Scotiabank Arena (French: Aréna Scotiabank), formerly known as Air Canada Centre (ACC), is a multi-purposed arena located on Bay Street in the South Core district of Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the home of the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). In addition, the minor league Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League (AHL) and the Raptors 905 of the NBA G League play occasional games at the arena. The arena was previously home to the Toronto Phantoms of the Arena Football League (AFL) and the Toronto Rock of the National Lacrosse League. Scotiabank Arena also hosts other events, such as concerts, political conventions and video game competitions.

The arena is  in size. It is owned and operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Ltd. (MLSE), which also owns the Leafs and the Raptors, as well as their respective development teams.

The building was constructed in 1941 as the Toronto Postal Delivery Building for postal deliveries and was temporarily used by the Department of National Defence during World War II. After the war, the building was transferred to Canada Post in 1946 where it functioned as the main postal terminal for Metropolitan Toronto until 1989 when Canada Post moved its services to the Eastern Avenue facility. The Postal Building was sold to a consortium of developers but was reverted to Canada Post ownership in 1993 due to financial woes, but the new ownership of the soon-to-be Toronto Raptors basketball team acquired the building in December 1994 to construct the new arena. However, the Raptors were acquired by Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd., the owners of the Maple Leafs hockey team in 1998 during construction that began a year prior, to replace their outdated Maple Leaf Gardens arena. The arena was opened on February 19, 1999, at the cost of $288 million ($499 million as of 2022) with the Leafs played the Montreal Canadiens the following night and the Raptors played the Vancouver Grizzlies the next night.

In 2018, Scotiabank Arena was the 13th busiest arena in the world and the busiest in Canada. It is also the most photographed location in Canada on Instagram according to BuzzFeed. Scotiabank Arena is connected to Union Station's railway, subway and regional bus services and is connected to the Path.

Site history

The venue is located on land that was once part of Toronto's inner harbour. Infill of the inner harbour began in the 1850s and accelerated with the arrival of the railroad resulting in the current-day shape of downtown. By 1858, the site was located between two wharves (Rees Wharf and Tinnings Wharf). As land was expanded southward, it remained under government control as possible locations for various Union Station expansions. The majority of the land was still part of the lake up until the early 1900s. By 1925, the northern parcel of the property was turned into Bayside Park, which had been part of an early proposal that was to have seen the lands south of the rail corridor transformed into an extensive lakeside park that followed today's Esplanade. The remaining land was most likely under the control of Central Harbour Terminals.

Postal Delivery Building
In the 1930s, the property became the proposed home to Canada Post's Toronto Postal Delivery Building. In the 1920s, a postal handling facility already existed in the east wing of the city's then-new Union Station (Downtown Toronto's third major train station). However, it quickly reached capacity by the 1930s due to major population growth of Toronto and its surrounding region. In 1937, the Postmaster General appealed to the Minister of Public Works to approve a new replacement facility at the corner of Bay Street and Fleet Street (now Lake Shore Boulevard). Approval was granted by the federal Department of Public Works in part to stimulate the depression impacted construction industry. Design and construction of the warehouse built with steel and concrete would begin in 1938. Designed by Charles B. Dolphin, it is a building that incorporates a combination of Art Deco and Art Moderne architectural style. The original building would be built for around $2 million (CAD) ($ in  dollars). The building was strategically located south of Union Station and was connected directly to the train platforms via an underground tunnel. Trains would be able to directly unload mail and move it directly to the mail sorting centre.

Amid World War II, upon completion in 1941, the building would be temporarily handed over to the Department of National Defence for wartime storage purposes, and be finally turned over to Canada Post in 1946. Required modifications were made to the building to return it to its postal delivery purposes as a result of alterations done by the Department of National Defence. After the refurbishment work was completed in 1948, the building now possessed the capability and equipment for proper mail sorting and other mailing processing functions. Though it was designed as a mail sorting warehouse, it was also the home of Postal Station "A", which served mostly institutional and commercial clients. The ground floor was where the mail was dropped off by both railway carts and postal vans. Unsorted mail was moved by conveyor belts to the top floor and via gravity-fed mail chutes sorted by size and destination. Eventually, the sorted mail would end up back on the ground floor where it would be sent out for delivery. The building would be used as a postal sorting centre up until 1989.

Postal building sculptures
The structure's most notable features, which have been retained, are the exterior 13-part series of limestone bas relief carvings by Louis Temporale Sr. CM, which depicts the history of transportation and communication in Canada. Carved in 1938–39, the bas relief begins with scenes showing human speech, a runner carrying a message, aboriginals communicating by smoke signal, a group of voyageurs, a schooner and a Royal Mail steamship crossing the Atlantic Ocean from England, the CN train used during the 1939 Royal Tour, the mythical flying boat named 'Canopus' and northern travel by dog sled. The sculptor's son Louis Temporale Jr. helped with restoration efforts in 1998 and in 2016 was still critical of the lack of protection of the artwork by stadium ownership for over 20 years since the creation of the artwork. Being near the elevated Gardiner Expressway results in salt spray, which is speeding up the deterioration of the limestone.

Moving postal operations
In the late 1980s, the building and antiquated sorting equipment was in need of major renovations and expensive upgrades. In a cost-cutting move (part of larger overall service changes and cuts made to the Crown Corporation under the Brian Mulroney Progressive Conservatives), Canada Post decided to close the facility and move operations to an alternate more modern circa 1970s letter processing faculty on nearby Eastern Avenue. A structure with easy access to highways was designed specifically for transport truck bulk delivery of mail. By 1989, all of the old building's work was transferred here. The 1980s real estate boom saw the building site become surrounded by numerous skyscrapers, hotels, convention centres, SkyDome stadium and condo towers. In the early 1990s, real estate developers Bramalea Limited and Trizec arranged to purchase the building from Canada Post, with plans to redevelop the site into a  office, retail and residential space. Financial and development details of the purchase imposed various conditions prior to development, including rezoning by the city and remediation of soil contamination by Canada Post.

By this time, a deep prolonged recession had taken hold in the province, which saw many downtown Toronto high-rise construction projects paused or cancelled outright. There was limited market demand for new office space, one of the key requirements for acquiring bank loans. The resulting financing difficulties resulted in the building's ownership being reverted to Canada Post in 1993 with the structure remaining unused and abandoned. The Toronto Raptors' owners purchased the unused building from Canada Post the following year.

Multi-purpose arena

By 1993, it had been decided that the NBA would expand into Canada. Three competing bids were entertained in July of the same year. The NBA Expansion committee visited the various proposed stadium sites. Major selling points to the committee were a downtown location, easy underground access to the subway and Path system and proximity to the business core, which would hopefully make corporate boxes enticing to corporations.

On September 30, 1993, the NBA awarded the team to Professional Basketball Franchise Inc. (PBF), a company headed by Canadian businessman John Bitove. The Toronto Raptors were created and were required as terms of the winning bid to provide a suitable arena to play in. As part of the PBF proposal, the Canada Post building was ultimately chosen to be the new home of the Raptors in part due to its downtown location, proposed design and features along with lot size. Other sites considered included government-owned lands at Exhibition Place, North York City Centre, and downtown at Bay Street and Wellesley Street (a site of the planned Canadian Opera Hall in the 1980s). Another site under consideration by the MLSE bid group was at Bay Street and Dundas Street and would have been part of the neighbouring Eaton Centre. PBF purchased the Canada Post building and the land the building is on for  million.

The Raptors would initially play their first two seasons just a few hundred metres (a few thousand feet) away in the multipurpose SkyDome (now Rogers Centre) stadium while the arena was constructed. Groundbreaking took place in March 1997. The building retained the Art Deco Queenston limestone façade of the Toronto Postal Delivery Building along the east (along Bay Street) and south (Lake Shore Boulevard) walls of that structure, but the rest of the building (facing Union Station) was demolished to make room for the arena, through the process of facadism. The original building is protected under the Ontario Heritage Act.

Arena 'Wars'
When MLGL (Maple Leaf Gardens Limited, at the time, the controlling company of the Toronto Maple Leafs) lost out on their desire to be the franchise owners of the Raptors, competition between the two organizations heated up centred around venues. MLGL declined to allow Maple Leaf Gardens to be used for the NBA upstart as a result, pushing Bitove to secure rights to have the Raptors' opening seasons played at SkyDome until construction of the new stadium was complete.

The 1930s-era Maple Leaf Gardens was showing its age; the Maple Leafs in desperate desire for a new facility began developing plans for building an all-new stadium with one of the key criteria for the new location that it must be within close walking proximity to both the subway system and GO Transit. During the early stages of construction, MLGL floated to the media plans of their own to build a competing single-use stadium on adjacent property just to the north of the stadium atop the train sheds at Union Station (similar to how Madison Square Garden was constructed) as the new home for the Toronto Maple Leafs. The reaction from Raptors was nothing but anger. "This proposed (Maple Leaf) location really disturbs us," stated team president Richard Peddie, who went on to say that they would fight the Leafs "every step of the way" and he did not understand why the Leafs have refused to join with the Raptors at their site, claiming that the Leafs want to "build virtually on top of us". The major problem of the Union Station proposal was that the land that the stadium would have been built on was actually City of Toronto land that was leased out to Canadian National Railway and Canadian Pacific Railway, which were in a major, long-standing dispute over rent payments (dating back to 1969). As a result, MLGL offered the city $156 million (in 1997 dollars) in cash and assets to settle any and all outstanding claims and to buy the air rights above the Union Station train platforms.

During this period, the Raptors were twice fined a million dollars (which were donated to their charitable foundation) by the NBA for missing deadlines to begin construction of their new arena, and disputes over the future of the arena resulted in John Bitove being forced to sell his stake to Allan Slaight as a result of a shotgun clause. Slaight—who wanted a joint arena deal with MLGL—then had majority ownership and immediately went into talks with MLGL, which eventually purchased both the Raptors and their partially completed arena. This subsequently resulted in major modifications to the original design, which was basketball-specific, to make the arena become more suitable for hockey. Originally planned to cost $217 million, MLGL increased the budget to $265 million after taking control.

Construction

After the purchase of the Raptors and the Air Canada Centre, the new owners entered into a design-build contract with PCL Construction with the commitment to finish the stadium in 24 months by March 1, 1999. The integration of the Maple Leafs into the new structure would result in a 25-percent increase in construction costs (over $25 million CAD in 1999).

The completed structure included a 15-storey tower (reduced from a proposed 30-storey tower), four restaurants, and an underground parking lot.

Opening
In 1998, a strange twist of scheduling conflicts had the Toronto Raptors playing their final regular-season game at Copps Coliseum in Hamilton, as the Toronto Blue Jays had first right of refusal for all SkyDome dates. The Raptors had attempted to play the April 19 match at Maple Leaf Gardens, but were unsuccessful.

On December 30, 1998, the building's construction was completed, nine days ahead of schedule. Opening events took place early the next year and Steve Stavro (who was the majority shareholder of MLGL) was named CEO. The initial hockey game took place February 20, 1999 (Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Montreal Canadiens), the first basketball Game on February 21, 1999 (Toronto Raptors vs. Vancouver Grizzlies), and the opening concert on February 22, 1999 (The Tragically Hip). Features of the new building consist of a  arena and a  office tower. There is also an east–west covered, climate-controlled galleria and walkway onsite that contains restaurants, the ticket office, and other commercial units. The Galleria also connects Scotiabank Arena to popular locations in the downtown core such as Union Station, Bay Street and York Street. Scotiabank Arena is connected to the underground PATH network. The Galleria also doubles as a historical museum by displaying numerous artifacts from the old Canada Post building.

