was the world's first commissioned ship that was built as an aircraft carrier, and the first aircraft carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN). Commissioned in 1922, the ship was used for testing carrier aircraft operations equipment, techniques, such as take-offs and landings, and carrier aircraft operational methods and tactics. The ship provided valuable lessons and experience for the IJN in early carrier air operations. Hōshō superstructure and other obstructions to the flight deck were removed in 1924 on the advice of experienced aircrews.

Hōshō and her aircraft group participated in the Shanghai Incident in 1932 and in the opening stages of the Sino-Japanese War in late 1937. During those two conflicts, the carrier's aircraft supported Imperial Japanese Army ground operations and engaged in aerial combat with aircraft of the Nationalist Chinese Air Force. The small size of the ship and her assigned airgroups (usually around 15 aircraft) limited the effectiveness of her contributions to combat operations. As a result, the carrier was placed in reserve after her return to Japan from China and she became a training ship in 1939.

During World War II, Hōshō participated in the Battle of Midway in June 1942 in a secondary role. After the battle, the carrier resumed her training role in Japanese home waters for the duration of the conflict and survived the war with only minor damage from air attacks.  She was surrendered to the Allies at the end of the war and used to repatriate Japanese troops until she was scrapped in 1946.

Design and description
Construction of a seaplane carrier was authorized by the Japanese government in its "eight-six" fleet program of 1918. A planned sister ship, named Shokaku, was cancelled in 1922 before any construction started. Hōshō was the second warship, after the British , to be built from the keel up as an aircraft carrier, but was launched and completed earlier than Hermes.

Hōshō was initially designed as a seaplane carrier like  with a forward flying-off deck, 32 aircraft, four low-angle  guns, and four anti-aircraft (AA) guns. The plan was revised after reports were received from Japanese observers with the Royal Navy in Europe about the desirability to be able to land aircraft on the ship. The new requirements were modeled on  after she received her rear flight deck in 1918. The ship was to be capable of  and fitted with a forward flight deck, island and funnels amidships, and a large hangar aft. Shortly thereafter based on observations of landing trials on Furious and , the world's first flush-decked aircraft carrier, Hōshōs flight deck design was revised in April 1919. The island was removed and the funnels were moved to one side to create an unobstructed, full-length flight deck, and the ship was reclassified as an aircraft carrier. The ship's hull was based on that of a large cruiser and she was given a small island. Her three funnels were mounted on the starboard side and swiveled to lie horizontal during flight operations. Hōshōs designed speed was reduced to , based on British experiences during World War I.

General characteristics

Hōshō was completed with an overall length of . She had a beam of  and a mean draft of . The ship displaced  at standard load, and  at normal load. Her crew totaled 512 officers and men. The ship was almost completely unarmored.

Propulsion
Hōshō had two Parsons geared turbine sets with a total of  driving two propeller shafts. Eight Kampon Type B water-tube boilers with a working pressure of  and a temperature of  provided steam to the turbines, although only four were oil-fired. The other four used a mix of oil and coal. The ship's designed speed was 25 knots, but she made  from  on her sea trials on 30 November 1922. She carried  of fuel oil and  of coal, an extraordinary total for such a small ship, to give her a range of  at .

To reduce rolling and increase stability for aircraft operations, a gyrostabilizer produced by the American Sperry Gyroscope Company was installed. The installation initially proved unreliable as the Japanese technicians were badly trained by Sperry, but eventually the system proved its worth as the technicians gained experience.

Flight deck arrangements

Hōshōs flight deck was  long and  wide. The forward end sloped down at an angle of −5° to help aircraft accelerate during takeoff. A small island was mounted well forward on the starboard side and contained the ship's bridge and air-operations control center. The island was fitted with a small tripod mast intended to carry the ship's fire-control system. Fifteen different types of arresting gear were evaluated before the British longitudinal wire system was adopted. Low landing speeds of the time meant that aircraft had little difficulty in stopping, but their light weight made them vulnerable to wind gusts that could blow them over the side of the carrier, and the longitudinal wires helped to prevent that. Forward of the island was a collapsible crane for loading aircraft into the forward hangar.

The flight deck, unlike those on Royal Navy carriers, was superimposed on the ship's hull rather than constructed as a strength deck supporting the carrier's hull structure. A system of lights and mirrors along the flight deck assisted pilots in landing on the carrier.

Hōshō was the only Japanese aircraft carrier with two hangars. The forward hangar was  and only one deck in height as it was intended to house nine small aircraft, such as fighters. The two-story rear hangar measured  at the forward end and  at the rear end. It was designed to house six large aircraft, such as torpedo bombers, as well as six reserve aircraft. Each hangar was served by an aircraft elevator. The forward elevator was  and the aft elevator measured .

Air group

Hōshō had a normal capacity of fifteen aircraft, subject to the limitations of her hangars. She was first commissioned with an air group of nine Mitsubishi 1MF (Type 10) fighters and three to six Mitsubishi B1M3 (Type 13) torpedo bombers. In 1928, the fighters were replaced by the A1N1 (Type 3). Three years later the air group consisted of Nakajima A2N (Type 90) fighters and Mitsubishi B2M (Type 89) torpedo bombers. In 1938 Nakajima A4N (Type 95) fighters and Yokosuka B3Y (Type 92) bombers flew from the ship. In 1940 the air group was modernized with Mitsubishi A5M (Type 96) "Claude" fighters and Yokosuka B4Y1 (Type 96) "Jean" bombers.

Armament
Hōshō was armed with four 50-caliber 14 cm/50 3rd Year Type guns, two on each side. The two forward guns had a firing arc of 150°, including straight ahead, while the rear guns could fire 120° on either side. They fired  projectiles at a rate of six to ten rounds per minute with a muzzle velocity of about ; at 35°, they had a maximum range of . A heavy gun armament was provided for Hōshō; as carrier doctrine was just evolving at this time, the impracticability of carriers engaging in gun duels had not yet been realized. Her large flight deck and lack of armor made her a vulnerable target in surface battles.

A pair of 40-caliber 8 cm/40 3rd Year Type guns on retractable mounts provided Hōshōs only anti-aircraft defense. They were positioned on the flight deck, just forward of the rear elevator. These guns fired  projectiles at a muzzle velocity of about ; at 45°, this provided a maximum range of , and they had a maximum ceiling of  at 75° elevation. Their effective rate of fire was 13 to 20 rounds per minute.

Service

Early career

Hōshō was laid down by the Asano Shipbuilding Company in Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, on 16 December 1920. She was launched on 13 November 1921 and towed to Yokosuka Naval Arsenal for completion on 10 January 1922. Hōshō was delayed by repeated design changes and late deliveries of equipment, pushing the commissioning date from March to 27 December 1922. She was commissioned lacking much of her aviation equipment, and did not begin landing trials until 22 February 1923. The first landings were made by British pilots under contract, who were quickly replaced by Japanese pilots trained by the British Aviation Mission.
After Hōshō was commissioned, experienced aircrews requested changes, and the ship was modified by the shipyard from 6 June to 20 August 1924. The island, tripod mast, and aircraft crane were removed since they partially obstructed the flight deck and obscured pilot visibility. The forward part of the flight deck was made horizontal, and the 8 cm AA guns were moved forward, close to the position of the former island and out of the way of landing operations. Another reason for removal of the island was that the IJN found that it was too small and cramped to be of effective use in controlling air operations or conning the ship. After the island was removed, the carrier's flight operations were controlled from a platform extending from the side of the flight deck, a design that would be repeated in subsequent Japanese aircraft carriers. The ship was then assigned to the 1st Fleet until 15 November 1924.

Hōshō was fitted with a net used as a barricade aft of the forward elevator between 10 March and 2 July 1925. It was intended to prevent landing aircraft from colliding with aircraft preparing to take off, and stop them from falling into the open elevator well. The barrier was hydraulically operated and could be erected in three seconds.

As the first of her kind, Hōshō provided valuable experience and insight into carrier air operations for the IJN. The ship was used for testing aircraft and equipment, particularly various types of arresting gear and optical landing aids. The lessons learned influenced the design and construction of  and the subsequent conversions of battlecruiser  and battleship  into aircraft carriers. Hōshō was actively used to develop carrier operational methods and tactics for the IJN during the 1920s. She was assigned to the First Carrier Division with Akagi on 1 April 1928. During the 1930s Hōshō was fitted with three different types of transverse arresting gear for trials.

Shanghai

Along with Kaga, Hōshō was assigned to the First Carrier Division and sent to China during the Shanghai Incident that began in January 1932. Operating with the Third Fleet, Hōshō arrived at the mouth of the Yangtze River on 1 February. Her aircraft participated in the IJN's first aerial combat on 5 February when three fighters, escorting two attack aircraft, were engaged by nine Chinese fighters over Shanghai; one Chinese fighter was damaged, although the Japanese pilots made no claim. Two days later, the two carriers sent some of their aircraft to Kunda Airfield where they flew ground attack missions in support of the Imperial Japanese Army. Between 23 and 26 February, Kaga and Hōshō bombers attacked Chinese airfields at Hangzhou and Suzhou, destroying a number of Chinese aircraft on the ground. On 26 February, six fighters from Hōshō, escorting nine attack aircraft from Kaga on one of the bombing raids, shot down three of five Chinese fighters that engaged them. The First Carrier Division rejoined the Combined Fleet on 20 March, after a ceasefire had been declared on 3 March.

Fourth Fleet incident
Hōshō participated in the Combined Fleet Maneuvers of 1935 during which she was attached to the IJN Fourth Fleet. Caught in a typhoon on 23 September, the carrier and a number of other Japanese ships were badly damaged in what was referred to as the "Fourth Fleet incident." The ship's forward flight deck collapsed and part had to be cut away before the carrier could proceed to Yokosuka for repairs. The Fourth Fleet incident and the Tomozuru Incident of 1934, in which a top-heavy torpedo boat capsized in heavy weather, caused the Japanese command to investigate the stability of all their ships, resulting in a number of design changes to improve stability and increase hull strength.

While the Hōshō was at the dockyard between 22 November 1935 and 31 March 1936, her stability was improved; the forward flight deck's supports were reinforced and increased in number; the ship's AA guns, aircraft crane and upper deck aviation fuel tanks were removed; the funnels were fixed in the horizontal position with their mouths angled slightly downwards; the front sides of Hōshōs forward hangar and bridge were reinforced; and the ship's hull was reinforced in the vicinity of her rear hangar to increase her longitudinal strength. At full load, her metacentric height after these changes was . Six twin 13.2 mm Type 93 Hotchkiss machine guns were also fitted.

Sino-Japanese War

During the Sino-Japanese War, Hōshō rejoined the Third Fleet and supported land operations of the army in Central China in August 1937 with Ryūjō, later joined by Kaga. The three carriers carried a total of 90 aircraft to the conflict in China, including 15 from Hōshō, 27 on Ryūjō, and the rest with Kaga. Details of the activities of Hōshōs aircraft are scarce, but three of the ship's Nakajima A2N fighters shot down a Martin B-10 bomber on 25 July.

The carrier returned to Japan to refuel on 1 September and then sailed to the South China coast, accompanied by Ryūjō, and began operations against Chinese forces near Canton, now Guangzhou, on 21 September. That day, Hōshō contributed six fighters to escort bombers attacking airfields and the combined force encountered seven Curtiss Hawk III fighters, shooting down two, in addition to a pair of observation planes, for no combat losses of their own. Five of the Japanese fighters ran out of fuel during the return flight and had to ditch in the sea, although the aircrews were rescued. A followup air strike that afternoon was unsuccessfully attacked by the five remaining Hawks, at the cost of one of their own. The Japanese pilots claimed to have shot down sixteen enemy aircraft and an additional probable loss during the day's fighting. Hōshō and Ryūjō returned to the Shanghai area on 3 October and Hōshōs aircraft were temporarily transferred to Kunda airfield to support ground operations. On 17 October, the carrier transferred all of her aircraft to Ryūjō and returned to Japan where she was placed in reserve on 1 December.

During this time, her aircraft elevators were enlarged in 1939: the forward elevator to  and the rear elevator to . On 12 August 1939 Hōshō was deemed useful as a training carrier and, in critical battles, as a platform for A4N1 (Type 95) fighters and B4Y1 (Type 96) torpedo bombers, for as long as those planes remained serviceable. A later investigation determined on 23 December 1940 that she could not operate the latest aircraft types like the Mitsubishi A6M Zero, the Aichi D3A "Val", or the Nakajima B5N "Kate" in combat. Also, the small size of the carrier's airgroup limited the ship's potential value to the fleet in any future conflicts.

