Ballyfermot () is a suburb of Dublin, Ireland. It is located seven kilometres (5 miles) west of the city centre, south of Phoenix Park. It is bordered by Chapelizod on the north, by Bluebell on the south, by Inchicore on the east, and by Palmerstown and Clondalkin on the west. The River Liffey lies to the north, and the Grand Canal, now a recreational waterway, lies to the south of  Ballyfermot. Ballyfermont lies within the postal district Dublin 10. Cherry Orchard, which is also a suburb, is sometimes considered to be within Ballyfermot.

Ballyfermot is also known as a civil parish in the barony of Uppercross.

Toponymy
The place name Ballyfermot—rendered in Irish Baile Formaid and sometimes Baile Thormaid—is derived from the Middle Irish baile ("farmstead"), and the Old Norse personal name Þormundr. It is also referred to colloquially by Dubliners as Ballyer for short.

History
The 12th century saw the Cambro-Normans expand west across the Irish Sea from Pembroke in Wales into Leinster. After the Treaty of Windsor in 1175, through feudal land grants and intermarriage, the Cambro Norman knights came into possession of land in south and west Dublin, along with the local Irish chieftain who supported them, Mac Giolla Mocolmog. Family names associated with the area at this time included Mac Giolla Mocolmog (FitzDermot), O'Cathasaidhe, Fitzwilliam, Le Gros (Grace), O'Dualainghe, Tyrrell, O'Hennessy, O'Morchain, Dillon, O'Kelly, De Barneval (Barnewall), and Newcomyn (Newcomen).

In 1307 the manor of Ballyfermot was held by William Fitzwilliam and his wife Avice, who leased part of it to Thomas Cantock, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland. The land passed from the Fitzwilliams to their relatives, the Clahulls from Dundrum, and later to the Barnawalls of Drimnagh Castle.

Ballyfermot Castle was constructed on the site of a Norman motte and baily. Located northwest of the intersection of Le Fanu and Raheen Roads, it was the centre of the Upper (west) and Lower (east) Ballyfermot townships. Built in stone by Wolfram De Barneval in the fourteenth century, it was a stronghold against the formidable O'Byrnes and O'Tooles. These aboriginal Gaelic families had been discommoded from their lush home-farms around Naas. They were driven south into the wooded Dublin hills. Unlike their intermarried Mac Giolla Mocolmog relatives, now called FitzDiarmuid, they had not integrated into the evolving Hiberno-Norman society. They frequently raided, rustled and burned local bawn enclosures from their inaccessible hillside encampments beyond Brittas and Bohernabreena.

The Castle was inherited by Robert Newcomen, who enhanced it and held it into the mid-seventeenth century. Its political importance subsequently declined with the Newcomens, culminating with the suicide of Thomas Gleadowe-Newcomen in 1825. It later housed a school managed by headmaster William Oulton Prosser in the latter eighteenth century. The castle defence wing to the south and east is reputed to have been destroyed by fire. Ballyfermot House, known locally as 'the tiled house', was built by the Verveer family. In his A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland, Samuel Lewis places a Captain Lampier and his wife Bridget (Cavanaugh of Goldenbridge) as living there in 1834. It stood on the great park to the north of the castle's aquaculture pond. Built in the early eighteenth century, the house had a quirky slated façade in the Dutch style.

The nineteenth century newspaper publisher and writer Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, proprietor of the Dublin Evening Mail lived in nearby Chapelizod when not in residence his city townhouse at Merrion Square. Ballyfermot and Chapelizod feature in his novel The House by the Churchyard and some of his other works. This large Georgian house still adjoins Church Lane next to St. Laurence's parish churchyard in Chapelizod. The eighteenth-century church, alongside the original medieval bell tower, is still in use. It serves the united parish of Ballyfermot, Palmerstown, and Chapelizod in the Church of Ireland. Le Fanu Road is named after him, as is Le Fanu Park, referred to locally as The Lawns. Le Fanu was a mentor of the writer Bram Stoker author of Dracula, who did the theatre reviews for his newspaper The Dublin Evening Mail.

A short distance from the castle site at the south-east end of Le Fanu Park is a mound which covers the ruins and churchyard of the rectory church of St Laurence. It is believed to have roots in Celtic Christianity, perhaps a minor branch of the Tallaght Maelruain or Kilnamanagh monasteries. It was connected to the Knights of St John of Jerusalem at Kilmainham in the thirteenth century. The churchyard ruins survived into the nineteen sixties. This church served Ballyfermot and the surrounding townlands into the late seventeenth century.

Among the local people buried here are members of the Newcomen and Barnewall families. Sir Robert Newcomen who died in 1629 and his son Sir Beverley Newcomen, Admiral of Ireland, who died in 1637 while taking soundings at Waterford harbour were buried here. His mother Elizabeth (Barnewall of Drimnagh Castle) who died in 1643 is buried as is his widow Margaret (Usher of Donnybrook Castle). She subsequently married Sir Hubert Adrian-Verveer. The Newcomens, Barons of Newcastle Lyons were influential in Irish governance, military and legal circles. They resided at Ballyfermot Castle. This noble family intermarried with the Barnwalls of Drimnagh, the Plunketts of Malahide and the St Lawrences of Howth. MPs for the Westmeath constituency of Kilbeggan, they also married into the Fitzgeralds of Maynooth, and the Nugents, Husseys, Tuites and Nagles of East and West Meath.

Area manor houses of note include Johnstown House (St John's College), Colepark House, Sarsfield House, Sevenoaks, Floraville, Auburn Villa and Gallanstown House. The Ballyfermot townlands were transferred from the Barony of Newcastle to the Barony of Uppercross in the late nineteenth century, under the Local Government Act of 1898.

The dairy and stud farms of Ballyfermot were acquired by the authorities in the 1930s. They were developed into suburban housing estates needed to alleviate the post war housing shortage. This development, along with estates at Drimnagh, Crumlin, Walkinstown and other pockets in the south city, and Cabra, Finglas and Donnycarney along with smaller pockets in the north city provided modern accommodation to facilitate the Dublin City Council public/private housing programs. Initially leased to waiting lists, these modest high-quality well-constructed homes were sold to their residents, even prior to similar government initiatives in the United Kingdom. The first estate was built in the late 1940s at Ballyfermot Lower. South of Sarsfield House and Ballyfermot Road it was originally called the Sarsfield Estate. The street names reflect this historical theme. Gradually, the adjacent townlands to the south of Ballyfermot Road and north of Grange Cross - Ballyfermot Upper, Blackditch, Cherry Orchard, Raheen and Gallanstown were similarly developed. Johnstown, a townland of Palmerstown, located around Johnstown House (St John's College De La Salle) south of Chapelizod was developed for residential housing. Now divided along the Drumfin/Glenaulin/Sports Park perimeter, the west portion was retained by Palmerstown, while the east portion became the township/electoral district of Drumfin in Dublin City (Local Government Act 1993), and included in postal district Dublin 10.

During the 1970s Ballyfermot suffered from a lack of facilities and opportunities for its residents; however, these conditions have improved over time.

Politics
In local government elections Ballyfermot is part of the Ballyfermot-Drimnagh Ward. Since the local elections in 2019, the local elected representatives on Dublin City Council are:
 Vincent Jackson (Independent)
 Daithí de Róiste (Fianna Fáil)
 Hazel de Nortúin (People Before Profit)
 Sophie Nicoullaud (Green Party)
 Daithí Doolan (Sinn Féin)

Ballyfermot is part of the Dublin South-Central Dáil constituency.

Commerce
The area is now a centre of national commercial distribution, with access to the national trunk roads.  Ballyfermot is bordered to the north by the N4, to the south by the N7 and to the west by the M50.

A number of Irish motor distributors are based in Ballyfermot. They include Toyota, Nissan, General Motors, J. C. Bamford (JCB), Harris Assembly and Hilux. They are centred around Kylemore Road, home to companies such as Thornton's Recycling, C&C, FBD, and Royal Liver Insurance. The industrial estates include Park West and JFK.

There are several hotels in the area, including Days Hotel at Park West and Sheldon Park on Kylemore and Bewleys at Newlands. A community based CCTV monitoring scheme for Ballyfermot was launched in early 2003. This is part of the Department of Justice Town Centre CCTV monitoring initiative.

Transport
Currently, Dublin Bus (routes G1, G2, 60) and Go-Ahead Ireland (routes 76, 76A, 18) serve the area. An hourly commuter train service is offered by Irish Rail, to Heuston station at Kingsbridge.  The local station is Cherry Orchard/Park West Station, which is located on the Park West Road on the western perimeter of Ballyfermot. A proposed Dublin Metro route passes to the south. The Luas light rail system also serves Ballyfermot. The south side stop is near the Kylemore and Naas Road intersection. A Luas line to Lucan proposes passing through the centre of Ballyfermot village before going on to serve Liffey Valley and Lucan village.

Amenities

Parks
The California Hills Park (also known as Glenaulin Park) is the largest recreational space in the area. The name originated as a colloquialism - there were few designated play facilities in the very early days of suburban development and the California Hills was the name used by local movie-going kids who played 'Cowboys and Indians' there. The name later achieved official recognition due to popular usage. The park covers part of the great esker east of Dublin, and overlooks the Liffey Valley from the south. From Le Fanu and Kylemore Roads to the east, it falls to the landscaped valley of a Liffey tributary, the Glenaulin Stream. It runs west toward Glenaulin and Drumfin Roads which adjoin the park as it stretches in a crescent through Palmerstown. The Chapelizod Bypass runs northwest alongside and Kylemore Road joins the motorway near the West County Hotel. California Hills Park has views north over the Strawberry Beds to the Phoenix Park and the Farmleigh clock tower at Castleknock is a prominent landmark. California Hills include's Gales-Drumfinn Avenue Park, known locally as "The Gaels", used for football, golf practice, cross country runs and walks and includes a children's play area. There is an entrance to the park beside the Ballyfermot Leisure Co-Op, near the GAA Sports Park, on Gurteen Road.

The magnificent Irish National War Memorial, Memorial Gardens and Park, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, are accessible from the Sarsfield Road via East Timor Park (Confusingly also referred to by locals as "The Gaels" due to the local GAA club which is attached to the park).

Other parks located in the area include Le Fanu Park, Glenaulin Sports Park, Markievicz Park (also known as the Match Box by some older residents), and Cherry Orchard Park. Cherry Orchard Park area is the proposed site for a new "Village Centre". Le Fanu Park houses the Ballyfermot Leisure Centre and The Base.

Grand Canal
The Grand Canal was constructed in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It is now a recreational waterway. It passes along the south side of Ballyfermot. Towpath walkways extend continuously to Hazelhatch, County Kildare. A historic bridge crosses the canal near the seventh lock at Killeen.

Medical facilities
Cherry Orchard Hospital is a public health facility which has a containment laboratory capable of testing for the deliberate release of Bacillus anthracis.

The Ballyfermot Medical Clinic is closed but a new Primary Care and Mental Health Centre has been opened beside Cherry Orchard Hospital. Services include GP, Community Nursing, Physiotherapy, Dental, addiction and community welfare. Mental Health facilities include a day hospital, day centre and outpatients clinic. This is run by the HSE.

The Hermitage Medical Clinic is located in close proximity to the Liffey Valley Shopping Centre, just off the N4 motorway. The Hermitage Hospital is a 101-bed private facility with specialised medical teams who  provide medical, surgical and advanced radiotherapy care to patients. The hospital is privately run. Its principal investors are Sean Mulryan, Larry Goodman, John Flynn and George Duffy GP.

Public institutions
Cloverhill Courthouse and Remand Centre is located between Clondalkin, Palmerstown, and Ballyfermot in Dublin 10. Wheatfield Prison is located on the same site adjacent to the Courthouse.

Education
National (primary) schools serving the area include Mary Queen of Angels National School, St Louise's Junior & Senior National Schools, Dominican School Campus (which includes St Michael's, St Raphael's and St Gabriel's N.S), and St Ultan's National School.

Secondary schools in Ballyfermot include Kylemore College, St John's College De La Salle, Dominican Convent Secondary School, and Caritas College.

Ballyfermot College of Further Education is a third-level institution based locally.

A fictional "Ballyfermot School" was created for the children's television programme Roy and many of the episodes were set there.

Social and cultural

The Ballyfermot Community Festival takes place annually.

