The Judgment Day é um equipe vilã de luta livre profissional no WWE's Raw, atualmente composta por Finn Bálor, Damian Priest, Rhea Ripley e Dominik Mysterio. O grupo foi fundado em 2022 por seu líder anterior Edge, que supervisionou seu truque sobrenatural mais sombrio. Depois que Edge foi expulso após a adição de Bálor ao grupo, The Judgment Day gradualmente perdeu seus elementos sobrenaturais e desde então tem sido retratado como uma gangue zombeteira de valentões gótica.

Historia
O nome "Judgment Day" foi usado anteriormente pela WWE para uma série de eventos PPV entre 1998 e 2009. Primeiro como parte do In Your House então se tornou seu próprio evento de 2000 após o cancelamento da antiga Over the Edge após a morte de Owen Hart em 1999.

No episódio de 21 de fevereiro de 2022 de Raw, Edge refletiu sobre todos os momentos WrestleMania de sua carreira e então emitiu um desafio aberto para WrestleMania 38. Na semana seguinte, seu desafio foi aceito por AJ Styles, ao qual Edge respondeu realizando um golpe baixo em Styles antes de acertá-lo com um one-man con- chair-to, girando heel pela primeira vez desde 2010. No evento de 3 de abril, Edge derrotou Styles após uma distração de Damian Priest.

Após a WrestleMania, Edge aceitou Priest como seu aluno e o nome da equipe foi revelado como The Judgment Day. No episódio de 18 de abril do Raw , Edge desafiou Styles para uma revanche no WrestleMania Backlash, que Styles aceitou. No evento de 8 de maio, Edge derrotou Styles depois que um indivíduo mascarado, mais tarde revelado ser Rhea Ripley, empurrou Styles para fora do esticador. Após a luta, Ripley se ajoelhou diante de Edge, tornando-se o mais novo membro do gurpo. No Hell in a Cell em 5 de junho, The Judgment Day derrotou Styles, Finn Bálor e Liv Morgan em uma Luta de duplas six-person mixed. Na noite seguinte no Raw, Edge apresentou Bálor como o mais novo membro do Judgment Day; no entanto, Bálor, Priest e Ripley de repente atacaram Edge e o atingiram com seu próprio movimento con-chair-to, chutando-o para fora do gurpo.

O Judgment Day então começou uma rivalidade com the Mysterios (Rey e Dominik) em uma tentativa de recrutar Dominik para suas fileiras. No SummerSlam em 30 de julho, Bálor e Priest foram derrotados pelos Mysterios após a interferência de um retorno de Edge. No Clash at the Castle, Edge e Rey derrotariam Bálor e Priest em uma luta de duplas. Após a luta, Dominik atacou Edge e seu próprio pai, virando heel. Dominik se juntou oficialmente ao estábulo no episódio seguinte de Raw, ajudando o grupo a atacar Edge e Rey. Na semana seguinte, Dominik perdeu para Edge por desqualificação após Bálor, Priest e Ripley o atacarem. Após a luta, eles atacaram a perna de Edge com uma cadeira de aço, encerrando o ataque colocando a cadeira na perna de Edge e Bálor realizando um Coup de Grace na cadeira.

No episódio de 26 de setembro de Raw, Edge voltou e desafiou Bálor para uma "I Quit" match no Extreme Rules e Bálor aceitou. No evento do dia 8 de outubro, Bálor derrotou Edge. Após a luta, Ripley atacou a esposa de Edge, Beth Phoenix (que interferiu na luta em nome de Edge) com um con-chair-to. Pouco depois, The Judgment Day retomou sua rivalidade com Styles, que trouxe de volta o retorno da dupla Good Brothers (Luke Gallows e Karl Anderson), reformando assim  The O.C. grupo, depois que Styles rejeitou uma oferta de Balor, que era um dos líderes do Bullet Club para se juntar. Isso levou a uma partida entre os dois estábulos em Crown Jewel. No evento de 5 de novembro, The Judgment Day derrotou The O.C. após a interferência de Ripley. No episódio seguinte de Raw, The O.C. apresentou o retorno de Mia Yim como sua solução para combater Ripley. No episódio de 14 de novembro do Raw, Bálor não conseguiu vencer o United States Championship de Seth Rollins depois que The O.C. interferiu. No Survivor Series WarGames em 26 de novembro, Bálor foi derrotado por Styles enquanto o time de Ripley foi derrotado pelo time de Yim em uma Luta WarGames. No episódio seguinte de Raw, The Judgment Day derrotou The O.C. em uma luta de duplas mistas de oito pessoas para encerrar sua rivalidade.

No episódio de 9 de janeiro de 2023 do Raw , Bálor, Priest e Dominik venceram uma tag team turmoil match contra Gallows e Anderson, Cedric Alexander e Shelton Benjamin, Alpha Academy e The Street Profits por uma oportunidade de Campeonato de Duplas do Raw contra The Usos no Raw Is XXX em 23 de janeiro. Dominik e Priest não conseguiram ganhar os títulos depois que Sami Zayn substituiu um ferido (kayfabe) Jimmy Uso. No Royal Rumble em 28 de janeiro, Dominik, Bálor e Priest participaram do masculino Royal Rumble match. Bálor e Priest foram eliminados por Edge, enquanto Dominik foi eliminado pelo eventual vencedor, Cody Rhodes. Ripley também apareceu ao lado do ringue para ajudar Bálor, Priest e Dominik em seu ataque a Edge, apenas para ser atingido pela esposa de Edge, Beth Phoenix. Mais tarde naquela noite, Ripley venceu a luta Royal Rumble feminina ao eliminar por último Liv Morgan. Com esta vitória, Ripley se tornou o quarto lutador (depois de Shawn Michaels em 1995, Chris Benoit em 2004 e Edge em 2021) e a primeira mulher a vencer o Royal Rumble como a primeira participante. No episódio seguinte de Raw, Ripley declarou que desafiará Charlotte Flair, que já havia vencido o 2020 Women's Royal Rumble e posteriormente desafiou e derrotou Ripley pelo Campeonato Feminino do NXT na WrestleMania 36, pelo Campeonato Feminino do SmackDown da WWE no WrestleMania 39. Na semana seguinte, Edge e Phoenix desafiaram Bálor e Ripley para uma Luta mixed tag team no Elimination Chamber. Mais tarde naquela noite, Priest derrotou Angelo Dawkins em uma Elimination Chamber partida de qualificação. No evento de 18 de fevereiro, Bálor e Ripley foram derrotados por Edge e Phoenix apesar da interferência de Dominik, enquanto Priest não conseguiu vencer o Campeonato dos Estados Unidos dentro da estrutura homônima. No episódio seguinte de Raw, Bálor custou a Edge sua luta pelo campeonato dos Estados Unidos contra Austin Theory. No episódio de 14 de março do Raw, Edge aceitou o desafio de Bálor para uma luta na WrestleMania 39, que foi estipulada como uma luta Hell in a Cell.

Recepção
O grupo é elogiado tanto nos bastidores quanto pelos fãs, principalmente Dominik Mysterio e sua virada de calcanhar.

De acordo com Malakai Black, um lutador da AEW que já competiu na WWE como Aleister Black, ele comparou The Judgment Day a House of Black, um estábulo do qual ele é membro em seu stream do Twitch dizendo "Eu estava bem ciente de que A WWE iria basicamente imitar a House of Black. Sabe, o que posso fazer? É o que é. Isso apenas me diz que o que estamos fazendo é claramente algo muito interessante e está indo muito bem".

Linha do tempo
Em

Campeonatos e conquistas

 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Classificou Ripley em 42º lugar entre as 150 melhores lutadoras individuais femininas no PWI Women's 150 em 2022
 Classificado como o padre nº 57 dos 500 melhores lutadores individuais no PWI 500 em 2022
 Classificou Bálor em 63º lugar entre os 500 melhores lutadores individuais no PWI 500 em 2022
 Classificou Mysterio em 292º lugar entre os 500 melhores lutadores individuais no PWI 500 em 2022
 WWE
 Women's Royal Rumble (2023) – Ripley

References

Ligações externas

 Perfil do The Judgment Day no cagematch.net

Stables na WWE

The Judgment Day


Savoy Hotel er et engelsk luksushotel på The Strand i City of Westminster i det centrale London. Det blev opført af impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte med penge tjent på hans Gilbert og Sullivan-operaproduktioner og åbnede den 6. august 1889. Det var det første hotel i Cartes-familiens hoteller og restauranter. Savoy var det første luksushotel i Storbritannien og introducerede elektrisk lys i hele bygningen, elektriske elevatorer, badeværelser i de mest overdådigt møblerede værelser, koldt og varmt vand i hanerne og mange andre nyskabelser. Carte hyrede César Ritz som manager og Auguste Escoffier som køkkenchef; de satte en standard uden fortilfælde i hotelbranchen, underholdningsindustrien og gastronomien. Det tiltrak kongelige, rige og magtfulde gæster til hotellet og restauranten.

Hotellet blev Cartes mest succesfulde projekt. Orkestrene Savoy Orpheans og Savoy Havana Band opnåede stor succes. De spillede med George Gershwin, Frank Sinatra, Lena Horne og Noël Coward. Andre berømte gæster er Edward 8., Oscar Wilde, Enrico Caruso, Charlie Chaplin, Babe Ruth, Harry Truman, Joan Crawford, Judy Garland, John Wayne, Laurence Olivier, Marilyn Monroe, Humphrey Bogart, Elizabeth Taylor, Barbra Streisand, Bob Dylan, Bette Midler og The Beatles. Winston Churchill spiste jævnligt frokost på hotellet.

Hotellet, der er kaldt "Londons mest berømte hotel", drives i dag af Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. Det har 268 værelser og panoramaudsigt over Themsen, Savoy Place og Thames Embankment. Hotellet er fredet (listed building af anden grad).

The Savoy Cocktail Book
I 1930 udgav Savoy Hotel for første gang cocktailbogen The Savoy Cocktail Book, der bestod af 750 opskrifter på cocktails samlet af Harry Craddock fra American Bar og med Art Deco "dekorationer" af Gilbert Rumbold. Bogen er blevet trykt lige siden, og er blevet genudgivet i 1952, 1965, 1985, 1996, og udvidet i 1999 og 2014.

Se også
 Hoteller i London.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Fairmont website
 Pathé footage of film stars' cocktail party in 1947

 Daily Mail article with photos
 Purr 'n' Fur: Kaspar, of the Savoy

Hoteller i England
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i London
Etableret i 1889

Savoy Hotel


Veliki požar u Varaždinu 1776. bio je požar velikih razmjera koji se dogodio 25. travnja 1776. u Varaždinu u tadašnjoj Habsburškoj Monarhiji, danas Hrvatska. Hrvatsko kraljevsko vijeće na poticaj carice Marije Terezije zasjedalo je u Varaždinu od 1767. godine. Grad je tako bio glavni grad Hrvatske. Varaždin je tada i najveći grad u Kraljevstvu, sa 5.000 stanovnika daleko premašuje i Zagreb i Karlovac, te se s njime mogu usporediti samo gradovi Jadranske obale. Požar iz 1776. godine teško je pogodio Varaždin i dovest će do trajnog preseljenja hrvatske vlade u Zagreb.

