علي فياض كاتب وسياسي فلسطيني.

عنه
ولد عام 1947 في قرية كرتيا في قضاء غزة (حسب تقسيمات فلسطين خلال الانتداب)، لجأت عائلته أواسط 1948 إلى مخيم خان يونس في قطاع غزة بعد تدمير قريتهم من قبل العصابات الصهيونية خلال حرب 1948. حصل على الثانوية العامة من غزة عام 1966 والتحق بجامعة القاهرة للدراسة في كلية الآداب قسم صحافة وتخرج منها عام 1970. التحق بدائرة الإعلام في حركة التحرير الوطني الفلسطيني فتح عام 1970 ثم الإعلام الموحد لمنظمة التحرير الفلسطينية عام 1972 حيث ساهم في تأسيس وتطوير المؤسسات الإعلامية الفلسطينية. وبين عامي 1970 و1975 أسندت إليه العديد من مهام التغطية الإعلامية للعديد من الحركات الثورية في العالم العربي وفي جنوب شرق آسيا. وساهم في نقل تجاربها للثورة الفلسطينية.

بعد الخطاب الشهير للزعيم الفلسطيني ياسر عرفات في الأمم المتحدة عام 1974 بدأت دول العالم بالاعتراف بمنظمة التحرير الفلسطينية كممثل شرعي للشعب الفلسطيني وإقامة العلاقات الثنائية واستقبال ممثليات ومكاتب إعلامية في عواصمها. ونظراً لخبرته في جنوب شرق آسيا أرسل علي فياض سفيراً لمنظمة التحرير الفلسطينية في فيتنام عام 1976 وبدأ مهامه هناك في التعريف بالقضية الفلسطينية ونضال الشعب الفلسطيني. ووسع علاقات المنظمة في بقية بلدان المنطقة مثل لاوس، كمبوديا، تايلند، الفلبين، اندونيسيا، ماليزيا، وسنغافورة.

أحيل إلى التقاعد من عمله كسفير رسمياً عام 1987 بعد اختلافه مع القيادة حول النهج السياسي الجديد بعد الخروج من لبنان وتأييده حركة الإصلاح الداخلية حيث أقام في العاصمة السورية (دمشق) وعاد ليمارس مهنته كصحفي وكاتب سياسي متخصص في الشؤون الدولية وخصوصاً الجنوب شرق آسيوية. ونشر سلسلة من المقالات والدراسات والبحوث في العديد من الدوريات الفلسطينية (مثل مجلة الهدف، مجلة الحرية، مجلة صامد، جريدة المسار، وشؤون فلسطينية)، والعربية (مثل جريدة الحياة، جريدة المستقبل، جريدة الرأي، جريدة الاتحاد، جريدة الخليج، مجلة شؤون الأوسط، وفصلية معلومات دولية).

ساهم خلال التسعينات في تأسيس العديد من الفعاليات في المخيمات الفلسطينية في سوريا كلجان الدفاع عن الثقافة الوطنية وحق العودة بالإضافة لنشاطه النقابي في اتحاد الكتاب والصحفيين الفلسطينيين وحملات التضامن مع القضايا العربية المعاصرة.

أعماله
 الحب في ظلال الفانتوم، بيروت 1975
 حرب الشعب في عمان، بيروت 1975
 التجربة العسكرية الفيتنامية، دمشق 1990
 التجربة التفاوضية الفيتنامية، دمشق 1993
 حق العودة في الفكر السياسي الفلسطينية، الإمارات العربية المتحدة 2001
 قضية اللاجئين وحق العودة، دمشق 2003 (دراسة مشتركة)
 تجربة منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية، دمشق 2006 (دراسة مشتركة)

حياته العائلية
متزوج من السيدة سارة فياض وله ابن واحد اسمه زياد وابنتان هما الإعلامية هانوي فياض والممثلة أناهيد فياض.

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من محافظة خان يونس
خريجو جامعة القاهرة
صحفيون فلسطينيون
مواليد 1948
سفراء فلسطين لدى فيتنام
مغتربون فلسطينيون في مصر
مغتربون فلسطينيون في سوريا

علي فياض


ශාන්ත ජෝහාන් ධර්ම දූතයා, සෙබිඩිගේ පුත් වු අතර සාන්තුවර මහා ජාකොබ්ගේ සහෝදරයා විය. ඔහු‍ගේ මව සලෝමි නමි විය. උපතින්ම මොවුන් ධීවරයන් විය. මෙම සහෝදරයන් දෙදෙනා තම පියා සමඟ ජෙන‍සරතේ වැවෙහි මාලු ඇල්ලුහ. පළමුව ස්නාවක ජුවාම්තුමාගේ ශ්‍රාවකයෙකු ව සිටි මොහු පසුව ජේසුස් වහන්සේගේ ධර්ම දූතවරුන් දෙළොස් දෙනා අතරට පැමිණියේය.

ශාන්ත ජෝහාන්, ධර්ම දූත පදනමේ ප්‍රමුඛ ස්ථානයක් ගත්තේය. ජයිරස්ගේ දුවව මරණයෙන් නැගිටවීම (මාක් 5:37), ක්‍රිස්තුස් වහන්සේගේ ගෝලයින් තිදෙනා ඉදිරියේ ශ්‍රි විභූතියෙන් බැබළෙමින් පෙනි සිටීම (මතොව් 17:1) හා ගෙත්සමෙහි අරගලය (මාතෙව් 26;27) යන අවස්ථාවල සාක්ෂිකරුවන් වශයෙන් ලෙනී සිටීම ඒ අතර වේ.එහිදී සාක්ෂි කරුවන් ලෙස පේදුරුතුමන්, ජාකොබ්තුමන් හා ජොහාන්තුමන් පෙනී සිටියහ. ජොහාන්තුමන්, පේදුරුතුමන් පමණක් අවසාන යුදෙව් වසන්ත උත්සවය පිළියෙල කිරීමට නගරයට යැවුහ. භෝජනය අවස්ථාවේදී ශාන්ත ජෝහාන් ජේසුස්ගේ අසළම අසුන්ගත් අයෙකි. ජේසුස් වහන්සේව අල්ලාගෙන මාලිගාව වෙත ගෙන ගිය විට උන්වහන්සේ පිටුපස මොහුද, පේදුරුතුමන්ද ගියහ. මොහු කල්වාරියෙහිදී කුරුසයේ ඇණ ගැසු ජේසුස් වහන්සේගේ පාද අසළ ජේසුස්ගේ මව වු මරියතුමියන් හා අනිකුත් සැදැහැවත් ගැහැණුන් සමඟ හුදෙකලාව සිටියේය. පසුව ජේසුගේ අවසාන උරුමයේ සංකේතයක් ලෙස මරියතුමියව තමන්ගේ රැකවරණයට බාර ගත්තේය. (ජො‍හාන් 19;25-27).

උත්ථානයෙන් පසු සොහොන් ගැබ වෙත ගිය පළමු ශ්‍රාවකයින් දෙදෙනා වුයේ ජෝහාන් හා පේදුරුය. ජේසුස් වහන්සේ සත්‍ය වශයෙන් උත්ථානය වු බවට පළමුව පිළිගත්තේ ද ජෝහාන්ය. ජෝහාන් ශුභාරංචියේ කර්තෘ  සෑමවිටම ඔහු ජේසුස් වහන්සේ වැඩි වශයෙන් ආදරය දක්වනු ලැබූ ධර්ම දූතවරයා ලෙස පෙන්නුම් කිරීමට උනන්දු විය. ජේසුස් වහන්සේගේ අහස් නැගීමේ මංගල්‍යයට පසු හා පෙනන්තකොස්ත දිනයේ ශුද්ධාත්මයාණන් බැසීම යන සිද්ධි දෙකට පසුව  ජොහාන් පේදුරු සමඟ එක්ව ක්‍රිස්තු සභාව ස්ථාපිත කර එය මඟ පෙන්වීම ප්‍රමුඛත්වයක් දැරුවේය. සිතගෝනයේ ආබාධිත මිනිසා සුවකිරීමේදී ද පීතර් සමඟ ජොන් පැමිණ සිටියේය. (ක්‍රියා. 3;1). පේදුරුව සිරගෙදරට දැමු අවස්ථාවේදි ඔහුත් සමඟ ජොහාන්ද සිටියේය (ක්‍රිය. 4:3). සමාරියාවේ අළුතින් සංවර්තනය වු පිරිස හමුවීමට පේදුරු සමග ජෝහාන් ද ගියේය.

බයිබලයේ ජොහාන් පිළිබඳව සුවිශේෂ කොටස් පෙළ මාලාව

ජුදෙයා‍වේ ක්‍රියා සම්බන්ධව හෝ එම කාල සීමාව පිළිබදව නිශ්චිත තොරතුරු නොමැත. අනිත් ධර්ම දූතවරු සමඟ පොදුවේ ජොහාන් ද, පළමු කම්කරුවන් අතරෙහි අවුරුදු 12 ක කාලයක් ගත කළේය. ඉන්පසුව හෙරොද්ගේ හිංසා නිසා, රෝමන් අධිරාජ්‍යයාගේ සෑම ප්‍රදේශයක් වෙතම ධර්ම දූතවරු වෙන්ව ගියහ. (ක්‍රියා. 12;1-17) කුඩා ආසියාව, තුළට ගොස් විවිධ ප්‍රදේශවල පදවි පවත්වාගෙන ගිය බව  සත්‍ය ලෙස පිළිගත හැකිය. එපිසස්හි පාවුළුගේ කම්කරුවන්ට පෙර ගැලවුම්කරුගේ ප්‍රජාව එහිද පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය (ක්‍රියා 18:27). මෙම ප්‍රදේශයන්හි ජෝහාන්ගේ තාවකාලික නවාතැන් සම්බන්ධීකරණය කරන්නට ඉතා ලේසි පහසු විය. දෙවන මිෂනාරි ගමන සඳහා පාවුළු ශුභාරංචිය දේශනා කිරීමට මයිසියා හා බිතිනියා යන ආසියා නගර දෙකට ගියේය (ක්‍රියා 16;6). අනිත් ශ්‍රාවකයෝ සමඟ පාවුළු ජෙරුසලම අපොස්තලික සභාව වෙත නැවත පැමිණියේය.

නව ගිවිසුමේ අනිත් ලේඛන අතරින් ජොහාන් පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් තොරතුරු දැනගත හැක්කේ ජොහාන්ගේ ලියවිලි තුනෙන් සහ හෙළිදරව් පොතෙනි. මෙහි ලියවිලි දෙකක හා හෙලිදරව් පොතේ සඳහන්ව ඇත්තේ ජොහාන් ජේසුස් වහන්සේගේ  ක්‍රියාවන් පිළිබදව පුද්ගලික සාක්ෂිකරුවා වු බවයි. ජොහාන් කුඩා ආසියාවේ දිගු කාලයක් ජීවත් වු බවත්, විවිධ ධර්ම දූත සභාවන්හි කොන්දේසි හඳුනාගත් බවත්, ධර්ම දූත සභාවේ නායකයෙකු සැටියට බලයක්ද ලද බවත් මෙහි සඳහන් වේ. තවද හෙළිදරව් පොතට අනුව හෙළිදරව්වේ දර්ශනය තම කතුවරයා වෙත පිදුම් ලැබුයේ පැටිමස් දුපතේදී බවද කිව හැකිය.

ජොහාන්ගේ ශුභාරංචිය ඇතුළලත් නව ගිවිසුමේ, ජො‍හාන්ගේ පොත් පහේ කතෘවරයා වුයේ ශාන්ත ජොහාන්ය. කෙසේ වුවත් නව විවේචනාත්මක වියතුන් ජොහාන්ගේ අවසාන සංස්කරණය, පළවන සියවසේ අග හෝ දෙවන සියවස ආරම්භයේ සිදු කළහ.

බයිබලයේ ජෝහාන් ධර්ම දූතයා


الكلبة لايكا  هي كلبة فضاء سوفيتية (1954 - 3 نوفمبر 1957) وهي أول كائن ثديي يخرج إلى الفضاء ويدور حول الأرض، وأوّل من فقد حياته جرّاء هذه التجربة. فقبل رحلة لايكا إلى الفضاء لم يكن معروفا إلا القليل عن تأثير رحلات الفضاء على الكائنات الحية. وكان بعض العلماء يعتقدون أن الإنسان لا يمكنه تحمل عملية الإطلاق ولا يستطيع التعايش مع البيئة الفضائية. لذا اقترح المهندسون إرسال الحيوانات أولا لتكون مؤشرا للإنسان. استخدمت الولايات المتحدة في هذا الغرض قردة الشمبانزي بينما اختار الاتحاد السوفيتي استخدام الكلاب. وبدأت لايكا تتلقى تدريبات مع كلبين آخرين حتى وقع الاختيار عليها لتقوم بهذه المهمة وتنطلق مع مركبة الفضاء السوفيتية سبوتنك-2 في 3 نوفمبر 1957.

ماتت لايكا بعد بضع ساعات من الإطلاق، غالبا بسبب الإجهاد ودرجة الحرارة المرتفعة، ومحتمل أن هذا بسبب عطل في نظام التحكم بالحرارة. ولكن موعد وفاتها وسببه لم يُعلن عنهما قبل عام 2002، بل كان المعلن أنها عاشت لعدة أيام. وعلى الرغم من ذلك فإن التجربة أثبتت أن الكائنات الحية يمكنها التعايش مع إطلاق المركبة ودورانها في مدار وتحمل حالة انعدام الوزن التي يكونون عليها في الفضاء. مهدت هذه التجربة الطريق أمام خروج الإنسان للفضاء وأعطت للعلماء أحد أول المعلومات عن كيفيّة تعاطي الكائنات الحيّة مع البيئة الفضائية.

