The Latter Day Saint movement is a religious movement within Christianity that arose during the Second Great Awakening in the early 19th century and that led to the set of doctrines, practices, and cultures called Mormonism, and to the existence of numerous Latter Day Saint churches. Its history is characterized by intense controversy and persecution in reaction to some of the movement's doctrines and practices and their relationship to mainstream Christianity (see Mormonism and Christianity).  The purpose of this article is to give an overview of the different groups, beliefs, and denominations that began with the influence of Joseph Smith.

The founder of the Latter Day Saint movement was Joseph Smith, who was raised in the burned-over district of Upstate New York. Smith stated that, in response to prayer, he saw God the Father and Jesus Christ, as well as angels and other visions.  This eventually led him to a restoration of Christian doctrine that, he said, was lost after the early Christian apostles were killed. In addition, several early leaders made marked doctrinal and leadership contributions to the movement, including Oliver Cowdery, Sidney Rigdon, and Brigham Young.  Modern-day revelation from God continues to be a principal belief of the Mormon faith.

Mormon history as an academic field is called Mormon studies.

Movement's historical context

Second Great Awakening and the Charismatic Movement
The Latter Day Saint movement arose in the Palmyra and Manchester area of western New York, where its founder Joseph Smith was raised during a period of religious revival in the early 19th century called the Second Great Awakening, a Christian response to the secularism of the Age of Enlightenment which extended throughout the United States, particularly the frontier areas of the west.

A significant early event in this Second Great Awakening was the Cane Ridge Revival, a large camp meeting that took place in 1801 at Cane Ridge, Kentucky. Joseph Smith's father Joseph Smith Sr. said he had several visions or dreams, as had Smith's paternal and maternal grandfathers.

The people of western New York, like the rest of the United States at the time, were also influenced by folk religion. The fathers of both Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery were reported to have used divining rods, though not by those within the LDS church. Joseph Smith used seer stones, which he used after his claimed First Vision. People of the time used such rods and stones in various ways, including to locate underground water, to find lost items, to locate buried treasure or mineral mines, as part of religious or magic rituals, or to communicate with spirits or angels. Until about the 1830s, the use of such divining media, even as a profession, was thought by many, though not all, as "honorable and profitable employment". (Palmyra Herald, July 24, 1822)

Another related strand of religious thought that became important to the Latter Day Saint movement was the Restoration Movement, primarily influenced by Barton W. Stone (who participated in the Cane Ridge revival), and Alexander Campbell, who joined Stone in 1824 in Ohio. Stone and Campbell believed that the division among Christian sects had been caused by a Great Apostasy (or falling away) from the original teachings of Jesus, and that the correct principles of Christianity could be re-established by "restoring" practices described in the New Testament. The Restorationists also intended to eliminate sectarianism, arguing that there should be only one Christian church, which should be called the "Church of Christ."

While these restorationist ideas were circulating in the western frontier, the family of Joseph Smith was living in western New York, where they attended many of the local revivals. During this time, the area was seeing so many Christian revivals that western New York's most well-known revivalist Charles Grandison Finney later dubbed the area the "Burned-Over District". Because of a lack of clergy from established churches, this area was unusually open to religious innovations, new movements, and social experiments such as religious communism.

Latter Day Saints do not typically distinguish between this Restoration movement and the broader Protestant Reformation, since both were an attempt to return to the values and doctrines taught by Jesus and the Apostles, while most Latter Day Saint groups believe that there was a need for God to actively restore both authority and doctrine. However, in spite of their different use of the word restoration, this movement was an important part of the culture that led Joseph Smith to become interested in religion.

Masonic influences

Joseph Smith and several of the church founders were Freemasons, and were founding members of a lodge in Nauvoo, Illinois in March 1842. There are some similarities between Mormon temple worship and symbolism and the stories and symbols of Freemasonry. In modern times, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) holds no position for or against the compatibility of Masonry with LDS Church doctrine.

Leadership of Joseph Smith

Smith's First Vision

Most Latter Day Saints trace the beginnings of Mormonism to Joseph Smith's First Vision, which he said he had in about 1820 in the woods near his home. Early accounts of this vision describe it as a vision of Jesus in which he was told his sins were forgiven. Later, more detailed accounts indicate Smith was also told that all Christian denominations had become corrupt and further clarify that Smith saw multiple heavenly beings, including Jesus and God the Father.

Early visits by angels, Urim and Thummim, and the Book of Mormon

Smith also described many other visions involving angels. Some of his earliest visitations involved a Nephite prophet-warrior, who called himself Moroni. Smith said this angel appeared to him many times, and showed him where to find a set of buried Golden Plates containing ancient writings that the prophet-warrior had sealed in a stone box before his death, together with other artifacts. The writings on the Golden Plates, according to Smith, contained an account of the various nations that inhabited ancient America, and described how they were led to the New World by Jesus, but eventually lost their Christian faith through a series of wars and corruption.

After he said he received the Golden Plates, Smith began to dictate their translation to his wife Emma Hale Smith and various associates of his, including Martin Harris and, for most of the later translation, Oliver Cowdery. Smith said he translated the text through the gift and power of God and through the aid of the Urim and Thummim, or seer stone. The resulting writings were published in March 1830 as the Book of Mormon.

The Book of Mormon was much more ambitious than being just a purported history of Native Americans. Mormons quickly adopted the book as a work of scripture of similar importance to the Bible. The book's title page described it as an attempt to show Native Americans "what great things the Lord has done for their fathers", and to convince "Jew and Gentile that Jesus is the Christ, the Eternal God." (Book of Mormon, title page.) The book contained doctrinal discussions on numerous themes, including how the pride of the wealthy leads to the downfall of civilization, the dangers of "secret combinations" of people who meet secretly and use secret signs and oaths "to carry out the evil purposes of the group", and God's mercy and protection over his followers. Latter Day Saints consider the crowning moment of the book to be Jesus' visit to the ancient Americans, during which time he teaches them in person about the meaning of his death and resurrection.

Shared experiences by Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery, and restoration of the priesthood
Some of the early movement's most important charismatic experiences were shared between Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery, who joined the movement during the translation of the Book of Mormon. During the translation of the Golden Plates, Smith and Cowdery determined that they needed to obtain the Priesthood, or the authority to act in God's name, which they believed had been lost from the earth during the Great Apostasy. According to an account by Cowdery in 1834, they went into the woods near Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania on May 15, 1829, were visited by an angel who gave them the "Holy Priesthood". (Messenger and Advocate, 1(1), Oct. 1, 1834.) In 1835, Smith and Cowdery stated that the angel was John the Baptist, and that the "Holy Priesthood" was specifically the Priesthood of Aaron", which included the power to baptize. Today this area is preserved as the Aaronic Priesthood Restoration Site.

Smith and Cowdery further elaborated for the 1835 publication of the Doctrine and Covenants that they were also later visited by Peter, James, and John, who restored the "keys of your ministry" and the "keys of the kingdom". Neither Smith nor Cowdery ever gave a date for this visitation.

Organization of the Church of Christ

After the restoration of the Priesthood, Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery began baptizing dozens of people, as early as June 1829. (History of the Church 1:6, p. 59). These converts did not belong to a formal church organization. Nevertheless, this community of believers referred to themselves as "the Church of Christ", and included converts in three New York towns: Fayette, Manchester, and Colesville.

There is no known record of an early Mormon concept of the Lord's church prior to Smith's translation of the Book of Mormon from April to June 1829. Some time in April 1829, Smith dictated a story of Alma the Elder, the former priest of a wicked king, who baptized his followers by immersion, "having authority from the Almighty God", and called his community of believers the "church of God, or the church of Christ".

Some time between June and December 1829, Joseph Smith, David Whitmer and Oliver Cowdery said they received a revelation about "how he should build up his church & the manner thereof". This revelation was called the "Articles of the Church of Christ", and it indicated that the church should ordain priests and teachers "according to the gifts & callings of God unto men". The church was to meet regularly to partake of bread and wine. Cowdery was described as "an Apostle of Jesus Christ".

On April 6, 1830, Joseph Smith, Oliver Cowdery, and a group of approximately 50 believers met to formally organize the Church of Christ into a legal institution.  By later accounts, this meeting was a charismatic event, in which members of the congregation had visions, prophesied, spoke in tongues, ecstatically shouted praises to the Lord, and fainted (Joseph Smith History, 1839 draft). Also, the church formally ordained a lay ministry. Smith and Cowdery, according to their 1831 account, were each ordained as "an apostle of Jesus Christ, an elder of the church". ("Articles and Covenants of the Church of Christ", Painesville Telegraph, April 19, 1831).

Movement in Ohio
The movement more than doubled in size with the conversion of Sidney Rigdon, a former Campbellite minister, who led several congregations of Restorationists in Ohio's Western Reserve area, causing hundreds of his adherents to follow him into Mormonism. A fiery orator, Rigdon was called to be Smith's spokesman, and immediately became one of the movement's leaders. By 1831 the church's headquarters were established in Kirtland, Ohio, and Smith urged the membership to gather there or to a second outpost of the church in Far West, Missouri (see below).

While based in Kirtland, the church changed its name to the "Church of the Latter Day Saints", and added a number of new doctrines and leadership offices. An attempt to establish a communitarian economy known as the "Law of Consecration" was established in 1831. The Latter Day Saint understanding of the priesthood was elaborated by the separation of the higher or Melchizedek Priesthood offices from the lesser or Aaronic Priesthood offices and by the restoration of the Patriarchal Priesthood.  Also established were the First Presidency, the High Council—later elaborated as the High Council of Zion, the Travelling High Council (or Quorum of the Twelve) and Stake high councils—Seventies, patriarchs, high priests, and bishops.

During the Kirtland era, many charismatic experiences were reported, many involving visitations of angels or communication from God through stones. However, some Church members claimed to receive revelations that contradicted those received by Joseph Smith. He and several followers prayed about the issue, and Joseph recorded a series of revelations, which included a description of several real spiritual gifts, a statement that only Joseph Smith, as the Prophet, could receive new doctrines and commandments for the Church, and a warning that not all supernatural experiences come from God. This effort to balance charismatic experience with order and stability became a lasting characteristic of the Latter Day Saint Movement.

Kirtland also was the site of the construction of the movement's first temple.  Latter Day Saints reported a great outpouring of spiritual experiences in connection with the Kirtland Temple's dedication.  The temple was associated with the Kirtland-era "endowment", and with the temple ceremonies of "foot washing" and "solemn assembly."  The movement also established the "School of the Prophets" which met in the temple.  At Kirtland, Smith reported many revelations including the "Word of Wisdom"—advocating temperance and dietary restrictions.  He acquired Egyptian papyrus scrolls which he said contained the writings of the Biblical patriarchs Abraham and Joseph.  According to some reports, it was in Kirtland that Smith first began to practice the doctrine of plural marriage when he married Fanny Alger as his first plural wife in 1833.

In 1837 Smith and Rigdon founded an "anti-bank" called the Kirtland Safety Society.  When it failed, some 300 of the Kirtland membership became disillusioned, including a third of the church leadership.  The result was the movement's first major schism.  A new organization led by Smith's former secretary, Warren Parish, along with Martin Harris and others, vied for control of the church in Kirtland.  Re-establishing the original "Church of Christ" name, these "reformed Latter Day Saints" took possession of the temple and excommunicated Smith and Rigdon.  Smith and Rigdon relocated to Missouri and were followed there by hundreds of loyalists in a trek known as the "Kirtland Camp."

Movement in Missouri
As the church was gathering to Kirtland, a second gathering place was established 900 miles distant, on the frontier in Jackson County, Missouri.  Joseph Smith had revealed to Latter Day Saints that they were to prepare "the way of the Lord for his Second Coming", "for the time is soon at hand that I shall come...." (D & C 34:6,7) He also revealed that the "center place" of the City of Zion would be near the town of Independence in Jackson County. (D & C 57:3)  Latter Day Saints began to settle the area to "build up" the City of Zion in 1831.  Settlement was rapid and non-Mormon residents became alarmed that they might lose political control of the county to the Latter Day Saints.  In October 1833, non-Mormon vigilantes succeeded in driving the Mormons from the county.  Deprived of their homes and property, the Latter Day Saints temporarily settled in the area around Jackson County, especially in Clay County.

Years elapsed, and despite Mormon lawsuits and petitions, the non-Mormons in Jackson refused to allow the Mormons to return. Meanwhile, new converts to Mormonism continued to migrate to Missouri and settle in Clay County. In 1836, the Missouri legislature created Caldwell County specifically for Mormon settlement and Missouri branches of the church gathered there, centering on the town of Far West.