Tijek događaja
Požar je izbio na gradskom majuru gdje je skupina kmetova gasila vapno. Jedan od njih bio je Jakob Verček, četrnaestogodišnji mladić iz obližnjeg sela Sračinec. Unatoč važećoj zabrani pušenja, pošto ga je zabolio zub, pušio je duhan, jer se tada smatralo da duhan ima ljekovita svojstva. I tako je Jakob sa zapaljenim duhanom krenuo u potragu za posudom u kojoj bi mogao nositi vodu za gašenje vapna. Našao je škaf (kantu) u kojoj se nosio napoj za svinje. Kad je uzeo kantu, prema njemu je krenula krmača koja je pomislila da joj nosi hranu. Jakob se prepao, pobjegao pred krmačom, posrnuo i pao sa zapaljenim duhanom u kup slame, te izazvao požar. Na jakom vjetru, te suhom vremenu, vatra se iz tadašnje ulice Dugi konec (današnja Zagrebačka ulica) proširila prema središtu grada i sjevernom predgrađu. Situaciju je pogoršala eksplozija baruta koja je u većoj količini bila uskladištena u prostorijama trgovca Jakominija.

Posljedice
Prije požara unutar gradskih zidina bilo je 113 kuća, 256 kuća u sjevernom i 245 u južnom predgrađu. Unutar gradskih zidina uništeno je ukupno 70 domova, dok je 11 kuća djelomično oštećeno. Neoštećene su ostale 32 kuće. U sjevernom predgrađu potpuno je uništeno 111 kuća, a u južnom 135 kuća. U požaru koji je trajao do 28. travnja, od 501 kuće izgorjelo je njih 385. Veliki dio stanovništva je nakon požara napustio grad.

Varaždinska uprava je nakon ove katastrofe tražila pomoć okolnih općina i gradskih središta. Procijenjeno je da će za obnovu grada biti potrebno 50 000 forinti. Sam grad uskoro postaje veliko gradilište i kreće obnova. Današnje središte Varaždina svoj izgled može zahvaliti obnovi nakon ovog požara.

Nakon požara, mladić koji je izazvao požar osuđen je na dvanaest udaraca na glavnom varaždinskom trgu i na dvanaest udaraca u rodnom selu Sračinec. Danas, kao spomen na taj događaj, u spomenutom selu postoji spomenik s likom dječaka kako bježi od krmače.

Carica Marija Terezija dala je gradu porezne olakšice na tri godine, te zajam od 20.000 forinti, a nekoliko je majstora angažirano da obnove dotad teško oštećenu prijestolnicu Hrvatske. Dana 17. lipnja 1864., kao posljedica ovog i prijašnjih požara, u Varaždinu je osnovano prvo dobrovoljno vatrogasno društvo u Hrvatskoj.

Izvori

Požari u Hrvatskoj
Povijest Varaždina
Hrvatska povijest (1527. – 1790.)

Veliki požar u Varaždinu 1776.


XXVII. Olimpiyat Oyunları'nda Tenis müsabakaları tekler ve çiftler olmak üzere iki kategoride Sydney Olimpiyat Parkı'nda yapılmıştır.

Madalya tablosu

Erkekler

Tekler

Çiftler

Kadınlar

Tekler

Çiftler

Avustralya'daki tenis turnuvaları
Tenis
2000'de tenis

2000 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda tenis


Estación Calle Montgomery es una estación en las líneas Dublin/Pleasanton–Daly City, Pittsburg/Bay Point–SFO/Millbrae, Fremont–Daly City y Richmond–Millbrae del Metro de San Francisco, administrada por la Distrito de Transporte Rápido del Área de la Bahía y del Ferrocarril Municipal de San Francisco (MUNI). La estación se encuentra localizada en 598 Market Street en el Distrito Financiero, San Francisco, CA. La Estación Calle Montgomery fue inaugurada el sistema del BART el 3 de noviembre de 1973 y en noviembre de 1982 para el Ferrocarril Municipal de San Francisco.

Descripción
La estación Estación Calle Montgomery cuenta con 2 plataformas centrales y 4 vías.

Conexiones
La estación es abastecida por las siguientes conexiones de autobuses:
 Rutas del MUNI   F Market & Wharves California Street Cable Car

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Estación Estación Calle Montgomery

Estaciones de Metro de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1973
Calle Montgomery
Estaciones de la línea Fremont–Daly City
Estaciones de la línea Pittsburg/Bay Point–SFO/Millbrae
Estaciones de la línea Richmond–Millbrae
Estaciones del Ferrocarril Municipal de San Francisco

Estación Calle Montgomery


An Scleria borii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dinesh Mohan Verma. An Scleria borii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scleria, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Assam. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Scleria

Scleria borii


La Ligue C de la Ligue des nations 2022-2023 est la troisième division de la Ligue des nations 2022-2023, troisième édition d'une compétition impliquant les équipes nationales masculines des 55 associations membres de l'UEFA.

Format
Le format de la compétition est identique à l'édition précédente.

Tirage au sort
Les équipes sont attribuées à la Ligue C en fonction de la liste d'accès basée sur le classement général de la précédente édition. Elles sont réparties en quatre chapeaux de quatre équipes, placées selon leur coefficient.

Le tirage au sort de la phase de ligue a lieu à Nyon, le .

Groupes
Légende des classements

Groupe 1

Groupe 2

Groupe 3

Groupe 4

Matches de relégation
Les  équipes  en  quatrième  position  dans  chaque  groupe  de  la  Ligue  C  sont classées de la position 1 à la position 4 sur la base du classement général de la ligue des nations, et disputent les matches de relégation.

L'équipe classée en position 1 (45) joue contre l'équipe en position 4 (48) et l'équipe classée en position 2 (46) joue contre l'équipe en position 3 (47).

Les matches de relégation sont disputés selon le système à élimination directe en matchs aller-retour.

Si une équipe devant disputer les matches de relégation est qualifiée pour les matches de barrage en vue de l'Euro 2024, aucun match de relégation n'est disputé, et les équipes de la Ligue C placées en 47 et en 48 position dans le classement général sont reléguées.

Classement général
Légende des classements

Buteurs

5 buts
  Khvicha Kvaratskhelia

4 buts
  Gerson Rodrigues
  Vedat Muriqi
  Serdar Dursun

3 buts
  Kiril Despodov
  Anastásios Bakasétas
  Abat Aimbetov
  Danel Sinani

2 buts

  Iliyan Stefanov
  Andronikos Kakoullis
  Jákup Andreasen
  Jóannes Bjartalíð
  Viljormur Davidsen
  Valeri Qazaishvili
  Giorgi Tsitaichvili
  Budu Zivzivadze
  Pétros Mántalos
  Shayne Lavery
  Enis Bardhi
  Hakan Çalhanoğlu
  Halil Dervişoğlu
  Cengiz Ünder

1 but

  Renat Dadashov
  Mahir Emreli
  Hojjat Haghverdi
  Anatoliy Nuriyev
  Filip Ozobić
  Ramil Sheydayev
  Ivan Bakhar
  Vladislav Malkevich
  Pavel Savitski
  Valentin Antov
  Atanas Iliev
  Radoslav Kirilov
  Georgi Minchev
  Marin Petkov
  Valentin Roberge
  Marinos Tzionis
  Jóan Símun Edmundsson
  Zuriko Davitashvili
  Guram Kashia
  Otar Kiteishvili
  Georges Mikautadze
  Louie Annesley
  Roy Chipolina
  Liam Walker
  Giórgos Giakoumákis
  Dimítris Limniós
  Yórgos Masoúras
  Vangélis Pavlídis
  Dimítris Pélkas
  Daniel Ballard
  Jonny Evans
  Josh Magennis
  Paddy McNair
  Gavin Whyte
  Elkhan Astanov
  Aslan Darabayev
  Mikhail Gabyshev
  Yan Vorogovskiy
  Baktiyar Zaynutdinov
  Valon Berisha
  Zymer Bytyqi
  Florent Muslija
  Elbasan Rashani
  Donat Rrudhani
  Edon Zhegrova
  Fiodor Černych
  Vykintas Slivka
  Marvin da Graça
  Christopher Martins Pereira
  Darko Churlinov
  Bojan Miovski
  Boban Nikolov
  Milan Ristovski
  Matúš Bero
  Erik Jirka
  Tomáš Suslov
  Vladimír Weiss
  Adam Zreľák
  Yunus Akgün
  Kaan Ayhan
  Merih Demiral
  Serdar Gürler
  Doğukan Sinik
  İsmail Yüksek

Buts contre son camp

  Andrea Hristov(pour la  Géorgie)
  Graeme Torrilla(pour la  Macédoine du Nord)
  Aleksandr Marochkin(pour l' Azerbaïdjan)
  Maxime Chanot(pour la  Turquie)
  Bojan Miovski(pour la  Géorgie)

Hommes du match

Articles connexes

Ligue des nations de l'UEFA

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Ligue des nations de l'UEFA 2022-2023

Ligue C de la Ligue des nations de l'UEFA 2022-2023


Budislav plemeniti Budisavljević poznatiji kao Bude, (Vrelo Koreničko, 1872. - Zagreb, 24. ožujka 1914.), bio je hrvatski novinar (srpske narodnosti) i saborski zastupnik. Iz ugledne je ličke obitelji Budisavljević.

Životopis
Najstariji je sin Jovana, koji je bio svećenik i zastupnik u Hrvatsko-slavonskom saboru, a majka mu se zvala Paraskeva, a svi su je zvali Petka. Brat mu je bio Milan Budisavljević. Osnovnu školu je završio u Vrhovinama u Lici, prvi razred gimnazije u Gospiću, a ostale u Srijemskim Karlovcima (1891.). Potom odlazi u Zagreb na Pravni fakultet. Kada je apsolvirao pravo, kraće vrijeme je bio u vojnoj službi, a potom se počeo baviti publicistikom. Priključio se 1897. Ujedinjenoj srpskoj i hrvatskoj omladini, gdje dolazi u dodir sa Svetozarom Pribićevićem i Jovanom Banjaninom. Njih trojica su se 1900. odvojili od hrvatske omladine naprednjačkog smjera i priključili Srpskoj samostalnoj stranci. Krajem 1902. s prijateljima iz stranke preuzeo je uređivanje stranačkog lista Novi Srbobran. Od 1903. do 1906. bio je urednik Novog Srbobrana i Srpskog kola. U razdoblju od 1903. do 1907. neumorno je držao govore u ime Srpske samostalne stranke, boreći se protiv seljačke neprosvjećenosti.

Na izborima koji su 1906. raspisani za Sabor kandidirao se za zastupnika u izbornom kotaru Vrginmost, gdje je jednoglasno pobijedio. Uspjeh ponavlja i u vrijeme Rauchove vlasti na izborima iz 1908. U tom kotaru pobijedio je 1910., 1911. i 1913. i to jednoglasno. Tako je od 1906. pa sve do smrti 1914. neprestano bio zastupnik u Saboru u Zagrebu i u parlamentu u Budimpešti. U Saboru se istakao kao odličan govornik, a mađarski zastupnici zapamtili su njegov govor na Budimpeštanskom saboru 1907. kada je Srpsko-hrvatska koalicija, čiji je bio član, vodila opstrukciju protiv željezničke pragmatike.