وفي 11 أبريل 2008 كشفت روسيا رسميا عن نصب تذكاري صغير للايكا تم بناؤه بجانب مرفق الأبحاث العسكرية بموسكو الذي أعد رحلة لايكا إلى الفضاء. والنصب التذكاري يظهر كلبة تقف على قمة صاروخ.

سبوتنك-2

بعد النجاح الذي حققه سبوتنك-1، رغب القائد السوفيتي، نيكيتا خروشوف، بإطلاق مركبة فضائية إلى الفضاء بتاريخ 7 نوفمبر، أي في الذكرى الأربعين للثورة البلشفية، وفي هذه الأثناء كان العمل جاريًا على إنشاء قمر صناعي أكثر تطوّرًا، لكنه ما كان لينتهي إلا بحلول شهر ديسمبر؛ وقد أصبح هذا القمر الصناعي الجديد فيما بعد سبوتنك-3. ولكي يسلّم في الموعد المحدد اضطر العلماء إلى بناء مركبة جديدة.

وكان خروشوف يرغب بأن تكون المركبة الجديدة «مذهلة»، لتكرار النجاح الساحق الذي حققته المهمة السابقة، وصعق العالم، وإذهال الناس، بقدرات الاتحاد السوفياتي. استقر رأي مخططي المشروع على استخدام أحد الكلاب في هذه الرحلة الفضائية، خصوصًا بعدما كان مهندسوا الصواريخ السوفييتية يرغبون بإرسال كلب إلى الفضاء قبل إرسال أي إنسان؛ فمنذ عام 1951 قاموا بإطلاق 12 كلبًا في رحلات فلكية بداخل الغلاف الجوي، وأخذوا يعملون تدريجيًّا على إعداد رحلة فضائية لها، في وقت ما خلال عام 1958 على الأرجح. قام العلماء بالإسراع بتنفيذ برنامج الكلاب الفضائي حتى ينتهوا في نوفمبر وفق الميعاد الذي حدده خروشوف.

تم اتخاذ القرار الرسمي بإطلاق سبوتنك-2 في 10 أو 12 أكتوبر، وفق ما تفيد به المصادر الروسية، مما ترك لفريق العلماء أربعة أسابيع فقط كي يصمموا ويبنوا المركبة الفضائية. لذا، فإن سبوتنك-2 كانت نتيجة عمل سريع، حيث تمّ بناء معظم أقسام المركبة وفق ما أفادت به الرسومات الأولية. كان لسبوتنك-2 هدف آخر ثانوي إلى جانب الهدف الرئيسي أي إرسال راكب حيّ إلى الفضاء، فقد حملت معها أجهزة لقياس الشعاعات الشمسيّة والأشعة الكونية.

تمّ تجهيز المركبة بجهاز دعم للحياة يتألف من آلة منتجة للأكسجين وعدد من الأجهزة لتفادي التسمم بالأكسجين ولامتصاص ثاني أكسيد الكربون. أضيفت مروحة إلى القمرة المخصصة للكلب تعمل تلقائيّا بمجرّد ارتفاع درجة الحرارة فوق 15 °مئوية (59 °فهرنهايت) كي يبقى الحيوان منتعشًا. وقد وضع طعامٌ (بحالة هلاميّة) يكفي لسبعة أيام من الطيران، كما ربط بالكلبة كيس كي تتجمّع فيه فضلاتها. وكان العلماء قد صمموا لجام متناسب مع حجم الحيوان، وبعض السلاسل لتقييد حركاتها ومنعها من الوقوف أو الجلوس أو الاستلقاء؛ حيث أن القمرة لم تكن واسعة بما فيه الكفاية كي تسمح لها بكل ذلك ولا حتى بالدوران. وُضع في المركبة أيضا مخطط قلب كهربائي لمراقبة معدل نبض الكلبة، وغيره من الأجهزة لمراقبة معدل تنفسها، ضغط الشرايين الأقصى، وحركتها.

التدريب
الكلبة -التي سميت فيما بعد لايكا- كانت أحد الكلاب الضالة في شوارع موسكو. فقد اختار العلماء السوفييت أن يستخدموا الكلاب الضالة باعتبارها تعودت على تحمل الظروف الصعبة من البرد والجوع. وكانت العينة عبارة عن أنثى مهجنة تزن 11 رطلا،  وفي عمر 3 أعوام تقريبا، وفي تقرير آخر قيل بأنها تزن قرابة 6 كيلوغرامات (13 رطلا). وقد أطلق عليها السوفييت عدة أسماء منها كودريافكا ، أي الصغيرة ذات الشعر المجعد، زوخكا (الحشرة الصغيرة)، ليمونخيك (الليمونة الصغيرة)، ولكن اسم لايكا وهو الاسم الروسي للعديد من سلالات الكلاب الشبيهة بالهسكي من شمالي البلاد وسيبيريا كان هو الاسم الشائع الذي أطلق على الكلبة واشتهرت به عالميا. بينما أطلقت عليها الصحافة الأمريكية ماتنيك   وكيرلي  . وتعد لايكا مجهولة الأصل والنسب على الرغم من معرفة العلماء -تقريبا- السلالات التي قد تنتمي إليها، فالفكرة الرائدة هي أنها نصف هسكي أو سلالة شمالية أخرى، ونصف ترير على الأرجح. وقد وصفتها إحدى المجلات الروسية أنها باردة الطباع ولا تتشاجر مع أقرانها.

كان كل من الاتحاد السوفياتي والولايات المتحدة قد أرسل حيوانات برحلات فلكيّة قبل ذلك. وقد اختار السوفييت 3 كلاب وقاموا بتدريبهم للطيران في سبوتنك-2، وقد دعيت هذه الكلاب: ألبينا، موشكا، ولايكا. انتقى عالم الحياة الفضائية الروسي أولغ غازينكو لايكا وقام بتدريبها،  أما ألبينا فطارت مرتين على ارتفاع شاهق في صاروخ اختباري، وتم استخدام موشكا لاختبار الآلات المرفقة مع المركبة بما فيها جهاز دعم الحياة.

وضع العلماء هذهِ الكلاب في أقفاص لأجل تصغير حجمها تدريجيّا على مدى 20 يوما، وذلك حتى تتأقلم مع الجلوس في كابينة سبوتنك-2 الضيقة. وقد أدّى ازدياد انغلاق المساحة على الحيوانات إلى توقفها عن التبول والتغوّط، وجعلهما متوترة، وأدّى إلى تراجع وضعها الصحي. أعطيت الكلاب مسهلات على أمل أن يتحسن وضعها بعض الشيء ولكن هذا لم يكن له نتيجة تذكر، واكتشف الباحثون أن فترات التدريب الطويلة كانت وحدها مؤثرة عليها إيجابا. ووُضعت الكلاب في آلات للصفق المركزي تماثل بسرعتها سرعة انطلاق الصاروخ، وفي آلات أخرى تصدر أصواتا شبيهة بأصوات المركبة الفضائية، وقد أدّى هذا إلى مضاعفة نبضها وارتفاع ضغط دمّها لما بين 30 و65 ملليمتر زئبق. دربت الكلاب على أكل مادّة هلاميّة خاصة فائقة التغذية لتكون طعامًا لها في الفضاء.

اصطحب أحد العلماء لايكا معه إلى المنزل قبل بضع ساعات فقط من الإطلاق كي تلاعب أولاده، وفي كتاب يؤرّخ البرنامج الفضائي السوفياتي كتب الدكتور فلادمير يازدوفسكي: «أردت أن أفعل شيئا لطيفا لها، فلم يبق لها سوى القليل من الوقت لتعيش».

استعدادات ما قبل الرحلة
اتخذ فلادمير يازدوفسكي الاختيار النهائي للكلاب وأدوارها المحددة. لايكا كانت هي «كلب الطيران»—تضحية من أجل العلم في مهمة ذهاب فقط إلى الفضاء. وألبينا التي كانت طارت بالفعل على ارتفاع كبير على صاروخ اختبار كانت بمثابة احتياطية للايكا. أما الكلبة الثالثة موشكا كانت «كلب التحكم»—فبقيت على الأرض لاستخدامها في اختبار الأجهرة ودعم الحياة.

وقبل مغادرة مركز بايكونور الفضائي أجرى يازدوفسكي وغازينكو عملية جراحية للكلاب، حيث قاموا بتوجيه الكابلات من أجهزة الإرسال إلى أجهزة الاستشعار التي من شأنها قياس التنفس والنبض وضغط الدم.

ولأن مهبط الطائرات في توراتام القريب من الميناء الفضائي كان صغيرًا، كان يتحتم على الكلاب والطاقم أن يكونوا على متن طائرة تو-104 إلى طشقند. ومن هناك ستأخذهم الطائرة الأصغر حجمًا والأخف وزنًا إي أل-14 إلى توراتام. واستمر تدريب الكلاب بمجرد الوصول؛ ومرة بعد الأخرى تم وضعهم في كبسولات ليتآلفوا من نظام التغذية.

وُضعت لايكا في القمر الصناعي بتاريخ 31 أكتوبر 1957، وفقا لما تفيد به وثائق الناسا، أي قبل 3 أيام من بدء المهمّة. وفي ذلك الوقت من السنة كانت درجات الحرارة في موقع الإطلاق منخفضة للغاية، لذا تمّ الاستعانة بخرطوم موصول بجهاز للتدفئة لإبقاء كابينتها دافئة، وتمّ تعيين اثنين من المساعدين لمراقبة الكلبة باستمرار قبل الإطلاق. وقبل الإقلاع من مركز بيكاونور الفضائي بوقت قصير، في الثالث من نوفمبر 1957، تمّ مسح فراء لايكا بمحلول كحولي ضعيف ومسائستها بحذر، بالإضافة لمسح مناطق جسدها التي ستوصل بها مجسات مراقبة أشاراتها الحيوية باليود.

قال أحد التقنيين الذين أعدوا الكبسولة قبل الإقلاع النهائي «بعد وضع لايكا في الحاوية وقبل إغلاق الباب، قبلنا أنفها وتمنينا لها رحلة سعيدة، عالمين بأنها لن تنجو من الرحلة».

الرحلة

الوقت الدقيق للإطلاق يختلف من مصدر إلى مصدر، وقد ذُكَر أنه 05:30:42 بتوقيت موسكو أو 07:22 بتوقيت موسكو. وعندما وصلت المركبة لأقصى سرعتها ازداد معدّل تنفس لايكا إلى حوالي 3 أو 4 مرّات مما كان عليه قبل الإقلاع. أظهرت أجهزة الاستشعار أن معدّل نبضات قلبها كان 103 نبضة في الدقيقية قبل الانطلاق، ثم أصبح 240 نبضة في الدقيقية خلال المرحلة الأولى من الإقلاع. انفصلت مقدمة سبوتنك-2 بنجاح بعد وصولها إلى الغلاف الجوي، إلا أن مركز «البلوك A» لم ينفصل كما كان مخططا، مما منع جهاز التحكم بالحرارة من العمل بشكل صحيح، كما انفصلت بعض العازلات الحرارية مما رفع درجة حرارة الكابينة إلى 40 °مئوية (104 °فهرنهايت). عاد نبض لايكا واسقرّ على معدّل 102 نبضة في الدقيقة بعد ثلاث ساعات من حالة انعدام الوزن،  وهذا أطول ثلاث مرات مما كان يتطلبه عندما كانت تخضع للتدريب على الأرض، مما يدل على حالة التوتر الشديدة التي كانت تعاني منها. أظهرت أول القياسات عن بعد أن الكلبة كانت متوترة لكنها أقدمت على الاقتيات،  وبعد حوالي 5 إلى 7 ساعات من الإقلاع، لم يعد يصل من المركبة الفضائية أية إشارة حيويّة.

كان العلماء الروس قد خططوا لإخضاع لايكا للقتل الرحيم عن طريق تسميم الطعام الذي كانت ستقتات عليه في الفضاء. ولسنوات عديدة، كان الاتحاد السوفياتي يدلي بتصريحات متعارضة مفادها أنها إما نفقت جرّاء الاختناق بسبب نقص الأكسجين عندما تعطلت البطاريات، أو أنه تمّ إخضاعها للقتل الرحيم. دارت الكثير من الشائعات التي تحدثت عن طريقة موت الكلبة، ففي عام 1999 نصت العديد من المصادر الروسية أن لايكا ماتت جرّاء ارتفاع درجة حرارة كابينتها في اليوم الرابع،  لكن الحقيقية برزت في أكتوبر 2002 عندما صرّح الدكتور ديمتري ملاشنكوف، وهو أحد العلماء الذين ساهموا في مهمة سبوتنك-2، أن لايكا نفقت بعد 5 أو 7 ساعات من الإطلاق بسبب التوتر الزائد وارتفاع درجة حرارة مقصورتها. وفي ورقة قدّمها لمجمع العالم الفضائي في هيوستن، تكساس، نصّ «تبيّن أنه كان من المستحيل أن نصنع آلة فعّآلة يمكنها أن تتحكم بالحرارة خلال الوقت القليل الذي تقيدنا به». تفكك سبوتنك-2 واحترق —مع بقايا لايكا— أثناء دخوله الغلاف الجوي بتاريخ 14 أبريل 1958، بعد مايزيد عن 5 شهور من إطلاقه و2,570 دورة فلكيّة قام بها.

