In game theory, a kingmaker scenario in a game of three or more players is an endgame situation where a player who is unable to win has the capacity to determine which player among others will win. This player is referred to as the kingmaker or spoiler. No longer playing for themselves, they may make game decisions to favor a player who played more favorably (to them) earlier in the game. Except in games where interpersonal politics, by design, play a decisive role, this is undesirable.

Gladiator example

Consider this simple game: Three gladiators are playing, with strengths 3, 4, 5. In each turn, each gladiator must engage another, and they begin combat. The result of combat is that the weaker player is eliminated, and the stronger player loses strength equal to that of the weaker player. (For example, if "5" attacks "3", "3" will die and "5" will have strength 2.) The winning gladiator is the last one standing.

Each round of combat eliminates one gladiator, so there will be two rounds of combat. The first round of combat will eliminate one participant and weaken the other to a strength no greater than 2. The nonparticipant's strength is at least 3, so they are guaranteed to win the second round of combat, and the entire contest. Therefore, the game collapses: The winning gladiator is the one not involved in the first battle.

Hence, the gladiator whose turn comes first is the kingmaker. They must be involved in the first battle, hence cannot win, but with the liberty of choosing their opponent in that battle, can elect either of the other two players to be the winner of the contest.

In practice

Because they allow the outcome of the game to be determined by a player of (presumably) inferior strategy, kingmaker scenarios are usually considered undesirable, although to some extent they may be unavoidable in strategy games. Of course the argument can be made that this means the winner, chosen by the kingmaker, played with the additional restriction of not annoying the other players as much, presumably a more difficult task. In these games, the game mechanics, players' outcomes and strategies are often so interconnected that to eliminate all possibilities of this situation is almost impossible.

In tournament situations where, for instance, only a few teams proceed to the next round, a player who is already guaranteed to proceed can experience a situation similar to a kingmaker.
They can sometimes influence who of the remaining players comes in second (when 2 players proceed). For such a player it can be profitable to make sure the weakest player proceeds, because this reduces his competition in subsequent rounds.However, this is often seen as undesirable because it conflicts with the concept that the strongest few are allowed to proceed to the next round.

Different games deal with the kingmaker problem in different ways:

 In the 2002 board game Puerto Rico, players conceal their victory point totals. This makes it unclear (unless players are especially attentive) which player is in the lead.
 By introducing randomness, games can make sure that everyone in the game still has a chance of winning the game, no matter how bad their situation may be. Obscuring victory points can also accomplish this, for not knowing whether one can still win can have the same effect as still having a chance to win. For example, in the group stages of tournaments such as the FIFA World Cup, the final set of games in the group are often played at the same time. This results in fewer situations where one team has no chance of proceeding.
 Games can have rules that eliminate players who have no chance of winning the game, so they can not influence the game further (poker and Risk are examples of this).
 Games, especially in a tournament setting, can attribute value to places other than the first place. The potential kingmaker would be able to play for their own benefit even if they can no longer win. In the example of the gladiators, if the gladiator with strength 4 has to be involved in the first round, they will choose the gladiator with strength 3 as opponent instead of being indifferent.
 Most games prohibit—with penalties greater than match loss (for example, ostracism, disqualification)—questionable or unsportsmanlike conduct geared toward effecting a kingmaker scenario.
 Stalling, or intentionally slowing game play in timed games, for personal advantage or to that of a currently leading player, is normally treated as unsportsmanlike conduct.
 The use of revokes, or intentional rules violations, in trick-taking card games, to void a round and effect a kingmaker scenario is discouraged by use of severe penalties. In tournaments, doing this can be classified as cheating.
In the later rounds of a Magic: The Gathering tournament, the rules permit a player to concede defeat for any reason other than bribery. Many players follow a practice of conceding to anyone who has a strong chance of winning one of the eight playoff spots, thereby avoiding as far as possible even the appearance of engaging in unsportsmanlike collusion with any party in preference over any other.
In chess, the FIDE handbook recommends drawing lots such that players of the same national chess federation do not meet in the last few rounds. In the Candidates Tournament for example, players of the same national federation are made to play each other in the first round.

Other games may explicitly encourage a kingmaker scenario. An example of this is the television series Survivor, where the last seven to ten contestants voted out form a jury that chooses a winner from the final two contestants.

See also
 Spoiler effect

References

Game design

Kingmaker scenario


For fodboldklubben Fulham, se Fulham F.C.

Fulham er en bydel i Londons borough Hammersmith and Fulham.

Fulham var tidligere et bispesæde for Fulham and Gibraltar, og Fulham Palace var tidligere den officielle residens for Biskoppen af London. Bygningen er nu museum og parkområde.

Sport i Fulham
Fodboldklubben Fulham FC er knyttet til Fulham.

Fodboldklubben Chelsea FC's hjemmebane Stamford Bridge ligger i Fulham, nær grænsen til Chelsea.

Eksterne henvisninger

Bydele i London

Fulham


Velika kanska džamija (krimskotatarski: Büyük Han Cami) je islamski vjerski objekt koji se nalazi u Bahčisaraju te je dio Hansaraja.

Povijest
Velika kanska džamija smještena je na trgu u palači (Hansaraj) istočno od sjevernih vrata. Jedna je od najvećih džamija na Krimu i prva je zgrada izgrađena u Hansaraju. Džamiju je 1532. godine izgradio Sahib I. Geraj, a od 17. stoljeća džamija nosi njegovo ime.

Glavni ulaz u džamiju nalazi se na strani rijeke Čuruk-Su. Fasada s ove strane prethodno je bila obložena mramorom. U blizini istočnog zida džamije, nalazi se abdest (vjersko čišćenje muslimana prije molitve) i šadrvan (fontana). Na zidovima je prikazano nekoliko kaligrafskih natpisa na arapskom jeziku (citati iz Kurana) koji su izrađeni u 18. stoljeću. Natpisi su napravljeni u crnoj i zelenoj pozadini. Isto tako, među kaligrafskim natpisima na zidovima spominje se ime Kirima Geraja, koji je džamiju obnovio.

U džamiji postoje dva minareta s istaknutim krovovima, na čijem se vrhu nalazi brončani polumjesec. Minareti su visoki 28 metara. Unutar minareta nalazi se kameno spiralno stubište. Tornjevi minareta izgrađeni su od kamenih ploča, pričvršćenih olovom.

Godine 1736. džamija je bila oštećena u požaru. Ponovo je obnovljena tijekom vladavine Selameta II. Geraja. Godine 1750. Arslan Geraj osnovao je medresu u dvorištu džamije, koja nažalost danas ne postoji. U sovjetskoj eri, džamija je zatvorena. Gornji dio džamije korišten je za izložbu Muzejske službe za arheologiju, a u donjem djelu je bio lapidarij. Danas je džamija otvorena za vjernike.

Galerija

Izvori

Džamije
Islamska arhitektura
Bahčisaraj
Građevine na Krimu
Krimski Kanat
Vjerski objekti u Ukrajini

Velika kanska džamija


ශ්‍රිත (කුලක සිද්ධාන්තය) මෙම ලිපියට හෝ කොටසට සම්බන්ධ විය යුතු බව යෝජනා විය. ශ්‍රිතයක ගණිතමය සංකල්පය රාශි 2ක් අතර පරායත්තතාව ප්‍රකාශ කරයි. එක් රාශියක් දී ඇති (ස්වායත්ත විචල්‍ය හෝ එහි "ආදානය") අතර අනෙක නිෂ්පාදනය. (පරායත්ත විචල්‍ය, ශ්‍රිතයේ අගය හෝ "ප්‍රතිදානය") ශ්‍රිතයක් , තාත්වික සංඛ්‍යා වැනි නිත්‍ය කුලකයකින් ගන්නා ලද එක් එක් ආදානයට ඇති තනි ප්‍රතිදානවලින් යුක්ත වේ.

ශ්‍රිතයක් ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ආකාර කිහිපයක් ති‍බේ. සූත්‍රයක් මඟින් , රූප සටහන් හෝ ප්‍රස්ථාර මඟින් , එය ගණනය කරන ඇල්ගොරිතමයක් මඟින් , එහි ගුණවල විස්තරයක් මඟින් එය සිදු කළ හැක. සමහරක විට ශ්‍රිත ඒවා අනෙක් ශ්‍රිතවලට ඇති සම්බන්ධය හරහා විස්තර කරනු ලැ‍බේ. (උදාහරණ ලෙස ප්‍රතිලෝම ශ්‍රිත බලන්න) ව්‍යවහාරික අංශවලදී ශ්‍රිත , ඒවායේ අගය වගු හෝ සූත්‍ර මඟින් විශේෂණය කරනු ලබයි. ඇති සෑම ශ්‍රිතයක්ම සියලු විස්තර කිරීම් විධිවලින් විස්තර කළ නොහැක. අයෙක් ශ්‍රිතය හා එය  ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි විවිධ ක්‍රම අතර පැහැදිලි  බවක් ඇති කළ යුතු වේ.

ගණිතය පුරාවට ඉතාමත් වැදගත් අදහසක් වන්නේ ශ්‍රිතයක සංයුතියයි. z යනු y හි ශ්‍රිතයක් නම් හා y යනු x  හි ශ්‍රිතයක් නම්  z , x  හි ශ්‍රිතයකි. එය අපි විධිමත් නොවන ආකාරයකින්, සංයුත ශ්‍රිතයක් ලැබෙන්නේ ප්‍රථම ශ්‍රිතයේ ප්‍රතිදානය දෙවැන්නේ ආදානය ලෙස භාවිතා කිරීමෙන් යැයි විස්තර කරයි. ශ්‍රිතවල මෙම ලක්ෂණය එය සංඛ්‍යා හෝ සංඛ්‍යාංක වැනි අනෙකුත් ගණිතමය නිමැවීම් වලින් වෙන් කොට දක්වයි. තවද මෙම ලක්ෂණය එහි ප්‍රබල ව්‍යුහය සමඟ ශ්‍රිත පිළිබඳ සිද්ධාන්ත ද ලබා දේ.
ගණිතය

ශ්‍රිත (ගණිතය)


Acalyphoideae, biljna potporodica, dio je porodice mlječikovki.. Navodi se 21 tribus sa preko 1560 vrsta

Podtribusi, tribusi i rodovi

 Acalyphoideae Beilschm.
 Acalypheae Dumort.
 Acalypha L.
 Adriana Gaudich.
 Avellanita Phil.
 Claoxylon A.Juss.
 Claoxylopsis Leandri
 Cleidion Blume
 Clonostylis S.Moore
 Discoclaoxylon (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Dysopsis Baill.
 Erythrococca Benth.
 Homonoia Lour.
 Lasiococca Hook.f.
 Leidesia Müll.Arg.
 Lobanilia Radcl.-Sm.
 Macaranga Thouars
 Mallotus Lour.
 Mareya Baill.
 Mareyopsis Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Mercurialis L.
 Micrococca Benth.
 Ricinus L.
 Rockinghamia Airy Shaw
 Sampantaea Airy Shaw
 Seidelia Baill.
 Spathiostemon Blume
 Wetria Baill.
 Adelieae G.L. Webster
 Adelia L.
 Crotonogynopsis Pax
 Enriquebeltrania Rzed.
 Lasiocroton Griseb.
 Leucocroton Griseb.
 Agrostistachydeae (Müll.Arg.) G.L. Webster
 Agrostistachys Dalzell
 Chondrostylis Boerl.
 Cyttaranthus J.Léonard
 Pseudagrostistachys Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Alchorneae Hutch.
 Alchorneinae Hurus.
 Alchornea Sw.
 Aparisthmium Endl.
 Bocquillonia Baill.
 Bossera Leandri
 Orfilea Baill.
 Conceveibinae
 Conceveiba Aubl.
 Ampereae Müll.-Arg.
 Amperea A.Juss.
 Monotaxis Brongn.
 Bernardieae G.L. Webster
 Adenophaedra (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
 Amyrea Leandri
 Bernardia Houst. ex Mill.
 Discocleidion Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Necepsia Prain
 Paranecepsia Radcl.-Sm.
 Caryodendreae G.L. Webster
 Alchorneopsis Müll.Arg.
 Caryodendron H.Karst.
 Discoglypremna Prain
 Chrozophoreae (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Chrozophorinae
 Chrozophora Neck. ex A.Juss.
 Ditaxinae Griseb.
 Argythamnia P.Browne
 Caperonia A.St.-Hil.
 Chiropetalum A.Juss.
 Ditaxis Vahl ex A.Juss.
 Philyra Klotzsch
 Doryxylinae G.L. Webster
 Doryxylon Zoll.
 Melanolepis Rchb.f. & Zoll.
 Sumbaviopsis J.J.Sm.
 Thyrsanthera Pierre ex Gagnep.
 Speranskiinae
 Speranskia Baill.
 Epiprineae (Müll.Arg.) Hurus.
 Adenochlaena Boivin ex Baill.
 Cephalocroton Hochst.
 Cephalocrotonopsis Pax
 Cephalomappa Baill.
 Cladogynos Zipp. ex Span.
 Cleidiocarpon Airy Shaw
 Epiprinus Griff.
 Koilodepas Hassk.
 Erismantheae G.L. Webster
 Erismanthus Wall. ex Müll.Arg.
 Moultonianthus Merr.
 Syndyophyllum K.Schum. & Lauterb.
 Plukenetieae Hutch.
 Acidoton Sw.
 Angostylis Benth.
 Astrococcus Benth.
 Cnesmone Blume
 Dalechampia Plum. ex L.
 Haematostemon Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Megistostigma Hook.f.
 Pachystylidium Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Platygyna P.Mercier
 Plukenetia L.
 Romanoa Trevis.
 Sphaerostylis Baill.
 Tragia Plum. ex L.
 Tragiella Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Pycnocomeae Hutch.
 Blumeodendrinae
 Blumeodendron (Müll.Arg.) Kurz
 Botryophora Hook.f.
 Podadenia Thwaites
 Ptychopyxis Miq.
 Pycnocominae G.L. Webster
 Argomuellera Pax
 Droceloncia J.Léonard
 Pycnocoma Benth.
 Sphyranthereae Radcl.-Sm.
 Sphyranthera Hook.f.

