مثيلة الحمض النووي هي عملية بيولوجية تُضاف فيها مجموعات الميثيل إلى جزيء الحمض النووي. يمكن أن تغير عملية المثيلة نشاط جزء من الحمض النووي دون تغيير التسلسل الأساسي له، وتؤدي مثيلة الحمض النووي عادةً إلى منع نسخ الجينات.

تعد عملية مثيلة الحمض النووي أمرًا ضروريًا للتطور الطبيعي عند الثديات، وترتبط بعدد من العمليات الحيوية الرئيسية مثل نسخ الجينات، وتعطيل الكروموسوم إكس، وتعطيل العناصر القابلة للنقل، والشيخوخة، والتسرطن.

يمكن ميثلة اثنتين فقط من قواعد الحمض النووي الأربعة (السيتوزين والأدينين). تلاحظ عملية مثيلة السيتوزين في كل من حقيقيات النوى وبدائيات النوى، ولكن معدل مثيلة الحمض النووي للسيتوزين يمكن أن يختلف اختلافاً كبيراً بين الأنواع:

 14% عند بعض النباتات الكرنبية.
 4% - 8% عند بعض أنواع الفطور.
 7.6% عند فأر المنزل.
 2.3% عند جرثومة الإشريكية الكولونية.
 0.03% عند ذبابة الفاكهة.
 0.006% عند بكتيريا الديكتيوستيليوم.
 0.0003% - 0.0002% عند بعض أنواع الديدان الخيطية.

أما بالنسبة لميثيلة الأدنين فقد اكتشف عند البكتيريا والنباتات، ومؤخرًا عند الثدييات.

في الثدييات

أثناء التطور الجنيني
تحذف أنماط مثيلة الحمض النووي ثم يعاد تشكيلها بين الأجيال المتعاقبة في الثدييات. تحذف جميع جزيئات الميثيلة الموروثة من الوالدين تقريبًا، أولاً أثناء نمو البيضة الملقحة، ومرة أخرى خلال مراحل التطور الجنيني المبكرة.

يحدث نزع للميثيل في مرحلة التطور الجنيني المبكر خلال فترة ما قبل التعشيش تحديدًا، ويحدث ذلك على مرحلتين: الأولى في فترة البيضة الملقحة، ثم خلال دورات التكاثر الجنينية الأولى، ثم تحدث موجة من المثيلة أثناء مرحلة تعشيش الجنين، أما في مرحلة ما بعد التعشيش، تكون أنماط المثيلة خاصة بالأنسجة، مع حدوث تغييرات من شأنها أن تحدد استمرارية كل نوع من الخلايا على المدى الطويل.

لا تعد مثيلة الحمض النووي ضرورية في حد ذاتها لإيقاف نسخ الحمض النووي، ولكن العلماء يؤكدون أهميتها لإيقاف نسخ الحمض النووي، ويبدو أنَّ مثيلة الحمض النووي أمرًا بالغ الأهمية لتثبيط الصبغي إكس، وفي هذه الحالة تختلف الجينات التي يعبر عنها حسب حالة المثيلة، ويؤدي فقدان مثيلة الحمض النووي إلى إيقاف عملية النسخ وإعادة التعبير عن جينات معينة في الخلايا الجسدية. تغير بعض الجينات حالة المثيلة أثناء التطور الجنيني، ويبدو أن مثيلة الحمض النووي ضرورية جدًا في الخلايا المتمايزة، فإزالة أي ميثيل ترانسفيراز لحمض نووي تؤدي إلى الوفاة أثناء الحياة الجنينية أو بعد الولادة مباشرة، وعلى النقيض من ذلك يمكن الاستغناء عن مثيلة الحمض النووي في الخلايا غير المتمايزة مثل الخلايا الأرومية أو الخلايا المنتشة البدائية أو الخلايا الجذعية الجنينية. تتدخل مثيلة الحمض النووي مباشرة في تنظيم عدد محدود فقط من الجينات، ولذلك يبقى فهم كيفية يسبب غياب مثيلة الحمض النووي موت الخلايا المتمايزة غير واضح حتى الآن.

السرطان
يلاحظ فرط مثيلة الحمض النووي في العديد من الأمراض مثل السرطان، ما يؤدي إلى إيقاف نسخ الحمض النووي، وقد تورث هذه الخصائص للخلايا الجديدة الناتجة عن انقسام الخلية الأم. حُددت العديد من اضطرابات مثيلة الحمض النووي كعنصر مهم في تطور السرطان، وقد اكتشفت هذه التعديلات مبكرًا ورُبطت بعدم استقرار الجينات وتوقف عملية نسخ الحمض النووي. يرتبط فرط المثيلة بالمحرضات التي يمكن أن تنشأ عن تعطيل الجينات (تثبيط الجينات الورمية)، ويمكن أن يكون هدفًا لعلاج السرطان اللاجيني.

لاحظ العلماء حدوث تنشيط أو تعطيل لمئات الجينات في سياق عملية التسرطن، وعلى الرغم من أن تعطيل بعض الجينات يحدث عن طريق الطفرات، ولكن نسبة كبيرة من تعطيل الجينات المسببة للسرطان نتيجة لاضطرابات مثيلة الحمض النووي، وتحدث عملية مثيلة الحمض النووي التي تسبب كبح التسرطن عادةً في مواقع الحمض النووي التي تتواجد في جينات ترميز البروتين.

تصلب الشرايين
ثبت تورط العديد من الاضطرابات الجينية مثل مثيلة الحمض النووي في أمراض القلب والأوعية الدموية، ومنها تصلب الشرايين. أظهرت الأبحاث على النماذج الحيوانية لتصلب الشرايين وجود نقص مثيلة شامل مع وجود مناطق خاصة في الجينات فيها نشاط كبير في عملية المثيلة، ويمكن استخدام تنوع أشكال مثيلة الحمض النووي كمؤشر حيوي مبكر لتصلب الشرايين نظرًا لوجودها قبل أن يصبح تصلب الشرايين عرضي، ما يوفر أداة مبكرة للكشف عن هذا المرض والوقاية من مخاطره.

تستهدف عملية المثيلة هذه نوعين من خلايا الدم بشكل خاص هما الخلايا اللمفاوية والخلايا وحيدة النوى، وغالبًا ما تصاب هذه الخلايا بنقص شامل في عملية المثيلة. اقتُرحت العديد من الآليات لتفسير هذا النقص الشامل في المثيلة منها ارتفاع مستويات الهوموسيستين والتي تسبب فرط هوموسيستين الدم، وهو عامل خطر معروف للإصابة بأمراض القلب والأوعية الدموية. تمنع المستويات العالية من الهوموسيستين في البلازما أنزيمات ترانسفيراز ميثيل الحمض النووي، ما يسبب نقص عملية المثيلة. تؤثر عملية نقص مثيلة الحمض النووي على الجينات التي تسيطر على تكاثر خلايا العضلات الملساء للأوعية، وتسبب خللاً في الخلايا البطانية، وتزيد من مستويات العوامل الالتهابية، وكلها أسباب مهمة لحدوث آفات تصلب الشرايين. تؤدي المستويات المرتفعة من الهوموسيستين أيضًا إلى فرط مثيلة في المنطقة المحفزة لجين مستقبلات هرمون الأستروجين ألفا، ما يتسبب في كبح هذه المستقبلات التي تحمي من تصلب الشرايين.

الشيخوخة
يمكن استخدام مستويات مثيلة الحمض النووي لتقدير عمر الأنسجة وأنواع الخلايا بدقة وتشكيل ساعة جينية دقيقة عند البشر والثدييات الأخرى.

أظهرت دراسة طويلة الأمد على الأطفال التوائم بين أعمار 5 – 10 سنوات أن هناك اختلافًا في عملية المثيلة بسبب التأثيرات البيئية وليس الجينية، وهناك نقص شامل في مثيلة الحمض النووي أثناء الشيخوخة، مع ملاحظة بعض الاستثناءات في بعض الجينات التي تزداد فيها عملية المثيلة مع تقدم العمر مثل جينات مستقبلات هرمون الأستروجين وعامل النمو الشبيه بالأنسولين.

الدماغ
أكدت دراستان منفصلتان أن تغييرات مثيلة الحمض النووي في الخلايا العصبية في الدماغ مهمة في عمليتي التعلم والذاكرة، وقد تأكدت هذه الفرضية من خلال التجارب التي أجريت لدراسة بعض عمليات التعلم والذاكرة عند الفئران والجرذان. لوحظ أن تطوير عمليات التعلم عند الجرذان يرتبط بمثيلة آلاف السيتوزينات في الحمض النووي في جينات الخلايا العصبية لهذه الجرذان، أما عند الفئران فقد لوحظ أن 9.2% من جينات الخلايا العصبية تحدث فيها عملية مثيلة في سياق التعلم، وعند إعادة الدراسة بعد أربعة أسابيع تبين حدوث إعادة ترتيب شاملة لعملية المثيلة في منطقة الحصين وهي المنطقة المسؤولة عن الذاكرة في الدماغ.

انظر أيضا
 الحمض النووي الريبوزي المنقوص الأكسجين
 السرطان
 علاج كيميائي
 اختبار قبل الولادة

المراجع

حمض نووي ريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين
علم التخلق

مثيلة الحمض النووي الريبوزي المنقوص الأكسجين


În chimie, cromații sunt sărurile care conțin anionul cromat, , iar dicromații sunt sărurile care conțin anionul dicromat, . Ambii ioni sunt oxoanioni ai cromului cu starea de oxidare +6. Compușii sunt agenți oxidanți moderanți. În soluție apoasă, cei doi ioni sunt adesea inter-convertibili.

Stare naturală și obținere
Principalului minereu de crom este oxidul metalic mixt denumit cromit, FeCr2O4, întâlnit sub formă de cristale sau granule negre metalice. Cromitul este încălzit cu un amestec de carbonat de calciu în prezența aerului. Cromul se oxidează în acest proces până la crom hexavalent, în timp ce fierul formează Oxid de fier (III), Fe2O3:

 4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7 O2 → 8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2

Proprietăți

Proprietăți acido-bazice

În soluție apoasă, anionii cromat și dicromat coexistă în formă de echilibru chimic:

2  + 2 H+   + H2O

Diagrama alăturată indică faptul că poziția acestui echilibru depinde în funcție de pH-ul și de concentrația a cromului. În soluțiile cu caracter alcalin, ionul cromat este predominant, iar în soluțiile acide, ionul dicromat este predominant.

Pot avea loc reacții suplimentare de condensare, în soluții puternic acide, cu formarea de ioni tricromat, , și tetracromat, . Toți poli-oxoanionii cromului (VI) au o structură tetraedrică, formată din unități de CrO4 cu colțuri comune.

Ionul hidrogenocromat (bicromat) este un acid slab, și se află de asemenea în echilibru cu ionul dicromat:

   + H+; pKa ≈ 5.9
2    + H2O

Proprietăți redox

Structură

Vezi și
 Crom
 Cromare
 Acid cromic
 Permanganat

Referințe

Note

Oxidanți

Cromat


STS-51-D was the 16th flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program, and the fourth flight of Space Shuttle Discovery. The launch of STS-51-D from Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida, on April 12, 1985, was delayed by 55 minutes, after a boat strayed into the restricted Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) recovery zone. STS-51-D was the third shuttle mission to be extended.

On April 19, 1985, after a week-long flight, Discovery conducted the fifth shuttle landing at KSC. The shuttle suffered extensive brake damage and a ruptured tire during landing. This forced all subsequent shuttle landings to be done at Edwards Air Force Base, California, until the development and implementation of nose wheel steering made landings at KSC more feasible.

Crew

Spacewalk
  Hoffman and Griggs  – EVA 1
 EVA 1 Start: April 16, 1985
 EVA 1 End: April 16, 1985
 Duration: 3 hours, 6 minutes

Crew seating arrangements

Mission summary
During STS-51-D, the shuttle crew deployed two communications satellites: Telesat-I (Anik C1) and Syncom IV-3 (also known as Leasat-3); both were Hughes-built satellites. Telesat-I was attached to a Payload Assist Module (PAM-D) motor and successfully deployed. Syncom IV-3, however, failed to initiate antenna deployment and spin-up, or ignite its perigee kick motor upon deployment. The mission was consequently extended by two days to ensure that the satellite's spacecraft sequencer start lever was in its proper position. Griggs and Hoffman performed an unscheduled Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA) to attach homemade "Flyswatter" devices to the shuttle's Remote Manipulator System (Canadarm). Seddon then engaged the satellite's start lever using the RMS, but again the post-deployment sequence did not begin. The satellite was subsequently retrieved, repaired and successfully redeployed during the STS-51-I mission later that year.

Discoverys other mission payloads included the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System III (CFES-III), which was flying for sixth time; two Shuttle Student Involvement Program (SSIP) experiments; the American Flight Echo-cardiograph (AFE); two Getaway specials (GASs); a set of Phase Partitioning Experiments (PPE); an astronomical photography verification test; various medical experiments; and "Toys in Space", an informal study of the behavior of simple toys in a microgravity environment, with the results being made available to school students upon the shuttle's return.

During the shuttle's landing at KSC on April 19, 1985, extensive brake damage was suffered, and a landing gear tire ruptured. This prompted future shuttle flights to land at Edwards Air Force Base, California, until effective nose wheel steering could be implemented to reduce risks during landing.

Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.

Gallery

See also

 List of human spaceflights
 List of Space Shuttle missions

References

External links
 NASA mission summary
 STS-51D Video Highlights

Space Shuttle missions
1985 in spaceflight
1985 in the United States
Spacecraft launched in 1985
Spacecraft which reentered in 1985

STS-51-D


Cristian Bălașa () este un fost fotbalist român și actual manager la Concordia Chiajna. Este tatăl fotbalistului Mihai Bălașa.