In its first ten years of operation, the new arena had an estimated economic benefit of $2.4 billion. This boosted Toronto's economy and led to further construction in the downtown core. Many projects in the area were completed ahead of schedule as a result of a desire to increase the infrastructure of downtown Toronto, and also from private funding (approximately $13 million) that was invested in seeing the economic growth of Toronto. These projects included the Bay West Teamway, Union Plaza, the Galleria (shopping centre), and Bremner Boulevard.

Air Canada purchased naming rights to the arena for US$30 million for 20 years.  Several nicknames for the arena would emerge including 'The Hangar', but it would be the acronym 'ACC' that became the most commonly referenced shorthand for the venue and is still commonly used by local residents, even after the venue was renamed Scotiabank Arena, out of habit.

21st century

In 2003, MLSE completed a $5-million upgrade of the arena, including a new LED signage system.  During the summer of 2015, a $10-million upgrade of the arena was carried out, which included the installation of a new scoreboard four times larger than the previous one. The old scoreboard was later installed at Ricoh Coliseum in Exhibition Place.

In the winter of 2003–2004, the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario imposed a seven-day penalty on the arena for "permitting drunken patrons to be in the licensed patrons" in the fall of 2002 at a Toronto Maple Leafs game and also a Rolling Stones concert. As a result of these misdemeanours, there was no alcohol served at the arena from December 21 to 28 in 2003. The venue had multiple major events during this time frame, which included a Toronto Raptors–Orlando Magic game on December 21, a Toronto Maple Leafs–Florida Panthers game on December 23, and Disney on Ice: Toy Story 2, which ran from December 25, 2003, to January 1, 2004.

On September 6, 2014, a group of statues known as Legends Row was unveiled outside the arena at the southwest corner of the building. The statues were situated in multiple waves from 2014 to 2016 and include Ted Kennedy, Johnny Bower, Darryl Sittler, Borje Salming, Syl Apps, George Armstrong, Mats Sundin, Dave Keon, Turk Broda, and Tim Horton. In 2017, the final four statues were unveiled including Red Kelly, Frank Mahovlich, Charlie Conacher, and Wendel Clark. Legends Row now features 14 life-sized statues of former Maple Leaf players alongside a  granite players' bench.

The Air Canada Centre was renamed Scotiabank Arena on July 1, 2018. The landmark 20-year sponsorship agreement between Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment and Scotiabank is worth about C$800 million. This is believed to be the highest-priced annual building and team sponsorship in North American sports history. The arena is the third in Canada to bear naming rights to Scotiabank.

During the 2020–21 NBA season the Toronto Raptors relocated their home games to Amalie Arena in Tampa, Florida, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto.

On May 11, 2021, Toronto Rock announced the relocation from Scotiabank Arena in Toronto to FirstOntario Centre in Hamilton, Ontario, beginning with the 2021–22 NLL season in December. The team retained the name "Toronto Rock" while in Hamilton.

On June 27, 2021, Scotiabank Arena was used as a COVID-19 vaccine pop-up clinic for 26,771 people. This clinic set a new record for the most COVID-19 vaccinations delivered at a single location in North America, beating out a pop-up drive-thru clinic that vaccinated 17,003 people at the Texas Motor Speedway in Fort Worth, Texas.

A $350 million renovation of the arena, planned over several phases, was announced in October 2023.  Preliminary phases of the project, which included a new video screen in Maple Leaf Square, had commenced in 2019, with major work completed in the summers of 2023 and 2024.

Maple Leaf Square

In late 2005, Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment announced that they would be renovating the western side of the Air Canada Centre during the 2008 off-season to connect it with the Maple Leaf Square development. Maple Leaf Square is jointly owned by MLSE, Cadillac Fairview and Lantera Developments. The $500 million development includes two restaurants, Hotel Le Germain at Maple Leaf Square boutique hotel, extensive retail shopping, including a  Leafs, Marlies, Raptors, and Toronto FC store, two 54-storey condominiums, a Longo's supermarket, and a public square. It opened in 2010. The two-year, $48 million renovation of the ACC added a new atrium that includes a High-Definition broadcast studio for Leafs Nation Network (formerly Leafs TV), NBA TV Canada and GolTV Canada.

The outside wall of the atrium features a  video screen overlooking the plaza, which often broadcasts games taking place inside the arena. During NHL and NBA playoff runs, the square attracts thousands of Leafs and Raptors fans, respectively, sometimes broadcasting away playoff matches featuring the Leafs and/or the Raptors as well. A section of the square is designated Ford Fan Zone at Maple Leaf Square, with naming rights given to the Ford Motor Company of Canada. During Raptors playoff runs, the square has acquired the nickname "Jurassic Park" after the 1993 film adaptation that inspired the team's name. During the 2019 NBA playoffs and especially during the victorious 2019 NBA Finals, other city squares across Canada also acquired the Jurassic Park nickname, such as in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Events

Concerts

Political conventions
In 2003, the governing Liberal Party of Canada held their leadership convention at the Air Canada Centre. Paul Martin was elected as the new leader of the party and thus also became prime minister, succeeding Jean Chrétien.

Sports

Hockey
Maple Leaf home games are generally sold out, and there is a waitlist since the start of 2015 for Season Ticket Holders for upcoming seasons.

 February 20, 1999 – First Toronto Maple Leafs game at their new home, versus the Montreal Canadiens. The Maple Leafs won 3–2 with an overtime goal by Steve Thomas. Todd Warriner of the Leafs scored the first goal ever at the new arena.
 February 6, 2000 - 2000 NHL All-Star Game
 June 22–23, 2002 - 2002 NHL Entry Draft
 2004 World Cup of Hockey, 5 games of 19, including the championship game where Canada beat Finland 3–2.
 2010 World Hockey Summit
 2015 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships co-hosted with Montreal's Bell Centre. Hosted Group B, 2 quarterfinals, semifinals, and the medal round. Canada beat Russia 5–4 for the gold.
 2016 World Cup of Hockey, all games, including the championship games where Canada beat Europe 3–1 and 2-1.
 2017 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships co-hosted with Montreal's Bell Centre. Hosted Group B and 2 quarterfinals. Canada lost gold 4–5 to Team USA in a shootout in Montreal.
 2019-20 Stanley Cup playoffs for the eastern conference due to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the eastern half of 24-team Stanley Cup Qualifiers rounds for the playoffs, as well as its first two rounds.
 February 3, 2024 - 2024 NHL All-Star Game (upcoming)

Basketball
 February 21, 1999 - First Raptors game versus the then-Vancouver Grizzlies. The Raptors won 102–87 in front of a sold-out crowd.
 2016 NBA All-Star Game, the first NBA All-Star Game held outside of the United States.
 October 3, 2003, Air Canada Centre had a power outage during the third quarter of a Raptors pre-season game against the Athens-based club Panathinaikos. The game was called final, because the power was not restored in time and the Raptors already had a 30-point lead.
 July 27, 2018, Scotiabank Arena hosted week 6 of the 2018 Big3 season. Toronto was the lone non-American venue city to host a Big3 event.
 2019 NBA Finals - Games 1, 2, and 5 versus the Golden State Warriors. The Raptors won the NBA championship 4-2, albeit in the Warriors' former home arena of Oracle Arena in Oakland in Game 6.
 March 26, 2022 - A speaker above Section 103 of Scotiabank Arena caught on fire in a regular-season game between the Raptors and Indiana Pacers. The fire forced fans to evacuate the building and suspend the game for 70 minutes, before resuming the game at 9:30 P.M. (EDT), the time zone in effect where the game was played, with no fan attendance. The Raptors would go on to win 131-91.

Other sports

The Toronto Rock also moved to the Air Canada Centre from Maple Leaf Gardens for the 2001 NLL season. The Rock's first game was a 17–7 win over the Ottawa Rebel on December 21, 2000.

In 2017, the Air Canada Centre hosted the opening and closing ceremonies for that year's Invictus Games.

On September 23, 2017, the ACC presented the opening ceremony as a live two-hour event spectacular. This ceremony was designed to welcome and honour the 550 competitors and their families who come from 17 different competing nations. The show featured hundreds of cast members, including honorary men and women from the Canadian Armed Forces. The cast showed a display of ceremony in multiple different productions and the raising of the flag. Other guests of the event included celebrities, world dignitaries, headline music stars and other special guests. They gathered to celebrate the service and stories of the members of the 2017 Invictus Games. Headline performers included Laura Wright, Alessia Cara, The Tenors, Sarah McLachlan, and La Bottine Souriante.

The ACC hosted the Invictus Games Toronto 2017 Closing Ceremony on September 20, 2017. The event featured an arrangement of international headline music artists, coming together to celebrate and recognize the Invictus Games competitors. The closing ceremony featured headline musical guests Bachman & Turner, Bryan Adams, Coeur de Pirate, Bruce Springsteen, and Kelly Clarkson. This celebration also included words from world dignitaries as the Games are passed to the host nation of the Invictus Games 2018, Sydney, Australia.

The venue hosted Monster Jam on June 21–23, 2019.

The arena has also played host to five Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) events.

Video game competitions
On August 27 and 28, 2016, Air Canada Centre hosted the sixth season of the Summer North American Championship Series of League of Legends (LoL), marking the first professional League of Legends competition in Canada. League of Legends is a popular multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) computer game by American video game developer Riot Games; League of Legends competitions are among the most viewed among professional video game competitions worldwide. During the final round, Team SoloMid (TSM) defeated Cloud9 (C9) three matches to one in a best-of-five format. The Summer North American Championship Series serve as the qualifiers for the annual League of Legends World Championship for North American teams.

In popular culture
Scotiabank Arena is mentioned in the song "21 Raps", by Toronto-based rapper Connor Price. The line goes "Scotiabank Arena got the seats filled".

References

External links

 Toronto's Historical Plaques; Toronto Postal Delivery Building

Indoor ice hockey venues in Ontario
Basketball venues in Ontario
Music venues in Toronto
Music venues completed in 1999
Sports venues completed in 1999
Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment
Sports venues in Toronto
National Hockey League venues
National Basketball Association venues
Mixed martial arts venues in Canada
PATH (Toronto)
Ice hockey venues in Toronto
City of Toronto Heritage Properties
1999 establishments in Ontario
Scotiabank
Toronto Maple Leafs
Toronto Raptors

Scotiabank Arena


Kronberger 61 oder kurz Kn 61 ist ein Planetarischer Nebel im Sternbild Leier. Der Nebel ist von dem Physiker und Amateurastronom Matthias Kronberger in den Daten der Digitized Sky Survey entdeckt worden.

Quellen

Kronberger 61


Ciprofloxacina este un antibiotic din clasa fluorochinolonelor utilizat în tratamentul unui număr mare de infecții bacteriene. Printre acestea se numără artritele infecțioase, infecțiile intra-abdominale, diareea infecțioasă, infecții ale sistemului respirator, infecții cutanate, febră tifoidă și infecții genito-urinare. Metodele de administrare sunt oral, intravenos sau sub formă de picături oftalmice.

Se află pe lista medicamentelor esențiale ale Organizației Mondiale a Sănătății.

Utilizări medicale

Efecte adverse

Vezi și
 Levofloxacină
 Ofloxacină

Referințe

Fluorochinolone
Medicamente esențiale listate de OMS
Ciclopropani

Ciprofloxacină


An Zingeria biebersteiniana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Karl Ernst Claus, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Pavel Aleksandrovich Smirnov. An Zingeria biebersteiniana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Zingeria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Zingeria

Zingeria biebersteiniana


James C. Scott (2 de dezembro de 1936) é um cientista político americano e antropólogo especializado em política comparada. Ele é um estudioso comparativo de sociedades agrárias e não estatais, política subalterna e anarquismo. Sua pesquisa principal se concentrou em camponeses do Sudeste Asiático e suas estratégias de resistência a várias formas de dominação. O New York Times descreveu sua pesquisa como "altamente influente e idiossincrática".

