Beyaz cüceler, yaşamının son evresindeki soğuk yıldızlar olarak tanımlanır ve güneş kütlesinin % 60'ı kütlesinde olmasına karşılık hacmen dünya büyüklüğündedir.

Güneş benzeri bir yıldız, nükleer yakıtını tükettikten sonra kırmızı dev olur. Kırmızı dev aşamasında çok genişleyen yıldız, beyaz cüce olurken içe doğru çökümü, yıldızın  çekirdeğinin etrafında bulunan helyumun daha çok sıkışmasına ve belli bir aşamadan sonra da patlamasına yol açar daha sonra dış katmanlarını uzaya püskürtür ve geriye kalan parçası beyaz cücedir. Yıldızın savurduğu maddeler, gezegenimsi bulutsu hâlini alır. Kütlesi bunun üzerindeki bir değere sahip olan yıldızlar da Nötron yıldızına dönüşürler.

Beyaz cücelerde artık füzyon reaksiyonları gerçekleşmez, yani yıldızın enerji kaynağı kalmamıştır. Bu nedenle kendi kütleçekiminin kendisini içe doğru sıkıştırmasına diğer yıldızlar gibi karşı koyamaz. Beyaz cücelerde kütleçekimine karşı koyan tek şey dejenere elektron basıncıdır, bu sebeple beyaz cüceler çok yoğundur. Dejenere basıncının fiziğinden yapılan hesaplamalara göre dönmeyen bir beyaz cücenin kendi içine çökmeden alabileceği maksimum kütle Chandrasekhar limitidir (yaklaşık 1.44 Güneş kütlesi) bu limitten sonra dejenere basıncı da beyaz cüceyi ayakta tutmaya yetmez. Genelde yakınlardaki yıldızlardan emilen kütle sayesinde bu limite ulaşan bir karbon-oksijen beyaz cücesi karbon patlaması denen bir süreçte bir süpernova halinde patlar. SN 1006 buna bir örnek olarak gösterilebilir.

Bir beyaz cüce ilk oluştuğunda oldukça sıcaktır, ama herhangi bir enerji kaynağı olmadığından zamanla ısı yayarak soğumaya başlar. Bu başta yüksek renk sıcaklığına sahip olan radyasyonunun yavaşça kırmızıya kayması anlamına gelir. Uzun zaman sonra bir beyaz cüce soğudukça materyali kristalize olmaya başlayacaktır. Yıldızın düşük sıcaklığı artık çok fazla ışık ve ısı yaymayacağı anlamına gelir ve yavaşça soğuk bir kara cüceye dönüşür.  Fakat yapılan hesaplamalara göre bir beyaz cücenin bir kara cüceye dönüşme süresi evrenin yaşından daha büyüktür, bu nedenle evrende hiçbir kara cüce olmadığı düşünülür. Bilinen en yaşlı beyaz cüceler hala birkaç bin kelvin sıcaklığına sahiptir.

Keşif
Keşfedilen ilk beyaz cüce içinde parlak 40 Eridani A yıldızı, 40 Eridani B beyaz cücesi ve 40 Eridani C kırmızı cüce yıldızı olan 40 Eridani adlı üçlü yıldız sisteminde bulundu. 40 Eridani B/C ikilisi ilk William Herschel tarafından 31 Ocak 1783 yılında bulundu. 1910 yılında Henry Norris Russel, Edward Charles Pickering ve Williamina Fleming düşük parlaklığa sahip bir yıldız olmasına rağmen 40 Eridani B yıldızının A spektral tipinden olduğunu buldular (yani beyaz). 1939 yılında Russel bu buluşa tekrar göz attı:Arkadaşım Profesör Edward C. Pickering'i ziyaret ediyordum. Karakteristik nazikliğiyle ben ve Hinksin Cambridgde yıldız paralaksı gözlemlerimizde bulduğu bütün yıldızların spektralarını gözlemlemek için gönüllü olmuştu. Bu rutin gözüken iş sonucunda çok işe yaradı. Bu veriler bütün solgun mutlak büyüklüğe sahip olan yıldızların M spektra sınıfına girdiği keşfine yol açtı. Bu konuyu konuşurken Pickeringe özellikle 40 Eridani B yıldızından bahsederek başka solgun yıldızlar ile alakalı sordum. Sonrasında gözlemevi ofisine bir not yolladı ve çok kısa bir zaman sonra bu yıldızın spektra tipinin A olduğu bilgisi geri ulaştı. O günlerde bile bizim düşündüğümüz yüzey parlaklıklarıyla yoğunluklar arasında bir tutarsızlık olacağını fark etmeye yeticek bilgim vardı. Bu büyük istisna karşısında oldukça şaşkına uğradığımı belirtmiştim ama Pickering bana gülüp "tam olarak bu istisnalar bizim bilgimizi arttırmamızı sağlıyor" diye cevap verdi. Sonrasında beyaz cüceler araştırma konusu oldular.

Beyaz Cüce Sistemlerinde Yaşama Uygun Gezegenlerin Bulunması
Beyaz Cüceler soğuk yıldızlar oldukları için az ısı ve ışık yayarlar. Bu yüzden beyaz cüce sistemindeki yaşama uygun bir gezegenin bulunması daha kolay olur. Çünkü beyaz cücelerde gezegenin yaşama uygun olması için ona çok yakın olması gerekir. Yakın bir gezegen de yıldızının önünden geçerken ışığın parlaklığında daha fazla bir azalma olur.

Beyaz Cüce Sistemlerinde Yaşama Uygun Gezegen Oluşması
Yıldız kırmızı deve dönüştükten sonra, yıldız kabuklarını salmaya başladığında merkeze doğru bir kütleçekimi olur ve -kırmızı dev büyüdüğünde ondan etkilenmeyen- dış gezegenler bu çekimden etkilenerek beyaz cücenin yaşamsal alanına doğru çekilir veya kırmızı devin yok ettiği gezegenlerden kalan enkazlardan yaşamsal alanda yeni gezegenler oluşur.

Tarihçe
 1926'da  Ralph Fowler tarafından beyaz cücelerin dışlama ilkesi (ing. exclusion principle) açıklandı.
 1933'te Baade ve Zwicky tarafından beyaz cücelerin çöküşü ile birlikte süpernovaya geçişi açıklandı.
 1935'te Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar beyaz cüce çöküşü kütle limitini hesapladı.
 Uzay bilimciler yaklaşık 5 milyar yıl sonra Güneş ve FG Sagittae gibi düşük kütleli yıldızlar yaşamlarının sonlarında birer beyaz cüce olacakları tespitinde bulunmuşlardır. Böylece; Dünya buzul çağına girecek ve bu sistemin çevresinde bir bulutsu oluşacaktır.

Özellikleri
 Çekirdekleri kararlı haldeyken,çekirdek kütlesi 1.4 Güneş kütlesinden küçüktür. (Mçekirdek < 1.4 Mgüneş)
 Tamamen karbon çekirdeğinden oluşurlar.
 Dünya boyutunda fakat aşırı derecede yoğundurlar.
 Beyaz cüceler etrafına ısı ve ışık dağıtmaya devam eder, fakat çekirdekte herhangi bir füzyon işlemi gerçekleştiremedikleri için sürekli ısı ve ışıma kaybı içindedirler. Işımaları yıldızdan yıldıza değişiklik göstermekle birlikte yaklaşık olarak 1015 ila 1025 yıl sürer. Işımaları durduğunda kara cüceye dönüşürler. Bu zaman dilimi evrenin yaşından daha fazla olduğu için evrende şu an için bir kara cüceye rastlamak mümkün değildir.
 Yüzey tabakalarından püskürttükleri madde çekim bölgelerine akar,viskoz ve türbülanslı enerji kaybı ile, bu madde akışı, beyaz cüce yüzeyi etrafında bir spiral oluşturur. Örneğin Helis Bulutsusu'nun merkezindeki yıldız bir beyaz cücedir.
 Yoğunlukları yaklaşık 2x109 kg/m³'dür.
 Yüzey sıcaklığı yaklaşık 100.000 C°'dir.
 Gökyüzünde gözlemlenebilen en parlak yıldız unvanlı Sirius (alpha canis majoris) yakınlarında gözlemlenen Sirius-B belirlenen ilk beyaz cücedir. Sirius büyük köpek takımyıldızının alfa yıldızı olduğu için yakınındaki beyaz cüce Köpek Yavrusu olarak adlandırılır. Birbirlerinin çevresinde dönerler.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 NASA
 Teknik Bilgiler

Yıldız evrimi

Beyaz cüce


Winner Medical (Chinois simplifié: 稳健医疗; Chinois traditionnel: 穩健醫療), abréviation de Winner Medical Co., Ltd, est une société de fabrication de produits médicaux basée en Chine, fondée par Li Jianquan en 1991, dont le siège est à Shenzhen. Anciennement cotée à plusieurs reprises sur diverses bourses américaines sous le nom de Winner Medical Group Inc., elle se concentre sur la production de fournitures de soins de santé, principalement des pansements pour le soin des plaies et des produits de protection contre les infections, ainsi que sur la spécialisation dans les masques et les combinaisons de protection. En outre, elle fabrique également des produits liés aux nourrissons. La société détient 3 marques, "Winner", "PurCotton" et "PureH2B".

Entre 2005 et 2010, la société est entrée en bourse de manière séquentielle sur l'OTCBB, l'AMEX et le NASDAQ. En juillet 2012, il a adopté une offre d'achat d'actions détenues par d'autres investisseurs pour , et en décembre, il a été radié de la cote après avoir été fermé par Winner Holding Limited. Après avoir levé  grâce à son IPO, il a atterri sur la SZSE en septembre 2020 sous le symbole "300888", Li Jianquan détenant 68% de ses actions.