الجدل وأخلاقيات التجارب على الحيوانات

لم يعترض أحد على الناحية الأخلاقية لهذه التجربة لفترة طويلة، وذلك بسبب انشغال الناس والصحافة في تلك الفترة بمسألة السباق الفضائي بين الولايات المتحدة والاتحاد السوفياتي. وقد أظهرت بعض قصائص الصحف من عام 1957  أن الصحافة كانت مهتمة بذلك الوقت بإبراز وجهة النظر السياسية عن هذا الموضوع، أما مسألة صحة واسترداد أو عدم استرداد لايكا، فبالكاد كانت تُذكر. واستمر هذا الأمر لفترة قبل أن تبرز بعض المحادثات بشأن مصير الكلبة—التي أصرّ بعضهم في البداية على تسميتها «كيرلي» عوضا عن «لايكا».

لم يكن سبوتنك-2 مصمما كي يتم استرجاعه، وبالتالي فإن لايكا كان مقدرًا لها الموت منذ البداية. أطلقت هذه المهمة جدلًا حادًّا عبر العالم يتعلّق بإساءة معاملة الحيوانات وإجراء التجارب عليها في سبيل التقدم العلمي. وفي المملكة المتحدة دعت الرابطة الوطنية للدفاع عن الكلاب  أصحاب جميع الكلاب للوقوف دقيقة صمت، بينما تلقت الجمعية الملكية لمنع القسوة على الحيوانات  عددًا من الاحتجاجات حتى قبل أن يعلن الاتحاد السوفياتي نجاح المهمة، كما دعت جمعيات حقوق الحيوان العامة للتظاهر أمام السفارات السوفياتية في ذلك الوقت،  حتى أن البعض تظاهر خارج مقر الأمم المتحدة في نيويورك؛  إلا أنه على الرغم من ذلك قدّم الباحثون المخبريون في الولايات المتحدة بعض الدعم للروس، قبل أن يُعلن عن موت لايكا.

أما في الاتحاد السوفياتي فلم يكن الجدال حادًا كما كان في الدول الغربية، حيث لم يتساءل الإعلام أو الكتب التي صدرت في السنوات اللاحقة، ولا العامة عن السبب الذي يدعو لإرسال كلب إلى الفضاء حتى يموت. استمرّ هذا الأمر حتى عام 1998، أي بعد انهيار الاتحاد السوفيتي، حينما عبّر أولغ غازنكو - أحد العلماء المسؤولين عن إرسال لايكا إلى الفضاء - عن ندمه للسماح بموتها حيث صرّح: .

في بلدان حلف وارسو الأخرى، كان النقد المفتوح لبرنامج الفضاء السوفييتي صعبًا بسبب الرقابة السياسية، ولكن كانت هناك حالات ملحوظة من الانتقادات في الدوائر العلمية البولندية. وقد نُشرت في 1958 دورية علمية بولندية بعنوان «من، متي، لماذا» (Kto, Kiedy, Dlaczego)، ناقشت مهمة سبوتنك-2 في القسم المخصص لدوريات الملاحة الفضائية، كرزيسزتوف بورون وصف مهمة سبوتنك-2 بأنها «مؤسفة»، منتقدًا عدم إعادة لايكا إلى الأرض على قيد الحياة بأنها «بلا شك خسارة عظيمة للعلم».

الإرث
خُلدت ذكرى الكلبة لايكا عن طريق نصب تذكاري هو تمثال ولوحة في منشأة مدينة النجوم الروسية المخصصة لتدريب روّاد الفضاء في 1997. وقد وُضعت لايكا خلف رواد الفضاء الروس مع آذانها المنتصبة. كما أن النُصب التذكاري الذي شُيد من أجل فاتحي الفضاء في 1964 يشمل لايكا أيضًا. وفي 11 أبريل 2008 عند منشأة البحوث العسكرية حيث الطاقم الذي كان مسؤولًا عن تجهيز لايكا للرحلة، كشف المسؤولون عن نُصب تذكاري لها وُضع على قمة صاروخ فضائي.

المهام الفضائية المستقبلية التي تحمل الكلاب صُممت ليتم استعادتها. وقد ماتت أربعة كلاب أخرى في مهام الفضاء السوفييتية: بارز وليزيتشكا ماتا عندما انفجر صاروخهم R-7 بعد وقت قصير من إطلاقه في 28 يوليو 1960. وبكيولكا وموشكا ماتا عندما دُمرت كارابل-سبوتنك 3 عمدًا بواسطة عبوة ناسفة من أجل منع القوى الأجنبية من فحص الكبسولة بعد فشل الدخول الجوي في رحلة العودة في 1 ديسمبر 1960.

انظر أيضًا
 حيوانات في الفضاء
 برنامج الفضاء السوفيتي
 فيليسيت
 هام الشمبانزي

مصادر

مراجع
 Angliss, Sarah and Uttley, Colin. Science in the Dock: The man who trained the space dogs. Retrieved January 28, 2005.
 Anon. An Internet memorial to Laika. Retrieved September 1, 2004.
 Dubbs, Chris and Burgess, Colin. Animals In Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle, 2007.
 Grahn, Sven. Sputnik-2, more news from distant history. Retrieved September 1, 2004.
 Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Opportunity arrives at "Vostok". Retrieved March 24, 2005.
 NSSDC Master Catalog: Sputnik 2 (2003-11-26). Retrieved September 1, 2004.
 On This Day, November 3 - 1957: Russians launch dog into space. BBC News. Retrieved September 1, 2004.
 Soviet Fires New Satellite, Carrying Dog; Half-Ton Sphere Is Reported 900 Miles Up (November 3, 1957). New York Times.
 Whitehouse, David (October 28, 2002). First dog in space died within hours, بي بي سي.
 Zak, Anatoly (November 3, 1999). The True Story of Laika the Dog. space.com.

وصلات خارجية

 الصفحة الأولى للنيويورك تايمز، 3 نوفمبر، 1957
 تاريخ سبوتنيك
 سبوتنيك 2 على Astronautix
 الصفحة المخصصة لذكرى لايكا

الاتحاد السوفيتي في 1957
برنامج سبوتنك
حيوانات في الفضاء
حيوانات نفقت سنة 1957
حيوانات ولدت سنة 1954
رحلات الفضاء في 1957
ضحايا البرنامج الفضائي
كلاب مشهورة
وفيات برامج الفضاء
وفيات بسبب فرط الحرارة
وفيات في الفضاء

لايكا


Ghil'ad Zuckermann (født 1. juni 1971 i Tel Aviv) er en israelsk professor i lingvistik ved Adelaide Universitet i Australien.

Han har en doktorgrad fra Oxfords universitet.

Han mener at i israelsk (nyhebraisk, ivrit) "er der mange hebraiske elementer som følge af en bevidst vækkelse, men også en lang række pervasive sproglige egenskaber, der stammer fra en ubevidst modersmål som jiddisch."

Han mener, at israelsk ikke er et genoplivet biblhebraisk, men et nyt sprog som er hybridt semito-europæisk af karakter, fordi både semitiske og indoeuropæiske elementer indgår meget kraftigt i tilblivelsen. Han skriver, at havde det været marokkanske jøder i stedet for østeuropæiske som havde skabt israelsk hebraisk, så var det formentlig blevet et semitisk sprog."

Biografi
Ghil'ad Zuckermann (D.Phil. Oxford) er formand for lingvistik og truede sprog ved University of Adelaide, Australien. Siden begyndelsen af 2017 har han været hovedforsker i et NHMRC-forskningsprojekt, der vurderer sproglig genoplivning og mental sundhed; og han er også den valgte præsident for Australian Association for Jewish Studies.

Ghil'ad Zuckermann er grundlæggeren af Revivalistics, et nyt globalt, tværfagligt forskningsfelt omkring sproggenvinding, revitalisering og genoplivning. Den 14. september 2011 lancerede han sammen med Barngarla Aboriginal-samfundene på Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, genvindingen af Barngarla-sproget.

Professor Zuckermann er valgt til medlem af Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) og Foundation for Endangered Languages (FEL). Han var præsident for AustraLex i 2013-2015, Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Fellow i 2007-2011 og Gulbenkian Research Fellow ved Churchill College Cambridge i 2000-2004. Han har været konsulent og ekspertvidne i (korpus)leksikografi og (retsmedicinsk) lingvistik i retssager over hele kloden.

Han har undervist på Middlebury College (Vermont), University of Cambridge, University of Queensland, National University of Singapore, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, East China Normal University, Shanghai International Studies University, Det hebraiske universitet i Jerusalem, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev og University of Miami. Han har været forskningsstipendiat ved Weizmann Institute of Science; Universitetet i Tel Aviv; Rockefeller Foundations studie- og konferencecenter, Villa Serbelloni, Bellagio, Italien; Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin; Israel Institute for Advanced Studies, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institute for Advanced Studies, La Trobe University; Mahidol Universitet; og Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo (Det Nationale Institut for Japansk Sprog og Lingvistik, Tokyo). Han har været Denise Skinner Scholar ved St Hugh's College Oxford, Scatcherd European Scholar ved University of Oxford og lærd ved United World College of the Adriatic (Italien).

Hans MOOC (Massive Open Online Course), Language Revival: Securing the Future of Endangered Languages, har tiltrukket 20.000 elever fra 190 lande (talere af hundredvis af forskellige sprog).

Bibliografi
Prof. Zuckermann er forfatter til Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond (Oxford University Press, 2020), den skelsættende bestseller Israelit Safa Yafa (Israeli – A Beautiful Language; Am Oved, 2008), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 多源造词研究 (A Study of Multisourced Neologization; East China Normal University Press, 2021), tre kapitler af den israeli Tingo (Keren, 2011 Engaging – A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property (2015), den første onlineordbog over Barngarla Aboriginal sprog (2018), Barngarlidhi Manoo (Speaking Barngarla Together) Del 1, Del 2 (2019) og Mangiri Yarda (Sundt land: Barngarla Wellbeing and Nature) (2021). Han er redaktør af Burning Issues in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics (2012), Jewish Language Contact (2014), et specialnummer af International Journal of the Sociology of Language, og medredaktør af Endangered Words, Signs of Revival (2014).

Bøger

 Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond, 2020, Oxford University Press.  /
 Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, 2003, Palgrave Macmillan  /

 Mangiri Yarda (Healthy Country: Barngarla Wellbeing and Nature), Revivalistics Press, 2021.
   Barngarlidhi Manoo - Part 2

Artikler

Filmografi
 Fry's Planet Word, Stephen Fry
 SBS: Living Black: S18 Ep9 - Linguicide
 Babbel: Why Revive A Dead Language? - Interview with Prof. Ghil'ad Zuckermann
 edX MOOC ''Language Revival: Securing the Future of Endangered Languages''
 The Politics of Language, Stephen Fry interviews Prof. Zuckermann about language

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Hvordan Jiddisch overlevede under israeli (genoplivet hebraisk), 25/12/2021 Af Ghil'ad Zuckermann
 Ghil'ad Zuckermann, D.Phil. (Oxon.)
 University Staff Directory: Professor Ghil'ad Zuckermann
 Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Academia
 Jewish Language Research Website: Ghil'ad Zuckermann
 Professor Ghil'ad Zuckermann's website
 Australian of the Day: Ghil'ad Zuckermann
 Voices of the land, Anna Goldsworthy, The Monthly, September 2014.
 BBC World Service: Reawakening Language

Professorer
Lingvister
Leksikografer
Filologer fra Australien
Personer fra Adelaide
Personer fra Israel
Ansatte ved University of Cambridge

Ghil'ad Zuckermann


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Tekovské Lužany enthält die vier nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Tekovské Lužany im Okres Levice.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Tekovske Luzany


158. brigada, brigada Hrvatske vojske iz Splita.

Povijest
Jezgra oko koje se oblikovala jest 1. bojna 114. brigade HV, znana kao Škverska bojna, osnovana 18. siječnja 1991. godine, tad u pričuvnom sastavu MUP-a RH. Od te jezgre brigada je preuzela zapovjedništvo, odnosno časničko osoblje, dočasnike i obične vojnike. Siječnja 1992. prišlo se uspostaviti 158. brigadu.

Prvu je zadaću dobila travnja 1992. godine. Osiguravali su državnu granicu RH prema BiH na Kamešnici prema širem području Buškog blata. Bili su čuvali livanjsku bojišnicu. Srpnja 1992. bili su na južnom ratištu sudionicioslobađanja prostora dubrovačkog zaleđa i oblikovanja obrambenih crta iznad Popova polja. Listopada 1992. vratili su se u Split, radi preustroja sukladno procesu preustroja Oružanih snaga RH. Od 158. brigade HV oblikovana je 6. domobranska pukovnija HV.

U 158. brigadi odnosno 6. domobranskoj pukovniji tijekom Domovinskog rata bilo je angažirano više od 6000 branitelja, od kojih je 20 poginulo.

Povodom 24. obljetnice osnutka 158. brigade, u splitskoj četvrti Mejašima splitsko-dalmatinski župan Zlatko Ževrnja otkrio je ploču s natpisom 6. domobranska pukovnija u ulici koja nosi to ime, a splitski gradonačelnik Ivo Baldasar ploču s natpisom 158. brigada, po kojoj također ulica i Mejašima nosi ime.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Udruga veterana Domovinskog rata 158. brigade i 6. domobranske pukovnije
Znakovlje 158. brigade  MORH
dd/h: Proslavljena 26. obljetnice osnutka 158. brigade i 6. domobranske pukovnije HV-a  Direktno.hr, 1. prosinca 2018.
(): Obilježena 26. obljetnica osnutka 158. brigade i 6. domobranske pukovnije Hrvatske vojske Nacionalno.hr

Hrvatske brigade u Domovinskom ratu

158. brigada HV


Saddam Kamel Hassan al-Majid (Irak, 1956 – ibídem, 1996) fue el segundo primo y yerno del depuesto presidente iraquí Saddam Hussein.