Scott recebeu seu diploma de bacharel pelo Williams College e seu mestrado e doutorado em ciência política pela Yale. Ele ensinou na Universidade de Wisconsin-Madison até 1976 e depois em Yale, onde é Sterling Professor of Political Science. Desde 1991 dirige o Programa de Estudos Agrários de Yale. Ele mora em Durham, Connecticut, onde uma vez criou ovelhas.

Principais obras
O trabalho de James Scott se concentra nas maneiras pelas quais as pessoas subalternas resistem à dominação.

A Economia Moral do Camponês
Durante a Guerra do Vietnã, Scott se interessou pelo Vietnã e escreveu The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia (1976) sobre as formas como os camponeses resistiram à autoridade. Seu principal argumento é que os camponeses preferem as relações patrono-cliente da "economia moral", na qual os camponeses mais ricos protegem os mais fracos. Quando essas formas tradicionais de solidariedade se desfazem devido à introdução das forças do mercado, é provável que haja rebelião (ou revolução). Samuel Popkin, em seu livro The Rational Peasant (1979), tentou refutar esse argumento, mostrando que os camponeses também são atores racionais que preferem o livre mercado à exploração pelas elites locais. Scott e Popkin representam, portanto, duas posições radicalmente diferentes no debate formalista-substantivista na antropologia política.

Armas dos fracos
Em Armas dos Fracos: Formas Cotidianas de Resistência Camponesa (1985), Scott expandiu suas teorias para camponeses em outras partes do mundo. As teorias de Scott são frequentemente contrastadas com as ideias gramscianas sobre a hegemonia. Contra Gramsci, Scott argumenta que a resistência cotidiana dos subalternos mostra que eles não consentiram com a dominação.

Vendo como um estado
Scott argumenta que, para que os esquemas de melhoria da condição humana tenham sucesso, eles devem levar em conta as condições locais, e que as ideologias altamente modernistas do século 20 impediram isso. Ele destaca fazendas coletivas na União Soviética, a construção de Brasília e técnicas florestais prussianas como exemplos de esquemas fracassados.

Contra o grão
Publicado em agosto de 2017, Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States é um relato de novas evidências para os primórdios das primeiras civilizações que contradizem a narrativa padrão. Scott explora por que a humanidade evitou o sedentarismo e a agricultura de arado; as vantagens da subsistência móvel; as epidemias imprevisíveis decorrentes da aglomeração de plantas, animais e grãos; e por que todos os primeiros estados são baseados em milhetos, grãos de cereais e trabalho não-livre. Ele também discute os "bárbaros" que por muito tempo fugiram do controle estatal, como uma forma de entender a tensão contínua entre estados e povos não sujeitos.

Prêmios e bolsas
Scott é membro da Academia Americana de Artes e Ciências e recebeu bolsas de residência no Centro de Estudos Avançados em Ciências Comportamentais, no Instituto de Estudos Avançados e no Programa de Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade do MIT. Também recebeu bolsas de pesquisa da National Science Foundation, da National Endowment for the Humanities e da Fundação Guggenheim, e foi presidente da Association for Asian Studies em 1997. Em 2020 foi eleito para a American Philosophical Society.

Membros da American Philosophical Society
Antropólogos dos Estados Unidos
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1936
Alunos da Universidade Yale
Cientistas políticos dos Estados Unidos
Professores da Universidade Yale

James C. Scott


Annika Zell (* 24. März 1965) ist eine ehemalige schwedische Orientierungs- und Ski-Orientierungsläuferin.

Zell gewann im Orientierungslauf 1993 und 1996 das O-Ringen. Dreimal siegte sie beim Staffellauf Tiomila: 1995 und 1996 mit Sundsvall OK und 2006 mit dem norwegischen Verein Nydalens SK. 1992 war sie im Gesamt-Weltcup Fünfte.

Im Ski-Orientierungslauf nahm sie erstmals 1986 bei der Weltmeisterschaft teil. Bei den Titelkämpfen im bulgarischen Batak wurde sie Einzelfünfte und gewann mit der schwedischen Staffel Silber. 1990 gewann sie Bronze auf der Langdistanz, hinter Ragnhild Bratberg aus Norwegen und der Schwedin Arja Hannus. 1992 gewann sie bei der Weltmeisterschaft in Pontarlier ihre ersten beiden Titel. Sie siegte auf der Langdistanz sowie in der Staffel mit Ann-Charlotte Carlsson und Arja Hannus. Auf der Kurzdistanz wurde sie hinter Hannus und der Finnin Virpi Juutilainen Dritte. Die schwedische Frauenstaffel gewann auch bei den folgenden zwei Weltmeisterschaften den Titel, 1996 war Zell außerdem mit Silber auf der kurzen Strecke und erneut mit Gold auf der langen Strecke erfolgreich. 1998 wurde sie mit ihrem Kurzdistanztitel zum sechsten Mal Weltmeisterin, zudem gewann sie Silber auf der langen Distanz hinter Liisa Anttila aus Finnland. Auch mit der Staffel gewann sie Silber. 2000 bestritt sie im russischen Krasnojarsk ihre letzte Weltmeisterschaft und gewann dabei eine weitere Silbermedaille mit der Staffel.

1991 und 1993 wurde sie schwedische Mitteldistanzmeisterin, 1990 Meisterin auf der Langdistanz. Mit der Staffel von Sundsvalls OK war sie 1993 erfolgreich.

Platzierungen

Ski-Orientierungslauf
Weltmeisterschaften:

 1986: 5. Platz Einzel, 2. Platz Staffel
 1990: 5. Platz Kurz, 3. Platz Lang, 2. Platz Staffel
 1992: 3. Platz Kurz, 1. Platz Lang, 1. Platz Staffel
 1994: Kurz dnf, 6. Platz Lang, 1. Platz Staffel
 1996: 2. Platz Kurz, 1. Platz Lang, 1. Platz Staffel
 1998: 1. Platz Kurz, 2. Platz Lang, 2. Platz Staffel
 2000: 6. Platz Kurz, 9. Platz Lang, 2. Platz Staffel

Gesamt-Weltcup:

 2. Platz: 1991 und 2000
 3. Platz: 1999

Weblinks
 Ergebnisse auf der Seite der IOF

Weltmeister (Ski-Orientierungslauf)
Orientierungsläufer (Schweden)
Ski-Orientierungsläufer (Schweden)
Schwedischer Meister (Orientierungslauf)
Geboren 1965
Schwede
Frau

Annika Zell


Jamie McGrigor ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Jamie McGrigor (Eiskunstläufer), kanadischer Eiskunstläufer
 Jamie McGrigor (* 1949), schottischer Politiker, siehe James McGrigor, 6. Baronet

Jamie McGrigor


ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර කෝට්ටේ ජනාධිපති විද්‍යාලය 1978 වර්ෂයේ පෙබරවාරි 4 වන දින ආරම්භ කරන ලද්දකි. මෙම විදුහල ආරම්භ කිරීම  ජේ.ආර්. ජයවර්ධන,  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජනාධිපති ධූරයට පත් වූ පසු සිදුකරන ලද ප්‍රථම නිල කාර්යයයි. මෙම විදුහල ප්‍රථමයෙන්ම ආරම්භ කරන ලද්දේ කොළඹ ටොරිංටන් චතුරස්‍රය ප්‍රදේශයේය. ඉන්පසු 1983 ජූනි 21 වන දින මෙම විද්‍යාලය ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර කෝට්ටේ වෙත රැගෙන එන ලදී. 1993 වසරේදි මෙම විදුහල ජාතික පාසලක් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.

ඉතිහාසය

පාසලේ ආරම්භය
මෙම පාසල ආරම්භ කරන ලද්දේ ශ්‍රේණි දෙකක් පමණක් ඇතුලත් කරගනිමිනි. ඒ පහල බාලාංශය හා 1 ශ්‍රේණියයි. එවිට පාසලේ ගුරුවරු 4 දෙනෙක් සහ සිසුන් 351 දෙනෙක් සිටියහ.

ක්‍රීඩා
1980දී පළමු නිවාසාන්තර ක්‍රීඩා උළෙල හේමා ප්‍රේමදාස මැතිණියගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් සිදුකරන ලදී.   World best scoohool

පළමු අ.පො.ස සා/පෙළ සිසුන් කණ්ඩායම
මෙම විදුහලෙන් ප්‍රථම වරට අ.පො.ස (සාමාන්‍ය පෙළ) විභාගය සඳහා සිසුන් 160 ක් ඉදිරිපත් වූ අතර එයින් 144ක් සමත් වන ලදී. එම ප්‍රතිඵලය 1987 වර්ෂයේදී  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පස්වන ස්ථානය ලබා දීමට හේතු විය.

උසස් පෙළ අධ්‍යාපනය
උසස් පෙළ අධ්‍යාපන කටයුතු 1988 වර්ෂයේ සිට ආරම්භ විය.

Milo Trophy: one-day cricket encounter

President's College played a one-day cricket encounter with Mahanama College, Colombo 03 for the Milo Trophy. There were 15 matches played between 1988-2006. Presidents college lead the series with 8 - 7 wins. The cricket series was sponsored by  Nestle Lanka Ltd.

Rugby
Rugby was established in 2006. The college under-20 rugby team first participated in a tournament which was held at Galle. An under-16 rugby team was formed who won the Bowl Championships in the Division 2 Rugby schools matches which was held at Havelock Grounds, Colombo 5.

Sports
Cricket
Badminton
Athletics
Swimming
Basketball
Gymnastics
Wushu
Chess
Football
Volleyball
Rugby
box sing
table tennis

Clubs and Societies
Senior Science Society
Commerce Society
Interact Club
Information Club Of President's College (ITCOPC)
Scout Troop
Cadet Platoon
General Knowledge Club
Prefects' guild
Eastern Cadet Band

See also
President's College
J. R. Jayewardene
Nissanka Wijeyeratne
Alumni Group of 90
Alumni Union(Old Students Union)

References

President's College
National schools in Sri Lanka
Schools with a Cadet Corps
Schools in Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte

ජනාධිපති විද්‍යාලය, ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර කෝට්ටේ


Superkup Hrvatske u odbojci za muškarce je odbojkaško natjecanje za klubove u Hrvatskoj u muškoj seniorskoj konkurenciji, a organizira ga Hrvatska odbojkaška udruga.  Superkup se počeo igrati 2016. godine, a u njemu sudjeluju dva najbolja kluba iz državnog prvenstva i kupa.

Završnice

Poveznice
 Hrvatska odbojkaška udruga
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske u odbojci
 Kup Hrvatske u odbojci
 Superkup Hrvatske u odbojci za žene

Izvori
 hou.hr, Superkup za seniore 2016., pristupljeno 23. studenog 2016.
 hou.hr, PRVI SUPERKUP 12. LISTOPADA U KAŠTEL STAROM, objavljeno 10. listopada 2016., pristupljeno 23. studenog 2016.
 hou.hr, Do prvog trofeja sezone stigli zagrebački Mladostaši i Kaštelanke, objavljeno 13. listopada 2016., pristupljeno 23. studenog 2016.
 sportarena.hr, Superkup: Ženski naslov u Kaštela, muški otišao u Zagreb , objavljeno 13. listopada 2016., pristupljeno 23. studenog 2016.
 Hrvatski odbojkaški savez, izvještaj utakmice, pristupljeno 22. listopada 2017.
 odbojka.hr, Prvi trofej u sezoni SUPERLIGE odlazi u Zagreb , objavljeno 6. listopada 2017., pristupljeno 22. listopada 2017.