Histoire
Winner Medical a développé la technologie du non-tissé de spunlace tout coton en 2005. En 2014, il était uniquement financé par Sequoia China, qui détenait environ 8.09 % des actions du premier après son IPO. En juin 2018, il a été financé par Shenzhen Capital Group.

Winner Medical a exploité ses lignes de production de masques tout au long des vacances de 2019 Lunar New Year, produisant  de masques et  d'équipements de protection au cours des cinq semaines précédant le 26 janvier 2020.

En mai 2020, la UK DHSC a signée un contrat de  avec Winner Medical pour l'achat de PPE. La même année, elle a établi son deuxième siège social à Hubei, où elle est également la principale base de production de la société.

Références

Entreprise fondée en 1991
Entreprise ayant son siège à Shenzhen
Entreprise ayant son siège en Chine
Société cotée au SZSE

Winner Medical


Det svenske mesterskab i ishockey 1923 var det andet svenske mesterskab i ishockey for mandlige klubhold. Mesterskabet havde deltagelse af fem klubber, der alle var fra Stockholm-området, og stævnet blev afviklet i perioden 27. februar - 4. marts 1923 i Stockholm.

Mesterskabet blev vundet af IK Göta, som i finalen vandt 3-0 over Djurgårdens IF, og som dermed vandt mesterskabet for andet år i træk, og som fortsat var det eneste hold, der havde vundet mesterskabet. Djurgårdens IF var til gengæld i SM-finalen for første gang.

Resultater

Første runde

Semifinaler

Finale

Mesterholdet

IK Götas mesterhold bestod af følgende spillere:
 Georg Brandius-Johansson
 Erik Burman
 Fritz Johansson
 Einar Lundell
 Åke Nyberg
 Einar Olsson
 Einar Svensson

Se også
 Klasse 1 i ishockey 1923

Kilder
 Passionhockey - Championnat de Suède 1922/23
 Svenska Ishockeyförbundet - Historik - Nationellt

1923
Sport i 1923

Svensk mesterskab i ishockey 1923


Penares apicospinatus est une espèce d'éponges de la famille des Geodiidae.

Distribution
L'espèce est décrite des îles Galápagos, dans l'Océan Pacifique.

Taxinomie
L'espèce Penares apicospinatus est décrite en 1997 par Ruth Desqueyroux-Faúndez et Rob W. M. van Soest.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Références biologiques

Notes et références

Geodiidae
Espèce d'éponges (nom scientifique)

Penares apicospinatus


Otto Oscar Binder (26 de agosto de 1911 – 13 de octubre de 1974) fue un guionista de historietas de ciencia ficción y de no-ficción estadounidense. Es conocido por sus libretos para Captain Marvel Adventures y otras historias de la Familia Marvel de superhéroes.

Primeros años
Nacido en Bessemer, Míchigan, Otto Binder fue el menor de seis hijos en una familia de inmigrantes austríacos. En 1922, la familia se estableció en Chicago, Illinois, y Binder y su hermano Earl comenzaron a interesarse por la ciencia ficción, muy popular en ese momento. Los hermanos decidieron trabajar juntos y en 1930 vendieron su primera historia, "The First Martian", a Amazing Stories; en 1932 fue publicada con el seudónimo "Eando Binder" ("E" and "O" Binder, que significa "E y O Binder").

Ya que su trabajo como escritores no les producía suficientes ingresos como para vivir, Binder y su hermano tuvieron que trabajar en muchos otros lugares. Earl consiguió un empleo en una siderurgia que le consumió gran parte de su tiempo, por lo que Otto debió hacerse cargo de sus historias prácticamente solo, aunque conservó el seudónimo para sus obras de ciencia ficción durante el resto de su vida. En 1935, Otis Adelbert Kline contrató a Binder como agente literario a cargo de la oficina de Kline en Nueva York, aunque la escasez de empleo durante la Gran Depresión llevó la compañía a la quiebra dos años después. Sin embargo, Binder logró conseguir trabajos como agente con Mort Weisinger, editor de Thrilling Wonder Stories, y Ray Palmer, editor de Amazing; para este último creó la serie de Adam Link, un robot.

Fawcett Comics y Capitán Marvel
Binder entró al mundo de las historietas en 1939 gracias a su hermano Jack, que era artista y trabajaba en Nueva York, en el estudio de Harry "A" Chesler, uno de los "cazatalentos" de la época que proveía de historias y trabajadores novatos a las editoriales. Al año siguiente, la editorial de revistas Fawcett Publications comenzó su línea Fawcett Comics, y Binder empezó a escribir las historias de personajes tales como el Capitán Venture, Flecha Verde, Bulletman y El Carim. Un año más tarde, el editor Ed Herron le encomendó a Binder la tarea de escribir las historias sobre el personaje más prominente de Fawcett, el superhéroe Capitán Marvel. Poco después cocreó al personaje de Mary Marvel y escribió spin-offs protagonizados por ella y por el Capitán Marvel Jr..

Binder trabajó en Fawcett desde 1941 a 1953, y durante estos años escribió "986 historias, de 1743, lo que es más de la mitad de la saga completa de la Familia Marvel", según el guionista y editor de comic books E. Nelson Bridwell. Durante este período, Binder cocreó con Marc Swayze y C. C. Beck personajes tales como Mary Marvel, el Tío Dudley, Mr. Tawky Tawny, Adán Negro y Mr. Mind, además de dos de los cuatro hijos del Dr. Sivana: los adolescentes malvados Thaddeus Sivana Jr. y Georgia.

Su primera obra sobre el Capitán Marvel fue la novela Return of the Scorpion, protagonizada por el villano de la serie de 1941 The Adventures of Captain Marvel. Su primera historieta del Capitán Marvel fue "Captain Marvel Saves the King", en el número nueve de Captain Marvel Adventures, publicado en abril de 1942. También escribió historietas sobre muchos otros personajes de Fawcett, además de varios textos de dos páginas con el único objetivo de llenar páginas para que pudieran publicarse. Su guion de Captain Marvel Adventures, escrito bajo el seudónimo "Eando", lo protagoniza el Teniente Jon Jarl de la Patrulla Espacial.

Marvel y otras compañías
Binder dejó Fawcett cuando la compañía cerró su división de comic books en 1953, pero siguió trabajando en otras empresas. Para Timely Comics, la compañía que se convertiría en Marvel Comics, cocreó al Captain Wonder, a los Young Allies, a Tommy Tyme y a la superheroína Miss America, y escribió guiones para varias historias protagonizadas por el Capitán América, la Antorcha Humana, Namor, El Destructor, Whizzer y la All-Winners Squad.

Para Quality Comics, Binder cocreó Kid Eternity, y escribió guiones para los cómics Blackhawks, Doll Man, Uncle Sam y Black Condor. Para MLJ Comics (más tarde conocida como Archie Comics) compuso historias protagonizadas por Steel Sterling, Shield, Hangman y Black Hood. También trabajó para Gold Key Comics, donde cocreó a Mighty Samson y a otros personajes.

Premios
En 2004, fue incluido en el Salón de la Fama del Comic Book de Will Eisner.

Obras
Lords of Creation (1949)
Adam Link—Robot (1965)
Anton York, Immortal (1965)
Enslaved Brains (1965)
The Avengers Battle the Earth-Wrecker (1967)
What We Really Know about Flying Saucers (1967)

Referencias

Bibliografía
Schelly, Bill. Words of Wonder: The Life and Times of Otto Binder. Seattle, Washington: Hamster Press, 2003. ISBN 0-9645669-9-0

"A Real-Life 'Marvel Family': A 1973 Talk with Golden Age Artisans Jack & Otto Binder". Entrevista realizada por Richard Kyle y transcrita por Brian K. Morris. Alter Ego número 55 (diciembre de 2005) pp. 58–67.

Enlaces externos
 Teniente Jon Jarl en "The World Stealers", Captain Marvel Adventures #78 (1947)
 Prefacio del autor a Words of Wonder, The Life and Times of Otto Binder.
 Otto Binder en Internet Speculative Fiction Database

Historietistas de Estados Unidos

Otto Binder


Cunigunde of Luxembourg, OSB  () ( 975 – 3 March 1033), also called Cunegundes, Cunegunda, and Cunegonda and, in Latin, Cunegundis or Kinigundis, was Empress of the Holy Roman Empire by marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Henry II. She ruled as interim regent after the death of her spouse in 1024. She is a saint and the patroness of Luxembourg; her feast day is 3 March.

Life

Cunigunde was one of eleven children born to Siegfried I of Luxembourg (922 – 15 August 998) and a woman called Hedwig. Numerous genealogists have tried to find out which Hedwig it is; there are different views. One of the most famous theses regarding her identity is from Joseph Depoin, who claims that Hedwig is the daughter of Duke Gilbert of Lorraine and his wife Gerberga of Saxony, the daughter of Henry I. If this is correct, then Cunigunde married her distant cousin, but Henry II was strongly against consanguineous marriage, so it can be assumed that this is not the case. It can also often be read that she is the daughter of Berthold of Schweinfurt from the House of Babenberg and Eilika of Walbeck, daughter of Count Lothar. Cunigunde's paternal grandmother, also called Cunigunde, was a Carolingian. So Cunigunde of Luxembourg was a seventh-generation descendant of Charlemagne. She married King Henry in 999. It is said that she had long wanted to be a nun, and that her marriage to Henry II was a spiritual one (also called a "white marriage"); that is, they married for companionship alone, and by mutual agreement did not consummate their relationship.  It has been claimed that Cunigunde made a vow of virginity with Henry's consent prior to their marriage. The truth of this is debatable; while the couple were both certainly childless, it is supposed by some authors that later hagiographers mistakenly construed the fact to imply a virginal marriage. Others, however, accept that the marriage was purely platonic.

