Musevilikte bir et şehita kurallarına uygun olarak bir şohet tarafından kesilmiş olsa bile bu hayvanın arka butları içerisinde siyatik siniri (Git anaşe) olduğundan yenilmesi yasaktır. Bu siyatik sinirini tek parça halinde çıkartan ve bunun eğitimini alan kişiye menaker adı verilir.

Menaker kesimi yapılan hayvan üzerinde uzun süren bir anatomi eğitimi almış olduğundan hayvanın sinirinin nereden geçtiğini çok iyi bilir ve bu siniri hiç zedelemeden tek parça halinde çıkartabilir.

Menakerlik eğitimi çok uzun sürdüğünden birçok Musevi Cemaatinde menaker bulunmaz bu sebeple, böyle cemaatlerde butların tamamı trefa sayılır ve yenilmez.

Yahudilik

Menaker


The Cutting Edge puede referirse a:
The Cutting Edge, película estadounidense de 1992; o
The Cutting Edge, segmento de entrevistas en la WWE.

The Cutting Edge


Pinchus Krémègne, aka Pinchus Kremegne (; ; 28 July 1890 – 5 April 1981), was a Lithuanian Belarusian Jewish-French artist, primarily known as a sculptor, painter and lithographer.

He was a native of Zhaludak near Lida, now Belarus, and was a friend of both Chaïm Soutine and Michel Kikoine. He studied sculpture at the Vilnius Academy of Art. He became a target of the pogroms because he was a Jew and fled to Paris in 1912. In Paris, Kremegne joined the group of painters of Montparnasse and soon became one of the respected residents of La Ruche. In 1915, he gave up sculpture in order to dedicate himself to painting. It was he who encouraged Soutine to come to Paris. He left Paris to live in a small town in the Pyrenees called Ceret. This village, which is a little inland from Collioure, attracted other painters such as Soutine. Although Soutine did not like the town very much, he completed many paintings there over a couple of years. He never settled but his compatriot Kremegne had a house built there around 1960. This small unassuming house, a reflection of the man himself, is nestled into the mountain and overlooks the village.

There was a falling out between the two men perhaps stemming from some ingratitude shown by Soutine towards a mutual 'mecene' or benefactor who had helped out the two impoverished artists during their early careers in Paris. Kremegne's house has new occupants and it is called La Miranda del Convent. Later Ceret was to attract other painters such as Picasso. The Picasso walk meanders by Kremegne's house and Ceret has an important museum exhibiting artists such as Matisse, Picasso, and others. There are a few Kremegne paintings on exhibition there as well.

Kremegne died in Ceret.

Underestimated as an artist today, he is overshadowed by Soutine and Chagall. He was remembered with a posthumous one-man show in the Quartier Les Halles in Paris in the 1990s. A more structured vision of nature than Soutine's, Kremegne's last paintings prefigure the work of painters such as Leon Kossoff and Frank Auerbach in England.

References

1890 births
1981 deaths
People from Lida District
Belarusian Jews
Modern painters
Jewish painters
Jewish sculptors
Belarusian painters
Belarusian sculptors
Russian painters
Russian male painters
20th-century Russian sculptors
20th-century Russian male artists
Russian male sculptors
20th-century French painters
French male painters
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
School of Paris
Vilnius Academy of Arts alumni
20th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors

Pinchus Kremegne


Himmelnattens kejser er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2003, der er instrueret af Michael Madsen.

Handling
Det fortælles, at i år 900 regerede en blind kejser i Japan. Han blev kaldt Kejser Amayonomikoto - Himmelnattens Kejser. Udstyret med en turistguide og et videokamera sætter filmens instruktør ud på en rejse gennem Japan for at søge svar på spørgsmålet: Hvad vil det egentlig sige at se? Og hvad har myten om Himmelnattens Kejser at fortælle en billedbombarderet nutid, som lægger stadig mere vægt på visualitet? I en filosofisk og essayistisk form, blandet med rejsenotatets umiddelbare iagttagelser, er det filmens ambition at formulere mulige bud på synets betydning for menneskets opfattelse af tilværelsen og omgivelserne. En salgsrepræsentant for Sony, verdens største producent af audiovisuelt udstyr, har ét svar. En forsker med speciale i Himmelnattens Kejser et andet. En blind munk, Japans sidste, et tredje.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2003

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Himmelnattens kejser


El 42.º Regimiento Aéreo (42. Flieger-Regiment) fue una unidad de la Luftwaffe de la Alemania nazi.

Historia
Fue formado el 16 de agosto de 1942, a partir del 42º Regimiento de Instrucción Aérea. En noviembre de 1942 es redesignado como 8.ª División de Campaña de la Luftwaffe.

Referencias

WW2 - 42. Flieger-Regiment

Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)
Regimientos Aéreos alemanes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial

42.º Regimiento Aéreo


අයිඩා යුරියෙව්නා නිකොලේචුක්, (යුක්රේනියන්: Аїда Юріївна Ніколайчук) යුක්රේනියානු ගායන ශිල්පිනියක සහ නිරූපිකාවක වෙයි. 2012 වසරේ පැවති යුක්රේනියානු X-Factor රූපවාහිනී තරඟාවලියේ තෙවන අදියරේ ජයග්‍රාහිකාව ඇයයි. තරඟාවලියේ දෙවන අදියරේ දී අයිඩා, පොලිනා ගගරිනාගේ ලුලබි (Колыбельная, Kalybelnaya) ගායනය කරමින් සිටියදී, හඬ පටයක් මගින් ඇගේ හඬ වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලදැයි සැකයට බඳුන් වීම නිසා විනිශ්චය මණ්ඩලය ඇගේ ගායනය අතරමග නැවත්වීම නිසා ඇය විශේෂ අවධානයකට ලක් වූවා ය. සංගීත වාදනය රහිතව ගීතය ගයන්නැයි විනිශ්චය මණ්ඩලය ඇයට අභියෝග කළේය. විස්මයජනක ලෙස නිකොලේචුක්, සහාය වාදනය නොමැතිවද පෙර පරිදිම ගායනය ඉදිරිපත් කළාය.

පෞද්ගලික දිවිය
නිකොලේචුක් 1982 මාර්තු 3 දින සෝවියට් සංගමයේ ඔඩෙසා හි දී උපත ලැබුවාය. පළමු ශ්‍රේණියේ දී ම ඇය ගායනය ඇරඹුවාය.

සංගීත දිවිය
2011 දී යුක්රේනියානු X-Factor රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහනේ දෙවන අදියරයට නිකොලේචුක් සහභාගී වූයේ තම රැකියාවට පවා සමුදෙමින්ය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ජීවමාන ජනයා
1982 උපත්

අයිඩා නිකොලේචුක්


Rat za neovisnost Mozaibika (port. Guerra da Independência de Moçambique, u Mozambiku Luta Armada de Libertação Nacional) bio je portugalski kolonijalni rat i oružani sukob između gerilaca Fronte oslobođenja Mozambika FRELIMO-a (Frente de Libertação de Moçambique) i portugalskih oružanih snaga. Službeno izbijanje rata je 25. rujna 1964. godine napadom na posto administrativo Chai u okrugu (danas provinciji) Cabu Delgadu To je bio još jedan portugalski kolonijalni rat nakon rata za neovisnost Angole koji je izbio tri godine prije. Završio je primirjem 8. rujna 1974. potpisanim nakon što je nekoliko mjeseci prije u Portugalu bila revolucija karanfila i završio pregovorima kojima je izborena neovisnost 25. lipnja 1975. godine. Dvije godine poslije izbio je građanski rat.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Guerra Colonial: 1961–1974  Povijesne stranice o portugalskom kolonijalnom ratu (port.)
Službene stranice FRELIMA (Mozambik)
Time magazine, Dismantling the Portuguese Empire  (eng.)

Mozambik
Povijest Mozambika
Ratovi
Dekolonizacija Afrike
Portugalsko Kolonijalno Carstvo
Pokreti za neovisnost

Rat za neovisnost Mozambika


West Sumatra () is a province of Indonesia. It is on the west coast of the island of Sumatra and includes the Mentawai Islands off that coast. West Sumatra borders the Indian Ocean to the west, as well as the provinces of North Sumatra to the north, Riau to the northeast, Jambi to the southeast, and Bengkulu to the south. The province has an area of , with a population of 5,534,472 at the 2020 census. The official estimate at mid 2022 was 5,640,629. The province is subdivided into twelve regencies and seven cities. It has relatively more cities than other provinces outside Java, although several of them are relatively low in population compared with cities elsewhere in Indonesia.  is the province's capital and largest city.

West Sumatra is home to the Minangkabau people, although the traditional Minangkabau region is actually wider than the province's boundaries, covering up to the southern region of North Sumatra, the western region of Riau, the western region of Jambi, the northern region of Bengkulu, and  in Malaysia. Another native ethnic group is the Mentawai people, who inhabit the western islands of the same name. Islam is a predominant religion in the province, with about 97.4% of the total population.

West Sumatra was the centre of the Pagaruyung Kingdom, founded by Adityawarman in 1347. The first European to come to the region was a French traveler named Jean Parmentier who arrived around 1523. The region was later colonised by the Dutch Empire and became a residency named Sumatra's West Coast (), whose administrative area included the present-day Kampar Regency in Riau and Kerinci Regency in Jambi. Before becoming a province in 1957, West Sumatra was a part of the province of Central Sumatra (1948–1957), alongside Riau, Jambi, and the Riau Islands.

Etymology
West Sumatra is known by the name Bumi Minangkabau (Land of Minangkabau), as it is the home and origin of the Minangkabau people. The Minangkabau name comes from two words namely, Minang (win) and Kabau (cattle). The name is associated with a Minangkabau legend known as Tambo. From the Tambo, it is said that at one time there was a foreign kingdom (usually interpreted as the Majapahit Empire) which came from the sea and would conquer what is now West Sumatra. To prevent fighting in the region, the local people propose a cattle race competition with the foreign forces. The foreign forces agreed and sent a large and aggressive cattle to the competition, while the local community sent a cattle calf who was still breastfeeding to the competition. In the competition, the cattle calf who was still breastfeeding thought the large and aggressive cattle was the mother. So the calf immediately ran towards the large and aggressive cattle to find milk until he tore apart the big cattle's stomach. The victory inspired the local people to use the name Minangkabau, which comes from the phrase "Manang kabau" (winning cattle). The story of the Tambo is also found in the  which also mentions that the victory made the country that was previously named Pariangan changed to the name Minangkabau. Furthermore, the use of the name Minangkabau is also used to refer to a nagari (village), namely the Nagari Minangkabau, which is located in Sungayang District, Tanah Datar Regency.

In the historical record of the Majapahit Empire,  which dated from 1365, also mentioned the name Minangkabwa as one of the Malay countries that has been conquered by the Majapahit. Likewise in the Ming Chronicles from 1405, there was the royal name of Mi-nang-ge-bu of the six kingdoms who sent messengers facing Yongle Emperor in Nanjing. On the other hand, the name Minang (Minanga kingdom) itself has also been mentioned in the Kedukan Bukit inscription dated from 682 which is written in Sanskrit. In the inscription, it was stated that the founder of the Srivijaya Empire named Dapunta Hyang departed from a place called Minānga. Some experts who refer to the source of the inscription suspects that the 4th line words (... minānga) and the 5th line words (tāmvan ...) are actually incorporated, so that they become mināngatāmvan and are translated as the meeting point of twin rivers. The twin river is supposed to refer to the meeting of two sources of the Kampar River, namely the Kampar Kiri River and the Kampar Kanan River. But this hypothesis is denied by the Dutch indologist Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis, which proves that tāmvan has nothing to do with "meeting point", because these can also be found in other Srivijaya relics.

