Nicolas Belina-Podgaetsky (en , Nikolaï Alexandrovitch Belina-Podgaïetski), né le  à Saint-Pétersbourg et mort le  à Braine-l'Alleud, est un migrant (biélo)russe auteur de livres antisoviétiques à succès publiés en Belgique dans les années 1930-1950.

Biographie
Né dans une famille de petite noblesse terrienne, il est admis à l'école des cadets de Minsk puis à l'école militaire. Au déclenchement de la Première Guerre mondiale, il accède au rang d'officier et après de nombreuses autres destinations, il rejoint le corps expéditionnaire russe qui combat aux côtés des Alliés dans les pays des Balkans et en Grèce. Après le Traité de Brest-Litovsk, le corps expéditionnaire russe fut dissous et Belina-Podgaetsky échoua en France en tant que civil au chômage. Après quelques petits boulots pour des salaires de misère à Paris, dans les régions dévastées du nord de la France et sur un navire marchand anglais, les choses s'arrangèrent un peu en 1921.
Il obtint un poste de contremaître et interprète aux Mines d'Aniche à Somain. Au bout de quelques mois, il reçut une offre de travail à Dortmund, pour un salaire beaucoup plus élevé, en tant que responsable du personnel dans les cokeries exploitées par les Français. Le , il retrouva son ancien poste à Somain, en compagnie de Marguerite Rüger, l'Allemande qu'il avait rencontré et qui devint sa femme. Désormais pleinement communiste, il devint membre du Parti communiste français et, en décembre 1926, répondit favorablement à l'appel de l'Union soviétique au retour. Il retourna en Russie avec sa femme et ses enfants.

Il s'installa à Minsk, où il devint journaliste pour le journal communiste local Rabotchiï (Le Travailleur). Il y travailla jusqu'au , date à laquelle il fut licencié sans motif. Il alla vivre à Moscou et put y travailler comme correspondant pour divers organes de presse. Il disposait principalement d'un revenu suffisant grâce aux différents livres qu'il avait publiés entre-temps, avec comme premier roman Udar (La Grève).

Il retourna souvent en Biélorussie et fut témoin de la terreur du Stalinisme qui y régnait : collectivisation de l'agriculture, déportation massive en Sibérie de tous les agriculteurs indépendants, arrestation de la plupart des intellectuels et des professions libérales, persécution de l'Église, famine massive et génocide. Cela l'amena à conclure à la faillite de l'idéal soviétique et il redevint chrétien et décida de fuir. Pour faire sortir d'abord sa femme et ses deux enfants du pays, le couple divorça le . L'ex-épouse put retourner avec ses enfants dans son pays natal en tant qu'Allemande, le .

Méfié et soupçonné par la police secrète, il partit pour Odessa, où il était inconnu et d'où il espérait pouvoir s'échapper. Après de nombreux délais et déceptions, il put s'embarquer le  comme élève-pilote et journaliste sur un pétrolier à Batoum, naviguant vers des destinations en dehors de l'Union soviétique. Le , il arriva à Singapour, d'où il put fuir vers l'Europe et retrouver sa famille à Dortmund. De là, il partit pour la Belgique. Il se convertit au catholicisme et devint désormais un farouche opposant aux Soviets. Il trouva des éditeurs intéressés par ses nouveaux écrits. Pour la Belgique francophone, il s'agissait des éditions Casterman, plus précisément la collection Durendal. Pour les versions néerlandaises, ce fut De Goede Pers, (La Bonne Presse). Il fut également traduit dans d'autres langues.

Non seulement il publia des mémoires saisissants sur ce qu'il avait lui-même vécu et enduré sous les Soviets, mais il décrivit également le sort des chrétiens sous les Soviets dans ses livres pour enfants. Dix histoires pour enfants sont parues en français dans la série "Presto Films" et en néerlandais dans la série Vlaamse Filmpjes (Petits films flamands), toutes deux publiées par De Goede Pers à Averbode.

Se doutant bien que l'occupation nazie lui causerait des ennuis, il s'enfuit en mai 1940 avec sa famille, d'abord au Portugal, ensuite au Congo belge, où il se mit au service d'organismes d'information et d'espionnage. En 1945 il regagna la Belgique et reprit ses activités anti-soviétiques. Il publia également des articles sur l'actualité en Union Soviétique après la Seconde guerre mondiale, qui furent publiés dans La Libre Belgique.

Le professor Wim Coudenys écrivit à son sujet qu'il était « l'écrivain émigré russe le plus prolifique depuis les années trente jusque dans les années cinquante ».

Publications

 L'Ouragan Rouge. Souvenirs d'un Journaliste Russe, Paris-Bruxelles, Coll. Durendal, 1937.
 In Rooden Storm, Averbode, 1938.
 L'Uragano Rosso, Rome, Istituto San Michele, 1937.
 Hors de la tempête. Souvenirs d'un journaliste russe, Paris-Bruxelles, Coll. Durendal, 1938
 Evasione dall' U.R.S.S., Florence, F. Lemonnier, 1941.
 Le tourbillon de neige, conte soviétique, Florence, F. Lemonnier, 1939.
 Derrière les murs d'une casemate, Casterman, s.d.
 Au service de la patrie, Casterman, s.d.
 Het grote avontuur, Brugge, Franciskaanse Standaard, 1948.
 Onder de koloniale vlag, Brugge, Franciskaanse Standaard, 1950.

Dans les séries "Presto Films", "Vlaamse filmpjes" :
 Michka, le jeune hussard - Michka de jonge huzaar.
 L'Etendard des hussards - Het vaandel van de huzaren.
 Le Château hanté - Het spookkasteel.
 Michka, prisonnier de guerre - Michka, krijgsgevangene.
 L'agent secret B.R. 55 - Geheim agent B.R. 55.
 Les Eclaireurs de la nuit - De nachtverkenners.
 Le Petit Carillonneur - De kleine beiaardier.
 Kolka, voleur de chevaux - Kolka de paardendief.

Bibliographie
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Références

Liens externes

Naissance en octobre 1896
Décès en août 1967
Décès à Braine-l'Alleud
Écrivain biélorusse du XXe siècle
Décès à 70 ans

Nicolas Belina-Podgaetsky


Le château de Juigné est un château situé sur la commune de Saint-Herblon dans le département de la Loire-Atlantique.

Historique

Il a été la propriété de la famille Brossaud de Juigné.

Le château et parc sont classés sites naturels en 1942.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des châteaux de la Loire-Atlantique
 Liste des sites classés de la Loire-Atlantique
 Menhir de Juigné

Château en Loire-Atlantique
Site classé ou inscrit en Loire-Atlantique

Château de Juigné (Saint-Herblon)


Fibronektin je vrsta glikoproteina.
Adhezivan je (M 220-240 000). Nalazi se u bazalnoj lamini, na staničnoj površini, amorfnoj medustaničnoj tvari i u krvnoj plazmi.

Visoke je molekulske mase (~440kDa). Povezuje se s receptorskim bjelančevina koje se protežu sa stanične membrane, zvanim integrini.

Postoji u obliku proteinskog dimera, sastavljenog od dva istovjetna monomera koje povezuje par disulfidnih veza.

Ima specifična vezna mjesta za sastavne djelove izvanmatične matrice kao što su kolagen, proteoglikan (heparan sulfat, npr. sindekan), fibrin, fibrinogen, bakterije i DNK odnosno za stanice, kolagen i glikozaminoglikane na veznim mjestima duž molekule.

Zbog ovih raznolikih veznih mjesta može djelovati kao integrirajući protein u izvanstaničnoj matrici. Vrlo je bitan u ranim stadijima zacjeljivanja rane zato što ukriženo povezuje, prije nego što fibroblasti počnu odlagati kolagen.
Fibronektin se tad vezuje za stanične pločice tijekom zgrušavanja krvi i facilitiranju kretanja stanica ka pogođenom području dok rana zarasta.

Uloga mu je omogućiti prianjanje i kretanje stanica na podlozi. Fibronektin povezuje stanice s kolagenskim vlaknima u izvanstaničnoj matrici, dopuštajući stanicama kretati se kroz matricu. Vezuje kolagen s integrinima sa stanične površine, čime uzrokuje reorganiziranje staničnog kostura na facilitiranje staničnog kretanja. Igra važnu ulogu u staničnoj adheziji, staničnom rastu, staničnoj migraciji i staničnoj diferencijaciji i važna je u procesima zarastanja rana i razvitka embrija. Izmijenjeno fibronektinsko iskazivanje, degradacija i organizacija povezuje se s mnoštvom patoloških pojava, poput raka i fibroze.

Fibronektine izlučuju stanice u nesavinutom, neaktivnom obliku. Sintetiziraju ga fibroblasti i neke epitelne stanice. U malignim stanicama sinteza fibronektina je manjkava.
Fibronektin proizvodi jedan jedini gen, ali alternativno izrezivanje (alternativni splicing) njegove pre-mRNK vodi ka stvaranju nekolicine izoforma.
Nastaje vezanjem razgranjenih ugljikohidrata na bjelančevinsku osnovu, a prevladava bjelančevinski dio. Multiadhezivni glikoproteini slični fibronektinu su laminin i hondornektin.

Vezivanjem za integrine odmotava fibronektinske molekule, dopuštajući im formirati dimere tako da mogu ispravno funkcionirati.
U kralježnjaka su dvije vrste fibronektina:
 topivi u plazmi (nekad zvan "hladno-netopivi globulin", Clg), glavna bjelančevinska sastavnica krvne plazme (300 μg/ml), proizvode ga hepatociti u jetrima
 netopivi stanični fibronektin, glavna sastavnica izvanstanične matcie. Izlučuju ga razne stanice, prije svega fibroblasti, kao otopivi bjelančevinski dimer, potom asembliran u neotopivu matricu u složenom procesu u stanici.

Vidi
 Fibrinogen

Izvori

Stanična biologija

Fibronektin


La Copa Andina, también llamada Copa de la Confraternidad, fue un torneo internacional de fútbol disputado entre Colo-Colo de Chile y Boca Juniors de Argentina en abril de 1993. El torneo se disputó en partidos de ida y vuelta, ganando los xeneizes 4-0 en el marcador global.
Esta copa guardaba un formato similar al de las "Finales Rioplatenses" debido a su naturaleza "Binacional", por lo cual y pese a haberse encontrado dentro del calendario oficial de ambas federaciones (AFA y FFC) la CONMEBOL nunca la reconoció dentro de sus competiciones oficiales (ya que se consideraba privativa para las demás federaciones integrantes de la CSF).

Desarrollo

Partido de ida

Partido de vuelta

Referencias

Torneos amistosos de fútbol de Argentina
Torneos amistosos de fútbol de Chile

Copa Andina 1993


This is a list of Native American actors in the United States, including Alaskan Natives.

While Native American identity can be complex, it is rooted in political sovereignty that predates the creation of colonial nation states like the United States, Canada, and Mexico and persists into the 21st century recognized under international law by treaty. The Bureau of Indian Affairs defines Native American as having American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry. Legally, being Native American is defined as being enrolled in a federally recognized tribe, including Alaskan villages. Ethnologically, factors such as culture, history, language, religion, and familial kinships can influence Native American identity. All individuals on this list should have confirmed Native American ancestry. Historical figures might predate tribal enrollment practices and would be included based on ethnological tribal membership, while any contemporary individuals should either be enrolled members of federally recognized tribes or have cited Native American ancestry and be recognized as being Native American by their respective tribes(s). Contemporary unenrolled individuals should only be listed as being of descent from a tribe if they have confirmed heritage.