During their marriage, her husband, Henry II, then only Duke of Bavaria, was crowned king of Germany ("Rex Romanorum"). The couple were crowned on 9 July 1002 in Mainz, in present-day Germany, by Willigis, Archbishop of Mainz. Cunigunde was crowned on 10 August 1002 in Paderborn, in present-day Germany, also by Willigis. It is the first known crowning of a German queen. Her predecessors were married to a king who was already crowned and therefore were not crowned alone. They directly were crowned empress in Rome. Later, her husband was also crowned as king of Italy on 15 May 1004 in Pavia, Italy, but no evidence has been given of her being crowned as queen of Italy.

It appears that Cunigunde was active politically. The title consors regni (meaning "partner in the rule") for the wives of the Ottonian rulers was often used in charters. In one-third of Henry's remaining charters, Cunigunde emerges as an advocate or initiator. As the closest adviser of her husband, she took part in Imperial councils.  She is also reported to have exerted an influence on her husband in his endowments of land to the Church.  These included the cathedral and monastery at Bamberg, Bavaria, in present-day Germany.

Cunigunde traveled with her husband to Rome for his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor ("Romanorum Imperator") as was the tradition for the King of Germany, and was crowned as Holy Roman Empress with him on 14 February 1014 in St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, receiving together with Henry the Imperial Crown from the hands of Pope Benedict VIII.  During her reign she suffered from a grave illness and made a vow that if she were to regain her health, she would found a Benedictine monastery at Kassel.  Upon her recovery, she kept her oath and work began on the building;  however, Henry died in 1024 before it was finished.  Upon his death, Cunigunde was obliged to assume the office of Regent of the Empire.  This she did with her brother, and later handed over the Imperial insignia when Conrad II was elected to succeed her late husband on 8 September 1024.

Religious life and death

As a widow, Cunigunde was left comparatively poor, owing to the enormous wealth given away by her and Henry in charitable works.

In 1025, exactly one year after the death of her husband, Cunigunde retired to Kaufungen Abbey, in Hesse, Germany, where she entered the monastery of Benedictine nuns she had founded there.  At the dedication of the monastery, she offered a relic of the True Cross, removed her regalia, and donned the habit of the nun.  There she remained at the monastery, performing charitable works, caring for the sick and devoting her time to prayer.  She died on 3 March 1033 at Kaufungen. She was buried at Bamberg Cathedral beside her husband, but may have been buried elsewhere first and then re-interred at the Cathedral in 1201 after her canonization.

Canonization and veneration

Cunigunde was canonised by Pope Innocent III on  29 March 1200, 53 years after the canonization of her husband Henry II in July 1147. To prepare a case for canonization her biography was compiled.  This and the Papal bull for her canonization relate several instances of miracles to have been worked by the Empress.

One of these relates how, when calumniators accused her of scandalous conduct, her innocence was signally vindicated by divine providence as she walked over pieces of flaming irons without injury, to the great joy of her husband, the Emperor.  Another tells of Cunigunde falling asleep one night and being carried into bed. Her maid also fell asleep and a candle set the bed on fire. The blaze awoke both of them and upon Cunigunde executing the Sign of the Cross, the fire immediately disappeared, saving them from burning. A final legend tells of one of Cunigunde's nieces, Judith, the abbess of Kaufungen Abbey.  A frivolous young woman, Judith preferred feasting and carousing with the young sisters to the Sabbath rituals.  Cunigunde remonstrated with her, to little effect.  Finally Cunigunde became so vexed with her niece that she slapped her across the face; the marks remained on her face for the rest of her life, serving as a warning to those of the community who would not take their vows or observances seriously.

Cunigunde is widely venerated. As well as churches that are dedicated to her, such as St. Cunegunda Church in Detroit, USA,  Poland, and the Archdiocese of Bamberg, Germany, she is the Patroness of Luxembourg, where the parish church of Clausen (which has on Sundays and holy days a celebration of the Tridentine Mass) is dedicated to her.

Saint Cunigunde of Luxembourg is venerated in Eastern Orthodox Church on 3 March.

Reception and iconography
As well as in his political life, Henry II often included his wife in his imperial representation.

Her participation in the reign of her husband is underlined on the dedication picture of the Pericopes of Henry II. The couple commissioned the book in 1012 to the monks on the island Reichenau in Lake Constance, which was a leading center for book illumination at the time. With its precious cover and the 28 full-page miniatures, this is one of the most important works of book art at the time. On the dedication picture, the coronation of the couple by Jesus Christ is shown. The couple is led by the Apostles Peter and Paul. Henry is shown with an orb and scepter. The role of Cunigunde, who is represented in the same size as her husband, consists in the hand movement, pointing directly to Christ. This active hand movement can be seen as a sign of her political action readiness. In the accompanying dedicatory poem, she is referred to as co-regent (conregnans). Again, the aspect of the ruler couple moves forward, she appears as a partner in the rule of Henry II.

After her canonization, representations of her as a saint can be seen in ecclesiastical art, especially in the Franconian area. As the founder of the Dome and Diocese of Bamberg, she is to be seen together with her husband in the group of figures of the doorcase of the Adamspforte at Bamberg Cathedral. This doorcase, created in 1235, is the most significant monumental depiction of Cunigunde in the High Middle Ages. On the left are Stephen, Cunigunde and Henry, on the right opposite side, Peter, Adam and Eve can be seen. Stephen, the first Christian martyr is in the guise of a deacon. He stands next to the Empress. As a donor, she is holding the model of a church in the right hand, as in many representations. With her left hand, she is pointing to her husband, Henry II, the founder of the diocese.

Cunigunde's usual attribute is a ploughshare. According to the legend, she walked over glowing ploughshares without being hurt. This scene is shown on the Tumba made of limestone at Bamberg Cathedral, created in the years 1499-1513 by Tilman Riemenschneider, the most important German sculptor of the time. The double tomb of the imperial couple shows the lying couple with two lions and the Bavarian-Luxembourgish double coat of arms with blue-silver diamonds and the Roude Leiw at their feet. In such tomb effigies, the lion, as a symbol of strength, is usually reserved for men. At the feet of women, there usually is a dog, as a sign of loyalty. The fact, that Cunigunde was also assigned a lion, is a reference of posterity to the duchess, queen and empress, who exercises her own sovereign rights. The Roude Leiw (meaning "red lion" in Luxembourgish) is also the coat of arms of Luxembourg since 1235–1239. Three of the four sides of the Tumba are decorated with scenic reliefs and architectural ornaments. Those depict events from the legends of the saints. Cunigunde is depicted as a miraculous saint in the "Ploughshare test" and the "Key miracle".

In Luxembourg, where she is the only female saint, there is the parish Church of Saint Cunigunde in Clausen, which was consecrated in 1865 and decorated with murals depicting scenes from the life of Cunigunde in 1906. In 1959, the Cunigunde bell (Cloche St. Cunégonde) was consecrated. In addition to a wooden sculpture of the saints, a tooth relic of Cunigunde is worshipped in this church. There is also an octagonal Cunigunde Chapel in Heiderscheidergrund (Heischtergronn), built in 1848–1852. A statue is located there to the left of the main altar. There are two churches consecrated to her in the parish of Park Hosingen, the chapel of the village of Oberschlinder dedicated to her and the Archangel Michael in 1875, and the church of Hoscheid-Dickt in 1852, which is also the oldest church in Luxembourg dedicated to the Holy Empress.

See also

 Plenitudo potestatis, the first mediaeval instance of which is recorded in the Papal bull for Cunigunde's canonization.
 List of Catholic saints
 List of Holy Roman Empresses
 Saint Cunigunde of Luxembourg, patron saint archive

References

External links

Catholic-forum.com
Catholic.com

970s births
1033 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
House of Luxembourg
Holy Roman Empresses
German saints
11th-century German women
Women of medieval Luxembourg
Burials at Bamberg Cathedral
Christian female saints of the Middle Ages
11th-century women rulers
Benedictine nuns
Benedictine saints
Medieval Luxembourgian saints
Luxembourgian nuns
Medieval Luxembourgian nobility
11th-century women from the Holy Roman Empire
Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
Medieval German saints
Christian royal saints
10th-century Christian saints
11th-century Christian saints
11th-century German nobility
10th-century German nobility
German Christian religious leaders
German Roman Catholic saints
Roman Catholic royal saints
Eastern Orthodox royal saints
Eastern Orthodox saints

Cunigunde of Luxembourg


Beinn Bhreagh ime je nekadašnjeg imanja Alexandera Grahama Bella, u okrugu Victoria, Nova Škotska. Odnosi se na poluotok koji strši u slikovito jezero Bras d'Or otoka Cape Breton otprilike tri kilometra jugoistočno od sela Baddeck, tvoreći jugoistočnu obalu zaljeva Baddeck.

Vanjske poveznice

Nova Škotska

Beinn Bhreagh


José Aparecido Hergesse OTheat (* 15. Juli 1957 in Paranapanema) ist seit 2010 Generalprokurator der Theatiner beim Heiligen Stuhl, Generalkonsultor und Präsident des gemeinschaftlichen Lebens der säkularen Familie der Theatiner.

Leben
Nach vorbereitenden Studien trat er den Theatinern bei, bei denen er sein Ordensgelübde am 7. Mai 1983 ablegte. Er studierte Philosophie an der Philosophischen Fakultät des Klosters São Bento in São Paulo und Theologie an der Päpstlichen Universität Gregoriana in Rom. Am 26. Januar 1985 wurde er zum Priester geweiht. Er bekam ein Lizenziat in Theologie an der Päpstlichen Theologischen Fakultät Nossa Senhora da Assunção in der Erzdiözese São Paulo und ein Lizenziat in Biblischer Theologie an der Päpstlichen Universität Gregoriana in Rom.

