حلفايا مدينة في محافظة حماة في سوريا، تقع إلى الشمال الغربي من مدينة حماة وتبعد عنها 25 كم وعن مدينة محردة 2 كم.

أصل التسمية
يُعزى سبب تسمية هذه المدينة بهذا الاسم حلفايا لعدة مصادر ومنها لكثرة وجود نبات الحلفا على شواطئ نهر العاصي في الماضي وهناك أيضا مقولة أنه كانت على طريق القوافل التي تسير من الغرب إلى الشرق وبالعكس ومن الجنوب إلى الشمال وبالعكس وقد كانت فيها أماكن تستريح فيها القوافل بالقرب من نهر العاصي فكانت القوافل تسميها حل فيها أو حل فيا ويعتقد أيضا أنه من هنا جاءت التسمية.

الموقع الجغرافي
تقع مدينة حلفايا في الشمال الغربي لمركز محافظة حماة وعلى بُعد (25) كم منها والمدينة واقعة في منطقة مرتفعة قليلا يحدها من الغرب مدينة محردة ويحدها من الشمال والشرق نهر العاصي يفصلها عن قرية الزلاقيات من الشمال و طيبة الإمام من الشرق ويستفاد من نهر العاصي في إرواء الأراضي الواقعة على ضفة النهر.

يخترق المدينة طريق عام يربط منطقة الساحل السوري مع طريق عام حلب - دمشق مرورا بمدينة طيبة الإمام من الشرق ومدينة محردة من الغرب ويجاورها من الجنوب نهر الساروت أحد روافد نهر العاصي.

ويحدها من الغرب خط حديدي يربط المحطة الحرارية مع مصفاة بترول حمص وذلك لنقل المحروقات إلى المحطة الحرارية لتوليد الكهرباء، ويوجد عدد من الطرق المعبدة ضمن المدينة بشكل جيد. وتبلغ المساحة الكلية لأرض حلفايا /33.979/ألف دونم أرض. منها /23.944/ألف دونم أرض مستثمرة، /10.16/ ألف دونم أرض غير مستثمرة.

ترتبط مدينة حلفايا مع مدينة حماة بطريق معبد عن طريق مدينة محردة طول 25 كم وترتبط بمحافظة حلب مخترقا مدينة طيبة الإمام بطول 9 كم ويوجد عدة طرق تربط مدينة حلفايا بالقرى والمزارع المجاورة وهي:
 طريق حلفايا - المجدل بطول 7 كم
 طريق حلفايا - بطيش بطول  6 كم
 طريق حلفايا - الحيصة بطول  4 كم
 طريق حلفايا - زلين بطول  3 كم

لمحة
كانت في الماضي تشتهر بأشجار العنب وبعد اعتماد المزارعين على المياه الجوفية في ري مزروعاتهم تحولت الناس إلى زراعة المحاصيل المروية وفيها جميع أنواع المحاصيل الزراعية التي تتلائم مع المناخ المعتدل ويشتهر أهلها بالطيب والكرم.

عدد سكان حلفايا الحالي غير معلوم بسبب الهجرة والنزوح وعدم توفر بيانيات رسمية لتعداد السكان في الداخل او الخارج وتشير التقديرات بأن عدد أبناء المدينة قد يفوق /60000/ نسمة معظمهم غير مقيمين بها، يعمل معظم ابناء المدينة المقيمين بالزراعة ويلف نهر العاصي مدينة حلفايا من ثلاث جهات الشرق والشمال والغرب كما يحيط السوار بالمعصم، وأرضها خصبة وشعبها مضياف كما بقية أهل المحافظة المعطاءة.

قام أهاليها بالتعاون بشكل منقطع النظير وكما عادتهم في بناء مشفى وطني بالعمل الشعبي حيث ساهم تقريبا جميع الأهالي في هذا العمل غير المسبوق والذي كان تحت إشراف فضيلة الشيخ المربي حسين الموسى رحمه الله، فمن لم يمتلك المال ليتبرع به تبرع بالأرض، ومن لا يمتلك أي منهما، تبرع بجهده، فإنك تكاد لا تجد بيتا فيها إلا وحظي بشرف المساهمة في هذا العمل الرائع.

ومما زاد في شهرة هذه المدينة هي ريادتها في تصنيع الطراطير الحلفاوية، ناهيك عن اشتهارها في الماضي بصناعة الدبس وهي ذات صيت ذائع في هذا المجال.

لنهر العاصي تاريخ عريق مع أهل حلفايا فلقد كان منذ القديم شريان الحياة لأهل حلفايا فمنه كانوا يشربون ويسقون مواشيهم ومزروعاتهم بالإضافة إلى أنه كان مصدرا للثروة السمكية، وكان ملهما للشعراء الذين لطالما تغنوا في شريان الحياة.

مجزرة مخبز حلفايا

في 23/12/2012 ارتكب فيها مجزرة سميت مجزرة رغيف الخبز راح ضحيتها قرابة 98 شهيد وعشرات الجرحى والمعاقين حيث قام طيران الأسد بقصف تجمع للناس عند فرن في المدينة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في منطقة محردة
بلدات حماة
تجمعات سنية في سوريا
حلفايا
مدن سوريا

حلفايا


Black Sabbath, (I tre volti della paura) es una película italiana de terror dirigida  por Mario Bava en 1963. Su título en inglés es el equivalente del término español aquelarre.

La película consta de tres historias de terror: «Los wurdalak», basada en la historia La familia del vurdalak, de Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy y protagonizada por Boris Karloff, quien también aparece como anfitrión del filme; «La Gota de Agua» y «El teléfono».

Argumento

«El teléfono»
Rosy (Michèle Mercier) es una atractiva chica de compañía parisina que vuelve a su amplio apartamento después de una noche fuera. Es acosada por una serie de extrañas llamadas telefónicas. La persona que llama se identifica como Frank, su ex proxeneta, que ha escapado de la cárcel. Rosy tiene miedo, ya que fue el testimonio de ella el que mandó al hombre a la cárcel. Buscando consuelo, llama a su amante lesbiana, Mary (Lydia Alfonsi). Las dos mujeres han estado alejadas durante algún tiempo, pero Rosy sabe que Mary es la única persona que puede ayudarla. Mary se compromete a ir esa noche. Segundos después, Frank llama una vez más, y asegura a Rosy que, pida ayuda a quien la pida, él se tomará la revancha.

Mary, que se ha hecho pasar por Frank, llega al apartamento poco después, y hace un esfuerzo para calmar los nervios de Rosy. Le da un tranquilizante y la mete en la cama.

Más tarde, esa noche, mientras duerme Rosy, Mary se levanta de la cama y escribe una nota confesando que era ella quien hacía las llamadas extrañas al enterarse de la fuga de Frank. Sabiendo que Rosy la llamaría para pedirle ayuda, vio que era una ocasión de volver con ella. Mientras está ocupada escribiendo, ve a un intruso en el apartamento. Esta vez es el verdadero Frank, que se arrastra hasta ponerse detrás de Mary y la estrangula a muerte con una de las medias de nylon de Rosy, a la que despierta el sonido de la lucha, lo que hace que enmudezca de miedo. El proxeneta se da cuenta de que se ha equivocado de víctima, y poco a poco va camino de la cama de Rosy. Sin embargo, esa noche, Rosy se ha puesto un cuchillo de carnicero debajo de la almohada, a sugerencia de Mary. Rosy coge el cuchillo y apuñala a Frank cuando comienza él a estrangularla. Rosy deja caer el cuchillo y se pone histérica, rodeada por los cadáveres de sus dos ex amantes.

«Los wurdulak»

En la Rusia del , un conde joven, Vladimir Durfe (Mark Damon), ha emprendido un largo viaje. Durante el transcurso de él, encuentra un cadáver decapitado con un cuchillo clavado en el corazón. Retira la hoja y se la lleva como recuerdo.

Más tarde, esa noche, Vladimir se detiene en una pequeña cabaña rural para pedir refugio. Observa varios cuchillos colgados en una de las paredes y un espacio vacío en el que encaja el que ha encontrado. El viajero es sorprendido por la entrada de Giorgio (Glauco Onorato), que dice que el cuchillo pertenece a su padre, al que llevan cinco días sin ver. Giorgio ofrece alojamiento al joven conde y le presenta al resto de la familia: su esposa (Rika Dialina), su joven hijo Iván, su joven hermano Pietro (Massimo Righi) y su hermana Sdenka (Susy Anderson). Se ve después que están esperando ansiosamente la llegada del padre, Gorcha, y se sabe el motivo de su ausencia: fue a luchar con el proscrito y temido wurdalak Ali Beg. Vladimir está confundido por el término y Sdenka explica que un wurdalak es un cadáver andante que se alimenta de la sangre de los vivos, preferiblemente amigos íntimos y familiares. Giorgio y Pietro están seguros de que el cadáver que ha encontrado Vladimir es el de Ali Beg, pero también dan cuenta de que es muy posible de que su padre haya sido infectado por la maldición de sangre. Discuten la posibilidad de ir a buscarlo, pero deciden quedarse y esperar a que vuelva.

Al filo de la medianoche, Gorcha (Boris Karloff) regresa a la casa de campo. Su apariencia enfermiza y su aspecto desarreglado están empeorando, para desesperación de sus dos hijos, que se dan cuenta de que es su deber matar a Gorcha antes de que se alimente de la familia, pero su amor filial se lo impide. Más tarde, esa noche, Iván y Pietro son atacados por Gorcha, que les chupa la sangre y huye de la cabaña. Giorgio los atraviesa con una estaca y decapita a Pietro para que no reviva como un wurdalak. Sin embargo, no se atreve a hacer lo mismo con Iván, porque la madre amenaza con suicidarse. A regañadientes, acepta enterrar al niño sin tomar las precauciones necesarias.

Esa misma noche, el niño se levanta de la tumba y ruega que lo dejen entrar a la cabaña. La madre se apresura a ayudar a su hijo y apuñala a Giorgio cuando intenta detenerla, pero se encuentra en la puerta con Gorcha. El anciano muerde e infecta a su nuera, que luego hace lo mismo con su marido. Vladimir y Sdenka huyen de la cabaña y, al amanecer, se esconden en las ruinas de una catedral abandonada.

Vladimir cree que tendrán una vida larga y feliz, pero Sdenka es reacia a renunciar a sus vínculos familiares: cree que está destinada a quedarse con la familia.

Esos temores se confirman cuando, por la noche, Gorcha y sus hijos llegan a la abadía abandonada. Mientras Vladimir duerme, Sdenka es atraída por sus familiares, que la muerden a muerte. Despertado por los gritos, Vladimir acude en su ayuda, pero la familia ya ha tomado la casa, y obliga a la mujer a seguir su ejemplo. El joven noble la encuentra tumbada en la cama, inmóvil. Sdenka despierta y se aprecia un cambio visible en su rostro. Sin importarle nada, Vladimir la abraza, y ella lo muerde y lo infecta.

«La gota de agua»

En el Londres victoriano, la enfermera Helen Chester (Jacqueline Pierreux) va a una casa grande para preparar para el entierro el cuerpo de una anciana espiritista. Mientras lo viste, ve que tiene un elaborado anillo de zafiro en un dedo. Tentada por la avaricia, la enfermera lo roba. Al hacerlo, se vuelca un vaso, y comienzan a caer en el suelo gotas de agua. La enfermera es molestada por una mosca atraída por el olor del cuerpo. Agitada pero satisfecha por su adquisición, Helen termina el trabajo y vuelve a casa, un pequeño cuarto en East End.

Ya en casa, la enfermera es asediada por extraños sucesos. La ruidosa mosca regresa, y continúa su acoso. Tras apagar las luces del apartamento, el sonido del goteo del agua continúa con regularidad enloquecedora. Ella ve el cadáver de la anciana acostado en su cama y siente que se acerca hacia ella. La mujer, aterrada, pide perdón, pero se estrangula a sí misma imaginando que las manos de la espiritista le están apretando la garganta.

