the debt swap after the "Teamsters Union said the bank was trying to profit from a failure of the largest U.S. trucker by sales."

Hoffa was re-elected to a fourth term heading the Teamsters Union in November 2011. He won nearly 59% of  the vote for another five-year term.

The three-way race was between Hoffa, Fred Gegare, and Sandy Pope. Gegare is a Wisconsin Teamster, trustee on a pension fund and a Teamsters International Vice President. Pope was the president of Teamsters Local 805 in New York City.

On May 14, 2019, on PBS NewsHour, Hoffa endorsed President Trump's use of tariffs and a trade war with China to bring China to the table for a robust trade deal. He stated that his hope was that the tariffs would work to open the Chinese market for American goods long kept out, and that in the long run, opening the Chinese market would create more American jobs.

Labor Day speech

On September 5, 2011, he caused some controversy when introducing President Obama at a Labor Day rally in Detroit, Michigan. In his remarks, an animated Hoffa stated "We have to keep an eye on the battle we face—a war on workers. And you see it everywhere there is the Tea Party. And you know there is only one way to beat and win that war. The one thing about working people is we like a good fight. And you know what, they've got a war, they've got a war with us and there is only going to be one winner. It is going to be the workers of Michigan and America – we are going to win that war. All the way." He then urged the audience to vote in the coming election and in reference to the Tea Party, stated, "Everybody here's got to vote," Hoffa said. "If we go back and we keep the eye on the prize, let's take these sons-of-a-bitches out and give America back to America where we belong!"

Following the fiery remarks, some conservative media outlets chastised the Democratic Party and President Obama for not condemning Hoffa for using violent rhetoric of the kind some claimed as leading to the 2011 Tucson Shooting, while the White House Press Secretary Jay Carney said, "Mr. Hoffa speaks for himself, he speaks for the labor movement...The president speaks for himself." However, Hoffa responded to the controversy by stating, "We didn't start this war—the right wing did. My comments on Labor Day in Detroit echo the anger and frustration of American workers who are under attack by corporate-funded politicians who want to destroy the middle class. We're tired of seeing good-paying jobs shipped overseas. This fight is about the economy, it's about jobs and it's about rebuilding America. As I said yesterday in Detroit, we all have to vote in order to take these anti-worker politicians out of office. We're fighting back. That's what Teamsters do—we stand up for what is right," Hoffa said. "I will never apologize for standing up for my fellow Teamsters and all American workers." National Review'''s Jonah Goldberg supported Hoffa's language, if not the content, saying "We are in a really weird place where the head of the Teamsters can't talk tough. I mean, I guess ex-cons are the only ones left who can still talk like men every now and then." Goldberg went on to state that the issue was not the language, but the "absolutely bizarre standard" for language established after Tucson.

Some commentators and journalists have charged that the context of the quote was changed by editing out the "Everybody here's got to vote" passage by the news organization; Fox News Channel and other media outlets, thus fueling the controversy by making the speech sound like a call for violence instead of a call to vote.

Organizing successes
Hoffa led a resurgence of the Teamsters resulting in a net increase of members in 2007, the first year of net growth in the union in nearly three decades.

Significant organizing victories included more than 12,600 workers at UPS Freight, 9,000 mechanics at United Airlines, 22,000 school bus drivers at First Student/FirstGroup since 2006 under the union's Drive Up Standards campaign, 3,200 customer service representatives at America West Airlines, and nearly 900 crewmembers of Atlas Air, Inc. and Polar Air Cargo Worldwide. In 2009, more than 1,700 school bus workers employed at the Baumann transportation companies on Long Island joined the union.

The organizing victory at UPS Freight was particularly noteworthy, because it is the former Overnite Transportation, which the union struggled to organize for many years and Ron Carey had ready to sign a contract, when Hoffa framed him and walked away from the organization effort. The campaign got a major boost when UPS purchased Overnite, and it became UPS Freight.

"This [UPS Freight] is the largest organizing victory in the freight industry in 25 years. We were amazed that at the 90-day mark of our national campaign, 9,900 workers had signed cards. This shows the workers' commitment in joining a union that will give them a strong voice in the workplace."

"We announced two goals for the Teamsters in 2008: To organize 40,000 workers and to elect Barack Obama President of the United States. I am proud to say that thanks to the hard work by so many in our union, the Teamsters delivered on both promises."

The union's successful organizing plan has emphasized the Teamster core industries—particularly those in the global supply chain—and the management of Hoffa and the Teamsters Organizing Department involved the entire union. The bulk of the organizing resulted from coordinated, disciplined campaigns in which numerous Teamster local unions and Joint Councils participated.

Organizing has been a minor theme of Hoffa's administration, culminating in 2005, when the Teamsters Union left the AFL–CIO to found the new Change to Win Federation with emphasis on organizing and growth. The union has achieved an annual increase in organizing gains every year since, with 2008 marking a record-breaking year. Hundreds of volunteer member organizers have arranged worker-to-worker contacts between Teamsters and unorganized workers in the same craft.

In 2009, the Teamsters began a project to recruit and train 1,000 member organizers before the end of 2009 to be ready when the Employee Free Choice Act is passed.

"There is no better spokesperson for the Teamsters than a Teamster like you," Hoffa said. "We are engaged in national campaigns that will test the resources of the union. Without a mighty army of Teamster member organizers, we're not going to get it done."

"We formed our union with the Teamsters so we could have an opportunity to negotiate for fair pay, benefits and equal treatment," said Nicole Miles, a monitor at First Student in Parkville, Missouri and Local 838 member. "Coming from a Teamster family, I supported the Teamsters because I wanted to be part of a union that will support me. I'm proud of our vote to join the Teamsters."

Split from the AFL–CIO

Frustrated with the AFL–CIO's lack of emphasis on organizing, the Teamsters Union and the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) split from the AFL–CIO on July 25, 2005. The group of breakaway unions, which later included the Laborer's, United Farm Workers and United Food and Commercial Workers Union, formed their own group called the Change to Win Federation. "We have been disappointed that over the last 10 years [the period of former AFL–CIO President John Sweeney's tenure] we have seen a decline in membership, a decline in density."

Hoffa further explained his union's decision to Fox News: "In our view, we must have more union members in order to change the political climate that is undermining workers' rights in this country. The AFL–CIO has chosen the opposite approach. We proposed that the AFL–CIO embark on a new course of action that would not only protect our existing Teamsters members and their families but lead to thousands of new working men and women to have the opportunity to organize into a strong union that would give them the chance to achieve the American dream to own their own home, send their kids to college and plan a strong retirement."

Hoffa, while pledging support of the AFL–CIO, said, "Today's decision means that we have chosen a course of growth and strength for the American labor movement based on organizing new members. ... This is just the beginning of a new era for America's workers."

Hoffa is an advocate of fair trade policies and a wide range of legislation. He also composed a weblog essay on the Huffington Post'' attacking Whole Foods for undermining efforts to win Congressional reform. Hoffa also spoke on the Thom Hartmann radio program about the politics of health care reform.