History

Prehistoric era

From the stories of the tambo passed from generation to generation, the ancestors of the Minangkabau people were the descendants of Iskandar Zulkarnain (Alexander the Great). This tambo story is more or less comparable to the Malay Annals who also tells how the Minangkabau people sent their representatives to ask Sang Sapurba, one of the descendants of Iskandar Zulkarnain, to become their king.

The Minang community is part of the Deutro-Malay community who migrated from Southern China to the island of Sumatra around 2,500–2,000 years ago. It is estimated that this community group entered from the east of the island of Sumatra, along the Kampar River to the highlands called darek which became the home of the Minangkabau people. Some of these darek areas then form a kind of confederation known as luhak, which is then referred to as Luhak Nan Tigo, which consists of Luhak Limo Puluah, Luhak Agam, and Luhak Tanah Data. During the era of the Dutch East Indies, the luhak area became a territorial government area called afdeling, headed by a resident who by the Minangkabau community was called the name Tuan Luhak. Initially, The Minangkabau people were included as a sub-group of the Malays, but since the 19th century, the Minangkabau and the Malays began to be seen as distinguished, from the matrilineal culture of the Minangkabau that persisted compared to the patrilineal culture adopted by Malay society in general.

Precolonial era

According to the Minangkabau Tambo, in the period between the 1st century to the 16th century, many small kingdoms stood on what is now West Sumatra. These kingdoms included the Kuntu, Kandis, Siguntur, Pasumayan Koto Batu, Batu Patah, Sungai Pagu, Inderapura, Jambu Lipo, Taraguang, Dusun Tuo, Bungo Setangkai, Talu, Kinali, Parit Batu, Pulau Punjungand, Pagaruyung Kingdoms. These kingdoms were short lived, and are usually under the influence of larger kingdoms, such as Malayu and Pagaruyung.

The Malayu Kingdom is estimated to have appeared in the year 645 thought to be located in the upper reaches of the Batang Hari River. Based on the Kedukan Bukit inscription, this kingdom was conquered by the Srivijaya in 682. And then in 1183 it appeared again based on the Grahi inscription in Cambodia, and then the Negarakertagama and Pararaton recorded the existence of the Malay Kingdom which had its capital in Dharmasraya. A military expedition to West Sumatra called the Pamalayu emerged in 1275–1293 under the leadership of Kebo Anabrang of the Singasari Kingdom. After the submission of the kingdom recorded on the Amoghapasa carved on the Padang Roco Inscription, the Pamalayu returned to Java with the daughters of King Dharmasraya, Dara Petak and Dara Jingga. Dara Petak was married to Raden Wijaya, the king of Majapahit, as well as the heir to the Singhasari kingdom, while Dara Jingga was married to Adwayawarman. Jayanagara was born from the marriage of Raden Wijaya and Dara Petak, who would become the second king of Majapahit, while Adityawarman was born from the marriage of Dara Jingga and Adwayawarman; he later became king of the Pagaruyung Kingdom.

Hindu-Buddhist influence in western Sumatra emerged around the 13th century, and began during the Pamalayu expedition by Kertanagara, and later during the reign of Adityawarman and his son Ananggawarman. Adityawarman's kingdom had the strength to dominate the central Sumatra region and it's surrounding. This was be proven by the title Maharajadiraja which was held by Adityawarman recorded on the back of the Amoghapasa carving, found in the upper reaches of the Batang Hari River (now part of the Dharmasraya Regency). The Batusangkar inscription mentioned Ananggawarman as a yuvaraja performing the Tantris teaching ritual from Buddhism called hevajra which is the ceremony of the transfer of power from Adityawarman to his crown prince, this can be attributed to the Chinese chronicle of 1377 about the San-fo-ts'i messenger to the Emperor of China requesting recognition as ruler of the San-fo-ts'i region.  Some inland areas of central Sumatra are still influenced by Buddhism, evident in the Padangroco temple, the Padanglawas temple and Muara Takus temple, the areas that were formerly part of Adityawarman's land. Whereas the recorded devout adherents besides Adityawarman, were Kublai Khan and king Kertanegara of Singhasari.

The spread of Islam after the end of the 14th century had little effect, especially relating to the patrilineal system, and gave a relatively new phenomenon to the people in the interior of Minangkabau. At the beginning of the 16th century, the Suma Oriental, written between 1513 and 1515, recorded from the three Minangkabau kings, only one of whom had been a Muslim convert from 15 years before. The influence of Islam in Pagaruyung developed around the 16th century, namely through travelers and religious teachers who stopped or came from Aceh and Malacca. One of the famous ulama of Aceh, Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili, was a cleric who was thought to first spread Islam in Pagaruyung. By the 17th century, the Kingdom of Pagaruyung transformed itself into an Islamic sultanate. The first Islamic king in the Minangkabau traditional culture was Sultan Alif.

With the entry of Islam, the customary rules that are contrary to the teachings of Islam began to be replaced with the Islamic-based law. There is a famous Minangkabau custom proverb, "Adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah", which means that the Minangkabau adat is based on Islam, while Islam is based on the Qur'an. But in some cases, several systems and methods of adat were still maintained causing the outbreak of civil war known as the Padri War. The war was initially between the ulamas and the Adats, who were the Minangkabau nobility and traditional chiefs; later, the Dutch involved themselves in the war.

Islam also had an influence on Pagaruyung kingdom's government system with the addition of government elements such as Tuan Kadi and several other terms related to Islam. The naming of the Sumpur Kudus District, which contains the words derived from the word Quduus (holy) as the seat of Rajo Ibadat and Limo Kaum which contains the word qaum is an influence from Arabic or Islam. In addition, in the adat, the term Imam, Katik (Khatib), Bila (Bilal), Malin (Mu'alim), which is a substitute for Hindu and Buddhist terms used previously, such as the term Pandito (priest), also appears.

Colonial era

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Pagaruyung Kingdom was forced to recognize the sovereignty of the Aceh Sultanate, and to recognize the designated Aceh governors for the west coast of Sumatra. But around 1665, the Minangkabau people on the west coast rebelled against the Aceh governor. From the letter of the Minangkabau ruler Raja Pagaruyung submitted a request to the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and the VOC at that time took the opportunity to end Aceh's monopoly on gold and pepper. Furthermore, the VOC through its regent in Padang, Jacob Pits whose territory included from Kotawan in the south to Barus in the north sent a letter dated October 9, 1668 addressed to the Ahmadsyah Sultan, Iskandar Zur-Karnain, the Minangkabau ruler who was rich in gold, was told the VOC controlled the west coast area so that the gold trade can be re-flowed through the coast. According to Dutch records, Sultan Ahmadsyah died in 1674 and was replaced by his son Sultan Indermasyah. When the VOC succeeded in expelling the Aceh Sultanate from the coast of West Sumatra in 1666, Aceh's influence weakened on Pagaruyung. The relationship between the outer regions and the coast with the Kingdom of Pagaruyung becomes closer. At the time Pagaruyung was one of the trading centers on the island of Sumatra, due to its production of gold, it attracted the attention of the Dutch and the British to establish relations with Pagaruyung. It is recorded that in 1684, a Portuguese explorer named Tomas Dias paid a visit to Pagaruyung at the behest of the Dutch governor general in Malacca.

Around 1750 the Pagaruyung kingdom began to dislike the presence of the VOC in Padang and once tried to persuade the British who were in Bengkulu to expel the Dutch from the region which the British did not respond to. But in 1781, the British managed to control Padang for a short period of time, and messengers from Pagaruyung congratulated the success of the British in expelling the Dutch from Padang. Minangkabau land has long been considered rich in gold, and at that time the power of the Minangkabau king was  divided into king Suruaso and the king of Sungai Tarab with the equal power. Previously in 1732, the VOC regent in Padang had noted that there was a queen named Yang Dipertuan Puti Jamilan who had sent spears and swords made from gold, as a sign of her inauguration as the ruler of the land. While the Dutch and British succeeded in reaching the interior of the Minangkabau region, they had never found significant gold reserves in the area.

As a result of the conflict between the British and French in the Napoleonic Wars where the Dutch were on the French side, the British fought the Dutch and again succeeded in taking control of the coast of West Sumatra between 1795 and 1819. The British governor Thomas Stamford Raffles visited Pagaruyung in 1818, when the Padri War began. At that time Raffles discovered that the capital city of the kingdom had been burned because of the war. After the signing of a  peace agreement between the British and the Netherlands was signed in 1814, the Dutch re-entered Padang in May 1819. The Dutch reaffirmed their influence on the island of Sumatra and Pagaruyung, with the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824. The power of the King of Pagaruyung was very weak in the days leading up to the Padri war, although the king was still respected by his subject. The areas on the western coast fell into the influence of Aceh, while Inderapura on the southern coast practically became an independent kingdom although officially still under the rule of the king of Pagaruyung.

In the early 19th century a conflict broke out between the Padri and the Adat. In several negotiations there was no agreement between them. Pagaruyung's kingdom was in turmoil, and the peak of the war was when the Padri under the leadership of Tuanku Pasaman attacked Pagaruyung in 1815. Sultan Arifin Muningsyah was forced to abdicate and escape from the royal capital to Lubuk Jambi. Under pressure by the Padri, the Pagaruyung royal family requested assistance from the Dutch, and before that they had conducted diplomacy with the British when Raffles visited Pagaruyung and promised them assistance. On February 10, 1821, Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah, the nephew of Sultan Arifin Muningsyah, in Padang along with 19 other traditional leaders signed an agreement with the Dutch to cooperate in fighting the Padri, even though he was considered not entitled to make an agreement on behalf of the kingdom of Pagaruyung. As a result of this agreement, the Netherlands considered it a sign of surrender of the kingdom of Pagaruyung to the Dutch government. After the Dutch captured Pagaruyung from the Padri, in 1824 at the request of Lieutenant Colonel Raaff, Sultan Arifin Muningsyah returned to Pagaruyung, but in 1825, Sultan Arifin Muningsyah, the last king in Minangkabau, died and was later buried in Pagaruyung. Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah on the other hand wanted to be recognized as the King of Pagaruyung, but the Dutch East Indies government had limited his authority and only appointed him the Regent of Tanah Datar. Because of the policy it encouraged Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagar to start thinking about expelling the Dutch from the region.

After emerging victorious from the Diponegoro War in Java, the Dutch then tried to conquer the Padri with shipments of soldiers from Java, Madura, Celebes and the Moluccas. But the Dutch colonial ambitions caused the Adat and the Padri to forget their differences in secret to drive the Dutch away. On 2 May 1833 Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagar was captured by Lieutenant Colonel Elout in Batusangkar on charges of treason. He was exiled to Batavia (present-day Jakarta) until his death, and was buried in the Mangga Dua cemetery. After the fall, the influence and prestige of the kingdom of Pagaruyung remained high, especially among Minangkabau people who were overseas. One of Pagaruyung's royal heirs was invited to become a ruler in Kuantan, Malaysia. Likewise when Raffles was still on duty in the Malay Peninsula, he met Pagaruyung's relatives who were in Negeri Sembilan, and Raffles intended to appoint Yang Dipertuan Ali Alamsyah who he considered to be the direct descendant of the Minangkabau kings as a king under British protection. After the end of the Padri War, Tuan Gadang of Batipuh asked the Dutch East Indies government to give a higher position than just as the Tanah Datar Regent which he held after replacing Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagar, but this request was rejected by the Dutch, this later included one of the drivers of the outbreak of the 1841 rebellion in Batipuh in addition to the cultuurstelsel problem.