U vrijeme tzv. Veleizdajničkog procesa, koji se održavao u Zagrebu, govorio je na Budimpeštanskom saboru 1908. i 1909. u obranu uhićenih Srba, osuđujući službenu politiku u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji i one koji su proces inscenirali. U Saboru u Zagrebu od 1906. do 1914. branio je politiku srpsko-hrvatske koalicije i cjelokupno Srpstvo od napada frankovaca i njihovih političkih saveznika. Do kraja života radio je kao novinar u Srpskom kolu (1903. bio je među mlađim političarima srpske narodnosti koji su pokrenuli taj list za selo, bio je njegov prvi urednik do 1912., i stalni suradnik), zagrebačkom Srbobranu i novosadskom Braniku. Surađivao je i u listovima Hrvatski narod (1905. – 1907.), Narodni list (1906.), Sloboda (Srijemska Mitrovica 1906., 1907.), Novi list (1907.). Suvremenici su ga ocijenili kao dobra novinara i govornika. Pokopan je na Mirogoju (Odjel GI-grčko-istočni, tj. pravoslavni, Polje 2, Razred 1, Broj 2, Starost 75 godina). Vijest o smrti su na naslovnici objavile zagrebačke Novosti od 26. ožujka 1914.

Izvori

Hrvatski novinari
Hrvatski publicisti
Srbi u Hrvatskoj

Budislav Budisavljević


Homewood er en by i den centrale del af staten Alabama i USA. Byen ligger i Jefferson County og er en forstad til byen Birmingham syd for byens centrum. Den har  indbyggere. Homewood er sæde for Samford University.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Homewoods hjemmeside

Byer i Alabama

Homewood (Alabama)


Moses Lycurgus Broocks (* 1. November 1864 in San Augustine, San Augustine County, Texas; † 27. Mai 1908 ebenda) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1905 und 1907 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Moses Broocks besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium an der University of Texas in Austin und seiner 1891 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in San Augustine in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Gleichzeitig schlug er als Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei eine politische Laufbahn ein. Im Jahr 1892 wurde er Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Texas. Danach zog er nach Beaumont. Im Jahr 1896 wurde er Staatsanwalt im ersten Gerichtsbezirk seines Staates.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1904 wurde Broocks im zweiten Wahlbezirk von Texas in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1905 die Nachfolge von Samuel B. Cooper antrat. Im Jahr 1906 bewarb er sich aus gesundheitlichen Gründen nicht um eine weitere Amtszeit. Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus praktizierte Moses Broocks wieder als Anwalt in San Augustine, wo er am 27. Mai 1908 starb.

Weblinks

 Biografie im Handbook of Texas

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Texas
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Staatsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1864
Gestorben 1908
Mann

Moses L. Broocks


Gilbert Hottois ()  un profesor belgian de filozofie la Université Libre de Bruxelles, care s-a specializat în bioetică.

Poziții deținute
A deținut sau deține mai multe poziții importante:
 vicepreședinte al Association des Sociétés de Philosophie de Langue Française (ASPLF) (2002–);
 membru al Consiliului Consultativ al "Utopean studies" (St. Louis, Miss., SUA);
 președinte al Société Belge de Philosophie (1990-1993);
 membru fondator și vicepreședinte (1990–) al Société pour la philosophie de la technique (Paris); președinte (1997-1999);
 membru al Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique (2003–).

El a fost președintele comitetului de organizare al Congresului Mondial de Filosofie din 2008.

Publicații
El a publicat ca unic autor peste 25 de cărți și în calitate de co-autor numeroase cărți și studii.

Cărți (unic autor)
 La science entre valeurs modernes et postmodernité, Paris, Vrin, 2005;
 Qu'est-ce que la bioéthique?, Paris, Vrin (Chemins philosophiques), 2004, 125 pages.
 Philosophies des sciences, philosophies des techniques, sous l'égide du Collège de France, Paris, Odile Jacob, 2004.
 Wetenschappelijke en bio-ethischepraktijken (avec I. Stengers), Budel, Damon, 2003, 96 pages.
 Species Technica, Paris, Vrin, 2002, 348 pages - a science-fiction novel written in 1981
 Technoscience et Sagesse ?, Nantes, Ed. Pleins Feux, 2002, 58 pages.
 Essais de philosophie bioéthique et biopolitique, Vrin, 1999, 189 pages (trad. en japonais).
 La philosophie des technosciences, Presses des Universités de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, 1997, 105 pages.
 De la Renaissance à la Postmodernité. Une histoire de la philosophie moderne et contemporaine, Bruxelles, De Boeck, 1997 (3è éd., 2001, 560 pages) (trad. en espagnol).
 Entre symboles et technosciences. Un itinéraire philosophique, Seyssel (Paris), Champ Vallon (PUF), 1996, 266 pages (trad. en néerlandais).
 G. Simondon et la philosophie de la "culture technique", Bruxelles, De Boeck, 1993, 140 pages.
 Le paradigme bioéthique (Une éthique pour la technoscience), Bruxelles-Montréal, De Boeck-Erpi, 1990, 216 pages (trad. en italien, espagnol et portugais).
 Penser la logique, Bruxelles, De Boeck, 1989, 273 pages (2è édit. 2002, 214 pages) (trad. en portugais).
 Du "sens commun" à la "société de communication". Etudes de philosophie du langage, Paris, Vrin, 1989, 222 pages.
 Le signe et la technique (La philosophie à l'épreuve de la technique) (préface de J. Ellul), Paris, Aubier, 1984, 220 pages (trad. en italien).
 Pour une éthique dans un univers technicien, Ed. de l'Université de Bruxelles, 1984, 106 pages.
 Pour une métaphilosophie du langage, Paris, Vrin, 1981, 170 pages.
 L'inflation du langage dans la philosophie contemporaine (préface de J. Ladrière), Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles, 1979, 390 pages.
 La philosophie du langage de L. Wittgenstein (préface de J. Bouveresse), Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles, 1976, 220 pages.
 Wetenschappelijke en bio-ethischepraktijken (avec I. Stengers), Budel, Damon, 2003, 96 pages.

Note

Legături externe
 Gilbert Hottois in Colombia

Nașteri în 1946
Decese în 2019
Filozofi morali
Oameni din Bruxelles

Gilbert Hottois


Degazör sistemleri, su içerisindeki karbondioksit CO2 ve hidrojen sülfür H2S gibi eriyik gazların giderilmesi amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Su içerisinde bulunan eriyik gazların giderimi için; su, Degazör'ün en üst kısmındaki dağıtım difüzöründen üniteye giriş yapar. Su, Degazör'ün üst kulesine doldurulmuş olan halkalarla temas ederek aşağı doğru süzülür. Aşağı doğru süzülür iken aşağıdan yukarıya Degazör fanının sağladığı hava verilerek suyun hava ile teması sağlanır. Hava suyun içerisindeki çözünmüş gazları bünyesine alır ve uçurur. Böylece ters akış prensibi ile suyun içerisindeki gazlar giderilmiş olur ve arıtılan su Degazör'ün alt kısmında depolanır

Degazör


Aleksejs Višņakovs (* 3. Februar 1984 in Riga) ist ein ehemaliger lettischer Fußballspieler.

Verein
Aleksejs Višņakovs begann seine Karriere in seiner Heimatstadt Riga, in der Jugend von Skonto Riga die als JFC Skonto bekannt ist. In der Spielzeit 2001 wurde Višņakovs erstmals vom Trainer des lettischen Rekordmeisters Aleksandrs Starkovs in der Virslīga eingesetzt. Dort blieb er aber nur mit zwei gespielten Partien zum erweiterten Kader. Skonto gewann in diesem Jahr neben der Meisterschaft auch den Lettischen Pokal. In der Saison 2002 spielte er beim Lettischen Zweitligisten FK Auda. Am Ende der Spielzeit konnte er 20 Spiele vorweisen, wobei er einmal ins gegnerische Tor traf. Zu Beginn der Saison 2003 kehrte Višņakovs zurück zu Skonto Riga und konnte in den Jahren 2003 und 2004 erneut Meister werden. Nachdem sein Vertrag am Ende der Spielzeit 2008 nicht verlängert wurde unterschrieb er einen Vertrag beim aktuellen Meister dem FK Ventspils. In Ventspils konnte er auf nationaler Ebene keine Titel gewinnen, International allerdings die Baltic League; im Finalspiel gegen den litauischen Vertreter Sūduva Marijampolė stand Višņakovs in der Startaufstellung und wurde von seinem italienischen Trainer Nuncio Zavettieri kurz vor Spielende durch Jevgēņijs Kosmačovs ausgewechselt. Im Jahr 2011 stand er für kurze Zeit bei Spartak Naltschik in Russland unter Vertrag, ehe der Mittelfeldspieler einen Vertrag beim polnischen Erstligisten aus Krakau dem KS Cracovia unterschrieb. Mit Cracovia stieg Višņakovs am Saisonende 2011/12 als Tabellenletzter ab. Im Sommer 2012 wechselte er nach dem Abstieg zum russischen Zweitligisten Baltika Kaliningrad. Im Jahr 2013 spielte Višņakovs wieder in Lettland beim FK Spartaks Jūrmala, von wo er Mitte des Jahres 2013 nach Polen zu Widzew Łódź wechselte. Nach einer Saison wechselte er nach Moldawien zu Zimbru Chisinau. Im Jahr 2015 kam er in seine lettische Heimat zurück als er beim Rekordmeister Skonto Riga einen Vertrag unterschrieb. Es folgten weitere Stationen bei FK Rīgas Futbola skola, FK Spartaks Jūrmala und 2019 spielte er bei Riga FC. Mit 5 Einsätzen für SK Super Nova beendete er nach der Saison 2020 seine aktive Karriere.

Nationalmannschaft
Seit 2004 spielte Aleksejs Višņakovs für die Lettische Fußballnationalmannschaft. Sein Debüt gab er im Länderspiel gegen den Oman im Dezember 2004 im Bahrainischen Manama. Bis 2018 absolvierte er insgesamt 77 Partien und traf dabei acht Mal.

Erfolge
mit Skonto Riga:
 Lettischer Meister:  2001, 2003, 2004
 Lettischer Pokalsieger: 2001

mit dem FK Ventspils:
 Baltic League: 2009/10

Familie
Sein jüngerer Bruder Eduards (* 1990) spielt beim FK Schachzjor Salihorsk in Belarus.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballnationalspieler (Lettland)
Fußballspieler (Skonto Riga)
Fußballspieler (FK Auda)
Fußballspieler (FK Ventspils)
Fußballspieler (Spartak Naltschik)
Fußballspieler (KS Cracovia)
Fußballspieler (Baltika Kaliningrad)
Fußballspieler (FK Spartaks Jūrmala)
Fußballspieler (Widzew Łódź)
Fußballspieler (Zimbru Chișinău)
Fußballspieler (FK Rīgas Futbola skola)
Fußballspieler (Riga FC)
Sportler (Riga)
Geboren 1984
Mann
Lette
Lettischer Meister (Fußball)

Aleksejs Višņakovs


وزارة التربية والتعليم والتعليم الفني (وزارة المعارف سابقا) هي الوزارة المختصة في مجال التربية والتعليم للمراحل والشهادات التعليمية (الابتدائية/الإعدادية/الثانوية/الأكاديمية) في جمهورية مصر العربية، وهي أيضًا المسئولة عن إعطاء الرخص التعليمية للأكاديميات والمعاهد المتوسطة والعالية بالتعاون مع وزارة التعليم العالي. كانت تُسمى وزارة التربية والتعليم، وأصبحت بهذا الاسم بعد دمج وزارة التعليم الفني والتدريب فيها.

