Lexploitation de l'or au Soudan date des années 2010, avec la découverte en 2012 de gisements situés au Djebel Amir. Cet or arrive alors à point nommé pour remplacer le pétrole du Soudan du Sud récemment déclaré indépendant et fournir à l'État des recettes nécessaires.

Rapidement, l'utilisation de cet or est questionnée par certains observateurs, et notamment son export quasiment exclusif en direction de la Russie, dont le Soudan est le principal pourvoyeur.

Par ailleurs, les conditions déplorables de sécurité dans les mines d'or est pointé du doigt, ainsi que la très faible rentabilité du secteur, du fait de la faible qualité du minerai, de la corruption et de la contrebande.

Histoire

La perte des revenus pétroliers du Soudan du Sud
À la suite du référendum sur l'indépendance du Soudan du Sud, ce dernier fait sécession du Soudan. L'économie du Soudan était jusqu'alors très liée au pétrole, qui se trouve dans son immense majorité dans le nouvel État. Ainsi, les exportations pétrolières du Soudan sont divisées par quinze entre 2010 et 2015, passant de près de dix milliards de dollars annuels à un peu plus de six cents millions.

Ce remplacement de la rente pétrolière par l'aurifère était anticipé par l'État soudanais depuis 2004, en cas de déclaration d'indépendance du Sud, ce qui s'est traduit notamment dans le plan stratégique du gouvernement pour la période 2005-2011.

Une agence gouvernementale dépendant du ministère des Mines est ainsi créée dans le but de superviser l'ensemble du secteur aurifère.

Mise en place d'une technostructure
En janvier 2007 est voté le  (Loi sur les ressources minérales et le développement minier) qui se substitue au  de 1972. Il est notamment beaucoup plus favorable aux investisseurs étrangers et à la production industrielle. Il réaffirme en outre très clairement la légitimité exclusive de l'État sur les autorisations de prospection.

Peu avant le coup d'État qui met fin à sa présidence, Omar el-Bechir fait construire à Khartoum une des plus grandes raffineries d'or d'Afrique.

Le but de cette construction est d'assurer à l'État soudanais, sinon le contrôle de la production, impossible du fait de la prééminence des exploitations traditionnelles, du moins celui de l'exportation. Mais malgré les investissements dans l'outil de raffinage ainsi que les décrets d'interdiction, la contrebande reste très majoritaire ; elle est estimée à 70% du total début 2022.

Le , le Soudan durcit sa législation, interdisant tout export d'or sinon par les sociétés concessionnaires opérant dans le secteur minier.

Production
À la fin de la décennie 2010, le Soudan devient le troisième pays producteur d'or d'Afrique, après l'Afrique du Sud et le Ghana, avec 93 tonnes extraites en 2016, plus de cent en 2017 et 76 en 2019.

Implantation géographique
De nombreuses régions du Soudan disposent de gisements aurifères. C'est par exemple le cas au Kordofan du Sud, qui compte un quart des soixante concessions minières légalement autorisées du pays,, dans le Darfour du Nord. La plus grande mine, celle d'Ariab, est située à l'est, dans l'État de Mer Rouge.

Aspects économiques et politiques

Travail artisanal
La production est très inégalement répartie entre les « sociétés minières traditionnelles », c'est-à-dire l'orpaillage artisanal, qui produit environ les quatre cinquièmes de l'or soudanais, et les sociétés minières, qui produisent le reliquat. Les petites exploitations font ainsi vivre dès 2016 un demi-million de personnes ; cinq ans plus tard, près de deux millions d'habitants dépendent de cette production; une proposition d'interdire cette pratique a dû être abandonnée, tant le secteur aurifère dépend massivement de l'exploitation individuelle. Le choix initial d'interdiction a fait place à une mesure de conciliation mais de contrôle drastique du commerce.

Toutefois les mines artisanales, si elles peuvent être relativement mécanisées, restent extrêmement accidentogènes. Le , un effondrement au Darfour fait plus de cent victimes. Huit années plus tard, le , trente-et-un mineurs sont ensevelis dans l'effondrement d'une mine.

Par ailleurs, pour éviter de devoir des comptes au fisc soudanais, de nombreux prospecteurs travaillent sous l'égide de seigneurs de guerre locaux ou de fonctionnaires corrompus

Faibles rentabilité et thésaurisation
Les cent tonnes d'or produites en 2017 apportent à l'État soudanais un revenu d'environ quatre cent millions de dollars, selon Hashim Ali Salem, ministre soudanais des minerais ; les observateurs économiques ne manquent pas de souligner qu'aux cours d'alors la valeur de cette production devrait être dix fois supérieure et expliquent cette distorsion par la nature de la production, la faible qualité du minerai et la contrebande.

Ainsi, alors que le Soudan conserve un rôle de premier plan dans la production et l'exportation d'or en Afrique, les réserves de la banque centrale sont très faibles.

Rôle de la Russie
L'embargo contre le Soudan décidé par les États-Unis en 1997 incite rapidement Omar el-Béchir à se tourner vers la Russie. Celle-ci est également désireuse d'accroître ses réserves d'or. Entre 2010 et 2022, ces dernières quadruplent pour atteindre 630 milliards de dollars. Officiellement, les exportations soudanaises vers la Russie sont quasiment nulles.

Une grande partie de l'or quittant le Soudan pour la Russie est toutefois le fait de la contrebande, qui s'effectue depuis des petits aérodromes militaires disséminés dans tout le pays. Un dirigeant d'une entreprise minière estime qu'environ trente tonnes annuelles d'or sont expédiées en Russie ; il pointe notamment le rôle de Mohamed Hamdan Dogolo dans ce trafic, ainsi que celui du Groupe Wagner. Ces informations sont démenties par l'ambassadeur du Soudan en Russie, mais confirmées par les analystes dès mars 2022, et de manière plus approfondie en novembre suivant.

Le groupe Wagner est engagé au Soudan et y soutient l'administration gérée par les militaires. Les observateurs ont affirmé que l'objectif majeur du groupe Wagner dans cette situation est d'assurer l'accès russe à de précieux minéraux bruts comme les réserves d'uranium, de silicium, d'or et de manganèse. En outre, une entreprise russe, M Invest, avait des liens vers le groupe Wagner. En dehors de cette, selon les autorités américaines, le groupe Wagner était payé par les ÉAU pour soutenir Haftar en Libye et ont été accusés de torture, de meurtre aveugle et d'autres crimes de guerre.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Mine d'Essakane

Bibliographie

Exploitation aurifère au Soudan


جزيرة روزفلت هي جزيرة مغطاة بالجليد، بطول حوالى 130 كم في اتجاه شمال-جنوب وعرض 65 كيلومترا وبمساحة ، ومتصلة بالجزء E من الجرف الجليدي روس في أنتاركتيكا. على الجزيرة قمم سلسلة ترتفع بحوالي 550 متر فوق مستوى سطح البحر، ولكن هذا وجميع المرتفعات الأخرى من الجزيرة تغطيها الثلوج تماما، حتى أن الجزيرة هي غير مرئية على مستوى الأرض.

وجود الجزيرة واضح من خلال دراسة كيفية تدفق الجليد فوقها. كان قد سمها من قبل الاميرال ريتشارد بيرد في عام 1934 باسم فرانكلين روزفلت، رئيس الولايات المتحدة آنذاك. بيرد كان زعيم البعثة التي اكتشفت الجزيرة.

جزيرة روزفلت تقع داخل حدود منطقة روس، التي تطالب بها نيوزيلندا.

مراجع

جزر القارة القطبية الجنوبية
جغرافيا منطقة روس

جزيرة روزفلت (القارة القطبية الجنوبية)


Werner Karl Otto Theodor von Haeften (9 October 1908 – 21 July 1944) was an Oberleutnant in the Wehrmacht who took part in the military-based conspiracy against Adolf Hitler known as the 20 July plot.

Early life
Haeften and his brother Hans were born in Berlin, the sons of Hans von Haeften, an army officer and President of the Reichsarchiv (German National Archives). He studied law in his hometown and then worked for a bank in Hamburg until the outbreak of the Second World War when he joined the German Army.

War service
In 1943, having recovered from a severe wound he had suffered on the Eastern Front, Haeften became adjutant to Oberst Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, one of the leading figures in the German Resistance.

On 20 July 1944, Haeften accompanied Stauffenberg to the military high command of the Wehrmacht near Rastenburg, East Prussia (now Kętrzyn, in Poland), where Stauffenberg planted a briefcase bomb in a conference room at Hitler's Wolfsschanze (Wolf's Lair) headquarters. After the detonation, Stauffenberg and Haeften rushed to Berlin and, not knowing that Hitler had survived the explosion, attempted to launch the long-planned coup d'état, which would swiftly fail.

On the same day, Haeften, along with Stauffenberg and fellow conspirators General Friedrich Olbricht and Oberst Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim, was arrested after a summary court martial and sentenced to death by General Friedrich Fromm, who was himself later arrested and executed by the Nazi regime for his tacit complicity. All four plotters were shot after midnight by a ten-man firing squad from the Grossdeutschland Guards Battalion in the courtyard of the War Ministry, the Bendlerblock.

When Stauffenberg was about to be shot, in a last gesture of loyalty and defiance, Haeften placed himself in the path of the bullets meant for Stauffenberg.

Haeften's brother, Hans, who had also been involved in the anti-Hitler plot, was executed on 15 August at Plötzensee Prison.

Fictional portrayals
In the Eastern Bloc co-production Liberation: Direction of the Main Blow (1971), Haeften was depicted by the East German actor Hans-Edgar Stecher. In the German production Stauffenberg (2004), his part was played by the actor Hardy Krüger, Jr., and in the film Valkyrie (2008) he was portrayed by the British actor Jamie Parker.

 In the 2000 alternate history novel Fox on the Rhine, the bomb delivered by Haeften and Stauffenberg succeeds in killing Hitler, but Heinrich Himmler avoids their attempts to arrest him and seizes control of the Third Reich (although his reign lasts for less than a year).  While Beck, Olbricht, and many others ultimately flee, Haeften refuses to abandon Stauffenberg. When the SS arrive to arrest his superior, he opens fire at them with a pistol and attempts to shield Stauffenberg with his body before both men are gunned down. The sequel novel, Fox at the Front, mentions that his brother Hans-Bernd managed to escape to neutral territory and, along with other surviving plotters, has formed a government-in-exile.

See also
 German Resistance
 List of members of the 20 July plot

Footnotes

References

External links
 film and TV matches for Werner von Haeften

1908 births
1944 deaths
Executed members of the 20 July plot
German untitled nobility
German Army officers of World War II
Executed military personnel
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 1st class
People from Berlin executed by Nazi Germany
Military personnel from the Province of Brandenburg
People executed by Nazi Germany by firing squad
People who were court-martialed

Werner von Haeften


Doctor Who, also referred to as Doctor Who: The Movie or as Doctor Who: The Television Movie is a 1996 television film continuing the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It was developed as a co-production between Universal Studios and BBC Worldwide. It premiered on 12 May 1996 on CITV in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 15 days before its first showing in the United Kingdom on BBC One and two days before being broadcast in the United States on Fox. It was also shown in some countries for a limited time in cinemas.

The film was the first attempt to revive Doctor Who following its suspension in 1989. It was intended as a backdoor pilot for a new American-produced Doctor Who TV series. It introduced Paul McGann as the Eighth Doctor in his only televised appearance as the character until "The Night of the Doctor" in 2013 (though McGann has portrayed the Doctor also in various audio productions). It also marks the final appearance of Sylvester McCoy as the Seventh Doctor until his cameo appearance in "The Power of the Doctor" in 2022, the only appearance of Daphne Ashbrook as companion Grace Holloway, and the only onscreen appearance of Eric Roberts's version of The Master, although he has since reprised the role in audio dramas for Big Finish Productions. Although a ratings success in the United Kingdom, the film did not fare well on American television and no series was commissioned. The series was later relaunched on the BBC in 2005. The only Doctor Who episodes between the film and the new series were a 1999 spoof, Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death, and a 2003 animation, Scream of the Shalka.

Although the film was primarily produced by different people than the 1963–1989 series and intended for an American audience, the producers chose not to produce a "re-imagining" or "reboot" of the series but rather a continuation of the original narrative. The production was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia and was the only episode of Doctor Who filmed in Canada.

Plot
The Doctor, currently in his seventh incarnation, transports the Master's remains to Gallifrey via his TARDIS. The Master had been previously tried and executed at the hands of the Daleks. En route, the box with his remains breaks open and an ooze leaks out, infecting the TARDIS. The Doctor is forced to make an emergency materialisation in San Francisco's Chinatown on 30 December 1999.

After exiting the TARDIS, the Doctor is shot by a gang chasing down Chang Lee, a young Chinese-American man. Lee calls for an ambulance and escorts the unconscious Doctor to a hospital. The ooze from the TARDIS also gets aboard the ambulance. At the hospital, after the bullets are removed, cardiologist Dr. Grace Holloway attempts surgery to stabilise his unusual heartbeat, but is confused by his strange double-heart anatomy. After the Doctor apparently dies in the operating table, his body is taken to the morgue, and Lee steals his possessions. The ooze takes over the body of the ambulance driver, Bruce.

Later, the Doctor regenerates. The new Doctor, suffering amnesia, recognises Holloway, who has resigned from the hospital after the failed operation. He follows her to her car and proves he is the same man she failed to save. Grace takes him home to recover. Now in Bruce's body, the Master puts Lee under his mind control. He convinces Lee that the Doctor had stolen his original body. He also persuades him into opening the TARDIS' Eye of Harmony, which requires a human retinal scan. When the Eye opens, the Doctor is flooded with memories and realises the Master is searching for him. He warns Grace that while the Eye is opened, the fabric of reality will weaken. Earth will be potentially destroyed by midnight on New Year's Eve if they cannot close it. To solve this conundrum, he needs an atomic clock, and there is one on display at the San Francisco Institute of Technological Advancement and Research.