Er hatte folgende Positionen inne: Pfarrvikar von Fartura im Bistum Ourinhos und Rektor des Knabenseminars (1985–1987), Pfarrer von São Geraldo und Regens des Priesterseminars (1987–1990), Pfarrer von Fartura (1992–1994), Pfarrvikar in São Domingo da Prata im Bistum Itabira-Fabriciano (1995–1997), Professor am Priesterseminar, Pastor in Taquarituba (1998–2007), Generalvikar des Bistums Itapeva (2001–2007), Provinzial der Theatiner in Brasilien (2001–2004), Pfarrer der Gemeinde São Lucas im Erzbistum Sorocaba (2007–2009), Professor für biblische Theologie und Spiritual des Erzbischöflichen Priesterseminars (2007–2009).

Papst Benedikt XVI. ernannte ihn am 4. Mai 2011 zum Weihbischof in Vitória und Titularbischof von Assava. Als Wahlspruch wählte er Ut ministraret. Vor der Bischofsweihe, die am 25. Juni 2011 stattfinden sollte, trat er aufgrund gesundheitlicher Gründe seiner Mutter am 9. Juni 2011 zurück.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Generalvikar
Absolvent der Päpstlichen Universität Gregoriana
Brasilianer
Theatiner
Geboren 1957
Mann

José Aparecido Hergesse


Graff ist ein Einschlagkrater am äußersten südwestlichen Rand der Mondvorderseite, weshalb er infolge der Libration unsichtbar sein kann, oder wenn sichtbar, nur stark verzerrt zu sehen ist.
Er liegt westlich des Vallis Bouvard und nordwestlich des Kraters Baade.
Der Krater ist nur wenig erodiert und weist im Inneren konzentrische Strukturen auf.

Der Krater wurde 1970 von der IAU nach dem deutschen Astronomen Kasimir Graff offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Graff auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Graff (Mondkrater)


Die Portugal International 1995 fanden vom 13. bis zum 15. Januar 1995 in Lissabon statt. Es war die 30. Auflage dieser internationalen Titelkämpfe von Portugal im Badminton.

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
 http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=55B1B19E-0CFD-4EB2-B867-BA2D7100E9CB

1995
Badminton 1995
Badmintonwettbewerb in Lissabon
EBU Circuit 1994/95

Portugal International 1995


Halfpipe for Herrer ved vinter-OL 2018 bliver afholdt i Bokwang Phoenix Park i Pyeongchang, Sydkorea. Konkurrencen afholdes 20. og 22. februar 2018.

Konkurrenceprogram

Konkurrence
Der er 24 deltagere i konkurrencen. Hver af deltagerne deltager i kvalifikationen og får hver to gennemløb. Det bedste bedømte gennemløb bliver tællende gennemløb i kvalifikationen. De tolv bedste i kvalifikationen går videre til finalen, hvor der igen er to gennemløb, hvor det bedst bedømte er tællende. De tre bedst bedømte i finalen får medaljerne.

Resultat

Kvalifikation
 Q — Kvalificeret til finalen

De 12 bedste atleter kom til medaljerunden.

Finale
Finalen blev afholdt den 22. februar 2018 klokken 12:22.

Medaljeoversigt

Referencer

Eksterne Henvisninger
 Freestyle skiløb  på pyeongchang2018.com
 Tidsplan  på pyeongchang2018.com

Halfpipe - Herrer

Freestyle skiløb under vinter-OL 2018 – Halfpipe – Herrer


Crkva Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Marije  je rimokatolička crkva u gradu Pregradi te je zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Najveća crkva u Hrvatskom zagorju nalazi se na trgu u središtu Pregrade. Tlocrtnu osnovu čine ulazni dio flankiran s dva zvonika, ovalna lađa s plitkim bočnim kapelama, pravokutno svetište zaključeno stiješnjenom apsidom te oratorij i sakristija sjeverno i južno od svetišta. Vanjskim izgledom dominira konkavno glavno pročelje s dva bočna zvonika i središnjim dijelom zaključenim trokutnim zabatom. Kasnobarokna jednokatna kurija župnog dvora, pravokutnog tlocrta i naglašenih dimenzija dovršena 1786., smještena je na kosom povišenom terenu iznad župne crkve. Među ostalim župnim kurijama Hrvatskoga zagorja ističe se svojom reprezentativnošću, dimenzijama i složenošću prostorne koncepcije.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-2235 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro – pojedinačno, pravnog statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji
Crkve u Pregradi
Pregrada

Crkva Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Marije u Pregradi


Metachromasie ist ein Färbeverhalten in histologischen Färbungen, das durch eine andere Farbgebung als die des verwendeten Farbstoffs gekennzeichnet ist, beispielsweise eine violette Färbung von Schleimstoffen mit dem blauen Farbstoff Toluidinblau. Die Fähigkeit eines Gewebes, von Zellen oder Interzellularsubstanzen ein solches Färbeverhalten auszulösen, nennt man Metachromotropie. Physikalisch liegt der Metachromasie eine Verschiebung des Absorptionsmaximums zugrunde, die dazu führt, dass langwelligere Anteile des Lichtspektrums verstärkt wiedergegeben werden.

Literatur

 Maria Mulisch, Ulrich Welsch (Hrsg.): Romeis – Mikroskopische Technik. 18. Auflage. Gabler Wissenschaftsverlage, 2010, ISBN 978-3-8274-1676-6, S. 211–212.

Histologische Färbung

Metachromasie


An Anthurium wedelianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Bernard Croat. An Anthurium wedelianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Panamá.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 A. w. viridispadix
 A. w. wedelianum

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium wedelianum


පියාඹන ස්පැගටි රාක්ෂයා (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Flying Spaghetti Monster) යනු පැස්ටාෆාරියන්වාදය හා සම්බන්ධ දෙවියන් වෙයි. පැස්ටාෆාරියන්වාදය යනු ආගම පිළිබඳ සැහැල්ලුවෙන් සිතීම ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරවන සමාජ ව්‍යාපාරයකි. රජයේ පාසල් වල බුද්ධිමත් නිර්මාණවාදය (මැවුම්වාදය) ඉගැන්වීමට එරෙහි වීම පිණිස මෙම ව්‍යාපාරය නිර්මාණය විය. එහි අනුගාමිකයින්ට අනුව පැස්ටාෆාරියන්වාදය යනු "අනෙක් ඕනෑම ආගමක් මෙන්ම, සැබෑ, නීත්‍යානුකූල ආගමක්" වේ. සැබෑ ආගමක් ලෙසට එයට සීමිත පිළිගැනීමක් ද ලැබී ඇත.

2005 වර්ෂයේදී එක්සත් ජනපදයේ කන්සාස් ප්‍රාන්තයේ රාජ්‍ය අධ්‍යාපන මණ්ඩලය විසින් ගත් තීරණයකට අනුව, රජයේ පාසල් වල පරිණාමවාදය වෙනුවට බුද්ධිමත් නිර්මාණවාදය ඉගැන්වීමට අවසර ලබා දෙන ලදී. 2005 දී බොබී හෙන්ඩර්සන් නම් තැනැත්තෙකු මෙම තීරණයට එරෙහිව රාජ්‍ය අධ්‍යාපන මණ්ඩලයට යැවූ උපහාසාත්මක ලිපියක් පැස්ටාෆාරියන්වාදයෙහි ආරම්භය ලෙස සැළකේ. එම ලිපිය මගින් හෙන්ඩර්සන් ඉල්ලා සිටියේ පාසල් වල මැවුම්වාදය උගන්වන්නේ නම් "පියාඹන ස්පැගටි රාක්ෂවාදය" ද ඉගැන්විය යුතු බවය. හෙන්ඩර්සන් මෙම ලිපිය සිය වෙබ් අඩවියෙහි පළ කිරීමෙන් පසුව "පියාඹන ස්පැගටි රාක්ෂයා" ඉක්මනින්ම අන්තර්ජාල සංසිද්ධියක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, ලෝකය පුරා පාසල් වල බුද්ධිමත් නිර්මාණවාදය ඉගැන්වීමට එරෙහි වීමේ සංකේතයක් ලෙස ද එය යොදා ගැනුනි.

පැස්ටෆාරියන්වාදයෙහි මූලධර්මයන් හෙන්ඩර්සන් ගේ Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster නම් වෙබ් අඩවියෙහි සහ ඔහු 2006 දී ලියූ The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster නම් පොතෙහිද, The Loose Canon, the Holy Book of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster නම් පොතෙහිද සඳහන් වේ. විශ්වය නිර්මාණය කරන ලද්දේ බීමත්, අදෘශ්‍යමාන, ඉගිළෙන ස්පැගටි රාක්ෂයෙකු විසින් බව මෙහි අනුගාමිකයන් පවසයි. ඔවුන් මුහුදු මංකොල්ලකරුවන් ලොව මුල්ම පැස්ටෆාරියන්වාදීන් ලෙස සළකයි.

මෙම සංකල්පය රසල්ගේ තේ පෝච්චිය නමින් හඳුන්වන දාර්ශනික තර්කයට සමානකමක් දක්වයි. එයින් පැවසෙන්නේ අසත්‍යෙක්ෂණය කළ නොහැකි ප්‍රකාශයක සාධන භාරය ඇත්තේ එම ප්‍රකාශය කරන තැනැත්තාට මිස, එය ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන තැනැත්තාට නොවන බවයි. පැස්ටෆාරියන්වාදීන් නිතරම මැවුම්වාදීන් සමග වාද ඇති කරගන්නා අතර, වරක් ෆ්ලොරීඩා ප්‍රාන්තයේ පෝක් ප්‍රදේශයෙහි පාසල් මණ්ඩලය විසින් පරිණාමවාදය ඉගැන්වීම ගැන නව නීති සම්මත කිරීම වැළැක්වීමට ඔවුන්ට හැකියාව ලැබුනි. පැස්ටාෆාරියන්වාදයට විද්‍යාත්මක ප්‍රජාවගෙන් ප්‍රශංසා ලැබී ඇති අතර, බුද්ධිමත් නිර්මාණවාදීන්ගෙන් විවේචන එල්ල වී තිබේ.