Izvori

Mlječikovke

Acalyphoideae


Rujevke (vonjače; lat. Anacardiaceae), jedna od deset biljnih porodica iz reda sapindolike koja je raširena po svim kontinentima. Na području duplog američkog kontinenta njezini rodovi rašireni su od južne Kanade do Patagonije, uključujući i Karibe, nadalje u južnoj Europi, cijeloj južnoj Aziji, cijeloj Africi s madagaskarom, osim Sahare, i oballna područja sjeverne i istočne Australije.

Porodici pripada 77 rodova sa 701 priznatom vrstom, stabla, grmovi i puzavice, a ime dobiva po rodu Anacardium. Najpoznatiji predstavnici su rodovi Cotinus, Mangifera, Pistacia i Rhus, kojima pripadaju, mango, pistacija (Pistacia vera), ruj ili rujevina (Cotinus coggygria), kiseli ruj (Rhus typhina), smrdljika (Pistacia terebinthus)

Opis porodice
Anacardiaceae je, poput Rutaceae i Sapindaceae, poznata po svojim plodovima. Anacardium occidentale (indijski orah), tropsko južnoameričko drvo, bilo je jedno od prvih voćaka koje su rani španjolski i portugalski pustolovi raširili po tropima. Sjemenka proizvodi indijski orah, dok je crvenkasto nabrekla osovina ispod pravog ploda indijska jabuka. Prvi se peče i jede, dok se drugi zgnječi, procijedi i doda u vodu i šećer kako bi se napravio osvježavajući napitak koji se konzumira diljem tropske Amerike.

Mangifera indica (mango), porijeklom iz Indo-Malezije, uzgaja se u tropima. Plod ovog velikog stabla ima debelo, aromatično, ukusno meso; nazivaju je kraljicom tropskog voća. Nekoliko vrsta tropskog roda Spondias (kao što je "svinjska šljiva") uzgaja se zbog svojih mesnatih plodova koji se jedu svježi ili kuhani. Pistacia vera (pistacija) je umjereno drvo, porijeklom od Mediterana do Afganistana, ali se sada također uzgaja u Sjevernoj Americi zbog jestivih sjemenki.

Schinus molle (peruansko papar drvo) ima plodove koji se ne jedu direktno, ali su izvor fermentiranog alkoholnog pića. Ovo je ukras koji se obično uzgaja u suptropskoj Americi, gdje je također postao naturaliziran i prava je pošast u mjestima kao što je Florida. Uzgaja se zbog perastog, zimzelenog, složenog lišća i crvenih bobica (na ženskim stablima), a vrlo dobro podnosi suha staništa i siromašna tla. Srodna vrsta iz Brazila, Schinus terebinthifolius (brazilsko papar drvo ili američki papar smrdljikavi), također se široko uzgaja u tropskim regijama i komercijalni je izvor zrna ružičastog papra. Iako se oni ponekad prodaju u mješavinama s Piper nigrum (crni papar), oni su potpuno nepovezani i treba biti oprezan s Schinus plodovima, s obzirom na toksične spojeve koji prevladavaju u mnogim članovima Anacardiaceae. Semecarpus anacardium (dhobi orah ili istočno indijsko tinta drvo) ima mlade plodove s crnom smolom koja je netopiva u vodi i koristi se kao tinta za označavanje u jugoistočnoj Aziji.

Druge vrste Anacardiaceae također se uzgajaju kao ukrasne biljke. Cotinus coggygria ("stablo dima", ili obični ruj), od južne Europe do središnje Kine, grm je s ljubičastim lišćem i velikim difuznim cvatovima koji daju "dimni" izgled. Obično se sadi u umjerenim područjima. Nekoliko vrsta Rhus (ruj), posebno one iz Sjeverne Amerike, uzgajaju se kao grmovi, posebno zbog njihovog šarenog crvenkastog lišća u jesen.

Malo vrsta Anacardiaceae ima drvo koje se koristi za gradnju ili izradu ormara; međutim, mnogi od njih imaju vrijedne tanine koji su ekstrahirani za štavljenje kože. Schinopsis quebrachocolorado (quebracho) glavni je izvor tanina u Južnoj Americi, kao i Rhus coriaria (sicilijanski ruj) u južnoj Europi. Vrste rodova Cotinus, Pistacia, Rhus i Schinopsis važni su izvori tanina za industriju kože.

Eksudati iz stabljika raznih vrsta Anacardiaceae daju lakove, smole ili gume. Umjetnost lakiranja započela je u Kini prije nekoliko stoljeća, dosegnuvši svoj vrhunac razvoja tijekom dinastije Ming (1368. – 1644. CE). Korišteni lakovi dobiveni su iz Toxicodendron vernicifluum ("kinesko stablo laka"). Mliječni eksudat iz ovog drveta brzo potamni i zgusne se na zraku. Lak, kada se nanosi kao lak, pruža izvanrednu zaštitu, budući da ga ne mijenjaju kiseline, lužine, alkohol ili zagrijavanje do 70 °C (158 °F). Gluta usitata ("Burmansko drvo laka") proizvodi lak koji se sporije suši. Pistacia lentiscus ("stablo mastike"), s područja Sredozemlja, proizvodi mastiku, lak koji se koristi za premazivanje metala te uljanih i akvarelnih slika. To je jedna od najskupljih smola za proizvodnju. Tropski američki Anacardium humile, A. occidentale i A. nanum daju gumu od indijskog oraha, zamjenu za gumu arabiku. Ne samo da su dobra ljepila, već sadrže i malu količinu ulja indijskog oraščića, koje se može koristiti kao repelent za insekte ili kao mazivo u električnoj izolaciji zrakoplova.

Mnogi ljudi poznaju Anacardiaceae zbog dermatitisa uzrokovanog smolama nekih vrsta. Najzloglasniji su vjerojatno Toxicodendron diversiloba (otrovni hrast) iz zapadne Sjeverne Amerike i T. radicans (otrovni bršljan) i T. vernix (otrovni ruj) iz istočne Sjeverne Amerike. (Toxicodendron znači "otrovno drvo".) Smola će se raspršiti u dimu gorućeg drva ovih biljaka i čak može ispariti iz njihovih tkiva tijekom vrućih, suhih dana. Vrste Toxicodendron bile su uključene u rod Rhus i još uvijek se ponekad pojavljuju pod tim imenom roda, ali se razlikuju od Rhusa po tome što imaju obilne smolaste kanale u stabljikama (oni proizvode smolasti sok koji može sadržavati štetni spoj urushiol ili prirodne lakove ). Mango i indijske orah jabuke uzrokuju dermatitis kod osoba osjetljivih na njihove smole, kao i njihovo drvo ili lišće. Mnogi su ljudi također osjetljivi na tekući lak ili mastik.

Potporodice
 Anacardioideae Link
 Spondiadoideae Link

Rodovi

 Familia Anacardiaceae R. Br. (924 spp.)
 Tribus neopisan
 Pentaspadon Hook. fil. (5 spp.)
 Tribus Spondieae Engl.
 Pseudospondias Engl. (2 spp.)
 Dracontomelon Blume (7 spp.)
 Pegia Colebr. (2 spp.)
 Allospondias (Pierre) Stapf (2 spp.)
 Spondias L. (23 spp.)
 Attilaea E. Martínez & Ramos (1 sp.)
 Haematostaphis Hook. fil. (1 sp.)
 Parishia Hook. fil. (8 spp.)
 Tribus neopisan
 Campnosperma Thwaites (14 spp.)
 Tribus Tapiririeae Marchand
 Buchanania Spreng. (26 spp.)
 Androtium Stapf (1 sp.)
 Choerospondias B. L. Burtt & A. W. Hill (1 sp.)
 Pleiogynium Engl. (2 spp.)
 Tapirira Aubl. (9 spp.)
 Cyrtocarpa Kunth (5 spp.)
 Sclerocarya Hochst. (2 spp.)
 Lannea A. Rich. (38 spp.)
 Koordersiodendron Engl. ex Koord. (1 sp.)
 Antrocaryon Pierre (4 spp.)
 Poupartiopsis Capuron ex J. D. Mitch. & Daly (1 sp.)
 Harpephyllum Bernh. (1 sp.)
 Poupartia Comm. ex Juss. (7 spp.)
 Operculicarya H. Perrier (9 spp.)
 Tribus Dobineeae Pax
 Dobinea Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (2 spp.)
 Campylopetalum Forman (1 sp.)
 Tribus Anacardieae DC.
 Fegimanra Pierre (3 spp.)
 Anacardium L. (12 spp.)
 Mangifera L. (63 spp.)
 Bouea Meisn. (3 spp.)
 Swintonia Griff. (13 spp.)
 Gluta L. (34 spp.)
 Faguetia Marchand (1 sp.)
 Trichoscypha Hook. fil. (29 spp.)
 Drimycarpus Hook. fil. (4 spp.)
 Melanochyla Hook. fil. (23 spp.)
 Semecarpus L. fil. (92 spp.)
 Holigarna Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. (8 spp.)
 Nothopegia Blume (10 spp.)
 Tribus neopisan
 Blepharocarya F. Muell. (2 spp.)
 Searsia F. A. Barkley (108 spp.)
 Laurophyllus Thunb. (1 sp.)
 Smodingium E. Mey. (1 sp.)
 Loxostylis Spreng. ex Rchb. (1 sp.)
 Sorindeia Thouars (9 spp.)
 Protorhus Engl. (1 sp.)
 Ozoroa Delile (45 spp.)
 Micronychia Oliv. (10 spp.)
 Baronia Baker (3 spp.)
 Abrahamia Randrian. & Lowry (34 spp.)
 Heeria Meisn. (1 sp.)
 Tribus Thyrsodieae Marchand
 Loxopterygium Hook. fil. (3 spp.)
 Cardenasiodendron F. A. Barkley (1 sp.)
 Apterokarpos Rizzini (1 sp.)
 Astronium Jacq. (11 spp.)
 Myracrodruon Allemão (2 spp.)
 Schinopsis Engl. (8 spp.)
 Thyrsodium Salzm. ex Benth. (6 spp.)
 Ochoterenaea F. A. Barkley (1 sp.)
 Amphipterygium Schiede ex Standl. (5 spp.)
 Orthopterygium Hemsl. (1 sp.)
 Schinus L. (33 spp.)
 Pachycormus Coville (1 sp.)
 Lithraea Hook. (3 spp.)
 Mauria Kunth (15 spp.)
 Euroschinus Hook. fil. (9 spp.)
 Tribus Rhoideae Engl.
 Toxicodendron Mill. (29 spp.)
 Actinocheita F. A. Barkley (1 sp.)
 Bonetiella Rzed. (1 sp.)
 Pseudosmodingium Engl. (5 spp.)
 Metopium P. Browne (4 spp.)
 Comocladia P. Browne (27 spp.)
 Cotinus Mill. (7 spp.)
 Haplorhus Engl. (1 sp.)
 Pistacia L. (9 spp.)
 Rhus L. (50 spp.)
 Mosquitoxylum Krug & Urb. (1 sp.)
 Melanococca Blume (1 sp.)
 Malosma Engl. (1 sp.)
 Rhodosphaera Engl. (1 sp.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Sapindolike

Rujevke


Sofya ili (Bulgarca: Софийска област,Sofiyska oblast), Bulgaristan'ın batısında Sırbistan'a sınırı olan bir ildir. Sofya Bulgaristan'ın başkentidir. İlin sınırları Sofya şehrini üç taraftan çevirir. 7.059 km² yüzölçümüne sahip ilin nüfusu 247.489 kişidir. Sofya ilinin 22 belediyesi vardır.