المنشآت التابعة
 الهيئة العامة للأبنية التعليمية.
 الهيئة العامة لمحو الأمية وتعليم الكبار.
 المركز القومي للامتحانات والتقويم التربوي.
 المركز القومي للبحوث التربوية والتنمية.
 المركز القومي للتعليم الإلكتروني.
 المركز القومي لتطوير المناهج والمواد التعليمية.
 الاتحاد العام لطلاب مدارس مصر.
 المراكز الاستكشافية التعليمية.
 الأكاديمية المهنية للمعلمين.
 وحدة التعليم والتعلم الذكي.
 صندوق دعم وتطوير المشروعات التعليمية.
 الإدارة العامة للامتحانات.
 الإدارة العامة للتربية البيئية والسكانية.
 الإدارة العامة للتعليم والتدريب المهني.
 الإدارة العامة للوسائل التعليمية.
 الإدارة المركزية لرياض الأطفال والتعليم الأساسي.
 الإدارة المركزية للأمن.
 الإدارة المركزية للخدمات المركزية والعلاقات الثقافية الخارجية.
 الإدارة العامة لخدمة المواطنين.
 الإدارة العامة للتعليم الثانوي.
 الإدارة العامة للعلاقات العامة والإعلام.
 الإدارة العامة للمدرسة المنتجة.
 الإدارة العامة للمكتبات.
 الإدارة المركزية للتخطيط التربوي والمعلومات.
 الإدارة المركزية للتدريب.
 الكمبيوتر التعليمي.
 قطاع التعليم الفني.
 مركز التطوير التكنولوجي.

الوزراء

 رضا حجازي
 طارق جلال شوقي.
 الهلالي الشربيني
 محب الرافعي
 محمود أبو النصر
 إبراهيم غنيم
 جمال العربي
 أحمد جمال الدين موسى
 أحمد زكي بدر
 يسري الجمل
 حسين كامل بهاء الدين
 أحمد فتحي سرور
 منصور إبراهيم حسين
 عبد السلام عبد الغفار
 مصطفى كمال حلمي
 حسن محمد إسماعيل
 علي عبد الرازق
 محمد حافظ غانم
 محمد حلمي مراد
 عبد العزيز السيد
 السيد محمد يوسف
 أحمد نجيب هاشم
 كمال الدين حسين
 محمد عوض محمد
 عباس مصطفى عمار
 إسماعيل القباني
 طه حسين.
 محمد حسن العشماوي باشا.
 أحمد مرسي بدر بك.
 عبد الرازق السنهوري باشا.

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة وزارات مصر

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمى لوزراة التربية والتعليم المصرية
 بوابة الخدمات الإلكترونية لوزارة التربية والتعليم المصرية
 بوابة القـاهرة التعليمية
 نتائج وزارة التربية والتعليم

التعليم في مصر
وزارات تربية
وزارات حكومة مصر

وزارة التربية والتعليم والتعليم الفني (مصر)


An Crepidium calophyllum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Dariusz Lucjan Szlachetko. An Crepidium calophyllum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Crepidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Crepidium

Crepidium calophyllum


Stilleben er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1994 instrueret af Ane Mette Ruge efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Et stilleben er en opstilling af velkendte ting. Det, kunstneren gerne vil med denne sammenstilling, er at få os til at se tingene med friske øjne og skabe en særlig stemning gennem de følelser de enkelte ting vækker i os, og den måde de er skildret på. »Stilleben« fungerer på disse billedkunstneriske betingelser: De hverdagslige ting, der omgiver os, bliver fremmede og eksotiske - sære, og vækker ved sammenstillingen med et smukt kvindeansigt og enkle naturfænomener og musik en egen længselsfuld stemning mellem forladthed og velkendthed.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1994

Stilleben (eksperimentalfilm)


Hrvatski otoci
 Dužac Veli, otok u Pašmanskom kanalu
 Dužac Mali, otok u Pašmanskom kanalu
 Dužac (Tetovišnjak Veli), otočić južno od Murtera i sjeverozapadno od Kakana
 Dužac (Ist), otočić JZ od Ista

Dužac


Hrišovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Gelnica din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 312 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Hrišovce este atestată documentar din 1311.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Hrišovce


مزكيتام قرية وجماعة قروية مغربية في شمال المملكة المغربية ، تنتمي إلى إقليم جرسيف الساحلي، شرقي مدينة فاس، تضم جماعة مزكيتام 9,891 نسمة (إحصاء 2004).

مراجع

جماعات قروية في الجهة الشرقية
أماكن مأهولة في إقليم جرسيف
جماعات قروية في المغرب

مزكيتام


Crkva Blažene Djevice Marije je rimokatolička crkva u mjestu Klupci-dio, gradu Krapinske Toplice, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Crkva je smještena na brijegu. Prvi put se spominje u vizitaciji iz 1639. g. Jednobrodna dvotravejna crkva svetištem je okrenuta prema jugu. Sakristija s dva nejednaka traveja prigrađena je uz istočnu stranu. Crkva ima tlocrt izduženog pravokutnika sa stranicama koje nisu paralelne i trostranim začeljem užeg svetišta. Glavni oltar je iz 18. st., a dva bočna kasnoklasicistička iz 19. st. vjerojatno su rad krapinskog kipara Jakova Bizjaka. Osim oltara u crkvi se nalaze i dvije ispovjedaonice, od kojih je jedna iznimno rijetkih tipoloških stilskih karakteristika, izrađena je u klasicističkom stilu kraja 18. st.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-2233 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravnog statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Nepokretna pojedinačna kulturna dobra u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj

Crkva Blažene Djevice Marije u Klupcima


Scopolia japonica, la belladonna japonesa, es una  planta herbácea perteneciente a la familia de las solanáceas. Se encuentra en Japón y Corea.

Descripción
Crece en los pantanos en los bosques, alcanzando un tamaño de aproximadamente 30-60 cm de altura, con un tallo subterráneo grueso. Florece de abril a mayo y produce flores de color púrpura oscuro. Fructifica alrededor de julio. Las semillas son de color negro.

Propiedades
Las cumarinas: umbeliferona y escopoletina han sido aisladas de las raíces de la Scopolia japonica. Las raíces peludas también se han utilizado para producir los alcaloides escopolamina e hiosciamina.

Taxonomía
Scopolia japonica fue descrita por Carl Maximowicz y publicado en Bull. Acad. Petersb. 18: 57, en el año 1873.
Sinonimia
 Scopolina japonica Kuntze

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Plantas medicinales
Hyoscyameae
Flora de Asia oriental
Plantas descritas en 1873
Plantas descritas por Maximowicz

Scopolia japonica


Constantin Pomuț () a fost un pilot român de aviație, as al Aviației Române din cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial.

Adjutantul stagiar av. Constantin Pomuț a fost decorat cu Ordinul Virtutea Aeronautică de război cu spade, clasa Cavaler (4 noiembrie 1941) "pentru eroismul dovedit în luptele aeriene dela Bolgrad, Vâlcov și Ismail, când a doborât cinci avioane inamice. Pentru curajul arătat în cele 59 misiuni pe front".

Decorații
  Ordinul "Virtutea Aeronautică" de Război cu spade, clasa Cavaler (4 noiembrie 1941)

Note

Nașteri în 1920
Decese în 1944
Ași ai aviației române din cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial
Decorați cu Ordinul Virtutea Aeronautică
Oameni uciși în Al Doilea Război Mondial

Constantin Pomuț


තිඹිරිගස්යාය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, කොළඹ නගරයට අයත් නාගරික කලාපයකි. එය කොළඹ 5 ලෙසද හඳුන්වයි. කොළඹ කොටු‍ව සිට කිලෝ මීටර 6 ක් පමණ දකුණු දෙස දුරින් පිහිටන තිඹිරිගස්යාය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ විශාලතම ඉඩකඩම් සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති දියත්වන ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස හඳුනාගැනේ.

ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටි පාසල්
 ඉසිපතන විද්‍යාලය
 ලුම්බිණි විද්‍යාලය

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ ජනාකීර්ණ ප්‍රදේශ

තිඹිරිගස්යාය


Die Schenkenbergkapelle oder auch Schenkenberger Kapelle «Maria Opferung» ist eine Wallfahrtskapelle bei Emmingen-Liptingen im baden-württembergischen Landkreis Tuttlingen.

Geschichte
An der Stelle der heutigen Kapelle aus dem Jahr 1720 stand bereits um 1275 eine kleine Kirche. Der Ort Schenkenberg wurde im 15. Jahrhundert zerstört und nicht wieder aufgebaut. Nur der Schenkenberger Hof und die Kapelle erinnern noch daran, sie steht nur wenige Meter neben der abgegangenen Burg Schenkenberg, hier befand sich einst der Sitz der Herren von Schenkenberg.

Wallfahrt
Die Wallfahrt geht zurück bis in das Jahr 1688, wenig später entstanden die ersten von 150 Votivtafeln zu Ehren des Gnadenbilds Unserer Lieben Frau zu Schenkenberg. In der Nähe der Wallfahrtskirche verläuft ein im Jahr 2001 neu errichteter, etwa 1200 Meter langer Kreuzweg.

Neben der Kapelle befindet sich die Gaststätte Schenkenberger Hof, die der ehemalige Daimler-Chrysler-Vorstand Klaus Mangold 2013 erwarb und mit seiner Familie betreibt.

Literatur
 Leander Petzoldt: Schenkenberg – eine Wallfahrt im Hegau. Hegau-Geschichtsverein Singen, Radolfzell 1970–1979 (= Hegau Bibliothek Nr. 19; Schriften des Landkreises Donaueschingen, Band 39).
 Dehio-Handbuch: Baden-Württemberg II. 1997, ISBN 3-422-03030-1, S. 169.

Weblinks

 Wallfahrtsort Schenkenberg

Einzelnachweise

Kirchengebäude im Landkreis Tuttlingen
Bauwerk in Emmingen-Liptingen
Kulturdenkmal in Emmingen-Liptingen
Wallfahrtskirche in Deutschland
Votivkirche
Barocke Kirche
Barockbauwerk in Baden-Württemberg
Erbaut in den 1720er Jahren
Kirchengebäude in Europa

Schenkenbergkapelle


Čitanje, kognitivni proces usvajanja značenja iz pisanih simbola, odnosno iz teksta koji se sastoji od znakova ili slova. Proces čitanja je moguć ako čitatelj poznaje pismo i jezik teksta. Čitanje se najčešće odvija vizualnim putem, pri čemu se značenje usvaja iz znakova otisnutih u knjizi, novinama i sl., ili prikazanih na ekranu računala, televizora ili mobilnog telefona. Može biti i taktilno, primjerice pomoću Brailleovog pisma.

