Golf billiards (also referred to as simply golf in clear context, and sometimes called golf pool or golf pocket billiards) is a pocket billiards game usually played for money. Unlike the majority of such games, it allows more than two people to play without compromises or rule changes. The game borrows  from the outdoor game of golf, which is historically related to the cue sports. It is usually played on 10-foot or 12-foot snooker tables as their size and structure are more appropriate. In 2006 the Billiard Congress of America commented it was more popular than snooker in the United States.

Rules
The players each receive a numbered . Using some method such as , an order is established, and the players always shoot in that order.

The pockets are assigned numbers, clockwise starting at the top right corner pocket as viewed from the top (head) of the table, as the 1 hole (or 1 pocket) through 6 hole. The object for each player is to  () their own object ball in the 1 hole, 2 hole, 3 hole, etc., in ascending order.

The first player places their numbered ball on the . The player may then place the  in  as in snooker, or on a "D"-less American-style table, in  (i.e., behind the ).

The player attempts to pocket his ball in the 1 hole. If they succeed, the object ball is  again and they proceed, playing with the cue ball as it lies, to the next hole, otherwise it is the next shooter's turn, who also shoots the cue ball from the "D" or kitchen at their numbered ball on the foot spot, aiming for the 1 hole.  An object ball not pocketed is left on the table.

Once all players have taken their first shot, players shoot with the cue ball wherever it lies after the previous shot.  Note that it is possible for the first player to win the game without any other player getting to shoot. It is possible to run the 1,2,3,4,5,6 holes but highly unlikely on a snooker table as compared to a pool table, due to the rounded, thus narrower pockets.

If the player before the incoming shooter committed a , and the new shooter is  (does not have a clear shot to his ball), the ball(s) in the way may be temporarily moved (gets A lift) so that the shooter has a clear shot.  These must be put back after the shot.  This rule is highly unusual, perhaps even unique, in the world of cue sports, and often unused even in golf. (this only occurs if the shooter did not hit his ball first, not necessarily on a cue ball foul)

The game is won when one player legally pockets his ball into the 6 hole.

In some more advanced versions of golf, wooden pegs (AKA skittles) are placed on all spots except for the Black spot, and floating red snooker balls are placed in the middle of each cushion. Knocking over a pin results in a pre-defined number of "penalty strokes" added to the offender's score, and they must then also restart the current hole. The red balls are not penalties in themselves. But as they get hit by player's object or cue balls as the game progresses, the red balls end up "floating" about the table, creating roaming obstacles and making the game much more difficult, particularly when a larger number of players (i.e. 4-8) are involved.

Scoring
Players are assigned a certain predetermined value for each foul committed. These are known as "hickeys".  Players owe each player the difference between their hickey count and that player's count.  The game is also usually assigned a base value which is given to the winner by the losing players.

Fouls
The following constitute  ():
 Causing any ball to leave the table.  If it is the cue ball, it is spotted by the next shooter on the D. Any other ball is spotted as close as possible to the foot spot.
 Pocketing a ball in the wrong hole.
 Failing to hit the shooter's ball first or at all.
 Failing to do one of the following:
 Legally pocket the player's object ball
 Contact a  with any ball after a legal hit
  the cue ball off a cushion to a legal hit.

This last rule is very different from that in most pocket billiards games, in which a legal kick shot still requires that after the cue ball hits the object ball, a ball must contact a cushion or be pocketed.

"Around-the-world" variant
In New Hampshire, a local variant that has been subject to organized tournament play since 1947 in the Queen City Pool League, is called "around-the-world" or "roundy" for short.  It differs from standard golf pool in several ways:
The pockets, beginning with the same pocket as the standard game, are numbered counter-clockwise, and the table is a standard 4.5 foot by 9 foot pool table, not a snooker table, and ball-in-hand shots are taken from behind the head string, as there is no "D".
All players use the same target object ball (the 1 ball).
All of the object balls are racked in a triangle with the apex ball on the , and the game opened with a hard break (as in eight-ball); the 1 ball is played from where it lies after the break (unless pocketed on the break, in which case it is spotted back on the foot spot just as if it had been legally pocketed.)
Scoring is simpler: 0 to 6 points, for the number of 1 ball shots successfully made, and there are no "hickeys"; whoever reaches 6 points first wins that . A  consists of five games.
Failure to contact a cushion with a ball is not a foul (as a consequence, particularly challenging  can be set up).
One may shoot at any ball, and use other balls to pocket the 1 ball; there is no requirement that the 1 ball be hit first or even at all.
One may shoot at and pocket any ball other than the 1 ball into any  (for no point award), and continue play; this is usually done to gain a better position on the 1 ball to pocket it in the necessary pocket. Balls pocketed in this manner are not returned to the table during the game.  Pocketing the 1 ball into the wrong pocket remains a foul.
If a shot fails to contact any object ball at all, the opponent may optionally require (in lieu of taking the turn) that the original shooter to re-shoot the shot from the original cue ball position (a subsequent failure ends the original shooter's turn, spots the 1 ball and gives the incoming player ball-in-hand behind the headstring) (Compare the  in nine-ball.)
Jump shots were banned in the tournament rules as of 1996 due to equipment damage concerns.

References

Pool (cue sports)
Snooker variants
Forms of golf

Golf (billiards)


La tepa (Laureliopsis philippiana), ou huahuán (wawán), est un arbre endémique du Chili et d'une étroite bande adjacente du territoire argentin, entre 35°S et 45°S. Au Chili on le rencontre de la région du Maule à celle d'Aysén. Unique espèce du genre monotypique Laureliopsis, il pousse sur des sols humides et profonds.

C'est un arbre à écorce blanche et à feuilles perennes allongées que peut atteindre 20 mètres de hauteur, pour une largeur du tronc d'environ d'un mètre. Les tepas jeunes ont un arôme doux et plaisant, alors que les plus âgés ont odeur plus forte. Il grandit depuis le niveau de la mer jusqu'à une altitude de 1000-1500 mètres, et tolère bien les basses températures.

Description
Son bois est de couleur gris pâle jaunâtre, avec des anneaux de croissance peu  visibles et une texture fine et homogène. Le bois de tepa fraîchement scié a une odeur très caractéristique qui le distingue du bois du laurier chilien (Laurelia sempervirens).

Usages
Son bois est prisé dans la fabrication du contreplaqué car il est facile à scier. il est aussi est utilisée comme bois de chauffe, mais il doit être sec pour bien brûler. Il a été implanté en Espagne.

Taxonomie
Laureliopsis philippiana a été décrit par Looser et R.schodde et publié dans Parodiana 2(2): 299. 1983.

Le nom générique Laureliopsis indique une ressemblance superficielle avec le genre Laurus (le laurier). Le nom spécifique Phillippiana a été attribué en l'honneur du naturalise germano-chilien Rodolfo Armando Philippi.

 Synonymes

 Laurelia philippiana (basionyme)
 Laurelia serrata

Références

Bibliographie
  Schodde, R. 1983. A new genus in the Monimiaceae alliance (Laurales). Parodiana 2(2): 298–305.
  Zuloaga, F. O. 1997. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la Argentina. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74(1–2): 1–1331.
  Zuloaga, F. O., O. Morrone, M. J. Belgrano, C. Marticorena & E. Marchesi. (eds.) 2008. Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur (Argentina, Sur de Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 107(1): i–xcvi, 1–983; 107(2): i–xx, 985–2286; 107(3): i–xxi, 2287–3348.

Liens externes
  Tepa sur Encyclopédie de la Flore Chilienne
  Photographies de Laureliopsis philippiana sur Chilebosque

Flore originaire du Chili
Flore (nom scientifique)
Arbre au Chili
Arbre en Argentine
Monimiaceae
Arbre de climat tempéré océanique

Laureliopsis philippiana


Aurelian Ion Preda () a fost un cântăreț român de muzică populară, cunoscut ca prezentator și realizator ale emisiunii "Povești de viață și Destine celebre la Etno TV.

Biografie

Viață timpurie, sănătate
Aurelian Preda s-a născut în Curtea de Argeș într-o familie iubitoare de folclor, muzică populară și lăutărească. Când avea 12 ani, tatăl său a murit;  Aurelian Preda a fost nevoit să lucreze ca vânzător la un aprozar pentru a se putea întreține la școală. Și-a dorit să devină preot, însă a renunțat la acest gând după ce a fost descurajat de o profesoară în clasa a VIII-a. A absolvit Colegiul Național "Vlaicu Vodă" din orașul natal. Viața cântărețului a fost marcată de mai multe probleme medicale. A fost diagnosticat cu anevrism cerebral și s-a aflat în moarte clinică, medicii nemaiacordându-i șanse de supraviețuire. În 2010, Aurelian Preda a fost diagnosticat cu cancer de colon pentru vindecarea căruia a trecut prin patru operații. Acesta i-a cauzat însă moartea la 46 de ani, într-o clinică privată din Viena; Aurelian Preda a fost înmormântat la Mănăstirea Dervent.

Viață personală
Aurelian Preda a fost căsătorit cu Mariela, o fostă colegă de la liceul din Curtea de Argeș, cu care a avut trei copii: două fete și un băiat; una dintre fiice, Anamaria Rosa, este și ea cântăreață de muzică populară. Soția sa mai avea o fată dintr-o primă căsătorie, despre care Aurelian Preda a declarat "[o] iubesc mult și o consider copilul meu".

Referințe

Legături externe
 Căutare Google—Aurelian Preda

Nașteri în 1970
Nașteri pe 2 februarie
Decese în 2016
Decese pe 27 septembrie
Cântăreți români de muzică populară
Decese cauzate de cancer de colon
Oameni din Curtea de Argeș
Prezentatori de televiziune din România

Aurelian Preda


La iglesia de Cristo Rey es un templo moderno ubicado en la ciudad de Zamora (España).

Historia
La iglesia se comienza a edificar en 1958, a instancias del obispo Eduardo Martínez González, y fue inaugurada en el 30 de octubre de 1960 bajo la advocación Cristo Rey, tras la bendición y consagración del altar. Su diseño fue encargado a los arquitectos Adolfo Bobo y Lucas Espinosa. Los artistas encargados son zamoranos, Tomás Crespo se encargó de tallar la inmensa estatua de Cristo Rey de tres toneladas elaborada en piedra de Colmenar. Este escultor trabajó en colaboración con el herrero Luis Quico, encargado de realizar el escudo de Ángeles.

La construcción de esta iglesia, se debió principalmente al crecimiento demográfico que en los años cuarenta experimentó la ciudad de Zamora, al expandirse extramuros hacia el sureste, formándose el actual barrio de La Candelaria. Este crecimiento implicó que la ermita de la Peña de Francia fuera insuficiente para los servicios pastorales y que se optara por la construcción del nuevo templo en esta zona del ensanche, ya que además, la iglesia de Santa María de la Horta se encontraba demasiado lejos.

Referencias

Zamora
Zamora
Cristo Rey
Arquitectura de España de 1960
Zamora

Iglesia de Cristo Rey (Zamora)


Wanda LaFaye Young (née le 9 août 1943 et morte le 15 décembre 2021), également connue sous le nom de Wanda Rogers, est une chanteuse américaine, connue pour être membre et, après 1965,  du groupe The Marvelettes.

Biographie
Wanda Young naît et grandit à Inkster (Michigan). Aspirant à l'origine à être infirmière, la carrière musicale professionnelle de Young commence après que sa camarade de classe du lycée d'Inkster, Gladys Horton, lui demande d'auditionner pour une place laissée par Georgia Dobbins, un membre original du groupe, alors appelé The Marvels.

The Marvelettes
Après une audition réussie, Young rejoint le groupe. Le quintette, qui avait déjà auditionné pour un contrat avec la Motown, revient avec une chanson écrite par Dobbins et intitulée Please Mr. Postman. Le groupe signe un contrat et change de nom pour celui de The Marvelettes. Après la remasterisation de la chanson, celle-ci est lancée et devient, à la fin de 1961, le premier single pop  de Motown.

