Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with physical systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium but can be described in terms of macroscopic quantities (non-equilibrium state variables) that represent an extrapolation of the variables used to specify the system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is concerned with transport processes and with the rates of chemical reactions.

Almost all systems found in nature are not in thermodynamic equilibrium, for they are changing or can be triggered to change over time, and are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to and from other systems and to chemical reactions. Some systems and processes are, however, in a useful sense, near enough to thermodynamic equilibrium to allow description with useful accuracy by currently known non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Nevertheless, many natural systems and processes will always remain far beyond the scope of non-equilibrium thermodynamic methods due to the existence of non variational dynamics, where the concept of free energy is lost.

The thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium systems requires more general concepts than are dealt with by equilibrium thermodynamics. One fundamental difference between equilibrium thermodynamics and non-equilibrium thermodynamics lies in the behaviour of inhomogeneous systems, which require for their study knowledge of rates of reaction which are not considered in equilibrium thermodynamics of homogeneous systems. This is discussed below. Another fundamental and very important difference is the difficulty or impossibility, in general, in defining entropy at an instant of time in macroscopic terms for systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium; it can be done, to useful approximation, only in carefully chosen special cases, namely those that are throughout in local thermodynamic equilibrium.

Scope

Difference between equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics

A profound difference separates equilibrium from non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Equilibrium thermodynamics ignores the time-courses of physical processes. In contrast, non-equilibrium thermodynamics attempts to describe their time-courses in continuous detail.

Equilibrium thermodynamics restricts its considerations to processes that have initial and final states of thermodynamic equilibrium; the time-courses of processes are deliberately ignored. Consequently, equilibrium thermodynamics allows processes that pass through states far from thermodynamic equilibrium, that cannot be described even by the variables admitted for non-equilibrium thermodynamics, such as time rates of change of temperature and pressure. For example, in equilibrium thermodynamics, a process is allowed to include even a violent explosion that cannot be described by non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Equilibrium thermodynamics does, however, for theoretical development, use the idealized concept of the "quasi-static process". A quasi-static process is a conceptual (timeless and physically impossible) smooth mathematical passage along a continuous path of states of thermodynamic equilibrium. It is an exercise in differential geometry rather than a process that could occur in actuality.

Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, on the other hand, attempting to describe continuous time-courses, needs its state variables to have a very close connection with those of equilibrium thermodynamics. This profoundly restricts the scope of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and places heavy demands on its conceptual framework.

Non-equilibrium state variables
The suitable relationship that defines non-equilibrium thermodynamic state variables is as follows. On occasions when the system happens to be in states that are sufficiently close to thermodynamic equilibrium, non-equilibrium state variables are such that they can be measured locally with sufficient accuracy by the same techniques as are used to measure thermodynamic state variables, or by corresponding time and space derivatives, including fluxes of matter and energy. In general, non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems are spatially and temporally non-uniform, but their non-uniformity still has a sufficient degree of smoothness to support the existence of suitable time and space derivatives of non-equilibrium state variables.

Because of the spatial non-uniformity, non-equilibrium state variables that correspond to extensive thermodynamic state variables have to be defined as spatial densities of the corresponding extensive equilibrium state variables. On occasions when the system is sufficiently close to thermodynamic equilibrium, intensive non-equilibrium state variables, for example temperature and pressure, correspond closely with equilibrium state variables. It is necessary that measuring probes be small enough, and rapidly enough responding, to capture relevant non-uniformity. Further, the non-equilibrium state variables are required to be mathematically functionally related to one another in ways that suitably resemble corresponding relations between equilibrium thermodynamic state variables. In reality, these requirements are very demanding, and it may be difficult or practically, or even theoretically, impossible to satisfy them. This is part of why non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a work in progress.

Overview
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a work in progress, not an established edifice. This article is an attempt to sketch some approaches to it and some concepts important for it.

Some concepts of particular importance for non-equilibrium thermodynamics include time rate of dissipation of energy (Rayleigh 1873, Onsager 1931, also), time rate of entropy production (Onsager 1931), thermodynamic fields, dissipative structure, and non-linear dynamical structure.

One problem of interest is the thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium steady states, in which entropy production and some flows are non-zero, but there is no time variation of physical variables.

One initial approach to non-equilibrium thermodynamics is sometimes called 'classical irreversible thermodynamics'. There are other approaches to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, for example extended irreversible thermodynamics, and generalized thermodynamics, but they are hardly touched on in the present article.

Quasi-radiationless non-equilibrium thermodynamics of matter in laboratory conditions
According to Wildt (see also Essex), current versions of non-equilibrium thermodynamics ignore radiant heat; they can do so because they refer to laboratory quantities of matter under laboratory conditions with temperatures well below those of stars. At laboratory temperatures, in laboratory quantities of matter, thermal radiation is weak and can be practically nearly ignored. But, for example, atmospheric physics is concerned with large amounts of matter, occupying cubic kilometers, that, taken as a whole, are not within the range of laboratory quantities; then thermal radiation cannot be ignored.

Local equilibrium thermodynamics
The terms 'classical irreversible thermodynamics' and 'local equilibrium thermodynamics' are sometimes used to refer to a version of non-equilibrium thermodynamics that demands certain simplifying assumptions, as follows. The assumptions have the effect of making each very small volume element of the system effectively homogeneous, or well-mixed, or without an effective spatial structure, and without kinetic energy of bulk flow or of diffusive flux. Even within the thought-frame of classical irreversible thermodynamics, care is needed in choosing the independent variables for systems. In some writings, it is assumed that the intensive variables of equilibrium thermodynamics are sufficient as the independent variables for the task (such variables are considered to have no 'memory', and do not show hysteresis); in particular, local flow intensive variables are not admitted as independent variables; local flows are considered as dependent on quasi-static local intensive variables.

Also it is assumed that the local entropy density is the same function of the other local intensive variables as in equilibrium; this is called the local thermodynamic equilibrium assumption (see also Keizer (1987)). Radiation is ignored because it is transfer of energy between regions, which can be remote from one another. In the classical irreversible thermodynamic approach, there is allowed very small spatial variation, from very small volume element to adjacent very small volume element, but it is assumed that the global entropy of the system can be found by simple spatial integration of the local entropy density; this means that spatial structure cannot contribute as it properly should to the global entropy assessment for the system. This approach assumes spatial and temporal continuity and even differentiability of locally defined intensive variables such as temperature and internal energy density. All of these are very stringent demands. Consequently, this approach can deal with only a very limited range of phenomena. This approach is nevertheless valuable because it can deal well with some macroscopically observable phenomena.

In other writings, local flow variables are considered; these might be considered as classical by analogy with the time-invariant long-term time-averages of flows produced by endlessly repeated cyclic processes; examples with flows are in the thermoelectric phenomena known as the Seebeck and the Peltier effects, considered by Kelvin in the nineteenth century and by Lars Onsager in the twentieth. These effects occur at metal junctions, which were originally effectively treated as two-dimensional surfaces, with no spatial volume, and no spatial variation.

Local equilibrium thermodynamics with materials with "memory"
A further extension of local equilibrium thermodynamics is to allow that materials may have "memory", so that their constitutive equations depend not only on present values but also on past values of local equilibrium variables. Thus time comes into the picture more deeply than for time-dependent local equilibrium thermodynamics with memoryless materials, but fluxes are not independent variables of state.

Extended irreversible thermodynamics
Extended irreversible thermodynamics is a branch of non-equilibrium thermodynamics that goes outside the restriction to the local equilibrium hypothesis. The space of state variables is enlarged by including the fluxes of mass, momentum and energy and eventually higher order fluxes.
The formalism is well-suited for describing high-frequency processes and small-length scales materials.

Basic concepts
There are many examples of stationary non-equilibrium systems, some very simple, like a system confined between two thermostats at different temperatures or the ordinary Couette flow, a fluid enclosed between two flat walls moving in opposite directions and defining non-equilibrium conditions at the walls. Laser action is also a non-equilibrium process, but it depends on departure from local thermodynamic equilibrium and is thus beyond the scope of classical irreversible thermodynamics; here a strong temperature difference is maintained between two molecular degrees of freedom (with molecular laser, vibrational and rotational molecular motion), the requirement for two component 'temperatures' in the one small region of space, precluding local thermodynamic equilibrium, which demands that only one temperature be needed. Damping of acoustic perturbations or shock waves are non-stationary non-equilibrium processes. Driven complex fluids, turbulent systems and glasses are other examples of non-equilibrium systems.

The mechanics of macroscopic systems depends on a number of extensive quantities. It should be stressed that all systems are permanently interacting with their surroundings, thereby causing unavoidable fluctuations of extensive quantities. Equilibrium conditions of thermodynamic systems are related to the maximum property of the entropy. If the only extensive quantity that is allowed to fluctuate is the internal energy, all the other ones being kept strictly constant, the temperature of the system is measurable and meaningful. The system's properties are then most conveniently described using the thermodynamic potential Helmholtz free energy (A = U - TS), a Legendre transformation of the energy. If, next to fluctuations of the energy, the macroscopic dimensions (volume) of the system are left fluctuating, we use the Gibbs free energy (G = U + PV - TS), where the system's properties are determined both by the temperature and by the pressure.

Non-equilibrium systems are much more complex and they may undergo fluctuations of more extensive quantities. The boundary conditions impose on them particular intensive variables, like temperature gradients or distorted collective motions (shear motions, vortices, etc.), often called thermodynamic forces. If free energies are very useful in equilibrium thermodynamics, it must be stressed that there is no general law defining stationary non-equilibrium properties of the energy as is the second law of thermodynamics for the entropy in equilibrium thermodynamics. That is why in such cases a more generalized Legendre transformation should be considered. This is the extended Massieu potential.
By definition, the entropy (S) is a function of the collection of extensive quantities . Each extensive quantity has a conjugate intensive variable  (a restricted definition of intensive variable is used here by comparison to the definition given in this link) so that:

We then define the extended Massieu function as follows:

where  is Boltzmann's constant, whence

The independent variables are the intensities.

Intensities are global values, valid for the system as a whole. When boundaries impose to the system different local conditions, (e.g. temperature differences), there are intensive variables representing the average value and others representing gradients or higher moments. The latter are the thermodynamic forces driving fluxes of extensive properties through the system.

It may be shown that the Legendre transformation changes the maximum condition of the entropy (valid at equilibrium) in a minimum condition of the extended Massieu function for stationary states, no matter whether at equilibrium or not.

Stationary states, fluctuations, and stability

In thermodynamics one is often interested in a stationary state of a process, allowing that the stationary state include the occurrence of unpredictable and experimentally unreproducible fluctuations in the state of the system. The fluctuations are due to the system's internal sub-processes and to exchange of matter or energy with the system's surroundings that create the constraints that define the process.

If the stationary state of the process is stable, then the unreproducible fluctuations involve local transient decreases of entropy. The reproducible response of the system is then to increase the entropy back to its maximum by irreversible processes: the fluctuation cannot be reproduced with a significant level of probability. Fluctuations about stable stationary states are extremely small except near critical points (Kondepudi and Prigogine 1998, page 323). The stable stationary state has a local maximum of entropy and is locally the most reproducible state of the system. There are theorems about the irreversible dissipation of fluctuations. Here 'local' means local with respect to the abstract space of thermodynamic coordinates of state of the system.

If the stationary state is unstable, then any fluctuation will almost surely trigger the virtually explosive departure of the system from the unstable stationary state. This can be accompanied by increased export of entropy.

Local thermodynamic equilibrium
The scope of present-day non-equilibrium thermodynamics does not cover all physical processes. A condition for the validity of many studies in non-equilibrium thermodynamics of matter is that they deal with what is known as local thermodynamic equilibrium.