A
Victor Aaron (1956–1996), Yaqui descent
Apesanahkwat, Menominee Nation

B
Dewey Beard a.k.a. Iron Hail, Lakota, Miniconjou
Irene Bedard, Inupiat
Chief John Big Tree, Seneca
Moses Brings Plenty, Oglala Lakota

C
Tonantzin Carmelo, Tongva/Kumeyaay descent
Alaqua Cox, Menominee/Mohican

D
Cody Deal (born 1986), Osage Nation

E
Chris Eyre, Southern Cheyenne director and producer

F
Abel Fernandez (1930–2016), Yaqui descent

G
Forrest Goodluck, Navajo
Kiowa Gordon, Hualapai Tribe
Rodney A. Grant, Omaha
Saginaw Grant, member of Sac and Fox Nation
Kimberly Norris Guerrero, Colville (enrolled), Salish-Kootenai, and Cherokee

H
Charlie Hill, Oneida, Mohawk, Cree
Nathan Lee Chasing His Horse, Lakota
Jack Hoxie, Nez Perce
Miko Hughes, Chickasaw
 Blu Hunt - American actress, Oglala Lakota

I
 Iron Hail, a.k.a. Dewey Beard, Lakota, Miniconjou

J
Ben Johnson, Cherokee, grew up on an Osage reservation

K
Oscar Kawagley, Yup'ik
Geraldine Keams,  Navajo
Stepfanie Kramer, Eastern Band Cherokee

L
Eddie Little Sky, Oglala Lakota
Phil Lucas, Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma filmmaker, actor, writer, producer, director, and editor

M
 Randolph Mantooth, Seminole
 Robin Maxkii, Stockbridge-Munsee, actress
Zahn McClarnon, Hunkpapa Lakota, actor
Russell Means, Oglala Lakota, activist, actor
Tatanka Means, Navajo, Lakota
Amber Midthunder (Fort Peck Sioux)

Q

R
Arthur Redcloud, Navajo
Red Shirt (Oglala), Lakota
Red Wing, (Lillian St. Cyr), Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
Steve Reevis, Blackfeet
Branscombe Richmond, Aleut
Pernell Roberts, film and television actor, Muscogee
 Will Rogers (1879–1935), Cherokee, film and vaudeville actor, movie producer
Ned Romero, film and television actor, Chitimacha

S
Frank Salsedo, Wappo
Will Sampson, Muscogee (Creek) Nation
Larry Sellers, Osage, Cherokee, Lakota
Martin Sensmeier, Tlingit, Koyukon Athabascan
Sitting Bull, Lakota, Hunkpapa
John Sitting Bull, Lakota, Hunkpapa
William Sitting Bull, Lakota, Hunkpapa
Eddie Spears, Brulé
Michael Spears, Brulé
Chaske Spencer, Sioux-Nez Perce-Cherokee-Muscogee Creek-French-Dutch
Luther Standing Bear, Oglala Lakota author and actor
Wes Studi, Cherokee Nation

T
Jim Thorpe, Sac and Fox
Chief Thunderbird, Cheyenne
John Trudell, Dakota people
Sheila Tousey, Menominee, Stockbridge-Munsee

U
 Misty Upham, Blackfeet Tribe

W
Noah Watts, Crow/Blackfeet
Floyd Red Crow Westerman, Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate

Y
James Young Deer, Nanticoke, 1876–1946
Chief Yowlachie, Yakima

See also
 List of Native Americans of the United States
 List of Indigenous Canadian actors
 Indian Actors Association

Notes

Native American
Actors

Native

List of Native American actors


Dartmouth BASIC is the original version of the BASIC programming language. It was designed by two professors at Dartmouth College, John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz. With the underlying Dartmouth Time Sharing System (DTSS), it offered an interactive programming environment to all undergraduates as well as the larger university community.

Several versions were produced at Dartmouth, implemented by undergraduate students and operating as a compile and go system. The first version ran on 1 May 1964, and it was opened to general users in June. Upgrades followed, culminating in the seventh and final release in 1979. Dartmouth also introduced a dramatically updated version known as Structured BASIC (or SBASIC) in 1975, which added various structured programming concepts. SBASIC formed the basis of the ANSI-standard Standard BASIC efforts in the early 1980s.

Most dialects of BASIC trace their history to the Fourth Edition (which added e.g. string variables, which most BASIC users take for granted, though the original could print strings), but generally leave out more esoteric features like matrix math. In contrast to the Dartmouth compilers, most other BASICs were written as interpreters. This decision allowed them to run in the limited main memory of early microcomputers. Microsoft BASIC is one example, designed to run in only 4 KB of memory. By the early 1980s, tens of millions of home computers were running some variant of the MS interpreter. It became the de facto standard for BASIC, which led to the abandonment of the ANSI SBASIC efforts. Kemeny and Kurtz later formed a company to develop and promote a version of SBASIC known as True BASIC.

Many early mainframe games trace their history to Dartmouth BASIC and the DTSS system. A selection of these were collected, in HP Time-Shared BASIC versions, in the People's Computer Company book What to do after you hit Return. Many of the original source listings in BASIC Computer Games and related works also trace their history to Dartmouth BASIC.

Development history

Earlier work
John G. Kemeny joined the mathematics department of Dartmouth College in 1953 and later became its department chairman. In 1956 he gained access to an IBM 704 via MIT's New England Regional Computer Center efforts. That year, he wrote the DARSIMCO language, a version of assembler which simplified the programming of mathematical operations. He was aided by Thomas E. Kurtz, who joined the department that year.

DARSIMCO was forgotten when the first FORTRAN compiler was installed on the machine in 1957. The arrival of FORTRAN instilled an important lesson. Kurtz, having been indoctrinated that FORTRAN was slow, spent several months writing a program in 704 assembler which had taken up about an hour of CPU time to debug and still wasn't running. Giving up, he rewrote it in FORTRAN and had it running in five minutes. The lesson was that high-level languages could save time, regardless of their measured performance.

In 1959, the school received its first computer, the drum-based LGP-30. One student wrote a FORTRAN-inspired language called DART for the machine. This led to an effort to produce an ALGOL 58 compiler, turning to ALGOL 60 when that definition was finalized. Writing the compiler was difficult due to the very small memory size, 32 KB in modern terms, and was extremely slow, based on the drum speed of 30 rpm. Nevertheless, they were able to produce a functional cut-down version known as ALGOL 30. Further development produced SCALP, the "Self-Contained Algol Processor", a one-pass compiler that was ready to run the compiled program as soon as the punched tape finished reading in the source. Output with the program results or any error messages would immediately appear. This compile-and-go style of operation would later be used by BASIC.

In 1962, Kemeny and high-school student Sidney Marshall began experimenting with a new language, DOPE (Dartmouth Oversimplified Programming Experiment). This used numbered lines to represent instructions, for instance, to add two numbers, DOPE used:

  5 + A B C

Which meant "on line 5, perform an addition of the values in variables A and B and put the result in C". Although somewhat cryptic in layout, the basis for the future BASIC language can be seen. In addition to basic mathematical operations, the language included SQR, EXP, LOG, SIN and a simple branching construct.

Computing in liberal arts
Kemeny and Kurtz agreed on the need for programming literacy among students outside the traditional STEM fields; only 25% of the students at Dartmouth took STEM-related courses, but some level of mathematics was used in almost every field. Moreover, as computers became more important in society, they wondered "How can sensible decisions about computing and its use be made by persons essentially ignorant of it?"

Kemeny later noted that "Our vision was that every student on campus should have access to a computer, and any faculty member should be able to use a computer in the classroom whenever appropriate. It was as simple as that." But doing so would be largely impossible given what they had to work with; the turnaround on a typical SCALP run was about 15 minutes, and the languages were far too difficult for non-STEM users to use for basic tasks.

It wasn't simply the complexity that was a problem, it was the entire concept of the batch processing. Students would prepare their programs on punch cards or paper tape, submit them to the computer operators, and then at some future point receive their output. This would often reveal an error that required the entire process to be repeated. As they later put it, "If it takes on the order of 1 day for one try, the student will either lose interest or forget what the problems were. At best, he will waste time standing around waiting for the day's results to appear."

In 1959, due largely to Kemeny's reputation as an innovator in math teaching, the department won an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation award for $500,000 to build a new department building.

Developing the concept
During a 1961 visit to MIT, they were introduced to the PDP-1 and its recently completed experimental time-sharing operating system. John McCarthy asked Kurtz why they didn't use time sharing for their efforts to bring computing to the masses. Kurtz returned to Dartmouth and told Kemeny "we should do time sharing", to which Kemeny immediately replied "OK".

In an experiment to test whether the concept was workable, students were broken into groups of five and given turns on the LGP-30 using SCALP. Computer time was broken into 15-minute sessions and each group of five was given one session and then turned it over to the next group. It was found that students could generally complete their programs in two or three "turnarounds" during a single session. This clearly suggested that an interactive system would allow hundreds of users to successfully use a single machine.

The arrival of the Teletype Model 33 teleprinter using the newly introduced ASCII over telephone lines solved the problem of access; no longer would the programmers have to submit the programs on cards or paper tape, they would now use the Model 33 to type directly into the computer. All that was needed was a new machine that was fast enough to host a time-sharing system, and a simple language for the programmers to use.

When the topic of a simple language began to be considered seriously, Kemeny immediately suggested writing a new one. Kurtz was more interested in a cut-down version of FORTRAN or ALGOL. But these languages had so many idiosyncrasies that Kurtz came to agree with Kemeny:

Over time, four key elements emerged; the system would use time-sharing, a new language would be needed, to get users onto the system new courses would introduce programming as an adjunct to other subjects, and finally, the terminals would be open to all users.

Initial version
The project officially started in September 1963. The goal was to develop the language and operating system on an off-the-shelf computer. In early 1964, they approached the National Science Foundation (NSF) for funding. The NSF sent the proposals, one for the time sharing system and another for the language, out for peer review. The reviews invariably suggested they did not understand the difficulty of what they were attempting. In spite of these negative comments, the NSF went ahead with both grants. Educational discounts available from General Electric led to the purchase of a GE-225 computer, in an era when not "going IBM" was still fraught with peril.

The GE-225 was paired with the much simpler DATANET-30 (DN-30) machine and a hard drive connected to both machines in order to share programs. The DN-30 lacked any programming documentation at the time, as it was never intended to be shipped from the factory without a program already installed. It included one key feature, direct memory access (DMA) access to the larger GE machines. This meant small messages could be quickly passed back and forth between the machines, allowing commands typed by the user to be immediately performed by the 225.

The system would work by having the DN-30 run the terminals and save the user's work to the disk. When the user typed RUN, the DN-30 would use DMA to send that command to the GE-225. The 225 would read that file, compile it, run it, and pass back the results to the DN-30 which would print the output on the terminal.

In the summer of 1963, pending the purchase of the computer, GE provided access to one of their GE-225s. Kemeny began working on a prototype compiler. Students Michael Busch and John McGeachie began working on the operating system design that fall. Both the language and the OS were extensively modified during this period, although the basic goals remained the same and were published in a draft form that November.