Outside, the Doctor and Grace find the ambulance. Stepping from it, the Master and Lee offer them a ride. The Doctor does not immediately recognise the Master, but discovers his true identity en route, and escapes with Grace. The two continue to the Institute, obtain the clock and return to the TARDIS. The Doctor then installs the clock and closes the Eye. However, the damage is so great that he must revert time before the Eye was opened to prevent Earth's destruction. As he connects the proper TARDIS circuits to do this, the Master takes control of Grace's body, and she strikes the Doctor unconscious.

The Doctor wakes to find himself chained above the Eye, the Master poised to take his remaining regenerations while Lee and Grace watch. The Doctor is able to break the Master's control on Lee, who refuses to open the Eye again. The Master kills him, forces Grace to open the Eye and begins drawing the Doctor's lifeforce. After being again under her own control, Grace completes the final circuits to put the TARDIS into a time-holding pattern, preventing the apocalypse. She then goes to free the Doctor. The Master kills her, but this has given enough time for the Doctor to free himself. In the ensuing fight, The Doctor gains the upper hand and pushes the Master into the Eye. The Eye closes and time reverts a few minutes, undoing Lee and Grace's deaths.

With no further risk to Earth, the Doctor prepares to leave. Lee returns his possessions, and the Doctor warns him not to be in San Francisco on the next New Year's Eve. The Doctor offers Grace the opportunity to travel with him, but she politely refuses, and kisses him goodbye. The Doctor departs alone in his TARDIS.

Production

Pre-production
Producer Philip Segal had been trying for some years to launch a new American-produced series of Doctor Who, but the Fox Network — the only American network that showed any interest — was only prepared to commit to a single telemovie. It was hoped that, should the telemovie be successful, Fox might be persuaded to reconsider a series; however, the telemovie's ratings performance in America was not strong enough to hold Fox's interest.

The production budget for the movie (as revealed in the book Doctor Who: Regeneration) was US$5 million, with the Fox Network spending $2.5 million, BBC Television contributing $300,000, and the remaining $2.2 million split between BBC Worldwide and Universal Television.

Casting

Casting sessions took place in March 1994; actors who actually auditioned for the role include Liam Cunningham, Mark McGann, Robert Lindsay, Tim McInnerny, Nathaniel Parker, Peter Woodward, John Sessions, Anthony Head, and Tony Slattery. Paul McGann was first considered around the time of these auditions, but did not formally audition for the part until later.

Among the actors who were invited to audition for the role of the Doctor but declined the opportunity were Christopher Eccleston and Peter Capaldi. Eccleston and Capaldi later played the Ninth and Twelfth incarnations of the Doctor, respectively, in the revived series of Doctor Who which began in 2005. Eccleston turned down the offer to audition for the TV Movie because, at the time, he felt he did not want to be associated with a "brand name" so early in his career. Capaldi declined because he felt it was unlikely that he would be given the part.

Of those actors who originally auditioned for the role of the Doctor, a number guest-starred in the series when it returned from 2005:
Anthony Head guest-starred in the Series 2 episode "School Reunion" as Mr. Finch.
Tim McInnerny guest-starred in the Series 4 episode "Planet of the Ood" as Klineman Halpen.
Liam Cunningham guest-starred in the Series 7 episode "Cold War" as Captain Zhukov.
John Sessions guest-starred in the Series 8 episode "Mummy on the Orient Express" as the voice of the homicidal computer GUS.

Production
The movie was filmed on 35mm film in Vancouver, British Columbia, the first time any Doctor Who story had been filmed in North America.

In the 2005 Doctor Who Confidential episode "Weird Science", and on the DVD commentary, Sylvester McCoy reveals that during the sequence where he locks the casket with his sonic screwdriver, he held the tool pointing the wrong way around (although in the original series, it is seen being used both ways). The sonic screwdriver was blurred in post-production to conceal the error.

Post-production
The opening pre-credits sequence went through a number of modifications, with several different voice-overs recorded. At one stage the voice-over was to be made by the old Master, played by Gordon Tipple; in the end this was not used. Tipple is still credited as "The Old Master", though in the final edit his appearance is very brief, stationary, and mute. Had the original pre-titles voice-over been used, it would have been unclear what incarnation of the Doctor Sylvester McCoy portrays in the movie (as he is simply credited as "The Old Doctor"). Only the rewritten narration (as read by Paul McGann) makes his number of regenerations clear. The sequence of the TARDIS flying through the time vortex was briefly reused in the opening of Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death, as the Master observes Rowan Atkinson's Doctor.

Instead of designing a new Doctor Who logo for this film, it was decided instead to use a modified version of the logo that was used for the Jon Pertwee era of the original series (with the exception of the final season). This logo, being the last logo used on an "official" Doctor Who broadcast before the 2005 revival, was, until 2018, used by the BBC for most Doctor Who merchandise relating to the first eight Doctors. In 2018, efforts were made to make the show's merchandise more uniform, and so most items of merchandise began to use the logo designed for Jodie Whittaker's time as the Doctor, abandoning the "Movie" logo for the first time in 22 years.

John Debney was commissioned to write the score for this film, and intended to replace Ron Grainer's original theme with a new composition. Ultimately Debney did in fact use an arrangement of Grainer's music for the theme, although Grainer goes uncredited.

Alternative titles and labelling
Both DVD releases are labelled Doctor Who: The Movie. The VHS release contains both the name Doctor Who and the phrase The Sensational Feature Length Film (plausibly read as a subtitle). The novelisation was labelled simply The Novel of the Film. The 2021 Target Collection reissue of the novelisation is titled The TV Movie. The most common fan usage appears to refer to it as "The TV Movie" or "TVM", or variations thereof.

Upon translation into French, this film was renamed Le Seigneur du Temps (literal translation: "The Lord of Time").

"TVM" is the production code used in the BBC's online episode guide. The actual code used during production is 50/LDX071Y/01X. Doctor Who Magazines "Complete Eighth Doctor Special" gives the production code as #83705. Big Finish Productions uses the code 8A, and numbers its subsequent Eighth Doctor stories correspondingly.

Broadcast and reception
The movie premiered in Canada, on the Edmonton, Alberta CITV-TV station on 12 May 1996, two days prior to its Fox Network broadcast.

Commercials on the Fox network advertising the film used special effects footage from the 1986 story The Trial of a Time Lord, although this footage was not used in the movie. This marked the first time that footage from the original BBC series had been shown on a major American network. The advertisements also used a different arrangement of the Doctor Who theme music from that heard in the film.

The movie received disappointing US ratings. It received 5.6 million viewers, a total 9% share of the audience.

Maureen Paton in the Daily Express praised the movie "At last we have a grown-up hi-tech Doctor Who in Paul McGann...only a low-tech Luddite would miss the endearing amateurism of the old teatime serial format...the makers would be mad not to pursue the option of a series." Matthew Bond of The Times, by contrast stated "If the series is to return it will need stronger scripts than this simplistic offering, which struggled to fill eighty-five minutes and laboured somewhat in its search for wit". The letters pages of the Radio Times were divided between viewers who liked and disliked the TVM. Discussing the TVM, writer Gary Gillatt criticised it for having "too many unnecessary references" to the show's backstory. Gillatt added "although very entertaining, stylishly directed and perfectly played, the TV movie perhaps tried a little too hard to be what Doctor Who once was, rather than crusading to demonstrate what it could be in the future".

Awards
Doctor Who: The Television Movie won the 1996 Saturn Award for Best Television Presentation.

Commercial releases

Home media

A Laserdisc release of the movie was released exclusively in Hong Kong by Universal in 1997.

The unedited version was released on DVD in the UK in 2001 titled as Doctor Who: The Movie, and was re-released in 2007 as a limited edition with an alternative cover sleeve (but with no change in content) as part of a series of classic series re-releases aimed at attracting fans of the revived series to the older shows.

Both the edited and unedited versions have also been released in countries such as Australia and New Zealand.

The 2010 DVD box set Revisitations contains the movie with new, updated Special Edition DVD features. It included a new commentary with Paul McGann and Sylvester McCoy, an hour-long documentary on the time in between the film and the series' cancellation in 1989, a documentary on the 7 years it took to get the film made, a documentary on the 8th Doctor's comic strip adventures, a documentary on the media reaction to the 8th Doctor, a documentary on the ties between Blue Peter and Doctor Who as well as all of the original features, including the original commentary with Geoffrey Sax.

Due to complex licensing issues, no VHS release of the film occurred in North America, and for more than a decade no DVD release occurred, either. Finally, on 25 August 2010, Dan Hall of 2entertain confirmed that the 2010 updated version would be released in North America sometime in the next twelve months following extensive negotiations with Universal Studios. Two months afterward, a North American DVD release date for the 2-disc Doctor Who: The Movie – Special Edition was announced to be 8 February 2011.

In 2013 it was released on DVD again as part of the "Doctor Who: The Doctors Revisited 5–8" box set, alongside the classic serials Earthshock, Vengeance on Varos, and Remembrance of the Daleks. Alongside a documentary on the Eighth Doctor, it also features an introduction from then current show runner Steven Moffat. This was also released in North America.

The movie was released as a 2-disc Blu-ray set in Region 2 on 19 September 2016. The footage was not re-scanned from the original film negatives. Instead it is a 1080/50i upscale which suffered from the same PAL speedup issue as previous home media releases.

VHS releases

Laserdisc releases

DVD and Blu-ray releases

Soundtrack release

Music from the movie was on a promotional-only soundtrack album published by the composer, John Debney. Additional music was contributed by John Sponsler and Louis Febre. Although the composer of the Doctor Who Theme, Ron Grainer, did not receive screen credit for his composition in the TV movie broadcast, the CD finally attributes the proper credit on its cover. The entire score was re-released with previously unreleased cues as the eighth disc of the eleven disc Doctor Who: The 50th Anniversary Collection on 29 September 2014.

Track listing

CD credits
 Music Score produced by John Debney
 Executive album producers: John J. Alcantar III and Thomas C. Stewart
 Music Editor: Laurie Slomka
 CD Edited and mastered by James Nelson at Digital Outland
 CD Art direction: Mark Banning
 Front Cover concept: David Hirsch
 Special Thanks to Ryan K. Johnson

In print

The television movie was novelised by Gary Russell and published by BBC Books 15 May 1996. It was the first novelisation of a televised Doctor Who story to not be published by Target Books (or related companies) since Doctor Who and the Crusaders in 1966.

Basing the adaptation on an early draft of the script, Russell adjusted some details to make it more consistent with the original series, and the novelisation also contains elements that were cut from the shooting script for timing reasons.
 The novel begins with the Seventh Doctor receiving a telepathic summons from the Master (similar to The Deadly Assassin) to collect his remains from Skaro and a short prologue detailing how the Doctor escapes from the planet with the casket. This was originally intended to be a pre-credits sequence in the movie, and was subsequently contradicted by the ending of the novel Lungbarrow, where Romana gives the Seventh Doctor the assignment to retrieve the Master's remains.
 More detail is given to Chang Lee and Grace's backstory, including his recruitment into the Triads and his seeking a father figure as well as flashbacks to Grace's childhood.
 The Eighth Doctor finds the Seventh Doctor's clothing in the hospital rather than the Fourth Doctor's scarf. Also, the sequence where Chang Lee and the Master see the Seventh Doctor in the Eye of Harmony features all the previous Doctors as originally drafted.
 The scene where the Doctor and Grace meet the motorcycle police officer is relocated to a traffic jam on the Golden Gate Bridge (impossible to film in the movie since it was shot on location in Vancouver).
 When the Doctor first kisses Grace, he immediately pulls back, grins apologetically and murmurs, "I'm sorry, don't know what came over me there." This makes the romantic nature of the kiss more ambiguous. Instead of the second kiss at the end, he gives her the Seventh Doctor's straw hat as a memento.
 The Doctor is still referred to as half-human, to which the Master comments, "The Doctor once claimed to be more than just a Time Lord — He should really have said less than a Time Lord!" This was a reference to a line cut from Remembrance of the Daleks.
 Instead of dying and being brought back to life, Grace and Lee are merely rendered unconscious, though aware of what is happening around them. Russell also spends some time showing the Doctor and them discussing what a "temporal orbit" is.

The novelisation was the first Doctor Who novel published by BBC Books. The book was actually published prior to the conclusion of Virgin Books' contract for publishing original Doctor Who fiction, so the next release by BBC Books did not occur for about a year when the Eighth Doctor Adventures series began with The Eight Doctors. The novelisation was released as a standalone work and is not considered part of this series. The Eighth Doctor Adventures series ran until 2005 when it was discontinued.

The novel was also released as an audio book on 2 June 1997, read by Paul McGann. This reading was later included on the 2004 MP3 CD Tales from the TARDIS Volume Two. A revised Target Books edition titled The TV Movie was published in paperback and as an audiobook 11 March 2021.