A la mañana siguiente, la conserje (Harriet White Medin) encuentra el cuerpo de la enfermera y llama a la policía. El inspector (Gustavo de Nardo) llega rápidamente a la conclusión de que se trata de un caso muy claro: la enfermera Chester «se ha muerto de miedo».

Llega el forense para examinar el cuerpo antes de que se lo lleven, y observa que el único signo de violencia es una pequeña contusión en un dedo izquierdo, que es fácil que se haya dado al quitarle alguien el anillo. Al hacer esta observación el médico, la portera se angustia: parece que ha sido ella quien le ha quitado el anillo al cuerpo de la enfermera. El médico, entonces, es distraído por el sonido del revoloteo de una mosca.

Diferencias entre la versión italiana y la versión estadounidense
La versión italiana original es considerablemente diferente de la versión estadounidense. Lanzada por American International Pictures, tiene una secuencia diferente de episodios, iniciando con «El teléfono», seguida de «Los wurdalak» y concluendo con «La gota de agua». Además, cuenta con una banda sonora diferente y tiene distintas escenas introductorias que involucran a Karloff como narrador, algunas de forma irónica.

Las historias en sí son también diferentes. La versión italiana de «Los wurdalak» es un poco más sangrienta, pero la mayor diferencia está en «El teléfono». En su versión original, este segmento contiene una sub-trama lésbica que fue eliminada en la versión en inglés al cortar un par de escenas, cambiar el diálogo e introducir un elemento adicional: una carta. Como resultado, la versión estadounidense de «El teléfono» es una historia de fantasmas, mientras que, en la versión italiana original, es una historia de venganza y asesinato.

En la cultura popular

En agosto de 1969, un grupo de heavy blues-rock, llamado entonces Earth, quiso cambiarse el nombre y vio que el título de esta película era acorde con su sonido. Este grupo, Black Sabbath, es uno de los pioneros del heavy metal.

Notas

Enlaces externos

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Películas con temática LGBT de Italia
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Películas de vampiros
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pelicula

Black Sabbath (película)


AccessiJeux est une association loi de 1901 créée en 2015 par Xavier Mérand.

Elle œuvre et sensibilise à l'accessibilité des jeux de société pour les personnes déficientes visuelles.

But
L'association AccessiJeux transforme et conçoit des jeux pour les rendre accessibles aux personnes souffrant de déficience visuelle, par exemple en ajoutant des repères tactiles en relief.

Elle cumule les activités de ludothèque, boutique ludique et éditeur de jeux de société avec au cœur du projet l'accessibilité du jeu pour les personnes en situation de handicap et plus particulièrement les malvoyants et non-voyants.

Elle mène également des actions de sensibilisation au handicap visuel à destination de tous types de public, notamment dans les festivals de jeux.

Historique
En 2019, AccessiJeux se lance dans l'édition de jeux de société sous le nom d'AccessiGames et édite Toutilix Access, un jeu de lettres complètement accessible aux déficients visuels.

En 2021, elle édite deux nouveaux jeux, Mow Access et Quarto Access, également accessibles aux déficients visuels.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Association ou organisme philanthropique en France
Association ou organisme caritatif
Association française fondée en 2015
Éditeur de jeux de société

Accessijeux


Das wiedergefundene Paradies (isländischer Originaltitel: Paradísarheimt) ist ein Roman von Halldór Laxness (1902–1998), der 1960 veröffentlicht wurde.

Form
Der Roman besteht aus 30 Kapiteln, die mit Überschriften versehen sind. Die Originalausgabe hat 301 Seiten.

Inhalt
Das Buch spielt ab 1874 bis etwa 1880. Der stolze, einfache Bauer Steinar lebt auf seinem Hof Leiten im Osten Islands mit seiner Frau und seinen zwei Kindern. Seit mehreren Generationen werden die Steinmauern um den Hof gepflegt, so dass sie in der Umgebung als Vorbild dienen. Steinar besitzt ein besonders schönes Pferd, das von dem reichen Geschäftsmann Björn auf Leirur begehrt wird, das er aber dem dänischen König Christian IX. anlässlich dessen Besuchs in Island schenkt. Bei diesem Besuch lernt er den Mormonenbischof Didrik kennen, der von den Isländern verfolgt wird und dem er hilft. Steinar wird an den Hof des dänischen Königs in Kopenhagen eingeladen und verlässt dafür seine Familie. In Kopenhagen trifft er Didrik wieder, der ihn überredet, in das "Gelobte Land" nach Utah in den USA zu ziehen, wo die Mormonen nach ihren Regeln leben. Steinar wird Mormone und verbringt dort unter dem Namen Stone P. Stanford mehrere Jahre. Währenddessen wird seine minderjährige Tochter von Björn auf Leirur geschwängert. Eine arrangierte Hochzeit mit einem jungen Mann lehnt die Tochter ab. Der Hof und die Steinmauern verfallen, die Familie muss den Hof verarmt verlassen. Nach mehreren Jahren sucht Didrik die Familie auf und nimmt sie nach Utah mit. Während der Atlantikquerung stirbt Steinars Frau; seine Kinder und sein Enkelkind erreichen Utah. Steinar bricht nach Island auf, um dort zu missionieren. Dabei kommt er auch an seine alte Hofstelle. Als er erkennt, dass die Mauern zerstört sind, beginnt er, sie wieder instand zu setzen.

Hintergrund
Der Besuch des Königs Christian IX. in Island fand 1874 statt. Damals erhielt Island, das zum Königreich Dänemark gehörte, eine Verfassung.

Isländische und deutsche Erstausgaben
 Paradísarheimt. Helgafell, Reykjavík 1960
 Das wiedergefundene Paradies. Übersetzt von Bruno Kress. Aufbau Verlag, Berlin und Weimar 1971 sowie Bucher, Luzern 1971.

Verfilmungen
1980 erschien nach der Romanvorlage der dreiteilige NDR-Fernsehfilm Das wiedergefundene Paradies. Regie führte Rolf Hädrich. Der Torfhof, der als Kulisse gebaut wurde, ist heute immer noch von der Ringstraße westlich von Eystrahorn vor einer imposanten Felswand zu sehen.

Einzelnachweise

Literarisches Werk
Roman, Epik
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Isländisch)
Halldór Laxness
Mormonentum in den Medien

Das wiedergefundene Paradies


Enzo Robutti (né à Bologne le   et mort à Viterbe le )  est un acteur, doubleur, comédien, dramaturge et écrivain italien.

Biographie
Né à Bologne en 1933, Enzo Robutti fréquente l'école d'art dramatique du Piccolo Teatro de Milan et fait ses débuts sur scène dans la compagnie théâtrale de Vittorio Gassman dans . Il obtient ses premiers succès en tant que comédien de stand-up et auteur de cabaret au Derby Club de Milan. Robutti est également  actif en tant qu' acteur de genre, souvent  dans des comédies dans des rôles de personnages hystériques et cholérique. Il a  travaillé entre- autres avec Pasquale Festa Campanile.

Enzo Robutti est décédé le  à l'âge de 88 ans dans une maison de retraite de Viterbe, où il vivait, mais la nouvelle de son décès n'a été annoncée par sa famille que le .
.

Filmographie partielle
1963 : Les Hors-la-loi du mariage (I fuorilegge del matrimonio) des Frères Taviani et Valentino Orsini
1968 : Le Prophète (Il profeta) de Dino Risi
1968 : Le Séquestré (Sequestro di persona) de Gianfranco Mingozzi
1971 : Ma femme est un violon (Il merlo maschio ) de  Pasquale Festa Campanile.
1972 : Sans famille, sans le sou, en quête d'affection (Senza famiglia, nullatenenti cercano affetto) de Vittorio Gassman
1972 : Beati i ricchi de Salvatore Samperi : le directeur de banque
1972 : Manœuvres criminelles d'un procureur de la République (Il vero e il falso) de Eriprando Visconti
1973 :  Rugantino de Pasquale Festa Campanile.
1974 : L'ultimo uomo di Sara de Maria Virginia Onorato
1974 : Amore mio non farmi male de Vittorio Sindoni
1976 : Le Bataillon en folie ( Sturmtruppen) de Salvatore Samperi
1976 : ...e tanta paura de Paolo Cavara
 1976 : Carioca tigre de Giuliano Carnimeo
1977 : La Maîtresse légitime (Mogliamante) de Marco Vicario
 1977 : Voyeur pervers (L'occhio dietro la parete) de Giuliano Petrelli
1980 : Le Manteau d'astrakan (Il cappotto di Astrakan) de Marco Vicario
1981 : Le Cancre du bahut ( Pierino contro tutti) de Marino Girolami
1981 : La Vamp du bahut (Mia moglie torna a scuola) de Giuliano Carnimeo
1982 : Marche au pas ! (Porca vacca) de Pasquale Festa Campanile
1982 : Bingo Bongo de Pasquale Festa Campanile.
1982 : Pierino la peste alla riscossa! d'Umberto Lenzi
1982 : Scusa se è poco de Marco Vicario
1987 : Une catin pour deux larrons (I picari) de Mario Monicelli
 1988 : L'Étranger de l'espace (Fratello dello spazio) de Mario Gariazzo
1990 : Le Parrain, 3e partie de Francis Ford Coppola
1998 : Cucciolo de Neri Parenti
2005 : E ridendo l'uccise'' de Florestano Vancini

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance à Bologne
Décès à Viterbe
Naissance en octobre 1933
Décès en février 2022
Acteur italien de cinéma
Décès à 88 ans

Enzo Robutti


Reon Kadena (japanisch  /  / , Kadena Reon; * 19. Februar 1986 in Sakai, Präfektur Osaka) ist ein japanisches Model und Schauspielerin. Nachdem sie als Gravure Idol Berühmtheit erlangte, wurde sie als Nebendarstellerin in zahlreichen Fernsehserien eingesetzt und spielte in mehreren Kinoproduktionen mit.

Karriere
Reon Kadena begann ihre Karriere im Alter von siebzehn unter den Künstlernamen Yukari und
Minamo Kusano ( / , Kusano Minamo) als Aktmodel und als Model für Badebekleidung und Unterwäsche, wobei sie von ihrer Agentur als Gravure Idol vermarktet wurde. In ihrem ersten Film, der Low-Budget-Produktion Tri Puru H von 2004, ist sie anzüglich posierend in wechselnder Bekleidung, insbesondere Badebekleidung, zu sehen. Nahezu zeitgleich wurde der erste Bildband HHH mit bis dahin entstandenen Fotos von Reon Kadena verlegt. Der Film wurde ein kommerzieller Erfolg, sodass im gleichen Jahr zwei weitere Filme nach dem gleichen Muster produziert wurden, welche vom Publikum ebenfalls gut aufgenommen wurden. Ebenfalls im gleichen Jahr erschien ein zweiter Bildband mit Aktfotos, die von Kishin Shinoyama aufgenommen wurden. Ihre Popularität zu diesem Zeitpunkt ist unter anderem daran zu ersehen, dass eine Abbildung von ihr im Computerspiel Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater in einer Szene zu sehen ist, in der das "who is who" japanischer Models mit im Spiel auftauchenden Plakaten gewürdigt wird.

Ihren endgültigen Durchbruch erlebte sie nach dem 2005 produzierten Film Virginity. Nachdem sie nach diesem Film von populären Herrenmagazinen wie Mecha ii, Urecco Gal oder Pent-Japan entdeckt worden war, wurde sie mehrfach als Gast in verschiedene Talk- und Spielshows eingeladen und erhielt kleinere Rollen in mehreren Fernsehserien. 2006 erhielt sie eine größere Rolle in Kami no Hidarite Akuma no Migite, einem von Shusuke Kaneko gedrehten Horrorfilm und Verfilmung des gleichnamigen Mangas, und damit erstmals in einem Film abseits des Erotikgenres. Obwohl sie danach noch verschiedene Nebenrollen in Film und Fernsehen verkörperte, blieb sie bis 2008 dem Erotikgenre treu und drehte unter anderem noch drei weitere Filme. Zuletzt war sie 2010 im Superhelden-Film (Tokusatsu) Kamen Rider × Kamen Rider OOO & W Featuring Skull: Movie War Core zu sehen.