Le premier des quatre enfants de Wanda, Meta (Young) Ventress, naît le 3 juin 1962.

Le 18 décembre 1963, Young épouse, à Détroit, son petit ami de longue date , membre des Miracles. Elle est désormais connue professionnellement sous le nom de Wanda Rogers. Le couple a deux enfants : Robert III et Bobbae, puis divorce en 1975 après 12 ans de mariage.

Young est parfois chanteuse principale, mais c'est Horton qui l'est pour les singles du groupe. Le premier single à succès à mettre Young en vedette est . À partir de ce moment, Young sera la chanteuse principale du groupe.

Le succès du groupe décline à la fin des années 1960 et se sépare en 1970. Cette année là, Wanda Young enregistre un album solo, produit par Smokey Robinson. Sentant une certaine valeur marketing d'une sortie des Marvelettes, Motown lance l'album . Les autres Marvelettes refusant d'y participer, celui-ci fait un flop. Young quitte le label en 1972 lorsque Motown déménage de Detroit à Los Angeles.

La vie après The Marvelettes
Après la séparation des Marvelettes, Young sombre dans la toxicomanie et l'alcoolisme pendant plusieurs années. Elle est témoin de la mort par balle de sa sœur à la résidence Inkster de la famille Young.

Le 27 août 1982, Young a un autre enfant, Miracle Rogers, adoptée et élevée par une tante. Bien que sa paternité soit inconnue, qu'elle soit née sept ans après le divorce de Young avec Rogers et que celui-ci est remarié au moment de sa conception, Miracle Rogers reçoit le nom de famille du chanteur et est nommée d'après le groupe de ce dernier.

Wanda Young reparaît dans le milieu à la fin des années 1980 en acceptant une offre d'Ian Levine, de , pour enregistrer de nouvelles chansons et des reprises de ses classiques avec les Marvelettes. Elle fait un bref retour au spectacle au début des années 1990, mais sans les membres Gladys Horton et , celle-ci ayant pris sa retraite du show business après la séparation du groupe.

En 2002, Kanye West échantillonne la version de Young de  des Miracles pour Poppin' Tags, duo de rap de Jay-Z pour l'album The Blueprint²: The Gift and The Curse.

Le 17 février 2015, Miracle Rogers est assassinée avec un ami à Inkster.

Dans ses dernières années, Young réside à Inkster, Romulus, Redford et dans le quartier  de Detroit. Elle meurt à 78 ans le 15 décembre 2021 à Garden City des suites d'une maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Artiste de Motown
Chanteuse américaine du XXe siècle
Contralto américaine
Naissance en août 1943
Décès en septembre 2021
Pages avec des traductions non relues
Décès à 78 ans
Naissance dans le comté de Wayne (Michigan)

Wanda Young


Gasværket er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1944 instrueret af Arne Laugsand efter eget manuskript.

Handling
I laboratoriet vises, hvordan et gasværk er indrettet, og filmen fører derpå tilskuerne gennem det rigtige gasværk og fortæller om dets indretning og om alle de produkter, som udgår herfra.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1944

Gasværket (dokumentarfilm)


Vairão Portekiz'de Vila do Conde belediyesine bağlı olan, 4,33 km2; yüzölçümüne sahip, 1.191 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Vila do Conde'nin bucakları

Vairão


Alectryon coriaceus, es una especie de árbol perteneciente a la familia de las  sapindáceas. Se encuentra en la selva lluviosa del este de Australia.

Descripción
Es un arbusto o pequeño árbol tupido con ramitas, con hojas y pedúnculos adpreso-pubescentes o glabros. Las hojas paripinnadas, de 4-15 cm de largo, con de 2 o 4 folíolos, amplio-elípticos a obovados, de 4-12 cm de largo, y 2-7 cm de ancho, el ápice redondeado o retuso, base ± redondeada,  el haz brillante y glabra, el envés poco peluda, de color gris pálido, verde y brillante o glauca, pecíolo 1-4 cm de largo, peciólulos 3-8 mm de largo. El fruto es una cápsula por lo general de tres lóbulos, de 5-7 mm de largo,  pubescente, globosos los lóbulos; negras las semillas y el arilo rojo.

Distribución y hábitat
Sólo se encuentra creciendo cerca del mar desde tan al sur como Newcastle, Nueva Gales del Sur a Maryborough, Queensland.

Taxonomía
Alectryon coriaceus fue descrita por (Benth.) Radlk.  y publicado en Actes du IIIme Congrès international de botanique, Bruxelles 1910 1877: 118, en el año 1879.
Etimología
El epíteto específico coriaceus se refiere a las hojas gruesas con tacto de cuero.
Sinonimia
 Nephelium coriaceum Benth. basónimo
 Alectryon semicinereus (F.Muell.) Radlk.
 Nephelium semicinereum F.Muell.
 Alectryon coriaceum

Referencias

Enlaces externos

coriaceus

Alectryon coriaceus


Clandestine may refer to:

 Secrecy, the practice of hiding information from certain individuals or groups, perhaps while sharing it with other individuals
 Clandestine operation, a secret intelligence or military activity

Music and entertainment
 Clandestine (album), a 1991 album by Entombed
 Clandestine (band), a Celtic music band from Texas, U.S.
 Clandestine, a short film included with the special limited edition of the album Sing the Sorrow by AFI
 ClanDestine, a comic book series by Alan Davis published by Marvel Comics
 Clandestine (novel), a 1983 novel by James Ellroy

Other uses
 Clandestine Industries (Fashion), a merchandise line by Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy
 La Clandestine Absinthe, a Swiss absinthe brand
 Clandestine is a name for the parasitic plant Lathraea clandestina
 Clandestine trading, is trade with countries prohibited by law
 Clandestine cell system, a method of organizing people

See also
 Clandestine worker, a term for some illegal immigrants
 Clandestinity (canon law), an impediment to marriage in the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church
 Clandestino, an album by Manu Chao
 Clandestino is also the name of the evil antagonist of the children's series The Bluffers
 Clandestiny, a 1996 video-based puzzle computer game
 National Clandestine Service, the main U.S. intelligence agency for coordinating human intelligence services

 Conspiracy

Clandestine


Norðoya prestagjalds kommuna var en kommune på Færøerne. Den var en af de kommuner, der blev oprettet på grundlag af øernes i præstegæld i 1872. Kommunen omfattede hele øgruppen Norðoyar. Den blev delt i Klaksvíkar kommuna, Viðareiðis, Fugloyar og Svínoyar kommuna og Kunoyar, Mikladals og Húsa kommuna i 1908.

Klæmint Olsen var borgmester i kommunen i hele dens levetid.

Referencer

Tidligere kommuner i Færøerne

Norðoya prestagjalds kommuna


قواعد الارتباط  هو مسلسل أمريكي من فئة كوميديا الموقف يعرض على قناة هيئة الإذاعة الكولومبية ومن إنتاج هابي ماديسن المملوكة للممثل آدم ساندلر ومن توزيع شركة سوني، المسلسل يستعرض التعقيدات التي تواجه شخصان مقدمان على الارتباط.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

برامج سي بي إس
النرجسية في التلفاز
امتيازات تلفاز
برامج تلفزيونية باللغة الإنجليزية
جنس غريزي في تلفاز
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في مدينة نيويورك
مسلسلات أمريكية انتهت في 2013
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية بدأ عرضها في 2007
مسلسلات تلفزيونية جنسية كوميدية أمريكية في عقد 2000
مسلسلات تلفزيونية جنسية كوميدية أمريكية في عقد 2010
مسلسلات تلفزيونية رومانسية كوميدية أمريكية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية رومانسية كوميدية أمريكية في عقد 2000
مسلسلات تلفزيونية رومانسية كوميدية أمريكية في عقد 2010
مسلسلات تلفزيونية عن الزواج
مسلسلات تلفزيونية من إنتاج تلفزيون سي بي إس
مسلسلات شبكة سي بي إس
مسلسلات كوميديا موقف أمريكية
مسلسلات من إنتاج إستوديوهات سوني بكتشرز

قواعد الارتباط


Las Primarias del Partido Republicano de 2012 en Illinois se hicieron el 20 de marzo de 2012. Las Primarias del Partido Republicano son una Primarias, con 69 delegados para elegir al candidato del partido Republicano para las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2012.  En el estado de Illinois estaban en disputa 69 delegados.

Elecciones

Resultados

Véase también
 Primarias presidenciales del Partido Republicano de 2012

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Destino 2012 en Univision (en español)
 Calendario de las Primarias en Illinois (en inglés)
 Primarias y Primarias en CNN (en inglés)
 Candidatos a las Primarias (en inglés)

Elecciones de Illinois
Illinois


සේනාසම්මත වික්‍රමබාහු ගෙන් පසු ක්‍රි.ව.1511 රජවිය. 1521 කෝට්ටේ ඇතිවූ විජයබා කොල්ලය සදහා ද සහය දුනි. ඒ හේතුවෙන් කෝට්ටේ රාජධානිය  කෝට්ටේ, රයිගම, සීතාවක ලෙස කොටස් තුනකට වෙන්ව පැවතුණි. මෙකළ 1542 දී උඩරට ආක්‍රමණයක් ද සිදුවිය.

ජයවීර බණ්ඩාර


James Richard Perry (born March 4, 1950) is an American politician who served as the 14th United States secretary of energy from 2017 to 2019. He previously served as the 47th governor of Texas from 2000 to 2015 and ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2012 and 2016 elections.

Born into a family of cotton farmers in Haskell, Texas, Perry graduated from Texas A&M University in 1972 and entered into the United States Air Force, serving a five-year stint and achieving the rank of captain. After leaving the Air Force in 1977, Perry returned to Texas and entered politics, serving as a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1985 to 1991. In 1989, Perry switched parties and became a Republican, and was elected Agriculture Commissioner of Texas the following year. In 1998, Perry was elected Lieutenant Governor of Texas, becoming the state's first Republican Lieutenant Governor since Reconstruction.

Perry assumed the governorship of Texas in December 2000, after Governor George W. Bush resigned following his election as President. Perry was re-elected Governor three times, becoming the longest-serving Governor in Texas history. As Governor, Perry identified as a staunch conservative, enacting conservative fiscal policies, restrictions on abortion and expanded gun rights. Long considered a potential presidential candidate, Perry officially announced his candidacy for the 2012 Republican nomination for President in August 2011. Perry initially performed well in polling and showed strong fundraising prowess, leading to him being considered a serious contender for the nomination. However, his support declined following debates and early primaries, and he withdrew from the race in January 2012.

Perry declined to seek re-election to a fourth term as Governor and left office in 2015, launching a second presidential campaign shortly thereafter. Perry's second presidential campaign failed to garner substantial polling support, fundraising or media attention, leading him to withdraw from the race after only three months. Perry was initially a vocal opponent of Donald Trump's 2016 campaign for President, however, he later endorsed Trump after he secured the Republican nomination. After winning the presidency, Trump appointed Perry as Secretary of Energy, and he was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 62–37 vote on March 2, 2017. On October 17, 2019, Perry reported to Trump that he intended to resign as Secretary of Energy at the end of the year. He left office on December 1, 2019.

Early life
A fifth-generation Texan, Perry was born on March 4, 1950, in Haskell, Texas, and raised in Paint Creek, Texas, the son of dryland cotton farmers Joseph Ray Perry (1925–2017) and Amelia June Holt Perry (born 1929). He has one older sister. Perry's ancestry is almost entirely English, dating as far back as the original Thirteen Colonies. His family has been in Texas since before the Texas Revolution.

His father, a Democrat, was a long-time Haskell County commissioner and school board member. Perry has said that his interest in politics probably began in November 1961, when his father took him to the funeral of U.S. Representative Sam Rayburn.

Perry was in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) and earned the rank of Eagle Scout. The BSA has honored Perry with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.