Ponderable matter
Local thermodynamic equilibrium of matter (see also Keizer (1987) means that conceptually, for study and analysis, the system can be spatially and temporally divided into 'cells' or 'micro-phases' of small (infinitesimal) size, in which classical thermodynamical equilibrium conditions for matter are fulfilled to good approximation. These conditions are unfulfilled, for example, in very rarefied gases, in which molecular collisions are infrequent; and in the boundary layers of a star, where radiation is passing energy to space; and for interacting fermions at very low temperature, where dissipative processes become ineffective. When these 'cells' are defined, one admits that matter and energy may pass freely between contiguous 'cells', slowly enough to leave the 'cells' in their respective individual local thermodynamic equilibria with respect to intensive variables.

One can think here of two 'relaxation times' separated by order of magnitude. The longer relaxation time is of the order of magnitude of times taken for the macroscopic dynamical structure of the system to change. The shorter is of the order of magnitude of times taken for a single 'cell' to reach local thermodynamic equilibrium. If these two relaxation times are not well separated, then the classical non-equilibrium thermodynamical concept of local thermodynamic equilibrium loses its meaning and other approaches have to be proposed, see for instance Extended irreversible thermodynamics. For example, in the atmosphere, the speed of sound is much greater than the wind speed; this favours the idea of local thermodynamic equilibrium of matter for atmospheric heat transfer studies at altitudes below about 60 km where sound propagates, but not above 100 km, where, because of the paucity of intermolecular collisions, sound does not propagate.

Milne's definition in terms of radiative equilibrium
Edward A. Milne, thinking about stars, gave a definition of 'local thermodynamic equilibrium' in terms of the thermal radiation of the matter in each small local 'cell'. He defined 'local thermodynamic equilibrium' in a 'cell' by requiring that it macroscopically absorb and spontaneously emit radiation as if it were in radiative equilibrium in a cavity at the temperature of the matter of the 'cell'. Then it strictly obeys Kirchhoff's law of equality of radiative emissivity and absorptivity, with a black body source function. The key to local thermodynamic equilibrium here is that the rate of collisions of ponderable matter particles such as molecules should far exceed the rates of creation and annihilation of photons.

Entropy in evolving systems
It is pointed out by W.T. Grandy Jr, that entropy, though it may be defined for a non-equilibrium system is—when strictly considered—only a macroscopic quantity that refers to the whole system, and is not a dynamical variable and in general does not act as a local potential that describes local physical forces. Under special circumstances, however, one can metaphorically think as if the thermal variables behaved like local physical forces. The approximation that constitutes classical irreversible thermodynamics is built on this metaphoric thinking.

This point of view shares many points in common with the concept and the use of entropy in continuum thermomechanics, which evolved completely independently of statistical mechanics and maximum-entropy principles.

Entropy in non-equilibrium

To describe deviation of the thermodynamic system from equilibrium, in addition to constitutive variables  that are used to fix the equilibrium state, as was described above, a set of variables  that are called internal variables have been introduced. The equilibrium state is considered to be stable and the main property of the internal variables, as measures of non-equilibrium of the system, is their tending to disappear; the local law of disappearing can be written as relaxation equation for each internal variable

where  is a relaxation time of a corresponding variables. It is convenient to consider the initial value  are equal to zero. The above equation is valid for small deviations from equilibrium; The dynamics of internal variables in general case is considered by Pokrovskii.

Entropy of the system in non-equilibrium is a function of the total set of variables

The essential contribution to the thermodynamics of the non-equilibrium systems was brought by Prigogine, when he and his collaborators investigated the systems of chemically reacting substances. The stationary states of such systems exists due to exchange both particles and energy with the environment. In section 8 of the third chapter of his book, Prigogine has specified three contributions to the variation of entropy of the considered system at the given volume and constant temperature  . The increment of entropy  can be calculated according to the formula

The first term on the right hand side of the equation presents a stream of thermal energy into the system; the last term—a part of a stream of energy  coming into the system with the stream of particles of substances  that can be positive or negative, , where    is chemical potential of substance . The middle term in (1) depicts energy dissipation (entropy production) due to the relaxation of internal variables . In the case of chemically reacting substances, which was investigated by Prigogine, the internal variables appear to be measures of incompleteness of chemical reactions, that is measures of how much the considered system with chemical reactions is out of equilibrium. The theory can be generalised, to consider any deviation from the equilibrium state as an internal variable, so that we consider the set of internal variables  in equation (1) to consist of the quantities defining not only degrees of completeness of all chemical reactions occurring in the system, but also the structure of the system, gradients of temperature, difference of concentrations of substances and so on.

Flows and forces
The fundamental relation of classical equilibrium thermodynamics

expresses the change in entropy  of a system as a function of the intensive quantities temperature , pressure  and  chemical potential  and of the differentials of the extensive quantities energy , volume  and  particle number .

Following Onsager (1931,I), let us extend our considerations to thermodynamically non-equilibrium systems. As a basis, we need locally defined versions of the extensive macroscopic quantities ,  and  and of the intensive macroscopic quantities ,  and .

For classical non-equilibrium studies, we will consider some new locally defined intensive macroscopic variables. We can, under suitable conditions, derive these new variables by locally defining the gradients and flux densities of the basic locally defined macroscopic quantities.

Such locally defined gradients of intensive macroscopic variables are called 'thermodynamic forces'. They 'drive' flux densities, perhaps misleadingly often called 'fluxes', which are dual to the forces. These quantities are defined in the article on Onsager reciprocal relations.

Establishing the relation between such forces and flux densities is a problem in statistical mechanics. Flux densities () may be coupled. The article on Onsager reciprocal relations considers the stable near-steady thermodynamically non-equilibrium regime, which has dynamics linear in the forces and flux densities.

In stationary conditions, such forces and associated flux densities are by definition time invariant, as also are the system's locally defined entropy and rate of entropy production. Notably, according to Ilya Prigogine and others, when an open system is in conditions that allow it to reach a stable stationary thermodynamically non-equilibrium state, it organizes itself so as to minimize total entropy production defined locally. This is considered further below.

One wants to take the analysis to the further stage of describing the behaviour of surface and volume integrals of non-stationary local quantities; these integrals are macroscopic fluxes and production rates. In general the dynamics of these integrals are not adequately described by linear equations, though in special cases they can be so described.

Onsager reciprocal relations

Following Section III of Rayleigh (1873), Onsager (1931, I) showed that in the regime where both the flows () are small and the thermodynamic forces () vary slowly, the rate of creation of entropy  is linearly related to the flows:

and the flows are related to the gradient of the forces, parametrized by a matrix of coefficients conventionally denoted :

from which it follows that:

The second law of thermodynamics requires that the matrix  be positive definite. Statistical mechanics considerations involving microscopic reversibility of dynamics imply that the matrix  is symmetric. This fact is called the Onsager reciprocal relations.

The generalization of the above equations for the rate of creation of entropy was given by Pokrovskii.

Speculated extremal principles for non-equilibrium processes

Until recently, prospects for useful extremal principles in this area have seemed clouded. Nicolis (1999) concludes that one model of atmospheric dynamics has an attractor which is not a regime of maximum or minimum dissipation; she says this seems to rule out the existence of a global organizing principle, and comments that this is to some extent disappointing; she also points to the difficulty of finding a thermodynamically consistent form of entropy production. Another top expert offers an extensive discussion of the possibilities for principles of extrema of entropy production and of dissipation of energy: Chapter 12 of Grandy (2008) is very cautious, and finds difficulty in defining the 'rate of internal entropy production' in many cases, and finds that sometimes for the prediction of the course of a process, an extremum of the quantity called the rate of dissipation of energy may be more useful than that of the rate of entropy production; this quantity appeared in Onsager's 1931 origination of this subject. Other writers have also felt that prospects for general global extremal principles are clouded. Such writers include Glansdorff and Prigogine (1971), Lebon, Jou and Casas-Vásquez (2008), and Šilhavý (1997).
There is good experimental evidence that heat convection does not obey extremal principles for time rate of entropy production. Theoretical analysis shows that chemical reactions do not obey extremal principles for the second differential of time rate of entropy production. The development of a general extremal principle seems infeasible in the current state of knowledge.

Applications
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics has been successfully applied to describe biological processes such as protein folding/unfolding and transport through membranes.
It is also used to give a description of the dynamics of nanoparticles, which can be out of equilibrium in systems where catalysis and electrochemical conversion is involved.
Also, ideas from non-equilibrium thermodynamics and the informatic theory of entropy have been adapted to describe general economic systems.

See also

 Time crystal
 Dissipative system
 Entropy production
 Extremal principles in non-equilibrium thermodynamics
 Self-organization
 Autocatalytic reactions and order creation
 Self-organizing criticality
 Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon hierarchy of equations
 Boltzmann equation
 Vlasov equation
 Maxwell's demon
 Information entropy
 Spontaneous symmetry breaking
 Autopoiesis
 Maximum power principle

References

Sources

Callen, H.B. (1960/1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, .
Eu, B.C. (2002). Generalized Thermodynamics. The Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes and Generalized Hydrodynamics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, .
Glansdorff, P., Prigogine, I. (1971). Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability, and Fluctuations, Wiley-Interscience, London, 1971, .
Grandy, W.T. Jr (2008). Entropy and the Time Evolution of Macroscopic Systems. Oxford University Press. .
Gyarmati, I. (1967/1970). Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics. Field Theory and Variational Principles, translated from the Hungarian (1967) by E. Gyarmati and W.F. Heinz, Springer, Berlin.
Lieb, E.H., Yngvason, J. (1999). 'The physics and mathematics of the second law of thermodynamics', Physics Reports, 310: 1–96. See also this.

Further reading

Ziegler, Hans (1977): An introduction to Thermomechanics. North Holland, Amsterdam. . Second edition (1983) .
Kleidon, A., Lorenz, R.D., editors (2005). Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics and the Production of Entropy, Springer, Berlin. .
Prigogine, I. (1955/1961/1967). Introduction to Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes. 3rd edition, Wiley Interscience, New York.
Zubarev D. N. (1974): Nonequilibrium Statistical Thermodynamics. New York, Consultants Bureau. ; .
Keizer, J. (1987). Statistical Thermodynamics of Nonequilibrium Processes, Springer-Verlag, New York, .
Zubarev D. N., Morozov V., Ropke G. (1996): Statistical Mechanics of Nonequilibrium Processes: Basic Concepts, Kinetic Theory. John Wiley & Sons. .
Zubarev D. N., Morozov V., Ropke G. (1997): Statistical Mechanics of Nonequilibrium Processes: Relaxation and Hydrodynamic Processes. John Wiley & Sons. .
Tuck, Adrian F. (2008). Atmospheric turbulence : a molecular dynamics perspective. Oxford University Press. .
Grandy, W.T. Jr (2008). Entropy and the Time Evolution of Macroscopic Systems. Oxford University Press. .
Kondepudi, D., Prigogine, I. (1998). Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. .
de Groot S.R., Mazur P. (1984). Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics (Dover).
Ramiro Augusto Salazar La Rotta. (2011). The Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, Perpetual

External links
Stephan Herminghaus' Dynamics of Complex Fluids Department at the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self Organization
 Non-equilibrium Statistical Thermodynamics applied to Fluid Dynamics and Laser Physics - 1992- book by Xavier de Hemptinne.
 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Small Systems - PhysicsToday.org
 Into the Cool - 2005 book by Dorion Sagan and Eric D. Schneider, on nonequilibrium thermodynamics and evolutionary theory.
"Thermodynamics "beyond" local equilibrium"

Branches of thermodynamics

Non-equilibrium thermodynamics


This a list of television programs that were later adapted into feature films.

