Jakša Alfirević (Split, 14. travnja 1959.), hrvatski majstor borilačkih vještina. Nositelj je 4. Dana u aikidu.

Životopis
Jakša Alfirević je rođen u Splitu 1959. godine. Osnovnu školu završio je u Kaštel Šućurcu, srednju školu i fakultet završio je u Splitu. Diplomirao je na Fakultetu elektrotehnike, strojarstva i brodogradnje u Splitu, smjer telekomunikacija. Od najranijeg djetinjstva je prisutan u sportskom životu Kaštela, kroz aktivno bavljenje planinarstvom te košarkom. Aikidom se počeo baviti 1997. godine u Splitu u aikido klubu Musubi.

Godine 1999. Jakša Alfirević je u Kaštelu osnovao Aikido klub Kaštela – Gen Ki u kojem i danas djeluje kao glavni instruktor. Klub je posjećivalo i mentoriralo nekoliko instruktora. Neki od njih su: Masatomi Ikeda, Michele Quaranta, Georg Meindl i Stephane Goffin.

Jakša Alfirević je položio 1. Dan 2005., 2. Dan 2011., 3 Dan 2014. i 4. Dan 2017. godine. Jedan je od osnivača Hrvatskog aikido saveza (HAS). Dopredsjednik je HAS-a, član Tehničke komisije HAS-a, član Ispitne komisije HAS-a, licencirani je i pozvani instruktor Austrijske aikido federacije (AVO), te glavni mentor aikido kluba pri borilačkoj sekciji IPA-e (International police association) u Šibeniku. Član je Skupštine Hrvatskog olimpijskog odbora (HOO) i član Odbora za neolimpijske sportove HOO-a, te član Upravnog odbora Zajednice športskih udruga Kaštela.

Znanje kao učitelj i učenik Jakša Alfirević je osim u Hrvatskoj stjecao i u Austriji, Slovačkoj i Mađarskoj. Surađivao je s majstorima kao što su: Christian Tissier, Koichi Toriumi, Dirk Muller, Daniel Toutain, Urs Aepli, Renata Jocić, Liza Heis, Mario Černy, Manfred Ogris i Martin Toplizer.

Živi u Splitu i aikido podučava u aikido klubu Kaštela – Gen Ki.

Priznanja
 Trofej zajednice športskih udruga grada Kaštela (2018)

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 Jakša Alfirević
 Jakša Alfirević

Životopisi, Split
Hrvatske aikidoke

Jakša Alfirević


"A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" (originally written in the German language with the title ) is one of the best known hymns by the Protestant Reformer Martin Luther, a prolific hymnwriter. Luther wrote the words and composed the hymn tune between 1527 and 1529. It has been translated into English at least seventy times and also into many other languages. The words are mostly original, although the first line paraphrases that of Psalm 46.

History
"A Mighty Fortress" is one of the best known hymns of the Lutheran tradition, and among Protestants more generally. It has been called the "Battle Hymn of the Reformation" for the effect it had in increasing the support for the Reformers' cause. John Julian records four theories of its origin:

 Heinrich Heine: "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" was sung by Luther and his companions as they entered Worms on 16 April 1521 for the Diet;
 K. F. T. Schneider: it was a tribute to Luther's friend Leonhard Kaiser, who was executed on 16 August 1527;
 Jean-Henri Merle d'Aubigné: it was sung by the German Lutheran princes as they entered Augsburg for the Diet in 1530, at which the Augsburg Confession was presented; and
 Some scholars believe that Luther composed it in connection with the Diet of Speyer (1529), at which the German Lutheran princes lodged their protest to Holy Roman Emperor  Charles V, who wanted to enforce his 1521 Edict of Worms.

Alternatively, John M. Merriman writes that the hymn "began as a martial song to inspire soldiers against the Ottoman forces" during the Ottoman wars in Europe.

The earliest extant hymnal in which it appears is that of Andrew Rauscher (1531). It is believed to have been included in Joseph Klug's Wittenberg hymnal of 1529, of which no copy remains. Its title was . Before that it is believed to have appeared in Hans Weiss Wittenberg's hymnal of 1528, also lost. This evidence supports Luther having written it between 1527 and 1529, because Luther's hymns were printed shortly after he wrote them.

Tune

Luther composed the melody, named  from the text's first line, in meter 184.108.40.206.7 (Zahn No. 7377a). This is sometimes denoted "rhythmic tune" to distinguish it from the later isometric variant, in 184.108.40.206.7-meter (Zahn No. 7377d), which is more widely known and used in Christendom. In 1906 Edouard Rœhrich wrote, "The authentic form of this melody differs very much from that which one sings in most Protestant churches and figures in (Giacomo Meyerbeer's) The Huguenots. ... The original melody is , by the way it bends to all the nuances of the text ..."

While 19th-century musicologists disputed Luther's authorship of the music to the hymn, that opinion has been modified by more recent research; it is now the consensus view of musical scholars that Luther did indeed compose the famous tune to go with the words.

Reception
Heinrich Heine wrote in his 1834 essay , a history of emancipation in Germany beginning with the Reformation, that  was the Marseillaise of the Reformation. This "imagery of battle" is also present in some translations, such as that of Thomas Carlyle (which begins "A safe stronghold our God is still"). In Germany, "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" was historically also used as a patriotic paean, which is why it was regularly sung at nationalistic events such as the Wartburg Festival in 1817. This patriotic undertone of the hymn emanates from its importance for the Reformation in general, which was regarded by the Protestants not only as a religious but as a national movement delivering Germany from Roman oppression. Furthermore, the last line of the fourth stanza of the German text, "Das Reich muss uns doch bleiben," which is generally translated into English as "The Kingdom's ours forever," referring to the Kingdom of God, may also be interpreted as meaning the Holy Roman Empire must remain with the Germans.

The song is reported to have been used as a battle anthem during the Thirty Years War by forces under King Gustavus Adolphus, Lutheran king of Sweden. This idea was exploited by some 19th-century poets, such as Karl Curths, although there exists no primary source which supports this. The hymn had been translated into Swedish already in 1536, presumably by Olaus Petri, with the incipit, "Vår Gud är oss en väldig borg". In the late 19th century the song also became an anthem of the early Swedish socialist movement.

In addition to being consistently popular throughout Western Christendom  in Protestant hymnbooks, it is now a suggested hymn for Catholic Masses in the U.S., and appears in the Catholic Book of Worship published by the Canadian Catholic Conference in 1972. The eventful history and reception of A Mighty Fortress Is Our God has been presented interactively in Lutherhaus Eisenach's revamped permanent exhibition since 2022.

English translations
The first English translation was by Myles Coverdale in 1539 with the title, "Oure God is a defence and towre". The first English translation in "common usage" was "God is our Refuge in Distress, Our strong Defence" in J.C. Jacobi's Psal. Ger., 1722, p. 83.

An English version less literal in translation but more popular among Protestant denominations outside Lutheranism is "A mighty fortress is our God, a bulwark never failing", translated by Frederick H. Hedge in 1853. Another popular English translation is by Thomas Carlyle and begins "A safe stronghold our God is still".

Most North American Lutheran churches have not historically used either the Hedge or Carlyle translations. Traditionally, the most commonly used translation in Lutheran congregations is a composite translation from the 1868 Pennsylvania Lutheran Church Book ("A mighty fortress is our God, a trusty shield and weapon"). In more recent years a new translation completed for the 1978 Lutheran Book of Worship ("A mighty fortress is our God, a sword and shield victorious") has also gained significant popularity.

Compositions based on the hymn

The hymn has been used by numerous composers, including Johann Sebastian Bach. There is a version for organ, BWV 720, written early in his career, possibly for the organ at Divi Blasii, Mühlhausen.
He used the hymn as the basis of his chorale cantata Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, BWV 80 written for a celebration of Reformation Day. Bach also set the tune twice in his Choralgesänge (Choral Hymns), BWV 302 and BWV 303 (for four voices). Two orchestrations of Bach's settings were made by conductors Leopold Stokowski and Walter Damrosch. Dieterich Buxtehude also wrote an organ chorale setting (BuxWV 184), as did Johann Pachelbel. George Frideric Handel used fragments of the melody in his oratorio Solomon. Georg Philipp Telemann also made a choral arrangement of this hymn and prominently used an extract of the verses beginning Mit unsrer Macht ist nichts getan in his famous Donnerode.

Felix Mendelssohn used it as the theme for the fourth and final movement of his Symphony No. 5, Op. 107 (1830), which he named Reformation in honor of the Reformation started by Luther. Joachim Raff wrote an Overture (for orchestra), Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, Op. 127. Giacomo Meyerbeer quoted it in his five-act grand opera Les Huguenots (1836), and Richard Wagner used it as a "motive" in his "Kaisermarsch" ("Emperor's March"), which was composed to commemorate the return of Kaiser Wilhelm I from the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. Two organ settings were written by Max Reger: his chorale fantasia Ein' feste Burg ist unser Gott, Op. 27, and a much shorter chorale prelude as No. 6 of his 52 Chorale Preludes, Op. 67, in 1902. Claude Debussy quoted the theme in his suite for piano duet, En blanc et noir. Alexander Glazunov quoted the melody in his Finnish Fantasy, Op. 88.

Ralph Vaughan Williams used the tune in his score for the film 49th Parallel, most obviously when the German U-boat surfaces in Hudson Bay shortly after the beginning of the film. Flor Peeters wrote an organ chorale setting "Ein feste Burg" as part of his Ten Chorale Preludes, Op. 69, published in 1949. More recently it has been used by band composers to great effect in pieces such as Psalm 46 by John Zdechlik and The Holy War by Ray Steadman-Allen. The hymn also features in Luther, an opera by Kari Tikka that premiered in 2000. It has also been used by African-American composer Julius Eastman in his 1979 work Gay Guerrilla, composed for an undefined number of instruments and familiar in its recorded version for 4 pianos. Eastman's use of the hymn can arguably be seen as simultaneously a claim for inclusion in the tradition of "classical" composition, as well as a subversion of that very same tradition.

Mauricio Kagel quoted the hymn, paraphrased as "Ein feste Burg ist unser Bach", in his oratorio Sankt-Bach-Passion, which tells Bach's life and was composed for the tricentenary of Bach's birth in 1985. Nancy Raabe composed a concertato on the hymn using organ, assembly, trumpet, and tambourine, the only such composition by a female composer.

See also

 List of hymns by Martin Luther
 Psalm 46

References

Bibliography

 Commission on Worship of the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod. Lutheran Worship. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1982. ISBN
 Julian, John, ed. A Dictionary of Hymnology: Setting forth the Origin and History of Christian Hymns of all Ages and Nations. Second revised edition. 2 vols. n.p., 1907. Reprint, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1957.
 Pelikan, Jaroslav and Lehmann, Helmut, eds. Luther's Works. Vol. 53, Liturgy and Hymns. St. Louis, Concordia Publishing House, 1965. .
 Polack, W. G. The Handbook to the Lutheran Hymnal. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1942.
 Rœhrich, E. Les Origines du Choral Luthérien. Paris: Librairie Fischbacher, 1906.
 Stulken, Marilyn Kay. Hymnal Companion to the Lutheran Book of Worship. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1981.

External links

"Ein feste Burg" sung by the Wartburg Choir (in German)
"A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" sung by the Choir of King's College, Cambridge
"Ein feste Burg" sung in the original rhythm (Evangelische Landeskirche in Württemberg) (in German)

1529 works
16th-century Christian texts
16th-century hymns in German
Lutheran hymns based on Psalms
Hymn tunes
Hymns by Martin Luther
German patriotic songs

A Mighty Fortress Is Our God


Pierre Motor Carriage ist ein Prototyp von 1898.

Beschreibung
Frank Edson und Louis Greenough betrieben eine Schmiede in Pierre in South Dakota in den USA. 1898 stellten sie ein Automobil her. Es war das erste Auto mit einem Ottomotor, das in Pierre gebaut wurde, und vermutlich auch das erste dieser Art im Staat South Dakota.

Der Zweizylindermotor kam von Wolverine aus Detroit. Damit ist wahrscheinlich die Wolverine Auto & Commercial Vehicle Company gemeint. Der Motor war im Heck unter den Sitzen eingebaut und trieb über Ketten die Hinterräder an.

Ungewöhnlich für die damalige Zeit war der geschlossene Aufbau. Eine Wagenfabrik aus Elkhart fertigte ihn an. Der hintere Teil bot Platz für sechs Personen. Der Fahrer saß davor in einem Abteil mit Seitenteilen und Dach.

Das Fahrzeug bewährte sich auf ebenen Straßen. Für das örtliche Postamt wurde sogar Post zwischen Pierre und Fort Sully befördert. Für den Personentransport in das hügelige Black Hills war das Fahrzeug allerdings untermotorisiert.