The Gala was a local auditorium and bingo venue until its closure in the 2010s. The Gala opened in 1953, and saw a number of recreational uses, including as a local cinema and concert venue. The 'De La Salle Boy's Band', founded by Brother Victor F.S.C., played under the baton of bandmaster Brother Cyprian F.S.C. at the annual Christmas 'Rocking Spotlight Concert' at the Gala.

The Ritz Ballroom at Grange Cross was a nearby venue in the early rock and roll era. Bands which played the venue included John Hardy's Blue Clavons and The Melochords featuring Dickie Rock. Some of the young musicians who played here were graduates of the De La Salle music programme and played with the 'De La Salle Boy's Band'. The local 'Young Shadows' and the 'Casino Showband' (later the Indians) made their national debut live on RTÉ's Showband Show.

Ballyfermot Youth Service (BYS) is a youth service that has been running since 1985. BYS provides services to young people of the area including outdoor education programmes, drop-in information centres, music and arts programmes, access to the European Youth in Action programme and a Drugs Peer Education programme. St Mary's Youth Club is based in a building opposite Spar on Claddagh Green. The youth club has been opened since 1958. There is also a drama group for children aged 5 and upwards.

The Civic Centre shares space with the Ballyfermot Residents Association (BRA). St Matthew's Community Centre is located adjacent to St Matthew's Church in Ballyfermot Upper (west). Ballyfermot Public Library serves the area.

Demographics
Ballyfermot has a notably high Irish Traveller population, mostly located in the Labre Park area

Sport

Association football (soccer)
The Cherry Orchard Football Club takes part in the FAI Cup soccer competition. A number of players who started with this team have gone on to play professional soccer in the English Premiership and its associated divisions. Soccer players Andy Reid, William Flood, Alan Quinn and Glenn Whelan all played for Cherry Orchard. Ballyfermot United FC shares the origins of Cherry Orchard FC. The Ballyfermot United FC Social Club is located close to Le Fanu Park. Other clubs include the Black Diamonds, Drummfin Celtic, C.I.E. Ranch, O.L.V, Clifden Celtic and the more recently formed Orchard Celtic. Orchard Celtic's under-twelves team have won the double in their second year. The under-14s won The Hollywood Cup in 2011. Professional football club, St Patrick's Athletic who play in the League of Ireland are located in nearby Inchicore, and Ballyfermot has a large number of Saints fans.

GAA
There are two senior Gaelic Athletic Association clubs serving Ballyfermot. Ballyfermot De la Salle GAA Club is the only GAA club active in the actual area of Ballyfermot, with Liffey Gaels GAA clubhouse based at the border of Ballyfermot and Inchicore and serves the parish of Inchicore.

Ballyfermot De La Salle is the largest Gaelic football club in the area. They originated in 1953 as Ballyfermot Gaels. They play their senior home games in the Drumfin/Glenaulin Sports Park, located on the west side of California Hills Park. They have a pitch in the California Hills where the under 14s team play their home games, and a pitch in the Markievicz Park where the u12s boys and U14s girls teams play their matches. All the teams train at their main pitch in The Gaels (Glenaulin Park). The juvenile teams used to train and play juvenile fixtures at the facilities located behind the De La Salle Primary Schools on Ballyfermot Road, until it was sold for re-development. The club plays in the Kerry colours as a tribute to the first parish priest, Kerryman Charles Canon Troy, who sponsored the club.

Another club, Liffey Gaels, was founded in 1951. It was known as Rialto Gaels for over twenty years. In the 1970s it changed its name to SS. Michael and James's to reflect the efforts of the teachers and students of these schools in the development of the club. In 1984, a local juvenile club, Donore Iosagain, amalgamated with SS. Michael and James's and the club was renamed the Liffey Gaels. Today their immediate catchment area is Inchicore and the parishes of St Michael's, St James', St Catherine's, Rialto and Donore Avenue. The Gaels play their home games Liffeyside at East Timor Park on Sarsfield Road in Inchicore.

Boxing
St Matthew's Boxing Club is located on Drumfinn Road adjacent to the grounds of Mary Queen of Angels National School, close to Ballyfermot Garda Station. Cherry Orchard Boxing Club was founded by volunteers in 2012 to cope with the demand for the sport in the area after the summer Olympics. The club used facilities in the Orchard Community Center, Cherry Orchard Grove until a permanent home for the club was built with the help of Dublin City Council on the site.

Equestrian
Cherry Orchard Equine Centre is an equine, education and training centre that offers a number of services to the local area located at Cherry Orchard Green, Ballyfermot. One of the main services it provides is horse riding lessons for children and adults in the community. It was established in 2001 in response to children not attending school in order to tend to the horses kept in Ballyfermot. The problem of horses being kept in the Dublin suburb has spanned generations despite lack of proper facilities and horsemanship knowledge. This centre was established in order to combat this issue and provide people with the skills required to care for a horse.

Other sports
The Pigeon Club near Sarsfield Park reflects a local tradition.

Rugby, badminton, martial arts, snooker, pool, bowling, squash, handball, racquetball, indoor go-karting, tennis, pitch and putt, fishing, boules, rock-climbing, River Liffey rowing, and table tennis are all represented by local clubs.

Leisure centres
Ballyfermot Leisure Centre is located on Le Fanu Road. Ballyfermot Leisure Co-Op (BLCO) is located on Gurteen Road adjacent to Mary Queen of Angels National School. Liffey Valley Fitness is located on the Colcut Road. Sheldon Park Fitness Centre is located on the Kylemore Road. SanoVitae Health and Fitness Club is located in the Clarion Hotel complex close to the Liffey Valley Shopping Centre. The Little Gym is also located in the Clarion Hotel complex.

Religion
Religious institutions serving the area include the Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Assumption (sometimes shorted to 'Church of the Assumption') and the Church of St Matthew, St Laurence's Church, Chapelizod (Church of Ireland), and a number of Christian Evangelist denominations.

Notable people
 Ian Bermingham, footballer with the all time record appearances for St Patrick's Athletic.
 Karen Byrne, Professional Dancer known for her appearances on Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV Series)
 Mary Byrne is a local singer who, in 2010, appeared on the British version of The X Factor.
 Joe Duffy, an Irish broadcaster, was raised in Ballyfermot
 Willo Flood, former professional footballer who played for Manchester City and Celtic.
 The Fureys, a traditional Irish music family, grew up locally and began their professional career while living in Ballyfermot. Their father Ted Furey was a traditional fiddler, a music teacher, and a member of Comhaltas Ceoltori Éireann.
 Jonny Hayes, Republic of Ireland international footballer that also played for Celtic.
 Lorraine Keane, Irish broadcaster and journalist studied broadcasting and journalism at Ballyfermot College.
 Fiach Moriarty; the singer-songwriter grew up in the area
 Declan O'Rourke, the Irish/Australian singer-songwriter, has family connections with Ballyfermot.
 Liam Weldon, sean-nós singer and songwriter, born and grew up in the Liberties but lived for most of his life in Ballyfermot.

References

Further reading
  A history of the County of Dublin Part IV (1906, F. Elrington Ball)
  A Topographical Dictionary Of Ireland (1837 Samuel Lewis)

External links

Towns and villages in South Dublin (county)
Places in South Dublin (county)
Civil parishes of Uppercross

Ballyfermot


Omloop Het Nieuwsblad 2016 var den 71. udgave af cykelløbet Omloop Het Nieuwsblad som blev arrangeret lørdag 27. februar 2016. Vinderen af løbet blev Greg Van Avermaet.

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
 Christopher Juul-Jensen kørte for
 Magnus Cort kørte for
 Michael Mørkøv kørte for
 Sebastian Lander kørte for
 Martin Mortensen kørte for
 Alexander Kamp kørte for
 Mads Pedersen kørte for
 Michael Reihs kørte for
 Michael Carbel kørte for

Resultat

Eksterne henvisninger

2016
UCI Europe Tour 2016

Omloop Het Nieuwsblad 2016


Pauli Arbarei (sardisk: Paùli Arbarèi) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Sud Sardegna i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 140 meters højde og har 616 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 15,14 km² og grænser til kommunerne Las Plassas, Lunamatrona, Siddi, Tuili, Turri, Ussaramanna og Villamar.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Sud Sardegna

Pauli Arbarei


ජල කඳක් () යනු සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ග්‍රහලෝකයක මතුපිට ඇති ඕනෑම සැලකිය යුතු පමණින් ජලය එකතු වී ඇති ස්ථානයකි. මෙම යෙදුම බොහෝ විට සාගර, මුහුදු සහ විල් සඳහා භාවිතා කරයි, නමුත් එයට පොකුණු, තෙත්බිම් හෝ වඩාත් කලාතුරකින්, puddles සඳහා භාවිතා වේ. ජල කඳක් නිශ්චලව පැවතීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය නැත; ගංගා, ඇළ දොළ, ඇළ මාර්ග සහ ජලය එක් ස්ථානයක සිට තවත් ස්ථානයකට ගමන් කරන වෙනත් භූගෝලීය ලක්ෂණ ද ජල කඳන් ලෙස සැලකේ.

වර්ග

ජල කඳන් නොවන ජලය සම්බන්ධ සමහර භූගෝලීය ලක්ෂණ ඇති බව සලකන්න, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස දිය ඇලි, ගීසර් (geyser) සහ rapids.

වැව් – වියලි කාල වලදී වගා කටයුතු කරගැනීම සඳහා ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ජලය රැස්කර ක්‍රමවත්ව යොදාගැනීම සඳහා ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ භාවිතා වන සංකීර්ණ වගා පද්ධති විශේෂයකි.
කෘතිම ජලාශ –
Ocean – සමස්තයක් වශයෙන් ගත් කල, පෘථිවි පෘෂ්ඨයෙන් 71%ක් පමණ ආවරණය වන ප්‍රධාන ලවණ සහිත ජල කඳකි.
Pond – විලට වඩා කුඩා ජල කඳක්, විශේෂයෙන් කෘතිම සම්භවයක් ඇති ඒවා.
Reservoir – විවිධ භාවිතයන් සඳහා ජලය ගබඩා කළ හැකි ස්ථානයක්, විශේෂයෙන් පානීය ජලය, එය ස්වභාවික හෝ කෘතිම විය හැකිය (ඉහත වැව් බලන්න)
Strait – විශාල ජල කඳන් දෙකක් සම්බන්ධ කරන පටු ජල නාලිකාවක් වන අතර එමඟින් ගොඩබිම් දෙකක් අතර පිහිටා ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත

 Glossary of landforms

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

 Types of Water Bodies

ජල කඳක්


A Medalha de Serviço da Guerra da Coreia ( KWSM,    ,  "Medalha de Participação no Incidente de 25 de Junho" ' ), também conhecida como Medalha do Serviço de Guerra da República da Coreia ( ROKWSM ), é uma condecoração militar da Coreia do Sul que foi autorizada pela primeira vez em dezembro de 1950.

História

6.25 Medalha de Participação em Incidentes
Originalmente e tecnicamente conhecida como Medalha de Participação no Incidente 6.25 (decreto presidencial nº 390; 6.25 significa 25 de junho de 1950, data do início da invasão norte-coreana na Coreia do Sul. ), a medalha colorida e esmaltada de 5 pontas A versão estrela da Medalha do Serviço de Guerra da Coreia foi autorizada pela primeira vez às tropas sul-coreanas que participaram dos contra-ataques iniciais contra a agressão norte-coreana em junho de 1950.

Em 15 de setembro de 1951, o presidente Syngman Rhee referiu-se e autorizou o comandante-chefe do Comando das Nações Unidas a conferir a condecoração da "Medalha da Guerra da Coreia" e "Fita da Guerra da Coreia" ("Medalha de Serviço da Guerra da Coreia"), "para os bravos e valentes membros do Comando das Nações Unidas que estiveram, e estão agora, combatendo o agressor comunista na Coréia."