The name West Sumatra originated in the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) era, where the designation of the area for the west coast of Sumatra was Hoofdcomptoir van Sumatra's Westkust. Then with the strengthening of the political and economic influence of the VOC, until the 18th century this administrative region included the west coast of Sumatra from Barus to Inderapura. Along with the fall of the Kingdom of Pagaruyung, and the involvement of the Dutch in the Padri War, the Dutch East Indies government began to make the interior of Minangkabau a part of Pax Nederlandica, an area under Dutch supervision, and the Minangkabau region was divided into the Residentie Padangsche Benedenlanden and the Residentie Padangsche Bovenlanden. Furthermore, in the development of the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies, this area was incorporated in the Gouvernement Sumatra's Westkust, including the Residentie Bengkulu region which had just been surrendered by the British to the Dutch. Then expanded again by including Tapanuli and Singkil. But in 1905, the status of Tapanuli was upgraded to Residentie Tapanuli, while the Singkil area was given to Residentie Atjeh. Then in 1914, Gouvernement Sumatra's Westkust, was demoted to Residentie Sumatra's Westkust, and added the Mentawai Islands region in the Indian Ocean into Residentie Sumatra's Westkust, and in 1935 the Kerinci region was also incorporated into Residentie Sumatra's Westkust. After the breakdown of the Gouvernement Sumatra's Oostkust, the Rokan Hulu and Kuantan Singingi regions were given to Residentie Riouw, and Residentie Djambi was also formed in almost the same period.

Japanese occupation and Independence
During the Japanese occupation, Residentie Sumatra's Westkust changed its name to Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shu. On the basis of military geo-strategy, the Kampar area was separated from Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shu and incorporated into the territory of Rhio Shu.

At the beginning of Indonesian independence in 1945, the West Sumatra region was incorporated in the Sumatra province based in Bukittinggi. Four years later, Sumatra Province was divided into three provinces: North Sumatra, Central Sumatra, and South Sumatra. West Sumatra, Riau and Jambi were part of the residency within the Province of Central Sumatra. During the PRRI rebellion, based on emergency law number 19 of 1957, Central Sumatra Province was further divided into three provinces: West Sumatra Province, Riau Province, and Jambi Province. The Kerinci region which was previously incorporated in the South Sumatra Regency of Kerinci, was incorporated into Jambi Province as a separate regency. Likewise, the Kampar, Rokan Hulu and Kuantan Singingi areas are designated as part of Riau Province.

Communism in Sumatra has historically had an influence in the politics and society of Sumatra. Padang, Pariaman, Silungkang, Sawah Lunto, Alahan Panjang and Suliki of West Sumatra have been cited as areas which were particularly active in communism. During the PRRI rebellion, the insurgents arrested leftist activists and placed them in detention camps in West Sumatra. PKI cadres were detained at Situjuh and Suliki, while followers of the national communist Murba Party and other groups were detained at the Muara Labuh camp. Incidentally, Hadji Abdullah Ahmad, a noted anti-communist and religious leader was from the Minangkabau Highlands, where communism was active. Numerous examples of anti-communist resentment also occurred, for instance during the Indonesian killings of 1965–1966, PKI-organised squatters' movements and campaigns against foreign businesses in Sumatra's plantations provoked quick reprisals against Communists. Repression against alleged PKI members and sympathizers continued for several years. As late as 1976 mass lay-offs of former members of the communist plantation workers' union Sarbupri members took place in Sumatra, actions motivated by the communist past of these individuals.

Geography
West Sumatra lies in the middle of the western coast of Sumatra, and has an area of 42,119.54 km2. Geographic features include plains, mountainous volcanic highlands formed by the Barisan mountain range that runs from north-west to south-east, and an offshore island archipelago called the Mentawai Islands. The West Sumatran coastline faces the Indian Ocean and stretches 375 km from North Sumatra province in the north-west to Bengkulu in the south-east. The lakes of West Sumatra include: Maninjau (99.5 km2), Singkarak (130.1 km2), Diatas (31.5 km2), Dibawah (14.0 km2), Talang (5.0 km2). The rivers of West Sumatra include: Kuranji, Anai, Ombilin, Suliki, Agam, Sinamar, Arau. The mountains & volcanoes of West Sumatra include: Kerinci (3,805 m), Marapi (2,891 m), Sago (2,271 m), Singgalang (2,877 m), Talakmau (2,912 m), Talang (2,572 m), Tandikat (2,438 m).

West Sumatra is one of the earthquake-prone areas in Indonesia, due to its location in the tectonic slab located between the confluence of two major continental plates (the Eurasian plate and Indo-Australian plate) and Great Sumatran fault, plus the activity of the active volcanoes. Large earthquakes that occurred recently in West Sumatra earthquake were the 2009 Sumatra earthquake and the 2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami. The area was also affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.

Climate
This region has a tropical monsoon climate, similar to most other Indonesian provinces. Throughout the year the province is only affected by two seasons, namely the rainy season and the dry season. The air temperature varies from 24.7 to 32.9 degrees Celsius with air humidity levels ranging from 82% to 88%. The relative rainy season falls from October to April. Variation in rainfall ranges from 2,100 mm to 3,264 mm. The month December is the month with the most rainfall. While the dry season usually starts in June to September.

The season in West Sumatra is similar to other regions in Indonesia, only known for two seasons, namely the dry season and the rainy season. From June to September wind flows from Australia and do not contain much water vapor, resulting in a dry season. Conversely in December to March many wind currents contain water vapor from Asia and the Pacific Ocean during the rainy season. Such conditions occur every half-year after passing the transition period in between April – May and October – November.

The city of Padang is one of Indonesia's wettest cities, with frequent rainfall throughout the course of the year.
As in most other province of Indonesia, West Sumatra has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af) bordering on a tropical monsoon climate. The climate is very much dictated by the surrounding sea and the prevailing wind system. It has high average temperature and high average rainfall.

Flora and Fauna
The province includes large areas of dense tropical forest, which is home to a host of species including: Rafflesia arnoldii (world's largest flower), Sumatran tiger, siamang, Malayan tapir, Sumatran serow, rusa deer, Malayan sun bear, Bornean clouded leopard, and many birds and butterflies.

The province includes two national parks: Siberut National Park and Kerinci Seblat National Park, as well as a number of nature reserves: Rimbo Panti Nature Reserve, Batang Palupuh Nature Reserve, Lembah Anai Nature Reserve, Lembah Harau Nature Reserve, Bung Hatta Grand Forest Park, and Beringin Sakti Nature Reserve.

Government
The Province of West Sumatra is led by a governor who is elected directly with his representative for a 5-year term. In addition to being a regional government, the Governor also acts as a representative or extension of the central government in the province, whose authority is regulated in Law No. 32 of 2004 and Government Regulation number 19 of 2010.

While the relationship between the provincial government and the regency and city governments is not a sub-ordinate, each of these regional governments governs and manages government affairs according to the principle of autonomy and co-administration.

Nagari

Until 1979, the smallest administrative unit in West Sumatra was called a nagari, which had existed before Indonesian independence. With the enactment of Law No. 5 of 1979 concerning village governance, the status of nagari was eliminated and replaced with villages, and several jorong statuses were upgraded to villages. The position of nagari guardians was also removed and government administration was carried out by village heads. But since the onset of government reform and regional autonomy, since 2001, the term nagari has been used again in this province.

The political culture that lived in the West Sumatra village government since the policy of uniformity (Law No.5 of 1979) was applied to the parochial political culture. this condition is seen through the power system, the ruling system, the terms of the ruler, and the role of the ruler in the village government.

The kinship system in developing participant political culture began to shift, in terms of the level of sensitivity, the form of tolerance in kinship, and the role of seniority in kinship. This means that the lack of togetherness in the kinship power system.

Nagari government is an autonomous government structure, has a clear territory and adheres to adat as a regulator of the life of its members. the regency replaced the term village government that was used previously. Whereas for the nagari in the city government system still as a traditional institution, it has not become part of the regional government structure.

Opportunities that occur in village government are the emergence of individualistic economic growth. This condition is a result of dependence on the central government, resulting in lack of independence. This condition can weaken the resilience of the area of the economy itself. However, now the villages of West Sumatra have tried to build efforts to facilitate the political policies of the village government or since exchanging back into nagari, namely changing the structure and process between village government structures made under Law No. 5 of 1979.

Nagari was initially led jointly by the princes or datuk in the nagari, then during the Dutch East Indies government one of the princes was chosen to become the guardian of the Nagari. Then in running the government, the nagari guardians are assisted by a number of jorong or jorong guardians, but now assisted by the nagari secretary and civil servants depending on the needs of each nagari. This nagari guardian was chosen by the anak nagari (nagari residents) democratically in direct elections for 6 years in office.

Administrative divisions
West Sumatra Province is subdivided into twelve regencies and seven autonomous cities, which lie outside any regency. The regencies and cities are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2022.

Human Development Index
Cities and Regencies in West Sumatra in order of the Human Development Index (HDI). The figures come from the 2020 Indonesia Human Development Report, published by Statistics Indonesia.

As a new regency, Dharmasraya got the highest score (59.43) from a possible 100 among other new regencies.

Before the reforms of 1999 and the implementation of regional autonomy in 2001, the lowest local government unit under the district administrations was the Javanese model of the village, the desa. Under regional autonomy, the traditional Minangkabau nagari, which are larger than villages elsewhere in Indonesia, have been reintroduced in place of the desa.

Demographics
The Census population of West Sumatra was 2.8 million in 1971, 3.4 million in 1980, 4.0 million in 1990, 4.25 million in 2000, 4.85 million in 2010, and 5.53 million in 2020, of whom 2,786,360 were male and 2,748,112 were female. In 2014, 88% were recorded by the Badan Pusat Statistik as Minangkabau people. Batak people, mainly from Mandailing sub-ethnic group, and Javanese comprised 4% of the population respectively, while Mentawai people who live in the Mentawai islands made up 1%.

In 2015, about 44.2% of West Sumatran lived in urban areas. Most of the urban population of West Sumatra is concentrated in the centre-west coast of province and Minangkabau Highlands. West Sumatra has 3 cities with populations over 100,000. Padang is the major metropolitan areas with the population of 919,145 in mid 2022; Minangkabau highlands cities of Payakumbuh and Bukittinggi rank as West Sumatra's next most populous cities, with populations of 143,325 and 122,311 respectively in mid 2022.

Ethnicity

West Sumatra is the native homeland of Minangkabau people. They speak Minangkabau language and predominantly Muslim. West Sumatran have historically played the important role within the Muslim community in Indonesia. Up until today the region is considered one of the strongholds of Islam in Indonesia. They have a reputation as traders, intellectuals as well as politically savvy people who have successfully exported their culture, language, cuisine and beliefs throughout Indonesia.

Mentawaians live on the Mentawai Islands, off the western coast of Sumatra, that are also part of the native people of province. They speak Mentawai languages, which are not intelligible with either Indonesian nor Minangkabau. Small minority of the Mentawais are Christians nowadays. In the Mentawai Islands, where the majority of the population is Mentawai, it is rare to find Minangkabau people. Chinese Indonesian are only found in big cities, such as Padang, Bukittinggi, and Payakumbuh. In Padang and Pariaman, there are also small numbers of Nias and Tamil people.

Language
The language used in everyday life in West Sumatra is the Minangkabau language which has several dialects, such as the Bukittinggi dialect, Pariaman dialect, South Coastal dialect, and Payakumbuh dialect. In the Pasaman and West Pasaman regions bordering North Sumatra, the Batak Mandailing dialect is also spoken. Meanwhile, in the Mentawai archipelago, the Mentawai language is widely used. Tamil is spoken by Tamils in Padang.