See also
 Jimmy Hoffa
 Sean O'Brien (labor leader)
 Ron Carey (labor leader)
 Jackie Presser
 Roy Lee Williams
 Frank Fitzsimmons
 Daniel J. Tobin
 Dave Beck
 Cornelius Shea
 William J. McCarthy

References

External links

 Biography at teamster.org
 James P. Hoffa on NPR

1941 births
Living people
2008 United States presidential electors
American people of Pennsylvania Dutch descent
American trade unionists of Polish descent
Lawyers from Detroit
Michigan Democrats
Michigan State University alumni
Presidents of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters
Trade unionists from Michigan
University of Michigan Law School alumni
Cooley High School alumni
Vice presidents of the AFL–CIO

James P. Hoffa


Das Nationalmuseum von Saudi-Arabien () ist ein kulturhistorisches Museum und Bestandteil des König Abd al-Aziz-Zentrums für Geschichte, zu dem außer dem Museum noch die König Abd al-Aziz-Stiftung für Forschung und Archive (Darah), die König Abd al-Aziz-Bibliothek und der Murabba-Palast gehören. Das Nationalmuseum befindet sich in Riad, der Hauptstadt des Königreichs Saudi-Arabien.

Geschichte

1963 wurde im Bildungsministerium des Königreichs Saudi-Arabien eine eigene Abteilung geschaffen, die das urgeschichtliche Erbe des Landes betreuen sollte. Daraus wurde 1972 der Oberste Rat für Antiken gebildet (seit 1975: Amt für Antiken und Museen), der einen langfristigen Plan zum Umgang mit den Bodendenkmälern des Landes entwickelte. Dazu zählte die Aufnahme aller bekannten archäologischen Fundstellen des Landes in ein Register, das heute ca. 40.000 Stätten umfasst, die Herausgabe der ersten archäologischen Fachzeitschrift des Landes, Atlal – The Journal of Saudi Arabian Archaeology, die regelmäßig seit 1977 erscheint, und die Gründung des Nationalmuseums. Seit 1996 wurde es dann nach einer Planung des Architekten Raymond Moriyama errichtet. Er wählte dafür Formen und Farben, die an die Wüstenlandschaft um Riad erinnern. Das Gebäude endet und gipfelt in einer halbmondförmigen, aufsteigenden Mauer, deren Spitze sowohl an ein Minarett erinnert als auch nach Mekka weist.

Eröffnet wurde das Museum 1999.

Präsentation

Für Besucher sind acht Abteilungen mit Dauerausstellungen eingerichtet, die nach zeitlichen Epochen gestaltet sind. Die achte befasst sich mit dem Haddsch und den heiligen Moscheen in Mekka und Medina. Darüber hinaus gibt es zwei Bereiche, in denen Sonderausstellungen gezeigt werden können. Weiter sind im Museum Service-Einrichtungen für den Betrieb untergebracht. Insgesamt weist das Museum eine überbaute Fläche von 28.000 Quadratmetern auf. Die Dauerausstellung gliedert sich in die Abteilungen:
 Entstehung des Universums und des Menschen. Hier wird die Schöpfung der Welt durch Allah erklärt, Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie präsentiert.
 Umwelt (Berge, Wüsten und Oasen sowie das die Arabische Halbinsel umgebende Meer), Urgeschichte und Archäologie, insbesondere das Paläolithikum.
 Frühgeschichtliche Zivilisationen. Hier wird die Zeit von etwa 6000 v. Chr. bis 400 n. Chr. gezeigt. Beispielhaft werden hier die archäologischen Fundstätten von Medyan, Qaryat al-Fau, Ain Zubaida und al-Aflai vorgestellt. Die Galerie schließt eine Sektion über die Entwicklung der Schrift auf der arabischen Halbinsel ein.
 Jahiliyyah-Galerie: Protoislamische Periode (400–650 n. Chr.). Hier wird die Zivilisation der arabischen Stämme in der Zeit unmittelbar vor dem Auftreten des Propheten Mohammed und die frühe arabische Kalligrafie vorgestellt.
 Zeit des Propheten Mohammed. Hier geht es um das Leben und Wirken des Propheten, insbesondere die Hidschra. Mittelpunkt der Ausstellung bildet der Koran.
 Islam und die Arabische Halbinsel. Diese Abteilung betrachtet die Zeit von Mohamed bis nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg. Sie ist in Sektionen eingeteilt:
 Die Zeit des Propheten Mohamed
 Die Zeit der Kalifen bis zum Osmanischen Reich
 Saudische Staaten bis in die Zeit der Jugend von König Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud.
 Vereinigungsgalerie. Hier wird die Entstehung des modernen Saudi-Arabien dargestellt.
 Haddsch und die heiligen Moscheen. Hier wird die Entwicklung der Moscheen in Mekka und Medina, der Kaaba und der Prophetenmoschee, sowie Dokumente zur Entwicklung des Haddsch gezeigt.

Wissenswertes
Vom 26. Januar bis zum 9. April 2012 war im Museum für Islamische Kunst der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin im Pergamonmuseum der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin eine Sonderausstellung unter dem Titel Roads of Arabia –  Archäologische Schätze aus Saudi-Arabien zu sehen, die eine Auswahl der Sammlungen des Nationalmuseums von Saudi-Arabien zeigte.

Literatur
 Ali Al-Ghabban: Das Kulturerbe Saudi-Arabiens. In: Roads of Arabia – Archäologische Schätze aus Saudi-Arabien. [Ausstellungskatalog]. Hrsg.: Museum für Islamische Kunst – Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-88609-721-0, S. 31–35.
 Nationalmuseum von Saudi-Arabien (Hrsg.): The National Museum. o. O., o. J. (ca. 2011). (engl.)

Weblinks
 Homepage
 Neue Homepage des Museums in der englischen Version

Einzelnachweise

Geschichte Saudi-Arabiens
Bauwerk in Saudi-Arabien
Kultur (Saudi-Arabien)
Museum in Asien
Organisation (Riad)
Gegründet 1999
Orientalisches Museum
Islamisches Museum
Bildung in Saudi-Arabien

Nationalmuseum von Saudi-Arabien


Rafael Cardoso (Porto Alegre, 17 de noviembre de 1985) es un actor brasileño.

Carrera
Comenzó su carrera en la televisión, haciendo pequeñas participaciones en especiales del canal RBS, TV do Rio Grande del Sur. Su debut en la televisión fue en 2008, cuando participó en la telenovela Beleza pura, como el joven Klaus, papel de destaque en la trama. Seguidamente, protagonizó el largometraje Do Começo ao Fim, cuyo personaje, Thomás, asume una relación incestuosa y homosexual con su medio hermano, Francisco. La película estuvo bajo la dirección de Aluizio Abranches, y se estrenó el 27 de noviembre de 2009.