Sofya (il)


باكثير هو لقب. حمله الكثير من الأعيان ومنهم:

 عبد المعطي بن حسن بن عبد الله باكثير المكي ثم الحضرمي (905 - 989 هـ / 1500 - 1581 م)
 عبد الصمد بن عبد الله باكثير، اليمني الكندي  (ت. 1025 هـ / 1616 م)
 عبد الرحمن بن أحمد باكثير  (ت. 1045 هـ / 1635 م)
 أحمد بن الفضل بن محمد، أبو العباس باكثير (985 - 1047 هـ / 1577 - 1637 م)
 علي بن عبد الرحيم بن محمد الكندي باكثير (1081 - 1145 هـ / 1670 - 1732 م)
 عبد الله بن محمد بن سالم باكثير الكندي (1276 - 1343 هـ / 1860 - 1925 م)
 عبد الله بن سالم باكثير (ت. 1344 هـ / 1925 م)
 محمد باكثير (1283 - 1355 هـ / 1867 - 1936 م)
 علي بن أحمد باكثير (1328 - 1389 هـ / 1910 - 1969 م)

باكثير (توضيح)


John Henry Ingram (1842–1916) fue un biógrafo y editor inglés, recordado especialmente por sus trabajos sobre Edgar Allan Poe.

Ingram nació el 16 de noviembre de 1842, en Middlesex, y murió el 12 de febrero de 1916, en Brighton, Inglaterra. Su familia vivía en Stoke Newington, Londres, lugar que se recuerda en la obra de Poe, pues vivió allí un tiempo de niño.

J. H. Ingram dedicó su vida a la rehabilitación del buen nombre y el prestigio literario del escritor estadounidense, echada a perder por la maledicencia de Rufus Wilmot Griswold en sus memorias. Ingram publicó la primera biografía fiable de Poe y una colección de sus obras en cuatro volúmenes.
La correspondencia que Sarah Helen Whitman, poetisa que fue novia de Poe, mantuvo con Ingram, así como las cartas que recibiera de Poe y un daguerrotipo, se añadieron al material que utilizó Ingram. La colección de Ingram sobre Poe se conserva hoy en la Alderman Library de la University of Virginia. El poeta francés Stéphane Mallarmé alabó la labor esclarecedora de Ingram sobre Poe.

Ingram escribió también trabajos sobre Christopher Marlowe, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Thomas Chatterton y otros escritores y temas.

Obras
 The Complete Poetical Works of Edgar Allan Poe (Adam and Charles Black, 1874)
 The Works of Edgar Allan Poe (4 volumes; London: A and C. Black, 1899)
 Chatterton & his poetry (London, G. G. Harrap & company, 1916)
 Christopher Marlowe and his associates(London : G. Richards, 1904)
 Claimants to royalty (London, D. Bogue, 1882)
 Edgar Allan Poe: his life, letters, and opinions (London : W. H. Allen, 1886)
 Elizabeth Barrett Browning (Boston, Little, Brown, [1888])
 Flora symbolica (London, F. W. Warne and co., [1869])
 The haunted homes and family traditions of Great Britain (London, W.H. Allen & co., 1884)
 Marlowe & his poetry (London, G. G. Harrap & company, 1914)
 Oliver Madox Brown. A biographical sketch, 1855-1874 (London, E. Stock, 1883)
 The true Chatterton; a new study from original documents (London, etc., T. F. Unwin, 1910)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Editores del Reino Unido
Escritores del Reino Unido del siglo XIX
Biógrafos del Reino Unido del siglo XIX

John Henry Ingram


Goofy și fiul la colegiu () este un film de comedie animație direct-pe-DVD american din 2000 realizat de Walt Disney Pictures, produs de Disney Television Animation, și regizate de Ian Harrowell și Douglas McCarthy. Aceasta este o continuare a filmului din 1995 Filmul cu Goofy: Peripeții în familie, dispunând restituirea de caractere din adaptări de film bazat pe serialul de televiziune animat Goof Troop. Povestea urmează Max este primul an la colegiu, care este agravată de prezența tatălui său, când Goofy ajunge la același colegiu pentru a obține o diplomă din cauza eșecului său de a finaliza facultatea. Acest lucru este, de asemenea, de televiziune episod din Disney după-Amiază de televiziune serie de Trupa Goofy.

Note

Filme din 2000
Filme de comedie din anii 2000
Filme de animație americane
Filme americane
Buddy films
Filme în limba engleză
Filme cu câini
Filme cu acțiunea în Statele Unite ale Americii
Filme Disney
Filme fără sinopsis

Goofy și fiul la colegiu


Laboratoria Fantastiki sau FantLab (, "Laboratorul de ficțiune speculativă") este un site web în limba rusă dedicat literaturii science fiction și fantasy. A fost fondat în 2004 de Alexei Lvov.

Conținut
Site-ul web conține o vastă bază de date despre cărți, adnotări și recenzii. Utilizatorii neînregistrați au acces la paginile autorilor, la evaluări, știri și premii. Dacă utilizatorii se înregistrează, pot revizui și evalua cărți sau pot genera liste de citire. De asemenea, ei își pot crea propriile rafturi virtuale de cărți și pot publica articole. În iunie 2013, site-ul avea peste 88.000 de membri și peste 244.000 de lucrări de autori au fost adăugate. În aprilie 2012, al 2000-lea autor (Murray Leinster) a fost adăugat la baza de date.

Principii și obiective
Particularitățile site-ului web, care i-au determinat poziția sa în cadrul sectorului rus al internetului, sunt:

 bibliografii complete și fiabile ale scriitorilor care lucrează în domeniul ficțiunii speculative (SF, fantezie etc.)
 clasamente de cărți și autori pe baza evaluărilor vizitatorilor
 recenzii ale amatorilor
sistem de recomandări individuale
clasificarea operelor literare după gen
informații despre viitoarele publicații (planuri și proiecte editoriale) și despre premii literare (naționale și internaționale).

Note

Legături externe
  Informații despre site
  Site-ul web oficial

Vezi și
 Premiul Ivan Efremov

Fondări în 2004
Site-uri web din Rusia
Științifico-fantastic
Fandom
Site-uri web despre ficțiune speculativă

FantLab


Giacobbe ist ein italienischer männlicher Vorname und Familienname.

Herkunft und Varianten
Giacobbe leitet sich von dem lateinischen Namen Iacobus ab und ist damit eine Variante des Namens Jakob. Eine weitere italienische Variante ist Jacopo. Zu Iacobus wiederum existiert die Variante Iacomus, aus dem ebenfalls der Name James hervorging. Letzterer besitzt im Italienischen die Variante Giacomo.

Bekannte Namensträger

Vorname

 Giacobbe Fragomeni (* 1969), italienischer Profiboxer

Familienname
 Juan Francisco Giacobbe (1907–1990), argentinischer Komponist und Musikwissenschaftler

Weblinks
 Eintrag auf www.behindthename.com

Männlicher Vorname
Italienischer Personenname

Giacobbe


Shannon Airport  er en lufthavn i Irland. Den er beliggende ved Shannonfloden, to kilometer fra centrum af Shannon i den vestlige del af landet.

I 2014 ekspederede lufthavnen 1.639.315 passagerer, hvilket gjorde den til Irlands tredje travleste efter  Dublin og Cork Airport.

Området bliver ofte anvendt til militære mellemlandinger på flyvninger over Atlanterhavet.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Shannon Airports officielle hjemmeside

Lufthavne i Irland
Etableret i 1942
Shannon

Shannon Airport


Elísabet Hulda Snorradóttir (fædd 3. desember 1998) er íslensk fegurðardrottning og tískumódel. Hún vann keppnina Miss Universe Iceland 2020 þann 23. október 2020.

Tilvísanir

Íslenskar fyrirsætur
Íslenskar konur

Elísabet Hulda Snorradóttir


NK Erdut je nogometni klub iz istoimenog naselja u Osječko-baranjskoj županiji.

Povijest
Klub je osnovan 1928. godine pod imenom ŠK Sloga Erdut. Od 1945. do Mirne reintegracije, nosio je ime NK Bratstvo Erdut. Rad kluba službeno je obnovljen 1996. godine.
Od ponovne aktivacije, klub se natjecao u 3. ŽNL Osječko-baranjskoj. U sezoni 2013./14. osvaja 1. mjesto i time se uspijeva plasirati u viši rang. U 2. ŽNL Osječko-baranjskoj klub se zadržao samo dvije sezone, te se od sezone 2016./17. ponovno natječe u najnižem rangu.

Plasmani kluba kroz povijest

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Facebook stranica kluba

Nogometni klubovi u Osječko-baranjskoj županiji

NK Erdut


ඩේවිඩ් ෆැන්කීනෝස් (David Foenkinos) (උපත: 1974 ඔක්තෝබර් 24 වන දින ප්‍රංශයේ පැරිස් නුවරදී) ප්‍රංශ ජාතික ගත්කතුවරයෙක් හා තිරනාටක රචකයෙකි. ඔහු පැරිස් නුවරදී සාහිත්‍ය හා සංගීතය හදාළේ ය. ඔහුගේ ල ඩෙලීකතෙස් (La délicatesse) නවකතාව ප්‍රංශයේ ආදායම් වාර්තා තැබූ නවකතාවකි. 2011 දෙසැම්බරයේ දී මෙම නවකතාව පාදක කර ගත් සිනමා පටයක් තිර ගත විය. එහි ප්‍රධාන චරිතය, ප්‍රංශ ජාතික රංගන ශිල්පිණියක් වන ඕද්‍රෙයි තතූ (Audrey Tautou) විසින් නිරූපණය කරන ලදි.

ආශ්‍රිත

1974 උපත්
ජීවත්වන්නෝ
නවකතාකරුවෝ
ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයින්

ඩේවිඩ් ෆැන්කීනෝස්


The Masquerade Ball osmi je studijski album njemačkog heavy metal gitarista Axela Rudija Pella. Diskografska kuća Steamhammer objavila ga je 10. travnja 2000. Prvi je album na kojem se pojavio bubnjar Mike Terrana.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

 Axel Rudi Pell

 Axel Rudi Pell – gitara, produkcija
 Johnny Gioeli – vokal
 Ferdy Doernberg – klavijature
 Volker Krawczak – bas-gitara
 Mike Terrana – bubnjevi

 Ostalo osoblje

 Jan Löwenhaupt – dodatni inženjer zvuka
 Helmut Philips – dodatni inženjer zvuka
 Volker Beushausen – fotografije
 George Marino – mastering
 Marc Klinnert – naslovnica albuma
 Ulli Pösselt – produkcija, inženjer zvuka, miks

Izvori

Albumi iz 2000.
Albumi Axela Rudija Pella

The Masquerade Ball


Pierre-Gaspard Roll est un compositeur et contrebassiste français né le  à Saint-Maixent et mort le  à Paris.

Biographie
Pierre-Gaspard Roll naît le  à Saint-Maixent, dans les Deux-Sèvres, au sein d'une famille d'origine suisse.

Il étudie la contrebasse et la composition au Conservatoire de Paris, où il est élève d'Henri-Montan Berton et d'Antoine Reicha.

Au concours du Prix de Rome, il obtient en 1813 un premier second grand prix, puis en 1814 le premier grand prix avec sa cantate Atala  sur un texte de Vieillard .

Entre 1815 et 1819, Pierre-Gaspard Roll est pensionnaire à la villa Médicis. Comme envois de Rome, il est notamment l'auteur d'une messe, d'une scène avec orchestre et de plusieurs ouvrages lyriques.

À son retour à Paris, il compose un grand opéra, Ogier le Danois, à destination de l'Académie royale de musique, qui ne sera jamais représenté. En revanche, l'École de Rome, opéra-comique écrit en collaboration avec Auguste Panseron, sur un livret de Rochefort-Luçay, Hippolyte Lassagne et Gustave Vulpian, est donné au théâtre de l'Odéon le , sans connaître néanmoins le succès.