Church headquarters established in Far West
In 1838 Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon and their loyalists left the former church headquarters of Kirtland and relocated to Far West, Missouri.  A brief leadership struggle left the former heads of the Missouri portion of the church excommunicated, such as David Whitmer, Oliver Cowdery, William Wines Phelps and others.  Years later, many of this group of "dissenters" became part of the Whitmerite schism in the Latter Day Saint movement.

While the church was headquartered in Far West, Smith announced revelations that changed the name of the church to the "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints" and initiated the "Law of Tithing."  Conflicts with non-Mormon settlers arose as the church began to plant colonies in the counties surrounding Caldwell.  These escalated into what has been called the 1838 Mormon War.  The perceived militant attitude adopted by the church caused some leaders, including Thomas B. Marsh, president of the Quorum of the Twelve, to break with Smith and Rigdon.  This precipitated another schism which led to the foundation of the Church of Jesus Christ, the Bride, the Lamb's Wife by George M. Hinkle, who had been the Mormon commander of the Caldwell County militia.

As a result of the war, 2,500 Missouri militia troops were called out to put down the Mormon "rebellion."  Smith and other church leaders were imprisoned in Liberty, Missouri and the majority of the Latter Day Saints were deprived of their property and expelled from the state.

Movement in Illinois

With the help of sympathetic non-Mormons in Illinois, in the spring of 1839 the Latter Day Saint refugees regrouped and began to establish a new headquarters in Nauvoo.  Smith and other leaders were allowed after several months of harsh treatment to escape Missourian custody, and they rejoined the main body of the movement in April, 1839.  In 1841, construction began on a new temple, significantly more elaborate than the one left behind in Kirtland.  The Nauvoo city charter authorized independent municipal courts, the foundation of a university and the establishment of a militia unit known as the "Nauvoo Legion."  These and other institutions gave the Latter Day Saints a considerable degree of autonomy.

Nauvoo saw the final flowering of Joseph Smith's vision for the movement, including some of Mormonism's more controversial practices.  It was here that Smith introduced Baptism for the dead, Rebaptism, the Nauvoo-era Endowment, and the ordinance of the Second Anointing.  In addition, he created a new inner council of the church—containing both men and women—called the Anointed Quorum.  Although, according to some reports, Smith himself had been secretly practicing what he later called plural marriage for some time, in Nauvoo he began to teach other leaders the doctrine.

In March 1844, Smith was said by William Law to have organized a secret council of the church called the "Council of the Kingdom".  Practices of this council included acclaiming Joseph Smith as "Prophet, Priest, and King" in addition to polygamy.  These secrets were threatened to be released in a newspaper called the Nauvoo Expositor. Smith, acting in his capacity as mayor and head of the municipal court, responded by having the newspaper declared a "public nuisance" and by ordering the destruction of the press.

Death of Joseph Smith

Whenever Latter Day Saints gathered in large numbers, they met with opposition from neighbors who suspected that Mormon bloc-voting would lead to theocracy.  By the mid-1840s, many non-Mormons in Hancock County felt threatened by growing Mormon political power, commercial rivalries, and a new religion with at least two elements that were hard to digest in the religious community of that time: first, Latter Day Saints had a somewhat different perspective on the nature of God from traditional Protestants; second, the claim of modern revelation, together with the claim of new scripture, opened the canon of the Bible.

Smith's destruction of the Expositor exacerbated all these fears and non-Mormons throughout Illinois began to clamor for his arrest. When Smith submitted to imprisonment in the county seat of Carthage, the Governor of Illinois, Thomas Ford, left the jail, taking the only impartial local militia unit with him. With the jail being guarded only by two guards and a unit of anti-Mormon militiamen, the Carthage Greys, a mob of disbanded militia units, attacked without resistance. Joseph and his brother Hyrum were killed.

All men who were tried for the murders were acquitted after the prosecuting attorney dismissed the testimonies of the state's witnesses suddenly in his closing remarks.

Change in leadership

Succession Crisis of 1844
In the months following Smith's murder, it was not immediately clear who would lead the church.  His brother, Hyrum, who was Assistant President of the Church, (and as such would have been Smith's natural successor) had died with him. Another Smith brother who may have been a presumed successor should both Hyrum and Joseph die, Samuel, died a month later. Before Brigham Young could return to Nauvoo and stake his claim, another Smith brother, William was also considered as a potential successor.  Other men who (by some reports) were designated as successors, including Book of Mormon witnesses David Whitmer and Oliver Cowdery, had been excommunicated from the church.

As a result, three of the principal claimants on the scene were:

 Sidney Rigdon, the only remaining member of the First Presidency—the church's highest executive council before his excommunication.
 The (Presiding) High Council of Nauvoo—the church's highest legislative and judicial council—led by William Marks.
 The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles—the council in charge of the church's missionary program—led by Brigham Young.

Smith's widow, Emma, wanted Marks to become church president, but Marks believed that Rigdon had the superior claim.

In a general meeting of the church at Nauvoo on August 8, 1844, Rigdon and Young presented their respective cases.  As the only surviving member of the First Presidency (who had not officially apostatized), Rigdon argued that he should be made "guardian" of the church.  Young argued that without Smith there, there was no presiding authority higher than the Twelve.  Therefore, he proposed that the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles be constituted as the new presiding authority.  A vote of the congregation overwhelmingly supported Young's proposal, said to have been caused by Brigham briefly yet miraculously having the "voice and countenance of Joseph Smith" during his talk.  Soon after, Rigdon left Nauvoo and established his own church organization in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Rigdon, Young and Marks were later joined by a fourth claimant, James J. Strang of Voree, Wisconsin, who claimed that Smith had sent him a letter designating him as his successor.  However, Strang had only recently joined the church, and lacked name-recognition among the rank-and-file Mormons in Nauvoo.  Though he would manage to attract a sizable following, his assassination in 1856 all but extinguished his sect.

Further schisms and the "Mormon War in Illinois"
With Rigdon's flight, Young and most of the Twelve Apostles assumed control of church headquarters in Nauvoo. A conflict with Joseph Smith's last surviving brother, William, was a factor that led the remaining members of the Smith family to break with the Twelve.  Many (though not all) initially followed Strang, though all later left Strang's organization and joined themselves to the nascent Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, which coalesced in the early 1860s around Joseph Smith's eldest son, Joseph Smith III.

Meanwhile, at Nauvoo, the conflict between Mormons and non-Mormons escalated into what is sometimes called the "Mormon War in Illinois."  Latter Day Saints in outlying areas were driven from their homes and gathered to Nauvoo for protection. The Illinois state legislature voted to revoke Nauvoo's charter and the city began to operate extra-legally. At about this time, Nauvoo's population peaked; it may have had as many as 12,000 inhabitants (and several nearly as large suburbs), rivaling Chicago, Illinois, whose 1845 population was about 15,000, and its suburbs.  However, by the end of 1845, it became clear that no peace was possible, and Young and the Twelve negotiated a truce so that the Latter Day Saints could prepare to abandon the city.  The winter of 1845-46 saw the enormous preparations for the Mormon Exodus across the Great Plains.

Major divisions
The largest group of Latter Day Saints followed nine of the Twelve Apostles west, establishing a way station at Winter Quarters, Nebraska in 1846, and entering Salt Lake Valley in 1847.  Having planted this initial colony in the Great Basin, Young returned to Winter Quarters and in December 1847 reorganized his faction of the church, establishing himself as the head of a new First Presidency.  This reorganization led to additional schisms, including the break with Alpheus Cutler and what became the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas.  Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (See History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.)

The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849, led by former follower Aaron Smith.  After Strang's 1856 assassination, much of the remaining membership fell away from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite), but a small following remained loyal.  Other leaders, including David Whitmer, James Collin Brewster, James Emmett, Gladden Bishop, William Smith, and Charles B. Thompson also established church organizations that had limited followings.

Joseph Smith's family—including his widow, Emma Hale Smith, and her children—continued to live in Nauvoo after the departure of the majority of the Latter Day Saints.  In 1860, the eldest of the Smith sons, Joseph Smith III, said he received a revelation to take his place as Prophet/President of a "New Organization" of the Latter Day Saint church.  This group had gathered together many of the remnants of the various Midwestern Latter Day Saint groups into the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, now called the Community of Christ. This has continued to be the second largest Latter Day Saint group, with headquarters on a portion of the original Temple Lot in Independence, Missouri.

Others remained unaffiliated, however, and in 1863 a group of Latter Day Saints from Illinois and Indiana united under the leadership of Granville Hedrick and reclaimed the name of the movement's original organization, the "Church of Christ."  This group was the first group of Latter Day Saints to return to Independence, Missouri, to "redeem Zion."  They are now headquartered on portion of the original Temple Lot there and are known as the Church of Christ (Temple Lot).

The Latter Day Saint movement today

Denominations

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

By far the largest of the sects, with membership in the millions, the LDS Church continues to be led by Brigham Young's successors. Young reorganized the First Presidency in 1847, and the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles have continued the same succession pattern: when the Prophet dies, the senior Apostle becomes the head of the LDS Church. As of January 2018, Russell M. Nelson is the church president.  Among other things, the LDS Church has become known for its proselyting and humanitarian work worldwide.

Community of Christ

The Community of Christ, known as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS) until 2001, is the second largest group, with over 250,000 members. Joseph Smith's descendants continued to serve as Prophet and President until the retirement of Wallace B. Smith in the early twenty-first century.  Today the church is led by President/Prophet Stephen M. Veazey, who is no relation to Joseph Smith. While the Community of Christ is somewhat more in line doctrinally with mainline Protestantism, they also believe in the Book of Mormon and an open scriptural canon, and place great emphasis upon peacemaking and similar pursuits.  The Community of Christ has ordained women to priesthood since 1985 and dedicated a temple in Independence, Mo., in 1994.

Minor factions
Other notable minor factions of the Latter Day Saint movement include: the Church of Christ (Temple Lot), which owns the Temple Lot in Independence, Missouri; the Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite), founded by a member of Joseph Smith's Council of Fifty; the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite), founded by James J. Strang in 1844; the Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite), founded by a follower of Sidney Rigdon in the early 1860s (and now the third-largest Latter Day Saint denomination); the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message, founded in the 1940s by a man who claimed to be receiving revelations from John the Baptist; and the Restoration Branches, which broke with the Community of Christ in 1984 when that church began ordaining women.  In addition, several other Latter Day Saint factions continue to exist, some of which still practice polygamy.

Important beliefs

Jesus Christ

Latter Day Saints share a central belief in Jesus Christ as the Son of God and the Savior and Redeemer of the world. They accept his sacrifice as the only way to be saved. According to this movement's theology, that is the central message of the scriptures.

Revelation and scripture

Latter Day Saints generally share an open canon. While different sects believe in different revelations, a central theme of the Latter Day Saint movement is that God always has more to say to the church, because the church's situation is always changing.

Latter Day Saints believe in the Bible and other ancient scripture. However, the modern prophet is usually considered to be a more important source of revelation, because he receives contemporary (and, thus, more relevant) instructions from God.

Priesthood authority

Most Latter Day Saint sects believe that authority from Jesus Christ is necessary in order to baptize, give the gift of the Holy Ghost, or administer the Lord's Supper (or the sacrament). This Priesthood authority can be traced to the day that Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery received the Melchizedek Priesthood from Peter, James, and John, who received the Priesthood from Jesus himself.

Zion

Many of Joseph Smith's early revelations prophesied that the Latter Day Saints would build Zion, a new Jerusalem, a religious utopia centered in Jackson County, MO. The Prophet urged his followers to give everything they had to this cause. However, when they failed to live the Law of Consecration, which was a promise to voluntarily give all their property to the community for equal distribution, Joseph Smith received a revelation that God would build Zion later, when the people were ready. Both the Community of Christ and the LDS Church have come to understand Zion as primarily a community way of life that is centered around Jesus Christ, but many people still believe that, when they are ready, they will be able to build the literal city of Zion as well.

Notable people

Harvey G. Whitlock (1809–1874), an early member

See also

 Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 Cunning Folk Traditions and the Latter Day Saint Movement
 History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 Latter Day Saint Historians
 List of articles about Mormonism
 Mormonism and history
 Mormonism in the 19th century
 Death in 19th-century Mormonism
 Mormonism in the 20th century
 Mormonism in the 21st century
 Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy
 Restorationism (Christian primitivism)

References

Citations

General and cited sources
 Leonard J. Arrington and Davis Bitton, The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-day Saints (Urbana: 1992).
 Richard P. Howard, The Church Through the Years (Herald House: 1992).
 Dallin H. Oaks and Marvin S. Hill, "Carthage Conspiracy" (University of Illinois Press).