En 2011 interpretó su primer protagónico en "A Vida Da Gente" (La Vida Sigue) como Rodrigo Macedo, el cual tuvo un amorío con su hermanastra Ana y de este amor nace una hija. Tras el accidente de Ana, Rodrigo tenía que criar a Julia, su hija, y lo hizo con la ayuda de Manuela, su otra hermanastra la cual terminó siendo su mujer. Todo se complica cuando Ana despierta y el amor entre ellos revive.

Luego en 2012, interpretó su primer antagónico en Lado a Lado.

En 2015, interpreta su segundo protagónico en Além do Tempo junto con Alinne Moraes.

Filmografía

Televisión

Cine

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actores de cine de Brasil
Actores de televisión de Brasil
Nacidos en Porto Alegre

Rafael Cardoso (actor brasileño)


علي مجبل فرطوس لاعب كرة قدم. مواليد 1982 و هو ابن اللاعب العراقي مجبل فرطوس لاعب المنتخب العراقي السابق، حاليآ محلل في اغلب مباريات المنتخب العراقي في القنوات القطرية الرياضية .

لعب لأندية أم صلال و الوكرة و الريان و العربي و السيلية و الشمال و المرخية و البدع

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية قطريون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية عراقيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية عراقيون مغتربون
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
قطريون متجنسون
قطريون من أصل عراقي
لاعبو النادي العربي (قطر)
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الثانية القطري
لاعبو دوري نجوم قطر
لاعبو كأس آسيا 2004
لاعبو كرة قدم عراقيون
لاعبو كرة قدم عراقيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم قطريون
لاعبو منتخب قطر لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي أم صلال
لاعبو نادي البدع
لاعبو نادي الريان
لاعبو نادي السيلية
لاعبو نادي الشمال
لاعبو نادي المرخية
لاعبو نادي الوكرة
مهاجرون عراقيون إلى قطر
مواليد 1402 هـ
مواليد 1982
مواليد في العراق

علي مجبل فرطوس


1000 meter er en atletisk disciplin som oftest løbes på bane til konkurrencer. Den danske rekord i denne disciplin lyder på 2,16,29. Rekorden er sat af den kenyanskfødte, danske løber Wilson Kipketer. Kipketers danske rekord har også været tidligere verdensrekord. Den nuværende verdensrekord tilhører Noah Ngeny som går i tiden 2.11.96. Disse rekorder er i indendørs atletik. Verdensrekorden for kvinder tilhører Svetlana Masterkova. Hendes tid lyder på 2.28.98

Løbesport (atletik)

1000-meter-løb


Plastens forunderlige verden er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1999 instrueret af Enrique Salcedo.

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1999

Plastens forunderlige verden


Craig Breen (Waterford; 2 de febrero de 1990-Lobor, Croacia; 13 de abril de 2023) fue un piloto de rally irlandés que compitió en el Campeonato Mundial de Rally y el Campeonato Europeo de Rally.

Trayectoria
Breen comenzó su carrera siendo piloto de karting debutando en 1999 en campeonatos de Irlanda, y tiempo después se pasó a lo rallyes. Debutó en el mundial en el Rally de Portugal de 2009 con un Ford Fiesta, y al año siguiente debuta con la evolución S2000 del Fiesta en el Rally de Finlandia. Ese mismo año hace alguna participación dentro del Campeonato Mundial Super 2000 donde logra un segundo puesto y doce de la general en Gran Bretaña, su mejor posición en el mundial hasta la fecha.

En 2011 participa en la Academia WRC con un Ford Fiesta R2, realizando todas las pruebas y ganando en Alemania y Gran Bretaña. Empata a puntos con el estonio Egon Kaur, pero consiguió el campeonato al tener mayor número de tramos ganados en toda la temporada. También resultó cuarto en el Rally de Cataluña del SWRC y el Rally de Escocia del Intercontinental Rally Challenge con un Ford Fiesta S2000.

En 2012 dio el salto al Campeonato Mundial de Rally Super 2000 con un Ford Fiesta propio. Logró cuatro victorias en Montecarlo, Gran Bretaña, Francia y Cataluña, por lo que resultó campeón ante Per-Gunnar Andersson. También disputó cuatro fechas del IRC con un Peugeot 207 S2000 de Saintéloc. El 16 de junio de 2012, Breen se salió de pista en el Rally Targa Florio, lo que provocó la muerte de su copiloto Gareth Roberts.

Breen fichó por Peugeot Sport en 2013 para disputar el reformulado Campeonato Europeo de Rally. Logró tres segundos puestos, dos terceros y un cuarto, por lo que se ubicó tercero en el campeonato.

En la temporada 2014 fue tercero en Letonia con un Peugeot 207 y primero en el Rally Acrópolis con el nuevo Peugeot 208, tras lo cual acumuló cinco abandonos seguidos. En Valais resultó segundo, por lo que repitió el tercer puesto final. Por otra parte, disputó dos fechas del Campeonato Mundial de Rally con un Ford Fiesta RS WRC, resultando noveno en Suecia.

El irlandés fue piloto de Peugeot en el Campeonato Europeo de Rally 2015, donde triunfó en Letonia, Irlanda y Azores. Además obtuvo segundo puesto en WRC 2 en el Rally de Montecarlo con un Peugeot 208 T16 R5.

Entre 2016 y 2018 compitió para el equipo Citroën WRT, aunque nunca realizó una temporada completa en WRC. En el Rally de Finlandia de 2016 logró su primero podio. En 2019 fue llamado por Hyundai Shell Mobis WRT para competir en algunos eventos. Tras lograr tres podios en cinco participaciones en 2021, Breen fue contratado por el equipo M-Sport Ford WRT para disputar todos los rallies de la temporada 2022. Finalizó séptimo en el campeonato mundial, con dos podios (Montecarlo y Cerdeña) como mejores resultados.

Para 2023, el irlandés retornó a Hyundai. Logró un segundo puesto en su primera, y a la postre última, participación en el año, en Suecia, tras una lucha intensa con Ott Tänak.

Fallecimiento
Durante pruebas previas al Rally de Croacia de 2023, Breen conducía su Hyundai i20 N Rally1 en un camino cercano a la localidad croata de Stari Golubovec, cuando se salió de la carretera e impactó contra unos postes de madera, falleciendo en el accidente. Su copiloto James Fulton salió ileso.

Palmarés

Títulos

Victorias

Victorias en el ERC

Victorias en el SWRC

WRC Academy

Resultados

Campeonato Mundial de Rally

SWRC

Academia WRC

Campeonato de Europa de Rally

Campeonato de Portugal de Rally

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ewrc-results.com. Craig Breen.
 Ficha en WRC.

Pilotos de rally de Irlanda
Pilotos de Hyundai World Rally Team
Nacidos en Waterford
Fallecidos en Croacia

Craig Breen


La maison canoniale, 7 rue du Cloître-Notre-Dame est une maison de chanoines située dans le cloître Notre-Dame de la ville de Chartres, préfecture du département français d'Eure-et-Loir, en région Centre-Val de Loire.

Description
L'ancienne maison canoniale est située en face du portail royal (ouest) et de la tour nord de la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres.