Programs with films which are prequels, sequels or based upon the series

Pilot episodes released as feature films
Television pilots that were soon or later adapted into feature films for either a release or re-release to movie theaters or direct-to-video.
77 Sunset Strip (Pilot, Girl on the Run, 1958, initially briefly shown as a "feature film" in one Caribbean theater in order for the studio to cheat Roy Huggins of television series creator rights)
The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius (Original unaired TV pilot, "Runaway Rocketboy", 1998, expanded and remade into a feature film as Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius, 2001)
The Amazing Spider-Man (Spider-Man, 1977)
The Asphalt Jungle (The Lawbreakers, 1961)
Battlestar Galactica (Three-part TV pilot, "Saga of a Star World", re-edited into a big screen release in 1978 in the UK and international territories, in order to recoup its high production costs, and in the US in 1979 after the series' original cancellation that same year)
Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (1979, TV pilot released theatrically as a standalone film when no networks picked it up)
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command (Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins, 2000)
Darkwing Duck (Darkly Dawns the Duck, 1991)
Gargoyles (Gargoyles the Movie: The Heroes Awaken, 1995)
House of Mouse (Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse, 2001, were the series finale and Mickey's House of Villains, 2002, the pilot respectively)
Lilo & Stitch: The Series (Stitch! The Movie, 2003, and Leroy & Stitch, 2006, were the pilot and series finale to the series respectively)
Mighty Ducks: The Animated Series (Mighty Ducks the Movie: The First Face-Off, 1997)
The New Addams Family (Addams Family Reunion, 1998)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008)
TaleSpin (Plunder & Lightning, 1990)
Temple Houston (The Man from Galveston, 1963)
The Three Musketeers (Knights of the Queen, 1954)
Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie (1997, took place between Power Rangers Zeo and Power Rangers Turbo)
Twin Peaks (1990, TV pilot released as a film in Europe)
The Untouchables (TV pilot edited into film for theatrical release as The Scarface Mob, 1962)
Many other series have released pilots or edited multi-part episodes as films overseas, including The Greatest American Hero and The X-Files.

Failed pilots
Some feature films began as a pilot for a TV series that was not picked up by any networks; most of these many failed pilots have been aired as television films.
1994 Baker Street: Sherlock Holmes Returns (TV, 1994)
The Adventures of Pollyanna (TV, 1982)
Adventures of the Queen (TV, 1975)
The Alpha Caper (TV, 1973)
Annihilator (TV, 1986)
Atlantis: Milo's Return (direct-to-video, 2003)
The Archer: Fugitive from the Empire (TV, 1981)
Band of the Hand (1986)
Bates Motel (TV, 1987)
Battles: The Murder That Wouldn't Die (TV, 1980)
Beyond Witch Mountain (TV, 1982)
Body Bags (TV, 1993)
Belle's Magical World (direct-to-video, 1998)
Call Her Mom (TV, 1972)
Call to Danger (TV, 1973)
Captain America (TV, 1979)
Chamber of Horrors (1966)
The City (TV, 1977)
The Clone Master (TV, 1978)
Code Name: Diamond Head (TV, 1977)
Cover Girls (TV, 1977)
Cruel Intentions 2 (direct-to-video, 2001)
Dead on Target (TV, 1976)
Delta County, U.S.A. (TV, 1977)
Dr. Strange (TV, 1978)
Earth II (TV, 1971)
Earth Star Voyager (TV, 1988)
Exo-Man (TV, 1977)
Fireball Forward (TV, 1972)
Fluppy Dogs (TV, 1986)
Generation X (TV, 1996)
Genesis II (TV, 1973)
The Georgia Peaches (TV, 1980)
Goodbye Charlie (TV, 1985)
Hell Ship Mutiny (1957)
Hellinger's Law (TV, 1981)
Hollywood Confidential (TV, 1997)
The Hunted Lady (TV, 1977)
In Like Flynn (TV, 1985)
Incident on a Dark Street (TV, 1973)
International Airport (TV, 1985)
The Invisible Woman (TV, 1983)
The Judge and Jake Wyler (TV, 1972)
Justice League of America (TV, 1997)
Justin Case (TV, 1988)
Key West (TV, 1973)
The Killer Who Wouldn't Die (TV, 1976)
The Lone Ranger (TV, 2003)
Longarm (TV, 1988)
Lum and Abner Abroad (1956)
Madame Sin (TV, 1972)
The Man Who Fell to Earth (TV, 1987)
The Man with the Power (TV, 1977)
The Mark of Zorro (TV, 1974)
Men of the Dragon (TV, 1974)
Mulholland Drive (2001)
Nick Fury: Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. (TV, 1998)
Nightmares (1983)
Nightside (TV, 1980)
The Norliss Tapes (TV, 1973)
The Orphan and the Dude (TV, 1975)
Partners in Crime (TV, 1973)
Party Wagon (TV, 2004)
Planet Earth (TV, 1974)
Poor Devil (TV, 1973)
Popeye Doyle (TV, 1986)
The Questor Tapes (TV, 1974)
The Return of Sherlock Holmes (TV, 1987)
The Return of the World's Greatest Detective (TV, 1976)
Ride the High Iron (1956)
Rooster (TV, 1982)
Sabu and the Magic Ring (1957)
Savage (TV, 1973)
Scruples (TV, 1981)
Search for the Gods (TV, 1975)
The Secret War of Jackie's Girls (TV, 1980)
Shoot Out at Big Sag (1962)
Shooter (TV, 1988)
Sidekicks (TV, 1974)
Spectre (TV, 1977)
Star Command (TV, 1996)
Strange New World (TV, 1975)
Tales of Robin Hood (1951)
Tarzan and the Trappers (1958)
Tex and the Lord of the Deep (1985)
They Call It Murder (TV, 1971)
Time Travelers (TV, 1976)
The Trackers (TV, 1971)
Travis McGee (TV, 1983)
Wolfshead: The Legend of Robin Hood (1973)
Wonder Woman (TV, 1974)
Ultraman: The Adventure Begins (1987)
The Warlord: Battle for the Galaxy (TV, 1998)
Yuma (TV, 1971)
Zenon: Girl of the 21st Century (TV, 1999)

Television films
The following are television films that never saw theatrical release.

Before main run of show
Some television films have functioned as pilots or backdoor pilots for a subsequent TV series.
21 Jump Street (1987)
Alias Smith and Jones (1971)
All Grown Up! (started off as a one-hour TV movie in 2001, coinciding with Rugrats''' 10th anniversary before being spun off into its own series two years later)Airwolf (Shadow of the Hawke, 1984)American Dad! (short film pilot episode, Inside the CIA, 2005)The A-Team (Mexican Slayride, 1983)Automan (1983)Banacek (Banacek: Detour to Nowhere, 1972)Big Hawaii (Danger in Paradise, 1977)Brand New Life: The Honeymooners (1989)The Brady Kids (The Brady Kids on Mysterious Island, 1972)Cagney & Lacey (1981)Cannon (1971)ChalkZone (The Big Blow-Up, 2004)Charlie's Angels (1976)Chase (1973)Chicago Story (1981)Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers (Rescue Rangers: To the Rescue, 1989)Code of Vengeance (Code of Vengeance, 1985, and Dalton: Code of Vengeance II, 1986)Columbo (Prescription: Murder, 1968, and Ransom for a Dead Man, 1971)The D.A. (Murder One, 1969, and Conspiracy to Kill, 1971) Darkwing Duck (Darkly Dawns the Duck, 1991)The Delphi Bureau (The Merchant of Death Assignment, 1972)Dog and Cat (1977)DuckTales (Treasure of the Golden Suns, 1987)Ellery Queen (Too Many Suspects, 1975)The Family Holvak (The Greatest Gift, 1974)Fantasy Island (Fantasy Island, 1977, and Return to Fantasy Island, 1978)Firehouse (Pilot first aired in 1973, a year before the series debuted in 1974)Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends (House of Bloo's, 2004)Gemini Man (Code Name Minus One, 1976)Get Christie Love! (1974)Gibbsville (The Turning Point of Jim Malloy, 1975)Griff (Man on the Outside, the pilot which was supposed to proceed the series, actually aired two years after the series' cancellation in 1975)Gun Shy (Tales of the Apple Dumpling Gang, 1982)Harry O (Such Dust as Dreams Are Made On, 1973 and Smile Jenny, You're Dead, 1974)
 Hart to Hart (1979)Hec Ramsey (The Century Turns, 1972)Hercules: The Legendary Journeys (Hercules and the Amazon Women, Hercules and the Lost Kingdom, Hercules and the Circle of Fire, Hercules in the Underworld, and Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur, all 1994)Hey Arnold! (short film pilot episode, 24 Hours to Live, 1996)How the West Was Won (The Macahans, 1976)Hunter (1984)The Immortal (1969)The Incredible Hulk (The Incredible Hulk and The Return of the Incredible Hulk, both 1977)The Invisible Man (1975)Iron Horse (Scalplock, 1966)Ironside (1967)Jigsaw (Man on the Move, 1972)Justice League (Justice League: Secret Origins, 2001)Kiteretsu Daihyakka (Fujiko Fujio no Kiteretsu Daihyakka, 1987)Knight Rider (Knight of the Phoenix, 1982)Knight Rider (2008)Kobo, the Li'l Rascal (Kobo-chan Special: Filled with Autumn!!, 1990, and Kobo-chan Special: Filled with Dreams!!, 1991)Kojak (The Marcus-Nelson Murders, 1973) Kolchak: The Night Stalker (The Night Stalker, 1972, and The Night Strangler, 1973)Kung Fu (The Way of the Tiger, The Sign of the Dragon, 1972)L.A. Law (1986)Lassie's Rescue Rangers (Lassie and the Spirit of Thunder Mountain, 1972)The Lion Guard (The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar, 2016)Little House on the Prairie (1974)Logan's Run (1977)Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman ("Pilot", 1993)Longstreet (1971) The Love Boat (The Love Boat, 1976, and The Love Boat II and The New Love Boat, both 1977)The MacKenzies of Paradise Cove (Stickin' Together, 1978)Magnum, P.I. (Don't Eat the Snow in Hawaii, 1980)Man from Atlantis (Man from Atlantis, The Death Scouts, Killer Spores, and The Disappearances, all 1977)Manimal (1983)M.A.N.T.I.S. (1994)Marcus Welby, M.D. (A Matter of Humanities, 1969)Matt Helm (1975)McCloud (McCloud: Who Killed Miss U.S.A.?, 1970)McMillan & Wife (Once Upon a Dead Man, 1971)Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (Murder Me, Murder You, 1983, and More Than Murder, 1984, the third film, The Return of Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer, 1986 launched the sequel series, The New Mike Hammer)The Mod Squad (The Teeth of the Barracuda, 1968)Murder, She Wrote (The Murder of Sherlock Holmes, 1984)The Naked Brothers Band (The Naked Brothers Band: The Movie, 2005)Nakia (1974)The New Adventures of Flash Gordon (Originally conceived and produced as an animated made-for-TV movie, under the title Flash Gordon: The Greatest Adventure of All, it was later reconfigured into an animated TV series. After the said TV cartoon show version of Flash Gordon ended in 1981, the originally intended feature-length animated film eventually made it to television in 1982.)The New Beachcombers (2002)Night Gallery (1969)Night Man (1997)Outlaws (1986)Petrocelli (Night Games, 1974)The Phoenix (1981)Police Story (Slow Boy, 1973)Quantum Leap (Genesis, 1989)Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure (Tangled: Before Ever After, 2017)Richie Brockelman, Private Eye (Richie Brockelman: The Missing 24 Hours, 1976)RoboCop (The Future of Law Enforcement, 1994)Robotech (Codename: Robotech, 1984)The Rockford Files (Backlash of the Hunter, 1974)The Rookies (1972)Samurai Jack (Samurai Jack: The Premiere Movie, 2001)Sarge (The Badge or the Cross, 1971)Search (Probe, 1972)Serpico (The Deadly Game, 1976)Simon & Simon (Pirate's Key, 1978)The Six Million Dollar Man (The Six Million Dollar Man, Wine, Women and War and The Solid Gold Kidnapping, all 1973)The Sixth Sense (Sweet, Sweet Rachel, 1971)The Snoop Sisters (The Female Instinct, 1972)Spenser: For Hire (Promised Land, 1985)Starsky & Hutch (1975)Street Hawk (1985)The Streets of San Francisco (1972)The Swiss Family Robinson (1975)Sword of Justice (A Double Life, 1978)Toma (1973)Transformers: Animated (Transform and Roll Out, 2007)Viper (1994)The Waltons (The Homecoming: A Christmas Story, 1971)Wonder Woman (The New Original Wonder Woman, 1975)Yogi's Gang (Yogi's Ark Lark, 1972)The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (Young Indiana Jones and the Curse of the Jackal, 1992)The Young Pioneers (Young Pioneers and Young Pioneers' Christmas, both 1976)