The school's machine arrived in the last week of February 1964, was operational by mid-March, and officially handed over on 1 April. By that point, the operating system design was already well developed. Most of the student programmers working on the operating system did so for 50 hours a week, in addition to their normal course load. The language was developed in parallel on borrowed time on another 225 machine. The OS was completed in April, and the entire system running on three Model 33 terminals was ready by the end of the month. John Kemeny and John McGeachie ran the first BASIC program on 1 May 1964 at 4 a.m. ET.

It is not completely clear what the first programs were. Many sources, including Dartmouth, claim it was this simple program:

 PRINT 2 + 2

A later history of the language states that two programs were typed in at the same time, one by Kemeny and one by another unnamed programmer. They typed in their programs, typed  at the same time, and received the correct results. Kurtz was an early riser and had already gone home and "missed all the fun."

Over the next month the system was tested by having a numerical analysis class test programs on the system. During this period, the machine remained running properly for an average of five minutes. The problems were rapidly addressed, and in June it was decided to increase the number of terminals to eleven. It was around this time that a faster GE-235 replaced the 225. By the fall, 20 terminals were in use.

GE began to refer to the combination of GE-235 and DN-30 as the GE-265, adding their model numbers together. GE built about 75 additional examples of the GE-265, many for their service bureau business. GE referred to these as their Mark I time-sharing systems.

New system
One of the original goals of the program was to work programming into other coursework. This was a success, but it put considerable strain on the system and it became clear that it had no room for future growth.

In 1965, the team approached GE for support with ongoing development. In September, Vice President Louis Rader offered the new GE-635, which ran approximately 10 times as fast and included two CPUs. Additionally, a second DN-30 would be added to handle more lines, enough for 150 simultaneous users. To house it, a larger facility would be needed than the basement of College Hall where the 265 was running. Peter Kiewit, Class of '22, along with additional support from the NSF, led to the construction of the Kiewit Computation Center, which opened in December 1966.

While waiting for this machine to arrive, in the summer and fall of 1966 a GE-635 at the Rome Air Development Center was used to develop MOLDS, the "Multiple User On-Line Debugging System". The GE-635 was operational in early 1967, and using MOLDS the new operating system was fully functional in September, at which time the GE-265 was sold off.

GE provided the machine for free for three years as part of a wider agreement under which Dartmouth would develop new versions of BASIC while GE used it to develop a new release of their version of the operating system. This collaboration proved to be a success;  GE began deploying these machines as their Mark II time-sharing systems, and by the end of the decade they were one of the largest time-sharing vendors in the world.

When this "Phase I" system became operational, the Dartmouth team began development of "Phase II", the ideal operating system. This was installed in March 1969, and changed its name to the Dartmouth Time Sharing System shortly thereafter. When the three-year period was up, GE gifted the machine to the university. Although the two teams remained in contact, and several good-faith attempts were made to continue the relationship, little further collaboration occurred and the partnership officially ended on 20 September 1972.

Expanding user base
A review in 1968 noted that 80% of the students and 70% of the faculty was making some use of the system. Hundreds of terminals were spread across the campus, from the hospital to the business school. 57% of the CPU time was used for coursework, 16% for research, and the remaining 27% for "recreational use"; Dartmouth actively encouraged users to play games as a way to get hands-on use and overcome fear of the computer.

Beginning with another NSF grant, in 1967 Dartmouth also began placing terminals in off-campus locations, including high schools in the area. In terms of user counts, these terminals hosted 69% of the total users, although they used a smaller amount of computer time. By 1971 there were 79 remote terminals, as far away as New Jersey and Bangor, Maine. These were supported by multiplexer systems that allowed up to 12 terminals to be supported over a single voice-grade telephone line. Additionally, a number of these lines were available for dial-up use with a modem.

Influence
Time-sharing was a major area of research in the 1960s, with many in the computer industry predicting that computing power would become inexpensive and widespread. This was most famously stated by John McCarthy, who said "computing may someday be organized as a public utility just as the telephone system is a public utility."

While other languages were available on DTSS,  98% of its programs were written in BASIC. With BASIC, computer services became far more accessible to end-users whose tasks would take too long to code for them to be suitable for solving on a computer. This led to a number of manufacturers who introduced computers specifically designed for this market of users who wanted to solve small or medium-scale tasks and were not as worried about outright performance. In particular, two machines aimed directly at this market became the "most widely used small time-sharing systems ever developed".

The HP 2000 ran HP Time-Shared BASIC, a combination of a BASIC and a time-share operating system almost identical to the DTSS setup. The system supported up to 32 simultaneous users, using a low-end HP 2100 CPU to run the terminals in the same fashion as the Datanet-30 of the original GE-265 setup, while the programs ran on a higher-end model of the same machine, typically differing in that it had more core memory. HP's BASIC used a semi-compiled tokenized format for storing programs, which improved loading times and meant "compiles" were zero-time.

Digital Equipment Corporation took a different approach, using a single-machine offering based on their existing PDP-11 line with the new RSTS/E operating system and BASIC-PLUS. BASIC-PLUS more closely followed the Fifth Edition, including the MAT commands, but was implemented as a pure interpreter as opposed to the Dartmouth compiler or HP's tokenized format. It also included a number of control structures following the JOSS model, like . Tymshare SUPER BASIC also supported JOSS-style structures and matrix math, but retained the original compile-and-go operation.

Practically every vendor of the era offered some solution to this same problem, although they may not have been so closely similar to the original. When Kurtz began considering the formation of an ANSI standard for BASIC in 1973, he found that the number of time-sharing service bureaus with BASIC available was greater than any other language. Unfortunately, this success was also a problem; by that point, there were so many variations that a standard seemed impossible.

Games in BASIC
Kemeny actively encouraged games on the DTSS platform, and considered it to be one of the major reasons for the success of the DTSS system. He was likely the author of an early mainframe game. Although Kemeny did not take credit for it, he later referred to FTBALL by stating it "was written on Sunday after a certain Dartmouth-Princeton game in 1965 when Dartmouth won the Lambert trophy. It's sort of a commemorative program". The game was an upset over heavily favored Princeton.

As the system expanded, especially after the addition of string handling in BASIC, the DTSS system became a major platform for the development of many text-based games. In the early 1970s, the People's Computer Company began publishing these in their magazine, typically converted to the more widely available HP BASIC. Many of these listings were collected in their 1975 book, What to do after you hit return. Although these are published in HP BASIC form, the majority of them trace their history to either DTSS or the Lawrence Hall of Science in California where a similar machine was set up, known as DECISION.

A more famous collection is BASIC Computer Games of 1978, where about half of the programs in the book were either written at Dartmouth, including another by Kemeny, Batnum, or more commonly, one of the many high schools that were connected to it after 1968. A particularly prolific high school was Lexington High School in Massachusetts but many other schools appear as well. A number of the programs do not list their original locations, but come from authors that were likely connected to the system through a school or public projects like Project SOLO.

Multiplayer video games became possible in BASIC when Stephen Garland and John McGeachie developed the MOTIF Multiple Online Terminal Interface for DTSS.  To start a game, a user typed LINK followed by a session name instead of RUN, thereby enabling other users to connect to the game by typing JOIN followed by the session name.  MOTIF then multiplexed input and output for the BASIC program, prepending a string identifier to the beginning of each line of input and output.  The first programs developed with this interface were a two-person  version of FTBALL and a five-person poker game.  More serious was a management game that allowed up to ten students at the Amos Tuck School of Business Administration to compete in the production and marketing of a single product.

Versions

First Edition
The original version, retroactively known as version one, supported the commands LET, PRINT, END, FOR...NEXT, GOTO, GOSUB...RETURN, IF...THEN, DEF, READ, DATA, DIM, and REM. It included basic math instructions, , ,  and , as well as the up-arrow for exponents "...since on a teletype typewriter it is impossible to print superscripts." In modern varieties, the up-arrow is normally replaced by the "hat" character, . Exponents took the absolute value of the number before calculation, so to calculate , one had to use . There was a further problem in the exponent function that treated  as  as opposed to the correct order of operations , which was not corrected until the third release. The INT() function always truncated towards zero.

The language had a number of idiosyncrasies of its own. In contrast to later versions, the LET command was required on all statements lacking another command, so  was not valid in this version. The PRINT statement used the comma when printing multiple variables, advancing to the next of five "zones". The comma was not needed in the case where one was printing a prompt and single value, so  was valid. A somewhat hidden feature was that all variables were capable of representing arrays (vectors) of up to ten elements (subscripts 1 to 10, changed to 0 to 10 in the Second Edition) without being declared that way using DIM. DIM was only needed if a different vector size was required.

Variable names were limited to a single letter or a letter followed by a digit (286 possible variable names). User functions could only have a single letter, thus  through . All operations were done in floating point. On the GE-225 and GE-235, this produced a precision of about 30 bits (roughly ten digits) with a base-2 exponent range of -256 to +255.

Additionally, due to the GE-235's word size being 20-bits and using a six-bit character code, the language enshrined the use of three-letter function names because that allowed the storage of three six-bit characters in a 20-bit word (using 18 bits). This is why BASIC functions are three letters, like INT or SQR, something that remained in the many varieties of the language long after they left the GE-235.

Second Edition, CARDBASIC
The Second Edition of BASIC (though not referred to as such at the time) only made minimal changes. Released in October 1964, it could start arrays at subscript 0 instead of 1 (useful for representing polynomials) and added the semicolon, , to the PRINT statement. Unlike later implementations where this left space between items, the semicolon advanced printing to the next multiple of three characters, which was useful for "packing" more numbers into a line of output than the existing comma separator. The three-character size was a side-effect of the GE-235's 20-bit word size, which stored three six-bit characters. Skipping to the next three-character column was accomplished simply by moving to the next word in memory.

The October version also included a separate definition for CARDBASIC, which was simply a version of BASIC for use on card-based workflows. CARDBASIC was almost identical to the interactive version, with the exception being that it did not include the zero-based arrays. More important to the language's future, CARDBASIC added the MAT commands that worked with numerical matrices. CARDBASIC was not developed further, as the entire idea of BASIC had been to be interactive.

Third Edition
The Third Edition, released in 1966 and the first to use the "edition" naming, was the first designed specifically with the intent of running on the new GE-635 computer which was due to arrive shortly. This version includes the MAT functions from CARDBASIC, and they can now use 0 as a subscript.

The new SGN function gave the sign of its argument (positive?0 and negative?1), while RESTORE was added to "rewind" the position of READ/DATA. The exponentiation problem was fixed, so  would be interpreted as . Additionally, the INT function was changed to be a true floor, as opposed to trim-toward-zero, which allowed rounding to be implemented with INT(X+0.5).

The major change in this version was the new INPUT statement, which parsed numeric values, making the language truly interactive during execution for the first time; previously the only control one had during execution was to type STOP in the monitor. Additionally, the system now allowed, and encouraged, loops to be indented, a feature that was not seen on most other versions of BASIC.

Fourth Edition
The Third Edition remained in use through the GE-235's lifetime into the fall of 1967. However, as plans were made to receive the GE-635, an experimental version was created on the 635 in the spring of 1967. This version was a partnership between GE and Dartmouth, with GE contributing a new operating system as well as a number of features of BASIC from their own Mark 1 BASIC efforts.