Biografía
Se casó con Rana Hussein y fue hermano de Hussein Kamel al-Majid (también casado con la hija de Saddam Hussein, Raghad Hussein). Durante un tiempo fue jefe de la Guardia Republicana Iraquí, dirigiéndola durante la Guerra Irán-Irak (1980-1988) en la que Irak invadió a Irán, fue quitado de su posición en 1986 en favor del hijo menor de Saddam Hussein, Qusay Hussein.

Debido a su parecido con el líder iraquí interpretó el papel de Hussein en la película Los días largos, un filme de propaganda sobre la vida del dictador. En 1995 desertó de Irak con su hermano y ambos dieron información al Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, la CIA y el MI6 sobre las armas de destrucción masiva de Irak.

En 1996 regresaron al país siendo indultados por sus acciones; sin embargo los hermanos fueron ejecutados en un prolongado tiroteo tras su regreso.

Referencias
En.wikipedia.org
Rey Abdula II de Jordania, Nuestra última mejor oportunidad, Nueva York, Viking Press, 2011.

Enlaces externos

Militares de Irak
Iraquíes del siglo XX

Saddam Kamel


An Dyckia encholirioides in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Christian Mez. An Dyckia encholirioides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dyckia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 D. e. encholirioides
 D. e. rubra

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Dyckia

Dyckia encholirioides


Didone abbandonata (Dido abandonada en español) es un libreto en 3 actos de Pietro Metastasio. El primer libreto original del autor, Didone abbandonata fue escrito en 1724 para el compositor Domenico Sarro: Dido abandonada (Sarro). Durante el siglo siguiente, fue utilizado por más de 50 compositores, entre ellos Nicola Porpora (Dido abandonada (Porpora), 1725), Leonardo Vinci (Dido abandonada (Vinci), 1726), Baldassare Galuppi (Dido abandonada (Galuppi), 1740), Johann Adolph Hasse (Dido abandonada (Hasse), 1742), Niccolò Jommelli (Dido abandonada (Jommelli), 1747), Tommaso Traetta (Dido abandonada (Traetta), 1757), Giuseppe Sarti (Dido abandonada (Sarti), 1762), Niccolò Piccinni (Dido abandonada (Piccinni), 1770) o, ya en el , Saverio Mercadante (Dido abandonada (Mercadante), 1823).

Personajes

Argumento
La acción se desarrolla en Cartago.

Véase también
Anexo:Óperas tituladas "Dido abandonada"

Enlaces externos

Texto completo en italiano

Ópera de Italia
Óperas en italiano
Óperas del siglo XVIII
Composiciones de 1724

Dido abandonada


Brækfilmen er en eksperimentalfilm fra 1963 instrueret af Poul Gernes.

Handling
En mand fylder munden med havregrød og vand og så "BRVDR", så brækker han sig ud over gulvet og skægget bliver smurt helt ind. Filmen består af flere stumper, formentlig filmet af forskellige deltagere.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1963
Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Brækfilmen


Juan José Silva (Buenos Aires, 30 de abril de 1835-Montevideo, Uruguay; 8 de agosto de 1918) fue un médico, abogado y político argentino.

Fue gobernador del territorio nacional de Formosa entre 1910 y 1916.

Biografía

Nació el 17 de junio de 1835 en Buenos Aires. Desde muy pequeño le interesó la política.

Estudió abogacía sobre leyes y también medicina, y finalmente se recibió el 2 de enero de 1867 de Abogado, y el 4 de febrero de 1868, de Médico.

Viajó a Ciudad de Formosa en 1877, y brindó apoyó a los soldados durante la Expedición contra el Indio.

Residió en Formosa 12 años y en 1890 regresó a Buenos Aires. En 1903 volvió a residir en Formosa. Hasta que en 1910 fue nombrado Gobernador. Su mandato terminó en 1916, y se retiró de la vida política.

Volvió a Buenos Aires en enero de 1917, hasta que en diciembre enfermó y viajó a Uruguay.

Residió allí hasta sus últimos días con sus nietos e hijos. Falleció el 8 de agosto de 1918 a los 83 años en la provincia aríscola argentina de Uruguay.

Referencias

Gobernadores de Formosa
Porteños

Juan José Silva


William Wyler (d. 1 Temmuz 1902 – ö. 27 Temmuz 1981), Amerikalı sinema yönetmeni. 1920'de Hollywood'a gitti ve 1926'da çevirdiği ilk filmi Lazy Lightning den beri sürekli olarak film çevirdi. Oldukça üretken olan Wyler, aynı zamanda amerikan sinemasının en büyük ustalarından ve dünyadaki ilk sinema eleştirmenlerinden biridir. Filmlerinde her sahneyi onlarca defa çekmesi ve tam bir yer, hikâye, ekip kontrolü istemesiyle bilinirdi. Bu mükemmeliyetçiliği onun hem halk hem de eleştirmenler tarafından çok başarılı kabul edilmesiyle ödüllendirildi.

Kariyeri

William Wyler'ın These Three (1936) bir okul açan iki kız arkadaşın dostluğunun, bir öğrencinin dedikodusu üzerine bozulmasını, Dodsworth (1936) orta yaşlı bir sanayicinin karısıyla birlikte Avrupa'ya gitmesini ve burada yeni değerlerle karşılaşmasını, Dead End (Çıkmaz Sokak, 1937) New York'ta doğup büyüdüğü mahalleye dönen bir gangsteri tanıyan birinin çocukların gangsteri kendilerine örnek almaması için onun mahalleden uzaklaşmasını sağlamaya çalışmasını, Uğultulu Tepeler (Wuthering Heights, 1939) Emily Bronte'nin ünlü eserini, The Little Fox (Öldürünceye Kadar, 1940) kızının nişanını bozan, kocasının ölümüne göz yuman, gözünü para hırsı büyümüş bir kadını, Mrs. Miniver (Bayan Miniver) savaştan dönen üç askerin, topluma yeniden ayak uydurma çabalarını, Hayatımızın En Güzel Yılları (The Best Years of Our Lives, 1946) savaş sonrası Amerikan toplumunu, The Heiress (Miras, 1949), kızının evliliğine karşı çıkan babanın öyküsünü, Carrie (Safahat Kurbanı, 1952) taşralı bir kızla bir lokantacının hüzünlü gönül ilişkisini, Roman Holiday (Roma Tatili, 1953) Avrupa'nın kraliyet ailelerinden birine mensup bir prensesin diplomatik Roma ziyareti sırasında resmi protokollerden sıkılarak gizlice elçilik binasından kaçması ve sıradan bir genç kız görünümünde sokaklarda dolaşırken Amerikalı bir gazete muhabiri ile tanışmaları, şehri gezerlerken birbirlerine aşık olmaları, Kan Dökmeyeceksin (Friendly Persuasion, 1956) Amerikan İç Savaşı yıllarını, Ben Hur (1959) Kudüs'te yaşayan zengin bir prensin öyküsünü, The Collector (Koleksiyoncu, 1965) cinsel sorunları olan, kelebek koleksiyoncusu psikopat bir bankacının eve hapsettiği bir öğrenci kıza isteklerini kabul ettirmeye çalışmasını ve Funny Girl (Komik Kız, 1968) ise Broadway yıldızı Fanny Brice'ın yaşam öyküsünü konu edindi.

Akademi Ödülü adaylıkları

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Amerikalı film yönetmenleri
İsviçre Yahudisi asıllı Amerikalılar
1902 doğumlular
1981 yılında ölenler
En İyi Yönetmen Akademi Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Yönetmen Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Yönetmen National Board of Review Ödülü sahipleri
Amerikalı film yapımcıları
Yahudi asıllı Amerikalılar
National Board of Review Ödülü sahipleri
Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri
New York Film Eleştirmenleri Birliği Ödülü sahipleri
New York Film Eleştirmenleri Birliği En İyi Yönetmen Ödülü sahipleri
Irving G. Thalberg Anı Ödülü sahipleri

William Wyler


Deși actele homosexuale au fost dezincriminate în Kazahstan în 1998, cuplurile de același sex nu beneficiază de aceleași protecții juridice disponibile pentru cuplurile căsătorite de sex opus. Homosexualitatea și lesbianismul rămân subiecte tabu în Kazahstan, majoritatea persoanelor LGBT preferând să-și ascundă orientarea. Cele care sunt "out" tind să se confrunte cu discriminarea.

Legalitatea homosexualității
Actele homosexuale între bărbați și între femei sunt legale în Kazahstan din 1998. Vârsta consimțământului sexual este 16 ani.

Până în 1997, articolul 104 din Codul Penal incrimina actul sexual anal. Această lege urma exemplul paragrafului 121 din fostul Cod Penal al Uniunii Sovietice care incrimina în mod specific numai sexul anal între bărbați.

Identitatea și expresia de gen
Din 2003 persoanelor transgen le este permis să-și schimbe legal sexul în documentele oficiale. Persoanele care vor să-și schimbe sexual trebuie să primească diagnosticul de "tulburare de identitate de gen", care implică mai multe teste medicale și o evaluare psihiatrică de 30 de zile. În 2011 au fost stabilite noi instrucțiuni, astfel că schimbarea documentelor de identitate se face numai după o operație de schimbare de sex, mai multe examene medicale fizice și psihiatrice, terapie cu hormoni și, într-un final, sterilizare. În plus, persoanele sub 21 de ani nu au voie să-și schimbe sexul în documentele oficiale.

Serviciu militar
Persoanelor LGBT le este interzisă înrolarea în armată, pe considerentul că statul clasifică homosexualitatea drept "boală".

Interzicerea propagandei homosexuale
Pe 26 mai 2015, Curtea Constituțională a Kazahstanului a declarat o lege care ar fi interzis "propaganda orientărilor sexuale netradiționale" (după modelul Rusiei) ca fiind neconstituțională. Curtea a respins legea din cauza formulării sale vagi. Legea primise undă verde în camera inferioară a parlamentului și trebuia semnată de președintele Nursultan Nazarbaev pentru a intra în vigoare. Respingerea legii a fost apreciata de organizațiile care luptă pentru drepturile omului, precum Human Rights Watch.

Condiții de viață
Persoanele LGBT din Kazahstan se confruntă cu discriminare și prejudecăți pe motive de orientare sexuală sau identitate de gen în viața de zi cu zi. Manifestarea atitudinilor negative față de persoanele LGBT, cum ar fi excluderea socială, batjocura și violența, le cauzează acestora daune fizice, psihologice și emoționale. Pentru a evita reacțiile celor care nu sunt de acord cu orientările sexuale non-heterosexuale, multe persoane LGBT se simt obligate să-și păstreze orientarea sexuală sau identitatea de gen în secret față de aproape toți oamenii din viața lor. Majoritatea consideră că este necesar să-și ascundă orientarea sexuală sau identitatea de gen față de oamenii de la locul de muncă, pentru a-și păstra joburile și pentru a evita ostilitatea șefilor și a colegilor de serviciu. Încercările de a raporta poliției incidentele homofobe și transfobe sunt adesea frânate de rezistența și chiar ostilitatea oamenilor legii.

Un studiu transnațional efectuat de Universitatea din Chicago în 2011 demonstrează ca trendul de acceptare a persoanelor LGBT este fie încetinit, fie inversat în Rusia și alte foste republici sovietice, în opoziție cu tendințele mondiale.

Tabel sumar

Note

Kazahstan
LGBT

Drepturi LGBT în Kazahstan


La coupe de Corée du Sud de football 2022 est la  édition de la Coupe de Corée du Sud, compétition à élimination directe mettant aux prises des clubs de football amateurs et professionnels affiliés à la Fédération de Corée du Sud de football, qui l'organise. Elle est parrainée par Hana Bank, et est connue sous le nom de Hana Bank FA Cup. Elle commence le 19 février 2022. Le vainqueur de la compétition (L'équipe licenciée par l'AFC seulement) est qualifiée pour l'édition suivante de la Ligue des champions de l'AFC.

Synthèse

Équipes par division et par tour

Résultats

Premier tour
Les matches du premier tour se sont tenus les 19-20 février 2022.

Deuxième tour
Les matches du deuxième tour se jouent le 9 mars 2022.

Troisième tour
Les matches du troisième tour se jouent le 27 avril 2022.

Quatrième tour
Les matches du quatrième tour se jouent le 25 mai 2022.

Cinquième tour
Les matches du cinquième tour se jouent le 29 juin 2022.

Demi-finales
Les matches des demi-finales se sont tenus 5 octobre 2022.

Finale
La finale aller a lieu le 27 octobre 2022, et la finale retour a lieu le 30 octobre 2022.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Championnat de Corée du Sud 2022

Liens externes
 Korean FA Cup 2016, FootballDatabase
   Site officiel de la KFA (Fédération de Corée du Sud de football)

2022
Corée du Sud
Football

Coupe de Corée du Sud de football 2022


මත්ස්‍ය රාජධානිය (ක්‍රි.පූ. 300-700) යනු ක්‍රි.පූ. 6වන සියවසට අයත් බෞද්ධ ධර්ම ග්‍රන්ථයක් වන අංගුත්තර නිකාය සහ හින්දු වීරකාව්‍යයක් වන මහාභාරතය තුළ සඳහන් වන පුරාතන ඉන්දියානු සොළොස් (දහසය) මහාජනපදවලින් එකකි. වර්තමාන රාජස්ථාන් ප්‍රාන්තයේ ජයිපූර් දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ උතුරු පෙදෙසෙහි වූ විරාත්නගර් මෙහි අගනුවර විය. මෙයට උතුරින් සහ නැගෙනහිරින් පිළිවෙලින් කුරු සහ සූරසේන මහාජනපද පිහිටා තිබිණි.