Note

Nașteri în 1972
Fotbaliști români
Mijlocași
Fotbaliști ai FC Argeș Pitești
Fotbaliști ai FC Farul Constanța
Fotbaliști ai FC Bihor
Fotbaliști ai CS Concordia Chiajna
Antrenori români de fotbal
Oameni din județul Dâmbovița

Cristian Bălașa


Göynük, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Pazarcık ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Kahramanmaraş iline 90 km, Pazarcık ilçesine 37 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Pazarcık'ın mahalleleri

Göynük, Pazarcık


الرجال الجوف  وترجمها إحسان عباس تحت عنوان الخاوون، وهي قصيدة كُبرى للشاعر [[ت. س. إليوت|تي. إس. إليوت]] ونشرها في 1925. ثيمات هذه القصيدة - كما هي قصائد إليوت الأخرى - متداخلة ومتناثرة، لكن من المُتفق عليه أنها تدور حول المجتمع الأوروبي بعد الحرب في ظل معاهد فرساي، وصعوبة الأمل في الحوار الديني. بالإضافة إلى - كما يجادل بعض النقاد - زواج إليوت الفاشل.
تنقسم القصيدة إلى خمسة أجزاء، وتتكون من 98 سطراً. حدد نعي إليوت في نيويورك تايمز في عام 1965 الأربعة الأخيرة على أنها "على الأرجح أكثر السطور المقتبسة لأي شاعر في القرن العشرين يكتب باللغة الإنجليزية.
غالبًا ما تمر شخصيات إليوت برحلة - إما جسدية أو روحية أو كليهما. يبدو أن الرجال الجوفاء يتبعون الرحلة الدنيوية الأخرى للموتى روحياً. هؤلاء «الرجال الفارون» لديهم الإدراك والتواضع والاعتراف بذنبهم ووضعهم كأرواح محطمة وفاسدة.
يفشل «الرجال الفارون» في تحويل حركاتهم إلى أفعال، ومن التصور إلى الخلق، والرغبة في الإنجاز. هذا الإدراك للانقسام بين الفكر والفعل مقترنًا بإدراكهم «لممالك الموت المختلفة» والتشخيص الحاد لفراغهم، يجعل من الصعب عليهم المضي قدمًا وكسر عقمهم الروحي. وعندما تنتهي القصيدة ورحلتهم، يرون «الرعب، الرعب» الذي يراه كورتز في قلب الظلام. هناك انهيار كامل للغة والصلاة والروح لأن«العالم ينتهي ليس بانفجار بل بالنوين».

قصة الشخصيات
قصة غالبًا ما تمر شخصيات إليوت برحلة - إما جسدية أو روحية أو كليهما. يبدو أن الرجال الجوفاء يتبعون الرحلة الدنيوية الأخرى للموتى روحياً. هؤلاء «الرجال الفارون» لديهم الإدراك والتواضع والاعتراف بذنبهم ووضعهم كأرواح محطمة وفاسدة.
يفشل «الرجال الفارون» في تحويل حركاتهم إلى أفعال، ومن التصور إلى الخلق، والرغبة في الإنجاز. هذا الإدراك للانقسام بين الفكر والفعل مقترنًا بإدراكهم «لممالك الموت المختلفة» والتشخيص الحاد لفراغهم، يجعل من الصعب عليهم المضي قدمًا وكسر عقمهم الروحي. وعندما تنتهي القصيدة ورحلتهم، يرون «الرعب، الرعب» الذي يراه كورتز في قلب الظلام. هناك انهيار كامل للغة والصلاة والروح لأن «العالم ينتهي / ليس بانفجار بل بالنوين» الشخصيات.

الموضوع والسياق
كتب إليوت أنه أنتج عنوان «الرجال الجوفاء» من خلال الجمع بين عناوين الرومانسية «الأرض المجوفة» لوليام موريس مع قصيدة «الرجال المكسورون» لروديارد كيبلينج ولكن من الممكن أن يكون هذا واحدًا من تلميحات إليوت العديدة التي تم إنشاؤها، وأن العنوان نشأ بشكل أكثر شفافية من يوليوس قيصر لشكسبير أو من شخصية كورتز في قلب الظلام لجوزيف كونراد الذي يشار إليه على أنه «خدعة جوفاء» و «جوفاء في الصميم».
«ميستاه كورتز - مات» و «قرش من أجل الرجل العجوز»، هما تلميحات إلى شخصية كونراد وإلى جاي فوكس، الذي حاول إضرام النار في مبنى البرلمان الإنجليزي، ودمية رجل القش التي يتم حرقها كل عام في الولايات المتحدة Kingdom on Guy Fawkes Night ، 5 نوفمبر. عنوان إليوت، «الرجال الجوفاء»، يعترف بشكل غير مباشر بنيران البون فاير التي صاحبت الاحتفال بعيد جميع الأقداس، الذي يصادف يوم 31 أكتوبر، والذي تم دمجه بشكل خاص في الولايات المتحدة مع احتفالات جاي فوكس على مدار القرن التاسع عشر.
قرأ بعض النقاد القصيدة كما رويت من ثلاث وجهات نظر، كل منها يمثل مرحلة من انتقال الروح إلى إحدى ممالك الموت («مملكة أحلام الموت»، «مملكة شفق الموت»، و «مملكة الموت الأخرى»). يصف إليوت كيف نرغب، نحن الأحياء، في أن ينظر إلينا من قبل «أولئك الذين عبروا / بعيون مباشرة ليس كأرواح ضائعة / عنيفة، ولكن فقط / كرجال أجوف / رجال محنطون.» تظهر صورة العيون بشكل بارز في القصيدة، ولا سيما في أحد أشهر سطور إليوت «عيون لا أجرؤ على الالتقاء بها في الأحلام». يتم قبول مثل هذه العيون بشكل عام للإشارة إلى بياتريس دانتي (انظر أدناه).

يصور الشاعر أشكالًا «مجمعة على هذا الشاطئ من النهر الرطب» - تستمد تأثيرًا كبيرًا من كانتو دانتي الثالث والرابع من الجحيم التي تصف Limbo ، الدائرة الأولى من الجحيم - تظهر الإنسان في عدم قدرته على العبور إلى الجحيم نفسه أو استجدي الفداء، غير قادر على التحدث مع الله. ترقص الشخصيات «حول الكمثرى الشائكة»، وتعبد آلهة كاذبة، وتتذكر الأطفال وتعكس تفسير إليوت للثقافة الغربية بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى. وتشمل المراجع المهمة الأخرى الصلاة الربانية، ويوليوس قيصر لشكسبير، وكونراد أن منبوذ الجزر («الحياة طويل جدا»). قد يكون المقطع الأخير هو الأكثر اقتباسًا من شعر إليوت

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 نص القصيدة

تي. إس. إليوت
شعر تي. إس. إليوت
قصائد 1925
قصائد أمريكية
قصائد الحرب العالمية الأولى

الرجال الجوف


سعود بن سعيد بن عبد العزيز المتحمي وزير الدولة السعودي السابق في الفترة (1424 هـ - 1435 هـ). ولد المتحمي عام 1378 هـ الموافق 1958م في قرية طبب شمال غرب أبها بمنطقة عسير.

مؤهلاته العلمية
 أستاذ مشارك في علوم الحاسب الآلي والمعلوماتية كلية علوم الحاسب الآلي جامعة الملك سعود بالرياض
 الدكتوراه في علوم الحاسب الآلي من جامعة لندن بريطانيا 1411هـ
 الماجستير في علوم الحاسب الآلي والمعلوماتية من جامعة ولاية فلوريدا بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية 1407هـ
 البكالوريوس رياضيات من جامعة الملك سعود بالمملكة العربية السعودية.

مناصبه
 معيد بقسم الرياضيات جامعة الملك سعود 1402 / 1407هـ .
 محاضر بقسم الرياضيات جامعة الملك سعود 1407 / 1411هـ .
 أستاذ مساعد بكلية علوم الحاسب الآلي والمعلومات جامعة الملك سعود 1411 / 1421هـ .
 أستاذ مشارك بكلية علوم الحاسب والمعلومات جامعة الملك سعود 1421هـ الوقت الحالي .
 مشرف بمركز الحاسب الآلي كلية التربية جامعة الملك سعود 1411 / 1421هـ .
 عضو هيئة تدريس كلية علوم الحاسب والمعلومات جامعة الملك سعود 1411هـ الوقت الحالي .
 رائد النشاط الثقافي والعلمي كلية علوم الحاسب جامعة الملك سعودد 1412 / 1415هـ .
 مدير مركز البحوث كلية علوم الحاسب جامعة الملك سعود 1412 / 1415هـ .
 أمين مجلس مركز البحوث بكلية علوم الحاسب جامعة الملك سعود 1412 / 1415هـ .
 رئيس قسم علوم الحاسب كلية علوم الحاسب جامعة الملك سعود 1412 / 1415هـ
 رئيس مجلس قسم علوم الحاسب بكلية علوم الحاسب جامعة الملك سعود 1412 / 1415هـ .
 نائب الرئيس / الشركة الدولية لهندسة النظم / برنامج التوازن الاقتصادي 1415 / 1418هـ .
 رئيس لجنة التقنية بمؤسسة عسير للصحافة والنشر 1418 / 1420هـ .
 نائب رئيس اللجنة التعليمية بمجلس الشورى 1419 / 1420هـ .
 نائب رئيس لجنة الخدمات والمرافق العامة بمجلس الشورى 1420 / 1421هـ .
 رئيس لجنة الخدمات والمرافق العامة بمجلس الشورى 1421 / 1422هـ .
 وزيراً للدولة وعضو بمجلس الوزراء لشؤون بمجلس الشورى 1424-1435.
 أمين عام مؤسسة الملك عبد العزيز ورجاله للموهبة والابداع 1438هـ.

المهام الاستشارية
 مستشار الحاسب والمعلوماتية بالمركز الطبي السعودي 1411 / 1412هـ.
 مستشار للهيئة الملكية للجبيل وينبع لتطوير خدمات الحاسب الآلي 1412 / 1413هـ.
 مستشار إمارة منطقة مكة المكرمة لتطوير خدمات الحاسب الآلي 1413 / 1414هـ.
 مستشار تصنيف وظائف الحاسب الآلي لديوان الخدمة المدنية 1413 / 1416هـ.
 مستشار مصلحة معاشات التقاعد لتطوير شبكة الحاسب الآلي 1414 / 1415هـ.
 مستشار الديوان العام للخدمة المدنية لتطوير نظام الارشيف الآلي 1415 / 1416هـ.
 مستشار وزارة المعارف لتطور الخطة الاستراتيجية لنظم المعلومات 1415 / 1416هـ.
 مستشار الدار السعودية للخدمات الاستشارية لقاعدة المعلومات الصناعية 1416 / 1417هـ.
 مستشار أرثر دى لتل لدراسات الحاسب والمعلوماتية 1417 / 1418هـ.
 مستشار الشركة الدولية لهندسة النظم نقل وتوطين التقنية الدفاعية المتقدمة 1418 / 1419هـ.
 مستشار امارة منطقة عسير لتطوير شبكة المعلومات داخل الامارة والمحافظات والمراكز 1421هـ.

عضوياته
 عضو المجموعة المشتركة للتعاون البرلمانى المصرى السعودى 1420 / 1424هـ.
 عضو مجلس مركز البحوث بكلية علوم الحاسب بجامعة الملك سعود 1412 / 1415هـ.
 عضو مجلس كلية علوم الحاسب بجامعة الملك سعود 1412 / 1416هـ.
 عضو لجنة التطوير الاكاديمى بجامعة الملك سعود 1413 / 1415هـ.
 عضو لجنة تقييم وضع الحاسب في فروع جامعة الملك سعود 1413 / 1414هـ.
 عضو لجنة الاشراف على اعداد الخطة الخمسية السادسة لجامعة الملك سعود 1413 / 1415هـ.
 عضو مجلس الشورى 1418هـ/1424هـ.
 عضو مجلس إدارة مؤسسة عسير للصحافة والنشر 1418 / 1423هـ.
 عضو مجلس إدارة الهيئة العليا للسياحة (تغير مسماها لاحقا إلى الهيئة العامة للسياحة والتراث الوطني) 1421 / 1424هـ.
 عضو اللجنة التحضيرية للهيئة العليا للسياحة 1421 / 1424هـ.
 عضو المجموعة الاستشارية لتقنية المعلومات للهيئة العليا للسياحة 1422 / 1423هـ.
 عضو اللجنة الاقتصادية بمجلس الشورى 1421 / 1422هـ.
 عضو اللجنة التعليمية بمجلس الشورى 1422 / 1424هـ.
 عضو مجلس إدارة مؤسسة الملك عبد الله للأعمال الإنسانية. 1438هـ.
 عضو مجلس إدارة جامعة الملك عبد الله للعلوم والتقنية. 1438هـ.