This version, initially published as a supplement to the Third Edition, added the RANDOMIZE command to "seed" the RND function, and the ON...GOTO "computed goto" that closely matched the similar feature in FORTRAN. This version also allowed ON...THEN, arguing that IF...THEN did not require the GOTO then it would not be required here. The new TAB function moved printing to a given column, from 0 to 74. Another internal change was to once again change the MAT to be 1-based; one could use the 0th index, but it would normally be ignored by the various commands.

The major addition for this version was string variables, along with changes to the READ/DATA statements which could store strings in them and the INPUT statement to read them interactively. One feature of the string system was that trailing spaces were deliberately ignored in comparisons, so that "YES" and "YES " were considered equal. This was later realized to be a grave error. String variables were indicated by the dollar sign, e.g. , simply because they were running out of characters that could be found on most keyboards. Someone pointed out that the $ looked like the S in "String", and that was that.

String manipulation was handled through the new  command. This converted the string value in a variable to the equivalent set of ASCII values. The numeric array could then be manipulated and converted back to a string. For instance, this code produces "is" on the console:

Line 140 sets the string length to 2, which has to be managed by the user. The first character is in T(1). While this system is flexible, it was by no means convenient to use. Later versions would address this with new functionality.

Minor changes in this version changed the semicolon in PRINT statements to do "close packing" of output with no spaces, and the use of the apostrophe as a short-form REM.

The official Fourth Edition did not appear until 1968, which added several new features on top of the previous additions. This included the ability to define multi-line functions with the DEF command, and the powerful CHANGE statement that treated strings as arrays of ASCII-like codes so individual characters could be operated on without looping over the entire string. This was also the only string manipulation function; to extract a single character or substring, one had to use CHANGE to convert it into an array of numbers, manipulate that array, and then convert it back. This was the reason MAT was 1-based again; the length of the string was placed in location zero, and it needed to be ignored normally.

Fifth Edition
The Fifth Edition, from late 1970, once again started as two supplements to the Fourth Edition, from February and April 1969.

The major change was the introduction of file handling. Previously, any pre-defined data that had to be used in the program had to be placed in the  lines and then read in one-at-a-time using the  command. This feature could be used to read files in a similar fashion. The  command could now read a single item from a file and  could write one.

Files were opened through the new  keyword, which was followed by a list of string constants describing file names. As these were constants, changing the file name demanded the code be changed to match. The names were assigned numbers, the first name became file #1, and so on. Two file formats were supported, random-access and linear. A linear file was treated as a text file would be today, one could  to read a line of text into a string variable, and then  to output it to the terminal. Later versions added the  to allow files to be specified by strings, although for a time this required a  near the top of the program to indicate you were using this format.

For random access files, the name had to specify the type of data within;  indicated it contained binary data, while  indicated it should be read as strings with a maximum length of . The  and  could be positioned anywhere in a random-access file with the  command, while the current location was returned by the  function, and the file length by . During sequential reads, one could also test whether it was at the end of the file using IF END THEN....

Another major change was the ability for one BASIC program to call another using the  command, and pass variables to it using the  list. It was later realized that this basic concept had a number of problems, but it was nevertheless used to write some large programs.

String handling received a major update. The new  command returned a new string clipped out of another. In the example above, the string "is" is extracted from a larger string. Using the new command, this can be reduced to , which works identically to the  function found in most dialects.  returned the length of a string, which was otherwise now handled internally and did not require calculation in most cases, and  returned the position of one string within another, which in most dialects was handled by . The ampersand, , was introduced for string concatenation.

Numerous more minor changes were also added. Among these were two-dimensional string arrays, as opposed to one-dimensional in the previous version, as well as the ability to use the  to define string-based functions as well as mathematical. New system-oriented functions included ,  to work with times and dates,  which returned the elapsed time, and  which returned the user number, what would today be the username. New string functions included , , , which are common in modern BASIC dialects. The  as a short form for  also appeared in this version.

Sixth Edition
Work on the Sixth Edition began in the fall of 1969 before the Fifth Edition was finalized. A complete specification was written beforehand for the new version. This contrasts with previous versions where the specification documents were based on the changes in the compiler. This version was worked on by Kemeny and Kurtz as well as several former students who returned as faculty: Stephen Garland, John McGeachie, and Robert Hargraves. It was given considerable time to mature, with a beta version running for three months during the summer of 1971, before it was finally released on 21 September 1971. As a result of this maturity, Kurtz described it as "probably the best-designed and most stable software system Dartmouth has ever written."

One of the biggest changes was the replacement of the earlier CHAIN concept with the much better-defined CALL which operated in a fashion similar to GOSUB, but it referred to a function name rather than a line number. The functions were defined using SUB...SUBEND, and took arbitrary parameters in the call rather than using global variables via COMMON declarations. Another major change was to use file handles (numbers) created with the FILE command which is similar to OPEN which is found in most modern BASICs.PRINT USING provided formatted output in a fashion somewhat similar to FORTRAN, while  accepted input with no interpretation, allowing commas, semicolons, and even BASIC code to be typed in.

The Sixth Edition was essentially the last version of the original BASIC concept. It remained unchanged for many years. Later versions were significantly different languages.

SBASIC
In 1976, Stephen Garland collected a number of structured programming additions to create Dartmouth Structured BASIC, or SBASIC. The primary goal was to replace the control structures based on IF...THEN and GOTO with a variety of block-oriented structures. It did this using a precompiler that took SBASIC source code, converted that to 6th Edition BASIC, and then compiled and ran that as normal. SBASIC also added a number of graphics features, based on the PLOT command that had been added by other programmers.

Block structures were terminated by matching statements as was the case in ALGOL 68, as opposed to the generic block structures found in languages like Pascal or C. For instance, the DO WHILE... spanned multiple lines until it ended with a LOOP. The DO loop could also be bottom exited by removing the WHILE or UNTIL and placing the conditional at the bottom on the LOOP. Infinite loops were supported using DO FOREVER or LOOP FOREVER.

"Original" Dartmouth BASIC did not allow statements after a THEN, only a line number to branch to. SBASIC allowed any statement, so for instance . This basic expansion to the IF...THEN, pioneered in 1972 with BASIC-PLUS, was already widely supported by most variety of BASICs by this point, including microcomputer versions that were being released at this time. On top of this, SBASIC added block-oriented IF by placing the THEN on a separate line and then ending the block with CONTINUE. On top of this, SBASIC added the SELECT CASE mechanism that survives to this day in Visual Basic .NET.

SBASIC also added a number of graphics commands intended to be used with plotters. This required the PLOTTER "plottername" to direct subsequent commands to a selected device, and the WINDOW... to set up its parameters. From then on, PLOT X,Y would produce dots on the selected plotter, while adding the semicolon at the end of the statement, as used in PRINT, would leave the pen on the paper and produce a line, for instance PLOT 10,10;20,20.

SBASIC eventually formed the basis of the 1987 ANSI X3.113-1987 Standard for Full Basic, which extended the earlier 1978 ANSI ANSI X3.60-1978 Standard for Minimal Basic.  The long delay in producing that standard, along with the lack of regard among computer scientists for unstructured Basic, led the College Board committee developing the Advanced Placement Course in Computer Science, which Garland chaired, to opt for requiring Pascal and not allowing Basic as the language for the course.

Garland used SBASIC to teach the introductory course in computer science at Dartmouth, but rewrote his textbook for the course in Pascal so that it could be used to teach the AP course.

Seventh Edition
Garland's SBASIC was a pre-compiler written in SBASIC source code itself. The system would read SBASIC source, write the corresponding 6th Edition code, and then compile that output. The Seventh Edition, released in 1980, was a version of SBASIC that was a stand-alone compiler of its own. It added a number of additions of its own. Most of the changes were further elaborations on the system for calling external programs and "overlays" that could be used to break up a program into parts. In this version, SUBs sharing a single file effectively shared data between them. This provided a modicum of data hiding within the group of routines. This separation would today be known as a module.

In addition, this edition added structured error handling and arbitrary matrix math in LET statements, so one could LET A = M*4 where M was a matrix variable, and the statement would output another matrix into A with all the elements in M scaled by 4. Finally, another major update was the use of activation records for subroutines which made recursion possible.

ANSI BASIC, Eighth Edition
By the early 1970s, the number of BASIC implementations had grown to dozens, all of which had their own changes to the basic concept introduced in the original version. Most of these were based on the Fifth Edition, although they often lacked the MAT instructions and the ability to indent code. GE was one of these companies; they released their Mark II systems with the 5th edition rather than waiting for the 6th to arrive a few months later. BASIC-PLUS on the DEC platform was perhaps the closest implementation, including the MAT commands for instance, but then added a number of changes that were not backward-compatible.

After the release of the 6th edition, Kurtz became involved in an effort to define a standard BASIC. An American National Standards Institute (ANSI) working group, X3J2, formed in January 1974, and a corresponding European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) group, TC21, that September. The goal at that time was to produce two related standards. Minimal BASIC would be similar to the Second Edition, but adding strings, a standard to which practically every BASIC would already be able to conform. Standard BASIC would add more functionality to produce something more in keeping with the real BASIC varieties seen in the market.

The process was slow, and the first draft of Minimal BASIC was not published until January 1976, leading to it being officially adopted in December 1977 by ECMA, and 1979 by ANSI as X3.60-1978. Minimal BASIC was similar to the 3rd edition, including string variables, while lacking MAT and other advanced features. In contrast, Standard BASIC had many new features that did not exist in other BASICs, and many of these were poorly considered and the subject of some criticism. For instance, the standard included a line-continuation character, but chose the ampersand, , which was also used for string concatenation. Using these in a single line could lead to very confusing code.

By this time, the release of the first microcomputer systems in 1975 had quickly led to the introduction of Altair BASIC, the first version of what would soon be known as Microsoft BASIC. MS BASIC was patterned on BASIC-PLUS, and thus ultimately the Fifth Edition, but lacked indenting, MAT, and other features. It also added the LEFT$ and RIGHT$ functions, breaking the three-letter convention. As the number of microcomputers grew, and turned into the home computer market in the late 1970s, MS BASIC became the de facto standard.

With this rapid change in the market, the Standard BASIC effort slowed further and was not formally ratified until 1987 as X3.113-1987. By this time, there was no real purpose to the standards; not only was MS BASIC everywhere, but by the mid-1980s the use of BASIC was declining as shrinkwrap software took over from type-in programs. Both standards were eventually withdrawn.

In spite of the eventual failure of the ANSI efforts, the draft of Standard BASIC was implemented at Dartmouth as the Eighth Edition in 1982.

DTSS interface
DTSS implemented an early  integrated development environment (IDE): an interactive command line interface. This provided a number of user and job control commands. For instance, an idle terminal could be connected to a user account by typing HELLO, and logged out again with BYE.

Any line typed in by the user, and beginning with a line number, was added to the program, replacing any previously stored line with the same number; anything else was assumed to be a DTSS command and immediately executed. Lines which consisted solely of a line number weren't stored but did remove any previously stored line with the same number. This method of editing was necessary due to the use of teleprinters as the terminal units.

Each user account could have any number of BASIC programs stored offline, while administrator accounts could also leave programs in permanent storage. Any one of these was active at a given time for a given user account, and if no program had been loaded, a new program was assumed. Stored programs were accessed using commands that are today better known as parts of the BASIC language itself; for instance, the LIST command instructed DTSS to print out the currently active program.