Further reading
 Matthew Bowman (January 24, 2012). The Mormon People: The Making of an American Faith. Random House. .

Historiography
 Turner, John G. (April 2014). "More than a Curiosity: Mormonism and Contemporary Scholarship". Journal of Religion 94#2 pp. 229–241. .

External links
 Official website of the LDS Church History Department
 Open Access Journal of Mormon History

History of the Latter Day Saint movement


Jacques-Charles Bordier du Bignon, né le  à Paris, où il est mort le , est un peintre français.

Biographie
Jacques-Charles Bordier du Bignon est le fils de Nicolas Charles Bordier du Bignon, procureur au Châtelet, et de Marie Reine Lessor.

Il est élève de Jean-Baptiste Regnault aux Beaux-Arts de Paris, et obtient un  accessit<ref>[https://www.retronews.fr/journal/gazette-nationale-ou-le-moniteur-universel/24-aout-1808/149/1304863/2?from=%2Fsearch%23allTerms%3D%2522Jacques-Charles%2520Bordier%2522%26sort%3Dscore%26publishedBounds%3Dfrom%26indexedBounds%3Dfrom%26page%3D1%26searchIn%3Dall%26total%3D1&index=0 Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel', .]</ref>.

Il débute au Salon de 1810.

Il épouse Angélique Mélanie Nau en 1814.

Il obtient une médaille d'or à l'un des Salons du Musée royal.

Jacques-Charles Bordier du Bignon meurt à son domicile parisien le .

 Œuvres

 La Maladie d'Antiochus, titre de grand médailliste de l'Académie.
 Hubert Goffin, recevant la décoration de la Légion-d'Honneur, 1812, médaille d'or reçue des mains de l'impératrice Marie Louise.
 Le Combat d'Hyppolite contre le monstre, 1811.
 La Mort d'Hyppolite dans les bras de Théramène et d'Aricie, 1814, Orléans, musée des Beaux-Arts
 La Consécration de la Vierge.
 Lycurgue exilé dans l'ile de Crète, remettant le recueil des lois de Minos aux députés de Sparte, 1819.
 Bataille d'Eylau (grande esquisse).
 Christ en croix.
 Ajax.
 Le Baptême de J.-C. Saint Germain évêque, distribuant des aumônes.
 La Vierge et l'Enfant Jésus.
 Saint Pierre.
 L'Amour au milieu des orages, se réfugiant près de l'Espérance.
 Christophe Colomb enchainé sur son vaisseau par les compagnons de son voyage, 1833.
 La Vierge foulant aux pieds le serpent, adorée par quatre personnages figurant les 4 âges de la vie.
 La Présentation au temple.
 La Toilette de Psyché, 1840.
 Les Reproches d'Hector à Páris.
 Portrait en grand de .
 Le Portrait du comte Chaptal (d'après Gros).
 Vénus sollicitant Jupiter pour son fils Achille''.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Peintre français du XIXe siècle
Élève de l'École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts au XIXe siècle
Naissance en septembre 1774
Naissance à Paris
Décès en octobre 1846
Décès dans l'ancien 2e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 72 ans

Jacques-Charles Bordier du Bignon


São José Portekiz'de Viseu belediyesine bağlı olan, 3,95 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 5.709 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Viseu

São José (Viseu)


يعرف علم الإدارة التعليمية بأنه العلم الذي يهتم بفهم طرق إدارة التعليم، وتحسينها وتطويرها واستمراريتها عن طريق الصيانة اللازمة للمنهاج التعليمي المستخدم بين الحين والآخر. فنشاطات هذا العلم تتعلق بإعداد الجداول الزمنية لتطبيق المنهاج التعليمي، ورصد أداء المتعلمين وتقدمهم، وبيان أساليب التقويم المناسب لهم وكيفية رصد العلامات، ومن ثم إجراء تعديل وتغيير على الجداول الزمنية، أو الأساليب التقويمية بناء على ما يستجد من أمور في أثناء الاستخدام.
وفي نظام التعلم عن بعد فإن الإدارة التعليمية بشكل عام تضبط من خلال التحكم في: «بيئة التعلم الافتراضية» Virtual Learning Environment VLE ؛ وهي برامج برمجية مصممة لمساعدة المعلمين في إدارة المناهج التعليمية لطلابهم من مثل التسجيل في المواد، ضبط تقدم الطلاب ونشاطاتهم خلال عملية التعلم track the learners' progress، كما أنه يستخدم كمآزر في حال النظام التعليمي التقليدي «وجها لوجه» (face-to-face classroom).
وتتضمن هذه البرامج قوالب جاهزة لصفحات المحتوى التعليمي، ومنتديات نقاش، حوارات حية، اختبارات تقويم من مثل: الاختيار من متعدد، صح / خطأ، ووضع كلمة في الفراغ المناسب، ويقوم المعلم بتعبئة هذه القوالب وإطلاقها للمتعلمين ليستخدموها خلال عملية التعلم. والأجيال الأحدث من هذه النظم تتضمن المدونات Blog، RSS، وتقدم كل هذه الخدمات ضمن منظومة التعليم الإلكتروني.

أنواع أنظمة إدارة التعلم
ويندرج في إدارة العملية التعليمية نظم عدة تصب كلها حول الاستفادة من معطيات الحاسوب في نظام التعليم الإلكتروني، من مثل:
§ إدارة نظام التعلم Learning Management System نظام إدارة التعلم

§ نظام إدارة المحتوى Course Management System CMS

§ نظام إدارة المحتوى التعليمينظام إدارة التعلم Learning Content Management System

§ إدارة بيئة التعلم Managed Learning Environment MLE

§ نظام دعم التعلم Learning Support System LSS

§ Learning Platform LP والتي يقصد بها اتصال بواسطة الكمبيوتر CMC وهي أي شكل من أشكال التواصل بين اثنين أو أكثر من الأفراد بهدف التفاعل والتأثير عن طريق استخدام إمكانيات الاتصالات والحاسوب من مثل: الرسائل الإلكترونية، المحادثة المكتوبة، غرف المحادثة الصوتية..إلخ، وغالب هذه البرامج صارت تستفيد من الإنترنت في تدعيم برامجها.

§ التعليم الحي على الخط تقنيات تعليمية

مراجع

إدارة تعليمية
علم التربية
تعليم عن بعد

إدارة تعليمية


A Casa Grande del Pueblo (Português: Casa Grande do Povo), é a residência presidencial boliviana que substituiu o Palacio Quemado em 2018. Inaugurado no dia 9 de agosto de 2018 durante a presidência de Evo Morales como a residência oficial do Presidente da Bolívia, o governo interino de Jeanine Áñez voltou a ocupar o Palácio Quemado entre 2019 e 2020. Seguindo a inauguração de Luis Arce no dia 8 de novembro de 2020, voltou a ser a residência presidencial.

História

Planejamento
A proposta para a torre foi inicialmente recusada devido as restrições municipais de altura do distrito histórico, com o escritório prefeitural de Paz declarando que os Padrões de Uso de Terra e Estabelecimento proibiam tais edifícios, com o representante Luis Lugones declarando que "Se o governo quiser construir um palácio entre 10 ou 12 andares, acabará sendo proibido". Aliados do Presidente Evo Morales na Assembleia Legislativa Plurinacional da Bolívia ajudaram na circundação da lei, permitindo a construção da torre.

O local proposto para a construção da torre, Casa Alencastre, ex residência do arcebispo construída em 1821, antes da criação do Estado Biliviano, foi envolto em controvérsia. Grupos culturais e históricos oporam-se à destruição da Casa Alencastre. Por fim, o edifício histórico foi destruído.

A Casa Grande del Pueblo foi inaugurada por Morales em 9 de agosto de 2018 com um custo de $34 milhões.

Projetos e características
A torre de 29 andares e 120 metros de altura foi o edifício mais alto da Capital de La Paz quando completado.

No lobby, um mural de Pacha Mama criado por  é apresentado enquanto um arco apresenta 36 faces, metade de homens e metade de mulheres, representando os 36 grupos indígenas reconhecidos na Bolívia. No exterior, três símbolos são apresentados representando as três zonas climáticas da Bolívia; os Andes, as bacias das montanhas e os planaltos.

O prédio tem um heliponto e os dois andares superiores são reservados ao presidente, tendo um ginásio, spa e um elevador particular. O tamanho total do área presidencial é de 1,068 metros quadrados. O quarto é de 61 metros quadrados e possuí móveis especificamente projetados, incluindo uma cama com padrões indígenas enfeitando o redor. O banheiro e o vestiário metem 47 metros quadrados e possuí tanto um banheiro quanto uma jacuzzi. Uma sala de espera é decorada com uma pintura com diversos retratos de políticos internacionais, incluindo Nelson Mandela e Fidel Castro.

Governo da Bolívia
Construções de La Paz
Palácios presidenciais
2018 na Bolívia

Casa Grande del Pueblo


Samantha Bond (Londres, 27 de noviembre de 1961) es una actriz británica de teatro, cine y televisión. Es más conocida por su papel de Miss Moneypenny en las cuatro películas de la serie James Bond protagonizadas por Pierce Brosnan. Es la tercera actriz en interpretar al personaje, después de Lois Maxwell y Caroline Bliss.

Biografía

Bond es hija del actor Philip Bond y Pat Sandys. Su hermana Abigail y hermano Matthew también son actores. Está casada con un colega del teatro, Alexander Hanson, con quien tiene dos hijos, Molly y Tom.

Carrera
Apareció como invitada en la popular serie Agatha Christie's Poirot.

Bond es más activa como una actriz de películas de televisión. También es una actriz de teatro, y como miembro de la Royal Shakespeare Company trabajaba con Judi Dench, con quien posteriormente trabajaría en las películas Bond. Cuando Pierce Brosnan salió del papel del Agente 007, Samantha Bond anunció que ella no seguiría interpretando a Miss Moneypenny. Había declarado tres años antes que no quería parecer mayor que el actor con quien coqueteara.
También interpretó a Lady Rosamund Painswick, hermana del Conde de Grantham en la serie británica Downton Abbey

Filmografía (parcial)

 1989: Erik el Vikingo
 1995: GoldenEye
 1997: El mañana nunca muere
 1998: What Rats Won't Do
 1999: The World Is Not Enough
 2002: Muere otro día
 2021: The Kindred

Referencias

Actrices de cine de Inglaterra
Actrices de televisión de Inglaterra
Alumnos del Bristol Old Vic Theatre School
Nacidos en Londres

Samantha Bond


Rimska vila nalazi se u uvali Solinama na otoku Svetom Klementu, na Paklinskim otocima.

Opis
Antička vila smještena je u uvali Soline, na dnu plodnoga polja uz malo naselje Vlaku na otoku Svetom Klementu, na Paklinskim otocima. Okrenuta je prema zapadu uz samu morsku obalu, a dio kompleksa pruža se i u samu plitku uvalu. Rimska vila u uvali Soline na otoku sv. Klementu u cjelini predstavlja najreprezentativniji objekt iz kasnohelenističkoga i rimskoga razdoblja na širem području grada Hvara.

Smještena je uz plodno polje, s južne strane (Veliko polje) i more. Nalazi se na padini brježuljka okrenuta prema zapadu. Istraženi ostatci su na istočnom dijelu uvale neposredno uz morsku obalu. Pretpostavlja se da je šire područje vile bilo veće, posjed je mogao obuhvatiti cijelo polje i prostirati se između triju uvala: Solinâ, Taršća i Vlake. Graditelji su ju podigli u najpovoljnijoj uvali. Zbog podizanja morske razine od starog vijeka do danas od 1,5 do 2 metra tek se može pretpostaviti kako je izgledala. Istraživali su ju Grga Novak, Marin Zaninović i ini. Novak je našao ostatke mozaika. Zapisao da je to vjerojatno villa rustica s ostatcima drugih zgrada. Zaninović smatra da je i ova vila poput nekih vila na obali imala svoje solane i ribnjake.
Može ju se smatrati maritimnom vilom prema položaju i funkciji u krajoliku i pomorju. Iz nađena pokretna i građevina materijala, te teksturi zidova, datirano je razdoblje je aktivnosti i naseljavanja od ranog carstva do kasne antike. Vidljivi ostatci vile većinom su iz vremena kasne antike. Vila je građena u dvije ili više faza. Brojni elementi ranije vile reupotrijebljeni su u kasnoantičkoj nadogradnji. Spolija ima u kasnoantičkim zidovima, ispod kasnoantičkih podnica, ugrađene kao npr. pragove ulaza u prostorije, dijelove hipokausta terma, obrađeno kamenje iz zidova koje je kombinirano s grubo pritesanim kamenom upotrijebljenim u kasnoj antici. Vjerojatno su kasnoantičke preinake u svezi sa solanom u uvali Solinama.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-6430 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "arheološka baština".