Hrvatska odbojkaška natjecanja
Superkupovi

Superkup Hrvatske u odbojci za muškarce


Boyalı, Sinop ilinin Gerze ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1487 yılı kayıtlarında Boyalu olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 82 km, Gerze ilçe merkezine 54 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Gerze belde ve köyleri

Boyalı, Gerze


باربرا قد يشير إلى:

أماكن

1.	باربرا – مدينة في إيطاليا.

2.	بربرة – قرية فلسطينية قرب غزة.

3.	باربرا 234 – كويكب.

فنون

1.	باربرا – فيلم دنماركي من إخراج نيلس مالمروس عام 1998.

2.	باربرا – فيلم أرجنتيني في عام 1980.

3.	باربرا – مسلسل تلفزيوني.

4.	باربرا – سلسلة كتب مصورة أرجنتينية.

5.	باربرا – أغنية لدينيس ويسلون من فرقة ذا بيتش بويز.

6.	الرائد باربرا – مسرحية لجورج برنارد شو.

7.	أغنية باربرا – أغنية لبرتولت بريشت وكورت فايل من أوبرا الثلاثة قروش.

أشخاص

1.	القديسة باربرا – من شهيدات القرن الثالث.

2.	باربرا (1711 – 1758) – زوجة ملك إسبانيا.

3.	باربرا – مغنية فرنسية.

4.	باربرا زدونك (1769 – 1811) – مدانة بالإحراق المتعمد.

5.	إتيان باربرا – لاعب كرة قدم مالطية.

6.	باربرا – اسم علم.

7.	باربرا أكلين – مغنية سولو أمريكية.

8.	باربرا آدمز – عالمة مصريات بريطانية.

9.	باربرا أمسبوري – كاتبة أغاني ومؤلفة موسيقية ومنتجة أفلام أمريكية.

10.	باربرا بوش – زوجة الرئيس الأمريكي السابق جورج بوش.

11.	باربرا هيرشي – ممثلة أمريكية.

12.	باربرا كارينسكا – مصممة أزياء أوكرانية في باليه نيويورك.

13.	باربرا كي – كاتبة أعمدة صحفية كندية.

14.	باربرا كيلي – سياسية بريطانية.

15.	باربرا كيلر – الاسم الأصلي للكاتبة الأمريكية جوديث أرنولد.

16.	باربرا كيلرمان – ممثلة بريطانية.

17.	باربرا كينت – ممثلة أمريكية.

18.	باربرا كليرك – متزلجة بلجيكية.

19.	باربرا كوديتوفا – ممثلة تشيكية.

20.	باربرا كولب – مؤلفة موسيقية أمريكية.

21.	باربرا كوبل – مخرجة أفلام أمريكية.

22.	باربرا لامار – ممثلة أمريكية.

23.	باربرا لاه – لاعبة قفز ثلاثي إيطالية.

24.	باربرا ليا – ممثلة ومغنية أمريكية.

25.	باربرا لي – سياسية أمريكية.

26.	باربرا ليفيك – مؤرخة بريطانية.

27.	باربرا ماكاليستر – غواصة أمريكية.

28.	باربرا ماكولي – كاتبة رومانسيات أمريكية.

29.	باربرا مينزنج – رامية ألمانية.

30.	باربرا نيديلياكوفا – ممثلة سلوفاكية.

31.	باربرا نيكولز – ممثلة إغراء أمريكية.

32.	باربرا أونيل – ممثلة أمريكية.

33.	باربرا بالاثيوس – ملكة جمال فنزويلية.

34.	باربرا بيننجتون – فنانة موسيقية أمريكية.

35.	باربرا رافيرتي – ممثلة سكوتلاندية.

36.	باربرا سكيت – لاعبة تنس أسترالية.

37.	باربرا ستانفسك – ممثلة أمريكية.

38.	باربرا ستريساند – مغنية وممثلة سينما ومسرح أمريكية.

39.	باربرا ستروتسي – مغنية باروك ومؤلفة موسيقية إيطالية.

40.	باربرا زوكوفا – ممثلة ألمانية.

41.	باربرا تروب – مصورة فوتوغرافية أمريكية.

42.	باربرا فاجنر – متزلجة كندية.

43.	باربرا وولترز – صحفية أمريكية.

44.	باربرا وارد – اقتصادية وكاتبة بريطانية.
 باربرا (لاعبة كرة قدم)
 باربرا (رسامة)
 باربرا (فيلم)
 باربرا (فيلم 1997)

صفحات توضيح أسماء أماكن

باربرا (توضيح)


Ethical consumerism (alternatively called ethical consumption, ethical purchasing, moral purchasing, ethical sourcing, or ethical shopping and also associated with sustainable and green consumerism) is a type of consumer activism based on the concept of dollar voting. People practice it by buying ethically made products that support small-scale manufacturers or local artisans and protect animals and the environment, while boycotting products that exploit children as workers, are tested on animals, or damage the environment.

The term "ethical consumer", now used generically, was first popularised by the UK magazine Ethical Consumer, first published in 1989. Ethical Consumer magazine's key innovation was to produce "ratings tables", inspired by the criteria-based approach of the then-emerging ethical investment movement. Ethical Consumers ratings tables awarded companies negative marks (and overall scores, starting in 2005) across a range of ethical and environmental categories such as "animal rights", "human rights", and "pollution and toxics", empowering consumers to make ethically informed consumption choices and providing campaigners with reliable information on corporate behaviour. Such criteria-based ethical and environmental ratings have subsequently become commonplace both in providing consumer information and in business-to-business corporate social responsibility and sustainability ratings such as those provided by Innovest, Calvert Foundation, Domini, IRRC, TIAA–CREF, and KLD Analytics. Today, Bloomberg and Reuters provide "environmental, social, and governance" ratings directly to the financial data screens of hundreds of thousands of stock market traders. The nonprofit Ethical Consumer Research Association continues to publish Ethical Consumer and its associated website, which provides free access to ethical rating tables.

Although single-source ethical consumerism guides such as Ethical Consumer, Shop Ethical, and the Good Shopping Guide are popular, they suffer from incomplete coverage. User-generated ethical reviews are more likely, long-term, to provide democratic, in-depth coverage of a wider range of products and businesses. The Green Stars Project promotes the idea of including ethical ratings (on a scale of one to five green stars) alongside conventional ratings on retail sites such as Amazon or review sites such as Yelp.

The term "political consumerism", first used in a study titled "The Gender Gap Reversed: Political Consumerism as a Women-Friendly Form of Civic and Political Engagement" from authors Dietlind Stolle and Michele Micheletti (2003), is identical to the idea of ethical consumerism. However, in this study, the authors found that political consumerism as a form of social participation often went overlooked at the time of writing and needed to be accounted for in future studies of social participation. However, in "From Ethical Consumerism to Political Consumption", author Nick Clarke argues that political consumerism allows for marginalized groups, such as women, to participate in political advocacy in non-bureaucratic ways that draw attention to governmental weaknesses.  Political consumerism has also been criticised on the basis that "it cannot work", or that it displays class bias. The widespread development of political consumerism is hampered by substantial mundane consumption, which does not afford reflective choice, along with complexities of everyday life, which demand negotiations between conflicting moral and ethical considerations.

Consumer groups

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, people in industrialized countries began formal consumer movements to ensure that they would get value for their money in terms of the things they purchased. These movements focused on the unfair labor practices of the companies, and on labelling requirements of food, cosmetics, drugs, etc. Examples of the consumer movements were the Consumer League which was established in New York, USA in 1891, National Consumers League created in USA in 1898, and Consumers Council which was established during World War I in Great Britain. During this time workers were neither well-paid nor did they have secure employment with benefit of social protection; similarly, working conditions were decent and the Irish Trade Union movement focused the ILO policy of campaigning for decent work wherever there was an opportunity for job improvement or job creation.

Basis

Global morality

In Unequal Freedoms: The Global Market As An Ethical System (1998), John McMurtry argues that all purchasing decisions imply some moral choice, and that there is no purchasing that is not ultimately moral in nature. This mirrors older arguments, especially by the Anabaptists (e.g. Mennonites, Amish), that one must accept all personal moral and spiritual liability for all harms done at any distance in space or time to anyone by one's own choices. Some interpretations of the book of Genesis from the Judeo-Christian scriptures appears to direct followers towards practising good stewardship of the Earth, under an obligation to a God who is believed to have created the planet for people to share with other creatures. A similar argument presented from a secular humanist point of view is that it is simply better for human beings to acknowledge that the planet supports life only because of a delicate balance of many different factors.

Spending as morality
Some trust criteria, e.g. creditworthiness or implied warranty, are considered to be part of any purchasing or sourcing decision. However, these terms refer to broader systems of guidance that would, ideally, cause any purchasing decision to disqualify offered products or services based on non-price criteria that affect the moral rather than the functional liabilities of the entire production process. Paul Hawken, a proponent of natural capitalism, refers to "comprehensive outcomes" of production services as opposed to the "culminative outcomes" of using the product of such services. Often, moral criteria are part of a shift away from commodity markets towards a service economy where all activities, from growing to harvesting to processing to delivery, are considered part of the value chain for which consumers are "responsible".

Andrew Wilson, Director of the UK's Ashridge Centre for Business and Society, argues that "Shopping is more important than voting", and that the disposition of money is the most basic role we play in any system of economics. Some theorists believe that it is the clearest way that we express our actual moral choices: if we say we care about something but continue to buy in a way that has a high probability of risk of harm or destruction to that thing, we don't really care about it; we are practising a form of simple hypocrisy. Ethical consumerism is widely explained by psychologists using the theory of planned behavior, which attributes a consumer's choices to their perceived sense of control, social norms, and evaluation of the consequences. However, recent research suggests that a consumer's ethical obligation, self-identity, and virtues may also influence their buying decisions.

In an effort by churches to advocate moral and ethical consumerism, many have become involved in the Fair Trade movement:
 Ten Thousand Villages is affiliated with the Mennonite Central Committee
 SERRV International is partnered with Catholic Relief Services and Lutheran World Relief
 Village Markets of Africa sells Fair Trade gifts from the Lutheran Church in Kenya
 Catholic Relief Services has their own Fair Trade mission in CRS Fair Trade

Standards and labels
A number of standards, labels and marks have been introduced for ethical consumers, such as:

 B corporation
 Co-op Marque
 Dolphin safe
 EKOenergy for electricity agreements
 Equal Exchange
 Ethical Consumer Best Buy label
 Fairtrade
 Free-range poultry
 FSC-certified sustainably sourced wood
 Grass fed beef
 Green America Seal of Approval
 Halal (religious standard)
 Kosher (religious standard)
 Local food
 MSC-certified sustainably sourced seafood
 No Pork No Lard (semi-religious standard)
 Organic food
 Organic Trade Association
 Product Red
 Rainforest Alliance certified
 Recycled/recyclable
 Respects Your Freedom
 Shade-grown coffee
 Social Accountability 8000
 Union-made
 Vegan

Along with disclosure of ingredients, some mandatory labelling of the origins of clothing or food is required in all developed nations. This practice has been extended in some developing nations so that, for example, every item carries the name, phone number and fax number of the factory where it was made so a buyer can inspect its conditions. This can also be used to show that the item was not made by child labour or "prison labor", the use of which to produce export goods is banned in most developed nations. Such labels have also been used for boycotts, as when the merchandise mark Made in Germany was introduced in 1887.

These labels serve as tokens of some reliable validation process, some instructional capital, much as does a brand name or a nation's flag. They also signal some social capital, or trust, in some community of auditors that must follow those instructions to validate those labels.