Filmografie
 2004: Tri Puru H
 2004: Leon
 2004: Girl's Desire
 2005: Piikan Fūfu
 2005: Virginity
 2005: Style
 2006: The Making of Dark Fantasy
 2006: Make You Happy
 2006: My Reflection
 2006: Kami no Hidarite Akuma no Migite (Kinofilm)
 2006: Memories
 2007: Dream Planet
 2008: Himitsu Sennyū Sōsakan: Wildcats in Strip Royale
 2010: Kyōtarō Nishimura's Travel Mystery 54 (Fernsehfilm)
 2010: Kamen Rider × Kamen Rider OOO & W Featuring Skull: Movie War Core (Kinofilm)

Bildbände
 Seisaku Nakamura: HHH. Bauhaus, Tokyo 2004, ISBN 9784894619623
 Kishin Shinoyama: Hadaka no reon. Asahi Shuppansha, Tokyo 2004, ISBN 9784255002835
 Shin Wataru Nozawa: Noel. Bauhaus, Tokyo 2005, ISBN 9784778800215

Weblinks

 Profil bei ihrer Agentur (japanisch)
 Biografie bei AskMenUK

Anmerkungen

Model
Filmschauspieler
Japaner
Geboren 1986
Frau

Reon Kadena


Festival dalmatinskih klapa Omiš 1967. bila je glazbena manifestacija klapskog pjevanja u Omišu u Hrvatskoj. Festival se održao 15. srpnja - 6. kolovoza 1967. godine.

Natjecale su se sljedeće muške klape:
 Klapa Dalmacija (Dugi Rat), voditelj: Danijel Šeparović
 Klapa Dalmacija (Imotski)
 Klapa Dalmacijacement, Vranjic, voditelj: Ljubo Stipišić
 Klapa Dioklecijan, Split
 Klapa Gusari s Neretve, Opuzen
 Klapa Jadera, Zadar
 Klapa Jedinstvo, Split, voditelj: Ljubo Stipišić
 Klapa Kvintet Rafanelli, Kaštel Lukšić
 Klapa Marineta, Makarska, voditelj: Joško Buble
 Klapa Marjan, Split, voditelj: Ljubo Stipišić
 Klapa Mostar, voditelj: Ilija Vasilj
 Klapa Rebus, Osijek
 Klapa Srdela, Makarska, voditelj: Joško Buble
 Klapa Trogir, Trogir, voditelj: Josip Veršić

Nagrade
1. Nagrada stručnog žirija - zlatni štit s grbom Grada Omiša:
 Klapa Gusari s Neretve, Opuzen
 Klapa Marjan, Split

2. Nagrada stručnog žirija - srebrni štit s grbom Grada Omiša:
 Klapa Trogir, Trogir

3. Nagrada stručnog žirija - brončani štit s grbom Grada Omiša:
 Oktet Dalmacijacement, Vranjic
 Klapa Jedinstvo, Split

1. Nagrada publike - zlatni omiški leut
 Klapa Gusari s Neretve, Opuzen

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice

1967

Festival dalmatinskih klapa – Omiš 1967.


9097 Davidschlag este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
9097 Davidschlag este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Linz la Observatorul Meyer-Obermair. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,15 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 2,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 9001-10000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Familia Themis

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi

9097 Davidschlag


Grønningen på Fanø er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1951 instrueret af Erik R. Knudsen.

Handling
En filmisk beskrivelse af den gamle, nu næsten uddøde skik at lade køerne græsse på en fælleseng. Optagelserne har fundet sted på Fanø og viser, hvordan beboerne i Nordby om morgenen efter malkningen driver køerne sammen i en fold, hvor byhyrden modtager dyrene og driver dem ud til fællesengen "Grønningen".

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1951

Grønningen på Fanø


Bötel ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Bernhard Bötel (1883–1953), deutscher Opernsänger
 Heinrich Bötel (1854–1938), deutscher Opernsänger
 Niels Bötel (* 1987), deutscher Handballtrainer und Ingenieur

Bötel steht für
 Eisbein, alternative Bezeichnung

Bötel


Mitropolia Veche a Țării Românești este un ansamblu de monumente istorice aflat pe teritoriul municipiului Târgoviște, operă a arhitectului André Lecomte du Noüy.

Ansamblul este format din cinci monumente:
 Biserica "Înălțarea Domnului" ()
 Ruine paraclis ()
 Ruinele palatului mitropolitan ()
 Ruine chilii ()
 Ruinele turnului de poartă ()

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Dâmbovița

Mitropolia Veche a Țării Românești


An Carex hachijoensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Shigeo Akiyama. An Carex hachijoensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex hachijoensis


Namacalathus es un género extinto de metazoos de filiación problemática que aparecen a finales del Período Ediacárico. La única especie conocida, N. hermanastes fue descrita por primera vez en el año 2000 de fósiles hallados en el Grupo Nama en el centro y el sur de Namibia. El animal es más probable que sea un cnidariano de un bilateriano esponja o primitiva.
AU-Pb en circones de las rocas fosilíferas en Namibia y Omán proporciona una edad para la zona Namacalathus en el rango de 549 a 542 Ma, que corresponde a la de Ediacara Tardío. Estos organismos y Cloudina son la evidencia más antigua conocida en el registro fósil de la aparición de la formación de calcificación del esqueleto en los metazoos, una característica importante en los animales que aparecen más adelante en el Cámbrico. Solo hay cuatro casos de Namacalathus (Namibia, Canadá, Omán, Siberia) conocidos hasta la fecha, todos los cuales se encuentran en asociación con fósiles de Cloudina.

Entre el conjunto fósil a finales del Precámbrico en el grupo de Nama, Namibia, Namacalathus superan en número a Cloudina y otros taxones mal conservados e icnofósiles se encuentran en la formación. Los fósiles del Grupo Nama ocurrir dentro de facies trombolítico del inmenso arrecifes estromatolíticos proterozicos. Namacalathus vivido una existencia bentónica con su tallo unido al fondo del mar o, posiblemente, a las esteras de algas que crecen en la superficie del arrecife.

Referencias

Ediacárico

Namacalathus


Don (dum) Niko Gjivanović (Dubrovnik, 21. studenoga 1876.), hrvatski zavičajni povjesničar i novinar, gradski župnik, počasni kanonik dubrovačkog Stolnog kaptola i zaljubljenik u dubrovačku povijest i kulturolog. Pisao za dubrovačku Hrvatsku, Narodnu svijest, Pravu Crvenu Hrvatsku, reviju Dubrovnik.

Bavio se pjesnikom Gjivom Fr. Gundulićem, poviješću dubrovačke biskupije i dr., a pisao je i neformalne priloge poput "nekrologa" jednog dubrovačkoj kavani. Rad o moćniku stolne crkve nalazi se u zborniku Stari i novi Dubrovnik iz 1928.

Otkrio je kad je uvedeno štovanje Presvetoga Srca Isusova u Dubrovnik i podatke o tome objavio je početkom 20. stoljeća.
Zabilježio je među mnogim vrijednim činjenicama iz dubrovačke crkvene povijesti i da su pokraj crkve Od Sigurate od davnina bile i o njoj vodile brigu dumne zvane trećoretkinje sv. Franje.

Dubrovački biskup Josip Marija Carević želio je trajno obilježiti 1900. jubilej Kristove smrti i njegove muke za spas čovječanstva, pa je 1933. pokrenuo akciju postavljanja spomen-križa na Srđu u spomen na tu obljetnicu. Kanonik don NIko Gjivanović bio je ispred Popovskog zbora, koji je zajedno s građevinskim tehničarom Ugom Vernazzom i uredom građevinskog inženjera Silvija Sponze (teh. direktorom hvarskog kamenoloma IMARa) izradili su oblikovno rješenje za taj kameni spomen-križ. U pothvat se uključio konzervator Kosta Strajnić koji je tražio mišljenje uglednog slovenskog arhitekta Josipa Plečnika, a nacrte je napravio po njegovom naputku arhitekt Vinko Glanz iz Kotora. Popovski zbor je prihvatio, što se vidi po Gjivanovićevom potpisu.

Objavio više od 200 članaka. Osim dubrovačke povijesti, pisao o tiskarstvu, književnosti i glazbi. Uređivao List Dubrovačke biskupije. Član više društava. Sudionik otkapanja crkve sv. Stjepana i lociranja Gundulićeva groba u crkvi Male braće u Dubrovniku.

S bratom Antunom Gjivanovićem (zborovođom) i skladateljem Franom Ledererom osnovao je 1926. Crkveni pjevački zbor pri Stolnoj crkvi u Dubrovniku. Zbor se proslavio 1930-ih kad su o njemu izvješćivala cecilijanska glasila diljem Europe. Zboru su jugokomunističke vlasti zabranile javni rad 17. veljače 1947. godine.

Izvori

Životopisi, Dubrovnik
Hrvatski katolički svećenici
Hrvatski povjesničari
Crkvena glazba u Hrvatskoj
Kulturologija

Niko Gjivanović


Nevado (Mucuchíes, 1813 - Campo de Carabobo, 1821) fue un perro de raza mucuchíes, también conocido como "Simoncito".

Vida
Regalado a Simón Bolívar por un campesino del pueblo de Mucuchíes, Mérida, ubicado en los Andes venezolanos. El perro se le entregó después de la Batalla de Niquitao, durante su triunfal Campaña Admirable desde Nueva Granada (hoy Colombia) hasta Caracas en 1813. "Simoncito" murió en la Batalla de Carabobo el 24 de junio de 1821. El indio llamado "Tinjacá", al que los demás oficiales de Bolívar apodaban "El edecán del perro", cuidaba al perro. Tinjacá también murió en la Batalla de Carabobo mientras intentaba rescatar al perro.

El pueblo de Mucuchíes erigió un monumento a este indio y a "Simoncito" en su plaza Bolívar.

Véase también
 Mucuchíes (raza de perro)

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
 Monumento al Perro Nevado
 Mucuchíes

Perros famosos
Monumentos dedicados a perros
Mamíferos de Venezuela
Simón Bolívar

Nevado (perro)


The BMW Z8 is a roadster produced by German automotive manufacturer BMW from 1998 to 2003. The Z8 was developed under the codename "E52" between 1993 and 1999, through the efforts of a design team led by Chris Bangle from 1993 to 1995. The exterior was designed by Henrik Fisker and the interior by Scott Lempert.

The Z8 originally was designed as a styling exercise intended to evoke and celebrate the 1956–1959 BMW 507. Prototypes were spotted testing between 1996 and 1999. A concept was later developed to preview the Z8, called the Z07 and was showcased in October 1997 at the Tokyo Motor Show.

Z07 Concept
The Z07 Concept had been based on the concurrently running E52 development programme. As a result, practical and regulatory considerations necessitated very few changes for the production model. Comparatively, the windshield of the series production Z8 was more upward, and the car had a larger front airdam. The Z8 hardtop differed from the Z07 in being a double-bubble form with a tapering fairing versus a single dome with a truncated convex rear. The Z07's exotic driver's side helmet fairing was never intended for production, in order to allow easy operation of the power soft top.

The side turn signal repeaters were integrated into the side vents in a fashion that rendered them invisible until activated. The vintage simplicity of the interior was preserved by hiding the modern equipment under retracting panels. Complex compound curves were made through the use of an expensive MIG-welded aluminium space frame.

Specifications and features

The Z8 cost US$128,000, had an all-aluminium chassis and body, and used a  V8 engine which has a power output of  at 6,600 rpm and  of torque at 3,800 rpm. This engine, known internally as the S62, was built by BMW Motorsport and was shared with the E39 M5 sports saloon. The engine is located behind the front axle in order to provide the car with a 50/50 weight distribution. The factory claimed a  acceleration time of 4.7 seconds; Motor Trend magazine achieved  in 4.2 seconds. Road & Track measured the car's lateral grip at 0.92. Car and Driver magazine also tested the car and found that it outperformed the contemporary benchmark Ferrari 360 Modena in three important performance categories: acceleration, handling, and braking. As with most BMW automobiles the top speed of the Z8 was electronically limited to  with the delimited top speed amounting to an estimated .