Izvori

Sveti Klement (otok)
Zaštićene kopnene arheološke zone i nalazišta u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Rimske građevine u Hrvatskoj

Rimska vila u uvali Solinama na Svetom Klementu


Kum Eyaleti (Farsça: استان قم, Ostān-e Qom), İran'ın 31 eyaletinden birisidir.

Kuzeyinde Tahran ve Save, güneyinde Delijan, Kaşan ve Muhallat, doğusunda Tuz Gölü, Aştiyan ve Teferrüş ile çevrelenmiştir. 11,237 km²'lik yüzölçümü ile İran'ın % 0,89'unu kapsar.

Denizden yüksekliği 930 metredir. Eyaletin merkezi Kum şehridir. 2005 sayımına göre nüfusu 2 milyon civarındadır.

Dünyanın üçüncü büyük el yazması kütüphanesi de Kum şehrinde bulunmaktadır. Necefi Kütüphanesi'nde 37 bin cilt el yazması eser vardır. Kütüphanenin en eski kitabı, 1300 yıllık bir Kur'an'dır.

Kütüphanenin kurucusu Necefi; "Mezarımı kitapseverlerin ayakları altına yapınız" dediğinden mezarı kütüphanenin girişinde yer almaktadır.

Ayrıca, Ayetullah Humeyni de bu eyaletin merkezi olan Kum şehrinde yaşamış ve okumuştur.

Kum (eyalet)


Mana Iwabuchi (født 18. marts 1993) er en japansk fodboldspiller. Hun har spillet for Japans kvindefodboldlandshold.

Japans fodboldlandshold

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra Japan
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2012
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2020
Deltagere for Japan ved sommer-OL 2012
Deltagere for Japan ved sommer-OL 2020
Olympiske sølvmedaljevindere fra Japan
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2012

Mana Iwabuchi


Krems II er en by og en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Trave-Land under Kreis Segeberg. Kreis Segeberg ligger i den sydøstlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Krems II ligger 7 km nordøst for Bad Segeberg ved Wardersee. I kommunen ligger ud over Krems II, landsbyerne og bebyggelserne Albrechtshof, Göls, Müssen, Ober- und Untersöhren, Schlagberg, Schönböken, Warderbrück und Wegekaten. Mod syd går Bundesstraße B 432 fra Bad Segeberg mod Scharbeutz, mod vest motorvejen A 21 fra motorvejskryds Bargteheide mod Kiel.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Segeberg

Krems II


Marduk şu anlamlara geliyor olabilir;

 Marduk, antik Mezopotamya'daki geç dönem tanrılarından biri
 Marduk (efsanevi gezegen), varsayımsal (teorik) gezegen
 Marduk (grup), bir black metal grubu

Marduk (anlam ayrımı)


1. ŽNL Istarska  u sezoni 2010./11. je predstavljala prvi stupanj županijske lige u Istarskoj županiji, te ligu petog stupnja hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva.
Sudelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bio klub "Omladinac 1952" iz Barbana.

Sustav natjecanja
14 klubova je igralo dvokružnu ligu (26 kola).

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 1. ŽNL Istarska
 ŽNL Ličko-senjska 2010./11.
 4. HNL – Zapad 2010./11.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 glasistrenovine.hr, "Glas Istre", Pregled arhive za 2010. godinu
 glasistrenovine.hr, "Glas Istre", Pregled arhive za 2011. godinu
 glasistrenovine.hr, "Glas Istre", br. 153, god. LXVIII, izdano 6. lipnja 2011., str. 23 (26. kolo i ljestvica), preistupljeno 26. listopada 2022.
  rsssf.org, ''Croatia 2010/11 / Fifth Level

2010-11
Istarska-1

1. ŽNL Istarska 2010./11.


Julio Moreno (Buenos Aires, 14 de noviembre de 1866 - París, 27 de noviembre de 1926) fue un abogado y político argentino que ejerció como ministro de Guerra durante la primera presidencia de Hipólito Yrigoyen.

Educado en el Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires y en la Universidad de Buenos Aires, se afilió en su juventud a la Unión Cívica Radical, participando en la Revolución del Parque de 1890, y se recibió de abogado al año siguiente. Ejerció cargos judiciales en Buenos Aires y sus alrededores hasta el año 1905, en que renunció para participar en la revolución de ese año, en que fue arrestado. Su hermano Alejandro fue muerto por fuerzas leales durante la revolución. Este hecho lo alejó en forma completa de la política por once años.

En 1916, al asumir la presidencia Hipólito Yrigoyen, éste le ofreció la cartera de ministro de Guerra de la Nación; aunque Moreno rehusó el ofrecimiento, terminó por aceptar el cargo de Jefe de Policía de la Capital Federal, período durante el cual estallaron varios desórdenes, que Moreno intentó solucionar sin acudir a la represión masiva. Su política sería abandonada tres años más tarde, cuando Moreno ya no estuviera en el cargo, durante la llamada Semana Trágica, con un saldo cercano a los 1000 muertos.

Sucesivas ofertas del presidente electo lo llevaron a aceptar el cargo de Ministro de Guerra en 1918, tras el breve paso por el mismo de Elpidio González. Durante su mandato se intentó una modernización de las fuerzas militares, y se produjo un ligero aumento del gasto militar. Para intentar frenar el descontento que se sentía entre los oficiales del Ejército Argentino, intentó con algún éxito suspender los ascensos y premios a los oficiales castigados por su participación en las anteriores revoluciones radicales.

Durante la presidencia de Marcelo T. de Alvear le fue encargada una misión diplomática en París, Francia, donde falleció en 1926. De Julio Moreno y su esposa, María Ignacia Lucila Hueyo, desciende la tradicional familia argentina de los Moreno Hueyo.

Referencias

Abogados de Argentina
Políticos de la Unión Cívica Radical
Ministros de Defensa de Argentina
Alumnado del Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires
Alumnado de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires
Fallecidos en París
Presidentes del Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires

Julio Moreno


Songs of the Lost peti je studijski album hrvatskog gothic metal-sastava Ashes You Leave. Album je 12. listopada 2009. godine objavila diskografska kuća Sleaszy Rider Records.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
Ashes You Leave
 Tamara Mulaosmanović – vokali, klavijature
 Berislav Poje – vokali, solo gitara
 Marta Batinić – violina
 Matija Rempešić – ritam gitara
 Luka Petrović – vokali (na pjesmi 9), bas-gitara
Dodatni glazbenici
 Igor Malobabić – bubnjevi
Ostalo osoblje
 Matej Zec – produkcija, snimanje
 Roger Čingrija – produkcija, snimanje
 Dalibor Sterniša – miksanje, mastering
 Ivan Tomáško – logotip
 Marko Petrović – logotip, simbol
 Kristijan Vučković – fotografija
 Andreas Söderlund – naslovnica, ilustracije, dizajn

Izvori

Albumi iz 2009.
Albumi sastava Ashes You Leave

Songs of the Lost


An Guzmania septata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lyman Bradford Smith. An Guzmania septata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Guzmania, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo harani ha karat-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Guzmania

Guzmania septata


In social science, force-field analysis provides a framework for looking at the factors ("forces") that influence a situation, originally social situations. It looks at forces that are either driving the movement toward a goal (helping forces) or blocking movement toward a goal (hindering forces). The principle, developed by Kurt Lewin, is a significant contribution to the fields of social science, psychology, social psychology, community psychology, communication, organizational development, process management, and change management.

History
Lewin, a social psychologist, believed the "field" to be a Gestalt psychological environment existing in an individual's (or in the collective group) mind at a certain point in time that can be mathematically described in a topological constellation of constructs. The "field" is very dynamic, changing with time and experience. When fully constructed, an individual's "field" (Lewin used the term "life space") describes that person's motives, values, needs, moods, goals, anxieties, and ideals.

Lewin believed that changes of an individual's "life space" depend upon that individual's internalization of external stimuli (from the physical and social world) into the "life space". Although Lewin did not use the word "experiential" (see experiential learning), he nonetheless believed that interaction (experience) of the "life space" with "external stimuli" (at what he calls the "boundary zone") was important for development (or regression). For Lewin, the development (or regression) of an individual occurs when their "life space" has a "boundary zone" experience with external stimuli. Note it is not merely the experience that causes a change in the "life space", but the acceptance (internalization) of external stimuli.

Lewin took these same principles and applied them to the analysis of group conflict, learning, adolescence, hatred, morale, German society, etc. This approach allowed him to break down common misconceptions of these social phenomena and to determine their basic elemental constructs. He used theory, mathematics, and common sense to define a force field and hence to determine the causes of human and group behaviour.

See also
 Decisional balance sheet
 Field theory (psychology)
 Formula for change
 Immunity to change

References
 Cartwright, Dorwin (1951). "Foreword to the 1951 Edition" of Field Theory in Social Science by Kurt Lewin. Republished in: Resolving Social Conflicts & Field Theory in Social Science. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1997. Originally published by Harper & Row.
 Lewin, Kurt (May 1943). "Defining the 'Field at a Given Time'". Psychological Review. 50(3): 292–310. Republished in Resolving Social Conflicts & Field Theory in Social Science. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1997.

Further reading

  Internet Archive copy.

  Internet Archive copy.

External links

Change management
Evaluation methods
Pedagogy
Analysis
Social sciences

Force-field analysis


Pulheim (; Ripuarian: Pullem) is a town in the Rhein-Erft-Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Since the 1920s, a large substation of the Rheinisch-Westfälisches Elektrizitätswerk AG (RWE) is located at Pulheim. It is the end of the north south powerline and a large control center for the power grid of the RWE.

In the communal reform of 1975, several previously independent municipalities were added to the municipality Pulheim, which received city rights in 1981. Pulheim consists of 12 quarters (Stadtteile), including Brauweiler, Geyen and Stommeln.

Education
The following schools are in Pulheim:
Dietrich-Bonhoeffer Primary School, Pulheim
Catholic Primary School Barbara School, Pulheim
Community Primary School "Am Buschweg", formerly known as "Am Wäldchen", Pulheim
Richeza Community Primary School, Pulheim-Brauweiler
Wolfhelm School (primary school), Pulheim-Dansweiler
Community Primary School Sinnersdorf, Pulheim-Sinnersdorf
Community Primary School Sinthern-Geyen, Pulheim-Sinthern
Christina School (primary school), Pulheim-Stommeln
Catholic Primary School "An der Kopfbuche", Pulheim-Stommeln
School at the Jahnstrasse, Pulheim
Community high school (Hauptschule), Pulheim
Marion-Dönhoff-Realschule (high school), Pulheim
Arthur-Koepchen-Realschule (high school), Pulheim-Brauweiler
Scholl-Siblings-Gymnasium (high school), Pulheim
 Abbey-Gymnasium (high school), Pulheim-Brauweiler
Papst-Johannes XXIII-Schule (; "Pope John XXIII School") (high school), Pulheim-Stommeln
School for Handicapped Donatus-School (primary and high school), Pulheim-Brauweiler

Economy
RWE
RWE Power AG

Sport
Pulheimer SC
Linde German Masters, golf
FFC Brauweiler
SC Germania Geyen, football club
TUS Schwarz Weiss Brauweiler
Pulheim Gophers Baseballteam
The Raging Abbots Baseballteam
Reha-Sport-Verein

Twin towns – sister cities

Pulheim is twinned with:
 Fareham, England, United Kingdom
 Guidel, France

References

External links

Official website
Pulheim news
Website Stommeln
Website Geyen
Website Brauweiler
Website Dansweiler
History Club of Pulheim
Tourist board for the Rhein-Erft area

Rhein-Erft-Kreis

Pulheim


este un film american de comedie din 1914  produs de Mack Sennett și regizat de Charlie Chaplin. În alte roluri interpretează actorii Charley Chase, Cecile Arnold, Harry McCoy, Roscoe Arbuckle, Minta Durfee, Charles Murray și Jess Dandy.