Some companies in the United States, though currently not required to reduce their carbon footprint, are doing so voluntarily by changing their energy use practices, as well as by directly funding (through carbon offsets), businesses that are already sustainable—or that are developing or improving green technologies for the future.

In 2009, Atlanta's Virginia-Highland neighborhood became the first Carbon-Neutral Zone in the United States. Seventeen merchants in Virginia-Highland allowed their carbon footprint to be audited. Now, they are partnered with the Valley Wood Carbon Sequestration Project—thousands of acres of forest in rural Georgia—through the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX). The businesses involved in the partnership display the Verus Carbon Neutral seal in each store front and posted a sign prominently declaring the area's Carbon Neutral status. (CCX ceased trading carbon credits at the end of 2010 due to inactivity in the U.S. carbon markets, although carbon exchanges were intended to still be facilitated.)

Some theorists suggest the amount of social capital or trust invested in nation-states (or "flags") will continue to decrease, and that placed in corporations (or "brands") will increase. This can only be offset by retrenched national sovereignty to reinforce shared national standards in tax, trade, and tariff laws, and by placing the trust in civil society in such "moral labels". These arguments have been a major focus of the anti-globalization movement, which includes many broader arguments against the amoral nature of markets. However, the economic school of Public Choice Theory pioneered by James M. Buchanan has offered counter-arguments based on an economic demonstration of this theory of "amoral markets", which lack ethics or morals, versus "moral governments", which are tied to ideas of justice.

Areas of concern
Ethical Consumer Research Association collects and categorises information about more than 30,000 companies according to their performance in five main areas, composing the "Ethiscore":
 Environment: Environmental Reporting, Nuclear Power, Climate Change, Pollution & Toxics, Habitats & Resources
 People: Human Rights, Workers' Rights, Supply Chain Policy, Irresponsible Marketing, Armaments
 Animals: Animal Testing, Factory Farming, Other Animal Rights
 Politics: Political Activity, Boycott Call, Genetic Engineering, Anti-Social Finance, Company Ethos
 Product Sustainability: Organic, Fairtrade, Positive Environmental Features, Other Sustainability.

Research
GfK NOP, the market research group, made a five-country study of consumer beliefs about the ethics of large companies. The countries surveyed were Germany, the United States, Britain, France, and Spain. More than half of respondents in Germany and the US believed there is a serious deterioration in standards of corporate practice. Almost half of those surveyed in Britain, France, and Spain held similar beliefs.

About a third of respondents told researchers they would pay higher prices for ethical brands, though the perception of various companies' ethical or unethical status varied considerably from country to country.

The most ethically perceived brands were The Co-op (in the UK), Coca-Cola (in the US), Danone (in France), Adidas (in Germany), and Nestlé (in Spain). Coca-Cola, Danone, Adidas, and Nestlé did not appear anywhere in the UK's list of 15 most ethical companies. Nike appeared in the lists of the other four countries but not in the UK's list.

In the UK, The Co-operative Bank has produced an Ethical Consumerism Report (formerly the Ethical Purchasing Index) since 2001. The report measures the market size and growth of a basket of 'ethical' products and services, and valued UK ethical consumerism at GBP36.0 billion (~USD54.4 billion) in 2008, and GBP47.2 billion (USD72.5 billion) in 2012.

A number of organizations provide research-based evaluations of the behavior of companies around the world, assessing them along ethical dimensions such as human rights, the environment, animal welfare, and politics. Green America is a not-for-profit membership organization founded in 1982 that provides the Green American Seal of Approval and produces a "Responsible Shopper" guide to "alert consumers and investors to problems with companies that they may shop with or invest in." The Ethical Consumer Research Association is a not-for-profit workers' co-operative founded in the UK in 1988 to "provide information on the companies behind the brand names and to promote the ethical use of consumer power." They provide an online searchable database under the name Corporate Critic or Ethiscore. The Ethiscore is a weightable numerical rating designed as a quick guide to the ethical status of companies, or brands in a particular area, and is linked to a more detailed ethical assessment. "Alonovo" is an online shopping portal that provides similar weightable ethical ratings termed the "Corporate Social Behavior Index".

Related concepts

Conscientious consumption

Conscientious consumerism is when people make a habit of buying goods from ethical companies and avoid impulsive buying from unethical ones, in order to contribute positively in political, social, and environmental ways. Such a consumer rationalizes unnecessary and even unwanted consumption by saying that "it's for a good cause." As a result, the consumer buys pink ribbons during National Breast Cancer Awareness Month, green products to support the environment, candy and popcorn from school children, greeting cards and gift wrap from charities, and other such often-unwanted objects. The consumer avoids considering whether the price offered is fair, whether a small cash donation would be more effective with far less work, or even whether selling the item is consistent with the ostensible mission, such as when sports teams sell candy.

Some of these efforts are based on concept brands: the consumer is buying an association with women's health or environmental concerns as much as they are buying a tangible product.

Conscientious consumption involves people who are "more focused on real needs than artificially created craves," such as not continually following trend cycles in consumer industries.

Conscientious consumerism has become more popular in recent years, with consumers becoming more aware of the impact of their purchases on society and the environment. This trend has led to the growth of companies that prioritize corporate social responsibility and ethical practices in their operations to reinforce customer loyalty. However, some companies have taken note of this shift towards conscientious consumerism and started deceptive marketing to convey a false impression that their product is environmentally friendly. This green marketing tactic is called greenwashing, which is  prevalent in the cosmetic industry. Greenwashing has a negative impact on consumer trust with brands and cosmetic products that are marketed as green.

Alternative giving

In response to an increasing demand for ethical consumerism surrounding gift-giving occasions, charities have promoted an alternative gift market, in which charitable contributions are made on behalf of the gift "recipient". The "recipient" receives a card explaining the selected gift, while the actual gift item (frequently agricultural supplies or domestic animals) is sent to a family in a poor community.

Criticism
Critics argue that ethical consumerism has limited ability to effect structural change. Berkley (2021) has argued that ethical consumerism's focus on individual consumer behavior rather than systemic change can create a false sense of efficacy and distract from more effective methods of creating change, such as collective action and policy reform. Some say the actual effect of ethical consumerism is the preponderance of niche markets, while others argue that because it is difficult for consumers to obtain enough information about the outcomes of a given purchase, this prevents them from making informed ethical choices. Critics have also argued that the uneven distribution of wealth prevents consumerism, ethical or otherwise, from fulfilling its democratic potential.

One study suggests that "Buying Green" serves as a license for unethical behavior. In their 2009 paper, "Do Green Products Make Us Better People?", Nina Mazar and Chen-Bo Zhong write:

In line with the halo associated with green consumerism, people act more altruistically after mere exposure to green than conventional products. However, people act less altruistically and are more likely to cheat and steal after purchasing green products as opposed to conventional products. Together, the studies show that consumption is more tightly connected to our social and ethical behaviors in directions and domains other than previously thought.

In a 2010 The Guardian article, British environmental writer and activist George Monbiot argued that green consumers who do not articulate their values are part of "a catastrophic mistake," on the grounds that such consumerism "strengthens extrinsic values" (those that "concern status and self-advancement"), thereby "making future campaigns less likely to succeed".

James G Carrier, Associate at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, draws on Karl Marx's concept of commodity fetishism to argue that ethical consumption does not help consumers lead a more moral life, nor does it influence businesses as intended. The goal of ethical consumption at a personal level is to lead a more moral life, and that capitalism causes commodities to be presented in such a way that they are perceived without regard for the labor that is represented by the product, the labor that was involved in allowing that commodity to exist. The goal at a public level is for consumers to use their purchasing power to put pressure on companies to change the way they conduct business. Marx argued that under capitalism, the presentation of goods obscures the people and processes behind their production.

Carrier begins by giving examples of products that have been presented in a way that misrepresents their context. He first points to the images of growers commonly found on fair trade coffee packaging. The image suggests self-reliance and ignores the dependence upon immigrant wage workers who harvest the coffee. Fairtrade coffee is viewed as a direct link to the grower without a middle man. However, there are many parties involved such as the roasters, shippers, wholesalers, and retailers of the product. Carrier also discusses fictitious commodities, which are things that are not produced in the conventional sense, material or not, and can be appropriated for commercial gain. The conceptual categories of ethicality need to be legible to consumers in order for a consumer to be able to participate in ethical consumption. Sellers use imagery to satisfy that need, and the images they use become emblematic and representational of the values of ethical consumers, and in some ways the presentation of these images fetishize the product, and the pervasiveness of such images begins to shape ethicality, as the absence of these images also signifies the absence of those same values. In short: it's difficult to buy ethical products because there are many aspects to commodities that consumers are unable to be fully aware of; fully informed decisions are almost impossible to make. Consumers see the images that sellers use as a means of virtue signaling, and purchase those products with the intent of ethical consumption because they believe that those images have been produced conscientiously to represent conceptual categories of "ethical."

Carrier extends commodity fetishism to include nature reserves because they are advertised and because people are urged to visit the landscapes and animals for a fee. For example, parks in Jamaica show colorful fish and coral growth on pamphlets to attract tourists. These photos fetishize coastal waters by ignoring the other important ecological aspects of the water. In Montego Bay, Jamaica, environmentalists argue that tourism has damaged the park. Run-off feeds into the waterways and sea-grass beds integral to local nutrient cycles are removed.

The strategic direction of the consumer's attention further mystifies and fetishizes the object of consumption. Carrier points out that the moment of consumer choice is emphasized rather than the context that leads people to seek ethicality. He believes that more attention should be paid to how the consumer acquired their moral leanings.

See also

 Anti-consumerism
 Carrying capacity
 Cause marketing
 Consumerism
 Critical consumerism
 Cultured meat
 Double-duty dollar
 Ecologism
 Ethical banking
 Ethical eating
 Ethical investing
 FIRE movement
 Fair trade
 Frugality
 Green brands
 Intentional living

 Organic food culture
 Socially responsible investing
 Sustainable living
 Veganism
 Vegetarianism

References

Further reading

Consumer boycotts
Protectionism
Sustainability

Ethical consumerism


Vivir con él, es un libro de la periodista uruguaya Clara Berenbau. Fue publicado por Editorial Palabra Santa, en octubre de 2011.

Reseña
«Vivir con él. De cómo el cáncer me enseño a ser mejor.» El libro muestra diferentes enfoques de esa palabra a veces tabú, no dicha por personas y familias, el cáncer. Es una autobiografía de la comunicadora, locutora, actriz y periodista María Clara Berenbau. Relata su experiencia, la relación con las personas que la acompañan, su familia, amigos y colegas. El diagnóstico en el 2007, la fe, las terapias alternativas, el psicoanálisis, la medicación, el tratamiento y el cambio de vida después del cáncer de mama.

Cuenta también con algunos testimonios reales de otras mujeres uruguayas que atravesaron lo mismo, y comparten su visión. La ilustración de tapa e imágenes en el interior son del artista Gastón Izaguirre. El libro fue presentado en el Museo Zorrilla.

Referencias

Libros de 2011
Libros de Uruguay
Libros en español
Autobiografías

Vivir con él


El Torneo Clausura 2012 de la Liga de Ascenso fue el 34° torneo de la Liga de Ascenso de México. Comenzó el 6 de enero de 2012, y contó con la participación de 15 equipos, a diferencia de los 16 que compitieron en el Apertura 2011, esto debido a que la Federación Mexicana de Fútbol desafilió al club Indios a finales de diciembre de 2011, ante adeudos no cubiertos en tiempo y forma principalmente. Dadas las circunstancias, al término del Clausura 2012 no hubo descenso a la Segunda División, y en cada jornada del torneo uno de los clubes participantes descansó.