Reunion films

Many American TV series have had TV films, usually filmed five or more years after the run of the original series, which reunite the cast of the series for a new plot. In some cases, there has been an entire string of such films, including for the detective shows Perry Mason (1957-1966; 30 films from 1985 to 1995), The Rockford Files, (1974–80; eight films from 1994 to 1999), and Hart to Hart (1979-1984; eight films from 1993 to 1996). In at least one case, with the 1988 Get Smart reunion film Get Smart, Again!, the success of the TV film eventually led to a brief 1995 revival of the series.

There have also been many television reunion specials, in which some or all of the original cast is brought together for interviews and clips.

Other
Television series that have had standalone episodes as films, from continuations and resolutions of storylines through expanded installments with similar miscellaneous purposes, and specials based on their respective characters and elements for alternative reasons of otherwise.The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius (The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour and Win, Lose and Kaboom, both 2004, When Nerds Collide, 2005, and The Jerkinators, 2006)All Dogs Go to Heaven: The Series (An All Dogs Christmas Carol, 1998)Archie's Weird Mysteries (The Archies in Jugman, 2002)As Told by Ginger (Summer of Camp Caprice, 2002, Far from Home, 2003, and Butterflies Are Free and The Wedding Frame, both 2004)Arthur (Arthur's Perfect Christmas, 2000, Arthur, It's Only Rock 'n' Roll, 2002, D.W. and the Beastly Birthday and Arthur and the Haunted Tree House, both 2017, The Rhythm and Roots of Arthur and An Arthur Thanksgiving, both 2020, Arthur's First Day, 2021)Avatar: The Last Airbender (Sozin's Comet, 2008)The Banana Splits Adventure Hour (The Banana Splits in Hocus Pocus Park, 1972)The Beachcombers (A Beachcombers Christmas, 2004)Ben 10 (Ben 10 vs. The Negative 10, 2008)Bewitched (Tabitha and Adam and the Clown Family, 1972)Big Time Rush (Big Time Movie, 2012)Call of the Wild (Pilot, 2000)Camp Lazlo (Where's Lazlo?, 2007)Captain Future (Captain Future: The Great Race in the Solar System, 1978)Care Bears (Care Bears Nutcracker Suite, 1988)Case Closed (The Disappearance of Conan Edogawa: His History's Worst Two Days, 2014, and Episode One: The Great Detective Turned Small, 2016)CatDog (CatDog and the Great Parent Mystery, 2000)City Hunter (The Secret Service, 1996,  Goodbye My Sweetheart, 1997, and Death of the Vicious Criminal Ryo Saeba, 1999)Codename: Kids Next Door (Operation I.N.T.E.R.V.I.E.W.S., 2008)Columbo (1990–2003)Death Note (Death Note: Relight - Visions of a God, 2007, and Death Note: Relight 2 - L's Successors, 2008)Dennis the Menace (Dennis the Menace: Cruise Control, 2002)Dexter's Laboratory (Dexter's Laboratory: Ego Trip, 1999)Digimon (Digital Monster X-Evolution, 2005)Dragon Ball GT (A Hero's Legacy, 1997)Dragon Ball Z (Bardock – The Father of Goku, 1990, and The History of Trunks, 1993)Drake & Josh (Really Big Shrimp, 2007)DuckTales (Catch as Cash Can, 1987, Time Is Money, 1988, and Super DuckTales, 1989)The Facts of Life  (The Facts of Life Goes to Paris, 1982, and The Facts of Life Down Under, 1987) The Fairly OddParents (Abra-Catastrophe!, 2003, Channel Chasers, 2004, School's Out! The Musical, 2004, Fairy Idol, 2006, Fairly OddBaby, 2008, and Wishology, 2009)Family Ties (Family Ties Vacation, 1985)The Famous Jett Jackson (Jett Jackson: The Movie, 2001)The File of Young Kindaichi (The Last Opera House Murders and Vampire Legend Murder Case, 2007)Flight 29 Down (The Hotel Tango, 2007)The Flintstones (A Flintstone Christmas, 1977, The Flintstones: Little Big League, 1978, The Flintstones Meet Rockula and Frankenstone, 1979, I Yabba-Dabba Do! and Hollyrock-a-Bye Baby, both 1993, and A Flintstones Christmas Carol, 1994)Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends (Good Wilt Hunting, 2005)Galaxy Express 999 (Can You Live Like a Warrior!!, 1979, and Emeraldes the Eternal Wanderer and Can You Love Like a Mother!!, both 1980) Goof Troop (Goof Troop Christmas: Have Yourself a Goofy Little Christmas, 1992)The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy (Billy & Mandy: Wrath of the Spider Queen, 2007, and Underfist: Halloween Bash, 2008)Groovie Goolies (Daffy Duck and Porky Pig Meet the Groovie Goolies, 1972)Hajime no Ippo (Hajime no Ippo - Champion Road, 2003) The Huckleberry Hound Show (The Good, the Bad, and Huckleberry Hound, 1988)iCarly (iGo to Japan, 2008)Ikkyū-san (Ikkyū-san: Ōabare no Yancha-hime, 1980)The Incredible Hulk (Bride of the Incredible Hulk, 1978)Inspector Gadget (Inspector Gadget's Last Case, 2002, and Inspector Gadget's Biggest Caper Ever, 2005)Kenan & Kel (Two Heads Are Better Than None, 2000)Kim Possible (Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time, 2002, and Kim Possible Movie: So the Drama, 2005)Kimba the White Lion (Jungle Emperor Leo: The Brave Changes the Future, 2009)Kinnikuman (Showdown! The 7 Justice Supermen vs. The Space Samurais, 1984)Knight Rider (Knight Rider 2000, 1991, and Knight Rider 2010, 1994)Kobo, the Li'l Rascal (Kobo-chan Special: Matsuri ga Ippai!, 1994, and Kobo-chan Special: Yakusoku no Magic Day, 1998) The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams (The Capture of Grizzly Adams, 1982)Little House on the Prairie (Look Back at Yesterday, 1983, and The Last Farewell and Bless All the Dear Children, both 1984)The Littles (Liberty and the Littles, 1986)The Lone Ranger (The Lone Ranger Story, 1955)Lupin III (1989–present)Madeline (My Fair Madeline, 2002)Maison Ikkoku (Maison Ikkoku: The Final Chapter, 1988)Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer  (Mike Hammer: Murder Takes All, 1989, was the final installment of the Stacy Keach television series) My Gym Partner's a Monkey (The Big Field Trip, 2007, and Animal School Musical, 2008) My Life as a Teenage Robot (Escape from Cluster Prime, 2005)The Naked Brothers Band (Battle of the Bands, 2007, Sidekicks, Polar Bears, Mystery Girl and Operation Mojo, all 2008, Naked Idol and The Premiere, both 2009)Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide (Ned's Guide to: Field Trips, Permission Slips, Signs and Weasels, 2007)
 Oishinbo (Oishinbo: Kyūkyoku Tai Shikō, Chōju Ryōri Taiketsu!!, 1992, and Oishinbo: Nichibei Kome Sensō, 1993)One Piece (2000–present)Peanuts (A Charlie Brown Celebration, 1982, It's an Adventure, Charlie Brown, 1983, You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown, 1985, and Snoopy! The Musical and It's the Girl in the Red Truck, Charlie Brown, both 1988)Pokémon (Mewtwo Returns, 2000, and The Mastermind of Mirage Pokemon, 2006)Police Story (A Cry for Justice, 1979, Confessions of a Lady Cop, 1980, and The Freeway Killings, 1987)Popeye the Sailor (Popeye Meets the Man Who Hated Laughter, 1972)Rocket Power (Race Across New Zealand, 2002, Reggie's Big (Beach) Break, 2003, and Island of the Menehune, 2004)Rugrats (Tales from the Crib: Snow White, 2005 and Tales from the Crib: Three Jacks and a Beanstalk, 2006)
 Samurai Jack (The Premiere Movie, 2001)Sabrina: The Animated Series and Sabrina's Secret Life (Sabrina: Friends Forever, 2002)Sabrina the Teenage Witch (Sabrina Goes to Rome, 1998, and Sabrina Down Under, 1999)Sally the Witch (Mahoutsukai Sally: Majo ni Natta Yoshiko-chan and Mahoutsukai Sally: Haha no Ai wa Towa ni! Aurora no Tani ni Kodamasuru Kanashimi no Majo no Sakebi!, both 1990)Scooby-Doo (Scooby Goes Hollywood, 1979)Soreike! Anpanman (Let's Go! Anpanman: Scoop the South Sea!, 1990, and Soreike! Anpanman: Kieta Jam Oji-san, 2000)Space Battleship Yamato (Yamato: The New Voyage, 1979)SpongeBob SquarePants (SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis, 2007, and SpongeBob's Truth or Square, 2009)Star vs. the Forces of Evil (The Battle for Mewni, 2017)Star Wars: Droids (The Great Heep, 1986)Stitch! (Stitch and the Planet of Sand, 2012, and Stitch! Perfect Memory, 2015)Strange Days at Blake Holsey High (Conclusions, 2006)The Suite Life of Zack & Cody (The Suite Life Goes Hollywood, 2007)The Sullivans (The John Sullivan Story, 1979)Superman: The Animated Series (The Batman Superman Movie: World's Finest, 1997)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987) (Planet of the Turtleoids, 1991)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003) (Turtles Forever, 2009)Tenjho Tenge (Tenjho Tenge: The Past Chapter, 2005)Top Cat (Top Cat and the Beverly Hills Cats, 1988)Touch (Touch: Miss Lonely Yesterday, 1998, and Touch: Cross Road, 2001)The Twilight Zone  (Twilight Zone: Rod Serling's Lost Classics, 1994)Unfabulous (Unfabulous: The Perfect Moment, 2006)Urusei Yatsura (Urusei Yatsura: Jump Out, It's Spring!, 1982)Voltron (Voltron: Fleet of Doom, 1986)The Wild Thornberrys (The Origin of Donnie, 2001)Wizards of Waverly Place (The Wizards Return: Alex vs. Alex, 2014)Wonder Woman (The Return of Wonder Woman, 1977)Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum (Xavier Riddle and the Secret Movie: I Am Madam President, 2020)Yawara! A Fashionable Judo Girl! (Yawara! Special - Zutto Kimi no Koto ga, 1996)The Yogi Bear Show (Yogi's First Christmas, 1980, Yogi's Great Escape, 1987, Yogi Bear and the Magical Flight of the Spruce Goose, 1987, Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears, 1988, and Yogi the Easter Bear, 1994)The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (Young Indiana Jones and the Mystery of the Blues, Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920 and Young Indiana Jones and the Phantom Train of Doom, all 1993, Young Indiana Jones and the Hollywood Follies, 1994, Young Indiana Jones and the Treasure of the Peacock's Eye and Young Indiana Jones and the Attack of the Hawkmen, both 1995, and Young Indiana Jones: Travels with Father, 1996)

Programs re-edited for release as feature-length films

One or more episodes from the following television programs were edited together for release as a feature film. Some of the films add new material, and others do not.