College
Perry attended Texas A&M University where he was a member of the Corps of Cadets and the Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity. He was elected senior class social secretary, a member and redpot in Aggie Bonfire, and one of A&M's five "yell leaders". He graduated in 1972 with a Bachelor of Science degree in animal science.

In 1989, he said, "I was probably a bit of a free spirit, not particularly structured real well for life outside of a military regime, I would have not lasted at Texas Tech or the University of Texas. I would have hit the fraternity scene and lasted about one semester."

First jobs
In the early 1970s, Perry interned during several summers with Southwestern Advantage, as a door-to-door book salesman. "I count my time working for Dortch Oldham [then president of the Southwestern family of companies] as one of the most important formative experiences of my life", Perry said in 2010. "There is nothing that tests your commitment to a goal like getting a few doors closed in your face." He said that "Mr. Oldham taught legions of young people to communicate quickly, clearly and with passion, a lesson that has served me well in my life since then."

Upon graduation from college in 1972, Perry was commissioned as an officer in the United States Air Force and completed pilot training in February 1974. He was then assigned as a Lockheed C-130 Hercules pilot with the 772nd Tactical Airlift Squadron at Dyess Air Force Base, located in Abilene, Texas. Perry's duties included two-month overseas rotations at RAF Mildenhall, located in Mildenhall, England, and Rhein-Main Air Base, located at Frankfurt am Main, Germany. His missions included a 1974 U.S. State Department drought relief effort in Mali, Mauritania and Chad, and, in 1976, earthquake relief in Guatemala. He left the Air Force in 1977 at the rank of captain, returned to Texas, and went into farming cotton with his father.

Early political career

Texas Legislature
In 1984, Perry was elected to the Texas House of Representatives as a Democrat from district 64, which included his home county of Haskell. He served on the House Appropriations and Calendars committees during his three two-year terms in office. He befriended fellow freshman state representative Lena Guerrero, a staunch liberal Democrat who endorsed Perry's reelection bid in 2006.

Perry was part of the "Pit Bulls", a group of Appropriations members who sat on the lower dais in the committee room ("the pit") who pushed for austere state budgets during the 1980s. At one point, The Dallas Morning News named him one of the ten most effective members of the legislature.

In 1987, Perry voted for a $5.7 billion tax increase proposed by Republican Governor Bill Clements. Perry supported Al Gore in the 1988 Democratic presidential primaries and worked for Gore's campaign in Texas. On September 29, 1989, Perry announced that he was switching parties, becoming a Republican. On a guest appearance on Fox show Hannity, he partially credits Reagan as part of the reason he became a Republican, also stating he switched political parties sooner in his life than Reagan.

Agriculture Commissioner
In 1990, as a newly minted Republican, Perry challenged Jim Hightower, the incumbent Democratic Agriculture Commissioner. Karl Rove was Perry's campaign manager.

In the Republican primary on March 13, 1990, Perry polled 276,558 votes (47%), with Richard McIver garnering 176,976 votes (30%) and Gene L. Duke, who placed third, polling 132,497 votes (23%). Since Perry fell shy of the necessary 50% to win outright, a runoff was held between Perry and McIver set on April 10, 1990. In the runoff, he emerged victorious, garnering 96,649 votes (69%) to McIver's 43,921 votes (31%).

During 1990, Hightower's office was embroiled in an FBI investigation into corruption and bribery. Three aides were convicted in 1993 of using public funds for political fundraising, although Hightower himself was not found to be involved in the wrongdoings. Perry narrowly defeated Hightower in November 1990, garnering 1,864,463 votes (49%) to Hightower's 1,820,145 votes (48%).

Rove raised $3 million to raise Perry's profile, "while tarnishing the name of Jim Hightower" resulting in Perry's name becoming a "household name in Texas—and Hightower's name synonymous with corruption".

As Agriculture Commissioner, Perry was responsible for promoting the sale of Texas farm produce to other states and foreign nations, and for supervising the calibration of weights and measures, such as gasoline pumps and grocery store scales.

In April 1993, Perry, while serving as Texas agriculture commissioner, expressed support for the effort to reform the nation's healthcare, describing it as "most commendable". The healthcare plan, first revealed in September, was ultimately unsuccessful due to Republican congressional opposition. In 2005, after being questioned on the issue by a potential opponent in the Republican governor primary, Perry said he expressed his support only in order to get Clinton to pay more attention to rural healthcare.

In 1994, Perry was reelected Agriculture Commissioner by a large margin, getting 2,546,287 votes (62 percent) to Democrat Marvin Gregory's 1,479,692 (36 percent). Libertarian Clyde L. Garland received the remaining 85,836 votes (2 percent). Gregory, a chicken farmer from Sulphur Springs, Texas, was on the Texas Agricultural Finance Authority with Perry in the early nineties as a Republican, but became a Democrat before running against Perry in 1994.

Lieutenant governor
In 1998, Perry ran for lieutenant governor. During this election, Perry had a notable falling out with his previous top political strategist Karl Rove, which began the much-reported rivalry between the Bush and Perry camps. Perry polled 1,858,837 votes (50.04 percent) to the 1,790,106 (48.19 percent) cast for Democrat John Sharp. Perry became the state's first Republican lieutenant governor since Reconstruction, taking office on January 19, 1999.

Governor of Texas

Perry assumed the office of governor on December 21, 2000, following the resignation of George W. Bush—who was preparing to become President of the United States. He won the office in his own right in the 2002 gubernatorial election, where he received 58% of votes to Laredo oilman and businessman Tony Sanchez's 40%. He was re-elected in the 2006 gubernatorial election against three major opponents, polling 39% of votes against runner-up former U.S. Congressman Chris Bell of Houston with 30%. Former Republican Comptroller, Carole Keeton Strayhorn, running as an independent, garnered 18% of the vote and comic/author/musician, Kinky Friedman, also running as an independent, garnered over 12%. In the 2010 gubernatorial election, Perry became the first Texas governor to be elected to three four-year terms, polling 55% of votes to former Houston Mayor Bill White's 42%.

In the 2001 legislative session, Perry set a record for his use of the veto, rejecting 82 acts, more than any other governor in any single legislative session in the history of the state since Reconstruction.

Perry is one of five governors of Texas to have served three terms, the others being Allan Shivers, Price Daniel, John Connally and later Greg Abbott. He is the longest-serving governor in Texas history. He had served for 14 years by the time he left office, making him the second longest-serving U.S. governor at the time, behind Terry Branstad of Iowa.

Fiscal policies
In his presidential campaign, Perry highlighted the economic success Texas achieved under his governorship. The efficacy of Perry's economic policies has been questioned by some sources.

A proclaimed proponent of fiscal conservatism, Perry often campaigned on job growth and tax issues, such as his opposition to creating a state income tax. In 2002, Perry refused to promise not to raise taxes as governor, and in the following years did propose or approve various tax and debt increases. In 2009, Perry signed Grover Norquist's pledge to "oppose and veto any and all efforts to increase taxes".

Texas began borrowing money in 2003 to pay for roads and was projected to owe $17.3 billion by the end of 2012, increasing total state debt from $13.4 billion in 2001 to $37.8 billion in 2011. The state's public finance authority sold $2 billion in bonds for unemployment benefits, and it was authorized to sell $1.5 billion more if necessary. Texas federal borrowing topped $1.6 billion in October 2010, before the bond sales.

In 2003, Perry signed legislation that created the Texas Enterprise Fund, which has since given $435 million in grants to businesses. The New York Times reported that many of the companies receiving grants, or their chief executives, have made contributions to Perry's campaigns or to the Republican Governors Association. (Perry became chairman of the group in 2008 and again in 2011.) Perry was criticized for supporting corporate tax breaks and other incentives, while the state government was experiencing budget deficits.

Healthcare

As governor, Perry was an opponent of federal health-care reform proposals and of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, describing the latter as "socialism on American soil". His focus in Texas was on tort reform, signing a bill in 2003 that restricted non-economic damages in medical malpractice judgments. Perry touted this approach in his presidential campaign, although independent analysts have concluded that it has failed to increase the supply of physicians or limit health-care costs in Texas.

During Perry's governorship, Texas rose from second to first among states with the highest proportion of uninsured residents at 26%, and had the lowest level of access to prenatal care in the U.S. Perry and the state legislature cut Medicaid spending. The Los Angeles Times wrote that under Perry, "working Texans increasingly have been priced out of private healthcare while the state's safety net has withered."

Perry's office said that Texas represents a model private-sector approach to health-care. His spokeswoman said, "Texas does provide an adequate safety net to those truly in need... and many individuals simply choose not to purchase healthcare coverage."

Perry is anti-abortion and has signed bills with rules or restrictions for abortion procedures and funding for them.

In December 2011, Perry said he had undergone a "transformation" and now opposed abortions, even in cases of rape and incest. The next day he clarified that he would allow an exception for abortions that would save a mother's life.

In February 2007, Perry issued an executive order mandating that Texas girls receive the HPV vaccine, which protects against some strains of the human papilloma virus, a contributing factor to some forms of cervical cancer. Following the move, news outlets reported various apparent financial connections between Perry and the vaccine's manufacturer, Merck. Merck's political action committee has contributed $28,500 since 2001 to Perry's campaigns. Perry later reverses himself, calling the vaccine mandate a "mistake". In May 2007, the Texas Legislature passed a bill undoing the order; Perry did not veto the bill, saying the veto would have been overruled, but blamed lawmakers who supported the bill for the deaths of future Texan cervical cancer victims.

On July 1, 2011, Perry both had adult stem cell surgery in Houston and started "laying the groundwork" for the commercialization of the adult stem cell industry in Texas.

Religion

Perry grew up in the United Methodist Church. He and his family were members of Tarrytown United Methodist Church in Austin until 2010, when they began attending Lake Hills Church, a non-denominational evangelical megachurch in western Travis County. Perry told the Austin American-Statesman that he began attending Lake Hills because it was close to the rental home where he and his wife lived while the Governor's Mansion was being renovated.

In 2006, Perry said he believed in the inerrancy of the Bible and that those who do not accept Jesus as their Savior will go to hell. A couple of days later, he clarified, "I don't know that there's any human being that has the ability to interpret what God and his final decision-making is going to be."

In his 2008 book On My Honor, Perry expressed his views on the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause of the U.S. Constitution. "Let's be clear: I don't believe government, which taxes people regardless of their faith, should espouse a specific faith. I also don't think we should allow a small minority of atheists to sanitize our civil dialogue of religious references."

In June 2011, Perry proclaimed August 6 as a Day of Prayer and Fasting, inviting other governors to join him in a prayer meeting hosted by the American Family Association in Houston. The event was criticized as going beyond prayer and fasting to include launching Perry's presidential campaign.

Perry has called himself "a firm believer in intelligent design as a matter of faith and intellect", and has expressed support for its teaching alongside evolution in Texas schools, but has also said that "educators and local school officials, not the governor, should determine science curriculum".

Education
In 2005, Perry said he would not "approve an education budget that shortchanges teacher salary increases, textbooks, education technology, and education reforms. And I cannot let $2 billion sit in some bank account when it can go directly to the classroom".

Following a second rejection of Perry's bill, Perry asked John Sharp to head a task force charged with preparing a bipartisan education plan, which was subsequently adopted.

In 2001, Perry expressed his pride in the enactment of the statute extending in-state tuition to undocumented immigrants who meet Texas' residency requirements. It also required the undocumented students to pledge to apply for permanent residency or citizenship if this became a possibility for them. In September 2014, Gov. Perry stated during a debate his continuous support for the program.

LGBT rights

Perry is a firm opponent of LGBT rights and as both Governor of Texas and Secretary of Energy became controversial for his homophobic comments and anti-LGBT positions.