Elle fait l'objet d'un classement au titre des monuments historiques depuis le .

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de Chartres
 Cloître Notre-Dame de Chartres

Liens externes

Monument historique à Chartres
Monument historique classé en 1911
Patrimoine du XIIIe siècle
Maison monument historique (France)

Maison canoniale, 7 rue du Cloître-Notre-Dame (Chartres)


Klinefelter sendromu ya da 47, XXY sendromu; hücre bölünmesi sırasında, eşeysel kromozom düzensizliklerinden kaynaklanan semptomların  kişide görülmesi durumudur.

1942'de Dr. Harry Klinefelter ilk olarak tanımlamıştır, doktorun adıyla anılan doğuştan gelen bir özelliktir.

Nedenleri
Hücre bölünmesi sırasında eşey kromozomlarından X'in ayrılmaması durumundan kaynaklanan bir sendromdur. İki tane X kromozomu taşıyan bir yumurta hücresinin normal bir sperm ile döllenmesiyle meydana gelir. Normal karyotipte 46, XY olması gereken bireyin, Klinefelter sendromunda 47, XXY şeklinde karyotipi vardır.

Görünümleri
Bu durumdaki kişiler genellikle erkek birey olarak görülür. Puberteyle ortaya çıkar (puberte gecikir). Uzun kol ve bacakları, kadınımsı kalça çıkıntıları ilk olarak göze çarpan özellikleridir. Testisleri küçük, kadınımsı göğüs (jinekomasti) ve kas gelişimleri vardır. Sesleri erkeklere nazaran daha incedir. Hipogonadizm görülebilir. Sakal ve bıyık gelişimleri çok az, vücut kıllanmaları kadınımsı görünümdedir. Spermatogenez görülmez ve kısır bireylerdir.

Canlı erkek doğan bireylerin 500 ya da 1000'inde 1 oranla görülür.

Klinik ve Laboratuvar bulgularıHaritha A, Jayakumar A. Syndromes as they relate to periodontal disease. Periodontology 2000, 56:65–86, 2011

 Mikrosefali
 Silindirik yüz
 Prognatizm (alt çene/üst çene)
 Yarık damak
 Maloklüzyon
 Periodontal patolojiler
 Taurodontism
 Prostat küçük
 Penis normal/hafif küçük
 Varisler
 Ekstragonadal germ hücreli tümör riski (pineal doku, presakral bölge, mesane, prostat, karaciğer)
 Meme kanseri riski
 Psikomotor gelişme geriliği
 Testosteron düzeyi düşük

Türleri

48, XXYY sendromu; yaklaşık 17,000 canlı doğumda bir karşılaşılan Klinefelter sendromunun özelliklerini taşıyan bir hastalıktır. Bu hastalarda semptomlar daha ağır görülür.

Mozaik 47,XXY/46,XY Klinefelter sendromu; şeklinde mozaik olarak da görülebilir. Bu hastalarda semptomlar 47,XXY karyotipli hücrelerin yoğunluğuna bağlı olarak değişir.

Doğum öncesi tanı
Klinefelter sendromu gebelikte tanınabilen bir hastalıktır. Nadir olarak, ultrason bulguları ile fetüs anormal olarak tanımlanabilir. Amniyosentez ve diğer bazı tanı yöntemleri ile Klinefelter sendromununa gebeliklerde kesin tanı konur.

Tedavi
Son yıllarda testis dokusundan sperm elde etme ve mikroenjeksiyon (ICSI) yöntemleri ile Klinefelter Sendromlu erkeklerin çocuk sahibi olmaları sağlandı. Klinefelter sendromu erkeklerde yapılan geniş serilerde testisten sperm elde etme oranı mikro-TESE yöntemi ile yaklaşık %50 oranında olduğu gösterilmiştir. Testisten sperm elde olasılığının 35 yaşının altında olan Klinefelter sendromlu erkeklerde daha ileri yaştaki erkeklere oranla daha yüksek olduğu saptandı. Testisten elde edilen spermlerin ile eşlerinin yumurtalarına mikroenjeksiyon yöntemi ile aktarılması yoluyla bu erkeklerin çocuk sahibi olma olasılığının testisten sperm elde edilen ve genetik bozukluğu olmayan erkeklerden farklı olmadığı gösterilmiştir.  Klinefelter sendromlu erkeklerden alınan spermlerle yapılan mikroenjeksiyon tedavileri sonrasında doğan çocuklarda genetik anomali görülmemiştir.

Kılavuz
Eylül 2020, Avrupa Androloji Akademisi ilk kez Klinefelter sendromu için kılavuzlar yayınladı.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Turner sendromu
 XYY sendromu
 Triple X sendromu
 48,XXYY sendromu

Dış bağlantılar
 Ulusal Çocuk Sağlığı Enstitüsü
 XXYTalk Klinefelter Sendromlular Topluluğu
 Klinefelter Sendromu ve Dernekleri
 Amerikan Klinefelter Sendromlular Derneği, Bilgi ve Destek
 47xxy.org
 Kkinefeltersyndrome.org
 XXYY Sendromu ve XXYY Projesi

Kaynakça

Kromozom anomalileri
İnsan kromozom X
İnsan kromozom Y
Sendromlar
İnterseks ve tıp

Klinefelter sendromu


Le pont de Vuosaari (en ) est un pont reliant les quartiers Vartiokylä et Vuosaari à Helsinki en Finlande.

Présentation
Le pont de Vuosaari enjambe la baie Vartiokylänlahti.
Il mesure 415,7 mètres de long et 18,5 mètres de large.

Une fois terminé, c'était l'un des ponts les plus longs de Finlande, avec le pont de Lapinlahti de 597 mètres.
Le pont est relié à la rue Meripellontie du côté de Vartiokylä et à la Vuotie à Meri-Rastila du côté de Vuosaari.
Le pont de Vuosaari a été rénové en décembre 2019.

Ponts voisins
Le pont Vuosaaren raittisilta pour la circulation douce, a été achevé en 2018 entre le pont de Vuosaari et le pont du métro de Vuosaari.

Galerie

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes
 Emporis

Vuosaari
Vuosaari
Pont routier en Finlande

Vartiokylä
Pont de Vuosaari

Pont de Vuosaari


O poveste de Crăciun (titlu original: Un conte de Noël) este un film de Crăciun  din 2008 regizat de Arnaud Desplechin. Este produs de  Pascal Caucheteux. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Catherine Deneuve, Jean-Paul Roussillon, Mathieu Amalric, Anne Consigny, Melvil Poupaud, Emmanuelle Devos și Chiara Mastroianni.

Prezentare

O familie se reunește în cele mai rele condiții în timpul Crăciunului.