En 1829, Roll devient contrebassiste à la Société des concerts du Conservatoire, poste qu'il occupe jusqu'en 1844, quittant ses fonctions pour raisons de santé. Il se retire alors dans sa maison de Ville-d'Avray, située rue de Saint-Cloud. Le domaine est un héritage de sa femme, veuve de l'écrivain en vogue Ducray-Duminil. Cette maison, rachetée en 1855 par la municipalité, est aujourd'hui l'hôtel de ville de Ville-d'Avray.

Pierre-Gaspard Roll meurt à Paris le  en son domicile du  rue de Trévise.

Références

Liens externes

Compositeur français de la période romantique
Contrebassiste français
Prix de Rome en composition musicale
Élève du Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Paris
Naissance en octobre 1787
Naissance à Saint-Maixent-l'École
Décès en février 1851
Décès dans l'ancien 2e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 63 ans

Pierre-Gaspard Roll


Andokides (;  ) was a famous potter of Ancient Greece. The painter of his pots was an anonymous artist, the Andokides painter, who is recognized as the creator of the red-figure style, beginning around 530 BC.  His work is compared with Exekias, who was said to have created the most detailed and best examples of black-figure pottery.  Exekias is said to be the teacher of Andokides. Although the work of Andokides and his painter is considered inferior to that of Exekias, the invention of red figure was an important innovation.

The most renowned work of Andokides is the amphora depicting the god Dionysus and two of his maenads.

Notes

References
 Tansey, R. and F. Kleiner (1996), Gardner's Art Through the Ages – 10th Edition, Harcourt Brace College, 136–137.

Ancient Greek potters

Andokides (potter)


Stadionul Mihai Adam sau stadionul din Câmpia Turzii, a mai purtat și numele de Mechel-ISCT, inițialele venind de la Industria Sârmei Câmpia Turzii, principala industrie din oraș, iar Mechel proprietarul care a cumpărat combinatul. Stadionul Mihai Adam și-a primit numele de la golgeterul ligii întâi in trei ani, născut în Câmpia Turzii.

Stadionul Mihai Adam este un stadion multifuncțional, folosit mai mult la meciuri de fotbal. Are o capacitate de 2.700  de locuri. Deschis in 1908, a fost renovat în 1960 aducând tribuna de lemn a stadionului orășenesc clujean la Câmpia Turzii, fiind declarată in 2014 de primărie monument istoric de nivel local, demers aprobat de ministerul culturii și cultelor.

Beneficiarul este IS Câmpia Turzii din 1921 până în prezent, echipa jucând în sezonul 2017-2018 în liga a patra (a judetului Cluj).

Vezi și
Mechel Câmpia Turzii
FC Seso Câmpia Turzii

Câmpia Turzii
Stadioane din România
Județul Cluj

Stadionul Mihai Adam


Okanagan Lake () is a lake in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, Canada. The lake is  long, between  wide, and has a surface area of 348 km2 (135 sq. mi.).

Hydrography
Okanagan Lake is called a fjord lake as it has been carved out by repeated glaciations. Although the lake contains numerous lacustrine terraces, it is not uncommon for the lake to be  deep only  offshore.
Major inflows include Mission, Vernon, Trout, Penticton, Equesis, Kelowna, Peachland and Powers Creeks.
The lake is drained by the Okanagan River, which exits the lake's south end via a canal through the city of Penticton to Skaha Lake, whence the river continues southwards into the rest of the South Okanagan and through Okanogan County, Washington to its confluence with the Columbia.

The lake's maximum depth is  near Grant Island (Nahun Weenox). There are three other islands: one known as Rattlesnake Island, much farther south by Squally Point. The other two are near Grant Island. They are unnamed and are located just north of the north-point of Whisky Cove at Carrs Landing. Some areas of the lake have up to  of glacial and post-glacial sediment fill which were deposited during the Pleistocene Epoch.

Notable features of the Okanagan Valley include terraces which were formed due to the periodic lowering of the lake's predecessor, glacial Lake Penticton. These terraces are now used extensively for agriculture such as fruit cultivation.

Geographical context
Cities bordering the lake include Vernon in the north, Penticton in the south, and Kelowna, as well as the municipalities of Lake Country (north of Kelowna), West Kelowna (west of Kelowna), Peachland (south of West Kelowna), and Summerland (north-west of Penticton). Unincorporated communities include Naramata (north-east of Penticton).

Various lake features include Rattlesnake Island (a small island east of Peachland), Squally Point (a popular cliff-diving area) & Fintry Delta on the west side.

The five-lane William R. Bennett Bridge, a floating bridge with a high boat passage arch connects Kelowna to the city of West Kelowna and the community of Westbank. This bridge replaced the three-lane floating Okanagan Lake Bridge on May 30, 2008, which had a lift span for passage of large boats.

Steamboats

During the early days of settlement and development of the Okanagan region, the lack of roads in the region made the lake a natural corridor for passenger travel and freight.  The Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service was the main carrier on the lakes, providing freight and passenger connections between Penticton, on the Kettle Valley Railway (the Southern Mainline) and Okanagan Landing (Vernon) for connections to the CPR Mainline at Sicamous via the Shuswap and Okanagan Railway.  Smaller vessels such as the SS Naramata provided passenger service to smaller settlements around the lake, as well as excursions for tourists.

Vessels
 (freight)
 (luxury-class passenger service)
 (luxury-class passenger service)
 (luxury-class passenger service)
 (sternwheeler)
SS Naramata (excursion and water-taxi)
 (Fintry Queen, excursion and water-taxi)
 - 1950-1960 (Bowen Queen 1960-1965, MV Vesuvius Queen 1965-1998)
 (steel ferry)
 (steam tug)
 (steam tug)
 (ferry)
 (ferry)
 (1919 ferry)
 (1923 ferry)
Canadian National Tug no. 6 (diesel tug)
Canadian National Tug no. 5 (tug)
MV Kelowna-Westbank (ferry)
 (1912 ferry)
 (1906 ferry)
 (ferry)
 (ferry)
Colleen (rowboat)
 (ferry)
 (ferry)
 (ferry)
 (tug)
 (early steamship)
Ruth Shorts (rowboat)
 (early steamship)
 (early steamship)

Landings
Penticton
Naramata
Peachland
Summerland
Okanagan Mission
Kelowna
Okanagan Landing (Vernon)
Fintry
Carr's Landing
Ewing (Ewing's Landing)
Killiney Beach

Recreation
Many parks and beaches are found along the shores of the lake, which make boating and swimming very popular activities.

The lake is home to several species of fish, including rainbow trout and kokanee. It is said by some to be home to its own lake monster – a giant serpent-like creature named Ogopogo.

Images

See also
 Okanagan Falls
 Okanagan people
 Okanagan Trail
 List of tributaries of the Columbia River
 Skaha Lake

References

External links
Bacon Magazine: The Ogo Pogo
Okanagan Lake History website
Gallery of Okanagan Lake steamboats

 Okanagan Lake
Lakes of the Okanagan
Articles containing video clips
Osoyoos Division Yale Land District

Okanagan Lake


Sardinya'nın kuzeyinde Gallura bölgesinde konuşulan bir Sarduca lehçesidir. Lehçe Korsika'da konuşulan Korsikaca ile pek çok ortak özelliğe sahiptir.

Sardinya
Sarduca
İtalyanca lehçeleri

Gaddurosu


Die Swedish Open 1982 im Badminton fanden vom 10. bis zum 14. März 1982 in Malmö statt.

Finalresultate

Referenzen
 Badminton-Sport 30 (1982) (5), S. 13

Badminton 1982
1982
Badmintonwettbewerb in Malmö

Swedish Open 1982


Masamichi Yamada (født 7. april 1981) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Kyoto Purple Sanga og FC Gifu.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Masamichi Yamada


فابريزيو كاكياتوري  (مواليد 8 أكتوبر 1986 في تورينو - إيطاليا) لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من تورينو
لاعبو أسكولي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو برو فيرتشيلي
لاعبو سامبدوريا
لاعبو سيينا
لاعبو كالياري
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم من تورينو
لاعبو كييفو فيرونا
لاعبو منتخب إيطاليا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي تريستينا
لاعبو نادي ريجينا 1919
لاعبو نادي فاريزي
لاعبو هيلاس فيرونا
مواليد 1986
مواليد في تورينو

فابريزيو كاكياتوري


Raymond Bellour (nacido el 18 de enero de 1939 en Lyon) es un escritor francés, crítico y teórico del cine y de la literatura. Publicó un famoso libro de entrevistas con intelectuales franceses en 1971, pero fundamentalmente es conocido por sus ensayos sobre cine. Ha editado también a Henri Michaux, y ha participado en otras ediciones.

Recorrido
Tras hacer estudios de letras, Bellour escribe críticas de cine para diarios y semanarios. Muy joven, en 1963, fundó la revista Artsept.

En 1964, entró en el CNRS; del que hoy es miembro emérito. Con Le Livre des autres, un gran libro de entrevistas con Michel Foucault, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roland Barthes, Pierre Francastel, etc., dio a conocer de cerca y ampliamente a los maestros de la generación anterior a la suya.

Concluyó el doctorado superior (fue docteur d'État), en 1979. Luego, desde 1986, dio clases en la Universidad Sorbonne Nouvelle, París 3.

Participó en una famosa exposición sobre las imágenes, Passages de l'image, de (1989), en el Centro Georges Pompidou, con Christine Van Assche y Catherine David. En 1991, con Serge Daney, creó la revista Trafic.

Como crítico literario de valía, dirigió un gran número monográfico sobre Henri Michaux, para la revista L'Herne, de 1990. Hizo, luego, la edición de la Pléiade del mismo escritor: Œuvres complètes, en tres volúmenes (París, Gallimard, 1998-2004). Y escribió otro libro sobre él en 2011.

Con su gruesa investigación, El cuerpo del cine: hipnosis, emociones, animalidades, de 2009 (tr. 2013), logra un aporte capital a la comprensión del funcionamiento de la imagen cinematográfica. Trata de la conjunción histórica  entre psicoanálisis y cine; en la segunda parte de la relación directa entre hipnosis y cine; y finalmente del animal como símbolo en la narrativa cinematográfica.

Bibliografía
 Alexandre Astruc, Seghers, 1963.
 Henri Michaux ou une mesure de l'être, Gallimard, 1965 (aumentada en Henri Michaux, Folio Essais, 1986).
 Les Rendez-vous de Copenhague, Gallimard, 1966, novela.
 Le Livre des autres, L'Herne, 1971, ensayos y entrevistas. Traducción esp.: El libro de los otros, Anagrama, 1973. Las entrevistas fueron ampliadas y recogidas en 10/18, UGE, 1978.
 L'Analyse du film, Albatros, 1979 (y Calmann-Lèvy, 1995).
 Mademoiselle Guillotine, La Différence, 1989.
 L'Entre-Images: Photo. Cinéma. Vidéo, La Différence, 1990.
 Jean-Luc Godard: Son + Image 1974-1991, 1992.
 Oubli, La Différence, 1992, textos.
 L'Entre-Images 2: Mots, Images, P.O.L., 1999, con mucho sobre cine.
 Partages de l'ombre, La Différence, 2002, textos.
 Le Corps du cinéma: hypnoses, émotions, animalités, P.O.L., 2009. Traducción esp.: El cuerpo del cine: hipnosis, emociones, animalidades, Shangrila, 2013, tr. de Julián Mateo Ballorca. ISBN 978- 84-941753-0-5
 Lire Michaux, Gallimard, 2011.

Notas

Enlaces externos
 Notice en BnF.fr

Ensayistas de Francia del siglo XX
Críticos de cine de Francia
Escritores en francés del siglo XX
Escritores en francés del siglo XXI
Nacidos en Lyon

Raymond Bellour


جيسي ليفن  (ولد في 15 أكتوبر 1987، في أوتاوا، أونتاريو بكندا). هو لاعب كرة مضرب محترف.

مصادر ومراجع

روابط خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعلام كرة مضرب من فلوريدا
أمريكيون من أصل يهودي
رياضيون أمريكيون يهود
رياضيون من أوتاوا
رياضيون من بوكا راتون
كنديون مهاجرون إلى الولايات المتحدة
لاعبو كرة مضرب أمريكيون
لاعبو كرة مضرب كنديون
لاعبو كرة مضرب يهود
مواليد 1987
يهود أمريكيون في القرن 21

جيسي ليفينز


The Secret of NIMH is a 1982 American animated fantasy adventure film directed by Don Bluth in his directorial debut and based on Robert C. O'Brien's 1971 children's novel, Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH. The film features the voices of Elizabeth Hartman, Peter Strauss, Arthur Malet, Dom DeLuise, John Carradine, Derek Jacobi, Hermione Baddeley, and Paul Shenar. It was produced by Bluth's production company Don Bluth Productions in association with Aurora Productions.