Einzelnachweise

Utilities
Kleinbus

Pierre Motor Carriage


Hitler: los últimos diez días (Hitler: The Last Ten Days) es una película de 1973 que muestra los días previos al suicidio de Adolf Hitler. Está protagonizada por Alec Guinness y Simon Ward. La música original fue compuesta por Mischa Spoliansky. Se basa en los últimos días del libro de Hitler: un relato de un testigo, escrito por Gerhard Boldt, un sobreviviente de la Führerbunker. Lugar de filmación de la película incluye los estudios DiLaurentiis en Roma y algunas partes de Inglaterra: la introducción es presentada por Alistair Cooke.

Sinopsis
La película comienza con el 56.º cumpleaños de Hitler el 20 de abril de 1945, y termina 10 días después, con su suicidio el 30 de abril.

Reparto
 Alec Guinness - Adolf Hitler
 Simon Ward - Capitán Hoffman
 Adolfo Celi - General Hans Krebs
 Diane Cilento - Hanna Reitsch
 Gabriele Ferzetti - Mariscal de campo Wilhelm Keitel
 Eric Porter - General von Greim
 Doris Kunstmann - Eva Braun
 Joss Ackland - General Wilhelm Burgdorf
 John Bennett - Joseph Goebbels
 John Barron - Dr. Stumpfegger
 Barbara Jefford - Magda Goebbels
 Sheila Gish - Frau Christian
 Julian Glover - Gruppenführer Hermann Fegelein
 Michael Goodliffe - General Helmut Weidling
 Mark Kingston - Martin Bormann

Véase también
 Hitler: El reinado del mal (2003)
 Der Untergang (2004)
 The Bunker (1981)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Películas sobre Adolf Hitler
Películas basadas en hechos reales
Películas de 1973
Películas de cine histórico
Películas sobre el nazismo
Películas sobre la Segunda Guerra Mundial

Hitler: Los últimos diez días


A Supercopa Russa de Voleibol Masculino de 2015 foi a 8.ª edição deste torneio organizado anualmente pela Federação Russa de Voleibol (). A competição ocorreu na cidade de Cazã e participaram do torneio a equipe campeã da Superliga Russa e da Copa da Rússia de 2014 e o vice-campeã do Superliga Russa de 2014-15.

O Zenit Kazan se sagrou campeão pela quarta vez da competição ao derrotar o Belogore Belgorod por 3 sets a 0.

Formato da disputa
O torneio foi disputado em partida única, válida pela primeira rodada da Superliga Russa de 2015-16.

Equipes participantes

Resultado
|}

Premiação

Ligações externas

Supercopa Russa de Voleibol Masculino
2015 no voleibol
Desporto na Rússia em 2015


Martin Johannes Møller (født 19. oktober 1982 i Odense) er en dansk forfatter og lydbogsindlæser.

Søn af skuespilleren og indlæser-kollegaen Troels Møller Pedersen.

Bibliografi
Martin Johannes Møller har udgivet følgende bøger:
 "Kill your darlings : (el portræt af en ung mand der elsker)" 2005
 Flytning, s.m Christian Bjoljahn, 28/6, (2009)
 Skuespilleren der forsvandt, Gyldendal (2010)

Referencer

Romanforfattere fra Danmark
Lydbogsindlæsere
Personer fra Odense

Martin Johs. Møller


The Tube Bar prank calls are a series of prank calls made in the mid-1970s to the Tube Bar in Jersey City, New Jersey, in which Jim Davidson and John Elmo would ask "Red," the proprietor of the bar, if they could speak to various non-existent customers. The gag names given by the pranksters were puns and homophones for often offensive phrases. Recordings of the calls were circulated widely on duplicated cassette tapes and may have been the inspiration for a long running gag in The Simpsons.

History
In the mid-1970s, two young men—John Elmo and Jim Davidson; later known collectively as Bum Bar Bastards, or The BBB—began calling the Tube Bar located at Journal Square in Jersey City, New Jersey. The bar was owned by heavyweight boxer Louis "Red" Deutsch, and most of the time Deutsch himself answered the calls. During a call, the pranksters would ask Deutsch to call out fictitious, pun-like/homophones names such as "Pepe Roni" (pepperoni), "Hal Ja-Like-a-Kick" (how'd you like a kick), "Phil My-Pockets" (fill my pockets), "Al Coholic" (alcoholic) or "Mike Hunt" (my cunt). Most of the time, Deutsch would call out the names, unaware that he was being subjected to a prank.

At times, Deutsch would catch on, and when he did, he would respond with extreme hostility, shouting profanity, obscene sexual references (usually involving the caller's mother), and threats of physical harm at the caller. He would utter threats such as, "I'll break dem bones on you, on your feet, you'll never be able to walk for the rest of your life!" as well as "I'll cut your belly open and show you all the black stuff you got in there!" Sometimes Deutsch would offer the two pranksters a reward of $100 or $500 if they would show up at his bar in person, but they never took him up on the offer.

By the 1980s, dubbed cassette tapes of the calls were shared between staff of several major league sports teams such as the New York Mets, Los Angeles Dodgers and Miami Dolphins. These dubbed copies of the calls were unofficially referred to as the Red Tapes or Tube Bar Tapes. The popularity of these prank calls spread throughout respective sports leagues, branching out to sports reporters and then into the larger media world.

Bar location and details

The Tube Bar itself was located at 12 Tube Concourse, Jersey City, adjacent to the entrance of the Journal Square PATH station and across the way from the Landmark Loew's Jersey Theatre. The small complex of commercial storefronts that included the Tube Bar was demolished in early 2009 to make way for the 1 Journal Square development project.

Legacy
 Animator and cartoonist Matt Groening has described himself as a fan of the tapes, particularly the "Garden Grove calls". His series The Simpsons features a running joke of Bart Simpson making prank calls to barkeeper Moe Szyslak, asking to speak to patrons with joke names. Groening describes the similarity between these jokes and the Tube Bar calls as "creative synchronicity." Co-developer Sam Simon told The Howard Stern Show in 2007 that the jokes are a "homage to or parody of the classic Red tapes".
 During the 1980s, several different record labels released various edits of the tapes on CD, LP and cassette tape before the Bum Bar Bastards came forward in the 1990s to claim copyright of the tapes and officially release their version.

Discography

See also
 List of practical joke topics

References

External links
 Tube Bar: The Legendary Tube Bar Recording by Mike Walsh

Practical jokes
Culture of Jersey City, New Jersey
Prank calling
Mass media in Hudson County, New Jersey
Prank call albums
1970s in New Jersey
History of Jersey City, New Jersey

Tube Bar prank calls


Hjertensfrydsgade er en gade i kvarteret Nyboder i Indre By i København, der ligger i forlængelse af Elsdyrsgade mellem Kronprinsessegade og Øster Voldgade. Gaden er opkaldt efter planten hjertensfryd.

Gaden er belagt med brosten og er omgivet af klassiske gule toetages Nyboder-huse på begge sider, fra da Nyboder blev udvidet nordpå i 1780'erne. Gadenavnet slutter sig til en ældre gruppe på ti gader mellem Adelgade og Rigensgade, der oprindeligt fik blomsternavne, da kong Christian 4. opførte de første dele af Nyboder i 1630'erne og 1640'erne. En række af disse skiftede dog navn i 1860'erne og 1870'erne.

Ved enden af gaden mod Kronprinsessegade ligger Nyboder Plads mellem de to gader og Suensonsgade. Pladsen fik navn i 2015.

Hjertensfrydsgade danner ramme for højbådsmand Olufsens Hus, hvor Lykke-Per bor i romanen af samme navn skrevet af Henrik Pontoppidan.

Kilder
 Storbyens stednavne, s. 126, af Bent Jørgensen. Gyldendal, 1999.
 København før og nu - og aldrig, bind 5, Kgs. Nytorv, Rosenborg og Nyboder, s. 398, 428-429, af Sys og Godfred Hartmann. Palle Fogtdal, 1988.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Hjertensfrydsgade på Indenforvoldene.dk.

Nyboder
Gader i Indre By (København)

Hjertensfrydsgade


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Éric Elmosnino (* 2. Mai 1964 in Suresnes, Frankreich) ist ein französischer Schauspieler.

Leben

Nach seinem Schauspielstudium am Conservatoire national supérieur d'art dramatique spielte Éric Elmosnino am Théâtre des Amandiers.
Seine erste größere Rolle im Kino hatte Elmosnino 1992 als Guillaume de Tonquédecs bester Freund und kurzzeitiger Widersacher Christian Ribet in der Komödie Tableau d'honneur. Es folgten jahrelang Nebenrollen, bis er 2010 seinen Durchbruch zum Star als Titelheld des Biopics Gainsbourg – Der Mann, der die Frauen liebte hatte.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1985: Her mit den Jungs (À nous les garçons)
 1986: États d'âme
 1992: Tableau d'honneur
 1994: Die Auferstehung des Colonel Chabert (Le colonel Chabert)
 1996: Bernie
 1998: Ende August, Anfang September (Fin août, début septembre)
 1999: La vie ne me fait pas peur
 2001: Electroménager
 2001: Freizeitkapitäne (Liberté-Oléron)
 2001: Veloma
 2003: Fehler nicht erlaubt (Zéro défaut)
 2003: Nicht zu verheiraten (Vert paradis)
 2005: L'œil de l'autre
 2005: Netter geht's nicht (Gentille)
 2007: Actrices – oder der Traum aus der Nacht davor (Actrices)
 2007: La vie d'artiste
 2008: L'heure d'été
 2008: Intrusions
 2009: Der Vater meiner Kinder (Le père de mes enfants)
 2009: Bancs publics (Versailles rive droite)
 2009: La guerre des fils de la lumière contre les fils des ténèbres
 2010: Gainsbourg – Der Mann, der die Frauen liebte (Gainsbourg (Vie héroïque))
 2010: Toutes les filles pleurent
 2011: Die Katze des Rabbiners (Le chat du rabbin)
 2011: Mike
 2011: Léa
 2011: Der Krieg der Knöpfe (La guerre des boutons)
 2011: Familientreffen mit Hindernissen (Le skylab)
 2012: Ouf
 2012: Télé gaucho
 2013: Eine Hochzeit und andere Hindernisse (Des gens qui s'embrassent)
 2013: Hôtel Normandy
 2013: Le cœur des hommes 3
 2014: Sex für Fortgeschrittene (À coup sûr)
 2014: Verstehen Sie die Béliers? (La famille Bélier)
 2017: Mein neues bestes Stück (Si j'étais un homme)
 2021: Mystère: Victorias geheimnisvoller Freund (Mystère)

Auszeichnungen (Auswahl)
 2001: Prix du Syndicat de la critique als Bester Darsteller (Monsieur Armand dit Garrincha)
 2002: Molière als Bester Nachwuchsdarsteller (Léonce et Léna)
 2005: Nominierungen für den Molière als Bester Hauptdarsteller (Peer Gynt) und Bester Nebendarsteller (Ivanov)
 2010: Darstellerpreis des Tribeca Film Festivals (Gainsbourg – Der Mann, der die Frauen liebte)
 2010: Darstellerpreis des Filmfestivals von Cabourg (Gainsbourg – Der Mann, der die Frauen liebte)
 2011: Nominierungen für den Étoile d'Or als Bester Hauptdarsteller und Bester Nachwuchsdarsteller (Gainsbourg – Der Mann, der die Frauen liebte)
 2011: César als Bester Hauptdarsteller (Gainsbourg – Der Mann, der die Frauen liebte)

Weblinks

 Profil bei allocine.fr (französisch)

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
César-Preisträger
Franzose
Geboren 1964
Mann

Éric Elmosnino


Knjižnica Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti knjižnica je u sastavu HAZU.

Povijest
Jedna od najvećih i najbogatijih hrvatskih znanstvenih knjižnica osnovana je 1861. godine. Godine 1867. Akademija kupuje privatnu biblioteku Ivana Kukuljevića Sakcinskoga od dvanaest tisuća svezaka. Mnogi znameniti ljudi darivali su, oporučno ostavljali ili prodavali svoje knjige knjižnici HAZU.

Ustroj
Knjižnica je namijenjena istraživačima u području humanističkih i društvenih znanosti. Knjižnični fond sastoji se oko 300 000 svezaka knjiga i bogate zbirke stranih i domaćih serijskih publikacija. Na posebnom odjelu čuvaju se stare i rijetke knjige, među kojima i prva izdanja značajnih djela hrvatske književnosti.

Zbirke
U knjižnici postoji više zbirki: zbirka starih i rijetkih knjiga, obiteljska biblioteka Gotthardi-Škiljan, spomenička zbirka Mirka Dražena Grmeka, spomenička zbirka Nade Klaić, zbirka gradišćanskohrvatske književne baštine te digitalna zbirka i katalog.