Distribuție
Catherine Deneuve - Junon
Jean-Paul Roussillon - Abel
Anne Consigny - Elizabeth
Mathieu Amalric - Henri
Melvil Poupaud - Ivan
Emmanuelle Devos - Faunia
Laurent Capelluto - Simon
Chiara Mastroianni - Sylvia
Hippolyte Girardot - Claude
Emile Berling - Paul
Françoise Bertin - Rosaimée

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 2008
Filme franțuzești
Filme în limba franceză
Filme regizate de Arnaud Desplechin
Filme de Crăciun

O poveste de Crăciun (film din 2008)


جون لويس بركهارت والذي تحول اسمه إلى إبراهيم بن عبد الله بعد أن أسلم رحالة ومؤرخ سويسري.

نشأته ورحلاته
ولد سنة 1784 م من أب سويسري وأم إنجليزية، واضطر سنة 1806م إلى الانتقال إلى لندن بعد احتلال الإمبراطور الفرنسي نابليون لبلاده، وكان الجو العام في لندن مهتماً بالعالم الإسلامي ومسابقة فرنسا هناك، والتحق بوركهارد بالجمعية الملكية المعنية بالاكتشافات الجغرافية في أفريقيا.

وعلى الرغم من أن أغلب نشاطات الجمعية كانت تدرس مجاهل أفريقيا إلا أن الدين الإسلامي كان مثيراً لبركهارت وخاصة مع ظهور الدولة السعودية سنة 1744م، وذيوع صيتها في أرجاء العالم بعد استحواذها على الحرمين الشريفين، وإعلانها عدم شرعية خلافة آل عثمان، فقرر برركهارت ترك الجمعية ودراسة اللغة العربية في جامعة كامبردج. وأعفى لحيته ليرافق الحجاج الأفارقة إلى الشرق متنكراً بشخصية رجل مسلم ألباني اسمه الحاج إبراهيم، ووصل إلى حلب وتعمق أكثر باللغة العربية واتصل بقبائل عنزة في بلاد الشام.
رحل إلى مصر سنة 1812م واتصل بمحمد علي باشا الذي كان يتقلد ولاية مصر للتو، ومكلف بحرب آل سعود، ورافقه بركهارت لغزو جزيرة العرب، ومكث بين مكة والمدينة من سنة 1814م إلى سنة 1816م. لاحظ بركهارت تعصب الترك ضد العرب الذي كان يقدرهم كثيراً، ولم يستطع إخفاء إعجابه بهم وبنبالتهم وشجاعتهم وخاصة قبائل حرب وعنزة والبقوم وغالية البقمية. وقد دون بركهارت جميع نتائج بحوثه في كتاب أسماه (رحلات في شبه الجزيرة العربية) وكتاب (تاريخ الوهابيين) ثم (ملاحظات على البدو الوهابيين). وفي الكتاب الأخير يصف أتباع آل سعود من قبائل العرب الوهابية. ويصف زعيم الوهابية بالرجل العادل والمانع للظلم.

كان يؤرخ لحقبة عبد الله بن سعود الكبير والدولة السعودية الأولى.

اكتشافه البتراء
أعيد اكتشاف مدينة البتراء عام 1812 م علي يدي المستشرق بركهارت . جاء بركهارت إلى البتراء مدعياَ بانة مسلم من الهند بعد أن تنكر بزي إسلامي، وهدفه تقديم أضحية إلى النبي هارون؛ وبذلك سمح له السكان المحليون بالدخول إلى المدينة الوردية. وقد احتوى كتابه المطبوع عام 1828 والمعروف باسم رحلات في سوريا والديار المقدسة على صور للبتراء.

وفاته

قرر بركهارت الرحيل من جزيرة العرب إلى بلاده، إلا أنه مرض في ينبع، وتحامل على نفسه ووصل إلى جزيرة سيناء ومكث بها شهرين، ودوّن الكثير عن أهلها وقبائلهم، ثم دخل مصر وتوفي فيها سنة 1817م.

روابط خارجية

 كتاب رحلات إلى سوريا والبلاد المقدسة (الإنجليزية)

مصادر

 بركهارت - الأعلام، خير الدين الزركلي، 1980

 من عام 1892، ويضم يوهان لودفيج بوركهارت

البتراء
أشخاص من كانتون فود
أشخاص من لوزان
خريجو جامعة كامبريدج
سويسريون مغتربون في الدولة العثمانية
سويسريون من أصل إنجليزي
كتاب وكاتبات سويسريون
مستشرقون سويسريون
مستكشفو آسيا
مستكشفو إفريقيا
مستكشفو شبه الجزيرة العربية
مستكشفون سويسريون
مسلمون سويسريون
مسيحيون اعتنقوا الإسلام
مواليد 1199 هـ
مواليد 1784
مواليد في لوزان
وفيات 1232 هـ
وفيات 1233 هـ
وفيات 1817
وفيات بسبب الزحار
وفيات في القاهرة

يوهان لودفيك بركهارت


Le Dernier Chant de la baleine est un documentaire de 72 minutes produit par Botsford Média à Moncton. Il suit Julien Robichaud dans sa quête pour découvrir les dangers qui guettent les baleines noires, une espèce en voie d'extinction, mais aussi les initiatives qui sont mises en place pour aider à leur survie.

La première diffusion a eu lieu le 21 mars 2022 sur la chaîne de télévision Unis TV.

Synopsis
Les baleines noires se chiffrent actuellement à environ 400 spécimens dont à peine 100 femelles. Ce film documentaire suit Julien Robichaud dans sa quête visant à déterminer si sa génération sera responsable de l'extinction de la baleine noire. Au cours des dernières années, l'espèce a subi une diminution importante en raison des collisions avec des navires, de l'empêtrement dans les cordages des bateaux de pêche et de la pollution entraînant un manque de nourriture et un déplacement des populations. Robichaud part à la rencontre de ceux qui participent à leur sauvegarde et de ceux qui sont vus comme leurs ennemis, les pêcheurs, dont plusieurs font des efforts soutenus et sincères pour éviter de les blesser.

Tournage
Le tournage a eu lieu dans les provinces maritimes et au Québec au Canada ainsi qu'en Floride aux États-Unis.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Le Dernier Chant de la baleine
 Réalisation : Gilles Doiron et Julien Robichaud
 Scénario : Julien Robichaud
 Directeur de la photographie : Gilles Doiron
 Ingénieur de son : Paul Goguen
 Monteur : Emmanuel Albert
 Compositeur musique : Patrick Martin
 Production : Gilles Doiron, Marcel Gallant, Chris Goguen, Marc Savoie
 Société de production : Botsford Média
 Société de distribution (télévision) : Unis TV
 Pays d'origine : Canada
 Langue originale : français

Références

Téléfilm canadien des années 2020
Téléfilm diffusé en 2022
Film documentaire sur la protection animale
Film documentaire canadien
Téléfilm documentaire
Film mettant en scène un cétacé
Film acadien

Le Dernier Chant de la baleine


Nørresundby Kommune var en kommune i Ålborg Amt fra 1968–1970.

Administrativ historik
Kommunen blev oprettet ved en sammenlægning mellem Sundby-Hvorup Kommune og Nørresundby Købstadskommune pr. 1. april 1968, som et forsøg på at undgå en sammenlægning med Aalborg. Den blev dog kortlivet, da man ved kommunalreformen i 1970 lod den indgå i Ålborg Kommune.