Čitanje je višeslojni proces u kojem čitatelj koristi sposobnosti uočavanja (percepcije), prepoznavanja, povezivanja i tumačenja znakova, kako bi na kraju shvatio sadržaj, značenje ili ideju sadržanu u tekstu. Jedna je od glavnih sastavnica pismenosti, i temeljna vještina suvremenog čovjeka. Usvaja se od djetinjstva kroz odgoj i obrazovanje. Smatra se da potiče razvoj inteligencije, jezične kompetencije te kreativnog mišljenja, mašte i zaključivanja. Omogućuje djeci i odraslima da se upoznaju s različitim svjetovima, informacijama i idejama od onih koje stječu neposredno iz okoline. Hrvatsko čitateljsko društvo se bavi poticanjem, istraživanjem i unapređivanjem čitanja i pismenosti na svim razinama u društvu te razvojem svijesti o važnosti čitanja i pismenosti. Od njegovog osnivanja kao dobrovoljne udruge 1991. godine predvode ga knjižničari i školski profesori iz različitih krajeva Hrvatske.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Hrvatsko čitateljsko društvo

Jezikoslovlje
Odgoj i obrazovanje
Kultura

Čitanje


Alin Sorin Ilin ()  un fotbalist român retras din activitate, care evolua pe postul de fundaș dreapta.

Note

Legături externe
 Profil pe romaniansoccer.ro

Fotbaliști români
Sportivi români în viață
Fotbaliști ai AFC Săgeata Năvodari
Fotbaliști ai FC Dinamo București
Fotbaliști ai FC Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț

Alin Ilin


بحر الغزال كلمة لها دلالات عدة ويمكن أن تدل على:
 بحر الغزال: نهر من روافد نهر النيل، يقع ضمن جغرافيا جنوب السودان.
 إقليم بحر الغزال: إقليم يسمى نسبة لبحر الغزال ويقع ضمن جغرافيا جنوب السودان.
 بحر الغزال (تشاد): إحدى مناطق تشاد

بحر الغزال (توضيح)


Articles with hCards
හරේන්ද්‍ර ද සිල්වා ළමා රෝග විශේෂඥ වෛද්‍යවරයෙකි, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ළමා අපචාර පිළිබඳව දැනුවත් කිරීමට ඔහුගේ උත්සාහය ඉවහල් වී ඇත.

අධ්‍යාපනය
ද සිල්වා කොළඹ ආනන්ද විද්‍යාලයේ අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා, කොළඹ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ වෛද්‍ය පීඨයට ඇතුළත් වීමට පෙර, එහිදී වෛද්‍ය උපාධිය, ශල්‍යවේදී උපාධිය සහ පසුව වෛද්‍ය උපාධිය යන දෙකම ලබා ගත්තේය.

වෘත්තීය වැඩ
ද සිල්වා ගාල්ල ළමා රෝග අංශයට පත් කරන ලදී. ඔහු ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ කථිකාචාර්යවරයා වූ අතර පසුව දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ ප්‍රධානියා බවට පත්විය. ද සිල්වා ළමා රෝග පිළිබඳ මහාචාර්යවරයකු වූ අතර 1999 දී කැලණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයට ගියේය. ඔහු ජාතික ළමා ආරක්ෂක අධිකාරියේ සභාපතිවරයා වූ අතර ළමා ආරක්ෂාව පිළිබඳ ජනාධිපති කාර්ය සාධක බලකායේ සභාපතිවරයා ලෙස ද කටයුතු කර ඇත.

ගෞරව
ද සිල්වාට ආසියානු ළමා රෝග සංගමයේ 'වඩාත් විශිෂ්ටතම ආසියානු ළමා රෝග විශේෂඥ සම්මානය' සහ ළමා අපයෝජන සහ නොසලකා හැරීමට එරෙහි ජාත්‍යන්තර සංගමය (USA) වෙතින් වෘත්තීය සම්මානය පිරිනමන ලදී. ඔහු 2011 වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය වෛද්‍ය සඟරාවේ ගෲප් Lifetime Achievement Award සඳහා කෙටි ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇත.

යොමු කිරීම්

Year of birth missing (living people)
ජීවමාන ජනයා

හරේන්ද්‍ර ද සිල්වා


Jordi Gómez García-Penche (Barcelona, España, 24 de mayo de 1985), conocido como Jordi Gómez, es un futbolista español que juega de centrocampista en el PAC Omonia 29M de la Segunda División de Chipre.

Trayectoria

Barcelona B
Gómez comenzó su carrera en la temporada 2005-06 con el Barcelona B en la Segunda División B, llegando a marcar 6 goles en 36 partidos. En la siguiente temporada no marcó ningún gol en 21 partidos y su equipo fue relegado.

RCD Espanyol
En la temporada 2007-08 pasó al Espanyol marcando 10 goles en 32 partidos con el equipo B en Segunda B, y jugando dos veces con el primer equipo en Primera división.

Swansea City
Junto con otro jugador del Espanyol, Gorka Pintado, Gómez fue cedido al Swansea City de Gales, el 6 de junio de 2008, coincidiendo con un entrenador español, Roberto Martínez.

Wigan Athletic FC
Para la temporada siguiente, fue comprado por el Wigan Athletic de la Premier League, pagándose 1.700.000 £ por su pase.

Rayo Vallecano
En enero de 2017 es fichado por el Rayo Vallecano para lo que queda de temporada 2016/2017.

Levski Sofia
El 6 de julio de 2017 firma por dos temporadas con el PFC Levski Sofia.

Omonia Nicosia
En agosto de 2018 abandona el conjunto búlgaro para firmar por el AC Omonia Nicosia.

Hat-tricks
Partidos en los que anotó tres o más goles:
 Actualizado de acuerdo al último partido jugado el 10 de noviembre de 2012.

Palmarés

Títulos nacionales

Referencias

Nacidos en Barcelona
Centrocampistas de fútbol
Futbolistas de Barcelona
Futbolistas del Fútbol Club Barcelona Atlètic
Futbolistas del Fútbol Club Barcelona en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Real Club Deportivo Espanyol "B"
Futbolistas del Real Club Deportivo Espanyol en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Swansea City Association Football Club
Futbolistas del Wigan Athletic Football Club
Futbolistas del Sunderland Association Football Club
Futbolistas del Blackburn Rovers Football Club
Futbolistas del Rayo Vallecano en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Levski Sofía
Futbolistas del AC Omonia Nicosia

Jordi Gómez


Marko Popović (Sarajevo, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 3 de marzo de 1984) es un baloncestista serbio. Juega de base y actualmente está sin equipo.

Trayectoria

En 2011 se convierte en el máximo anotador y asistente de la liga serbia jugando en las filas del KK Sloga, en la que en 11 partidos ha promediado 21,2 puntos y 6 asistencias por partido.

En enero de 2012 firma con el UCAM Murcia dónde jugaría sólo un mes, cubriendo así las bajas de Pedro Rivero y Andrés Miso.

Selección nacional
Ha sido internacional con la Selección de baloncesto de Bosnia y Herzegovina.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Perfil en acb.com

Nacidos en Sarajevo
Baloncestistas de Serbia
Baloncestistas de Bosnia y Herzegovina
Baloncestistas de la selección de Bosnia y Herzegovina
Baloncestistas del Olympia Larissa
Baloncestistas de la Liga ACB
Baloncestistas del Club Baloncesto Murcia
Baloncestistas del MKS Start Lublin

Marko Popović (baloncestista de 1984)


Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease and food poisoning) is any illness resulting from the contamination of food by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites, as well as prions (the agents of mad cow disease), and toxins such as aflatoxins in peanuts, poisonous mushrooms, and various species of beans that have not been boiled for at least 10 minutes.

Symptoms vary depending on the cause but often include vomiting, fever, and aches, and may include diarrhea. Bouts of vomiting can be repeated with an extended delay in between, because even if infected food was eliminated from the stomach in the first bout, microbes, like bacteria (if applicable), can pass through the stomach into the intestine and begin to multiply. Some types of microbes stay in the intestine.

For contaminants requiring an incubation period, symptoms may not manifest for hours to days, depending on the cause and on the quantity of consumption. Longer incubation periods tend to cause those affected to not associate the symptoms with the item consumed, so they may misattribute the symptoms to gastroenteritis, for example.

Causes

Foodborne illness usually arises from improper handling, preparation, or food storage. Good hygiene practices before, during, and after food preparation can reduce the chances of contracting an illness. There is a consensus in the public health community that regular hand-washing is one of the most effective defenses against the spread of foodborne illness. The action of monitoring food to ensure that it will not cause foodborne illness is known as food safety. Foodborne disease can also be caused by a large variety of toxins that affect the environment.

Furthermore, foodborne illness can be caused by a number of chemicals, such as pesticides, medicines, and natural toxic substances such as vomitoxin, poisonous mushrooms or reef fish.

Bacteria
Bacteria are a common cause of foodborne illness. The United Kingdom, in 2000, reported the individual bacteria involved as the following: Campylobacter jejuni 77.3%, Salmonella 20.9%, Escherichia coli O157:H7 1.4%, and all others less than 0.56%.

In the past, bacterial infections were thought to be more prevalent because few places had the capability to test for norovirus and no active surveillance was being done for this particular agent. Toxins from bacterial infections are delayed because the bacteria need time to multiply. As a result, symptoms associated with intoxication are usually not seen until 12–72 hours or more after eating contaminated food. However, in some cases, such as Staphylococcal food poisoning, the onset of illness can be as soon as 30 minutes after ingesting contaminated food.

A 2022 study concluded that washing uncooked chicken could increase the risk of pathogen transfer, and that specific washing conditions can decrease the risk of transfer.

Most common bacterial foodborne pathogens are:
 Campylobacter jejuni which can lead to secondary Guillain–Barré syndrome and periodontitis
 Clostridium perfringens, the "cafeteria germ"
 Salmonella spp. – its S. typhimurium infection is caused by consumption of eggs or poultry that are not adequately cooked or by other interactive human-animal pathogens
 Escherichia coli O157:H7 enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) which can cause hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Other common bacterial foodborne pathogens are:
 Bacillus cereus
 Escherichia coli, other virulence properties, such as enteroinvasive (EIEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enteroaggregative (EAEC or EAgEC)
 Listeria monocytogenes
 Shigella spp.
 Staphylococcus aureus
 Streptococcus
 Vibrio cholerae, including O1 and non-O1
 Vibrio parahaemolyticus
 Vibrio vulnificus
 Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Less common bacterial agents:
 Brucella spp.
 Corynebacterium ulcerans
 Coxiella burnetii or Q fever
 Plesiomonas shigelloides

Enterotoxins

In addition to disease caused by direct bacterial infection, some foodborne illnesses are caused by enterotoxins (exotoxins targeting the intestines). Enterotoxins can produce illness even when the microbes that produced them have been killed. Symptom appearance varies with the toxin but may be rapid in onset, as in the case of enterotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus in which symptoms appear in one to six hours. This causes intense vomiting including or not including diarrhea (resulting in staphylococcal enteritis), and staphylococcal enterotoxins (most commonly staphylococcal enterotoxin A but also including staphylococcal enterotoxin B) are the most commonly reported enterotoxins although cases of poisoning are likely underestimated. It occurs mainly in cooked and processed foods due to competition with other biota in raw foods, and humans are the main cause of contamination as a substantial percentage of humans are persistent carriers of S. aureus. The CDC has estimated about 240,000 cases per year in the United States.
 Clostridium botulinum
 Clostridium perfringens
 Bacillus cereus

The rare but potentially deadly disease botulism occurs when the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum grows in improperly canned low-acid foods and produces botulin, a powerful paralytic toxin.

Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis, certain species of Pseudomonas and Vibrio, and some other bacteria, produce the lethal tetrodotoxin, which is present in the tissues of some living animal species rather than being a product of decomposition.

Emerging foodborne pathogens
 Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas sobria
Scandinavian outbreaks of Yersinia enterocolitica have recently increased to an annual basis, connected to the non-canonical contamination of pre-washed salad.

Preventing bacterial food poisoning

Prevention is mainly the role of the state, through the definition of strict rules of hygiene and a public services of veterinary surveying of animal products in the food chain, from farming to the transformation industry and delivery (shops and restaurants). This regulation includes:
 traceability: in a final product, it must be possible to know the origin of the ingredients (originating farm, identification of the harvesting or of the animal) and where and when it was processed; the origin of the illness can thus be tracked and solved (and possibly penalized), and the final products can be removed from the sale if a problem is detected;
 enforcement of hygiene procedures such as HACCP and the "cold chain";
 power of control and of law enforcement of veterinarians.

In August 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved phage therapy which involves spraying meat with viruses that infect bacteria, and thus preventing infection. This has raised concerns, because without mandatory labelling consumers would not be aware that meat and poultry products have been treated with the spray.

At home, prevention mainly consists of good food safety practices. Many forms of bacterial poisoning can be prevented by cooking food sufficiently, and either eating it quickly or refrigerating it effectively. Many toxins, however, are not destroyed by heat treatment.

Techniques that help prevent food borne illness in the kitchen are hand washing, rinsing produce, preventing cross-contamination, proper storage, and maintaining cooking temperatures. In general, freezing or refrigerating prevents virtually all bacteria from growing, and heating food sufficiently kills parasites, viruses, and most bacteria. Bacteria grow most rapidly at the range of temperatures between , called the "danger zone". Storing food below or above the "danger zone" can effectively limit the production of toxins. For storing leftovers, the food must be put in shallow containers
for quick cooling and must be refrigerated within two hours. When food is reheated, it must reach an internal temperature of  or until hot or steaming to kill bacteria.

Mycotoxins and alimentary mycotoxicoses
The term alimentary mycotoxicosis refers to the effect of poisoning by mycotoxins through food consumption.  The term mycotoxin is usually reserved for the toxic chemical products produced by fungi that readily colonize crops. Mycotoxins sometimes have important effects on human and animal health.  For example, an outbreak which occurred in the UK in 1960 caused the death of 100,000 turkeys which had consumed aflatoxin-contaminated peanut meal.  In the USSR in World War II, 5,000 people died due to alimentary toxic aleukia (ALA). The common foodborne Mycotoxins include:
 Aflatoxins – originating from Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus. They are frequently found in tree nuts, peanuts, maize, sorghum and other oilseeds, including corn and cottonseeds. The pronounced forms of aflatoxins are those of B1, B2, G1, and G2, amongst which Aflatoxin B1 predominantly targets the liver, which will result in necrosis, cirrhosis, and carcinoma. In the US, the acceptable level of total aflatoxins in foods is less than 20 μg/kg, except for Aflatoxin M1 in milk, which should be less than 0.5 μg/kg. The official document can be found at FDA's website.
 Altertoxins – are those of alternariol (AOH), alternariol methyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), altertoxin-1 (ATX-1), tenuazonic acid (TeA), and radicinin (RAD), originating from Alternaria spp. Some of the toxins can be present in sorghum, ragi, wheat and tomatoes. Some research has shown that the toxins can be easily cross-contaminated between grain commodities, suggesting that manufacturing and storage of grain commodities is a critical practice.
 Citrinin
 Citreoviridin
 Cyclopiazonic acid
 Cytochalasins
 Ergot alkaloids / ergopeptine alkaloids – ergotamine
 Fumonisins – Crop corn can be easily contaminated by the fungi Fusarium moniliforme, and its fumonisin B1 will cause leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) in horses, pulmonary edema syndrome (PES) in pigs, liver cancer in rats and esophageal cancer in humans. For human and animal health, both the FDA and the EC have regulated the content levels of toxins in food and animal feed.
 Fusaric acid
 Fusarochromanone
 Kojic acid
 Lolitrem alkaloids
 Moniliformin
 3-Nitropropionic acid
 Nivalenol
 Ochratoxins – In Australia, The Limit of Reporting (LOR) level for ochratoxin A (OTA) analyses in 20th Australian Total Diet Survey was 1 µg/kg, whereas the EC restricts the content of OTA to 5 µg/kg in cereal commodities, 3 µg/kg in processed products and 10 µg/kg in dried vine fruits.
 Oosporeine
 Patulin – Currently, this toxin has been advisably regulated on fruit products.  The EC and the FDA have limited it to under 50 µg/kg for fruit juice and fruit nectar, while limits of 25 µg/kg for solid-contained fruit products and 10 µg/kg for baby foods were specified by the EC.
 Phomopsins
 Sporidesmin A
 Sterigmatocystin
 Tremorgenic mycotoxins – Five of them have been reported to be associated with molds found in fermented meats. These are fumitremorgen B, paxilline, penitrem A, verrucosidin, and verruculogen.
 Trichothecenes – sourced from Cephalosporium, Fusarium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys, and Trichoderma. The toxins are usually found in molded maize, wheat, corn, peanuts and rice, or animal feed of hay and straw. Four trichothecenes, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and deoxynivalenol (DON) have been most commonly encountered by humans and animals. The consequences of oral intake of, or dermal exposure to, the toxins will result in alimentary toxic aleukia, neutropenia, aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia and/or skin irritation. In 1993, the FDA issued a document for the content limits of DON in food and animal feed at an advisory level. In 2003, US published a patent that is very promising for farmers to produce a trichothecene-resistant crop.
 Zearalenone
 Zearalenols

Viruses
Viral infections make up perhaps one third of cases of food poisoning in developed countries. In the US, more than 50% of cases are viral and noroviruses are the most common foodborne illness, causing 57% of outbreaks in 2004. Foodborne viral infection are usually of intermediate (1–3 days) incubation period, causing illnesses which are self-limited in otherwise healthy individuals; they are similar to the bacterial forms described above.
 Enterovirus
 Hepatitis A is distinguished from other viral causes by its prolonged (2–6 week) incubation period and its ability to spread beyond the stomach and intestines into the liver. It often results in jaundice, or yellowing of the skin, but rarely leads to chronic liver dysfunction. The virus has been found to cause infection due to the consumption of fresh-cut produce which has fecal contamination.
 Hepatitis E
 Norovirus
 Rotavirus

Parasites
Most foodborne parasites are zoonoses.
 Platyhelminthes:
 Diphyllobothrium sp.
 Nanophyetus sp.
 Taenia saginata
 Taenia solium
 Fasciola hepatica
 See also: Tapeworm and Flatworm
 Nematode:
 Anisakis sp.
 Ascaris lumbricoides
 Eustrongylides sp.
 Toxocara
 Trichinella spiralis
 Trichuris trichiura
 Protozoa:
 Acanthamoeba and other free-living amoebae
 Cryptosporidiosis
 Cyclospora cayetanensis
 Entamoeba histolytica
 Giardia lamblia
 Sarcocystis hominis
 Sarcocystis suihominis
 Toxoplasma

Natural toxins
Several foods can naturally contain toxins, many of which are not produced by bacteria. Plants in particular may be toxic; animals which are naturally poisonous to eat are rare. In evolutionary terms, animals can escape being eaten by fleeing; plants can use only passive defenses such as poisons and distasteful substances, for example capsaicin in chili peppers and pungent sulfur compounds in garlic and onions. Most animal poisons are not synthesised by the animal, but acquired by eating poisonous plants to which the animal is immune, or by bacterial action.
 Alkaloids
 Ciguatera poisoning
 Grayanotoxin (honey intoxication)
 Hormones from the thyroid glands of slaughtered animals (especially triiodothyronine in cases of hamburger thyrotoxicosis or alimentary thyrotoxicosis)
 Mushroom toxins
 Phytohaemagglutinin (red kidney bean poisoning; destroyed by boiling)
 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
 Shellfish toxin, including paralytic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning and ciguatera fish poisoning
 Scombrotoxin
 Tetrodotoxin (fugu fish poisoning)

Some plants contain substances which are toxic in large doses, but have therapeutic properties in appropriate dosages.
 Foxglove contains cardiac glycosides.
 Poisonous hemlock (conium) has medicinal uses.

Other pathogenic agents
 Prions, resulting in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) and its variant (vCJD)

"Ptomaine poisoning" misconception
Ptomaine poisoning was a myth that persisted in the public consciousness, in newspaper headlines, and legal cases as an official diagnosis, decades after it had been disproven scientifically in the 1910s.

In the 19th century, the Italian chemist Francesco Selmi, of Bologna, introduced the generic name  (from Greek ptōma,  "fall, fallen body, corpse") for alkaloids found in decaying animal and vegetable matter, especially (as reflected in their names) putrescine and cadaverine.  The 1892 Merck's Bulletin stated, "We name such products of bacterial origin ptomaines; and the special alkaloid produced by the comma bacillus is variously named Cadaverine, Putrescine, etc." While The Lancet stated, "The chemical ferments produced in the system, the... ptomaines which may exercise so disastrous an influence." It is now known that the "disastrous... influence" is due to the direct action of bacteria and only slightly due to the alkaloids. Thus, the use of the phrase "ptomaine poisoning" is now obsolete.

Tainted potato salad sickening hundreds at a Communist political convention in Massillon, Ohio, and aboard a Washington, D.C. cruise boat in separate incidents during a single week in 1932 drew national attention to the dangers of so-called "ptomaine poisoning" in the pages of the American news weekly, Time.
Another newspaper article from 1944 told of more than 150 persons being hospitalized in Chicago with ptomaine poisoning apparently from rice pudding served by a chain of restaurants.

Mechanism

Incubation period
The delay between the consumption of contaminated food and the appearance of the first symptoms of illness is called the incubation period. This ranges from hours to days (and rarely months or even years, such as in the case of listeriosis or bovine spongiform encephalopathy), depending on the agent, and on how much was consumed. If symptoms occur within one to six hours after eating the food, it suggests that it is caused by a bacterial toxin or a chemical rather than live bacteria.

The long incubation period of many foodborne illnesses tends to cause those affected to attribute their symptoms to gastroenteritis.

During the incubation period, microbes pass through the stomach into the intestine, attach to the cells lining the intestinal walls, and begin to multiply there. Some types of microbes stay in the intestine, some produce a toxin that is absorbed into the bloodstream, and some can directly invade the deeper body tissues. The symptoms produced depend on the type of microbe.