Prezentare

Distribuție
 Charles Chaplin - Charlie
 Charley Chase - Nephew
 Cecile Arnold - Girl with Eggs
 Harry McCoy - Policeman
 Roscoe Arbuckle - Bartender
 Helen Carruthers - Woman (nemenționat)
 Charles Murray - Drinker (nemenționat)
 Jess Dandy - Invalid Uncle

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1914 în film
 Listă de filme de comedie din anii 1910
 Listă de filme americane de comedie
 Listă de filme americane din 1914
 Keystone Studios

Filme din 1914
Filme regizate de Charlie Chaplin
Filme de comedie din anii 1910
Filme Keystone Studios
Filme americane
Filme alb-negru
Filme mute
Filme de scurt metraj

His New Profession


Fatma Aliye Topuz veya Fatma Aliye Hanım (; 9 Ekim 1862, İstanbul - 13 Temmuz 1936, İstanbul), Osmanlı Türkü yazar, çevirmen ve aktivist. Tanzimat'tan İkinci Meşrutiyet'e uzanan süreçte roman, felsefe, İslam, kadın hakları ve tarih üzerine eserler vermiştir. Zafer Hanım'ın 1877 yılında yayımladığı Aşk-ı Vatan adlı bir roman mevcutsa da yazarın tek romanı olduğu için Zafer Hanım değil, beş roman yayımlayan Fatma Aliye Hanım ilk kadın romancı unvanını aldı.  2009 yılında 50 Türk lirası'nın arkasında portresine yer verildi.

Hayatı
9 Ekim 1862'de İstanbul'da doğdu. Hukukçu ve tarihçi Ahmed Cevdet Paşa ile Adviye Hanım'ın kızıdır. Kendisine özel bir eğitim verilmese de ağabeyi Ali Sedat Bey'in evde özel hocalardan aldığı dersleri dinlemesi sayesinde kendini geliştirdi. Fransızca merakının ortaya çıkması üzerine ders alarak bu dili çok iyi düzeyde öğrendi.

Fatma Aliye Hanım, 17 yaşında iken 1877-78 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi'ndeki Plevne Savunması ile ünlü Gazi Osman Paşa'nın yeğeni Kolağası Faik Bey ile evlendi ve dört kızı oldu. (Hatice, Ayşe, İsmet, Nimet)

Evliliğinin ilk 10 yılında ancak eşinden gizli olarak kitap okuyabilen Fatma Aliye Hanım, eşinin bu konudaki tutumunun değişmesinden sonra onun izni ile tercümeler yapmaya başladı. Edebî yaşantısı 1889 yılında Georges Ohnet'in Volonté adlı romanını Meram adıyla çevirmesi ile başladı. Bu romanı "Bir Hanım" imzasıyla yayımlamıştır. Bu başarısıyla babasının dikkatini çeken Fatma Aliye Hanım, kendisinden ders almaya, fikir tartışmaları yapma olanağına kavuşmuştu. "Bir Hanım"ın gösterdiği çabalar, ünlü yazar Ahmed Midhat Efendi tarafından Tercüman-ı Hakikat gazetesinde övüldü ve yazar kendisini manevi kızı kabul etti. Fatma Aliye Hanım, bu ilk çevirisinden sonraki çevirilerinde "Mütercime-i Meram" takma adını kullandı.

1891 yılında Ahmed Midhat Efendi ile birlikte Hayal ve Hakikat adlı romanı yazdı. Romanın kadın ağzından olan kısmı Fatma Aliye Hanım'ın, erkek ağzından olan kısmı Ahmed Midhat Efendi'nin kaleminden çıkmıştı. Eser, "Bir kadın ve Ahmed Midhat" imzasıyla yayımlandı. Bu romandan sonra ikili uzun süre mektuplaşmış ve bu mektupları Tercüman-ı Hakikat gazetesinde yayımlanmıştır.

Fatma Aliye Hanım, 1892 yılında Muhadarat adlı ilk romanını kendi adıyla yayımladı. Bu romanında, bir kadının ilk aşkını unutamayacağı inancını çürütmeye çalıştı. 1899 yılında yayımlanan Udi adlı romanında görevi üzerine gittiği Halep'te yaşamına tanık olduğu bir kadın udiyi anlattı. Bu kitapta mutsuz bir evlilik yapan Bedia'nın hikâyesini dönemine göre çok yalın bir dille anlatmıştır. Reşat Nuri Güntekin, edebiyata ilgisini güçlendiren yapıtlar arasında lalasından dinlediği romanlardan sonra Fatma Aliye Hanım'ın Udi romanını sayar. Eserlerinde kadın gözüyle evlilik, eşler arasındaki uyum, aşk ve sevgi kavramı, birbirini tanıyarak evlenmenin önemi gibi mühim konuları işleyen Fatma Aliye Hanım'ın diğer romanları Ref'et, Enin, Levayih-i Hayat adlarını taşır. Yazar romanlarında bireyleşme çabasında olan, çalışan, para kazanan, erkeğe ihtiyaç duymayan kadın kahramanlar yaratır.

Fatma Aliye Hanım, edebî eserlerinin yanı sıra kadın sorunları ile ilgili de eser vermişti. Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete'''de kadın sorunlarına ilişkin makaleler yazdı ve muhafazakâr görüşlerden kopmadan kadın haklarını savundu. 1892'de yayımlanan Nisvan-ı İslam adlı kitabında Avrupalı kadınlara İslam'da kadının durumunu anlattı. Romanlarında daha modern kadın kahramanlar yaratan yazar, bu kitapta, makalelerinde olduğu gibi, eski gelenekleri savunmuştur.

1893 yılında Ahmed Midhat Efendi tarafından yazılan Bir Osmanlı Kadın Yazarın Doğuşu (Bir Muharrire-i Osmaniye'nin Neşeti) adlı kitap ününü arttırdı. Bu kitap Ahmet Mithat'ın Fatma Aliye'yi anlattığı yazıları ve Fatma Aliye'nin doğrudan kendisini anlattığı mektuplarından oluşmaktadır. Fatma Aliye mektuplarında, bitmek tükenmek bilmeyen öğrenme coşkusunu anlatır.

Fatma Aliye Hanım'ın edebiyat dışındaki uğraşı alanlarından bir başkası ise yardım cemiyetleri idi. 1897 yılında 1897 Osmanlı-Yunan Savaşı'nda yaralanan askerlerin ailelerine yardım amacıyla Tercüman-ı Hakikat gazetesinde yazılar yazdı, "Nisvan-ı Osmaniye İmdat Cemiyeti" adlı bir dernek kurdu. Bu dernek, ülkedeki ilk resmî kadın derneklerinden biridir. Fatma Aliye Hanım, Hilal-i Ahmer Cemiyetinin de ilk kadın üyesidir.

1914 yılında yazdığı Ahmed Cevdet Paşa ve Zamanı son yapıtıdır. Bu romanında Meşrutiyet sonrası siyasal yaşamı ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır. Resmî tarih tezlerine muhalefet ediyor olması, edebiyat dünyasından dışlanmasına yol açmıştır.

İlk Türk kadın romancı olma özelliği ile Avrupa ve Amerika basınında kendisinden söz edilen Fatma Aliye Hanım'ın "Nisvan-ı İslâm" adlı eseri Fransızca ve Arapçaya, "Udî" adlı romanı Fransızcaya çevrilmiştir. Émile Julliard adlı bir Fransız yazarın Doğu ve Batı Kadınları adlı kitabını Fransız gazetelerine yazdığı bir mektupla eleştirmesi Paris'te büyük yankı uyandırmıştı. Eserleri 1893 yılında Chicago'da Dünya Kadın Kütüphanesi Kataloğu'nda sergilenmiştir. Fatma Aliye Hanım'ın II. Meşrutiyet yıllarına kadar yaygın bir ünü olmasına rağmen zamanla unutulmuştur.

Fatma Aliye Hanım, soyadı yasasından sonra 'Topuz' soyadını aldı.

Fatma Aliye, 13 Temmuz 1936 tarihinde İstanbul'da vefat etti. Cenazesi Feriköy Mezarlığı'na gömüldü.

Fatma Aliye Hanım, ilk Osmanlı kadın feministlerden Emine Semiye Önasya'nın ablası, tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu Suna Selen'in anneannesidir.

 Popüler kültürdeki yeri

 Adı, Beyoğlu'nda ve Çankaya'da birer sokağa verilmiştir.
2009 yılında tedavüle sürülen 50 Türk lirası banknotlarının arka yüzünde portresi bulunmaktadır.

 Önemli Yapıtları
 Roman: Ref'et (1898), Udi (1899), Enin (1910), Muhadarat (1892), Hayal ve Hakikat (1892).
 Çeviri: Meram (1890)
 Yaşam öyküsü ve tarih alanındaki yapıtları: Namdaran-ı Zenan-ı İslamıyan (Ünlü İslam Kadınları) (1892)
 Teracim-i Ahval-ı Felasife (Felsefecilerin Yaşamları) (1900) Çizgi Kitabevi Yayınları, Konya, Mayıs 2006
 Hayattan Sahneler (Levayih-i Hayat)
 Osmanlıda Kadın: "Cariyelik, Çokeşlilik, Moda" Ayrıca Fatma Aliye üzerine Ahmed Midhat'ın Fatma Aliye Hanım yahud Bir Muharrire-i Osmaniye'nin Neşeti (1893) adlı bir incelemesi vardır.
 Fatma Aliye-Mahmud Esad. Çok Eşlilik: Taaddüd-i Zevcat. Editör: Firdevs CANBAZ. Hece Yayınları 2007
 Kosova Zaferi/Ankara Hezimeti: Tarih-i Osmaninin Bir Devre-i Mühimmesi (1915)
 Ahmed Cevdet Paşa ve Zamanı (1913)
 Tedkik-i Ecsam (1901)

 Hakkındaki çalışmalar
 Fatma Aliye Hanım Hayatı Sanatı ve Udi Romanı: Hüseyin Kahya tarafından Kocaeli Üniversitesinde 2005 yılında tez olarak hazırlanan bir çalışmadır. Bu çalışmada sanatçının hayatı, sanatı ve eserleri tanıtıldıktan sonra "Udi" adlı romanı yeni yazıya aktarılıp tahlil edilmiştir.
 Fatma Aliye Hanım ve Mahmud Esad Efendi arasında geçen çok eşlilik tartışmaları derlenerek Çok Eşlilik adıyla 2007'de yayımlandı.
 Uzak Ülke'' (2007), Fatma Aliye Hanım üzerine Fatma Karabıyık Barbarosoğlu'nun yazdığı biyografik bir roman çalışmasıydı.
 Murathan Mungan'ın "Son İstanbul" adlı eserindeki kadın kahraman da Fatma Aliye Hanım'dır.
 Fatma Aliye Sempozyumu: İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü, Modern Türkiye Çalışmaları Merkezinin 26-27 Aralık 2015'te düzenlediği sempozyumdur.

Kaynakça

1862 doğumlular
1936 yılında ölenler
Türk yazarlar
19. yüzyıl Türk roman yazarları
20. yüzyıl Türk roman yazarları
19. yüzyıl Osmanlı yazarları
20. yüzyıl Osmanlı yazarları
Kadın hakları aktivistleri
İstanbul doğumlu yazarlar
İstanbul'da ölenler
Feriköy Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
20. yüzyıl yazarları
Osmanlı feministleri
20. yüzyıl Türk kadın yazarları

Fatma Aliye Topuz


Elkton Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Elkton Township (Minnesota)
 Elkton Township (South Dakota)

Elkton Township


In mathematics, three different functions are known as the pi or Pi function:

  (pi function) – the prime-counting function
  (Pi function) – the gamma function when offset to coincide with the factorial
 Rectangular function
You might also be looking for:

  – the Infinite product of a sequence
Capital pi notation

Pi function


Frank Warren Snepp, III (born May 3, 1943) is a journalist and former chief analyst of North Vietnamese strategy for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in Saigon during the Vietnam War. For five out of his eight years as a CIA officer, he worked as interrogator, agent debriefer, and chief strategy analyst in the United States Embassy, Saigon; he was awarded the Intelligence Medal of Merit for his work. Snepp is a former producer for KNBC-TV in Los Angeles, California. He was one of the first whistle blowers who revealed the inner workings, secrets and failures of the national security services in the 1970s. As a result of a loss in a 1980 court case brought by the CIA, all of Snepp's publications require prior approval by the CIA.

Background
Born in Kinston, North Carolina, Snepp studied Elizabethan literature at Columbia University, graduating in 1965. After spending a year at CBS News, he returned to Columbia's School of International and Public Affairs, graduating in 1968.