Veja também

 Prêmios e condecorações das forças armadas dos Estados Unidos

Ligações externas

 Local do 60º aniversário da Guerra da Coréia

Medalhas de campanha
Prêmios estabelecidos em 1950

Medalha de Serviço da Guerra da Coreia


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| fæðingarstaður = Kaupmannahöfn, Danmörku
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| verðlaun       =
| þekkt_fyrir    =
| stjórnmálaflokkur =
| starf          = Kvikmyndaleikstjóri,handritshöfundur
| trú            =
| maki           =
| börn           =
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Kristín Bergþóra Pálsdóttir (f. 7. desember 1948) er íslensk kvikmyndargerðarkona, kvikmyndaleikstjóri og handritshöfundur. Kristín útskrifaðist úr Menntaskólanum á Akureyri árið 1968. Kristín lærði svo í Kvikmyndaskóla Lundúna (London Film School, þá London International Film School).

Kvikmyndir

 Skilaboð til Söndru (1983)
 Ævintýri á Norðurslóðum (1992)

Tilvísanir

Tenglar

Fólk fætt árið 1948
Íslenskir kvikmyndaleikstjórar

Kristín Pálsdóttir


Alonso de Ribera de Pareja  (* um 1560 in Úbeda, Andalusien, Spanien; † 9. März 1617 in Concepción, Chile) war ein spanischer Soldat, der zweimal (1601 bis 1605 und 1612 bis 1617) als Gouverneur von Chile amtierte.

Leben

Karriere in Spanien
Ribera war das uneheliche Kind des Hidalgos Jorge de Ribera Zambrana und der Ana Gómez Montesinos, der König legitimierte ihn mit Entscheid vom 6. Dezember 1600.

Ribera studierte Mathematik und diente ab 1579 in der spanischen Armee auf dem Kriegsschauplatz in Flandern; 1590 ging er im Heer von Alessandro Farnese, dem Herzog von Parma, nach Frankreich und unterstützte ihn gegen Heinrich IV., um die Belagerung von Paris zu beenden. Den Feldzug von 1591 unternahm er im Range eines Hauptmanns mit eigener Kompanie. 1594 wurde er in der Picardie schwer verwundet. Er kämpfte auf Seiten der Katholischen Liga weiter in Frankreich gegen die Truppen von König Heinrich IV. In der Belagerung von Amiens 1597 verteidigte er die Festung. Erzherzog Alberto ernannte ihn zum Sargente Mayor, ihm unterstand damit etwa ein Drittel der gesamten spanischen Infanterie.

Ankunft in Chile und Beginn der ersten Amtszeit
1599 ernannte König Philipp III. den kampferprobten Offizier zum Gouverneur von Chile. Der Widerstand der Mapuche-Indianer im Arauco-Krieg hatte die spanische Kolonialherrschaft in Bedrängnis gebracht; Ribera erhielt daher 300 Mann Verstärkung, um die Indianer zu besiegen.

Im April 1600 reiste die Flotte von Sevilla ab mit Ziel Panama, das sie am 3. Juni 1600 erreichten. Mit kaum tauglichen Truppen und schlechter Ausrüstung ausgestattet erreichte Ribera Lima am 17. Oktober.

Der Vizekönig von Peru, Luis de Velasco, empfing Ribera kühl; er hätte lieber Alonso García de Ramón, der das Amt des Gouverneurs interimistisch innehatte, mit dem Oberbefehl im Krieg mit den Mapuche betraut, da er ihn für den fähigeren Offizier hielt. Der permanente Abfluss von Soldaten und Material für den Krieg in Chile belastete den Vizekönig, da diese Kräfte dringend bei der Verteidigung der peruanischen Küste gegen holländische und englische Freibeuter benötigt wurden. Ribera beharrte darauf, seine Truppen verstärkt zu sehen. Die Verhandlungen zogen sich hin, und so konnte Ribera erst am 24. Dezember 1600 von Callao aus gen Chile segeln.

Zerwürfnis mit García Ramón
Im Februar 1601 ging er in Concepción an Land und wurde von García Ramón empfangen.
Die drängende Kriegslage veranlasste García Ramón, eine Strategie vorzuschlagen, das spanische Heer in drei Einheiten zu teilen, deren eine die Küste entlang nach Arauco gesandt werden sollte, um die Stadt von der indianischen Belagerung zu entsetzen. Die zweite Einheit sollte im Valle Central den Forts von Villarica und Osorno zur Hilfe eilen, während die Dritte zügig die Forts von Angol und Santa Cruz wiederbesetzen sollte. Ribera zögerte mit einer Entscheidung, die dünn besetzten spanischen Einheiten weiter aufzuspalten; García bedrängte ihn mit entschiedenen Worten und stellte ihn vor die Alternative, den Teilungsplan zu akzeptieren oder García Ramón zu entlassen. Ribera antwortete am selben Tag mit der Entlassung seines Offiziers.

Heeresreform
Der Zustand der spanischen Streitkräfte in Chile erschreckte Ribera. Im Ganzen verfügten die Spanier über nicht viel mehr als tausend Mann, eine Einteilung in Kompanien gab es so wenig wie Kasernierung, und Taktik und Disziplin ließen zu wünschen übrig. Ribera machte sich – gegen den Widerstand der erfahrenen Offiziere vor Ort – daran, die Organisation der Armee nach dem Vorbild der spanischen Truppen in Flandern und Frankreich zu ändern. Zudem erreichte er eine Aufstockung der Kräfte um fast die Hälfte, nämlich 500 Mann.

Arauco-Krieg und Absetzung
Obwohl Ribera die Armee reformiert hatte und den Indianern einige Niederlagen zufügen konnte, reichten die Kräfte der Spanier bei weitem nicht aus, um die langgestreckte Fläche Chiles dauerhaft zu befestigen, zumal die Indianer mit ihrer Guerilla-Taktik strategisch im Vorteil waren.

Riberas Situation in Chile wurde auch sonst nicht leichter. Er hatte ohne die vorgeschriebene Erlaubnis des Königs eine Kreolin, Inés de Córdoba, geheiratet, und sich auch sonst einige Feinde gemacht, einmal wegen seines brüsken autoritären Charakters, aber auch weil er den mondänen Lebensstil Europas nach Chile brachte. Er zögerte nicht, sich mit einflussreichen Persönlichkeiten (wie der Familie Lisperger oder dem Bischof von Santiago) in Konflikte einzulassen.

Der Krieg gegen die Mapuche verlief trotz aller Reformen schlecht für die Spanier. Sie mussten ihre Siedlungen Valdivia und Osorno aufgeben. Ribera sah das aus strategischer Sicht als unkritisch an, doch er stand mit dieser Meinung allein. An Stelle der bisherigen Vorgehensweise mit vereinzelten weit vorgeschobenen Forts, die schwer zu halten waren, und gewagten Expeditionen, das indianische Land zu erobern, sprach sich Ribera für eine schrittweise Eroberung des Landes aus, das mit Siedlern und dauerhafter Bevölkerung durch die Eroberer zu halten sein sollte.

Als die Nachrichten von den Verlusten in Chile zusammen mit zahlreichen Klagen und Beschwerden über den Lebenswandel und den Charakter Riberas Ende 1603 den spanischen Hof erreichten, entschied König Philipp III. im Januar 1604, Ribera nach Tucumán im heutigen Argentinien zu versetzen. An seiner Statt sollte Alonso Sotomayor Gouverneur werden, doch dieser lehnte ab. So fiel das Amt 1605 doch an Alonso García Ramón, der eigentlich nur Maestre del Campo hätte werden sollen. Im Oktober 1604 erreichten die Ernennungen Chile, García Ramón erreichte Concepción im März 1605 und übernahm die Befehlsgewalt.

Ribera begab sich nach Santiago zu seiner Familie, um über die Anden ins heutige Argentinien zu gehen, wie ihm befohlen war. Der Winter hatte die Andenpässe aber unpassierbar gemacht, und so reiste Ribera erst Ende Oktober 1605 im Frühling nach Tucumán. 29 Soldaten als Begleittross gingen mit ihm. Die Überprüfung seiner Amtszeit im juicio de residencia fiel angesichts der Zahl seiner Feinde ungünstig für Ribera aus, wurde aber später vom Indienrat zu seinen Gunsten verändert.

Zweite Amtszeit
Riberas Nachfolger, García Ramón starb 1610 im Amt und wurde von Luis Merlo (1610/1611) gefolgt. Der Vizekönig in Peru benannte Juan de la Jaraquemada als neuen Gouverneur. In Madrid änderte König Philipp III. – auch auf Betreiben des Jesuitenpaters Luis de Valdivia – die Stoßrichtung des Krieges. Die Spanier wollten eine defensivere Kriegsführung probieren, die sich weitgehend an den Konzepten von Alonso de Ribera orientierte. Prompt wurde Ribera wieder über die Anden beordert, um ein zweites Mal als Gouverneur von Chile zu amtieren und die neue Taktik zum Erfolg zu führen.

Im März 1612 erreichte sein Tross Santiago, und am 2. April 1612 leistete er den Amtseid vor der Real Audiencia von Chile. Padre Valdivia, Riberas mächtiger Verbündeter auf Kirchenseite erreichte Concepción am 13. Mai.

Während sich Ribera daran machte, die neue Militärstrategie umzusetzen, bereitete Valdivia die ersten Verhandlungen mit Repräsentanten der Mapuche vor. Die Tötung von drei Jesuitenpatres durch Indianer bedeutete für die optimistischen Plänen aber einen Rückschlag. Ohnehin traf die neue Strategie bei weiten Teilen der spanischen Bevölkerung, aber auch beim Klerus auf Skepsis und Widerstand. Der König aber blieb letzten Endes bei seiner Linie und bestätigte die Vorgehensweise Riberas.

Die Spanier mussten zu dieser Zeit aber nicht nur die aufständischen Indianer fürchten, auch von See her drohte Chile Gefahr durch holländische Korsaren, die unter Kapitän van Spilberg die Küsten unsicher machten.

Zu Beginn des Jahres 1617 erkrankte Ribera schwer und ernannte auf dem Sterbebett den Oidor Fernando Talaverano Gallegos zu seinem Nachfolger. Am 9. März 1617 starb Alonso de Ribera de Pareja.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Gouverneur (Chile)
Spanier
Geboren 1560
Gestorben 1617
Mann

Alonso de Ribera de Pareja


Armand Clavaud est un botaniste né à Blanzac en Charente en 1828 et mort en 1890.

Biographie
Il fut professeur du cours municipal de botanique à Bordeaux ainsi que conservateur de la bibliothèque municipale de botanique au jardin des plantes de Bordeaux. Il constitue des herbiers et donne des conférences. Il passe sa vie à rassembler les éléments d'une encyclopédie illustrée de la flore de Gironde dont il publiera les deux premiers fascicules qui seront accompagnés de planches réalisées par ses soins. Il publie également De la fécondation dans les végétaux supérieurs (Hachette, 1868). Il fut membre de la société botanique ainsi que membre de la société linnéenne de Bordeaux. Armand Clavaud se suicide en 1890.  Le Jardin Botanique de Bordeaux possède 41 liasses de l'herbier de Clavaud.

Rencontres
En 1857, il rencontre l'artiste Odilon Redon qu'il va initier à la botanique mais aussi à certaines lectures comme Darwin, Lamarck, Baudelaire, Poe ou encore la poésie Hindoue. À sa mort en 1890, Redon lui dédiera un album d'estampes. Il rencontre également le poète Francis Jammes à qui il fera découvrir les pastels de Redon. Jammes laissera plusieurs écrits sur sa rencontres et ses impressions sur Clavaud "Je le revois : sa tête semblait avoir subi latéralement la pression du cartable à herbier, son front fuyait un peu, son nez aussi d'où descendait une épaisse moustache à la Nietzsche. La mâchoire saillait, volontaire. Les yeux étaient bridés, d'un noir d'encre de Chine, glissant continuellement de gauche à droite et de droite à gauche, tandis qu'il s'exprimait avec une inouïe volubilité. Sa parole était passionnante autant que passionnée, qu'il traitât de l'évolution des ronces, qui l'a beaucoup occupé, du guignol oriental, des chansons de geste, du sens de la nature chez George Sand ou des lithographies d'Odilon Redon, qui fut son ami de jeunesse."

Notes et références

Botaniste français du XIXe siècle

Armand Clavaud


Nicolae Fejer Man (n. 18 decembrie 1884, Hodac – d. 22 februarie  1964, Hodac) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Născut în localitatea Hodac în anul 1884, Nicolae a urmat cele șapte clase primare din localitatea natală. Se ocupă în timpul vieții sale cu agricultura iar după anul 1918 devine membru în Consiliul administrativ al Băncii Hodăceana din Hodac. A decedat în locul său de baștină la data de 22 februarie 1964.