Continuations
 Paul McGann made a reappearance as the Eighth Doctor in the 2013 mini-episode "The Night of the Doctor" in which his regeneration was finally explored.
Eric Roberts reprised the role of the Master in many Big Finish audio plays: Series 5 of "The Diary of River Song", Volume 4 of "Doctor Who: Ravenous", and reprised the role again in "Masterful", a special release celebrating 50 Years since the Master first appeared in "Terror of the Autons" back in 1971. Roberts reprised the role of his incarnation of the Master in Master! two months after the release of Masterful. The box set also starred Chase Masterson as Vienna Salvatorri. Roberts even recorded live-action material of himself playing the Master for the Big Finish YouTube channel.
 Yee Jee Tso returned in 2002 to play Major Jal Brant in the Seventh Doctor audio drama Excelis Decays and Doctor Reece Goddard in the Sixth Doctor webcast Real Time.
Daphne Ashbrook returned in 2004, alongside Paul McGann, as Perfection in the audio drama The Next Life.
 Tso and Ashbrook returned to Big Finish together playing Captain Ruth Matheson and Warrant Officer Charlie Sato of UNIT in the audio dramas Tales From The Vault and Mastermind, both part of the Companions Chronicles series, in 2011 and 2013.

References

Works cited

External links

Reviews
 The Whoniverse's review on Doctor Who: The Enemy Within DVD

BBC novelisation

1996 science fiction films
1996 films
Films based on Doctor Who
Seventh Doctor stories
Eighth Doctor stories
1996 television films
American science fiction television films
British science fiction television films
Television films as pilots
Television pilots not picked up as a series
Films set in 1999
Films set in 2000
Films set in San Francisco
Films set in the future
The Master (Doctor Who) television stories
Films based on television series
Sequel films to television series
Films with screenplays by Matthew Jacobs
Films directed by Geoffrey Sax
Doctor Who stories set on Earth
Films about amnesia
Films set around New Year
Films scored by John Debney
Films scored by Louis Febre
Television films based on television series
Fiction featuring the turn of the third millennium
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
1990s British films
Doctor Who regeneration stories

Doctor Who (film)


මධුර කුලතුංග (; උපත 1980 මාර්තු 23) ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජනප්‍රිය තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ ඉංජිනේරුවරයකු වන මධුර කුලතුංග මෘදුකාංග නිර්මාණය සහ වෙබ් අඩවි නිර්මාණය පිළිබඳ විශේෂඥයකු ද වෙයි. සුප්‍රකට මධුර ඉංග්‍රීසි–සිංහල ශබ්දකෝෂය නිර්මාණය කර එම සේවා නොමිලේ ලබා දෙමින් ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ජනතාව අතර ගෞරවාදරයට පත්විය. 1980 මාර්තු 23 වැනි දින මාතර දි උපත ලද මධුර කුලතුංග පවුලේ එකම දරුවාය. කොළඹ රාජකීය විද්‍යාලයේ ආදි ශිෂ්‍යයකු වන මධුර කුලතුංග ඉන්දියාවේ මනිපාල් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණය පිළිබඳ විද්‍යාපති උපාධිධාරියෙකි. ඔහු මයික්‍රෝසොෆ්ට් සහතික ලත් පද්ධති ඉංජිනේරු වෘත්තීය සුදුසුකම් සපුරා ඇත.

මුල් අවධිය

ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව භාවිතයට යොමු වූ මුල් අවධියේ ඔහුට විවිධ අසීරුතාවලට මුහුණ දීමට සිදුවිය. මෙය දෙවන භාෂාව ලෙස ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා කිරීමේදී බොහෝ ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයින්ට ඇතිවන පොදු ගැටලුවකි. මෙවැනි අවස්ථා වලදී ඔවුහු සම්ප්‍රදායික මුද්‍රිත ඉංග්‍රීසි-සිංහල ශබ්දකෝෂ පරිහරණයට හුරුවී සිටියද ඒ සඳහා අධික කාලයක් සහ වෙහෙසක් දැරීමට සිදු වන බව මධුර කුලතුංග විසින් අවබෝධ කර ගැනිණි. මෙම අභියෝග ජය ගැනීම සඳහා වචන වල තේරුම ක්ෂණිකව ලබා ගත හැකි ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික ශබ්දකෝෂයක් නිපදවීමට ඔහු අදිටන් කළේය.

වෘත්තීය දිවිය

මධුර කුලතුංග විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද මධුර ඉංග්‍රීසි–සිංහල ශබ්දකෝෂය 2002 නොවැම්බර් 23 වැනි දින සිට ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ජනතාවට නොමිලේ ලබා ගැනීමට අවස්ථාව සැලසුණි. පසුව එම ශබ්දකෝෂය මධුර ඔන්ලයින් නමින් අන්තර්ජාලයට ඇතුලත් කරමින් ඔහු ලොව ප්‍රථම ඔන්ලයින් ඉංග්‍රීසි-සිංහල ශබ්දකෝෂයේ නිර්මාණකරුවා බවට පත් විය. ඉතා සීඝ්‍රයෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වූ මධුර ඉංග්‍රීසි–සිංහල ශබ්දකෝෂය මේ වන විට ශිෂ්‍යයින්ට සහ වෘත්තිකයින්ට තම අධ්‍යාපනික කටයුතු වලදී මෙන්ම එදිනෙදා කටයුතු වලදීද අත්‍යවශ්‍ය මෙවලමක් බවට පත්විය.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ පහසුකම් ඉතා අඩු මට්ටමක පැවති යුගයක ජාත්‍යන්තර ප්‍රමිතියෙන් යුතුව මධුර කුලතුංග විසින් කරන ලද මෙම නිර්මාණය ඉතිහාස ගත වනු ඇත. මධුර ඉංග්‍රීසි–සිංහල ශබ්දකෝෂය සදහා ඇති වෙළඳපොළ වටිනාකම අවබෝධ කරගත් ව්‍යාපාරික ආයතන කිහිපයක් ආකර්ෂණීය මිල ගණන් ඉදිරිපත් කරමින් සමස්ත නිර්මාණයේ අයිතිය මිලදී ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. සියල්ල මුදලට විකිණෙන කාලයක එම ව්‍යාපාරිකයින්ගේ ඉල්ලීම් ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ මධුර කුලතුංග තම නිර්මාණයේ අයිතිය තමා සන්තකයේම රඳවා ගනිමින් ඉදිරියටත් තම සේවා නොමිලේ ලබා දීම සමස්ත ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයින්ගේ ගෞරවයට හේතු විය.

මධුර කුලතුංග විසින් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ දියුණුවට කරන ලද නිර්මාණශීලී දායකත්වය මොරටුව විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ මහාචාර්ය ගිහාන් ඩයස් විසින් ඇගයිනි. මහාචාර්ය ජේ. බී. දිසානායක ඇතුලු විද්වතුන් රාශියකගේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් 2009 සැප්තැම්බර් 2 වැනි දින මොරටුව විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ පැවති සියබසින් නිමවූ පද්ධති හා යෙදුම් පිළිබඳ සම්මන්ත්‍රණය සඳහා දේශණයක් පැවැත්වීමට මහාචාර්ය ගිහාන් ඩයස් විසින් මධුර කුලතුංග වෙත ඇරයුම් කරන ලදී. එම ආරාධනය පිළිගත් ඔහු සම්මන්ත්‍රණය අමතමින් සිදු කළ දේශණය සියල්ලන්ගේ ප්‍රශංසාවට ලක් වුනි.

අන්තර්ජාල පහසුකම් ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ව්‍යාප්තව නොතිබුණු මුල් අවධියේ සංයුක්ත තැටි මඟින් ජනතාව අතර බෙදා හරින ලද මධුර ඉංග්‍රීසි–සිංහල ශබ්දකෝෂය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට බ්‍රෝඩ්බෑන්ඩ් අන්තර්ජාල පහසුකම් ලැබීමත් සමග මේ වන විට මිලියන ගණනක් ඩවුන්ලෝඩ් කර ගෙන ඇත. ඩවුන්ලෝඩ් කිරීමකින් තොරව අන්තර්ජාලය තුල ක්‍රියාත්මක වන මධුර ඔන්ලයින් ශබ්දකෝෂය දිනකට 50,000 කට අධික පිරිසක් භාවිතා කරති. ජංගම දුරකථන සඳහා නිපදවූ මධුර ඔන්ලයින් ඇන්ඩ්‍රොයිඩ් වැඩ සටහන ද මේ වන විට ඉතා ජනප්‍රිය වී ඇත.

මධුර ඉංග්‍රීසි–සිංහල ශබ්දකෝෂය වචන 230,000 කට අධික ප්‍රමාණයකින් සමන්විතය. විවිධ විෂය ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගණනාවකට අදාල පාරිභාෂික පද සොයා ගැනීමේ පහසුකම් සැලසෙන අතර, මෙය විද්‍යාකෝෂයක් ලෙසද භාවිතා කළ හැකිය. ඕනෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි වචනයක සිංහල තේරුම සහ සිංහල වචනයක ඉංග්‍රීසි තේරුම සොයා ගැනීමට පුලුවන. වයිල්ඩ්කාඩ් අක්ෂර වන තරු ලකුණ සහ ප්‍රශ්නාර්ත ලකුණ භාවිතා කරමින් වචන සෙවීමේ හැකියාව ඇත. මෙම සියලුම සේවාවන් ඔහුගේ නිල වෙබ් අඩවියට පිවිසීමෙන් නොමිලේ ලබා ගත හැකිය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි

ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
චරිත කතා
1980 උපත්
කොළඹ රාජකීය විද්‍යාලයේ ආදි සිසුවෝ

මධුර කුලතුංග


Un fandom (cuvânt creat din englezescul "fan" ["fanatic"] urmat de sufixul "dom" [pentru "domeniu"]) se referă la un fenomen de subcultură creat de fani, adică orice în legătură cu zona de interes a unui grup de oameni care este organizat sau creat de aceiași oameni.

Fanii entuziaști (sau fanaticii entuziaști) ai anumitor domenii, fenomene sau persoane (autori, ideologii) se manifestă adesea într-un fandom. Fanii sunt interesați de cel mai mic detaliu al subiectului fandomului lor, ceea ce îi diferențiază de amatorii simpli.

Membrii unui fandom participă la întâlniri ("convenții") ale fanilor, publică și schimbă fanzine. Odată cu răspândirea calculatoarelor personale în anii 2000, aceste comunități există adesea prin internet, mai ales dacă obiectul fandomului lor este mai puțin cunoscut. Unii fani scriu și fan-ficțiuni, adică povestiri originale cu tema fandomului lor și a unora dintre elementele sale.

Apariția internetului a permis proliferarea numărului de fani ai căror membri probabil că nu puteau fi găsiți înainte. Ei se găsesc pe LiveJournal, Tumblr, Fanforum, TWOP (Television Without Pity), Huffangirlpost. În plus față de fan-ficțiuni, membrii unui fandom se exprimă prin fan-artă.

Vezi și
Fandom SF
Fanzin
Fan-artă
Fan-ficțiune
Hugo Gernsback

Fandom
Hugo Gernsback

Fandom


Bembo, mletačka plemićka obitelj

U Hrvatskoj je imala posjede u Istri. Posjedovali su kaštel Bale. Obitelj se ondje pojavila u 17. stoljeću davajući podestate, zatim i posjednike. Živjeli su u Mlecima, a u Balama su stalno nastanjeni tek od 1750. godine. Mnogi Bembi živjeli su u Puli.

Dala je nekoliko poznatih pripadnika:
 Pietro (1470. – 1547.), humanist, književnik, tajnik pape Lava X. i kardinal, pisac povijesti Mletaka 1487–1513. Della istoria veneziana (1551.)
 Giovanni (druga pol. 16. st. – prva pol. 17. st.), zapovjednik mlet. pomorskih snaga na Jadranu, dužd
 Davide (16. st.), rašporski kapetan
 Petar (Pietro) (16. st.), krčki biskup 1564–89.
 Lorenzo (17. – 18. st.), baljanski podestat
 Federico (Fedrigo; 17. st.), labinski podestat
 Vincenzo (17. st.), koparski podestat i kapetan
 Francesco (18. st.), mletački rektor
 Pietro (18. st.), mletački rektori
 Zorzi (Giorgio; 18. st.), koparski kapetan i podestat (1738. – 39.), rješavatelj graničnog pitanja s Austrijom

Literatura
Korištena literatura:
 Carlo De Franceschi, Il ramo istriano della famiglia Bembo, AMSI, 1961., 9
 G. Radossi, Monumenta Heraldica Iustinopolitana. Stemmi di rettori, di famiglie notabili, di vescovi e della città di Capodistria, Rovigno–Trieste 2003.

Izvori

Mletačko plemstvo
Povijest Istre

Bembo (plemstvo)


All Night Long (オールナイトロング, Ooru Naito rongu ? ) es una película japonesa de 1992, dirigida por Katsuya Matsumura. La primera de seis entregas hasta la fecha. Matsumura ganó el premio, como nuevo mejor director en "Yokohama Film Festival", por la realización de esta película.

Sinopsis
Tres estudiantes, cada uno de distinta extracción, se unen por el hecho de ser testigos del apuñalamiento de una jovencita. Más tarde un violador ataca a una amiga en común, y los tres chicos juran no parar hasta vengarse.

Referencias
yokohama festival 1993 (en inglés)

Enlaces externos
all night long en IMDb (en inglés)

Películas en japonés
Películas de 1992
Cine de terror de los años 1990
Películas de terror japonés

All night long (película de 1992)


Garner State Park is a state park in the community of Concan, Texas located in Uvalde County, Texas in the United States. Garner State Park, in the Texas Hill Country, is the most popular state park in Texas for overnight camping. It often fills by noon in peak parts of the season. The park is popular with campers and local residents for its activities on the Frio River and the dances held nightly during the spring and summer.