The Secret of NIMH was released in the United States on July 2, 1982, by MGM/UA Entertainment Co. under the United Artists label. It was praised by critics for its elegant and painstakingly detailed animation, compelling characters, and deep and mature plot, and won a Saturn Award for Best Animated Film of 1982. Though only a moderate success at the box office, it turned a solid profit through home video and overseas releases. It was followed in 1998 by a direct-to-video sequel, The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue, which was made without Bluth's involvement or input and met with poor reception. In 2015, a live-action/computer-animated remake was reported to be in the works. A television series adaptation is also in development by the Fox Corporation.

Plot
Mrs. Brisby, a widowed field mouse, lives in a cinder block with her children on the Fitzgibbons' farm. Brisby longs to move her family out of the field as plowing time approaches but her son Timothy has fallen ill.

Brisby visits Mr. Ages, a friend of her late husband, Jonathan. Ages diagnoses the illness as pneumonia, provides Brisby with medicine, and warns her that Timothy must stay inside for at least three weeks or he could die. On her way home, Brisby befriends Jeremy, a clumsy but friendly crow. They both narrowly escape from the Fitzgibbons' cat, Dragon. The next morning, Brisby discovers that Farmer Fitzgibbons has started plowing early. Although her neighbor Auntie Shrew helps her disable his tractor, Brisby knows she must devise another plan. Jeremy takes her to meet the Great Owl, who tells her to visit a colony of rats that live beneath a rose bush on the farm and ask for the services of Nicodemus, their wise and mystical leader.

Brisby enters the rose bush and encounters an aggressive guard rat named Brutus, who chases her away. She is led back in by Ages, and is amazed to see the rats' use of electricity and other technology. Brisby meets Justin, the friendly captain of the guard; Jenner, a ruthless and power-hungry rat opposed to Nicodemus; and finally Nicodemus himself.

From Nicodemus, she learns that many years ago the rats, along with her husband and Ages, were part of a series of experiments at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH for short). The experiments boosted their intelligence, enabling them to escape, as well as extending their lifespans and slowing their aging processes. However, they are unable to live as typical rats would, and need human technology to survive, which they have accomplished only by stealing. Nicodemus has authorized a plan for the rats to leave the farm and live independently in an area they refer to as Thorn Valley.

Nicodemus gives Brisby a magical amulet that will activate when the wearer is courageous. Because of the rats' relationship with Jonathan, they agree to help her move her home. First, they need to drug Dragon so that it can be done safely. Only Brisby can do this, as the rats cannot fit through the hole leading into the house; Jonathan was killed by Dragon in a previous attempt, while Ages broke his leg in another. That night, she puts the drug into Dragon's dish, but the Fitzgibbons' son, Billy, catches her. While trapped in a birdcage, she overhears a telephone conversation between Farmer Fitzgibbons and the staff of NIMH and learns that the institute intends to exterminate the rats in the morning. Brisby then escapes from the cage and runs off to warn them.

As a rainstorm approaches, the rats begin moving the Brisby home, with the children and Auntie Shrew inside, using a rope and pulley system. Jenner, who wishes for the rats to remain in the rose bush, sabotages the assembly with his reluctant accomplice Sullivan, causing it to fall apart and crush Nicodemus to death. Brisby soon arrives to warn the rats about NIMH's arrival, but Jenner attacks her and attempts to steal the amulet. Sullivan alerts Justin, who comes to Brisby's aid. Jenner mortally wounds Sullivan but is injured by Justin in a sword fight. As Jenner attempts to attack Justin from behind, the dying Sullivan throws a dagger into his back, killing him. The Brisby home begins to sink into a mud puddle and Brisby and the rats are unable to raise it. Brisby's will to save her family gives power to the amulet, which she uses to lift the house and move it to safety. The next morning, the rats, with Justin as their new leader, have departed for Thorn Valley as Timothy begins to recover. Jeremy soon meets a female crow who is just as clumsy as he is, and they fall in love.

Voice cast

Production

Background
The film rights to the book Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH had reportedly been offered to Walt Disney Productions in 1972, but they were turned down.

The Secret of NIMH was the first feature film to be directed by Don Bluth. On September 13, 1979, Bluth, fellow animators Gary Goldman and John Pomeroy and eight other animation staff left the feature animation department at Disney to set up their own independent studio, Don Bluth Productions. The studio worked, at first, out of Bluth's house and garage, but moved to a two-story,  facility in Studio City, California, several months later.

While they were still working at Disney, they produced the 27-minute short film Banjo the Woodpile Cat as a side project to gain other production skills that the company and their animation program were not addressing. Bluth asked Ron W. Miller, Walt Disney's son-in-law and the president and CEO of the company at the time, to view Banjo, but Miller declined. As Goldman recalled, "that pulled the enthusiasm rug out from under us. We had hoped that the studio might like what we were doing and agree to buy the film and allow us to finish the short film in the studio, which would allow us to recoup what we had spent in terms of money and the many hours that we and the other members of the team had invested in the film".

Before they started making Banjo, Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH was read by artist and story writer Ken Anderson, who called it "a wonderful story". He gave the book to Bluth for him to read and make a film out of after Bluth finished the animation direction of Pete's Dragon. Bluth later showed NIMH to Disney animation director Wolfgang Reitherman, who turned down Bluth's offers to make a film based on the book, explaining that Disney has already a mouse named Mickey Mouse and that they made a similar film about mouses named The Rescuers. However, Bluth also presented the novel to the other staff that would work for Don Bluth Productions later on and they all loved it. Two months later, former Disney executive James L. Stewart, who now had started Aurora Productions, called Goldman and told him about Anderson's idea of making a film based on NIMH. At Bluth, Goldman and Pomeroy's request, Aurora Productions acquired the film rights and offered Don Bluth Productions a budget of US$5.7 million and 30 months to complete the film, tighter in both budget and schedule than most Disney animated features at the time.

Writing

One of the earliest drafts of the film was written by Steven Barnes, who received a creative consultant credit in the final product and was closer to the original novel. The story would have focused more on the rats and their time at NIMH as it did in the book, which was reduced to a short flashback in later revisions to bring Mrs. Brisby and her plight into the forefront. It also included (from the book) a female rat named Isabella (described as "a young, cute, somewhat motor-mouthed rat with a crush on Justin"), who was ultimately left out and much of her dialogue given to Nicodemus. A revised synopsis dated July 2, 1980, by an unattributed author would take the film closer to its completed form, which ended with the mysterious disappearance of the rats, leading the characters and audience to wonder if they ever really existed, or were just an elaborate illusion.

Bluth himself would later make several changes to the story, most notably with the addition of mystical elements not present in the original novel. He explained that "regarding magic, we really believe that animation calls for some magic, to give it a special 'fantastic' quality". This was most apparent in the magic amulet given to Mrs. Brisby, which was meant to be a visual representation of her character's internal power, something harder to show on film. The object was also meant to introduce a spiritual aspect to the plot, with the director remarking: "The stone or amulet is just a method of letting the audience know that Mrs. Brisby has found 'Courage of the Heart'. Magic? Maybe. Spiritual? Yes". In the same vein, Nicodemus was made into a wizard to "create more mystery" about himself and the rats' colony.

Among other changes, the antagonist Jenner was given much more prominence in the film, being only mentioned as a traitor who leaves in the book, to "add drama" to the narrative by giving it a more visible enemy. Justin also now succeeds Nicodemus as the leader of the rats to give his character more of an arc and allow him an opportunity to "grow and change". Unlike the original work, Justin does not rescue Mrs. Brisby from the cage at the Fitzgibbons' house and she now helps her children without the rats' assistance by using the amulet, once again giving focus to her personal story. As Bluth put it, "The Secret of NIMH is really a story about Mrs. Brisby and her need to save her children. If the rats save her children, then she hasn't grown in the film".

During the film's production, Aurora contacted Wham-O, the manufacturers of Frisbee flying discs, with concerns about possible trademark infringements if the "Mrs. Frisby" name in O'Brien's original book was used in the film. Wham-O rejected Aurora's request for waiver to use the same-sounding name to their "Frisbee", in the film. Aurora informed Bluth & company that Mrs. Frisby's name would have to be altered. By then, the voice work had already been recorded for the film, so the name change to "Mrs. Brisby" necessitated a combination of re-recording some lines and, because John Carradine was unavailable for further recordings, careful sound editing had to be performed, taking the "B" sound of another word from Carradine's recorded lines, and replace the "F" sound with the "B" sound, altering the name from "Frisby" to "Brisby".

Casting
Goldman described the casting process as "exciting, fun, and sometimes strange". He stated that focusing on the characteristics of each character, the voices and acting abilities were crucial, saying that using voices that added to a film's texture was part of the team's philosophy in the development of a film. Goldman found the strangest casting decision to be Dom DeLuise for Jeremy the Crow, which Goldman, Bluth, and Pomeroy had considered after they watched the 1978 film The End. Elizabeth Hartman was cast as Mrs. Brisby, with Goldman calling her performance in A Patch of Blue "so believable and sincere that we all felt that she was right for the part". Pomeroy suggested Derek Jacobi, who starred in the 1976 miniseries I, Claudius, to play the part of Nicodemus. Peter Strauss, whom the team previously saw in another miniseries from 1976, Rich Man, Poor Man, was cast as Justin. Paul Shenar was assigned to play Jenner since the staff liked his "dark, powerful voice". Shakespearean actor John Carradine was "perfect for the dark, ominous Great Owl", while Aldo Ray was assigned to voice Jenner's reluctant accomplice Sullivan, whom Goldman said "also had a great distinctive voice".

Animation

The production of The Secret of NIMH lasted from January 1980 to early June 1982. The studio set out with the explicit goal in mind of returning feature animation to its "golden era", concentrating on strong characters and story and experimenting with unusual and often more labor-intensive animation techniques. Bluth believed older techniques were being abandoned in favor of lower production costs and the only way that animation could survive was to continue traditional production methods.

Among the techniques experimented with on The Secret of NIMH were rotoscoping, multiple passes on the camera to achieve transparent shadows, backlit animation (where animated mattes are shot with light shining through color gels to produce glowing areas for artificial light and fire effects) and multiple color palettes for characters to fit in different lighting situations, from daylight, to night, to warm environments, to underwater. Mrs. Brisby had 46 different lighting situations; therefore there were 46 different color palettes, or lists of color, for her. Two modern, computerized versions of the multiplane camera were also manufactured for this production.

To achieve the film's detailed full animation while keeping to the tight budget, the studio strove to keep any waste of time and resources to a minimum. The crew often worked long hours with no immediate financial reward (though they were offered a cut of the film's profits, a practice common for producers, directors and stars of live action films, but never before offered to artists on an animated feature); producer Gary Goldman recalled working 110-hour weeks during the final six months of production. Around 100 in-house staff worked on the film, with the labor-intensive cel painting farmed out to 45 people working from home. Many minor roles, including incidental and crowd voice work, were filled in by the in-house staff. The final cost of the film was $6.385 million. The producers, Bluth, Goldman and Pomeroy and the executive producers at Aurora mortgaged their homes collectively for $700,000 to complete the film, with the understanding that their investment would be the first to be repaid. The film was the sixth animated feature to be presented in the Dolby Stereo sound system.

In animating Justin and Jenner's sword fight, the animators referenced similar sequences in films such as The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) and The Vikings (1958).

Music

The Secret of NIMH: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack contains songs from the film written by Jerry Goldsmith and performed by the National Philharmonic Orchestra. One song, "Flying Dreams" was vocally performed by Paul Williams and Sally Stevens. It was Goldsmith's first composition for an animated feature, which he admitted was such a departure from his normal work that in the end he approached the project like a live action score, employing the same kind of extended themes and structural development. What made the scoring process hard for Goldsmith was that he had to score scenes that were unfinished: "I was on the phone constantly with them. My dupe [copy of the film] was in black and white, and they'd bring their color copy over so I could see it. They were constantly adding footage, and it was constantly, 'What's going on here?' and 'What's happening here?'"

David M. Horton spent a year on the sound design for the film, which was supervised by Goldman. Goldman found the sound work by Horten his second favorite part of the production process, recalling that some of his "most beautiful efforts" had to make way for the recordings of Goldsmith's music: "I remember hearing David's orchestration of ambient sounds and specific sound effects for the 8-minute tractor sequence without Jerry's music cue. It was amazing. But then, so was Jerry's 8-minute music cue, it remains extremely powerful. We were able to combine a lot of David's sounds, treating them like part of the orchestra. It came out great, but I couldn't help but feel empathy for David".