List of commands
 HELLO    log in to DTSS
 BYE      log out of DTSS
 BASIC    start BASIC mode
 NEW      name and begin writing a program
 OLD      retrieve a previously named program from permanent storage
 LIST     display the current program
 RUN      execute the current program
 STOP     interrupt the currently running program
 TEST     use an instructor-provided program to test the current program
 LINK     execute the current program in a multiple-terminal mode
 JOIN     join a program being executed in multiple-terminal mode
 SAVE     save the current program in permanent storage
 UNSAVE   clear the current program from permanent storage
 REPLACE  save the current program using a name already in use for another file
 CATALOG  display the names of programs in permanent storage
 SCRATCH  erase the current program without clearing its name
 RENAME   change the name of the current program without erasing it
 FRI      enable Friden mode for teletypes with mechanical linefeeds
 NFR      disable Friden mode
 EXP      explain (help) EXP EXP for list of commands that can be explained by the system

The commands were often believed to be part of the BASIC language by users, but, in fact, were part of the time sharing system and were also used when preparing ALGOL or FORTRAN programs via the DTSS terminals.

TEACH/Test System

Some 80% of all Dartmouth students in the late 1960s took two mathematics courses and learned Basic in the second course, either in calculus or in finite mathematics.  They received two one-hour lectures on Basic near the beginning of these courses and then had to write four programs in Basic, ranging from programs for approximating π or finding a root of a quintic polynomial to programs for solving a differential equation or finding (by simulation) the limiting probability in a Markov chain.  The TEACH/Test system helped students complete these assignments.  When they thought they had a working program, they typed the command TEST, and an instructor-written program either approved what they had written or provided a hint about where they might have gone wrong.  Students were required to hand in a listing of each program, a sample RUN, and an approval from the TEACH/Test system.  The system did not grade assignments or keep a record of how many times a student typed TEST; it simply assisted students and their instructors.

BASIC language
The first release implemented the following statement types, taking some of its operators and keywords from FORTRAN II and some from ALGOL 60. Overall, the language more closely follows the FORTRAN model, in that it generally has one statement per line of code, lacks ALGOL's "blocks" to group code (these structured programming constructs were a primary reason for ALGOLs development) and the use of GOTO to control program flow.

From ALGOL it took the FOR...TO...STEP style loops that replaced FORTRAN's unwieldy DO...CONTINUE statements. BASIC also simplified the IF...THEN construct to allow simple comparisons like , as opposed to FORTRAN's IF (X-5) 20,20,30. FORTRAN's style "computed IF" was reintroduced with the ON...GOTO command in later versions.

Variable names were limited to A to Z, A0 to A9, B0 to B9, ..., Z0 to Z9, giving a maximum of 286 possible distinct variables. FORTRAN's odd system for setting up the variables I through N as integers and the rest as floating point was removed, and all variables were assumed to be floating point and dimensioned with up to 10 elements. The DIM command was only required if the array held more than ten elements. Array names were restricted to A to Z only.

List of BASIC statements
 DEF  define single line functions
 DIM  (short for dimension) define the size of arrays
 END  define the end of the program
 STOP  stop a program before the textual end
 FOR / TO / STEP  define loops
 NEXT  mark the end of loops
 GOSUB  transfer control to simple subroutines
 RETURN  return control from simple subroutines
 GOTO  transfer control to another statement
 IF / THEN  decision making
 LET / =  assign formula results to a variable
 PRINT  output results
 DATA  store static data within the program
 READ  input data stored in DATA statements
 REM  comment ("REMark")

It also implemented floating-point numeric variables and arithmetic.

List of operators

List of functions
 ABS  Absolute value
 ATN  Arctangent value (result in radians)
 COS  Cosine value (argument in radians)
 EXP  Exponential value
 INT  Integer value
 LOG  Natural Logarithmic value
 RND  Random value
 SIN  Sine value (argument in radians)
 SQR  Square root value
 TAN  Tangent value (argument in radians)

Examples
Early versions of BASIC did not have the ability to read and write external files. To represent lists of data that would normally be read from a file, BASIC included the DATA keyword, which could be followed by an arbitrarily long list of elements, ending only at the limit of the line length. The DATA was non-executable and was skipped if encountered. READ commands would consume the data one by one, keeping track of its location within the complete collection of DATA elements in an internal pointer. In version 3, a RESTORE command was added to reset the pointer to the first DATA command in a program.

In this example, "the first three data values are read into X, Y, and Z respectively. The value -1 is read into N. The next 11 values, .1 through .3, are read into the 11 elements of array B."

15 READ X, Y, Z
20 READ N
24 FOR I=0 TO 10
25 READ B(I)
26 NEXT I
40 DATA 4.2, 7.5, 25.1, -1, .1, .01, .001, .0001
45 DATA .2, .02, .002, .0002, .015, .025, .3, .03, .003

Unlike most subsequent BASICs, Dartmouth BASIC, from the Third Edition onwards, had a matrix keyword, MAT, which could prefix a number of other commands to operate on entire arrays of data with a single command. In this example, from the 1968 manual, MAT INPUT V is used to input a series of variables. When the user enters nothing on a line, this process ends and the total number of elements is accessed in the NUM pseudovariable. The code then adds up all of the individual elements in the matrix and calculates the average. The Third Edition also added indentation, which is used here to clarify the loop structure.

5 LET S = 0
10 MAT INPUT V
20 LET N = NUM
30 IF N = 0 THEN 99
40 FOR I = 1 TO N
45   LET S = S + V(I)
50 NEXT I
60 PRINT S/N
70 GO TO 5
99 END

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 Listing of the source code for version 2 of the Dartmouth BASIC compiler circa 1965 (archived 2007)
 Scans of original documentation and software.
 Dartmouth BASIC Interpreter, RetroWiki.es

Dartmouth College history
Programming languages created in 1964
Dartmouth BASIC
Dartmouth BASIC
Time-sharing
BASIC programming language family
1964 software

Dartmouth BASIC


Nevil Maskelyne () a fost al cincilea astronom regal britanic, deținând acestă funcție din 1765 până în 1811. El a fost primul care a măsurat științific masa planetei Pământ.

Onoruri
 1775 - a primit Medalia Copley a Societății Regale
 1776 - a fost ales membru al Academiei de Științe din Sankt Petersburg.
 1778 - a fost ales membru onorific al Academiei Americane de Arte și Științe.
 craterul lunar Maskelyne în Marea Liniștii îi poartă numele.
 William Wales a numit Insulele Maskelyne din sudul Malekule (Vanuatu) în onoarea sa, în timpul celei de-a doua călătorii a lui James Cook pe HMS Resolution.

Note

Legături externe

 Catalog online al documentelor de lucru ale lui Maskelyne (parte a Arhivelor Observatorului Royal Greenwich, păstrate la Biblioteca Universității Cambridge)
 Eseu despre Nevil Maskelyne, Biblioteca digitală Cambridge

Nașteri în 1732
Decese în 1811
Englezi din secolul al XVIII-lea
Englezi din secolul al XIX-lea
Astronomi englezi
Astronomi din secolul al XVIII-lea
Astronomi din secolul al XIX-lea
Laureați ai Medaliei Copley
Membri ai Academiei Franceze de Științe
Fellows of the Royal Society
Membri ai Academiei Americane de Arte și Științe
Oameni din Londra

Nevil Maskelyne


Dizak (, ou encore Dizaq), également connue sous le nom de Ktish d'après son principal bastion, était une principauté arménienne médiévale dans la province historique d'Artsakh et plus tard l'un des cinq melikdoms du Karabakh, qui comprenait le tiers sud de Khachen (l'actuel Haut-Karabakh) et aussi, au , le canton de Baghk de Syunik. Le fondateur de cette principauté fut Esayi Abu-Muse, au . Aux  et , Dizak était gouvernée par la dynastie arménienne Melik-Avanian, une branche de la maison de Syunik-Khachen. Le siège des princes de Dizak était la ville de Togh (ou Dogh) avec l'ancienne forteresse adjacente de Ktish. L'un des derniers princes de Dizak, Esayi Melik-Avanian, fut tué par Ibrahim Khalil Khan en 1781, après une longue résistance dans la forteresse de Ktish.

Aujourd'hui, le nom "Dizak" est souvent utilisé pour désigner la province de Hadrut de la République d'Artsakh.

Elle fait partie des territoires négociés lors de la Conférence de Paris en 1919.

Notes et références

Article connexe
 Esayi Abu-Muse

Histoire du Haut-Karabagh

Dizak


عقد 950 هو عقد امتد بين 1 يناير 950 و31 ديسمبر 959 بحسب التقويم الميلادي. سبقه عقد 940 ولحقه عقد 960.

أحداث

 معركة الربان (958)
 معركة مرعش (953)

مواليد

 ابن بابك (951)
 العزيز عماد الدين عثمان (955)
 إبراهيم بن سعيد النحوي (951)
 إسماعيل بن عباد (955)
 فلاديمير الأول (958)
 أبو بكر الكرجي (953)
 ياروبولك الأول (955)
 صاعد بن محمد الاستوائي (954)
 محرز بن خلف (951)
 أحمد بن علي الباغائي (956)
 أوتو الثاني (955)

وفيات

 راميرو الثاني ملك ليون (951)
 إيدريد ملك إنجلترا (955)
 ليودولف، دوق شوابيا (957)
 سونير كونت برشلونة (950)
 أبو إبراهيم الفارابي (951)
 أبو العيش أحمد بن كنون (954)
 ثاؤفانيوس (956)
 لويس الرابع ملك فرنسا (954)
 المسعودي (956)
 هيو العظيم (956)
 تودا النافارية (958)
 أبو القاسم الزجاجي (952)

كتب

 موسوعة حضارة العالم (2002) لأحمد محمد عوف.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

 تصفح سنة بسنة عقد 950 ابتداءً من

عقد 950


Elektronska optika je grana fizike koja se bavi upravljanjem snopom elektrona s pomoću električnoga i magnetskoga polja te konstrukcijom elektroničkih uređaja poput optičkih. Djelovanje tih polja na elektronski snop na maloj udaljenosti od njihovih osi slično je djelovanju optičkih leća, zrcala i prizmi na snop svjetlosti.

Elektronska leća
Elektronska leća može biti ostvarena električnim poljem (elektrostatska leća) ili magnetskim poljem (magnetska leća). Elektrostatska leća sastoji se od elektroda različita električnoga potencijala, među kojima se stvara električno polje. Magnetska leća najčešće sadrži električnu zavojnicu unutar metalnog omotača s procjepom, duž kojega nastaje magnetsko polje. Promjenom jakosti električnog, odnosno magnetskog polja moguće je mijenjati žarišnu daljinu rotacijskosimetričnih elektronskih leća te njihov učinak na snop elektrona u rasponu od divergencijskog do konvergencijskoga. Žarišne daljine manje od 1 mm moguće je ostvariti jedino magnetskim lećama, pa one prevladavaju u pojedinim uređajima, na primjer u elektronskome mikroskopu.

Magnetska leća
Magnetska leća se sastoji od električne zavojnice sa stanovitim brojem zavoja kroz koje protječe električna struja određene jakosti. O dimenzijama ove zavojnice, njezinom obliku i broju zavoja ovisi žarišna duljina. Kroz zavojnicu prolazi snop divergentnih zraka iz izvora A. Elektroni će zbog djelovanja magnetskog polja na električni vodič opisivati zavojitu stazu koja će se savijati sve više prema osi magnetske leće. Zbog toga nastaje fokusiranje, pa se u točki B dobiva slika izvora A. Zbog toga nastaje fokusiranje, pa se u točki B dobiva slika izvora A. Odatle vidimo da i magnetska leća ima svojstva sabirne leće.