ආශ්‍රිත

පියාඹන ස්පැගටි රාක්ෂයා


Der Pangea-Mathematikwettbewerb ist ein deutschlandweiter Mathematikwettbewerb für Schüler der Klassenstufen 3 bis 10, der seit 2007 jährlich stattfindet. Veranstalter ist der Verein Pangea Wettbewerbe e. V. aus Frankfurt  am Main. Die Bundesministerin Johanna Wanka vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung war zwischen Oktober 2013 und Dezember 2014 Schirmherrin des Mathematikwettbewerbs. Der Wettbewerb wird der Gülen-Bewegung zugeschrieben.

Der Wettbewerb

Ablauf
Teilnehmen können alle allgemeinbildenden Schulen in Deutschland mit Schülern aus den Klassenstufen 3–10/EF. Eine Differenzierung nach Schulformen gibt es nicht. Im Jahr 2023 nahmen bundesweit über 60.000 Schüler am Wettbewerb teil.

Vorrunde
Zur Vorrunde (meist Ende Februar) werden für die Klassenstufen 3 und 4 je 15 und für die Klassen 5–10/EF je 20 Multiple-Choice-Aufgaben aus 5 verschiedenen Punkte-Kategorien mit je 5 Antworten gestellt, die innerhalb von 45–60 min zu lösen sind. Die Inhalte werden aus den Themen des Vorjahrsunterrichts sowie aus Knobel- und Logikaufgaben zusammengestellt. Die Antworten werden auf automatisch auswertbaren Antwortbögen angekreuzt und nach Wettbewerbsende maschinell ausgewertet. Man erhält ein bis fünf Punkte bei einer richtigen Lösung, bei falschen Antworten der letzten 5 Aufgaben jeder Klassenstufe wird ein Viertel der Punktzahl abgezogen.

Zwischenrunde
Aus der Vorrunde erreichen die ersten 500 Schüler je Klassenstufe die Zwischenrunde. Dort stehen nochmals, je nach Klassenstufe, zwischen 10 und 12 Aufgaben zum Lösen bereit. Eine bestimmte Punktzahl zum Weiterkommen gibt es nicht.

Finale
Finale und Preisverleihung finden am selben Tag nacheinander statt. Zum Wettbewerbsjahr 2018 nahmen an 6 Orten in verschiedenen Bundesländern die jeweils ersten 10 je Klassenstufe, also insgesamt 480 Schüler aus der Zwischenrunde am Regionalfinale teil. Ein schriftlicher Wettstreit innerhalb der jeweiligen Klassenstufe entscheidet, wer die Gold-, Silber und Bronzemedaillen erhält. Alle Platzierungen und Sieger werden im Anschluss bei der Preisverleihung mitgeteilt und mit Geld- und Sachpreisen sowie Urkunden und T-Shirts prämiert.

Philosophie des Wettbewerbs
Der Pangea-Mathematikwettbewerb steht unter dem Motto "Mathematik verbindet". Schüler aus allen Bildungs- und Gesellschaftsschichten sollen für die Mathematik begeistert werden. Mit Hilfe von geschickten Fragestellungen, die lehrplan- und spaßorientiert sind, sowie schulformunabhängig werden die Teilnehmer an ihre Fähigkeiten herangeführt. Die schwächeren Schüler werden motiviert und unterstützt, starke Schüler weiter gestärkt.

Besonderheiten
 kostenlose Teilnahme
 Aufgabenblätter und Antwortbogen als Download für Lehrkräfte
 persönliche Urkunden nach der Vorrunde für alle Teilnehmende
 separate Fragenkataloge für die jeweiligen Klassenstufen
 keine Erfassung von Schülerdaten, Teilnahme mittels ID-Nummern
 automatische Auswertung in kurzer Zeit seitens Pangea
 einfacher Online-Abruf der Ergebnisse für Lehrer und Schüler
 Seit 2020 wird der Wettbewerb online durchgeführt.
 Mit Hilfe von Pangeapp.de können sich Schüler auf den Wettbewerb vorbereiten.

Veranstalter
Der Veranstalter ist der Verein Pangea-Wettbewerbe e. V. in Frankfurt am Main, der als gemeinnützig anerkannt ist. Banken und Sparkassen, größere und kleinere Wirtschaftsunternehmen, Spielwarenhersteller, Vereine, Organisationen und Stadtverwaltungen unterstützen bzw. fördern den Wettbewerb.

Weblinks
 Webseite des Wettbewerbs
 Imagefilm Pangeas
 Zeitungsbericht, Pangea-Wettbewerb 2020
 Zeitungsbericht über das Finale 2012

Einzelnachweise

Mathematikwettbewerb
Schülerwettbewerb in Deutschland
Erstverleihung 2007

Pangea-Mathematikwettbewerb


Događaji

Rođenja

Smrti
 kralj Offa od Mercie

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

796.


Simone Goldberg, née dans le  le 4 mai 1930 et morte le 5 août 1944 à Auschwitz, est une victime de la Shoah.

Origines

Herszek Goldberg et Maria Grumberg se marient le 2 juillet 1929 alors qu'ils habitent au 14, rue Sainte-Croix-de-la-Bretonnerie dans le . Le père de Maria est analphabète : il n'a pas pu signer l'acte de mariage de sa fille.

Un an plus tard, le 4 mai 1930, Maria donne naissance à Simone à l'hôpital Rothschild, au 15, rue Santerre dans le . Le père de Simone travaille en tant que tailleur et sa mère est employée de bureau. La grand-mère du côté paternel s'appelle Hendla et le grand-père, Chaim. Il est né en Pologne plus précisément à Szydlowice et Hendla est née à Radom en Pologne. Ils ont fui leur pays d'origine à cause des pogroms. Chaim Goldberg exerçait le métier de tailleur. Ils ont huit enfants,  dont 4 filles et 4 garçons. La grand-mère maternelle s'appelle Rosa et son grand-père côté maternel s'appelle Yako. Ils ont aussi 8 enfants. Rosa et Yako se sont mariés à Smyrne (dans le sandjak de Saghala dans le vilayet d'Aydın dans l'Empire ottoman ; aujourd'hui İzmir en Turquie) le 6 novembre 1903, après avoir fui Odessa (dans le gouvernement de Kherson dans l'Empire russe ; aujourd'hui dans l'oblast d'Odessa en Ukraine), leur ville d'origine à cause des pogroms également.

Le départ pour Nancy, la mort de Chaïm, la naissance de Claire, la naturalisation de Herzsek
Est-ce que la famille Goldberg est partie à Nancy (dans le département de Meurthe-et-Moselle) parce que le grand-père était malade ?  Est-ce qu'ils ont déménagé à cause du logement qui était trop petit à Paris ?  Est-ce que le père de Simone est allé à Nancy pour son travail en occupant un appartement n'étant pas le sien mais celui du grand-père ?  On ne sait pas pourquoi la famille Goldberg est partie de Paris pour Nancy. Simone a deux ans.

Hersek et sa famille habitaient au 14, rue du Pont-Mouja à Nancy lors de sa naturalisation. Hersek a été naturalisé français le 26 juillet 1933. Herszek devient Henri. À Nancy, la profession de Henri Goldberg était toujours tailleur, sa femme, Maria, était marchande foraine. Herszek avait les cheveux châtains, les yeux bleus, le front de taille moyenne, le visage ovale et il mesurait 1m67. Il a été dispensé de service militaire en raison de son âge.  Claire, la fille de Herszek et de Maria et surtout la petite sœur de Simone, est née le 25 juillet 1933 à Nancy, un jour avant la naturalisation de Herszek.

Le retour à Paris, la naissance de Michèle, la scolarisation de Simone et Claire,  les lois anti-juives

Simone est scolarisée dans une école réservée aux filles,  au 8, rue de Montmorency dans le . Elle y reste de 1937 à 1941, soit de sept à onze ans. Sa sœur Claire fréquente aussi cette école. Simone fait du travail manuel, plus précisément de la couture, comme son père.

La France rentre en guerre en 1939 et se fait envahir durant l'été 1940. Pendant cette période, Simone découvre « l'exode » durant lequel des milliers de Français fuient les combats. Le 22 juin 1940, le gouvernement français capitule, il arrête les combats et Paris est occupé. Philippe Pétain est au pouvoir. Simone voit la ville changer. Les symboles nazis se répandent et elle croise régulièrement des soldats allemands. En 1940, les lois antijuives apparaissent. Une des lois imposées à Simone est de ne pas avoir  le droit  d'entrer dans certains lieux publics comme les parcs, les cinémas ou même les lieux de commerce. Elle n'a même pas le droit de s'asseoir sur des bancs publics. Simone n'a pas pu profiter de sa jeunesse : elle n'a pas pu visiter certains lieux. Simone n'a pas eu les mêmes droits que les autres citoyens français. Elle devait porter l'étoile juive sur ses habits à chaque fois qu'elle sortait. Les jeunes Juifs scolarisés étaient mis de côté de façon à ne plus être interrogés.

Une cousine de Maria, Berthe Fridman, se souvient être allée chez les Goldberg, 72, boulevard Saint-Marcel dans le , leur dernière résidence. Berthe avait 12 ans. Elle se souvient que les Goldberg vivaient dans une boutique, au rez-de-chaussée, qui devait servir de lieu de travail et de pièce à vivre. C'était une modeste habitation. Simone était absente. Berthe se souvient de Claire et Michèle courant dans l'appartement.