Izvori
 Knjižnica, Hrvatska enciklopedija
 Knjižnica HAZU, pristupljeno 5. svibnja 2021.
 Nataša Daničić, Dina Mašina, Tamara Runjak, Izložba ostavština Ivana Kukuljevića Sakcinskog iz arhiva i knjižnice Hrvatske akademije znanosti umjetnosti, Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 1/2017. (HAW)
 Zrinka Vitković, Najveća donacija u povijesti Knjižnice Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti : Renata Gotthardi-Škiljan darovala svoju obiteljsku knjižnicu, Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 4/2013. (HAW)
 Zrinka Vitković, Portal digitalna zbirka Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 2/2012. (HAW)
 Relja Seferović, Rijetkosti u knjižnici Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti. Katalog inkunabula i knjiga 16. stoljeća. Sastavila i bilješkama popratila Tamara Runjak. Izdanja Knjižnice Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, sv. 10. Zagreb: HAZU, 2011, Anali Zavoda za povijesne znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti u Dubrovniku 2/2013. (HAW)

Vanjske poveznice
Mrežna mjesta
 Knjižnica HAZU, službeno mrežno mjesto
 Digitalna zbirka i katalog HAZU

HAZU
Knjižnice u Zagrebu


عيسى ماجد صالح بن شاهين بن غانم الشاهين سياسي كويتي مواليد عام 1946م، والأمين العام الثاني للحركة الدستورية الإسلامية ونائب كويتي سابق.

التعليم
خريج الدفعة الثانية من ثانوية الشويخ ، ثم انتقل إلى الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية حيث حصل على شهادة جامعية في العلوم السياسية والعلاقات الدولية من جامعة إنديانا .

العمل
عمل في ديوان ولي العهد وعدة وظائف حكومية أبرزها  أنه كان سفيراً يترأس في وزارة الخارجية الكويتية إدارة الخليج العربي قبل تأسيس مجلس التعاون الخليجي ثم اتجه بعدها لأعماله الخاصة: (الشركة العثمانية للتجارة والمقاولات العامة)

العمل السياسي
 خاض انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي عامي 1981 و1985، وأصبح عضوًا في البرلمان في الفترة من 81 إلى 84 عن دائرة «الروضة» الانتخابية.
 عضو مؤسس في الحركة الدستورية الإسلامية - حدس -، وكان الناطق الرسمي الأول باسمها، ثم أصبح الأمين العام الثاني لها خلفًا للشيخ د. جاسم المهلهل الياسين ، وسلفًا للدكتور بدر الناشي ، هو حاليًا عضو الأمانة العامة.
 عضو المنتدى العالمي للبرلمانيين الإسلاميين بجانب المئات من البرلمانيين حول العالم.

شخصيات من عائلته
 والده ماجد صالح شاهين غانم الشاهين أحد رجالات الكويت الأوائل، عمل كاتب حسابات لكبار تجارها في فترة مبكرة من حياته، ثم انتقل لأعماله الخاصة، درس وتخرج ضمن الدفعة الأولى لمدرسة المستشفى الأمريكاني في بلده.
 شقيقه السيد سليمان الشاهين الذي كان وزير دولة للشؤون الخارجية في الحكومة الكويتية عام 1999.
 وشقيقه الدكتور المهندس إبراهيم الشاهين تولى إدارة الهيئة العامة للإسكان - تسمى المؤسسة العامة للرعاية السكنية حاليًا - ثم اختير وزير دولة للشؤون البلدية في عام 1991.
 متزوج من كريمة الوزير الكويتي الأسبق السيد يوسف الرفاعي، ولديه 7 من الأبناء ترأس بعضهم الاتحاد الوطني لطلبة الكويت بالانتخاب وتم اختيار الآخرين كأعضاء بالاتحاد.
 في فبراير 2012 فاز ابنه المحامي النائب أسامة الشاهين بانتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي (البرلمان) عن الدائرة الانتخابية الأولى. كما فاز مجددا بانتخابات مجلس الأمة لعام 2016 عن نفس الدائرة،  وانتخب مجددًا عضوًا في مجلس الأمة عن ذات الدائرة الأولى، في ديسمبر 2020 .

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 عيسى ماجد الشاهين.. سياسي عازف عن الأضواء، موقع حدس
 الشركة العثمانية للتجارة والمقاولات العامة
 الموقع الرسمي لحدس
 صحيفة الحركة

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1981
إخوان مسلمون كويتيون
مواليد 1946

عيسى الشاهين


est un film américain réalisé par Therese Conte et Sean Roche, sorti en 1982.

Synopsis

Distribution
David G. Brown : Gavin
John Fife : Parks
Jim Shane : Father
Claudia Carroll : Mother
Matt Clark : Ben (as Matthew Clark)
Cecilea Bennett : Pam
Kellly McCarthy : Cindy
Lisa Kingston : Sue
Don Margolin : Coach Stevens
Marc Brandes : Gaylord
Dan Waldman : Nick
Henry Dunn : Cougar Player #1
Sean Collins : Cougar Player #2 (as John Sullivan)
Ken Straus : Cougar Player #3
Terence O'Malley : Cougar Player #4
Arthur Tonna Jr. : Cougar Player #5
David D'Arnal : Cougar Player #6 (as Dave D'Arnal)
David Christopher : Cougar Player #7
Elliot Tonna : Cougar Player #8
Kevin Costner : Ed
Martin Katz : Cougar Player #9
Brian Bird : Cougar Player #10
Charles Craig : Angry Cougar
Jim Birge : Sports Announcer
Jan Rabson : Scout (as Stanley Gurd Jr.)
Joey Benson : Owner of Club
Patrick Cameron : Pro Ball Player
Doug Cronin : Sheriff
Marilyn Korones : Teacher
Janet Levy : Renee
Chuck Himber : Reporter
Michael Downing : Doctor
Simon Barron : Priest (as Simon Barrow)
Robert Morrison : Umpire
Marv Tobias : Umpire
Gery Munn : Umpire
Tim Robinson : Billy in Batting Cage
David Strollery : Grandpa
Mitzi Strollery : Grandma
Craig Hammill : Boy in Park (as Craig Hammill Jr.)
Darryl Stroh : Bulldog Coach
Bill Cassese : Bartender

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1982
Film dramatique américain

Chasing Dreams


An Navia tentaculata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Bruce K. Holst. An Navia tentaculata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Navia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Navia

Navia tentaculata


A P'ra Você Revista Semanal Ilustrada foi uma revista brasileira de publicação semanal que surgiu em 1930 com o desejo de dotar o Recife de um periódico capaz de corresponder aos foros de cultura da sociedade pernambucana. Durante a sua duração, foi dirigida por Willy Lewin e Luiz Cardoso Aires, José Campelo e Eugênio Coimbra Junior, e se tornou um marco geracional, que contou e influenciou a história da cidade através de temas como: moda, poesia, cinema, literatura e atualidades da época. A P'ra Você estampou muitas páginas com fotografias do movimento social recifense, principalmente durante o carnaval, quando a revista fazia cobertura dos festejos e dos concursos Miss Pernambuco e Miss Brasil.

Em junho de 1930, após a publicação da décima oitava edição, a revista foi suspensa, voltando a circular dois anos depois. A sua paralização está atrelada às inúmeras disputas políticas vividas pelo Diário da Manhã, empresa a qual a revista pertencia, no primeiro semestre dos anos 30. As vendas foram encerradas no número 32, divulgado em 24 de junho de 1933. A amplitude da sua circulação é imprecisa, mas a intenção inicial do periódico era uma difusão regional.

Contexto histórico

O processo de urbanização no Brasil começa a partir da República Velha em direção ao que, no século seguinte, o transformaria em um país onde a população nas cidades seria maior que a população rural. Para abolir a imagem de insalubridade, precárias condições de circulação e a falta de funcionalidade do porto, o Recife, como outras cidades do Brasil,  sofreu uma grande influência das Transformações de Paris no Segundo Império  adotada por Haussmann para a restruturação das cidades. Apresentado pelo engenheiro Saturnino Brito, que trabalhou também no Plano de saneamento de Santos, esse projeto não levou em consideração a conservação do patrimônio histórico, resultando na demolição de prédios de grande importância histórica.

Coincidindo no mesmo momento da circulação do periódico, esse projeto foi acompanhado pela P'ra Você através de matérias sobre as novas edificações e a modernidade na cidade, junto com propagandas de imóveis que traziam o ideal "O Recife que se renova".

Estrutura da Revista
A Revista P'ra Você era composta por uma média de 40 páginas, no formato 30 x 32 cm, impressa em papel couché.   As capas eram coloridas e o miolo em preto e branco.

Suas sessões abordavam fofocas sobre a cidade do Recife, retratavam assuntos cotidianos tidos como ameaças à estrutura familiar tradicional, exibiam charges sobre temas do dia a dia, apresentavam fotos da classe alta do Recife desfilando pelas ruas com roupas compradas no exterior, além de trazerem a programação semanal dos cinemas da cidade.

Em um primeiro momento, as ilustrações ficaram sob responsabilidade de Luiz Cardosa Aires, que era o então diretor do periódico. Posteriormente, a revista foi recebendo a contribuição de diversos ilustradores, como Euclides dos Santos, Hélio Feijó, Nestor Silva e Manoel Bandeira.

Edições
A partir de 1930, as edições foram publicadas semanalmente, o detentor atual dos direitos do periódico é o acervo da Fundação Joaquim Nabuco (FUNDAJ). A primeira edição com um texto escrito por um mulher sobre o tema Cinema foi na edição de 5 de Maio de 1933. O texto foi escrito pela atriz e produtora Mary Pickford e a coluna abordou sobre o tema da transição dos filmes mudos para os filmes falados, "Como Eu Faço Meus Films Falados".

Com effeito, eu mesma recusara-me a vêr qualquer desses "films", durante largo tempo, declarando, formalmente, que jamais collaboraria em algum. Mas o meu director sempre tentou, durante longo tempo, fazer-me mudar de ideias. Elle insistiu, argumentou, tornou-se mesmo, algumas vezes, furioso; afinal, tive que admitir, que os "films" falados estavam supplantando o antigo cinema mudo, e que si pretendia manter-me como estrella, logicamente devia ceder a tão grande progresso, que já captivara a imaginação de milhões de pessoas.
A edição especial de Carnaval, datada no 11 de Maio 1933, foi publicada com 30 páginas a mais que a corriqueira e imagens das sucessivas festas. As imagens da primeira votação feminina foi circulada na edição de 24 de Maio de 1933. Os registros foram divulgados em uma coluna direcionada para  os eventos sociais, como os almoços entre as figuras políticas locais.

Ver também
 Revista Illustrada

Ligações externas
 Exemplar da Revista Pr'a Você
 Manuel Bandeira
 Lula Cardoso Ayres
 Fundação Joaquim Nabuco (FUNDAJ)

Design
História do design
Revistas
Comunicação
Década de 1930
Revistas extintas do Brasil
Recife

P'ra Você Revista Semanal Ilustrada


28468 Shichangxu este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
28468 Shichangxu este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Xinglong în cadrul programului Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,58 ua, o excentricitate de 0,06 și o înclinație de 9,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 28001-29000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

28468 Shichangxu


The Grumman F4F Wildcat is an American carrier-based fighter aircraft that entered service in 1940 with the United States Navy, and the British Royal Navy where it was initially known as the Martlet. First used by the British in the North Atlantic, the Wildcat was the only effective fighter available to the United States Navy and Marine Corps in the Pacific Theater during the early part of the Second World War. The disappointing Brewster Buffalo was withdrawn in favor of the Wildcat and replaced as aircraft became available.

With a top speed of , the Wildcat was outperformed by the faster (), more maneuverable, and longer-ranged Mitsubishi A6M Zero. US Navy pilots, including John "Jimmy" Thach, a pioneer of fighter tactics to deal with the A6M Zero, were greatly dissatisfied with the Wildcat's inferior performance against the Zero in the battles of the Coral Sea and Midway.  The Wildcat has a claimed air combat kill-to-loss ratio of 5.9:1 in 1942 and 6.9:1 for the entire war.

Lessons learned from the Wildcat were later applied to the faster F6F Hellcat. While the Wildcat had better range and maneuverability at low speed, the Hellcat could rely on superior power and high speed performance to outperform the Zero. Wildcat production continued throughout the remainder of the war, with Wildcats serving on escort carriers, where the larger and much heavier Hellcat could not be used.

Design and development

Grumman fighter development began with the two-seat Grumman FF biplane. The FF was the first U.S. naval fighter with a retractable landing gear. The wheels retracted into the fuselage, leaving the tires visibly exposed, flush with the sides of the fuselage. Two single-seat biplane designs followed, the F2F and F3F, which established the general fuselage outlines of what would become the F4F Wildcat. In 1935, while the F3F was still undergoing flight testing, Grumman started work on its next biplane fighter, the G-16. At the time, the U.S. Navy favored a monoplane design, the Brewster F2A-1, ordering production early in 1936. However, an order was also placed for Grumman's G-16 (given the navy designation XF4F-1) as a backup in case the Brewster monoplane proved to be unsatisfactory.