المراجع

أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
أعضاء مجلس الشورى السعودي
خريجو جامعة الملك سعود
خريجو جامعة فلوريدا
مواليد 1378 هـ
مواليد 1958
وزراء سعوديون

سعود بن سعيد المتحمي


James Hampton ist der Name folgender Personen:

* James Hampton (Künstler) (1909–1964), US-amerikanischer Künstler
 James Hampton (Schauspieler) (1936–2021), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler, Drehbuchautor und Filmregisseur
 James G. Hampton (1814–1861), US-amerikanischer Politiker

James Hampton


Küflek, Samsun ilinin Havza ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarih
Tarihi bilinmeyen mahallede kuruluş yıllarında sık ormanlık olduğu ve mahallede bol miktarda su olduğu anlatılmaktadır. Bu suyun nem etkisi yaparak ağaçların büyük kısmında çürüme ve küf yaptığı belirtilmekte, bu nedenden dolayı mahallenin adının Küflek kaldığı rivayet edilmektedir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 96 km, Havza ilçesine 12 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Havza'nın mahalleleri

Küflek, Havza


Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu (* 20. Oktober 1885 in King William's Town; † 3. August 1959 in East London) war ein südafrikanischer Politiker, Sprachwissenschaftler und erster schwarzer Professor am South African Native College.

Leben

Davidson Jabavu war der älteste Sohn von John Tengo Jabavu. Er besuchte die Lovedale-Missionsschule und ging zum Studium nach Großbritannien. An der Universität London erwarb er einen Bachelor-Abschluss, im Anschluss daran an der University of Birmingham die Lehrberechtigung. Nach seiner Rückkehr nach Südafrika war er einer der ersten Dozenten der 1916 als South African Native College eröffneten späteren Universität Fort Hare, deren Gründung unter anderem von seinem Vater angestoßen worden war. Dort lehrte er isiXhosa, Latein, Geschichte und Anthropologie. Jabavu blieb bis zu seinem Ruhestand an der Universität und gründete die Black Teachers' Association, die das Ziel einer Kooperation jenseits der Rassentrennung hatte. Diese Überzeugung baute er aus und war ein wesentlicher Initiator der Fort Cox Agricultural School sowie einer der Mitbegründer des South African Institute of Race Relations. 1935 wurde er zum Präsidenten der All African Convention (AAC) gewählt. In dieser Funktion war er führend bei der Opposition gegen die Hertzog-Gesetze. Er blieb bis 1948 Präsident der AAC.

Auszeichnungen

 Ehrendoktor der Rhodes-Universität (1954)

Weblinks

 Biografie von Jabavu bei South African History Online (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Politiker (Südafrika)
Bürgerrechtler
Hochschullehrer (University of Fort Hare)
Ehrendoktor der Rhodes-Universität
Südafrikaner
Geboren 1885
Gestorben 1959
Mann

Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu


Obrazovna ustanova, često i Odgojno-obrazovna ustanova, je javna ili privatna ustanova čija je glavna zadaća obrazovanje učenika, na određenoj starosnoj i umnoj razini, u određenom trajanju, određenom metodikom i pedagogijom, propisanim kurikulom s jasnim ishodima i ciljevima učenja. Najrašireniji oblik odgojno-obrazovne ustanove je škola.

Prema vlasništvu tj. upravljanju dijele se na javne (državne, područne, mjesne) i privatne.

Prema stupnju naobrazbe dijele se na:
 predškolske: dječji vrtić, mala škola,
 osnovnoškolske (primarne, temeljne): pučka škola, osnovna škola, osnovna glazbena škola, plesna škola
 srednjoškolske: gimnazija (klasična, jezična, opća, matematička), strukovna škola, srednja glazbena škola, konzervatorij, sjemenište, novicijat, konvikt
 visokoobrazovne: sastavnice sveučilišta, veleučilišta i visokih škola (fakulteti, sveučilišni odjeli, studiji, više škole, koledži), akademija (glazbena, likovna, dramska, baletna), vojno učilište (vojna škola), bogoslovija
 ustanove za obrazovanje odraslih (cjeloživotno obrazovanje): pučka otvorena učilišta (POU-i), dopisne škole, večernje škole
 specijalistički tečajevi: usavršavanja, seminari, obuke (pr. vojni rok), stručna osposobljavanja, likovne kolonije, ljetne/zimske škole, radionice

Također, obrazovnim ustanovama u širem smislu mogu se obuhvatiti i kulturne ustanove, znanstveno-istraživačka središta, znanstveni i  tehnološki parkovi, ali i istraživački odjeli ("Odjeli za istraživanje i razvoj") u tvrtkama (veće takve odjele u pravilu posjeduju korporacije).

Odgoj i obrazovanje

Obrazovna ustanova


Skolyoz, omurganın göğüs (thoracic) veya bel (lumbar) bölgelerinde görülebilen, yana doğru eğriliğidir. Tek başına olabileceği gibi, kifoz (arkadan öne doğru anormal bir eğrilik) ile beraber de görülebilir (Kifoskolyoz).

Hastalık, kız çocuklarında çok daha sık görülür. Özellikle 30 dereceyi geçen skolyozlar adolesan kızlarda erkeklere oranla on kat fazla görülmektedir. Türkiye'de 2,5 milyon  skolyoz hastası mevcuttur.

Nedenleri
Skolyoz çok çeşitli nedenlerle ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Mesela engelli çocuklarda ya da çocukluk çağında felç geçirenlerde görülmektedir. Ancak sıklıkla  karşılaşılan skolyozlar, daha çok 10'lu yaşlarda ortaya çıkan ve nedeni hala tam olarak bilinmeyen (idiyopatik) grupta görülen skolyozlar ile anne karnındaki etmenler nedeniyle ortaya çıkan ve doğuştan itibaren bulgu veren doğumsal (konjenital) skolyozlardır. Birincinin nedenini tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Konjenital skolyoza ise gebelik sırasında geçirilen enfeksiyonlar, şeker hastalığı, bazı vitamin eksikliklerinin neden olduğu düşünülmektedir.
 Doğuştan olabilir (konjenital). Bu durum genellikle omurgadaki bir kusura veya birbirine kaynamış kaburgalara bağlıdır.
 Polio (çocuk felci), beyin felci veya kas distrofisi (erimesi) gibi durumlara bağlı olarak kasların felci sonucunda oluşabilir.
 İdiyopatik (nedeni bilinmeyen) olabilir. Daha önce düzgün olan bir omurgada, bilinmeyen bir nedenle ortaya çıkabilir.

Bulguları

 Omurganın yana doğru eğriliği
 Omuz ve kalçaların simetrik durmaması
 Birinci eğriliği karşılayıcı ikinci bir eğri varlığı
 Sırt ve/veya bel ağrısı
 Yorgunluk
 Nefes darlığı
 Bir omzun (sağ-sol) öne ilerlemesi

Testler
Fizik muayene sırasında, hasta öne doğru eğildiğinde eğrilik daha belirgin gözükür. Farklı pozisyonlarda omurga röntgenleri ve skolyozometre (omurganın eğrilik miktarını ölçen bir alet) ölçümleri, skolyozun miktarını belirleyebilmek için yapılabilecek testlerdir.

Türleri
Skolyoz hastalığı üç sınıfa ayrılır. Bunlar;

 Non strüktürel
 Geçici strüktürel
 Strüktürel skolyoz

Tedavisi
Skolyoz hastalığı eğer çocukluk çağlarda görüldü ise tedavisi gelişim tamamlanmadan yapılmalıdır. Kemiklerin düzgün gelişmesi için mutlaka takviye ilaçlar ve fizik tedavi uygulanmalıdır. Özellikle 0-5 yaş arasındaki çocuklarda düzgün bir fizik tedavi önemli rol oynar. Yetişkin yaşlarda meydana gelen skolyoz hastalığında tedavi biraz daha zordur. Hastalığın ortaya çıkması kişinin yaşı ile birlikte gelişir. Bu da tedavinin daha da özenli yapılmasını gerektirir. Yetişkinlerde de çocuklarda olduğu gibi fizik tedavi korse ve ilaçlar ilk seçenektir. Cerrahi yöntem vardır. Fakat riskleri nedeni ile tercih edilmez. Fakat eğirilik 40 dereceye ulaşmış ise operasyon ile tedavi edilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kifoz
 Lordoz
 Konjenital skolyoz

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 scoliosis.org
skolyoz.net

İnsan anatomisi
Ortopedi
Kas iskelet hastalıkları
Omurga

Skolyoz


Segner ist ein Einschlagkrater im Süden der Mondvorderseite, unmittelbar nordöstlich des Kraters Zucchius, der den südwestlichen Rand von Segner überlagert und dessen Ejekta den ansonsten weitgehend ebenen Boden von Segner bedecken.
Der Kraterrand ist stark erodiert.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem deutschen Physiker und Mathematiker Johann Andreas von Segner offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Segner auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Segner (Mondkrater)


Velika nagrada Katara je automobilistička utrka Formule 1, koja će se prvi put voziti na tom natjecanju 2021. Katar je zauzeo posljednje mjesto u kalendaru Formule 1 2021. umjesto otkazane Velike nagrade Australije, ali je i osigurao mjesto u kalendaru od 2023. Katar je bio favorit za to mjesto zbog staze Losail koja ima FIA Grade 1 licencu nužnu za održavanje utrka Formule 1, a i blizu je utrka koje su na rasporedu iza nje, Velike nagrade Saudijske Arabije i Velike nagrade Abu Dhabija. Staza Losail domaćin je Svjetskog prvenstva u motociklizmu MotoGP utrka od 2004. i ima rasvjetu, baš kao i Bahrein i Abu Dhabi, tako da će se utrka moći voziti i u večernjem terminu.

Pobjednici

Pobjednici po godinama

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Qatar Grand Prix - Stats F1

Katar
Međunarodna športska natjecanja u Kataru

Velika nagrada Katara


Albert Lincoln "Al" Roker, Jr. (Queens, Nueva York, 20 de agosto de 1954) es un meteorólogo televisivo, actor, y autor de origen estadounidense. Es más conocido como el presentador del tiempo en Today, un programa matutino de la National Broadcasting Company (NBC). El 20 de julio de 2009, comenzó co-presentar su nuevo programa matinal, Wake Up With Al, que se emite en las días laborables por The Weather Channel desde las 06:00 hasta las 07:00, Tiempo del Este. También posee un sello expirado con la American Meteorological Society. Es el autor de The Morning Show Murders, una novela de misterio sobre un cocinero y presentador famoso que se introduce en intriga y caos internacional.

Inicios
Roker nació en Queens, Nueva York, el hijo de Isabel, de origen jamaicano, y Albert Lincoln Roker, Sr., un negociador de relaciones laborales, conductor de autobús, y despachador de ascendencia bahameño. Roker inicialmente quería ser un dibujante. Fue criado católico (en la fe de su madre) y graduó de Xavier High School en Manhattan. Trabajó en varios proyectos como un miembro del "Cartooning & Illustration Club" en la escuela. Asistió a la Universidad Estatal de Nueva York en Oswego, donde especializó en diseño gráfico así como difusión/periodismo. Roker es un primo de la actriz Roxie Roker, que es más notable por su papel en la serie The Jeffersons y es la madre de Lenny Kravitz, un músico popular de rock.

Carrera

Antes de su reconocimiento nacional, Roker trabajó como un presentador de tiempo para WHEN-TV (ahora WTVH), un filial de la Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) en Siracusa, Nueva York, desde 1974 hasta 1976, cuando todavía fue inscrito en la UENY Oswego. Tras la finalización de sus estudios universitarios, Roker se trasladó a Washington D.C. y pasó a encargarse del pronóstico meteorológico para WTTG, una estación independiente que entonces era propiedad de Metromedia, y permaneció allí durante los dos años siguientes.

Roker empezó su carrera con la NBC en 1978 cuando fue contratado en WKYC-TV, Cleveland, Ohio, que posteriormente sería adquirida por la NBC. Tras cinco años exitosos en Cleveland, Roker fue promovido al filial primario de la cadena, WNBC-TV en su ciudad natal. Roker regresó a Nueva York a finales de 1983 como un meteorólogo para los fines de semana y durante ocho meses se encargó del pronóstico del tiempo toda la semana. Roker reemplazó al Dr. Frank Field, un veterano de WNBC que llevaba 27 años en la cadena y la abandonó después de una disputa contractual. Desde 1983 hasta 1996, Roker fue el sustituto habitual del meteorólogo Joe Witte en el programa NBC News at Sunrise, y desde 1990 hasta 1995, sustituyó para Willard Scott en The Today Show. En 1995, se convirtió en el presentador de The Al Roker Show, un programa de entrevistas emitido durante los fines de semanas por CNBC. En 1996 y 1997, fue el presentador de un programa de concursos en MSNBC llamado Remember This?

Roker comenzó a recibir una mayor exposición, sobre todo cuando David Letterman le pidió que hiciera una carrera ascensor con él en un episodio de su talk show Late Night with David Letterman, que grabó otro lado del pasillo al estudio de noticias de WNBC en el Edificio GE. Ese llevó Roker a conseguir un trabajo como el presentador del tiempo en Weekend Today, donde presentó el tiempo durante nueve años. También sustituyó en la edición principal de Today cuando Willard Scott estaba enfermo o viajando. En 1996, Scott anunció su semi-retiro de la serie, y Roker recibió una posición como el presentador del tiempo para la edición en días laborables de Today, donde ha servido en esta posición desde entonces. Oficialmente unió Today el 26 de enero de 1996. Roker se hizo popular porque daba sus pronósticos fuera del estudio, entrevistando a los miembros de la audiencia y dando tiempo en cámara a algunos de ellos. Con el paso del tiempo también comenzó hacer más entrevistas y segmentos en el programa.

En 2005, Roker informó desde el centro del huracán Wilma. Un video viral que es popular en el Internet muestra a Roker perdiendo el equilibrio contra la fuerza del huracán y aferrándose a su camarógrafo.

Roker es fan de los concursos televisivos, y presentó un segmento con una semana de duración en Today que honró cinco concursos y sus presentadores. También apareció como un concursante en ediciones para celebridades de tanto Wheel of Fortune y Jeopardy! En 2008, la pelea de Roker alojado NBC Celebrity Family. Roker también sustituyó para Meredith Vieira para una semana en Who Wants to Be a Millionaire en marzo de 2007.