History

In the early 1930s the park was built to save a portion of the hill country for the public, and to provide work for unemployed men during the economic depression. The land for Garner State Park was acquired in 1934 through 1936.  In 1934, the Texas State Parks Board approved the location for a future state park, and the Texas Legislature provided funding for state parks. The Civilian Conservation Corps built the park's original improvements, which included a large pavilion and a concessions building. The property was conveyed to the State Parks Board in 1936, and it opened as Garner State Park in 1941. The park was named for John Nance Garner, former Vice-President of the United States who lived and practiced law in the Concan area. The park's size more than doubled when  were added in 1976.

Another park named Garner State Park, later known as Stephenville State Park, began construction in 1932 in Erath County, Texas, though the name was soon transferred to the Uvalde location. The city of Stephenville, which operated the park, returned the land to the state in the 1940s. The property was returned to the local Collier family in 1953 and, after being sold in 1982, is now known as  Garner Park Ranch.

Geology

The area came about in the Cretaceous age when the Edwards Plateau was formed when a section of land was lifted 2000 feet along a curving fault. It is now located on the southwestern edge of the plateau in the sub-region Balcones Canyonlands. Today high mesas, limestone cliffs, deep canyons and clear streams fill the terrain.

Mount Old Baldy

Garner State Park is home to Mount Old Baldy, which overlooks the Frio River. At its peak, the mountain sits at 1,849 feet above sea level.

Nature

Flora
The area has rich vegetation due to the canyons angles from southeast to southwest as well as prevailing winds which cool and moisten the area.

Bald cypress
The bald cypress trees line the Frio River, can grow to 120 feet, and live up to 600 years. Their name is derived from the length of time that they are leafless, since they shed leaves in the fall and don't bloom until late spring. The bald cypress help the Frio River by slowing floodwaters, trapping sediment and pollutants. They also provide nesting sites, food and shelter for wildlife.

Arbutus xalapensis
The Arbutus xalapensis, also known as the Texas madrone, is a rare tree that grows to about 20 to 30 feet. The trunk has red inner bark and peels in thin sheets of orange and brown. White bell-shaped flowers bloom in spring, and produce red and orange berries.

Fauna

There is much wildlife in the park such as deer, squirrels, raccoons, turkeys, skunks and other animals. Two endangered species of bird nest in this park.

Golden-cheeked warbler
The golden-cheeked warbler are birds that nest only in the mixed Ashe juniper and oak woodlands of Central Texas from March to July. They feed on insects and spiders from trees and use spider webs in building their nests. They are endangered due to loss of nesting habitat.

Black-capped vireo
The black-capped vireo are small birds that nest in Texas in the spring but from April to July. They make their nests in low shrubs, and are endangered because of the destruction of their habitat by grazing, clearing and fire suppression.

Housing and facilities

Campsites
Visitors require a reservation made in advance due to the popularity of the park. Visitors may choose between a tent/RV site, a screened shelter or a cabin. Some cabins have fireplaces, all have kitchen facilities and indoor plumbing. If a campsite or screened shelter is chosen, there are public restrooms and showers available to all park guests.

Garner Grill
During the day, the Garner Grill adjacent to the big pavilion is open. There is even a new souvenir cup style every season that can be collected. The Grill is open daily during the summer but is closed during the off-season, typically October through February.

Gift shop
At the gift shop one can purchase souvenirs like jewelry, boots, toys and other items. Customized apparel featuring the park's name is available.  There is also an online gift shop, updated regularly, providing merchandise as well.

Recreation

Activities at the park include hiking, nature study, picnicking, canoeing, fishing, paddle boat and kayak rentals (spring and summer), bicycling and miniature golf.

Day Use Visitors
Garner State Park is the most sought after park in the Texas State Parks system. Due to high demand, a Day Use reservation is highly recommended during the off-season months of October to February. During the high demand on-season months of March to September, Day Use reservations are required before visiting the park to guarantee entry.

Ranger programs
To learn more about the park, there are ranger instructional programs. In these programs, park rangers teach students about the nature, history, and traditions of the park and let campers participate in geology programs and can be led on nature hikes.

Volunteer opportunities
Volunteers can help by keeping the park clean by maintaining trails, renewing habitats, becoming a park host or leading educational programs.

Gallery

References

External links

 Texas Parks and Wildlife - Garner State Park

Home movie of Garner State Park from the Peggy Shiman Collection on the Texas Archive of the Moving Image

State parks of Texas
Protected areas of Uvalde County, Texas
Civilian Conservation Corps in Texas
Protected areas established in 1941
1941 establishments in Texas

Garner State Park


Aceasta este o listă de regizori de film azeri:

A

Abbas Mirzə Șərifzadə
Adil Azay
Adil İsgəndərov
Ağaəli Dadașov
Aleksandr İvanov
Aleksandr Litvinov
Aleksandr Mișon
Aleksandr Zarxi
Alina Abdullayeva
Amin Novruzov
Anaxanım Abdullayeva
Arif Babayev
Arif Qasımov
Arif Qazıyev
Arif Məhərrəmov
Arif Nərimanbəyov
Asif Rüstəmov
Ayaz Salayev
Aydın Dadașov
Aydın Seyranoğlu

B
Beybolat Askarov
Bəhmən Əliyev
Bəhram Osmanov
Boris Barnet
Boris Medvedev
Boris Pumpyanski
Boris Svetlov
Bünyad Məmmədov

C
Cahangir Mehdiyev
Cahangir Zeynallı
Cavanșir Məmmədov
Cavid Əhədov
Cavid İmamverdiyev
Cavid Təvəkkül
Ceyhun Mirzəyev
Cəfər Cabbarlı
Cəmil Fərəcov
Cəmil Quliyev

Ç
Çingiz Rəsulzadə

D
Davud İmanov
Dilșad Fatxulin

E

Elçin Hami Axundov
Elçin Məmiyev
Elçin Musaoğlu
Eldar Quliyev
Elxan Cəfərov
Elxan Qasımov
Elman Telmanoğlu
Elnur Əliyev
Elnur Mehdiyev
Elruz Fətiyev
Elșən Məmmədov
Elșən Zeynallı
Elvin Mirzəyev
Emil Babayev
Emil Hüseynov
Emin Mirabdullayev
Esfir Șub

Ə
Əbdül Mahmudov
Ədalət Ziyadxanov
Əjdər İbrahimov
Ələkbər Əliyev
Ələkbər Kazımovski
Ələkbər Muradov
Əli İsa Cabbarov
Əlibala Ələkbərov
Əlihüseyn Hüseynov
Əlisəttar Atakișiyev
Əmir Pəhləvan
Əmirhüseyn Məcidov
Ənvər Əbluc

F
Feliks Slidovker
Fərhad Naibov
Fərhad Yusifov
Fərid Hümbətov
Fərman Șəkili
Fidan Abbasova
Fikrət Əliyev
Firəngiz Qurbanova
Fuad Əliyev
Fuad Șabanov

G
Gennadi Tișșenko
Gülbəniz Əzimzadə
Gülcahan Güləhmədova-Martınova
Günel Șakir

H
Hafiz Əkbərov
Hafiz Fətullayev
Hatəm Əsgərov
Həbib İsmayılov
Həbibə Mirzəyeva
Həsən Əbluc
Həsən Seyidbəyli
Hüseyn Mehdiyev
Hüseyn Seyidzadə
Hüseynağa Atakișiyev

X
Xamis Muradov

İ
İqbal Məmmədəliyev
İqor Savçenko
İlhamiyyə Rzayeva
İlqar Nəcəf
İlqar Safat
İsmayıl Əfəndiyev
İsmayıl Məmmədov
İsrafil Ağazadə
İvan Tartakovski

K
Kamil Rüstəmbəyov
Kəmalə Günəșli
Könül Hüseynova

Q
Qəmər Salamzadə
Qriqori Aleksandrov
Qriqori Braginski

L
Leyla Səfərova
Lətif Səfərov
Lütfi Məmmədbəyli

M
Maarif Məhərrəmbəyli
Maqsud İbrahimbəyov
Mehriban Ələkbərzadə
Məhərrəm Bədirzadə
Mərahim Fərzəlibəyov
Mikayıl Mikayılov
Mirbala Səlimli
Miri Rzayev
Miron Qrossman
Mirzə Mustafayev
Muxtar Dadașov
Murad İbrahimbəyov
Murad Muradov
Mübariz Nağıyev

N
Nadir Muqbilov
Namiq Ağayev
Nazim Abbas
Nazim Məmmədov
Nazim Rza
Nemət Rzayev
Nəriman Șıxəliyev
Nəsimi Məmmədoğlu
Nicat Bəkirzadə
Nicat Feyzullayev
Nigar Nərimanbəyova
Nikolay Șengelaya
Niyazi Bədəlov
Nizami Abbas

O
Oqtay Babazadə
Oqtay Mirqasımov
Oleq Səfərəliyev
Orxan Fikrətoğlu
Oruc Qurbanov

Ö
Ömür Nağıyev

P
Pünhan Həsənli

R

Rafiq Dadașov
Rafiq Quliyev
Rafiq Puyya
Rafiz İsmayılov
Rahim Sadıqbəyli
Ramin Hacıyev
Ramiz Axundov
Ramiz Əliyev
Ramiz Əsgərov
Ramiz Əzizbəyli
Ramiz Fətəliyev
Ramiz Həsənoğlu
Ramiz Məlikov
Rasim İsmayılov
Rasim Ocaqov
Rauf Kazımovski
Rauf Süleyman
Rəfiqə Budaqova
Rəșid Atamalıbəyov
Roman Karmen
Rövșən Almuradlı
Rövșən İsax
Rövșən Vaqifoğlu
Rüfət Əsədov
Rüfət Șabanov
Rüstəm İbrahimbəyov
Rza Təhmasib

S
Sadıq Elcanlı
Sahib Əhmədov
Samirə Cəfərova
Sevil İbrahimova
Seyfulla Bədəlov
Seyfulla Mustafayev
Səadət Məmmədova
Səməd Mərdanov
Sərxan Kərəmoğlu
Süleyman Əhmədov

Ș
Șahirə Kərimova
Șahmar Ələkbərov
Șahmar Qəribli
Șamil Əliyev
Șamil Mahmudbəyov
Șamil Nəcəfzadə
Șərif Qurbanəliyev
Șüa Șeyxov

T
Tahir Əliyev
Tahir Piriyev
Tariyel Vəliyev
Teymur Bəkirzadə
Teyyub Axundov
Tofiq İsmayılov
Tofiq Məmmədov
Tofiq Mirzəyev
Tofiq Sultanov
Tofiq Tağızadə
Tofiq Hacıyev

Ü
Ülviyyə Könül

V
Vaqif Ağayev
Vaqif Azəryar
Vaqif Behbudov
Vaqif Əsədov
Vaqif İbrahimoğlu
Vaqif Mustafayev
Vaqif Șərifov
Valeri Kərimov
Vasif Babayev
Vasif Məmmədzadə
Vasili Amașukeli
Vladimir Ballyuzek
Vüqar Kamranoğlu
Vüqar Vəliyev
Vüsalə Mirzəyeva

Y
Yalçın Əfəndiyev
Yașar Nuri
Yavər Rzayev
Yefim Dziqan
Yuli Qusman
Yuri Varnovski
Yusif Əkbərov
Yusif Quliyev

Z
Zahir Əli
Zamiq Əlövsətoğlu
Zaur Məhərrəmov
Zeynəb Kazımova
Ziya Șıxlinski
Ziyafət Abbasov

Vezi și
 Listă de regizori de film
 Listă de actori azeri

azeri
regizori
 Listă
Cinematografia azeră

Listă de regizori azeri


تعبر مقاييس بلانك Planck skala عن حدود طبيعية صغرى للزمن والمسافة ، وتفترض عدم وجود ما هو أصغر منها. ويستخدم العلماء تلك الحدود في دراستهم للفيزياء.
 على مسافة مقاربة من مسافة بلانك  (10−35 متر) لا يمكن وصف الطبيعة إلا بميكانيكا الكم ، ويُعتقد أن تفسير الجاذبية وخاصية الثقالة سوف يتم باشراك نظرية الكم.
 وبالنسبة للزمن : فترة بلانك  هي الفترة الزمنية التي يعبر فيها الضوء مسافة بلانك ،أي:

ثانية  ~ 10 -43

انظر أيضًا
 ثابت بلانك
 ماكس بلانك

أشياء سميت نسبة إلى ماكس بلانك
جاذبية كمية
علم الكون الفيزيائي
فيزياء الجسيمات
فيزياء فلكية
نظرية الحقل الكمومي
وحدات طبيعية
وحدات مسافة

مقاييس بلانك


Fabrício Bruno Soares de Faria, mais conhecido como Fabrício Bruno (Contagem, 12 de fevereiro de 1996), é um futebolista brasileiro que atua como zagueiro. Atualmente, defende o Flamengo.

Carreira

Início
Nascido em Ibirité, Fabrício Bruno começou a jogar bola em uma escolinha de sua cidade natal, tendo logo após ido para Comercial do Barreiro e depois ao Desportivo Minas, antes de chegar ao Cruzeiro em junho de 2013.

Cruzeiro

2016
Fabrício se consolidou por sua liderança nos times de base, tendo sido o capitão da raposa mineiro na Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior de 2016 e um dos destaques do time, mesmo com a eliminação do clube nas quartas de final após derrota de 2–0 para o Vitória. Com suas boas atuações, em 2016 começou a treinar no time principal sendo observado pelo então técnico do clube Deivid, teve seu contrato renovado até 2019 e foi promovido ao time principal em fevereiro.