It was clear to Grumman that the XF4F-1 would be inferior to the Brewster monoplane, so Grumman abandoned the XF4F-1, designing instead a new monoplane fighter, the XF4F-2. The XF4F-2 would retain the same, fuselage-mounted, hand-cranked main landing gear as the F3F, with its relatively narrow track. The unusual manually-retractable main landing gear design for all of Grumman's U.S. Navy fighters up to and through the F4F, as well as for the amphibious Grumman J2F utility biplane, was originally created in the 1920s by Leroy Grumman for Grover Loening. Landing accidents caused by failure of the main gear to fully lock into place were distressingly common.

The overall performance of Grumman's new monoplane was felt to be inferior to that of the Brewster Buffalo. The XF4F-2 was marginally faster, but the Buffalo was more maneuverable. The Buffalo was judged superior and was chosen for production. After losing out to Brewster, Grumman completely rebuilt the prototype as the XF4F-3 with new wings and tail and a supercharged version of the Pratt & Whitney R-1830 "Twin Wasp" radial engine. Testing of the new XF4F-3 led to an order for F4F-3 production models, the first of which was completed in February 1940. France also ordered the type, powered by a Wright R-1820 "Cyclone 9" radial engine, but France fell to the Axis powers before they could be delivered and the aircraft went instead to the British Royal Navy, who christened the new fighter the Martlet. The U.S. Navy officially adopted the aircraft type on 1 October 1941 as the Wildcat. The Royal Navy's and U.S. Navy's F4F-3s, armed with four .50 in (12.7 mm) Browning machine guns, joined active units in 1940.

On 16 December 1940, the XF4F-3 prototype, BuNo 0383, c/n 356, modified from XF4F-2, was lost under circumstances that suggested that the pilot may have been confused by the poor layout of fuel valves and flap controls and inadvertently turned the fuel valve to "off" immediately after takeoff rather than selecting flaps "up". This was the first fatality in the type.

Operational history

Even before the Wildcat had been purchased by the  U.S. Navy, the French Navy and the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm (FAA) had ordered the Wildcat, with their own configurations, via the Anglo-French Purchasing Board.

Royal Navy

The F4F, initially known in British service as the Martlet, was taken on by the FAA as an interim replacement for the Fairey Fulmar. The Fulmar was a two-seat fighter with good range but operated at a performance disadvantage against single-seater fighters. Navalised Supermarine Spitfires were not available because of the greater need of the Royal Air Force. In the European theater, its first combat victory was on Christmas Day 1940, when a land-based Martlet destroyed a Junkers Ju 88 bomber over the Scapa Flow naval base. This was the first combat victory by a US-built fighter in British service in World War II.

The type also pioneered combat operations from the smaller escort carriers. Six Martlets went to sea aboard the converted former German merchant vessel  in September 1941 and shot down several Luftwaffe Fw 200 Condor bombers during highly effective convoy escort operations. These were the first of many Wildcats to engage in aerial combat at sea, including Convoy HG 76 to Gibraltar, in December 1941.

The British received 300 Eastern Aircraft FM-1s giving them the designation Martlet V in 1942–43 and 340 FM-2s, (having changed to using the same name as the US) as the Wildcat VI. Nearly 1,200 Wildcats were flown by the FAA and by January 1944, the Martlet name was dropped and the type was identified as the Wildcat. In March 1945, Wildcats shot down four Messerschmitt Bf 109s over Norway, the FAA's last Wildcat victories.

The last air raid of the war in Europe was carried out by Fleet Air Arm aircraft in Operation Judgement on May 5, 1945. Twenty eight Wildcat VI aircraft from 846, 853 and 882 Naval Air Squadron, flying from escort carriers, took part in an attack on a U-boat depot near Harstad, Norway. Two ships and a U-boat were sunk with the loss of one Wildcat and one Grumman Avenger torpedo-bomber.

US Navy and Marine Corps

Pacific
The Wildcat was generally outperformed by the Mitsubishi Zero, its major opponent in the early part of the Pacific Theater but held its own partly because, with relatively heavy armor and self-sealing fuel tanks, the Grumman airframe could survive far more damage than its lightweight, unarmored Japanese rival. Many U.S. Navy fighter pilots were saved by the Wildcat's ZB homing device, which allowed them to find their carriers in poor visibility, provided they could get within the  range of the homing beacon. (However, the Zed Baker was wildly inconsistent in practice, especially during the Battle of Midway, when an entire squadron of Wildcats crashed in the sea after failing to locate their carriers).

In the hands of an expert pilot with a tactical advantage, the Wildcat could prove a difficult opponent even against the formidable Zero. After analyzing Fleet Air Tactical Unit Intelligence Bureau reports describing the new carrier fighter, USN Commander "Jimmy" Thach devised a defensive tactic that allowed Wildcat formations to act in a coordinated maneuver to counter a diving attack, called the "Thach Weave". The most widely employed tactic during the Guadalcanal Campaign was high-altitude ambush, where hit-and-run maneuvers were executed using altitude advantage. This was possible due to an early warning system composed of Coastwatchers and radar. On rare occasions, when Wildcats were unable to gain altitude in time, they would suffer many losses. On 2 October 1942, a Japanese air raid from Rabaul was not detected in time and the Cactus Air Force lost six Wildcats to only one Zero destroyed. During the most intense initial phase of the Guadalcanal Campaign, between 1 August and 15 November, combat records indicate that US lost 115 Wildcats and Japanese lost 106 Zeros to all causes; the Japanese lost many more pilots compared to the US.

Thach was greatly dissatisfied and a vocal critic of the Wildcat's performance during the war (as were many US carrier pilots), stating in his Midway action report;

Four U.S. Marine Corps Wildcats played a prominent role in the defense of Wake Island in December 1941. USN and USMC aircraft formed the fleet's primary air defense during the Battle of Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway and land-based Wildcats played a major role during the Guadalcanal Campaign of 1942–43. It was not until 1943 that more advanced naval fighters capable of taking on the Zero on more even terms, the Grumman F6F Hellcat and Vought F4U Corsair, reached the South Pacific theater.

The Japanese ace Saburō Sakai described the Wildcat's capacity to absorb damage:

Grumman's Wildcat production ceased in early 1943 to make way for the newer F6F Hellcat but General Motors continued producing Wildcats for U.S. Navy and Fleet Air Arm use. At first, GM produced the FM-1 (identical to the F4F-4 but with four guns). Production later switched to the improved FM-2 (based on Grumman's XF4F-8 prototype, informally known as the "Wilder Wildcat") optimized for small-carrier operations, with a more powerful engine and a taller tail to cope with the increased torque.

From 1943, Wildcats equipped with bomb racks were primarily assigned to escort carriers for use against submarines and attacking ground targets, though they would also continue to score kills against Japanese fighters, bombers and kamikaze aircraft. Larger fighters such as the Hellcat and the Corsair and dive bombers were needed aboard fleet carriers and the Wildcat's slower landing speed made it more suitable for shorter flight decks.

In the Battle off Samar on 25 October 1944, escort carriers of Task Unit 77.4.3 ("Taffy 3") and their escort of destroyers and destroyer escorts found themselves as the sole force standing between vulnerable troop transport and supply ships engaged in landings on the Philippine island of Leyte and a powerful Japanese surface fleet of battleships and cruisers. In desperation, lightly armed Avengers and FM-2 Wildcats from Taffys 1, 2 and 3 resorted to tactics such as strafing ships, including the bridge of the Japanese battleship , while the destroyers and destroyer escorts charged the enemy. Confused by the fierce resistance and having suffered significant damage, the Japanese fleet eventually withdrew from the battle.

Atlantic
U.S. Navy Wildcats participated in Operation Torch. USN escort carriers in the Atlantic used Wildcats until the end of the war. In October 1943 F4Fs participated in Operation Leader, an anti-shipping strike on Norway.

Totals
In all, 7,860 Wildcats were built. During the course of the war, Navy and Marine F4Fs and FMs flew 15,553 combat sorties (14,027 of these from aircraft carriers), destroying a claimed figure of 1,327 enemy aircraft at a cost of 178 aerial losses, 24 to ground/shipboard fire, and 49 to operational causes (an overall claimed kill-to-loss ratio of 6.9:1). True to their escort fighter role, Wildcats dropped only 154 tons of bombs during the war.

Variants

U.S. Navy Wildcats

F4F-1/-2
The original Grumman F4F-1 design was a biplane, which proved inferior to rival designs, necessitating a complete redesign as a monoplane named the F4F-2. This design was still not competitive with the Brewster F2A Buffalo which won initial U.S. Navy orders, but when the F4F-3 development was fitted with a more powerful version of the engine, a Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp R-1830-76, featuring a two-stage supercharger, it showed its true potential.

F4F-3
U.S. Navy orders followed as did some (with Wright Cyclone engines) from France; these ended up with the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm after the fall of France and entered service on 8 September 1940. These aircraft, designated by Grumman as G-36A, had a different cowling from other earlier F4Fs and fixed wings, and were intended to be fitted with French armament and avionics following delivery. In British service initially, the aircraft were known as the Martlet I, but not all Martlets would be to exactly the same specifications as U.S. Navy aircraft. All Martlet Is featured the four .50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns of the F4F-3 with 450 rpg. The British directly ordered and received a version with the original Twin Wasp, but again with a modified cowling, under the manufacturer designation G-36B. These aircraft were given the designation Martlet II by the British. The first 10 G-36Bs were fitted with non-folding wings and were given the designation Martlet III. These were followed by 30 folding wing aircraft (F4F-3As) which were originally destined for the Hellenic Air Force, which were also designated Martlet IIIs. On paper, the designation changed to Martlet III(A) when the second series of Martlet III was introduced.

Poor design of the armament installation on early F4Fs caused these otherwise reliable machine guns to frequently jam, a problem common to wing-mounted weapons of many U.S. fighters early in the war. An F4F-3 flown by Lieutenant Edward O'Hare shot down, within a few minutes, five Mitsubishi twin-engine bombers attacking  off Bougainville on 20 February 1942. But contrasting with O'Hare's performance, his wingman was unable to participate because his guns would not function.

A shortage of two-stage superchargers led to the development of the F4F-3A, which was basically the F4F-3 but with a  Pratt & Whitney R-1830-90 radial engine with a more primitive single-stage two-speed supercharger. The F4F-3A, which was capable of  at , was used side by side with the F4F-3, but its poorer performance made it unpopular with U.S. Navy fighter pilots. The F4F-3A would enter service as the Martlet III(B).

At the time of Pearl Harbor, only  had a fully equipped Wildcat squadron, VF-6 with F4F-3As. Enterprise was then transferring a detachment of VMF-211, also equipped with F4F-3s, to Wake.  was in San Diego, working up for operations of the F4F-3s of VF-3. 11 F4F-3s of VMF-211 were at the Ewa Marine Air Corps Station on Oahu; nine of these were damaged or destroyed during the Japanese attack. The detachment of VMF-211 on Wake lost seven Wildcats to Japanese attacks on 8 December, but the remaining five put up a fierce defense, making the first bomber kill on 9 December. The destroyer  was sunk by the Wildcats, and the Japanese invasion force retreated.

In May 1942, the F4F-3s of VF-2 and VF-42, aboard  and Lexington, participated in the Battle of the Coral Sea. Lexington and Yorktown fought against the fleet carriers  and  and the light carrier  in this battle, in an attempt to halt a Japanese invasion of Port Moresby on Papua. During these battles, it became clear that attacks without fighter escort amounted to suicide, but that the fighter component on the carriers was completely insufficient to provide both fighter cover for the carrier and an escort for an attack force. Most U.S. carriers carried fewer than 20 fighters.

F4F-3P
In June 1942, 17 F4F-3s and one F4F-3A (18 total) were converted into F4F-3P photoreconnaissance planes. The F4F-3Ps were for short-range tactical reconnaissance, as their reserve fuel tanks were removed and replaced with Fairchild F-56 cameras. The F4F-3Ps retained their machine guns and were mainly flown by VMO-251 on air defense missions from Espiritu Santo in the South Pacific, arriving in July 1942. In October 1942, long-ranged and unarmed F4F-7s began replacing the F4F-3Ps, but a detachment of three F4F-3P from VMO-155 operated from the Bogue-class escort carrier USS Nassau (CVE-16) during the amphibious invasion of Attu Island in May 1943. Boston, MA, USA: Little, Brown and Co./Atlantic Monthly Press

F4F-3S "Wildcatfish"

This floatplane version of the F4F-3 was developed for use at forward island bases in the Pacific, before the construction of airfields. It was inspired by appearance of the A6M2-N "Rufe", a modification of the Mitsubishi A6M2 "Zeke". BuNo 4038 was modified to become the F4F-3S "Wildcatfish". Twin floats, manufactured by Edo Aircraft Corporation, were fitted. To restore the stability, small auxiliary fins were added to the tailplane. Because this was still insufficient, a ventral fin was added later.

The F4F-3S was first flown 28 February 1943. The weight and drag of the floats reduced the maximum speed to . As the performance of the basic F4F-3 was already below that of the Zero, the F4F-3S was clearly of limited usefulness. In any case, the construction of the airfields at forward bases by the "Seabees" was surprisingly quick. Only one was converted.