World War II

Pearl Harbor and Midway
Hōshō began the Pacific War in the Third Carrier Division assigned to the 1st Fleet under Vice Admiral Shirō Takasu. The carrier, captained by Kaoru Umetani, was tasked along with  to provide air support, including scouting, anti-submarine patrols, and combat air patrol for the Combined Fleet's "Main Body" battle-line of six battleships: , , , , , and . With the Main Body, Hōshō sortied from the Inland Sea on 7 December 1941 to provide distant cover for the carrier forces under Chūichi Nagumo which were attacking Pearl Harbor. The battleship force turned back  east of Japan, but Hōshō became separated on 10 December due to radio silence restrictions while conducting anti-submarine air operations.  The ship lost contact because she had launched aircraft near dusk to investigate a submarine sighting. The aircraft returned after dark and landed safely after the carrier turned on its lights. In order to recover the aircraft, however, the carrier and her three escorting destroyers had to steam east and therefore lost sight of the Main Body in the darkness. There does not appear to have been any US or other enemy submarines in Japanese waters at this time. The carrier was located by scout aircraft the next day  east of the Main Body and returned to port at Kure on 12 December.

On 29 May 1942, Hōshō sortied from Japan with the rest of the fleet for the operation which resulted in the Battle of Midway, providing modest air protection, scouting, and anti-submarine support for the Main Body, now consisting of the battleships , Nagato, and Mutsu. Her aircraft complement for the operation consisted of eight obsolete Yokosuka B4Y "Jean" torpedo bombers.

With the Main Body trailing  behind the carrier striking force, Hōshō missed the major portion of the battle in which Nagumo's four fleet carriers were ambushed and fatally damaged by US carrier aircraft on 4 June. The next day, the carrier's aircraft helped guide the remnants of Nagumo's force to a rendezvous with the Main Body as well helped other Japanese warships to rendezvous during and after the battle, including the cruiser . Around the same time, one of Hōshōs aircraft discovered the burning, sinking . Photographs of the abandoned carrier have been described as "among the most dramatic of the war in the Pacific". The observer aboard the aircraft also reported seeing survivors left behind on Hiryū so the destroyer  was sent to unsuccessfully search for the wrecked carrier. With the battle lost, a significant strategic defeat for Japan, the carrier returned to Japan with the rest of the fleet, arriving at the Hashirajima anchorage on 14 June.

Training ship
After her return to Japan, Hōshō was transferred to the Third Fleet, unofficially assigned to the training fleet (later called the Mobile Force Training Force), and officially assigned in October. She conducted flight training in the Inland Sea for aircraft that flew in from shore bases, since no aircraft were based onboard Hōshō. On 15 January 1943, the 50th Air Flotilla was created for carrier aircrew training and both Hōshō and Ryūhō were assigned to the new unit. The two ships provided carrier landing training and served as target ships for torpedo training. In January 1944, Hōshō was reassigned to the 12th Air Fleet, then to the Combined Fleet, but continued to perform the same mission of training fleet carrier pilots in the Inland Sea. In this role, Hōshō shuttled back and forth between Kure and the Western Inland Sea, spending equal amounts of time at each location.

In order to service new and larger aircraft like the Nakajima B6N "Jill" torpedo bomber and the Yokosuka D4Y "Judy" dive bomber, the flight deck was extended over  at each end to a total length of  from 27 March to 26 April 1944. Hōshō also received new arresting gear and a new crash barrier. The additional weight high up in the ship adversely affected her stability and she was restricted from operations in bad weather lest she capsize. At some point during the war the ship's 14 cm guns were removed and she received about twenty 25-millimeter Type 96 autocannons in single mounts. They fired  projectiles at a muzzle velocity of ; at 50°, this provided a maximum range of , and an effective ceiling of . The 15-round magazines needed to be changed frequently, and the maximum effective rate of fire was only between 110 and 120 rounds per minute.

After the modifications, Hōshō continued to provide training to navy pilots in the Inland Sea, including acting as a target ship for torpedo training. At 05:30 on 19 March 1945, possibly while berthed at Kure, the carrier was caught in an air raid by carrier aircraft from the United States Task Force 58. Hōshōs flight deck was damaged by three bomb hits which killed six crewmen. Emergency repairs were made and her captain was ordered to keep her in readiness on 10 April. However, this order was revoked two days later and the carrier became a "4th reserve ship" with most of her crew transferred elsewhere. Hōshō was taken out of reserve as a "special guard ship" on 1 June and many of her crew were transferred back. During this time, the ship remained moored and camouflaged off Nishinomishima at Kure.

Hōshō was slightly damaged by a single bomb or aerial rocket hit when the Allies attacked Kure again on 24 July 1945. Information is scarce on the extent of the ship's involvement in the action, but it appears the carrier's participation was minimal, as she embarked no aircraft at the time. Hōshō was repaired within 15 days, although the ship relocated to Moji two days later.

Post-war

The ship was turned over to Allied forces at the time of the surrender of Japan on 2 September and was stricken from the navy list on 5 October. Hōshō then served as a repatriation transport to retrieve Japanese servicemen and civilians stationed overseas and return them to Japan. In October and November 1945, accompanied by the cruiser Kashima, she carried 700 passengers from Wotje Atoll, 311 from Jaluit Atoll, and an undocumented number from Enewetak Atoll to Uraga, Kanagawa.

In December 1945, Hōshōs overhanging flight deck at the bow was cut off to improve visibility from the bridge and her hangars were modified to carry more passengers. Thereafter, she undertook more repatriation missions beginning with one to Wewak on 5 January 1946 and subsequent trips to China. In total, the carrier made nine repatriation trips before 15 August 1946 and transported about 40,000 passengers. Hōshō was transferred to the Home Ministry on 31 August for disposal. She was scrapped in Osaka from 2 September 1946 to 1 May 1947 by the Kyōwa Shipbuilding Company.

Notes

Footnotes

References

External links

 Naval Historical Center Images of the Hōshō

1921 ships
Aircraft carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy
Ships built in Japan
Second Sino-Japanese War naval ships of Japan
World War II aircraft carriers of Japan

fi:Hōshō

Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō


نهر روك Rock River رافد من روافد نهر مسيسيبي أحد أطول أنهار العالم والذي يوجد بأمريكا الشمالية في الولايات المتحدة تحديدا، يبلغ طوله 459 كم تقريبا ويمتد في ولاية ويسكونسن وولاية إلينوي، ينشأ في مقاطعة فوند دو لاك تقريبا 16 كم من جنوب مدينة ريبون, ويسكونسن و 40 كم جنوب غرب بحيرة ويني باجو .

مراجع

أنهار أمريكا الشمالية
أنهار إلينوي
أنهار مقاطعة أوغل (إلينوي)
أنهار مقاطعة جيفيرسون (ويسكونسن)
أنهار مقاطعة دودج (ويسكونسن)
أنهار ويسكونسن
مسطحات مائية في مقاطعة روك آيلاند (إلينوي)
مسطحات مائية في مقاطعة روك (ويسكونسن)
مسطحات مائية في مقاطعة لي (إلينوي)
مسطحات مائية في مقاطعة وايتسايد (إلينوي)
مسطحات مائية في مقاطعة وينيباغو (إلينوي)
أنهار مقاطعة لي (إلينوي)
أنهار مقاطعة روك (ويسكونسن)
أنهار مقاطعة روك آيلاند (إلينوي)
أنهار مقاطعة وايتسايد (إلينوي)
أنهار مقاطعة وينيباغو (إلينوي)

نهر روك


George Foster Peabody Awards (Peabody Awards) (da:Peabodyprisen) er en årligt uddelt international pris, der uddeles inden for radio- og fjernsynsbranchen. Prisen blev for første gang uddelt i 1941 til de programmer, som sendtes dengang og er dermed et af verdens ældste inden for de elektroniske medier.

Eksterne henvisninger
 'New Order of Merit', Time Magazine , 7 april 1941
 The Peabody Awards

Tv-priser
Radiopriser
Etableret i 1941

Peabody Award


Mathias Schneid (* 31. Juli 1840 in Wemding, Bayern; † 12. Dezember 1893 in Eichstätt) war ein deutscher Philosoph. Er war von 1871 bis 1893 Professor  am Lyzeum Eichstätt.

Leben
Nach dem Abitur am Humanistischen Gymnasium in Eichstätt studierte Mathias Schneid dort Theologie. 1865 zum Priester geweiht, wurde er 1867 Präfekt des Bischöflichen Knabenseminars, 1869  Dozent und 1872 Professor für Philosophie am  Bischöflichen Lyzeum Eichstätt. Von 1885 bis 1893 war er zudem  Regens des Eichstätter Priesterseminars und Rektor des Lyzeums, von 1891 bis 1893 zugleich Domkapitular im Bistum Eichstätt.

1875 war Schneid an der Universität Freiburg/Breisgau zum Dr. phil. promoviert worden.

1892 gründete Schneid die Studentenverbindung Academia-Eichstätt im KV, die später als K.St.V. Rheno-Frankonia nach Würzburg verlegt wurde.

Schneid verfasste zahlreiche Schriften, er gilt als ein bedeutender Vertreter der Neuscholastik.

Im Alter von 54 Jahren verstarb Schneid an einer Lungenentzündung.

Schriftenauswahl
 Die scholastische Lehre von Materie und Form (1873, 2. Auflage 1877), Online-Ausgabe
 Aristoteles in der Scholastik (1875), Online-Ausgabe
 Die Körperlehre des J. Duns Skotus (1879), Online-Ausgabe
 Der neuere Spiritismus (1880), Online-Ausgabe
 Die Philosophie des hl. Thomas von Aquin und ihre Bedeutung für die Gegenwart (1881)
 Naturphilosophie im Geiste des hl. Thomas v. Aquin (1890), Online-Ausgabe
 Psychologie im Geiste des hl. Thomas von Aquin (1892)

Literatur

 Siegfried Koß in Siegfried Koß, Wolfgang Löhr (Hrsg.): Biographisches Lexikon des KV. 1. Teil (= Revocatio historiae. Band 2). SH-Verlag, Schernfeld 1991, ISBN 3-923621-55-8, S. 92 f.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Philosoph (19. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1840
Gestorben 1893
Korporierter im KV
Mann
Hochschullehrer (Eichstätt)

Mathias Schneid


Campbell Bannerman oder Campbell-Bannerman ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 David Campbell Bannerman (* 1960), britischer Politiker
 Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1836–1908), britischer Politiker

Campbell Bannerman


Tamnoleđi galeb (Larus fuscus) je veliki galeb koji se razmnožava na atlantskim obalama Europe. Ptica selica je, ljetuje na Britanskim otocima, a zimi seli do zapadne Afrike. Redoviti je zimski posjetitelj istočne obale Sjeverne Amerike, vjerojatno iz matične populacije na Islandu.

Opis
Tamnoleđi galeb manji je od srebrnastog galeba. Taksonomija kompleksa srebrnastog galeba / tamnoleđeg galeba vrlo je složena; različiti znanstveni autoriteti priznaju između dvije i osam vrsta. Ova skupina ima prstenastu rasprostranjenost oko sjeverne polutke. Razlike između susjednih oblika u ovom prstenu prilično su malene, ali za dva krajnja oblika je očito da su različite vrste. Tamnoleđi galeb velik je od 51 do 64 cm, ima raspon krila između 124 i 150 cm, a težak je između 452 i 1100 grama. Nominalna podvrsta je u prosjeku nešto manja od ostale dvije podvrste. Mužjaci su prosječne težine 824 g, a ženke 708 g. U odnosu na Larus Marinus, tamnoleđi galeb je puno manja ptica, vitkije građe, žutih, a ne ružičastih nogu, i manjih bijelih "zrcala" na vrhovima krila. Odrasli imaju crna ili tamno siva krila (ovisno o podvrsti) i leđa. Kljun je žut s crvenom mrljom po kojoj mladi kljucaju, potičući hranjenje (vidi fiksni obrazac djelovanja). Glava je zimi sivija, za razliku od Larus marinus. Godišnja mitarenje za odrasle započinje između svibnja i kolovoza, a kod nekih ptica završava se tek u studenom.

Mlade ptice imaju ljuskava crno-smeđa leđa i uredan uzorak krila. Treba im četiri godine da dostignu zrelost. Mladi se galebovi najlakše prepoznaju po čvrstom tamnom tercijalnom perju.

Njihovo je glasanje "smijeh" poput krika srebrnastog galeba, ali s izrazito dubljim tonom.

Razmnožavanje

Ova se vrsta gnijezdi u kolonijama na obalama i jezerima, praveći gnijezda poredana u niz na tlu ili litici. Ženka obično polaže tri jaja. U nekim gradovima vrsta se gnijezdi u urbanom okruženju, često zajedno sa srebrnastim galebovima.