Roker también presenta varios programas de The Food Network, es decir, Roker on the Road y Tricked-Out Tailgating. También es el autor de varios libros sin ficción, y un entusiasta ávido de la parrillada.

Roker era también el pronóstico de varias estaciones de radio, incluyendo la emisora de smooth jazz WQCD (101.9 FM, Nueva York) y la emisora de smooth jazz WNWV (107.3 FM, Cleveland). El servicio se llamó la "Al Roker Weather Radio Network," que fue proporcionada por United Stations Radio Networks. Desde entonces, ha sido sustituido en esas redes por AccuWeather. A partir de 2010, Roker tiene un trabajo de lunes a viernes desde las 06:00 hasta las 11:00 en The Weather Channel (TWC).

Vida personal
La esposa actual de Roker, su tercera, es la periodista Deborah Roberts, que ha informado tanto para la ABC y la NBC, con la cual tiene tres hijos.

Según el artículo "25 Things You Did Not Know About Me" de la revista Us Weekly (julio de 2011), Roker es primo de la madre del roquero Lenny Kravitz.

Véase también
 The Proud Family

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio web oficial

 Al Roker Investigates en CourtTV.com
 Biografía de Roker por NBC
 Al Roker en Foodnetwork.com

 Roker's Favorite Books
 Al's Book Club for Kids

Blogueros de Estados Unidos
Presentadores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actores de cine de Estados Unidos
Actores de voz de Estados Unidos
Ganadores del premio Daytime Emmy
Personas de Nueva York (estado)

Al Roker


Shannen Marie Doherty (d. 12 Nisan 1971; Memphis), Amerikalı oyuncudur. Adını Evimiz Hollywood'da (Beverly Hills, 90210) adlı diziyle duyurmuştur. Bu diziden de Playboy (dergi)sine verdiği pozlar yüzünden atılmıştır. Daha sonra da Charmed adlı diziyle çıkışını sürdürmüş fakat bu diziden de başrolünü birlikte paylaştığı Alyssa Milano ile anlaşamadığı için ayrılmıştır.

Filmografi

Yönetmen
 2000 Charmed "Be Careful What You Witch For"
 2001 Charmed "The Good, the Bad, and the Cursed"
 2001 Charmed "All Hell Breaks Loose"

Yapımcı
 Breaking Up with Shannen Doherty (executive producer) (1 bölüm, 2006)
 Better Off: Insecurity Check (2006) TV episode (yardımcı yapımcı)
 Another Day (2001) (TV) (yardımcı yapımcı)

Dış bağlantılar

 www.shannen-doherty.net
 www.justshannen.com

1971 doğumlular
Memphis doğumlu kadın oyuncular
20. yüzyılda Amerikalı kadın oyuncular
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı kadın oyuncular
Amerikalı kadın sinema oyuncuları
Amerikalı kadın tiyatro oyuncuları
Yaşayan insanlar
İngiliz asıllı Amerikalılar
İrlanda asıllı Amerikalılar
İskoç asıllı Amerikalılar
Amerikalı kadın pembe dizi oyuncuları
Amerikalı televizyon yönetmenleri
Kanser olan kişiler
Amerikalı çocuk oyuncular
Amerikalı televizyon kişilikleri
Amerikalı kadın dizi oyuncuları

Shannen Doherty


Æresporten er en dokumentarfilm instrueret af Lennart Steen efter manuskript af samme.

Handling
Registrering af hvordan beboerne i den midtsjællandske landsby Orup ved Tybjerg forbereder og gennemfører rejsningen af en æresport i anledning af et sølvbryllup. Filmen er lavet til videnskabelige studieformål.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1967

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Æresporten


Bitka kod Alinaca, bitka tijekom Prvog balkanskog rata, odigrala se 6. studenog 1912., u njoj su se sukobile srpske i turske snage u blizini sela Alinaca, na obronku Selečke planine. Na položaju sjeverno od Alinaca, na crti selo Marul — Malo Ruvci — Galičanska rudina — Borotinska rudina — Bakarno gumno, turski 5. korpus pokušao je dijelom snaga (oko 3500 ljudi i 3–4 bitnice) zaustavi kretanje 1. srpske armije i da svojoj Vardarskoj armiji, koja je poslije poraza na Kumanovu povlačila ka Bitolju, stvori potrebno vrijeme za organiziranje novog otpora. Bitka koja se odigrala kod Alinaca poznata je i kao bitka na Bakarnom gumnu.

Događaji prije bitke
Kada je ovladala prijevojima Prisad i Pletvar, 1. srpska armija produžila je prodor u pravcu Bitolja, i 5. studenog 1912. zanočila zajedno s Konjaničkom divizijom na južnom rubu Prilepa bez dodira s turskim zaštitnicama. I. Drinska i Moravska divizija prenočile su na području sela Pešterice, 6 km SI od Prilepa, pripremajući se da sutradan svečano uđu u Prilep. Sutradan su jedinice 1. armije produžile pokret sa zadatkom da I. Drinska i Moravska divizija zaposjednu položaj na crti Senokos — Prilep — Selce i da tu čekaju ostale divizije 1. armije. Konjanička divizija dobila je zadatak da od turaka očisti lijevu obalu Crne reke. Kako su jedinice obje divizije željele prve uči u Prilep, dogovoreno je da ulaze po ešalonima.

Tijek bitke
Dok su Drinska i Moravska divizija 6. studenog prolazile svečano kroz Prilep, na cesti južno od grada izviđački eskadron Konjaničke divizije obasut je oko 10h topničkom vatrom s položaja kod Alinaca, o čemu su izvješteni zapovjednici divizija. Međutim tom izvještaju zapovjednici divizija nisu posvetili dužnu pažnju. I. Drinska dvizija, nakon što je prošla kroz Prilep, okupila se na otvorenom polju 3 km južno od grada, u namjeri da zaposjedne određeni položaj. Ona je oko 11h, također, obasuta snažnom topničkom vatrom, što je medu ljudstvom izazvalo trenutni nered, ali su se oni brzo pribrali i krenuli samoinicijativno naprijed. Prihvativši inicijativu ljudstva, zapovjednik divizije, pukovnik Pavle Jurišić Šturm, poduzeo je energično nadiranje preko Prilepskog polja s 6. i 17. pješačkom pukovnijom u prvom, a s 4. i 5. u drugom ešalonu. Pokret je pokrivao topnički divizion s otvorenih položaja, kretajući se bitoljskim drumom.

Oko 14h, 6. pješačka pukovnija i 3. bojna 5. pješačke pukovnije, napredovale su zapadno od ceste Prilep — Bitolj, te su izvršile juriš i borbom prsa u prsa, potisnule turke s Galičanske rudine i Omeca prema Alincima i Topolčanima. Za to vrijeme napredovanje 17. pješačke pukovnije zadržano je istočno od ceste na rijeci Berovici, pa je na njegovom Iijevom krilu u borbu ubačena 4. pješačka pukovnija iz pozadine. Obje pukovnije su oko 16h razbile turske redove kod Mali Ruvaca i natjerali ih na povlačenje preko Šeleveraca i Crne reke. Za to vrijeme Konjanička divizija skrenula je na istok i pokušala obuhvatiti tursko desno krilo, a I. Moravska divizija razvila se za napad u produžetku desnog krila I. Drinske divizije. Zbog brzog nadiranja I. Drinske divizije, turci su odstupili i povukli se s bojišta prije nego što su ti manevri mogli doči do izražaja.

Posljedice
Tijekom bitke srbi su pretrpjeli velike gubitke 1378 ljudi (28 časnika 6. pukovnije te 1000 vojnika), naspram turskih 500 ljudi. Takav veliki nesrazmjer može se pripisati slaboj izviđačkoj i obavještajnoj službi, što su turci u punoj mjeri iskoristili. Na Bakarnom Gumnu je na Vidovdan, 28. lipnja, 1938. podignuta spomen piramida.

Literatura

 "Alinci", U: Vojna enciklopedija, sv. 1., Beograd: Izdanje redakcije Vojne enciklopedije, 1970., str. 97. – 98.
 M. Lazarević, Srpsko-turski rat 1912. godine, Beograd, 1931.

Izvori

 1
Srbijanske bitke
Sjeverna Makedonija u Balkanskim ratovima
Osmanske bitke
Kraljevina Srbija

Bitka kod Alinaca


Henry Kelly (born 17 April 1946) is an Irish radio and television broadcaster, actor and journalist.

Early life
Kelly was born in Athlone, County Westmeath, Ireland, and educated at Belvedere College SJ, and at University College Dublin, where he was auditor of the Literary and Historical Society. Whilst at university he wrote theatre reviews for The Irish Times.

Journalism
After graduating from University College Dublin with a degree in English in 1968, he became a journalist with The Irish Times, and was swiftly promoted to the post of its Belfast-based Northern Editor in 1970, at the start of civil unrest and The Troubles in Northern Ireland, a post which he held for five years. During his time in Northern Ireland he published the book How Stormont Fell (1972), which is still highly regarded in its field. In 1976 he left The Irish Times and moved to London to work as a reporter for the British Broadcasting Corporation on its Radio 4 The World Tonight programme.

Television
In 1980, in a complete career change at the age of 34, Kelly abandoned journalism and chose to pursue another career in television, presenting light entertainment shows. Whilst at university, Kelly had been a friend of the family of Terry Wogan, and was drawn to try to emulate Wogan's career path by the professional success that Wogan was experiencing by the late 1970s with the BBC.

In 1981, Kelly secured a co-presenter slot on the United Kingdom's ITV television channel with the London Weekend Television prime-time light entertainment show Game for a Laugh, which was a sufficient ratings success to make him a household name in the country. He remained with the show until 1983. In June 1983, Kelly joined TV-am, and became the host of the Saturday edition of "Good Morning Britain" with Toni Arthur. He was also a regular stand-in presenter on the weekday programme and presented "Summer Sunday" over the years. He left TV-am in 1987, and from 1987 to 1996 he presented Going for Gold, a lunchtime television quiz game show broadcast on BBC1 with contestants from across Europe.

In 1988 he briefly returned to journalism and once chaired After Dark. He had previously appeared on that programme discussing the activities of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, which he had witnessed first hand as a journalist in the early 1970s.

In 2000 he appeared as a quiz show host in the final two episodes of the Victoria Wood sitcom dinnerladies. Kelly had also previously worked with Wood on her show Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV in the mid-1980s. He also appeared occasionally on Sky News television reviewing the Sunday morning newspapers.

Radio
In 1992, Kelly was one of the launch presenters of Classic FM, initially presenting the weekday mid-morning show from 9 am to 12 noon. He then moved on to the Breakfast Show, until replaced by Simon Bates in June 2003. He returned between 2006 and 2008 to present a three-hour show on Sunday mornings.

In September 2003, Kelly took up the Drivetime slot on London news-and-talk station LBC 97.3. In February 2004 he declared himself bankrupt thirteen years after the Inland Revenue had sued him for the non-payment during the 1980s of income tax and national insurance contributions. At the end of 2004, Kelly and some of LBC's most experienced presenters, such as Brian Hayes and Angela Rippon, did not have their contracts renewed.

Kelly spent two weeks in June 2005 presenting the late show on BBC Radio London 94.9, and in September 2005 took over the weekday mid-morning show on BBC Radio Berkshire from 10 am to 1 pm. He later presented a Saturday mid-morning show for the station until 2015.

Other work
In 2013, Kelly presented a series of filmed adverts for a Golders Green used car dealership and garage. He has also been the narrator for most of Video 125's Driver's Eye Views of Irish railways.

Personal life
Kelly is married to the journalist Karolyn Shindler, and resides in Hampstead in North London. He has two adult children. He enjoys golf. In 1994 he won the inaugural William Roache Charity Classic Invitational, held at Woburn.

Publications
How Stormont Fell (1972),
Classic FM Musical Anecdotes (1998),

References

External links

Henry Kelly at the British Film Institute

1946 births
Living people
Alumni of University College Dublin
Auditors of the Literary and Historical Society (University College Dublin)
Classical music radio presenters
Irish expatriates in the United Kingdom
Irish game show hosts
Irish radio DJs
Irish radio presenters
Irish television presenters
The Irish Times people
People educated at Belvedere College
People from Athlone
Television presenters from the Republic of Ireland
Broadcasters from County Westmeath
20th-century Irish journalists
Writers from County Westmeath

Henry Kelly


Torpido bombardıman uçağı öncelikli olarak torpidolar ile gemilere saldırmak için tasarlanmış ama konvansiyonel bomba da taşıyabilen bir tür bombardıman uçağıdır. Bu uçakların kullandığı torpidolar, denizaltıların kullandığı torpidolardan daha küçük ve hafiftir. Aynı zamanda havadan bırakılmak için tasarlanmıştır.

İlk torpido bombardıman uçağı I. Dünya Savaşı sonlarında ortaya çıkmıştır. Havadan bırakılan torpidolar 2000 pound (907 kg ve bu günümüzün tek motorlu bir bombardıman uçağının bomba yükünün iki katından fazla) kadardı ve bu durum uçağın daha güçlü bir motora ihtiyaç duyması anlamına gelmekteydi. Ayrıca torpidoları taşımak için daha büyük bir bomba bölümü veya uçak gövdesi gerekiyordu. Bu sorun özel bir uçağın ihtiyacını açıklıyordu. Bununla beraber çok motorlu ağır bombardıman uçakları torpido bombacısı görevini görmekteydi.