Indonesian is widely understood as a second-language. It is used as the language of education as well as interethnic communication.

Religion

Islam is the majority religion adopted by 98% of the population of West Sumatra. Christians, concentrated in the Mentawai Islands, number around 1.6%, Buddhists are around 0.26%, and Hindus are around 0.01%, the two latter being adopted by immigrant communities.

Various places of worship, which are dominated by mosques and musallas, can be found in every district and city in West Sumatra. The biggest mosque is the Great West Sumatra Mosque in Padang. The oldest mosques include the Ganting Grand Mosque in Padang and the Tuo Kayu Jao Mosque in Solok Regency. The typical Minangkabau architecture dominates both the form of the mosque and the musala. The Grand Mosque of West Sumatra has a gonjong-shaped building, decorated with Minang carvings and calligraphy. There is also a mosque with a roof consisting of several levels, which are getting smaller and more concave.

Culture

Traditional Music
The nuances of Minangkabau in every West Sumatra music mixed with any type of music at this time will definitely be seen from every song that circulates in the community. This is because Minang music can be formulated with any kind of music that makes it pleasant to hear and acceptable to the public. The musical elements giving the nuance consist of traditional musical instruments, saluang, bansi, talempong, rabab, pupuik, serunai, and gandang tabuik.

There is also a saluang jo dendang, which is the delivery of chanting accompanied by saluang, also known as sijobang.

Minangkabau music in the form of instrumental and songs from this area are generally melancholy. This is closely related to the structure of the community which has a sense of brotherhood, kinship relations and love of a high homeland supported by the habit of going abroad.

The music industry in West Sumatra is growing with the emergence of Minangkabau artists who can blend modern music into traditional Minangkabau music. The development of modern Minang music in West Sumatra dates back to the 1950s, marked by the birth of the Gumarang Orchestra. Elly Kasim, Tiar Ramon and Nurseha are well-known West Sumatra singers in the 1970s to the present. At present the singers, songwriters and music stylists in West Sumatra are under the auspices of the PAPPRI organization (Association of Indonesian Singer Music Songwriters) and PARMI (Indonesian Minang Artist Association).

Record companies in West Sumatra that support the Minang music industry include: Tanama Record, Planet Record, Pitunang Record, Sinar Padang Record, Caroline Record located in Padang and Minang Record, Gita Virma Record located in Bukittinggi.

Traditional Dance
Broadly speaking, dance from West Sumatra is from the customs of the Minangkabau people and the Mentawai people. The peculiarities of Minangkabau dance are generally influenced by the Islamic religion, the uniqueness of matrilineal customs and the habit of migrating their communities also give a great influence on the soul of a classical dance that is classic, including tari pasambah, Tari Piring, tari payung, and the tari indang. Meanwhile, there is also a performance typical of other Minangkabau ethnic groups in the form of a unique blend of martial arts called silek with dancing, singing and acting known as Randai.

As for the typical Mentawai people dance is called Turuk Laggai. This Turuk Langai dance generally tells about animal behavior, so the title is adjusted to the names of the animals, for example tari burung (bird), tari monyet (monkey), tari ayam (chicken), tari ular (snake) and so on.

Traditional house

The traditional house of West Sumatra, especially from the Minangkabau people, is called Rumah Gadang. The rumah Gadang is usually built on a plot of land belonging to the parent family in the tribe and people from generation to generation. Not far from the rumah gadang complex is usually also built a surau that functions as a place of worship and a place of residence for unmarried adult men. The rumah gadang is made in the form of a rectangle and is divided into two front and rear parts, generally made of wood, and at first glance it looks like a stilt house with a distinctive roof, prominent like a buffalo horn, the local people call it Gonjong and the roof was formerly made from palm fiber before changing to a zinc roof. This rumag Bagonjong according to the local community was inspired by theTambo, which tells of the arrival of their ancestors by boat from the sea. Another distinctive feature of this traditional house is not using iron nails but using wooden pegs, but strong enough as a binder.

While the Mentawai people also have a traditional house in the form of a large stilt house with a floor height of up to one meter of land called uma. Uma is inhabited jointly by five to ten families. In general, this uma construction was built without the use of nails, but it was cooked with wood and a cross-linking system.

Traditional weapon

Traditional, West Sumatra weapons are Keris and Kerambit shaped like tiger nails. Keris are usually used by men and placed on the front, and are generally used by the princes, especially in any official event, especially in the event of a gala or inaugural title, but it is also commonly used by the bridegroom in the community wedding ceremony the local called it baralek. While kerambit is a small sharp weapon that curves like a tiger's nails, because it is inspired by the hooves of the beast. This deadly weapon is used by Minang silat warriors in short-range battles which are usually secret weapons, especially those using tiger martial arts moves. Various other types of weapons have also been used such as spears, long swords, arrows, chopsticks and so on.

Economy
Gradually, the economy of West Sumatra began to move positively after experiencing pressure due to the impact of the 2009 earthquake that hit the region. The impact of this disaster was seen in quarter IV-2009, where economic growth only reached 0.90%. But now the economy of West Sumatra has improved, with growth rates above the national average. In 2012 the West Sumatra economy grew by 6.35%, better than the previous year which was only 6.25%. And in the first quarter of 2013 the economy of West Sumatra has grown to 7.3%. The high economic growth of West Sumatra in the past three years has reduced poverty in the province from 8.99% (2011) to 8% (2012). For the Gross Regional Domestic Revenue (GRDP), in 2012 the province had a GRDP of Rp 110.104 trillion, with a GDP per capita of Rp 22.41 million.

Workforce
Along with the growth of the economy of West Sumatra, the number of workers needed is also increasing. This has led to a decline in unemployment in the province. Between February 2011 – February 2012, the number of unemployed people decreased from 162,500 people to 146,970 people. The open Unemployment Rate declined from 7.14% to 6.25%. This figure is below the national average in the end of 2011 which reached 6.56%. In February 2012, the number of West Sumatra's workforce reached 2,204,218 people, an increase of 90,712 compared to the total workforce in February 2011.

Most of the population working is absorbed in the agricultural sector. Employment in this sector is able to absorb 42.4% of the existing workforce. However, this absorption percentage declined compared to the previous year which was 44%. Meanwhile, the percentage of working population absorbed in the trade sector again increased, from 18.5% in February 2011 to 19.8% in February 2012. Likewise, absorption in the service sector increased, from 16.7% to 17.4%.

Agriculture

In the fourth quarter of 2012, the agricultural sector experienced relatively high growth, driven by the stretching of the food crops subsector. In this quarter the growth of the agricultural sector reached 4.14%, higher than the previous quarter of 2.05%. The good performance of the plantation sector in 2012 has sustained the growth of the agricultural industry by 4.07%.

Processing industry

The West Sumatra industry is dominated by small scale industries or households. The number of industrial units is 47,819 units, consisting of 47,585 small industrial units and 234 large medium industrial units, with a ratio of 203: 1. In 2001 large medium industry investment reached Rp 3,052 billion, or 95.60% of total investment, while small industries the investment is only Rp. 1,412 billion or 4.40% of the total investment. The value of the production of large medium industries in 2001 reached Rp. 1,623 billion, which is 60% of the total production value, and the value of small industrial production only reaches Rp. 1,090 billion, or 40% of the total value of production.

For the cement processing industry, in 2012 West Sumatra produced 6,522,006 tons, higher than last year's 6,151,636 tons. While the sales volume in 2012 was 6,845,070 tons, an increase of 10.20% compared to last year which was 6,211,603 tons.

Services
The return of the economy of West Sumatra in the aftermath of the earthquake and the recovery of the global economy, especially in the central Sumatra zone, was also a driving factor for the re-moving of the service sector (7.38%). The service sectors that are quite important in this province are finance, hotels, restaurants and travel agents. The growth of hotels in West Sumatra in the last three years has been quite rapid. This is in line with the increasing number of tourists who come to this province. During 2012 there were 36,623 foreign tourists visiting West Sumatra, an increase of 8.27% compared to last year which was 33,827 tourists.

Mining
West Sumatra has the potential of group A, B and C mining materials. Group A mining materials, namely coal, are found in the city of Sawahlunto. While group B mining materials consisting of mercury, sulfur, iron sand, copper, lead and silver are spread in Sijunjung, Dharmasraya, Solok, South Solok, Limapuluh Koto, Pasaman, and Tanah Datar Regencies. Group C mining materials spread throughout all districts and cities, mostly consisting of sand, stone and gravel.

Banking
The development of various banking indicators in the fourth quarter of 2012 showed improvement in line with the recovery in the post-earthquake economic conditions. In 2012, the total assets of commercial banks in the province reached Rp. 40.1 trillion with the value of lending by commercial banks amounting to Rp. 33.8 trillion. While the total assets of rural banks in the province reached Rp 1.53 trillion with the value of lending by the bank amounting to Rp 1.03 trillion.

Transport

The province is served by Minangkabau International Airport, opened in July 2005, 23 km north-west of Padang in Ketaping, Padang Pariaman regency. The airport has direct international services to Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia, as well as servicing most large cities in Indonesia.

Significant roads include the Trans-Sumatran Highway which runs the length of the province, heading north-west towards Medan and south-east towards Jakarta, the road between Padang and Bukittinggi, and the road between Bukittinggi and Pekanbaru. The provincial government plans to upgrade the later two roads over the next few years to improve traffic flows.

In January 2012, the Kelok Sembilan 970-meter long overpass was ready to be opened to the public and was in the trial stage which will be opened for vehicles in April 2012. Kelok Sembilan means 9 sharp turns is an area through which a road with tight bends passes through hilly terrain in the middle of a valley, a nice scenery, but cause congestion. After the overpass opens, the old Kelok Sembilan road is still open together with the new Kelok Sembilan for tourists.

Regular bus services run between Padang and Bukittinggi, and the other major cities of Sumatra. Other public transport options within the province include train, oplet, taxi and horse cart (bendi).

Teluk Bayur port in Padang is the largest and busiest on the western coast of Sumatra. It is used for exporting goods from West Sumatra as well as from some areas of the neighboring provinces.

Railway services run between Padang and Pariaman city on weekends only and make a good day trip.

Tourism

The prime tourist attractions of West Sumatra are the natural environment, and the culture and history of the Minangkabau and Mentawai people.

Natural attractions of the mainland include the tropical forests, mountains, volcanos, lakes, valleys, rivers & waterfalls in the highlands, the fauna and flora, and the beaches around Padang. Many areas are protected as part of national parks and reserves. The city of Bukittinggi is a popular central location in the highlands from which to explore the culture and history of the Minangkabau people, including architecture, crafts, dances, music and food. There are a number of museums and cultural centers. Pariaman has one of the famous festivals, Tabuik. The Mentawai Islands are a popular destination for surfers and those looking to experience the culture and more primitive lifestyle of the Mentawai people. For developing West Sumatra tourism, in 2006 the government opened tourist train railway service run between Padang – Padang Panjang – Sawahlunto. The Tour de Singkarak international cycling race had boosted the number of the foreign tourists to West Sumatra. The majority of the foreign tourists are Malaysians and Australian.