Taksonomija
Tamnoleđi galeb jedna je od mnogih vrsta koje je Carl Linné izvorno opisao u svom 10. izdanju Systema Naturae iz 1758. godine i još uvijek nosi izvorno latinsko ime Larus fuscus. pri čemu je fuscus vjerojatno bila referenca na crnu ili smeđu boju.

Podvrste
Pet priznatih podvrsta su:

 L. f. graellsii Brehm, 1857: Grenland, Island, Føroyar, Britanski otoci, zapadna Europa - ima tamno sivi plašt
 L. f. intermedius Schiøler, 1922 : Nizozemska, Njemačka, Danska, jugozapadna Švedska i zapad Norveške - ima čađavo crni plašt
 L. f. fuscus Linnaeus, 1758: sjeverna Norveška, Švedska i Finska do Bijelog mora - ima sjajno crni plašt
 L. f. heuglini Bree, 1876: sjeverna Rusija do sjeverno-središnjeg Sibira, poznat kao Heuglinov galeb, prije se smatrao zasebnom vrstom.
 L. f. barabensis Johansen, 1960 : Srednja Azija

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Lesser black-backed gull pages on www.gull-research.org
 Lesser black-backed gulls in Amsterdam

Galeb

Tamnoleđi galeb


The Laws of Cricket is a code which specifies the rules of the game of cricket worldwide. The earliest known code was drafted in 1744 and, since 1788, it has been owned and maintained by its custodian, the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in London. There are currently 42 Laws (always written with a capital "L") which outline all aspects of how the game is to be played. MCC has re-coded the Laws six times, the seventh and latest code being released in October 2017. The 3rd edition of the 2017 Code came into force on 1 October 2022. The first six codes prior to 2017 were all subject to interim revisions and so exist in more than one version.

MCC is a private club which was formerly cricket's official governing body, a role now fulfilled by the International Cricket Council (ICC). MCC retains copyright in the Laws and only the MCC may change the Laws, although usually this is only done after close consultation with the ICC and other interested parties such as the Association of Cricket Umpires and Scorers. Cricket is one of the few sports in which the governing principles are referred to as "Laws" rather than as "rules" or "regulations". In certain cases, however, regulations to supplement and/or vary the Laws may be agreed for particular competitions as required. Those applying to international matches (referred to as "playing conditions") can be found on the ICC's website.

History

Oral tradition
The origin of cricket is uncertain and it was first definitely recorded at Guildford in the 16th century. It is believed to have been a boys' game at that time but, from early in the 17th century, it was increasingly played by adults. Rules as such existed and, in early times, would have been agreed orally and subject to local variations. Cricket in the late 17th century became a betting game attracting high stakes and there were instances of teams being sued for non-payment of wagers they had lost.

Articles of Agreement
In July and August 1727, two matches were organised by stakeholders Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond and Alan Brodrick, 2nd Viscount Midleton. References to these games confirm that they drew up Articles of Agreement between them to determine the rules that must apply in their contests. The original handwritten articles document drawn up by Richmond and Brodrick has been preserved. It is among papers which the West Sussex Record Office (WSRO) acquired from Goodwood House in 1884.

This is the first time that rules are known to have been formally agreed, their purpose being to resolve any problems between the patrons during their matches. The concept, however, was to attain greater importance in terms of defining rules of play as, eventually, these were codified as the Laws of Cricket. The Articles are a list of 16 points, many of which are easily recognised despite their wording as belonging to the modern Laws of Cricket, for example: (a) a Ball caught, the Striker is out; (b) when a Ball is caught out, the Stroke counts nothing; (c) catching out behind the Wicket allowed.

Points that differ from the modern Laws (use of italics is to highlight the differences only): (a) the wickets shall be pitched at twenty three yards distance from each other; (b) that twelve Gamesters shall play on each side; (c) the Batt Men for every one they count are to touch the Umpire's Stick; (d) no Player shall be deemed out by any Wicket put down, unless with the Ball in Hand. In modern cricket: (a) the pitch is 22 yards long; (b) the teams are eleven-a-side; (c) runs were only completed if the batsman touched the umpire's stick (which was probably a bat) and this practice was eventually replaced by the batsman having to touch the ground behind the popping crease; (d) run outs no longer require the ball to be in hand.

1744 code
The earliest known code of Laws was enacted in 1744 but not actually printed, so far as it is known, until 1755. They were possibly an upgrade of an earlier code and the intention must have been to establish a universal codification. The Laws were drawn up by the "noblemen and gentlemen members of the London Cricket Club", which was based at the Artillery Ground, although the printed version in 1755 states that "several cricket clubs" were involved, having met at the Star and Garter in Pall Mall.

A summary of the main points:

 there is reference to the toss of a coin and the pitch dimensions, with a length of ;
 the stumps must be  high with a six-inch (152 mm) bail;
 the ball must weigh between ;
 overs last four balls;
 the no ball is the penalty for overstepping, which means the hind foot going in front of the bowling crease (i.e., in direct line of the wicket);
 the popping crease is exactly  before the bowling crease;
 various means of "it is out" are included;
 hitting the ball twice and obstructing the field are emphatically out following experiences in the 17th century;
 the wicket-keeper is required to be still and quiet until the ball is bowled;
 umpires must allow two minutes for a new batsman to arrive and ten minutes between innings (meal and rain breaks presumably excepted);
 the umpire cannot give a batsman out if the fielders do not appeal;
 the umpire is allowed a certain amount of discretion and it is made clear that the umpire is the "sole judge" and that "his determination shall be absolute"

The 1744 Laws do not say the bowler must roll (or skim) the ball and there is no mention of prescribed arm action so, in theory, a pitched delivery would have been legal, though potentially controversial. Underarm pitching is believed to have begun in the early 1760s when the Hambledon Club was rising to prominence. The modern straight bat was introduced as a consequence, replacing the old "hockey stick" bat which was good for hitting a ball on the ground but not for addressing a ball on the bounce.

In 1771, an incident on the field of play led to the creation of a new Law which remains extant. In a match between Chertsey and Hambledon at Laleham Burway, the Chertsey all-rounder Thomas White used a bat that was the width of the wicket. There was no rule in place to prevent this action and so all the Hambledon players could do was register a formal protest which was signed by Thomas Brett, Richard Nyren and John Small, the three leading Hambledon players. As a result, it was decided by the game's lawmakers that the maximum width of the bat must be four and one quarter inches; this was included in the next revision of the Laws and it remains the maximum width.

1774 code

On Friday, 25 February 1774, the Laws were revised by a committee meeting at the Star and Garter. Chaired by Sir William Draper, the members included prominent cricket patrons the 3rd Duke of Dorset, the 4th Earl of Tankerville, Charles Powlett, Philip Dehany and Sir Horatio Mann. The clubs and counties represented were Kent, Hampshire, Surrey, Sussex, Middlesex and London.

A summary of the main points added in the 1774 code:
 the bat must not exceed  in the widest part;
 the bowler must deliver the ball with one foot behind the bowling-crease, and within the return-crease; and shall Bowl four balls before he changes wickets, which he shall do but once in the same innings;
 the striker is out if he puts his leg before the wicket with a design to stop the ball, and actually prevent the ball from hitting his wicket.

The main innovation was the introduction of leg before wicket (lbw) as a means of dismissal. The practice of stopping the ball with the leg had arisen as a negative response to the pitched delivery. As in 1744, there is nothing about the bowler's delivery action. The maximum width of the bat was confirmed following the incident in 1771.

As in 1744, the 1774 code asserted that "the stumps must be twenty-two inches, the bail six inches long". There were only two stumps then, with a single bail. At the Artillery Ground on 22–23 May 1775, a lucrative single wicket match was played between Five of Kent (with Lumpy Stevens) and Five of Hambledon (with Thomas White). Kent batted first and made 37 to which Hambledon replied with 92, including 75 by John Small. In their second innings, Kent scored 102, leaving Hambledon a target of 48 to win. Small batted last of the Hambledon Five and needed 14 more to win when he went in. He duly scored the runs and Hambledon won by 1 wicket but a great controversy arose afterwards because, three times in the course of his second innings, Small was beaten by Lumpy only for the ball to pass through the two-stump wicket each time without hitting the stumps or the bail. As a result of Lumpy's protests, the middle stump was introduced, although it was some years before its use became universal.

1788 code
MCC was founded in 1787 and immediately assumed responsibility for the Laws, issuing a new version on 30 May 1788 which was called "The LAWS of the NOBLE GAME of CRICKET as revised by the Club at St. Mary-le-bone". The third Law stated: "The stumps must be twenty-two inches out of the ground, the bail six inches in length". These were the overall dimensions and the requirement for a third stump was unspecified, indicating that its use was still not universal.

The 1788 code is much more detailed and descriptive than the 1774 code but, fundamentally, they are largely the same. The main difference was in the wording of the lbw Law. In 1774, this said that the batsman is out if, with design, he prevents the ball hitting the wicket with his leg. In 1788, the "with design" clause was omitted and a new clause was introduced that the ball must have pitched straight. Also in 1788, protection of the pitch was first included in the Laws. By mutual consent between the teams, the pitch could be rolled, watered, covered and mown during a match and the use of sawdust was authorised. Previously, pitches were left untouched during a match.

Later MCC codes
MCC has revised the Laws periodically, usually within the same code, but at times they have decided to publish an entirely new code:
 19 May 1835 (1835 code)
 21 April 1884 (1884 code)
 7 May 1947 (1947 code)
 21 November 1979 (1980 code)
 3 May 2000 (2000 code)
 1 October 2017 (2017 code). This included gender-neutral language (except that the word "batsman" was retained), and a code of conduct.

Significant changes to the Laws since 1788
Changes to the Laws did not always coincide with the publication of a new code and some of the most important changes were introduced as revisions to the current code and, therefore, each code has more than one version.
 The 46 inches between the popping and bowling creases, specified in 1744, was increased to 48 inches in 1819.
 The length of the bowling crease, specified as three feet either side of the wicket, was increased to four feet each side in 1902 (i.e., eight feet eight inches in total). After the width of the wicket was increased from eight to nine inches in 1939, the bowling crease was by default reduced in length by half an inch on each side.
 The creases were originally cut into the turf. Whitewash was not introduced until the second half of the 19th century, following a suggestion made by Alfred Shaw.
 Pitch protection was authorised from 1788 and a number of changes to this Law have been made including the length of time that rolling was permitted, covering of the bowler's footholds, etc.
 The dimensions of the wicket changed several times until the current 28 inches by nine inches was agreed in 1931 and confirmed in 1947. At the end of the 17th century, the two-stump wicket then in use is believed by some to have been 22 inches high by six inches wide.
 The width of the bat has been unchanged at four and a quarter inches since the 1771 incident and the length was specified as the current 38 inches in 1835.
 The weight of the ball is unchanged since 1774. Its circumference was ruled as between nine and 9.25 inches in 1838; this was reduced to the current measure in 1927.
 There were four balls an over in 1744 and this did not change until 1889 when a five-ball over was introduced. In 1900, the over was increased to six balls. The over in Australia and some other countries has at times varied from the English but, from 1979, the six-ball over has been worldwide.
 The no ball was at first ruled for overstepping the bowling crease only. Legislation against "throwing" was first attempted in 1816 when roundarm was coming into use. It was ruled then that the bowler's hand on delivery must not be above the elbow. In many matches, this rule was flagrantly disregarded and matters came to a head in 1827 with the roundarm trial matches. There was no control over bowling action until 1835 when it was ruled that the bowler's hand on delivery must not be above his shoulder. In 1864, overarm bowling was authorised. The rule allowing either of the umpires to call a no ball was introduced in 1899.
 Declarations were not authorised until 1889 and then "only on the third day". In 1900, it was allowed after lunch on the second day; and in 1910 at any time on the second day. It was not until 1957 that a declaration on the first day was authorised.
 The follow on was largely unknown in the 18th century and the Laws did not address it until 1835 when it became compulsory after a deficit of 100 runs. The deficit changed a few times in the 19th century until, in 1900, the follow on became optional after a deficit of 150 runs, which remains the position for first-class matches other than Tests, in which the deficit is 200.
 According to Gerald Brodribb: "No dismissal has produced so much argument as lbw; it has caused trouble from its earliest days". First introduced in 1774, the main issue has always been the "must pitch straight" clause. It was changed to "must be delivered straight" in 1821 and then reverted in 1839. A campaign to have "must pitch straight" omitted began in 1901 but failed to gain the necessary majority at MCC. In 1937, the Law did change, following a two-year trial period, to allow dismissal after the ball pitched outside the off stump. After long and heated controversy about "pad play" over the next three decades, the Law was changed again in 1972 to penalise the batsman who had "played no stroke". The revised wording was confirmed by inclusion in the 1980 code and remains part of the 2000 code.