Dış bağlantılar

Torpido bombardıman uçağı


Le tunnel du Pavillon est un tunnel routier français à Saint-Louis, sur l'île de La Réunion. Situé à l'entrée du cirque naturel de Cilaos, il permet le franchissement d'une petite arête rocheuse par la route de Cilaos. Avec le pont de la Boucle, le tunnel de Peter Both et le tunnel de Gueule Rouge, il est l'un des ouvrages d'art singuliers de cette route de montagne.

Pavillon
Pavillon
Transport routier à La Réunion
Saint-Louis (La Réunion)

Tunnel du Pavillon


Der Elegante Täubling oder Goldblätterige Täubling (Russula elegans, Syn.: Russula maculata var. elegans) ist eine Pilzart aus der Familie der Täublingsverwandten. Der mild schmeckende, zerbrechliche Täubling gilbt ziemlich stark und wird an der Stielbasis oft rostfleckig. Der Hut ist karmin-, kirsch- oder kupferrot, bisweilen auch rosa gefärbt und sein Sporenpulver ist hellgelb. Der Täubling wächst unter verschiedenen Laubbäumen, meist aber unter Pappeln.

Merkmale

Makroskopische Merkmale
Der Hut ist 3,5–7 cm breit, zuerst gewölbt und dann ausgebreitet. Meist ist die Hutmitte schon bei jungen Fruchtkörpern trichterförmig vertieft. Der dünne und scharfrandige Rand des meist gleichmäßig runden Hutes ist manchmal etwas unregelmäßig wellig verbogen. Am Hutrand ist er meist schon früh gerieft (bis zu zwei Drittel der Radiuslänge). Die Hutfarbe ist vom Rand her mattrot und zur Mitte hin über braunrot, rotbraun und dunkelbraun bis nahezu schwarz gefärbt. Seltener ist der ganze Hut einheitlich rosa- bis grau-magentafarben. Er wird auch als karmin bis kirschrot beschrieben und soll zur Hutmitte hin häufig gilben oder partiell gelbfleckig werden. Die Huthaut ist im trockenen Zustand matt und bei Feuchtigkeit schmierig. Sie lässt sich bis zu drei Viertel des Radius abziehen.

Die Lamellen sind ocker bis gelb und ziemlich dick. Sie sind meist gleich lang und laufen ohne untermischte Zwischenlamellen vom Rand bis zum Stiel. Auch sind sie nur selten gegabelt, doch können sie zum Rand hin an der Basis queraderig verbunden sein. Am Stiel laufen die Lamellen oft etwas herab und am Hutrand stehen sie weit auseinander. Bei reifen Fruchtkörpern findet man in der Randzone teilweise nur 4 Lamellen pro Zentimeter. Das Sporenpulver ist hellgelb (IVa nach Romagnesi) gefärbt.

Der zylindrische Stiel ist mit 4–7 × 0,8–1,7 cm im Verhältnis zum Hutdurchmesser relativ lang. An der Spitze ist er oft etwas erweitert und an der Basis meist verjüngt. Der Stiel ist weiß und die Stielbasis oft stark und großflächig rostfleckig. Im Alter oder nach dem Pflücken gilbt er sehr stark.

Das mehr oder weniger mild schmeckende Fleisch ist stark brüchig und der Geruch ist schwach fruchtig. Das Fleisch reagiert mit Eisensulfat schwach rosa und mit Guajak rasch und intensiv blaugrün, Phenol verfärbt das Fleisch normal braun.

Mikroskopische Merkmale
Die Sporen sind 7–8,5 (9,4) µm lang und (6,2–) 6,8–8,4 µm breit. Der Q-Wert (Quotient aus Sporenlänge und -breite) ist 1,15. Das durchschnittliche Volumen beträgt 234 µm3. Das Sporenornament besteht aus kegeligen Warzen, die bis zu 0,5 (0,7) µm hoch werden und unregelmäßig angeordneten sind. Daneben kommen auch verzweigte, gratige Rippen, die ein mehr oder weniger vollständiges Netz bilden. Bei genauer Betrachtung erscheint das Ornament noch differenzierter. Neben längeren Rippen sind auch kurze Grate vorhanden, aber auch isolierte Elemente, die teilweise eng beisammenstehen. Von diesen können mitunter feine Ausläufer ausgehen. Der Hilarfleck ist gut sichtbar. Die relativ kleinen Pleurozystiden sind 45–60 µm lang und 5–7 µm breit und eher selten.

Die haarartigen, zylindrischen Hyphenzellen des Hutes sind 2–6 µm breit und oft bauchig erweitert. Auch knorrige Auswüchse kommen vor. Oft sind die Hyphen wellig verbogen und stark verzweigt, unterschiedlich lang, aber meist kurz septiert und an der Spitze abgerundet. Das obere Ende kann aber auch verjüngt sein und spitz auslaufen. Die zylindrischen und eher kurz septierten Pileozystiden sind 3–8 µm breit und nicht sehr zahlreich. Sie lassen sich mit Sulfoaldehyd-Reagenzien wie Sulfovanillin anfärben. An den Septen sind sie oft eingeschnürt. Die Hyphen-Endzellen sind langkeulig, schmal spindelig und seltener auch bauchig erweitert.

Artabgrenzung
Bei diesem Vertreter der Puellarinae sind die Rostflecken an der Stielbasis das auffälligste Kennzeichen. Ebenso kennzeichnend ist der im Verhältnis zum Hutdurchmesser oft doppelt so lange Stiel. Die Art kann leicht mit dem Rotstieligen Zwerg-Täubling (R. font-queri) verwechselt werden. Dieser gilbt aber viel weniger und hat einen mehr orange gefärbten Hut. Da beiden Arten ganz unterschiedliche Sporen haben, können sie mikroskopisch leicht unterschieden werden.

Ökologie
Der seltene Mykorrhizapilz geht wohl mit verschiedenen Laubbäumen eine Partnerschaft ein. In der Literatur werden meist verschiedene Pappelarten genannt. Der Pilz wurde aber auch unter Robinien, Eichen, Buchen und Birken gefunden. Die Fruchtkörper erscheinen zwischen Mitte September bis Mitte Oktober.

Verbreitung

Der seltene Elegante Täubling ist wohl eine rein europäische Art. Nachweise gibt es aus Norditalien, Frankreich, den Niederlanden, Belgien, Österreich, Slowenien und Deutschland.
In Deutschland ist die Art sehr selten. Fundmeldungen gibt es aus Baden-Württemberg, Rheinland-Pfalz und dem Saarland.

Systematik
Der Elegante Täubling (R. elegans) wurde 1882 von G. Bresadola beschrieben. Zwei Jahre später stufte er ihn als R. maculata var. elegans zur Varietät herab. Das Taxon R. elegans wird hier im Sinne von Romagnesi verstanden und entspricht nicht der R. elegans im Sinne von Cooke, die heute mit R. maculata synonymisiert wird.

Infragenerische Systematik
Der Elegante Täubling wird von M. Bon in die Untersektion Puellarinae innerhalb der Sektion Tenellae gestellt. Die Fruchtkörper der Täublinge aus dieser Untersektion gilben besonders am Stiel. Der Geschmack ist mild oder leicht schärflich. Die Fruchtkörper sind sehr zerbrechlich und das Sporenpulver ist cremefarben bis gelb.

Bedeutung
Als mild schmeckender Täubling ist der Elegante Täubling sicherlich essbar, da er aber sehr selten ist und sehr ein brüchiges Fleisch hat, eignet er sich kaum für eine kulinarische Verwendung.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Speisepilzart
Täublinge

Eleganter Täubling


Korn er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1943, der er instrueret af Bjarne Henning-Jensen efter manuskript af ham selv, Olaf Hauch og Kai Johansen.

Handling
Kornets vækst fra såning til høsten følges af børn på gården.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1943

Korn (dokumentarfilm fra 1943)


Zheng Siwei (; Wenzhou, 26 de fevereiro de 1997) é um jogador de badminton chinês, medalhista olímpico.

Carreira

Nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020, em Tóquio, conquistou a medalha de prata na categoria duplas mistas ao lado de Huang Yaqiong após confronto na final contra os também chineses Wang Yilyu e Huang Dongping. Zheng entrou para a seleção nacional em 2013 e teve um desempenho de excelência nos eventos juniores ao coletar quatro medalhas de ouro, uma prata e uma bronze no Campeonato Mundial.

Jogadores de badmínton olímpicos da China
Jogadores de badminton nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Zheng Siwei


عقد 880 هو عقد امتد بين 1 يناير 880 و31 ديسمبر 889 بحسب التقويم الميلادي. سبقه عقد 870 ولحقه عقد 890.

أحداث

 معركة ميلاتسو (888)

مواليد

 المنذر بن سعيد البلوطي (887)
 سعيد الفيومي (882)
 محمد بن نصير (883)
 ابن شعبان (883)
 محمد بن خفيف الشيرازي (882)
 محمد بن القاسم الأنباري (885)
 جيش بن خمارويه (882)
 خيمينو غارسيز (882)
 عبد الرحمن الناصر لدين الله (889)
 أبو هاشم الجبائي (888)
 أبو العباس الميكالي (883)

وفيات

 روريك من دورستاد (882)
 أبو محمد بن قتيبة الدينوري (889)
 أبو عبد الله محمد بن عيسى المهاني (884)
 محمد بن نصير (883)
 سليمان بن وهب (885)
 الزكي عبد الله (881)
 الحسن بن زيد بن محمد (884)
 محمد بن ماجه (886)
 محمد بن عبد الرحمن (886)
 شنودة الأول (880)
 هوانغ تشاو (884)

كتب

 موسوعة حضارة العالم (2002) لأحمد محمد عوف.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

 تصفح سنة بسنة عقد 880 ابتداءً من

عقد 880


Parket (od njem. Parkett iz franc. parquet)  predstavlja gazni sloj podne obloge izrađen od drvnih elemenata - parketnih dasaka koje se lijepe ili zabijaju na nosivu podnu konstrukciju. Kao građevinski materijal koristi se u stanogradnji za isticanje estetskih svojstava drveta.

Široku uporabu u građevini zahvaljuje svojim tehničkim odlikama: ima dobru mehaničku stabilnost i tvrdoća, toplinska, zvučna i elektroizolacijska svojstva, dobra higijenska svojstva te mogućnost obnavljanja i recikliranja, zbog čega se, osim u stanogradnji, često koristi i kao gazna površina u športskim dvoranama.

Vrste parketa

Po obliku parketne se daske dijele na:

 masivne daščice ili tzv. klasični parket, debljine 14 do 22 mm, međusobno spojene utorom i perom;
 lamel-parket (daščice do 160 mm duljine složene u polja i ploče);
 lam-daščice (slobodne daščice za lijepljenje na podlogu) i
 daske brodskog poda.

Obrada

Parket se nakon polaganja brusi i površinski obrađuje, najčešće lakovima. Slaganjem parketa u različite obrasce (tzv. riblju kost, polja i plohe) postiže se bolja dimenzijska stabilnost poda i odgovarajući estetski dojam.

Usporednim slaganjem polaže se brodski pod, koji se izrađuje od masivnoga drva ili uslojenih parketnih dasaka koje mogu biti prethodno lakirane (tzv. gotovi parket).

Parket se najčešće izrađuje od hrastovine, bukovine i jasenovine.

Bilješke
 Osim građevinskog materijala, riječ parket u hrvatskom jeziku označava i parter, sjedala u prvim redovima kazališta.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Građevinski materijali

Parket


The Baltic Times is an independent monthly newspaper that covers the latest political, economic, business, and cultural events in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

The paper was formed from a merger in 1996 of the Baltic Independent and Baltic Observer. With offices in Tallinn and Vilnius and its headquarters in Riga, The Baltic Times remains the only English language print and online newspaper covering all three Baltic states.

Between 1996 and 2012 The Baltic Times was published weekly and then, until September 2013, twice a month.

References

External links
 The Baltic Times
 Library of Congress

Newspapers published in Estonia
Newspapers published in Latvia
Newspapers published in Lithuania
Newspapers established in 1996
Mass media in Riga
1996 establishments in Latvia
Latvian news websites

The Baltic Times


The iiwi (pronounced , ee-EE-vee) (Drepanis coccinea) or scarlet honeycreeper is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. The iiwi is a highly recognizable symbol of Hawaii. The iiwi is one of the most common endemic birds of the Hawaiian Islands.

Etymology
Linguists derive the Hawaiian language word iiwi from Proto-Nuclear-Polynesian *kiwi, which in central Polynesia refers to the bristle-thighed curlew (Numenius tahitiensis), a migratory bird. The long decurved bill of the curlew somewhat resembles that of the iiwi.

Description

The adult iiwi is mostly scarlet, with black wings and tail and a long, curved, salmon-colored bill used primarily for drinking nectar. The contrast of the red and black plumage with surrounding green foliage makes the iiwi one of Hawaii's most easily seen native birds. Younger birds have golden plumage with more spots and ivory bills and were mistaken for a different species by early naturalists. Observations of young birds moulting into adult plumage resolved this confusion.

Along with the Hawaiʻi Mamo, iiwi were used in the feather trade. The iiwi's feathers were highly prized by Hawaiian alii (nobility) for use in decorating ahuula (feather cloaks) and mahiole (feathered helmets), and such uses gave the species its original scientific name: Vestiaria, which comes from the Latin for "clothing", and coccinea meaning "scarlet-colored". (In 2015 the IOC World Bird List moved the iiwi from genus Vestiaria to Drepanis because of the close relationship between the iiwi and the two species of mamo; Drepanis comes from the Greek for sickle, a reference to the shape of the beak.)

The bird is often mentioned in Hawaiian folklore. The Hawaiian song "Sweet Lei Mamo" includes the line "The iiwi bird, too, is a friend".