Activitatea politică
A fost ales ca delegat titular al cercului electoral  Gornești, județul Mureș, la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia de la 1 decembrie 1918.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Nașteri în 1884
Decese în 1964
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Agricultori români

Nicolae Fejer Man


Ksantos (Likçe: 𐊀𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀 Arnna,  Ksanthos), Kaş'ın Kınık köyündeki antik kent. Kaş kara yoluna 70 km uzaklıkta bulunmaktadır. Antik Çağda Likya'ya başkentlik yapmıştır. UNESCO tarafından 'Dünya Kültür Mirası' listesine alınmıştır.

Yerleşim
Antik kent ovaya hâkim iki tepe üzerine kurulmuştur. Birincisi Eşen Çayı kenarından sarpça bir kayalık şeklinde yükselen surla çevrili Likya Akropolü yeralmakta, kuzeyde kalan ikincisi Akropol ise daha yüksek ve geniş olan Roma Akropolü bulunmakta.

Tarihçe
Xanthos antik kent hakkında kısıtlı bilgilerin olduğu fakat şehir kuruluşunun ilk temelleri M.Ö.1200'lere uzandığı sanılmaktadır.Homeros'un Truva Savaşı'nı anlatan İlyada'da geçen destansı metinlere göre, M.Ö.1184 yılında yapılan Truva Savaşı sırasında Likya liderleri Glaucus ve Sarpedon'un, Xanthos Nehri'nin topraklarından geldiği yazılıdır. Aynı metinde Achilles'in ölümsüz ve konuşan atının ismi de Xanthos'dur. Kent M.Ö. 545 yıllarında Persler'in istilasına uğrayıp egemenliklerine girene kadar bağımsız olarak yaşadıkları kaynak ve arkeolojik verilerden anlamaktayız. Xanthos kenti, birçok önemli özelliklerinin yanında tarihi en çok acılarla dolu kent olarak bilinir. Tarihçiler, kentin birçok kez yerle bir olduğunu veya yandığını fakat yeni şehrin küller arasından yeniden yeşerdiğini anlatmaktadır. M.Ö.168 yılında Likya Birliğinin idari ve dini başkenti olmuş kentte ele geçen en eski kalıntılar MÖ 8. yüzyıla kadar gitmektedir. Pek çok tarihi olaya ve savaşa sahne olan kentten günümüze ulaşan kalıntılar arasında kaya mezarları, lahit mezarları ve Likya kültürüne özgü dikme mezar anıtları vardır. Likya akropol'ü erken dönem eserleri arasındadır. Birçok kez onarılmış tiyatro ve Erken Hristiyanlık Döneminde yapılmış kilise görülebilecek eserler arasındadır. 1840'lı yıllarda antik kentte kazılar yapan İngiliz arkeolog Charles Fellows, "Nereidler Anıtı" ile pek çok eseri British Museum'a götürmüştür.

Araştırma kazıları
İlk araştırmaları 1838'de Charles Fellows tarafından yapıldığı Xanthos'u keşfettiği ve ören yerinden çıkan bazı eserleri Londra'ya götürdüğü, Likya medeniyetini tanıttığını, 1950 yılında Fransız arkeologlar tarafından tekrar başlatılan kazılar 2011 yılından bu yana Prof. Dr. Burhan Varkıvanç başkanlığında yürütülüyor.

Resimler

Ayrıca bakınız
Kherei Anıtı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Fransız Arkeoloji Misyon Ksanthos-Letoon resmi web sitesi

Türkiye'deki Dünya Mirasları
Antik Yunan kentleri
Anadolu'daki Yunan kolonileri
Likya antik kentleri
Türk Rivierası
Antalya ilindeki arkeolojik sitler
Türkiye'deki eski yerleşim birimleri
Kaş

Ksanthos


Aceasta este o listă de regizori de film danezi:

A
Asbjørn Andersen
Nikolaj Arcel
Morten Arnfred
Natasha Arthy
Bille August
Gabriel Axel

B
 Erik Balling
 Poul Bang
 Aske Bang
 Susanne Bier
 Jens Bjerre
 August Blom
 Christoffer Boe
 Ole Bornedal
 Christian Holten Bonke

C
Henning Carlsen
Benjamin Christensen
Pernille Fischer Christensen
Erik Clausen

D
Carl Theodor Dreyer

E
Peter Elfelt
Jonas Elmer
Franz Ernst

F
Per Fly
Peter Schønau Fog
Gert Fredholm
Grete Frische

G
Emanuel Gregers
Lene Grønlykke
Sven Grønlykke
Peer Guldbrandsen

H
Rumle Hammerich
Jannik Hastrup
Astrid Henning-Jensen
Bjarne Henning-Jensen
Finn Henriksen
Annelise Hovmand
Allan Hyde

I
Bodil Ipsen
Jon Iversen

J
Johan Jacobsen
Anders Thomas Jensen
Tomas Villum Jensen
Hella Joof

K
Palle Kjærulff-Schmidt
Søren Kragh-Jacobsen
Hans Kristensen

L
Birger Larsen
Viggo Larsen
Lau Lauritzen
Jørgen Leth
Lisbeth Lynghøft

M
Ole Christian Madsen
Nils Malmros
Sven Methling
Svend Methling
Ib Mossin
Flemming Quist Møller

N
Jesper W. Nielsen

O
Alice O'Fredericks
Annette K. Olesen
Lasse Spang Olsen
Niels Arden Oplev
Katrin Ottarsdóttir (Insulele Faroe)

P
John Price

R
Annelise Reenberg
Anders Refn
Nicolas Winding Refn
Jytte Rex
Kaspar Rostrup

S
Åke Sandgren
Lone Scherfig
George Schnéevoigt
Gunnar Sommerfeldt

T
Knud Leif Thomsen

V
Knud Vesterskov
Thomas Vinterberg
Lars von Trier

W
Arne Weel

Vezi și
 Listă de regizori de film
 Listă de actori danezi

regizori
 Listă
Cinematografia daneză

Listă de regizori danezi


Eisenbahn bezeichnet:
 Eisenbahn, Schienenverkehrsmittel
 Eisenbahn (Brauerei), Brauerei in Brasilien

Die Eisenbahn bezeichnet:
 Die Eisenbahn, Titel eines Bildes von Édouard Manet
 Die Eisenbahn, früherer Titel der Zeitschrift Tec21, siehe Schweizerische Bauzeitung#Die Eisenbahn (1874–1882)

Siehe auch:
 Eisenbahn in der Heraldik

Eisenbahn (Begriffsklärung)


Federated Malay States var en samling britiske protektorater på Malayahalvøen fra 1895 til 1946. Staterne Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak og Selangor var med i føderationen. Hovedstaden var Kuala Lumpur. Folketallet var i 1941 på 2.212.052. Føderationen dækkede et areal på 69.930 km².

Andre malaystater, som ikke var med i føderationen, blev kaldt Unfederated Malay States. Øvrige kolonier i Britisk Malaya var fra 1867 samlet i Straits Settlements.

Federated Malay States skulle efter planen omdannes til Den malayiske union i 1946, men blev i 1948 til Malaya-føderationen.

Baggrund og økonomi

Baggrunden for føderationen var at briterne ønskede at udjævne de økonomiske forskelle mellem Perak, Selangor og Negeri Sembilan på vestkysten og Pahang på østkysten.

Briterne ønskede at fremme en økonomisk udvikling, som tjente deres interesser, med særlig vægt på at få udviklet en eksportrettet økonomi. Der blev investeret i jernbaneudbygning, gummiplantager, palmeolieplantager og minedrift efter tinn.

Foruden dyrkning af gummi og oliepalme, blev der også produceret ris og dyrket kokosnødder. I mindre udstrækning var der også dyrkning af maniok, ananas, te, kaffe, tobak og betelnødder. Tømmereksporten var af betydning, og i skovdriften var der også produktion af guttaperka, harpiks og andet. Ved siden af tin blev der også udvundet guld, wolfram og kul.

Befolkning
Befolkningen var stærkt voksende i hele føderationens levetid. Føderationen havde ved folketællingen i 1901 en samlet befolkning på omkring 665.000. I 1941 var indbyggertallet beregnet til 2.212.052.

Fordelt på staterne var de beregnede folkemængder i 1941:
 Negeri Sembilan: 296.009
 Pahang: 221.800
 Perak: 992.691
 Selangor: 701.552

Briterne indførte arbejdskraft fra Kina og Indien, hvilket bevirkede en ændret befolkningssammensætning. I 1941 talte staternes samlede befolkning flere kinesere og indere end malayer:
 Malayer: 722.626
 Kinesere: 989.635
 Indere: 466.056
 Europæere: 1.149
 Eurasiere: 5.286
 Andre: 17.300

Politisk organisering og udvikling

Unionen trådte i kraft i juni 1896. Føderationen var baseret på en vag og løst formuleret unionstraktat, som var indgået af de fire herskere, sultanerne af Pahang, Perak og Selangor og Yang di-Pertuan Besar af Negeri Sembilan. Den var et middel til standardisering af politik og forvaltning i de britisk kontrollerede malaystater. Der blev lagt op til samordning af polititjenestene, offentlige arbejder, jernbanen, post- og telegrafvæsen. Staterne fik en fælles offentlig forvaltning og fælles lovgivning. Staterne forpligtede sig til at hjælpe hinanden økonomisk, hvilket særlig Pahan, med sin store statsgæld havde behov for.

De fire stater i føderationen havde hver sin britiske resident, som stod for kolonimagtens opsyn med staternes politik og forvaltning. Føderationen fik en generalresident, som var overordnet residenterne i staterne. Generalresidenten samordnede politikken med generalguvernøren i Singapore, som også havde rollen som højkommissær i staterne. Føderationen styrkede den britiske kolonimagt på bekostning af staterne og herskerne der.

I 1909 blev centraliseringen og standardiseringen yderligere styrket ved, at der blev etableret et føderationsråd. Dette overtog lovgivingsmyndigheden fra statsrådene i staterne og fik også myndighed i pengespørgsmål. Generalresidenten blev imidlertid nedgraderet til førstesekretær, hvilket styrket generalguvernøren i Singapore. Føderationsrådet blev et redskab for at fremme europæiske og kinesiske økonomiske interesser knyttede til plantage- og minedrift.

Det blev afholdt møder, durbar, mellem herskerne i føderationen, men herskernes stilling var ikke desto mindre svækket til fordel for briterne. Herskernes rolle blev reduceret til sager knyttede til malayisk tradition og religion, det vil sige islam. I 1927 blev herskernes position yderligere svækket, da de gik med til, at de britiske residenter kunne repræsentere dem i føderationsrådet.

Centraliseringen og herskernes svækkede stilling medførte, at der i 1920-erne fremkom krav om decentralisering og ændring af en del af de tiltag, som briterne havde fået gennemført. Repræsentanterne for de europæiske og kinesiske økonomiske interesser var modstandere af dette, og reformerne blev derfor begrænsede. I finanssager fik statsrådene i staterne imidlertid tilbageført nogen myndighed. Yderligere decentraliseringskrav kom i 1930-erne, da europæere, kinesere og indere i stærkere grad vandt indpass i statsrådene i staterne. Udviklingen medførte, at sultanerne i 1930-erne begyndte at støtte organisationer til forsvar af malayernes interesser. Briternes håb om, at føderationen kunne blive et redskab for sammensmeltning af staterne til én enhed, gik således ikke i opfyldelse. I stedet fik de traditionelle herskere fornyet tilslutning.

Mod slutningen af 1930-erne genvandt staterne nogen magt. I 1935 blev stillingen som førstesekretær helt afskaffet. I 1939 blev råderetten over landbrug, skovbrug, minedrift, offentlige arbejder, skolevæsen og sundhedsvæsen overført til staterne. Lovgivningen blev nu delt mellem føderationen og delstaterne. Imidlertid forblev staterne økonomisk afhængige af føderationen, som tildelte årlige bloktilskud.

2. verdenskrig
Under 2. verdenskrig var Federated Malay States okkuperet af Japan fra 1941 til 1945. Malayahalvøen blev invaderet i december 1941. Ødelæggelserne var store og okkupationsregimet hårdt, særlig for den kinesiske befolkning.