The Z8 used neon exterior lighting, the tail lights and turn indicators are powered by neon tubes that offer quicker activation than standard lightbulbs and are expected to last for the life of the vehicle. Due to the quirk in the US FMVSS regulations, the turn signal indicators in the tail lights are entirely in red colour.

Every car was shipped with a colour-matching metal hardtop with a rear defroster. Unlike many contemporary hardtops, which are provided for practical rather than stylistic considerations, the hardtop of the Z8 was designed from the outset to complement the lines of the car's styling.

In order to keep the interior uncluttered, a number of functions were integrated into multifunction controls. For example, the power windows and mirrors were controlled by a single instrument. Also, the centre-mounted instrument cluster was canted slightly toward the driver. The displacement of gauges to the middle of the dashboard was intended to offer an unimpeded view of the hood and the road ahead.

In order to promote the Z8 to collectors and reinforce media speculation about the car's "instant classic" potential, BMW promised that a 50-year stockpile of spare parts would be maintained in order to support the Z8 fleet. Due to the limited volume of production, all elements of the car were constructed or finished by hand, thereby compounding the importance of ongoing manufacturer support for the type. The price and production process allowed BMW to offer customised options to interested buyers. A significant number of cars with bespoke paint and interior treatments were produced over the course of the four-year production run by BMW Individual, a division of BMW AG.

Z8 Safety Car
A safety car variant of the Z8 was produced for use in the 2001 season of MotoGP.

Alpina Roadster V8

With production of the Z8 completed by November 2002, the Z8 was replaced by the Alpina Roadster V8 in 2003. The Alpina was a departure from the hard-edged sporting focus of the original car, and elements of grand touring intent were evident throughout this final iteration. Instead of the original 6-speed manual and 4.9 L (S62) engine featured in original Z8, the Alpina came only with an automatic transmission, utilising a 5-speed BMW Steptronic transmission mated to a 4.8 L Alpina-tuned BMW M62 V8 engine from the Alpina E39 B10 V8 S. In order to complete the car's transition from a sports car to a refined grand tourer, a softer suspension setting was used. The standard Z8's run-flat tyres on  wheels were discarded in favor of conventional tyres with softer sidewalls mounted on  Alpina wheels. A new softer grade of Nappa leather replaced the Z8's less supple specification, and special Alpina gauges were fitted on the dash board cluster. An Alpina steering wheel with three solid spokes replaced the original, which could not be retrofitted with shift paddles for the automatic transmission. Gear selection was displayed in an Alpina-specific display mounted in front of the steering wheel.

Performance and power output of the Alpina roadster V8 differed from that of the standard car in that the peak power was reduced to , while peak torque was raised to ; this torque was available at significantly lower rpm than the original in order to enable more relaxed cruising. Curiously, the electronically limited top speed was officially raised to .

Production of the Roadster V8 amounted to 555 units, 450 of which were exported to the U.S. market and only eight to the UK. In the United States, this special edition of the Z8 was sold directly through BMW dealerships, marking a first for Alpina, whose cars had never been sold through retail channels in the U.S.

Bertone Birusa

Unveiled at the 2003 Geneva Motor Show, the Birusa is a futuristically styled concept car conceived and developed by Bertone. Based on the Z8, it shares the 4.9 L V8 engine from the donor car generating  mated to a 6-speed manual transmission and has carbon fibre gull-wing doors. It also has a variety of innovative technological features including a sunroof that filters UV light, multilingual voice control and a night vision system.

Production
The Z8's spaceframe was produced in the Dingolfing Plant and the car was hand-finished in Munich. A total of 5,703 Z8s were built: 3,160 for the world market and 2,543 for the North American market.

In popular culture

The Z8 was showcased as James Bond's car in the film The World Is Not Enough released in November 1999, from scenes shot in early April 1999. In the film, it is driven by Bond for his mission in Azerbaijan until it is sliced in half by a helicopter equipped with cutting saws. The vehicle is equipped with surface to air missiles that is mostly activated through the car's steering wheel used as a targeting display, and can also be remote controlled through the use of the vehicle's keychain. This was the final BMW car to appear in the James Bond franchise as its 3-year film deal with BMW expired. It later reappeared in the James Bond video games 007 Racing and Agent Under Fire, the latter of which featured the car on the cover. The Z8 can also be driven in the video game Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit 2. Additionally, the car is driven by Jackie Chan's and Jennifer Love Hewitt's characters in The Tuxedo released in September 2002.

U.S. sales

References

External links

Z8
Cars introduced in 2000
Cars discontinued in 2006
Roadsters
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Retro-style automobiles

BMW Z8


Marisa Pavan (født Marisa Pierangeli; 19. juni 1932) er en italiensk filmskuespiller; tvillingesøster til Pier Angeli.

Hun havde nogle roller i Hollywood-film i 1950'erne og blev i 1955 nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige birolle som Anna Magnanis teenagedatter i Den tatoverede rose. Blandt hendes andre filmtitler kan nævnes Manden i gråt (1956) og Kaptajn Jones' eventyr (1959).

Privatliv
Gift i 1956 med den franske skuespiller Jean-Pierre Aumont indtil hans død i 2001. Sammen fik de to børn.

Eksterne henvsininger

Skuespillere fra Italien
Personer fra Cagliari
Italienere i 1900-tallet
Italienere i 2000-tallet
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Marisa Pavan


"Dreptatea reginei" este al treilea episod al celui de-al șaptelea sezon din serialul HBO intitulat Urzeala tronurilor. Acesta a fost scris de David Benioff, D.B. Weiss și regizat de Mark Mylod. În România, episodul a fost difuzat pe 31 iulie 2017.

Acțiune
Daenerys Targaryen își strânge oamenii. Cersei returnează un dar. Jaime învață din greșelile lui.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Dreptatea reginei la Urzeala tronurilor Wiki

Vezi și
Urzeala tronurilor (sezonul 7)

Episoade din Urzeala tronurilor

Dreptatea reginei


La saison 1952-1953 de Serie B, organisée par la Lega Calcio pour la septième fois, est la  du championnat de deuxième division en Italie. Le championnat est réduit à 18 équipes à partir de cette saison, les deux premiers sont promus en Serie A, les deux derniers sont relégués en Serie C.

À l'issue de la saison, le Genoa CFC termine à la première place et monte en Serie A 1953-1954 (1 division). Le vice-champion, Legnano l'accompagne en première division.

Compétition
La victoire est à deux points, un match nul à 1 point.

Classement

|valign=top align=left width=50%|

|}
 Legnano et Calcio Catane étant à égalité de points, un match d'appui est nécessaire pour déterminer le club qui sera promu. Legnano remporte le match 4 à 1.
 Lucchese a une pénalité de 18 points pour tentatives de corruption sur deux matchs.

Notes et références
 saison 52-53 sur calcio-seriea.net

1952-1953
Championnat Italie Football 1952-1953 Serie B
Championnat Italie Football 1952-1953 Serie B
Italie
Italie

Championnat d'Italie de football de deuxième division 1952-1953


كوكبة الحَوَّاء ؛ وتدعى باللاتينية: Ophiuchus. كوكبة تمر فیها دائرة البروج أو مسار الشمس.

يظهر في سماء النصف الشمالي للكرة الأرضية خلال فصل الصيف، ووفي سماء النصف الجنوبي من  خلال فصل الشتاء.

أيضا من السدم التي يمكن مشاهدتها في كوكبة الحواء: NGC 6369, NGC 6572.

وأما التجمعات النجمية، فيوجد منها: M 10, M 107, M 12, M 14, M 19, M 62, M 9, NGC 6401.

وأما نجوم كوكبة الحواء: ألفا الحواء (نجم راس الحواء)، وبيتا الحواء (نجم كلب الراعي)، ودلتا الحواء (النجم مقدم يد الحواء )، وإبسلون الحواء (نجم مؤخر يد الحواء )، وإيتا الحواء (النجم السابق)، ولامبدا الحواء (النجم مرفق الحواء).

انظر أيضاً
 إن جي سي 6240

المصادر الخارجية
 موقع الكون

مراجع

أسكليبيوس في الأساطير
الكوكبات المدرجة من قبل بطليموس
كوكبات
كوكبة الحواء

الحواء (كوكبة)


HMS Royal Oak was one of five s built for the Royal Navy during the First World War. Completed in 1916, the ship first saw combat at the Battle of Jutland as part of the Grand Fleet. In peacetime, she served in the Atlantic, Home and Mediterranean fleets, more than once coming under accidental attack. Royal Oak drew worldwide attention in 1928 when her senior officers were controversially court-martialled, an event that brought considerable embarrassment to what was then the world's largest navy. Attempts to modernise Royal Oak throughout her 25-year career could not fix her fundamental lack of speed and, by the start of the Second World War, she was no longer suitable for front-line duty.

On 14 October 1939, Royal Oak was anchored at Scapa Flow in Orkney, Scotland, when she was torpedoed by the German submarine . Of Royal Oaks complement of 1,234 men and boys, 835 were killed that night or died later of their wounds. The loss of the outdated ship—the first of five Royal Navy battleships and battlecruisers sunk in the Second World War—did little to affect the numerical superiority enjoyed by the British navy and its Allies, but it had a considerable effect on wartime morale. The raid made an immediate celebrity and war hero of the U-boat commander, Günther Prien, who became the first German submarine officer to be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Before the sinking of Royal Oak, the Royal Navy had considered the naval base at Scapa Flow impregnable to submarine attack, but U-47s raid demonstrated that the German navy was capable of bringing the war to British home waters. The shock resulted in rapid changes to dockland security and the construction of the Churchill Barriers around Scapa Flow, with the added advantage of being topped by roads running between the islands.

The wreck of Royal Oak, a designated war grave, lies almost upside down in  of water with her hull  beneath the surface. In an annual ceremony marking the loss of the ship, Royal Navy divers place a White Ensign underwater at her stern. Unauthorised divers are prohibited from approaching the wreck under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986.

Design and description

The Revenge-class ships were designed as slightly smaller, slower, and more heavily protected versions of the preceding s. As an economy measure they were intended to revert to the previous practice of using both fuel oil and coal, but First Sea Lord Jackie Fisher rescinded the decision for coal in October 1914. While under construction the ships were redesigned to employ oil-fired boilers that increased the power of the engines by  over the original specification.

Royal Oak had a length overall of , a beam of  and a deep draught of . She had a designed displacement of  and displaced  at deep load. She was powered by two sets of Parsons steam turbines, each driving two shafts, using steam from 18 Yarrow boilers. The turbines were rated at 40,000 shaft horsepower (30,000 kW) and intended to reach a maximum speed of . During her sea trials on 22 May 1916, the ship reached a top speed of only  from . She had a range of  at a cruising speed of . Her crew numbered 909 officers and ratings in 1916.

The Revenge class was equipped with eight breech-loading (BL)  Mk I guns in four twin gun turrets, in two superfiring pairs fore and aft of the superstructure, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. Twelve of the fourteen BL  Mk XII guns were mounted in casemates along the broadside of the vessel amidships; the remaining pair were mounted on the shelter deck and were protected by gun shields. Their anti-aircraft (AA) armament consisted of two quick-firing (QF)  20 cwt Mk I guns. The ships were fitted with four submerged 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes, two on each broadside.

Royal Oak was completed with two fire-control directors fitted with  rangefinders. One was mounted above the conning tower, protected by an armoured hood, and the other was in the spotting top above the tripod foremast. Each turret was also fitted with a 15-foot rangefinder. The main armament could also be controlled by 'X' turret. The secondary armament was primarily controlled by directors mounted on each side of the compass platform on the foremast once they were fitted in March 1917. A torpedo-control director with a 15-foot rangefinder was mounted at the aft end of the superstructure.