Elektronsko zrcalo
Elektronsko zrcalo je plošna elektroda negativnog potencijala, koja snop elektrona reflektira i pritom ga skuplja ili širi, što ovisi o zakrivljenosti njezina polja.

Elektronska prizma
Elektronska prizma stvara električno polje kojim se elektroni različitih brzina različito zakreću, što je analogno disperziji svjetlosti pri prolasku kroz staklenu prizmu.

Gibanje elektrona u magnetskom polju
Dok se električni naboji ne kreću, na njih magneti ne djeluju. No kad elektron projuri pored magneta, njegova staza se savija. Opaža se da magnet djeluje to jače što se elektron brže kreće. Sila je sukladna (proporcionalna) brzini elektrona. Ta sila vezana je najuže s elektricitetom, pa je prema tome sukladna i električnom naboju elektrona. Pored toga, razumije se, jači magnet djelovat će jače, slabiji - slabije. Kao i kod električnih pojava, tako ćemo i ovdje uzeti da u prostoru oko magneta postoji neko polje. To magnetsko polje označit ćemo s H. Sila magneta na elektron, prema tome, sukladna je umnošku magnetskog polja H, električnom naboju e i brzini v:

Pokusima se također opaža da sila ovisi i o tome u kojem smjeru elektron presijeca magnetsko polje. Ona je najveća kad brzina elektrona stoji okomito na magnetsko polje. Za magnetsko polje uzimamo istu dimenziju kao i za električno polje. Prema tome konstanta sukladnosti (proporcionalnosti) mora imati dimenziju v-1:

Za konstantu sukladnosti stavljamo obrnutu vrijednost brzine svjetlosti. Time postižemo slaganje s magnetostatski određenim poljem iz Coulombova zakona.

Važno svojstvo sile magnetskog polja na elektron jest da djeluje uvijek okomito na smjer gibanja elektrona. Ona nastoji elektron zakrenuti. Sila stoji okomito na vektor brzine. Osim toga, sila stoji okomito i na smjer magnetskog polja. Magnetsko polje ima smjer od pozitivnog pola do negativnog, dakle, odozdo prema gore. Elektron se kreće slijeva nadesno. Sila na elektron ima tada smjer prema natrag. Sila koja djeluje uvijek okomito na smjer brzine svija stazu čestice u kružnicu. Vidjeli smo da se planet vrti u kružnicu u kojoj sila ima smjer polumjera. Isto tako zadobiva elektron u magnetskom polju ubrzanje okomito na svoju brzinu. To ubrzanje jednako je v2/r. Newtonov zakon za gibanje elektrona u konstantnom, homogenom magnetskom polju glasi:

Odatle možemo proračunati impuls ili brzinu elektrona u magnetskom polju ako je izmjeren polumjer i magnetsko polje.

Zadnja jednadžba nam omogućuje da mjereći polumjer kružnice odredimo brzinu elektrona. Polumjer kružnice je to veći ili zakrivljenost staze je manja, što elektron ima veću brzinu. Brzi elektroni ostavljaju gotovo pravocrtne staze, dok sasvim spori opisuju kružnice malog polumjera.

Smjer magnetske sile ovisi o predznaku električnog naboja. Kad se proton s istom brzinom, kao i elektron, kreće u magnetskom polju, tada na njega djeluje jednako jaka sila, ali suprotnog smjera. Savija li se staza elektrona prema gore, tada se protonova staza savija prema dolje. Važno je pri tom da sila magnetskog toka ne ovisi o masi električne čestice.

Istraživanje kozmičkih zraka u magnetskom polju Wilsonove komore dovelo je i do nove elementarne čestice - pozitrona. 1932. opazio je C. D. Anderson u Wilsonovoj komori čestice koje su ostavljale jednake staze kao i elektroni. Morale su, dakle, imati istu masu. Međutim, u magnetskom polju te su se čestice savijale u obratnom smjeru od elektrona. Anderson je odmah ispravno protumačio da se tu radi o novim, dotad nepoznatim česticama, koje imaju istu masu kao elektron, ali pozitivan električni naboj. Nove čestice dobile su po tome ime pozitron. Pozitroni imaju sva svojstva kao i elektron, samo suprotan jednako veliki električni naboj.

Silu magnetskog polja na brzi elektron možemo opisati vektorskim produktom. Kako smo vidjeli, sila stoji okomito na magnetsko polje i brzinu elektrona. Osim toga ta je sila najveća kad brzina elektrona okomito siječe magnetsko polje. Juri li naprotiv elektron paralelno sa smjerom magnetskog polja, na njega ne djeluje nikakva sila. Sila na elektron sukladna (proporcionalna) je umnošku:

gdje je: φ - kut između brzine v i magnetskog polja H. No to je upravo iznos vektorskog umnoška v i H. Magnetsku silu na elektron možemo, dakle, pisati u vektorskom obliku:

Ova jednadžba može nam poslužiti za određenje magnetskog polja. Prema novijim shvaćanjima nema neke magnetske "tvari", pa se magnetske sile ne mogu prikazati kao umnošci "magnetskih naboja" i magnetskih polja. No ipak nas to ne sprečava da uvedemo magnetsko polje s istom fizičkom dimenzijom kao električno polje. Ono što se neposredno može mjeriti jest električni naboj i brzina elektrona te sila na elektron. U pokusu vidimo da sila stoji okomito na brzinu. U kom smjeru treba sad povući magnetsko polje? Očito, iz jednoznačnosti izlazi smjer polja okomit na smjer brzine i sile. Vidimo da mjerenjem sile, električnog naboja i brzine čestice možemo u svakoj točki prostora utvrditi magnetsko polje prema zadnjoj jednadžbi.

Time što smo u zakonu sile za konstantu sukladnosti stavili e/c, odredili smo i jedinicu magnetskog polja. Tako određena jedinica podudara se s onom što je dobivamo iz Coulombova zakona o sili između dva točkasta magnetska pola. I u znanosti o magnetizmu možemo općenito silu prikazati kao umnožak "magnetskog naboja" i polja. Za jedinicu magnetskog polja uzimamo ono polje koje na jedinični magnetski naboj djeluje silom od jednog njutna (N). Ova mjerna jedinica magnetskog toka zove se veber (W).

Izvori

Elektromagnetizam
Fizika elementarnih čestica

Elektronska optika


Taşpınar, Samsun ilinin Terme ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Şimdiki köy mezarlığının olduğu yerde, eskiden taş kuyu olduğu söylenir. Suyunun çok soğuk ve güzel olmasından dolayı mahallenin Taşpınar adını aldığına dair mahallenin yaşlılarından duyulmuştur. Mahallenin tarihinin 150 ya da 200 seneye dayandığı, daha öncedende Çerkezlerin köy ve çevresinde yaşadığı eski mezarlardan tespit edilmiş olup, şu anda Oğuz Türklerinin bulunduğu bilinen mahallenin 400 yıllık geçmişe sahip olduğu tahmin edilmektedir.  Eskiden 2 mahallenin bir olduğu Taşpınar ayrılarak Yukarı Taşpınar ve Aşağı Taşpınar olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmış ve merkezi köy olan Aşağı Taşpınar mahallesi bu özelliğini hala sürdürmektedir.

Coğrafya
Samsun il merkezine 50 km, Terme ilçesine 14 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Terme'nin mahalleleri

Taşpınar, Terme


Igra lignje (hangul: Ojingeo Geim 오징어 게임, eng. Squid Game) je južnokorejska televizijska serija. Glavne uloge igraju: Lee Jung-jae, Park Hae-soo, O Yeong-su, Wi Ha-joon, Jung Ho-yeon, Heo Sung-tae, Anupam Tripathi i Kim Joo-ryoung.

Igra lignje je najgledanija tv-serija do sada na Netflixu. Privukla je 142 milijuna gledatelja u svijetu u prva četiri tjedna prikazivanja.

Uloge
 Lee Jung-jae – Seong Gi-hun (456)
 Park Hae-soo – Cho Sang-woo (218)
 Jung Ho-yeon – Kang Sae-byeok (067)
 Oh Yeong-su – Oh Il-nam (001)
 Heo Sung-tae – Jang Deok-su (101)
 Anupam Tripathi – Abdul Ali (199)
 Kim Joo-ryoung – Han Mi-nyeo (212)
 Wi Ha-joon – Hwang Jun-ho

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službena stranica

Južnokorejske serije
Televizijske serije u Netflixovoj produkciji
Televizijske serije koje su počele 2021.

Igra lignje


Rocco Cocchia,  (Cesinali, 30 de abril de 1830 - Chieti, 19 de dezembro de 1900) foi um frei capuchinho, diplomata e prelado italiano da Igreja Católica, arcebispo de Chieti.

Biografia
Angelo Antonio ingressou na Ordem dos Capuchinhos aos 16 anos, na província religiosa de Salerno, em 13 de maio de 1846, tomando o nome de Frei Rocco de Cesinali, pelo qual ficou conhecido desde então. Estudou filosofia e teologia em Salerno e doutorou-se em teologia na Universidade de Bolonha. Foi ordenado sacerdote em Nápoles em 4 de abril de 1853.

Sua primeira missão foi ensinar filosofia aos alunos capuchinhos de sua província por 8 anos. Nessa época escreveu um tratado sobre a Virgem Maria, que nunca publicou, e outro sobre a Filosofia do Belo segundo Dante Alighieri, publicado em 1861 na Ilha de Malta.

Em 1861, o superior geral dos capuchinhos o chamou a Roma para encarregá-lo de escrever a história das missões da ordem capuchinha. A fim de recolher os documentos necessários para este trabalho, ele viajou para a Grécia, Constantinopla, Ásia Menor, Síria, Palestina, Egito e Tunísia. Depois, pelo norte da Itália, Suíça, Saboia, França, Bélgica, Holanda, Inglaterra, Arábia, Índia, Ceilão (agora Sri Lanka), Himalaia e Berbéria (agora Marrocos, Argélia, Tunísia e Trípoli). Publicou a história das missões da Ordem dos Capuchinhos em três volumes.

Interveio no Concílio Vaticano I, como teólogo do bispo capuchinho Pablo Tossi e representante de Ignazio Persico, O.F.M. Cap., bispo de Savannah (EUA). Em 1870 foi nomeado pelo superior geral dos Capuchinhos como procurador geral para as missões da Ordem.

Episcopado
Em 13 de julho de 1874, o Papa Pio IX o nomeou delegado apostólico em Santo Domingo, Haiti e Venezuela e vigário apostólico na arquidiocese de Santo Domingo. Foi consagrado como bispo titular de Oropus em 26 de julho de 1874, em Santa Maria Immacolata all'Esquilino, pelo cardeal Raffaele Monaco La Valletta, secretário de Petições e Memoriais, coadjuvado por Pietro de Villanova Castellacci, vice-gerente de Roma e por Salvatore Nobili Vitelleschi, secretário da Congregação para os Bispos e Regulares.

Vigário apostólico de Santo Domingo
Para cumprir sua missão, foi para a França, onde embarcou pelo porto de Saint-Nazaire, rumo às Antilhas, em 20 de agosto de 1874. Chegou em Santo Domingo em 19 de setembro de 1874, depois de ter tocado os portos de Fort-de-France e Saint-Thomas.