F4F-4

A new version, the F4F-4, entered service in 1941 with six machine guns and the Grumman-patented Sto-Wing folding wing system, which allowed more aircraft to be stored on an aircraft carrier, increasing the number of fighters that could be parked on a surface by more than a factor of 2. The F4F-4 was the definitive version that saw the most combat service in the early war years, including the Battle of Midway. Navy F4F-3s were replaced by F4F-4s in June 1942. During the Battle of Midway, only VMF-221 still used F4F-3s. VF-42 of the Yorktown was the last carrier group converted to the F4F-4, and that was done as it left Pearl Harbor on the way to the Battle of Midway as VF-3 flew in new F4F-4s with Commander Thach.

The F4F-4 version was less popular with American pilots because the same amount of ammunition was spread over two additional guns, decreasing firing time. With the F4F-3's four .50 in (12.7 mm) guns and 450 rpg, pilots had 34 seconds of firing time; six guns decreased ammunition to 240 rpg, which could be expended in less than 20 seconds. The increase to six guns was attributed to the Royal Navy, who wanted greater firepower to deal with German and Italian foes. Jimmy Thach is quoted as saying, "A pilot who cannot hit with four guns will miss with eight." Extra guns and folding wings meant extra weight and reduced performance: the F4F-4 was capable of only about  at . Rate of climb was noticeably worse in the F4F-4; while Grumman optimistically claimed the F4F-4 could climb at a modest  per minute, in combat conditions, pilots found their F4F-4s capable of ascending at only  per minute. Moreover, the F4F-4's folding wing was intended to allow five F4F-4s to be stowed in the space required by two F4F-3s. In practice, the folding wings allowed an increase of about 50% in the number of Wildcats carried aboard U.S. fleet aircraft carriers. A variant of the F4F-4, designated F4F-4B for contractual purposes, was supplied to the British with a modified cowling and Wright Cyclone engine. These aircraft received the designation of Martlet IV.

F4F-5 Wildcat
Two F4F-3s (the 3rd and 4th production aircraft, BuNo 1846/1847) were fitted with a Wright R-1820-40 engine and designated XF4F-5.

FM-1/-2 Wildcat

General Motors / Eastern Aircraft produced 5,280 FM variants of the Wildcat. Grumman's Wildcat production ceased in early 1943 to make way for the newer F6F Hellcat, but General Motors continued producing Wildcats for both U.S. Navy and Fleet Air Arm use. Late in the war, the Wildcat was obsolescent as a front line fighter compared to the faster (380 mph/610 km/h) F6F Hellcat or much faster (446 mph/718 km/h) F4U Corsair. However, they were adequate for small escort carriers against submarine and shore threats. These relatively modest ships only carried two types of aircraft, the Wildcats and GM-built TBM Avengers. The Wildcat's lower landing speed and ability to take off without a catapult made it more suitable for shorter flight decks. At first, GM produced the FM-1, identical to the F4F-4, but reduced the number of guns to four, and added wing racks for two 250 lb (110 kg) bombs or six rockets. Production later switched to the improved FM-2 (based on Grumman's XF4F-8 prototype) optimized for small-carrier operations, with a more powerful engine (the  Wright R-1820-56), and a taller tail to cope with the torque.

F4F-7
The F4F-7 was a photoreconnaissance variant, with armor and armament removed. It had non-folding "wet" wings that carried an additional 555 gal (2,101 L) of fuel for a total of about 700 gal (2,650 L), increasing its range to 3,700 mi (5,955 km). A total of 21 were built.

F2M Wildcat

The F2M-1 was a planned development of the FM-1 by General Motors / Eastern Aircraft to be powered by the improved XR-1820-70 engine, but the project was cancelled before any aircraft were built.

Royal Navy Martlets

Martlet Mk I
At the end of 1939, Grumman received a French order for 81 aircraft of model G-36A, to equip their new s:  and . The main difference with the basic model G-36 was due to the unavailability for export of the two-stage supercharged engine of F4F-3. The G-36A was powered by the nine-cylinder, single-row Wright R-1820-G205A radial engine, of  and with a single-stage two-speed supercharger.

The G-36A also had French instruments (with metric calibration), radio and gunsight. The throttle was modified to conform to French pre-war practice: the throttle lever was moved towards the pilot (i.e. backward) to increase engine power. The armament which was to be fitted in France was six 7.5 mm (.296 in) Darne machine guns (two in the fuselage and four in the wings). The first G-36A was flown on 11 May 1940. After France's defeat in the Battle of France, all contracts were taken over by Britain. The throttle was modified again, four 0.50 in (12.7 mm) guns were installed in the wings and most traces of the original ownership removed.

The Martlets were modified for British use by Blackburn, which continued to do this for all later marks. British gunsights, catapult spools and other items were installed. After attempts to fit British radio sets, it was decided to use the superior American equipment. The first Martlets entered British service in August 1940, with 804 Naval Air Squadron, stationed at Hatston in the Orkney Islands. The Martlet Mk I did not have a wing folding mechanism and was therefore used primarily from land bases, with the notable exception of six aircraft of 882 Sqn aboard Illustrious from March 1942. In April 1942 Illustrious transferred two Martlet I aircraft to HMS Archer while in port at Freetown. One of her four retained Martlet I aircraft were subsequently fitted with folding wings by ship's staff during passage to Durban. In 1940, Belgium also placed an order for at least 10 G-36A's. These were to be modified with the same changes to the French aircraft, plus the removal of the tailhook as they were to be landbased. Belgium surrendered before any aircraft were delivered and by 10 May 1940, the aircraft order was transferred to the Royal Navy.

Martlet Mk II
Before the Fleet Air Arm took on charge the Martlet Mk Is, it had already ordered 100 G-36B fighters. The British chose the Pratt & Whitney R-1830-S3C4-G engine to power this aircraft; this too had a single-stage, two-speed supercharger. The FAA decided to accept a delay in delivery to get Martlets fitted out with the Grumman-designed and patented Sto-Wing folding wing system first fitted onto U.S. Navy F4F-4 Wildcats, which were vitally important if the Martlet was to be used from the first 3 Illustrious class carriers which had elevators that were too narrow to accommodate non-folding wing aircraft. Nevertheless, the first 10 received had fixed wings. The first Martlet with folding wings was not delivered until August 1941.

In contrast to the USN F4F-3, the British aircraft were fitted with armor and self-sealing fuel tanks. The Mk II also had a larger tailwheel. For carrier operations, the "sting" tail hook and attachment point for the American single-point catapult launch system were considered important advantages. Nevertheless, the Martlets were modified to have British-style catapult spools. Deliveries of the folding-wing G-36Bs began in August 1941, with 36 shipped to the UK and 54 shipped to the Far East; they were designated "Martlet Mark II".  Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE) testing of the Martlet II at a mean weight of approximately  showed a maximum speed of  at  and , a maximum climb rate of  at  at  weight, and a time to climb to  of 12.5 minutes. The service ceiling at  was .

The Martlet was the second single-seat, monoplane fighter to operate from Royal Navy aircraft carriers following the introduction of the Sea Hurricane IB on  in July 1941.

The majority of the Martlet Mk IIs were sent to the Far East. The first shipboard operations of the type in British service were in September 1941, aboard , a very small escort carrier with a carrier deck of  by , no elevators and no hangar deck. The six Wildcats were parked on the deck at all times. On its first voyage, it served as escort carrier for a convoy to Gibraltar. On 20 September, a German Fw 200 was shot down. On the next voyage, four Fw 200 Condors fell to the guns of the Martlets, and of the combined total, two of these five Condors were shot down by Eric "Winkle" Brown during his time aboard. Operations from Audacity also demonstrated that the fighter cover was useful against U-boats. Audacity was sunk by a U-boat on 21 December 1941, and of the pilots only Brown and one other survived, but it had already proved the usefulness of escort carriers.

In May 1942, 881 and 882 squadrons on  participated in operations against Madagascar. In August 1942, 806 NAS on  provided fighter cover for a convoy to Malta. Later in that year they participated in the landings in French North Africa.

Martlet Mk III
The first 30 F4F-3As were released for sale to Greece, after the Italian invasion in November 1940. However, at the defeat of Greece in April 1941 the aircraft had only reached Gibraltar. They were taken over by the FAA as Martlet Mk III(B). As these aircraft did not have folding wings, they were only used from land bases. They served in a shore-based role in the Western Desert.

Ten fixed-wing G-36Bs were used by the FAA as Martlet III(A).

Martlet Mk IV
The Royal Navy purchased  220 F4F-4s adapted to British requirements. The main difference was the use of a Wright R-1820-40B Cyclone in a distinctly more rounded and compact cowling, with a single double-wide flap on each side of the rear and no lip intake. These machines were named Martlet Mk IV. Boscombe Down testing of the Martlet IV at  weight showed a maximum speed of  at  and  at , a maximum climb rate of  at  at  weight, and a time to climb to  of 14.6 minutes. The service ceiling at  was .

Martlet Mk V
The Fleet Air Arm purchased 312 FM-1s, originally with the designation of Martlet V. In January 1944, a decision was made to retain the American names for US-supplied aircraft, redesignating the batch as the Wildcat V.

Wildcat Mk VI
The Wildcat VI was the Air Ministry name for the FM-2 Wildcat in FAA service.

Operators

 Belgian Air Force: at least 10 G-36A's ordered, never delivered, transferred to France (who then transferred them to the Royal Navy) after surrender.

 Aeronavale: 81 aircraft ordered, never delivered, transferred to Royal Navy after French defeat.

 Hellenic Air Force: 30 Martlet Mk III's ordered, delivered to Gibraltar, transferred to Royal Navy after defeat.

 Royal Canadian Navy: RCN personnel assigned to the Royal Navy , were to provide the RCN with experience in aircraft carrier operations. The RCN flew 14 Martlets as part of 881 (RN) Squadron from February–July 1945.

 Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm

 United States Navy
 United States Marine Corps

Surviving aircraft

Specifications (F4F-3)

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography
 Angelucci, Enzo. The American Fighter. Sparkford, Somerset, UK: Haynes Publishing Group, 1987. .
 Barber, S.B. Naval Aviation Combat Statistics— World War II (OPNAV-P-23V No. A129). Washington, D.C.: Air Branch, Office of Naval Intelligence, 1946.
 Brown, Eric, CBE, DCS, AFC, RN.; William Green and Gordon Swanborough. "Grumman Wildcat". Wings of the Navy, Flying Allied Carrier Aircraft of World War Two. London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1980, pp. 40–52. .
 Buttler, Tony. British Secret Projects 3: Fighters and Bombers 1935–1950. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. .
 Dann, Richard S. F4F Wildcat in action, Aircraft Number 191. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 2004. .
 Dann, Richard S. F4F Wildcat Walkaround. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1995. .
 Donald, David, ed. American Warplanes of World War II. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1995. .
 Drendel, Lou. U.S. Navy Carrier Fighters of World War II. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1987. .
 Ehrman, Vlastimil. Grumman Wildcat . Prague, Czech Republic: Modelpres, 1995. .
 Ewing, Steve. Thach Weave: The Life of Jimmie Thach. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2004. .
 Ewing, Steve. Reaper Leader: The Life of Jimmy Flatley. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2002. .
 "F4F-3 Airplane Characteristics & Performance, 1942."  Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Ordnance, Navy Department, 1942.
 "F4F-4 Airplane Characteristics & Performance, 1943."  Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Ordnance, Navy Department, 1943.
 Green, William. Warplanes of the Second World War, Volume Four: Fighters. London: Macdonald & Co.(Publishers) Ltd., 1961 (6th impression 1969). .
 Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Six: Floatplanes. London: Macdonald, 1962.
 Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. WW2 Fact Files: US Navy and Marine Corps Fighters. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1976. .
 Green, William, Gordon Swanborough and Eric Brown. "Grumman's Willing Wildcat". Air Enthusiast Quarterly, Number Three, 1977, pp. 49–69.
 Greene, Frank L. The Grumman F4F-3 Wildcat. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications, 1972 (reprint from 1966).
 Jackson, A.J. Blackburn Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam, 1968. .
 Jones Ben, (ed). The Fleet Air Arm in the Second World War volume II, 1942–1943, the Fleet Air Arm in Transition: the Mediterranean, Battle of the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. London: Routledge, 2018. .
 Jarski, Adam. F4F Wildcat, Monografie Lotnicze 20 . Gdańsk, Poland: AJ-Press, 1995. .
 Kinzey, Bert. F4F Wildcat in detail. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 2000. .
 Kinzey, Bert. F4F Wildcat in detail & scale. Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania: TAB Books Inc., 1988. .
 Kit, Mister and Jean-Pierre de Cock. Grumman F4F Wildcat . Paris: Éditions Atlas s.a., 1981. no ISBN.
 Linn, Don. F4F Wildcat in action, Aircraft Number 84. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1988. .
 Lundstrom, John B. The First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1994. .
 Lundstrom, John B. The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1984. .
 March, Daniel J. (ed). British Warplanes of World War II. London: Aerospace Publishing. 1998. .
 Mason, Tim. The Secret Years: Flight Testing at Boscombe Down 1939–1945. Manchester, UK: Hikoki, 1998. .
 Mendenhall, Charles A. Wildcats & Hellcats: Gallant Grummans in World War II. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1984. .
 O'Leary, Michael. Grumman Cats. London: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 1992. .
 O'Leary, Michael. United States Naval Fighters of World War II in Action. Poole, Dorset, UK: Blandford Press, 1980. .
 Philips, Glen. Grumman F4F Wildcat, including Grumman Martlet Mks. I-VI, Warpaint series no.9. Church End Farm, Bedfordshire, UK: Hall Park Books, 1997. No ISBN.
 Polmar, Norman. Historic Naval Aircraft. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books, 2004. .
 Stille, Mark. Guadalcanal 1942–43: Japan's bid to knock out Henderson Field and the Cactus Air Force (Air Campaign). Osprey Publishing, 2019. .
 Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft since 1912. London: Putnam, Second edition, 1976. .
 Thetford, Owen. British Naval Aircraft Since 1912, Fourth Edition. London: Putnam, 1978. .
 Thruelsen, Richard. The Grumman Story. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Press, 1976.  .
 Tillman, Barrett. Hellcat, The F6F in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979. .
 Tillman, Barrett. Wildcat Aces of World War 2. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1995. .
 Tillman, Barrett. Wildcat: The F4F in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval & Aviation Publishing, 1990, First edition 1983. .
 Winchester, Jim. Fighter - The World's Finest Combat Aircraft - 1913 to the Present Day. Bath, UK: Parragon Publishing, 2004. .
 Wixey, Ken. "Corpulent Feline: Grumman's F4F Wildcat: Part One". Air Enthusiast, No. 68, March–April 1997, pp. 16–24. .
 Wixey, Ken. "Corpulent Feline: Grumman's F4F Wildcat: Part Two". Air Enthusiast, No. 70, July–August 1997, pp. 51–59. .