Michèle Goldberg, de son deuxième prénom Charlotte, est née le 14 septembre 1939 à Paris, elle est la dernière sœur de Simone.

L'arrestation et la déportation de Herszek, Maria, Claire et Michèle
Toute la famille de Simone (sauf Simone) est arrêtée  et internée à Drancy. La famille Goldberg arrive le 28 avril 1944 à Drancy, le numéro de Hersek est le 20590. La famille est déportée le 29 avril 1944 par le convoi 72. Le père, Herszek, a sur lui une somme de mille trois cent quatre-vingt-dix francs, un bracelet d'identité en or, une paire de boucles d'oreilles en or et en perles, une bague en or, en pierre et roses. À leur arrivée à Auschwitz, ils sont sans doute gazés. Herszek, le père, meurt à l'âge de 48 ans, Maria, à l'âge de 35 ans, Claire, à l'âge de 11 et Michèle, à l'âge de 4 ans. La date présumée de la mort des parents et des sœurs de Simone est le 4 mai 1944. C'était le jour d'anniversaire de Simone.

Lors de l'arrestation de sa famille, Simone n'est pas là : elle est rue Vauquelin (dans le ), un centre UGIF (Union générale des Israélites de France) pour jeunes filles. Une tante du côté maternel, Hanna, appelée Annette Grumberg, qui a 18 ans en 1944, la prévient que ses parents ont été arrêtés. Annette Grumberg meurt en 2020. Elle a pu raconter ce qui s'était passé. Annette dit qu'elle apprend l'arrestation des parents de Simone par une collègue de travail aux chèques postaux, qui s'occupait le soir ou la nuit des enfants du patronage juif de la rue Vauquelin où se trouvait Simone. Mais, Simone ne veut pas suivre Annette (elles se connaissent depuis peu), ni se cacher. Elle rentre chez elle, sa famille a déjà été embarquée. Elle retourne rue Vauquelin. Annette dit que le regret de sa vie est de n'avoir pas réussi à prendre Simone avec elle.

Louveciennes
À Louveciennes en 1944, il y avait un orphelinat nommé « Séjour de Voisins », situé dans le hameau de Voisins au 18 rue de la Paix et place Ernest-Dreux. C'est la maison d'enfants de l'UGIF, numéro 56, ces enfants sont Juifs et leurs parents ont été déportés donc ils sont partis dans ces maisons d'enfants. L'UGIF a été créée et gérée par des Juifs, sur demande des nazis pour contrôler les enfants Juifs, et ainsi savoir où ils sont.

Selon le témoignage de Denise Holstein, rescapée du convoi 77 et monitrice à Louveciennes, le directeur de Louveciennes nommé M. Louis était vraiment égoïste car il gardait les meilleures provisions pour lui et sa famille. Les enfants n'avaient  pas grand chose à manger, souvent ils mangeaient les restes. M. Louis était violent car il était le directeur et donc il abusait de son pouvoir, il disait aux monitrices de taper les enfants, de ne pas jouer avec eux.

L'arrestation des enfants et des monitrices de Louveciennes, Drancy, le convoi 77
Le 9 mai 1943, Alois Brunner est nommé à Paris afin d`intensifier le processus de déportation des Juifs de France de juin 1943 à août 1944. Il procède à la déportation de 24 000 juifs de France et il commande le camp de Drancy. Brunner déclenche son action contre les enfants à la fin de l'après-midi du 20 juillet 1944. Il est probable que l'échec du putsch contre Hitler, ce même jour, a grandement contribué à la décision de Brunner.

Le 28 juillet à Louveciennes, Alois Brunner commande l'arrestation des enfants. Ces derniers doivent préparer quelques affaires et vite pour ensuite partir avec la police. Les monitrices, comme Denise Holstein (17 ans), survivante et témoin, accompagnant les enfants dont elle était chargée, dont Simone, chantent pour ne pas les inquiéter. Ils arrivent à Drancy. Les enfants dorment dans des chambres mais le nombre de lits n'est pas suffisant pour le nombre d'enfants donc ils dorment par terre. Simone est installée escalier 7, avec les autres enfants de Louveciennes. À Drancy, les prisonniers ne peuvent pas se laver, les conditions de vie sont terribles.

Dans le convoi 77, qui part le 31 juillet, les Juifs ne pouvaient pas boire, malgré leur soif. Les toilettes n'étaient qu'un seau et de la paille. Ils ne peuvent pas s'asseoir ni s'allonger. L'air était peu respirable. Le convoi était juste un train à bestiaux. Lorsqu'ils étaient dans le convoi, ils ne savaient  pas où ils partaient. Le voyage a duré 3 jours et il y avait 60 personnes par wagon. Les conditions de transport étaient horribles. Entassés durant ces trois jours, ils ont vécu un enfer et tout le monde n'a pas survécu malheureusement.

Les plus grands disaient « Pitchipoï »  aux plus petits pour les rassurer. Ce qui veut dire « (on va) vers un territoire inconnu ». À Auschwitz, Simone sort du wagon, les nazis font peur aux Juifs avec des chiens, ils crient d'aller vite et sont très violents. Puis, directement sélectionnée pour la chambre à gaz à cause de son jeune âge, elle meurt le 5 août 1944 comme les autres enfants que Denise Holstein accompagnait.

L'arrestation des enfants de Louveciennes a lieu peu de temps après le débarquement allié car les Allemands craignaient de ne pas avoir le temps de déporter tous les Juifs avant la fin de la guerre.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 .

Articles connexes
 Shoah en France
 Histoire des Juifs en France
 Liste des convois de la déportation des Juifs de France
 Mémorial de la déportation des Juifs de France
 Collaboration policière sous le régime de Vichy
 Lois contre les Juifs et les étrangers pendant le régime de Vichy
 Chronologie de la collaboration de Vichy dans le génocide des Juifs

Histoire de la France pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Antisémitisme en France
Victime de la Shoah en France
Naissance dans le 12e arrondissement de Paris
Naissance en mai 1930
Décès en août 1944
Décès à Auschwitz
Décès à 14 ans
Victime française de la Shoah

Simone Goldberg


Unione Calcio Sampdoria, commonly referred to as Sampdoria (), is an Italian professional football club based in Genoa. They compete in Serie B, the second division of the Italian football league system.

Sampdoria was formed in 1946 from the merger of two existing sports clubs whose roots can be traced back to the 1890s, Sampierdarenese and Andrea Doria. Both the team name and colours reflect this union, the first being a combination of the names, the second taking the form of a unique kit design, predominantly blue (for Andrea Doria) with white, red and black bands (for Sampierdarenese) across the centre of the shirt, hence the nickname blucerchiati ("blue-circled").

Sampdoria play at Stadio Luigi Ferraris, capacity 36,536, which it shares with Genoa's other club, Genoa Cricket and Football Club. The fierce rivalry between the two teams is commonly known as the Derby della Lanterna, and has been contested in Serie A for most of its history.

Sampdoria have won the Scudetto once in their history, in 1991. The club has also won the Coppa Italia four times, in 1985, 1988, 1989 and 1994, and the Supercoppa Italiana once, in 1991. Their biggest European success came when they won the Cup Winners' Cup in 1990. They also reached the European Cup final in 1992, losing the final 1–0 to Barcelona after extra-time.

History

Sampierdarenese and Andrea Doria (1891–1927)
Ginnastica Sampierdarenese was founded in 1891, opening its football section in 1899. Named to honour Andrea Doria, a club named Società Andrea Doria was founded in 1895, which increasingly focused itself on football training and competition.

Andrea Doria did not participate in the first Italian Football Championship which was organised by the Italian Federation of Football (FIF) since instead they had enrolled themselves into a football tournament which was organised by the Italian Federation of Ginnastica. The club eventually joined the competition for the 1903 Italian Football Championship, but did not win a game in the tournament until 1907, when they beat local rivals Genoa 3–1. It was not until 1910–11 that the club began to show promise. During that season's tournament, they finished above Juventus, Internazionale and Genoa in the Piedmont-Lombardy-Liguria section.

After World War I, Sampierdarenese finally began to compete in the Italian Championship, after they took the place of Bolzaneto's Associazione del Calcio Ligure a pre-war club of the province of Genoa (in turn, Ligure was the heir of Liguria Foot Ball Club, a team founded in 1897). Thus, Samp and Doria met in the championship for the first time; Doria won in first-leg game (4–1 and 1–1), and they also finished in second place after Genoa in the Ligurian Championship, qualifying for the National Round.

With the 1921–22 season, the Italian top league was split into two competitions; both of the clubs in Sampdoria's history were in separate competitions that year too. Sampierdarenese played in the FIGC-run competition, whereas Andrea Doria played in the CCI variation. Sampierdarenese won the Liguria section and then went on to the semi-finals, finishing top out of three clubs; this led them to the final against Novese. Both legs of the final ended in 0–0 draws, thus a repetition match was played in Cremona on 21 May 1922. Still intensely difficult to separate, the match went into extra time with Novese eventually winning the tie (and the Championship) 2–1. However, Sampierdarenese recriminated for the referee's conduct.

After the league system in Italy was brought back into one item, Sampierdarenese remained stronger than Andrea Doria by qualifying for the league. By 1924–25, the clubs were competing against each other in the Northern League; Doria finished one place above their rivals and won one match 2–1, while Sampierdarenese were victorious 2–0 in the other.

From La Dominante to Sampdoria (1927–1946)
At the end of the 1926–27 season, Sampierdarenese and Andrea Doria merged for the first time under the name La Dominante by fascist authorities.

Wearing green and black striped shirts, La Dominante Genova were admitted to the first-ever season of Serie B, where they finished third, just missing out on promotion. The next season, under the name Foot Ball Club Liguria, they had a disastrous year, finishing bottom of the table and suffering relegation.