Como vigário apostólico, foi responsável por governar a arquidiocese de Santo Domingo em nome de Vigário de Cristo. A diocese nessa época estava passando por uma situação especial, após a ocupação espanhola e a Guerra dos Seis Anos. Por isso, durante o tempo em que governou a arquidiocese, não foi chamado bispo ou arcebispo de Santo Domingo. Assim, no governo diocesano, restabeleceu o cabido eclesiástico honorário da Catedral de Santo Domingo, além de realizar visitas pastorais a várias paróquias.

Por ocasião do 30º aniversário do pontificado do Papa Pio IX, lhe enviou uma carta de Santiago de los Caballeros, cheia de devoção filial, referindo-se à piedade e religiosidade do povo dominicano. O Papa respondeu, em 14 de junho de 1876, agradecendo ao povo dominicano por seus sentimentos de afeto e enviou ao delegado apostólico uma série de paramentos sagrados que Frei Rocco distribuiu, em nome do Papa, entre as paróquias mais pobres da arquidiocese de Santo Domingo.

Com as obras de restauro da Catedral, em 10 de setembro de 1877, foi encontrada a caixa de chumbo que, ao ser aberta perante as autoridades nacionais e o corpo diplomático credenciado, mostrava os restos mortais de Cristóvão Colombo. Ele publicou duas obras sobre Cristóvão Colombo, em defesa da autenticidade de seus restos mortais encontrados na Catedral de Santo Domingo, uma em Santo Domingo em 1879 e outra em Chieti em 1892.

Ele realizou um sínodo diocesano, ocorrido entre 12 e 18 de maio de 1878, na igreja do convento de Santo Domingo (a catedral estava em reforma). Este sínodo foi elogiado por Pio IX e abençoado pelo novo Papa Leão XIII, que havia ascendido entre a convocação e o celebração do sínodo. Neste sínodo foi consignado em 24 de setembro a solenidade de Nossa Senhora das Mercês, e em sua carta datada de 18 de junho de 1878, Alessandro Franchi, Cardeal Secretário de Estado informou que a Sagrada Congregação dos Ritos declarou feriado para a República Dominicana em 24 de setembro. Em 15 de julho de 1878, foi elevado a dignidade de arcebispo, como arcebispo titular de Siraces.

Também restabeleceu o seminário, remodelando sua planta física e melhorando o corpo docente.

Delegado apostólico no Haiti e na Venezuela
Como delegado apostólico, visitou o Haiti duas vezes em 1875, sendo recebido pelo presidente Michel Domingue e pelo arcebispo de Porto Príncipe, Alexis-Jean-Marie Guilloux. Também visitou a Venezuela, em 1876, onde o governo Guzmán Blanco havia expulsado o arcebispo de Caracas, Silvestre Guevara y Lira e o bispo de Mérida, Juan Hilario Bosset Castillo, além de fechar os seminários e os conventos. Pediu para ser ouvido pelo governo de Caracas e conseguiu chegar a um acordo amigável para deter o cisma. O governo expressou seu agradecimento ao Sumo Pontífice e Frei Cocchia decidiu viajar a Roma para discutir a solução final do problema. Recebidos pelo Papa, um mês depois os lugares vagos foram preenchidos pelos párocos apresentados pelo delegado, no consistório de 29 de setembro de 1876. Em 15 de outubro de 1876, embarcou de volta a Caracas e,resolvidos todos os problemas que exigiram sua presença na Venezuela, consagrou os dois bispos na catedral de Caracas, recebendo do presidente da república a Ordem do Libertador Simón Bolívar em grau de cavaleiro.

De volta a Santo Domingo, promoveu junto a Roma a figura do sacerdote dominicano Fernando Arturo de Meriño, a ser nomeado Arcebispo de Santo Domingo e restituir em sua pessoa a hierarquia da Igreja Católica na República Dominicana.

Arcebispo de Otranto e internúncio apostólico no Brasil
Acometido por uma incômoda doença oftalmológica, Frei Rocco Cocchia teve que retornar à Itália em 1883 e em reconhecimento de seus méritos, pelos serviços prestados à igreja, o Papa Leão XIII o nomeou Arcebispo de Otranto em 9 de agosto e no ano seguinte, em 30 de abril de 1884, foi nomeado internúncio apostólico no Brasil. Para cuidar de sua diocese na Itália, frei Rocco pediu ao Papa que nomeasse seu irmão frei Domenico Cocchia, administrador da arquidiocese de Otranto, enquanto cumpria sua missão diplomática.

Chegou ao país em 25 de junho de 1884 e apresentou suas credenciais ao imperador Pedro II do Brasil. Em 1885 escreveu uma carta aos bispos do Brasil, sobre a exata observância das leis litúrgicas, garantindo a unidade espiritual da Igreja. Com os bispos promoveu a celebração dos sínodos diocesanos. Ao final de sua missão diplomática, retornou à Itália e Leão XIII, no consistório de 27 de maio de 1887, transferiu-o para a Sé arquiepiscopal de Chieti, que tinha a administração conjunta da diocese de Vasto.

Arcebispo de Chieti e Vasto
Começou seu trabalho pastoral como arcebispo de Chieti em 23 de outubro de 1887. Visitou cidades, vilas e campos, restaurou o seminário, fechado por 27 anos e convertido em quartel, em 1889. Em Bucchianico restaurou a casa paterna de São Camilo de Lellis, convertida em santuário. Realizou um sínodo diocesano de 20 a 24 de julho de 1894 no seminário de Chieti.

Após uma curta doença, faleceu santamente em Chieti, em 19 de dezembro de 1900. Foi sepultado na igreja das Irmãs Clarissas daquela cidade. Em 21 de outubro de 1927, seus restos mortais foram transferidos de Chieti para Cesinali, para a igreja paroquial de San Roque, que ele e seu irmão Frei Domenico haviam restaurado.

Ligações externas

Naturais de Avelino (província)
Capuchinhos
Alunos da Universidade de Bolonha
Núncios apostólicos no Haiti
Núncios apostólicos na República Dominicana
Núncios apostólicos na Venezuela
Núncios apostólicos no Brasil
Arcebispos católicos da Itália

Rocco Cocchia


Luiz do Nascimento Ramos, mais conhecido como Lunara (Porto Alegre, 1864 — 1937) foi um comerciante, jornalista e fotógrafo brasileiro, um dos principais nomes da fotografia no estado do Rio Grande do Sul entre o fim do século XIX e o início do século XX.

Biografia
Iniciou sua vida pública muito jovem. Em 1883 já fazia parte da comissão editorial do jornal O Athleta, vinculado ao Club Caixeiral, onde publicou artigos e crônicas sob os pseudônimos Sancho e Bilú, versando sobre aspectos do cotidiano, ora carregados de crítica e humor, ora de poesia. Em 1896 associou-se a Adwaldo Franco e abriu a firma de importações Franco, Ramos & Cia., e também trabalhava como contabilista em outras empresas.

Teve sucesso como empresário; em 1901 era diretor da influente Associação Comercial, reeleito em 1905, em 1904 era membro do Conselho Fiscal da companhia de seguros Phenix, e no mesmo ano foi eleito para o Conselho Fiscal do Club Caixeiral.

Seu envolvimento com a fotografia se deu na qualidade de amador. Os primeiros registros de sua atividade neste campo são do fim da década de 1890, assinando suas produções como Lunara. Ingressou no primeiro fotoclube da cidade, o Photo Club Helios, fundado em 1907. Fez exposições e publicou obras na Revista Kodak, na revista Máscara, na Revista da Semana e nas francesas Photo-Gazette e La Revue Photographie.

Foi casado com Maria Isabel Borges, deixando os filhos Áureo e Zaida.

Obra

São conhecidas 75 imagens de sua autoria. Abordava cenas urbanas, observando as transformações da cidade e sua modernização, e também ambientes suburbanos e rurais, com uma ênfase nas paisagens e nos tipos humanos característicos, mas pouca atenção deu ao retrato propriamente dito, embora o gênero estivesse muito na moda. Foi influenciado pela obra de pintores como Pedro Weingärtner, de quem era amigo, percorrendo com ele cenários sugestivos nos arredores de Porto Alegre.

Outra influência em sua atividade foi o movimento fotoclubista, que buscava se afastar das práticas da fotografia profissional e ressaltar as possibilidades narrativas e interpretativas da realidade captada, e embora tenha se aproximado do movimento pictorialista da fotografia, ao contrário deste não manipulava as imagens a posteriori com retoques para dar-lhes um caráter mais pictórico, nem pretendeu equiparar a fotografia à pintura como os primeiros pictorialistas, mantendo a imagem tal qual foi captada e contribuindo para a legitimação da fotografia como uma arte autônoma.

Participou de várias exposições e no início do século XX já tinha diversos prêmios em sua bagagem, incluindo a medalha de ouro na Mostra Grupal de Artes Plásticas promovida pela Gazeta do Comércio, e o prêmio da revista La Revue de Photographie, pela fotografia O Lago. Em torno de 1900 publicou o importante álbum Vistas de Porto Alegre. Em 1901 documentou a Exposição Agropecuária e Industrial, resultando em um outro álbum, e participou do júri da seção de Artes Plásticas. Foi elogiado por críticos como Athos Damasceno, Pinto da Rocha e Arquimedes Fortini como sendo um verdadeiro artista.

Sua produção fotográfica foi esquecida depois da sua morte, sendo redescoberta em 1976 pela jornalista e fotógrafa Eneida Serrano. Três anos depois ela organizou uma retrospectiva no Museu da Comunicação e em 2001 reuniu a produção no livro Lunara Amador 1900. Desde então sua obra vem sendo objeto de diversos trabalhos acadêmicos. Em 2001 vinte fotos suas foram expostas na 11ª Bienal de Artes Visuais do Mercosul. Seu nome batiza a Galeria Lunara do centro cultural Usina do Gasômetro.

Segundo Boris Kossoy, "talvez o mais conhecido fotógrafo amador do Rio Grande do Sul no fim do século XIX e nas primeiras décadas do século XX, [...] tinha como principal motivo de inspiração cenas campestres, riachos, caminhos e casebres emoldurados pela natureza e também o elemento humano em atitudes posadas. [...] Lunara deixa transparecer em suas produções a influência pictorialista que marcou acentuadamente a fotografia amadorística dos salões praticada em todo o mundo". Para Denise Stumvoll, Lunara é "uma peça importante nos quebra-cabeças da história entre arte e fotografia, pelo menos em nível local. [...] No processo de conformação do sujeito moderno, escutamos o ressoar de uma narrativa poética nas imagens de Lunara, como no 'olhar a história a contrapelo', de Walter Benjamin, estando aí a sua força e o seu enigma, pois a fotografia era um campo da linguagem artística incipiente. [...] Ele pôde experimentá-la como um campo aberto em diálogo constante com outras linguagens artísticas, como a pintura e até mesmo a escrita poética".

Ver também

Fotografia no Brasil

Naturais de Porto Alegre
Nascidos em 1864
Mortos em 1937
Fotógrafos do Rio Grande do Sul
Escritores do Rio Grande do Sul
Jornalistas do Rio Grande do Sul

Lunara


Hermann Fellner (* 26. März 1878 als Hermann Siegfried Flegenheimer in Frankfurt am Main; † 22. März 1936 in London, Großbritannien) war ein deutscher Filmproduzent und Drehbuchautor, ein Pionier der europäischen Kinematographie.