The favourite tourism places are :

Jam Gadang – the clocktower in the downtown of Bukittinggi
 Panorama – Viewing to Sianok valley
 Air Manih beach – The beach that stretch from the north to south of Padang coastal
 Padang mountain
 Caroline beach
Pagaruyung Palace in Batusangkar
 Harau valley
Lake Maninjau
Lake Singkarak
Lake Diatas and Lake Dibawah
Sikuai Island

There are 25 islands at Pesisir Selatan Regency potential to be tourist sites. Cubadak Island (9 hectares), Pagang Island (12 hectares) and Pulau Penyu (Turtle Island) have been developed well. At the northern part will be developed Semangki Besar Island, Semangki Kecil Island, Marak Island, Setan Terusan Island, and Karao Island. At the southern part will be developed Kerabak Ketek Island, Kerabak Gadang Island, and Kosong Island.

The traditional dance is "Tari Piring" or Plate Dance which is originally came from Solok, West Sumatra.

Education
Education is highly valued in the Minangkabau culture, therefore West Sumatra was once a center of education on the island of Sumatra, especially in the education of Islam by mosque as the main base place. During the colonial rule Islamic schools of education are so marginalized in comparison with the Dutch East Indies model which is considered more modern. Since Islamic scholars sponsored many village schools, West Sumatra had one of the highest literacy rates in Indonesia.

West Sumatra is home to several universities, the most notable of which is Andalas University. It is the oldest university in Indonesia outside Java.

Sport

West Sumatra is also home of several professional soccer clubs. The most popular of them is Semen Padang, which regularly plays its matches in Haji Agus Salim Stadium, the biggest stadium in West Sumatra.

Tour de Singkarak, an annual road cycling race since 2009 is an official tournament series of Union Cycliste International (UCI). It covers more than 700 kilometers, from Padang passing around lake Singkarak and runs through inland West Sumatran cities. This sporting event is also meant to promote West Sumatra tourism

Cuisine

Padang food is the cuisine of the Minangkabau people. Padang food is famous for its rich taste of succulent coconut milk and spicy chili. Minang cuisine put much emphasis in three elements; gulai (curry), lado (chili pepper) and bareh (rice). No traditional Padang meal is complete without the three—spicy chili sauce, thick curry, and perfect steamed rice. Among the cooking traditions in Indonesian cuisine, Minangkabau cuisine and most of Sumatran cuisine, demonstrate Indian and Middle Eastern influences, with dishes cooked in curry sauce with coconut milk and the heavy use of spices mixture.

Because most Minangkabau people are Muslims, Minangkabau cuisine follows halal dietary law rigorously. Protein intake are mostly taken from beef, water buffalo, goat, lamb meat, and poultry and fish. Minangkabau people are known for their fondness of cattle meat products including offal. Almost all the parts of a cattle, such as meat, ribs, tongue, tail, liver, tripe, brain, bone marrow, spleen, intestine, cartilage, tendon, and skin are made to be Minangkabau delicacies. Seafood is popular in coastal West Sumatran cities, and most are grilled or fried with spicy chili sauce or in curry gravy. Fish, shrimp, and cuttlefish are cooked in similar fashion. Most of Minangkabau food is eaten with hot steamed rice or compressed rice such as katupek (ketupat). Vegetables are mostly boiled such as boiled cassava leaf, or simmered in thin curry as side dishes, such as gulai of young jackfruit or cabbages.

In Padang food establishments, it is common to eat with one's hands. They usually provide kobokan, a bowl of tap water with a slice of lime in it to give a fresh scent. This water is used to wash one's hands before and after eating. If a customer does not wish to eat with bare hands, it is acceptable to ask for a spoon and fork.

The cuisine is usually cooked once per day. To have Nasi Padang in restaurants customers choose from those dishes, which are left on display in high-stacked plates in the windows. During a dine-in hidang (serve) style Padang restaurant, after the customers are seated, they do not have to order. The waiter immediately serves the dishes directly to the table, and the table will quickly be set with dozens of small dishes filled with highly flavored foods such as beef rendang, curried fish, stewed greens, chili eggplant, curried beef liver, tripe, intestines, or foot tendons, fried beef lung, fried chicken, and of course, sambal, the spicy sauces ubiquitous at Indonesian tables. Customers take—and pay for—only what they want from this array. The best known Padang dish is rendang, a spicy meat stew. Soto Padang (crispy beef in spicy soup) is local residents' breakfast favorite, meanwhile sate (beef satay in curry sauce served with ketupat) is a treat in the evening.

The serving style is different in Nasi Kapau food stalls, a Minangkabau Bukittinggi style. After the customer is seated, he or she is asked which dishes they desire. The chosen dishes will be put directly upon the steamed rice or in separate small plates.

There are myriad Padang food establishments throughout Indonesia and the region, according to Ikatan Warung Padang Indonesia (Iwapin) or Warung Padang Bonds. In greater Jakarta alone there are at least 20,000 Padang restaurant establishments. Several notable Minangkabau restaurant chains are Sederhana, Garuda, Pagi Sore, Simpang Raya, Sari Ratu, Sari Minang, Salero Bagindo and Natrabu.

The importance of Padang food establishments (warung or rumah makan Padang) for Indonesian workers' lunch break in urban areas, was demonstrated in 2016; when Jakarta municipal civil servants demanded the raise of uang lauk pauk (food allowance, as a component of civil servant's salary), following the raise of Nasi Padang price in Greater Jakarta area.

See also

 List of people from West Sumatra
 List of governors of West Sumatra
 List of rivers of West Sumatra
 Minangkabau businesspeople

References

External links

 Government website

Provinces of Indonesia
West Sumatra culture

West Sumatra


Richard Winsor es un actor y bailarín británico, más conocido por haber interpretado a Tomas en la película StreetDance 3D y a Caleb Hardy en la serie Casualty.

Biografía
Es un bailarín y ha aparecido en varias aclamadas producciones de Matthew Bourne.

Es muy buen amigo del bailarín Sam Archer.

Sale con la modelo Gabriella Kuti; la relación terminó en febrero de 2017, sin embargo poco después regresaron.

Carrera
En 2010 obtuvo el papel principal en la película StreetDance 3D, donde interpretó al bailarín Tomas. El 4 de julio de 2011, se unió a la exitosa serie británica Hollyoaks donde interpretó a Nathan Harker hasta el 4 de octubre de 2011. En 2012 apareció en Swan Lake, donde interpretó los papeles del cisne y el extraño.

El 18 de enero de 2014, se unió al elenco principal de la serie médica Casualty, donde interpretó al doctor Caleb "Cal" Knight hasta el 29 de abril de 2017.

Filmografía

Series de televisión

Películas

Teatro

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Richard Winsor (@rich_winsor) • Fotos y vídeos de Instagram
 Digital Spy - Celebrity News > Richard Winsor

Actores de televisión de Inglaterra
Actores de televisión

Richard Winsor


Das Schloss in Ambleville, einer Gemeinde im Département Val-d'Oise in der französischen Region Île-de-France, wurde Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts errichtet. Seit 1926 steht das Schloss als Monument historique auf der Liste der Baudenkmäler in Frankreich. Es liegt rund 65 Kilometer nordwestlich von Paris.

Geschichte und Beschreibung

Das Schloss wurde Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts an der Stelle einer Festung (seit dem 11. Jahrhundert nachgewiesen) errichtet, die die Grenze zur Normandie verteidigte. Der Architekt Jean Grappin schuf diesen Bau für Louis de Mornay.

Im 18. Jahrhundert wurde das Schloss im Stil des Klassizismus umgebaut. 1893 kaufte es der reiche Kunsthändler Charles Sedelmeyer und ließ es mit großem Aufwand restaurieren.

Hinter dem Schloss ließ die Marquise de Villefranche, die neue Besitzerin, ab 1928 einen terrassenartigen Park, der heute zu den Jardin remarquable zählt, nach italienischem Vorbild anlegen.

Literatur
 Le Patrimoine des Communes du Val-d'Oise. Band 2. Flohic Éditions, Paris 1999, ISBN 2-84234-056-6, S. 524–525.

Weblinks

 Schloss Ambleville

Schloss im Département Val-d'Oise
Schloss Ambleville
Schloss Ambleville
Schloss
Schloss in Europa
Schloss
Ambleville
Monument historique seit 1926

Schloss Ambleville


Alişar, şu anlamlara gelebilir:

Site
 Alişar Höyüğü, Yozgat'ta Alişar, Sorgun köy yakınındaki arkeolojik site.

Yerleşim yerleri
 Alişar, Besni - Adıyaman ili Besni ilçesine bağlı köy
 Alişar, Merzifon - Amasya ili Merzifon ilçesine bağlı köy
 Alişar, Şebinkarahisar - Giresun ili Şebinkarahisar ilçesine bağlı köy
 Alişar, Ekinözü - Kahramanmaraş ili Ekinözü ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Alişar, Akpınar - Kırşehir ili Akpınar ilçesine bağlı köy
 Alişar, Battalgazi - Malatya ili Battalgazi ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Alişar, Asarcık - Samsun ili Asarcık ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Alişar, Sorgun - Yozgat ili Sorgun ilçesine bağlı köy

Alişar


An Calamagrostis petelotii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Albert Spear Hitchcock, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Rafaël Herman Anna Govaerts. An Calamagrostis petelotii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Calamagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Vietnam. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Calamagrostis

Calamagrostis petelotii


Esencial é um álbum de grandes sucessos do cantor porto-riquenho Ricky Martin, lançado pela Legacy Recordings em 6 de julho de 2018.

Entre 14 de agosto de 2018 e 1º de setembro de 2018, Martin fez uma turnê pela Espanha, que incluiu 10 shows em diferentes cidades, tais como Tarragona, Fuengirola, Santiago de Compostela, Sant Feliu de Guíxols, Benidorm, San Bartolomé de Tirajana, San Sebastián e Córdoba. Mais tarde, entre 4 de setembro de 2018 e 9 de setembro de 2018, ele também deu shows na Hungria, Polônia e República Tcheca.

Para coincidir com a turnê de Martin, a Legacy Recordings, selo da gravadora Sony Music, resolveu lançar uma compilação com vários de seus sucessos. O lançamento ocorreu apenas na Espanha e em Portugal. A lista de faixas contém a maioria de seus sucessos, incluindo os que eram mais recentes, "Vente Pa' Ca", com a participação do cantor colombiano Maluma e "La Mordidita" com Yotuel.

O CD é duplo, traz 30 canções e inclui principalmente os sucessos de Martin em espanhol, como os clássicos "María", "La Copa de la Vida" e "Livin' la Vida Loca". As faixas animadas e dançantes foram colocadas no primeiro disco, ao passo que as baladas são incluídas no segundo.

Comercialmente, a compilação tornou-se um êxito. Nas paradas de sucesso portuguesa (AFP) e espanhola (Promusicae) atingiu as posições de pico nos números 23 e 62, respectivamente.

Lista de faixas
Créditos adaptados do encarte de Esencial.

Tabelas

Tabelas semanais

Histórico de lançamento

Álbuns de Ricky Martin
Álbuns de 2018
Álbuns de música pop

Esencial (álbum de Ricky Martin)


Keiji Ishizuka (født 26. august 1974) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Tokyo Verdy.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Keiji Ishizuka


En pentode  er et elektronrør som har fem aktive elektroder. Termen henfører almindeligvis mest til et tre-gitter forstærkende elektronrør, som blev udviklet og opfundet af Gilles Holst og Bernhard D.H. Tellegen i 1926.
Pentoden består af en evakueret glasindkapling indeholdende fem aktive elektroder i følgende rækkefølge: en katode (opvarmet af en glødetråd), et styregitter, et skærmgitter, et fanggitter - og en anode. Pentode (kaldes en "triple-grid amplifier" i noget tidligt litteratur)
blev udviklet fra tetroden ved at tilføje et tredje gitter, fanggitteret. Fanggitterets formål er at forhindre sekundær emissionselektroner udsendes
fra anoden og når frem til skærmgitteret. Sekundær emissionselektroner kan forårsage ustabilitet og parasitisk oscillation i tetroden. Pentoden er tæt relateret til beam-tetroden. Pentoder var bredt anvendt i industrielle og forbrugerelektronisk udstyr såsom radiomodtagere og fjernsyn indtil 1960'erne og 1970'erne, hvor elektronrør blev erstattet af transistorer.  Pentoders hovedanvendelse er til højeffekt industrielle anvendelser såsom radiosendere. Pentoder blev stadig anvendt i audio røreffektforstærkere af en del audiofiler.