 Young, Edward M. "F4F Wildcat vs A6M Zero-Sen - Pacific Theater 1942 (Osprey Duel; 54)". Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2013.
 Zbiegniewski, Andre R. and Krzysztof Janowicz. Grumman F4F Wildcat (Bilingual Polish/English). Lublin, Poland: Kagero, 2004. .

External links

 (1945) AN 01-190FB-1 Pilots Handbook of Flight Operating Instructions Navy Model FM-2 British Model Wildcat VI Airplanes
 Naval History and Heritage Command Wildcat
 Naval History and Heritage Command - F4F
 VectorSite Wildcat Entry
 How Leroy Grumman and Jake Swirbul built a high-flying company from the ground up
 Grumman Wildcat Retrieved From Lake Michigan
 Newsreel footage of FAA pilots being introduced to the Grumman Martlet
 Popular Science, February 1941 color cover of early F4F model
 Pictures from the Grumman Archive
 The Grumman Wildcat in FAA Service by Bruce Archer
 Aviation-History.com's XF4F-1 3-view drawing

F04F Wildcat
1930s United States fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Carrier-based aircraft
F01M Wildcat
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Retractable conventional landing gear
World War II fighter aircraft of the United States

Grumman F4F Wildcat


Lavlji čovjek (njem. Löwenmensch) ili Lavlja žena (njem. Löwenfrau) je prapovijesna zoomorfna figurica čovjeka ili žene s lavljom glavom izrezbarena kremenim nožem od mamutske bjelokosti koja je
pronađena 1939. godine u špilji Hohlenstein-Stadel u Njemačkoj.

Figurica je visoka skoro 30 cm, starost joj je procijenjena na oko 40000 godina, u razdoblje gornjeg paleolitika (Aurignacien), što je čini do sada najstarijim pronađenim općeprihvaćenim primjerkom figurativne umjetnosti.

Tumačenje figure je jako teško, ali ima nekih poveznica s paleolitičkim špiljskim slikama iz Francuske gdje su također pronađeni primjeri hibrida životinja i ljudi (npr. "Čovjek-ptica" u špilji Lascaux ). No, Lavlji čovjek je nekoliko tisuća godina stariji od tih primjera. Također, neki misle kako uopće nije riječ o prikazu mitskog bića već o prikazu šamana koji nosi kožu lava s glavom kao kapom.

Poveznice
 Venera iz Hohle Felsa
 Paleolitička umjetnost

Izvori

 Prapovijesne skulpture
Paleolitik
Arheološki artefakti u Njemačkoj

Lavlji čovjek


Robert MacBryde (Maybole, 5 de dezembro de 1913 – Dublim, 6 de maio de 1966) foi um pintor e cenógrafo escocês.

Biografia
Robert MacBryde nasceu em Maybole, Ayrshire, em 5 de dezembro de 1913. Trabalhou em uma fábrica, depois de abandonar a escola e antes de ingressar na Escola de Arte de Glasgow, onde conheceu Robert Colquhoun, com quem estabeleceu uma relação homosexual e artística. Os dois Roberts, como ficaram conhecidos, se formaram em 1938.

Em 1939, mudou-se para Londres, onde, dois anos depois, abriu um estúdio com MacBryde. Os dois dividiram uma casa com John Minton e Jankel Adler. Realizou sua primeira exposição individual na Lefevre Gallery, Londres, em 1943.

Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, Colquhoun e MacBryde também produziram juntos uma série de cenografias teatrais, incluindo Macbeth de John Gielgud e Scottish ballet Donald de Léonide Massine. Faleceu na cidade de Dublim em 6 de maio de 1966.

Bibliografia

Pintores da Escócia
Pintores do modernismo
Pessoas LGBT do século XX

Robert MacBryde


Mihaiu Vasiescu (n. 16 august 1885, Lipova – d. 28 septembrie 1970, Lipova) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
S-a născut în Lipova din părinți țărani (Moise și Emilia), Mișa Vasiescu a absolvit doar școala primară din localitatea natală.

Cu timpul a intrat în Partidul Național-Țărănesc, iar datorită activității depuse a fost ales ca deputat timp de 7 ani. La vârsta de 34 ani, a fost ales delegat pentru a vota unirea Ardealului cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918, la Alba Iulia, pentru care a fost decorat la 1 decembrie 1969.

În anul 1952 a fost închis ca deținut politic timp de 4 ani, iar după aceea a fost mutat cu domiciliu la Săveni (pe atunci în Județul Suceava).

Bolnav fiind, a încetat din viață la 27 septembrie 1970, fiind înmormântat la Lipova în același cimitir, în care își dorm somnul de veci ceilalți participanți din Lipova la Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia: Pr. Fabriciu Manuilă, Dr.Constantin Missici, Prof. Iuliu Onu, Dr. Aurel Ciobanu.

Bibliografie
 Aradul și Marea Unire, Arad, 1999
 Mihai Szabo, Școala româneasca din Lipova și dascălii ei, 2004
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Note

Nașteri în 1885
Decese în 1970
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Agricultori români

Mihaiu Vasiescu


Asiatisk-amerikanere eller asiatiske amerikanere er amerikanere af asiatisk oprindelse. Udtrykket refererer til en panetnisk gruppe, som inkluderer diverse befolkningsgrupper, der har forfædre i Østasien, Sydøstasien eller Sydasien, som defineret af United States Census Bureau. Det inkluderer folk der indikerer deres race(r) som "Asian" eller rapporterede angivelser som "Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese og Other Asian". Asiatisk-amerikanere uden andre etniske oprindelser udgør 4,8 % af USA's befolkning, mens folk der alene er asiatisk eller kombineret med andre etniske oprindelser udgør 5,6 %. Der er 18,2 mio. asiatisk-amerikanere i USA.

Tiltrods for at migranter fra Asien har været en del af det moderne USA siden 1600-tallet, så begyndte immigration i stor-skala fra Asien først i midten af 1700-tallet. Nativistiske immigrationslove fra 1880'erne - 1920'erne ekskluderede forskellige asiatiske grupper, til sidst blev næsten al asiatisk immigration til kontinental USA forbudt. Efter at immigrationslovene blev reformeret fra 1940'erne - 1960'erne, de nationale oprindelseskvoter blev afskaffet, og asiatisk immigration steg hurtigt. Analyser fra 2010 census har vist at asiatisk-amerikanere er den hurtigst voksende race eller etniske gruppe i USA.

Fra begyndelsen af 2000'erne begyndte asiatisk-amerikaneres indkomster at overstige alle andre racegrupper. For eksempel havde asiatisk-amerikanere i 2008 den højeste gennemsnitlige husstandsindkomst i USA. I 2012 havde asiatisk-amerikanere det højest opnåede uddannelsesniveau og gennemsnitlige husstandsindkomst i USA.

Tiltrods for dette, så viser en rapport fra US Census Bureau i 2014 at 12 % af asiatisk-amerikanere levede under fattigdomsgrænsen, mens kun 10,1 % ikke-Hispanic hvide amerikanere levede under fattigdomsgrænsen. Når fødelande og andre demografiske faktorer tages med i beregning så er asiatisk-amerikanere hverken mere eller mindre fattige end ikke-hispanic hvide.

Referencer

Asiatisk-amerikanere


Laurențiu Ion, pe numele său întreg Laurențiu Tiberiu Ion, (n. 18 ianuarie 1991) este un scriitor român contemporan  și un specialist în Comunicare.  . Este fondatorul revistei online de fotografie și literatură contemporană SUBCAPITOL, ce promovează tinerii artiști.

Biografie

Laurențiu Ion s-a născut la 18 ianuarie 1991, la Târgoviște, județul Dâmbovița. A absolvit cursurile Facultății de Litere și a fost Digital Marketing Leader la IBM și profesor de Digital Marketing la Universitatea Alternativă.  În anul 2017, a fost inclus în topul Forbes "30 sub 30". Locuiește în București.

Activitate literară

A debutat publicistic în revista Feedback, în 2009, ulterior, în anul 2010, publicând "Destulă pace pentru un război" la editura Humanitas, volumul său de debut câștigând Concursul de Debut Literar UniCredit (secțiunea poezie), ediția a III-a.  Publică al doilea volum, "Nouăzeci și unu", în anul 2014, la editura Tracus Arte. Între timp, poemele sale apar atât în reviste din România, cum ar fi Echinox
 sau Dilema veche, cât și în străinătate, în reviste precum Evergreen Review sau Pif Magazine. Mai este prezent în antologiile Echinox (2011) și Best of Pif, Volume One (2012).

A fost invitat să-și citească poemele în cluburi de lectură precum Institutul Blecher sau Open Art.

În anul 2014, înființează revista online de literatură și fotografie SUBCAPITOL. Un an mai târziu, publică antologia "SUBCAPITOL, poezia" , ce include textele a treizeci de autori publicați de revistă de-a lungul existenței sale.

Dosar de presă

 "Laurențiu Ion încearcă senzația de detașare pe fiecare pagină din volumul său de debut. Și de cele mai multe ori îi iese, adică reușește să expună elocvent și clar o atitudine poetică autentică." — T.S. Khasis
 "În Destulă pace pentru un război imaginarul se descompune, stroboscopic, în fața unei lumi ieșite din țâțâni, și o voce lucidă, neliniștită, îi înregistrează din off destrămarea." — Paul Cernat
 "[...] Laurențiu Ion pare, cel puțin la nivel de intenție, să nu accepte ca gen proxim "generația", ci "individul", chiar dacă și asta ține, sub anumite aspecte, de a fi fashionable." —Mădălina Nica
 "[...] un poet cu o evoluție remarcabilă, unul dintre cei mai în formă dintre autorii tineri debutați în ultimii ani" — Claudiu Komartin

Opera
 "Destulă pace pentru un război", editura Humanitas, 2010;
 "Nouăzeci și unu", editura Tracus Arte, 2014
 "Corporația norilor", editura Curtea Veche, 2019

Antologii
Poemele sale au apărut în antologiile:
 Antologia Echinox, 2011;
 Best of Pif, Volume One, 2012

Note

Legături externe
 Pagina de autor Humanitas
 Interviu cu Laurențiu Ion pe SUB25, decembrie 2014
 "Încrezător ca praful ce plutește în iunie" , poem publicat în Dilema veche
 Recenzie de Mădălina Nica la volumul "Destulă pace pentru un război", revista Echinox
 Recenzie de T.S. Khasis la volumul "Nouăzeci și unu", bookaholic.ro

Poeți români contemporani

Laurențiu Ion


كانت مملكة بروسيا  مملكة ألمانية تكونت من مقاطعة بروسيا بين عامي 1701 و1918. كانت القوة الدافعة الرئيسية وراء حركة توحيد ألمانيا في عام 1871، وكانت الدولة الرائدة في القيصرية الألمانية حتى انحلالها في عام 1918. على الرغم من أنها اتخذت اسمها من المنطقة التي يطلق عليها بروسيا، إلا أنها كانت مُرْتكزة في مرغريفية براندنبورغ، حيث كانت برلين هي عاصمتها.