The ship's waterline belt consisted of Krupp cemented armour (KC) that was  thick between 'A' and 'Y' barbettes and thinned to  towards the ship's ends, but did not reach either the bow or the stern. Above this was a strake of armour 6 inches thick that extended between 'A' and 'X' barbettes. Transverse bulkheads 4 to 6 inches thick ran at an angle from the ends of the thickest part of the waterline belt to 'A' and 'Y' barbettes. The gun turrets were protected by  of KC armour, except for the turret roofs which were  thick. The barbettes ranged in thickness from  above the upper deck, but were only 4 to 6 inches thick below it. The Revenge-class ships had multiple armoured decks that ranged from  in thickness. The main conning tower had 13 inches of armour on the sides with a 3-inch roof. The torpedo director in the rear superstructure had 6 inches of armour protecting it. After the Battle of Jutland, 1 inch of high-tensile steel was added to the main deck over the magazines and additional anti-flash equipment was installed in the magazines.

The ship was fitted with flying-off platforms, mounted on the roofs of 'B' and 'X' turrets, in 1918; from which fighters and reconnaissance aircraft could launch. In 1934 the platforms were removed from the turrets and a catapult was installed on the roof of 'X' turret, along with a crane to recover a seaplane.

Major alterations

Royal Oak was extensively refitted between 1922 and 1924, when her anti-aircraft defences were upgraded by replacing the original three-inch AA guns with a pair of QF  Mk V AA guns. A  rangefinder was fitted in 'B' turret and a simple high-angle rangefinder was added above the bridge. Underwater protection improved by the addition of anti-torpedo bulges. They were designed to reduce the effect of torpedo detonations and improve stability at the cost of widening the ship's beam by over . They increased her beam to , reduced her draught to , increased her metacentric height to  at deep load, and all the changes to her equipment increased her crew to a total of 1,188. Despite the bulges she was able to reach a speed of . A brief refit in early 1927 saw the addition of two more four-inch AA guns and the removal of the six-inch guns from the shelter deck. About 1931, a High-Angle Control System (HACS) Mk I director replaced the high-angle rangefinder on the spotting top. Two years later, the aft pair of torpedo tubes were removed.

The ship received a final refit between 1934 and 1936, when her deck armour was increased to  over the magazines and to  over the engine rooms. In addition to a general modernisation of the ship's systems, her anti-aircraft defences were strengthened by replacing the single mounts of the AA guns with twin mounts for the QF 4-inch Mark XVI gun and adding a pair of octuple mounts for two-pounder Mk VIII "pom-pom" guns to sponsons abreast the funnel. Two positions for "pom-pom" anti-aircraft directors were added on new platforms abreast and below the fire-control director in the spotting top. A HACS Mk III director replaced the Mk I in the spotting top and another replaced the torpedo director aft. A pair of quadruple mounts for Vickers .50 machine guns were added abreast the conning tower. The mainmast was reconstructed as a tripod to support the weight of a radio-direction finding office and a second High-Angle Control Station. The forward pair of submerged torpedo tubes were removed and four experimental 21-inch torpedo tubes were added above water forward of 'A' turret.

Construction and service
Royal Oak was laid down at Devonport Royal Dockyard on 15 January 1914. She was launched on 17 November, and after fitting-out was commissioned on 1 May 1916 at a final cost of £2,468,269. Named after the Royal Oak in which Charles II hid following his defeat at the 1651 Battle of Worcester, she was the eighth vessel to bear the name Royal Oak, replacing a pre-dreadnought scrapped in 1914. Upon completion Royal Oak was assigned to the Third Division of the Fourth Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet, under the command of Captain Crawford Maclachlan.

First World War

Battle of Jutland

In an attempt to lure out and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet, the German High Seas Fleet, composed of 16 dreadnoughts, 6 pre-dreadnoughts, 6 light cruisers, and 31 torpedo boats, departed the Jade early on the morning of 31 May. The fleet sailed in concert with Rear-Admiral Franz von Hipper's five battlecruisers and supporting cruisers and torpedo boats. The Royal Navy's Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation. The Admiralty ordered Admiral John Jellicoe, commander of the Grand Fleettotalling 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisersto sortie the night before to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet. The initial action was fought primarily by the British and German battlecruiser formations in the afternoon, but by 18:00 the Grand Fleet approached the scene. Fifteen minutes later, Jellicoe gave the order to turn and deploy the fleet for action.

The German cruiser  had become disabled by British shellfire, and both sides concentrated in the area, the Germans trying to protect their cruiser and the British attempting to sink her. At 18:29, Royal Oak opened fire on the German cruiser, firing four salvoes from her main guns in quick succession, along with her secondary battery. She scored a hit on Wiesbaden aft with her third salvo. In return, Royal Oak was straddled by a German salvo at 18:33 but was undamaged. German torpedo boats attempted to reach Wiesbaden shortly after 19:00, and at 19:07, Royal Oaks secondary guns opened fire on them, believing they were instead trying to launch a torpedo attack. By 19:15, Royal Oaks gunners had observed the German battlecruiser squadron and opened fire at the leading vessel, . The gunners overestimated the range initially, but by 19:20 had found the correct distance and scored a pair of hits aft, which did not inflict serious damage. Derfflinger then disappeared in the haze, so Royal Oak shifted fire to the next battlecruiser, . She scored a hit at 19:27 before Seydlitz too was lost in the mist.

While Royal Oak was attacking the battlecruisers, a German torpedo boat flotilla launched an attack on the British battleline. Royal Oaks secondary guns were the first to open fire, at 19:16, followed quickly by the rest of the British ships. Following the German destroyer attack, the High Seas Fleet disengaged, and Royal Oak and the rest of the Grand Fleet saw no further action in the battle. This was, in part, due to confusion aboard the fleet flagship over the exact location and course of the German fleet; without this information, Jellicoe could not bring his fleet to action. At 21:30, the Grand Fleet began to reorganise into its night-time cruising formation. Early on the morning of 1 June, the Grand Fleet combed the area, looking for damaged German ships, but after spending several hours searching, they found none. In the course of the battle, Royal Oak had fired 38 rounds from her main battery and 84 rounds from her secondary guns.

Later actions

Following the battle, Royal Oak was reassigned to the First Battle Squadron. On 18 August, the Germans again sortied, this time to bombard Sunderland; Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer, the German fleet commander, hoped to draw out the British battlecruisers and destroy them. British signals intelligence decrypted German wireless transmissions, allowing Jellicoe enough time to deploy the Grand Fleet in an attempt to engage in a decisive battle. Both sides withdrew after their opponents' submarines inflicted losses in the action of 19 August 1916: the British cruisers  and  were both torpedoed and sunk by German U-boats, and the German battleship  was damaged by the British submarine . After returning to port, Jellicoe issued an order that prohibited risking the fleet in the southern half of the North Sea due to the overwhelming risk from mines and U-boats. In late 1917, the Germans began using destroyers and light cruisers to raid the British convoys to Norway; this forced the British to deploy capital ships to protect the convoys. In April 1918, the German fleet sortied in an attempt to catch one of the isolated British squadrons, though the convoy had already passed safely. The Grand Fleet sortied too late to catch the retreating Germans, although the battlecruiser  was torpedoed and badly damaged by the submarine .

On 5 November 1918, in the final week of the First World War, Royal Oak was anchored off Burntisland in the Firth of Forth accompanied by the seaplane tender  and the light battlecruiser . A sudden Force 10 squall caused Campania to drag her anchor, collide with Royal Oak and then with Glorious. Both capital ships suffered only minor damage, but Campania was holed by her initial collision with Royal Oak. The ship's engine rooms flooded, and she settled by the stern and sank five hours later, without loss of life.

Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918, the Allies interned most of the High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow. The fleet rendezvoused with the British light cruiser , which led the ships to the Allied fleet that was to escort the Germans to Scapa Flow. The fleet consisted of 370 British, American, and French warships. The High Seas Fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Treaty of Versailles. Konteradmiral Ludwig von Reuter believed the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919, which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty. That morning, the Grand Fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training manoeuvres, and while they were away von Reuter issued the order to scuttle the High Seas Fleet.

1920s

The peacetime reorganisation of the Royal Navy assigned Royal Oak to the Second Battle Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet. Modernised by a 1922–24 refit, she was transferred in 1926 to the Mediterranean Fleet, based in Grand Harbour, Malta. In early 1928, this duty saw a notorious incident which the contemporary press dubbed the "Royal Oak Mutiny". What began as a simple dispute between Rear-Admiral Bernard Collard and Royal Oak's two senior officers, Captain Kenneth Dewar and Commander Henry Daniel, over the band at the ship's wardroom dance, descended into a bitter personal feud that spanned several months. Dewar and Daniel accused Collard of "vindictive fault-finding" and openly humiliating and insulting them before their crew; in return, Collard countercharged the two with failing to follow orders and treating him "worse than a midshipman".

When Dewar and Daniel wrote letters of complaint to Collard's superior, Vice-Admiral John Kelly, he immediately passed them on to the Commander-in-Chief Admiral Sir Roger Keyes. On realising that the relationship between the two and their flag admiral had irretrievably broken down, Keyes hurriedly convened a Board of Enquiry, the outcome of which was to remove all three men from their posts and send them back to England. The Board sat on the eve of a major naval exercise, which Keyes was obliged to postpone, causing rumours to fly around the fleet that the Royal Oak had experienced a mutiny. The story was picked up by the press worldwide, which described the affair with some hyperbole. Public attention reached such proportions as to raise the concerns of the King, who summoned First Lord of the Admiralty William Bridgeman for an explanation.

For their letters of complaint, Dewar and Daniel were controversially charged with writing "subversive documents". In a pair of highly publicised courts-martial held in Gibraltar, both were found guilty and severely reprimanded, leading Daniel to resign from the Navy. Collard himself was criticised for the excesses of his conduct by the press and in Parliament, and on being denounced by Bridgeman as "unfitted to hold further high command", was forcibly retired from service. Of the three, only Dewar escaped with his career, albeit a damaged one: he remained in the Royal Navy, but in a series of more minor commands. His promotion to rear-admiral, which would normally have been a formality, was delayed until the following year, just one day before his retirement. Daniel attempted a career in journalism, but when this and other ventures were unsuccessful, he disappeared into obscurity amid poor health in South Africa. Collard retreated to private life and never spoke publicly of the incident again. On the retired list, he was promoted from Rear- to Vice-Admiral on 1 April 1931.

The scandal proved an embarrassment to the reputation of the Royal Navy, then the world's largest, and it was satirised at home and abroad through editorials, cartoons, and even a comic jazz oratorio composed by Erwin Schulhoff. One consequence of the damaging affair was an undertaking from the Admiralty to review the means by which naval officers might bring complaints against the conduct of their superiors.

1930s

During the Spanish Civil War, Royal Oak was tasked with conducting non-intervention patrols around the Iberian Peninsula. On such a patrol and steaming  east of Gibraltar on 2 February 1937, she came under aerial attack by three aircraft of the Republican forces. They dropped three bombs (two of which exploded) within 3 cables (550 m) of the starboard bow, causing no damage. The British chargé d'affaires protested about the incident to the Republican Government, which admitted its error and apologised for the attack. Later that same month, while stationed off Valencia on 23 February 1937 during an aerial bombardment by the Nationalists, she was accidentally struck by an anti-aircraft shell fired from a Republican position. Five men were injured, including Royal Oaks captain, T. B. Drew. On this occasion the British did not protest to the Republicans, deeming the incident "an act of God".

In May 1937, she and  escorted SS Habana, an ocean liner carrying thousands of Basque child refugees, to the Southampton Docks. In July, as the war in northern Spain flared up, Royal Oak, along with her sister  rescued the steamer Gordonia when Spanish Nationalist warships attempted to capture her off Santander. She was unable on 14 July to prevent the seizure of the British freighter Molton by the Nationalist cruiser  while trying to enter Santander. The merchantmen had been engaged in the evacuation of refugees.

This same period saw Royal Oak star alongside fourteen other Royal Navy vessels in the 1937 British film melodrama Our Fighting Navy, the plot of which centres around a coup in the fictional South American republic of Bianco. The Royal Navy saw the film as a recruitment opportunity and provided warships and extras. Royal Oak portrays a rebel battleship El Mirante, whose commander forces a British captain (played by Robert Douglas) into choosing between his lover and his duty. The film was poorly received by critics, but gained some redemption through its dramatic scenes of naval action.