Pentodetyper
 Variabel transkonduktans ("variable-mu", "remote-cutoff" eller "super-control") pentoder er generelt dise som har en ikke-uniform gitter afstand, hvilket gør disse pentoder i stand til at håndtere et meget stort interval af input-signalstyrker uden nævneværdig intermodulationsforvrængning, hvilket gør dem anvendelig i radiofrekvens forstærkertrin hvor automatic gain control anvendes. De første kommercielle variable-mu pentoder var 550 og 551 udviklet af Stuart og Snow omkring 1929. Andre eksempler omfatter: EF50, 1T4, 6K7, 6BA6 og EF83 (hvorimod måske EF85/6BY7 og især 6JH6, kan betegnes som "semiremote-cutoff" pentoder).
 Sharp-cutoff ("high slope" eller almindelige) pentoder har en mere ordinær uniform gitterafstand. Disse pentoder er mere anvendelige til audioforstærkere. Eksempler omfatter: EF37A, EF86/6267, 1N5GT, 6AU6A, 6J7GT. Ofte, men ikke altid, er pentoder indenfor europæisk rørnavngivning med lige løbenumre sharp-cutoff-pentoder og ulige løbenumre remote-cutoff-pentoder; EF37 var en undtagelse til denne regel, måske grundet at EF37 er en forbedring af EF36.
 Effekt output pentoder, EL34, EL84, 6CL6, 6F6, 6G6, SY4307A og 6K6GT er nogle eksempler på ægte pentoder som anvendes til effektforstærkning, ved at anvende et fanggitter i stedet for de mere effektive beam-forming "gitter"-plader, der anvendes i beam-tetroder. (Beam-tetroder blev også nogle gange omtalt som "beam-pentoder", og omfatter Sylvania (og muligvis GE) 6CA7 versionen af EL34, 6V6GT og GEC KT66 og KT88. Andre kilder foretrak navne såsom "beam power amplifier" eller "beam power tube", formentlig for at undgå at nærme sig Philips pentode-patentet). Effekt output pentoder for specifikke fjernsynsanvendelser, grundet effektivitet men ikke lineare nok til audio er:
 video-output pentoder, fx 15A6/PL83, PL802
 billed-output eller vertikalafbøjning pentoder, såsom PL84 og pentode-delen af 18GV8/PCL85.
 linje-output eller horisontalafbøjning pentoder, såsom PL36, 27GB5/PL500, PL505 osv.
 En "triode-pentode" er en enkelt komponent indeholdende både en triode og en pentode, såsom en ECF80 eller ECL86.

Se også
Beam-tetrode
Pentode-transistor

Kilder/referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Elektronrør

Pentode


Gemiç, Eskişehir ilinin Seyitgazi ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Eskişehir iline 67 km, Afyon iline 68 km, Kütahya iline 72 km ve Seyitgazi ilçesine 25 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Seyitgazi'nin mahalleleri

Gemiç, Seyitgazi


Zaman Çarkı, Robert Jordan'ın 15 ciltlik ve yaklaşık 10.000 sayfalık külliyatıdır.

Zaman Çarkı bir başka dünyanın döngüsel tarihindeki bir çağı anlatır. İyi ve kötü arasındaki sonu gelmeyen savaş tekrar başlamak üzeredir. Dünyayı ele geçirmeye çalışan Shai'tan (karanlık varlık), asırlar süren topyekûn bir savaş sonunda Lews Therin Telamon liderliğindeki erkek Aes Sedai 'ler tarafından bir "zindana" hapsedilir ve zindanı mühürlenir. Shai'tan, hapsedilmeden önce, erkek Aes Sedai'lerin gücünün kaynağı olan saidin'i "lekeler" ve ilerleyen günlerde hepsinin delirmesine ve muhteşem güçleriyle yeryüzünün şeklini değiştirecek ölçüde yıkımlar yapmalarına sebep olur. Binlerce yıl sonra küçük bir köyde, sıradan bir delikanlı olan Rand'ın ve arkadaşlarının hayatı korkunç yaratıkların (Gölgedölleri) saldırısı ve onları kurtaran Moraine tarafından sonsuza kadar değişir. Rand, Lews Therin Telamon'un yeniden bedenlenmesidir (Yenidendoğan Ejder) ve Karanlık Varlık serbest kaldığında onunla savaşmaya yazgılıdır. Arkadaşları Matrim Cauthon ve Perrin Aybara'da kırılıştan önceki kişilerin yeniden bedenlenmesinden etkilenmiştir.

Seri boyunca Rand'ın çobanlıktan dünyanın kurtarıcısı ve yıkıcısı olan Yenidendoğan Ejder'e dönüşümü ve dünyayı da beraberinde de dönüştürmesi anlatılır. Karakterler sayıca kalabalık, detaylı ve kendi içinde bir bütündür. Her birinin zihinlerinden geçenler ve dönüşümleri didik didik edilir. Toplum yaşamı, tarihinden giyim-kuşamına, davranış tarzından mimarisine kadar detaylarıyla tasvir edilir.

Serinin 14'üncü ve son kitabı "A Memory of Light" (Işığın Anısı) İngilizce olarak 8 Ocak 2013'te yayımlanmıştır. Kitabın Türkçe yayım tarihi 22 Ağustos 2013'tür.

Serideki kitaplar

Kaynakça

Fantastik roman serileri
Epik fantezi roman serileri
Amerikan roman serileri

Zaman Çarkı (roman)


Mandinga ist eine rumänische Latin-Pop-Band, die seit 2002 besteht.

Die Gruppe aus Bukarest mixt Lateinamerikanische Musik mit Dance- und Pop-Elementen und veröffentlichte in Rumänien schon diverse Alben. Bis Ende 2005 war Elena Gheorghe Sängerin und Frontfrau des Projekts, nach deren Ausstieg wurde Elena "Helen" Ionescu verpflichtet.

Die Gruppe gewann mit dem Titel Zaleilah die Selecția Națională, den nationalen Vorentscheid 2012, und durfte  daher beim Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku für Rumänien beim ersten Halbfinale antreten. Nach Auswertung des Televotings qualifizierte sich die Gruppe für das vier Tage später stattfindende Finale. Dort erreichten sie den zwölften Platz. Die Single wurde am 21. Mai 2012 veröffentlicht und stieg Anfang Juni in die deutschen, österreichischen und schwedischen Charts ein.

Diskografie (Alben)
 ...de corazón (2003)
 Soarele meu (2005)
 Gozalo (2006)
 Donde (2008)
 Club de Mandinga (2012)

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website
 Mandinga bei eurovision.de

Einzelnachweise

Rumänische Band
Popband
Interpret eines rumänischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest

Mandinga


The minister-president of Austria was the head of government of the Austrian Empire from 1848, when the office was created in the course of the March Revolution. Previously, executive power rested with an Austrian State Council, headed by the emperor himself, from 1821 under the chairmanship of State Chancellor Prince Klemens von Metternich. The office of minister-president was not refilled from 1852, when Emperor Franz Joseph resumed control of the government affairs, and was replaced by a coordinating chairman of the Austrian Minister's Conference.

According to the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, executive powers were divided between the emperor-king, the minister of the Imperial and Royal House and of Foreign Affairs as chairman of the k. u. k. Ministers' Council for Common Affairs, and the ministers-president of the Cisleithanian (Austrian) and Hungarian halves of the Empire. After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in November 1918, the head of government in the Austrian Republic since 1920 has been the federal chancellor.

Austrian Empire (1804–1867)

Ministers-president

Presidents of the Conference of Ministers

Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)

Ministers-president of Cisleithania

See also
 List of heads of government under Austrian Emperors
 List of foreign ministers of Austria-Hungary
 List of chancellors of Austria
 Minister-President

1848 establishments in the Austrian Empire
1918 disestablishments in Austria-Hungary

Ministers President
Ministers-President
Disestablishments in the Empire of Austria (1867–1918)

List of ministers-president of Austria


Swing Your Lady é um filme de comédia musical estadunidense de 1938 dirigido por Ray Enright, estrelado por Humphrey Bogart, Frank McHugh e Louise Fazenda. Ronald Reagan também está no elenco em um de seus primeiros papéis no cinema. O filme está listado no livro The Fifty Worst Films of All Time, de 1978.

Elenco

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1938
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes com trilha sonora de Adolph Deutsch
Filmes baseados em peças de teatro
Filmes de comédia musical dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de comédia musical da década de 1930

Swing Your Lady


Josep Galán Castany (Fraga, 1948 - 2005) fue un filólogo español licenciado en filosofía y letras, en la especialidad de historia. Maestro de educación primaria, era profesor en Santa Margarita de Montbuy, donde había sido director del colegio y regidor del ayuntamiento. Desde 1978 militaba en el sindicato Comisiones Obreras.

Impulsor del asociacionismo cultural en defensa del catalán en la Franja de Aragón, participó en la fundación del Institut d'Estudis de Fraga y de 1981 a 2004 fue presidente del Institut d'Estudis del Baix Cinca. En 2004 participó en la Iniciativa Cultural de la Franja que presidía Artur Quintana y que editaba la revista Temps de Franja, Batecs y Cinga. También colaboró en la antología Bllat Colrat (1997), tres volúmenes que recopilan la literatura popular del Bajo Cinca, La Litera y la Ribagorza.

En 2003 recibió el Premi d'Actuació Cívica de la Fundación Lluís Carulla.

Obra
 Estudis lèxics de la parla de Fraga, «Estudios léxicos del habla de Fraga» en tres volúmenes, I-II (1985) y III (1987)
 Refranyer fragatí (1987; «Refranero fragatino»)
 Les cançons de la nostra gent (1993; «Las canciones de nuestra gente»)
 Les motades de Fraga (1994; «Los motes de Fraga»)
 L'estudi descriptiu de la llengua de Fraga (1995; «El estudio descriptivo de la lengua de Fraga»), con Hèctor Moret
 El lèxic esmorteït de la parla de Fraga (1997; «Léxico amortecido/desmayado del habla de Fraga»)
 Modismes i frases fetes de la parla de Fraga (2003; «Modismos y frases hechas del habla de Fraga»)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Fraga
Filólogos de España del siglo XXI
Filólogos de España del siglo XX
Filólogos de Aragón
Profesores de Aragón
Fallecidos en Lérida

Josep Galán Castany


Martin Coleman (n. Ballinhassig, County Cork, 1 de agosto de 1950) es un deportista irlandés retirado de hurling, que practicó profesionalmente dicho deporte en el club local Ballinhassig GAA y en el equipo sénior inter-condados Cork GAA desde 1970 hasta 1979.

Como integrante del Cork GAA, fue partícipe de los campeonatos Munster Senior Hurling Championship los años 1976, 1977 y 1978, mientras que ha ganado las medallas del condado County Cork como hurler tanto en los niveles junior (1973) como intermedio (en 1975 y 1977).