La final del torneo se llevó a cabo el 2 y el 5 de mayo (partidos de ida y de vuelta), entre los clubes León y Lobos BUAP, siendo el primero el campeón al derrotar a Lobos BUAP con un marcador global 7:3. En calidad de campeón del clausura 2012, León se enfrentó a Correcaminos UAT, campeón del Apertura 2011, en la final por el ascenso realizada el 9 y el 12 de mayo de 2012, en donde León resultó vencedor con un marcador global de 6:2, y por lo tanto ascenderá a la Primera División Nacional a partir del Apertura 2012. En caso de que Correcaminos UAT hubiera ganado este torneo, ascendía automáticamente al máximo circuito futbolístico del país, sin necesidad de una final por el ascenso.

Sistema de competición
El sistema de calificación de este torneo es el mismo del Torneo Apertura 2011. Este se desarrolla en dos fases:

 Fase de calificación: que se integra por las 15 jornadas del torneo.
 Fase final: que se integra por los partidos de ida y vuelta en rondas de cuartos de final, de semifinal y final.

Fase de calificación
En la fase de calificación —del 6 de enero al 15 de abril de 2012— participan los 15 clubes de la Liga de Ascenso de México jugando todos contra todos durante las 15 jornadas respectivas, a un solo partido. El 28 de diciembre de 2011, a pocos días del comienzo formal del Clausura 2012, la Federación Mexicana de Fútbol desafilió al club Indios debido a que no cubrió adeudos a sus jugadores en un plazo determinado. Respecto a la fase de calificación, se obtienen 3 puntos por juego ganado, y 1 por juego empatado.

El orden de los clubes al final de la fase de calificación del torneo corresponde a la suma de los puntos obtenidos por cada uno de ellos y se presenta en forma descendente. Si al finalizar las 15 jornadas del torneo, dos o más clubes empatan en puntos, su posición en la tabla general sería determinada atendiendo a los siguientes criterios de desempate:

 Mejor diferencia entre los goles anotados y recibidos.
 Mayor número de goles anotados.
 Marcadores particulares entre los clubes empatados.
 Mayor número de goles anotados como visitante.
 Sorteo.

Fase final
Los siete primeros equipos de la tabla general son los calificados para la fase final del torneo. Los partidos correspondientes a la fase final se desarrollan a visita recíproca y los equipos mejor ubicados recibieron el partido de vuelta, en las siguientes etapas:

 Cuartos de final
 Semifinales
 Final

En esta fase, en caso de empate en el marcador global (resultado de los partidos de ida y de vuelta) el equipo mejor ubicado en la tabla general de la fase de calificación sería el que avanzara a la siguiente fase. En la final, en caso de empate en el marcador global, se añadirían dos periodos de 15 minutos y, en caso de mantenerse la igualdad, se procedería a los tiros penales.

Equipos por estado
Para esta temporada 2011-12, los estados de la República Mexicana con más equipos profesionales en la Liga de Ascenso son Guanajuato y Tamaulipas con tres y dos equipos cada uno, respectivamente.

Equipos participantes

Altas y bajas
A continuación se enumeran las respectivas altas y bajas de jugadores registradas por cada club para este torneo Clausura 2012 de la Liga de Ascenso.

Tabla general

Torneo regular
 Los horarios son correspondientes al Tiempo del Centro de México (UTC-6 y UTC-5 en horario de verano).

Liguilla
Los siete clubes mejor ubicados en la tabla general al término de la jornada 15.

 (*) Avanza por su posición en la tabla general.

 El ganador de este torneo se enfrentó al campeón del Apertura 2011, Correcaminos UAT, para ascender a la Primera División en la final de ascenso.

Cuartos de final

Mérida FC - Correcaminos UAT

Necaxa - Leones Negros

Toros Neza - Lobos BUAP

Semifinales

León - Correcaminos UAT

Necaxa - Lobos BUAP

Final

León - Lobos BUAP

Final por el ascenso

Máximos goleadores
Lista con los máximos goleadores del Ascenso MX, de acuerdo con los datos oficiales de la Página oficial de la Liga MX.

Referencias

2012
Fútbol en 2012
Deporte en México en 2012

Torneo Clausura 2012 Liga de Ascenso


George Ulise Negropontes  1871, Galați-  1945, ), a fost un mare latifundiar, industriaș și comerciant român de origine greacă, care s-a făcut remarcat după Primul Război Mondial prin suportul oferit construcției Mausoleului de la Mărășești.

Familia
A fost descendent al unei familii boierești de origine greacă, având ca proveniență insula Chios (insula Eubeea, după o altă sursă). Fugiți de turci în perioada 1821-1822, asociată cu Masacrul din Chios, membrii familiei s-au refugiat mai întâi la Constantinopol și de aici la nord de Dunăre, primul venit fiind pe la 1840-1848 Jean Negropontes. Acesta a cumpărat case la Brăila și Constanța, iar fiul său, Jean Ulise Negropontes, a fost armator și și-a pus flota la dispoziția României, în timpul Războiului de Independență

Jean Ulise Negropontes a cumpărat o moșie la Mărășești, de la boierul Catargiu, precum și moșiile Grozești și Afumați, totalul averii sale funciare ridicându-se astfel la 42.000 de hectare. S-a căsătorit cu fiica Sophie a unui consilier și în același timp bancher al sultanului de la Constantinopol, Gheorghe Zarafi și, împreună au avut patru copii: Catina (născută la Constantinopol în 1870), George Ulise (mort în 1945), Elena (1879-1853) și Jean.

Catina s-a căsătorit cu Hector Economus, fondator împreună cu socrul Jean Ulise și cu cumnatul său George Ulise, al fabricii de zahăr de la Mărășești (printre marii acționari găsindu-se și bancherul Chrissoveloni). Elena s-a căsătorit cu generalul Eremia Grigorescu. Cei doi s-au cunoscut la Onești în perioada în care generalul comanda apărarea Oituzului și și-a avut Cartierul General într-o casă de a lui Negropontes, Elena Negropontes devenind cea de-a doua sa soție. Cel de-al petrulea frate Jean, după un accident de călărie avut în copilărie, a rămas în îngrijirea rudelor sale.

Perioada antebelică
În 1897 numele lui George Ulise s-a regăsit pe actul de fondare al fabricii de zahăr de la Mărășești. La moartea bătrânului Jean Ulise, cel de-al doilea născut al său – George Ulise – a moștenit în anul 1914 moșiile de la Mărășești și Afumați, precum și casele din Brăila și Constanța. La Mărășești, proprietatea funciară Negropontes era în 1904 de 6158 de hectare. În anul 1906, George Ulise deținea deja în zona Mărășeștiului două mori de apă și două cu aburi, precum și din 1908 o fabrică de materiale de construcții. A investit de asemenea în fabrica de parchete din zona de sud a orașului, precum și în fabrica de produse chimice și de sticlă.

În anii 1920-1921 George Ulise fost primar al Mărășeștiului, calitate în care a primit ca și reprezentant al localității în 1920 de la delegația franceză condusă de către generalului Joffre, Crucea de Război atribuită orașului Mărășești.

Pasionat de cai de rasă, George Ulise a deținut o herghelie. S-a căsătorit cu Haricleea Scanavi, cu care a avut patru copii: Ulise, Theodor și o pereche de gemeni, Vania și Zizica. Ulise a ajuns avocat și s-a căsătorit cu Sanda Tătărescu, fiica premierului Gheorghe Tătărescu.

Marele Război

În anii Primului Război Mondial, Negropontes deținea peste 42.000 de hectare de pământ. Aici, arhitectul italian Giovanni Culluri construise conacul care avea să ia numele lui Negropontes. Palatul Negropontes de la Mărășești domina satul și deoarece regiunea era viticolă, clădirea avea o pivniță care se putea ușor transforma în adăpost pentru garnizoană.

La 22 iulie 1917 în timp ce trupele Puterilor Centrale au ajuns lângă Mărășești la halta de cale ferată Siret, trupele ruse s-au repliat la 200 de m de sat, în porumbul lui Negropontes.

Pe pământul latifundiarului s-au dat lupte intense. Soldații Regimentului 51/52 Infanterie au fost inițial îngropați în viile sale, ulterior aceștia fiind reînhumați în Mausoleul de la Mărășești. De asemenea, devenit sediu al comandanților germani ai operațiunilor militare, palatul Negropontes a fost bombardat de către artileria română, însuși Negropontes remarcându-se prin faptul că a aprobat bombardarea comandamentului german încartiruit pe proprietatea sa, în conac.

Epoca interbelică
În 1920, George Ulise Negropontes a donat Societății Naționale a femeilor Ortodoxe Române terenul de 20 de hectare pe care a fost construit Mausoleul de la Mărășești, precum și suma 50.000 lei în aur, sumă care avea să fie folosită la ridicarea mausoleului. Francezii l-au decorat ulterior cu Legiunea de Onoare.

După reforma agrară din 1921 care a redus moșia de la Mărășești (în 1928 aceasta mai avea numai 451 de hectare ), în 1924 Negropontes s-a retras la București. Cu toate acestea, în 1935 a devenit principalul asociat la Cooperativa de Aprovizionare, Producție și Desfacere a Produselor Agricole Mărășești.

Ca filantrop, acesta a finanțat în perioada 1926-1932 restaurarea bisericii Sfânta Sofia de pe malul lacului Floreasca, din București și i-a donat acesteia terenul din jur, acesta primind ca hram numele pe care îl avea soția sa. Aceasta își doarme aici somnul de veci, împreună cu Negropontes.

Ultimul război
În 1940, Negropontes a contribuit cu o cotizație de 50.000 de lei pentru procurarea armamentului necesar apărării antiaeriene a orașului.

În 1945, după moartea sa, moșia de la Mărășești a fost redusă la 50 de hectare, după 1945 familia fiind deposedată de orice avere îi  mai rămăsese. Gemenii, împreună cu mama lor Haricleea care trăia în anturajul familiei regale, au luat calea exilului.

De fostul castel Negropontes astăzi nu mai amintește decât fosta cabană a paznicului de la intrarea în domeniul Negroponte, care în prezent se află în Parcul Joffre și găzduiește biblioteca orășenească.

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Mihăilescu, Maria; George Ulise Negropontes; Cronica Vrancei, 2/2001; pp. 213-2016
 Neculai, Aurel & Stănel, Ion; Mărășești în fapte și imagini. O istorie în date; Ed. Atec; 2017
 Profiriu, Mihaela Mateescu; Un arhitect italian și conacele moldovenești; Siamo Di nuovo inSieme, Nr. 69–70 • Serie nouă• ianuarie-martie 2017; pp. 16-19
Nașteri pe 8 noiembrie
Nașteri în 1871
Decese pe 5 ianuarie
Decese în 1945
Gălățeni

George Ulise Negropontes


James Beauchamp Clark (March 7, 1850March 2, 1921) was an American politician and attorney who represented Missouri in the United States House of Representatives for thirteen terms between 1893 and 1921 and served as Speaker of the House from 1911 to 1919.

Born in Kentucky, Clark established a law practice in Bowling Green, Missouri. After serving in local, county, and state office, he won election to the U.S. House in 1892, lost his seat in 1894, and won the seat back in 1896. He became the House Minority Leader in 1908 and was elevated to Speaker after Democrats took control of the House in the 1910 elections. He inadvertently helped defeat the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty of 1911 by arguing that ratification of the treaty would lead to the incorporation of Canada into the United States.