Referencer

Kommuner i Aalborg Amt

Nørresundby Kommune


Der Gerichtsbezirk Neufelden war ein dem Bezirksgericht Neufelden unterstehender Gerichtsbezirk im politischen Bezirk Rohrbach (Bundesland Oberösterreich). Der Gerichtsbezirk wurde 2003 aufgelöst und das Gebiet dem Gerichtsbezirk Rohrbach zugeteilt.

Geschichte
Der Gerichtsbezirk Neufelden wurde gemeinsam mit 46 anderen Gerichtsbezirke in Oberösterreich durch einen Erlass des k.k. Oberlandesgerichtes Linz am 4. Juli 1850 geschaffen und umfasste ursprünglich die 25 Steuergemeinden Allersdorf, Altenfelden, Arnreith, Auberg, Drautendorf, Eckersdorf, Grub, Haselbach, Kasten, Kirchberg, Kleinzell, Langhalsen, Neufelden, Neuhaus, Niederwaldkirchen, Petersberg, Pürnstein, Rammersdorf, Sankt Johann, Sankt Martin, Sankt Peter, Sankt Ulrich, Sankt Veit, Stamering, Windischberg.

Der Gerichtsbezirk bildete im Zuge der Trennung der politischen von der judikativen Verwaltung
ab 1868 gemeinsam mit den Gerichtsbezirken Rohrbach, Haslach, Aigen und Lembach den Bezirk Rohrbach.

1951 wurde die Gemeinde Arnreit aus dem Gerichtsbezirk Neufelden ausgeschieden und dem Gerichtsbezirk Rohrbach angegliedert.

Durch Gemeindezusammenlegungen reduzierte sich die Anzahl der Gemeinden bis zum Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts auf die zehn Gemeinden Altenfelden, Auberg, Kleinzell, Neufelden, Niederwaldkirchen, Sankt Johann am Wimberg, Sankt Martin im Mühlkreis, Sankt Peter am Wimberg, Sankt Ulrich im Mühlkreis und Sankt Veit im Mühlkreis. Mit der Bezirksgerichts-Verordnung der Österreichischen Bundesregierung wurde am 12. November 2002 die Auflösung des Gerichtsbezirkes Neufelden beschlossen und die Zuweisung des Gebietes zum Gerichtsbezirk Rohrbach per 1. Jänner 2003 bestimmt.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Geschichte des Mühlviertels
Bezirk Rohrbach
Neufelden
Neufelden
Gegründet 1850
Aufgelöst 2003

Gerichtsbezirk Neufelden


Histoires d'amour (Love is Love is Love) est un film dramatique coécrit et réalisé par Eleanor Coppola, sorti en 2020.

Synopsis
Trois histoires évoquant l'amour entre un jeune couple marié qui s'éloigne de plus en plus en raison du manque de communication, des retraités qui partent à la mer ou un groupe d'amies réunies pour le décès de la mère de l'une d'entre elles.

Fiche technique
 Titre original : Love is Love is Love
 Titre français : Histoires d'amour
 Réalisation : Eleanor Coppola
 Scénario : Eleanor Coppola et Karen Leigh Hopkins
 Musique : Laura Karpman
 Photographie : Hiro Narita, Toby Irwin et Mihai Mălaimare Jr.
 Montage : Robert Schafer
 Production : Anahid Nazarian et Adriana Rotaru
 Société de production : American Zoetrope
 Société de distribution : Blue Fox Entertainment
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : couleur
 Genre : drame
 Durée : 91 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
   :
  (Festival du cinéma américain de Deauville)
  (DVD)

Distribution
 Rosanna Arquette : Anne
 Kathy Baker : Diana
 Marshall Bell : John
 Maya Kazan : Caroline
 Chris Messina : Jack
 Cybill Shepherd : Nancy
 Joanne Whalley : Joanne
 Rita Wilson : Mary Kay
 Polly Draper : Milly
 Alyson Reed : Jackie
 Valarie Pettiford : Wendy
 Elea Oberon : Rose
 Nancy Carlin : Patty

Références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2020
Film dramatique américain
Film d'American Zoetrope
Film en anglais

Histoires d'amour


Hidrura de sodiu este un compus anorganic cu formula NaH, fiind o hidrură a unui metal alcalin. Este o bază puternică folosită în sinteza organică. Deși este o hidrură, se comportă ca o sare ionică, fiind compusă din ioni de Na+ și H−, spre deosebire de alte hidruri covalente, precum boranul, metanul, amoniacul sau apa. Este insolubilă în solvenți organici.

Obținere
Una dintre metodele de obținere ale hidrurii de sodiu sunt încălzirea sodiului metalic la o temperatură între 360—400 °C și trecerea sa printr-un curent de hidrogen:

De asemenea, compusul se mai poate obține și în urma reacției dintre sodiul metalic și hidroxid de sodiu:

Proprietăți

Chimice
Hidrura de sodiu este o bază folosită pe larg și de mare utilitate în sinteza organică. Este un compus capabil să deprotoneze o varietate de acizi slabi Brønsted, pentru a forma derivații corespunzători de sodiu. Substraturile tipice pentru acest tip de reacții conțin legături de tipul O-H, N-H, S-H, fiind astfel alcooli, fenoli, pirazoli și tioli.

Agent reducător
Hidrura de sodiu poate reduce unii compuși, însă această proprietate nu se extinde și la compușii organici. Trifluorura de bor reacționează cu aceasta, rezultând diboran și fluorură de sodiu:

De asemenea, și legăturile omogene de tipul Si-Si și S-S din disilani și disulfuri pot fi reduse.

Referințe

Vezi și
Hidrură de cesiu

Hidruri
Compuși ai sodiului
Baze

Hidrură de sodiu


Projektör belirli bir yöntemde ışık demetinin yaklaşık paralel ışınlarını etkili bir şekilde göstererek yansıtan ve genellikle çevresinde döndürülebilir olarak tasarlanmış bir aygıttır. Film projektörü, projeksiyon cihazı, video projektörü, ışık projektörü,  slayt projektörü, planetaryum projektörü, CRT projektörü, LCD projektörü, el projektörü, opak projektör, tepegöz, projektör telefon, vitascope türleri yaygın kullanılır.

Projektörler ilk olarak Birinci ve II. Dünya Savaşı'nda yapay ay ışığı yaratarak gece saldırısı fırsatlarını artırmak için kullanıldı. Yapay ay ışığı tarihçi ve tank teoristi Gen. J.F.C. Fuller tarafından icad edildi.

Projektörler yaygın bir şekilde II. Dünya Savaşı boyunca geceleri hava bombardımanı baskınlarına karşı savunma olarak kullanıldı. Yeni teknoloji olan radarlar yalnız erken uyarı amacıyla kullanılıyordu, uçaksavar silahları görsel olarak hedefi saptayabilme ihtiyacı duyuyordu, hedefi saptayabilmek için jeneratörler gökyüzünde uçakları aydınlatıyor böylece silahlar onları görebiliyordu, ayrıca kuvvetli ışıklar bombacıların görme alanlarını iki misli kısıtlıyordu.