In 2002, Perry described the Texas same-sex anti-sodomy law as "appropriate". The following year, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the statute in Lawrence v. Texas, determining that it violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

In his 2010 book, Perry referenced the Lawrence decision, writing "Texans have a different view of the world than do the nine oligarchs in robes." In 2011, Perry admitted that he did not know about the Lawrence decision; when told that the Supreme Court case had struck down Texas's anti-sodomy law, Perry said: "I'm not taking the bar exam [...]I don't know what a lot of legal cases [...] My position on traditional marriage is clear [...] I don't need a federal law case to explain it to me."

Perry supported Texas Proposition 2 in 2005, a ballot proposition that amended the Texas constitution by defining marriage as "only a union between a man and a woman" and prohibiting the state from creating or recognizing "any legal status identical or similar to marriage" (such as civil unions).

In 2011, after New York legalized same-sex marriage, Perry said it was their right to do so under the principle of states' rights in the Tenth Amendment. A spokesman later reiterated Perry's support for a federal constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage, saying that position was not inconsistent, since an amendment would require ratification by three-fourths of the states.

After the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges in 2015 that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Constitution, Perry condemned the decision, saying: "I'm a firm believer in traditional marriage, and I also believe the 10th Amendment leaves it to each state to decide this issue."

In his first book, On My Honor, published in 2008, Perry compared homosexuality to alcoholism, writing that he is "no expert on the 'nature versus nurture' debate" but gays should simply choose abstinence. Perry's comments created immense controversy and drew ire from several LGBT rights groups.

During the 2012 presidential campaign, he criticized the repeal of the "don't ask, don't tell" policy for the U.S. military. In a 2011 campaign ad, he stated: "there's something wrong in this country when gays can serve openly in the military" and later defended the ad, saying he was "very comfortable" with it. Perry said using foreign aid as a policy tool against foreign countries that violate the human rights of homosexuals was "not in America's interests" and was part of a "war on traditional American values".

Perry, an Eagle Scout, has called on the Boy Scouts to continue their ban on homosexuality and blamed America for not living up to the ideals of the Scouts.

Crime
Perry's campaigns for lieutenant governor and governor focused on a tough stance on crime. He has supported block grants for crime programs.

Jeff L. Blackburn, chief counsel of the Innocence Project of Texas, said of Perry that "He has done more good than any other governor we've ever had [...] unless, of course, it involves the death penalty. On the death penalty, Rick Perry has a profound mental block."

In 2007, Perry signed a law ending automatic arrest for cannabis possession.

Death penalty

Perry supports the death penalty. In June 2001, he vetoed a ban on the execution of mentally retarded inmates. In 2011, during a televised debate for presidential candidates, he said he had "never struggled" with the question of the possible innocence of any of the 234 inmates executed to date while he was governor.

Cases in which Perry has been criticized for his lack of intervention include those of Cameron Todd Willingham and Mexican nationals José Medellín and Humberto Leal Garcia.

Perry commuted the death sentence of Kenneth Foster, who was convicted of murder despite evidence that he was only present at the scene of the crime. Foster was convicted under a Texas law that makes co-conspirators liable in certain cases of homicide. In this case, it tied Foster to the triggerman. Perry raised doubts about the law and urged the legislature to re-examine the issue. "I believe the right and just decision is to commute Foster's sentence from the death penalty to life imprisonment," Perry said.

Perry also refused to grant a stay of execution in 2004 in the case of Cameron Todd Willingham, even though an investigation by the Texas Forensic Science Commission determined parts of the original investigation may not have looked at all of the evidence correctly. Perry said in 2009 that "Willingham was a monster. He was a guy who murdered his three children, who tried to beat his wife into an abortion so that he wouldn't have those kids. Person after person has stood up and testified to facts of this case that quite frankly you all aren't covering" and later replaced the chairman and other members of the Science Commission prior to a meeting on the case.  The replacements were believed to potentially related to the election slated for the following year.

Infrastructure
In 2002, Perry proposed the Trans-Texas Corridor (TTC), a $175 billion transportation network that would include a 4,000-mile network of highways, rail, and utility lines and would be funded by private investors. Plans for the project were dropped in 2009 in favor of more incremental road projects.  Opposition to the project, also called the "NAFTA super highway" garnered opposition from rural Texans, labor and environmentalists, the project became a major issue in the 2006 gubernatorial campaign.

Gun ownership
Perry has an A+ rating from the NRA Political Victory Fund. He possesses a Concealed Carry License (CCL) and has signed a number of bills that increased CCL access.

Mexico border
In 2005, Perry launched Operation Linebacker, which was intended to prevent terrorists from exploiting the Texas-Mexico border. There was no evidence that terrorists attempted to exploit the border. Perry touted the border security efforts as he campaigned for re-election. During Perry's governorship, he launched additional operations and persuaded the Texas legislature to devote more taxpayers resources to border security. According to a 2022 investigative report by the Texas Tribune, "The way the governors and their administrations have tracked success has fluctuated over the years, offering little clarity into whether the state is closer to securing the border today than it was nearly 20 years ago. Neither the governor's office nor the DPS, the main agency leading border security efforts, can provide a full breakdown of the state-led operations since 2005, their duration, their cost to taxpayers and their accomplishments."

During a large surge in illegal immigration through the U.S. southern border in the summer of 2014, Perry criticized U.S. President Barack Obama, saying the surge was "a humanitarian crisis that he has the ability to stop". On July 21, 2014, Perry announced he would send in 1,000 National Guard troops to secure the border. Although illegal immigration levels declined over 70% after Perry deployed the National Guard, PolitiFact.com rated his claim that the decline resulted from the surge as "mostly false".

In 2016, The Texas Tribune wrote that "Perry has long been a critic of building a wall or fence along the border." After Trump won the Republican presidential nomination in 2016, Perry fully embraced Trump's proposed border wall.

Veto controversy and exoneration

On August 15, 2014, Perry was indicted by a Travis County grand jury. The first charge of the indictment was abuse of official capacity, which has since been ruled unconstitutional, for threatening to veto $7.5 million in funding for the Public Integrity Unit, a state public corruption prosecutors department. The second charge, which has also since been ruled unconstitutional, was coercion of a public servant, for seeking the resignation of Travis County District Attorney Rosemary Lehmberg, a Democrat, after she was convicted of drunk driving and incarcerated.

Perry pleaded not guilty to both charges. Perry's supporters called the charges political and partisan, and several Democratic commentators, including David Axelrod, believed charges were weak.

In February 2016, Perry was cleared of all charges.

The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ruled that courts could not limit veto power and that prosecuting Perry over his action violates "the separation of powers provision of the Texas Constitution" and infringed on Perry's First Amendment right to freedom of speech.

Retirement as governor

By the end of his third full term, he had served more than 14 consecutive years in office. A University of Texas at Austin–Texas Tribune poll released in June 2013, showed Perry leading potential primary challenger Attorney General Greg Abbott by double digits, 45–19%. In February, the same poll had Perry leading by a 3-to-1 margin (49–17%) of 32 points over Abbott.

However, Perry decided not to run for re-election to a fourth full term, announcing in front of family and supporters at the Holt Cat headquarters in San Antonio on July 8, 2013, that he would retire instead.

Perry retired with the 10th longest gubernatorial tenure in United States history at the end of his term on January 20, 2015, at  days as well as the record of the longest serving Texas Governor.

2012 presidential campaign

Perry was considered as a potential candidate since as early as the 2008 presidential election, initially denying he was interested in the office but later becoming more open-minded. He formally launched his campaign on August 13, 2011, in Charleston, South Carolina.

While he was initially successful in fundraising and was briefly considered a serious contender for the nomination, he struggled during the debates and his poll numbers began to decline. After finishing fifth with just over 10% of the vote in the Iowa caucuses on January 3, 2012, Perry considered dropping out of the presidential race but did not. After a poor showing in New Hampshire and with "lagging" poll numbers in South Carolina, Perry formally announced he was suspending his campaign on January 19, 2012.

2016 presidential campaign

Almost immediately following the 2012 election, Perry was mentioned as a potential candidate for the presidency in the 2016 presidential election, with a Time magazine article in July 2013 saying that "everything is aligned for Rick Perry to be the Republican nominee for president in 2016."

Perry officially launched his 2016 presidential candidacy on June 4, 2015, in Addison, Texas. A version of the Colt Ford song "Answer To No One" boomed from loudspeakers, as Perry took to the stage. He then announced his candidacy at the scheduled press conference.

Perry withdrew on September 11, 2015—becoming the first in the field of major candidates to drop out—following poor polling after the first debate. In the weeks before he dropped out of the race, Perry's campaign was in dire financial straits, spending nearly four times as much as it raised.

On January 25, 2016, Perry endorsed United States Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) for president. On May 5, 2016, following the suspension of Cruz's presidential campaign, Perry endorsed Donald Trump for the presidency.

Secretary of Energy

On December 14, 2016, President-elect Trump nominated Perry as Secretary of Energy. The nomination initially faced heavy criticism as Perry had called for the Department of Energy to be abolished during his 2012 presidential campaign and had been unable to remember the name of the department during a Presidential debate. His nomination was approved by a 16–7 vote from the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on January 31, 2017.

On March 2, 2017, the United States Senate voted 62–37 to confirm Perry. The next month, Perry ordered a study of the U.S. electric grid with particular consideration to coal power.

In a CNBC interview on June 19, 2017, when asked about the role of human activity in the recent rise of the Earth's temperature, Perry said, "The fact is this shouldn't be a debate about, 'Is the climate changing, is man having an effect on it?' Yeah, we are. The question should be just how much, and what are the policy changes that we need to make to effect that?"

In July 2017, Perry strongly expressed his support for Donald Trump's ban on transgender people from serving in the U.S. military stating that "The idea that the American people need to be paying for these types of operations to change your sex is not very wise from a standpoint of economics."

In November 2017, Perry suggested that using fossil fuels to light dangerous places in Africa could reduce sexual assault, saying, "When the lights are on, when you have light that shines the righteousness, if you will, on those types of acts." Perry was criticized by the Sierra Club for "exploiting the struggle of those most affected by climate change".

For one week in November 2018, it was reported that the U.S. had become a net exporter of oil, temporarily ending nearly 75 continuous years of dependence on foreign oil.

On October 4, 2019, the New York Times reported that he was expected to resign as Secretary of Energy by the end of 2019, based on information from anonymous sources. On October 17, 2019, Perry told Trump he would resign by the end of the year, ultimately departing at the beginning of December.

Trump–Ukraine scandal

A little more than a month after Perry attended Zelenskyy's May 2019 inauguration, Ukraine awarded the contract to Perry's supporters after Perry recommended one of them to be Zelenskyy's energy adviser. The recommendation was made as Zelenskyy was attempting to secure the nearly $400 million in U.S. military aid.  A week after Perry attended the inauguration, "Ukrainian Energy", a new joint venture between Michael Bleyzer's investment firm SigmaBleyzer and Alex Cranberg's Aspect Energy, submitted a bid for a 50-year drilling contract at a Ukraine government-controlled site called Varvynska.

A July 25, 2019 telephone call between Trump and Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy led in September to a whistleblower complaint and an impeachment inquiry against Trump. Two weeks after the inquiry was launched, Trump claimed in a conference call with Congressional Republican leaders that he had only made the telephone call at Perry's urging. Perry's spokesperson said that Perry had suggested Trump discuss energy security with Zelenskyy, but energy was not mentioned in the publicly released memo about the conversations, which instead focused on Trump asking Zelenskyy to launch investigations into Joe Biden, Hunter Biden, Crowdstrike, and the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Per Trump's direction earlier that year, Perry spoke with Rudy Giuliani about Ukraine, which Mick Mulvaney confirmed. Perry denied ever mentioning the Bidens in his discussions with Trump or Ukrainian officials. Mulvaney had put Gordon Sondland, Kurt Volker, and Perry in charge of managing the Ukraine–United States relations instead of diplomats at the National Security Council and the US Department of State.