Sua estreia pelo time principal ocorreu em 10 de abril de 2016, na vitória por 3–2 sobre o Boa Esporte, em partida que o técnico Deivid poupou o time titular e deu chance aos reservas da equipe. Fez seu primeiro gol na carreira e pelo Cruzeiro em 29 de junho, na derrota de 3–2 para a Chapecoense na 12ª rodada do Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol de 2016 tendo feito o gol que empatou o jogo em 2–2, mas a Chapecoense acabou fazendo o terceiro e venceu a partida. Sua primeira partida como titular foi em 16 de junho, na derrota de 1–0 sobre o Flamengo na 8ª rodada do Campeonato Brasileiro. Em 19 de dezembro, foi anunciado seu empréstimo para Chapecoense até dezembro de 2017, com os salários sendo pagos de forma integral pelo time de Chapecó. Por causa do empréstimo, Fabrício renovou o contrato com Cruzeiro por mais um ano. Nesta primeira passagem, fez oito jogos e marcou um gol pelo time celeste.

Chapecoense

2017
Foi apresentado oficialmente pelo clube em 19 de janeiro. Seu primeiro gol com a camisa da Chapecoense foi em 20 de agosto, na boa vitória de 2–0 sobre o Palmeiras na 21ª rodada do Campeonato Brasileiro. Foi titular em praticamente todos os jogos e ao todo, atuou em 40 partidas na sua primeira temporada.

2018
Fez seu segundo gol em 19 de fevereiro, na vitória de 2–0 sobre o Avaí na 9ª rodada do Campeonato Catarinense. Após ter atuado em apenas nove jogos e ser titular absoluto, acabou tendo um ano com poucas atuações devido à uma pubalgia sofrida em fevereiro, ficando quase sete meses parado. Antes de voltar ao time principal, atuou em dois jogos pelo time Sub-23 no Campeonato Brasileiro de Aspirantes de 2018, contra o Internacional e Santos.

Voltou ao time principal apenas no final da temporada, recuperando titularidade e atuando em 16 partidas, encerrando o ano com boas atuações na defesa ao lado de Douglas Grolli.

2019
Em 4 de janeiro, foi anunciado a renovação de mais um ano de seu empréstimo, tendo chegado a sua terceira temporada pelo clube catarinense. Com isso, Fabrício renovou seu contrato mais uma vez com o Cruzeiro, desta vez indo até 2021. Apesar de terem acertado mais um ano de empréstimo, em 13 de janeiro foi anunciado sua volta ao time mineiro pelo fato de Manoel ter ido ao Corinthians, abrindo uma vaga no elenco e por isso o clube havia pedido seu retorno. Ao todo, atuou em 58 partidas pelo clube catarinense, tendo feito dois gols.

Retorno ao Cruzeiro
Após entrar no decorrer contra o Boa Esporte no Campeonato Mineiro e o Huracan na Libertadores, foi titular pela primeira vez em 10 de março na vitória de 3–0 sobre o Tombense, em jogo que então Mano Menezes escalou os reservas. Nessa passagem, se solidificou como titular no segundo semestre da temporada, atuando em 26 partidas pelo clube. Por suas boas atuações, recebeu propostas do Braga em junho e do Celtic, mas que foram recusadas pelo clube mineiro.

No final de sua passagem pelo clube, Fabrício acabou processando o clube mineiro e indo à justiça por uma divisão mais 4 milhões de reais, mas aceitou removê-la seu contrato fosse caso rescindido e ficasse livre no mercado, fato que ocorreu em 14 de janeiro. O clube manteve 25% dos direitos e recebeu cerca de R$ 500 mil pela sua transferência que seriam R$2,5 milhões, mas a matriz do Bragantuno decidiu travar as negociações em função do processo. Ao todo, somando as duas passagens pelo clube mineiro jogou em 34 partidas e um gol pelo Cruzeiro.

Red Bull Bragantino

2020
Em 20 de janeiro, foi anunciado como novo reforço do Red Bull Bragantino. Fez sua estreia pelo massa bruta em 15 de fevereiro, na vitória por 3–0 sobre o Oeste na 6ª rodada do Campeonato Paulista.

Completou 100 jogos na carreira em 4 de agosto, na vitória de 1–0 sobre o Guarani na final do Campeonato Paulista do Interior, sendo esse seu primeiro título com a camisa do Massa Bruta.

2021
Seu primeiro gol com a camisa do Bragantino foi feito na sua 14ª partida pelo clube no dia 6 de janeiro de 2021, na vitória por 4–2 sobre o São Paulo na 28ª rodada do Campeonato Brasileiro. Devido as boas atuações, foi observado e especulado por times europeus especificamente da Itália e Portugal no meio da temporada. Foi um dos destaques do elenco que levou o Bragantino a disputar a primeira Copa Sul-Americana de sua história e retornar a uma competição continental após 25 anos ausente ao terminar o Campeonato Nacional em 10º lugar.

Fez um dos gols na vitória por 2–0 sobre o Emelec na 4ª rodada da fase de grupos da Sul-Americana em 11 de maio. Marcou novamente em 14 de julho, na vitória por 2–0 sobre o Indepediente Del Valle no jogo de ida das oitavas da Sul-Americana. Chegou aos 50 jogos com a camisa do Massa Bruta no empate de 2–2 com o Santos na 12ª rodada do Brasileirão em 18 de julho. Em julho, nas suas 26 partidas do Brasileirão na temporada, Fabrício era o líder em cortes (119) e passes certos (1107), segundo em lançamentos certeiros (128) e terceiro em divididas ganhas (98). Entre outros zagueiros do Campeonato, era o terceiro em lançamentos certos (128), quarto em passes certeiros (1107) e sexto em cortes (119). Também havia sido titular em 46 dos 49 jogos do time na temporada.

O Bragantino chegou a final da Sul-Americana, porém acabou sendo derrotado na final por 1–0 para o Athletico Paranaense e ficou com o vice-campeonato. Apesar de não ficar com título, Fabrício foi eleito para Seleção do torneio juntamente com outros dois companheiros de time, Léo Ortiz e Artur. No Campeonato Brasileiro, ajudou o Bragantino a conquistar a inédita vaga para a Copa Libertadores. Encerrou a temporada como um dos destaques do clube, tendo sido o líder em passes certos do time e com 57 jogos dispurados na temporada, com dois gols e uma assistência.

2022
Disputou apenas quatro partidas do Paulista no ano antes de despedir-se do Bragantino. Ao todo, atuou em 82 partidas e marcou três gols pelo time de Bragança Paulista.

Flamengo

2022
Foi anunciado e apresentado pelo rubro-negro em 9 de fevereiro de 2022, assinando contato até 2025 e utilizando a camisa 15.Fez sua estreia pelo Flamengo em 13 de fevereiro, na vitória de 5–0 sobre o Nova Iguaçu na 6ª rodada do Campeonato Carioca, tendo uma atuação boa e elogiada. Vinha sendo titular absoluto e tendo sequência com oito jogos (todos como titular) no time até 30 de março, quando lesionou-se no jogo de ida da final do Campeonato Carioca contra o Fluminense, tendo o time tomado dois gols logo após sua saída. Antes de sua lesão, contribuiu com 18 desarmes certos (segunda melhor marca do time), teve 333 passes certos (terceira melhor marca do time) e cometeu apenas oito faltas, sem ter recebido nenhum um cartão.

Foi relacionado e cotado para ser titular no jogo de volta em 2 de abril, mas sentiu dores antes do início e foi cortado. Fabrício voltaria atuar apenas quatro meses depois, na derrota por 1–0  para o Corinthians na 16ª rodada do Campeonato Brasileiro.

Em jogo válido pela 22ª rodada do Campeonato Brasileiro em 14 de agosto, o placar foi aberto e ampliado em dois gols praticamente iguais: Marinho bateu o tiro de canto e Fabrício Bruno cabeceou para marcar duas vezes em menos de três minutos, sendo estes o primeiro e segundo gols de Fabrício com o manto sagrado, tendo sido eleito o melhor jogador da rodada.

Na vitória sobre o Atlético Mineiro na 32ª rodada do Brasileirão, concedeu a assistência para Everton Cebolinha fazer o gol da vitória por 1–0. Conquistou seu primeiro título pelo Flamengo ao sagrar-se campeão da Copa do Brasil em cima do Corinthians nos pênaltis por 6–5, depois do empate de 1–1 no tempo normal.

Fabrício logo tornou-se titular absoluto, chamando atenção pela velocidade, recuperação e jogo aéreo. Embora tenha terminado a temporada como reserva, fez grande dupla de zaga com Pablo no Brasileiro. Fabrício disputou 28 jogos, marcou dois gols.

Estilo de jogo
Destro, Fabrício Bruno costuma atuar mais pelo lado direito da defesa e uma característica destacada é a eficácia na condução com a bola nas saídas de jogo, além de fazer bons lançamentos, ter imposição física, velocidade conciliada com uma boa estatura (1,92 m).

Estatísticas
Atualizadas até 20 de outubro de 2022.

Clubes

 a. Jogos da Copa do Brasil
 b. Jogos da Copa Sul-Americana, Copa Libertadores da América, Liga dos Campeões da UEFA, Liga Europa da UEFA e Recopa Sul-Americana
 c. Jogos do Campeonato Mineiro, Campeonato Catarinense, Primeira Liga, J.League YBC Levain Cup/CONMEBOL, Campeonato Paulista, Campeonato Carioca e Supercopa do Brasil

Títulos
Chapecoense
Campeonato Catarinense: 2017

Cruzeiro
Campeonato Mineiro: 2019

Red Bull Bragantino
Campeonato Paulista do Interior: 2020

Flamengo
Copa do Brasil: 2022
Copa Libertadores da América: 2022

Prêmios individuais
Seleção da Copa Sul-Americana: 2021
Seleção do Campeonato Carioca: 2023
Seleção da Copa do Brasil: 2023

Ligações externas

Naturais de Contagem
Futebolistas de Minas Gerais
Futebolistas do Cruzeiro Esporte Clube
Futebolistas da Associação Chapecoense de Futebol
Futebolistas do Red Bull Bragantino
Futebolistas do Clube de Regatas do Flamengo

Fabrício Bruno


An Luzula comosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ernst Meyer. An Luzula comosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Luzula, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Luzula

Luzula comosa


(1980) Tezcatlipoca es un asteroide perteneciente a los asteroides Amor, descubierto por los astrónomos Albert George Wilson y Åke Anders Edvard Wallenquist (estadounidense y sueco respectivamente) el 19 de junio de 1950 desde el observatorio del Monte Palomar, San Diego, Estados Unidos.

Designación y nombre
Tezcatlipoca recibió inicialmente la designación de . Más adelante se nombró por Tezcatlipoca (en náhuatl, Espejo negro que humea), un dios de la mitología mexica.

Características orbitales
Está situado a una distancia media de 1,709 ua del Sol, pudiendo alejarse hasta 2,333 ua y acercarse hasta 1,086 ua. Tiene una excentricidad de 0,3649 y una inclinación orbital de 26,86°. Emplea en completar una órbita alrededor del Sol 816,4 días. Su distancia mínima orbital respecto a la Tierra es inferior a 0,25 ua.

Características físicas
La magnitud absoluta de Tezcatlipoca es 13,92. Tiene un diámetro de 4,3 km y un periodo de rotación de 7,246 horas. Su albedo se estima en 0,25. Siendo relativamente brillante, está considerado un asteroide tipo S.

Véase también
 Lista de asteroides del (1901) al (2000)
 Cuerpo menor del sistema solar

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Asteroides Amor
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos por Albert George Wilson
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos desde el Observatorio Palomar
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos en 1950
Wikiproyecto:Asteroides/Artículos de asteroides

(1980) Tezcatlipoca


حاسي الفحل أوحاسي لفحل، هي إحدى بلديات ولاية غرداية بالجزائر تقع على حافة الطريق الوطني رقم 1 تبعد عن مقر الولاية 120 كلم، أما عن الدائرة (المنصورة) 50 كلم .

تعتمد في مداخيلها على التمر الذي يعد من أجود التمور في العالم (دقلة نور) لكن هذا لم يشفع لها فالتجار يأتون إليها من ولاية بسكرة كما تعتمد على المحاصيل الزراعية مساحتها تتراوح بين 6715 كلم مربع. كما بدأت تدخل عالم الريادة في إنتاج القمح بمزارع نموذجية. كما تعرف البلدية مؤخرا زراعة البطيخ الصيفي أو ما يعرف محليا بالدلاع وقد غطى إنتاجه لموسم 2011 كل الأسواق الوطنية بجودة عالية.

المصادر

بلديات ولاية غرداية

حاسي الفحل


طفراوي (تُنطق: طافراوي) مدينة وبلدية جزائرية من بلديات ولاية وهران تتبع إداريا لدائرة وادي تليلات. تمتد البلدية على مساحة 182 كم2 ويقطنها 12679 نسمة.

تضم البلدية منشآت هامة منها قاعدة عسكرية جوية متكونة من مطار طفراوي ومدرسة للطيران.

مراجع

بلديات ولاية وهران
تاريخ الجزائر العسكري في الحرب العالمية الثانية
مواقع الحرب العالمية الثانية في الجزائر

طفراوي


Sinegorsk  es un posiólok del raión de Abinsk del krai de Krasnodar en el sur de Rusia. Está situado a orillas del río Jabl, de la cuenca del Kubán, 17 km al sudeste de Abinsk y 62 km al suroeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 964 habitantes en 2010

Pertenece al municipio Jolmskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Синегорск (Краснодарский край).

Localidades del raión de Abinsk del krai de Krasnodar

Sinegorsk (Krasnodar)


Behremaginica je niska planina u Bosni i Hercegovini.
Najviši vrh nalazi se na 960 metara nadmorske visine.