වර්තමාන යුගයට අයත්, මත්ස්‍ය එක්සත් ජනපද වනාහි 1947 සිට 1949 දක්වා පැවති තාවකාලික කුමාර රාජ්‍ය 4ක සන්ධානයකි. මෙයට භාරත්පූර්, ඪෝල්පූර්, අල්වාර් සහ කරෞලි යන රාජ්‍ය සතර අයත් විය.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි
 Hindu Mythology

මහාභාරතය
ඍග්වෛදික ගෝත්‍ර
මහාජනපද
ඉන්දියාවේ කුමාර රාජ්‍ය

මත්ස්‍ය රාජධානිය


The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is a small freshwater mussel. The species originates from the lakes of southern Russia and Ukraine, but has been accidentally introduced to numerous other areas and has become an invasive species in many countries worldwide. Since the 1980s, the species has invaded the Great Lakes, Hudson River, and Lake Travis.

The species was first described in 1769 by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in the Ural, Volga, and Dnieper Rivers. Zebra mussels get their name from a striped pattern commonly seen on their shells, though it is not universally present. They are usually about the size of a fingernail, but can grow to a maximum length around . Their shells are D-shaped, and attached to the substrate with strong byssal fibers, which come out of their umbo on the dorsal (hinged) side.

Ecology

Zebra mussels and the closely related and ecologically similar quagga mussels are filter-feeding organisms; they remove particles from the water column. Zebra mussels process up to  of water per day, per mussel. Some particles are consumed as food, and feces are deposited on the lake floor. Nonfood particles are combined with mucus and other matter and deposited on lake floors as pseudofeces. Since the zebra mussel has become established in Lake Erie, water clarity has increased from 6 inches to up to three feet in some areas. This increased water clarity allows sunlight to penetrate deeper, enabling growth of submerged macrophytes. These plants, when decaying, wash up on shorelines, fouling beaches and causing water-quality problems.

Lake floor food supplies are enriched by zebra mussels as they filter pollution out of the water. This biomass becomes available to bottom-feeding species and to the fish that feed on them. The catch of yellow perch increased 5-fold after the invasion of zebra mussels into Lake St. Clair.

Zebra mussels attach to most substrates, including sand, silt, and harder substrates, but usually juveniles prefer harder, rockier substrates on which to attach. Other mussel species frequently represent the most stable objects in silty substrates, and zebra mussels attach to and often kill these mussels. They build colonies on native unionid clams, reducing their ability to move, feed, and breed, eventually leading to their deaths. This has led to the near extinction of the unionid clams in Lake St. Clair and the western basin of Lake Erie. This pattern is being repeated in Ireland, where zebra mussels have eliminated the two freshwater mussels from several waterways, including some lakes along the River Shannon in 1997.

In 2012, the National University of Ireland, Galway, said "the discovery of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in Lough Derg and the lower Shannon region in 1997 has led to considerable concern about the potential ecological and economic damage that this highly invasive aquatic nuisance species can cause."

Life cycle

The lifespan of a zebra mussel is four to five years. A female zebra mussel begins to reproduce within 6–7 weeks of settling.
An adult female zebra mussel can produce 30,000 to 40,000 eggs in each reproductive cycle, and over 1 million each year. Free-swimming microscopic larvae, called veligers, drift in the water for several weeks and then settle onto any hard surface they can find. Zebra mussels also can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, and adults can even survive out of water for about 7 days.

Predators

Research on natural enemies, both in Europe and North America, has focused on predators, particularly birds (36 species) and fish (15 species eating veligers and 38 eating attached mussels). Annually, the wintering waterbirds at Lake Constance decrease zebra mussel biomass in shallow areas by >90%. Biomass reduction in deeper areas varies considerably based on substratum; Werner et al. observed no reduction at the lowest observed depth of  except for a site at Hagnau.

The vast majority of the organism's natural enemies are not present in North America. Ecologically similar species do exist, but these species are unlikely to be able to eliminate those mussels already established and have a limited role in their control unlike their counterparts in Europe.

It is pointed out that crayfish could have a significant impact on the densities of -long zebra mussels. An adult crayfish consumes around 105 zebra mussels every day, or about 6,000 mussels in a season. However, predation rates are significantly reduced at lower water temperatures. Additionally, certain fish, such as the Smallmouth bass, is a predator in the zebra mussels' adopted North American Great Lakes habitat, but in European lakes, fish do not seem to limit the densities of zebra mussels.

There have been some high winter mortalities, for example in the winter of 1994–1995 in the invasive population of Lake Simcoe. Evans et al., 2011 attributes this to predation by the crayfish Orconectes propinquus. Nonetheless this has not been sufficient to eradicate the problem.

Other control
On June 4, 2014, Canadian conservation authorities announced that a test using liquid fertilizer to kill invasive zebra mussels was successful. This test was conducted in a lakefront harbor in the western province of Manitoba. However, outbreaks continue in Lake Winnipeg.

Similar tests were run in Illinois, Minnesota, and Michigan, using zequanox, a biopesticide. Niclosamide proves effective in killing invasive zebra mussels in cool waters.

As an invasive species

Europe
The native distribution of the species is in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea in Eurasia. Zebra mussels have become an invasive species in North America, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and Sweden. They disrupt the ecosystems by monotypic colonization, and damage harbors and waterways, ships and boats, and water-treatment and power plants. Water-treatment plants are most affected because the water intakes bring the microscopic, free-swimming larvae directly into the facilities. Zebra mussels also cling to pipes under the water and clog them.

Grossinger reported it in Hungary in 1794. Kerney and Morton described the rapid colonization of Britain by the zebra mussel, first in Cambridgeshire in the 1820s, London in 1824, and in the Union Canal near Edinburgh in 1834.

In 1827, zebra mussels were seen in the Netherlands at Rotterdam. Canals that artificially link many European waterways facilitated their early dispersal. It is nonindigenous in the Czech Republic in the Elbe River in Bohemia since 1893; in southern Moravia, it is probably native. Around 1920 the mussels reached Lake Mälaren in Sweden.

The first appearance of the organism in northern Italy was in Lake Garda in 1973; in central Italy, they appeared in Tuscany in 2003.

Zebra mussels are present in British waterways. Many water companies are reporting having problems with their water-treatment plants with the mussels attaching themselves to pipeworks. Anglian Water has estimated that it costs £500,000 per year to remove the mussels from their treatment plants. Zebra mussels arguably have also had an effect on fishing, for example at Salford Quays, where their introduction has changed the environment for the fish.

The mussels have displaced native species of molluscs in Lake Constance, reaching densities of up to . The mussels present a food source to waterfowl and have caused bird numbers to double over the last 30 years. By the end of winter, birds decimate zebra mussel populations and reduce them by 95–99% up to the maximum depth reachable by birds of c. . The estimated quantity of consumed zebra mussels is . Zebra mussel populations recover annually, indicating that waterfowl may control infested bodies of water but not reverse the infestation status entirely.

North America

They were first detected in Canada in the Great Lakes in 1988, in Lake St. Clair. They are thought to have been inadvertently introduced into the lakes by the ballast water of ocean-going ships that were traversing the St. Lawrence Seaway. Another possible, but unproven, mode of introduction is on anchors and chains. Since adult zebra mussels can survive out of water for several days or weeks if the temperature is low and humidity is high, chain lockers provide temporary refuge for clusters of adult mussels that could easily be released when transoceanic ships drop anchor in freshwater ports. They have become an invasive species in North America, and as such, they are the target of federal policy to control them, for instance in the National Invasive Species Act (1996).

Using models based on the genetic algorithm for rule-set production (GARP), a group of researchers predicted that the Southeastern United States is moderately to highly likely to be inhabited by zebra mussels and the Midwest unlikely to experience a zebra mussel invasion of water bodies. This model, though,  has since been proven incorrect. In 2006, a researcher (also using GARP) predicted invasion as far west as the North Platte River by 2015. As of March 2016, zebra mussels have affected hundreds of lakes in the Midwest including Lake Michigan, and the largest interior lake in Wisconsin, Lake Winnebago.

Congressional researchers have estimated that the zebra mussel has cost businesses and communities over $5 billion since their initial invasion. Zebra mussels have cost power companies alone over $3 billion.

On 2 March 2021, the US Geological Survey was notified that zebra mussels had been discovered in marimo moss balls, a common aquarium plant, sold in pet stores across North America. By 8 March, the invasive species were detected in moss balls in 30 different states at multiple retail locations in the United States. These discoveries were prompted by the initial find at a Petco in Seattle. Infested-moss balls have also been found from online retailers and smaller, independent stores. Though it is more difficult to know the extent of the spread at a larger scale, Wesley Daniel, a fisheries biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey says that about 30% of the inventory pulled from shelves were found to contain the zebra mussels.

After working with the USGS, PetSmart and Petco voluntarily recalled their moss balls due to the potential harm zebra mussels could cause to indigenous ecosystems. As of November 2021, nearly 8 months after the recall, marimo moss balls have not returned to shelves.

By location

From their first appearance in North American waters in 1988, zebra mussels have spread to a large number of waterways, including Lake Simcoe in the Great Lakes region, the Mississippi, Hudson, St. Lawrence, Ohio, Cumberland, Missouri, Tennessee, Huron, Colorado, and Arkansas rivers, and 11 lakes and five river basins in Texas.

In 2009, the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation confirmed that zebra mussels had been found in Laurel Lake in the Berkshires. That same year, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources announced that live zebra mussels had been found in Pelican Lake. This was the first confirmed sighting in the Red River Basin, which extends across the international border into the province of Manitoba. In 2013, their presence in Manitoba's Lake Winnipeg was confirmed, and aggressive efforts to eradicate them in 2014 have not succeeded. New contamination was found outside treated areas of Lake Winnipeg in 2015, and they have also been found in the Red River near the lake in Selkirk Park in 2015. Large numbers were seen at Grand Beach in 2017.

In July 2010, the North Dakota Game and Fish Department confirmed the presence of zebra mussel veliger in the Red River between Wahpeton, North Dakota, and Breckenridge, Minnesota. , California similarly reported invasions.

In 2011, an invasion of zebra mussels shut down a water pipeline in the Dallas area. This resulted in reduced water supplies during a drought year, worsening water restrictions across the Dallas area.

A common inference made by scientists predicts that the zebra mussel will continue spreading passively, by ship and by pleasure craft, to more rivers in North America. Trailered boat traffic is the most likely vector for invasion into Western North America. This spread is preventable if boaters thoroughly clean and dry their boats and associated equipment before transporting them to new bodies of water. Since no North American predator or combination of predators has been shown to significantly reduce zebra mussel numbers, such spread would most likely result in permanent establishment of zebra mussels in many North American waterways.

A major decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen was observed in the Seneca River in central New York in the summer of 1993. This decrease was caused by extremely high concentrations of zebra mussels in the watershed. Additionally, the Seneca River had significantly less chlorophyll in the water, which is used as a measure of phytoplankton biomass, because of the presence of zebra mussels.

Cost
The cost of fighting the pests at power plants and other water-consuming facilities is substantial, but the magnitude of the damages is a matter of some controversy. According to the Center for Invasive Species Research at the University of California, Riverside, the cost of management of zebra mussel in the Great Lakes alone exceeds $500 million per year. A more conservative study estimated total economic costs of $267 million for electric-generation and water-treatment facilities in the entire United States from 1989 through 2004. In a study conducted by the US Department of State in 2009, the total cost of the zebra mussel invasion is estimated at 3.1 billion over the next 10 years.

Concerns are also high following the contamination of zebra mussels in at home aquariums. If zebra mussels had reached open water in Seattle, Washington, where the first case was confirmed, the invasive species would have cost the state $100 million each year in maintenance for power and water systems.

Effects

As with most bivalves, zebra mussels are filter feeders. When in the water, they open their shells to admit detritus. Their shells are very sharp and are known for cutting people's feet, resulting in the need to wear water shoes wherever they are prevalent.

Since their colonization of the Great Lakes, they have covered the undersides of docks, boats, and anchors. They have also spread into streams and rivers throughout the U.S. In some areas, they completely cover the substrate, sometimes covering other freshwater mussels. They can grow so densely that they block pipelines, clogging water intakes of municipal water supplies and hydroelectric companies. Zebra mussels do not attach to cupronickel alloys, which can be used to coat intake and discharge grates, navigational buoys, boats, and motors where the species tends to congregate.

Zebra mussels are believed to be the source of deadly avian botulism poisoning that has killed tens of thousands of birds in the Great Lakes since the late 1990s. They are edible, but since they are so efficient at filtering water, they tend to accumulate pollutants and toxins, so most experts recommend against consuming zebra mussels.

They are responsible for the near extinction of many species in the Great Lake system by outcompeting native species for food and by growing on top of and suffocating the native clams and mussels.

Zebra mussels affect all classes of algal species, resulting in a shortage of food sources to native species of freshwater mussels and fish in the Great Lakes.

However, zebra mussels and other non-native species are credited with the increased population and size of smallmouth bass in Lake Erie and yellow perch in Lake St. Clair. They cleanse the waters of inland lakes, resulting in increased sunlight penetration and growth of native algae at greater depths. This cleansing also increases water visibility and filters out pollutants. Each quagga and zebra mussel filters about  of water per day when confined to small tanks. In lakes, their filtering effects are usually spatially restricted (near the lake bottom) because of nonhomogeneous water column mixing.