Perry was mentioned in October 2019 by former U.S. officials in relation to reports he planned to have Amos Hochstein replaced as a member of the board at Naftogaz with someone aligned with Republican interests. Perry denied the reports. In November 2019, both Sondland and David Holmes, who serves as counselor of political affairs at the U.S Embassy in Ukraine, testified that Perry had played a senior role in the Ukraine campaign, with Holmes even describing Perry, along with Sondland and Volker, was one of the "Three Amigos" who directly assisted both Trump and Giuliani.

Career outside politics
In February 2015, Perry announced that he would join the board of directors of Energy Transfer Partners, which owns and operates one of the largest energy asset portfolios in the United States, and Sunoco Partners, another major Dallas energy company. According to SEC filings, Perry resigned from the boards of both companies on December 31, 2016. In early January 2020, Perry joined the board of LE GP, general partner of Energy Transfer. In February 2020, Perry rejoined MCNA Dental's board of directors as chief strategy officer and vice chairman.

Dancing with the Stars
Perry was one of the celebrities competing on season 23 of Dancing with the Stars. He was partnered with professional dancer Emma Slater. Perry and Slater were eliminated on the third week of competition and finished in 12th place out of 13 competitors.

Bibliography
 On My Honor: Why the American Values of the Boy Scouts are Worth Fighting For (2008)
 Fed Up! Our Fight to Save America from Washington (2010)

Personal life
In 1982, Perry married Mary Anita Thigpen, his childhood sweetheart whom he had known since elementary school. They have two adult children, Griffin and Sydney. Anita attended West Texas State University and earned a degree in nursing. She has spearheaded a number of health-related initiatives such as the Anita Thigpen Perry Endowment at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, which focuses on nutrition, cardiovascular disease, health education, and early childhood development. She helped develop and host the Texas Conference for Women.

Perry played himself in minor roles for several feature films, including Man of the House, Deep in the Heart, and Hating Breitbart.

Perry is a member of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution and was awarded its Gold Good Citizenship Medal.

Electoral history

See also
 Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016
 List of American politicians who switched parties in office
 Political positions of Rick Perry

References

External links

 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry
 2014 felony grand jury indictment

 The Perry Trap at The Austin Chronicle
 Collected news and commentary at The Economist
 Collected news and commentary at Fox News
 Collected news and commentary at the Houston Chronicle
 Collected news and commentary at the Texas Monthly
 Collected news and commentary at The Texas Observer
 Collected news and commentary at The Texas Tribune
 The Perry Watch at The Dallas Morning News

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1950 births
Living people
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American politicians
21st-century evangelicals
Agriculture commissioners of Texas
American evangelicals
American people of English descent
Candidates in the 2012 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 2016 United States presidential election
Christians from Texas
Farmers from Texas
Governors of Texas
Lieutenant Governors of Texas
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
People from Haskell County, Texas
People from Haskell, Texas
Republican Party governors of Texas

Texas A&M University alumni
Texas Democrats
Texas Republicans
Trump administration cabinet members
United States Air Force officers
United States Secretaries of Energy

Rick Perry


En Kvindeskæbne (originaltitel East Lynne) er et amerikansk dramafilm fra 1931, instrueret af Frank Lloyd. Manuskriptet blev skrevet af Tom Barry og Bradley King baseret på romanen East Lynne fra 1861 af Ellen Wood. Filmen havde Ann Harding, Clive Brook, Conrad Nagel og Cecilia Loftus i hovedrollerne.

Filmen blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste film.

Referencer

Eksterne Henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 1931
Engelsksprogede film
Sort-hvide film fra USA
Film instrueret af Frank Lloyd
Dramafilm fra USA

En Kvindeskæbne (film fra 1931)


Álvaro Mutis Jaramillo (25 Ağustos 1923, Bogotá - 22 Eylül 2013, Meksika), Kolombiyalı yazar, şair, köşe yazarı, yayıncı, film yapımcısı.

Latin Amerika'da Gabriel Garcia Marquez'in ardından kendi kuşağının en önemli şair ve hikâye anlatıcılarından biri kabul edilir.
"Maqroll el Gaviero" adlı karakterin maceralarını anlattığı novellalardan oluşan ünlü serisinin ilkini 1986'da yayımladı. Eserleri birçok dile çevrilen yazar, aralarında  1997 Asturyas Prensi Edebiyat Ödülü (1997); 2002 Neustadt Uluslararası Edebiyat Ödülü'nün de bulunduğu pek çok prestijli edebiyat ödülüne layık görülmüştür. Mutis, 1956'da Meksika'ya yerleşmiş ve hayatının sonuna kadar bu ülkede yaşamıştır.

Yaşamı
25 Ağustos 1923'te Bogotá'da doğdu. Çocukluğunun bir kısmı babası Santiago Mutis Dávila'nın büyükelçi olarak görev yaptığı Brüksel'de geçti. Avrupa başkenti Brüksel ile yazları geldiği Kolombiya'da dedesinin kahve plantasyonunda geçen çocukluğuna ait anılar, ileriki yıllarda  Avrupa ile Amerika arasındaki farkı eserlerinde temel konulardan birisi olarak işlemesinde etkili oldu.

Şiir tutkusu Bogotá'daki lise yıllarında başladı. Lise öğrenimini tamamamlamasa da 1940'larda Bogotá'da edebiyat dünyasına şair olarak girdi; ilk şiirleri ve eleştirileri "Vida" dergisi ile "El Espectador" ve "La Razon" gazetelerinin edebiyat eklerinde yayımlandı. "La Balanza" adındaki ilk şiir kitabını arkadaşı Carlos Patinoile birlikte çıkardı. "Maqroll el Gaviero" adlı karakteri ilk kez "Los elementos del desastre" (1953) ve "Memoria de los hospitals de ultramar" (1959) isimli şiir kitaplarında ortaya çıktı.

1948 yılından itibaren petrol şirketlerinde halkla ilişkiler alanında kariyer yapan Mutis, 1956'da çok uluslu bir petrol şirketinde halkla ilişkilerden sorumlu müdür olarak görev yaptığı sırada şirketteki yolsuzluk nedeniyle suçlanıp Meksika'ya kaçtı. Burada tutuklanıp 15 ay hapiste kaldıktan sonra serbest bırakıldı. Hayatının geri kalanında Meksika'da yaşadı. Hapishane günlerini 1960 yılında yayımlanan "Diario de Lecumberri" (Türkçede "Lecumberri Öyküleri" adıyla yayımlanmıştır) adlı eserinde anlattı. Octavio Paz'ın şiirleri hakkındaki övgü dolu yazıları, edebiyat dünyasında sürrealist şairler arasında yer edinmesine yardımcı oldu, Octavio Paz tarafından yönetilen dergilerde çalıştı. Televizyon için yazarlarla söyleşiler gerçekleştiği  bir program sundu.

1973'te "La mansión de Araucaíma" isimli romanı yayınlandı. Ertesi yıl Kolombiya Ulusal Edebiyat Ödülü'ne layık görüldü.  1970'li yıllarda kendisi gibi Mexico City'e yerleşen Kolombiyalı yazar Garcia Marquez ile yakın dost oldu. Marquez, Simón Bolívar'ın yaşamının son aylarını konu edinen "Labirentindeki General"'i Mutis'ten ilham alarak yazmıştır

Yayıncı, film yapımcısı ve köşe yazarı olarak da çalışan Mutis, 1988'de emekli olduktan sonra tüm zamanını edebiyata adadı. 1980'lerde yazdığı Maqroll el Gaviero'nun maceralarının anlatıldığı yedi novelladan oluşan kitap serisi 1997'de tek bir kitap olarak yayımlandı ve Asturias Prensliği Edebiyat Ödülü ile   6. Iber Amerika Reina Sofia Şiir Ödülü'ne layık görüldü. 2001 senesinde İspanyolca yazılmış edebiyata olan katkılarından dolayı kendisine Cervantes Ödülü takdim edildi; iki sene sonra ise Fransız hükûmeti tarafından verilen en üst nişan olan Şeref Nişanı'yla ödüllendirildi.

22 Eylül 2013'te 90 yaşında hayatını kaybetti.

Ödülleri
1988 Valle Üniversitesi fahri öğretim üyesi unvanı
1997 Asturias Prensliği Edebiyat Ödülü
1997 Iber Amerika Reina Sofia Şiir Ödülü
2001 Miguel de Cervantes Ödülü
2002 Neustadt Uluslararası Edebiyat Ödülü

Notlar
2002'de İstanbul'da İspanyol Cervantes Enstitüsü Kütüphanesi adıyla kurulan ve İspanyol ve Latin Amerika kültürü ve dili ile ilgili yayınlar içeren kütüphaneye 2005'te Alvaro Mutis'in adı verilmiştir.

Kaynakça

1923 doğumlular
Kolombiyalı yazarlar
Kolombiyalı şairler
2013 yılında ölenler
Solunum yetmezliğinden ölenler
Miguel de Cervantes Ödülü sahipleri

Álvaro Mutis


A Abadia de Chevetogne, também conhecido como Mosteiro da Santa Cruz, é um mosteiro beneditino católico romano dedicado à unidade cristã localizado na vila belga de Chevetogne, no município de Ciney, província de Namur, a meio caminho entre Bruxelas e Luxemburgo. Em 2021 o mosteiro contava 27 monges.

História

Em 1924 o Papa Pio XI dirigiu a carta apostólica "Equidem verba" à Ordem Beneditina incentivando-os a trabalhar para a reunião das Igrejas Católica e Oriental, com particular ênfase na Igreja Ortodoxa Russa. No ano seguinte, uma comunidade foi estabelecida por Dom Lambert Beauduin (1873-1960) em Amay, no rio Meuse. Por causa da estreita amizade de Beauduin com o Cardeal Mercier e o Papa João XXIII, bem como suas relações com os cristãos orientais, ele se tornou um pioneiro do movimento ecumênico católico. Seu foco inicial estava na unidade com ortodoxos e anglicanos, mas acabou sendo estendido a todos aqueles que levam o nome de Cristo.

Em 1939, a comunidade de Amay Priory mudou-se para sua localização atual em Chevetogne, ocupando um antigo noviciado jesuíta. Desde então, uma igreja oriental foi construída em 1957 e pintada com afrescos de Rallis Kopsidis e Georges Chochlidakis, e uma igreja ocidental foi concluída com uma biblioteca em seu porão. A biblioteca tem aproximadamente 100.000 volumes e assina cerca de 500 revistas e periódicos especializados. Chevetogne Priory foi elevado ao status de abadia em 11 de dezembro de 1990.

A vida do mosteiro
Para viver uma vida de unidade cristã, o mosteiro tem capelas ocidentais (rito latino) e orientais (rito bizantino) que realizam cultos todos os dias. Enquanto as horas canônicas do ofício monástico diário são servidas separadamente, os monges compartilham suas refeições juntos e estão unidos sob um abade. Juntamente com a oração, os monges se dedicam à publicação de um jornal, Irénikon, desde 1926, gravando músicas da igreja e produzindo incenso, que podem ser comprados na loja do mosteiro.

Monges

 Dom Philippe Bar.
 Dom Lambert Beauduin
 Dom Michel Van Parys
 Dom Nicolas Egender

Fontes

 Dom J.-B. Van der Heijden, L'église orientale de Chevetogne, architecture, décoration, symbolisme, Éditions de Chevetogne, Chevetogne, 1962, 64 p.
 Van der Heijden, Dom J. B. L'Eglise Byzantine de Chevetogne. Brussels: Thill S.A., Bruxelles, 1993.
 Jacques Mortiau et Raymond Loonbeck, Dom Lambert Beauduin, visionnaire et précurseur (1873-1960), un moine au cœur libre, Éditions du Cerf, Paris, 2005, 280 p. ISSN 0769-2633

Ligações externas

 International Benedictine directory
 Easter Vigil televised on Russian Television NTV
Edifícios monásticos beneditinos da Bélgica

Abadia de Chevetogne


Amritsar, Hindistan'ın Pencap eyaletinin en büyük şehri ve Sihlerin dini merkezi.