Referencias

Jugadores de hurling de Irlanda
Jugadores de Ballinhassig GAA
Jugadores de Cork GAA

Martin Coleman (hurler)


1933 වසර (MCMXXXIII) යනු ග්‍රෙගෝරියානු දින දසුන ප්‍රකාර ඉරිදා දිනයකින් ඇරඹෙන සාමාන්‍ය අවුරුද්දකි (සබැඳිය විසින් සම්පූර්ණ දින දසුන දක්වනු ඇත).

1933


إياح حتب الأولى أو أعح حتب الأولى، هي ملكة مصرية قديمة و زوجة ملك عاشت في نهاية الأسرة السابعة عشرة، و كانت ابنة الملكة تيتي شيري وسانخت رع أحمس، و ربما كانت أخت و زوجة الملك سقنن رع تا عا الثاني. و قد كان لحياة أعح حتب الطويلة تأثيراً ملحوظة على الأحداث في مصر، خاصة أثناء حروب التحرير ضد الهكسوس.

أكثر من أياح حتب واحدة
عبر السنوات تغيرت تسميات و كذلك ترتيب الملكات المسميات أعح حتب، و فيما يلي ملخص لهذه الاختلافات:

- أواخر القرن التاسع عشر : أعتُقِد أن أياح حتب الأولى زوجة الملك سقنن رع الثاني، و قد اعتبر بعض الخبراء أن تابوتي الدير البحري وذراع أبو النجا كانا كلاهما لها، كما كان يعتقد أن أعح حتب الثانية زوجة الملك أمنحتب الأول، و اعتقد البعض أن تابوت خبيئة الدير البحري ينتمي إلى الملكة أعح حتب الثانية في هذا السياق.

- أواخر القرن العشرين : في السبعينيات، اكتشف أن تابوت الدير البحري يحمل لقب «أم الملك»، و لكن أمنحتب الأول لم ينجب أبناءاً، و في ذلك إشارة إلى كونها ربما أم الملك أحمس الأول.
و في عام 1982، اقترح عالم الآثار الأمريكي روبنز أن أعح حتب الأولى هي مالكة التابوت المذهب المعثور عليه في ذراع أبو النجا، و أعح حتب الثانية هي الملكة المذكورة على تابوت دير البحري و أعح حتب الثالثة هي الملكة المذكورة على تمثال الأمير أحمس سابير.

- القرن الحادي و العشرون (الحاضر) : بالسير وراء ما رأي عالما الآثار دودسون و هيلتون ( عام 2004)، أعح حتب الأولى هي زوجة الملك سقنن رع الثاني و أم الملك أحمس الأول، و أعح حتب الثانية هي الملكة المعروفة من التابوت المذهب الذي وجد في ذراع أبو النجا و ربما كانت زوجة الملك كامس. (و ليس هناك أعح حتب الثالثة).

عائلتها
أياح حتب الأولى هي ابنة الملكة تيتشيري و الملك سانخت إن رع تا عا الأول، و كانت زوجة الملك سقنن رع تاعا الثاني . و يعتقد أنها كانت شقيقته.

و ربما كانت أياح حتب هذه أم الملك أحمس الأول، و من غير المعروف على وجه الدقة علاقتها بالملك كامس إلا أنه ربما كان شقيق زوجها (شقيق سقنن رع تا عا الثاني) أو ربما كان ابنها، و من بين الأبناء الآخرين للملكة أعح حتب الأولى :
 الملكة أحمس نفرتاري (زوجة أخيها الملك أحمس الأول).
 الأمير أحمس سابير.
 الأمير بينبو.
 الأميرة أحمس حنوت إم إبت.
 الأميرة أحمس نبت تا.
 الأميرة أحمس توميرسي.

حياتها
على لوحة من عهد الملك أحمس الأول في الكرنك ذكر أن أعح حتب الأولى قد حشدت القوات و لعبت دورا في الدفاع عن طيبة في وجه الهكسوس، و من غير المعروف متى وقعت هذه الأحداث، فقد تكون وقعت بعد وفاة سقنن رع أو كامس.

قدموا المديح لسيدة البلاد، و سيدة جزر بحر إيجة، فاسمها رفيع الشأن في كل بلد أجنبي، فهي التي تضع الخطة للجماهير، زوجة الملك، و أخته الملكية، لها الحياة و السعادة و الصحة، و هي أخت ملك، و أم ملك، الفاخرة، و الحاذقة التي تهتم، و تضطلع بشؤون مصر، و لقد جمعت جيشها، و حمت هؤلاء، فأعادت الهاربين، و جمعت شتات الذين هاجروا، و هدأت روع الوجه القبلي (أي مملكة طيبة)، و أخضعت عصاته، الزوجة الملكية، أعح حتب العائشة.

وقد ذكرت أعح حتب على لوحة كارس (بالمتحف المصري بالقاهرة تحت رقم CG34003) و هو موظف شغل منصب مدير أملاك هذه الملكة، و تؤرخ اللوحة بالعام 10 من عهد الملك أمنحتب الأول ، و خادمها الخاص إيوف يذكرها على لوحة أخرى (CG34009). و يشير إيوف إلى الملكة أعح حتب على لوحته بأنها أم أحمس الأول، و قد أصبح إيوف في وقت لاحق خادماً للملكة أحمس، زوجة تحتمس الأول و أم الملكة حتشبسوت، و هذا يشير إلى أن أعح حتب قد تكون توفيت في سن متقدمة إلى حد ما في عهد تحتمس الأول.

ألقابها
 الزوجة الملكية العظيمة sw N41:t wr:t.
 أم الملك (على تابوت وجد في منطقة الدير البحري)sw t G14.

مقبرتها
أعيد دفن تابوت الملكة أعح حتب الأولى في خبيئة الدير البحري، و التابوت يظهر الملكة مرتدية شعراً مستعاراً ثلاثي الطبقات، و تم تغطية الجسم بشكل ريشي تصميم، و هو بذلك يشبه التوابيت الخارجية للملكتين أحمس نفرتاري وأحمس ميريت أمون.

و مقبرة الملكة أعح حتب الأصلية مجهولة حتى الآن، إلا إذا كانت هذه الملكة تتطابق مع أعح حتب الثانية، غير أن قياسات التابوت التي عثر عليها في ذراع أبو النجا تبين أن حجم جسمها أكبر من أن توضع في تابوت الدير البحري، و قد استخدم هذا الدليل للقول بأن أعح حتب الأولى لا يمكن أن تكون هي نفسها الملكة أعح حتب الثانية.

المراجع

أوصياء على العرش في مصر
حاكمات في إفريقيا
حاكمات في القرن 16 ق م
رجال دين في القرن 16 ق م
عسكريون مصريون
مصريات قديمات في الحرب
ملكات الأسرة المصرية السابعة عشر
ملكة فرعونية
وفيات في طيبة (مصر)

إياح حتب


Programmable Array Logic (PAL) is a family of programmable logic device semiconductors used to implement logic functions in digital circuits introduced by Monolithic Memories, Inc. (MMI) in March 1978. MMI obtained a registered trademark on the term PAL for use in "Programmable Semiconductor Logic Circuits". The trademark is currently held by Lattice Semiconductor.

PAL devices consisted of a small PROM (programmable read-only memory) core and additional output logic used to implement particular desired logic functions with few components.

Using specialized machines, PAL devices were "field-programmable". PALs were available in several variants:

 "One-time programmable" (OTP) devices could not be updated and reused after initial programming (MMI also offered a similar family called HAL, or "hard array logic", which were like PAL devices except that they were mask-programmed at the factory.).
 UV erasable versions (e.g.: PALCxxxxx e.g.: PALC22V10) had a quartz window over the chip die and could be erased for re-use with an ultraviolet light source just like an EPROM.
 Later versions (PALCExxx e.g.: PALCE22V10) were flash erasable devices.

In most applications, electrically-erasable GALs are now deployed as pin-compatible direct replacements for one-time programmable PALs.

History
Before PALs were introduced, designers of digital logic circuits would use small-scale integration (SSI) components, such as those in the 7400 series TTL (transistor-transistor logic) family; the 7400 family included a variety of logic building blocks, such as gates (NOT, NAND, NOR, AND, OR), multiplexers (MUXes) and demultiplexers (DEMUXes), flip flops (D-type, JK, etc.) and others. One PAL device would typically replace dozens of such "discrete" logic packages, so the SSI business declined as the PAL business took off. PALs were used advantageously in many products, such as minicomputers, as documented in Tracy Kidder's best-selling book The Soul of a New Machine.

PALs were not the first commercial programmable logic devices; Signetics had been selling its field programmable logic array (FPLA) since 1975. These devices were completely unfamiliar to most circuit designers and were perceived to be too difficult to use. The FPLA had a relatively slow maximum operating speed (due to having both programmable-AND and programmable-OR arrays), was expensive, and had a poor reputation for testability. Another factor limiting the acceptance of the FPLA was the large package, a 600-mil (0.6", or 15.24 mm) wide 28-pin dual in-line package (DIP).

The project to create the PAL device was managed by John Birkner and the actual PAL circuit was designed by H. T. Chua. In a previous job (at mini-computer manufacturer Computer Automation), Birkner had developed a 16-bit processor using 80 standard logic devices. His experience with standard logic led him to believe that user-programmable devices would be more attractive if the devices were designed to replace standard logic. This meant that the package sizes had to be more typical of the existing devices, and the speeds had to be improved.  MMI intended PALs to be a relatively low cost (sub $3) part.  However, the company initially had severe manufacturing yield problems and had to sell the devices for over $50.  This threatened the viability of the PAL as a commercial product, and MMI was forced to license the product line to National Semiconductor.  PALs were later "second sourced" by Texas Instruments and Advanced Micro Devices.

Process technologies
Early PALs were 20-pin DIP components fabricated in silicon using bipolar transistor technology with one-time programmable (OTP) titanium-tungsten programming fuses. Later devices were manufactured by Cypress, Lattice Semiconductor and Advanced Micro Devices using CMOS technology.

The original 20 and 24-pin PALs were denoted by MMI as medium-scale integration (MSI) devices.

PAL architecture

The PAL architecture consists of two main components: a logic plane and output logic macrocells.

Programmable logic plane
The programmable logic plane is a programmable read-only memory (PROM) array that allows the signals present on the device pins, or the logical complements of those signals, to be routed to output logic macrocells.

PAL devices have arrays of transistor cells arranged in a "fixed-OR, programmable-AND" plane used to implement "sum-of-products" binary logic equations for each of the outputs in terms of the inputs and either synchronous or asynchronous feedback from the outputs.

Output logic
The early 20-pin PALs had 10 inputs and 8 outputs.  The outputs were active low and could be registered or combinational.  Members of the PAL family were available with various output structures called "output logic macrocells" or OLMCs.  Prior to the introduction of the "V" (for "variable") series, the types of OLMCs available in each PAL were fixed at the time of manufacture.  (The PAL16L8 had 8 combinational outputs, and the PAL16R8 had 8 registered outputs.  The PAL16R6 had 6 registered and 2 combinational, while the PAL16R4 had 4 of each.)  Each output could have up to 8 product terms (effectively AND gates); however, the combinational outputs used one of the terms to control a bidirectional output buffer.  There were other combinations that had fewer outputs with more product terms per output and were available with active high outputs ("H" series).  The "X" series of devices had an XOR gate before the register.  There were also similar 24-pin versions of these PALs.