Episodes released theatricallyThe 20th Century Fox Hour: The season one episode "Overnight Haul" was given a theatrical release in Australia as a standalone film.The All-New Pink Panther ShowCommando Cody: Sky Marshal of the UniverseDoctor Who: The 50th anniversary special, The Day of the Doctor (2013), and series 8 opener, Deep Breath (2014), were both shown in theatres alongside their premiere broadcast.Star Trek: The Next Generation: Six episodes were released in theaters to coincide with the high-definition release of the series on Blu-ray.Game of Thrones: The episodes "The Watchers on the Wall" and "The Children" were given a week-long IMAX release.Walt Disney anthology television series: Many select television films that aired in the anthology, including Guns in the Heather and The Omega Connection'', were adapted for theatrical release in international territories.

Films re-edited as episodes for a television program

Highest-grossing films based on television series

See also
 List of films based on radio series
 List of films based on British television series
 List of television programs based on films
 List of highest-grossing films based on television series

References

External links
Cinematical Seven: TV Spies That Made Terrible Movies
Cinematical Seven: TV Continued on the Big Screen

Films
Television programs
List
F
Lists of films and television series

List of films based on television programs


Lelija (lat. Laelia), rod vazdazelenih trajnica epifita iz porodice Orchidaceae. Postoji 23 priznate vrste raširene od Meksika preko Srednje Amerike do tropske Južne Amerike.

Vrste
 Laelia albida Bateman ex Lindl.
 Laelia anceps Lindl.
 Laelia aurea A.V.Navarro
 Laelia autumnalis (Lex.) Lindl.
 Laelia colombiana J.M.H.Shaw
 Laelia × crawshayana Rchb.f.
 Laelia elata (Schltr.) J.M.H.Shaw
 Laelia eyermaniana Rchb.f.
 Laelia furfuracea Lindl.
 Laelia gloriosa (Rchb.f.) L.O.Williams
 Laelia × gouldiana Rchb.f.
 Laelia halbingeriana Salazar & Soto Arenas
 Laelia heidii (Carnevali) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase
 Laelia lueddemannii (Prill.) L.O.Williams
 Laelia lyonsii (Lindl.) L.O.Williams
 Laelia marginata (Lindl.) L.O.Williams
 Laelia moyobambae (Schltr.) C.Schweinf.
 Laelia × oaxacana Salazar & R.Jiménez
 Laelia rosea (Linden ex Lindl.) C.Schweinf.
 Laelia rubescens Lindl.
 Laelia schultzei (Schltr.) J.M.H.Shaw
 Laelia speciosa (Kunth) Schltr.
 Laelia splendida (Schltr.) L.O.Williams
 Laelia superbiens Lindl.
 Laelia × tlaxiacoensis Solano & Cruz-García
 Laelia undulata (Lindl.) L.O.Williams
 Laelia weberbaueriana (Kraenzl.) C.Schweinf.

Sinonimi
 Amalia Rchb.
 Amalias Hoffmanns.
 Encabarcenia Archila & Szlach.
 × Encalaelia Archila & Szlach.
 × Schombolaelia Anon.
 Schomburgkia Lindl.

Izvori

Laeliinae

Lelija (biljni rod)


Diego Suarez or Diego-Suarez may refer to:

Antsiranana, a city in Madagascar formerly known as Diego-Suarez
Diego Suarez (navigator) or Diogo Soares, 16th-century Portuguese navigator and explorer
Diego Suárez (soldier) (1552–1623), Spanish soldier and chronicler of the wars with the Moors
Diego Suarez (garden designer) (1888–1974), Colombian-born American garden designer of the gardens at Villa Vizcaya
Diego Orlando Suárez (born 1992), Bolivian footballer

Diego Suarez


İridyum, sembolü Ir, atom numarası 77 olan kimyasal element. Çok sert, kırılgan, gümüş beyazı ve platin ailesinden bir geçiş metali olan iridyum en yoğun ikinci elementtir ve 2000 °C gibi sıcaklıklarda bile korozyona karşı yüksek dayanıklılık gösterir. Her ne kadar sadece belli ergimiş tuzlar ve halojenler blok halindeki iridyumu aşındırabilse de, bölünmüş toz halindeki iridyum çok daha reaktif ve hatta yanıcı olabilmektedir. Ir 191 ve Ir 193 tek doğal kararlı izotopudur, bunlardan ikincisi daha bol bulunur.

İridyum, 1803 yılında İngiltere, Londra'da Smithson Tennant tarafından, Güney Amerika'dan gelen çözünmeyen doğal platin cevherinden elde edilmiştir. Yıllık üretim ve tüketimi sadece 3 ton olan, buna rağmen özel endüstriyel ve bilimsel uygulamalarda kullanılan bir numaralı metaldir.

İridyum, asteroitlerin yapısında bol oranda bulunur. Yeryüzünde asteroitlerin çarptığı bölgelerde bol oranda rastlanılır. Buna karşın astreoitlerin çarpmadığı yüzeylerde ise az oranda bulunur.

Tarihçe
İridyum, 1803 yılında İngiliz bilim insanı Smithson Tennant tarafından Londra'da keşfedildi. Osmiyum parçalarının HCl ve nitrik asitle birleştirilmeleri sonucu elde edildi. Latince gökkuşağı anlamına gelen iris adı verildi.

Kullanımı
 Pusula yapımında
 Elektrik kontaklarının yapımında
 Otomobil ve motosiklet ateşleme bujisinde
 Kuyumculuk imaltı sektöründe  tane küçültücü olarak

Kıymetli metaller
Geçiş metalleri
Elementler
Soy metaller

İridyum


Indisk trappe () er en fugleart, der lever i Indien og Pakistan.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Fugle fra Sydasien
Trappefugle

Indisk trappe


Ana Daniel (Lisboa, 19 de mayo de 1928 – Sintra, 30 de noviembre de 2011), seudónimo de Maria de Lourdes d'Oliveira Canellas da Assunção Sousa, fue una poetisa portuguesa.

Biografía
Nació en 1928, en la parroquia de Santa Isabel, Lisboa. Junto a otros cuatro hermanos, fue hija de Mário Canellas y de Maria Eugenia d'Oliveira Canellas. Casada con Fernando Sousa d'Asunción. En 1950 cambió Campo de Ourique, el barrio de su juventud, por Sintra, donde se fue a vivir, tuvo cinco hijos y produjo lo más relevante de su obra.

Se entregó a la poesía a los quince años, con trabajos publicados en periódicos y revistas nacionales del entonces Ultramar portugués. Ganó premios juveniles, en esa época bajo la firma de Ana Arles, su primer seudónimo. Sin embargo, fue a los veinte años cuando confirió a su trabajo el rumbo y la intensidad que caracterizó su obra poética.

Composición escrita
Premio del Concurso de Manuscritos de Poesía de 1969, por su primer libro, Momento en Vivo (Panorama Editorial, 1970) es la palabra entre lo extraño y lo irreparable.

En Los Ojos de la Aurora (Editores Arbusto, 2010), su última obra, es ya la soledad con cuerpo y alma, tejida por las pérdidas y ausencias, y por la saudade, tal vez el sentimiento más recurrente de su lirismo, una filigrana de las emociones, tanto de la aceptación como del inconformismo.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Biografía de Ana Daniel (en portugués).

Nacidos en Lisboa
Fallecidos en Sintra
Poetas de Portugal del siglo XX
Poetisas de Portugal
Escritores con seudónimo

Ana Daniel


Tökeli İmre (25 Nisan 1657 - 13 Eylül 1705, İzmit), (Macarca: Thököly Imre) Erdel Prensi, Osmanlı yanlısı ve Habsburg karşıtı bir Macar devlet adamı.

Hayatı
Tökeli İmre 1657'de Kesmark'da doğdu. Avusturya yönetimindeki Protestan Macarların şefiydi. Protestan Macarlar Avusturya İmparatoru'nun Katolik mezhebine geçmeleri için yaptığı teklifi kabul etmediler ve Tökeli İmre başkanlığında İmparatora karşı ayaklandılar.

Tökeli İmre, Sadrazam Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Paşa'ya başvurarak, Osmanlı himayesine girmek istediğini bildirdi. Avusturya ile barışı bozmak istemeyen Sadrazam Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Paşa, olumlu karşılık vermedi. Buna rağmen savaşa devam eden Tökeli İmre, yukarı Macaristan'ı ele geçirdi. Fakat taraftarlarından çoğu kendisini terk edince Fazıl Ahmed Paşa'ya yaptığı teklifi, 1681 yılında Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa'ya tekrarladı ve ona hediyeler göndererek yakınlık kurdu. Tökeli İmre'ye Orta Macaristan kralı unvanı verildi. Türklerden aldığı kuvvetlerle birçok Avusturya kalesini ele geçirdi. Ancak İkinci Viyana bozgunundan sonra önceden aldığı kaleleri kaybetti.

1688 yılında Avusturyalılara teslim oldu ve Viyana'ya götürüldü. Serbest kaldıktan sonra Osmanlı-Kutsal İttifak Savaşları boyunca Osmanlı Ordusunda görev aldı. Türk ve Tatar kuvvetlerinin başında Transilvanya'ya girdi ve Germen Ordusu'nu yenilgiye uğrattı. Bu başarısından dolayı Tökeli İmre'ye Transilvanya prensliği verildi. Zenta yenilgisinden sonra İzmit'e çekildi. Karlofça barış görüşmelerinde Avusturyalılar, Tökeli İmre'nin kendilerine teslim edilmesini istedilerse de Osmanlı Devleti bunu kabul etmedi. Tökeli İmre 1705 yılında İzmit'te öldü.

Mührünün üzerine "Kral-ı Orta Macar'ım ki namım Tökeli İmre, Mûin-i Âli Osman'ım daim hâzırım emre" yazdırmıştır.

Galeri

Kaynakça

 Macaristan Prensi İmre Thököly, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gülin Orcan, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2005.

Dış bağlantılar
Angelfire.com: Detailed timeline of Hungarian history

Osmanlı-Kutsal İttifak Savaşları'ndaki kişiler
Macaristan tarihi
Macar soylular
1657 doğumlular
1705 yılında ölenler
18. yüzyılda Macarlar
17. yüzyılda Macarlar
Osmanlı döneminde Macaristan
Luthierler

Tökeli İmre


Anders Zachariassen (4. rujna 1991.), danski rukometni reprezentativac. Sudjelovao na svjetskom prvenstvu 2019. godine.

Od većih reprezentativnih uspjeha izdvaja se osvajanje svjetskog naslova 2019. gdje je Danska bila jedan od suorganizatora.