Izvori

Planine u Bosni i Hercegovini

Behremaginica


Türkiye-Yunanistan nüfus mübadelesi, 1923 yılında Lozan Barış Antlaşması'na ek olarak yapılan sözleşme uyarınca Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ve Yunanistan Krallığı'nın kendi ülkelerinin yurttaşlarını din esası üzerine tehcir ve zorunlu göçe tabi tutmasına verilen addır. Göçe tabi tutulan kişilere ise mübadil denir.

Mübadele ile 1.200.000 Ortodoks Hristiyan Rum, Anadolu'dan Yunanistan'a; 500.000 Müslüman Türk de Yunanistan'dan Türkiye'ye göç etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Mübadele kapsamına giren kişiler ile mübadele kapsamına girmeyen kişiler arasındaki ayrımın ana kıstası ırk ya da dil değil din olduğu için Rum denenlerin arasında, Türkçeden başka dil bilmeyen ve konuşmayan Türk Ortodoks Hristiyan Gagavuzlar ile Karamanlı Ortodokslar, Yunanistan'dan gelen Müslümanların arasında da Türklerin yanında Karacaova, Drama, Kavala ve Kesriye'den gelen Bulgarca ve Makedonca konuşan Pomaklar, Rumence konuşan Ulahlar, Yunanca (Romeika) konuşan Patriyotlar ve kendi dillerinde konuşan Arnavutlar da bulunmuşlardır.

Türkiye-Yunanistan nüfus mübadelesi kapsamında Türkiye'de sadece İstanbul ile Gökçeada (İmroz) ve Bozcaada'da oturan Rumlar, Yunanistan'da ise sadece Batı Trakya Türkleri mübadeleden muaf tutulmuşlardır. Mübadelede Dırama, Girit, Kesriye, Filorina, Kozana, Nasliç, Grebene, Kavala, Selanik, Vodina ve Yanya'dan Türkiye'ye gelen nüfus; Doğu Trakya ve Batı Anadolu'da Rum azınlığın ayrılışı ile boşalan yerlere iskân edilmişlerdir. Mübadillerin yoğun olarak iskân edildikleri şehirler; Adana, Balıkesir, Bilecik, Bursa, Çanakkale, Edirne, İstanbul, İzmir, Kayseri, Kırklareli, Kocaeli, Manisa, Mersin, Niğde, Nevşehir, Samsun, Tokat ve Tekirdağ idi. Değişimin çok büyük bir bölümü 1923-1924 yıllarında yaşanmış ancak geriye kalan az sayıda olayda 1930 İsmet İnönü-Venizelos sözleşmesine dek zorunlu göç uygulamasına devam edilmiştir. Zorunlu göç gerek Türk gerek Yunan ekonomisinde yaklaşık yirmi yıl süren ağır bir krize yol açmıştır.

Anlaşma öncesindeki durum
Osmanlı Devleti, 1912 yılında Balkan Savaşı sonrasında Rumeli'deki topraklarının neredeyse tamamına yakınını kaybederken geride, Osmanlı tebaasıyken bir anda başka bir devletin azınlık statüsündeki vatandaşları konumuna düşen yüz binlerce Müslüman Türk bırakmıştı. Yunanlar tarafından potansiyel tehlike olarak görülen Epir bölgesindeki, Selânik ve çevresindeki şehirler ile birlikte adalardaki Müslümanlara karşı yoğun baskı ve yer yer katliamlar yapılmaktaydı. Bu durum yaklaşık on sene sürmüştü. 1914 yılının başlarında Yunanistan Atina Antlaşması'na aykırı olarak Müslüman Türkleri göçe zorlamıştır. Bunun yanında Balkan vilayetlerinin kaybedilmesiyle Anadolu'nun Türkleştirilmesi fikri dirilmiştir. Celal Bayar bu fikri gerçekleştirmek için Anadolu'da yaptığı çalışmalarla ege kıyılarındaki 20.000 civarı Rum Ortodoksu Yunanistan'a göç etmeye zorlamıştır. 1919 yılının ortalarında göç sorunu elle tutulur bir hal almıştır. Bunun üzerine Osmanlı'nın Atina'daki elçisi Galib Kemali Bey mübadele fikrini öne sürmüştür. Venizelos bu fikre karşı koymasa da Yunan Megali İdea'sını gerçekleştirmek için Anadolu'da Rum halkının yaşamaya devam etmesi gerektiğini düşünmüş ve mübadeleyi geciktirmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra I.Dünya Savaşı'nın başlamasıyla birlikte nüfus mübadelesi yapabilmek için savaşın bitmesi gerekliliği doğmuştur.

1922'de Yunan Ordusu'nun Anadolu'dan mağlup ayrılmasının ardından artık Anadolu'da can ve mal güvenliğini kaybettiğini düşünen 1.069.957 Anadolulu Rum'un Yunanistan'a göç etmesiyle göçmenleri boş arazi ve evlere yerleştirme sorununun baş gösterdiği Yunanistan'da, Anadolu'dan gelen göçmenler Müslümanları evlerinden çıkarmaya ve onların evlerine yerleşmeye başlamıştı. Rum göçmenlerin barınması için gerekli arazi ve evlerin bir kısmı Müslümanların Türkiye'ye gitmesiyle sağlanacaktı. Hem Yunanistan'daki hem de Türkiye'deki azınlıkların sorunlarının daha da artması üzerine Lozan şehrinde barış antlaşmasının hazırlığı için görüşmelerin başladığı dönemde 30 Ocak 1923 tarihinde Türkiye ile Yunanistan arasında mübadeleyi öngören sözleşme imzalandı.

Anlaşma

30 Ocak 1923 tarihinde imzalanan sözleşme, on dokuz maddeden oluşuyordu. Sözleşme gereği, 1 Mayıs 1923 tarihi itibarıyla Türkiye topraklarındaki Rum/Ortodoks nüfus ile Yunanistan topraklarındaki Türk/Müslüman nüfus arasında zorunlu göç uygulaması şarta bağlanmış oluyordu.

Mübadeleye tabi tutulmayacak olanlar sözleşmenin ikinci maddesinde belirtildiği üzere Batı Trakya Türkleri ile İstanbul Rumları idi.

İlk maddeye göre mübadiller Türk hükûmetinin izni olmadığı takdirde geri dönüp Türkiye'ye, Yunan hükûmetinin izni olmadan da Yunanistan'a yerleşemeyeceklerdir.

Üçüncü madde ile 18 Ekim 1912 tarihinden itibaren yerlerinden göç etmiş olanlar da mübadele kapsamına alınıyordu.

Sözleşmenin dördüncü maddesine göre, Yunanistan'a gönderilecek ilk kafileyi, aileleri daha önce Türkiye'yi terk etmesine rağmen ülkede kalan Rumlar içinde vücutça sağlam erkekler oluşturacaktır.

Altıncı ve yedinci maddelere göre göçe tabi tutulanlara her iki hükûmet de gereken kolaylığı gösterecek, mübadil kişi terk ettiği ülkenin vatandaşlığından çıkacak yeni geldiği ülkenin vatandaşlığını alacaktı.

Beşinci maddeye göre mübadillerin mülkiyet haklarına hiçbir zarar verilmeyecekti. Sekizinci maddeye göre ise mübadiller her çeşit taşınır mallarını hiçbir vergiye tabi olmadan yanlarında getirebileceklerdi.

Dokuzuncu maddeye göre mübadillerin geldikleri yerde bırakmış oldukları mallar Karma Komisyon tarafından tasfiye edilecekti. Bu madde, 18 Ekim 1912'den sonra yerlerinden ayrılanları da kapsayacaktı.

11, 12 ve 13'üncü maddeler, sözleşmenin uygulamasını üstlenecek karma komisyonun kurulması ile ilgiliydi. Karma Komisyonun sözleşmenin yürürlüğe girdiği tarihi izleyen bir ay içinde kurulması öngörülüyordu.

14'üncü maddede göçmenlere yeni geldikleri ülkede geride bıraktıkları mallara eş değer nitelikte ve değerde mal verileceği belirtilmişti.

15-18'inci maddeler ise tarafların Karma Komisyona karşı yükümlülükleri, mübadelenin gerçekleşmesi sırasında sağlanacak kolaylıklar, mübadeleye tabi olacak kişilere duyuru yapılması, sözleşmenin yürürlüğünün emniyete alınması için her iki hükûmetin yapacağı yasal değişiklikler yer almıştır.

Karma Komisyon
Sözleşmenin 11. maddesi; azınlıkların mübadelesini denetleyecek, mallarına değer biçmek ve bu malları tasfiye etmek üzere bir Karma Komisyonun kurulmasını öngörmekteydi.

Komisyonun dört üyesi Türkiye Hükûmetini, dördü Yunanistan Hükûmetini temsil edecek, geriye kalan üç üye ise 1914-1918 I. Dünya Savaşı'na katılmamış ülkelerin Milletler Cemiyeti tarafından seçilecek temsilcilerinden oluşacaktı.

Karma Komisyonun merkezi 8 Ekim 1923'ten 21 Haziran 1924'e kadar Atina, bu tarihten sonra tasfiye edilene kadar ise İstanbul'du.

1923-1926 arası Karma Komisyonun tahsis ettikleri ile Türkiye'ye gelen mübadil sayısı 355.635 idi. Bu sayıya kendi ulaşım olanaklarıyla Yunanistan'dan ayrılıp Türkiye'ye gelenler dâhil değildir. 1921-1928 arası Türk Hükûmetinin iskân ettirdiği mübadil sayısı 463.534 kişidir. 1912-1914 arası Balkan Savaşı sonrasındaki süreçte Yunanistan'dan gelen göçmen sayısı ise 125.000'dir. Adana, Edirne, Balıkesir, İstanbul, Bursa, Tekirdağ, Kırklareli, İzmir, Kocaeli, Manisa, Çanakkale, Mersin ve Samsun gibi iller; Yunanistan'dan gelen mübadillerin en yoğun olarak yerleştirildiği illerdir.

1928 genel nüfus sayımına göre Yunanistan'daki göçmen nüfus 1.221.849 idi. Bunun 1.104.216'sı Türkiye'den, geri kalanı ise diğer ülkelerden gelmiştir.

Türkiye'de mübadil yerleşim yerleri

Eleştiriler
Türkiye-Yunanistan nüfus mübadelesi hakkındaki eleştiriler genel olarak iki husus üzerinde toplanmaktadır. Birincisi, mübadelenin mecburi olmasıdır. Onca savaş ve kötü muamelelere rağmen doğup büyüdükleri, resmî vatandaşı oldukları ülkenin topraklarda kalan insanların temel bir insan hakkı olan "yerleşme ve seyahat hürriyeti" aksine devletler arası bir anlaşma üzerine zorla yerlerinden edilerek dilleri ve kültürleri yabancı topraklara gönderilmesinin bir "vatana iade" değil "sürgüne gönderme" olduğu iddia edilmiştir. İkinci eleştiri hususu "milliyet" kıstasının "dini aidiyet" üzerinden anlaşılmasıdır. Yani lisan olarak Türkçe konuşanlar dâhil, bütün Ortodokslar Türkiye'den Yunanistan'a; buna karşılık yine lisanına bakılmaksızın Müslüman olan bütün halklar Yunanistan'dan Türkiye'ye gönderilmiştir. Hâl böyle iken Katolik ve Protestan Rumlar yerlerinde kalmıştır. Bu uygulama Osmanlı "millet sistemi" anlayışının hâlâ işlevsel olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak bu işlevin suistimal edildiği; Anadolu'da Müslümanların yeni devletçe kurulmak istenen ulusal birliğe daha kolay uyum sağlayacağı ön kabulünde, Müslümanlık kıstasının Türklük kıstasına baskın olmasının etkili olduğu iddia edilmiştir.

Kültürel etkiler
İnanca dayalı olarak yapılan zorunlu mübadele sonrası yaşanan dram ve ayrılık, Türk toplum yaşamında ve Balkanlarda yaşan Türkler üzerinde derin kırılganlıklar yaratmış; mübadeleyi konu olan belgeseller, filmler, kitaplar ve müzikler yayımlanmıştır. Yönetmenliğini Çağan Irmak'ın yaptığı sinema filmi Dedemin İnsanları ve anonim Selanik türküsü "Bir Fırtına Tuttu Bizi", dikkat çeken eserler olmuştur.

Kaynakça

Tehcir
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi
Yunanistan tarihi
Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı
1923'te Türkiye
Türkiye-Yunanistan ilişkileri

Türkiye-Yunanistan nüfus mübadelesi


Doris Klawunde (* 1958 in Hannover) ist eine ehemalige deutsche Politikerin. Sie war seit 2001 stellvertretende Präsidentin der Region Hannover, in der Regionsversammlung stellvertretende Fraktionsvorsitzende von Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, dessen gesundheits- und sozialpolitische Sprecherin sowie Vorsitzende des hannoverschen Regionsverbandes der Grünen.

Leben
Doris Klawunde war von 1992 bis 2001 Mitglied im Rat der Stadt Lehrte, wo sie auch ihren Wohnsitz nahm. Die Unternehmerin und verwitwete Mutter von vier Kindern hatte von 1996 bis 2001 das Amt der stellvertretenden Bürgermeisterin der Stadt Lehrte inne und war gleichzeitig Mitglied im Kreistag des Landkreises Hannover. 2001 wurde sie zur stellvertretenden Regionspräsidentin gewählt, war seitdem stellvertretende Fraktionsvorsitzende von Bündnis 90/Die Grünen in der Region Hannover sowie deren gesundheits- und sozialpolitische Sprecherin.

Bei ihrer Kandidatur zur Regionspräsidentin beschrieb Doris Klawunde als ihre wichtigsten Ziele "die Schaffung einer familienfreundlichen Region, die Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit, mehr Klimaschutz und eine regionale Gesundheitsversorgung für alle".