Song
The iiwiʻs peculiar song consists of a couple of whistles, the sound of balls dropping in water, the rubbing of balloons together, and the squeaking of a rusty hinge.

Diet
The long bill of the iiwi assists it to extract nectar from the flowers of the Hawaiian lobelioids, which have decurved corollas. Starting in 1902 the lobelioid population declined dramatically, and the iiwi shifted to nectar from the blossoms of ōhia lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) trees. Iiwi also eat small arthropods.

Breeding
In the early winter in January to June, the birds pair off and mate as the ōhia plants reach their flowering maximum. The female lays two to three eggs in a small cup shaped nest made from tree fibers, petals, and down feathers. These bluish eggs hatch in fourteen days. The chicks are yellowish-green marked with brownish-orange. The chicks fledge in 24 days and soon attain adult plumage.

Habitat and Distribution

The largest populations of iiwi inhabit Hawaii Island, followed by Maui with the greatest numbers in East Maui, and fewer than 1% of iiwi remain on Kauai. There may be remnant populations on Molokai and Oahu; very few iiwi have been recorded on either island since the 1990s. They are no longer present on Lānai. Overall, ninety percent of the iiwi population is confined to a narrow band of forest on East Maui and the windward slopes of the island of Hawaii, between 4,265 and 6,234 feet (1,300 and 1,900 meters) in elevation.  They are most abundant in mesic to wet forests at higher elevations.

These birds are altitudinal migrants; they follow the progress of flowers as they develop at increasing altitudes throughout the year. It has also been noted that birds on Mauna Kea, Hawaii Island, likely make daily trips from lower elevations to feed on nectar. Seeking food at low elevation exposes them to low elevation disease organisms and high mortality. It has been theorized that the iiwi can migrate between islands and it may be why the bird has not gone extinct on smaller islands such as Molokai. Altitudinal migration complicates population assessment.

Threats and Conservation
Although 'I'iwi are still relatively common in Hawaii, they have lost over 90% of their range and are being considered to be listed on the endangered species act. Iiwi was formerly classified as a near threatened species by the IUCN, but recent research has proven that it is rarer than previously believed. Consequently, it was uplisted to vulnerable status in 2008. The species was listed as threatened by the United States Department of the Interior on 20 October 2017.

Avian Malaria
Iiwi are listed as a threatened species because of small and declining populations in some of its range and its susceptibility to fowlpox and avian malaria. Avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) is an introduced disease that is spread by mosquitoes. Iiwi generally survive at higher elevations where temperatures are too cool for mosquitoes. Many disease-susceptible endemic birds, including iiwi and kiwikiu, became rare to absent at lower elevations, even in relatively intact native forest. Avian malaria has been identified as the primary driver of declines in abundance and distribution of iiwi observed since 1900. They are one of the most susceptible Hawaiian honeycreepers, with more than 75% exposure to the bird after being bitten by a single mosquito and with 90% overall mortality. One of the main reasons the 'I'iwi get exposed to malaria is because the birds move down to lower elevations post breeding season in order to track more food from ˋŌhiˋa trees and were shown to be exposed to malaria much more often than those birds who were more sedentary and stayed in higher elevation zones. In another study, they were also shown to have the longest movement patterns out of any of three other native Hawaiian birds, which may also be spreading avian malaria amongst the 'I'iwi.  In middle elevations, there is a growing number of mosquitoes in the fall that facilitate disease transmission and affect the birds at higher elevations that travel to lower elevations to forage for food.  'I'iwi usually reside at high enough elevations that they are not exposed to the disease. However, with climate change, they are expected to be exposed to the disease even more as the climate warms and the disease is able to develop in mosquitoes at higher altitudes where the 'I'iwi used to be somewhat safe.  As for the current abundance of 'I'iwi in these areas, there were more 'I'iwi found above 1350 m in altitude when compared to a survey done in 1979. There were also no 'I'iwi found in mid-elevations, while back in 1979, 37% of the 'I'iwi found were located here, which gives further evidence that they are being pushed into higher elevations because of global warming.  For these reasons, it has been projected that the 'I'iwi may be on the verge of extinction by 2100.  There is a movement to begin an official eradication of mosquitos in Hawaii, as there are no native species on the islands, and their removal would not hurt the food web.

Land Conservation and ˋŌhiˋa Death
Iiwi habitat has been reduced and fragmented through various types of land development, including clearing native forest for food crops and grazing. Invasive plants also outcompete and displace native plants that iiwi use for foraging and nesting. Invasive animals impact iiwi in a variety of ways, for example feral ungulates may trample native plants and spread nonnative plants and invasive seeds, further degrading habitat. Feral pigs often create wallows by knocking over vegetation and hollowing out areas that fill with rain water. These have the potential to become incubator sites for mosquito larvae, which in turn spread avian malaria.

Another problem aiding the extinction of the 'I'iwi is the death of the ˋŌhiˋa tree. The ˋŌhiˋa tree is known to act as shelter for various rare and endangered species and be a food source for many birds on the island, making it one of the most important sources of nectar for Hawaiian Honeycreepers and the most important tree in regards to ecology in Hawaii.  However, in recent years many of the trees have begun to die out due to a disease called Ceratocystis Wilt, also called Rapid ˋŌhiˋa Death, which causes rapid death of the leaves on a single branch that spreads to the rest of the tree incredibly quickly.  There has been extensive death of these trees in untouched part of the forest, which has further contributed to the problem of the 'I'iwi having to leave higher elevations to find food and being exposed to malaria.

Mitigating Threats and Conservation Issues
One way that has been studied to help mitigate the issue of 'I'iwi and avian malaria is through gene editing to make 'I'iwi that are resistant to malaria. However, a very large number of gene edited 'I'iwi would have to be released before the year 2050 in order for this strategy to work, which would be extremely expensive.  There have also been various other solutions proposed, like gene edited mosquitoes, feral pig control in order to reduce habitats for mosquito larvae, and 'I'iwi predator control in order to increase the population.  Other solutions include getting rid of invasive species that produce nectar and increasing native flowering plants in higher elevations so that the 'I'iwi do not have to go into the lower elevation, mosquito infested areas to forage for food.

Organizations throughout the islands have established nature reserves to protect native habitat. Fencing off sections of land to keep out feral ungulates, especially pigs, goats and axis deer enables native plants to recover from overgrazing and ungulate damage and helps restore native bird habitat. In recent years another threat has put native bird habitat at risk. Conservation groups are diligently working to reduce the risk of spreading a disease called Rapid ˋŌhiˋa Death (ROD). This disease along with  ōhia dieback and  ōhia rust could lead to a rapid decline in  ōhia forests, an important nectar source for iiwi.

See also
List of adaptive radiated Hawaiian honeycreepers by form

References

External links

 BirdLife Species Factsheet.
 ʻIʻiwi videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
  Extra information on the 'I'iwi
  'I'iwi Species Status Report by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 2016
  DNLR factsheet for the I'iwi.

Drepanis
Hawaiian honeycreepers
Endemic birds of Hawaii
Birds described in 1780
Taxa named by Georg Forster
ESA threatened species

ʻIʻiwi


Die M.L. Aviation Utility war ein experimentelles Leichtflugzeugkonzept, das auch einer praktischen Erprobung unterzogen wurde. Hersteller war Anfang der 1950er Jahre die britische Firma M.L. Aviation. Geplant war ein Flugzeug, das zusammengelegt einfach zu transportieren und durch Aufblasen der Tragfläche und Unterhängen eines hölzernen faltbaren "Gondelkastens" für den Piloten schnell einsatzbereit zu machen war.

Geschichte
Man kann das Konzept eines aufblasbaren Vielzweckflugzeugs (Utility Aircraft) als Versuch ansehen, ein einfaches, leichtes und billiges Fluggerät für militärische Zwecke, speziell für Armeeanforderungen herzustellen. Das Gerät sollte für Aufklärungs- und Verbindungsaufgaben von Armeeoffizieren im Kompanieführerrang verwendet werden.

Die Maschine wurde von Marcel J. O. Lobelle konstruiert, der vorher als Chefkonstrukteur für Fairey arbeitete und z. B. für die Swordfish verantwortlich war. Ein großer Teil der Konstruktions- und Forschungsarbeiten wurde jedoch beim Research and Development Establishment, RAF Cardington (Bedfordshire) geleistet. Dort wurde auch der erste Prototyp zusammen mit zwei Sätzen deltaförmiger Tragflächen fertiggestellt. Der "Cardington Kite" genannte Prototyp flog zum ersten Mal im März 1953 auf dem Flugplatz RAE Twinwoods.

Die erste öffentliche Vorführung erfolgte im August 1955. Ebenfalls zu dieser Zeit teilte das "Ministry of Supply" (MoS) mit, dass es einen Auftrag über drei Entwicklungsmaschinen an M.L. Aviation erteilt hat. Erst im August des folgenden Jahres erschienen die ersten Fotos der deutlich weiterentwickelten nun als M.L. Utility Mk.1 (RAF-Seriennummer XK776) bezeichneten Ausführung in der Presse. Der jetzt aus einem anderen Material bestehende Tragflügel erhielt statt der einzelnen zentralen Flosse jetzt ein "Doppelleitwerk". Vor allem die "Gondel" wurde stark überarbeitet und war nun schlanker und länger als vorher, als Triebwerk wurde ein gedrosselter 60-PS-Walter-Mikron-III-Motor eingesetzt.

Bis August 1957 hatte die Mk.1 40 Flugstunden absolviert und eine maximale Höhe von 210 m erreicht. Insgesamt wurden drei Mk.1-Gondeln hergestellt (XK776, XK781, XK784), dazu kamen zwölf Tragflächensätze, die jeweils einen eigenen Namen erhielten. Diese waren zwischen den Gondeln austauschbar, wiesen aber unterschiedliche Elevonflächen, Profiltiefen und Gesamtflächen auf. Weitere Produktionsaufträge wurden nicht erteilt. Der voraussichtliche Preis der Mk.1 für zivile Nutzer hätte zwischen 400 und 900 £, dem damaligen Preis für einen Familienwagen, gelegen.

Konstruktion
Die beiden Tragflächensätze (als Loopy und Loopy2 bezeichnet) für den ersten Prototyp bestanden zum größten Teil aus Gewebe, das typischerweise auch für Schlauchboote verwendet wurde. Das Material der Mk.1 war hingegen ein gummiertes Baumwollgewebe. Die Tragfläche erhielt ihre Profilform (angenähert an NACA 0024) durch interne querlaufende Zwischenstege, die beim Aufpumpen automatisch stramm gezogen wurden. Diese wirkten als Membranen, die beim Aufpumpen gut luftdurchlässig sind, bei einer eventuellen Beschädigung aber die Luft nur verzögert abgeben sollten. So würde genügend Zeit verbleiben in Notfällen noch sicher zu landen. An der Profilhinterkante dienten zwei zusätzliche aufblasbaren Flächen als Elevons, eine zusätzliche zentrale Vertikalfläche erhöhte die Flugstabilität.

Unter den Tragflächen war eine hölzerne kastenförmige Gondel angeordnet, die ihrerseits auf einem festen und sehr einfachen Dreiradfahrgestell saß. Der Antrieb des Prototyps bestand aus einem 65-PS-McCulloch-Triebwerk und erlaubte eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 72 km/h und eine Stallgeschwindigkeit von 29 km/h.

Der drucklose Flügel konnte zusammengerollt in einem Sack auf einem Jeep mitgeführt und die Gondel als Anhänger gezogen werden. Zum Aufbau wurde zuerst die Tragfläche mit einer mechanischen oder einer Handpumpe auf einen Innendruck von etwa 1 psi gebracht. Zur Aufrechterhaltung des Drucks während des Flugs war eine kleine fahrtwindgetriebene Pumpe und ein Entlastungsventil vorgesehen.

Die Steuerung erfolgte über eine nach unten hängende Stange, die über Kabel mit den Elevons verbunden war. Treibstoff wurde in zwei zylindrischen Behältern mitgeführt, die unter der Tragfläche mit Bändern befestigt waren. Bei einer Demonstration im Mai 1957 wurde gezeigt, dass die Inbetriebnahme mit Hilfe von zwei Personen innerhalb kurzer Zeit erfolgen konnte. So dauerte das Aufblasen 15 min, dann wurden die Treibstoffbehälter befestigt und der Motor gestartet.

Verbleib
Die XK776, eines der faltbaren Chassis und eine Tragfläche wurden der  Royal Aircraft Establishment Station Cardington übergeben.

Vergleichbare Flugzeugmuster
 In der zweiten Hälfte der 1950er-Jahre wurde von Goodyear mit dem Inflatoplane ein ähnliches Konzept eines aufblasbaren Flugzeugs umgesetzt. Zu einer Serienproduktion kam es jedoch auch in diesem Fall nicht.
 Auch die Ryan Flex Wing, deren Tragflächen nach dem Rogallo-Prinzip ausgelegt waren, verfolgte das Konzept eines für militärische Zwecke nutzbaren ultraleichten Flugzeugs, das mit einfachsten Mitteln zu transportieren und zu betreiben war.

Technische Daten

Literatur
 The Flying Mattress, in Aeroplane Monthly, November 1974, S. 954–957
 John Fricker: Inflated Ideas, in Aeroplane Monthly, Dezember 2004, S. 80–84

Weblinks
 Foto des Prototyps

Einzelnachweise

Militärischer Flugzeugtyp
Experimentalflugzeug
Erstflug 1953
Einmotoriges Flugzeug mit Kolbenmotor

M.L. Aviation Utility


La Cour suprême d'Ukraine (en ) est la plus haute instance judiciaire du système des tribunaux de droit commun en Ukraine.