Sihlerin hac merkezi olan Altın Tapınak bu şehirde bulunmaktadır. 1984'te Hindistan askeri birliklerinin Altın Mabede operasyon düzenlemesi sonucunda çok sayıda Sih ve Hint askeri öldü. Bu olaydan bir süre sonra Hindistan Başbakanı İndira Gandhi kendi Sih koruma görevlileri tarafından öldürüldü. Bu suikastın ardından Hindistan'da Sihlerle Hindular arasında çıkan olaylarda da çok sayıda insan öldü.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Hindistan'daki şehirler listesi

Amritsar


Sija je rječica u Hrvatskoj u Imotskom polju, desna pritoka Vrljike. Duga je 7,1 km. Izvire u Prološku blatu, kod Lokvičića.

Prolazi kroz sljedeća naselja: Krivodol, Šumet, Grubine i Kamenmost.

Rijeke u Hrvatskoj
Porječje Trebižata

Sija


As Catacumbas dos Capuchinhos (em italianoː Catacombe dei Cappuccini) é um cemitério subterrâneo criado em 1599, pelos frades capuchinhos. Está localizado na comuna de Palermo, na região italiana de Sicília. As catacumbas já abrigaram em torno de 8.000 múmias, muitas destruídas durante a Segunda Guerra e incêndios. Atualmente, é um ponto turístico da região, com exposição de 1.252 múmias, e são administradas e mantidas pelos frades capuchinhos, sem ajuda do governo.

História
Em 1534, a Ordem dos Frades Menores Capuchinho chegou em Palermo. O Senado permitiu a construção do convento dos capuchinhos junto à Igreja Nossa Senhora da Paz (Chiesa Santa Maria della Pace). No ano de 1565, a Ordem herda as terras da igreja, após a morte de Don Ottavio d'Aragona. Nesta época, a Constituição de Albacina proibia sepultamento dentro das igrejas. Os frades que faleciam, eram enterrados no lado externo sul da igreja, em covas comuns. No ano de 1580, os frades consagraram um cemitério ao lado do convento, para o enterro dos moradores de Palermo.

Chegou um tempo que não tinha mais espaço para novos enterros e os frades tiveram que fazer exumações para esvaziar as sepulturas. Na exumação de 45 corpos dos frades, observaram que estavam em perfeito estado de conservação e interpretaram como um sinal divino. Em 1599, após tratamento dos corpos, os frades tiveram a permissão de transferir 40 dos corpos dos frades exumados para uma sepultura abaixo do altar-mor da igreja. Então os corpos foram decompostos, tratados, vestidos e foram colocados em nichos ao longo das paredes da sepultura abaixo do altar. O primeiro frade a ser mumificado e sepultado nas Catacumbas foi Silvestro da Gubbio. No ano de 1601, foi necessário fazer ampliações para receber novos corpos preservados de religiosos, e construíram um novo salão e uma capela.

No século XVII, passaram a permitir o sepultamento de nobres e simpatizantes da Ordem dos Frades Capuchinhos que eram capazes de arcar com os custos elevados da mumificação para sepultamento na catacumba. O primeiro nobre a ser sepultado nas catacumbas foi o filho do rei da Tunísia chamado Ayala, falecido em 1620. Após se converter ao catolicismo, foi rebatizado e chamado Filippo d'Austria. Em meados do século XVII, passaram a permitir o enterro de mulheres nas catacumbas.

No ano de 1783, as catacumbas foram abertas para o sepultamento do público em geral. E em 1837, a exposição de corpos foi proibida por lei, devido aos problemas de saúde de cadáveres em decomposição. Alguns corpos foram enterrados sob o solo das catacumbas e marcados com lápides de mármore com inscrições gravadas. Em 1861, o governo italiano promulgou uma lei proibindo a drenagem dos fluídos corporais dos mortos através de colatoios (escorredores), e os sepultamentos só poderiam ocorrer nos locais estabelecidos pelo governo. E as catacumbas foram oficialmente fechadas em 1882. Somente pedidos excepcionais tiveram autorização para fazer o sepultamento nas catacumbas.

Em 1871, o Irmão Riccardo de Palermo foi o último monge a ser sepultado nas catacumbas e o Conde de Isnello Giovanni Licata di Baucina foi o último sepultamento documentado nas catacumbas, no ano de 1939.

Em 11 de março de 1943, a entrada das catacumbas, o setor dos profissionais e das virgens foram danificados devido a um bombardeio durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. E em 30 de março de 1966, ocorreu um grande incêndio, que destruiu uma parte das estruturas das catacumbas.

Organização das catacumbas

Os corredores das catacumbas estão organizados por cinco corredores diferentes categorizados para frades, sacerdotes, homens, crianças, mulheres e profissionais.

No setor das virgens existia um altar, que foi substituído por prateleiras e o corpo de quatro jovens mulheres estão como noivas de Cristo, com outras vinte virgens colocadas em prateleiras ao longo das paredes. As múmias são adornadas de branco e coroas. Há um único caixão neste setor, que pertence a uma jovem nobre, falecida em 1866.

O setor dos profissionais inclui médicos, advogados, oficiais, pintores e artistas. O setor dos sacerdotes fica do lado oposto do setor dos frades. Os frades receberam cordas em volta do pescoço em sinal de penitência, e os sacerdotes receberam estolas como sinais de dignidade.

A mumificação
A princípio, os corpos dos falecidos eram levados para a sala de secagem, colocados sobre um colatoio (escorredores), em posição de decúbito dorsal e a carne era secada ao natural. Esse processo durava em torno de oito meses a um ano. Durante as epidemias, os corpos eram banhados com arsênico, zinco e cal, para não propagar a doença. Os corpos danificados pela dessecação, eram preenchidos com palhas, para restaurar a aparência realista. Após a secagem, os corpos eram lavados com vinagre e água. Depois os vestiam e colocavam nos nichos das catacumbas.

As salas de secagem possuíam uma área de 20 metros quadrados e eram de paredes compostas de calcário e rocha tufácea. Era possível ter até oito corpos secando na sala. Inicialmente eram abertas, mas em meados do século XVII, as salas eram seladas devido ao mau cheiro, e possuíam uma pequena janela para a circulação de ar. Para controle dos frades, no lado externo da porta era anotado o nome do falecido e a data.

Tempos depois, o colatoio foi proibido, a mumificação passou a ser feita por profissionais de embalsamamento em casas funerárias. Evisceravam os corpos, injetavam produtos contendo formaldeído, os vestiam e eram sepultados nas catacumbas.

Múmia de Rosalia Lombardo

Rosalia Lombardo faleceu de pneumonia em 1920, com apenas dois anos de idade, e foi embalsamada, a pedido de seus pais Maria Di Cara e Mario Lombardo, oficial da infantaria, pelo taxidermista mais famoso de Palermo, Alfredo Salafia. Salafia utilizou um composto de ácido salicílico, capaz de matar os fungos; sais de zinco, para que o exterior permanecesse rígido; álcool, para secar; e formol, para eliminar as bactérias e aplicou glicerina na pele, para que não ficasse excessivamente seca.

Seu caixão era para ter sido retirado das catacumbas e colocado junto ao túmulo de seu pai. Mas as visitas constantes de familiares e não familiares e o grande interesse do público, fez com que Rosalia permanecesse nas catacumbas.

Foi apelidada de "A bela adormecida", pois se encontra extremamente preservada. Ela foi colocada em uma cápsula especial de vidro, cheia de nitrogênio. Seu caixão possui uma cruz dourada em relevo.

Sepultamentos notáveis

 Giuseppe Grimau - presidente do reino (1755)
 Filippo Pennino - escultor (1794)
 Giuseppe Velasquez - pintor (1827)
 Giovanni Corrao - partidário (1863)
 Franco Agostino - bispo (1877)
 Giovanni Paterniti - vice-consul americano (1911)

Estudos científicos
O Projeto Múmias de Sicilia, realizado pela Academia Europeia de Bolzano, analisou e documentou múmias de diferentes criptas e capelas da região da Sicília. As pesquisas foram invasivas, utilizando raio-X e tomografias computadorizadas; e foram analisados a idade, o sexo, as condições patológicas e processos de mumificação. Os estudos mostraram que a maioria das pessoas mumificadas das Catacumbas de Palermo possuíam uma dieta equilibrada de carne, peixe, grãos, legumes e laticínios. Alguns indivíduos apresentaram sinais de doenças como gota e doenças ósseas.

A Universidade de Staffordshire realizará um projeto para estudar e documentar as 163 múmias de crianças presentes nas Catacumbas dos Capuchinhos. Os estudos pretendem analisar a saúde, o desenvolvimento e a identidade das crianças. E descobrir a motivação da mumificação das crianças, já que o ritual era destinado aos adultos. A pesquisa será não invasiva, utilizando máquinas portáteis de raios-X.

Turismo
As catacumbas estão abertas ao público, com entrada paga. O primeiro corredor construído das catacumbas, onde estão os primeiros frades sepultados, está fechado para visitação. O acesso às catacumbas se dá através de uma porta localizada ao lado da igreja e é expressamente proibido tirar fotos.

Galeria de fotos

Ligações externas
 Site oficial das catacumbas dos capuchinhos
 Biblioteca dos Capuchinhos de Palermo

Capuchinhos
Múmias

Catacumbas dos Capuchinhos


Det røde træ (på hollandsk: Avond; De rode boom) er et oliemaleri på lærred, som den hollandske kunstner Piet Mondrian lavede mellem 1908 og 1910. Det måler 70 x 99 cm. Det hører til samling på det kommunale museum i Haag. Maleriet er en eksplosion af farver i ildrøde og kobolt blå, markerer et brud med hans tidligere arbejde i en traditionel naturalistisk stil, og signaler hans første skridt mod abstraktion.

Det var aften, da Mondrian malede dette æbletræ i badebyen Domburg i Zeeland, hvor han, ligesom mange andre kunstnere tilbragte sommeren.

Maleriet findes i Gemeentemuseum Den Haag.

Ekstern henvisninger
 Gemeentemuseum
 www.europeana.eu

Malerier af Piet Mondrian
Malerier fra 1908

Det røde træ


An Aloe secundiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adolf Engler. An Aloe secundiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 A. s. secundiflora
 A. s. tweediae

Mga kasarigan

Aloe

Aloe secundiflora


19386 Axelcronstedt este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
19386 Axelcronstedt este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Eric Walter Elst. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,31 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 7,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 19001-20000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

19386 Axelcronstedt


مسجد المسلمين  هو من أقدم معالم طليطلة. يرجع تاريخ بناؤه إلى القرن الحادي عشر للميلاد (عهد طائفة طليطلة) يقع في الشارع الذي يحمل نفس الاسم.

المسجد مبني بالآجُر ومكون من طابقين، الطابق الأرضي يحتوي على بقايا مجمع روماني قديم ذو نظام لجلب الماء، بينما الطابق العلوي يحتوي على قاعة الصلاة. بنيته شبيهة للتي نشاهدها في مسجد باب المردوم الذي يقع على بعد بضعة عشرات الأمتار. مثل هذا الأخير قاعة الصلاة مقسمة إلى تسعة فضاءات، بواسطة أعمدة نحيفة وأنيقة، يعلوها أقواس حدوية الشكل. فوق كل فضاء قبة، القبة المركزية هي الوحيدة التي تحمل نقوش هندسية.

الأبعاد الصغيرة للمسجد إضافةٔ إلى موقع قاعة الصلاة مع غياب صحن للوضوء يحمل على الظن أن البناء كان يستخدم مصلىً خاص لأحد وجهاء طليطلة. بقي المسجد المكان الوحيد الذي سمح فيه للمسلمي طليطلة بأداء الصلاة جماعة لمدة تناهز الأربعة قرون بعد الغزو المسيحي للمدينة سنة 1085 م، بعدها أستخدم البناء لأغراض عدة، مع الوقت نسي أصل البناء وبقيت ذكرى وجود مسجد قديم في إحدى منازل شارع ترنرياس، حتى اكتُشِف المعلم من جديد بعد بحوث أرشيفية وميدانية من طرف المركيز تورسيلا Marqués de la Torrecilla سنة 1905.