The Laws today
Starting on 1 October 2017, the current version of the Laws are the "Laws of Cricket 2017 Code" which replaced the 6th Edition of the "2000 Code of Laws". Custodianship of the Laws remains one of MCC's most important roles. The ICC still relies on MCC to write and interpret the Laws, which are the responsibility of MCC's Laws sub-committee. The process in MCC is that the sub-committee prepares a draft which is passed by the main committee. Certain levels of cricket, however, are subject to playing conditions which can differ from the Laws. At international level, playing conditions are implemented by the ICC; at domestic level by each country's board of control.

The code of Laws consists of:
 Preface;
 Preamble to the Laws;
 42 Laws (see below);
 5 Appendices, adding further definitions to the Laws;

Starting from the third edition of the 2017 version of the code, the term "batter" was substituted from the term "batsman", to make the laws use gender-neutral terminology.

Setting up the game
The first 12 Laws cover the players and officials, basic equipment, pitch specifications and timings of play. These Laws are supplemented by Appendices B, C and D (see below).

Law 1: The players. A cricket team consists of eleven players, including a captain. Outside of official competitions, teams can agree to play more than eleven-a-side, though no more than eleven players may field.

Law 2: The umpires. There are two umpires, who apply the Laws, make all necessary decisions, and relay the decisions to the scorers. While not required under the Laws of Cricket, in higher level cricket a third umpire (located off the field, and available to assist the on-field umpires) may be used under the specific playing conditions of a particular match or tournament.

Law 3: The scorers. There are two scorers who respond to the umpires' signals and keep the score.

Law 4: The ball. A cricket ball is between 8.81 and 9 inches (22.4 cm and 22.9 cm) in circumference, and weighs between 5.5 and 5.75 ounces (155.9g and 163g) in men's cricket. A slightly smaller and lighter ball is specified in women's cricket, and slightly smaller and lighter again in junior cricket (Law 4.6). Only one ball is used at a time, unless it is lost, when it is replaced with a ball of similar wear. It is also replaced at the start of each innings, and may, at the request of the fielding side, be replaced with a new ball, after a minimum number of overs have been bowled as prescribed by the regulations under which the match is taking place (currently 80 in Test matches). The gradual degradation of the ball through the innings is an important aspect of the game.

Law 5: The bat. The bat is no more than  in length, no more than  wide, no more than  deep at its middle and no deeper than  at the edge. The hand or glove holding the bat is considered part of the bat. Ever since the ComBat incident, a highly publicised marketing attempt by Dennis Lillee, who brought out an aluminium bat during an international game, the Laws have provided that the blade of the bat must be made of wood.

Law 6: The pitch. The pitch is a rectangular area of the ground  long and  wide. The Ground Authority selects and prepares the pitch, but once the game has started, the umpires control what happens to the pitch. The umpires are also the arbiters of whether the pitch is fit for play, and if they deem it unfit, with the consent of both captains can change the pitch. Professional cricket is almost always played on a grass surface. However, in the event a non-turf pitch is used, the artificial surface must have a minimum length of  and a minimum width of .

Law 7: The creases. This Law sets out the dimensions and locations of the creases. The bowling crease, which is the line the stumps are in the middle of, is drawn at each end of the pitch so that the three stumps at that end of the pitch fall on it (and consequently it is perpendicular to the imaginary line joining the centres of both middle stumps). Each bowling crease should be  in length, centred on the middle stump at each end, and each bowling crease terminates at one of the return creases. The popping crease, which determines whether a batter is in his ground or not, and which is used in determining front-foot no-balls (see Law 21), is drawn at each end of the pitch in front of each of the two sets of stumps. The popping crease must be  in front of and parallel to the bowling crease. Although it is considered to have unlimited length, the popping crease must be marked to at least  on either side of the imaginary line joining the centres of the middle stumps. The return creases, which are the lines a bowler must be within when making a delivery, are drawn on each side of each set of the stumps, along each sides of the pitch (so there are four return creases in all, one on either side of both sets of stumps). The return creases lie perpendicular to the popping crease and the bowling crease,  either side of and parallel to the imaginary line joining the centres of the two middle stumps. Each return crease terminates at one end at the popping crease but the other end is considered to be unlimited in length and must be marked to a minimum of  from the popping crease. Diagrams setting out the crease markings can be found in Appendix C.

Law 8: The wickets. The wicket consists of three wooden stumps that are  tall. The stumps are placed along the bowling crease with equal distances between each stump. They are positioned so that the wicket is  wide. Two wooden bails are placed on top of the stumps. The bails must not project more than  above the stumps, and must, for men's cricket, be  long. There are also specified lengths for the barrel and spigots of the bail. There are different specifications for the wickets and bails for junior cricket. The umpires may dispense with the bails if conditions are unfit (i.e. it is windy so they might fall off by themselves). Further details on the specifications of the wickets are contained in Appendix D to the Laws.

Law 9: Preparation and maintenance of the playing area. When a cricket ball is bowled it almost always bounces on the pitch, and the behaviour of the ball is greatly influenced by the condition of the pitch. As a consequence, detailed rules on the management of the pitch are necessary. This Law contains the rules governing how pitches should be prepared, mown, rolled, and maintained.

Law 10: Covering the pitch. The pitch is said to be 'covered' when the groundsmen have placed covers on it to protect it against rain or dew. The Laws stipulate that the regulations on covering the pitch shall be agreed by both captains in advance. The decision concerning whether to cover the pitch greatly affects how the ball will react to the pitch surface, as a ball bounces differently on wet ground as compared to dry ground. The area beyond the pitch where a bowler runs so as to deliver the ball (the 'run-up') should ideally be kept dry so as to avoid injury through slipping and falling, and the Laws also require these to be covered wherever possible when there is wet weather.

Law 11: Intervals. There are intervals during each day's play, a ten-minute interval between innings, and lunch, tea and drinks intervals. The timing and length of the intervals must be agreed before the match begins. There are also provisions for moving the intervals and interval lengths in certain situations, most notably the provision that if nine wickets are down, the lunch and tea interval are delayed to the earlier of the fall of the next wicket and 30 minutes elapsing.

Law 12: Start of play; cessation of play. Play after an interval commences with the umpire's call of "Play", and ceases at the end of a session with a call of "Time". The last hour of a match must contain at least 20 overs, being extended in time so as to include 20 overs if necessary.

Innings and result

Laws 13 to 16 outline the structure of the game including how one team can beat the other.

Law 13: Innings. Before the game, the teams agree whether it is to be one or two innings for each side, and whether either or both innings are to be limited by time or by overs. In practice, these decisions are likely to be laid down by Competition Regulations, rather than pre-game agreement. In two-innings games, the sides bat alternately unless the follow-on (Law 14) is enforced. An innings is closed once ten batsmen are dismissed, no further batsmen are fit to play, the innings is declared or forfeited by the batting captain, or any agreed time or overs limit has expired. The captain winning the toss of a coin decides whether to bat or to bowl first.

Law 14: The follow-on. In a two-innings match, if the side batting second scores substantially fewer runs than the side which batted first, then the side that batted first can require their opponents to bat again immediately. The side that enforced the follow-on has the chance to win without batting again. For a game of five or more days, the side batting first must be at least 200 runs ahead to enforce the follow-on; for a three- or four-day game, 150 runs; for a two-day game, 100 runs; for a one-day game, 75 runs. The length of the game is determined by the number of scheduled days play left when the game actually begins.

Law 15: Declaration and forfeiture. The batting captain can declare an innings closed at any time when the ball is dead, and may also forfeit an innings before it has started.

Law 16: The result. The side which scores the most runs wins the match. If both sides score the same number of runs, the match is tied. However, the match may run out of time before the innings have all been completed; in this case, the match is drawn.

Overs, scoring, dead ball and extras

The Laws then move on to detail how runs can be scored.

Law 17: The over. An over consists of six balls bowled, excluding wides and no-balls. Consecutive overs are delivered from opposite ends of the pitch. A bowler may not bowl two consecutive overs.

Law 18: Scoring runs. Runs are scored when the two batsmen run to each other's end of the pitch. Several runs can be scored from one ball.

Law 19: Boundaries. A boundary is marked around the edge of the field of play. If the ball is hit into or past this boundary, four runs are scored, or six runs if the ball does not hit the ground before crossing the boundary.

Law 20: Dead ball. The ball comes into play when the bowler begins his run-up, and becomes dead when all the action from that ball is over. Once the ball is dead, no runs can be scored and no batsmen can be dismissed. The ball becomes dead for a number of reasons, most commonly when a batter is dismissed, when a boundary is hit, or when the ball has finally settled with the bowler or wicketkeeper.

Law 21: No ball. A ball can be a no-ball for several reasons: if the bowler bowls from the wrong place; if he straightens his elbow during the delivery; if the bowling is dangerous; if the ball bounces more than once or rolls along the ground before reaching the batter; or if the fielders are standing in illegal places. A no-ball adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to any other runs which are scored off it, and the batter cannot be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field.

Law 22: Wide ball. An umpire calls a ball "wide" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batter and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to any other runs which are scored off it, and the batter cannot be dismissed off a wide except by being run out or stumped, by hitting his wicket, or obstructing the field.

Law 23: Bye and leg bye. If a ball that is not a wide passes the striker and runs are scored, they are called byes. If a ball hits the striker but not the bat and runs are scored, they are called leg-byes. However, leg-byes cannot be scored if the striker is neither attempting a stroke nor trying to avoid being hit. Byes and leg-byes are credited to the team's but not the batter's total.

Players, substitutes and practice
Law 24: Fielders' absence; Substitutes. In cricket, a substitute may be brought on for an injured fielder. However, a substitute may not bat, bowl or act as captain. The original player may return if he has recovered.

Law 25: Batter's innings; Runners A batter who becomes unable to run may have a runner, who completes the runs while the batter continues batting. (The use of runners is not permitted in international cricket under the current playing conditions.) Alternatively, a batter may retire hurt or ill, and may return later to resume his innings if he recovers.

Law 26: Practice on the field. There may be no batting or bowling practice on the pitch during the match. Practice is permitted on the outfield during the intervals and before the day's play starts and after the day's play has ended. Bowlers may only practice bowling and have trial run-ups if the umpires are of the view that it would waste no time and does not damage the ball or the pitch.

Law 27: The wicket-keeper. The keeper is a designated player from the bowling side allowed to stand behind the stumps of the batter. They are the only fielder allowed to wear gloves and external leg guards.

Law 28: The fielder. A fielder is any of the eleven cricketers from the bowling side. Fielders are positioned to field the ball, to stop runs and boundaries, and to get batsmen out by catching or running them out.

Appeals and dismissals

Laws 29 to 31 cover the main mechanics of how a batter may be dismissed.

Law 29: The wicket is down. Several methods of dismissal occur when the wicket is put down. This means that the wicket is hit by the ball, or the batter, or the hand in which a fielder is holding the ball, and at least one bail is removed; if both bails have already been previously removed, one stump must be removed from the ground.

Law 30: Batter out of his/her ground. The batsmen can be run out or stumped if they are out of their ground. A batter is in his ground if any part of him or his bat is on the ground behind the popping crease, and the other batter was not already in that ground. If both batters are in the middle of the pitch when a wicket is put down, the batter closer to that end is out.

Law 31: Appeals. If the fielders believe a batter is out, they may ask the umpire "How's That?" before the next ball is bowled. The umpire then decides whether the batter is out. Strictly speaking, the fielding side must appeal for all dismissals, including obvious ones such as bowled. However, a batter who is obviously out will normally leave the pitch without waiting for an appeal or a decision from the umpire.

Laws 32 to 40 discuss the various ways a batter may be dismissed. In addition to these 9 methods, a batter may retire out, which is covered in Law 25. Of these, caught is generally the most common, followed by bowled, leg before wicket, run out and stumped. The other forms of dismissal are very rare.

Law 32: Bowled. A batter is out if his wicket is put down by a ball delivered by the bowler. It is irrelevant whether the ball has touched the bat, glove, or any part of the batter before going on to put down the wicket, though it may not touch another player or an umpire before doing so.

Law 33: Caught. If a ball hits the bat or the hand holding the bat and is then caught by the opposition within the field of play before the ball bounces, then the batter is out.

Law 34: Hit the ball twice. If a batter hits the ball twice, other than for the sole purpose of protecting his wicket or with the consent of the opposition, he is out.

Law 35: Hit wicket. If, after the bowler has entered his delivery stride and while the ball is in play, a batter puts his wicket down by his bat or his body he is out. The striker is also out hit wicket if he puts his wicket down by his bat or his body in setting off for a first run. "Body" includes the clothes and equipment of the batter .