The album was released on July 2, 1982, on vinyl and a re-released reissue on March 3, 1995, on CD with a rearranged track listing. Intrada Records issued a remastered limited edition album on CD on August 17, 2015, with one previously unreleased cue ("At Your Service", running 3:39) and three demos of "Flying Dreams" (as performed by Sally Stevens, Paul Williams and as a piano duet) totaling 10:09. Varese Sarabande did release the soundtrack on CD prior to the 1995 re-released reissue in 1986 with the artwork as the same as the LP jacket, but with a black background and a different track arrangement.

Release
Tim Hildebrandt spent two weeks painting The Secret of NIMH's promotional poster.

The film's distributor, MGM/UA Entertainment Co., barely did any promotion for the film, leading Aurora to finance the advertising campaign themselves. The financiers had expected the film to open in wide release in 1,000 venues, but MGM opted for a limited opening weekend in 100 theaters, with its widest release in only 700. Although in competition with the blockbuster E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial directed by future Bluth partner Steven Spielberg, it performed better in those theaters alone in its opening week than Poltergeist, Rocky III, Firefox, and Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. However, as a result of its release and competition with other summer fare, NIMH became only a moderate success, grossing nearly $14.7 million in North America, though it was more successful on home video, cable, and foreign releases, ultimately turning a profit.

Home media
The Secret of NIMH debuted on Super 8 film and several home video formats in 1983, including VHS, Betamax, CED Videodisc, Video8 and LaserDisc, which were distributed by MGM/UA Home Video in North America and Warner Home Video in Europe, Australia and Japan. A Video 2000 version was also released exclusively in Europe. With a $79 purchase price in the United States, the VHS edition sold approximately 25,000 copies within the first few months.

On September 6, 1990, the film was re-released on both VHS and LaserDisc in a new advertising campaign with lower retail prices. It was this new wide availability on video, as well as broadcasts on cable, that helped NIMH garner a cult following long after its theatrical debut. This was followed by another VHS release under the MGM/UA Family Entertainment label in 1994, along with a Philips CD-i video disc version that same year, which was available exclusively through Warner Home Video worldwide.

The film was released on DVD for the first time on November 17, 1998, which was reprinted numerous times in the ensuing years, both as a stand-alone release or bundled with other animated films from MGM or 20th Century Fox. Don Bluth and Gary Goldman later oversaw a high-definition restoration of the film, which was released on June 19, 2007, in a 2-disc DVD set called the "Family Fun Edition". Improvements in the transfer over the 1998 DVD include color correction and dirt and dust removal and included special features such as audio commentary from both individuals and an interview featurette. A Blu-ray version was released on March 29, 2011, which retained the special features of the "Family Fun Edition".

Reception

Critical response
The Secret of NIMH received positive reviews upon its release. It holds an approval rating of 93% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 68 reviews, with an average rating of 7.50/10. The consensus states: "The Secret of NIMH seeks to resurrect the classical style of American animation and succeeds, telling a mature story with rapturous presentation". The film also has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 15 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".

Critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert gave the movie two "yes" votes on a July 15, 1982 episode of their television program Sneak Previews, stating that Don Bluth and his team had succeeded in their goal of matching the high quality animation of Disney's heyday while also incorporating a deeper plot and greater variety of settings than other recent animated films. In his print review for the Chicago Sun-Times, Ebert gave the film three out of four stars, calling it "an artistic success", praising the quality of its animation and saying that it "contains that absolute rarity among feature-length animated cartoons, an interesting premise". Ebert found that NIMH may not resonate as well on an emotional level with younger viewers, since "it has so many characters and involves them in so many different problems that there's nobody for the kids in the audience to strongly identify with". Siskel, writing for the Chicago Tribune, found the film "charming", but stated that the narrative was "littered with too many unimportant characters" and that Dom DeLuise "insert[ed] too much of himself" into the character of Jeremy. Despite this, Siskel found the film, particularly the second half, to be a "genuine pleasure" and felt that even adults will be drawn into the story by the end, giving it three stars out of four.

Vincent Canby of The New York Times noted the film's animation was "something of a technical and stylistic triumph" comparable to that of Disney's golden age, but expressed dismay at the narrative, finding it too complicated and lacking in an "easily identifiable central character". In his review for the 1990 VHS re-release, Jeff Unger of Entertainment Weekly gave The Secret of NIMH a grade of "A", calling it "a wonderful adaptation" of the original book, adding that "Bluth and his animators, bless them, chose to revive an endangered art form – classically detailed animation. They drew their characters exquisitely and gave them individual personalities. The entire ensemble – artists, actors, animals, and musicians – created something unique: the world's first enjoyable rat race". Similarly, Richard Corliss of Time magazine called the film "something gorgeous to look at".

Accolades
The Secret of NIMH won Best Animated Film of 1982 at the 10th annual Saturn Awards, where it also received a nomination for Best Fantasy Film, losing to The Dark Crystal. In his acceptance speech, Bluth remarked: "Thanks. We didn't think anyone had noticed". The film was also nominated for Best Family Feature for Animation, Musical or Fantasy at the 4th annual Youth in Film Awards, being beaten by E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, while the home video release received an Award of Excellence from the Film Advisory Board. In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Animation Films list.

Sequel

A direct-to-video sequel directed by Dick Sebast and produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation titled The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue was released on December 22, 1998. Set several years after the events of the first film, the plot focuses on Mrs. Brisby's son Timothy as he struggles to live up to his father's prestigious reputation. Apart from Dom DeLuise and Arthur Malet reprising their roles as Jeremy and Mr. Ages, respectively, none of the original voice cast returned for the film. The film was made without Don Bluth's input or involvement and was panned by critics and fans upon release.

Live-action remake and television series
In 2009, Paramount Pictures was working with Neil Burger on a remake of The Secret of NIMH; nothing has materialized since.

In 2015, MGM re-acquired the rights to produce a new film based on the original novel Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH. The film was to be produced by the team of Daniel Bobker and Ehren Kruger, with screenplay by Ice Age series writer Michael Berg. The film was to be James Madigan's directorial debut. Planned as a CGI/live-action hybrid in the style of films like The Smurfs and Alvin and the Chipmunks, the film was to be "an origin story in which an imperiled mouse protagonist befriends a comical crew of lab rats as they turn hyper-intelligent. They escape a secret laboratory and become the great minds of vermin civilization, forced to outwit the humans hot on their tails". The studio planned to turn the novel into a family franchise.

The Russo Brothers were attached as executive producers of the remake as of April 2019.

A television series based on the books was in development at Fox as an event series in September 2021.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 The Secret of NIMH at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017.

1982 films
1982 animated films
1982 directorial debut films
1980s American animated films
1982 drama films
1980s fantasy adventure films
1982 independent films
Animal adventure films
American children's animated adventure films
American children's animated drama films
American dark fantasy films
American fantasy adventure films
American independent films
Animated films about rats
Animated films based on children's books
Animated films based on American novels
1980s English-language films
Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith
Films directed by Don Bluth
Animated films about mice
Films produced by Don Bluth and Gary Goldman
Films produced by John Pomeroy
Films with screenplays by Don Bluth
Films with screenplays by Gary Goldman
Films with screenplays by John Pomeroy
Films with screenplays by Will Finn
Independent animated films
Rotoscoped films
Aurora Productions films
Sullivan Bluth Studios films
United Artists films
United Artists animated films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Rats of NIMH
1980s children's animated films
Films about animal testing
Animated films about owls
Films about corvids

The Secret of NIMH


Necronomicon er en fiktiv lærebog, der optræder gentagne gange i historier af den amerikanske horrorforfatter H.P. Lovecraft. Bogen indeholder blandt andet beskrivelser af, hvad Lovecraft kalder "the Old Ones" – en gruppe af oprindelige kosmiske væsner, der siges at være begravet i den mystiske by R'lyeh som beskrevet i Lovecrafts mest berømte historie Call of Cthulhu. Necronomicon har sidenhen optrådt jævnligt i nyere horror- og fantasy-litteratur.

Fiktive bøger

Necronomicon


Carilefo (Calais o Calevisus) fue un eremita francés y fundador del monasterio de Aniole.  La ciudad de Saint-Calais toma el nombre de él. Según la Vita Carileffi, Childeberto I le regaló las tierras, después de un encuentro con él en el bosque donde el rey solía cazar.

Laumer fue su sucesor y Siviardo, otro sucesor, escribió la vida del santo.

Notas

Enlaces externos
Le Mans at the Catholic Encyclopedia
1 March

Santos católicos de Francia del siglo VI
Anacoretas de Francia
Franceses del siglo VI

Carilefo de Anille


أرسينيون (Αρσένιον) هي مدينة في بيلا في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1328 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن اليونان

أرسيني


Joan Carol Gratz (* 6. April 1941 in Los Angeles) ist eine US-amerikanische Künstlerin, Animatorin und Filmregisseurin, die für ihre aufwändigen Werke in "Clay Painting" bekannt wurde.

Leben
Gratz studierte um 1966 Architektur und arbeitete schon in dieser Zeit als klassische Animatorin. Sie wechselte von Farbe zum Animieren von Knetmasse, als sie von 1976 bis 1987 in den Will Vinton Studios arbeitete. In dieser Zeit war sie als Knetanimatorin unter anderem an Werbe- und Kurzfilmen beteiligt, so 1980 an Dinosaurs, an dem sie unter anderem mit Kreide arbeitete. Bei den beiden oscarnominierten Kurzfilmen in Knetanimation Rip Van Winkle und The Creation war sie am Animationsprozess beteiligt und entwarf Szenen und Effekte. Bei The Creation nutzte sie erstmal ihre Animationstechnik "Clay Painting", bei der gefärbte Knetmasse wie Ölfarbe behandelt wird und Formen und Farben miteinander zu verschmelzen scheinen. Die Knetmasse wird dabei stückweise aufgetragen, bis sie eine Fläche ergibt, und anschließend als "Bild" abfotografiert; die Animation erfolgt in Stop-Motion. Jedes in Clay Painting geschaffene Motiv muss für eine neue Einstellung verändert und damit zerstört werden. "Am Ende gibt es nur ein Bild, während der Prozess (dahin) auf Film aufgenommen wurde. Der Prozess ist das Produkt", so Gratz in einem Interview.

Gratz gründete 1987 ihr eigenes Produktionsstudio Gratz-Film und arbeitet seither regelmäßig an Werbe- und Kurzfilmen in Knetanimation. Für ihren Coca-Cola-Werbespot Heartland erhielt Gratz 1994 einen Clio Award. Knetanimationssequenzen von Gratz finden sich auch in Peter Gabriels Musikvideo zu Diggin in the Dirt, das 1992 mit einem Grammy ausgezeichnet wurde, sowie im Video zu John Fogertys Vanz Can't Dance.

Ihr größter Erfolg war der in Clay Painting geschaffene Kurzanimationsfilm Mona Lisa Descending a Staircase, in dem Gratz 35 Meisterwerke der Kunst miteinander verschmelzen ließ. Der Film erhielt 1993 einen Oscar als bester animierter Kurzfilm. "In diesem Kurzfilm […] erforscht Gratz das menschliche Gesicht in der Malerei des 20. Jahrhunderts und schafft es, dass ihre 'visuelle Lautmalerei' den Zeichenstil und den emotionalen Gehalt der Arbeit von 35 großen Künstlern vermittelt", so Animation Now! Erst im 2009 entstandenen Puffer Girl verband Gratz Clay Painting mit digitalen Kunstformen und nutzte unter anderem Photoshop und AfterEffects für die Animation.

Gratz lebt in Portland, Oregon.

Filmografie
 1978: Rip Van Winkle – nur Animation
 1979: The Little Prince – nur Animation
 1979: Legacy: A Very Short History of Natural Resources – nur Animation
 1980: The Creation – nur Animation
 1980: A Christmas Gift – nur Animation
 1980: Dinosaurs – A Fun Filled Trip Back in Time – nur Animation
 1988: Candyjam (mit Joanna Priestley)
 1992: Mona Lisa Descending a Staircase
 1993: Pro and Con
 1996: Dowager's Feast
 2000: Innerplay
 2001: Dowager's Idyll
 2009: Puffer Girl
 2011: Kubla Khan

Publikationen
 2002: Downward-Facing Frog: Yoga Practices and Etiquette in the Animal Kingdom

Auszeichnungen
 1993: Media Prize, Ottawa International Animation Festival, für Mona Lisa Descending a Staircase
 1993: Oscar, Bester animierter Kurzfilm, für Mona Lisa Descending a Staircase
 1993: City of Melbourne Award, Melbourne International Film Festival, für Mona Lisa Descending a Staircase
 1994: Golden Conch, Bombay International Documentary, Short and Animation Film Festival, für  Mona Lisa Descending a Staircase

Literatur
 Gratz, Joan C. In: Jeff Lenburg: Who's who in animated cartoons. Applause, New York 2006, S. 113–114.
 Joan Gratz. In: Anima Mundi (Hrsg.), Julius Wiedemann (Bearb.): Animation Now! Taschen, Köln u. a. 2004, S. 230–239.