La Cour tire son autorité de la Constitution ukrainienne de 1996, mais une grande partie de sa structure est définie dans la législation.

Elle siège au palais Klov.

Affaires de corruption
Le président de la Cour suprême, Vsevolod Kniaziev, est arrêté en mai 2023 dans une affaire de corruption portant sur 2,5 millions d'euros. Le chef du bureau anti-corruption ukrainien fait état d'un « groupe criminel » formé par Vsevolod Kniaziev et d'autres juges de la Cour suprême.

Juges
Présidents :
2023 - en cours : Dmytro Louspenyk.
 2021 - 2023 : Vsevolod Kniaziev.
 2017 - 2021 : Valentyna Danichevska
 2013 - 2017 : Iarosvlav Romaniouk.
 2011 - 2013 : Petro Pylyptchouk.
 2006 à 2011 : Vassyl Onopenko.
 2002 à 2006 : Vassyl Malyarenko.
 1994 à 2002 : Vitali Boïko.
 1993 à 1994 : Heorhiy Boutenko
 1970 à 1993 : Oleksandr Yakymenko.
...
 1957 à 1963 : Fedir Hloukh.

Références

Liens externes

Ukraine
Gouvernement de l'Ukraine
Droit en Ukraine

Cour suprême d'Ukraine


Schernberg ist ein Gemeindeteil der Stadt Herrieden im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Der Weiler liegt am Klingengraben, einem linken Zufluss der Altmühl. 0,5 km nordwestlich liegt der Burgerwald. Mittlerweile bildet der Ort mit dem südlich gelegenen Herrieden eine geschlossene Siedlung. Die Staatsstraße 2248 führt nach Herrieden (1 km südlich) bzw. an Regmannsdorf vorbei zur Anschlussstelle 51 der A 6 (2 km nördlich).

Geschichte
Der Ort wurde vermutlich im 12. Jahrhundert gegründet. Das Bestimmungswort des Ortsnamens ist schären. Damit wurde der kleine, klingenartige Einschnitt des Geländes beschrieben, den es am östlichen Ortsrand gibt. Im Volksmund wird der Ort auch als "Vorderbergerweiler" bezeichnet.

Im Geographischen statistisch-topographischen Lexikon von Franken (1802) wird der Ort folgendermaßen beschrieben:

Im Rahmen des Gemeindeedikts wurde Schernberg dem 1808 gebildeten Steuerdistrikt Herrieden zugeordnet. Es gehörte auch der wenig später gegründeten Munizipalgemeinde Herrieden an. Mit dem Zweiten Gemeindeedikt (1818) wurde Schernberg nach Hohenberg umgemeindet.

Am 1. Juli 1971 wurde Schernberg im Zuge der Gebietsreform nach Herrieden eingemeindet.

Baudenkmäler
 Haus Nr. 3: katholische Marienkapelle, kleiner massiver Satteldachbau, rückwärtig mit Walm, 18. Jahrhundert
 Gusseisenkruzifixus, gefasst, zweite Hälfte 19. Jahrhundert; in der Ortsmitte an der Hauptstraße

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist römisch-katholisch geprägt und nach St. Vitus und Deocar (Herrieden) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner evangelisch-lutherischer Konfession waren ursprünglich nach St. Laurentius (Elpersdorf bei Ansbach) gepfarrt, seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts ist die Pfarrei Christuskirche (Herrieden) zuständig.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Ortsteil von Herrieden
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Weiler in Mittelfranken

Schernberg (Herrieden)


Maureen Drake (Toronto, Canadá, 21 de marzo de 1971) es una extenista canadiense. Se retiró en septiembre de 2010 y llegó a alcanzar el puesto número 47 del ranking de la WTA.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Tenistas femeninas de Canadá
Nacidos en Toronto

Maureen Drake


An Schoenus multiglumis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni George Bentham. An Schoenus multiglumis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schoenus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schoenus

Schoenus multiglumis


Legendrena perinet, espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Gallieniellidae.
  Éditions Périnet, éditions.

Patronymie

 François Périnet (1805-1861), facteur français de cuivres et inventeur des pistons « système Périnet ».

Toponymie

 Réserve du Périnet, réserve naturelle à Madagascar.

Périnet


Aceasta este o listă de filme britanice din 1964:

Lista

Note

Legături externe
 Filme britanice din 1964 la Internet Movie Database

Vezi și
1964 în Marea Britanie
1964 în film
1964 în televiziune

 *Listă
britanice
Liste de filme britanice

Listă de filme britanice din 1964


This is a list of aviation-related events from 1922:

Events
 The Persian Army forms an air department.
The Argentine Navy opens a naval aviation school.
Brazil studies the possibility of converting two merchant ships into aircraft carriers. Although nothing comes of the idea, it is the first time a Latin American country considers the acquisition of an aircraft carrier.
 The first commercial night flight between London and Paris takes place.
 The Imperial Japanese Navy attaches rigid airships to the Combined Fleet, and they begin to participate in the fleets exercises.
 During an exercise in Tokyo Bay, Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft drop torpedoes for the first time.
 The Spanish Navy commissions Dédalo, its only aviation ship until after the end of World War II and the only ship in history equipped to operate airships, balloons, and seaplanes. She and  are the only ships ever fitted with an airship mooring mast.
 No. 60 Squadron RAF sees active service against rebel tribesmen in the Northwest Frontier Province of India.
 Henry Berliner founds the Berliner Aircraft Company in Alexandria, Pennsylvania.
 The Lewis & Vought Corporation is renamed the Chance Vought Corporation.
 Hermann Oberths submits his dissertation, which is rejected as "too fantastic". It will be published in 1923 as The Rocket to Planetary Spaces and will become a major work in spaceflight history.
The Società Aeronautica Italiana is founded by Angelo Ambrosini at Passignano sul Trasimeno, Italy.
 A factory fire forces English aircraft and motorcycle manufacturer Martinsyde into liquidation with surplus Buzzard airframes in stock.

January
 January 14 – The Handley Page O/10 G-EATN, operated by Handley Page Transport on a scheduled passenger flight from Croydon Airport in London, England, to Paris–Le Bourget Airport outside Paris, France, crashes while on approach to Paris–Le Bourget, killing all five people on board.

February
 February 6 – The Washington Naval Conference concludes in Washington, D.C., with an agreement on the Five-Power Treaty (often referred to as the Washington Naval Treaty), which places limits on naval forces, including aircraft carriers. It limits the aircraft carrier forces of the United Kingdom and United States to 135,000 displacement tons each, of Japan to 81,000 tons, and of France and Italy to 60,000 tons each. No aircraft carrier may mount guns of greater than  in bore or exceed 27,000 displacement tons except for the planned United States Navy carriers  and , which the treaty permits to displace 33,000 tons each. The treaty will remain in force until December 31, 1936.

March
 March 13 – Portuguese pilots Captain Gago Coutinho and Captain Sacadura Cabral leave Lisbon to attempt the first aerial crossing of the South Atlantic. They arrive in Brazil on June 16, in the third Fairey III they use for the trip.
 March 20 – The United States Navy commissions its first aircraft carrier, , a converted collier.
 March 22 – A chartered seaplane from Miami to Bimini developed engine problems and ditched into the sea eight and a half miles from its destination. All five passengers as well as the pilot (and owner) of the seaplane survived the crash but the passengers subsequently drowned. Only the pilot survived, picked up by a passing tanker after 56 hours in the water.

April
 April 4 – The Colombian Ministry of War opens a flying school, the Escuela de Aviación ("School of Aviation"), at Flandes.
 April 7 – 1922 Picardie mid-air collision: A Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.18 collides with a Compagnie des Grands Express Aériens Farman Goliath over France. All seven people aboard the two aircraft are killed in the first mid-air collision of two airliners.
 April 13 – While preparing for the first attempt in history to fly around the world, Royal Australian Air Force Captain Ross Smith and Lieutenant James Bennett die in the crash at Byfleet, Surrey, England, of a Vickers Viking amphibian aircraft they are testing for the proposed circumnavigation.
 April 16 – Secretly taking advantage of the Treaty of Rapallo with Bolshevik Russia and in violation of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany sets up a flying school for German pilots at Lipetsk in Russia. By 1933, 450 German military pilots will have trained there,

May
 The Italian Corpo Aeronautico Militare ("Military Aviation Corps") holds experimental maneuvers in Friuli, Italy, to test the ability of military aircraft to coordinate troop movements on the ground by informing ground commanders of the movements of friendly and enemy ground forces. The experiment is less successful than hoped because of communication difficulties.
 The admirals′ committee of the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) meets to discuss aviation generally and the use of airplanes in naval operations. Among the opinions expressed are that strikes by torpedo planes against ships at sea would be hampered by their need for support by reconnaissance and attack aircraft and the small amount of explosive in aerial torpedoes and would be no more dangerous that torpedo boat attacks and unlikely to achieve any success; that the Italian people would not want their defense to rely in a force "enclosed in such a fragile wrapping as today′s aircraft;" and that the airplane would take a long time to develop into a practical naval weapon and at present was "contrary to the ethical and aesthetic elements the Regia Marina was accustomed to demand in [its] preparation for war." Despite some positive comments on the freedom of movement of aircraft to conduct deep strikes against an enemy and the possibility that airplanes could provide a defense of coastlines and land borders out to a distance of , the committee concludes that no warship had yet been sunk by aircraft and that "notwithstanding the many writings and opinions tending to exalt the value of aerial forces, they cannot yet be considered so important as to substitute, even in part, for the actions of naval and military forces in war."
 May 1 – Deruluft (Deutsche-Russische Luftverkehrs, "German-Russian Airlines") commences operations.
 May 7 – As part of the ceremonies during the inaugural weekend of Stadium Jalapeño at Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, the American pilot Frank Hawks lands his Standard J-1 biplane on the field within the stadium.
 May 15 – Instone Air Line commences flights between Croydon Airport (London), Brussels and Cologne Butzweilerhof Airport.
 May 24 – The first attempt to fly around the world begins as British Army Major Wilfred T. Blake, Royal Air Force Captain Norman Macmillan, and British Army Lieutenant Colonel L. E. Broome depart Croydon, England, in the modified Airco DH.9 G-EBDE. They plan to fly to Calcutta, India, in the DH.9, then on to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in a Fairey IIIC floatplane, then to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in another DH.9, and finally from Montreal to Great Britain, covering  and completing the journey on September 7, 1922.
 May 31 – For the first time in history, skywriting is used for advertising purposes when Royal Air Force Captain Cyril Turner writes "Daily Mail" over the Derby at Epsom Downs Racecourse near Epsom, Surrey, England.

June
 Flying an Avro Baby, a Russian pilot makes the first flight between London and Moscow.
 The first aircraft of the Irish Air Corps, a Martinsyde Buzzard Type A, arrives in Ireland at Baldonnel Aerodrome.
 June 16 – Henry Berliner demonstrates a primitive helicopter to the United States Army.
 June 17 – Jumping from a Finnish Air Force Grigorovich M-16, Eero Erho makes Finland′s first parachute jump.
 June 24 – Construction of the United States Navy rigid airship  begins at Naval Air Station Lakehurst, New Jersey.

July
 The first Coast Guard Air Station, Coast Guard Air Station Morehead City at Morehead City, North Carolina, closes, leaving the United States Coast Guard without an air base until 1926.
 July 1 – The United States Navy orders the incomplete battlecruisers USS Lexington and  to be completed as aircraft carriers.
 July 4 – A commercial LVG C.VI piloted by Lothar von Richthofen – a World War I ace with 40 victories and the younger brother of the top-scoring World War I ace Manfred von Richthofen – and carrying the American actress Fern Andra and her companion director Georg Bluen as passengers, suffers engine failure and crashes at Fuhlsbüttel, Germany. Von Richthofen and Bluen die; Andra spends a year recovering from her injuries.
 July 6 – The first use of naval aircraft in combat in Latin America takes place in Brazil during the first Tenente revolt when two Brazilian Navy aircraft bomb the rebellious Fort Copacabana in Rio de Janeiro.
 July 10 – The Aircraft Development Corporation is incorporated in Michigan in the United States. It later changes its name to Detroit Aircraft Corporation.
 July 16 – At Hampton Roads, Virginia, the United States Navys only balloon ship, the lighter-than-air craft tender USS Wright (AZ-1), flies her balloon for the last time. She soon is rebuilt as a seaplane tender (AV-1) with no balloon capability.