Law 36: Leg Before Wicket (LBW). If the ball hits the batter without first hitting the bat, but would have hit the wicket if the batter was not there, and the ball does not pitch on the leg side of the wicket, the batter will be out. However, if the ball strikes the batter outside the line of the off-stump, and the batter was attempting to play a stroke, he is not out.

Law 37: Obstructing the field. If a batter willfully obstructs the opposition by word or action or strikes the ball with a hand not holding the bat, he is out. If the actions of the non-striker prevent a catch taking place, then the striker is out. Handled the Ball was previously a method of dismissal in its own right.

Law 38: Run out. A batter is out if at any time while the ball is in play no part of his bat or person is grounded behind the popping crease and his wicket is fairly put down by the opposing side.

Law 39: Stumped. A batter is out when the wicket-keeper (see Law 27) puts down the wicket, while the batter is out of his crease and not attempting a run.

Law 40: Timed out. An incoming batter must be ready to face a ball (or be at the crease with his partner ready to face a ball) within 3 minutes of the outgoing batter being dismissed, otherwise the incoming batter will be out.

Unfair play
Law 41: Unfair play. There are a number of restrictions to ensure fair play covering: changing the condition of the ball; distracting the batsmen; dangerous bowling; time-wasting; damaging the pitch. Some of these offences incur penalty runs, others can see warnings and then restrictions on the players.

Law 42: Players' conduct. The umpires shall penalise unacceptable conduct based on the severity of the actions. Serious misconduct can see a player sent from field; lesser offences, a warning and penalty runs.

Appendices
Appendix A: Definitions. A set of definitions / clarifications of phrases not otherwise defined within the Laws.

Appendix B: The bat (Law 5). Specifications on the size and composition of the bat use in the game.

Appendix C: The pitch (Law 6) and creases (Law 7). Measurements and diagrams explaining how the pitch is marked out.

Appendix D: The wickets (Law 8). Measurements and diagrams explaining the size and shape of the wickets.

Appendix E: Wicket-keeping gloves. Restrictions on the size and design of the gloves worn by the wicket-keeper.

References

Bibliography

Cricket

English cricket in the 18th century
Marylebone Cricket Club
1744 works

Laws of Cricket


Karl Georg Spitzenberg (* 5. Juli 1860 in Martinfeld, Eichsfeld; † 25. Januar 1944 ebenda) war ein deutscher Förster, Hegemeister, Erfinder und Wegbereiter der forstlichen Wühlkultur (Bodenbearbeitung, Saat mit Pflanzenzucht, Pflanzung, Schutz des gesäten Samens, Pflege der jungen Pflanzen und des Bodens).

Sein Lebenswerk umfasst das 1908 veröffentlichte Buch Mißgestaltung des Wurzelsystems der Kiefer und über Kulturmethoden sowie 34 Patente über Verfahren und Geräte, die ihm bis 1897 in 14 Ländern erteilt wurden. Die Spitzenbergschen Verfahren und Geräte gelangten auf nationalen und internationalen Ausstellungen zu großem Ansehen.

Leben und Werk
Karl Spitzenberg wurde in Martinfeld  als jüngstes von sieben Kindern von Margaretha Spitzenberg, geb. Städler und Christoph Spitzenberg geboren.

1881 bestand er die 1. Forstliche Prüfung, 1888 die Försterprüfung. 1895 bis 1896 studierte er in Eisenach, bis 1898 in Tharandt. Seit
1896 arbeitete er am Ausbau des Wühlkulturverfahrens. Am 20. Dezember 1897 wurde er zum Förster ernannt und arbeitete von 1898 bis 1900 in Gohra, heute Ortsteil von Bergheide in der Niederlausitz, von 1903 bis 1907 in Steinbusch, heute Ortsteil von Dobiegniew in Polen und von 1907 bis 1928 in Zäckerick, dem heute polnischen Siekierki. Am 17. Oktober 1911 folgte die Ernennung zum Hegemeister. Ab 1926 ließ sich Karl Spitzenberg in seinem Geburtsort ein geräumiges Haus bauen, welches er im Ruhestand von 1928 bis zu seinem Tode bewohnte. In den Gärten rund um sein Martinfelder Haus führte er seine Forschungen bis zuletzt fort.

Sieben von Spitzenberg erfundene Geräte erhielten jeweils eine Goldmedaille auf der Weltausstellung 1893 in Chicago. Sie wurden auch bei der Berliner Gewerbeausstellung 1896 und der Weltausstellung 1904 in St. Louis sowie 1913 in Russland gezeigt.

Ehrungen

Er erhielt 1924 die Ernennung zum ersten und einzigen Ehrenmitglied des deutschen Försterbundes. Die Straße zu seinem Haus wurde zu seinen Ehren in Spitzenbergweg umbenannt. Ebenfalls zu seinen Ehren wurde ein Gedenkstein oberhalb von Martinfeld in den Hängen des Martinfelder Schimberges gesetzt.

Werke
 Die Spitzenberg'schen Kulturinstrumente, deren Wesen, Zweck und wirthschaftliche Bedeutung, nebst Anleitung für den praktischen Gebrauch unter specieller Berücksichtigung der Forstkultur. Parey, Berlin 1898
 Verbesserungsvorschläge für die Forstwirtschaft. Neumann, Neudamm 1935

Literatur
 Karl Kraut: Karl Spitzenberg. Waldarbeiter und Hegemeister 1860–1944. Schriftenreihe Ausstellungen in der Alten Forstakademie Eberswalde, Heft 4, Eberswalde 1994
 Spitzenberg. Sein Leben und seine Lehre. Sonderdruck dem Deutscher Förster beigegeben, Steup und Bernhard Zeitschriftenverlag, 1930

Weblinks

Forstwissenschaftler
Deutscher
Geboren 1860
Gestorben 1944
Mann
Person (Landkreis Eichsfeld)
Person (Eichsfeld)

Karl Spitzenberg


Fabricio Coloccini (d. 22 Ocak 1982, Córdoba), Arjantinli futbolcudur.

Futbola Arjentinos Juniors'ta başladı. Daha sonra Boca Juniors'a transfer oldu. Daha sonra San Lorenzo ve Alaves'e kiralandı, Atlético Madrid'e transfer oldu. 2003 yılında Villareal'e satıldı. 2004'te RC Deportivo de La Coruña'ya transfer oldu. 2003'ten beri Arjantin millî futbol takımı formasını giyiyor. En son transferi Newcastle'a olmuş ve bu takımın kümeye düşmesiyle birçok kulübün bu oyuncuyu kadrosuna katma isteği doğmuştur. Sözleşmesini 2013'e kadar uzatmıştır.

Defans futbolcuları
Arjantinli gurbetçi futbolcular
İtalya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
İspanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
İngiltere'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
AA Argentinos Juniors futbolcuları
CA Boca Juniors futbolcuları
CA San Lorenzo de Almagro futbolcuları
AC Milan futbolcuları
Deportivo Alavés futbolcuları
Atlético Madrid futbolcuları
Villarreal CF futbolcuları
RC Deportivo de La Coruña futbolcuları
Serie A futbolcuları
La Liga futbolcuları
Premier League futbolcuları
English Football League futbolcuları
Newcastle United FC futbolcuları
2004 Copa América futbolcuları
Altın Olimpiyat madalyalı Arjantinli sporcular
1982 doğumlular
Arjantinli futbolcular
Arjantin millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
2004 Yaz Olimpiyatları futbolcuları
2005 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası futbolcuları
2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
İtalya vatandaşlığına kabul edilenler
Yaşayan insanlar
2004 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda madalya kazananlar
Primera División (Arjantin) futbolcuları
Altın Olimpiyat madalyalı futbolcular

Fabricio Coloccini


Robert Grangeon, né le , est un joueur de rugby à XIII , évoluant au poste d'arrière, de centre ou de troisième ligne dans les années 1950 et 1960.

Il a fait toute sa carrière au sein du club d'Avignon, entrecoupée d'une période au Bataillon de Joinville, remportant le titre de la Coupe de France en 1955 et 1956.

Après sa carrière sportive, il reste dans le milieu du rugby à XIII en encadrant les jeunes du club d'Avignon et en prenant des responsabilités au sein de la fédération française de rugby à XIII.

Biographie

Il dispute et joue avec la sélection française dans les catégories jeunes et juniors. Avec cette dernière, il affronte entre autres l'Angleterre le  pour une victoire 13-9 à Leigh aux côtés de Jean Rouqueirol et Georges Fages. En club, il est entraîné en junior par Abel Mayen.

Il est convoqué à plusieurs reprises en équipe de France senior lors de rassemblements et d'entraînements comme lors de la Coupe d'Europe des nations 1954, mais en raison d'une forte concurrence, il ne put jamais avoir sa chance.

Palmarès

 Collectif :
 Vainqueur de la Coupe de France : 1955 et 1956 (Avignon).
 Finaliste de la Coupe de France : 1958 et 1959 (Avignon).

Notes et références

Dirigeant français de rugby à XIII
Joueur français de rugby à XIII
Naissance en février 1935

Robert Grangeon


Arap Kadri, Tekin Aral`ın öykülerini yazdığı,  70 ve 80'li yıllarda Fırt dergisinde yayımlanan,  "Arap Kadri ve Tarzan" karikatürlerinde ve çizgi romanlarında mevcut karakterdir. İrfan Sayar, Nuri Kurtcebe ve Latif Demirci çizimlerini yapmıştır. Sürekli içtiği rakı, kıllı koskocaman göbeği, koca burnu, dizlerine kadar sarkan kirli beyaz donu, elinden ayırmadığı tesbihi, arkasına basarak giydiği yumurta topuklu rugan ayakkabısı gibi belirgin özellikleriyle sadık bir hayran kitlesi edinmiştir. Özgürlüğüne düşkün, kurallara uymayan bir adam olan Arap Kadri'nin, ormanda düzenli yaşayan Tarzan ile sürekli çatışması ana konudur.

Tekin Aral tipi yaratırken Üsküdar'da yaşayan, semtin kabadayısı ve bıçkını olan, ama haraç yemeyen, başkasının parasını gasp etmeyen, kavgacı, deli dolu birisi olan Arap Yaşar isimli bir  bir tabela ressamından  esinlendiğini belirtmiştir.

Karakter 2023 yılında Emre Kavuk yönetmenliğinde çekilen Arap Kadri ve Tarzan sinema filmiyle beyaz perdeye uyarlanmıştır. Arap Kadri karakterini Ahmet Mümtaz Taylan canlandırmıştır.

Arap Kadri


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වයඹ පළාතේ කුරුණෑගල නගර මධ්‍යයෙහි පිහිටුවා තිබෙන කුරූණෑගල ඔරලෝසු කණුව එරට ඇති පැරණිතම ඔරලෝසු කණු අතුරින් එකක් වේ.

ඔරලෝසු කණුවෙහි ආකෘතිය
සම්පූර්ණයෙන් වාගේ සිමෙන්ති හා කළු ගලින් නිර්මාණය කොට තිබෙන මෙම ඔරලෝසු කණුවහි මූලික හැඩය චතුරස්‍රාකාර ස්වරූපයක් ගෙන තිබෙයි.

එහි පහළ, සිව් දිශා වෙතට ඉදිකරන ලද දොරටු හතරක් වන අතර, ඉන් තුනකම ඔරලෝසු කණුව පිහිටුවීමේ අභිප්‍රාය හා ලෝක යුද්ධයෙන් මියගිය භටයින්ගේ නම් දැක්වෙන සටහන් දැක්වීමට යොදා ගෙන තිබෙයි. කුණුවෙහි ඉහලින් සිව් දිශාවන්හී 1922 වර්ෂය සටහන් කොට තිබෙයි.

ඔරලෝසු කණුවහි ඇතුළත, එහි ඉහළට නැඟීම වෙනුවෙන් ඉදිකරන ලද පඩිපෙළක් වන අතර, ඉන් පඩි 4ක් කොන්ක්‍රීට් වලින්ද, ඉතිරි පඩි 29ක් ලී වලින්ද සාදා ඇත.

යුධ ස්මාරකයක් වශයෙන්
ක්‍රි.ව. 1914-1918 I වන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය වෙනුවෙන් සටන්වැද මියගිය වයඹ පළාතේ භටයින් සහ ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතික භටයින් 07 දෙනෙකු සිහිකිරීම වෙනුවෙන් ඉදිකරන ලද්දකි. ඔරලෝසු කණුවෙහි ඉංග්‍රීසි, සිංහල හා දෙමළ භාෂා ත්‍රිත්වයෙන්ම සටහන් කොට තිබෙන වගන්තිය, ඒ බැව් සනාථ කරයි. (පහත දක්වා ඇති)

ක්‍රි.ව. 1914 - 1918 මහ යුද්ධයේදී අධිරාජ්‍ය උදෙසා වයඹ පළාත වෙනුවෙන් ගොස් ජීවිත දානය කළ වීර පුරුෂයන් සිහිවීම පිණිසයි.