In 1938, Royal Oak returned to the Home Fleet and was made flagship of the Second Battle Squadron based in Portsmouth. On 24 November 1938, she returned the body of the British-born Queen Maud of Norway, who had died in London, to Oslo for a state funeral, accompanied by her husband King Haakon VII. Paying off in December 1938, Royal Oak was recommissioned the following June, and in 1939 embarked on a short training cruise in the English Channel in preparation for another 30-month tour of the Mediterranean, for which her crew were issued tropical uniforms. As hostilities loomed, the battleship was instead dispatched north to Scapa Flow, and was at anchor there when war was declared on 3 September.

Second World War
The next few weeks of the Phoney War proved uneventful, but in October 1939 Royal Oak joined the search for the , which had been ordered into the North Sea as a diversion for the commerce-raiding heavy cruisers  and . The search was ultimately fruitless, particularly for Royal Oak, whose top speed, by then less than , was inadequate to keep up with the rest of the fleet. On 12 October, Royal Oak returned to the defences of Scapa Flow in poor shape, battered by North Atlantic storms. Many of her Carley Floats had been smashed and several of the smaller-calibre guns rendered inoperable through flooding. The mission had underlined the obsolescence of the 25-year-old warship. Concerned that a recent overflight by German reconnaissance aircraft heralded an imminent air attack upon Scapa Flow, Admiral of the Home Fleet Charles Forbes ordered most of the fleet to disperse to safer ports. Royal Oak remained behind, her anti-aircraft guns still deemed a useful addition to Scapa's otherwise scanty air defences.

Sinking

Scapa Flow

 Scapa Flow made a near-ideal anchorage. Situated at the centre of the Orkney Islands off the north coast of Scotland, the natural harbour, large enough to contain the entire Grand Fleet, was surrounded by a ring of islands separated by shallow channels subject to fast-racing tides. That U-boats still posed a threat had long been realised, and a series of countermeasures were installed during the early years of the First World War. Blockships were sunk at critical points; and floating booms deployed to block the three widest channels, operated by tugboats to allow the passage of friendly shipping. It was considered possible, but highly unlikely, that a U-boat commander might attempt to race through undetected before the boom was closed. Two submarines unsuccessfully attempted infiltration during the First World War: on 23 November 1914  was rammed twice before running aground with the capture of her crew, and  was detected by hydrophone and destroyed with the loss of all hands on 28 October 1918.

Scapa Flow provided the main anchorage for the British Grand Fleet throughout most of the First World War, but in the interwar period this passed to Rosyth, further south in the Firth of Forth. Scapa Flow was reactivated with the advent of the Second World War, becoming a base for the British Home Fleet. Its natural and artificial defences, while still strong, were recognised as in need of improvement, and in the early weeks of the war were in the process of being strengthened by the provision of additional blockships.

Special Operation P: the raid by U-47

Kriegsmarine Commander of Submarines () Karl Dönitz devised a plan to attack Scapa Flow by submarine within days of the outbreak of war. Its goal would be twofold: first, displacing the Home Fleet from Scapa Flow would slacken the British North Sea blockade and grant Germany greater freedom to attack the Atlantic convoys; second, the blow would be a symbolic act of vengeance, striking at the same location where the German High Seas Fleet had scuttled itself following Germany's defeat in the First World War. Dönitz hand-picked Kapitänleutnant Günther Prien for the task, scheduling the raid for the night of 13/14 October 1939, when the tides would be high and the night moonless.

Dönitz was aided by high-quality photographs from a reconnaissance overflight by Siegfried Knemeyer (who received his first Iron Cross for the mission), which revealed the weaknesses of the defences and an abundance of targets. He directed Prien to enter Scapa Flow from the east via Kirk Sound, passing to the north of Lamb Holm, a small, low-lying island between Burray and Mainland. Prien initially mistook the more southerly Skerry Sound for the chosen route, and his sudden realisation that U-47 was heading for the shallow blocked passage forced him to order a rapid turn to the northeast. On the surface, and illuminated by a bright display of the aurora borealis, the submarine threaded between the sunken blockships Seriano and Numidian, grounding itself temporarily on a cable strung from Seriano. It was briefly caught in the headlights of a taxi onshore, but the driver raised no alarm. On entering the harbour proper at 00:27 on 14 October, Prien entered a triumphant  in the log and set a south-westerly course for several kilometres before reversing direction. To his surprise, the anchorage appeared to be almost empty; unknown to him, Forbes's order to disperse the fleet had removed some of the biggest targets. U-47 had been heading directly towards four warships, including the newly commissioned light cruiser , anchored off Flotta and Hoy  distant, but Prien gave no indication he had seen them.

On the reverse course, a lookout on the bridge spotted Royal Oak lying approximately  to the north, correctly identifying her as a battleship of the . Mostly hidden behind her was a second ship, only the bow of which was visible to U-47. Prien mistook her to be a battlecruiser of the , German intelligence later labelling her . She was in fact the World War I seaplane tender Pegasus.

At 00:58 U-47 fired a salvo of three torpedoes from its bow tubes, a fourth lodging in its tube. Two failed to find a target, but a single torpedo struck the bow of Royal Oak at 01:04, shaking the ship and waking the crew. There was little visible damage, but the starboard anchor chain had been severed, clattering noisily down through its slips. Initially, it was suspected that there had been an explosion in the ship's forward inflammable store, used to store materials such as kerosene. Mindful of the unexplained explosion that had destroyed  at Scapa Flow in 1917, an announcement was made over Royal Oaks tannoy system to check the magazine temperatures, but many sailors returned to their hammocks, unaware the ship was under attack.

Prien turned his submarine and attempted another shot via his stern tube, but this too missed. Reloading his bow tubes, he doubled back and fired a salvo of three torpedoes, all at Royal Oak. This time he was successful. At 01:16, all three struck the battleship in quick succession amidships and detonated. The explosions blew a hole in the armoured deck, destroying the Stokers', Boys' and Marines' messes and causing a loss of electrical power. Cordite from a magazine ignited and the ensuing fireball passed rapidly through the ship's internal spaces. Royal Oak quickly listed to 15°, sufficient to push the open starboard-side portholes below the waterline. She soon rolled further onto her side to 45°, hanging there for several minutes before disappearing beneath the surface at 01:29, 13 minutes after Prien's second strike. 835 men died with the ship or died later of their wounds. The dead included Rear-Admiral Henry Blagrove, commander of the Second Battle Squadron. 134 of the dead were boy seamen, not yet 18 years old, the largest ever such loss in a single Royal Navy action.

Rescue efforts
The tender Daisy 2, skippered by John Gatt, had been tied up for the night to Royal Oaks port side. As the sinking battleship began to list to starboard, Gatt ordered Daisy 2 to be cut loose, his vessel becoming briefly caught on Royal Oaks rising anti-torpedo bulge and lifted from the sea before freeing herself.

Many of Royal Oaks crew who had managed to jump from the sinking ship were dressed in little more than their nightclothes and were unprepared for the chilling water. A thick layer of fuel oil coated the surface, filling men's lungs and stomachs and hampering their efforts to swim. Of those who attempted the half-mile (800 m) swim to the nearest shore, only a handful survived.

Royal Oaks port side pinnace was manoeuvred away from the sinking ship and paddled away using wooden boards as there had been insufficient time to raise steam. The boat became overladen and capsized 300 metres from Royal Oak, throwing those on deck into the water and trapping those below.

Gatt switched the lights of Daisy 2 on and he and his crew managed to pull 386 men from the water, including Royal Oaks commander, Captain William Benn. The rescue efforts continued for another two and a half hours until nearly 4:00 am, when Gatt abandoned the search for more survivors and took those he had to Pegasus. Aided by boats from Pegasus and the harbour, he was responsible for rescuing almost all the survivors, an act for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the only military award made by the British in connection with the disaster. Pegasus had sent a message by signal lamp to the port signal station about five minutes after the sinking, saying "General. Send all boats", and half an hour later "Royal Oak is sinking after several internal explosions". The total number of survivors was 424.

Aftermath

The British were initially confused as to the cause of the sinking, suspecting either an on-board explosion or aerial attack. Once it was realised that a submarine attack was the most likely explanation, steps were rapidly made to seal the anchorage, but U-47 had already escaped and was on its way back to Germany. The BBC released news of the sinking by late morning on 14 October, and its broadcasts were received by the German listening services and by U-47 itself. Divers sent down on the morning after the explosion discovered remnants of a German torpedo, confirming the means of attack. On 17 October, First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill officially announced the loss of Royal Oak to the House of Commons, first conceding that the raid had been "a remarkable exploit of professional skill and daring", but then declaring that the loss would not materially affect the naval balance of power. An Admiralty board of inquiry convened between 18 and 24 October to establish the circumstances under which the anchorage had been penetrated. In the meantime, the Home Fleet was ordered to remain at safer ports until security issues at Scapa could be addressed. Churchill was obliged to respond to questions in the House as to why Royal Oak had had aboard so many boys, most of whom died. He defended the Royal Navy tradition of sending boys aged 15 to 17 to sea, but the practice was generally discontinued shortly after the disaster, and under 18-year-olds served on active warships in only the most exceptional circumstances.

The Nazi Propaganda Ministry was quick to capitalise on the successful raid, and radio broadcasts by the popular journalist Hans Fritzsche displayed the triumph felt throughout Germany. Prien and his crew reached Wilhelmshaven at 11:44 on 17 October and were immediately greeted as heroes, learning that Prien had been awarded the Iron Cross First Class, and each man of the crew the Iron Cross Second Class. Hitler sent his personal plane to bring the crew to Berlin, where he further invested Prien with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. This decoration, made for the first time to a German submarine officer, later became the customary decoration for successful U-boat commanders. Dönitz was rewarded by promotion from Commodore to Rear-Admiral and was made Flag Officer of U-boats.

Prien was nicknamed "The Bull of Scapa Flow" and his crew decorated U-47s conning tower with a snorting bull mascot, later adopted as the emblem of the 7th U-boat Flotilla. He found himself in demand for radio and newspaper interviews, and his 'autobiography' was published the following year, titled . Ghost-written for him by a journalist, Paul Weymar, following some brief interviews with Prien in March and April 1940, the manuscript was edited by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (the German high command) and the Reich Ministry of Propaganda. It was intended as an adventure story for boys. When Prien received a copy of the book, he angrily made numerous corrections to the text, and when an English translation of the book was published in 1955, Weymar wrote a letter of protest to the British publisher saying that the "demonstrably false" account should not have been published out of context and he donated his royalties to charity.

The Admiralty Board of Inquiry's president was Admiral Reginald Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-Drax, assisted by Admiral Robert Raikes and Captain Gerard Muirhead-Gould. Their official report into the disaster condemned the defences at Scapa Flow, and censured Sir Wilfred French, Admiral Commanding, Orkneys and Shetlands, for their unprepared state. French was placed on the retired list, despite having warned the previous year of Scapa Flow's deficient anti-submarine defences, and volunteering to bring a small ship or submarine himself past the blockships to prove his point. On Churchill's orders, the eastern approaches to Scapa Flow were sealed with concrete causeways linking Lamb Holm, Glimps Holm, Burray and South Ronaldsay to Mainland. Constructed largely by Italian prisoners of war, the Churchill Barriers, as they became known, were essentially complete by September 1944, and were opened officially just after VE Day in May 1945.

In a second report, the Board of Inquiry considered the actual sinking of Royal Oak and the resulting loss of life, which having been in port and in calm water was thought to be "very heavy". The report concluded that the main cause was due to an unusually high number of men having been below the main armoured deck because they had been sent to air defence stations. Their escape was slowed because of the number of watertight doors which were closed. The question of "deadlights" was also considered; these were ventilated metal plates that replaced the glass panes in the scuttles or portholes when ships were in port, allowing the wartime blackout to be observed. It was thought that water flooding through these had hastened the initial heeling over, but having the ventilators closed would not have saved the ship.