Entering the 1912 Democratic National Convention, Clark had won the backing of a majority of the delegates, but lacked the necessary two-thirds majority to win the presidential nomination. After dozens of ballots, Woodrow Wilson emerged as the Democratic presidential nominee, and went on to win the 1912 presidential election. Clark helped Wilson pass much of his progressive agenda but opposed U.S. entry into World War I. In the 1918 midterm elections, Democrats lost their control of the House of Representatives, ending Clark's tenure as Speaker. The 1920 House elections saw the defeat of numerous Democrats, including Clark. He died the following March, two days before he would have left office.

Early life and education
Clark was born in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky, to John Hampton Clark and Aletha Beauchamp. Through his mother, he was the first cousin twice removed of the famous lawyer-turned-murderer Jereboam O. Beauchamp. He is also directly descended from the famous John Beauchamp (Plymouth Company) through his mother. He graduated from Bethany College in 1873, and from Cincinnati Law School in 1875.

Career
Clark served as president of Marshall College (now Marshall University) from 1873 to 1874.  In 1875, he was admitted to the bar, and the following year he moved to Bowling Green, Missouri, the county seat of Pike County, where he practiced law.  He was city attorney from 1878 to 1881, and prosecuting attorney of Pike County from 1885 to 1889.

Politics
Clark was a member of the Missouri House of Representatives in 1889 and 1891. Clark was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1892. After a surprise loss in 1894 to William M. Treloar, he regained the seat in 1896, and remained in the House until his death, the day before he was to leave office.

Clark ran for House Minority Leader in 1903 but was defeated by John Sharp Williams of Mississippi. After Williams ran for the Senate in 1908, Clark ran again for the position and won. When the Democrats won control of the House in 1911, Clark became Speaker.

Canadian reciprocity treaty

In 1911, Clark gave a speech that helped to decide the election in Canada. On the floor of the House, Clark argued for the recent Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty of 1911 and declared: "I look forward to the time when the American flag will fly over every square foot of British North America up to the North Pole."

Clark went on to suggest in his speech that the treaty was the first step towards the end of Canada, a speech that was greeted with "prolonged applause" according to the Congressional Record. The Washington Post reported, "Evidently, then, the Democrats generally approved of Mr. Clark's annexation sentiments and voted for the reciprocity bill because, among other things, it improves the prospect of annexation." The Chicago Tribunal condemned Clark in an editorial, predicting that Clark's speech might have fatally damaged the treaty in Canada; "He lets his imagination run wild like a Missouri mule on a rampage. Remarks about the absorption of one country by another grate harshly on the ears of the smaller." The Conservative Party of Canada, which opposed the treaty, won the Canadian election in large part because of Clark's speech.

In 1912, Clark was the frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination, coming into the convention with a majority of delegates pledged to him, but he failed to receive the necessary two-thirds of the vote on the first several ballots. After lengthy negotiation, clever management by supporters of New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson, with widespread allegations of influence by special interests, delivered the nomination instead to Wilson.

Later career
Clark's speakership was notable for his skill from 1910 to 1914 in maintaining party unity to block William Howard Taft's legislation and then pass Wilson's. Clark split the party in 1917 and 1918, when he opposed Wilson's decision to bring the United States into World War I.

In addition, Clark opposed the Federal Reserve Act, which concentrated financial power in the hands of eastern banks (mostly centered in New York City). Clark's opposition to the Federal Reserve Act is said to be the reason that Missouri is the only state granted two Federal Reserve Banks (one in St. Louis and one in Kansas City).

Clark was defeated in the Republican landslide of 1920 and died shortly thereafter in his home in Washington, D.C.

Champ Clark is the namesake of the small community of Champ, Audrain County, Missouri. The former Clark National Forest likewise was named after him.

Personal life

Clark married Genevieve Bennett Clark on December 14, 1881. Together, they had two children, Joel Bennett Clark and Genevieve Clark Thomson. Bennet served as a United States senator from Missouri from 1933 to 1945. Genevieve was a suffragette and a candidate for the House of Representatives for Louisiana.

He was an adherent of the Disciples of Christ.

Champ Clark Bridge
A bridge in Louisiana, Missouri that connects Missouri to neighboring Illinois was originally built in 1928. It bears the name Champ Clark. In late 2019, another bridge of the same name was constructed to replace the structurally deficient original bridge.

Gallery

See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)

References

Further reading
 Chiu, Chang-wei. The Speaker of the House of Representatives since 1896.
 Garraty, John A. and Mark C. Carnes. American National Biography (1999), vol. 4, "Clark, Champ". New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
 Krahn, Carole Ellen (1965). Champ Clark: Presidential Candidate. S. Ill. Univ. Press.
 Morrison, Geoffrey F. (1979). A Political Biography of Champ Clark. St. Louis Univ. Press.

 White, Hollis Lee (1950). A Rhetorical Criticism of the Speeches of Speaker Champ Clark. Univ. of Missouri Press.

Primary sources
 Clark, Champ (1920). My Quarter Century of American Politics. Harper.
 Clark, Champ. "The Work of the Democratic House"  The North American Review (Sept 1911) pp 337-343. online

External links

 )
 James Beauchamp Clark's Signature on the 17th Amendment to the constitution Image of original document
 Champ Clark, late a representative from Missouri, Memorial addresses delivered in the House of Representatives and Senate frontispiece 1922

1850 births
1921 deaths
American Disciples of Christ
Bethany College (West Virginia) alumni
Minority leaders of the United States House of Representatives
Missouri lawyers
People from Lawrenceburg, Kentucky
Speakers of the United States House of Representatives
Candidates in the 1912 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
University of Cincinnati College of Law alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri
Presidents of Marshall University
People from Bowling Green, Missouri
19th-century American lawyers

Champ Clark


Manuel ist ein sehr kleiner Einschlagkrater auf der nordöstlichen Mondvorderseite in der Ebene des Mare Serenitatis, unmittelbar bei der Mondsenke des Aratus CA.

Der Name geht auf eine ursprünglich inoffizielle Bezeichnung auf Blatt Topophotomap 42A4/S2 der Topophotomap-Kartenserie der NASA zurück, die von der IAU 1976 übernommen wurde.

Weblinks

 Manuel auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Manuel (Mondkrater)


Sitișchi este o rezervație naturală silvică în raionul Camenca, Transnistria, Republica Moldova. Este amplasată în ocolul silvic Camenca, Sitișchi, parcela 32. Are o suprafață de 90 ha. Obiectul este administrat de Gospodăria Silvică de Stat Rîbnița.

Referințe

Sitișchi
Geografia Transnistriei

Rezervația naturală Sitișchi


Alison Noël (3 de diciembre de 1965) es una escritora norteamericana del condado de Orange, California.

Biografía
Se crio en el condado de Orange y asistió a la Escuela Primaria 'Richard Nixon' durante dos años. Vivió en Mykonos, Grecia después de salir de su escuela secundaria, Troy High School (CA). Posteriormente, se mudó a Manhattan, NY, donde trabajó como asistente de vuelo para una compañía aérea de renombre. En la actualidad vive en Laguna Beach, CA. Ha tenido una gran variedad de puestos de trabajo; como niñera, dependiente de una tienda de departamentos de ventas, recepcionista, auxiliar administrativo, gerente de la oficina, fabricante de joyas, pintora, empleada de un hotel, asistente de vuelo de Delta Air Lines, y ahora escritora . Ha pasado la mayor parte de su tiempo libre viajando y alejándose de la vida suburbana. Se inspiró para convertirse en un autora después de leer ¿Estás ahí Dios? Soy yo, Margaret por Judy Blume en sexto grado. Su primer libro fue la novela para jóvenes adultos Falsificación de 19, que explora el estilo de vida de los adolescentes de hoy.

Carrera
Nöel escribió las novelas Saving Zoë, Kiss & Blog, Art Geeks and Prom Queens, Cruel Summer, Laguna Cove, Radiance, Faking 19, y Fly Me to the Moon.
Actualmente se encuentra escribiendo una nueva secuencia de las novelas de la serie Inmortales. El primer libro, Eternidad fue lanzado en 2009 en España. El siguiente libro de la serie, Espejismos, fue lanzado en el 2010 en español . El tercer libro de la serie, Tinieblas, se dio a conocer en noviembre de 2009 en EE. UU. y en 2011 en España. El cuarto, Dark Flame, salió publicado el 22 de junio de 2010 en EE.UU. y en España en noviembre de 2011 conocido como Tentación, y el quinto libro, Night Star,el 16 de noviembre de 2010 en EE. UU. y en España conocido como Desafío en mayo del 2012. El sexto y último libro, Everlasting, fue puesto en venta el 7 de junio de 2011 en EE. UU.. El 22 de mayo de 2012 publicó en la editorial estadounidense St. Martin's Griffin el primer libro de su tercera saga, Soul Seekers, llamado Fated (La cazadora de almas en español), que cuenta la historia de la joven Daire Santos.

Libros

Saga Inmortales
 Eternidad (febrero de 2009)
 Espejismos (7 de julio de 2009)
 Tinieblas (17 de noviembre de 2009)
 Tentación (22 de junio de 2010)
 Desafío (16 de noviembre de 2010)
 Destino (7 de junio de 2011)

Saga Riley Bloom
 Radiance (31 de agosto de 2010)
 Brillo (15 de marzo de 2011)
 Tierra de los sueños (13 de septiembre de 2011)
 Susurro (primavera, 2012)

Saga Soul Seekers
 La cazadora de almas (22 de mayo de 2012)
 Eco
 Mistico
 Horizonte

Otros Libros Jóvenes-Adultos
 Blacklist (2017)
 Faking 19 (2005)
 Art Geeks and Prom Queens (2005)
 Laguna Cove (2006)
 Vuela Conmigo A La Luna (2006)
 Kiss & Blog (2007)
 Saving Zoë (2007)
 Cruel Verano (2008)
 Siempre Verano (2011)

Referencias
 "Author Profile: Alyson Noel". Teenreads.com. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
 "Alyson Noel". Young Adult Book Central. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
  Alyson Noel's Official website. Retrieved 2009-08-25.[dead link]
 "Faking 19 by Alyson Noel - Powell's Books". Retrieved 2010-07-31.
 very-exciting-news.html

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial de la autora
 El Mundo de Libros Blog

Californianos del condado de Orange
Escritores de Estados Unidos del siglo XXI

Alyson Noël


Cutuma se poate referi la:

Sens: Cutumiar
 Convenție (normă), un set de reguli, norme, standarde sau criterii în general acceptate
 Cutumă (drept) sau "obicei juridic", legile și regulamentele stabilite prin practica comună
 Normă (sociologie), o regulă care este aplicată social
 Obicei
 Tradiție

Cutumă


Driffield, also known as Great Driffield, is a market town and civil parish in the  East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The civil parish is formed by the town of Driffield and the village of Little Driffield. By road, it is  north-east of Leeds,  east of York and  north of Hull.

Driffield is named The Capital of the Wolds, due to its location sitting centrally within the Yorkshire Wolds.

According to the 2011 UK census, Driffield parish had a population of 13,080, an increase on the 2001 UK census figure of 11,477.

The town was listed in the 2019 Sunday Times report on the Best Places to Live in northern England.

History

Driffield is of Anglo-Saxon origin, and the name is first attested in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle where King Aldfrith of Northumbria died on 14 December 705. It is also found in Domesday Book of 1086, meaning "dirty (manured) field".

A Bronze Age mound outside Driffield was excavated in the 19th century, the contents of which are now kept in the British Museum. It includes a knife, a dagger, a beaker and a greenstone wrist-guard all dating to between 2200 and 1500 BC.

The remains of Driffield Castle, a motte-and-bailey castle, sit at Moot Hill.