يُستخدم المبنى حاليًا مركزًا ومتحفًا لتطوير الصناعة اليدوية في إقليم قشتالة والمنشف.

انظر أيضًا

 مسجد مدريد المركزي

المصادر

العمارة المغاربية في إسبانيا
معالم إسلامية في الأندلس
عمارة القرن 11
مبان ومنشآت في الأندلس
مبان ومنشآت في طليطلة
مساجد الأندلس
مساجد بنيت في القرن 11
مساجد إسبانيا
مساجد سابقة
مواقع جذب سياحي في طليطلة
عمارة ممالك الطوائف

مسجد المسلمين


Manuel Rivadeneyra (født 1805 i Barcelona, død 1. april 1872) var en spansk forlægger, far til Adolfo Rivadeneyra.

Rivadeneyra blev efter mangeårige studier kongelig bogtrykker i Madrid og anlagde eget trykkeri i Barcelona. Han udgav et stort samlingsværk af spanske forfattere, Biblioteca de autores españoles desde la formación del idioma hasta nuestros días (71 bind) og Cervantes' samlede arbejder.

Kilder

Forlæggere
Bogtrykkere
Erhvervsfolk fra Spanien
Spaniere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra Barcelona
Ugglan

Manuel Rivadeneyra


Wilhelm Näscher (* 9. August 1892 in Gamprin; † 24. Dezember 1948 ebenda) war ein liechtensteinischer Landwirt und Politiker (FBP).

Biografie
Wilhelm Näscher war der Sohn von Franz Josef Näscher und dessen Frau Barbara (geborene Näscher). Er arbeitete als Landwirt, war von 1924 bis 1930 Mitglied im Gemeinderat von Gamprin und fungierte im Anschluss von 1930 bis 1936 als Gemeindevorsteher von Gamprin. Des Weiteren fungierte er von 1929 bis 1931 als Vermittler und war von 1932 bis 1936 für die Fortschrittliche Bürgerpartei Abgeordneter im Landtag des Fürstentums  Liechtenstein.

1932 heiratete er Emma Peter. Aus der Ehe gingen sieben Kinder hervor.

Weblinks

 Eintrag zu Wilhelm Näscher auf www.e-archiv.li

Landtagsabgeordneter (Liechtenstein)
Gemeindevorsteher (Gamprin)
FBP-Mitglied
Liechtensteiner
Geboren 1892
Gestorben 1948
Mann

Wilhelm Näscher


Antonio Prete (Copertino, Italia, 1939) es un crítico literario, profesor y escritor italiano.

Biografía
Nacido en Salento, con el cual mantiene un fuerte vínculo y donde vivió hasta la consecución de los estudios clásicos, Antonio Prete se ha licenciado en letras y se ha especializado en filología italiana en la Universidad Católica de Milán.
Después de varios años de enseñanza en la escuela secundaria, entró en la Universidad de Siena, donde enseña Literatura Comparada. Ha sido "profesor visitante" en la Universidad de París III, París VIII, Montpellier, Canterbury, Salamanca, Universidad de Brown, Yale y en otros lugares.
Ha colaborado con revistas literarias y filosóficas como "Aevum" y "Per la critica".
Entre sus campos de interés, Giacomo Leopardi, Baudelaire y Edmond Jabes, en el que se le considera un especialista.

Obra
La distanza da Croce, Celuc, Milano 1970
Il realismo di De Sanctis, Cappelli, Bologna 1971
Critica e autocritica. Metodi letterari e pratica sociale, Celuc, Milano 1971
Il pensiero poetante. Saggio su Leopardi, Feltrinelli, Milano 1980; 19962; 20063
Chirografie. Variazioni per Mallarmé, Barbablù, Siena 1984 (cuentos)
 Edmond Jabès, Canzoni per il pasto dell'orco, Barbablù, Siena 1985
Il demone dell'analogia. Da Leopardi a Valéry: studi di poetica, Feltrinelli, Milano 1986
Dialogo su Leopardi. Natura, poesia, filosofia, Bruno Mondadori, Milano 1986 (con Salvatore Natoli)
Le saracinesche di Harlem, L'Obliquo, Brescia 1989 (cuentos)
Prosodia della natura. Frammenti di una Fisica poetica, Feltrinelli, Milano 1993
L'ospitalità della lingua. Baudelaire e altri poeti, Pietro Manni, Lecce 1997
Finitudine e Infinito. Su Leopardi, Feltrinelli, Milano 1998
L'imperfezione della luna, Feltrinelli, Milano 2000 (cuentos)
Sottovento. Critica e scrittura, Pietro Manni, Lecce 2001
Trenta gradi all'ombra, Nottetempo, Roma 2004 (cuentos)
Della poesia per frammenti. Prose scelte, Anterem, Verona 2006 (Premio de poesía Lorenzo Montano)
Menhir, Donzelli, Roma 2007 (poesía)
I fiori di Baudelaire. L'infinito nelle strade, Donzelli, Roma 2007
Trattato della lontananza, Bollati Boringhieri, Torino 2008
L'ordine animale delle cose, Nottetempo, Roma 2008 (cuentos)
Un anno a Soyumba, Pietro Manni, Lecce 2008 (cuentos)
All'ombra dell'altra lingua. Per una poetica della traduzione, Bollati Boringhieri, Torino 2011

Obras traducidas al español

Prete
Nacidos en Copertino

Antonio Prete


بلدية سانت أدريا دي بيزوس (بالكاتالانية: Sant Adrià de Besòs) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 32.734 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لسان أدريان دي بيزوس:

أعلام
 سالفادور غارسيا

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في بارسلونيس
بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة

سان أدريان دي بيزوس

سان أدريان دي بيزوس


69 قد تعني:
 69 : سنة
 69 (عدد) : عدد طبيعي
 69 (وضعية جنسية) : وضعية جنسية

69 (توضيح)


Juan Martí Viñolas, né le  à La Garriga en Espagne et mort dans la même commune le , est un cycliste espagnol.

Biographie
Juan Martí Viñolas, également nommé Joan Martí i Viñolas en catalan, se classe deuxième du Tour de Catalogne 1912. Lors de la course, il est accusé d'avoir emprunté un raccourci et est pénalisé malgré ses dénégations, ce qui lui coûte toute chance de victoire. Désirant « se venger » l'année suivante, il remporte la première étape entre Barcelone et Lérida avec plus de 20 minutes d'avance sur le deuxième, Antonio Crespo. Celui-ci remporte les deux étapes suivantes mais ne peut reprendre l'ensemble du temps perdu sur Martí qui remporte donc le classement général.

Il s'impose également cette année-là sur la quatrième et dernière étape de la Vuelta a las Vascongadas, ce qui lui permet de remporter le classement général de l'épreuve mais aussi le titre de champion d'Espagne sur route qui revient cette année-là au gagnant de cette épreuve.

À une époque où les connaissances en entraînement ou en nutrition pour les sportifs sont sommaires, il se distingue par sa préparation alimentaire associant fruits, sucre et café en guise de boisson avant chaque étape.

En janvier 1961, un hommage lui est rendu ainsi qu'à Sebastián Masdeu, José Magdalena et Antoni Crespo, pour avoir été les lauréats des classements généraux ou d'étapes des trois premières éditions du Tour de Catalogne.

Il est surnommé Martí de la Garriga.

Palmarès
 1912
  du Tour de Catalogne
 1913
  Champion d'Espagne sur route
 Tour de Catalogne :
 Classement général

 Vuelta a las Vascongadas :
 Classement général

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste espagnol
Coureur cycliste catalan
Naissance en janvier 1887
Naissance à La Garriga
Décès en septembre 1978
Décès à La Garriga
Décès à 91 ans

Juan Martí Viñolas


Jakub Popiwczak (Legnica, 17 de abril de 1996) é um jogador de voleibol polonês que atua na posição de líbero.

Carreira

Clube
Popiwczak começou sua carreira esportiva jogando pelo Ikar Legnica, clube de sua cidade natal. Em 2012 estreou na primeira divisão do campeonato polonês aos 17 anos de idade após assinar contrato com o Jastrzębski Węgiel. Em sua temporada de estreia, conquistou o terceiro lugar no Campeonato Polonês de 2012–13. Em 2014 conquistou a medalha de bronze na Liga dos Campeões após bater o Zenit Kazan por 3 sets a 1.

Em 2019 o atleta foi vice-campeão da Copa da Polônia após derrota para o ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle na final por 3 sets a 1. Na temporada 2020–21 o líbero conquistou o primeiro título do campeonato polonês de sua carreira. Em 2022, foi vice-campeão do campeonato polonês além da premiação de melhor recepção do campeonato. No mesmo ano, ajudou sua equipe a conquistar o título da Supercopa Polonesa.

Seleção
Popiwczak disputou o Campeonato Mundial Sub-21 de 2015, sediado no México, onde terminou na nona colocação. Em 2017 conquistou o título da 15ª edição do Torneio Hubert Jerzeg Wagner, competição amistosa organizada pela Fundação Hubert Jerzy.

Conquistou a medalha de bronze na Liga das Nações de 2019 ao vencer a seleção brasileira por 3 sets a 0.

Em 2022 conquistou novamente a medalha de bronze na Liga das Nações; no mesmo ano se tornou vice-campeão mundial ao ser derrotado na final pela seleção italiana no Campeonato Mundial.

Na final do Campeonato Europeu de 2023, Popiwczak, junto à seleção polonesa, derrotou a seleção italiana por 3–0, conquistando, dessa forma, o inédito título do Campeonato Europeu de sua carreira.

Títulos
Jastrzębski Węgiel
Campeonato Polonês: 2020–21, 2022–23
Supercopa Polonesa: 2021, 2022

Clubes

Ligações externas
 no Global Sports Archive
 no PlusLiga
 no Volleybox

Naturais de Legnica
Voleibolistas da Polônia
Líberos de voleibol

Jakub Popiwczak


A psiquiatria comunitária é um campo de pesquisas e um modelo terapêutico que possui foco na detecção, prevenção, tratamento precoce e reabilitação funcional e social de pessoas com distúrbios mentais, emocionais e comportamentais dentro de um ambiente comunitário, preferencialmente evitando a internação e envolvendo o fornecimento de serviços de saúde mental para pacientes e suas famílias dentro da comunidade e usando recursos comunitários.   São desenvolvidos na comunidade do paciente e não pessoalmente, em clínicas ou grandes instituições psiquiátrias. A área da importância especial a fatores sociais, ambientais que contribuem para as doenças mentais.

Histórico
A psiquiatria comunitária é um campo de investigação relativamente recente. Evoluiu a partir do movimento de higiene mental criado por Clifford Beers em 1908, das técnicas de terapia ocupacional de Hermann Simon dos anos 1920, bem como do desenvolvimento dos conceitos de saúde pública e medicina social.