Leben
Fellner arbeitete bereits vor 1900 in unterschiedlichen Bereichen des internationalen Theaters. 1913 wurde er als Nachfolger von Jules Greenbaum Geschäftsführer bei der Produktionsfirma Vitascope GmbH. Im Januar 1914 fusionierte die Vitascope mit der Projektions-Aktiengesellschaft-Union (PAGU). Fellner und die Brüder Jules Greenbaum und Max Grünbaum traten als Prokuristen in die neue Großfirma ein. Durch Beschluss der Generalversammlung vom 27. Juni 1914 wurden Fellner und Jules Greenbaum Vorstandsmitglieder der Aktiengesellschaft, die 1917 in der Firmenneugründung UFA aufgehen sollte.

Seit der Frühphase des Ersten Weltkriegs begann sich Fellner auf die Erstellung von Filmdrehbüchern zu konzentrieren. Im Februar 1919 gründete er gemeinsam mit Wilhelm Heiser die Fern Andra Film Vertriebsgesellschaft m.b.H. Im Juli wurde er an der Seite von Julius Mandl (d. i. Joe May) Geschäftsführer bei der May-Film GmbH und im November 1920 Mitgründer und Co-Geschäftsführer bei der Fema Film-Atelier GmbH und im Mai 1921 Co-Geschäftsführer bei der Julius Mandl Film-Gesellschaft mbH. Mit den von Joe May inszenierten Monumentalfilmen Die Herrin der Welt und Das indische Grabmal war er als Produktionsleiter an zwei aufwendigen und teuren Filmen beteiligt. 1922 begann Fellner eine Kooperation mit dem in Berlin aktiven ungarischen Kollegen Josef Somló. Der Firmenname Felsom (Fellner & Somlo GmbH) entstand aus den jeweils drei Anfangsbuchstaben beider Nachnamen. Felsom-Filme waren leichtgewichtige Stoffe, vor allem romantische Komödien mit Musik behaupteten sich zu Beginn der Tonfilm-Ära am Markt.

Im Dezember 1925 gründeten der Produzent Arnold Pressburger und Somló aus einer Firmenübernahme die Sascha Filmindustrie GmbH, die dann von 1926 bis 1934 als Produktionsfirma F.P.S. Film GmbH firmierte. Im Juni 1927 wurden Fellner und Somló die Kompagnons von Fritz Lang bei der Fritz Lang Film GmbH (1927–1929).

Infolge der Machtübernahme durch die Nationalsozialisten emigrierten die Juden Fellner und Somló nach Großbritannien, wo sich jedoch ihre Wege trennten. Nach einer Produktion für die Firma Gaumont, Wilhelm Thieles Waltz Time nach der Vorlage Die Fledermaus, gründete Fellner mit dem gleichfalls nach England geflohenen Kollegen Max Schach die Cecil Films und vollendete noch zwei Filme. Ende März 1936 wurde Hermann Fellner in seiner Wohnung in London-Westminster erhängt aufgefunden, ein Selbstmord.

Filmografie
als Produzent, wenn nicht anders angegeben
 1912: Der Eid des Stephan Huller, zwei Teile (Produktionsleitung)
 1913: Das goldene Bett
 1913: Menschen und Masken, zwei Teile
 1913: Das Recht auf Glück
 1913: Das Geheimnis von Lissabon
 1913: Die blaue Maus
 1913: Das silberne Kreuz
 1913: Das weiße Grab
 1913: Das weiße Pferd
 1914: Die braune Bestie
 1914: Zweite Tür links
 1914: Ein Kindesherz
 1914: Weib gegen Weib
 1914: Lache, Bajazzo
 1914: Der Hund von Baskerville, zwei Teile
 1914: Ein seltsamer Fall
 1915: Der Katzensteg
 1915: Kapital und Liebe (Drehbuch)
 1917: Die Glocken der Katharinenkirche (Drehbuch)
 1918: Das gestohlene Hotel (Drehbuch)
 1919: Wahnsinn (Drehbuch)
 1919: Die Nacht auf Goldenhall (Drehbuch)
 1919: Die Herrin der Welt (Produktionsleitung)
 1921: Das indische Grabmal (Produktionsleitung)
 1922: Sünden von gestern
 1922: Firnenrausch (Drehbuch)
 1924: Der gestohlene Professor (Drehbuch)
 1925: Der Tänzer meiner Frau
 1926: Eine Dubarry von heute
 1926: Man spielt nicht mit der Liebe
 1926: Ledige Töchter
 1927: Die berühmte Frau
 1927: Die letzte Nacht
 1927: Der Geisterzug
 1927: Mein Leben für das Deine
 1928: Sechs Mädchen suchen Nachtquartier
 1928: Spione
 1928: Die Frau auf der Folter
 1928: Heut' spielt der Strauss
 1928: Die Räuberbande
 1928: Dyckerpotts Erben
 1928: Haus Nummer 17
 1928: Der fesche Husar
 1929: Der Würger
 1929: Frau im Mond
 1929: Das Land ohne Frauen
 1930: Die Lindenwirtin
 1930: Geld auf der Straße
 1931: Drei Tage Liebe
 1931: Die Blumenfrau von Lindenau
 1931: Die spanische Fliege
 1932: Mädchen zum Heiraten
 1932: Tell Me Tonight
 1933: Waltz Time
 1935: Public Nuisance No. 1
 1936: Dishonour Bright

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Kay Weniger: Das große Personenlexikon des Films. Die Schauspieler, Regisseure, Kameraleute, Produzenten, Komponisten, Drehbuchautoren, Filmarchitekten, Ausstatter, Kostümbildner, Cutter, Tontechniker, Maskenbildner und Special Effects Designer des 20. Jahrhunderts. Band 2: C – F. John Paddy Carstairs – Peter Fitz. Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-89602-340-3, S. 642 f.
 Kay Weniger: "Es wird im Leben dir mehr genommen als gegeben …". Lexikon der aus Deutschland und Österreich emigrierten Filmschaffenden 1933 bis 1945. Eine Gesamtübersicht. Acabus-Verlag, Hamburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-86282-049-8, S. 169 f.

Weblinks

Filmproduzent
Person (Stummfilm)
Emigrant aus dem Deutschen Reich zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
Deutscher
Geboren 1878
Gestorben 1936
Mann

Hermann Fellner (Filmproduzent)


Juniperus barbadensis er tegund af barrtré í einisætt. Uppruninn frá Vestur-Indíum (Bahamaeyjar, Kúba, Jamaíka og St. Lúsíuey).

Tilvísanir

Einisætt

Juniperus barbadensis


est vizir durant la .

Généalogie
Khnoumhotep est fils du gouverneur local , connu par sa tombe à Beni Hassan (tombe BH3). Khnoumhotep est promu sous , à la cour royale et est envoyé en plusieurs missions, l'une d'elles à la mer Rouge, une autre à Byblos. Il devient grand intendant et enfin vizir sous le règne de .

Le vizir Khnoumhotep est connu par des inscriptions dans la tombe de son père, par une stèle trouvée à la mer Rouge et surtout par son mastaba situé dans le complexe pyramidal du pharaon  à Dahchour, et découverte par Jacques de Morgan en 1894.

Sépulture
Le mastaba a été fouillée pour la première fois vers 1894 par Jacques de Morgan qui a trouvé plusieurs inscriptions ainsi que les restes de Khnoumhotep d'après lesquels il a estimé que le vizir devait avoir une soixantaine d'années au moment de sa mort. De nouvelles fouilles après 2000 ont permis de découvrir plusieurs autres inscriptions biographiques, dont celles mentionnant une expédition à Byblos.

Le mastaba est massif, sans pièces intérieures, et construit en briques crues recouvertes de calcaire fin. L'extérieur est décoré d'une façade de palais et de l'inscription biographique. La tombe a une superficie d'environ quarante mètres carrés et est relativement petite si on la compare à certaines tombes voisines appartenant à d'autres vizirs qui font environ cent-cinquante mètres carrés ; ce fait, en plus de ses titres rapportés dans la tombe, suggère que Khnoumhotep a probablement commandé cette tombe au début de sa carrière, et qu'il est devenu vizir à la fin de sa vie et n'a pas eu assez de temps pour construire un mastaba plus approprié à son haut rang nouvellement atteint.

Notes et références

Index égyptologique
Vizir de l'Égypte antique
XIIe dynastie égyptienne
Sésostris III

Khnoumhotep III


Santiago da Ribeira de Alhariz Portekiz'de Valpaços belediyesine bağlı olan, 18,09 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 835 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Valpaços

Santiago da Ribeira de Alhariz


Mandaon ist eine philippinische Stadtgemeinde in der Provinz Masbate, in der Verwaltungsregion V, Bicol. Sie hat  Einwohner (Zensus ), die in 26 Barangays leben. Sie wird als Gemeinde der dritten Einkommensklasse auf den Philippinen eingestuft. Das Gemeindezentrum liegt ca. 32 km westlich der Provinzhauptstadt Masbate City und ist über die Küstenstraße von dort aus erreichbar. Ihre Nachbargemeinden sind Aroroy im Norden, Milagros im Osten und Balud im Südwesten. Der lange Küstenstreifen der Gemeinde liegt an der Sibuyan-See.

Baranggays

Weblinks

 Mandaon auf Philippine-Islands.Ph

Ort auf den Philippinen

Mandaon


Scheich Anwar al-Balkimi () ist ein ägyptischer Politiker. Er wurde bei den Parlamentswahlen 2011/2012 als Abgeordneter für die Partei des Lichts (Hizb al-Nur) in die Ägyptische Volksversammlung gewählt und schied im März 2012 angesichts eines drohenden Parteiausschlussverfahrens wieder aus.

Politik
Al-Balkimi wurde im Dezember 2011 im Wahlkreis IV Menouf–Madinat as-Sadat–Sars al-Layyan im Gouvernement al-Minufiyya in die Volksversammlung gewählt. Nominiert war er als "Arbeiter". Er bekam 83.163 Stimmen. Der Wahlkreis war der einzige auf Departmentebene, in dem ein Wahlbündnis zwischen der Freiheits- und Gerechtigkeitspartei und der Partei des Lichts existierte.

Al-Balkimi gab am 28. Februar 2012 an, dass er bei einem Überfall zusammengeschlagen und um 100.000 ägyptische Pfund (etwa 12.500 Euro) beraubt wurde. Dies bestätigte er auch in einem Fernsehinterview. In der Folge meldete sich der Direktor des Sheikh Zayed Hospitals, einer Kairoer Schönheitsklinik, und behauptete die Verletzungen im Gesicht von al-Balkimi stammten von einer Nasenoperation, die der Abgeordnete in seiner Klinik habe durchführen lassen. Daraufhin wurde ein Parteiausschlussverfahren eingeleitet und al-Balkimi trat am 5. März von seinem Abgeordnetenposten zurück. Auf Ersuchen der Staatsanwaltschaft hob das Parlament am 29. März die Immunität von al-Balkimi auf, um eine Anklage wegen Irreführung der Justiz zu ermöglichen.

Al-Balkimi ist verheiratet.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Abgeordneter (Ägypten)
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann

Anwar al-Balkimi