Japan administrerede Federated Malay States fra Singapore. Malaya blev inddelt i 10 provinser efter en inddeling, som stort set fulgte de tidligere grænser mellem staterne. Der blev indsat japanske guvernører. Fra marts 1942 var disse civile. De tidligere herskere blev først skubbet til side men blev i 1943 gjort til rådgivere for de japanske guvernørere.

Med den japanske kapitulation i august 1945 genvandt briterne militær kontrol og landsatte i september styrker på Malayahalvøen. Federated Malay States kom da under britisk militæradministration.

Afvikling

Efter, at briterne genvandt kontrol over Malaya, fortsatte de deres bestræbelser på at slå områderne sammen i en større enhed. Planen var at samle de "fødererede" og "ufødererede" malaystater, samt britiske koloniområder i Den malayiske union i 1946. Dette mødte imidlertid modstand, og i stedet blev Malaya-føderationen dannet i 1948.

Noter

Litteratur
 Andaya, Barbara Watson og Leonard Y. Andaya: History of Malaysia, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001
 Belfield, H. Conway: Handbook of The Federated Malay States, London: Edward Stanford, 1902
 Government and Politics [1940-2006], bd. 11 i The Encyclopedia of Malaysia, Archipelago Press, 2006
 Hooker, Virginia Matheson: A Short History of Malaysia. Linking East and West, Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin, 2003
 The Statesman's Year-Book 1947, London: Macmillan, 1947
 Martin Vahl, Gudmund Hatt: Jorden og Menneskelivet. Geografisk Haandbog; Tredje Bind; København 1925; s. 285-291

Eksterne henvisninger
 An illustrated guide to the Federated Malay States, 1920. Digitaliserede udgaver fra Internet Archive
 "Malakka" (Nordisk familjebok; 1800-talsutgåvan. 20. Supplement. C - Öxnevalla; 1899; sp. 1574)
 "Malajiska skyddsstaterna" (Nordisk familjebok; Uggleupplagan. 17. Lux - Mekanik; 1912; sp. 603)
 "Malajiska skyddsstaterna" (Nordisk familjebok; Uggleupplagan. 37. Supplement. L - Riksdag; 1925; sp. 408)

Malaysia
Forhenværende britiske kolonier
Britisk Malaya

Federated Malay States


Tristan Delacroix (né le  à Toulon) est un coureur cycliste français, membre de l'équipe Nice Métropole Côte d'Azur.

Biographie

Lors de la saison 2019, Tristan Delacroix s'impose sur une étape du Tour Nivernais Morvan. Deux ans plus tard, il remporte le Tour du Kosovo (avec une étape) et termine troisième du Tour de Serbie, dans le calendrier de l'UCI. Il se distingue également dans le programme de la Coupe de France DN2 en remportant une étape des Boucles Nationales du Printemps, mais aussi le Grand Prix Christian Fenioux.

En 2022, le Team Nice Métropole Côte d'Azur crée son équipe continentale. Tristan Delacroix y passe professionnel, à l'âge de 27 ans. Il réalise ses débuts lors du Grand Prix La Marseillaise. Il enchaîne avec le Tour de La Provence, où il se classe dix-neuvième du classement général.

Palmarès
 2015
 Nocturne de la Sainte-Madeleine
 Souvenir Stéphane Huc
 2016
  de la Ronde nancéienne
 Grand Prix de la Londe-les-Maures
 2017
 Ronde vénitienne
  des Boucles du Tarn et du Sidobre
 2018
 Grand Prix de Pégomas
  des Boucles du Tarn et du Sidobre
 2019
  du Tour Nivernais Morvan
 2021
  des Boucles Nationales du Printemps
 Tour du Kosovo :
 Classement général

 Grand Prix Christian Fenioux
  des Quatre Jours des As-en-Provence
  du Tour de Serbie

Classements mondiaux

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste français
Naissance en juin 1994
Naissance à Toulon
Étudiant de l'université de Toulon

Tristan Delacroix


Mihaela Oana Minciună (n. 17 aprilie 1999, în Corjova) este o handbalistă originară din Republica Moldova care joacă pentru clubul Sport Lisboa e Benfica din Lisabona pe postul de centru. După naturalizarea în Portugalia, Minciună a fost convocată la echipa națională U19 a acestei țări și a participat la Campionatul European din 2017, desfășurat în Slovenia.

Palmares
Cupa Challenge:
 Șaisprezecimi: 2015

Note

Legături externe
EHF: Pagina Mihaelei Minciună
  Interviu cu Mihaela Minciună

Jucătoare de handbal din Republica Moldova
Jucătoare de handbal din Portugalia
Nașteri în 1999
Sportivi moldoveni în viață
Sportivi portughezi în viață
Oameni din raionul Criuleni
Handbaliști expatriați
Moldoveni expatriați în Portugalia
Moldoveni expatriați în Spania

Mihaela Minciună


HuniePop 2: Double Date est un jeu vidéo de tile-matching combiné à un jeu de drague créé et développé par Ryan Koons, mieux connu sous le pseudonyme HuniePot.
Publié le 8 février 2021 sur Steam et suite officielle de son prédécesseur HuniePop, le joueur entre dans la peau d'un jeune homme devant sauver le monde de la destruction par un duo intergalactique.

Trame
Les Nymphojinn, un duo de succubes intergalactiques composé de Moxie et Jewn, se sont installées à l'intérieur du Mont Nymphojaro, un volcan sur Inna de Poona, une île de vacances touristique. Elles se réveillent tous les dix mille ans, et leur rage est connue pour avoir anéanti des galaxies entières. Une légende raconte que seul un héros capable de les satisfaire sexuellement peut les rendormir...

Système de jeu
Comme son prédécesseur, HuniePop 2 est un jeu de tile-matching combiné à un jeu de drague dans lequel le joueur doit séduire des femmes à travers des rencards. Bien que les parties "discussion" et "rencards" soient toujours présentes, le jeu se concentre plus sur le triolisme, méthode sine qua non pour récolter des ailes de fée permettant de réveiller les Nymphojinn.

Dans les parties "rencards", le joueur doit remplir une Barre d'affection en combinant des jetons avant qu'il épuise les tours qui lui sont alloués. Les jetons restent les mêmes, avec l'ajout d'un quatrième jeton spécial, l'Endurance. En effet, malgré le côte trioliste des rencards, le joueur ne peut se concentrer que sur une seule partenaire à la fois, et combiner des jetons envers elle fait décroître son endurance. Lorsque son endurance est vide, le joueur changera automatiquement vers l'autre partenaire, et le joueur devra attendre quelques tours avant qu'il puisse revenir vers la partenaire d'origine.

Pendant les parties "discussion", le joueur aura les mêmes choix que dans le premier jeu, c'est-à-dire engager un rencard, offrir un cadeau ou encore engager une discussion. Pendant cette dernière, il se peut que le joueur se verra poser une question en relation avec la personnalité ou le passé de sa partenaire : cette question cache un Bagage, un objet permettant de hausser la difficulté des rencards : par exemple, le bagage peut entraîner un drain d'endurance plus important ou encore infliger au joueur l'impossibilité d'offrir certains cadeaux.

Personnages

De base
Le joueur peut rencontrer 12 partenaires. Lola Rembrite et Jessie Maye reviennent du prédécesseur HuniePop :

Lailani Kealoha : Une jeune Polynésienne travaillant comme réceptionniste à l'hôtel Love Lei. Elle est timide, a une faible estime de soi et se considère elle-même laide par rapport aux autres partenaires du jeu. Son trait préféré est la Romance.
Nora Delrio : Une dealeuse de cocaïne mexicaine travaillant comme femme de chambre à l'hôtel Love Lei. Ses problèmes financiers la poussent souvent à voler les bijoux de Lola. Son trait préféré est la Romance.
Polly Bendleson : Cette vidéaste web transgenre spécialisée dans les astuces beauté a une passion obsessionnelle pour les années 1950 à 1980, au point d'affirmer d'être née dans la mauvaise décennie. Son trait préféré est le Flirt.
Candace Crush : Une stripteaseuse amicale et pleine d'énergie mais avec trois défauts majeurs : elle est accro à la cocaïne, pas très intelligente et une vraie tête-en-l'air. Son trait est le Flirt.
Ashley Rosemary : Travaillant comme mannequin avec plus de deux millions d'abonnés sur les réseaux sociaux, cette jeune femme britannique est aussi à la tête de son propre groupe de punk. Son trait préféré est la Sexualité.
Brooke Belrose : Mère de famille française ainsi qu'une entrepreneuse de renom, cette femme dans la quarantaine a un goût pour les cadeaux luxueux et n'aime son mari que pour son argent. Son trait préféré est le Talent.
Lola Rembrite : Cette hôtesse de l'air afro-anglaise travaille en temps partiel pour se concentrer sur ses projets de devenir une star de la mode. Son trait préféré est le Talent.
Abia Nawazi : Cette agente de sécurité arabe travaillant à l'aéroport ne pense qu'à l'accouplement, au point que cela s'immisce dans sa vie sous forme de quiproquos involontaires. Son trait préféré est la Sexualité.
Jessie Maye : Cette ancienne actrice pornographique a perdu son travail et a un côté plus mélancolique, mais a gardé son sens de l'humour et de la flatterie. Son trait préféré est la Romance.
Lillian Aurawell : Une adolescente gothique et sarcastique, ayant développée une haine profonde pour la vie et cherchant le meilleur moyen de se suicider. Son trait préféré est la Sexualité.
Denise Greene : Se considérant elle-même inhumaine, cette afro-américaine passionnée de sorcellerie brise souvent le quatrième mur avec sa vaste connaissance de l'histoire du jeu. Son trait préféré est le Talent.
Sarah Stevens : Obsédée par la culture japonaise, cette ganguro travaillant dans un magasin de thé aux perles est connue pour son caractère casse-pieds, agaçant tous ceux qui l'entourent. Son trait préféré est le Flirt.

Nymphojinn
Les Nymphojinn sont un duo de succubes intergalactiques, se réveillant tous les dix mille ans pour laisser leur rage détruire des galaxies entières si elles ne sont pas satisfaites sexuellement :

Moxie : La Nymphojinn rose, symbole du soleil et de la lumière. Arrogante et colérique, elle ne mâche pas ses mots et perd facilement son sang-froid.
Jewn : La Nymphojinn bleue, symbole de la lune et des ténèbres. Gardant son sang-froid en toutes circonstances, elle adore se moquer du joueur.

Accueil
À l'instar de son prédécesseur, HuniePop 2 a été bien accueilli par les critiques : ainsi, Metacritic argument que , ce qui mènera à une note finale de 75 sur 100. De plus, GotGame argumente que , ce qui aboutira avec une note finale de 8,5 sur 10.

Références

Lien externe

Jeu vidéo sorti en 2021
Jeu Windows
Jeu Linux
Jeu vidéo développé aux États-Unis
Jeu de drague
Jeu vidéo érotique

HuniePop 2: Double Date


d'Alexandrie est un patriarche melkite d'Alexandrie vers 1100.

Contexte
Selon L'Art de vérifier les dates,  siège vers 1120 et la Bibliothèque des Médicis conserve de lui un traité contre l'hérésie des Bogomiles. C'est tout ce que l'on sait de lui.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Patriarche orthodoxe d'Alexandrie du XIIe siècle
Date de décès incertaine (XIIe siècle)

Euloge II d'Alexandrie


آرتش لينكس  (ويختصر عادة إلى آرتش فقط) هي توزيعة لينكس مستوحاة من توزيعة CRUX تهدف إلى تقديم نظام تشغيل بسيط وخفيف.

إدارة الحزم

باكمان

جميع الحزم يتم إدارتها باستخدام مدير الحزم باكمان، باكمان يتولى حذف، ترقية، وتثبيت الحزم وتبعياتها بطريقة تلقائية. يحصل آرتش لينكس على الحزم من شجرة حزم آرتش لينكس: Arch Linux package tree)، ويتم تصنيفها على حسب المعمارية 32 بت أو 64 بت. ويعتمد آرتش لينكس على الحزم التي تحمل الاحقة tar.gz، وtar.xz، بشكل مبدئي.