පළමු ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී මියගිය භටයින් 11 දෙනෙකුගේ (ලාංකිකයින් තිදෙනෙකු ඇතුළු) නම් සඳහන් වන සටහනක් සහ දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී මියගිය ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතික භටයින් 07 දෙනෙකුගේ නම් දැක්වෙන සටහනක්ද මෙහි පවතී.

කුරූණෑගල ඔරලෝසු කණුව, කොළඹ නගරයේ ඉදිකොට තිබෙන යුද ස්මාරකයටත් වඩා පැරණි ස්මාරකයක් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙයි. එසේම යුධ ස්මාරකයක සිංහල හා දෙමළ භාෂා ද්විත්වයෙන්ම පාඨ දැක්වෙන එකම අවස්ථාව ලෙසද මෙය සඳහන් වෙයි. (නමුත් කොළඹ යුද ස්මාරකයේ සිංහල හා දෙමළ වචන දෙකක් ඇති බව සඳහන්ය).

ආශ්‍රිත

ඔරලෝසු කණු - ශ්‍රී ලංකා
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ යුද්ධ ස්මාරක

කුරුණෑගල ඔරලෝසු කණුව


Košarkaški klub "Maksimir" (KK "Maksimir"; Maksimir Zagreb; Maksimir) je muški košarkaški klub iz Zagreba, Republika Hrvatska.
U sezoni 2019./20. "Maksimir" se natjecao u "Drugoj muškoj ligi – Centar", ligi trećeg stupnja prvenstva Hrvatske.

O klubu
KK "Maksimir" je osnovan 1976. godine kao prvenstveno klub srednjoškolaca i studenata, odnosno košarkaših zaljubljenika. Glavna osoba od pokretanja kluba, pa narednih desetljeća je Ilija Matijević.
Klub je s ligaškim nastupima pičeo odmah, 1976. godine u "Hrvatskoj regionalnoj ligi – Centar", potom u "Međuopćinskoj ligi Zagreb-Kutina-Sisak". Od sezone 1982./83. je član "Hrvatske lige – Centar", te konačno od 1988. godine do raspada SFRJ su članovi "Hrvatske lige".
Osamostaljenjem Hrvatske, 1992. godine "Maksimir" počinje u hrvatskom prvenstvu u "A-2 ligi". U sezoni 1993./94. su prvaci "A-2 lige – Zapad", te poprvi put igraju "A-1 ligu u sezoni 1994./95. pod nazivom "Gas Blue Jeans", ali odmah isadaju u "A-2 ligu". 1997. godine vraćaju ime "Maksimir". Klub je nanovo prvak "A-2 lige" u sezonama 1998./99. i 2000./01., te su članovi "A-1 lige u sezonama 1999./2000. i 2001./02. Tih godina "Maksimir" je nastupao pod sponzorskim nazivima "Europatrade", "Europatrade Samsung", "Substral Maksimir". Od ispadanja iz "A-1 lige" klub je pretežno član "A-2 lige – Centar", uz igranje u "A-1 ligi" u sezoni 2005./06., te u "B-1 ligi" u sezoni 2011./12. Reorganizacijom ligaškog natjecanja od sezone 2017./18. "Maksimir" je član "Druge muške lige – Centar".

Uspjesi

nakon 1991.
 A-2 liga
 prvak: 1993./94. (Zapad), 1998./99., 2000./01., 2004./05. (Centar), 2007./08.    (Centar)
 doprvak: 1996./97. (Zapad), 2002./03. (Centar)

 Kvalifikacijska liga za A-1 ligu
 drugoplasirani: 2005.

 B-1 liga – Centar
 prvak: 2011./12.

do 1991.
 Hrvatska (republička) liga
 prvak: 1988./89., 1989./90.

 Hrvatska (regionalna) liga – Centar
 prvak: 1987./88.
 doprvak: 1986./87.

 Međuopćinska liga Zagreb-Kutina-Sisak
 prvak: 1982.
 doprvak: 1981.

Pregled plasmana po sezonama

Poznati igrači
 Tihomir Jurić
 Damir Milačić
 Marko Šamanić
 Gordan Zadravec

Unutarnje poveznice

Vanjske poveznice
 KK Maksimir, facebook stranica
 nk-maksimir.hr/kosklub, wayback arhiva
 eurobasket.com, KK Maksimir Zagreb
 youthbasket.com, KK MAKSIMIR ZAGREB basketball team
 basketball.hr, KK Maksimir
 sportilus.com, KOŠARKAŠKI KLUB SESVETE

Izvori

 nk-maksimir.hr/kk-maksimir, POVIJEST Košarkaškog kluba Maksimir, pristupljeno 21. kolovoza 2020.
 nk-maksimir.hr/kk-maksimir, POVIJEST Košarkaškog kluba Maksimir, wayback arhiva
 nk-maksimir.hr/kosklub/arhiva* KK Maksimir – sezone, wayback arhive sezona
 ksz-zagreb.hr, Košarkaški klubovi, pristupljeno 21. kolovoza 2020.
 poslovna.hr, KOŠARKAŠKI KLUB MAKSIMIR
 fininfo.hr, KK "MAKSIMIR"
 bisnode.hr, KOŠARKAŠKI KLUB "MAKSIMIR"

Košarkaški klubovi u Gradu Zagrebu

KK Maksimir Zagreb


Bente Stein Mathisen (født 1. februar 1956) er en norsk politiker, som repræsenterede Høyre fra Akershus i Stortinget i valgperioden 2013–2017. I perioden før var hun første vararepræsentant. Hun er medlem af arbejds- og socialkomiteen og af Stortingets delegation til Nordisk råd.

Mathisen har lang politisk erfaring fra Høyre i Asker og Akershus.

Mathisen er opvokset i Eidanger (nu Porsgrunn kommune). Hun er datter af lokalpolitikeren Arnfinn Johannes Stein fra Kristelig Folkeparti. Hun er uddannet sygeplejerske og arbejdet uden for det politiske som leder i Asker Kommunes Afdeling for psykisk sundhed.

Referencer

Stortingsrepræsentanter fra Høyre

Bente Stein Mathisen


صلاح الدين  سلسلة رسوم متحركة ثلاثية الأبعاد 3D تقوم بإنتاجها ماليزيا بالشراكة مع قناة الجزيرة الفضائية

وصلات خارجية

أفلام حركة حاسوبية
رسوم متحركة
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة ماليزية

صلاح الدين (سلسلة رسوم متحركة)


XING erscheint seit 2004 drei- bis viermal jährlich. Der Verlagsort ist Linz in Oberösterreich. Jede Ausgabe ist einem Thema der Social Sciences gewidmet, das interdisziplinär diskutiert wird. Neben journalistischen und feuilletonistischen Artikeln sind auch wissenschaftliche Aufsätze enthalten. Kunst und Literatur bilden ebenfalls Schwerpunkte.

Herausgeber sind Bernhard Seyringer und Manuel Schilcher. Im Advisory Board sind unter anderem Michael Amon, Gerhard Fröhlich u. a. vertreten. In XING publizieren Autoren wie Bernhard Heinzlmaier, Ulf Matthiesen, Kathrin Röggla, Thomas Ballhausen, Franzobel und viele andere mehr.

Weblinks
 XING Magazin
 Bestand der österreichischen Nationalbibliothek
 Bestand im österreichischen Bibliotheksverbund

Zeitschrift (Österreich)
Literaturzeitschrift (Österreich)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Ersterscheinung 2004

XING Magazin


Boza, darı irmiği, su ve şekerden üretilen bir kış içeceğidir. Bilinen en eski Türk içeceklerinden biridir. Günümüzde eski Osmanlı coğrafyası ile Orta Asya coğrafyasının bazı kısımlarında yapılır. Balkan coğrafyasından Türkiye, Kosova, Bulgaristan, Makedonya, Arnavutluk, Bosna-Hersek, Karadağ, Sırbistan, Romanya gibi ülkelerde ve Asya'dan Kazakistan, Kırgızistan kesimlerinde içilen bir içecektir.

Boza, genelde kış aylarında içilir. Bozanın mevsimi 15 Eylül - 15 Mayıs arasıdır. Uygun şartlarda muhafaza edilirse bozanın içilebilecek kıvamını koruduğu süre 6 ya da 7 gündür.

Tarihçe

Türkiye'de genellikle darıdan yapılan boza, başka ülkelerde yapıldığı yerin başlıca ürününe göre mısır, arpa, çavdar, yulaf, buğday, kara buğday, arnavutdarısı, gernik gibi tahılların unu, bazen de pirinç ve ekmek, nadir olarak da kenevir unu ve karamuk mayalandırılarak yapılır.

Boza, Mısır ve Kuzey Afrika sahilleriyle Akdenizli tüccar gemiciler aracılığıyla batıya, Hazar Denizi güneyinden doğuya, Asya içlerine ve Çin'e; İran ve Afganistan'a, Kafkaslar'dan kuzeye, Volga havzasına doğru geniş bir coğrafyaya yayılır.

İbn Battuta isimli Arap gezgini, 14. yüzyıl başlarında yazdığı seyahatnamesinde Türklerin bulunduğu Deşt-i Kıpçak bölgesini anlatırken Türklerin içtiği bir şıra olan bozayı anlatmaktadır.

"Tattığında ekşilik hissettiğim için hemen bıraktım. Yemekten çıktığım zaman bunun ne olduğunu araştırdım, anlattılar; Duki (düğ = ince bulgur) tanelerinden yapılan bir nebizdir bu. Onlar Hanefi mezhebindendir ve nebiz onlar nezdinde
helaldir. Buralılar dukiden yapılmış bu nebize buza (boza) adını veriyorlar."

Evliya Çelebi 17. yüzyıl ortalarında İstanbul'da 300'den fazla bozacı dükkânının bulunduğunu, bu dükkânlarda 1100 kadar bozacının çalıştığını aktarmıştır. Osmanlı'da fazla mayalandırılarak, içine afyon katılan bozahanelerin, 19. yüzyıla doğru ortadan kalktığı biliniyor.

Türkiye'de boza kültürü

Boza özellikle kış aylarında içimi tercih edilen bir içecektir. Özellikle kışa denk gelen Ramazan aylarında tüketimi oldukça yüksektir.

Boza, sokakta ve dükkânlarda bozacılar tarafından satılır. Eski yıllarda akşamları yeni hazırlanmış sıcak bozalar, sokaklarda bozacılar tarafından bağırılarak da satılırdı. 2000'li yılların başından itibaren ambalaj sanayiindeki gelişme ve hızlı tüketim alışkanlıklarına paralel olarak +8 °C'de 25 gün dayanan bozalar marketlerde satışa sunulmuştur.

Yörelere Göre Çeşitleri

Velimeşe Bozası
Tarihçesinde Çorlu ilçesinin Velimeşe Beldesinde üretilen Velimeşe Bozası, Edirne-İstanbul arasında işleyen trenlerde seyyar olarak satılmaya başlamasıyla, bu tren hattını kullanan yolcuların ilgisini çekmeye başlamıştır. Velimeşe Bozasına giderek artan talep karşısında, zamanla Ergene ve Çorlu ilçelerinde yaygın üretimi başlamıştır. Velimeşe Bozası, 1960'lı yıllardan günümüze kadar alışıla gelmiş adıyla Velimeşe Bozası olarak bilinir olmuş ve belirtilen coğrafi sınır ile Velimeşe Bozası arasında ün bağı oluşmuştur.
Velimeşe Bozası Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu tarafından tescillenmiş ve coğrafi işaret almıştır.

Kaynakça

Türk mutfağındaki içecekler
Türk icatları
Alkolsüz içecekler
Mayalı içecekler

Boza


Børnemagt er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1973 instrueret af Voja Milandinovich.

Handling
I det danske samfund findes der en del minoritetsgrupper, som med forskellig baggrund prøver at skabe deres egen revolution. Filmen handler om Børnemagt, som den var i begyndelsen af 1970'erne. De unge mellem 8 og 18 år fortæller selv i filmen om deres kamp mod de voksnes dominans.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1973

Børnemagt (dokumentarfilm)


L'Opéra national de Grèce ( / Ethnikí Lyrikí Skiní ou simplement ) est une institution culturelle ayant pour objet le théâtre lyrique, basée à Athènes depuis 1939. Depuis 1994, l'Opéra national de Grèce est une entité légale de droit privé placée sous la tutelle du ministère de la Culture.