Because of this, both Sampierdarenese and Andrea Doria reverted to their previous names as separate clubs. Sampierdarenese were back in Serie B for the 1932–33 season and finished in the upper part. The following year, they were crowned champions and were promoted into Serie A for the first time. Andrea Doria, on the other hand, battled out the 1930s down in Serie C.

On 15 July 1937 Sampierdarenese absorbed Corniglianese and Rivarolese, with the club adopting the name Associazione Calcio Liguria. This saw them reach fifth place in Serie A in 1939. In the early 1940s, the club was relegated but bounced straight back up as Serie B champions in 1941.

After World War II, both Andrea Doria and Sampierdarenese (the name Liguria was abolished in 1945) were competing in Serie A, but in a reverse of pre-war situations, Andrea Doria were now the top club out of the two. However, on 12 August 1946, a merger occurred to create Unione Calcio Sampdoria. The first chairman of this new club was Piero Sanguineti, but the ambitious entrepreneur Amedeo Rissotto soon replaced him, while the first team coach during this period was a man from Florence named Giuseppe Galluzzi. To illustrate the clubs would be equally represented in the new, merged club, a new kit was designed featuring the blue shirts of Andrea Doria and the white, red and black midsection of Sampierdarenese. In the same month of the merger, the new club demanded they should share the Stadio Luigi Ferraris ground with Genoa. An agreement was reached, and the stadium began hosting Genoa's and Sampdoria's home matches.

Early years and the achievements in the Mantovani era (1946–1993)
For about thirty years the Genoese played constantly in Serie A, with mixed results, the best of which was in the 1960–1961 season, in which they obtained fourth place in the championship. In the 1965–1966 season Sampdoria finished sixteenth, relegating to Serie B for the first time in its history; however, the following year they won the second-tier championship and immediately returned to Serie A.

In 1979, the club, then playing Serie B, was acquired by oil businessman Paolo Mantovani (1930–1993), who invested in the team to bring Sampdoria to the top flight. In 1982, Sampdoria made their Serie A return and won their first Coppa Italia in 1985. In 1986, Yugoslav Vujadin Boškov was appointed as the new head coach. The club won their second Coppa Italia in 1988, being admitted to the 1988–89 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, where they reached the final, losing 2–0 to Barcelona. A second consecutive triumph in the Coppa Italia gave Sampdoria a spot in the 1989–90 Cup Winners' Cup, which they won after defeating Anderlecht after extra time in the final.

This was followed only one year later by their first and only Scudetto, being crowned as Serie A champions with a five-point advantage over second-placed Internazionale. The winning team featured several notable players, such as Gianluca Pagliuca, Gianluca Vialli, Roberto Mancini, Toninho Cerezo, Pietro Vierchowod and Attilio Lombardo, with Boškov as head coach. In the following season, Sampdoria reached the European Cup final and were defeated once again by Barcelona, at Wembley Stadium.

Vujadin Boškov is recognised as one of Sampdoria's most successful managers winning a record amount of trophies and thus further establishing the club's reputation in Europe.

Decline and resurgence and decline again (1993–present)
On 14 October 1993, Paolo Mantovani died suddenly and was replaced by his son Enrico. During his first season (1993–94), Sampdoria won one more Coppa Italia and placed third in Serie A. During the following four seasons, many players from his father's tenure left the club but many important acquisitions were made which kept Sampdoria in the top tier Serie A. This included the likes of Argentine internationals Juan Sebastián Verón and Ariel Ortega, and international midfielders Clarence Seedorf and Christian Karembeu. In April 1995 Sampdoria reached the semi-final stage of the Cup Winners' Cup, losing out to Arsenal on penalties after two legs.

In May 1999 Sampdoria were relegated from Serie A and did not return to the top flight until 2003. During this time, Sampdoria was acquired by Riccardo Garrone, an Italian oil businessman. Sampdoria returned to Serie A in 2003 led by talisman Francesco Flachi, and ended their first season in eighth place. After several more top-half finishes, manager Walter Novellino gave way to Walter Mazzarri in 2007.

With the signings of forwards Antonio Cassano from Real Madrid, and Giampaolo Pazzini in January 2008, Sampdoria ended the 2007–08 season in sixth position and qualified for the 2008–09 UEFA Cup. The following season, they came fourth and qualified for the UEFA Champions League play-offs under manager Luigi Delneri, who left for Juventus. With the departures also of CEO Giuseppe Marotta, and both Cassano and Pazzini, and the squad being stretched by Champions League football, Sampdoria were relegated to Serie B after a 2–1 loss at home to Palermo in May 2011. In the following season June 2012, Sampdoria won promotion back to Serie A after defeating Varese 4–2 on aggregate in the play-off final.

Following the death of Riccardo Garrone the previous year, the club was purchased from the Garrone family in June 2014 by the film producer Massimo Ferrero. After sixth-placed rivals Genoa in the 2014–15 season failed to obtain a UEFA license for the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League, seventh-placed Sampdoria took their spot. The club built a solid foundation in Serie A for the next seven years. Notable managerial appointments were Marco Giampaolo and Claudio Ranieri, as well as the steady flow of goals from talismanic striker Fabio Quagliarella.  Growing tensions however surrounded Ferrero's presidency, fuelled by his well-known and public support of A.S. Roma. Several attempts were made to sell the club, including to a consortium led by club legend Gianluca Vialli. On 6 December 2021 Massimo Ferrero was arrested by Italian police as part of ongoing investigations into corporate crimes and bankruptcy. He resigned from his position as President of Sampdoria with immediate effect, whilst a club statement assured fans that the affairs of the football club were not a part of the investigations. On 27 December, former player Marco Lanna was appointed President. In January 2022 the club welcomed back former manager Marco Giampaolo after a disappointing start to the season under Roberto D'Aversa. On 6 February in his first home game back in charge, Sampdoria defeated Sassuolo 4-0. Results however began to dwindle, and after eight games and a winless start to the 2022–23 season the club parted company with Giampaolo. On 6 October former Serie A player legend Dejan Stanković was appointed to the role with the task of steering the club clear of the relegation zone. Samp was later relegated in the 2022/23 season from Serie A to Serie B and in later May 2023 former Leeds United owner Andrea Radrizzani reached an agreement with previous owner Massimo Ferrero to buy Sampdoria and prevent it from bankruptcy.

Players

Current squad

Out on loan

Club staff

Managerial history

Colours, badge and nicknames
The club crest features a sailor in profile known by the old Genoese name of Baciccia, which translates to Giovanni Battista in Italian or John-Baptist in English. The image of a sailor is appropriate due to Sampdoria being based in the port city of Genoa. The precise design of the Baciccia came from a Disney-licensed and Panini-published comic, Topolino, in 1980. Since 1980, the Baciccia has appeared on the shirts of Sampdoria, mostly on the chest but occasionally on the sleeve.

The white, blue, red and black colours represent the club's origins with a merger between two teams, Sampierdarenese and Andrea Doria, who wore respectively red/black and white/blue jerseys with a shield with Saint-George cross.

Supporters and rivalries

Sampdoria supporters come mainly from the city of Genoa. The biggest group are Ultras Tito Cucchiaroni, named after an Argentinian left winger who played for Sampdoria. The group were founded in 1969, making it one of the oldest ultra groups in Italy. They are apolitical, although there are smaller groups like Rude Boys Sampdoria, who are left-wing. The main support with flags and flares comes from the southern Curva, Gradinata Sud.

Sampdoria's biggest rivals are Genoa, against whom they play the Derby della Lanterna.

Recent seasons

The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

Key

Honours

Domestic
Serie A
Winners: 1990–91

Coppa Italia
Winners: 1984–85, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1993–94
Runners-up: 1985–86, 1990–91, 2008–09

Supercoppa Italiana
Winners: 1991
Runners-up: 1988, 1989, 1994

Serie B
Winners: 1966–67
Runners-up: 2002–03

European

European Cup
Runners-up: 1991–92

European Cup Winners' Cup
Winners: 1989–90
Runners-up: 1988–89

European Super Cup
Runners-up: 1990

Friendly
Wembley International Tournament
Winners: 1990, 1991, 1992
Trofeo Bortolotti
Winners: 1998, 2006
Amsterdam Tournament
Winners: 1988
Joan Gamper Trophy
 Winners: 2012

Divisional movements

World Cup winners
  Alain Boghossian (France 1998)
  Shkodran Mustafi (Brazil 2014)

References

External links

Sampdoria's official website
UC Sampdoria at Serie A
UC Sampdoria at UEFA.com
Sampdoria statistics
The story told through UC Sampdoria collectables

1946 establishments in Italy
Association football clubs established in 1946
Coppa Italia winning clubs
Football clubs in Italy
Football clubs in Genoa
Serie A winning clubs
Serie A clubs
Serie B clubs
Serie C clubs
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup winning clubs

UC Sampdoria


An Poa aitchisonii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pierre Edmond Boissier. An Poa aitchisonii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Poa

Poa aitchisonii


طنبوريت هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء صيدا في محافظة الجنوب.

تبعد طنبوريت حوالي 53 كلم (32.9342 مي) عن بيروت عاصمة لبنان. ترتفع حوالي 300 م (1) (984.3 قدم - 328.08 يارد) عن سطح البحر وتمتد على مساحة تُقدَّر بـ 287 هكتاراً (2.87 كلم²- 1.10782 مي² (2)).