مستودعات

 كور: أساسي (core)، الذي يحتوي على جميع الحزم الأساسية التي يحتاجها النظام.
  إكسترا: اضافي، (extra) الذي يحتوي على حزم ليست أساسية للنظام مثل بيئات سطح المكتب والبرامج.
  اختباري، (testing) مستودع خاص بالحزم التي يتم ترشيحها لأن تكون أساسية، أو مستودعات إضافية. (يتم ترشيحها لتذهب إلى المستودع كور أو إلى المستودع إكسترا)
  المجتمع، (community) الذي يحتوي على حزم بنيت ليتم التصويت عليها من قبل المجتمع: يتضمن الحزم التي أخذت أصواتا كافية، واعتمدت من قبل «مستخدم موثوق».
 مستودع المجتمع الاختباري ، (community-testing) مثل المستودع الاختباري، لكنه فيه الحزم التي يتم ترشيحها لتذهب إلى مستودع «المجتمع»(community).
  multilib، مستودع مركزي لمستخدمي معالجات x86_64، لسهولة أكبر في دعم تطبيقات 32 بت في بيئة 64 بت.

كان هناك مستودع غير مستقر (unstable)، الغي في يوليو 2008 وتم توزيع أغلب حزمه على عدة مستودعات أخرى، بالإضافة لتلك المستودعات الرسمية، يوجد مستودعات غير رسمية. (تسمى مستودعات مستخدمي آرتش: Arch User Repositories).

المستودعات الأمنية

انتقد آرتش لينكس لعدم وجود نظام لتوقيع الحزم. ليتمكن باكمان خلال عملية التحميل والتثبيت من التحقق من صحة الحزم والبيانات الوصفية.ومن دون عملية التحقق والمصادقة على صحتها فإنه يمكن العبث بها، والتعديل عليها بأمور خبيثة تهدد سلامة النظام.

نظام بناء آرتش

نظام بناء آرتش (The Arch Build System)، هو بناء الحزم من المصدر وتحزيمها للحصول على حزم ثنائية بطريقة تشبه نظام المنقولات، المتبع في أنظمة بي إس دي، ليتم تثبيتها عبر باكمان.

إصدارات

ترقيات مستمرة

مشابها لما معمول به في جنتو، وعلى عكس التوزيعات الرئيسية الأخرى مثل اوبنتو، وفيدورا، آرتش لينكس لايطلق إصداراته كل فترة أو في تواريخ محددة. ولكنه يعمل بنظام ترقيات مستمرة. طريقته في إدارة الحزم تسمح للمستخدمين بالمحافظة على نظام حديث بشكل مستمر، بدلاً من تشجيع المستخدمين على الانتقال بين الإصدارات المختلفة، إصدارات آرتش لينكس هي مجرد لقطات (تحديثات صغيرة الحجم) من مجموعة الحزم الحالية.

بدءاً من الإصدار 2009,02 أصبح الهدف تحقيق تناسق بين الإصدارات التالية وإصدارات النواة، من أجل توفير الدعم الأمثل للأجهزة، وهذا يعني إصدار جديد كل 3 أو 4 أشهر.

اعتباراً من مارس 2011، كان الإصدار 2010.05 هو أحدث إصدار، الذي صدر بتاريخ 17 مايو 2010.

تاريخ الإصدارات

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 صفحة آرتش على موقع Distrowatch

توزيعات لينكس
توزيعات لينكس ذات الإصدارة المتدحرجة

آرش لينكس


Adam Yates (født 7. august 1992 i Bury) er en britisk landevejscykelrytter. Han kører for UCI World Tour-holdet . Han blev professionel i 2014. Hans tvillingebror, Simon Yates, er også en professionel cykelrytter. Han er ikke i familie med tidligere cykelrytter Sean Yates.

Resultater (landevej)

2013
2. plads samlet, Tour de l'Avenir
2014
Samlet og 6. etape, Tyrkiet Rundt
GP Industria & Artigianato di Larciano
2015
Clásica de San Sebastián
2016
Ungdomskonkurrencen, Tour de France
2017
GP Industria & Artigianato di Larciano
2018
 5. etape, Tirreno-Adriatico
 7. etape, Critérium du Dauphiné
2019
 4. etape, Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana
 3. etape, Catalonien Rundt
 6. etape, Baskerlandet Rundt
2020
Samlet og 3. etape, UAE Tour
2021
Samlet og 3. etape, Catalonien Rundt
2022
Samlet og 3. etape, Deutschland Tour
2023
7. etape, UAE Tour
Samlet og 4. etape, Romandiet Rundt
1. etape, Tour de France

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Mandlige cykelryttere fra England
Personer fra Bury (Greater Manchester)
Tvillinger fra England
Cykelryttere ved sommer-OL 2016
Cykelryttere ved sommer-OL 2020
Deltagere for Storbritannien ved sommer-OL 2016
Deltagere for Storbritannien ved sommer-OL 2020

Adam Yates


Staza Spa-Francorchamps automobilistička je staza smještena u Stavelotu u Belgiji. Aktualna je staza na kojoj se vozi Velika nagrada Belgije u prvenstvu Formule 1.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Spa-Francorchamps

Spa Francorchamps
Spa Francorchamps

Staza Spa-Francorchamps


Boissière () is a station of the Paris Métro serving line 6 at the intersection of the Rue Boissière and the Avenue Kleber in the 16th arrondissement.

History
The station opened on 2 October 1900 as a branch of line 1 from Étoile to Trocadéro. On 5 November 1903 this line was extended to Passy and the line from Étoile to Trocadéro and Passy became known as line 2 South as part of a planned ring line around central Paris to be built under or over the boulevards built in place of the demolished Wall of the Farmers-General; this circle is now operated as two lines: 2 and 6. On 14 October 1907 the line from Étoile to Trocadéro, Place d'Italie and Gare du Nord became part of line 5. On 6 October 1942 the section of line 5 from Étoile to Place d'Italie, including Boissière, was transferred to line 6.

In 1730, Rue Boissière was a road out of the city which was an extension of the Rue de la Croix-Boissière (French for "street of the wooden cross") inside Paris.  Its name came from the custom of remembering the crucifixion by hanging up boxwood on Palm Sunday. The station is close to the location of the Barrière des Réservoirs, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in the nineteenth century.

Passenger services

Access
The station has a single entrance called Avenue Kléber, leading to the right of no. 57 in the avenue. Consisting of a fixed staircase, it is decorated with a Guimard entrance, which is the subject of a registration as a historical monument by the decree of 12 February 2016.

Station layout

Platforms
Boissière is a station of standard configuration. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is of the style used for most metro stations, the light canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the 2000's metro revival, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, tunnel exits and corridor outlets. The vault is painted white. The advertising frames are metallic, and the name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plates. The seats are Motte style in green.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 22, 30 and 82 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by line N53 of the Noctilien network.

Nearby
 Square Thomas Jefferson

References

Paris Métro stations in the 16th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1900

Boissière station


කොරියානු විකාශන පද්ධතිය (Korean Broadcasting System / KBS; ) දකුණු කොරියාවේ ජාතික විකාශකයා වේ. 1927 දී ආරම්භ කරන ලද එය දකුණු කොරියානු රූපවාහිනී සහ ගුවන් විදුලි විකාශකයන්ගෙන් එකකි.

KBS ගුවන්විදුලි ජාල හතක්, රූපවාහිනී නාලිකා දහයක් සහ අන්තර්ජාලයට පමණක් සීමා වූ සේවාවන් කිහිපයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි. එහි ප්‍රමුඛතම භෞමික රූපවාහිනී මධ්‍යස්ථාන KBS1 නාලිකාව 9 හි විකාශනය කරන අතර KBS1 සහෝදර නාලිකාව KBS2, විනෝදාස්වාදය ඉලක්ක කරගත් ජාලයක්, නාලිකාව 7 හි විකාශනය කරයි. KBS ජාත්‍යන්තර සේවාව KBS World ද ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි, එය විවිධ භාෂා දොළහකින් රූපවාහිනී, ගුවන්විදුලිය සහ මාර්ගගත සේවා සපයයි.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

දකුණු කොරියාව

කොරියානු විකාශන පද්ධතිය


Baron St Oswald, of Nostell in the West Riding of the County of York, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1885 for the industrialist and Conservative politician Rowland Winn, a former Member of Parliament for North Lincolnshire. His son, the second Baron, represented Pontefract in the House of Commons. His grandson, the fourth Baron, held junior ministerial positions in the Conservative administrations of Harold Macmillan and Alec Douglas-Home and also sat as a Member of the European Parliament.  the title is held by the latter's nephew, the sixth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1999.

The family seat is Nostell Priory, near Crofton, West Yorkshire. The house was handed over to the National Trust in 1953 but is still the home of the Barons St Oswald.

Barons St Oswald (1885)
Rowland Winn, 1st Baron St Oswald (1820–1893)
Rowland Winn, 2nd Baron St Oswald (1857–1919)
Rowland George Winn, 3rd Baron St Oswald (1893–1957)
Rowland Denys Guy Winn, 4th Baron St Oswald (1916–1984)
Derek Edward Anthony Winn, 5th Baron St Oswald (1919–1999)
Charles Rowland Andrew Winn, 6th Baron St Oswald (b. 1959)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon. Rowland Charles Sebastian Henry Winn (b. 1986)

See also
Baron Headley

Notes

References

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
1885 establishments in the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1885
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Baron St Oswald


වයිකින්ග් ගවේෂණයේ පරීක්ෂණ

1970 වසරේ මැදභාගයේ සිදු කරන ලද වයිකින්ග් ගවේෂණයේ මූලික අරමුණ වූයේ එම යානයේ සවිකොට තිබුණාවූ කුඩා සෙවුම් උපකරණ භාවිතයෙන් අගහරු මතුපිට ජීවයක් පවතීදැයි සොයා බැලීමයි. මෙම උපකරණ විශේෂයෙන් සැලසුම් කොට තිබුණේ අගහරු පස තුළ යම් ක්ෂුද්රි මට්ටමේ ජීවයක් පවතී නම් ඒවා හසුකර ගැනීමට හැකි වන පරිදි වේ. මෙම ගවේෂණයේ කාර්යයන් වඩාත්ම අපහසු කළ සාධකය වූයේ අගහරු මතුපිට තත්වයන් පිළිබදව නාසා විද්යාවඥයන් තුළ වූ අල්ප දැනුම මැරිනර් -4 ගවේෂණයෙන් ලද තොරතුරු අනුව ගොණු කරගත් සීමිත දැනුම හමුවේ නාසා ආයතනය වයිකින්ග් මෙහෙයුම සැලසුම් කරන ලද්දේ පෘථිවියට සමාන ජීවී තත්වයන් පරීක්ෂා කිරීම පිණිස විය. කෙසේ වුවද , සිදු කරන ලද්දා වූ ප්රිධාන පරීක්ෂණ  හතරෙහි ප්ර තිඵලවලට අනුව පෙන්නුම් කළේ කාබන්ඩයොක්සයිඩ් නිපදවීම වැඩිවී ඇති බවයි. පස තුළ ජලය හා පෝෂ්යවය පදාර්ථ සෙවීමේ පරීක්ෂණ අතරතුර දී මේ බැව් තහවුරු විය. අගහරු මතුපිට ජීවය පැවති බවට මෙය සාධකයක් බව කියැවුණ ද ඇතැම් විද්යා ඥයන් මෙය ප්රහතික්ෂේප කළේ පසෙහි වන සුපිරි ඔක්සයිඩ සෑදිය හැකි රසායනිකයන් හේතුවෙන් ද මෙසේ කාබන්ඩයොක්සයිඩ් නිපදවීමට සිදුවිය හැකි බව පවසමිනි. ඔවුන්ගේ තර්කය වූයේ කාබන්ඩායොක්සයිඩ් ප්රිතිශතය වැයවීම ජීවයක් නැතිව වුවද සිදුවිය හැකි බවයි. නමුත් තම මතය තහවුරු කිරීම පිණිස නාසා ආයතනය තර්ක කළේ ගවේෂණ යානයේ වූ වායු වර්ණාවලීක්ෂයට හසුවීම තරම් විශාල ප්ර මාණයක් පරිවෘත්තීය ජීවීන් පරීක්ෂා කළ පස් නියැදියේ නොසිටි බවයි. වයිකින්ග් ව්යාරපෘති සැලසුම්කරුවකු වූ "ගිල්බර්ට් ලෙවින්" මෙම ප්රරකාශනයට සහය පල කළේ වයිකින්ග් ව්යාාපෘතියේ අරමුණ වූයේ අගහරු මතුපිට ජීවයකට පැවතිය හැකි සාධක තිබේදැයි පරීක්ෂා කිරීම විනා ජීවීන් සිටීදැයි පරීක්ෂා කිරීම නොවූ බව පවසමිනි.