Career

CIA (1968–1976)
Snepp was recruited to the CIA in 1968, by the Associate Dean of the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, Philip Mosely. Initially working on NATO and European security, he was sent to Saigon in 1969.<ref name=ency>Glenn P. Hastedt (2011), Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: A-J, ABC-CLIO, p711-2</ref> Here Snepp worked as an analyst and counter-intelligence officer, coordinating agent networks and interrogation of captured enemy forces as well as preparing strategic estimates regarding the enemy. Snepp rejected the usual 2-year rotation, and stayed in Vietnam until the US was forced out in 1975. Snepp wrote in 2009 that he was "still haunted" by the "psychological manipulation and torment of a prisoner" he was involved with as a CIA interrogator.

Snepp was on hand for the Fall of Saigon and was one of the last Americans to leave the US Embassy, Saigon before the city fell to the North Vietnamese on April 30, 1975.  Snepp was evacuated with other American personnel in Operation Frequent Wind. On his return to the US Snepp was awarded the Intelligence Medal of Merit in December 1975, but he resigned from the Agency in January 1976, upset at its refusal to rescue Vietnamese left behind in the pull-out, and its refusal to acknowledge mistakes made.

Memoir
Snepp wrote a memoir, Decent Interval, about the evacuation of US personnel from Saigon. It was published in 1977 without prior approval from the CIA Publications Review Board. Prior to publication, and while still employed at the CIA, Snepp attempted to tell the inspector general about the problems surrounding the evacuation, but was told that it "could not deal with anything so controversial".

After the book was published, CIA Director Stansfield Turner pushed for Snepp to be sued and, despite the objections of some Department of Justice officials, Turner prevailed. Since publication of the book could not be stopped under the constitutional law forbidding prior restraint of the press, the CIA sued Snepp for breach of contract. Snepp was accused of violating the non-disclosure agreement he had signed when he joined the agency that forbade publication of any material about CIA operations without the prior consent of the agency. Ironically, President Jimmy Carter permitted the lawsuit against Snepp at the same time he had proposed the creation of a special unit to provide protection for civil service whistle blowers. In a press conference, Carter said that Snepp did not qualify as a whistleblower as he did not "reveal anything that would lead to an improvement in our security apparatus or the protection of Americans' civil rights." Carter also claimed that Snepp had "revealed our nation's utmost secrets", a charge which was not part of the government's suit.

Snepp enlisted the help of the American Civil Liberties Union in his defense. The CIA won a court verdict against Snepp, with the US Supreme Court ruling that Snepp's book had caused "irreparable harm" to national security due to creating an appearance of a breakdown of discipline in the CIA. The royalties from Decent Interval (amounting to $300,000 by the time Snepp lost in front of the Supreme Court) were surrendered to the CIA, and Snepp forced to clear all future publications with the CIA.Frank Snepp, CNN, 3 July 2013, Snowden and a muzzled free press Snepp described the court decision as a "ticking time-bomb" which exploded when the cigarette manufacturer Brown & Williamson used the precedent to force CBS not to air an interview with whistleblower Jeffrey Wigand.

In 2001 Snepp published a second book, Irreparable Harm, about his court battle with the CIA.James Bamford, The New York Times, July 18, 1999, Spy vs. Spies

Journalism (1980–present)
In 1980, following the Supreme Court decision against him, Snepp became an investigative journalist, contributing to publications including The New York Times, The Washington Post, the Village Voice and others.

During the late 1980s, he taught a Journalism and the Law course at California State University, Long Beach. He was a technical consultant for the comedy film Spies Like Us and was interviewed on his Vietnam War experiences for Ken Burns's series The Vietnam War and  Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War.

Snepp worked in television for ABC's World News Tonight (1987–92), CBS (2003–05) and NBC from 2005. At World News Tonight he got Eugene Hasenfus to confirm that he had signed a government secrecy agreement, confirming the government's involvement in the Iran-Contra affair.

Snepp won an Emmy Award in 1997 for an investigation into Mexican drug trafficking. He won a Peabody Award in 2006 as producer on an investigation for KNBC-TV-Los Angeles of a Los Angeles housing development sited on a toxic landfill.KNBC-TV-Los Angeles, 11 April 2006, KNBC Wins Peabody Award For 'Burning Questions'

Snepp sued KNBC-TV for age discrimination after he was dismissed from his job in 2012. A jury deadlocked in 2015, and the case was settled in March 2016.

Quotes
"Disinformation is most effective in a very narrow context."

Christian Science Monitor, February 26, 1985

"We always leave the last war thinking we have all the answers, but we end up having more questions."

University of California, Irvine, May 12, 2005

Books
 Decent Interval: An Insider's Account of Saigon's Indecent End Told by the CIA's Chief Strategy Analyst in Vietnam by Frank Snepp (1977)
 Irreparable Harm: A Firsthand Account of How One Agent Took on the CIA in an Epic Battle Over Free Speech'' by Frank Snepp, with foreword by Anthony Lewis (1999)

Awards
 Intelligence Medal of Merit (16 December 1975)
 Emmy Award (1997)
 Peabody Award (2006)

See also
 Philip Agee
 Ralph McGehee
 Lindsay Moran
 John Stockwell

References

External links
 Frank Snepp's Official Website
 US v Snepp, US Supreme Court, Feb 19, 1980

Frank Snepp's YouTube Channel

1943 births
Living people
American male journalists
American spies
American whistleblowers
Analysts of the Central Intelligence Agency
Historians of the Central Intelligence Agency
CIA personnel of the Vietnam War
Peabody Award winners
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
Recipients of the Intelligence Medal of Merit
School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University alumni
Columbia College (New York) alumni

Frank Snepp


මැග්මා යමහල්

පින්තූරය - යමහල් විවරය හමා ලාවා ගලා යාම
2 පීන්තූරය - ශාන්ත හෙලේනා කන්ද, 1980 මැයි 18පිපිරිමට පසු

මැග්මා ගිනිකදු වර්ගීකරණය සදහා යොදාගන්නා ප්‍රකටම ක්‍රමය වන්නේ ඒවායේ පිපිරqම් සංඛ්‍යාව අනුව වර්ග කිරීමයි. නිරතුරැව පිපිරීමට ලක්වන ගිනිකදු සක්‍රිය ලෙසත් ඉතිහාසයේදි පිරිරීම් වලට ලක්වු නමුත් වර්තමානයේ නිහඩ ගිනිකදු උදාසීන ලෙසත්, ඉතිහාසයේ පිපිරීම් වලට ලක් නොවු ගිනිකදු අක්‍රිය ගිනිකදු ලෙසත් නම් කෙරේ. නමුත් මේ ප්‍රසිද්ධ වර්ගිකරණයත. විශේෂයෙන්ම අක්‍රීය තත්තය, විද්‍යවාඡයින්ට ප්‍රමාණවත් නොවේ. එවුන් කර්නනේ ගිනි ක්නේ නිර්මාණය පිපිරැම් ක්‍රියාවලිය හා එයින් හටගන්නා හඩ අනුව ගිනිකදු විශේෂඥයින් අතර සක්‍රිය ගිනි කන්දකට නිශ්චිත පැහැදිලි කිරීමත් පිළිබද ඒකමතික භාවයක් වැත ගිනිකද්ක ආයු කාලය මාස කීපයක් සිට අවුරැදු මිලියන ගණනක් දක්වා විවිධාකාර වේ. ඒමනිසා එවැනි වර්ධිකරණයන් මිනිසාගේ ආයු කාලය සහර විට ශිෂ්ඨාවන්ක පැවැත්මද සලකා බලන විට තේරැමක් රහිත ෙව්. උහාරණයක් ලෙස‍ෙ ාබහෝ ගිනිකදු පසුගිය අවුරැදු දහස් ගණනක් තුළ පිපිරැම් ඇතිකළද වරතමානයේ එවැනි ලක්ෂණ නොපෙන්වයි. හවැනි ගිනිකදු ආයු කාලය අතින් කැලකු විට ඒවා සක්‍රිය ගිනිකදු ගණයට වැටේ. මනුෂ්‍ය ජීවිත කාලයක් හා සසදන විට ඒවා අක්‍රිය හෝ උදාසීන ලෙස සැලකිය හැක. විද්‍යාඥයින්ට අනුව වර්තමානයේදී පිපිරීහ් වලට ලක්ෂණ හෝ අසාමාන්‍ය භූමිකම්පාථ සැලකියයුතු ලෙස දුම්පිටවිම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරි ලක්ෂණ පෙන්වයි නම් ගිනිකන්දත් සක්‍රිය ගණයට ලැබේ. බොහෝ විද්‍යාචයෝ ඈත අතීතයේ පිපිරීමට ලක්වු ගිනිකදු සක්‍රිය  ගණයේ ලා සලකති හෙිදි සැලකිය යුතු වැදගත් කරැණක් ව්නනේ ලේඛණ ගත ඉතිහාස තොරතරැ ප්‍රමාණය ප්‍රදේශයෙන් ප්‍රදේශයට වෙනස් විමයි. මධ්‍යධරණී ප්‍රදේශයේ අවු 3000 තේ වඩා වැඩි ලේඛනගත ඉතිහාසවයට හිමිකම් කියන මුත් ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය වයෂ පැසිෆික් කාලපායේ අවුරැදු 300 ක්, හවායි දුප්ත් වල අවුරැදු 200 කටත් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයකුත් තොරතරැ පවතී. ස්ටිකෝනියන් ගෝලීය ගිනිකදු වැඩසටහන අනුව සක්‍රිය ගිනිකන්ද නම් එය පසුගිය අවුරැදු 10 000 කාලය තුළ පිපිරිම් වලට ලක්විය යුතුය. උදාසින ගිනිකදු යනු ඉහතින් දැක්වු ආාරයට වර්තමානයේ සක්‍රිය නොවනමුත් නැවත පිපිරමකට හෝ නැවත චචප ස්වබාවට පත්විය හැකි ඒවාය. මෙහිදී විද්‍යාඡයින් සක්‍රිය  ලෙස සලකන ගිනිකදු බොහොමයක් සාමාන්‍ය ජනයා හෝ මධ්‍ය මගින් උදාසීන ලෙස හැදින්වීම මගින් යම් ව්‍යාකූල තත්තවයක් හටගනී. අක්‍රිය ගිනිකන්දක් යනු ලාවා සැපයුමක් නොමැති නිසා නැවත පිරපිරීමට ලක් නොවන ඒවාය.

අක්‍රිට ගිනිකදු වලට උදාහරණය ලෙස ඇ.එ. ජනපදයට අයත් හවායි දුපත් වල බොහොමයක් ගිනි කදු හා පැරකුටින් දැක්විය හැක. ගිනිකන්දක් සැබැවින්ම අක්‍රිය දැඩි තිරණය කිරීම අපහසුය අධියමහල් විවර වලට පිපිරීම් සදහා ගතවන කාලය සමහර විට අවුරැදු මිලියන ගණනක් නිසා අවුරැදු දස දහස් ගණනක් නිසා පිපිරමට ලක් නොවු මෙවැනි ගිනිකදු අක්‍රිය ලෙස නොව උදාසීන ලෙස සැලකීම යෝග්‍ය වේ. උදාහරණ ලෙස යෙලොස්ටොන් ජාතික වන උදා්‍යානයේ පිහිටි සොලෝසටොන් ගිනිකන්දඅවුරැදු මිලියන 2 ක් පමණ පැරණි වන අතර එය දරැණු පිපරැමක් අවු 640,000 කාලය තුළ නොපෙන්වුවද අවු.10 000 කට පමණ පෙර ජල තාපන පිපිරිම්ද අවයු 70,000 පමණ පෙර ලාවා ගලායාම වාරත් විය. මෙම කරැණු නිසා විද්‍යාඡයො යෙලෝස්ටෝන් ගිනිකන්ද අක්‍රිය ලෙස නොසලකති එය අවට නිතරතරැව සිදුවන භූකම්පන කහා ක්‍රයිකාරී භූ තාපන පද්ධති (යෙලෝසටෝන් ජාතික උද්‍යාන පුරාම පවිතන භඋතාපන ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය) සහ වේගවත් පොළෙවනේ ඉහළට එසවීම හේතුවෙන් විද්‍යාඡයෝ යොලෝසටෝන් සක්‍රිය ගිනිකන්දක් ලෙස සලකති.

මැග්මා යමහල්


Kovanje u ukovnjima se izvodi tako da se zagrijani materijal postavlja u ukovanj i pod djelovanjem sile čekića se ispunjava pripremljena gravura (kalup). Predmet se nakon toga izvadi iz ukovnja i skida se višak materijala (srh) na dodirnim površinama polovica kalupa. Kovanje u ukovnjima se primjenjuje u proizvodnji većeg broja istih komada, na primjer ključevi, koljenasta vratila, zupčanici, turbinske lopatice i slično.