August

 Britain's Air Ministry issues its first requirement for a purpose-designed night fighter. Specification 25/22 will eventually be filled by the Hawker Woodcock.
 The first national French glider meeting, the Congrės expérimental d'aviation sans moteur, organized by the Association of French Flyers and partly funded by the French government, takes place in Combegrasse, Puy-de-Dôme.
August 7
The seventh annual Aerial Derby is held, sponsored by the Royal Aero Club. Ten participants fly over a 99-mile (159-kilometer) circuit beginning and ending at Croydon Airport in London with control points at Brooklands, Hertford, Epping, and West Thurrock; the aircraft fly the circuit twice. L. R. Tait-Cox is the overall winner, completing the course in a Gloster Mars III at an average speed of  in 1 hour 6 minutes 48.4 seconds; L. L. Carter wins the handicap competition in a Bristol M.1D with a time of 1 hour 50 minutes 0.4 seconds at an average speed of  with a handicap of 47 minutes 9 seconds.
The second annual Air League Challenge Cup race is held at Croydon Airport in London. Competitors race over a three-lap course in teams of three, with each team member physically passing a baton to the next team member after completing one lap. Two Royal Air Force teams – one representing the defending champions at RAF Kenley, the other representing RAF Uxbridge – are the only entrants. The race is cancelled when the second lap begins with the engine of RAF Kenley's Avro 504 refusing to start and RAF Uxbridge's Avro 504 crash-landing after suffering engine failure on takeoff, narrowly missing the crowd. One SE.5a from each RAF station continues with an informal, two-lap race, which RAF Uxbridge wins easily, but RAF Kenley retains the cup from 1921.
 August 10 – The 1922 Schneider Trophy race is flown at Naples, Italy. It is won by the only non-Italian competitor, H.C. Biard in a British Supermarine Sea Lion II, with a winning speed of .
August 15 – During a bombing show at Puck, Poland, an observer prematurely drops a bomb from a Lübeck-Travemünde F.4 floatplane. The bomb falls among spectators, killing 13 people and injuring 34.
 August 18 – Arthur Martens makes the first sailplane flight of over one hour during a glider competition at the Wasserkuppe in Germany, remaining aloft for 66 minutes. His aircraft, named Vampyr ("Vampire") is designed by Wolfgang Klemmperer.
 August 22 – Captain Norman Macmillan and cine-photographer Geoffrey Mallins are rescued from the Bay of Bengal when their civilianised Fairey IIIC floatplane suffers engine failure and capsizes after landing in the Indian Ocean at the beginning of the second leg of their attempt to make the first flight around the world. Major Wilfred T. Blake had already left the effort due to appendicitis, and Malin had replaced Lieutenant Colonel L. E. Broome. The two men are rescued from their overturned aircraft on August 24. They had taken 91 days reach Burma, and they are far behind schedule when their around-the-world attempt ends.

September
 September 4 – United States Army Lieutenant Jimmy Doolittle flies across the United States in under a day in a de Havilland DH.4. He takes 21 hours 19 minutes to fly from Pablo Beach, Florida, to Rockwell Field, California.
 September 9 – Captain Frank L. Barnard wins the first King's Cup Race air race, flying from Croydon Aerodrome (London) to Glasgow (Scotland) and back in 6 hours 32 minutes in an Airco DH.4A.
 September 20 – Joseph Sadi-Lecointe makes the first flight of over , flying a Nieuport-Delage NiD 29.
 September 27 – The United States Navy conducts the first large-scale torpedo bombing exercises. Eighteen Naval Aircraft Factory PTs attack three battleships and score eight hits in 25 minutes.

October
 Under the terms of the secret Treaty of Rapallo with Bolshevik Russia and in a violation of the Treaty of Versailles, the German Junkers company secretly establishes an aircraft factory at Fili in the Soviet Union.
 October 6 – United States Army Air Service Lieutenants John A. Macready and Oakley G. Kelly set a flight endurance record of 35 hours 18 minutes in a Fokker T-2.
 October 8 – Lilian Gatlin arrives at Curtiss Field, Long Island, New York, becoming the first woman to cross the continental United States by airplane. She completes the 2,680-mile (4,316-km) flight in 27 hours 11 minutes. The flight is intended to promote the National Association of Aviation Gold Mothers, an organization she founded, and to encourage the United States Government to begin an annual commemoration of aviators who have given their lives "on the altar of patriotism and progress in pursuit of an ideal."
 October 14 – The prototype of the Latécoère 4 crashes in France after being caught in a gust of wind, injuring both men on board. No further examples of the aircraft are built.
 October 16–21 – The Daily Mail sponsors a glider competition at Itford Hill in the South Downs east of Brighton, England, attracting 13 competitors. Alexis Manyrol of France wins with a world-record 201-minute flight in his Peyret tandem monoplane glider; the best British performance is by Fred Raynham, who remains aloft for 113 minutes in his Handasyde glider.
 October 17 – United States Navy Lieutenant Virgil Griffin makes the first take-off from a U.S. aircraft carrier, taking off from  in a Vought VE-7SF.
 October 20 – United States Army Air Service Lieutenant Harold Harris makes the first parachute escape from a stricken aircraft, bailing out of a Loening PW-2 over Dayton, Ohio.
 October 22 – Flying a bright yellow Kinner Airster named The Canary, Amelia Earhart sets a new women's altitude record, reaching .
 October 26 – United States Navy Lieutenant Commander Godfrey Chevalier makes the first landing on the aircraft carrier , flying an Aeromarine 39.

November
 The seventh Salon d'Aéronautique is held in Paris.
 Ras Haile Selassie, the future Emperor of Ethiopia, witnesses an air show by the British Royal Air Force in Aden, seeing airplanes for the first time and becoming the first Ethiopian to ride in one. He becomes an advocate for the creation of an Imperial Ethiopian Air Force, which will be founded in August 1929.
 November 2 – Qantas begins its first scheduled flights, between Charleville, Queensland and Cloncurry, Queensland.
 November 8 – The United States Army Air Service′s Air Service Field Officers School at Langley Field, Virginia – predecessor of the Air Corps Tactical School – is renamed the Air Service Tactical School.
 November 11 – Etienne Oehmichen reaches an altitude of  in a helicopter.
 November 12 – Japan's first airmail service commences, linking Sakai, Osaka, and Tokushima.
 November 18 – The first use of an aircraft catapult to launch a plane from an aircraft carrier takes place, when the U.S. Navy carrier  launches a Naval Aircraft Factory PT piloted by Commander Kenneth Whiting.
 November 19 – Malert (Magyar Legiforgalmi), a forerunner of MALÉV Hungarian Airlines, is formed.
 November 28 – The first use of skywriting for advertising in the United States takes place over New York City during a visit by British skywriting pilots Jack Savage and Cyril Turner.

December
 The United States Navys first aircraft carrier, , embarks her first standard air complement, Fighter Squadron 1 (VF-1), equipped with Naval Aircraft Factory/Curtiss TS-1 fighters.
 December 27 – Hōshō, Japan's first aircraft carrier, is commissioned. She is the worlds first aircraft carrier designed and built as such to be commissioned.
 December 31 – A Deutsche Luft-Reederei Dornier Komet becomes the first German aircraft to fly over the United Kingdom since the end of World War I.

First flights
Blackburn Blackburn
Levasseur-Abrial A-1
Potez X
 Thomas-Morse MB-9

January
 January 3 – Aero A.10
 January 12 – Mitsubishi 2MR

February
 Latécoère 8

March
 Breguet 19
 Loening PA-1
 March 26 – de Havilland DH.34

June
 de Havilland DH.37
 June 8 – Bellanca CF

July
 Bristol Racer
 July 14 – Junkers T 19

August
 Mitsubishi 1MT
 August 22
Aeromarine PG-1
Vickers Victoria
 August 31 – J-1, first U.S. Navy J-class blimp

September
 September 27 – Curtiss R-6
 September 29 – Thomas-Morse R-5, also known as the Thomas-Morse TM-22

October
 October 11 – Navy-Wright NW Mystery Racer
 October 13 – Curtiss R-6

November
 Levasseur PL.2
 November 6 – Dornier Do J
 November 18 – Dewoitine D.1
 November 24 – Vickers Virginia
 November 28 – Fairey Flycatcher

December

 December 5 – Potez XVIII
 December 11 – Potez XI

Entered service
 Avro 555 Bison with No. 3 Squadron, Royal Air Force
 Nieuport-Delage NiD.29
 Vickers Vernon with the Royal Air Force

Retirements
 August – Westland Wagtail by the Royal Air Force

Notes

References
 Taylor, H.A. Fairey Aircraft since 1915. London:Putnam, 1988. .

Aviation
Aviation by year

1922 in aviation


Vatreni trn (latinski: Pyracantha coccinea) europska je vrsta grma koji se uzgaja u vrtovima od kraja 16. stoljeća. Grm ima male bijele cvjetove. Daje male, svijetlocrvene ili žute bobice. Plod je gorak i trpak, što ga čini nejestivim u sirovom stanju. Od voća se može kuhati žele, džemovi, umaci i marmelada. Raširen je od južne Europe do zapadne Azije. U Sjevernu Ameriku je unesen, a tamo se uzgaja kao ukrasna biljka od 18. stoljeća. Po nekim novijim istraživanjima korišten je i kao ljekovita biljka.

U Engleskoj se od kraja 18. stoljeća koristio za pokrivanje neuglednih zidova.

Sorte

 Pyracantha coccinea 'Kasan'.
 Pyracantha coccinea 'Lalandei'. Oko 1874. M. Lalande, rasadnik u Angersu u Francuskoj, odabrao je od sadnica P. coccinea poboljšani oblik.
 Pyracantha coccinea 'Sparkler'.

Izvori

Dodatna literatura
 Grlić, Lj., Enciklopedija samoniklog jestivog bilja, Zagreb 1990.

Vanjske poveznice
 Pyracantha coccinea

Ružovke
Parkovno drveće i grmovi
Samoniklo jestivo bilje

Vatreni trn


Den mongolide race eller mongolid (mongoloid) er et begreb, som bruges til raceindeling af mennesker. Begrebet "mongoloid" blev introduceret i det 18. århundrede inden for datidens hvide menneskers etnologi, hvor det blev benyttet til at beskrive befolkninger i Centralasien og Østasien som en del af den tredelte racemodel: Den mongolide race, den kaukaside race og den negride race. Til trods for at nogle retsantropologer og andre videnskabsfolk fortsat benytter begrebet i nogle sammenhænge, møder begrebet i dag modstand hos de fleste antropologer, fordi der stilles spørgsmålstegn ved validiteten af sådanne modeller.

Mongolider som stereotyper
Begrebet omhandlede tidligere hvad nogle så som en samlebetegnelse for indfødte befolkningsgruppers ydre træk i Østasien, Centralasien, Sydøstasien, Sibirien eller Nordasien, Nordeuropa, Arktis, Amerika, dele af Stillehavsøerne, dele af Afrika (Madagaskar) og dele af Sydasien. Altså uden den viden vi har i dag, omkring hvordan alle racer på den ene eller anden måde hænger sammen historisk genetisk. Individer i disse befolkningsgrupper blev opfattet forenklet med ofte bestemte fænotype (altså ikke genetiske) træk, såsom epikantiske folder (epicanthus), sinodont og sundadont og neoteni, på trods af at det drejer sig om milliarder af individer fra vidt forgrenede befolkningsgrupper.

Hos dem, der havde denne opfattelse, kategoriseredes "den mongolide race" ensidigt som havende ansigtstræk med bl.a. folder og skrå øjenspalter som almindeligt blandt de fleste. Det betragtedes hos nogen også som mest tydeligt, at der var congenital dermal melanocytosis fra fødslen og indtil fireårsalderen. De fleste opfattedes som havende glat sort hår og mørkebrune mandel-formede øjne, og de fleste med brede relativt flade ansigter.

Såkaldte mongoloider blev også tilskrevet (og tilskrives stadig gennem racisme) stereotype psykologiske træk. Hvorvidt individers individuelle psykologiske træk udgør en social konstruktion, snarere end de er biologisk bestemte, er fortsat til debat hos nogen som har svært ved at rumme etnisk diversitet.

Referencer

Menneskerace
Racisme

Den mongolide race


În istoria Ungariei au existat două bătălii la Isaszeg:
 Bătălia de la Isaszeg (1265)
 Bătălia de la Isaszeg (1849)

Isaszeg
Dezambiguizare

Bătălia de la Isaszeg


Neil Cossons (né le ) est un historien et administrateur de musée britannique.

Biographie
Cossons est né à Beeston et étudie à l'Université de Liverpool .

Il est le premier directeur de l'Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust à partir de 1971, puis du National Maritime Museum de Greenwich à partir de 1983. De 1986 à 2000, il est directeur du Science Museum de Londres (récompensé par la bourse du Science Museum 2019) au Royaume-Uni. De 1989 à 1995 et de 1999 à 2000, il est commissaire au patrimoine anglais. Il est pro-prévôt et président du conseil du Royal College of Art de 2007 à 2015. En 2000, il prend la présidence d'English Heritage  un poste qu'il occupe jusqu'en 2007 .

Il est l'un des fondateurs de l'Association des musées indépendants (AIM) et son président de 1978 à 1983 puis président d'honneur. Cossons est nommé Officier de l'Ordre de l'Empire britannique (OBE) en 1982 et fait chevalier pour ses services aux musées et au patrimoine en 1994. Il est membre de la Museums Association (FMA 1970) et membre à vie de la Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA 1968). Membre de la Newcomen Society pour l'histoire de l'ingénierie et de la technologie depuis 1963, Cossons est président de 2001 à 2003 et reçoit la médaille commémorative Dickinson de la société en 2001. En 2016, il est nommé administrateur du National Heritage Memorial Fund /Heritage Lottery Fund.

Il est aussi président de l'association pour l'archéologie industrielle (1977–80) ; membre du Conseil du design (1990-1994); administrateur non exécutif du British Waterways Board (1995-2001) ; Professeur Collier en compréhension publique des sciences à l'Université de Bristol (2001–02); président de la Royal Geographical Society (2003-2006) Il est professeur honoraire à l'Université de Birmingham depuis 1994. Cossons est titulaire de doctorats honorifiques de quatorze universités britanniques, a reçu la médaille du président de la Royal Academy of Engineering en 1993 et a été nommé membre honoraire du RIBA en 2002.

Cossons est "la principale autorité britannique sur le patrimoine industriel"  et a largement conseillé sur les questions de conservation et de gestion au Royaume-Uni et à l'étranger.

Ouvrages

Références

Liens externes

Archéologie industrielle
Président de la Royal Geographical Society
Membre de la Royal Geographical Society
Directeur britannique de musée
Historien britannique du XXe siècle
Knight Bachelor
Officier de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique
Membre de la Society of Antiquaries of London
Naissance en janvier 1939

Neil Cossons