انحدر ملوك بروسيا من البيت الحاكم المعروف ببيت هوهنزوليرن. كانت براندنبورغ-بروسيا هي السلف الخاص بمملكة بروسيا، وقد كانت قوة عسكرية تحت قيادة فريدرش فيلهلم الذي عُرف بـ«الناخب الكبير»، وتبعها تحول بروسيا إلى دولة كُبري تزامنًا مع الوقت الذي أصبحت فيه بروسيا مملكة. واصلت بروسيا صعودها إلى السلطة تحت قيادة فريدرش الثاني، المعروف أكثر باسم فريدرش العظيم، والذي كان الابن الثالث لفريدرش فيلهلم الأول. كان لفريدرش العظيم دور جوهري في بدء حرب السنوات السبع، حيث تمكن من الصمود أمام ملكية هابسبورغ (النمسا)، وروسيا، وفرنسا، والسويد، وتمكن أيضًا من ترسيخ دور بروسيا وسط الولايات الألمانية، كما أن دوره كان أساسيًا في تأسيس بروسيا كدولة أوروبية كبرى. بعد أن انكشفت قوة بروسيا، بدأت تُعتبر قوة كبرى بين الولايات الألمانية. انطلقت بروسيا لتفوز بالعديد من المعارك والحروب على مدار المئة عام التالية. حاولت بروسيا باستمرار توحيد جميع الولايات الألمانية (باستثناء الكانتونات الألمانية في سويسرا) تحت قيادتها بسبب قوتها، ولكن التساؤل حول ما إن كانت النمسا ستندرج في مثل هذا النطاق الألماني الموحد ظل قائمًا.

بعد أن أدت الحروب النابليونية إلى تكوين الاتحاد الألماني، تسببت قضية توحيد الولايات الألمانية في اندلاع الثورة في جميع أنحاء الولايات الألمانية نظرًا لأن كل ولاية كانت تريد دستورًا خاصًا بها. استمرت محاولات إنشاء اتحاد فيدرالي في الفشل، وانهار الاتحاد الألماني في عام 1866 عندما اندلعت حرب بين بروسيا والنمسا اللتان كانتا أقوى دولتين وسط أعضاء الاتحاد. استمر اتحاد شمال ألمانيا من عام 1867 إلى عام 1871، وأنشأ اتحادًا أوثق بين الولايات المتحالفة مع بروسيا، بينما ظلت النمسا ومعظم ولايات جنوب ألمانيا مستقلة. نُظر إلى اتحاد شمال ألمانيا على أنه تحالف للقوة العسكرية في أعقاب الحرب النمساوية البروسية، وعلى الرغم من ذلك، استُخدمت العديد من قوانينه لاحقًا في القيصرية الألمانية. استمرت القيصرية الألمانية منذ عام 1871 حتى عام 1918 مع التوحيد الناجح لجميع الولايات الألمانية تحت سيطرة بروسية، كان هذا نتيجة لهزيمة نابليون الثالث في الحرب الفرنسية البروسية في الفترة ما بين عامي 1870 و1871. وحدت الحرب جميع الدول الألمانية في مواجهة عدو واحد، وهبّت مع النصر موجة غامرة من القومية التي غيرت آراء البعض من الذين كانوا ضد التوحيد. في عام 1871، توحدت ألمانيا لتشكل دولة واحدة باستثناء النمسا وسويسرا، مع بروسيا كالقوة المهيمنة في الدولة.

تُعد بروسيا الدولة الخلف للرايخ الألماني الموحد (1871-1945)، وتبعًا لذلك فهي تُعد سلفًا مباشرًا لجمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية الخاصة بيومنا هذا. أشار الإلغاء الرسمي لبروسيا، والذي تم تنفيذه في 25 فبراير عام 1947 بمرسوم من قبل مجلس الحلفاء للرقابة، إلى تقليد مزعوم للمملكة كحاملة للسياسة العسكرية وللرجعية، وأفسح الطريق أمام الإعداد الحالي للولايات الألمانية. تركت المملكة إرثًا ثقافيًا بالغ الأهمية تروّج إليه اليوم بشكل كبير مؤسسة الإرث الثقافي البروسي، والتي أصبحت واحدة من أكبر المنظمات الثقافية في عالمنا.

التاريخ

التأسيس
جاء بورغراف تابع لبيت هوهنزوليرن من الجنوب حتى وصل إلى مرغريفية براندنبورغ وسيطر على المنطقة بصفته ناخبًا في عام 1415. أما في عام 1417، فقد جُعل بيت هوهنزوليرن الأمير الناخب للإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة.

بعد الحروب البولندية، عانت مدن منطقة البلطيق المنشأة حديثًا في الولايات الألمانية، ومن بينهم بروسيا، من الكثير من الانتكاسات الاقتصادية، حتى أن العديد من المدن البروسية لم تستطع حضور الاجتماعات السياسية خارج بروسيا. اكتسح الفقر المدن، واضطرت أكبر المدن، مدينة غدانسك، إلى اقتراض أموال من أماكن أخرى من أجل التجارة. كان الفقر في هذه المدن بسبب جيران بروسيا بشكل جزئي، نظرًا لأنهم أسسوا وطوروا احتكارًا مكنهم من السيطرة على التجارة بحيث لم تتمكن هذه المدن الجديدة من المنافسة. أدت هذه المشاكل إلى نزاعات، وحروب، ومنافسات تجارية، وأيضًا غزوات. على الرغم من ذلك، أسفر سقوط هذه المدن عن نشأة النبالة، والفصل بين الشرق والغرب، وأعطى الفرصة للطبقة الوسطى الحضرية في براندنبورغ لأن تزدهر.

كان من الواضح مدى اختلاف براندنبورغ عن الأراضي الألمانية الأخرى في عام 1440، حيث واجهت خطرين لم تقابلهما المناطق الألمانية الأخرى؛ التقسيم من الداخل والتهديد بالغزو من قبل جيرانها في الخارج. تجنبت براندنبورغ التقسيم من خلال تشريع الترتيب الآخيلي، والذي غرس مبدأ البكورية للمناطق البراندنبورغية والفرانكونية. أما مشكلة التهديد بالغزو فقد حُلت من خلال التوسع. كانت براندنبورغ محاطةً من جميع الجوانب بجيران حدودهم هي حدود سياسية لا أكثر، وعليه فإنه بإمكان أي جار لبراندنبورغ أن يهاجمها ويُفنيها في أي لحظة، ولذلك تمثلت الطريقة الوحيدة للدفاع عن نفسها في الاستحواذ على جيرانها قبل أن يُستحوَذ عليها. قامت براندنبورغ بتوسيع حدودها ببطء، ولكن بثبات، من خلال المفاوضات والزيجات، مستحوذةً على الجيران وقاضية على التهديد بالغزو.

أصبح آل الهوهنزوليرن حكام مرغريفية براندنبورغ في عام 1518، كما أنهم أمّنوا إعادة إحياء دوقية بوميرانيا بعد سلسلة من النزاعات، واكتسبوا الجزء الشرقي الخاص بها بعد صلح وستفاليا.

الولاية

الحكومة
رأت السلطة المشتركة، الإقطاعية والبيروقراطية، التي قامت عليها الملكية البروسية المطلقة، أن مصالحها منبثقة عن قمع حملة الحرية الشخصية والحقوق الديمقراطية، فتوجب عليها اللجوء إلى أساليب الشرطة. استبدلت «الدولة البوليسية»، كما وصفها أوتو هينتز، والتي تُعد دولة دستورية في شكلها البدائي، النظام الأقدم بطبقة ملّاك الأراضي الإقطاعية التي تعمل لصالح الطبقة الحاكمة.

السياسة
كانت مملكة بروسيا ملكية مطلقة حتى الثورة الألمانية في عام 1848 في الولايات الألمانية، والتي أصبحت بروسيا من بعدها ملكية دستورية، وعُيِّن أدولف هاينريش فون أرنيم-بويتسنبرغ أول رئيس وزراء لبروسيا. تشكل برلمان من مجلسين بعد تشكيل أول دستور لبروسيا، وانتُخِب المجلس الأدنى، أو اللاندتاغ البروسي، من قبل جميع دافعي الضرائب، الذين قُسِّموا إلى ثلاث فئات (نظام الامتياز من ثلاث درجات) وفقًا لمقدار الضرائب المدفوعة. سمح هذا لما يزيد قليلاً عن 25% من الناخبين باختيار 85% من الهيئة التشريعية، وذلك مع ضمان هيمنة العناصر الأكثر ثراءً من السكان. عُيِّن المجلس الأعلى، الذي غير الملك اسمه بعد ذلك إلى مجلس اللوردات البروسي. احتفظ الملك بالسلطة التنفيذية الكاملة، وكان الوزراء مسؤولين أمامه فقط. بقيت قبضة ملاك الأراضي، اليونكرز (الإقطاعيين الأثرياء في بروسيا)، على حالها، ولاسيما في المقاطعات الشرقية. ساعدت الشرطة السرية البروسية، التي تشكلت ردًا على الثورة الألمانية في 1848 في الولايات الألمانية، الحكومة المحافظة.

الدساتير
كان هناك دستوران أثناء وجود المملكة، دستور عام 1848 ودستور عام 1850. سن فريدرش فيلهلم الرابع دستور عام 1848 ووُضِع في حيز التنفيذ في 5 ديسمبر عام 1848، إذ وُضِع استجابة للصورة الألمانية في عام 1848. سُنّ الدستور الثاني في 31 يناير عام 1850، وعُدِّل بشكل رسمي في السنوات التالية.

صدر دستور عام 1848 تحت حكم فريدرش فيلهلم الرابع الذي تولى السلطة من والده بعد وفاته في عام 1840. حدد فيلهلم تعيينًا للجان للتشاور بشأن نقاط من مختلف الأسئلة بعد توليه السلطة. اعتقد الملك بذلك أنه يمكن أن يعكس الوحدة بدون حدوث ثورة. جمعت الحكومة جميع أعضاء مجالس المقاطعات الثماني بحذر، وقسمتهم إلى مجلسين، مجلس للوردات ومجلس آخر يشمل الولايات الثلاثة يضم الفرسان والبورغيسيس والفلاحين. اعتُبِرت هذه خطوة نحو دولة دستورية، وذلك على الرغم من عدم تمتعهم بسلطة حقيقية، وأن الملك لم يتشاور معهم أو يسمح لهم باستخدام حق النقض أو المجادلة مع الهيئات التشريعية المتشكلة. بدأت تغييرات جذرية بالحدوث، والتي عُرِفت باسم «أيام مارس». بدأ الشعب في التمرد عندما رفض الملك إضافة المجالس المتحدة إلى مؤسسة تمثيلية فعلية. اتخذ الملك قرارًا بالموافقة على بعض التنازلات في 18 مارس. حدثت بعض المواجهات مع الجنود بسبب عدم قدرته على منعهم من مهاجمة الحشود السلمية. وافق الملك في شهر مارس على مطالب أصدرها الشعب وقدم عددًا من التنازلات. وضع المؤتمر في 22 مايو عام 1848 مخططًا للدستور الجديد. قدم الشعب مسودة منقحة في 26 يوليو عام 1848. حل فريدرش الاتفاقية عندما انتهت جميع المناقشات، ووُضِع الدستور بشكل رسمي في 5 ديسمبر عام 1848.

قُسِّم الدستور إلى 105 مواد مختلفة تحت ثمانية عناوين منفصلة. تمثلت العناوين التسعة بإقليم الدولة، وحقوق البروسيين، والملك، والوزراء، والمجالس، والسلطة القضائية، والموظفين العموميين غير المنتمين إلى الطبقة القضائية، والشؤون المالية والكوميونات، والدوائر، والمقاطعات، وهيئات المقاطعات. تختلف كل مجموعة من هذه المجموعات في عدد المواد، فيحتوي القسمان السابع والتاسع على مادة واحد فقط لكل منهما، بينما يحتوي القسم الثاني على أربعين مادة منفصلة. كان هناك أيضًا أربعة عشر بندًا مقسمين إلى أحكام عامة وأحكام مؤقتة.

الدين

سمح الدستور البروسي لعام 1850 بحرية الضمير وحرية العبادة العامة والخاصة وحرية تكوين الجمعيات في الهيئات الدينية. ذكر الدستور أن جميع الكنائس والجمعيات الدينية الأخرى يجب أن تدير كل شيء بشكل مستقل وسري عن الدولة، وأنه لا يجوز لأي جزء من الحكومة التأثير على الكنيسة. نص الدستور أيضًا على أن جميع الأطفال يجب أن يتعلموا الدين من أبناء دينهم وليس من قبل أشخاص آخرين.