Harry Sullivan, nos Estados Unidos, que trabalhava com pacientes psicóticos, na década de 1930 voltou-se para uma abordagem que integrava o paciente num grupo para seu tratamento, mas suas técnicas só mais tarde foram aceitas. A mesma abordagem era usada pelos irmãos William e Karl Menninger em sua clínica desde 1936, buscando a ressocialização dos pacientes, e da mesma forma seu trabalho tardou a ser reconhecido em maior escala. François Tosquelles, na França, influenciado por ideias marxistas, na década de 1940 procurou superar a concepção tradicional do asilo de alienados como um espaço de segregação social. O hospital de Saint-Alban onde trabalhou já tinha uma tradição inusitada para os padrões da época, sendo um sanatório aberto onde transitavam camponeses que vendiam leite e vinho e compravam artesanato realizado pelos internos, o que lhes oferecia oportunidades de socialização e obtenção de uma renda. Tosquelles aproveitou esse contexto e o fortaleceu, preferindo ter como ajudantes terapêuticos leigos, artistas, camponeses e outras pessoas que não tinham uma visão preconcebida frente ao doente. Essa experiência teve considerável repercussão na França mas também foi muito criticada e encerrou em 1952, quando o hospital foi reconvertido ao modelo clássico. Alguns governos, em parte em função do impacto da II Guerra Mundial sobre a saúde pública, também começavam a se preocupar com a baixa eficiência do modelo clássico de tratamento e os altos índices de cronicidade das doenças mentais, que levavam à incapacitação da população afetada, criando-se legislação e e organismos públicos de saúde mental na França, Inglaterra, Estados Unidos e outros países na década de 1940.

Pouco depois Maxwell Jones, que tinha prática em tratamento de neuroses de antigos prisioneiros de guerra, na década de 1950 teve seu interesse despertado em ampliar um campo então predominantemente psicossomático para o campo social, procurando estabelecer no hospital em que trabalhava um ambiente acolhedor, com a participação dos médicos, de outros pacientes e seus familiares, num espírito de comunidade. Nesta época as contribuições de Simon, Sullivan, Menninger e outros pioneiros foram revalorizadas, e outros psiquiatras contribuíram para a ampliação de experiências semelhantes, como Lucien Bonnafé e Gerald Caplan, o que foi acentuado com o movimento da antipsiquiatria que surgiu junto com a grande corrente de contestação cultural e política da década de 1960, tendo entre seus principais precursores Ronald Laing e David Cooper, bem como Franco Basaglia, fundador da psiquiatria democrática.

Esses avanços levaram à formulação de modelos de terapia familiar e psicoterapia institucional, que propunham uma abordagem participativa da terapia e combatiam a ênfase na internação, mas também criticavam alguns aspectos da antipsiquiatria, usando referenciais teóricos advindos de Marx, Tosquelles, Freud e Lacan, entre outros. Paralelamente, entre as décadas de 1960 e 1970 surgiram muitas iniciativas conhecidas como comunidades terapêuticas, procurando se contrapor à estrutura asilar, considerada excludente e cronificadora, e reconhecer a importância do doente e seu círculo familiar como agentes no tratamento. Essas comunidades se estruturavam segundo regras debatidas em assembleias, participando pacientes e funcionários, constituindo, nas palavras de Rochelle Gabay, "uma microssociedade democrática ideal". Apesar de alguns resultados positivos, a proposta das comunidades terapêuticas fracassou e exerceu impacto negligenciável no modelo asilar então prevalente, e o paciente psiquiátrico de modo geral continuava um pária social.

Entre as décadas de 1970 e 1980 o campo da psiquiatria comunitária ainda era considerado mal delimitado, carente de uma conceituação sólida e padronizada e com poucos dados empíricos disponíveis, mas a partir da influência do modelo teórico psicodinâmico já se reconhecia que sua caracterização deveria se basear num princípio de interatividade num contexto social e num ambiente, abandonando a ideia do paciente como uma entidade isolada e desvinculada de um grupo. Mesmo sem uma base bem consolidada, várias autores já saudavam o movimento como revolucionário.

A partir de então a ideia de uma psiquiatria comunitária e antimanicomial se difundiu rapidamente pela Europa, sendo que ao final do século já eram poucos os que ainda defendiam o modelo hospitalar, mas entre a teoria e a prática persistem diferenças regionais importantes. Segundo Sampaio, em estudo de 2016 referente à situação em Portugal, "o internamento continua a consumir a maioria dos recursos (83%), quando toda a evidência científica mostra que as intervenções na comunidade, mais próximas das pessoas, são as mais efetivas e as que colhem a preferência dos utentes e das famílias".

Também na América Latina a aceitação do modelo comunitário foi retardada, tanto que em 1990 a Organização Mundial de Saúde convocou a Conferência Regional para Reestruturação da Atenção Psiquiátrica na América Latina, que produziu a Declaração de Caracas, documento que exerceu impacto em toda a América, onde foi dito que "a atenção psiquiátrica convencional não permite alcançar os objetivos compatíveis com uma atenção comunitária, descentralizada, participativa, integral, contínua e preventiva. [...] A reestruturação da atenção psiquiátrica na região implica a revisão crítica do papel hegemônico e centralizador do hospital psiquiátrico na prestação de serviços". A partir de então, com o aval da OMS para uma mudança de paradigma, o foco da psiquiatria passou a enfatizar a reabilitação social do paciente, sendo cada vez mais reconhecido o papel que o apoio do seu grupo desempenha na recuperação, mas o campo ainda enfrenta limitações e falta de estruturas de apoio. No Brasil, o movimento de reforma psiquiátrica desde a década de 1970 procura desenvolver uma postura semelhante entre os profissionais, embora também aqui as carências e resistências ainda sejam muitas. Para Cézar & Coelho,

"A dimensão sociocultural da Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira se configura como uma dimensão estratégica voltada para a transformação do lugar social da loucura. Nesse cenário, estão presentes as associações de usuários e familiares, as cooperativas sociais, bem como diversas formas de trabalho e atuação na comunidade por meio de projetos, festas, rádios etc. Seu princípio fundamental é envolver a sociedade na discussão, levando a ela a reflexão sobre os temas da loucura, da doença mental e dos hospitais psiquiátricos, por meio da produção cultural e artística dos vários atores envolvidos nesse processo. [...] Contudo, a transformação da relação entre sociedade e loucura ainda é um dos principais desafios da Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira, visto que os ideais da desinstitucionalização concorrem com os desejos de tutela e asilamento sustentados pelo enraizamento, no tecido social, dos conceitos de periculosidade e incapacidade que, embora obsoletos, ainda legitimam a existência de espaços de exclusão como espaços de tratamento".

Visão geral
A psiquiatria comunitária se sobrepõe à psiquiatria preventiva e à psiquiatria social. Em comum com a psiquiatria preventiva (no sentido mais amplo do termo), dá grande ênfase à prevenção, ou seja, a promoção de condições que evitem o surgimento dos transtornos; estimula o tratamento precoce para evitar seu agravamento, e aplica medidas de reabilitação para reduzir deficiências resultantes dos transtornos. Em comum com a psiquiatria social, preocupa-se com o impacto do ambiente social na saúde mental e na prática psiquiátrica.

Segundo Gabay, a psiquiatria comunitária apareceu "como alternativa aos manicômios e a uma visão puramente curativa da doença. A ideia era a de organização de um amplo programa de intervenção na comunidade, visando evitar a doença pela detecção precoce das situações críticas e dos fatores de risco, instituindo-se ações preventivas. Ampliava-se assim o foco da intervenção: não mais o doente e o asilo e sim a comunidade e o conjunto da população".

A psiquiatria foi objeto de uma grande onda de críticas na década de 1960. Foi criticada por se limitar a funções de reclusão e proteção da ordem pública, encerrando a loucura para melhor domesticá-la. E o seu papel terapêutico muito alterado pelo exílio e desapropriação impostos aos doentes. O manicômio é então um universo totalizante (mesmo totalitário), tutelar e mortífero onde os doentes se amontoam em dormitórios de cinquenta, passando o dia andando em círculos ou se balançando, num ambiente invadido por reclamações, gritos e insultos. Enfermeiros mal treinados têm a pesada responsabilidade de manter a ordem, usando meios de contenção, inclusive a camisa de força.

A psicanálise irá revolucionar este mundo, introduzindo um modo completamente diferente de relacionamento entre cuidadores e pacientes. Dois grandes desenvolvimentos marcam esse período: a psicoterapia institucional que busca tratar a instituição e a psiquiatria comunitária.

Para a psiquiatria comunitária, o mais relevante  é o impacto relacional do que o efeito da medicação. A própria vida em sociedade  utilizada como ferramenta terapêutica, assim como a capacidade de apoio mútuo dentro de um grupo cuja experiência emocional é bem aproveitada. Mas a ferramenta principal continua, no entanto, a relação individualizada, com o que isso pode implicar em termos de tentações de simbiose, investimento narcísico do outro ou identificação projetiva.

Áreas de atuação
As principais áreas e objetivos da psiquiatria comunitária são o desenvolvimento de serviços clínicos abrangentes na comunidade, com ênfase em serviços ambulatoriais e extramuros para manter o maior número possível de pessoas fora das instituições mentais, também, o desenvolvimento de um programa comunitário unindo os esforços de todas as organizações não psiquiátricas e indivíduos cujo trabalho tenha relação com a saúde mental, incluindo hospitais gerais, departamentos de saúde, escolas, agências de assistência social e familiar, igrejas, indústrias, sindicatos, órgãos legislativos, tribunais e prisões, líderes leigos e voluntários.

Também atuam na promoção de pesquisas epidemiológicas focadas na história natural, distribuição e incidência de transtornos mentais na população para isolar fatores sociais e ambientais que contribuem para esses distúrbios (como no caso da pelagra e paresia geral) e no desenvolvimento de um corpo de psiquiatras para atuar como consultores de saúde mental, ou especialistas comunitários em saúde mental, trabalhando com base no paciente ou no programa.

Em suas atividades centradas no paciente, o psiquiatra preocupa-se com a avaliação diagnóstica e a recomendação do tratamento. Em suas atividades programáticas, atua como administrador (planejando, organizando e dirigindo programas e serviços), diretor de pesquisa (desenvolvimento e acompanhamento de projetos); educador (desenvolvendo e ministrando cursos para diversas instituições), como consultor em psiquiatria preventiva para vários serviços comunitários, bem como para líderes leigos, educadores de saúde, legisladores e outros fora das agências psiquiátricas e de bem-estar.

O campo da psiquiatria comunitária é extremamente complexo. Há um grande número de atividades envolvidas na execução de um programa coordenado, por exemplo: pesquisas e avaliações de organizações comunitárias, lideranças e interesse público em problemas de saúde mental; coleta de dados sobre o caráter da população, características da comunidade e problemas locais específicos de saúde mental; análise da gestão dos programas atuais; desenvolvimento de políticas e padrões para cargos em saúde mental, treinamento e desenvolvimento de pessoal.

Ainda, pode atuar em funções gerenciais e de supervisão, coordenação entre agências, serviços informativos e educacionais e financiamento; promoção de pesquisas, incluindo métodos experimentais, estudos de caso, pesquisas, coleta de dados bioestatísticos, estudos epidemiológicos e avaliação de programas; desenvolvimento de métodos e serviços clínicos visando o máximo aproveitamento de recursos, incluindo novas técnicas de consulta e tratamento colaborativo; prevenção primária voltada para a erradicação de fatores específicos causadores de colapsos, incluindo políticas sociais nocivas, bem como medidas positivas para a manutenção da saúde mental, como orientação e aconselhamento antecipado.

Atuará, também, no desenvolvimento de serviços orientados para a detecção precoce, tratamento de emergências psiquiátricas, internamento e tratamento ambulatório, formação profissional, reabilitação, reeducação, cuidados domiciliários, oficinas protegidas, casas de passagem, etc.; e serviços indiretos de saúde mental por meio da educação de pessoal não psiquiátrico (enfermeiros de saúde pública, professores, supervisores, cuidadores de crianças) e educação geral do público por meio de filmes, palestras, grupos de discussão, televisão, etc. O treinamento para o campo da psiquiatria comunitária ainda é disponível em apenas alguns centros e é amplamente limitado a psiquiatras, embora agora esteja sendo ampliado para incluir psicólogos clínicos, enfermeiras de saúde pública e assistentes sociais.

Ver também
 Movimento antimanicomial
 Reforma psiquiátrica no Brasil

Ciência na sociedade
Modelos psiquiátricos
Reforma psiquiátrica
História da psiquiatria
Tratamento psiquiátrico
fr:Psychiatrie communautaire

Psiquiatria comunitária