Infectious dose
The infectious dose is the amount of agent that must be consumed to give rise to symptoms of foodborne illness, and varies according to the agent and the consumer's age and overall health. Pathogens vary in minimum infectious dose; for example, Shigella sonnei has a low estimated minimum dose of < 500 colony-forming units (CFU) while Staphylococcus aureus has a relatively high estimate.

In the case of Salmonella a relatively large inoculum of 1 million to 1 billion organisms is necessary to produce symptoms in healthy human volunteers, as Salmonellae are very sensitive to acid. An unusually high stomach pH level (low acidity) greatly reduces the number of bacteria required to cause symptoms by a factor of between 10 and 100.

Gut microbiota unaccustomed to endemic organisms
Foodborne illness often occurs as travelers' diarrhea in persons whose gut microbiota is unaccustomed to organisms endemic to the visited region. This effect of microbiologic naïveté is compounded by any food safety lapses in the food's preparation.

Epidemiology
Asymptomatic subclinical infection may help spread these diseases, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Enterobacter, Vibrio cholerae, and Yersinia. For example, as of 1984 it was estimated that in the United States, 200,000 people were asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella.

Infants

Globally, infants are a group that is especially vulnerable to foodborne disease. The World Health Organization has issued recommendations for the preparation, use and storage of prepared formulas. Breastfeeding remains the best preventive measure for protection from foodborne infections in infants.

United States

A CDC report for the period 2017–2019 found that 41% of outbreaks at restaurants were caused by a sick employee. Contributory factors identified included lack of written policy compliance with FDA recommendations for identifying red-flag symptoms, glove use, and hand washing; lack of paid sick leave at the majority of establishments; and social pressure to come to work even while sick. The remaining outbreaks had a variety of causes, including inadequate cooking, improper temperature, and cross-contamination.

In the United States, using FoodNet data from 2000 to 2007, the CDC estimated there were 47.8 million foodborne illnesses per year (16,000 cases for 100,000 inhabitants) with 9.4 million of these caused by 31 known identified pathogens.

 127,839 were hospitalized (43 per 100,000 inhabitants per year).
 3,037 people died (1.0 per 100,000 inhabitants per year).

United Kingdom

According to a 2012 report from the Food Standards Agency, there were around a million cases of foodborne illness per year (1,580 cases for 100,000 inhabitants).
 20,000 were hospitalized (32 per 100,000 inhabitants);
 500 people died (0.80 per 100,000 inhabitants).

France
This data pertains to reported medical cases of 23 specific pathogens in the 1990s, as opposed to total population estimates of all foodborne illness for the United States.

In France, for 750,000 cases (1,210 per 100,000 inhabitants):
 70,000 people consulted in the emergency department of a hospital (113 per 100,000 inhabitants);
 113,000 people were hospitalized (182 per 100,000 inhabitants);
 460 people died (0.75 per 100,000 inhabitants).

Australia

A study by the Australian National University published in 2022 for Food Standards Australia New Zealand estimated there are 4.67 million cases of food poisoning in Australia each year that result in 47,900 hospitalisations, 38 deaths and  a cost to the economy of $2.1 billion

A previous study using different methodology and published in November 2014, found in 2010 that there were an estimated 4.1 million cases of foodborne gastroenteritis acquired in Australia on average each year, along with 5,140 cases of non-gastrointestinal illness. }

The main causes were norovirus, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp. and non-typhoidal Salmonella spp., although the causes of approximately 80% of illnesses were unknown. Approximately 25% (90% CrI: 13%–42%) of the 15.9 million episodes of gastroenteritis that occur in Australia were estimated to be transmitted by contaminated food. This equates to an average of approximately one episode of foodborne gastroenteritis every five years per person. Data on the number of hospitalisations and deaths represent the occurrence of serious foodborne illness. Including gastroenteritis, non-gastroenteritis and sequelae, there were an estimated annual 31,920 (90% CrI: 29,500–35,500) hospitalisations due to foodborne illness and 86 (90% CrI: 70–105) deaths due to foodborne illness circa 2010. This study concludes that these rates are similar to recent estimates in the US and Canada.

A main aim of this study was to compare if foodborne illness incidence had increased over time. In this study, similar methods of assessment were applied to data from circa 2000, which showed that the rate of foodborne gastroenteritis had not changed significantly over time. Two key estimates were the total number of gastroenteritis episodes each year, and the proportion considered foodborne. In circa 2010, it was estimated that 25% of all episodes of gastroenteritis were foodborne. By applying this proportion of episodes due to food to the incidence of gastroenteritis circa 2000, there were an estimated 4.3 million (90% CrI: 2.2–7.3 million) episodes of foodborne gastroenteritis circa 2000, although credible intervals overlap with 2010. Taking into account changes in population size, applying these equivalent methods suggests a 17% decrease in the rate of foodborne gastroenteritis between 2000 and 2010, with considerable overlap of the 90% credible intervals.

This study replaces a previous estimate of 5.4 million cases of foodborne illness in Australia every year, causing:
 18,000 hospitalizations
 120 deaths (0.5 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants)
 2.1 million lost days off work
 1.2 million doctor consultations
 300,000 prescriptions for antibiotics.

Most foodborne disease outbreaks in Australia have been linked to raw or minimally cooked eggs or poultry. The Australian Food Safety Information Council estimates that one third of cases of food poisoning occur in the home.

Comparison between countries

Outbreaks

The vast majority of reported cases of foodborne illness occur as individual or sporadic cases. The origin of most sporadic cases is undetermined. In the United States, where people eat outside the home frequently, 58% of cases originate from commercial food facilities (2004 FoodNet data). An outbreak is defined as occurring when two or more people experience similar illness after consuming food from a common source.

Often, a combination of events contributes to an outbreak, for example, food might be left at room temperature for many hours, allowing bacteria to multiply which is compounded by inadequate cooking which results in a failure to kill the dangerously elevated bacterial levels.

Outbreaks are usually identified when those affected know each other. Outbreaks can also be identified by public health staff when there are unexpected increases in laboratory results for certain strains of bacteria. Outbreak detection and investigation in the United States is primarily handled by local health jurisdictions and is inconsistent from district to district. It is estimated that 1–2% of outbreaks are detected.

Society and culture

United Kingdom

In postwar Aberdeen (1964) a large-scale (>400 cases) outbreak of typhoid occurred, caused by contaminated corned beef which had been imported from Argentina. The corned beef was placed in cans and because the cooling plant had failed, cold river water from the Plate estuary was used to cool the cans. One of the cans had a defect and the meat inside was contaminated. This meat was then sliced using a meat slicer in a shop in Aberdeen, and a lack of cleaning the machinery led to spreading the contamination to other meats cut in the slicer. These meats were then eaten by the people of Aberdeen who then became ill.

Serious outbreaks of foodborne illness since the 1970s prompted key changes in UK food safety law. These included the death of 19 patients in the Stanley Royd Hospital outbreak and the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, mad cow disease) outbreak identified in the 1980s. The death of 21 people in the 1996 Wishaw outbreak of E. coli O157 was a precursor to the establishment of the Food Standards Agency which, according to Tony Blair in the 1998 white paper A Force for Change Cm 3830, "would be powerful, open and dedicated to the interests of consumers".

In May 2015, for the second year running, England's Food Standards Agency devoted its annual Food Safety Week to "The Chicken Challenge". The focus was on the handling of raw chicken in the home and in catering facilities in a drive to reduce the high levels of food poisoning from the campylobacter bacterium. Anne Hardy argues that widespread public education of food hygiene can be useful, particularly through media (TV cookery programmes) and advertisement. She points to the examples set by Scandinavian societies.

United States

In 2001, the Center for Science in the Public Interest petitioned the United States Department of Agriculture to require meat packers to remove spinal cords before processing cattle carcasses for human consumption, a measure designed to lessen the risk of infection by variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. The petition was supported by the American Public Health Association, the Consumer Federation of America, the Government Accountability Project, the National Consumers League, and Safe Tables Our Priority.

None of the US Department of Health and Human Services targets regarding incidence of foodborne infections were reached in 2007.

A report issued in June 2018 by NBC's Minneapolis station using research by both the CDC and the Minnesota Department of Health concluded that foodborne illness is on the rise in the U.S.

India
In India, Entamoeba is the most common cause of food illness, followed by Campylobacter bacteria, Salmonella bacteria, E. coli bacteria, and norovirus. According to statistics, food poisoning was the second most common cause of infectious disease outbreak in India in 2017. The numbers of outbreaks have increased from 50 in 2008 to 242 in 2017.

Organizations

The World Health Organization Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses (FOS) provides scientific advice for organizations and the public on issues concerning the safety of food. Its mission is to lower the burden of foodborne disease, thereby strengthening the health security and sustainable development of Member States. Foodborne and waterborne diarrhoeal diseases kill an estimated 2.2 million people annually, most of whom are children. WHO works closely with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to address food safety issues along the entire food production chain—from production to consumption—using new methods of risk analysis. These methods provide efficient, science-based tools to improve food safety, thereby benefiting both public health and economic development.

International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN)

The International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN) is a joint program of the WHO and FAO. INFOSAN has been connecting national authorities from around the globe since 2004, with the goal of preventing the international spread of contaminated food and foodborne disease and strengthening food safety systems globally. This is done by:

 Promoting the rapid exchange of information during food safety events;
 Sharing information on important food safety issues of global interest;
 Promoting partnership and collaboration between countries; and
 Helping countries strengthen their capacity to manage food safety risks.

Membership to INFOSAN is voluntary, but is restricted to representatives from national and regional government authorities and requires an official letter of designation. INFOSAN seeks to reflect the multidisciplinary nature of food safety and promote intersectoral collaboration by requesting the designation of Focal Points in each of the respective national authorities with a stake in food safety, and a single Emergency Contact Point in the national authority with the responsibility for coordinating national food safety emergencies; countries choosing to be members of INFOSAN are committed to sharing information between their respective food safety authorities and other INFOSAN members. The operational definition of a food safety authority includes those authorities involved in: food policy; risk assessment; food control and management; food inspection services; foodborne disease surveillance and response; laboratory services for monitoring and surveillance of foods and foodborne diseases; and food safety information, education and communication across the farm-to-table continuum.

Prioritisation of foodborne pathogens

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and The World Health Organization have published a global ranking of foodborne parasites using a multicriteria ranking tool concluding that Taenia solium was the most relevant, followed by Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, and Toxoplasma gondii. The same method was used regionally to rank the most important foodborne parasites in Europe ranking Echinococcus multilocularis of highest relevance, followed by Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spiralis.

Regulatory steps

Food may be contaminated during all stages of food production and retailing. In order to prevent viral contamination, regulatory authorities in Europe have enacted several measures:
 European Commission Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 of November 15, 2005
 European Committee for Standardization (CEN): Standard method for the detection of norovirus and hepatitis A virus in food products (shellfish, fruits and vegetables, surfaces and bottled water)
 CODEX Committee on Food Hygiene (CCFH): Guideline for the application of general principles of food hygiene for the control of viruses in food

See also

 American Public Health Association v. Butz
 Food allergy
 Food microbiology
 Food quality
 Food safety
 Food spoilage
 Food testing strips
 Gastroenteritis
 List of foodborne illness outbreaks by country
 List of food contamination incidents
 Mycotoxicology
 Refrigerate after opening
 STOP Foodborne Illness
 United States Disease Control and Prevention
 Zoonotic pathogens

References

Further reading

Periodicals
 International Journal of Food Microbiology, , Elsevier
 Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, , Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
 Mycopathologia,  (electronic),  (paper), Springer

Books
   (electronic).