තිස් වසරක් පැරණි වයිකින්ග් ගවේෂණ දත්ත නැවත විමර්ශනය කිරීමේදී යොදාගත් නූතන ජීව - රසායන ක්රවමවේදවලදී යෝජනා වූයේ වයිකින්ග් ගවේෂණය සදහා යොදාගත් තාක්ෂණය ජීවයක් හැදින ගැනීම සදහා ප්රේමාණවත් නොවූ බවයි. නැතහොත් ඇතැම් විට යොදාගත් ක්රයමවේද නිසා නියැදිවල සිටි ජීව පදාර්ථ මිය යන්නට ඇති බවයි. මින් ගම්ය  වන ප්රදධානතම අදහස වනුයේ අගහරු මත වූ ජීවය එහි ඇති අධි ප්රයමාණයක් වූ ඔක්සයිඩ හා හයිඩ්රයජන් පෙරොක්සයිඩ හේතුවෙන් විනාශ වී යාම වෙනුවට එම තත්වයන් තමන්ගේ පැවැත්ම සදහා කළමණාකරණය කරගන්නට ඇති බවයි. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස , හයිඩ්රණජන් පෙරොක්සයිඩ්, ජල අණුවක් -500C ට වඩා සීත වීමට ඉඩ නොහරී. මෙය ජලාකර්ෂණ තත්වයකි. එනම් , වියළි ග්රවහලොවක් මත වන ජීවයට හිතකර තත්වයකි. ඇසිටික් ඇසිඩ් බැක්ටීරියා ගණයට අයත්වන Acetobacter peroxidans   නම් පෙරොක්සයිඩ මේ සදහා වූ ප්රසකට උදාහරණයකි.

එසේම තවත් තර්කයක් වනුයේ , වයිකින්ග්යානය ගොඩ බැසීමේදී එම යානය මගින් නිකුත් කළ තාප තෙරපුම් හේතුවෙන් අවට වූ ජීවය විනාශ වී යන්නට ඇති බවයි.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars#Viking_experiments

වයිකින්ග් ගවේෂණයේ පරීක්ෂණ


Roger Honoré Augustin Miquel, né le  à Cahors et mort le  à Albas, est un général français. Pendant la guerre d'Algérie, il est l'un des acteurs clés de l'opération Résurrection qui mène à la chute de la  République.

Biographie
Roger Miquel est Saint-Cyrien, de la promotion 1916-1917.

Il commande le  étranger de cavalerie à partir du . Le colonel Miquel mène son unité, régiment de reconnaissance de la  blindée, pendant les campagnes de la Libération et d'Allemagne jusqu'à son remplacement en décembre 1945.

Il est directeur de l'arme blindée en 1946-1947, chef de la région d'Agadir et commandant des confins algéro-mauritano-marocains de 1948 à 1951. En 1951, il est prend le commandement de la division de Meknès jusqu'à ce qu'il reçoive le commandement interarmes du Maroc en 1955 à la mort du général Duval.

En 1956, il est nommé commandant de la  militaire, celle de Toulouse. C'est à ce poste qu'il joue un rôle clé dans l'opération Résurrection en mai 1958. En effet, sa région militaire concentre l'essentiel des unités parachutistes aptes à prendre le contrôle de Paris. L'opération est annulée avant son exécution après la démission du gouvernement Pfimlin et l'arrivée au pouvoir du général de Gaulle. Atteint par la limite d'âge, le général Miquel quitte son commandement en août 1958.

Distinctions
Grand-croix de la Légion d'honneur depuis le 2 juillet 1958, le général Miquel est titulaire de douze citations à l'ordre.

Écrits
 .
 .

Références

Articles connexes
 Edmond Jouhaud
 Jacques Massu
 Raoul Salan
 Liste des grands-croix de la Légion d'honneur

Liens externes

Général français du XXe siècle
Grand-croix de la Légion d'honneur
Élève de l'École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
Naissance en août 1898
Décès en février 1978
Décès à 79 ans
Militaire français de la guerre d'Algérie

Roger Miquel


بكالوريوس في إدارة الفنادق ، شهادة تُعطى من جامعة والمدة الدراسية لهذه الدراسة تتراوح بين 3-4 سنوات بحسب الجامعة.

وصلات خارجية
 موقع جامعة إدارة الأعمال والفنادق في سويسرا Business & Hotel Management School - Switzerland.
 موقع الجامعة الدولية لإدارة الفنادق والسياحة في مدينة لوسيرن، سويسرا بالعربي.
 الدراسة في سويسرا.

مواضيع مشابهة
 دبلوم عالي في إدارة الفنادق.
 ماجستير في إدارة الفنادق.
دبلوم عالي في إدارة الفنادق.

شهادات جامعية

بكالوريوس في إدارة الفنادق


PopTop Software fue un estudio de desarrollo de videojuegos estadounidense. Publicó algunos juegos de estrategia como Railroad Tycoon II (1998) y el simulador de gestión en una isla caribeña Trópico (2001). No deben ser confundidos con PopCap Games, otros desarrolladores de videojuegos.

Historia
Fue fundado en 1993 por Phil Steinmeyer, con base en Fenton, San Luis, Misuri. Su último juego, Shattered Union, es un juego de estrategia militar en un futuro cercano, y fue publicado en octubre de 2005.

En marzo de 2006 se anunció que Take-Two interactive combinaría el estudio con el de Sid Meier, Firaxis Games, y Meier dirigiría el nuevo estudio.

Juegos
 Railroad Tycoon II (1998)
 Tropico (2001)
 Tropico 2: Pirate Cove (2002, diseño, fue desarrollado por Frog City Software)
 Railroadd Tycoon 3 (2003)
 Shattered Union (2005)

Empresas de videojuegos de Estados Unidos

PopTop Software


In modern Swedish, Folkung has two meanings, which appear to be opposites:

 The medieval "House of Bjelbo" in Sweden, which produced several Swedish statesmen and kings.
 A group of people (singular Folkunge, plural Folkungar), who were at times in political opposition to the same House of Bjelbo. This "political party" fought for the ancient right of free men to elect the kings in Sweden.

Until the 17th century, Folkunge was used only with the second meaning. However, many of these political opponents were also said to have been descendants of Jarl Folke the Fat (from the House of Bjelbo), who lived before the family became royal. Hence, in the 17th century, the whole family, then already extinct and without any established name, became known as the House of Folkung (Folkungaätten in Swedish).

Later research, though, showed that the political Folkungs were not just descendants of Jarl Folke—instead, they belonged to different Swedish noble families, united by the ambition to fight against a central ruler of Sweden. According to one theory, Folkungs wanted to keep the old "freedom" of the petty kingdoms, including the election of kings, and to retain local power in their own control. Many Folkungs came from the ancient provinces of Svealand, opposing the ruling families of the time that were mostly from Götaland. The first Folkung uprising in 1229 was successful, elevating Canute II onto the throne. Later developments were less promising, and the centralized system eventually suppressed their resistance.

See also
 Unification of Sweden
 Battle of Sparrsätra

References

Bibliography

13th century in Sweden
Norse clans

pl:Folkungowie

Folkung


فاري (Вари) هي مدينة في مقاطعة زاكارباتسكا في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 3,076 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا

فاري (زاكارباتسكا)


Robert Mitchell Gillespie is a former Assistant Secretary of the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and a former Republican member of the North Carolina General Assembly.  He represented the eighty-fifth district in the North Carolina House of Representatives, which included constituents from Burke, Caldwell and McDowell counties.  A small business owner from Marion, North Carolina, Gillespie served seven terms in the state House and was re-elected to an eighth term, but resigned to take his position in the executive branch in January 2013.

Recent electoral history

2012

2010

2008

2006

2004

2002

2000

References

External links

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Republican Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Living people
1959 births
21st-century American politicians
People from Marion, North Carolina

Mitch Gillespie


Aceasta este o listă de filme franceze din 1917:

Note

Legături externe
 Filme franceze din 1917 la Internet Movie Database
 Filme după an la Cinema-francais.fr

Filme din 1917
franceze
Liste de filme franceze

Listă de filme franceze din 1917


STS-84 was a crewed spaceflight mission by Space Shuttle Atlantis to the Mir space station.

Crew

Mission highlights
The STS-84 mission was the sixth Shuttle/Mir docking mission and is part of the NASA/Mir program which consisted of nine Shuttle-Mir dockings and seven long duration flights of U.S. astronauts aboard the Russian space station. The prior Shuttle-Mir missions were STS-71, STS-74, STS-76, STS-79 and STS-81. The U.S. astronauts launched and landed on a Shuttle and served as Mir crew members while the Russian Mir crewmembers used their Soyuz vehicle for launch and landing. This series of missions expanded U.S. research on Mir by providing resupply materials for experiments to be performed aboard the station as well as returning experiment samples and data to Earth.

STS-84 involved the transfer of  of water and logistics to and from the Mir. During the docked phase,  of water,  of U.S. science equipment,  of Russian logistics along with  of miscellaneous material were transferred to Mir. Returning to Earth aboard Atlantis were  of U.S. science material,  of Russian logistics,  of ESA material and  of miscellaneous material.

Sixth Shuttle-Mir docking highlighted by transfer of fourth successive U.S. crew member to the Russian Space Station. U.S. astronaut C. Michael Foale exchanged places with Jerry Linenger, who arrived at Mir 15 January 1997 with the crew of Shuttle Mission STS-81. Linenger spent 123 days on Mir and just over 132 days in space from launch to landing, placing him second behind U.S. astronaut Shannon Lucid for most time spent on-orbit by an American. Another milestone reached during his stay was one-year anniversary of continuous U.S. presence in space that began with Lucid's arrival at Mir 22 March 1996.

Other significant events during Linenger's stay included first U.S.-Russian space walk. On 29 April 1997 Linenger participated in five-hour extravehicular activity (EVA) with Mir 23 Commander Vasily Tsibliyev to attach a monitor to the outside of the station. The Optical Properties Monitor (OPM) was to remain on Mir for nine months to allow study of the effect of the space environment on optical properties, such as mirrors used in telescopes.

On 23 February, a fire broke out on the 11-year-old station. It caused minimal damage but required station's inhabitants to wear protective masks for about 36 hours until cabin air was cleaned. Besides Linenger, crew members aboard Mir at the time included two Mir 22 cosmonauts and a German cosmonaut, and two Mir 23 cosmonauts.

STS-84 docking with Mir occurred on 17 May at 02:33 UTC above the Adriatic Sea. Hatches between two spacecraft opened at 04:25 am, 17 May. Greetings exchanged between STS-84 crew and Mir 23 Commander Vasily Tsibliyev, Flight Engineer Aleksandr Lazutkin and Linenger, followed by a safety briefing. Linenger and Foale officially traded places at 14:15 UTC.

Transfer of items to and from Mir proceeded smoothly and was completed ahead of schedule. One of the first items transferred to station was an Elektron oxygen-generating unit. Altogether about 249 items were moved between the two spacecraft, and about  of water moved to Mir, for a total of about  of water, experiment samples, supplies and hardware.

The research program conducted by Foale featured 35 investigations total (33 on Mir, two on STS-84, and another preflight/postflight) in six disciplines: advanced technology, Earth observations and remote sensing, fundamental biology, human life sciences, space station risk mitigation, and microgravity sciences. Twenty-eight of these were conducted during previous missions and were to be continued, repeated or completed during Foale's stay. Seven new experiments were planned in biological and crystal growth studies and materials processing.

Undocking occurred at 01:04 UTC on 22 May. Unlike prior dockings, no flyaround of the station by the orbiter was conducted, but the orbiter was stopped three times while backing away to collect data from a European sensor device designed to assist future rendezvous of a proposed European Space Agency resupply vehicle with the International Space Station.

Other activities conducted during the mission included investigations using the Biorack facility, located in the SPACEHAB Double Module in Atlantis'''s payload bay, a photo survey of Mir during docked operations, environmental air samplings and radiation monitoring.

Orbiter performance was normal from launch to landing. For the mission, Atlantis'' was equipped with a  SpaceHab Double Module, and a  Orbiter Docking System.