Depuis 2017, l'Opéra national de Grèce est logé en permanence dans le Centre culturel de la fondation Stávros-Niárchos, en face de la Bibliothèque nationale de Grèce. Il dispose de  pour ses activités, avec notamment une salle principale de  et une salle secondaire pouvant accueillir  au maximum.

L'Opéra national de Grèce présente chaque année des œuvres d'opéra, de ballet et de théâtre musical, des opérettes, des concerts symphoniques ainsi que des spectacles éducatifs spéciaux pour les enfants et les étudiants.

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Théâtre national de Grèce
 Palais de la musique d'Athènes

Liens externes

Culture à Athènes
Théâtre grec
Opéra (compagnie)

Opéra national de Grèce


Das Ehrenbürgerrecht ist die höchste Auszeichnung der Stadt Freital. Geehrt werden damit Personen, die sich in besonderer Weise um die Stadt verdient gemacht haben. Über die Vergabe entscheidet der Stadtrat. Von August 1933 bis zum Zusammenbruch des NS-Staates war Adolf Hitler erster Ehrenbürger der 1921 gegründeten Stadt. Der Titel wurde danach zwischen 1951 und 2004 an bislang sieben weitere Personen vergeben.

Hinweis: Die Auflistung erfolgt chronologisch nach Datum der Zuerkennung.

Ehrenbürger der Stadt Freital
 Karl Hanusch (* 9. Mai 1881 in Niederhäslich; † 19. November 1969 in Dresden)
 deutscher Maler und Graphiker
 Verleihung der Ehrenbürgerschaft 1951
 Karl Hanusch besuchte die Volksschule und begann danach eine Lehre als Dekorationsmaler. Ab 1900 studierte er an der Königlichen Kunstakademie zu Dresden. 1909 wurde er an die Staatliche Akademie Breslau berufen, 1922 an die Staatliche Textilschule Plauen. Im Jahr 1933 wurde er von den Nationalsozialisten inhaftiert, 1934 aber wieder entlassen. Danach war er in Rabenau tätig und trug zum Aufbau der Hochschule für Bildende Künste Dresden bei. Mit der befreundeten Marianne Bruns und dem Ehepaar Schumann war er im Freitaler Poisental ansässig.
 Marianne Bruns (* 31. August 1897 in Leipzig; † 1. Januar 1994 in Dresden)
 deutsche Schriftstellerin
 Verleihung der Ehrenbürgerschaft 1967
 Marianne Bruns studierte zunächst Musik, führte ab 1926 den Wäschereibetrieb ihrer Eltern fort. Sie machte unter anderem mit Kurt Hanusch und Eva Schumann Bekanntschaft, mit denen sie im Freitaler Poisental wirkte. Ab 1965 trg sie zur Gründung einer Stiftung für soziale und kulturelle Projekte in Freital bei.
 Eva Schumann (* 8. Januar 1889 in Hainichen; † 3. Dezember 1973 in Freital)
 deutsche Übersetzerin
 Verleihung der Ehrenbürgerschaft 1967
 Eva Feine absolvierte eine Lehre zur Buchbinderin in Leipzig. Im Jahr 1912 heiratete sie Wolfgang Schumann und promovierte 1914. Sie schloss sich 1918 der Arbeiterbewegung an und begann mit ersten Übersetzungen. Ab 1933 lebte sie in der Tschechoslowakei und in England im Exil und kehrte gegen Kriegsende nach Dresden zurück. Bei den Luftangriffen auf Dresden wurde das Haus der Familie Schumann zerstört, sie kamen bei den befreundeten Karl Hanusch und Marianne Bruns unter. In Freital wirkte sie an der Gründung des "Schauspielhauses im Plauenschen Grund" mit.
 Erich Dittrich (* 1914)
 deutscher Widerstandskämpfer und Funktionär
 Verleihung der Ehrenbürgerschaft 1984
 Der gelernte Stuhlbauer Dittrich entstammte einer Arbeiterfamilie und engagierte sich im Widerstand gegen die NS-Diktatur. Im Jahr 1933 wurde er verurteilt und in das KZ Hohnstein deportiert. Er überlebte, trat nach Kriegsende in die SED ein und war anschließend in verschiedenen Funktionen tätig, etwa im Rat des Kreises Freital oder als Vorsitzender der Arbeiter-Wohnungsgenossenschaft. Die Ehrenbürgerwürde erhielt Dittrich anlässlich seines 70. Geburtstags.
 Hellmuth Heinz (* 31. August 1904 in Potschappel; † 25. Dezember 1994 in Freital)
 deutscher Widerstandskämpfer und Museologe
 Verleihung der Ehrenbürgerschaft 1988
 Nach dem Besuch der Volksschule absolvierte Hellmuth Heinz ein Studium als Verlagskaufmann. Er war in der Arbeiterbewegung aktiv und trat 1919 in die Karl-Liebknecht-Jugend ein. 1928 wurde er Mitglied der USPD und wirkte während des Nationalsozialismus illegal in einer Dresdner Gruppe unter der Leitung von Fritz Schulze mit. Im Jahr 1941 wurde er verhaftet und zu 15 Jahren Zuchthaus verurteilt. Nach Kriegsende gründete er unter anderem die Ortsgruppe des Kulturbundes und fungierte als Leiter der Volkshochschule, des Kulturamtes sowie ab 1954 als Museumsdirektor im Haus der Heimat. Bereits 1949 erwarb er die "Sammlung Willy Eberl" für die Stadt Freital. 1987 übergab Heinz seine private Kunstsammlung an das Stadtmuseum.
 Friedrich Pappermann (* 2. Februar 1909 in Dresden; † 28. August 1995 ebenda)
 deutscher Kunstsammler
 Verleihung der Ehrenbürgerschaft 1994
 Nach dem Schulbesuch absolvierte Pappermann eine Ausbildung zum Exportkaufmann in Dresden. Später arbeitete er in einer elektrotechnischen Fabrik, es entwickelte sich seine künstlerische Sammlerleidenschaft. Ab 1947 war er Leiter und Direktor diverser Betriebe, ab 1960 arbeitete er beim VEB Medizin- und Labortechnische Anlagen Dresden. Nach dem Ende seiner Laufbahn widmete sich Pappermann vollständig der Kunstsammlung. Im Jahr 1988 kam es zum ersten Kontakt mit Mitarbeitern des Museums Freital. Pappermann entschloss sich einige Jahre später, seine Sammlung an das Museum zu stiften. Im Juni 1993 wurde die Ausstellung eröffnet.
 Gottfried Bammes (* 26. April 1920 in Potschappel; † 14. Mai 2007 in Dresden)
 deutscher Maler
 Verleihung der Ehrenbürgerschaft 2004
 Bammes besuchte die Lessingschule in Potschappel und später die Staatliche Oberschule für Jungen in Dresden-Plauen. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg geriet er in Gefangenschaft, aus der er 1945 zurückkehrte und ein Kunsterziehungsstudium begann. Er half bei der Enttrümmerung der zerstörten Hochschule für Bildende Künste mit und bildete sich autodidaktisch aus. Zu DDR-Zeiten wirkte er am VEB Edelstahlwerk 8. Mai 1945 künstlerisch und schuf mehrere Wandbilder für die Stadt. Ab 1951 studierte er an der Hochschule für Bildende Künste Dresden als Maler und Grafiker und wurde 1953 als Hochschullehrer berufen. Im Jahr 1965 erhielt er den Kunstpreis der Stadt Freital, 1976 den Nationalpreis der DDR für Wissenschaft und Technik. Nach der Wende erwarb das Edelstahlwerk vereinzelte Werke Bammes. Im Jahr 2000 erhielt er den Kultur- und Kunstpreis der Stadt Freital.

Weblinks
 Ehrenbürger Freitals mit Kurzbiografien auf freital.de

Einzelnachweise

!
Freital
Ehrenburger Freital

Liste der Ehrenbürger von Freital


Douvres-la-Délivrande () is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. The name was simply Douvres until 1961, when it was expanded to refer to the basilica Notre-Dame de la Délivrande ("Our Lady of Deliverance"), located in the town, a site of pilgrimage.

History

World War II
During the Second World War, Douvres-la-Délivrande was the site of an important German air-detection radar installation, part of the strategic Atlantic Wall defences. Completed in the autumn of 1943, the station was split into two zones by the road from Douvres to Bény-sur-Mer; and heavily fortified with bunkers, machineguns and minefields.

The Northern zone held a large Siemens 'Wasserman' long-range radar and associated structures. The larger Southern zone had two intermediate-range Freya and two short-range Würzburg Riese radars; as well as command and infirmary bunkers, garages and artillery placements. Some 230 Luftwaffe personnel were based at the station, including electricians, engineers and 36 air controllers.

At 11 pm on the night of 5/6 June 1944, the Allies launched intensive jamming of radar frequencies which blinded the entire German radar network from Cherbourg to Le Havre. On the morning of the 6th (D-Day) the antennas at Douvres-la-Délivrande were rendered inoperative by Allied naval artillery bombardment.

Canadian troops who had landed nearby on 'Juno Beach' isolated the station but the Germans successfully defended it for 12 days, awaiting a counter-attack by Panzers; on one occasion it was resupplied with food via a nocturnal paradrop mission from Mont-de-Marsan.

On 17 June, a massive offensive by the British 41 Commando, Royal Marines - preceded by an artillery bombardment and supported by mine-clearing and anti-bunker tanks of 79th Armoured Division - secured the surrender of the garrison.

Present day
The radar site at Douvres-la-Délivrande is now home to a museum, with two of the bunkers housing displays about the evolution and role of radar. The museum also maintains a rare preserved example of the 'Würzburg' radar antenna.

The commune has a war cemetery with the graves of 1123 soldiers from both the Allied and Axis forces:
927 British
180 Germans
11 Canadians
3 Australians
1 Pole
1 unknown soldier

Population

International relations
The commune is twinned with:
  Oerlenbach, Germany, since 2003
  Axminster, UK, since 1999

See also
Communes of the Calvados department

References

External links

Many photos of the radar site including the Würzburg Riese radar
Official site

Communes of Calvados (department)
Calvados communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia

Douvres-la-Délivrande


Léglise Saint-Jean-le-Théologien d'Athènes (en  / ) est un édifice religieux byzantin situé dans le quartier athénien de Pláka. Imprécisément daté de la fin du , le monument est dédié à l'apôtre Jean.

Histoire
N'étant pas mentionnée dans les sources écrites médiévales, l'église a un historique particulièrement mal connu. Une pièce de monnaie à l'effigie de l'empereur byzantin Alexis  Comnène, trouvée sur le toit de l'édifice lors de travaux d'entretien, tendrait à une datation de la fin du . Cependant, les caractéristiques architecturales du monument font plutôt converger les spécialistes vers une construction à la fin du . L'église est alors située à proximité de l'ancienne muraille romaine construite à la suite du pillage des Hérules et du Rizókastro, l'enceinte médiévale ceinturant l'acropole d'Athènes.

Selon la tradition populaire, les deux canons du commandant vénitien Francesco Morosini, qui détruisirent le Parthénon lors du siège de l'Acropole en 1687, étaient positionnés non loin de l'église.

D'importants travaux de restauration furent conduits entre 1975 et 1976. L'édifice est aujourd'hui une chapelle de l', située à moins de  au sud-est.

Architecture
L'église Saint-Jean-le-Théologien est l'une des rares églises athéniennes de la  (843–1204) à avoir traversé le temps sans modifications majeures. Le dôme octogonal est caractéristique du «  », percé de huit fenêtres séparées par de fines colonnes en marbre. Une singularité par rapport aux autres églises similaires se situe dans le placement des gouttières en marbre sous le carrelage du dôme, à distance des chapiteaux des colonnettes. Le plan général de l'église est celui de la croix inscrite, avec un narthex à l'ouest et un sanctuaire (ou bêma) à l'est. À l'origine et au moins jusqu'en 1840, le passage entre le narthex et le naos s'effectuait par une triple arcature appelée .

La maçonnerie présente un appareil cloisonné qui alterne la roche poreuse et la brique. Des pierres de taille plus importante ont été utilisées dans la partie inférieure de la façade septentrionale. Côté sud ainsi que sur la partie extérieure de la diakonikon à l'angle sud-est, la maçonnerie est davantage caractérisée par l'aspect hétéroclite des matériaux de remplois et l'usage important de mortier, signe d'une rénovation ultérieure. Au sommet du linteau de la porte occidentale et d'une ancienne entrée au nord remplacée par une fenêtre figure, en saillie par rapport à la façade, une baie aveugle en brique rappelant un fronton. Ces éléments caractéristiques de l'église Saint-Jean-le-Théologien sont qualifiés de « propylées compacts » par l'archéologue grec .