In the years that followed, a rumour circulated that Prien had been guided into Scapa by Alfred Wehring, a German agent living in Orkney in the guise of a Swiss watchmaker named Albert Oertel; following the attack, 'Oertel' supposedly escaped in the submarine B-06 to Germany. This account of events originated as an article by the journalist Curt Riess in the 16 May 1942 issue of the American magazine Saturday Evening Post and was later embellished by other authors. Post-war searches through German and Orcadian archives have failed to find any evidence for the existence of Oertel, Wehring or a submarine named B-06, and the story is now held to be wholly fictitious. In 1959, the Orkneys' preeminent watchmaker, Mr E. W. Hourton, informed "with the utmost assurance" the editor of The Orkney Herald that in his lifetime there had never been a watchmaker named Oertel in Kirkwall nor anyone resembling such a person. Orkney's chief librarian, in a 1983 letter to the historian Nigel West, suggested that the name Albert Oertel was likely a pun on the well-known Albert Hotel in Kirkwall.

Survivors

In the immediate aftermath of the sinking, Royal Oaks survivors were billeted in the towns and villages of Orkney. A funeral parade for the dead took place at Lyness on Hoy on 16 October; many of the surviving crew, having lost all their own clothing on the ship, attended in borrowed boiler suits and gym shoes. They were generally granted a few days survivors' leave by the navy, and then assigned to ships and roles elsewhere.

Prien did not survive the war: he and U-47 were lost on 7 March 1941, possibly as a result of an attack by the British destroyer . News of the loss was kept secret by the Nazi government for ten weeks. Several U-47 crew from the Royal Oak mission did survive, having been transferred to other vessels. Some of them subsequently met with their former enemies from Royal Oak and forged friendships with them.

The HMS Royal Oak Association holds an Act of Remembrance annually at Portsmouth, the Royal Oak's home port, on the Saturday nearest to 13 October; originally at the Naval Memorial at Southsea, but in later years at St Ann's Church, Portsmouth Naval Base. At the service on 9 October 2019, eighty years after the sinking, a memorial stone was unveiled in the church by Anne, Princess Royal, the Commodore-in-Chief of HMNB Portsmouth. Some one hundred and fifty relatives and descendants of the crew were in attendance.

Kenneth Toop, who survived the sinking while serving as a boy, first class, on Royal Oak, served as the Association's honorary secretary for fifteen years. The last remaining survivor of Royal Oak, Arthur Smith, died on 11 December 2016. Serving as a 17-year-old boy, first class, he had been on watch on the bridge when the ship was struck and jumped from the sinking vessel, swimming in the wrong direction until he was picked up by a boat and transferred to the Daisy 2.

Wreck

Status as war grave
Despite the relatively shallow water in which she sank, the majority of bodies could not be recovered from Royal Oak. Marked by a buoy at , the wreck has been designated a war grave and all diving or other unauthorised forms of exploration are prohibited under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986. In clear water conditions, the upturned hull can be seen reaching to within 5 m of the surface. The brass letters that formed Royal Oaks name were removed as a keepsake by a recreational diver in the 1970s. They were returned almost twenty years later, and are now displayed in the Scapa Flow visitor centre in Lyness. Royal Oaks loss is commemorated in an annual ceremony in which Royal Navy divers place the White Ensign underwater at her stern.

A memorial at St Magnus Cathedral in nearby Kirkwall displays a plaque dedicated to those who died, beneath which a book of remembrance lists their names. This list of names was not released by the Government until 40 years after the sinking. Each week a page of the book is turned. The ship's bell was recovered in the 1970s and, after being restored, was added to the memorial in St Magnus. Twenty-six bodies, eight of which could not be identified, were interred at the naval cemetery in nearby Lyness.

Environmental concerns

Royal Oak sank fully fuelled with approximately 3,000 tons of furnace fuel oil aboard. The oil leaked from the corroding hull at an increased rate during the 1990s and concerns about the environmental impact led the Ministry of Defence to consider plans for extracting it. Royal Oaks status as a war grave required that surveys and any proposed techniques for removing the oil be handled sensitively: plans in the 1950s to raise and salvage the wreck had been dropped in response to public opposition. In addition to the ethical concerns, poorly managed efforts could destabilise the wreck, resulting in a mass release of the remaining oil; the ship's magazines also containing many tons of unexploded ordnance.

The MOD commissioned a series of multi-beam sonar surveys to image the wreck and appraise its condition. The high-resolution sonograms showed Royal Oak to be lying almost upside down with her top works forced into the seabed. The tip of the bow had been blown off by U-47s first torpedo and a gaping hole on the starboard flank was the result of the triple strike from her second successful salvo. Following several years of delays, Briggs Marine was contracted by the MoD to conduct the task of pumping off the remaining oil. Royal Oak's mid-construction conversion to fuel oil had placed her fuel tanks in unconventional positions, complicating operations. By 2006, all double bottom tanks had been cleared and the task of removing oil from the inner wing tanks with cold cutting equipment began the next year. By 2010, 1,600 tons of fuel oil had been removed, and the wreck was declared to be no longer actively releasing oil into Scapa Flow. Up to 783 m3 of oil is thought to remain within the ship; plans exist to resume pumping in mid-2021.

2019 survey

Rebreather diver Emily Turton announced at the EUROTEK advanced diving conference in December 2018 that an international team of experts were surveying the wreck of Royal Oak to create a three-dimensional image of the war grave. This process takes thousands of man-hour dives over several months. The team used an extensive range of technology including videography, underwater photography and 3D photogrammetry to record the wreck. The survey had the full backing of the Royal Navy and the Royal Oak Association.

See also

 List by death toll of ships sunk by submarines
  – another battleship sunk in harbour by a surprise attack and now a war grave
 Drake's Drum— mysterious victory drumming that erupted aboard Royal Oak when the German Imperial Navy surrendered at Scapa Flow in 1918 was attributed to the ghost of Sir Francis Drake

Notes

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

 hmsroyaloak.co.uk Website dedicated to the ship and its crew
 Royal Oak details and hydrographic report (in French, German and Dutch)
 Maritimequest photo gallery
 HMS Royal Oak at naval-history.net

 Animation of wreck
 Part transcript of ADM 199/158 Board of Enquiry in National Archives
 IWM interview with survivor Howard Instance
 IWM interview with survivor John Hall
 IWM interview with survivor Herbert Pocock
 Battle of Jutland Crew Lists Project: HMS Royal Oak crew list

Revenge-class battleships
Ships built in Plymouth, Devon
1914 ships
World War I battleships of the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in 1918
World War II battleships of the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in October 1939
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
World War II shipwrecks in Scapa Flow
Protected Wrecks of Scotland
1939 disasters in the United Kingdom
1914 in England
1939 in Scotland
Spanish Civil War ships

HMS Royal Oak (08)


Claude Casimir Gillet (n. 19 mai 1806, Dormans - d. 1 septembrie 1896, Alençon) a fost un medic și medic veterinar, botanist și entomolog francez, specialist în micologie. Abrevierea numelui său în cărți științifice este Gillet.

Biografie

În anul 1823, după absolvirea liceului, tânărul Gillet s-a înrolat drept cadet la Școala Națională de Medicină Veterinară din Alfort. Acolo s-a făcut remarcat ca naturalist înflăcărat și desenator foarte priceput. În anul 1830 a luat parte ca medic veterinar în armata franceză la cucerirea orașului Alger, rămânând apoi până în 1834 în Africa Nordică. În acest timp a petrecut o mare parte din timpul său liber explorând flora și fauna acestei regiuni mediterane.

Reîntors în Franța, fiind staționat la Lyon, a studiat entomologie împreună cu Étienne Mulsant, apoi a lucrat, pentru a-și asigura traiul de viață, ca medic veterinar și serviciul l-a dus în multe orașe ale Franței. Mai întâi, cum deja scris, a lucrat la Lyon, după acea  în Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Verdun, Sedan, Valenciennes, Thionville și în cele din urmă, din 1847, la Alençon. Acolo a început să dezvolte un interes deosebit în micologie.
Omul de știință a știut întotdeauna să coordineze timpul folosit pentru lucrările lui științifice și exercitarea profesiei sale, după cum reiese din patru rapoarte lungi pe teme de medicină veterinară, dintre care trei i-au adus medalia de aur. În anul 1853 a fost numit ca recompensă pentru serviciile prestate Veterinair Principale, un titlu care a fost acordat foarte rar în Franța acestei epoci (îl purtau numai cinci persoane). După ce s-a retras în același an din funcție, el s-a dedicat singur studiul ciupercilor, scriind lucrări atât științifice cât și populare, fiind și membru corespondent al Société linnéenne de Normandie. Gillet s-a interesat în acest context cu interes deosebit pentru ciuperci cu lamele, interesându-se în special pentru diviziunea Discomycetes (astăzi subdiviziune a diviziunii Ascomycota) și familia Clavariaceae. În anul 1876 savantul a promovat Tubaria, inițial catalogat de către micologul britanic Worthington George Smith (1835-1917) subgen al genului Agaricus, la statutul de gen independent, mai departe și genul Microglossum (1879).

Gillet a continuat să scrie cu mare succes opere micologice științifice și populare până la vârsta de optzeci de ani. Deși el însuși a fost un desenator, ilustrator și copist excepțional, și soția lui a fost implicată în publicații, pictând ilustrații pentru cărți, sprijinită de fiica lor Clemence. Micologul a fost decorat cu Ordinul de Cavaler al Legiunii de Onoare. Strada Claude Casimir Gillet din Alençon amintește de cunoscutul savant.

Genuri și specii denumite de Gillet (selecție)

Gillet a denumit mai multe genuri și specii de bureți, ca de exemplu:

Genuri
 Microglossum Gillet
 Psalliota (L.) Gillet
 Locellina Gillet (1876)
 Tubaria (W.G.Smith) Gillet

Specii

Lucrări (selecție)
 Nouvelle flore française: Descriptions succinctes et rangées par tableaux dichotomiques des plantes qui croissent spontanément en France et de celles qu'on y cultive en grand, Editura Garnier Frères, Paris 1863
 Nouvelle Flore Française, împreună cu Jean-Henri Magne, Editura Garnier Frères, Paris (1863)
 Les Hyménomycètes: Ou, Description de tous les champignons (Fungi) qui croissent en France, 3 volume, Editura Ch. Thomas – Imprimeur de la Préfecture, Alençon (1873-1876)
 Les champignons qui croissent en France - Description et iconographie", Editura J. P. Baillière et fils, Paris (1878)
 Champignons de France - Les Hyménomycètes, Planches supplementaires, Editura E. de Broise, Alençon 1878
 Champignons de France - Les Discomycètes, 9 volume, Editura E. de Broise, Alençon (1879-1887)
 Nouvelle flore française - Descriptions succinctes et rangées par tableaux dichotomiques des plantes qui croissent spontanément en France (1883)
 Tableaux analytiques des Hyménomycètes, Editura C.-C. Gillet Reliure (1884)
 Champignons de France: Les gastéromycètes, Editura A. Herpin, Alençon (1891)
 Champignons de France - Les Hyménomycètes, Editura A. Herpin, Alençon (1897), post mortem

Note

Bibliografie
 A.-L. Letacq: "La Revue Normande", vol. 5-6, Editura A. Herpin, Alençon 1896, p. 65-67

Legături externe

 Microglossum, imagini

Nașteri în 1806
Nașteri pe 19 mai
Decese în 1896
Decese pe 1 septembrie
Biologi din secolul al XIX-lea
Medici francezi
Botaniști francezi
Entomologi francezi
Micologi francezi
Ilustratori francezi
Botaniști cu abreviere de autor
Decorați cu Legiunea de Onoare

Claude Casimir Gillet


Seier Capital er et dansk holdingselskab, grundlagt i 2004 af eneejer Lars Seier Christensen. Selskabet ejer blandt andet godt 25 % af aktierne i Saxo Bank, er hovedaktionær i Restaurant Geranium, ligesom det ejer halvdelen af et maltesisk selskab med navnet "d'Angleterre II".