This fixed output structure often frustrated designers attempting to optimize the utility of PAL devices because output structures of different types were often required by their applications. (For example, one could not get 5 registered outputs with 3 active high combinational outputs.) So, in June 1983 AMD introduced the 22V10, a 24 pin device with 10 output logic macrocells. Each macrocell could be configured by the user to be combinational or registered, active high or active low. The number of product terms allocated to an output varied from 8 to 16. This one device could replace all of the 24 pin fixed function PAL devices. Members of the PAL "V" ("variable") series included the PAL16V8, PAL20V8 and PAL22V10.

Programming PALs
PALs were programmed electrically using binary patterns (as JEDEC ASCII/hexadecimal files) and a special electronic programming system available from either the manufacturer or a third-party, such as DATA I/O. In addition to single-unit device programmers, device feeders and gang programmers were often used when more than just a few PALs needed to be programmed. (For large volumes, electrical programming costs could be eliminated by having the manufacturer fabricate a custom metal mask used to program the customers' patterns at the time of manufacture; MMI used the term "hard array logic" (HAL) to refer to devices programmed in this way.)

Programming languages (by chronological order of appearance)

Though some engineers programmed PAL devices by manually editing files containing the binary fuse pattern data, most opted to design their logic using a hardware description language (HDL) such as Data I/O's ABEL, Logical Devices' CUPL, or MMI's PALASM. These were computer-assisted design (CAD) (now referred to as "electronic design automation") programs which translated (or "compiled") the designers' logic equations into binary fuse map files used to program (and often test) each device.

PALASM
The PALASM (from "PAL assembler") language was developed by John Birkner in the early 1980s and the PALASM compiler was written by MMI in FORTRAN IV on an IBM 370/168. MMI made the source code available to users at no cost. By 1983, MMI customers ran versions on the DEC PDP-11, Data General NOVA, Hewlett-Packard HP 2100, MDS800 and others.

It was used to express boolean equations for the output pins in a text file which was then converted to the 'fuse map' file for the programming system using a vendor-supplied program; later the option of translation from schematics became common, and later still, 'fuse maps' could be 'synthesized' from an HDL (hardware description language) such as Verilog.

CUPL
Assisted Technology released CUPL (Compiler for Universal Programmable Logic) in September 1983. The software was always referred to as CUPL and never the expanded acronym. It was the first commercial design tool that supported multiple PLD families. The initial release was for the IBM PC and MS-DOS, but it was written in the C programming language so it could be ported to additional platforms. Assisted Technology was acquired by Personal CAD Systems (P-CAD) in July 1985. In 1986, PCAD's schematic capture package could be used as a front end for CUPL. CUPL was later acquired by Logical Devices and is now owned by Altium. CUPL is currently available as an integrated development package for Microsoft Windows.

Atmel releases for free WinCUPL (their own design software for all Atmel SPLDs and CPLDs). Atmel was acquired by Microchip.

ABEL
Data I/O Corporation released ABEL in April, 1984. The development team was Michael Holley, Mike Mraz, Gerrit Barrere, Walter Bright, Bjorn Freeman-Benson, Kyu Lee, David Pellerin, Mary Bailey, Daniel Burrier and Charles Olivier.

Data I/O spun off the ABEL product line into an EDA company called Synario Design Systems and then sold Synario to MINC Inc in 1997.
MINC was focused on developing FPGA development tools. The company closed its doors in 1998 and Xilinx acquired some of MINC's assets including the ABEL language and tool set. ABEL then became part of the Xilinx Webpack tool suite.
Now Xilinx owns ABEL.

Device programmers
Popular device programmers included Data I/O Corporation's Model 60A Logic Programmer and Model 2900.

One of the first PAL Programmers was the Structured Design SD20/24. They had the PALASM software built-in and only required a CRT terminal to enter the equations and view the fuse plots. After fusing, the outputs of the PAL could be verified if test vectors were entered in the source file.

Successors
After MMI succeeded with the 20-pin PAL parts introduced circa 1978, AMD introduced the 24-pin 22V10 PAL with additional features. After buying out MMI (circa 1987), AMD spun off a consolidated operation as Vantis, and that business was acquired by Lattice Semiconductor in 1999.

Altera introduced the EP300 (first CMOS PAL) in 1983 and later moved into the FPGA business.

Lattice Semiconductor introduced the generic array logic (GAL) family in 1985, with functional equivalents of the "V" series PALs that used reprogrammable logic planes based on EEPROM (electrically eraseable programmable read-only memory) technology. National Semiconductor was a second source for GAL parts.

AMD introduced a similar family called PALCE.  In general one GAL part is able to function as any of the similar family PAL devices.  For example, the 16V8 GAL is able to replace the 16L8, 16H8, 16H6, 16H4, 16H2 and 16R8 PALs (and many others besides).

ICT (International CMOS Technology) introduced the PEEL 18CV8 in 1986. The 20-pin CMOS EEPROM part could be used in place of any of the registered-output bipolar PALs and used much less power.

Larger-scale programmable logic devices were introduced by Atmel, Lattice Semiconductor, and others. These devices extended the PAL architecture by including multiple logic planes and/or burying logic macrocells within the logic plane(s). The term complex programmable logic device (CPLD) was introduced to differentiate these devices from their PAL and GAL predecessors, which were then sometimes referred to as simple programmable logic devices (SPLDs).

Another large programmable logic device is the field-programmable gate array (FPGA). These are devices currently made by Intel (who acquired Altera) and Xilinx and other semiconductor manufacturers.

See also

 Combinational logic
Other types of programmable logic devices:
 Field-programmable gate array (FPGA)
 Programmable logic array (PLA)
 Programmable logic device (PLD)
 Complex programmable logic device (CPLD)
 Erasable programmable logic device (EPLD)
 Field programmable logic array (Signetics FPLA)
Current and former makers of programmable logic devices:
 Actel
 Advanced Micro Devices (PAL, PALCE)
 Altera (Flex, Max)
 Atmel
 Cypress Semiconductor
 Intel
 Lattice Semiconductor (GAL)
 National Semiconductor (GAL)
 QuickLogic Corp.
 Signetics (FPLA)
 Texas Instruments
 Xilinx
Current and former makers of PAL device programmers:
 Data I/O Corporation

References

Further reading
Books
 Programmable Logic Designer's Guide; Roger Alford; Sams Publishing; 1989; .
 PAL Programmable Logic Handbook; 4ed; Monolithic Memories; 1985. (archive)
Databooks
 Bipolar LSI 1984 Databook; 5ed; Monolithic Memories; 1984. (archive)
Specifications
 Standard Data Transfer Format Between Data Preparation System and Programmable Logic Device Programmer; JEDEC Standard JESD3-C; JEDEC; June 1994.

Electronic design automation
Gate arrays

Programmable Array Logic


Die Kanowna-Belle-Goldmine (auch Kanowna Belle genannt) befindet sich in der Region der Goldfields-Esperance, nahe an der Geisterstadt Kanowna, 19 Kilometer nordöstlich von Kalgoorlie-Boulder und 625 Kilometer von Perth in Western Australia, Australien.

Betrieben wird die Goldmine im Jahr 2012 von Barrick Gold mit 300 Beschäftigten.

Geschichte

In dem Gebiet, in dem im Jahr 1893 Gold gefunden wurde, entstand eine Siedlung, die 1894 zur Stadt Kanowna ernannt wurde. Als das oberflächlich gelagerte Gold im Schwemmland abgebaut war, wurde die Suche unterirdisch fortgesetzt. Da die Goldadern nicht oberflächlich liegen, gingen die Funde zurück und die Stadt, die 1899 12.500 Einwohner zählte, entvölkerte sich. In der Zeit der Großen Depression wurde die Eisenbahnstation der Stadt geschlossen und 1953 der Ort aufgegeben. Als der Goldpreis in den 1970er Jahren anstieg, erfolgte wieder eine Suche nach Gold, und durch Bohrungen wurde festgestellt, dass sich dort eine große Goldlagerstätte befindet. Der Goldbergbau wurde im Jahr 1984 wieder im Tagebau aufgenommen.

Geologie

Die Goldlagerstätte aus dem Archaikum befindet sich im Norsman-Wiluna-Grünsteingürtel und besteht aus einer Reihe von angesammelten Erz-Linsen, die sich über eine Länge von 600 Metern und bis in eine Tiefe von über 1000 Meter erstrecken. Der Erzkörper tritt nicht aus die Oberfläche heraus. Angereichertes Eisenoxid liegt etwa 35–45 Meter unterhalb der Erdoberfläche, das einer Sulfid-Mineralisation unterlag. Einige nicht verwitterte oberflächliche Mineralisationen an der Oberfläche sind nicht frakturiert, aber in den tieferen Lagen wurden die Erz-Konzentrationen erhitzt, bevor das Gold ausgelaugt wurde.

Bergwerk

Die Goldlagerstätte wurde 1989 durch Delta Gold NL und Geopeko Gold erkundet. Der Bau der Anlage begann 1992 und der Bergbau 1993.

Das Bergwerk befand sich bis 1999 im alleinigen Eigentum von Delta Gold Ltd, das mit Goldfields Ltd fusionierte, die gemeinsam die Auriongold Ltd im Februar 2002 gründeten. Auriongold wurde durch Placer Dome 2003 übernommen, das zum damaligen Zeitpunkt 60 % der Anteile des Bergwerks hielt. Placer Dome wurde von Barrick Gold im März 2006 für US$ für 10,4 Milliarden übernommen.

Seit 2008 wird Gold in drei Untertagebauen abgebaut, in der Kanowna-Belle-, Raleigh- und Bullant-Goldmine.

Die Kanowna-Belle-Goldmine hat auf ihrem Gelände zwei Aussichtsplattformen und ein Gebäude, in dem das Bergwerk erklärt wird.

Technologie und Umwelt

Das abgebaute und gemahlene Erz wird mit Cyanid beträufelt und durch die Halden sickerte Lösung entsteht ein Konzentrat, ein brauner Schlamm, der anschließend verdickt und die Chloride ausgewaschen werden. In zwei Stufen wird es erhitzt um Pyrit zu oxidieren und das Arsen zu entfernen. Nach diesem Prozess wird es mit Kalk und einer Cyanidlösung behandelt. Anschließend wird Gold in einer Reihe von sieben Tanks unter Einsatz von Aktivkohle absorbiert. Das Gold wird in einem Elektrolyseprozess an Stahlwolle angelagert und anschließend in einem Schmelzer zu Barren gegossen.

Im Prozess dieser Cyanidauslaugung entstehen Gifte, das Gold wird chemisch in hochgiftigen Sickerwässern gebunden. Nach Filtration und Ausfällung entsteht brauner Schlamm, aus dem nach Waschen und Trocknen durch Reduktion Rohgold absorbiert wird. Es entstehen Blausäure und Cyanide, die trotz Wiederverwendung der Lauge in die Umwelt entweichen können. Die in diesem Prozess entstehenden Stoffe sind giftig. Diese werden zwar leicht in der Natur zersetzt und abgebaut, dennoch können die entstehenden großen Abraumhalden und Cyanid-Stäube durch Wind und Wasser unkontrolliert verteilt werden, Giftstoffe unkontrolliert in die Umwelt gelangen und schwere ökologische Schäden verursachen.

Das goldhaltige Erz in dieser Mine wird im Untergrund mit einer automatisierten Abbautechnik des Unternehmens abgebaut. Davor wurde das Bergwerk im Tagebau mit Schaufelbaggern und Muldenkipper bis 1998 betrieben.

Produktion
Produktionszahlen:

 1 Zahlen von Januar bis September 2002.

Einzelnachweise

Goldmine in Australien
Kanowna-Belle-Goldmine
Geologie Australiens
Rohstoffvorkommen
Wirtschaft (Western Australia)
Bergwerk in Australien und Ozeanien

Kanowna-Belle-Goldmine