External links

 Foodborne diseases, emerging, WHO, Fact sheet N°124, revised January 2002
 Foodborne illness information pages , NSW Food Authority
 Food safety and foodborne illness, WHO, Fact sheet N°237, revised January 2002
 UK Health protection Agency
 US PulseNet
 Food poisoning from NHS Direct Online
 Food Safety Network hosted at the University of Guelph, Canada.
 Food Standard Agency website

Food safety

Health disasters

Foodborne illness


Cerambycoidea, natporodica kukaca kornjaša u infraredu Cucujiformia kojoj pripada četiri porodice, Vesperidae, Oxypeltidae, Disteniidae i najpoznatija među njima strizibube ili Cerambycidae.

Izvori

Cucujiformia

Cerambycoidea


Giannis Stergianos-Michailidis (Γιάννης Στεργιανός-Μιχαηλίδης en griego), (nacido el 31 de mayo de 1993, en Drama; Grecia) es un futbolista griego. Juega como defensa.

Clubes

Referencias

Futbolistas del Panserraikos
Futbolistas del Doxa Drama Fútbol Club

Giannis Stergianos-Michailidis


زايميشتشي  هي مدينة في مقاطعة بريانسك أوبلاست في روسيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 4793 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة بريانسك

زايميشتشي (بريانسك)


La CA-132 es una carretera autonómica de Cantabria perteneciente a la Red Primaria. Tiene su origen en la glorieta con la CA-131 en el núcleo de Viveda, término municipal de Santillana del Mar y su final en Suances, en la intersección con la CA-351. A lo largo de su recorrido, de 6 kilómetros de longitud, atraviesa los núcleos urbanos de Hinojedo recibiendo la denominación de avenida de San Saturnino y Cortiguera en donde se denomina calle Mayor, además de los ya indicados.

En su margen derecha, se sitúa el mirador Curva El Río desde donde se divisa una vista panorámica de la Ría de San Martín de la Arena en la desembocadura del río Saja.

La carretera tiene un carril por cada sentido de circulación y una anchura total de 7 m, que asciende a 10 m incluyendo los arcenes.

Actuaciones
Durante el período de vigencia del III Plan de Carreteras de Cantabria, se procedió al refuerzo del final en toda la longitud de la carretera.

Transportes
Las siguientes líneas de transporte público tienen paradas a lo largo de la carretera CA-132:
 Autobuses Casanova: Torrelavega - Suances
 Autobuses La Cantábrica: Ubiarco - Santander
 Autobuses La Cantábrica: Suances - Santander

Recorrido y puntos de interés

En este apartado se aporta la información sobre cada una de las intersecciones de la CA-132 así como otras informaciones de interés.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa Oficial de Carreteras de Cantabria (consultado el 21 de septiembre de 2010)
 Catálogo de la Red Autonómica de Cantabria (consultado el 21 de septiembre de 2010)

Red de carreteras de Cantabria

CA-132


Richard getur átt við eftirfarandi:

 Richard Nixon
 Richard Wagner
 Richard Kind
 Richard von Weizsäcker
 Richard Francis Burton
 Richard L. Hunter
 Richard Dawkins
 Little Richard
 Richard Stallman
 Richard Popkin
 Richard Schiff
 Richard Pryor
 Richard Rorty
 Richard Sherman
 Richard Thaler
 Richard Strauss
 Richard Feynman
 Richard Thors
 Richard Cheney
 Carl Richard Unger
 Richard Speight Jr.
 Richard Simmons
 Richard Witschge
 Richard Cantillon
 Richard Henry Dana
 Richard Swinburne
 Richard Serra
 Richard Janko
 Richard Bett
 Richard Sennett
 Richard Diebenkorn
 Richard Bach
 Richard Neal

Sjá einnig
 Richard
 Dick
Ættarnöfn
Mannanöfn

Richard (aðgreining)


Stade 24 Fevrier 1956, Cezayir'in Sidi Bel Abbas şehrinde çok amaçlı olarak inşa edilen bir stadyum.

Çoğunlukla futbol müsabakaları için kullanılan stadyum, 50.000 seyirci kapasitelidir.

Cezayir'deki stadyumlar

24 Şubat 1956 Stadyumu


«Believe in Me» es una canción del artista estadounidense Lenny Kravitz. Fue lanzado como tercer sencillo de su sexto álbum titulado Lenny, lanzado en 2001. El sencillo fue lanzado el .

Video
El video musical cuenta con la realización de Lenny en un club pequeño en frente de una audiencia llena de personas de diferentes edades, razas y estilos de vida. Kravitz canta con el alma a la mujer que está enamorada, mientras se muestran algunas imágenes de la Virgen María y Jesucristo en un club.

Véase también
 Discografía de Lenny Kravitz

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web oficial de Lenny Kravitz

Sencillos de 2002
Sencillos de Lenny Kravitz

Believe in Me (canción de Lenny Kravitz)


La iglesia de Santa María de los Mongoles es una iglesia ortodoxa situada en Estambul. En griego es llamada Theotokos Panaghiótissa que, literalmente, quiere decir "Toda Santa María". Su nombre en turco, Kanlı Kilise, se traduce como "Iglesia Sangrienta". Es la única iglesia bizantina de Constantinopla que no fue reconvertida en mezquita, permaneciendo siempre dentro de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Griega.

Localización

La iglesia no está normalmente abierta al público y está rodeada por un muro de gran altura. Se encuentra en el barrio de Fanar, perteneciente al distrito de Fatih. Yace sobre la cima de una ladera sobre la que se domina el Cuerno de Oro y cerca del impresionante edificio del Colegio Ortodoxo Griego.

Historia

A comienzos del , la princesa Sopatra, hija del emperador bizantino Mauricio, y su amiga Eustolia, patrocinaron la construcción de un convento en una ladera de la quinta colina de Constantinopla. El lugar, concedido por el emperador, limitaba al norte con la Cisterna de Aspar y había sido usado como cementerio. La construcción fue dedicada a Santa Eustolia. Ya en el , se le añadió un monasterio, dedicado a todos los santos y que tuvo una fuerte relación con el Monasterio de la Gran Laura, situado en el Monte Athos. Tras la Cuarta Cruzada, el monasterio desapareció.

En 1261, tras la reconquista de la ciudad por parte de los bizantinos, Isaac Ducas, suegro de Jorge Acropolita y tío materno de Miguel VIII Paleólogo, reconstruyó el edificio. El año 1266, la iglesia fue agrandada y un pintor, llamado Modestos, la decoró.

En el año 1281, María Paleóloga, hija ilegítima de Miguel VIII y viuda de Abaqa, Kan del IIKanato mongol, volvió a Constantinopla, tras quince años de ausencia. Se cree que ella fue la que mandó construir el convento y la iglesia con la forma que poseen hoy en día y por ello se mereció el título de Ktētorissa, "fundadora", de ese complejo. Tras ello, se retiró a este lugar hasta que el momento en el que llegó su muerte. Hasta ese momento, el convento y la iglesia poseían el apelativo de Mouchliōtissa, "de los Mongoles" en griego.

Tras la muerte de María, el convento decayó debido a que sus herederos usaron los recursos del convento en su propio beneficio, llegando incluso a hipotecarlo. Finalmente, las monjas decidieron denunciar a los herederos, ante el Emperador primero y, después, ante el Patriarca. Los herederos presentaron un documento como prueba de sus derechos sobre el convento, pero se consideró que era falso, por lo que el Patriarcado restauró los derechos de las monjas. El convento existió hasta el final del Imperio, tras lo cual quedó abandonado.

El día de la Caída de Constantinopla, 29 de mayo de 1453, los alrededores del edificio vieron la desesperada resistencia de los griegos contra los invasores otomanos. Es por ello que, en idioma turco, recibió el nombre de Kanli Kilise, "Iglesia Sangrienta" o "Iglesia de la Sangre". El camino que lleva hasta ella, es llamado aún hoy Sancaktar yokuşu, "Ascensión del Abanderado", en honor al otomano que portaba la bandera, el cual encontró la muerte luchando aquí.

La tradición cuenta que el sultán Mehmed II donó la iglesia a la madre de Cristodoulos, el arquitecto de la mezquita de Fatih, como reconocimiento por su trabajo. La concesión fue confirmada por Bayazid II, reconociendo los servicios del sobrino de Cristodoulos, que fue quien dirigió los equipos de construcción de la mezquita Süleymaniye.

Tanto bajo el mandato del sultán Selim I como en el de Ahmed II, hubo sendos intentos de convertir la iglesia en una mezquita, el último de ellos deseado por el gran visir Alí Köprülü a finales del . Sin embargo, gracias a las garantías otorgadas tanto por Mehmed II, como por Bayazid II, la iglesia siguió siendo una parroquia perteneciente a la comunidad griega.

Dañada por varios incendios que asolaron Fener en 1633, 1640 y 1729, fue reparada y ampliada, perdiendo su primitiva elegancia. A finales del  se construyó un pequeño colegio cerca de ella y, en el año 1892 se le añadió un pequeño campanario. En 1955, sufrió daños durante los disturbios en contra de la comunidad griega. Desde entonces, ha sido restaurada.

Descripción

A pesar de que siempre ha estado en manos griegas, el edificio ha visto más modificaciones que aquellos que se convirtieron en mezquitas. Es, o era originalmente, de planta tetragonal con una cúpula central rodeada por una torre, lo que la convierte en algo único en la arquitectura bizantina de Constantinopla. Aunque a menor escala, anticipa la arquitectura de las grandes mezquitas otomanas.

La cúpula reposa sobre una estructura en forma de cruz formada por cuatro semicúpulas. El nártex está compuesto por tres entrantes; el central está cubierto por una bóveda de cañón. La parte sur de la iglesia ha sido demolida y vuelta a construir, mientras que la semicúpula que se encuentra más al sur y el entrante de esa zona han sido retirados y reemplazados por tres pasillos. El interior ha sido despojado de su decoración original, pero está cubierto con iconos y otros ornamentos, lo que hace que su estudio sea muy difícil.

En el muro oriental hay una gran representación del Juicio Final, quizá pintada por Modestos en 1266. De todas formas, son sobresalientes tanto un icono mosaico retratando a la Madre de Dios, del , como los cuatro iconos datados en los siglos XIII y .

Pese a su importancia histórica, la iglesia nunca ha sido estudiada desde un punto de vista arquitectónico.

Referencias

Fuentes

Enlaces externos

Iglesias bizantinas de Estambul
Iglesias del siglo XIII
Iglesias del patriarcado de Constantinopla
Arquitectura de Turquía del siglo XIII
Imperio bizantino en el siglo XIII
Mongoles
Iglesias ortodoxas griegas

Iglesia de Santa María de los Mongoles