Weblinks

 Website von Joan C. Gratz

Einzelnachweise

Person (Animation)
Oscarpreisträger
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1941
Frau

Joan C. Gratz


Unterhütte ist ein Weiler von Leutenberg im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt in Thüringen.

Lage
Unten im westlichen Sormitztal liegt Unterhütte. Wie der Name besagt, handelt es sich um einen Bergbaustandort.

Geschichte
In der vorliegenden Literatur konnte keine urkundlich Ersterwähnung ermittelt werden. Im 16. Jahrhundert sollen dort die Hütten eröffnet worden sein. Die Bergleute waren zudem noch Bergbauern, um die Familie mit zu ernähren.

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Leutenberg)
Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt

Unterhütte (Leutenberg)


Bu listede Afrika ülkesi Angola 'da bulunan şehirler listelenmiştir. Angola'nın en yüksek kentsel yığışımına sahip yeri başkent Luanda'dır. Ülke nüfusunun %30'luk kesimi başkentte ve çevresinde yaşamaktadır. Aşağıda belirtilen listede 1970 resmi sonuçları ile 2005 tahmini nüfus sayım sonuçları listelenmiş olup, 2005 tahmini sonuçlarına göre nüfusu 10.000 ve üzeri olarak açıklanan şehirler listede açıklanmıştır. Bu listedeki sayılara şehirlerin banliyöleri ilave edilmemiştir. Instituto Nacional de Estatístiica, República de Angola (Angola Ulusal Enstitüsü) nın 2013 için yayımladığı verilerde, Angola nüfusu 19.183.590 kişi olarak tahmin edilmekte olup, sadece Luanda nüfusu ile ilgili güncel tahmini bilgilere yer verilmiş olup, diğer yerleşim yerleri için bir bilgi verilmemiştir.

Ayrıca bakınız
Angola

Dış bağlantılar
 Angola nüfus bilgileri
 Angola Ulusal Enstitüsü 2013 verileri

şehir
Ülkelerine göre şehir listeleri

Angola'daki şehirler listesi


Bernd Mühle (* 5. März 1954) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Hochspringer.

Bei den Leichtathletik-Halleneuropameisterschaften 1978 in Mailand wurde er Achter.

1975 wurde er bei den Deutschen Meisterschaften Dritter.

Bernd Mühle startete für den USC Mainz. Von 2001 bis 2012 leitete er die Leichtathletikabteilung dieses Vereins.

Er ist Finanzreferent des Allgemeinen Deutschen Hochschulsportverbandes (ADH). Zwischen September und Dezember 2012 war er Generalsekretär des Allgemeinen Deutschen Hochschulsport.

Persönliche Bestleistungen

 Hochsprung: 2,18 m, 22. Mai 1976, Sindelfingen
 Halle: 2,22 m, 21. Januar 1978, Mainz

Fußnoten

Hochspringer (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Mann
Geboren 1954

Bernd Mühle


بلدية شُرْبَة أو سُوربس (نقحرة: سورباس) , هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة المرية. جنوب شرق إسبانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 2.840 نسمة.

وصلات خارجية
  (بالإسبانية)

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في المرية
بلديات المرية

سورباس


Aja (, pronounced "Asia") is the sixth studio album by the American jazz rock band Steely Dan, released by ABC Records on September 23, 1977. On the album, band leaders Donald Fagen and Walter Becker pushed Steely Dan further into experimenting with different combinations of session players, enlisting the services of nearly 40 musicians, while pursuing longer, more sophisticated compositions and arrangements.

The album peaked at number three on the Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart, and number five on the UK Albums Chart, ultimately becoming Steely Dan's most commercially successful release. It spawned the hit singles "Peg", "Deacon Blues", and "Josie".

At the 20th Annual Grammy Awards, Aja won Best Engineered Recording – Non-Classical, and was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. It has appeared on many retrospective "greatest albums" lists, with critics and audiophiles applauding the album's high production standards. In 2010, the album was recognized by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or artistically significant" and selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry.

Recording
The album was produced by Steely Dan's longtime producer Gary Katz, and features contributions from numerous leading session musicians. The eight-minute-long title track features a jazz-based chord progression and a solo by saxophonist Wayne Shorter. Co-composer and co-band leader Walter Becker did not perform on the tracks "Black Cow" or "Peg".

Title and packaging
The title of the album is pronounced "Asia" (like the continent). Donald Fagen has said Aja was the name of a Korean woman who married the brother of one of his high-school friends. The album cover features a photograph by Hideki Fujii of Japanese model and actress Sayoko Yamaguchi, and was designed by Patricia Mitsui and Geoff Westen. The inside photos of Fagen and Becker were taken by Becker and Dorothy A. White.

Marketing and sales
Aja was released by ABC Records on September 23, 1977. In anticipation of the release, Katz urged the relatively private Fagen and Becker to raise their public profile, and arranged a meeting with Irving Azoff to discuss employing him as their manager. Fagen initially had reservations, saying: "We were ready to go blissfully through life without a manager."

With Azoff's connections with record stores and the album being offered at a discounted price, Aja became, according to Cameron Crowe in the December 1977 issue of Rolling Stone, "one of the season's hottest albums and by far Steely Dan's fastest-selling ever." It reached the top five of the Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart within three weeks of its release, and it ultimately peaked at number three, becoming the band's highest-charting album in the United States. The album was also the group's highest-charting album in the UK, reaching number five on the UK Albums Chart. According to Billboard, Aja was Steely Dan's biggest hit and was one of the first albums to be certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

Attempts to make a surround-sound mix of the album for a release in the late 1990s were scrapped when it was discovered that the multitrack masters for both "Black Cow" and the title track were missing. Universal Music canceled plans to release a multichannel SACD version of the album for the same reason. In the liner notes for the 1999 remastered reissue of the album, Fagen and Becker offered a $600 reward for the missing masters or any information that leads to their recovery.

Reception and legacy

Reviewing the album in 1977 for Rolling Stone, Michael Duffy said that "the conceptual framework of [Steely Dan's] music has shifted from the pretext of rock & roll toward a smoother, awesomely clean and calculated mutation of various rock, pop and jazz idioms", while their lyrics "remain as pleasantly obtuse and cynical as ever". He added that the duo's "extreme intellectual self-consciousness", though it might be starting to show its limitations with this album, "may be precisely the quality that makes Walter Becker and Donald Fagen the perfect musical antiheroes for the Seventies." Robert Christgau of The Village Voice wrote that he "hated this record for quite a while before I realized that, unlike The Royal Scam, it was stretching me some", and noted that he was "grateful to find Fagen and Becker's collegiate cynicism in decline", but worried that a preference for longer, more sophisticated songs "could turn into their fatal flaw". Greg Kot was also lukewarm toward the band's stylistic departure, later writing in the Chicago Tribune: "The clinical coldness first evidenced on The Royal Scam is perfected here. Longer, more languid songs replace the acerbic pithiness of old." Barry Walters was more receptive in a retrospective review for Rolling Stone, saying: "rock has always excelled at embodying adolescent ache. But it's rare when rock captures the complications of adult sorrows almost purely with its sound."

Jazz historian Ted Gioia has cited Aja as an example of Steely Dan "proving that pop-rock could equally benefit from a healthy dose of jazz" during their original tenure, which coincided with a period when rock musicians were frequently experimenting with jazz idioms and techniques. Amanda Petrusich wrote in Pitchfork that the album is "as much a jazz record as a pop one", while Ben Ratliff from The New York Times said it "created a new standard for the relationship between jazz and rock, one that was basically irreproducible, by Steely Dan or anyone else […] a progressive jazz record with backbeats, a '70s hipster's extension of what had been Gil Evans's vision two decades earlier." In Dylan Jones' list of the best jazz albums for GQ, Aja ranked number 62.

The album has been cited by music journalists as one of the best test recordings for audiophiles, due to its high production standards. Walters noted in his review that "the album's surreal sonic perfection, its melodic and harmonic complexity - music so technically demanding its creators had to call in A-list session players to realize the sounds they heard in their heads but could not play, even on the instruments they had mastered." Reviewing Ajas 2007 all-analog LP reissue, Ken Kessler of the Hi-Fi News & Record Review gave top marks to both the recording and performance qualities, and called the album "sublime jazz-rock that hasn't aged at all - unless you consider 'intelligence' passe - it is everything you expected the painfully hip/cool Becker and Fagen to deliver."

Accolades
Aja frequently appears on retrospective "greatest albums" lists. In 1991, France's Rock & Folk included it on a list of the 250 best albums released since 1966, when the magazine began publication. In 1999, the album was ranked number 59 on the national Israeli newspaper Yedioth Ahronoths "Top 99 Albums of All Time" list. In 2000, Aja was voted number 118 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's book All Time Top 1000 Albums, where the author noted its "brand of jazz-influenced white soul". In 2003, the album was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and ranked number 145 on Rolling Stones list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time"; it maintained the same spot on the 2012 update of the list, and rose to number 63 on the 2020 version. In 2006, Aja was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. In 2010, the album was recognized by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or artistically significant" and selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry; the same year, De La Soul's 1989 debut album 3 Feet High and Rising, which sampled Aja, was also added to the Registry. Based on such rankings, the aggregate website Acclaimed Music lists Aja as the 318th most-acclaimed album in history, as well as the 95th-most acclaimed album of the 1970s.

The singer Bilal listed Aja among his top-25 favorite albums, explaining that "It's a great body of work. It seems very thought out from beginning to end, every song just had a certain vibe. The songwriting to the sound and the look of the album, the whole package was just very well thought out."

Classic Albums episode
In 1999, Aja was the topic of an episode of the British documentary series Classic Albums. The episode features a song-by-song study of the album (except for "I Got the News", which is played during the closing credits), as well as interviews with, among others, Steely Dan co-founders Walter Becker and Donald Fagen, and new, live-in-studio versions of songs from the album. Becker and Fagen also play back several of the rejected guitar solos for "Peg", which were recorded before Jay Graydon produced the take used for the album.

Discussing the sound of the album, Andy Gill says: "Jazz-rock was a fundamental part of the 70s musical landscape […] [Steely Dan] wasn't rock or pop music with ideas above its station, and it wasn't jazzers slumming […] it was a very well-forged alloy of the two – you couldn't separate the pop music from the jazz in their music." On the same topic, British musician Ian Dury says he hears elements of legendary jazz musicians like Charlie Parker, Charles Mingus, and Art Blakey on the album. He continues: "Well, Ajas got a sound that lifts your heart up, and it's the most consistent up-full, heart-warming […] even though, it is a classic LA kinda sound. You wouldn't think it was recorded anywhere else in the world. It's got California through its blood, even though they are boys from New York […] They've got a skill that can make images that aren't puerile and don't make you think you've heard it before […] very 'Hollywood filmic' in a way, the imagery is very imaginable, in a visual sense."

Yacht rock

In retrospective appraisals, Aja has been discussed by music journalists as an important release in the development of yacht rock. In an article for Spin in 2009, Chuck Eddy listed it among the genre's eight essential albums. Writing for uDiscoverMusic in 2019, Paul Sexton said that, with the album, Steely Dan "announced their ever-greater exploration of jazz influences", which would lead to "their yacht-rock masterpiece": 1980's Gaucho. Patrick Hosken of MTV News said that both Aja and Gaucho show how "great yacht rock is also more musically ambitious than it might seem, tying blue-eyed soul and jazz to funk and R&B". Aja was included in Vinyl Me, Please magazine's list of "The 10 Best Yacht Rock Albums to Own on Vinyl", with an accompanying essay that said: "Steely Dan's importance to yacht rock can't be overstated. […] Arguably the Dan is smoothest on the 1980 smash Gaucho, but Aja finds Walter Becker and Donald Fagen comfortably hitting a middle-ground stride […] as a mainstream hit factory while remaining expansive and adventurous". John Lawler of Something Else! wrote that "The song and performance that best exemplifies the half-time, funky, laid (way) back in the beat shuffle within the jazz-pop environment of the mid- to late- 70s can be found on 'Home at Last.' Bernard 'Pretty' Purdie feeds off Chuck Rainey's bass with righteous grooves and masterful off-beat fills with alacrity in this tight band favorite."