À l'intérieur, la coupole est supportée par deux piliers à l'est et deux colonnes à l'ouest. Les chapiteaux à deux niveaux, de style corinthien au-dessus et ionique au-dessous, sont des remplois. Des vases acoustiques sont intégrés dans les pendentifs, une technique courante dans l'architecture byzantine. La décoration intérieure comporte des fresques du  rares à Athènes représentant notamment le Christ Pantokrator sur la coupole, les saints Constantin et Hélène sur les voûtes, l'Ascension et un saint militaire à cheval évoquant vraisemblablement saint Georges dans le sanctuaire. L'iconostase en bois et le pavage sont de l'époque moderne.

Galerie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Architecture byzantine
 Histoire d'Athènes

Monument à Athènes
Athènes
Église fondée au XIIe siècle
Architecture byzantine en Grèce
Athènes

Église Saint-Jean-le-Théologien d'Athènes


O Museu Nacional da Dinamarca  () é um museu dedicado à história e cultura da Dinamarca e do Mundo; está instalado na cidade de Copenhaga, capital do país.

Ligações externas

Dinamarca
Nacional

Museu Nacional da Dinamarca


Berthold Ernst Friedrich Thomas (1910) es un botánico alemán, que desarrolló actividades académicas en la Universidad Técnica de Berlín.

Algunas publicaciones

Libros
 . 1962. Die Nähr- und Ballaststoffe der Getreidemehle in ihrer Bedeutung für die Brotnahrung: Zusammenfassende Darstellung der Brotfrage unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Ausmahlungsgrades. Editor	Technische Universität, 256 pp.
 ---------------------------------. 1936. Die Gattung Clerodendrum in Afrika ... Editor	Berlin. 98 pp.

Eponimia
 (Apocynaceae) Aspidosperma thomasii Marc.-Ferr.
 (Asclepiadaceae) Marsdenia thomasii Morillo

Referencias

Botánicos de Alemania del siglo XX
Escritores en alemán
Centenarios de Alemania

Berthold Ernst Friedrich Thomas


was a town located in Maniwa District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 9,027 and a density of 65.04 persons per km2. The total area was 138.79 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Katsuyama, along with the town of Hokubō (from Jōbō District), and towns of Kuse, Ochiai and Yubara, and the villages of Chūka, Kawakami, Mikamo and Yatsuka (all from Maniwa District) were merged to create the city of Maniwa.

To coincide with the 2005 merger, Katsuyama residents were given a book commemorating the last 50 years of Katsuyama's existence as a town and a special purple cloth with the town logo imprinted on it.

Local to Katsuyama is the , the only Okayama waterfall on the list of Japan's Top 100 Waterfalls and home to Japanese macaque monkeys.

Recently, Katsuyama has also become known for its noren adorning the shops and houses along a 1 km stretch of the Katsuyama Historical Preservation District, wherein the Edo Period landscape of the town remains. The noren are all made by one craftswoman, Yoko Kano, who has her own workshop along the street.

Traditional Products
Katsuyama is famous for its bamboo basketry, originating from the town's Tsukida district, and four types of baskets produced there are designated as "Traditional Japanese Crafts".

Also famous is Gozenshu sake made by Katsuyama's Tsuji Honten brewery which has been in the town since the early 1800s, having relocated from nearby Ochiai.

Geography
Rivers: Asahi River (The big-3 river through Okayama Prefecture).

Adjoining municipalities in Okayama Prefecture:
Kuse,
Ochiai,
Yubara,
Mikamo,
Hokubō, and
Ōsa.

Education
Katsuyama Elementary School
Tsukida Elementary School
Tomihara Elementary School
Katsuyama Junior High School
Okayama Prefectural Katsuyama High School

Transportation

Railways
West Japan Railway Company
Kishin Line
Chūgoku-Katsuyama Station – Tsukida Station – Tomihara Station

Road
National highways:
Route 181
Route 313
Prefectural roads:
Okayama Prefectural Route 32 (Niimi-Katsuyama)
Okayama Prefectural Route 84 (Katsuyama-Kurihara)
Okayama Prefectural Route 201 (Kanba waterfall)
Okayama Prefectural Route 311 (Akuchi-Kami)
Okayama Prefectural Route 320 (Wakashiro-Hōkoku Station)
Okayama Prefectural Route 321 (Kōjiro-Katsuyama)
Okayama Prefectural Route 390 (Komi-Tsukida Station)
Okayama Prefectural Route 459 (Wakashiro-Kōjiro)

Notable places and events
Katsuyama castle town
Katsuyama Historical Preservation District
Kanba waterfall
Katsuyama Festival (October 19–20)

References

External links
Official website of Maniwa in Japanese
http://darumapilgrim.blogspot.com/2006/12/izumo-kaido-katsuyama.html
Tsuji brewery webpages (in Japanese)
https://www.flickr.com/groups/1133664@N25/pool/with/4298539887/ Katsuyama photo group on Flickr

Dissolved municipalities of Okayama Prefecture
Maniwa

Katsuyama, Okayama


බංග්ලාදේශ ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම වර්තමානයෙහි  2017 මාර්තු මස සිට අප්‍රේල් මස දක්වා ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි සංචාරයක නිරතව සිටිති. සංචාරය සමන්විත වන්නේ, පිළිවෙලින් ටෙස්ට් තරග දෙකකින්, එක් දින ජාත්‍යන්තර  (එදිජා) තුනකින් සහ  විස්සයි20 ජාත්‍යන්තර (වි20ජා) දෙකකින් සමන්විත වන්නාවූ තරග මාලාවන් තුනක් වෙතිනි. > තරග සංචාරයෙහි දෙවන ටෙස්ට් තරගය, බංග්ලාදේශය විසින් තරග වැදුණු 100වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය විය.  මෙම තරග සංචාරය තුල, ටෙස්ට් තරග වලට පෙරාතුව දෙදින පුහුණු තරගයක්ද එදිජා තරග වලට පෙරාතුව එක් දින පුහුණු තරගයක්ද පැවතිණි.  ටෙස්ට් තරගමාලාව ක්‍රීඩා කරන ලද්දේ,  බංග්ලාදේශ දේශයෙහි පියා වූ බංගබන්දු ෂීක් මුජිබර් රහ්මන් වෙතට බුහුමන් ලෙසින් ජෝයි බංග්ලා කුසලාන වෙනුවෙනි.

තරග මාලාව ඇරඹීමට පෙර, ශ්‍රී ලංකා කණ්ඩායමෙහි නායක ඇන්ජලෝ මැතිව්ස් ටෙස්ට් තරග වල ක්‍රීඩා කල නොහැකි බවට තීරණය වූයේ ශක්ති තන්ත්‍රි පේශිය පීඩාවක් නිසාය.  ඔහු වෙනුවෙන් නායක ලෙසින් රංගන හේරත් නම් කෙරිණි.   එදිජා තරගමාලාවට පෙර ව්‍යාධිය සුව වීමට මැතිව්ස්ට නොහැකි වූ අතර, කණ්ඩායමෙහි නායකයා ලෙසින් උපුල් තරංග නම් කෙරිණි.

ටෙස්ට් තරග මාලාව 1–1 ලෙසින් ජය-පැරදුමෙන් තොරව අවසන් වූ අතර, බංග්ලාදේශය විසින් දෙවන තරගය කඩුළු  4 කින් ජයගති. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට එරෙහිව ටෙස්ට් තරගයකදී ඔවුන් ලද පළමු ජයග්‍රහණය එය විය. මෙම ජයග්‍රහණය ටෙස්ට් තරගවලදී ඔවුන්ගේ නවවන ජයග්‍රහණය වූ අතර පිටරටකදී වූ සතරවන ජයග්‍රහණය විය.

සංචිත

එදිජා තරගමාලාව

1වන එදිජා

2වන එදිජා

3වන එදිජා

ආශ්‍රිත

2016–17 තරග කාල සීමාවෙහිදී බංග්ලාදේශ ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමෙහි ශ්‍රී ලංකා සංචාරය


An Sobralia biflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hipólito Ruiz López ngan Pav.. An Sobralia biflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sobralia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sobralia

Sobralia biflora


Finnbogi Ísakson (født Isaksen, 7. februar 1943 i Klaksvík, død 7. september 2005 i Tórshavn) var en færøsk journalist, forfatter og politiker (T). Som mediemand var han aktiv i både radio, fjernsyn og aviser. Lagtingsmedlem 1966–1984 og 1990–2002, og medlem af Færøernes regering 1975–1979, 1989 og 1993–1994.

Ísakson var ansat i Útvarp Føroya fra 1963 til 1974. Som den næstyngste nogensinde blev han i en alder af 23 år valgt til Lagtinget fra Norðoyar i 1966. Han var endvidere redaktør af Tíðindablaðið fra 1974 til 1975. Arbejdede freelance fra 1975 til 1984, mens han var skole-, bolig- og trafikminister i regeringen Atli Dam II fra 1975 til 1979. Johan Simonsen mødte i hans sted på Lagtinget. I 1984 blev Ísakson ikke genvalgt til Lagtinget. Samme år blev han ansat i Sjónvarp Føroya, hvor han arbejdede frem til 1988. Mødte som suppleant i Lagtinget for Jóngerð Purkhús 1989–1990. På ny valgt til Lagtinget på eget mandat ved lagtingsvalget 1990, denne gang for Suðurstreymoy. Færøernes finansminister i 1989, og igen fra 1993 til 1994. Redaktør af Tjóðveldisflokkurins partiavis 14. september fra 1991 til 1993. lagtingsformand fra 1998 til 2002.

Finnbogi Ísakson blev alvorligt syg sommeren 2005, og døde 7. september, 62 år gammel.

Bibliografi
 1972 – Rím og reyp, humorbog
 1983 – Tilburðir í okkara øld, bind I
 1987 – Tilburðir í okkara øld, bind II
 1988 – Aftur og fram, bind I
 1989 – Aftur og fram, bind II
 1990 – Aftur og fram, bind III
 1991 – Aftur og fram, bind IV
 1995 – Tilburðir í okkara øld, bind III
 2005 – Sverri kongur, oversat fra norsk

Referencer
Litteratur
 Løgtingið 150 – Hátíðarrit, bind 2 (2002), s. 269. (PDF )
 Árbók fyri Føroyar 1991 (1991), s. 73 (Læs )
 Árbók fyri Føroyar 1995 (1995), s. 78 (Læs )

Eksterne henvisninger
 Finnbogi Ísaksons biografi  hos Lagtinget
 Finnbogi Ísaksons nekrolog af Høgni Hoydal

Politikere fra Tjóðveldi
Journalister fra Færøerne
Lagtingsformænd på Færøerne
Redaktører fra Færøerne
Personer fra Klaksvik
Lagtingsmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Finansministre fra Færøerne
Skoleministre fra Færøerne
Boligministre
Faglitterære forfattere fra Færøerne
Trafikministre fra Færøerne
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog (afdøde)

Finnbogi Ísakson


Le Šiaulių Futbolo Akademija, plus couramment abrégé en FA Šiauliai, est un club professionnel lituanien de football fondé en 2007 et basé dans la ville de Šiauliai.

L'équipe participe à la A Lyga, la première division lituanienne.

Histoire

Bilan sportif

Palmarès

Bilan par saison

Personnalités du club

Présidents du club
  Deivis Kančelskis

Entraîneurs du club
 2017-2020 :  Renatas Vestartas
 2021- :  Mindaugas Čepas

Joueurs du club

Effectif professionnel actuel

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Joueurs emblématiques du club
  Algis Jankauskas (2021-2022)
  Eligijus Jankauskas (depuis 2022-)

Notes et références

Liens externes

 siauliufa.lt
 A lyga (alyga.lt)
 lietuvosfutbolas.lt (FA Šiauliai)
 Globalsportsarchive

Club de football fondé en 2007
Šiaulių FA

FA Šiauliai


Reacție Tișcenko (scris în ) este o reacție organică de disproporționare a unei aldehide ce se realizază în prezența unui alcoxid.

De exemplu, benzaldehida reacționează cu benzilatul de sodiu (obținut prin reacția dintre sodiu metalic și alcool benzilic) formând benzoatul de benzil. Dibenzil-eterul se obține ca produs secundar al acestei reacții, cu precădere dacă amestecul de reacție se încălzește.

Note

Vezi și
 Reacție Cannizzaro
 Reducere Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley
 Oxidare Oppenauer

Reacții organice
Tișcenko

Reacție Tișcenko