Izvori

Danski rukometaši

Anders Zachariassen


An Digitaria panicea in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Olof Swartz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Ignatz Urban. An Digitaria panicea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Digitaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Digitaria (Poaceae)

Digitaria panicea


محمية سيدي بوغابة محمية تقع على مقربة من مدينة القنيطرة المغرب، تبلغ مساحة المحمية الإجمالية 650 هكتارا مكسوة بالغابة، و110 هكتارات تغطيها بحيرة ذات ماء عذب. يقطنها أكثر من 205 أنواع من الطيور، منها 137 نوعا بصفة مستمرة و37 نوعا قاريا تتواجد فيها أنواع من الشجر والحيوانات التي عاشت منذ مليوني سنة حية موجودة بالمكان. تعتبر بحيرتها آخر بحيرة للمياه العذبة الجوفية بالشاطئ الغربي للمغرب.

الزيتون البري والرطم والدرو الغد والبروق والعرعر الأحمر. أشجار توجد بالمحمية إلى جانب 210 أنواع من النباتات البرية. وعلى هذه الأشجار توجد أنواع من الأشنة والفطر بكثرة، وهي كائنات بدائية ومعقدة مشكلة من فطريات وطحالب. طيور البط الأخضر العنق والحذف الرخامي والغرة القرناء والدجاجة الزرقاء وبومة المستنقعات الأفريقية، طيور نادرة على الصعيدين العالمي والأفريقي. على شاطئ البحيرة تكثر نباتات أخرى مثل الأسل والسمار والسوسن المائي والبردي وغيرها. وتشاهد بالبحيرة حيوانات باستمرار كالقنية والأرنب والفأر والزبانة والسرعوب والسلحفاة والحرباء والحية وغيرها، فضلا عن أكثر من 140 من اللافقاريات.

التهديد

هناك العديد من أنواع الحيوانات المهددة بالانقراض ومن بينها طائر الحذف المائي (الشبيه بالبط) باتت تفضل البقاء في الشتاء في المحمية. سجلت المحمية في لائحة رامسار الإيرانية للمناطق الرطبة ذات الأهمية العالمية.

مراجع

بيئة المغرب
تنوع حيوي
حدائق وطنية في المغرب
مناطق محمية أسست في 1973
مواقع رامسار في المغرب

محمية سيدي بوغابة


Fadil El Ghoul, (n. Breda, Países Bajos, 2 de abril de 1986) más conocido artísticamente como R3HAB o Rehab, es un DJ y productor discográfico neerlandés de origen marroquí. Su música está orientado al género electro house, Dutch House y Future Bass. En el Winter Music Conference del 2012 ganó el premió al "Mejor artista solista revelación". En la encuesta realizada en 2022 por la revista DJmag ocupó el puesto #13.

Desde su "glow up" en 2012, R3HAB está considerado como uno de los mejores artistas de su género musical del mundo y ha colaborado con artistas de alto nivel como Timmy Trumpet, Mike Williams, Ava Max o Mabel.

Biografía
Nació en la ciudad de Breda, donde desde joven expreso poseer mucho acercamiento a la música clásica. Durante plena adolescencia, Fadil comenzó su carrera como DJ haciéndose conocer como R3hab, y estableciendo su nombre en la escena house neerlandesa.

Con el lanzamiento de la exitosa remezcla en colaboración de Hardwell, de "Toys Are Nuts" para Chuckie  obtuvo el respaldo de varios renombrados DJs del mundo. El sencillo también en colaboración del productor neerlandés Hardwell, "MRKRSTFT" se convirtió en un verdadero éxito y fue incluido en el CD recopilatorio de Sensation White en 2008.

Después de realizar remixes para Chuckie, Chris Lake, Laidback Luke, Hi_Tack, Sharam, Rene Amesz y Gregor Salto, era inevitable que R3hab mostraría su rostro en los eventos más convocantes como Fame=DJ's, Dirty Dutch, Rocksteady y uno de más grandes festivales de dance de los Países Bajos, Mysteryland.

R3hab publicó un sencillo titulado "Blue Magic", producido junto a su mejor amigo de toda su vida que es Hardwell, lanzado a través de la discográfica de Chris Lake, Rising Music.

En 2009, se contactó con otra pareja de famosos DJ neerlandeses, los productores Koen Groeneveld y Addy van der Zwan, para producir varios tracks lanzados bajo el sello discográfico orientado a la música techno _aBZOluT y también lanzar bajo este mismo sello el track "Lightsaber Purple".

Sus producciones originales han causado gran sensación en las pistas de baile de todo el mundo y frecuentemente figuran en listas de Beatport. Sus lanzamientos más notables hasta la fecha son "Pump The Party" producido en conjunto con Ferruccio Salvo, "The Bottle Song", editado bajo el sello Wall Recordings, y el tan esperado "Prutataaa", primera colaboración con Afrojack.
Gracias a su talento para la producción, le permitió firmar para el sello Wall Recordings propiedad de Afrojack y es citado por él como "uno de sus mayores talentos". En 2012, contribuyó en la producción del EP, When The Lights Go Out, para la cantante australiana Havana Brown en las canciones "You'll Be Mine" y "Big Banana".

Actualmente, R3hab es uno de los productores más solicitados a la hora de remezclar canciones de artistas reconocidos como Madonna, Lady Gaga, Jennifer López, LMFAO, David Guetta, Bob Sinclar, Calvin Harris, entre otros.

También logró ubicar el tema "Big Banana" junto a la cantante Havana Brown en el puesto 1 de la categoría música club/dance de Billboard por unas semanas.

A fines de 2013, lanzaron en coproducción junto a NERVO y Ummet Ozcan el sencillo "Revolution", el cual alcanzó el número 37 en la lista de sencillos del Reino Unido.

Definitivamente el año 2014 fue el mejor para el en lo que va de su carrera, ya que logró la ubicación 23 en el ranking 100 de Djs. En ese mismo año, colaboró con Calvin Harris en la pista Burnin''' incluido en su álbum Motion.

En 2017 lanzó su álbum TROUBLE, el cual fue nombrado mejor álbum del año 2017. En ese mismo año también ganó el premio a mejor artista internacional del año incluyendo todos los géneros musicales.

Actualmente está considerado como uno de los mejores dj del mundo y de la historia.

 Discografía

 All Around The World (2014)Trouble (2017)
 The Wave'' (2018)
Rumours (2018)

Ranking DJmag

Ranking 101 DJs 1001 Tracklist

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 R3hab en Soundcloud

 Página de R3HAB en TheDJList.com

Disc jockeys de música electrónica
Disc jockeys de los Países Bajos
Productores discográficos de los Países Bajos
Neerlandés-marroquí
Remixers
Disc jockeys de EDM
Artistas de Revealed Recordings
Nacidos en Breda

R3hab


Harry Lloyd  (* 17. November 1983 in London, England) ist ein britischer Schauspieler.

Leben
Harry Lloyd wurde in London geboren und ist mütterlicherseits ein direkter Nachfahre des Schriftstellers Charles Dickens (seine Mutter Marion ist Dickens' Ur-Urenkelin). Sein Vater Jonathan Lloyd ist der Leiter einer Buchagentur.

Lloyd besuchte das Eton College und hatte schon mit 16 Jahren seine erste Filmrolle in BBCs Dickens-Verfilmung David Copperfield als junger James Steerforth. Später studierte er am Christ Church in Oxford Englisch und schloss sich während seiner Zeit dort der Theatergruppe Oxford University Drama Society an, mit welcher er in einer Reihe von Bühnenstücken auftrat. 2005 verließ er Oxford mit einem zweiten Grad.

Seither ist Lloyd als aktiver Fernsehschauspieler tätig und trat in einer Reihe von Fernsehserien auf. Dazu zählen unter anderem Doctor Who und die Sitcom Genie in the House. 2006 spielte er über längeren Zeitraum in der BBC-Serie Robin Hood die Rolle des Will Scarlett. 2011 wurde er dann für die aufwändige Fantasyserie Game of Thrones besetzt, in welcher er in der ersten Staffel die Rolle des Viserys Targaryen spielte. Im selben Jahr hatte er auch Rollen in den Filmen Jane Eyre und Die Eiserne Lady.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1999: David Copperfield (Fernsehfilm)
 2002: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (Fernsehfilm)
 2005: M.I.T. Murde Investigation Team (Fernsehserie, eine Episode)
 2005: The Bill (Fernsehserie, eine Episode)
 2006: Holby City (Fernsehserie, eine Episode)
 2006: Vital Signs (Fernsehserie, fünf Episoden)
 2006: Genie in the House (Fernsehserie, eine Episode)
 2006–2007: Robin Hood (Fernsehserie, 26 Episoden)
 2007: Doctor Who (Fernsehserie, 2 Episoden)
 2008: Heroes and Villains (Fernsehserie, eine Episode)
 2008: The Devil's Whore (Fernsehserie, eine Episode)
 2009: Lewis – Der Oxford Krimi (Lewis, Fernsehserie, Episode 3x04)
 2009: Oscar & Jim (Kurzfilm)
 2009: Taking the Flak (Fernsehserie, 5 Episoden)
 2011: The Half-Light (Kurzfilm)
 2011: Jane Eyre
 2011: Große Erwartungen (Great Expectations)
 2011: Die Eiserne Lady (The Iron Lady)
 2011: Game of Thrones (Fernsehserie, 5 Episoden)
 2012: The Fear (Miniserie, Episoden 1x01–1x04)
 2014: Die Entdeckung der Unendlichkeit (The Theory of Everything)
 2014: The Riot Club
 2014–2015: Manhattan (Fernsehserie, 23 Episoden)
 2015: Wölfe (Wolf Hall, Fernsehserie, 3 Episoden)
 2015: The Show
 2016: Marcella (Fernsehserie)
 2016: Operation Anthropoid (Antropid)
 2017: Die Frau des Nobelpreisträgers (The Wife)
 2017–2019: Counterpart (Fernsehserie, 18 Folgen)
 2019: Legion (Fernsehserie, 3 Episoden)
 2020: Schöne neue Welt (Brave New World, Fernseh-Neunteiler)
 seit 2021: Arcane (Fernsehserie, Stimme von Viktor)
 2022: The Lost King

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Brite
Geboren 1983
Mann

Harry Lloyd


Fossieux (în ) este o comună din departamentul Moselle, regiunea Grand Est, din nord-estul Franței.

Note

Comune din Moselle

Fossieux


Anika (née Annika Henderson le  dans le Surrey en Angleterre) est une musicienne germano-britannique. Elle a publié deux disques sous son nom, joue dans le groupe Exploded View et a collaboré avec de nombreux musiciens.

Biographie
Elle est née dans le Surrey et passe son enfance entre le Royaume-Uni et l'Allemagne. Après avoir été journaliste politique et organisatrice de concerts, elle enregistre en 2010 avec le groupe Beak son premier album solo qui est publié par <ref> Andrew Gaerig, Anika Album Review, Pitchfork, 18 janvier 2011.</ref>. Celui-ci est composé pour partie de composition originales et pour partie de reprises dont Yoko Ono, Bob Dylan ou Skeeter Davis. Un EP voit le jour en 2013.. Elle forme ensuite le groupe Exploded View avec les musiciens mexicains Martin Thulin, Hugo Quezada et Amon Melgarejo. Le groupe publie un premier album en 2016 et le suivant en 2018. En 2021 elle publie son second album solo baptisé Change suivi en 2022 d'un Ep de remixes des titres de cet album.

 Discographie
 En solo
 Albums

 EP

 Avec Exploded View
 Albums

 EP

 Participations
 2014 - Anika & Camera - 2am (Bureau B)
 2015 - Anika & T.Raumschmiere - Sleeping Pills and Habits (Shitkatapult)
 2017 - Dave Clarke - I'm Not Afraid (Feat Anika) (Skint Records)
 2014 - Shackleton & Anika - Behind the Glass 2020 - Tricky - Lonely Dancer (Feat Anika) (False Idols)
 2020 - I Like Trains - Eyes To The Left'' (Feat Anika) (Atlantic Curve)

Références

Liens externes

Musicienne allemande
Musicienne anglaise
Naissance en février 1987
Naissance dans le Surrey
Mononyme

Anika (musicienne)


Onthophagus rufovirens é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por D'Orbigny em 1904.