Historie
I januar 2016 blev Seier Capital navnesponsor for Rungsted Ishockey, ligesom selskabet havde købt 43,63 % af aktierne i selskabet bag klubbens hold i Superisligaen.

Seier Capital stiftede i foråret 2016 et datterselskab med navnet "Seier Capital Denmark", som skulle investerer i unge entreprenører og iværksættere, hvor Seier Capital ville bruge mellem 500.000 kr. og syv millioner kroner på hvert projekt.

Ejerandele
Ved udgangen af 2015 havde Seier Capital følgende ejerandele i andre selskaber:

  LSC Fine Wine Invest (100 %)
  LSC Fine Arts (100 %)
  Restaurant Geranium (80 %)
  Saxo Bank (25,7 %)
  180Grader (40 %)
  JuicyB (42 %)
  Newsio News (20 %)
  Rungsted Ishockey (43,63 %)
  Endless Jewelry (23,23 %)
  d'Angleterre II (50 %)
  SpeakerBee

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Seier Capitals officielle websted

Holdingselskaber i Danmark
Etableret i 2004

Seier Capital


زولوتاريوفكا  هي مدينة في مقاطعة بانزا أوبلاست في روسيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2736 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة بينزا

زولوتاريوفكا (بانزا)


خشب ليفي متوسطة الكثافة أو الخشب المضغوط MDF هي ألواح صديقة للبيئة من الخشب المعاد تصنيعه من بقايا الأخشاب الطبيعية أو الكرتون المضغوط، ويتم تشكيل ألواحه عن طريق تعريضه لدرجة حرارة وضغط عاليين.

بدأ إنتاجه على نطاق واسع في ثمانينيات القرن العشرين، في كل من أمريكا الشمالية وأوروبا.

وتعمل منه الفواصل داخل الخزانات ويصنع منه الأبواب وضلف دواليب المطابخ والمكتبات ويتميز بخفة الوزن ومن عيوبه عدم إمكانية إصلاحه.

مراجع

خشب صناعي
مواد مؤلفة

خشب ليفي متوسط الكثافة


Monique Gagnon-Tremblay (born May 26, 1940 in Plessisville, Quebec) is a politician in Quebec, Canada. She was the MNA for the riding of Saint-François in the Estrie region from 1985 to 2012. She served as Liberal leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly of Quebec from May 1998 to December 1998 and Deputy Premier in 1994 and from 2003 to 2005.

Education and early career
Gagnon-Tremblay attended the Quirion Business School where she obtained a degree and added a bachelor's degree in arts at the Université Laval and a degree in law and notarial law at the Université de Sherbrooke. She became a notary in Ascot Corner and a lecturer at the Université de Sherbrooke in law. She was also a municipal councilor in Ascot Corner.

Political career

Bourassa government
She was a Liberal candidate in Saint-François in 1981 but lost. She ran again in 1985 and won. She was named the Delegate Minister for the Status of Women and later the Minister of Cultural Communities and Immigration. After being re-elected in 1989, she was renamed the Minister of Cultural Communities. At the end of the mandate, when Daniel Johnson, Jr. replaced Robert Bourassa as Quebec Premier in 1993, she was named the Minister of Finances, the Deputy Premier and the President of the Treasury Board until the Liberals lost to the Parti Québécois in the 1994 elections. She was then the Caucus chair for the PLQ from 1994 to 1996

Interim leader and opposition party
When former Liberal Premier and then leader of the Opposition Daniel Johnson, Jr. decided to quit politics in March 1998, Jean Charest resigned as leader of the federal Progressive Conservative Party to replace Johnson as leader of the Quebec Liberal Party. (The Quebec Liberal Party is not affiliated with the federal Liberal Party of Canada). Gagnon-Tremblay became leader of the Opposition, since Charest did not yet have a seat in the National Assembly.

In the 1998 election, Charest won a seat and replaced Gagnon-Tremblay as leader of the Opposition. She was re-elected for fourth term and named the assistant to Charest.

Charest government
After the Liberals won the 2003 election, Gagnon-Tremblay became deputy premier from May 2003 to February 2005 in the Charest government, and has held various cabinet posts including minister of international relations as well as minister responsible for la francophonie. Re-elected in the 2007 election, she was renamed the Minister of International Relations, La Francophonie and for the Estrie Region as well as the Vice-Chair of the Treasury Board.

Following her 2008 re-election, Gagnon-Tremblay gave up for portfolio of International Relations to Pierre Arcand but was given the position of President of the Treasury Board previously occupied by Monique Jerome-Forget who was also responsible for the portfolio of finances. She was given Jerome-Forget's government administration portfolio duties until 2010. Following Jerome-Forget's retirement, Gagnon-Tremblay was given the portfolio of Infrastructures.  After a 2010 Cabinet shuffle, she returned as Minister of International Relations giving the Treasury Board position to former education Minister Michelle Courchesne.

Electoral District

|-

|Liberal
|Monique Gagnon-Tremblay
|align="right"|13,327
|align="right"|46.96
|align="right"|+9.10

|Independent
|François Mailly
|align="right"|210
|align="right"|0.74
|align="right"|
|}

|-

|Liberal
|Monique Gagnon-Tremblay
|align="right"|12,528
|align="right"|37.86
|align="right"|

|}

See also
List of Quebec leaders of the Opposition
Politics of Quebec
Quebec general elections
Timeline of Quebec history

External links

1940 births
Living people
Women government ministers of Canada
Deputy premiers of Quebec
Finance ministers of Quebec
French Quebecers
Members of the Executive Council of Quebec
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
Quebec notaries
Université de Sherbrooke alumni
Université Laval alumni
Female finance ministers
Women MNAs in Quebec
21st-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian women politicians

Monique Gagnon-Tremblay


Ermengol IV. (katalonski: Ermengol IV d'Urgell; španjolski: Ermengol IV de Urgel; također Armengol ili Hermenegildo; o. 1050. – Gerb, 15. ili 28. travnja 1092.) bio je španjolski plemić te grof Urgella u srednjem vijeku.

Biografija
Bio je sin grofa Ermengola III. kojeg je naslijedio 1065. godine. Majka mu je bila grofica Adelajda od Besalúa, koja je vrlo vjerojatno bila prva supruga grofa Ermengola III., a sestra (ili polusestra) kraljica Izabela od Aragonije.

Ermengol je naslijedio oca dok je bio tek dijete te je regentica Urgella najvjerojatnije bila infanta Sanča Aragonska, koja je bila treća supruga njegova oca. Tijekom regentstva Sanče neki su plemići opljačkali grofoviju te je tek 1075. Ermengol doista zavladao njome. Godine 1076. Ermengol je počeo sudjelovati u rekonkvisti. Dao je sagraditi dvorac u Gerbu te je bio poklonik gregorijanske reforme.

Ermengolova je prva supruga bila Lucija (? – prije 1079.), koju je oženio prije 19. lipnja 1063. godine. Oko 1079. godine oženio se gospom Adelajdom Provansalskom, groficom Forcalquiera (? – 1129.). Sin Ermengola IV. je bio grof Ermengol V. od Urgella. Ermengol i Adelajda također su bili roditelji Adelajde i Vilima III. od Forcalquiera.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Ermengol i njegova obitelj

Grofovi Urgella

Ermengol IV.


El perico de frente rosada (Pyrrhura roseifrons) también conocido como el perico de corona roja (dando una fácil confusión con el Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae), o en la avicultura, el conure frente rosa, es una especie de loro de la familia Psittacidae. Se encuentra en la cuenca occidental del Amazonas en el oriente de Perú, hasta el sureste de Ecuador, noreste de Bolivia y el extremo oeste de Brasil. Incluye al perico de pecho ondulado (P. roseifrons peruviana), también conocido como el conure de pecho ondulado, que a veces es considerado una especie aparte.

Descripción

Su longitud total es ca 22 cm (8½ pulgadas). Como otros miembros del complejo Pyrrhura picta, es un perico de cola larga, principalmente verde con un vientre rojo oscuro, rabadilla y cola de punta (toda la cola de color rojo oscuro por abajo), el pecho en escala de grises, una mancha de color amarillo pálido o blanquecino en los auriculares y rémiges azules. La frente, la región ocular y el borde del carpo son de color rojo en la nombrada raza P. r. roseifrons. Su anillo ocular descubierto es generalmente gris oscuro (no es visible en ocasiones) rodeado por un blanco amarillento. Las subespecies restantes, P. r. peruviana y P. r. dilutissima, carecen de color rojo brillante en su plumaje, pero la mayor parte de la región de la corona y los oculares son muy marrón pardusco oscuro (a menudo son negruzcos), mientras que la corona es azul. Su anillo del ojo es de color gris. Todas las razas tienen las patas grises oscuras.

Hábitat y comportamiento

Se encuentra en los bosques tropicales húmedos de tierras bajas y hábitats adyacentes. Es social y por lo general se ve en parejas o en grupos. Se alimenta de frutos, semillas y flores. Construye el nido en una cavidad de un árbol. Es bastante común en la mayoría de su distribución y se produce en varias áreas protegidas, como el parque nacional del Manú.

Taxonomía

Ha sido tradicionalmente considerada una subespecie del perico pintado. Al revisar este grupo, Joseph (2002) descubrió que existía una población que no ha sido descrita en el norte de Perú (también se la encontró más tarde en el extremo sureste de Ecuador). Fue descrito como Pyrrhura peruviana (Hocking, Blake y Joseph, 2002). Se recomendó además que el P. roseifrons debe considerarse como una especie monotípica en lugar de una subespecie de P. picta. Ribas et al. (2006), confirmada por el ADNmt que el P. roseifrons debe considerarse como una especie separada del P. picta (de lo contrario P. picta sería parafilético), pero también mostró que peruviana estaba muy cerca, y por lo tanto, podría decirse que mejor se considere una subespecie de P . roseifrons. En consecuencia, SACC votó a favor de reconocer a P. roseifrons como una especie con peruviana como una subespecie. Arndt (2008) describió recientemente otro taxón de este complejo, dilutissima, como una subespecie del P. peruviana, pero bajo la taxonomía utilizada aquí, se convierte en una subespecie de P. roseifrons.

La situación taxonómica de las relaciones del perico de Bonaparte y el llamado "grupo de 6" (por Joseph, 2002) sigue siendo poco clara. Arndt (2008) describió recientemente a este último como una especie distinta, P. parvifrons, pero esto aún no ha recibido un amplio reconocimiento (por la SACC).

Referencias
 Arndt, T. (2008). Anmerkungen zu einigen Pyrrhura-Formen mit der Beschreibung einer neuen Art und zweier neuer Unterarten. Papageien 8/2008.
 Joseph, L. (2002). Geographic variation, taxonomy and distribution of some Amazonian Pyrrhura parakeets. Ornitología Neotropical 13(4): 337-363.
 Juniper, T., and M. Parr (1998). A Guide to the Parrots of the World. Pica Press, East Sussex. ISBN 1-873403-40-2
 Remsen, J. V., Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 6 Sep. 2007. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithologists' Union.
 Ribas, C. C., L. Joseph, C. Y. Miyaki (2006). Molecular systematics and patterns of diversification in Pyrrhura (Psittacidae), with special reference to the picta-leucotis complex. Auk 123(3): 660-680.

roseifrons
Aves de América del Sur
Aves de Perú
Aves de Ecuador
Aves de Brasil
Aves de Bolivia

Pyrrhura roseifrons


Borgarey () es una pequeña isla de Islandia. Constituye la más pequeña y profunda del Ísafjarðardjúp. Menor en comparación con Æðey y Vigur. Situada en la costa de Nanteyri. El acceso limitado al agua potable la mantiene totalmente deshabitada.

Etimología
La desinencia -ey significa isla pequeña, mientras que -Borgar es el genitivo singular de Borg (cognado de Burg etc.) que originalmente significaba colina (los fuertes medievales tendían a construirse sobre ellas).

Véase también
 Islas de Islandia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Dyraverðir í Djúpinu Borgarey.

Archipiélagos e islas de Islandia

Borgarey