In the Pleshcheyevo Lake (Russia) zebra mussels has greatly changed the fish community. All fish species remained in the lake, but catches changed significantly. Gillnets set in the littoral and sublittoral zones during the feeding period consist mainly of large roach and perch while vendace were prevalent in the pelagic zone. The abundance of benthophagous fishes increased slightly due to the presence of the zebra mussel which made up a significant part of the diet followed by an increase (p<0.05) in the growth rates of roach and silver bream. The growth rates of the bream, which prefers soft zoobenthos, decreased. In addition, the formation of a stable biocenosis of zebra mussel in the lake probably caused changes in the spatial structure of the fish community. What is notable is the disappearance of small roach from pelagic assemblages, probably due to alterations in the trophic links of the littoral and sublittoral zones, as well as the expected increase in food competition among pelagic fish species.

Because zebra mussels damage water intakes and other infrastructure, methods such as adding oxidants, flocculants, heat, dewatering, mechanical removal, and pipe coatings are becoming increasingly common.

Preventing their spread

Zebra mussels cling to boat motors.  Boat-owners should follow a few steps prior to putting their boats into a new lake and after removing their boats from infected lakes to stop the spreading of the species. Boat owners should make sure to inspect their boat, trailer, and other recreational equipment that have been in contact with water, remove all mud, plants, or animals, drain all bilge water, live wells, bait buckets, and all other water from their boats, engines and equipment, wash all parts of their boats, paddles, and other equipment that have been in contact with water, and dry their boats and trailers in the sun for five days before launching into another body of water. This is important because adult zebra mussels are able to close their shells and may survive out of water for several days. When washing their boats, boat owners should be sure to wash with warm, soapy water as well.

If marimo moss balls were purchased around the time of the first discovery and recall in March 2021, aquatic hobbyists have been urged to decontaminate the moss balls by either boiling them for at least one minute, freezing for at least 24 hours, or placing them in diluted chlorine bleach. Another way to rid of the zebra mussels can be to submerge the moss balls in undiluted white vinegar for a minimum of 20 minutes. After following one of these methods, the USGS urges owners to bag these moss balls before disposing of them in the trash to prevent spread to local water ways and ecosystems.

Even if moss balls infected with zebra mussels are contained in an aquarium, the concern that they could contaminate local waterways is high, especially in regions and states where they have not yet infested. Aquarium dumping and disposing of unwanted pets is common, according to Eric Fischer with Indiana's DNR.  It is illegal to own, sell, or distribute zebra mussels in the U.S. If spotted, either in an aquarium or out in nature, it is advised to contact the local DNR in the region resided.

See also
 Silver carp
 Hydrilla

References

Further reading

External links

 How can we help stop zebra mussels after they spread?
 How to prevent zebra mussels from spreading
 Zebra Mussel on National Atlas
 Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) – FactSheet. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species. USGS (United States Geological Survey).
 Species Profile - Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Zebra Mussel.
 What are Zebra Mussels?, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries
 Charting the progression of the Zebra mussel in the Eastern United States, United States Geological Survey
 Zebra mussel in Northern Ireland, Northern Ireland Environment and Heritage Service
 Zebra Mussels, University of California Center for Invasive Species Research summary on Zebra Mussels
 GLANSIS Species Fact Sheet, United States Geological Survey
 USGS Zebra Mussel Monitoring Program for North Texas, United States Geological Survey
 Zebra Mussels: Questions and Answers for Inland Lake Managers, Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant College Program

Dreissenidae
Molluscs described in 1771
Invertebrates of Russia
Molluscs of Europe

Zebra mussel


الفصيلة السروية  هي  من النباتات تتبع  السرويات من  الصنوبرانية. تشمل هذه الفصيلة 27-30 جنساً تضم 130-140 نوعاً من الأشجار و الشجيرات من أهمها السرو و العفص.

أجناس

 السرو

انظر أيضا

 سرو اليابان

مراجع

سروية
سروية

سروية


Yuria Obara (født 4. september 1990) er en japansk fodboldspiller. Hun har tidligere spillet for Japans kvindefodboldlandshold.

Japans fodboldlandshold

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yuria Obara


Lačničići ili Lasničići (Lacnicith, Lasincich, Lasnitichi, Lasnicit, Lasnizith, Laznichig, Lisnicig, Lisnicik), hrvatski plemićki rod; prema tradiciji, jedno od dvanaest hrvatskih plemena zabilježenih u Pacti conventi, gdje se spominje njihov tobožnji župan Obrad, koji je zajedno s predstavnicima ostalih hrvatskih rodova sklopio sporazum s ugarskim kraljem Kolomanom 1102. godine. Pripadali su nižem plemstvu, a prvotno su naseljavali prostor Lučke i Sidraške županije.

Prvi put su pouzdano zabilježeni 1207. godine kao svjedoci u ispravama o darovanju crkve sv. Petra u Bubnjanima samostanu sv. Kuzme i Damjana kraj Biograda. Početkom 14. stoljeća dio se plemena preselio u Gacku gdje su došli u posjed zemlje između Otočca i Doljana. Međutim, njihov je posjed 1316. godine darovao kralj Karlo I. Anžuvinac (1301. – 1342.) krčkom knezu Dujmu II. († 1317.) te im se tamo gubi trag. U drugoj polovici 14. stoljeća bilježe se pripadnici roda u Bičini i u Raštanima kraj Zadra, gdje se spominju u izvorima do 1431., odnosno 1448. godine, što je ujedno njihov posljednji spomen u izvorima.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Lasničići - Hrvatska enciklopedija
 Lasničići - Prolkesis enciklopedija
 Lasničići - Hrvatski biografski leksikon

Hrvatska plemena
Hrvatsko plemstvo

Lačničići


O Tratado Franco-Soviético de Assistência Mútua foi um tratado bilateral entre a França e a União Soviética com o objetivo de cercar a Alemanha nazista em 1935 para reduzir a ameaça da Europa Central. O tratado foi almejado  por Maxim Litvinov, o ministro das Relações Exteriores soviético,  e Louis Barthou, o ministro das Relações Exteriores francês, que foi assassinado em outubro de 1934, antes que as negociações fossem concluídas. Seu sucessor, Pierre Laval, era cético quanto à conveniência e ao valor de uma aliança com a União Soviética. No entanto, após a declaração do rearmamento alemão em março de 1935, o governo francês forçou o relutante ministro das Relações Exteriores a completar os arranjos com Moscou que Barthou havia iniciado.

Ratificação
O pacto foi concluído em Paris em 2 de maio de 1935 e ratificado pelo governo francês em fevereiro de 1936. As ratificações foram negociadas em Moscou em 27 de março de 1936, e o pacto entrou em vigor no mesmo dia. Foi registrado na Série de Tratados da Liga das Nações em 18 de abril de 1936.

Laval havia tomado a precaução de assegurar que o acordo do tratado bilateral fosse estritamente compatível com as disposições multilaterais do Pacto da Liga das Nações e dos Tratados de Locarno. Isso, na prática, significava que a assistência militar poderia ser prestada por um signatário ao outro somente após uma alegação de agressão não provocada ter sido submetida à Liga das Nações e somente após obter a aprovação dos outros signatários do Pacto de Locarno ( Reino Unido, Itália e Bélgica ).

O Pacto Franco-Soviético não era mais o que Barthou havia planejado originalmente, mas permaneceu para servir ao propósito de agir como uma ameaça diplomática vazia de uma guerra em duas frentes se a Alemanha seguisse uma política externa agressiva. A maioria das potências de Locarno achava que o pacto funcionaria apenas como um meio de arrastá-los para uma guerra suicida com a Alemanha em benefício dos soviéticos.

O pacto marcou uma mudança em larga escala na política soviética no Sétimo Congresso do Comintern de uma postura pró-revisionista contra o Tratado de Versalhes para uma política externa mais orientada para o Ocidente, defendida por Litvinov.

Consequências
Em 16 de maio de 1935, o Tratado de Aliança Tcheco-Soviético foi assinado após o tratado soviético com a França, que era o principal aliado da Tchecoslováquia .

Adolf Hitler justificou a remilitarização da Renânia pela ratificação do Pacto Franco-Soviético pelo Parlamento francês e afirmou que se sentia ameaçado por ele. David Lloyd George, um membro pró-alemão da Câmara dos Comuns britânica, afirmou naquele órgão que as ações de Hitler na sequência do pacto foram plenamente justificadas para proteger seu país e que ele teria sido um traidor da Alemanha se tivesse deixado de agir.

As disposições militares do Pacto Franco-Soviético eram praticamente inúteis por causa de suas múltiplas condições, como a exigência de que a Grã-Bretanha e a Itália aprovassem qualquer ação. Sua eficácia foi prejudicada ainda mais pela recusa insistente do governo francês em aceitar uma convenção militar estipulando como ambos os exércitos coordenariam suas ações no caso de uma guerra contra a Alemanha. O resultado foi um pacto simbólico de amizade e assistência mútua que teve poucas consequências além de aumentar o prestígio de ambas as partes. No entanto, depois de 1936, os franceses perderam o interesse e todas as partes na Europa perceberam que o pacto era letra morta. Em 1938, as políticas de apaziguamento implementadas pelo primeiro-ministro britânico Neville Chamberlain e pelo primeiro-ministro francês Édouard Daladier acabaram com a segurança coletiva e encorajaram ainda mais a agressão alemã. O Anschluss alemão da Áustria em 1938 e o Acordo de Munique, que levou ao desmembramento da Tchecoslováquia em 1938 e 1939, demonstraram a impossibilidade de estabelecer um sistema de segurança coletiva na Europa, política defendida por Litvinov. Isso e a relutância dos governos britânico e francês em assinar uma aliança política e militar anti-alemã em grande escala com os soviéticos levou ao Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop entre a União Soviética e a Alemanha no final de agosto de 1939, que indicava a ruptura decisiva da União Soviética com a França, tornando-se um aliado econômico da Alemanha.

Texto

 Artigo 1
 No caso de a França ou a URSS estarem sujeitas à ameaça ou ao perigo de agressão por parte de um Estado europeu, a URSS e a França comprometem-se reciprocamente a proceder a uma consulta mútua imediata sobre as medidas a tomar para observar as disposições do Artigo 10 do Pacto da Liga das Nações.

 Artigo 2
 Caso, nas circunstâncias descritas no artigo 15, parágrafo 7, do Pacto da Liga das Nações, a França ou a URSS possam ser, apesar das intenções genuinamente pacíficas dos dois países, e objeto de agressão não provocada por parte de um Estado europeu, a URSS e a França prestar-se-ão imediatamente ajuda e assistência recíprocas.

 Artigo 3
 Levando em consideração o fato de que, de acordo com o artigo 16 do Pacto da Liga das Nações, todo membro da Liga que recorrer à guerra contra os compromissos assumidos nos artigos 12, 13 ou 15 do Pacto é ipso facto considerado como tendo cometido um crime Ato de guerra contra todos os outros membros da Liga, a França e a URSS se comprometem reciprocamente, [caso qualquer um deles seja objeto de agressão não provocada], para prestar ajuda e assistência imediatas na ativação da aplicação do artigo 16 do Pacto.
 A mesma obrigação é assumida no caso de a França ou a URSS serem objeto de agressão por parte de um estado europeu nas circunstâncias descritas no artigo 17, parágrafos 1 e 3, do Pacto da Liga das Nações.

Protocolo de Assinatura

 Artigo 1
 Fica entendido que o efeito do Artigo 3 é obrigar cada Parte Contratante a prestar assistência imediata à outra no cumprimento imediato das recomendações do Conselho da Liga das Nações, tão logo sejam anunciadas nos termos do Artigo 16 do Pacto. Ficou igualmente entendido que as duas Partes Contratantes agirão de comum acordo para suscitar as recomendações do Conselho com toda a celeridade que as circunstâncias exigirem e que, se não obstante, o Conselho, por qualquer motivo, não fizer nenhuma recomendação ou não chegar a uma decisão unânime, a obrigação de assistência será, no entanto, aplicada...

Ver também

 Relações Exteriores da União Soviética
 Aliança Militar franco-polonesa
 Pacto de Não Agressão soviético-polonês
 Pacto de Não Agressão soviético-finlandês
 Pacto de Não Agressão Soviético-Estoniano
 Pacto de Não Agressão Soviético-Lituano
 Pacto de Não-Agressão Sino-Soviético
 Pacto de Não Agressão Germano-Soviético
 Pacto de Neutralidade Soviético-Japonês

Bibliografia

 Pavel A. Zhilin, "A URSS e a segurança coletiva 1935-1939." Scandinavian Journal of History' 2.1-4 (1977): 147-159.
 Ragsdale, Hugh. Os soviéticos, a crise de Munique e a chegada da Segunda Guerra Mundial
 Azeau, Henri (1969). Le Pacte Franco soviétique [du] 2 de maio de 1935. Presses de la Cité.

Tratados da União Soviética
Pactos de não agressão
Tratados da Terceira República Francesa
Tratados do período entre guerras
Relações entre França e União Soviética
1935 na União Soviética
1935 na França
Tratados que entraram em vigor em 1936
Tratados assinados em 1935

Tratado de Assistência Mútua Franco-Soviético


Anton Lupașcu (n. 2 august 1865 - d. ?) a fost unul dintre ofițerii Armatei României, care a exercitat comanda unor mari unități și unități militare, pe timp de război, în perioada Primului Război Mondial și operațiilor militare postbelice.

Cariera militară
Anton Lupașcu a ocupat diferite poziții în cadrul unităților de cavalerie ale armatei române, avansând până în anul 1906 la gradul de maior. A fost locotenent-colonel în 1912 și colonel în 1915.