Referências

Ligações externas

rufovirens
Coleópteros descritos em 1904

Onthophagus rufovirens


Miniaturpark Die Kleine Sächsische Schweiz er en miniaturepark i Dorf Wehlen i Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge i Sachsen. På 8.000 m² vises i alt 67 naturtro modeller af bygninger udført i lokal sandsten, klippeformationer, køretøjer og vandløb fra Sächsische Schweiz. De vigtigste modeller er af de primære seværdigheder og turiststeder i Elbsandsteingebirge. I tilknytning til parken er der desuden et åbent værksted og et billedhuggerværksted. Den privatdrevne park blev åbnet i maj 1998.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

 Officiel hjemmeside

Miniatureparker
Seværdigheder i Tyskland
Etableret i 1998

Miniaturpark Kleine Sächsische Schweiz


Centrul de Reeducare Târgu Ocna este o închisoare destinată recuperării psihosociale a minorilor infractori, cu vârste cuprinse între 14 și 18 ani. La 15 octombrie 2017 existau 136 persoane private de libertate. Centrul se află în incinta Școlii Naționale de Pregătire a Agenților de Penitenciare Târgu Ocna.

Istoric
Pe actualul amplasament al Centrului de Reeducare Târgu Ocna, timp de 40 de ani, în perioada 1916 – 1956, au funcționat unități militare de artilerie și jandarmi, ce au aparținut Ministerului de Război și Ministerului de Interne. Aceste unități au avut un statut de centru de instruire de trupe operative care au luptat în cele două războaie mondiale, realizând paza și ordinea în zonă sau în alte centre din țară. Între 1956 și 1997 centrul a purtat diferite denumiri:
 Colonia de Minori (1956-1966);
 Institutul Special de Reeducare a Minorilor (I.S.R.M.- 1966-1972);
 Centrul de Reeducare a Minorilor (C.R.M. – 1972-1977);
 Școala Specială de Muncă și Reeducare a Minorilor (S.S.M.R.M. – 1978-1992);
 Centrul de Reeducare (C.R. – 1992-1997);
 Centrul de Reeducare Minori (C.R.M. – 2001-2003);
 Centrul de Reeducare (C.R. – 2003-prezent).
În anul 1997 Centrul de Reeducare și-a suspendat temporar activitatea, aici fiind mutată Școala Militară de Pregătire și Perfecționarea Subofițerilor de Penitenciare din București. Începând cu luna iulie a anului 2001, unitatea a redevenit Centru de Reeducare pentru Minori, iar din 2003 a fost denumită Centrul de Reeducare Târgu Ocna.

Referințe
Penitenciare din România
Târgu Ocna

Centrul de Reeducare Târgu Ocna


Nasıra, İsrail'in Aşağı Celile bölgesinde yer alan tarihî bir şehirdir. Nüfusu 2006 yılı sayımlarında 64.500 çıkmış Nasıra'nın, yüzölçümü 14,2 km2'dir. İncil'de Meryem ve kocası Marangoz Yusuf'un memleketi olarak geçer. İsa'nın çocukluğunun geçtiği yerdir ve Hristiyanlıktaki en önemli hac merkezlerinden birisidir.

İsa'nın doğum yeri Beytüllahim olarak kabul edilmekle birlikte memleketi sıklıkla Nasıra olarak geçer. Hristiyan kaynaklarda İsa, zaman zaman "Nasıralı İsa"  olarak anılır. Bu nedenle Hristiyanlık dini "Nasranilik" olarak da adlandırılır.

Kaynakça

Nasıra


A Causa Reacionária era um movimento social e um movimento político que defendeu a restauração da monarquia portuguesa, também defendeu o nacionalismo português em relação à questão de Olivença e apoia a anexação dos territórios da Galiza e Ceuta.

Estando em operação entre 2021 e 2023.

História

Criada por jovens estudantes de escolas portuguesas, o grupo com o nome "GEC" (Grupo dos Estudos Conservadores), havia sido criado para divulgar as ideias conservadoras e religiosas às escolas portuguesas. No entanto, acabou por expandir e virar um movimento social e político que tem função de divulgar as ideias Nacionalistas, Conservadoras e Monárquicas para o povo português.

O nome "Causa Reacionária" foi adotado nas primeiras eleições do grupo em 2022, para renovar a imagem do movimento.

Ideologia

A organização defende causa nacionalistas como a "ocupação" espanhola em Olivença, cidade situada em Badajoz, defende a anexação dos territórios de Galiza, por esta ter cultura e apresentar similaridades da língua portuguesa e do território de Ceuta, cidade no norte de África reivindicada pela nação de Marrocos.
O Tradicionalismo e Doutrina Católica vêm da sua fundação de difusor de ideias de carácter religioso e tradicionais, a organização defende a "tradição portuguesa" e defende mais eventos tradicionais em Portugal.
A organização também defende pautas conservadoras no caso de conservar as mesmas tradições e conservar a Religião Católica.
Antissocialismo é defendido pois o governo português apresenta uma grande influência socialista e por esta ser uma "ameaça" para os valores culturais e sociais do povo português.
O Euroceticismo é defendido como uma descrença nas instituições europeias como a União Europeia, porém não defendem totalmente a saída de Portugal da mesma, apoiam a adoção da moeda escudo, a antiga moeda de Portugal usada antes de 2002 e mais soberania ao território português.

Organização

A Causa Reacionária está dividida entre Departamentos e Zonas Distritais, a Causa está presente em eventos sociais, propagandísticos em Lisboa, Porto, Vila Real, também nos Arquipélagos dos Açores e da Madeira.
Os "líderes distritais" assim conhecidos são um fator importante para a divulgação do movimento em todo o país, fazendo eventos em cidades e vilas portuguesas.

Atuação

Redes Sociais
A organização usa a internet sendo o maior fator para o crescimento do movimento, tanto cartazes e propaganda pelo país.
As redes sociais são um grande fator da divulgação das ideias como por exemplo no Instagram, YouTube e Discord.

Envolvimento Político

A organização também defende que seus participantes juntem-se a partidos políticos de Portugal como por exemplo, PSD, CDS-PP, Chega e Ergue-te.

Presidentes da Causa Reacionária

Ver Também
 Integralismo Lusitano
 Ortodoxia
 Nacionalismo Lusitano
 Integralismo Brasileiro
 Fascismo
 Simão Araújo

Ligações Externas
Canal Oficial da Causa Reacionária, no YouTube.

Organizações políticas monárquicas em Portugal

Causa Reacionária


Clusiella, rod grmova, pripada porodici kalofilumovki, dio je reda malpigijolike.

U rodu ima osam vrsta iz tropske Amerike, od Nikaragve na sjeveru do bazena Amazone na jugu.

Kao monotipičan (s vrstom Clusiella elegans), rod je opisan 1860.

Vrste
 Clusiella albiflora Cuatrec.
 Clusiella amplexicaulis Cuatrec.
 Clusiella axillaris (Engl.) Cuatrec.
 Clusiella elegans Planch. & Triana
 Clusiella impressinervis Hammel
 Clusiella isthmensis Hammel
 Clusiella macropetala Cuatrec.
 Clusiella pendula Cuatrec.

Izvori

Kalofilumovke

Clusiella


Liste d'attente (Lista de espera) est un film cubain réalisé par Juan Carlos Tabío, sorti en 2000.

Synopsis
Le film raconte l'histoire d'un groupe de passagers qui se retrouve au terminal de bus d'une petite ville cubaine. Mais aucun d'entre eux ne peut effectuer son trajet car tous les véhicules qui traversent le terminal sont pleins ne prennent plus les voyageurs. Pour arriver à destination, ils se lancent tous dans la réparation d'un véhicule dans un état lamentable.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Liste d'attente
 Titre original : Lista de espera
 Réalisation : Juan Carlos Tabío
 Scénario : Arturo Arango, Senel Paz et Juan Carlos Tabío
 Musique : José María Vitier
 Photographie : Hans Burmann
 Montage : Carmen Frías
 Production : Thierry Forte, Gerardo Herrero et Camilo Vives
 Société de production : Canal+, DMVB Films, Producciones Amaranta, Road Movies Filmproduktion, Tabasco Films, Tornasol Films et Vía Digital
 Société de distribution : Mars Distribution (France)
 Pays : , , ,  et
 Genre : comédie dramatique et romance
 Durée : 105 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :
 :

Distribution
 Vladimir Cruz : Emilio
 Tahimi Alvariño : Jacqueline
 Jorge Perugorría : Rolando / l'aveugle
 Noel García : Fernandez
 Alina Rodríguez : Regla
 Saturnino García : Avelino
 Antonio Valero : Antonio
 Jorge Alí : Cristobal
 Hiran Vega : Pedro Luis
 Mijail Mulkay : Manolo
 Leandro Sen : Erick
 Saskia Guanche : Katia
 Serafín García : Santiago
 Amelia Pita : Angelina
 Assenech Rodriguez : la grand-mère
 Roylan Altunaga : le petit-fils
 Ernán Hernández : Gustavo
 Gabriel López : Joel
 Doren Granados : Claudia
 Camila García : Wendy
 Coralia Veloz : Alicia
 Rubén Breñas : Julio Cesar
 Paula Ali : Cristina

Distinctions
Le film a été nommé au prix Goya du meilleur film ibéroaméricain.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film cubain sorti en 2000
Film espagnol sorti en 2000
Film français sorti en 2000
Film mexicain sorti en 2000
Film allemand sorti en 2000
Comédie dramatique cubaine
Comédie dramatique espagnole
Comédie dramatique française
Comédie dramatique mexicaine
Comédie dramatique allemande
Film romantique cubain
Film romantique espagnol
Film romantique français
Film romantique mexicain
Film romantique allemand

Liste d'attente


Kronprinsesse Märtha Kyst er en kyststrækning i Dronning Maud Land i Antarktis, beliggende mellem 20° vest og Trolltunga ved 0° 30' øst og opkaldt efter kronprinsesse Märtha. Kronprinsesse Märtha Kyst grænser til Coats Land i vest og Prinsesse Astrid Kyst i øst.

Kystlandet blev udforsket af den tredje Norvegia-ekspedition i 1930 og navngivet efter medlemmer af den norske kongefamilie. Frem til 1973 blev udstrækningen af Kronprinsesse Märtha Kyst defineret som mellem 20° vest og 5° øst.

Noter

Antarktis

Kronprinsesse Märtha Kyst


عين عطا هي قرية وبلدية تقع جنوب غرب راشيا، على  جنوب شرق العاصمة اللبنانية بيروت، في منطقة راشيا في محافظة البقاع في لبنان.

ويعتقد أن الاسم يعني "هدية الربيع ". هناك ربيع بارد بشكل ملحوظ في المنطقة.

المعبد الروماني
أكدت المسوحات الكتابية الحديثة أنقاض المعبد الروماني وموقع العبادة في القرية التي تم تضمينها في مجموعة من آثار جبل الشيخ،  قام  بتسجيل الأسس والأعمدة لمجمع المعبد المدمر في الغابة بالقرب من القرية، والذي يعتقد أنهم كانوا يطلق عليهم اسم كوبريكها ، وأشار بأن «الحي بأكمله مليء بالمواقع القديمة والمهجورة».