See also

List of human spaceflights
List of Space Shuttle missions
Outline of space science

External links
 NASA mission summary
 STS-84 Video Highlights

STS-084
Spacecraft launched in 1997

STS-84


Julie's Haircut es una banda italiana de rock originaria de Sassuolo, Italia. Fue formada en el año de 1994.

Historia

Primeros años (1994-1998)

Julie's Haircut nació en 1994 en Sassuolo en la Provincia de Módena, en un principio en la primera formación de tres elementos: Nicola Caleffi, guitarra y voz, Lucas Giovanardi, batería y voz, Laura Storchi, bajo y voz. Para una buena parte a mediados de los 90, la banda grabó varios demos y participa en numerosas actuaciones en directo de su área local.

En 1995, Luca Giovanardi se convierte en el segundo guitarrista de la banda, con la entrada de Giancarlo Frigieri en la batería, dos años más tarde reemplazado por Robert Morselli. En 1998 la banda logra un contrato con el sello discográfico Gamma Pop.

El debut y el éxito (1999-2003)

En 1999 lanzaron su primer álbum de estudio debut titulado "Fever in the Funk House" producido por Gamma Pop. El álbum, una mezcla de garage rock, la psicodelia, el noise y melodías pop, es aclamado por la crítica como uno de los mejores debuts indie rock italianos, se inserta por la revista "Rumore" entre los 50 mejores discos en la guía del "Rock de los 90 italianos".

Con el comienzo del nuevo milenio, Julie's Haircut que inició sus actividades en directo intercontinental, publicar una serie de EP y marcar entradas en la formación del grupo con el multi-teclista Antigui Fabio Vecchi "Reverendo".

El segundo álbum de estudio "Stars Never Looked so Bright" fue lanzado en 2001 bajo el sello Gamma Pop, combina los elementos del álbum anterior con un sonido más conmovedor, lo que refleja el amor del grupo por la música de los años 60's en el desarrolló del grupo.

Etiqueta de cambio y el día de hoy (2003 - presente)

En 2003, después de pasarse a una nueva disquera Homesleep Records, Julie's Haircut lanzó su tercer álbum titulado, "Adult Situations" en la cual mezcla la psicodelia se compenetraron de una manera más personal.

En 2005 , con la adición de nuevos miembros Andrea Scarfone de guitarra, bajo y efectos de sonido, la música de Julie's Haircut cambio a un sonido más experimental, más centrado en la improvisación libre y montaje sonoro, sin perder el contacto con la ranura que tiene caracterizado su música desde la formación del grupo.

En 2006 salió su cuarto álbum de estudio "After Dark My Sweet", que tuvo la colaboración del grupo Sonic Boom.

En 2009 la banda terminó la grabación del quinto álbum de estudio titulado "Our Secret Ceremony", publicado el 4 de febrero de 2009 por la disquera A Silent Place.

A finales de 2009 el grupo estuvo de gira con el grupo Mariposa en la gira "Concerto Grosso". Para la ocasión, las dos bandas juntas grabaron la canción "In A Silent Way It's About That Time" de Miles Davis junto con el álbum del grupo Mariposa "Sombrero Mescalero" y una reinterpretación hecha por Julie's Haircut de la película Escape from New York del director John Carpenter. Este CD nunca se comercializó, pero se detectó sólo en los conciertos de la gira en aquel entonces.

En 2010 la ciudad de Carpi, Provincia de Módena hizo un registro y petición a Lou Reed durante la exposición "Storie di (Stra)ordinaria Scrittura", que se celebró en marzo. Ese mismo año, con la participación de Peter Hook rindieron un homenaje a Joy Division del álbum Unknown Pleasures, en Reggio Emilia.

El grupo realizó una compilación que incluye, un cover del sencillo "The Tarot" de la película La montaña sagrada de Alejandro Jodorowsky y "Venaga o Venezia Venaga" del compositor italiano Nino Rota de la película "Casanova" se publica en junio de 2011 por el sello Gamma Pop Records restaurado después de una quiebra de la empresa.

En el 2013 sacaron su séptimo álbum de estudio titulado "Ashram Equinox", bajo los sellos de Woodworm Music, Santeria y Crash Symbols.

En febrero de 2017 sacaron su octavo álbum de estudio titulado "Invocation And Ritual Dance Of My Demon Twin".

Integrantes

Formación Actual

 Nicola Caleffi - vocal, guitarra
 Luca Giovanardi - vocal de apoyo, guitarra, teclados, bajo
 Andrea Rovacchi - teclados
 Andrea Scarfone - bajo, guitarra, efectos de sonido
 Ulisse Tramalloni - batería, percusión
 Laura Agnusdei - saxofón

Exintegrantes

 Roberto Morselli - batería, percusión (1998 - 2010)
 Giancarlo Frigieri - batería, percusión (1994 - 1998)
 Laura Storchi - bajo, teclados, vocal de apoyo (1994 - 2006)
 Laura Sghedoni - bajo, vocal de apoyo (2006 - 2007)
 Mara Mariani - bajo, vocal de apoyo (2007)
 Fabio Vecchi "Reverendo" - órgano, sintetizador, sample, corno inglés, mandoloncello (1999 - 2005)

Discografía

Álbumes de estudio

 1999: "Fever in the Funk House" (Gamma Pop)
 2001: "Stars Never Looked So Bright" (Gamma Pop)
 2003: "Adult Situations" (Homesleep Music/Sony)
 2005: "Home Enviroment" (Homesleep)
 2006: "After Dark My Sweet" (Homesleep Music/Audioglobe)
 2009: "Our Secret Ceremony" (A Silent Place)
 2013: "Ashram Equinox" (Woodworm/Santeria/Crash Symbols)
 2017: "Invocation and Ritual Dance of My Demon Twin" (Rocket Recordings)
 2019: "Music From the Last Command" (42 Records)
 2019: "In the Silence Electric" (Rocket Recordings)

EP

 1998: "Sexpower (Aua Records)
 1998: "I'm in Love with Someone Older Than Me" (Gamma Pop)
 1999: "Everyone Needs Someone to Fuck" (Gamma Pop/Superlove)
 2000: "I Wanna Be a Pop Rock Star! - The Plague of Alternative Rock" (Gamma Pop/Superlove)
 2001: "Everything Is Alright" (Gamma Pop/Superlove)
 2001: "Set The World on Fire" (Gamma Pop/Superlove)
 2001: "The Black Christmas E.P." (Gamma Pop/Superlove)
 2003: "The Power of Psychic Revenge" (Homesleep)
 2004: "Marmalade" - (Remix) (Homesleep)
 2012: "The Wildlife Variations" (WoodWorm/Trovarobato/Superlove)

Recopilaciones

 1998 - Julies vs.the WWW in Argos
 1999 - Noel Damon & Me, Weak Shoulders in Sub Vol.1
 2003 - Summer Babe in Everything Is Ending Here (tributo a Pavement)
 2004 - New World Rising in Losing My Religion n.3
 2004 - Your Aural Shape in Losing Today n.2
 2004 - You Have to Be Joking in Sub - Indies Against In(vi)die
 2005 - Julie's Haircut/Judah Split 7. single, Black Candy/Superlove
 2007 - Julie's Haircut with Sonic Boom: U-Waves 10"/CD EP, A Silent Place/Superlove
 2008 - A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain That Rules From The Center Of The Ultraworld in Post-Remixes vol.1
 2009 - Julie's Haircut with Mariposa: Concerto Grosso tour gift CD-R, "Concerto Grosso"
 2011 - Julie's Haircut play Jodorowsky & Rota 10", Gamma Pop/Ghost Records/Superlove
 2013 - Downtown Love Tragedies (pt. 1 & 2) split 7" single, Gamma Pop

Apariciones en festivales

 Extra Festival (main stage), Torino - 2001
 Rockaralis (main stage), Cagliari - 2001
 Tora! Tora! Festival - 2002-2004
 Mtv Brand New Tour - 2002
 Goa-Boa Festival, Génova - 2003
 Invasioni Festival, Cosenza - 2004
 Independent Days Festival (main stage), Bologna - 2004
 IPO Festival, Liverpool sonando al famoso Cavern Club - 2005
 Arezzo Wave Love Festival, Arezzo - 2006
 Traffic Festival, Torino - 2006
 Eurosonic Festival, Groninga, Holanda - 2007
 MI AMI Festival, Milano - 2009
 Italia Wave Love Festival, Livorno - 2009
 Sonic Visions, Luxemburgo - 2009
 13.ª edición Festival Castel Dei Mondi - 2009
 Transmissions VI por Daniel O'Sullivan, Ravenna - 2013
 Copenhagen Psych Fest, Copenhague - 2016
 Liverpool Psych Fest, Liverpool - 2017
 Rocket 20 at The Garage, Londres- 2018

Enlaces externos

 Sitio Oficial. en italiano y inglés.
 Julie's Haircut en MySpace.

Artistas de Fruits de Mer Records
Grupos de música de Italia
Grupos de rock de Italia
Grupos de post-rock de Italia
Grupos de indie rock de Italia
Grupos de neo-psicodelia
Grupos de rock progresivo de Italia
Grupos de rock alternativo de Italia
Grupos de rock psicodélico de Italia
Grupos de rock experimental de Italia
Grupos de música de los años 1990
Grupos de música de los años 2000
Grupos de música de los años 2010
Grupos de música de los años 2020
Grupos de música formados en 1994
Grupos de música formados en los años 1990

Julie's Haircut


Eaux d'artifice est un film américain réalisé par Kenneth Anger, sorti en 1953.

Synopsis
Une femme en tenue du  déambule au milieu des fontaines du jardin de la Villa d'Este.

Fiche technique

 Titre : Eaux d'artifice
 Réalisation : Kenneth Anger
 Photographie : Kenneth Anger
 Montage : Kenneth Anger
 Production : Kenneth Anger
 Pays :
 Genre : Expérimental
 Durée : 12 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Distribution
 Carmilla Salvatorelli : la femme

Distinctions
Le film a été inscrit au National Film Registry en 1993.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1953
Court métrage américain
Film expérimental américain
Film se déroulant en Italie
Film inscrit au National Film Registry

Eaux d'artifice


إل هورميجويرو  هو برنامج تليفزيوني إسباني بجمهور حي. يركز البرنامج على الكوميديا والعلوم والسياسة

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

برامج تلفزيونية كوميدية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أسبانية بدأ عرضها في 2006
مسلسلات تلفزيونية كوميدية إسبانية
نمل خيالي

إل هورميجويرو


An Juncus thomsonii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Franz Georg Philipp Buchenau. An Juncus thomsonii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Juncus, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Juncus

Juncus thomsonii


مُنفِراتة أو مُنفراتو أو (نقحرة: مونفيراتو) (Monferrato) منطقة جغرافية بإقليم بيمُنتة بشمال إيطاليا.

تكاد أراضيها تنحصر تقريباً بالطبيعة التلالية، تقع معظمها في مقاطعتي أستي وألساندريا، وتمتد جنوباً من بداية الهيدروغرافية اليمنى لنهر البو حتى تصل إلى أقدام الأبينيني الليغورين على الحدود مع مقاطعة جنوة ومقاطعة سافونا.

يمكن تقسيم مونفيراتو إلى جزئين رئيسيين :
 مُنفِراتة العليا
 مُنفِراتة السفلى

انظر أيضًا

 كعكة منفراتة

مراجع

مناطق إيطاليا الجغرافية والتاريخية والثقافية

مونفيراتو


Cet article traite du box-office de l'année 1945 en Italie.

Les 10 premiers
Les films sont classés selon les recettes réelles de la Société italienne des auteurs et éditeurs (SIAE, Società Italiana degli Autori ed Editori), fournies par les volumes Platea in piedi exprimées en lires italiennes. Lorsque les données SIAE pour le nombre d'entrées ne sont pas disponibles, les recettes réelles ont été divisées par le prix moyen du billet estimé à  en 1945.

Étant donné la période d'après-guerre et le pays à reconstruire, la SIAE a probablement arrondi les données. Certains films sont datés par d'autres sources de l'année suivante, par manque de données d'une date de sortie précise ; les films avaient à l'époque une exploitation en salle qui pouvait s'échelonner sur des années.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

1945 en Italie
Box-office Italie

Box-office Italie 1945