Track listing

Personnel
Adapted from the liner notes.

Side A
"Black Cow"
Donald Fagen – lead vocals, synthesizer
Paul Humphrey – drums
Chuck Rainey – bass guitar
Victor Feldman – Fender Rhodes
Joe Sample – clavinet
Larry Carlton – guitar
Tom Scott – tenor saxophone
Clydie King, Venetta Fields, Sherlie Matthews, Rebecca Louis – backing vocals
"Aja"
Donald Fagen – lead vocals, synthesizer, police whistle, backing vocals
Steve Gadd – drums
Chuck Rainey – bass guitar
Larry Carlton, Walter Becker, Denny Dias – guitars
Joe Sample – Fender Rhodes
Michael Omartian – piano
Victor Feldman – percussion, marimba
Wayne Shorter – tenor saxophone
Timothy B. Schmit – backing vocals
"Deacon Blues"
Donald Fagen – lead vocals, synthesizer
Bernard Purdie – drums
Walter Becker – bass guitar
Larry Carlton, Lee Ritenour – guitars
Victor Feldman – Fender Rhodes
Pete Christlieb – tenor saxophone
Clydie King, Sherlie Matthews, Venetta Fields – backing vocals
Dean Parks - acoustic guitar
Side B
"Peg"
Donald Fagen – lead vocals
Rick Marotta – drums
Chuck Rainey – bass guitar
Paul Griffin – Fender Rhodes, backing vocals
Don Grolnick – clavinet
Steve Khan – guitar
Jay Graydon – guitar solo
Victor Feldman, Gary Coleman – percussion
Tom Scott – Lyricon
Michael McDonald – backing vocals
"Home at Last"
Donald Fagen – lead vocals, synthesizer (solo), backing vocals
Bernard Purdie – drums
Chuck Rainey – bass guitar
Larry Carlton – guitar
Walter Becker – guitar solo
Victor Feldman – piano, vibraphone
Timothy B. Schmit – backing vocals
"I Got the News"
Donald Fagen – lead vocals, synthesizers
Ed Greene – drums
Chuck Rainey – bass guitar
Victor Feldman – piano, vibraphone, percussion
Dean Parks – guitar
Walter Becker, Larry Carlton – guitar solos
Michael McDonald, Clydie King, Venetta Fields, Sherlie Matthews, Rebecca Louis – backing vocals
"Josie"
Donald Fagen – lead vocals, synthesizers, backing vocals
Jim Keltner – drums, percussion
Chuck Rainey – bass guitar
Victor Feldman – Fender Rhodes
Larry Carlton, Dean Parks – guitars
Walter Becker – guitar solo
Timothy B. Schmit – backing vocals

Tom Scott – horn arrangements and conducting of horns
Jim Horn, Bill Perkins, Wayne Shorter, Pete Christlieb, Plas Johnson, Tom Scott, Jackie Kelso – saxophones, flutes
Chuck Findley, Lou McCreary, Dick "Slyde" Hyde – brass
Walter Becker, Donald Fagen, Larry Carlton, Dean Parks, Michael Omartian – rhythm arrangements

Production
 Stephen Diener – executive producer
 Gary Katz – producer
 Roger Nichols – executive engineer, engineer
 Elliot Scheiner, Bill Schnee, Al Schmitt – engineers
 Lenise Bent, Ken Klinger, Linda Tyler, Ed Rack, Joe Bellamy, Ron Pangaliman – assistant engineers
 Bernie Grundman – mastering engineer
 Barbara Miller – production coordinatior
 Stuart "Dinky" Dawson – sound consultant
 Irving Azoff – management
 Leonard Freedman – bagman
 Karen Stanley – covert operations
 Oz Studios – art direction
 Patricia Mitsui, Geoff Westen – design
 Hideki Fujii – cover photo
 Walter Becker, Dorothy A. White – inside photos of Donald Fagen and Walter Becker
 Michael Phalen (Walter Becker & Donald Fagen), Stephen Diener – liner notes

Reissue personnel
 Roger Nichols – remastering engineer
 Beth Stempel – coordinator
 Vartan – art direction
 Mike Diehl – design
 Daniel Levitin – consultant

Outtakes
The sessions for Aja produced several outtakes, including "The Bear" and "Stand by the Seawall" (the latter title was given to two completely different outtakes recorded during the sessions). None of these songs were ever officially released, but "The Bear" was later played live on Steely Dan's 2011 Shuffle Diplomacy Tour.

Awards
Grammy Awards

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

Further reading

External links

 , courtesy of The Museum of Classic Chicago Television

 Official YouTube playlist

Steely Dan albums
ABC Records albums
1977 albums
Albums produced by Gary Katz
United States National Recording Registry recordings
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical
United States National Recording Registry albums

Aja (album)


Allâmé Alí Akbar Dehjodá (علی‌اکبر دهخدا en grafía persa; 1879-9 de marzo de 1956) fue un destacado lingüista iraní, autor del mayor diccionario de la lengua persa jamás publicado.

Biografía
Nacido en Teherán en el seno de una familia acomodada oriunda de Qazvín, a la edad de 10 años Dehjodá quedó huérfano de padre. Muy pronto destacó por sus dotes para la literatura persa y el árabe. A los 20 años fue admitido en la recién abierta escuela de Ciencias Políticas del Ministerio de exteriores, donde aprendió francés, se familiarizó con ideas modernas y comenzó a enseñar literatura persa. Tras licenciarse, fue empleado en el ministerio y durante dos años acompañó al embajador del estado Kayar en los Balcanes, residiendo la mayor parte del tiempo en Viena, entonces foco de gran efervescencia cultural.

A su regreso a Irán en 1905, el país vivía un ambiente pre revolucionario en la que Dehjodá se implicó como redactor principal del semanario crítico Sur-e Esrâfil («La Trompeta de Israfel»), que desempeñó un papel fundamental en el movimiento constitucionalista con su crítica de la corrupción y el despotismo monárquicos y de la ideología del clero tradicional. El estilo llano y directo de la revista, inédito hasta entonces, fue muy influyente en el desarrollo de la prosa persa moderna. Dehjodá escribía artículos sobre cuestiones políticas, económicas y sociales, y además una pieza satírica que firmaba con el seudónimo de Dejow. Sus escritos suscitaron la indignación de los partidarios de la monarquía y los tradicionalistas religiosos y tras dos años de publicación el autoritario Mohammad Alí Shah hizo cerrar el semanario al tiempo que disolvía el parlamento. Dehjodá, al igual que otros intelectuales liberales, hubo de exiliarse a Europa. Allá continuó a publicar artículos y con el derrocamiento del rey en 1911, regresó a Irán y fue elegido como diputado en la Asamblea de Consulta Nacional por Kermán y Teherán (Dehjodá aceptó la primera designación electiva). Dehjodá se integró en la corriente reformista E'tedâliun (اعتدالیون, «Moderados»).

Al comenzar la Primera Guerra Mundial, los rusos invadieron el norte de Irán. Dehjodá participó en un gobierno en el exilio, primero en Qom y después en Kermanshah. Cuando este gobierno también cayó, Dehjodá fue acogido por los janes de la tribu Bajtiarí. En Farrojshahr concibió la necesidad de elaborar un diccionario exhaustivo de la lengua persa y comenzó a redactar las primeras notas para sus dos grandes obras lexicográficas: el diccionario Loghatname (لغت‌نامه) y el compendio de dichos y refranes Amsâl o hekam (امثال و حکم).

En los años 20, Dehjodá fue redactor jefe de varias publicaciones del Partido Comunista de Irán (1920). Su nombre fue planteado en el debate de la época sobre monarquía o república, como candidato a la presidencia. Al establecerse la dictadura de Reza Pahlaví, Dehjodá fue excluido del escenario político y pasó a ocupar diversos cargos de corte más «cultural»: presidió el gabinete del Ministerio de Conocimientos, la fiscalía del Ministerio de Justicia, y la escuela de Ciencias Políticas de Teherán. En 1935 fue cooptado como miembro de la Academia de Irán (Farhangestân-e Irân). Desde la fundación de la Universidad de Teherán en 1934 fue decano de la facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas hasta 1941, año en que los Aliados destituyeron a Reza Shah y fue también destituido de sus cargos Dehjodá, que se dedicó ya por entero a su obra lexicográfica.

En 1946, formó parte de la presidencia del Primer Congreso de Escritores de Irán y cuatro años más tarde participa en la fundación de la Asociación de Lucha contra el Analfabetismo. En el mismo 1950 fue uno de los intelectuales firmantes del Llamamiento de Estocolmo del Consejo Mundial de la Paz, que reclamaba la prohibición total de las armas nucleares.

Durante el movimiento político que nacionalizó el petróleo iraní en 1951, Dehjodá fue firme defensor del primer ministro Mosaddeq que lo dirigía, y corría el rumor de que en caso de triunfo del movimiento frente a la monarquía, Dehjodá podría ser candidato a la presidencia del ejecutivo. Cuando Mosaddeq fue derrocado en agosto de 1953 por la Operación Ajax, la casa de Dehjodá fue registrada violentamente, y el propio Dehjodá golpeado y sometido a interrogatorio.

Alí Akbar Dehjodá falleció en su domicilio de la calle Iranshahr de Teherán el 27 de febrero de 1956. Su cuerpo fue enterrado en el panteón de su familia del cementerio Ebn Babuyé de la ciudad de Rey, a las afueras de Teherán. Su domicilio fue transformado en una escuela primaria que llevó su nombre hasta la revolución de 1979.

Obra

El diccionario Loghatnâme
Los preparativos para la publicación del diccionario de Dehjodá comenzaron con apoyo institucional a finales de la década de 1920. El primer volumen apareció en 1939, pero su impresión quedó interrumpida por la guerra. Terminada la contienda, el parlamento impulsó el proyecto proporcionando el personal y los medios necesarios, estableciendo un organismo que incluía a un equipo de lingüistas y cuya sede era el domicilio del propio Dehjodá. En 1955, el parlamento trasladó la administración del Instituto Dehjodá a la propia sede parlamentaria y Dehjodá propuso para la presidencia del instituto a Mohammad Moín, quien hasta entonces era vicepresidente del mismo. En sus testamentos, Dehjodá legó a Moín todas sus fichas y el trabajo que quedaba por realizar. En 1958, la sede del Instituto Dehjodá se trasladó del parlamento a la Universidad de Teherán.

Modernización del pensamiento político iraní
Alí Akbar Dehjodá, a través de su actividad periodística y de la obra de sus numerosos discípulos, ejercieron una gran influencia en la transformación del pensamiento político iraní introduciendo en la lengua persa corriente numerosos conceptos occidentales como demokrâsí (دموکراسی, «democracia»), oligârshí (الیگارشی, «oligarquía»), feodalism (فئودالیسم, «feudalismo»), kâpitâlism (کاپیتالیسم, «capitalismo»), sosiyâlism (سوسیالیسم, «socialismo»), amperiâlism (امپریالیسم, «imperialismo»), buržuâzí (بورژوازی, «burguesía»), chap (چپ, «izquierda (política)»), râst (راست, «derecha (política)»), qorun-e vostá (قرون وسطا, «Edad Media»), etc., y transformando conceptos existentes, como estebdâd (استبداد, de «soberanía» a «despotismo»), doulat (دولت, de «patrimonio real» a «gobierno nacional»), mellat (ملت, de «comunidad religiosa» a «nación»), vatán (وطن, de «terruño» a «patria» (nacional)), maŷlés (مجلس, de «reunión» a «parlamento»), tabaqé (طبقه, de «estamento» a «clase social»), taraqqí (ترقی, de «ascenso» a «progreso»), mardom (مردم, de «plebe» a «pueblo»), adâlat (عدالت, de «adecuación en el trato» a «justicia igualitaria»), mashruté (مشروطه, «gobierno constitucional», de origen controvertido), etc. La penetración de estos conceptos y el conflicto con las concepciones antiguas se manifestó con virulencia en la revolución constitucional de 1905-1911.

Referencias

Véase también
 Literatura persa

Enlaces externos
 ALÈ-AKBAR QAZVÈNÈ ''Dehkhodā' @ Encyclopaedia Iranica

Escritores de Irán del siglo XX
Escritores en persa
Periodistas de Irán
Traductores al persa
Lexicógrafos de Irán
Nacidos en Teherán
Fallecidos en Teherán

Alí Akbar Dehjodá