المراجع

قائمة المراجع

روابط خارجية

 عين عطا على لوكاليبان
 'عين' عطا على geographic.org
 صور المعابد الرومانية في منطقة راشيا على موقع الجامعة الأمريكية في بيروت
 المعابد الرومانية على discoverlebanon.com
 عين عطا على ويكيمابيا
 عين عطا على geody.com
 مدخل التوافق العبري لبيت عناث «معبد عنات»

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء راشيا
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
تجمعات أرثوذكسية شرقية في لبنان
تجمعات درزية في لبنان
معابد رومانية قديمة
مواقع أثرية رومانية في لبنان
مواقع أثرية في لبنان
مواقع جذب سياحي في لبنان

عين عطا


L'avenue des Merles (en néerlandais: Merellaan) est une avenue bruxelloise de la commune de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre qui va du square Eddy Merckx à l'avenue des Traquets sur une longueur totale de 350 mètres.

Historique et description

Situation et accès

Inventaire régional des biens remarquables

Voir aussi
 Liste des rues de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Liens externes
 Commune de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Notes et références

 La Chanson des rues de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre de Jean Francis. Louis Musin Éditeur – Bruxelles 1975

Avenue à Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Avenue des Merles


José Chocomeli Galán (Játiva, Comunidad Valenciana, 13 de septiembre de 1893 - 1946) fue un historiador, arqueólogo, apicultor y especialista en arte español.

Biografía
Hijo de Rafael Chocomeli Codina, poeta y propietario agrario, y de Fernanda Galán, y sobrino del poeta Antonino Chocomeli, José se interesó inicialmente por la agricultura, y difundió la introducción de nuevas especies. También se interesó por la apicultura, con el fin de mejorar las precarias economías del campo valenciano. Inventó la colmena tolva, que recibió el segundo premio en la Feria Internacional de Apicultura de Lyon (1927), y realizó una campaña en pro de la creación de cotos apiculturales en las escuelas rurales.

Desde muy joven mostró sus dotes de investigación, y publicó diversos trabajos relacionados con la agricultura, la apicultura y la historia (arqueología, historia del arte, historia del papel, etc.). Su gran interés fue la arqueología, y se inició en la profesión en las excavaciones de Ampurias, en las que tuvo como director al también setabense Emili Gandia. A partir de entonces realizó numerosas excavaciones arqueológicas y localizó importantes pinturas rupestres e inscripciones ibéricas; destaca entre esos trabajos el del yacimiento de la Ereta del Pedregal (Navarrés).

En 1937 fue nombrado secretario general del Instituto de Estudios Valencianos.

Durante la guerra civil, José Chocomeli llevó a cabo  una labor muy importante de salvaguardia del patrimonio artístico y bibliográfico nacional y local, lo que le valió el nombramiento de delegado del Servicio de Recuperación del Patrimonio Artístico. De esta época procede su hallazgo de la Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile de Jerónimo de Vivar, uno de los más importantes manuscritos de la conquista de América y el primero de la expedición de Pedro de Valdivia en Chile; el manuscrito había estado perdido durante siglos.

En 1940, Chocomeli fundó la prestigiosa Saitabi, Noticiario de Arte, Arqueología e Historia de Levante que es revista de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia de la Universidad de Valencia. En el primero de los dos fascículos del primer número de la revista, Chocomeli firmaba el primer artículo: Nuevos ejemplares de plástica ibérica.

Muerte

José Chocomeli fue autor de numerosos artículos de investigación sobre Ribera, El Palacio de Pinohermoso, la industria papelera, etc, y fundó la primera Feria del Libro de Játiva (1945). También en 1940 publicó una obra sobre un tema que le había interesado especialmente: En busca de Tartessos, que trata de la localización de esa legendaria cultura, cuya capital situaba él en la zona de Mesas de Asta, barrio rural de Jerez de la Frontera.

En 1941, Chocomeli fue nombrado miembro correspondiente de la Real Academia de la Historia.

Descubrió las pinturas murales de la Iglesia de San Félix (Església de Sant Feliu) de Játiva, fue nombrado director de la Institución de Estudios Jaime y Lorenzo Villanueva, así como de la Biblioteca Pública Municipal de Játiva y, en 1946, delegado provincial del Patrimonio Artístico Valenciano, cargos de los cuales no pudo gozar por su prematura muerte, en marzo de 1946, a causa de una grave afección cardíaca que padecía desde muy joven.

Poco después de su muerte, se publicó su obra La primera exploración palafítica en España, tirada aparte del Archivo de Prehistoria Levantino.

Notas y referencias

 CATALÀ SANCHIS, Salvador: Xàtiva, Valencia y los Chocomeli (1757-1946), Játiva, 2006. ISBN 978-84-923332-4-0
 Crítica del libro.

Enlaces externos

 Biografía de José Chocomeli en el sitio de la Biblioteca Municipal de Játiva.

Apicultores de España
Arqueólogos de España del siglo XX
Arqueólogos de la provincia de Valencia
Historiadores de España del siglo XX
Historiadores de la Comunidad Valenciana
Nacidos en Játiva

José Chocomeli Galán


La chapelle troglodytique de Rochemenier est située à Louresse-Rochemenier, en France.

Localisation
La chapelle troglodytique est située dans le département français de Maine-et-Loire, sur la commune de Louresse-Rochemenier.

Histoire
Tout près de Rochemenier existait le village de Varennes, qui a été entièrement détruit pendant les guerres de religion entre protestants et catholiques par les Huguenots en 1567. Varennes ne fut jamais reconstruit et il ne reste aujourd'hui qu'une façade de l'église qui était dédiée à Sainte Madeleine et Saint Jean.Les survivants de Varennes se sont déplacés à Rochemenier, où il existait un lieu de culte, petite chapelle dédiée à Sainte Emerance. Toutefois, cette dernière a également été endommagée durant cette période de conflits (XVIème). Pendant le temps de sa reconstruction, on suppose que les croyants utilisaient un espace creusé dans la roche, qui se situe en partie sous l'église de la surface.

Dès la fin du XVIème, la chapelle troglodytique de Rochemenier devient le lieu de culte de la paroisse des deux villages (Rochemenier et Varennes), dédié à Sainte Madeleine et Saint Jean. On célébrait donc la messe sous terre. Pourtant, cette chapelle ne fut jamais consacrée ou bénite. Les vestiges témoignant de cette utilisation sont taillés dans la roche : trois arcs gothiques, une croix et des niches pour statues. Le sol est aussi en forme de croix.L'église de surface devint église paroissiale à la fin du XVIème, fut restaurée au début du XVIIème siècle, et la chapelle souterraine fut alors abandonnée.

Cette chapelle troglodytique était à l'origine une ancienne carrière d'extraction de falun datant du XIIIème siècle ; en levant les yeux on peut apercevoir au sommet la grande ouverture qui est un ancien puits d'extraction. Il permettait de monter la roche à la surface grâce à des treuils. Les trous en ligne situés en dessous sont les trous d'échafaudage.

Elle fait désormais partie du parcours de visite du musée troglodytique de Rochemenier. Le chemin par lequel on y accède aujourd'hui fut creusé pour l'ouverture du musée en 1967. Auparavant, l'entrée se faisait par une petite porte en bois chez l'ancien presbytère et par plusieurs galeries souterraines dont l'une part vers le cimetière de Rochemenier.

Références

Rochemenier

Chapelle troglodytique de Rochemenier


5481 Kiuchi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
5481 Kiuchi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kitami de Kin Endate și Kazuro Watanabe. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,34 ua, o excentricitate de 0,06 și o înclinație de 6,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 5001-6000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Asteroizi binari

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1990
Centura de asteroizi

5481 Kiuchi


Battle Clash, conocido en Japón como , es un videojuego de robots mecánicos para uso con la  super scope de Super Nintendo , producido por Intelligent Systems y Nintendo en el año 1992. Requiere el uso de la Super Scope para poder jugarlo .

Historia

En un futuro distante, la Tierra vive en caos y el único orden en el que residen las reglas es en el "Battle Game", donde el ganador toma el control del mundo. Todas las batallas son combatidas con Mechas llamados "Standing Tanks" (ST). Un luchador despiadado llamado Anubis eventualmente se vuelve el campeón del Battle Game.

Mike Anderson, cuyo padre fue una de las múltiples víctimas de Anubis, se rehúsa a sucumbir y se entrena a sí mismo en todo lo relacionado con los ST para detener el caos actual y vengar la muerte de su padre. Para lograr esto, primero debe derrotar a los Battle Chiefs (subordinados de Anubis).

Jugabilidad

En el juego, el jugador es el artillero del Halcón ST y también compañero de Mike, que lucha contra un grupo de otras tribus en batallas uno-a-uno . Para atacar, el jugador debe disparar utilizando el Super Scope. Es posible disparar tiros rápidos manteniendo pulsado el botón de disparo, así como los rayos de energía (cargas de disparos). Los rayos de energía pueden ser disparados cuando la barra de energía este llena (esto sucede cuando el jugador no dispara). Cuando la barra de energía se ha llenado, el rayo de energía puede ser despedido, a pesar de que se consume la barra de energía. También es importante para defenderse de ataques enemigos por disparos de su fuego. Algunos ataques solo puede ser desviado disparando rayos de energía.

El objetivo del juego es derrotar al rival de ST para terminar el escenario. El daño infligido al enemigo depende del lugar donde se ha disparado el ST (todas las ST tienen algún tipo de punto débil) y lo poderoso que es el tiro. El jugador gana si la energía del ST rival se agota primero. Si el enemigo agota la energía del jugador o si el escenario se reproduce durante diez minutos, el juego ha terminado, pero es posible continuar el juego indefinidamente.

Recepción

Battle Clash recibió calificación de 3.775 de 5 de Nintendo Power.

Diferencias de región

La versión japonesa, Space Bazooka, fue lanzada un año más tarde después de su lanzamiento inicial en Norte América. La versión japonesa presenta características ligeramente diferentes en los finales comparado con la versión occidental del juego. Si el jugador termina el juego en dificultad normal, el fondo durante los créditos finales será decorada con una imagen del personaje principal de pie Mike Anderson, además del Halcón (en contraste con el fondo en blanco azul utilizado en la versión occidental). Si el jugador termina el juego en el nivel de dificultad Hard, Mike estará acompañado por Tasha, Antonov, y Eddie (los personajes que ayudan a Mike y el jugador durante la batalla final), así.

Secuela

Metal Combat: Falcon's Revenge

Videojuegos de Nintendo Research & Development 1
Videojuegos de Intelligent Systems
Videojuegos exclusivos para Super Nintendo
Videojuegos de 1992
Videojuegos de Nintendo
Videojuegos con pistola de luz
Videojuegos de mechas
Videojuegos ambientados en Nueva York
Videojuegos de ciencia ficción
Videojuegos desarrollados en Japón
Videojuegos posapocalípticos
Videojuegos de un solo jugador y de multijugador

Battle Clash


Moise Poida (2 de abril de 1978) es un exfutbolista vanuatuense que jugaba como delantero. Actualmente es el entrenador del Nalkutan.

Carrera

Desde el último año del , Poida jugó en el Tafea FC. Al décimo año en su paso por el Tafea decidió colgar los botines y convertirse en entrenador.

Clubes

Como futbolista

Como entrenador

Selección nacional

Jugó 21 partidos, convirtiendo 3 goles en representación de  en las eliminatorias de Oceanía a los Mundiales de 2002, 2006 y 2010.

Referencias

Poida en ceroacero
Ficha de entrenador en transfermarkt

Futbolistas de Vanuatu
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Vanuatu
Futbolistas del Tafea FC
Futbolistas del Port Vila Sharks
Entrenadores de fútbol de Vanuatu
Entrenadores del Tafea FC
Entrenadores de la selección de fútbol de Vanuatu
Entrenadores en la Copa de las Naciones de la OFC 2016
Entrenadores del Nalkutan FC

Moise Poida