II. Dünya Savaşı'nda projektörlere General Electric'in 1942-A projektörleri dahil oldu. Bu projektör 152 cm'lik çaptaki lambası ile 800,000,000 kandela üretebiliyordu. 45 ile 56 kilometreye kadar doğrudan görünürlük kabiliyeti vardı ve 15KW jeneratörle çalışıyordu.

Son zamanlarda projeksiyon cihazı türleri sıklıkla reklamcılıkta kullanılmakta, örneğin otomobil satıcıları; ışık ışınları geniş alanlara da görünebilir ve (en azından teoride) ilgilenen insanlar jeneratör ışıklarını satıcıların ve mağazaların ışınlarını takip ederek ışığın kaynağı olan mağazaları ve satıcıları bulabilirler. Hem de film prömiyerlerinde kullanıldı; dalgalanan jeneratörler ışınları 20th Century Fox movie studio'nun logosunda tasarımsal öğeler olarak halen görülmektedir.

Işık projektörü
Işık projektörü, büyük bir alanı ışıklandırılmasında kullanılan projektörlerdir.
Projektörler örneğin itfaiye araçları tarafından gece müdahaleleri sırasında operasyon mahallini aydınlatmak ve yardım önlemlerini mümkün kılabilmek için kullanılır. Projektörler ne kadar yükseğe monte edilirse müdahale mahalli o kadar iyi aydınlatabilmektedir. Projektörün zemin seviyesinde bulunması durumunda ise gölgeler ağırlıkta olur ve çalışan kişilerin gözleri alınır ve görüş imkânları kısıtlanır. Projektörlerin içinde ise halojen lambaları bulunmakta olup bunlar yüzlerce vaat elektrik akımı kaldırabilmektedir. Bu güç ise müdahale sırasında bir elektrik agregası veya müdahale aracının ışık makinesi tarafından üretilmektedir. Diğer uygulamalarda söz konusu projektörler normal elektrik şebekesine de bağlanabilir, ancak buna müdahale sırasında müsaade verilmemektedir ve mümkün de değildir. Bunun açıklaması oldukça basittir: Teorik olarak her an elektrik kesintisi meydana gelebilir, dolayısıyla karanlıkta kalmamak için şebekeden bağımsız elektrik üreticileri kullanılır.Işık projektörlerine çıplak göz ile bakmak göz sağlığı yönünden zararlıdır.

Galeri

Kaynaklar

Dış bağlantılar

 Sperry searchlight restoration project
 How Were World War II Searchlights Used?  Information on a website commemorating the US 225th AAA Searchlight Battalion
 "Giant Lights Paint The Sky To Work New Magic"  July Popular Mechanics—i.e. early article on one of the first commercial use of searchlights.
 director restored
 German Searchlights , a 1943 article from the U.S. War Dept.

Projektör
Aydınlatma
Lambalar

Projektör


Crkva sv. Siksta je crkva u naselju Pribić koje je u sastavu općine Krašić, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Crkva je slojevita građevina baroknih karakteristika sagrađena u 17. te dograđena u 18. i 19.st. Jednobrodna je, pravokutnog tlocrta s poligonalno zaključenim svetištem, sakristijom, bočnom kapelom i zvonikom poligonalnog presjeka na glavnom pročelju. Trijem uz južno pročelje je naknadno zazidan. Barokni inventar sačuvan je fragmentarno.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-1877 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Krašić

Crkva sv. Siksta u Pribiću


කොපී ලුවක් යනු  ආසියානු කලවැද්දා (පැරඩොක්සූරෙස් හර්මාෆ්‍රොඩීටුස්) විසින් අනුභව කොට රේචනය කල අර්ධ වශයෙන් ජීර්ණය වූ  කෝපි ගෙඩි වෙතින් සමන්විත කෝපි වර්ගයකි. මේවා සිවෙට් කොෆි ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙයි. කලවැද්දෙකුගේ බඩවැල ඔස්සේ ගමන් කරන විට, කෝපි ගෙඩි පැසෙන අතර, අනෙකුත් මල ද්‍රව්‍ය හා සමගින් පහ කෙරුනු පසු ඒවා එකතු කරනු ලැබේ.
 මෙම කාර්යය සඳහා කැලයෙහි ජීවත් වන ආසියානු කලවැද්දන් අධික වශයෙන් අල්ලා විකුණනු ලැබෙයි.

කොපී ලුවක් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් නිෂ්පාදනය කෙරෙනුයේ  සුමාත්‍රා, ජාවා, බාලි, සූලාවේසි යන ඉන්දුනීසියානු දිවයින් තුල සහ නැගෙනහිර ටිමෝරයෙහිය. පිලිපීන දිවයින් තුලද මෙය පුළුල් වශයෙන් කැලයෙහිදී එකතු කිරීම හෝ ගොවිපොළ තුල නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම හෝ කරන අතර, කෝඩියේරා ප්‍රදේශයෙහිදී කපී මොටී  ලෙසින්ද, ටගාලග් ප්‍රදේශ වලදී කපී අලමිඩ් ලෙසින්ද, මින්ඩනාවෝ ප්‍රදේශයෙහි කපී මේලෝ හෝ  කපී මූසං ලෙසින්ද,  සුලූ කොදෙව් පෙළෙහි කහාවා කුබීං ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙයි. කෑ ෆේ චොන් යන වියට්නාම නම මුගටි කෝපි ලෙසින් දළ පරිවර්තනය කල හැක.

කෝපි ඇට නිෂ්පාදකයන් තර්ක කරනුයේ මෙම ක්‍රමවේදය වෙතින් කෝපි වල තත්ත්වය ඉහල යෑම යාන්ත්‍රණ දෙකක් ඔස්සේ සිදුවන බවයි: වරණය– කලවැද්දන් විසින් සමහරක් ගෙඩි පමණක් අනුභව කිරීම, සහ ජීර්ණය– සත්ත්වයාගේ ජීරණ පථයෙහිදී ජීවවිද්‍යාත්මක හෝ රසායනික යාන්ත්‍රණ විසින් කෝපි ගෙඩි වල සංයුතිය වෙනස් කිරීම.

කැළයෙහි ජීවත් වන ආසියානු කලවැද්දන්ගේ අසූචි එකතු කිරීමේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ක්‍රමය වෙනුවට තීව්‍ර ගොවිපොළ ක්‍රමයක් ඉදිරියට පැමිණ ඇති අතර, මෙහිදී කලවැද්දන් කුඩා කූඩු වල සිර කර බලහත්කාරයෙන් කෝපි ගෙඩි ආහාරයට ගැනීමට සලස්වයි. මෙම නිෂ්පාදන ක්‍රමය ආචාරධර්ම වලට පටහැනි බවට අදහස් ඉදිරිපත්වී ඇත්තේ, හුදෙකලාව, අප්‍රමාණවත් ආහාර, කුඩා කූඩු, ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාතිකය වැනි කලවැද්දන් ජීවත්වීමට ඉඩ සලසා ඇති තත්ත්වයන් නිසාවෙනි.