Im Februar 2012 wurde Doris Klawunde gemeinsam mit dem niedersächsischen Landtagsabgeordneten Enno Hagenah zur Vorsitzenden des hannoverschen Regionsverbandes der Grünen gewählt.

Aus persönlichen Gründen legte Klawunde am 19. Juni 2017 ihre politischen Ämter nieder.

Ehrungen
Regionspräsident Hauke Jagau ehrte die ehemalige Regionsabgeordnete für ihr langjähriges ehrenamtliches Engagement am 13. September 2017 mit der Verleihung der Ehrennadel der Region Hannover in Gold.

Weblinks

 Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, Regionsfraktion Hannover:
 Artikel über  in der Hannoverschen Allgemeinen Zeitung

Einzelnachweise

Bündnis-90/Die-Grünen-Mitglied
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Politik (Region Hannover)
Person (Lehrte)
Träger der Ehrennadel der Region Hannover
Deutscher
Geboren 1958
Frau

Doris Klawunde


Nikolaj Mølgaard-Andersen (født 21. maj 1895 i Thise, død 16. juli 1979 i Skive) var malermester og kunstmaler.

Mølgaard Andersen stil var gennemgående naturalistisk, men han eksperimenterede med kubisme, dog med naturen som forlæg, som f.eks. et værk som fik titlen Kubisme i skoven. Motiverne er gennemgående fra Skive by og omegn, Fur og Vesterhavskysten, men på sine udlandsrejser malede han også. Blandt andet findes motiver fra Rom, Rhodos, Paris, Tunesien og Marokko. Desuden udsmykkede han det gamle, nu nedrevne, missionshus i Skive, malede et alterbillede i Farsø Kirke. Nogle få abstrakte malerier fra hans hånd findes også.

Ved sin død efterlod han sig sin hustru Dagmar Mølgaard og sin anden søn, Find Mølgaard Andersen, der også blev maler (1934-2015). Den første søn, Filip, døde som ganske ung.

Eksterne henvisninger

Malere fra Danmark

N. Mølgaard Andersen


Bluff, Prison Break dizisinin onsekizinci bölümüdür. Senaryosunu Nick Santora & Karyn Usher ve yönetmenliğini ise Jace Alexander üstlenmiştir. İlk olarak 17 Nisan, 2006 tarihinde Amerika'da gösterilmiştir. Türkiye'de ise 29 Ağustos, 2006 tarihinde CNBC-e kanalında ilk olarak gösterilmiştir.

Bölüm Özeti
Michael psikiyatri koğuşuna nakledilmiştir, hemen Haywire'ı bulur fakat Haywire onu hatırlamaz. Doktorların verdiği ilaçlar yüzünden hafızası onu hatırlamasına engel oluyor. Michael Haywire'ın hafızasını canladırmaya çalışır. Onun haritayı tekrar hatırlaması gerekmektedir, Michael Haywire'ı boş bir odaya iter ve parmaklarını onu  ağzına sokar, Haywire kusarak hapları çıkartır. Sonra Michael Haywire'a dövmesini gösterir.

Lincoln'e Veronica'dan telefon gelir, Veronica ona L.J'in cinayete teşebbüs ve annesi ve üveybabasını öldürmekten tutuklandığını söyler. L.J. Veronica ile işbirliği yapmaya razı olmaz, Lincoln Veronica'ya oğlunu görebilmesi için dilekçe vermesini rica eder. Veronica ona bunu yapacağını ama L.J. görmek için onu dışarı çıkartacakları hiç sanmadığını söyler.

Haywire düzenli olarak aldığı hapları kusmaya başlar, Michael'ı ve dövmesini hatırlar. Michael'a nasıl kandırıldığınıda hatırladığını söyler. Haywire dövmeyi bir kağıda tekrar çizer ama Michael'a vermeden önce bu yolun nereye çıktığını öğrenmek ister. Michael ona kaçışın psikiyatri koğuşunun bodrum katından başlıyacağını söyler. Haywire çizdiği şekli Michael'a verir. Gece olunca, Haywire dövmenin bir kopyasını daha çıkarmıştır, odasından kaçmaya çalışır. Birkaç dakika sonra bodrumun kapısını açar ve alarm çalmauya başlar. Haywire şaşırmış bir şekilde etrafına bakınırken Michael'ın onu bir kez daha kandırdığını anlar. Michael onun bu durumunu odasından gülümseyerek seyreder.

Yüzbaşı Bellick and C.O. Geary, Michael ve Sucre yokken hücrelerini  açık arttırmayla satmayı düşünür. İlgilenenlerden biri tuvaletin su sızdırdığını söyler. Geary 24 saat içinde tamir edileceğini garanti eder. T-Bag duyduklarını hemen diğerlerine anlatır. C-Note hücrenin 250 dolara açık arttırmayla satıldığını duyunca rahatlar, Geary'nin yanına gidip iki katını teklif eder. Onun planı mal sattığı adamlardan parasını tahsil etmektir fakat başarısız olur.

Dinlenme yerinde T-Bag parayı mutfak oyunlarından (kumar) kazanabileceğini ima eder. İsteksizce C-Note ve T-Bag takımı kart oyunu hile ile kazanmayı planlar. T-Bag kart dağıtımı sırasında C-Note'un kağıdını yanlışla açık atar. Masa kuralına göre T-Bag tekrar dağıtmayacak ve C-Note'a yeni bir kard vermelidir. C-Note blöf yaparak oyunu kazanır. Bu riskli kazançtan sonra C-Note Geary'ye istediği 500 doları verir. Geary başka birinin daha fazla pra önerdiğini ve hücrenin fiyatının arttığını
C-Note'a söyler. C-Note Westmoreland'da başala çarelerinin kalmadığını ve cep saatini vermesi gerektiğini söyler. Westmoreland isteksizce üzerinde çok hatırası olan saatini verir. C-Note saatide Geary'e verir, Geary hücrenin zaten 700 dolara satıldığını söyler ve gider.

Dr. Tancredi Michael'ı ziyerete gider, Michael onunla konuşmak ister. Michael ona buraya ait olmadığını artık iyi olduğunu söyler. Sara'da ona eğer müdüre sırtındaki yanığın nasıl olduğunu anlatmazsa, müdürün onu tekrar hücreye kapatacağını ve onun tekar buraya geleceğini söyler.

Sucre ve Lincoln anlaşıp güzel bir plan yapar. Michael Müdür Pope'a sırtını yakan gardiyanın Geary olduğunu söyler. Pope hemen gidip Geary'nin dolabını kontrol eder. Aramanın sonunda Geary'nin dolabından bir miktar para ve Westmoreland'ın saatini bulur ve Geary'nin üniformasını kolunu yanık olduğunu fark eder. Michael'a daha fazla soru sorulmaz. Michael psikiyatri koğuşundan tekrar hücresine gönderilir, giderken Westmoreland'ın yanına uğrar saatini iade eder ve bunu Pope'un gönderdiğini söyler.

Telefon dükkânında Nick'in yanına bir adam yaklaşır. Adam Nick'e Burrows dosyası ve Veronica'yı izlemesi konusundaki anlaşmasını hatırlatır. Daha sonra Nick gizli bir telefon görüşmesi yapar
telefondaki kişiye Veronica'nın onunla birlikte dairesinde olduğunu söyler.

Kellerman Brinker'in işten çıkarması ile ilgili başkan yardımcısı Reynolds'la buluşur. Onlar Lincoln Burrows'un ortadan kaldırılması konusunda anlaşırlar. Lincoln'nün oğlu L.J. ile görüşmesine özel bir izin çıkar. Müdür Pope bu zamana kadar böyle bir şeye izin verilmediğini belirtir. Ayrıca Lincoln'e silahlı muhafılarla beraber gideceğini söyler.

Lincoln L.J.'yi görmek için mahkûm nakil minibüsü ile yola çıkar. İdam mahkûmu olduğundan etrarfı seyretmenin tadını çıkartır. Büyük bir çekici kamyon mahkûmu taşıyan minibüse çarpar ve devirir.
Çarpışma sonrası minibüs ağır hasar alır. Kamyon hızla yoluna devam edip oradan uzaklaşır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Sezon 1 Bölüm 18 - Fox

Büyük Kaçış bölümleri

Bluff (Büyük Kaçış bölümü)


Blestemul ariciului este un film românesc din 2004 regizat de Dumitru Budrală.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2004 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2004
Filme documentare românești

Blestemul ariciului


Artūras Melianas (* 25. Februar 1964, Panevėžys) ist ein litauischer Politiker, ehemaliger Innenminister Litauens.

Leben
Melianas absolvierte nach dem Abitur an der 3. Mittelschule Panevėžys 1982 das Studium am Handelstechnikum Vilnius und 1992 das Studium der Wirtschaft sowie 1999 der Sozialarbeit an der Universität Vilnius. Von 1995 bis 2000 war er stellvertretender Direktor des Zentrums für Sozialhilfe der Stadtgemeinde Vilnius und ab 2006 stellvertretender Vorsteher des Bezirks Vilnius.
Von 1997 bis 2000 war er Mitglied im Stadtrat Vilnius, von 2000 bis 2004 und von 2008 bis 2012 Mitglied des Seimas. Vom 16. April 2012 bis Dezember 2012 war er Innenminister Litauens in der Regierung von Andrius Kubilius.

Melianas ist verheiratet und mit Frau Lina, sie haben die Söhne Armantas, Evaldas und Titas.

Quellen

Weblinks
 Homepage von Artūras Melianas

Mitglied des Sozialausschusses (Litauen)
Innenminister (Litauen)
Politiker (Vilnius)
LCS-Mitglied
LLS-Mitglied
Kommunalbeamter (Vilnius)
Absolvent der Universität Vilnius
Absolvent des Kollegs Vilnius
Person (Panevėžys)
Litauer
Geboren 1964
Mann

Artūras Melianas


Peter Schnell (* 6. Juni 1941 in Schlettau) ist ein deutscher Bauingenieur und Eisenbahnmanager, der nach seiner Pensionierung als Autor tätig wurde.

Jugend und Ausbildung
Schnell wuchs im Rheinland auf. Die Hochschulreife erwarb Schnell auf dem Zweiten Bildungsweg. Er studierte Bauingenieurwesen an der Universität Stuttgart.

Beruf
Der promovierte Bauingenieur war seit 1969 für die Deutsche Bundesbahn bzw. die Deutsche Bahn AG tätig. Langjährig hatte er leitende Funktionen inne, z. B. in der Verantwortung für Fahrpläne, für Marketing im Fernverkehr, für die Bahntechnik des Nahverkehrs sowie als Präsident für die Bahndirektion Stuttgart. Zuletzt war er, weiter mit Dienstsitz in Stuttgart, Konzernbevollmächtigter der Deutschen Bahn AG für die Region Südwest und das Land Baden-Württemberg.

Aus der Deutschen Bahn AG schied Schnell mit Erreichung der Altersgrenze aus.

Autor
Als Schriftsteller wurde Schnell tätig, nachdem er seinen sechsundneunzig Tage dauernden Fußmarsch als Pilger auf der Route des Jakobswegs, bis nach Santiago de Compostela, ein Wallfahrtsort in Galicien (Spanien), bewältigt hatte. Ausgangspunkt des zweitausendsechshundert Kilometer langen Pilgerweges war am 27. Juli 2006 der Arbeitsplatz des Konzernbevollmächtigten, gelegen am Stuttgarter Hauptbahnhof, nach Abschiednahme im Kreis der Kollegen und Mitarbeiter.

Höhenbergsteiger
Schnell ist Höhenbergsteiger und hat mehrere Gipfel in einer Höhe oberhalb von fünftausend Metern erreicht. Er erreichte im August 2003 als Mitglied einer sechzehnköpfigen Expedition am Mustagh Ata, in der Region Westchina, unter Leitung von Arnold Hasenkopf, den vergletscherten Gipfel in einer Höhe von 7546 Metern.

Ehrenamt
Peter Schnell engagiert sich in Pfungstadt, Landkreis Darmstadt-Dieburg, in der dortigen Ehrenamtsinitiative Warenkorb, die Mitbürgern in einer gegebenen persönlichen und wirtschaftlichen Notlage hilft. Im Rahmen der Fränkischen Jakobusgesellschaft ist er als Pilgerberater tätig.

Werke

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Peter Schnell - Wege

Bauingenieur
Manager (Deutsche Bahn AG)
Autor
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Roman, Epik
Reiseliteratur
Wallfahrtsliteratur
Jakobsweg
Bergsteiger (Deutschland)
Person (Deutsche Bundesbahn)
Deutscher
Person (Pfungstadt)
Geboren 1941
Mann

Peter Schnell (Autor)


Ortaköy, Adana ilinin Tufanbeyli ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Adana iline 202 km, Tufanbeyli ilçesine 22 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Tufanbeyli'nin mahalleleri

Ortaköy, Tufanbeyli


تسوكويومي  هو إله القمر في الشنتو والأساطير اليابانية.

تسوكويومي كان أحد الآلهة الثلاثة الذين ولدوا لإزاناغي، حيث تقول الأساطير اليابانية أن تسوكويومي هو أخ أماتيراسو إله الشمس وسوسانو إله البحر والعواصف. هؤلاء الثلاثة نزلوا على شكل قطرات من إزاناغي عندما غسل وجهه غاسلًا نجاسة يومي (العالم السفلي). حيث ولد أماتيراسو عندما غسل إزاناغي عينه اليسرى، وتسوكويومي ولد عندما غسل عينه اليمنى، وسوسانو عندما غسل أنفه.