RAF Driffield was targeted by the Luftwaffe during the Second World War. On 15 August 1940, a raid by Junkers 88s resulted in 14 deaths and many injuries. RAF Driffield was the site of the first death in the WAAF during the Second World War.

Governance
The town is a major part of the Driffield and Rural electoral ward. This ward stretches north-west to Sledmere with a total population taken at the 2011 Census of 15,199. The local Member of Parliament is Greg Knight. Driffield Town Hall is no longer used for public events and was acquired by The Bell Hotel in 1986.

Culture and amenities
Driffield is centred around Middle Street, its main high street of both independent and chain shops and retail (such as WHSmith, Iceland, Yorkshire Trading Company, B & M, Boyes, Peacocks, Superdrug and Boots. On a Thursday, a market is held in the town centre. Its original cattle market closed in 2001.

The town's main hotel is the Bell Hotel, an old coaching inn in the centre of the town. Public houses and bars include, The Full Measure, the Original Keys, Buck, Royal Oak, Tiger Inn, the Benjamin Fawcett (Wetherspoons), the Blue Bell, and 'Forty One'. It also has a micro-pub The Butcher's Dog.

Restaurants and takeaways include the Water Margin, Stuart's Fish & Chips of Driffield, El Dorado's, Trishna's, The Scullery, Marco Polo, and Muskan Spice. Cafe's include the cycle friendly The Bike Cave.

The town is home to Driffield Show, the UK's largest one-day annual agricultural show, as well as the Driffield Steam and Vintage Rally – an event held each August showcasing historical vehicles including traction engines, fairground organs, tractors and vintage cars and trucks. A particular focus is placed upon agricultural history, with demonstrations of ploughing and threshing often taking place. The rally is particularly known for the Saturday evening road-run of the steam engines and other vehicles into Driffield town centre, an event which invariably attracts large crowds of spectators.

Driffield also has a small community hospital (known as Alfred Bean Hospital), a fire station, a local police station, and several churches.

Driffield lies in the Yorkshire Wolds, on the Driffield Navigation canal, and near the source of the River Hull. This is maintained by the Driffield Navigation Trust and the group hosts an annual raft race and open day gala at the River Head.

The Driffield Beck runs roughly parallel to the main high street. Some stretches of Driffield Beck are popular for fishing, particularly for brown trout and grayling.

Education
There are two infant schools (Driffield Northfield Infant School and Driffield Church Of England
Voluntary Controlled Infant School), and one larger junior school (Driffield Junior School), which caters for children aged 7–11.  Driffield School & Sixth Form is a large secondary school that also contains a sixth form, and so offers education up to A level standard. The town also includes Kings Mill Special School. The nearest independent school is Pocklington School.

Transport

Driffield lies on the A614, A166 and B1249.

The town is served by Driffield railway station on the Yorkshire Coast Line, with services currently run by Northern and has direct trains to Sheffield, Doncaster, York, Hull, Beverley, Bridlington, and Scarborough.

East Yorkshire Motor Services provide regular services to Hull, Pocklington, Beverley, Bridlington, York and Scarborough.

Demography

Religion

There are nine churches in Driffield, which work together as 'Churches Together in Driffield'.

The Anglican church dedicated to All Saints was designated a Grade I listed building in 1963 and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England.  St Mary's church is within the same benefice as All Saints but actually sits in neighbouring Little Driffield. (There was once a second Anglican Church in Driffield itself, dedicated to Saint John and located on St Johns Road, but it has been demolished.)

There is a small Roman Catholic Church dedicated to Our Lady and Saint Edward that was built in 1886. The Methodist Church stands on Middle Street North. The former 1880 building, was demolished in November 2018 and replaced by a modern building. Bourne Methodists is a Primitive Methodist Church, sited on Westgate. The Salvation Army have a building on The Mount.

Driffield Christian Fellowship is an Elim Pentecostal church who have a building on Wansford Road. Their church service is held in the Performing Arts Hall at Driffield School. The Congregational Church is situated on Exchange Street. The Revive Church meets in the Community Centre on Mill Street.

Traditions
The age-old tradition of Scrambling is unique to the town of Driffield and has its origins in the 18th century. The event takes place a couple of days into the New Year. Children walk through the main street shouting an ancient rhyme to shopkeepers in return for money and goodies. The cry is "Here we are at our town's end...With a shoulder of mutton and a crown to spend...Are we downhearted?..No!...Shall we win?...Yes!..."

It is also tradition for the townspeople of Driffield to congregate in the market place on New Year's Eve and listen for the church bells ringing in the new year.

Climate
The climate in Driffield is warm and temperate, with higher than average rainfall. This climate is considered to be Cfb according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. In Driffield, the average annual temperature is 9.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 719 mm.

Sport
Driffield was formerly home to Driffield Mariners Football Club, who have won three Hull Sunday League titles in recent years. Now to this present day, there are two main men's team who both play at the second highest league in the East Riding. Driffield Junior Football Club and Driffield Evening Institute who both play in the Humber Premier League Division One. Driffield also has its own football league, Driffield and District League and was founded in 1919 and currently only has 1 division which consists of 9 teams from within Driffield and district.

The town has a cricket club, the first team of which play in the ECB Yorkshire Premier League North. First class cricketers Andrew Gale, Richard Pyrah, Steven Patterson, Jonny Bairstow, Ishara Amerasinghe and Abid Ali have all played for the club.

Driffield RUFC is a member of the RFU and Yorkshire RFU, playing its senior fixtures in the Regional 1 North East and Women's Championship North 2 leagues. The club field five senior teams (four men's and a women's), a colts team (both boys and girls) and mini/juniors (at every age group from under 7's to under 17's).

Driffield Hockey Club play their home matches at Driffield Sports Centre and currently field three men's teams and four ladies' teams, as well as juniors and vets sections. For a catchment area the size of Driffield, the club is relatively successful, with both the men's and ladies first XIs being promoted from their respective YHA Yorkshire Premier Divisions at the end  of the 2013–14 season (6th tier of English Hockey) to the North League Division 2 East and North League Division 2 South East respectively (5th tier of English Hockey).

Driffield has an 18-hole golf club that has been at its present location since 1934.

Driffield featured on the route of the 2017 Tour de Yorkshire.

Driffield has a sports centre located on Bridlington Road, which opened in 2009 replacing the old sports centre (now owned by Driffield School). The new sports centre includes a main pool and learner pool, sports hall, a 50-piece gym, and a studio/multi-use room.

Media
Driffield and the Wolds are served by the local newspaper, Driffield & Wolds Weekly, launched in August 2015. The Driffield Times ceased publication in 2016.

Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire and ITV Yorkshire. Television signals are received from the Belmont TV transmitter.

The town's local radio stations are BBC Radio Humberside on 95.9 FM, Nation Radio East Yorkshire on 99.8 FM, Capital Yorkshire on 105.8 FM, Viking FM on 96.9 FM and Great Driffield Radio, launched in November 2018 on 107.2 FM, broadcasts across the town and surrounding villages.

In popular culture
Slaughterhouse Studios was a recording studio in the town between 1985 and 1992. Bands including Napalm Death, The Mission, and most notably Happy Mondays would record there.

Twin towns
 Saint Affrique, France

Notable people
Benjamin Fawcett, 19th century woodblock colour printer
Hazel Gaynor, author
Alexander Francis Lydon, woodblock colour printer who worked with Benjamin Fawcett
Curtis Woodhouse, former professional footballer and boxer
Mick Woodmansey, drummer with David Bowie's band the Spiders from Mars

References

Sources

External links

Driffield Online

Market towns in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Civil parishes in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Towns in the East Riding of Yorkshire

Driffield


Apsû (abzu veya engur olarak da bilinir) Sümer ve Akad mitolojisindeki yeraltı tatlı su okyanusuna verilen isimdir. Göller, pınarlar, nehirler, kuyular ve diğer tatlı su kaynaklarının suyu apsûdan çektiğine (aldığına) inanılırdı.

İnsanoğlu yaratılmadan önce Sümer tanrısı Enki'nin (Akad'da Ea) apsûda yaşadığına inanılırdı. Karısı Damgalnuna, annesi Nammu ve uşakvari bir yaratık türünün de apsûda yaşadığına inanılırdı.

Eridu'da Enki'nin tapınağı E-abzu ("abzu tapınağı") olarak bilinirdi. Babil ve Asur tapınak avlularında bulunan belirli kutsal su depolarına da apsû veya abzu denirdi. Bazılarına göre bu böylece İslam camilerindeki yıkama havuzlarının veya Hristiyan kiliselerindeki vaftiz pınarlarının öncüsüdür.

Mezopotamya mitolojisi

Apsû


Miljenko Batinić (Split, 1921. – Split, 1981.), hrvatski bivši nogometaš. Nekadašnji igrač splitskog Hajduka. Igrao je na sredini terena.

Životopis
Rodio se je u Splitu 1921. godine.
Prvi nastup imao je 23. travnja 1939. za prvenstvo Jugoslavije protiv Jedinstva iz Beograda koja je završila neriješeno 1:1. Batinić je bio poznat po izrazito snažnom udarcu, Od 1939. pa do 1950. godine odigrao je 296 utakmica i postigao 53 zgoditka, od čega 16 zgoditaka u 91 službenom natjecanju.

S Hajdukom je osvojio prvenstvo Banovine Hrvatske (1941.) kada je nastupio 14 puta i postigao 8 golova i prvenstvo Hrvatske 1946. s 15 nastupa i jednim zgoditkom.

Sudjelovao u osvajanju prvenstva Hrvatske 1946. godine.

Posljednja utakmica bila mu je protiv Lokomotive 12. ožujka 1950., koju je Hajduk u gostima dobio pogotkom Vidjaka s 1:0.

Službeni golovi
 1939./40.: 5 pogodaka
Hajduk–Ljubljana 4:1 (2 gola)
HAŠK–Hajduk 3:1
Ljubljana–Hajduk 1:2 (2 gola)
 1940./41.: 8 pogodaka
Hajduk–SAŠK 4:0 (2 gola)
Željezničar–Hajduk 1:3 (1 gol)
Hajduk–Slavija 7:0 (1 gol)
Hajduk–Concordija 5:2 (1 gol)
HAŠK–Hajduk 2:3 (1 gol)
Hajduk–Split 9:0 (2 gola)
 Hrvatski kup 1939. – 1941.: 1 pogodak:
Hajduk–Građanski Šibenik 6:1
 Prvensdtvo Narodne Republike Hrvatske 1946.: 1 pogodak
Split–Hajduk 0:2
Prva savezna nogometna liga: 1 zgoditak
Hajduk–Kvarner 1:0

Izvori

Nogometaši Hajduka

Miljenko Batinić


Le Noël de Belle () est un téléfilm américain réalisé par Alex Wright et diffusé le .

Synopsis
Isabella Everhart, surnommée « Belle », est chargée par son père, Rex, de procéder à l'inventaire de tous les biens d'un magnifique domaine qui doit être vendu avant Noël. Hunter Lowell, le propriétaire, se montre rustre et glacial envers elle. Au fil des jours, Belle apprivoise Hunter...

Fiche technique
 Titre original :
 Réalisation : Alex Wright
 Scénario : Joany Kane
 Durée : 85 minutes
 Pays :

Distribution
 Haylie Duff : Isabella
 Nicholas Gonzalez : Hunter
 Mark Famiglietti : Tony
 C. Thomas Howell : Rex
 Sheree J. Wilson : Angie
 Jerry Hauck : Burny
 Bobby Horn : Ben
 Cliff Mathieson : Cliff

Liens externes

Téléfilm américain des années 2010
Téléfilm dramatique

Le Noël de Belle