ذكر الإحصاء الذي أُجري في أوائل أو منتصف القرن التاسع عشر وجود تقسيم مكون من ست ديانات في حوالي ثلاثينيات القرن التاسع عشر، فوُجِد في كل مليون نسمة 609.427.0 ممارسًا للبروتستانتية، و376.177.1 ممارسًا للكاثوليكية، و13.348.8 يهودًا متدينًا، و925.1 ممارسًا للمينوناتية، و121.4 أرثوذكسيًا يونانيًا و0.6 من المسلمين. بلغ إجمالي عدد السكان في ذلك الوقت 14.098.125 شخصًا، مما يعني أنه كان هناك حوالي 8.591.778 ممارسًا للبروتستانتية، و5.303.392 ممارسًا للكاثوليكية، و188.193 يهوديًا متدينًا، و13.042 ممارسًا للمينوناتية، و1.712 أرثوذكسيًا يونانيًا، و 8 مسلمين.

ضم الغرب وبولندا ملايين الكاثوليك، وذلك على الرغم من هيمنة البروتستانت اللوثريين (جنبًا إلى جنب مع بعض الكالفينيين). كان هناك العديد من السكان الكاثوليك في راينلاند وأجزاء من ويستفاليا. كان أغلب سكان بروسيا الغربية، ووارميا، وسيليسيا، ومقاطعة بوزنانيا في الغالب من الكاثوليكيين الناطقين بالبولندية. تكونت أغلب منطقة ماسوريا الجنوبية في شرق بروسيا من الماسوريين الألمانيين البروتستانت.

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 بروسيا الشرقية
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المراجع

بروسيا في القرن 18
بروسيا في القرن 19
انحلالات سنة 1918 في أوروبا
انحلالات سنة 1918 في بروسيا
أنظمة ملكية سابقة في أوروبا
تاريخ ألمانيا
تاريخ بروسيا
تأسيسات سنة 1701 في الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة
تأسيسات سنة 1701 في أوروبا
تأسيسات سنة 1701 في بروسيا
دول الاتحاد الألماني
دول الإمبراطورية الألمانية
دول سابقة
دول مسيحية
دول وأقاليم انحلت في 1918
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1701
بروسيا في عقد 1900
بروسيا في عقد 1910
ممالك سابقة

مملكة بروسيا


Viktoriia Tymoshenkova () este o jucătoare profesionistă de handbal legitimată la clubul CS Dacia Mioveni 2012 și care joacă pentru Echipa națională de handbal feminin a Ucrainei.

Palmares
Cupa EHF Feminin:
Semifinalistă: 2009
Trofeul Campionilor EHF Feminin:
Semifinalistă: 2012
 Super Liga Rusiei:
Câștigătoare: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013
 Trofeul Carpați:
Locul 2: 2008
Locul 3: 2010,  2012
 Cupa României:
Locul 2:  2016 Supercupa României:
Locul 2:  2016Cupa Mondială GF':Semifinalistă:''  2006

Note

Nașteri în 1983
Handbaliști expatriați
Jucătoare de handbal din Ucraina
Portari
Sportivi ucraineni în viață
Ucraineni expatriați în România

Viktoriia Tymoshenkova


Prins Francis ("Frank") Joseph Leopold Fredrick af Teck, (tysk: Franz von Teck) GCVO, DSO (født 9. januar 1870 på Kensington Palace i London, England, død 22. oktober 1910 i West End, Westminster, London) var en britisk prins og officer af tysk–ungarsk oprindelse. Han tilhørte en ikke–arveberettiget (morganatisk) sidegren til det württembergske kongehus.

Francis af Teck var bror til dronning Mary af Storbritannien samt svoger til kong Georg 5. af Storbritannien. Hans søster blev svigerinde til dronning Maud af Norge. Han var oldesøn af kong Georg 3. af Storbritannien.

Officer
Teck fik sin militære uddannelse på Sandhurst, og han gik ind i hæren i 1889. I 1896 blev han sendt til Quetta i Baluchistan i den nordvestlige del af Britisk Indien.

I 1897–98 deltog Francis af Teck i den anglo-egyptiske hærs nedkæmpelse af Mahdistoprøret i Sudan. I 1898–1900 deltog han i den Anden Boerkrig i Sydafrika. Da han forlod hæren i 1902 havde han rang som  major.

Privatliv
Francis af Teck blev aldrig gift. Han var en kvindebedårer, og han havde en del affærer. Han blev far til børn, som var fødte udenfor ægteskab.

Ifølge familietraditionen er han oldefar til den engelske skuespillerinde Sarah Miles (født 1941). Hun er datter af Clarice Vera Remnant ('Wren') og John Miles. Hendes morfar (Francis (eller Frank) Remnant, født i 1894) hævdedes at være en uægte søn af Francis af Teck.

Ifølge Julia P. Gelardi's bog Born to Rule (udgivet 2005), var prinsesse Maud af Wales interesseret i Francis af Teck, der var hendes brors svoger. Parret udvekslede en del breve, men efterhånden ebbede romancen ud.

Maud af Wales giftede sig i stedet med sin fætter, den danske søofficer prins Carl af Danmark. I 1905 blev Maud og Carl (som Haakon 7.) det selvstændige Norges første kongepar.

Skandalen om Cambridge Emeralds
Francis af Teck's mormor og morfar (hertuginden og hertugen af Cambridge) havde købt Cambridge Emeralds, der bestod af omkring 30–40 smaragder. Francis havde arvet smykkerne gennem sin mor.

Det var almindeligt antaget, at den ugifte Francis ville testamentere smykkerne til sin søster Mary af Storbritannien, der lige var blevet britisk dronning. Da testamentet blev åbnet, opdagede den forfærdede familie, at Francis i stedet havde testamenteret Cambridge Emeralds til sin elskerinde Nellie Baldock (egentligt Ellen Constance Baldock, død 1920). Hun var gift med Francis Needham, 3, jarl af Kilmorey (1842–1915).

Dronning Mary besluttede at købe Cambridge Emeralds tilbage i hemmelighed, men hun måtte betale £10.000, der var en betydelig overpris. Smykkerne blev indarbejdet i den parure, som dronning Mary bar, da hun blev kronet til indisk kejserinde i Delhi i 1911.

Forfædre
Francis af Teck var sønnesøn af Alexander af Württemberg (1804–1885).

Han var oldesøn af Ludvig, prins af Württemberg, Henriette af Nassau-Weilburg (1780–1857), Georg 3. af Storbritannien, Charlotte af Mecklenburg-Strelitz, den danske general Frederik af Hessen-Kassel (1747–1837) og Karoline Polyxene af Nassau-Usingen.

Francis af Teck var tipoldesøn af regerende hertug Frederik 2. Eugen af Württemberg, fyrste Karl Christian af Nassau-Weilburg og den hollandske regentinde Caroline af Oranien-Nassau-Diez, Frederik Ludvig af Wales og Augusta af Sachsen-Gotha (forældre til dronning Caroline Mathilde af Danmark–Norge) samt Frederik 2. af Hessen-Kassel og Marie af Storbritannien.

Kilder

Huset Württemberg (linjen Teck/Cambridge)
Kongelige fra Storbritannien

Francis af Teck (1870-1910)


نضال نجم (26 مايو 1973 –)، ممثل أردني من أصل فلسطيني. تخرج من المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية بدمشق  وهو الأخ التوأم للممثل وائل نجم.

أعماله

عمل في عدد من المسلسلات التليفزيونية السورية التي أثرت في مسيرته الفنية وتوالت اشتراكه في الأعمال التاريخية نظراً لإجادته هذا النوع من المسلسلات وتميز الدراما السورية وانتشارها بشكل كبير. ومن أعماله:
1. الاجتياح 2007، محمود الطوالبة - إخراج: شوقي الماجري
2. ظل امرأة 2007 - إخراج: نذير عواد
3. وشاء الهوى 2006 حازم - إخراج: زهير قنوع
4. الكواسر 1998 الكاسر - إخراج: نجدة إسماعيل أنزور
5. رسائل الحب والحرب 2007 قاسم - إخراج: باسل الخطيب
6. صراع على الرمال 2008 جابر - إخراج: حاتم علي
7. فارس بني مروان 2003 مسلمه بن عبد الملك - إخراج: نجدة إسماعيل أنزور
8. ذكريات الزمن القادم 2003 - إخراج: هيثم حقي
9. الأيام المتمردة 2001 - إخراج: هيثم حقي
10. زمن الخوف - إخراج: إيناس حقي
11. مشاريع صغيرة - إخراج: المثنى صبح
12. طوق الياسمين 2008 وليد - إخراج: علي محي الدين علي
13. زهرة النرجس 2008 - إخراج:رامي حنا
14. الدوامة 2009 - إخراج: المثنى صبح
15. عيد ميلاد 2009 - إخراج: عمرو علي
16. ندى الأيام 2006 - إخراج: ثلاثة مخرجين
17. ردم الأساطير 2002 - إخراج: هيثم حقي
18. بيت العز 2003 - إخراج: غسان باخوس
19. عصر الجنون 2 - إخراج: مروان بركات
20. خط النهاية 2002 - إخراج: أسعد عيد
21. الوردة الأخيرة 2006 - إخراج: محمد فردوس أتاسي
22. أخوة التراب - 1996 - إخراج: نجدة انزور
23. يوميات مدير عام 2 - 2011
24. الصيــــاد 2014 -إخراج: أحمد مدحت
25.ومسلسل الوان الطيف في دور سمير
26.مسلسل الشبيهة |عام 2012 م بدور ربيع
27.جلد الأفعى سنة 1999 من إخراج سليم صبري.
28.خط النهاية سنة 2003 من إخراج أسعد عيد

والعديد من الأعمال الأخرى

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أردنيون من أصل فلسطيني
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلو مركز الزهرة
ممثلون وممثلات أردنيون
مواليد 1393 هـ
مواليد 1973

نضال نجم


Ellen Pollock ( - ) est une actrice britannique, principalement apparue sur scène dans le West End de Londres. Elle est également apparue dans plusieurs films et productions télévisées.

Biographie
Adepte de George Bernard Shaw, elle devient présidente de la Shaw Society en 1949. Dans sa nécrologie, The Independent écrit : « On pense que Pollock a joué, au cours d'une carrière de 72 ans, plus d'héroïnes shaviennes que quiconque. Elle a dirigé les saisons londoniennes de ses pièces ; et c'est lors de la première à Londres de l'une de ses œuvres moins connues – Farfetched Fables (Watergate, 1950) – qu'elle a annoncé la mort de Shaw depuis la scène."

La passion de Pollock pour le théâtre a commencé à l'âge de sept ans, lorsqu'elle a vu Sarah Bernhardt sur scène ; elle sut alors qu'elle voulait être actrice. Pollock a également été metteur en scène et professeur d'art dramatique à la Royal Academy of Dramatic Art et à la Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. Son travail télévisé varié comprenait plusieurs apparitions dans The Forsyte Saga pour la BBC.

Elle a survécu aux deux maris, le capitaine Leslie Hancock et l'artiste James Proudfoot. Elle a eu un enfant avec le capitaine Hancock. Pollock a fait l'objet de l'émission télévisée  en 1992.

La mère d'Ellen Pollock, Hedwig Kahn, était la sœur d'Otto Hermann Kahn (riche banquier d'investissement, collectionneur, philanthrope et mécène des arts) et du compositeur Robert Kahn.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Actrice britannique de cinéma
Actrice britannique de théâtre
Metteur en scène britannique
Naissance en juin 1902
Naissance à Heidelberg
Décès en mars 1997
Décès à Londres
Décès à 94 ans

Ellen Pollock


Octavian Motoc (n. 11 februarie 1963, Bordei Verde, Brăila) este un politician român, membru al Parlamentului României.

De profesie inginer, este absolvent al Institutului Politehnic din Iași, Facultatea de Constructii, în anul 1989. Între 1990-1997 a lucrat ca redactor la ziarul Delta, din Tulcea. Între 1997-2010 a ocupat o serie de funcții de conducere în structurile din subordinea Consiliului Județean Tulcea, cea mai reprezentativă fiind cea de director executiv al Direcției Dezvoltare Regională, Integrare Europeană și Relații Externe. Este membru al Partidului Național Liberal și vicepreședinte al filialei Tulcea a PNL.

A fost membru al Comisiei pentru cultură, artă și mijloace de informare în masă  (până în feb. 2013), ulterior fiind membru al Comisiei pentru afaceri europene  și Comisiei pentru mediu.

Este senator în legislatura 2012-2016, din partea Uniunii Social-Liberale, în colegiul uninominal 1 din Circumscripția electorală nr.38 Tulcea. Din februarie 2015 este vice-lider al Grupului parlamentar al Partidului Național Liberal.

Este președinte al Grupului parlamentar de prietenie cu Republica Populară Chineză, secretar al Grupului parlamentar de prietenie cu Regatul Bahrein și membru al Grupului parlamentar de prietenie cu Belarus.

Referințe

Vezi și
Senatul României
Bordei Verde

Legături externe
 Senatul României - Fișă de senator
Camera Deputaților, sinteza activitatii parlamentare
Biografie pe site-ul Partidului Național Liberal

Nașteri în 1963
Senatori români 2012-2016
Membri ai Partidului Național Liberal
Politicieni români în viață
Politicieni români din secolul al XXI-lea
Brăileni
Comuna Bordei Verde

Octavian Motoc