وصلات خارجية
موقع البلدة على الشبكة

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء صيدا
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
قرى جبل عامل

طنبوريت


Haddeby Sogn (på ældre dansk delvis Hadeby Sogn, på tysk Kirchspiel Haddeby) er et sogn i det centrale Sydslesvig omkring Hedeby, tidligere i Arns Herred (Gottorp Amt) eller Sankt Johannes Klosters Distrikt med mindre dele i Hytten Herred, nu kommunerne Borgvedel, Bustrup, Dannevirke, Fartorp, Geltorp, Gyby, Jagel, Lottorp og Selk i Slesvig-Flensborg og Rendsborg-Egernførde Kreds i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

I Haddeby Sogn findes flg. stednavne:
 Borgvedel (Burgwedel)
 Bustrup (Busdorf)
 Esbrem (Esprehm)
 Fartorp, Farup, Fardrup (Fahrdorf)
 Geltorp (Geltorf)
 Gyby (Güby)
 Jagel eller Hjagel
 Klosterskov
 Kurborg
 Lille Dannevirke (Dannewerk)
 Lottorp (Lottorf)
 Lopsted (Loopstedt)
 Melkil
 Nedre Selk
 Nyager (Neukoppel)
 Ovre Selk
 Rødekro (Rothenkrug)
 Stegsvig (Stexwig)
 Store Dannevirke
 Vedelspang (Wedelspang)
 Østerled el. Østerlede (Osterlieth)

Bustrup, Dannevirke, Haddeby og Ovre Selk hørte til Arns Herred. Borgvedel, Fartorp, Geltorp, Jagel, Nedre Selk, Lottorp, Lopsted og Stegsvig hørte til Sankt Johannes Klosters Distrikt. En del af Esbrem hørte til Hytten Herred.

Litteratur
 M. Mørk Hansen og C. L. Nielsen: Kirkelig Statistik over Slesvig Stift med historiske og topografiske bemærkninger, 2. bind, Kjøbenhavn 1864, s. 440
 Jens Peter Trap: Statistisk-topographisk beskrivelse af hertugdømmet Slesvig, Kjøbenhavn 1864, s. 653/654

Eksterne henvisninger
 Haddeby Menighed / Kirchengemeinde Haddeby

Noter

Sogne i Sydslesvig

Haddeby Sogn


Gerlando Alberti (18 de septiembre de 1927 - 1 de febrero de 2012), también conocido como "U Paccarè" fue un miembro de la Mafia Siciliana. Pertenecía a la familia Porta Nuova en Palermo dirigida por Giuseppe Calò. Su sobrenombre fue "u Paccarè", el imperturbable.

Alberti estuvo involucrado en varios eventos de la Mafia, como la Masacre de Ciaculli en 1963, la Masacre de Viale Lazio en 1969, la desaparición del periodista Mauro De Mauro en 1970, y el asesinato de Pietro Scaglione en 1971. Fue uno de los mafiosos involucrados en el tráfico de cigarrillos y heroína en 1970. Una vez dijo sobre la Mafia: "¡Mafia! ¿Qué es eso? ¿Un tipo de queso?".

¿Asesino de la Mafia?
Alberti fue acusado en julio de 1963 con otros 53 mafiosos después de la masacre de Ciaculli, que convirtió la Primera Guerra de la Mafia en contra una guerra contra la Mafia. Junto con Tommaso Buscetta, era sospechoso del ataque en contra Angelo La Barbera, uno de los protagonistas de la guerra, en Milán en mayo de 1963. En el "Juicio del 114", fue absuelto pero enviado a un exilio externo en un pueblo en Lombardía. Alberti, aunque vivía en Milán, había estado en Palermo en el momento del ataque de la bomba en Ciaculli. Interrogado, declaró que había estado con una mujer y no podía revelar su nombre.

En diciembre de 1969, estuvo de nuevo en Palermo cuando el jefe de la Mafia, Michele Cavataio fue asesinado por un escuadrón de la Mafia. En ese momento, los Carabinieri comenzaron a considerar a Alberti como el jefe de un tipo de Murder Incorporated para la Cosa Nostra siliciana.

Laboratorio de heroína
En marzo de 1974, Alberti fue acusado en Roma con tráfico de heroína como el resultado de una investigación de 30 meses. La investigación comenzó en septiembre de 1971 cuando los agentes estadounidenses de aduanas confiscaron 84 kilos de heroína en un Ford que fue enviado de Genoa a Nueva York. Alberti y Gaetano Badalamenti fueron considerados entre los magnates de la red internacional.

El 25 de agosto de 1980, dos laboratorios de heroína fueron descubiertos en Sicilia; un pequeño laboratorio fue descubierto por primera vez en Trabia y luego ese día un laboratorio más grande fue descubierto en Carini que producía 50 kilos en una semana. Alberti fue arrestado con tres químicos Corsos en Trabia, junto con André Bousquet, una conexión francesa, quién fue enviado por Gaetan Zampa. En su arresto, Alberti preguntó, "¡Mafia! ¿Qué es eso? ¿Un tipo de queso?", negando cualquier conocimiento o asociación con el crimen.

Intento de asesinato
Alberti consideraba ser parte de un ala moderada en el comienzo de la Segunda guerra de la mafia, aliado con Gaetano Badalamenti, Stefano Bontate y Tommaso Buscetta. Apenas sobrevivió a un intento de asesinato mientras estaba encarcelado en la prisión el 9 de febrero de 1983. Recibió dos sentencias, una por el laboratorio de heroína en Trabia y una sentencia por asesinar a un dueño de un hotel que había avisado sobre el laboratorio.

Debido a sus vínculos con los hombres en el bando perdedor de la segunda guerra de la mafia, el papel de Alberti en Cosa Nostra se redujo.

Murió el 1 de febrero de 2012, en su hogar en el distrito de Porta Nuova en Palermo.

Referencias

Mafiosos de Italia
Nacidos en Palermo
Fallecidos en Palermo

Gerlando Alberti


Korsvikfjorden er en fjordarm af Kristiansandsfjorden i Kristiansand kommune i Agder fylke i Norge. Den er 2,5 kilometer lang, og har indløb fra Byfjorden ved Revholmane og går mod  nord mellem Prestøya i vest og Dvergsnes på fastlandet i øst. Odderhei ligger på østsiden af fjorden, sydøst for centrum  i Kristinsand. Helt inderst i fjorden går en smal kile med en lystbådehavn nogle hundrede meter længere ind.

Kilder og henvisninger

 Webcam Korsvikfjorden

Fjorde i Agder
Kristiansand

Korsvikfjorden


An IRC operator (often abbreviated as IRCop or oper) is a user on an Internet Relay Chat network who has privileged access. IRC operators are charged with the task of enforcing the network's rules, and in many cases, improving the network in various areas. The permissions available to an IRC operator vary according to the server software in use, and the server's configuration.

IRC operators are divided into local and global operators. The former are limited to the server(s) they have specific access to; however, global operators can perform actions affecting all users on the network. In order to perform their duties, IRC operators usually have the ability to:
 Forcibly disconnect users (Kill)
 Ban (K-line or G-line) users
 Change network routing by disconnecting (squitting) or connecting servers

Traditionally, a list of operators on a particular server is available in the MOTD, or through the  command. A user can become an operator by sending the command /oper to the irc server they currently are on using a pre-selected username and a password as parameters. The command only works for the server which has the proper O-line in its IRCd configuration file. The IP address that the user is operating from may also have to match a predefined one, as an extra layer of security to prevent unauthorized users operating if they have cracked the operator's password.

Operator types
In many IRC networks, IRCops have different types of access on a network. These ranks often depend upon the IRCd software used, though a few specific access levels remain fairly constant throughout variations:

Local operator
The Local Operator (LocOp) is the lowest in Operator access levels.
The LocOp has a minimal control on one server out of a network, and usually has the ability to kill (disconnect) people from the server or perform local K-lines (server ban).

Global operator
The Global Operator (GlobOp) is similar to the LocOp, and has control over the entire network of servers, as opposed to a single server. GlobOps may perform G-lines or AKills (network-wide bans) and Shun (forcibly mute) users over an entire network.

Services administrator
Commonly abbreviated as SA, This admin type has control over all functionality on an IRC network available via network service bots, including the commonly used NickServ, ChanServ, and MemoServ nicks. Usually, an SA has the ability to use the /sa* commands. The /sa* commands, like all actions performed by network services, are typically implemented using a virtual services node on the network, effectively masking the origin of the actions.

Network Administrator
The Network Administrator (NetAdmin) has the highest level of access on a network. In most cases, the founder of the network is the netadmin. Networks may, however, have multiple netadmins - especially networks with large populations.

Ban Types
An IRCop with enough privileges, may give a ban to unwanted users.
The ban types are listed below:

K-line
The K-line is a local server ban (specific to a single server, not the entire IRC network) that bans the unwanted user's hostname.

G-line
The G-line (Global K-line) works exactly as the K-line, but is global. G-lines can expire, but in some cases they are permanent.

Z-line
On IRCds such as UnrealIRCd, the Z-line is a "powerful" ban that is performed on a user's IP address rather than the hostmask, denying access to all users from the offending IP. Z-lines may expire, but in many cases are permanent.

GZ-line
Some IRCds support the GZ-line (Global Z-line). It is exactly as the Z-line itself, but it's global, and network-wide.  UnrealIRCd has GZ-line support.
The GZ-line is an effective way of blocking static IP users, and keeping them out.

D-line
On other IRCds, such as Charybdis, a D-line replaces a Z-line.  It is called a D-line because it "denies" the IP address from connecting.  Charybdis does not have support for a Z-line or a GZ-line.  By using its "cluster" configuration feature, D-lines can be synchronized between servers, providing a type of 'GZ-line'.  This enables for very nice big network support since the administrator of one server may want to allow certain servers they trust to synchronize D-lines and K-lines, but not allow others.

See also
 Internet Relay Chat channel operator

References

External links
 IRC Operators Guide

Operator, Internet Relay Chat

IRC operator