În perioada Primului Război Mondial a îndeplinit funcția de comandant al Regimentului 5 Roșiori și comandant al Brigăzii 6 Roșiori.

În cadrul acțiunilor militare postbelice, a fost comandant al Brigăzii 6 Roșiori.

Decorații

  Ordinul "Coroana României", în grad de ofițer (1909)

Note

Bibliografie

 Drăgănescu Constantin, Campaniile din 1848/1849 și 1919 în Transilvania și Ungaria, Tipografia "Isvorul", București, 1930
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Mărdărescu Gheorghe, Campania pentru desrobirea Ardealului și ocuparea Budapestei (1918-1920), Editura Cartea Românească, București, 1921
 Preda Dumitru; Alexandrescu Vasile; Prodan Costică, În apărarea României Mari. Campania armatei române din 1918-1919, Editura Enciclopedică, București, 1994

Vezi și

 Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României în Transilvania, iulie 1919

Nașteri în 1865
Comandanți români din operațiile militare postbelice (1918-1920)
Decorați cu Ordinul Coroana României

Anton Lupașcu


An Schismatoglottis ferruginea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Elmer Drew Merrill. An Schismatoglottis ferruginea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schismatoglottis, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schismatoglottis

Schismatoglottis ferruginea


Carolina bays are elliptical to circular depressions concentrated along the East Coast of the United States within coastal New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and north Florida. In Maryland, they are called Maryland basins. Within the Delmarva Peninsula, they and other coastal ponds are also called Delmarva bays.

The name "Carolina bay" is sometimes attributed to the writings of the English explorer John Lawson who explored North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia during the early 18th century.  This attribution, however, is not correct. Lawson described visiting a swamp that contained bay trees, but there is no indication that he wanted to name the swamp with the word "bay".  Furthermore, Lawson said that this swamp had steep margins and that he could see mountains to the west from the vicinity of the swamp.  Thus, it seems more likely that this swamp was an inter-dune depression among the Carolina Sandhills, rather than a Carolina bay. Nevertheless, bay trees are present in some Carolina bays.

The earliest scientific description of Carolina bays is by Glenn (1895), who used the term 'bay' (which he described as "lake-like expanses") to refer to these features near the town of Darlington, South Carolina.  Glenn (1895) put quotation marks around the word "bay" but he did not use the phrase "Carolina bay."  A subsequent publication by Melton and Schriever (1933) used the phrase: The Carolina "Bays" (with quotation marks around the word "Bays").  Later, MacCarthy (1937) published a paper entitled "The Carolina Bays" and he used this phrase throughout the publication (without quotation marks, and with a capital "B" for the word "Bays").

Geographic extent
Carolina bays are present in the U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain from New York to north Florida. In Maryland, they are called Maryland basins. Within the Delmarva Peninsula, they and other coastal ponds are also called Delmarva bays.

Geomorphology
Carolina bays vary in size from one to several thousand acres.  About 500,000 of them are present in the classic area of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, many in groups aligned in a northwest–southeast direction. Generally the southeastern end has a higher rim composed of white sand.

Orientation
According to published papers and monographs, the average trend of the long axes of Carolina Bays varies from N16°W in east-central Georgia to N22°W in southern South Carolina, N39°W in northern South Carolina, N49°W in North Carolina, and N64°W in Virginia. Within this part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, the orientation of the long axes of Carolina bays varies by 10 to 15 degrees. If the long axes of these Carolina bays, as measured by Johnson (1942), are projected westward, then they converge in the area of southeastern Indiana and southwestern Ohio.

At the northern end of the distribution of Carolina bays within the Delmarva Peninsula and New Jersey, the average orientation of the long axes abruptly shifts by about 112 degrees to N48°E. Further north, the orientation of the long axes becomes, at best, distinctly bimodal, and exhibits two greatly divergent directions and, at worst, completely random and lacking any preferred direction. Plate 3 of Rasmussen and Slaughter, which is reproduced as Figure 51 of Kacrovowski, illustrates the disorganized nature of the orientations of the long axes of Carolina bays in Somerset, Wicomico, and Worcester counties, Maryland.

At the southern end of their distribution, the Carolina bays in southern Georgia and northern Florida are approximately circular in shape. In this area, they have a weak northerly orientation.

Stratigraphic setting
Most Carolina bays consist of a few meters of sand and (or) mud that rest on an unconformity above a harder substrate that does not show signs of deformation or other disturbance. The composition and the age of this harder substrate varies from location to location.

Stratigraphic relations of some Carolina bays with fields of eolian dunes in river valleys suggest that Carolina bays formed episodically during different times at different places.  For example:

In some places, Carolina bays are inset into fields of eolian dunes in river valleys, and thus these Carolina bays must be younger than the underlying eolian dunes.  One such example is Dukes Pond, which is a Carolina bay that is inset into eolian dunes in the valley of the Ohoopee River (Tattnall County, Georgia).  These eolian dunes have yielded an optically stimulated luminescence date of ~23,600 years, and thus this Carolina Bay must be younger than this OSL date.  Another example is Bear Swamp, which is a Carolina bay that is inset into eolian dunes in the valley of the Great Pee Dee River (Marion County, South Carolina).

In other places, Carolina bays are overlain by eolian dunes that are now vegetated, and thus these Carolina bays must be older than the overlying eolian dunes.  One such example is Big Bay, which is a Carolina bay that is overlain by eolian dunes in the valley of the Wateree River (Sumter County, South Carolina).  These eolian sand dunes at Big Bay have been dated by optically stimulated luminescence techniques at 29,600 ± 2,400 to 33,200 ± 2,800 BP, and thus this Carolina bay must be older than these dates.

Stratigraphy within the Carolina bays and sand ridges
Cores taken within several Carolina bays have revealed a stratigraphy of a few meters of sand and (or) mud resting on a unconformity above a harder substrate. Carolina bays for which the stratigraphy has been described in some detail include Lake Mattamuskeet (Hyde County, North Carolina), Wilson's Bay (Johnston County, North Carolina), Herndon Bay (Robeson County, North Carolina), Big Bay (Sumter County, South Carolina), Flamingo Bay (Aiken County, South Carolina), and Duke's Pond (Tattnall County, Georgia).

Lake Mattamuskeet (Hyde County, North Carolina): Cores from within this Carolina bay revealed a 0.3–1.2 m thick unit of sand and silty sand (lacustrine deposits and paleosols) that rests on an unconformity above an undisturbed unit of gray clay and sandy clay (with marine shells and burrows) of Pleistocene age.  Cores from the adjacent sand rims revealed a 2.6–2.9 m thick unit of silt, sand silt, and silty sand (interpreted as paleosols, shoreline, loess, and eolian deposits) that rests on an unconformity above an undisturbed unit of gray clay and sandy clay (with marine shells and burrows) of Pleistocene age (the same unit that was encountered in cores from within the Carolina bay).  Charcoal and wood from a western sand rim (closer to the bay) yielded radiocarbon ages of ~5,760 and 1,270 years before present (BP).  Organic sediment and charcoal from an eastern sand rim (farther from the bay) yielded radiocarbon ages ranging from ~7,750 to 2,780 years BP.

Wilson's Bay (Johnston County, North Carolina): Cores and augers from within this Carolina bay revealed a 1.5–3.2 m thick unit of sand, sandy silt, and silty sand (lacustrine deposits) that rests on an unconformity above an undisturbed unit of saprolite (weathered felsic gneiss).  These lacustrine deposits yielded a radiocarbon age of ~21,920 years BP.  Cores and augers from the adjacent sand rims revealed a 1.5–4.0 m thick unit of muddy sand, sand, and gravel that rests on an unconformity above an undisturbed unit of saprolite/weathered felsic gneiss (the same unit that was encountered in cores from within the Carolina bay). Organic material within the bay yielded an age of ~21,920 radiocarbon years BP.

Herndon Bay (Robeson County, North Carolina): Cores drilled into four different sand ridges associated with this Carolina bay revealed that the sand ridges are composed of 2.5–4.5 m thick accumulations of fine to coarse sand that rest on an unconformity above an undisturbed unit of black mud of Cretaceous age (Black Creek Formation).  Sediment samples from sand rims associated with this Carolina bay have yielded three optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of ~36,700 years ago; ~29,600 years ago; and ~27,200 years ago.

Big Bay (Big Bay, Sumter County, South Carolina): A core (drill hole D1/2) drilled within this Carolina bay went through the following units: (1) Drilling depth 0 to 4.5 m = eolian sand sheet that overlies the Carolina bay; (2) Drilling depth 4.5 to 9.0 m = silty sand and sandy mud with abundant organic material; and (3) Drilling depth 9.0 to 10.6 m = sandy clay of Pliocene age (Duplin Formation).  Sediment samples from sand rims associated with this Carolina bay have yielded four optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of ~35,700 years ago; ~25,200 years ago; ~11,200 years ago; and ~2,100 years ago.

Within cores of undisturbed sediments recovered from Big Bay, North Carolina, Brook and others documented well-defined pollen zones consisting of distinct pollen assemblages. They found a stratigraphically consistent series of pollen zones, which increased in age consistently with depth from Holocene Stage to the Wisconsin Stage, back into marine isotope stage 5

Flamingo Bay (Aiken County, South Carolina): A core (C1) taken within this Carolina bay revealed an 0.94 m thick unit of quartz sand that rests on an unconformity (paleosol) above an undisturbed unit of sandy silt and clay of Eocene age.  Charcoal samples within the 0.94 m thick unit of quartz sand yielded radiocarbon ages of ~4,500 to 2,500 years BP.  A core (P25) taken from adjacent sand rim revealed a 1.85 m thick unit of Quaternary sand that rests on an unconformity (paleosol) above an undisturbed unit of sandy silt and clay of Eocene age (the same unit that was encountered in core C1 from within the Carolina bay).  Moore et al. (2012) reported that sediment samples from sand ridges associated with this Carolina bay have yielded five OSL ages of ~15,000 years ago; ~13,100 years ago; ~11,500 years ago; ~9,200 years ago; and ~5,000 years ago.  Brooks et al. (2010) reported that sediment samples from sand ridges associated with this Carolina Bay yielded OSL ages of ~108,700 years ago; and ~40,300 years ago.

Duke's Pond (Tattnall County, Georgia): A sediment sample from a sand rim at the margin of this Carolina has yielded an OSL age of ~23,600 years ago.  Basal peat bog sediment within this Carolina bay yielded an age of ~8,600 radiocarbon years ago.

Additional notes on stratigraphy
In a study of several Carolina bays in North Carolina, Gamble et al. (1977) stated that drilling and coring indicated that the bedding and sediments underlying Carolina bays are undisturbed.  Studies by Frey, Watts, and Whitehead have also documented that the sediments filling Carolina bays are generally undisturbed.  Several cores have found that the sediments that fill Carolina bays have distinct and conformably layers or beds.

The dating of the sand rims of a number of Carolina bays by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques has yielded ages ranging from ~109,000 to ~2,000 years ago, but most ages from the sand rims range from ~40,000 to ~11,000 years ago.

Radiocarbon dates have been obtained from organic matter collected from the undisturbed sediments filling Carolina bays by Bliley and Burney, Mixon and Pilkey, Thom, and Kaczorowski.  Some radiocarbon dates obtained from organic matter within undisturbed sediments are greater than 14,000 BP radiocarbon in age.  The radiocarbon dates range from 27,700 ±2,600 to 440 ± 50 radiocarbon years BP.  Some cores have contained organic matter that was too old for dating by radiocarbon methods, resulting in "greater than" dates. For example, samples from some Carolina bays have been dated at greater than 38,000 to 49,550 radiocarbon years BP.  In cases where multiple radiocarbon dates have been determined from a single core, most radiocarbon dates are typically consistent in terms of their stratigraphic position within a core, and accumulation rates calculated from them only are rarely anomalous.  Given the nature of radiocarbon dating, discordant dates occasionally occur even in undisturbed deposits, when multiple samples were dated.  The occasional discordant dates by themselves are meaningless as an indicator of disturbance.  The intact internal stratigraphy of the Carolina bay sediments, as indicated by paleosols and pollen zones (e.g. Big Bay) refutes such arguments.

As discussed by Gaiser, radiocarbon dates reported from any Carolina bay are minimum dates for their formation.  The radiocarbon dates only represent times during which organic matter accumulated and was preserved in Carolina bays.  At other times, datable organic matter either might not have been preserved as sediment accumulated within them, or older organic matter might have been destroyed when the bays dried out.  During times when the water table was below the bottom of a Carolina bay (e.g., possibly during glacial periods when sea level was 130 meters (400 ft) below present), organic matter could have been destroyed by oxidization and weathering.  Also, during such times, eolian processes could have eroded any existing sediments at the bottom of Carolina bays.  There are some who suggest that the oldest radiocarbon date from a Carolina bay only indicates the time when the water table rose high enough for a permanent lake or swamp to exist within it.  This interpretation, however, may depend upon the nature of the overlying sediment.  For example, eolian processes can bury and preserve organic matter, and thus the preservation of organic matter can occur independently of water table behavior.

Ecological significance and biodiversity

The bays have many different vegetative structures, based on the depression depth, size, hydrology, and subsurface. Many are marshy; a few of the larger ones are (or were before drainage) lakes;  Lake Waccamaw is an undrained example. Some bays are predominantly open water with large scattered pond cypress, while others are composed of thick, shrubby areas (pocosins), with vegetation growing on floating peat mats.
The bays are especially rich in biodiversity, including some rare and/or endangered species.  Species that thrive in the bays' habitats include birds, such as wood storks, herons, egrets, and other migratory waterfowl, mammals such as deer, black bears, raccoons, skunks, and opossums. Other residents include dragonflies, green anoles and green tree frogs.