Postupak kovanja u ukovnjima sastoji se u nekoliko koraka. Otkivak se najprije zagrije na potrebnu temperaturu, zatim se postavi u ukovanj. Nakon udaranja bata kovačkog stroja, materijal se preoblikuje prema kalupnoj šupljini. Potrebno je točno odrediti obujam sirovca, kako ne bi došlo do pojave neispunjenja ukovnja. Ako postoji višak materijala, on se "prelije" u slobodni prostor oko kalupne šupljine i nastaje srh koji se kasnije odvaja, ali osigurava potpuno ispunjenje šupljine ukovnja.

Kovanje u ukovnjima se dijeli na:
 jednofazne ukovnje, gdje se sirovac stavlja u ukovanj, bat udara, te otkivak poprima završni izgled. To se koristi za jednostavnije otkivke, za čiju je izradu dovoljan jedan korak.
 višefazne ukovnje, gdje sirovac mijenja dva ili više ukovnja, kako bi poprimio završni izgled. Otkivci su složeni i zahtjeva se povećana točnost.

Ukovanj
Ukovanj se izrađuje od specijalnog čelika, jer je za vrijeme rada toplinski i dinamički jako napregnut. Izrada je složena i skupa, te je nužna pažljiva troškovna (ekonomska) računica prije izrade. Ukovanj je u pravilu izrađen iz dva dijela:
 gornji dio, koji se postavlja u bat čekića i
 donji dio, koji se postavlja u nakovanj.

Gornji i donji dio ukovnja su centrirani međusobno pomoću vodilica.

Izvori

Obrada metala

Kovanje u ukovnjima


Boss ist ein Einschlagkrater am nordöstlichen Rand der Mondvorderseite.
Er liegt nördlich des Kraters Riemann und östlich von Zeno.

Der Krater wurde 1964 von der IAU nach dem US-amerikanischen Astronomen Lewis Boss offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Boss (Mondkrater)


Leucobryum, rod pravih mahovina iz porodice Dicranaceae, ponekad smješten u vlastitu porodicu Leucobryaceae, dio reda Dicranales. Postoji osamdesetak priznatih vrsta

Vrste

 Leucobryum acutifolium Cardot, 1904
 Leucobryum aduncum Dozy & Molkenboer, 1854
 Leucobryum albescens C. Müller, 1900
 Leucobryum albicans Lindberg, 1863
 Leucobryum albidum Lindberg, 1863
 Leucobryum aneitense Brotherus & Watts, 1915
 Leucobryum angustum Hampe, 1870
 Leucobryum antillarum W. P. Schimper ex Bescherelle, 1876
 Leucobryum arfakianum C. Müller ex Geheeb, 1898
 Leucobryum argentinicum C. Müller, 1879
 Leucobryum babetii Thériot & Potier de la Varde, 1932
 Leucobryum ballinense Brotherus, 1916
 Leucobryum bistratosum Brotherus, 1897
 Leucobryum boivinianum Bescherelle, 1880
 Leucobryum boninense Sullivant & Lesquereux, 1859
 Leucobryum boryanum Bescherelle, 1880
 Leucobryum bowringii Mitten, 1859
 Leucobryum brevifolium E. B. Bartram, 1960
 Leucobryum calycinum C. Müller, 1897
 Leucobryum cambouei Cardot in Grandidier, 1915
 Leucobryum cameruniae C. Müller ex Renauld & Cardot, 1900
 Leucobryum candidum Wilson in J. D. Hooker, 1854
 Leucobryum chevalieri Cardot & Thériot, 1911
 Leucobryum chlorophyllosum C. Müller, 1851
 Leucobryum clavatum Hampe, 1878
 Leucobryum comorense C. Müller, 1876
 Leucobryum congolense Cardot in Renauld & Cardot, 1900
 Leucobryum crispum C. Müller, 1848
 Leucobryum cruegerianum C. Müller, 1898
 Leucobryum cucullatum Brotherus, 1894
 Leucobryum flavo-mucronatum C. Müller, 1879
 Leucobryum fouta-djalloni Paris & Cardot, 1902
 Leucobryum fragile Herzog, 1909
 Leucobryum galinonii Cardot & Paris, 1904
 Leucobryum giganteum C. Müller, 1848
 Leucobryum glaucum Ångström in Fries, 1845
 Leucobryum goyazense Brotherus, 1895
 Leucobryum gracile Sullivant, 1874
 Leucobryum gunnii Brotherus & Watts, 1915
 Leucobryum heterodictyon Bescherelle, 1891
 Leucobryum homalophyllum Brotherus, 1890
 Leucobryum humillimum Cardot, 1901
 Leucobryum imbricatum Brotherus, 1899
 Leucobryum incurvifolium C. Müller, 1897
 Leucobryum isleanum Bescherelle, 1880
 Leucobryum javense Mitten, 1859
 Leucobryum juniperoideum C. Müller, 1845
 Leucobryum laminatum Mitten, 1861
 Leucobryum letestui Potier de la Varde, 1925
 Leucobryum leucophanoides C. Müller, 1886
 Leucobryum macro-falcatum C. Müller, 1897
 Leucobryum madagassum Bescherelle, 1880
 Leucobryum martianum Hampe ex C. Müller, 1843
 Leucobryum mayottense Cardot, 1901
 Leucobryum microcarpum C. Müller, 1879
 Leucobryum molliculum Brotherus, 1894
 Leucobryum neocaledonicum Duby ex Bescherelle, 1873
 Leucobryum pachyphyllum C. Müller, 1896
 Leucobryum parvulum Cardot, 1904
 Leucobryum perangustum Bescherelle, 1902
 Leucobryum perrotii Renauld & Cardot in Renauld, 1891
 Leucobryum polakowskyi Cardot, 1901
 Leucobryum pseudomadagassum Cardot, 1904
 Leucobryum pungens C. Müller, 1874
 Leucobryum rehmannii C. Müller, 1899
 Leucobryum rugosum Mitten, 1868
 Leucobryum sanctae-mariae Cardot, 1904
 Leucobryum sanctum Hampe, 1843
 Leucobryum scabrum Sande Lacoste, 1866
 Leucobryum seemannii Mitten in Seemann, 1873
 Leucobryum sericeum Brotherus ex Geheeb, 1898
 Leucobryum sordidum Ångström, 1876
 Leucobryum sphagnoides Cardot in Paris, 1905
 Leucobryum strictum C. Müller ex Britton, 1896
 Leucobryum subandinum Herzog, 1909
 Leucobryum subchlorophyllosum Hampe, 1876
 Leucobryum subobtusifolium B. H. Allen, 1992
 Leucobryum sumatranum Brotherus ex Fleischer, 1904
 Leucobryum tahitense Ångström, 1873
 Leucobryum tumidum Herzog, 1909
 Leucobryum turgidulum C. Müller, 1900
 Leucobryum uleanum Brotherus, 1906
 Leucobryum wattsii Brotherus, 1916
 Leucobryum wightii Mitt.

Izvori

Dicranales

Leucobryum


Imena višnje je hrvatski dugometražni igrani film iz 2015. godine, nastao u produkciji Hrvatske radiotelevizije. Režirao ga je Branko Schmidt prema scenariju Josipa Mlakića. Glavne su uloge ostvarili Nada Đurevska, Ivo Gregurević i Goran Bogdan. Na filmu je radio jedan od najpoznatijih hrvatskih direktora fotografije Dragan Ruljančić.

Film je sniman u Gorici Jamničkoj kod Pisarovine, okolica Zagreba. Prvi dio snimanja obavljao se od 3. veljače do 7. ožujka 2014., a drugi od 9. do 16. srpnja iste godine. Nakon svjetske premijere na moskovskom Međunarodnom filmskom festivalu film Imena višnje sudjelovao je na filmskim festivalima u Puli, Vukovaru, Zadru, Splitu, Den Haagu, Helsinkiju, Cottbusu i Bruxellesu. U kino distribuciju pušten je 28. lipnja 2016. kada je prikazan u zagrebačkom kinu Europa.

Radnja

Stariji bračni par, Kata (Nada Đurevska) i Slavko (Ivo Gregurević), porijeklom iz Bosne vraća se u svoje ratom razrušeno selo nakon što im je uz financijsku pomoć sina Marka (Goran Bogdan) obnovljena kuća. Kroz sva četiri godišnja doba film prati njihovu surovu svakodnevicu. Slavko, u međuvremenu, želi posaditi nove voćke u voćnjak (šljive, jabuke, kruške, orah i kesten), ali Kata želi jednu višnju kako bi mogla praviti kolače.

Iz dana u dan Kata se ponaša sve odsutnije i izgubljenije. Ispočetka zaboravlja skuhati kavu, posoliti jelo ili pomiješa imena dvojice majstora. Slavko, umjesto da joj pomogne, postaje grub i agresivan, ali kasnije shvaća da je starica teško bolesna te potpuno mijenja svoj odnos prema njoj. Na kraju joj ispuni želju i ispred kuće posadi višnju.

Uloge

 Nada Đurevska kao Kata
 Ivo Gregurević kao Slavko
 Goran Bogdan kao Marko
 Mesud Dedović kao Vahid
 Mijo Lukić kao Ismet
 Josip Lukić kao Slavko
 Ivan Magud kao mladić s traktora

Nagrade

Na 62. Pulskom filmskom festivalu film je osvojio dvije Zlatne arene - Zlatnu arenu za scenarij dobio je Josip Mlakić i Zlatnu arenu za montažu dobili su Vesna Lažeta i Hrvoje Mršić. Na istom festivalu Imena višnje dobila su nagradu žirija stranih filmskih kritičara. Na Vukovarskom filmskom festivalu film je dobio posebno priznanje za dugometražni igrani film.

Nagradu za najbolju glumicu Nada Đurevska osvojila je na 6. Avvantura film festivalu u Zadru. Na filmskom festivalu u njemačkom Cottbusu film je dobio nagradu ekumenskog žirija. Sredinom 2016. godine film je osvojio glavnu nagradu na 13. Armenskom filmskom festivalu Golden Apricot u Erevanu. Na istom festivalu nagrađen je i priznanjem ocjenjivačkoga žirija filmskih kritičara FIPRESCI.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Hrvatski filmovi 2010-ih

Imena višnje (2015.)


Mark Joseph Green (born March 15, 1945) is an American author, former public official, public interest lawyer, and Democratic politician from New York City. Green was New York City Consumer Affairs Commissioner from 1990 to 1993 and New York City Public Advocate from 1994 to 2002.

Green won Democratic primaries for the U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, and mayor of New York City, in each case losing the general election.

Early life and education
Green was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York. He lived in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, until he was three and then moved to Long Island, first to Elmont, New York, and later Great Neck, New York. Both his parents were Republicans; his father was a lawyer and residential apartment landlord and his mother a public-school teacher.

Green graduated from Great Neck South High School in 1963, from Cornell University in 1967 and in 1970 from Harvard Law School, where he was editor-in-chief of the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review. He has a brother, realtor Stephen L. Green, founder of SLGreen Realty Corp.

Political career

1960s – 1970s

In 1967, Green interned for Jacob Javits, and while in law school in the early 1970s, was a "Nader's Raider" at Ralph Nader's Public Citizen, where he worked on a lawsuit against the Richard Nixon administration after the firing of Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox. After law school, Green returned to Washington, D.C., and ran the Congress Watch division of the consumer rights advocacy group Public Citizen from 1977 to 1980. In 1976, he managed former U. S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark's campaign for the Senate seat of James Buckley. Clark came in third, behind Ambassador Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Representative Bella Abzug. Moynihan went on to win the office and serve four terms in the Senate.

1980s
In 1980, Green returned to New York City and won the Democratic primary election to represent the East Side of Manhattan in the House of Representatives; he lost the race to Republican incumbent Bill Green (no relation). In 1981, Green and songwriter Harry Chapin founded the New Democracy Project, a public policy institute in New York City. Green ran it for a decade. During the 1984 presidential election, he served as chief speechwriter for Democratic candidate Senator Gary Hart, who ran second in the primaries.

In 1986, Green won the Democratic nomination for the Senate against multimillionaire John Dyson, spending just $800,000 to Dyson's $6,000,000. Dyson remained on the ballot as the candidate of the Liberal Party. Green lost the general election to Republican incumbent Alfonse D'Amato, who was supported by then mayor Ed Koch; Green filed a formal ethics complaint in the Senate Ethics Committee against D'Amato that resulted in D'Amato's being reprimanded by the Senate after media reports that suggested that his nomination as a chair of the Senate Committee of Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs had been tainted by illegal financing of his Senate campaign.