تقول الأسطورة أن تسوكويومي صعد إلى السماء (تاكاماغاهارا) مع أخته أماتيراسو آلهة الشمس.

تقول الأسطورة أن أماتيراسو أرسلت تسوكويومي لحضور مأدبة أعدتها أوكه موتشي، إلا أنه عندما علم أن الأسماك قد خرجت من بصاق أوكه موتشي وأن الطرائد خرج من شرجها أصابه القرف وقتل أوكه موتشي. عندها غضببت أماتيراسو ورفضت أن تنظر في وجه تسوكويومي ثانية، ومن ذلك الحين فإن الليل والنهار يتعاقبان دون أن يكونا في وقت واحد.

مراجع

آلهة القمر
آلهة يابانية
أرباب اليابان
تجسيدات

تسوكويومي


Reedley Hallows or Reedley is a civil parish in the Borough of Pendle in Lancashire, England.  It forms part of Burnley and Brierfield. It had a population of 1,994, reducing to 1,960 at the 2011 Census.

It is on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, and the construction of a marina started in January 2008 and is expected to be completed in September.   The local railway station, Reedley Hallows Halt on the East Lancashire Line, closed in 1956.  The marina, and the site of the railway station, are both outside the current boundary of the parish, and are in an unparished area, which is part of the town of Burnley.

History
The civil parish was created in 1894 from the majority of Reedley Hallows, Filly Close and New Laund Booth civil parish. That civil parish had been created in 1866 from the township in the ancient parish of Whalley.

The original boundary with Burnley was Barden Clough, but as town expanded it was moved to the north-west.

Although administratively inside the parish of Whalley, as parts of the former royal hunting Forest of Pendle, the area was extra-parochial until 1887. As part of the Honour of Clitheroe, this meant the parish church for the area was the chapel at Clitheroe Castle.

Reedley Hallows is the eastern side of Pendle Water, while New Laund Booth is to the north-west and Filly Close to the south-west. All 3 are originally documented as enclosures in the forest. In 1324 Filly Close was leased in connection with Royle, across Pendle Water in Burnley. In 1341, Reedley Hallows was a stock-farm for the vaccaries (mediaeval cattle farms) in the rest of Pendle Forest. By 1459 the New Laund (probably originally a deer park) had also been leased to farm.

From 1894 to 1974, Reedley was the administrative centre of the Burnley Rural District. The council offices where located in what is now the Oaks Hotel on Colne Road. There is also a Magistrates' court.

Notable people
John and Robert Nutter, Catholic martyrs executed for being priests in 1584 and 1600

Gallery

See also

Listed buildings in Reedley Hallows

References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Map of Reedley Hallows current (2013) parish boundary at Lancashire County Council website
Reedley Hallows Township Boundaries - Reedley is marked as area 237
Reedley Hallows Parish Council
Lancashire Telegraph - Lucas Sports Fields
Burnley Express - Jewel Mill
Lancashire Telegraph - Belvedere and Calder Vale Sports Club
Burnley Express - Holme End
Briercliffe Society - Pendle bridge
Burnley Express - Oaks Hotel history

Civil parishes in Lancashire
Geography of the Borough of Pendle

Reedley Hallows


Prāṇāyāma este practica Hatha yoga de control al respirației.

Etimologie
Prāṇāyāma (în devanagari:  ) este un termen sanscrit compus. El este definit diferit de diferiți autori.

Macdonell împarte cuvântul în doi termeni: prana (), respirație, și āyāma și îl definește drept ținerea respirației.

Monier-Williams definește termenul compus  drept "din cele trei "exerciții de respirație efectuate în timpul  (vezi , , ". Această definiție tehnică se referă la un anumit sistem de control al respirației format din trei procese, așa cum este explicat de Bhattacharyya:  (inspirație),  (ținerea respirației) și  (expirație). Există și alte procese ale practicii prāṇāyāma în afară de acest model în trei pași.

Definiția lexicografului V.S. Apte a cuvântului  derivă din  +  și are mai multe semnificații atunci când este folosită în termeni compuși. Primele trei semnificații se referă la "lungime", "expansiune, extensie" și "întindere, extindere", dar în cazul specific de utilizare în termenul compus  el definește  ca însemnând "reținere, control, oprire".

Hinduism

Bhagavad Gītā
Prāṇāyāma este menționată în versetul 4.29 din Bhagavad Gītā.

Potrivit traducerii comentate Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is, prāṇāyāma se traduce prin "transa indusă prin oprirea în totalitate a respirației", termenul fiind format din cele două cuvinte sanscrite prāṇa și āyām.

Yoga Sutra a lui Patanjali
Pranayama este al patrulea "mădular" al celor opt mădulare ale stilului Ashtanga Yoga menționate în versetul 2.29 din Yoga Sutra lui Patanjali. Patanjali, un învățat hindus (rishi), discută abordarea sa specifică a tehnicii pranayama în versetele 2.49 - 2.51 și explică avantajele acestei practici în versetele 2.52 și 2.53. Patanjali nu elucidează complet natura pranei, iar teoria și practica pranayama par să fi experimentat ulterior o dezvoltare semnificativă. El prezintă pranayama ca fiind în esență un exercițiu preliminar concentrării, la fel ca și textele budiste anterioare.

Mulți instructori de yoga recomandă ca pranayama să facă parte dintr-o practică generală yoga, care include și celelalte mădulare ale învățăturii Raja Yoga a lui Patanjali, în special Yama, Niyama și Asana.

Hatha yoga
Tradiția indiană a Hatha Yoga folosește diferite tehnici de pranayama. Manualul Hatha Yoga Pradipika din secolul al XV-lea este un text-cheie al acestei tradiții și include diferite forme de pranayama, cum ar fi oprirea respirației (Kumbhaka) și diferite contracții ale corpului (Bandha). Alte forme de respirație pranayama sunt respirația Ujjayi ("respirația victorioasă""), Bhastrika ("respirația foalelor"), Kapalabhati ("strălucirea craniului"),  Surya Bhedana ("respirația solară") și liniștitoarea Bhramari ("respirația albinei"). BKS Iyengar avertizează că exercițiile pranayama trebuie efectuate numai atunci când cineva are experiență în practicile yoga și doar sub îndrumarea unui instructor experimentat.

Specialista în yoga Andrea Jain a afirmat că pranayama a fost tratată "marginal în sursele cele mai răspândite" până în secolul al XX-lea și că practicile de respirație au fost "dramatice" spre deosebire de cele moderne; ea a scris că, în timp ce pranayama în exercițiile moderne de yoga constă în sincronizarea respirației cu mișcările (între asane), în texte precum Bhagavad Gita și Yoga Sutra a lui Patanjali pranayama însemna "încetarea completă a respirației". Potrivit specialistului practicant de yoga Theos Bernard, scopul final al pranayama este ținerea respirației, "determinând mintea să-și reducă controlul". Swami Yogananda a scris: "Adevăratul sens al pranayama, potrivit lui Patanjali, fondatorul filozofiei Yoga, este încetarea treptată a respirației, întreruperea inspirării și expirării".

Budism
Potrivit canonului budist pali, Buddha a practicat înainte de a atinge stadiul iluminării o tehnică de meditație care presupunea apăsarea boltei palatine cu limba și încercarea forțată de a-și ține respirația. Acest procedeu este descris ca fiind extrem de dureros și nefavorabil obținerii iluminării. Potrivit practicii budiste, respirația se oprește cu al patrulea jhana, deși această oprire este un efect secundar al tehnicii și nu se produce ca urmare a efortului intenționat.

Buddha a încorporat modularea moderată a lungimii respirației, ca parte a tetradului preliminar din Anapanasati Sutta. El este folosit ca o tehnică pregătitoare a concentrării. Conform literaturii budiste comentate, această tehnică este potrivită pentru începători.

Tradiția indo-tibetană
Ulterior, evoluțiile tehnicii indo-tibetane în practicarea budistă a pranayama, care sunt similare formelor hinduiste, pot fi observate încă din secolul al XI-lea, în textul budist Amṛtasiddhi, care prezintă trei bandha (contracții) pentru kumbakha (oprirea respirației).

Exercițiile de respirație budistă tibetană, cum ar fi "cele nouă respirații de purificare" sau "expulzarea de nouă ori a energiei vitale vechi" (rlung ro dgu shrugs), o formă de respirație alternativă pe nas, includ în mod obișnuit vizualizările.  În tradiția nyingma a învățăturilor Dzogchen, aceste practici sunt incluse în ciclul textual cunoscut sub numele de "Practicile transmise oral de Vairotsana" (Vai ro snyan brgyud).

Medical

Beneficii
Unii cercetători au afirmat că tehnicile pranayama sunt benefice în tratarea unei serii de tulburări mentale legate de stres. O analiză sistematică realizată de organizația Cochrane cu privire la ameliorarea simptomatică a astmului prin exerciții de respirație nu a evidențiat o îmbunătățire semnificativă a sănătății respiratorii, dar a constatat că există o creștere semnificativă a dozei de histamină necesară pentru a provoca o reducere de 20% a volumului de aer expirat (FEV1) în timpul respirației pranayama.

Riscuri
Deși relativ sigure, practicile Hatha Yoga nu sunt lipsite de riscuri. Începătorii ar trebui să evite exercițiile avansate și să exerseze după capacitățile lor. Unele limitări funcționale trebuie, de asemenea, să fie luate în considerare. Evitarea riscurilor presupune adaptarea pozițiilor și a duratei practicării exercițiilor.

Conform cel puțin unui studiu, pranayama a fost practica yoga care a cauzat cele mai multe leziuni, fiind constatate patru leziuni produse la un număr de 76 de practicanți. Au fost raportate o serie de efecte adverse, inclusiv hematoame și pneumotorax, deși legăturile de cauzalitate nu sunt întotdeauna bine stabilite.

Note

Bibliografie
 Bhattacharya

 Macdonell

Exerciții fizice
Medicină alternativă
Yoga

Prāṇāyāma


Dietrich Geldern (* 17. August 1937 in Frankfurt am Main als Dietrich Geldmacher; † 30. Juli 2023)  war ein deutscher Musiker (Klarinette, Altsaxophon, zunächst auch Gitarre) des Swing Jazz und Mainstream Jazz. Er lebte im Taunus bei Wiesbaden. Sein Bruder ist der Mülheimer Lichtkünstler Klaus Geldmacher; seine Tochter ist die Wiesbadener Autorin Christiane Geldmacher.

Leben und Wirken
Geldern war als Musiker seit 1954 aktiv; zunächst im Jazzquartett mit Heiner Mückenberger. 1955 gründete er die Burgundy Street Paraders (Frankfurt) mit Roland Schneider. 1957 war er Mitglied der Bucktown Six in Wiesbaden (mit Herbert Kolezceck p, Manfred Stapput tp, Dieter Kaufmann bj, Hermey Kopp dm, Bernd Grosse bzw. Dieter Zingel b). Geldern wurde 1958 als bester deutscher Klarinettist auf dem Düsseldorfer Amateur-Festival  ausgezeichnet. Er trat auch mit Mezz Mezzrow und Memphis Slim in Paris auf. Dann spielte er mit der Benno Walldorf Blues Combo. 1966 gründete er seine eigene Band, zu der Gitarrist Ruud van Duijse, Vibraphonist Flip Gehring bzw. Armin Schaefer, am Bass Jann Meyer bzw. Willi Eberhardt sowie Ata Berk, Bernhard Gauer oder Wolfgang Wüsteney als Schlagzeuger gehörten.

Daneben war Geldern als Referent für Plattensammler in der Deutschen Jazz Föderation tätig und schrieb Jazzbeiträge für die Brockhaus Enzyklopädie. 1968 wendete er sich dem Dixieland zu, um sich dann auf sein Swingtett zu konzentrieren, in dem Musiker wie Klaus Lohfink und Gäste wie Siggi Gerhard spielten. Im Mike Reinhardt Sextett ersetzte er Wedeli Köhler; 1988 spielte er in der Gruppe von Daweli Reinhardt. Hauptberuflich war er in dieser Zeit Rektor einer Schule in Bad Schwalbach.

In den letzten Jahren trat Geldern auch mit dem Theimann-Geldern Quartett auf. Weiter war er weltweit mit der Lufthansa-Jazzband unterwegs; außerdem war er nacheinander Mitglied der New Orleans Jazz Babies (Frankfurt), der Dixieland Swing Company (Wiesbaden) und der Woog City Stompers (Darmstadt bis 2012).

Geldern ist auf Schallplatten mit den Bucktown Six, James W. Parks, Benno Walldorf, Benny Waters und seinem eigenen Swingtett zu hören.

Bibliografie
 Jürgen Wölfer: Jazz in Deutschland. Das Lexikon. Alle Musiker und Plattenfirmen von 1920 bis heute. Hannibal, Höfen 2008, ISBN 978-3-85445-274-4.
 Carlo Bohländer, Karl Heinz Holler: Reclams Jazzführer (= Reclams Universalbibliothek. Nr. 10185/10196). Reclam, Stuttgart 1970, ISBN 3-15-010185-9 (5. Auflage, 2000, ISBN 3-15-010464-5).
 Jürgen Schwab: Der Frankfurt Sound. Sozietäts-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2004 ISBN 3-7973-0888-4
 Wolfgang Zöll, Esther Walldorf, Helga Boss-Stenner: Jazz o`mania, Sozietäts-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2010 ISBN 978-3-7973-1224-2.
 Klaus Krüger: Fox auf 78, Heft 27 Winter 2013 Nr. , Seite 86 ff.

Einzelnachweise

Jazz-Klarinettist
Jazz-Saxophonist
Musiker (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1937
Gestorben 2023
Mann

Dietrich Geldern