The bays contain trees such as black gum, bald cypress, pond cypress, sweet bay, loblolly bay, red bay, sweet gum, maple, magnolia, pond pine, and shrubs such as fetterbush, clethra, sumac, button bush, zenobia, and gallberry.  Plants common in Carolina bays are water lilies, sedges and various grasses. Several carnivorous plants inhabit Carolina bays, including bladderwort, butterwort, pitcher plant, and sundew.

Some bays have been greatly modified by human activities including farming, highway building, and construction of housing developments and golf courses. For example, Carvers Bay, a large bay in Georgetown County, South Carolina, was used as a bombing practice range during World War II. It has been drained and is mostly used for tree farming today. Others are used for vegetable or field crops with drainage. A study of bays located on the Delmarva peninsula estimated that 70% had been partially or fully converted to agriculture.

In South Carolina, Woods Bay, on the Sumter-Florence county line near Olanta, was designated a state park to preserve it as much as possible in its natural state. Also, 66 Bennett's Bay, near Manning, in Clarendon County, South Carolina, is a designated Heritage Preserve.

Another bay in Bamberg County, South Carolina is owned by the South Carolina Native Plant Society, which has been developing a  preserve called the Lisa Matthews Memorial Bay, which is trying to preserve and increase the federally endangered wildflower Oxypolis canbyi (Canby's Dropwort) in the bay. The uplands area surrounding the bay is being restored from a loblolly pine plantation to the original longleaf pine. Included in the longleaf restoration is the restoration of wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana) as a key understory plant. Its flammability aids in periodic burning, which is necessary for Canby's Dropwort and many of the other species unique to the environment.

Interpretations (theories of origin)

Most geologists today interpret the Carolina bays as relict geomorphological features that developed via various eolian and lacustrine processes.  Multiple lines of evidence, e.g. radiocarbon dating, optically stimulated luminescence dating, and palynology, indicate that the Carolina bays predate the start of the Holocene. Fossil pollen recovered from cores of undisturbed sediment taken from various Carolina bays in North Carolina by Frey, Watts,  and Whitehead document the presence of full glacial pollen zones within the sediments filling some Carolina bays.  The range of dates can be interpreted that Carolina bays were either created episodically over the last tens of thousands of years or were created at time over a hundred thousand years ago and have since been episodically modified.

Relict thermokarst lakes
Recent work by the U.S. Geological Survey has interpreted the Carolina bays as relict thermokarst lakes that have been modified by eolian and lacustrine processes. Modern thermokarst lakes are common today around Barrow (Alaska), and the long axes of these lakes are oblique to the prevailing wind direction.  These lakes develop by thawing of frozen ground, with subsequent modification by wind and waves.  Thus, the interpretation of Carolina bays as relict thermokarst lakes implies that frozen ground once extended as far south as the Carolina bays.  This interpretation is consistent with the optically stimulated luminescence dates, which suggest that the Carolina bays are relict features that formed when the climate was colder, drier, and windier.

Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists state that the features of the Carolina bays can be readily explained by known terrestrial processes and repeated modification by eolian and lacustrine processes. Also, Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists have found a correspondence in time between when active modification of the rims of Carolina bays most commonly occurred and when adjacent sand dunes were active during the Wisconsin glaciation between 15,000 and 40,000 years (Late Wisconsin) and 70,000 to 80,000 years BP (Early Wisconsin).

In addition, Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists have found that the orientations of the Carolina bays are consistent with the wind patterns that existed during the Wisconsin glaciation, as reconstructed from the orientations of parabolic dunes in river valleys.  Within the Atlantic Coast Plain, the orientation of the long axes of Carolina bays and the inferred direction of movement of adjacent sand dunes, where present, are generally oblique to each other. In southern Georgia and northern Florida, the orientation is matched by an inferred west to east direction of movement of Pleistocene sand dunes.  Northward from northern Georgia to Virginia, the average inferred direction of movement of Pleistocene parabolic sand dunes systematically shifts along with the average orientation of the long axes of Carolina bays as to lie oblique to them. In the Delmarva Peninsula, the 112 degree shift in the average trend of the long axes also corresponds with a shift in the average inferred direction of movement of Pleistocene parabolic sand dunes such that their direction of movement is also oblique to the long axes, as is the case in the rest of the Atlantic Coastal Plain.

Alternative interpretations
Alternative interpretations of Carolina bays that are no longer viewed favorably by most geologists include:
the action of sea currents when the area was under the ocean;
the upwelling of ground water at a later time;
the formation of siliciclastic karst by solution of subsurface material during glacial sealevel lowstands;
extraterrestrial impact hypotheses: A meteorite impact hypothesis proposed for Carolina bays in a 1933 publication by Melton and Schriever. has been discredited.

Similar landforms in the Gulf of Mexico coastal plain
Other landform depressions, not widely accepted as Carolina bays, are present within the northern Gulf of Mexico coastal plain in southern Mississippi and Alabama, where they are known as either Grady ponds or Citronelle ponds.  They are also known by a variety of names such as pocks, pock marks, , lacs ronds, and natural ponds.  These features in southern Mississippi and Alabama are elliptical to roughly circular in shape. The measurement of the long axes of 200 elliptical Grady / Citronelle ponds in southwestern Baldwin County, Alabama found a very distinct orientation tightly clustered about N25°W.

Undrained depressions, circular-to-oval in shape and exhibiting a wide range of area and depth, are also a feature of the Gulf of Mexico coastal plain in Texas and southwest Louisiana. These depressions vary in size from  in diameter. Within Harris County, Texas, raised rims, which are about  high, partially enclose these depressions.

See also

References

Geology of the United States
Ecology of the United States
Lacustrine landforms
Younger Dryas impact hypothesis

Carolina bays


În limba română, un miliard sau un bilion  (1.000.000.000 = 109) este un număr format dintr-o mie de milioane (103 × 106) de unități.

Referințe

Numere întregi
Numere mari

Miliard


Im Okres Piešťany bestehen 142 denkmalgeschützte Objekte. Die unten angeführte Liste führt zu den Gemeindelisten und gibt die Anzahl der Objekte an. In Gemeinden, die nicht verlinkt sind, existieren keine geschützten Objekte.

Weblinks

Piestany
Okres Piešťany

Denkmalgeschützte Objekte im Okres Piešťany


Lenny Vallier, né le  à Stains en France, est un footballeur français qui évolue au poste d'arrière gauche à l'EA Guingamp.

Biographie

Débuts
Né à Stains en France, Lenny Vallier est formé par le Stade de Reims. Il joue son premier match en professionnel le 14 avril 2017, lors d'une rencontre de Ligue 2 face au Stade lavallois. Il entre en jeu à la place de Hamari Traoré et son équipe s'incline par cinq buts à deux.

Le 28 juin 2018, Vallier est prêté pour une saison au Pau FC.

Chamois niortais
Le , Lenny Vallier s'engage officiellement au Chamois niortais pour un contrat de trois ans.

Il inscrit son premier but en professionnel, et donc pour Niort, le 24 septembre 2021 contre le Paris FC, en championnat. Son équipe s'impose par quatre buts à zéro ce jour-là.

En sélection
Lenny Vallier représente l'équipe de France des moins de 17 ans. Il joue un seul match avec cette équipe, le 16 décembre 2015 contre l'Italie. Il est titularisé et son équipe s'impose par deux buts à un.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur français
Joueur du Stade de Reims
Joueur du Pau FC
Joueur du Chamois niortais FC
Naissance en avril 1999
Naissance à Stains

Lenny Vallier


Truman Capote - Amerikalı yazar
 Capote (film) - Truman Capote'nin hayatından bir kesiti anlatan 2005 ABD yapımı film

Capote


Thomas Goddard Bergin (* 17. November 1904 in New Haven, Connecticut; † 30. Oktober 1987 in Madison, Connecticut) war ein US-amerikanischer Romanist, Italianist und Provenzalist.

Leben und Werk
Thomas Bergin studierte an der Yale University und promovierte 1929 mit der Arbeit Giovanni Verga (New Haven 1931, Westport 1969). Er war von 1925 bis 1930 Instructor in Yale, von 1930 bis 1935 Associate Professor an der Western Reserve University in Cleveland, von 1935 bis 1941 Professor für Romanistik an der University at Albany, The State University of New York und von 1941 bis 1948 in der gleichen Funktion an der Cornell University in Ithaca (zwischendurch Kriegsdienst in Italien).

Ab 1949 lehrte Bergin an der Yale University, zuerst als Benjamin Barge Professor, von 1957 bis zu seiner Emeritierung 1973 als Sterling Professor. 1947 war er Präsident der American Association of Teachers of Italian.

Bergin war Ehrendoktor des Hofstra College (1958) und der State University of New York at Binghamton (1984). An der Yale University wurden ein Stipendium und ein Raum nach ihm benannt.

Weitere Werke

Monographien
 Luciano Zuccoli. Ritratto umbertino, Rom 1940
 (mit George Irving Dale) Spanish grammar, New York 1943
 (mit Ernest Hatch Wilkins) A History of Italian literature, Cambridge, Mass. 1954, 1974
 Il canto 9. del "Paradiso", Rom 1959
 Dante, New York 1965, 1976
 An approach to Dante, London 1965
 (mit Ernest Hatch Wilkins) A Concordance to the Divine comedy of Dante Alighieri, Cambridge, Mass. 1965
 Perspectives on the Divine Comedy, New Brunswick 1967, Bloomington/London 1970
 A diversity of Dante, New Brunswick 1969
 Dante's Divine comedy, Englewood Cliffs 1971
 Gridiron glory. Yale football 1952–72, New Haven 1978
 Boccaccio, New York 1981
 (mit Nathaniel B. Smith) An Old provençal primer, New York 1984
 The Game. The Harvard-Yale football rivalry, 1875–1983, New Haven 1984
 Invito alla Divina commedia, Bari 1986

Herausgeber- und Übersetzertätigkeit
 (Hrsg.) Modern Italian short stories, Boston 1938
 (Hrsg. mit Theodore Andersson) French plays: Brieux, Hervieu, Mirbeau, New York 1941
 (Hrsg. mit Raymond Thompson Hill) Anthology of the Provençal troubadours, New Haven 1941, 1973
 (Übersetzer mit Max Harold Fisch) The autobiography of Giambattista Vico, Ithaca 1944, 1963
 (Übersetzer mit Max Harold Fisch) Giambattista Vico, The New Science,  Ithaca 1944, Garden City 1961, Ithaca/London 1994
 (Übersetzer) Niccolò Machiavelli, The prince, New York 1947, Franklin Center 1978, 1986
 (Hrsg. und Übersetzer) Dante, Inferno, New York 1948
 (Hrsg. und Übersetzer) Dante, Purgatorio, New York 1953
 (Hrsg. und Übersetzer) Dante, Paradise, New York 1954
 (Hrsg.) The rhymes of Francesco Petrarca. A selection of translations, London/Edinburgh 1954
 (Hrsg. und Übersetzer) Dante, The Divine Comedy, Arlington Heights 1955
 (Hrsg. und Übersetzer) The poems of William of Poitou, New Haven 1955
 (Hrsg.) Raimbaut de Vaqueiras, Vers, Florenz 1956
 (Hrsg.) Bertran de Born, Liriche, Varese 1964
 (Übersetzer) An Anthology of italian verse, Montreal 1964
 (Hrsg. und Übersetzer) The sonnets of Petrarch, Verona 1965
 (Hrsg.) From time to eternity. Essays on Dante's Divine comedy, New Haven 1967
 (Übersetzer) Dante, The Divine Comedy, New York 1969
 (Hrsg. und Übersetzer) Petrarca, Bucolicum carmen, New Haven/London 1974
 (Hrsg. und Übersetzer) Petrarca, Selected sonnets, odes, and letters, Arlington Heights 1985
 (Hrsg. mit Jennifer Speake) Encyclopaedia of the Renaissance, London 1987, 2004 (italienisch 1993)
 (Übersetzer mit Anne Paolucci) Giacomo Leopardi, Selected poems, Smyrna, Del. 2003

Literatur
 Italian literature. Roots and branches. Essays in honor of Thomas Goddard Bergin, hrsg. von Giose Rimanelli und Kenneth John Atchity, New Haven/London 1976
 Diana Dubois (Hrsg.), My Harvard, my Yale, New York 1982

Weblinks

 https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/3908?stylename=yul.ead2002.xhtml.xsl&pid=mssa:ms.1629&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes

Romanist
Hochschullehrer (Yale University)
Hochschullehrer (Cornell University)
Hochschullehrer (University at Albany)
Hochschullehrer (Case Western Reserve University)
Ehrendoktor einer Universität in den Vereinigten Staaten
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1904
Gestorben 1987
Mann

Thomas Goddard Bergin


This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1983.

Events

February
 In the 1983 by-election for the Bermondsey constituency in South London, Labour candidate Peter Tatchell loses a previously safe seat after a campaign dominated by attacks on his left-wing politics and homosexuality.

October
 3 – In the United States, the AFL–CIO labor union votes to support gay rights legislation.

November
 New York governor Mario Cuomo issues an executive order banning public sexual orientation discrimination.

December
 30 – Ohio governor Richard Celeste issues Executive Order 83-64, which prohibits discrimination in state employment on the basis of sexual orientation.

See also

Timeline of LGBT history – timeline of events from 12,000 BCE to present
LGBT rights by country or territory – current legal status around the world
LGBT social movements

References

LGBT rights by year
1983 in LGBT history

1983 in LGBT rights