During his Senate campaign, Green refused to accept money from special interest groups' political action committees (PACs) – which had accounted for 25% of all campaign spending in Congressional campaigns in 1984 – denouncing PACs as "legalized bribery." His opinion mirrored the stance of Common Cause, the citizens' lobby that organized to abolish PACs over fears of "special interests" buying votes.

1990s

In 1990, Mayor David Dinkins appointed Green Consumer Affairs Commissioner of New York City. Green was elected as the first New York City Public Advocate in 1993 and reelected in 1997. In that office, he led investigations of HMOs, hospitals, and nursing homes that led to fines by the New York State Attorney General.

A 1994 investigation on the Bell Regulations ("Libby Zion Law") to limit resident working hours and requiring physician supervision and a follow-up study prompted the New York State Department of Health to crack down on hospitals. Green led an effort against tobacco advertising aimed at children, enacting a law banning cigarette vending machines, and released a series of exposés and legal actions against tobacco advertising targeting children—concluding that R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company was engaged in "commercial child abuse"—that culminated in a 1997 Federal Trade Commission decision that ended the Joe Camel ads.

As public advocate, Green first proposed the 311 complaint help line that Mayor Mike Bloomberg later implemented. He wrote laws that matched small donations with multiple city funds, created the Voter Commission, upheld the legality of the Independent Budget Office, barred stores from charging women more than men for the same services, and prohibited companies from firing female employees merely because they were victims of domestic violence. He started the city's first web site, NYC.gov, which he later gifted to City Hall, where it is still in use.

One of Green's highest-profile accomplishments was a lawsuit to obtain information about racial profiling in Rudy Giuliani's police force. As Green told the Gotham Gazette, "We sued Mayor Giuliani because he was in deep denial about racial profiling. [After winning the case, we] released an investigation showing a pattern of unpunished misconduct ... [and] the rate that police with substantiated complaints are punished went from 25 percent to 75 percent." Green was reportedly one of the first public officials to draw attention to racial profiling by the NYPD.

Green ran for the U.S. Senate again in 1998, when D'Amato was seeking a fourth term. Green finished third in the Democratic primary behind the winner, U.S. Representative Charles Schumer, and 1984 Democratic vice presidential nominee Geraldine Ferraro. Despite Green's personal ties to Nader, he did not support Nader's presidential campaigns.

In the 2000 campaign, Green praised Nader's work as a consumer advocate but endorsed Democratic nominee Al Gore, who narrowly lost the election to George W. Bush. In 2000, he assisted the successful Senate campaign of First Lady Hillary Clinton, coining the phrase "Listening Tour" to help guide Clinton through a state she hadn't previously lived in. In 2004, Green co-chaired Senator John Kerry's presidential campaign in New York; he also advised Bill Clinton in his successful 1992 New York presidential primary.

2001 campaign for mayor

In 2001 Green ran for mayor of New York City and won the Democratic nomination but lost to Republican nominee Michael Bloomberg 50%–48% in the closest NYC mayoral election in a century. Green narrowly defeated Fernando Ferrer in the primary, surviving a negative contest that divided the party. The two other candidates were Council Speaker Peter Vallone and City Comptroller Alan Hevesi.

The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks occurred on the morning of the Democratic primary and contributed to Green's loss. Bloomberg spent an unprecedented $74 million on his campaign, especially on TV ads and direct mail. Mayor Rudy Giuliani, who was suddenly extremely popular, endorsed Bloomberg.

The Economist wrote, "The billionaire businessman [Bloomberg] is usually seen as one of the post–September 11th winners (if such a word can be so used): he would probably have lost the mayoralty to Mark Green, a leftish Democrat, had the terrorist strike not happened. Yet it is also worth noting that his election probably spared New York City a turbulent period of score-settling over Rudy Giuliani's legacy." Chris Smith wrote in New York Magazine in 2011, "Many old-school Democrats believe that Bloomberg's 2001 victory over Mark Green was a terrorist-provoked, money-soaked aberration."

The Ferrer campaign criticized Green for the actions of supporters in the runoff that were construed as racist, involving literature with New York Post caricatures of Ferrer and Al Sharpton distributed in white enclaves of Brooklyn and Staten Island. Green said he had nothing to do with the dissemination of the literature. An investigation by the district attorney of Kings County, New York, Charles J. Hynes, came to the conclusion that "Mark Green had no knowledge of these events, and that when he learned of them, he repeatedly denounced the distribution of this literature and sought to find out who had engaged in it."

The incident kept Ferrer from endorsing Green and is thought to have diminished minority turnout in the general election, which helped Bloomberg win in an overwhelmingly Democratic city. Green wrote an article about the campaign a decade later in the 9/11 anniversary issue of New York Magazine. He reported that Bloomberg told him in 2002 that "I wouldn't have won" without Ferrer's late campaign opposition to Green.

2006 campaign for New York Attorney General

Green ran in the Democratic primary for New York State Attorney General in 2006. He faced former HUD Secretary Andrew Cuomo, former White House Staff Secretary Sean Patrick Maloney, and former lieutenant governor candidate Charles King in the primary. Green did not receive the required 25% at the state Democratic convention to earn a spot on the primary ballot and therefore had to circulate nominating petitions statewide to be on the September ballot.

He was required to submit at least 15,000 valid signatures; on July 13, he submitted more than 40,000 signatures. He held several endorsements of note, including former NYC Mayor David Dinkins, Brooklyn Borough President Marty Markowitz, the Sierra Club, the National Organization for Women (NOW), the New York Times, and the New York Daily News.

On September 12, 2006, Green lost to Andrew Cuomo in his bid to secure the Democratic nomination to succeed then-Attorney General Eliot Spitzer. On the evening the results came in, he vowed to reporters that "I won't be running for office again. But I'll continue to advocate, write and teach." Cuomo beat the Republican candidate, former Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro.

2009 campaign for public advocate

On February 10, 2009, Green announced that he would again run for the office of Public Advocate. His policy director was Benjamin Kallos (who later was elected to the New York City Council), with whom he worked on "100 Ideas for a Better City".

As one of the top two finishers in the Democratic primary, Green qualified for the September 29 runoff, but lost to City Councilmember Bill de Blasio who went on to win the mayoralty in 2013.

State and city campaign tickets
Mark J. Green has appeared on these slates:
1986 New York state Democratic ticket
Governor:  Mario Cuomo
Lieutenant Governor:  Stan Lundine
Comptroller:  Herman Badillo
Attorney General:  Robert Abrams
U.S. Senate:  Mark J. Green
1993 New York City Democratic ticket
Mayor: David Dinkins
Public Advocate:  Mark J. Green
Comptroller: Alan Hevesi
1997 New York City Democratic ticket
Mayor: Ruth Messinger
Public Advocate:  Mark J. Green
Comptroller: Alan Hevesi
2001 New York City Democratic ticket
Mayor: Mark J. Green
Public Advocate: Betsy Gotbaum
Comptroller: William Thompson

Television and radio
He was a regular guest on Crossfire on CNN, and also on William F. Buckley's Firing Line, Inside City Hall on NY1, and Hardball with Chris Matthews on MSNBC.

On March 6, 2007, Green's brother, New York real estate magnate Stephen L. Green, purchased majority shares in Air America Radio.  Stephen served as chairman, and Mark as president. Stephen sold Air America Radio in 2009 to Charles Kireker. Mark continued as president.

Green was co-host, with Arianna Huffington, of the syndicated talk show 7 Days in America, which aired on the network. from 2007–2009. He was the host of Both Sides Now, nationally syndicated on 200 stations and recorded at WOR710 AM in New York City; the program ended in December 2016.

On February 27, 2017, Green founded and ran the Twitter handle @ShadowingTrump [see ShadowingTrump.org] "to daily debunk Trump and propose progressive alternatives." His "Shadow Cabinet" of 21 included such national progressive leaders as Laurence Tribe as attorney general, Robert Reich as secretary of labor, Diane Ravitch as Education Secretary, Rashad Robinson as "Secretary of Justice Issues", Marielena Hincapie of the National Immigration Law Center as Immigration Secretary. Renamed @ShadowingDC in 2021, it had 68,000 followers by April 2021.

Personal life
Green has been married twice. His first marriage, to Lynn Heineman, whom he married while in law school, lasted 18 months. In 1977, Green married Deni Frand, who later became the director of the New York City office of the liberal interest group People for the American Way and a senior associate at AOL-Time Warner and the Citi Foundation. They have two adult children.

Selected publications
 Who Runs Congress? (co-authored with Michael Waldman; 1972)
 There he goes again: Ronald Reagan's reign of error, co-authored with Gail MacColl, with Robert Nelson & Christopher Power;  (1983)
 The Consumer Bible (co-authored with Nancy Youman; 1995)
 Selling Out: How Big Corporate Money Buys Elections, Rams through Legislation, and Betrays Our Democracy (2002);
 The Book on Bush: How George W. Bush (Mis)leads America (co-authored with Eric Alterman; 2004);
 Bright, Infinite Future: A Generational Memoir on the Progressive Rise (2016);
Fake President – Decoding Trump's Gaslighting, Corruption, and General Bullsh*t (with Ralph Nader; 2019)

References

Further reading
Paterson, David Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity. New York, New York, 2020

External links

 Mark J. Green's response to the 2006 Attorney General screening questionnaire from the 504 Democratic Club of New York City

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1945 births
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
American book editors
American information and reference writers
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
American talk radio hosts
Candidates in the 2001 United States elections
Consumer rights activists
Cornell University alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Living people
New York (state) Democrats
New York City Public Advocates
People from Elmont, New York
People from Great Neck, New York
Politicians from New York City
Public Citizen
William A. Shine Great Neck South High School alumni

Mark Green (New York politician)


Maria Dolores Aguirre, Lola Membrillo, ou ainda, Lola Parda, é uma cantora e compositora argentina. Além de integrar o duo Perotá Chingó  e de possuir uma carreira solo, Lola também possui projetos independentes, como a banda Planeta Fungi.

Referências

Lola Membrillo


Bonner Springs ist ein Ort, der zu Teilen im Johnson County, Leavenworth County und Wyandotte County im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Kansas liegt.

Geografie
Bonner Springs liegt auf 39°4'0" nördlicher Breite und 94°52'45" westlicher Länge und wird vom Kansas River durchflossen. In einer Entfernung von ca. 15 Kilometern schließt sich im Osten die Großstadt Kansas City an. Durch den Ort führt der Interstate 70-Highway.

Geschichtliches
Der erste kleine Handelsposten, ein Trading Post, wurde 1812 unter dem Namen Four House gegründet und später in Tiblow umbenannt. Nach weiterer Erschließung des Gebietes wurde dem Ort 1885 der Name "Bonner Springs" gegeben. Bis 1898 waren bereits 33 Gebäude errichtet. Kurz darauf wurde ein Opernhaus mit einer Kapazität von 600 Plätzen eröffnet. Eine örtliche Feuerwehr wurde gegründet, und der Ort wuchs in den 1920er und 1930er Jahren wegen der Industrialisierung der Region stetig weiter.

In Jahren mit ungewöhnlich starken Regenfällen schwellen der Missouri River und der Kansas River stark an. Dadurch kann es zu erheblichen Schäden durch Überflutungen im Ort kommen. Besonders schwere Überflutungen ereigneten sich in den Jahren 1903, 1951 und 1993.

Heute befindet sich in Bonner Springs das National Agricultural Center and Hall of Fame sowie das  Wyandotte County Museum and Historical Society und das Sandstone Amphitheater, ein populäres Konzertgebäude. Die Stadt veranstaltet außerdem in jedem Jahr im Herbst das Kansas City Renaissance Festival, ein stark frequentiertes Volksfest.

Demografische Daten
Im Jahre 2009 wurde eine Einwohnerzahl von 7248 ermittelt, was eine Steigerung um 7,1 % gegenüber dem Jahre 2000 bedeutet. Das Durchschnittsalter betrug 2009 34,3 Jahre.

Söhne und Töchter der Stadt
Myra Taylor (1917–2011), US-amerikanische Jazzsängerin

Weblinks

 travelks Historie
  city-data Einwohnerzahlen
  historical-information Überflutung 1903
 flood51 (PDF; 325 kB) Überflutung 1951
 bonnersprings Feuerwehr
 kcrenfest Kansas City Renaissance Festival

Einzelnachweise

Johnson County (Kansas)
Leavenworth County
Wyandotte County
Gemeindegründung 1812

Bonner Springs