කොපී ලුවක් යනු සැකසුම් ක්‍රමයක් මිස කෝපි වර්ගයක් නොවුනද, ගොවිපොළෙහි නිෂ්පාදිත වර්ගය සඳහා ඇට කිලෝග්‍රෑමයක සිල්ලර මිල   සහ කැළයෙන් එකතු කරගන්නා වර්ගය සඳහා ඇට කිලෝග්‍රෑමයකට සිල්ලර මිල   වන පරිදි ලෝකයේ කෝපි වර්ග අතරින් වඩාත්ම මිල අධික කෝපි වර්ගයක් බව සැලකෙයි.

ඉතිහාසය
කොපී ලුවක් හී සම්භවය,  ඉන්දුනීසියාවෙහි කෝපි නිෂ්පාදනයෙහි  ඉතිහාසය හා සමීපයෙන් සබැ‌ඳේ . ලන්දේසි යටත්විජිත වාදීහූ ඉන්දුනීසියාවෙහි කෝපි වතු පිහිටවූ අතර යේමනයෙන් කෝපි ඇට ආනයනය කලහ. 19වන සියවසෙහිදී මධ්‍යම ජාවා ප්‍රදේශයෙහි ගොවීන්, ඔවුන්ගේ වතු වල තිබූ පහ කෙරුණු කලවැදි මල සමග තුබූ කෝපි ඇට එකතු කොට ඒවා වෙතින් පිළියෙල කරගත් කෝපි බීම ඇරඹූහ.

නිෂ්පාදනය

ආසියානු කලවැද්දෙකුගේ ආමාශයාන්ත්‍රික මාර්ගය ඔස්සේ ගමන් ගන්නා විට,  ආම්ලික, එන්සයිමික සහ ආසවකරණ පිරියමක සංකලනයකට ලක් වන්නාවූ කෝපි ඇට වෙතින් කොපී ලුවක් පිළියෙල කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජීරණ ක්‍රියාවලියෙහිදී, ජීරණ එන්සයිම සහ ආමාශයික යුෂ, කෝපි ගෙඩි වල අභ්‍යන්තරාවරණය තුලින් පාරගමනය වී,   සංචිත ප්‍රෝටීන බිඳ දැමීම නිසා, වඩාත් කෙටි පෙප්ටයිඩ සැදෙයි. මෙය විසින් ඇමියිනෝ අම්ල වල සංයුතිය වෙනස් කරන අතර  කෝපි වල සුවඳ කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ඇති කරයි. රෝස්ට් හෙවත් කර කිරීමෙහිදී, එන්සයිමික-නොවන  මෙයියාඩ් ප්‍රතික්‍රියාවට මෙම ප්‍රෝටීන ලක් වෙයි.

කලවැද්දා විසින් වඩාත්ම ඉදුණු සහ නිකැළැල් කෝපි ගෙඩි තෝරා ගනු ලබන බවට උපකල්පනය කෙරෙයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

කෝපි පිළියෙල කිරීම
ඉන්දුනීසියානු බීම වර්ග
විශේෂිත කෝපි වර්ග
මළ පහ කෙරුම් ආශ්‍රිතයෙන් නිෂ්පාදනය කෙරෙන ආහාර සහ බීම වර්ග

කොපී ලුවක්


Kjartan Henry Finnbogason (født 9. juli 1986 i Reykjavík) er en islandsk fodboldspiller, der spiller som angriber for 1. divisionsklubben Vejle Boldklub.

Karriere

KR Reykjavik
Finnbogason skrev i 2010 under på en kontrakt med KR Reykjavik.

AC Horsens
AC Horsens hentede Finnbogason den 1. september 2014 hos de forsvarende islandske mestre KR Reykjavik. Finnbogason skrev under på en kontrakt gældende frem til sommeren 2016.

Den 17. maj 2016 blev det offentliggjort, at parterne havde forlænget kontrakten frem til juni 2018.

Vejle Boldklub
Den 20. januar 2019 skiftede Finnbogason til Vejle Boldklub. Han skrev under på en kontrakt gældende frem til 31. december 2019.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Island
Fodboldspillere fra Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur
Fodboldspillere fra Celtic F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Queen's Park F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Åtvidabergs FF
Fodboldspillere fra Sandefjord Fotball
Fodboldspillere fra Falkirk F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra AC Horsens
Fodboldspillere fra Vejle Boldklub

Kjartan Finnbogason


A la Nación es un manifiesto de Ramón Cabrera del año de 1875.

Manifiesto
Impreso en una sola hoja de papel, A La Nación fue escrita en París el 11 de marzo de 1875. Las intenciones del General Cabrera fueron buscar negociaciones con el gobierno de España en su tercera proclamación. Se llamó "una gran idea de Unidad" de Julio Nombela en Detrás de las trincheras: páginas íntimas de la guerra y la paz desde 1868 hasta 1876.

También se considera un reflejo de su patriotismo y puntos de vista religiosos, y su tendencia a regresar a una España con principios monárquicos.

Véase también

Referencias

Fuentes

Manifiestos políticos

A la Nacion


Pylaisiaceae, porodica pravih mahovina u redu Hypnales. Postoji pet priznatih rodova

Rod je opisan 1860.

Rodovi
 Aquilonium Hedenäs, Schlesak & D. Quandt
 Buckia D. Ríos, M.T. Gallego & J. Guerra
 Insomniella Hedenäs, Schlesak & D. Quandt
 Lignocariosa Hedenäs, Schlesak & D. Quandt
 Roaldia P.E.A.S. Câmara & Carv.-Silva

Izvori

Hypnales

Pylaisiaceae


Doña Cecilija I. od Urgella (katalonski: Cecília I d'Urgell; španjolski: Cecilia I de Urgel; umrla 1384.) bila je španjolska plemkinja, gospa Commingesa i grofica Urgella.

Bila je kći Bernarda VIII. od Commingesa i njegove treće žene Marte, kćeri Margarite od Foixa. Imala je sestre Leonoru i Ivanu.

1336. Cecilija se udala za infanta Aragonije, princa Jakova, koji je bio grof Urgella.

Jakov i Cecilija su imali sina Petra i kćer Izabelu (šp.: Isabel de Aragón). Nakon smrti Don Jakova, koji je možda čak otrovan, Cecilija je vladala Urgellom jer je Petar još bio dječak. Bilo je to "zlatno doba Urgella".

1339. umro je Cecilijin jedini brat Ivan te je Cecilija postala bogata nasljednica.

Umrla je 1384. te je bila baka Jakova II. od Urgella, posljednjeg grofa tog mjesta.

Izvori

Francusko plemstvo
Grofovi Urgella

Cecilija I. od Urgella