El control activo de ruido o cancelación activa de ruido (abreviado: CAR) es un sistema que permite anular el ruido no deseado mediante la adición de un segundo sonido específicamente diseñado para cancelar el primero.

Fundamentos

El sonido es una onda de presión que consiste en periodos alternos de compresión y rarefacción. Un altavoz con cancelación de ruido emite una onda sonora con la misma amplitud, pero con fase invertida (también conocida como cancelación de fase) respecto al sonido original. Las ondas se combinan para formar una nueva onda en un proceso llamado interferencia y se anulan mutuamente, un efecto llamado interferencia destructiva.

El control activo del ruido moderno se consigue generalmente mediante circuitos analógicos o procesamiento digital de señales. Los algoritmos adaptativos están diseñados para analizar la forma de onda del ruido acústico o monoaural de fondo y, a continuación, basándose en el algoritmo específico, generar una señal que desplace la fase o invierta la polaridad de la señal original. Esta señal invertida (en cancelación de fase) se amplifica y un transductor crea una onda sonora directamente proporcional a la amplitud de la forma de onda original, creando una interferencia destructiva. Esto reduce de forma efectiva el volumen del ruido perceptible.

Un altavoz de cancelación de ruido puede estar situado junto a la fuente de sonido que se desea atenuar. En este caso, debe tener el mismo nivel de potencia de audio que la fuente del sonido no deseado para cancelar el ruido. Como alternativa, el transductor que emite la señal de cancelación puede estar situado en el lugar donde se desea atenuar el sonido (por ejemplo, el oído del usuario). Esto requiere un nivel de potencia mucho menor para la cancelación, pero sólo es eficaz para un solo usuario. La cancelación del ruido en otros lugares es más difícil, ya que los frentes de onda tridimensionales del sonido no deseado y la señal de cancelación podrían coincidir y crear zonas alternas de interferencia constructiva y destructiva, reduciendo el ruido en algunos puntos mientras se duplica en otros. En espacios cerrados pequeños (por ejemplo, el habitáculo de un coche), la reducción global del ruido puede lograrse mediante múltiples altavoces y micrófonos de retroalimentación y la medición de las respuestas modales del recinto.

Esta característica de las ondas sonoras es la que se utiliza para hacer la cancelación activa de ruido.

Cómo funciona

Un aparato de control activo de ruido necesita conocer el ruido que queremos eliminar del sistema. Un aparato de cancelación activa de ruido ha de constar por lo menos de:
 Un sensor de entrada.
 Un procesador de señal.
 Un emisor que nos genere la señal que cancele el ruido.

También es importante tener en cuenta otro factor cuando diseñemos/utilicemos un aparato de cancelación de ruido, y es el espacio en el que ha de trabajar.

Sensor

El sensor tiene que captar la información que necesitamos del ruido a eliminar. Generalmente lo que se hace es captar el ruido directamente con un micrófono, aunque a veces la información se obtiene de otras fuentes, como por ejemplo sacar la frecuencia de la centralita electrónica de un motor. Según la aplicación esta señal puede ser digital o analógica, y en este segundo caso se puede digitalizar antes de procesarlo.

Procesado

El procesador es el encargado de generar la señal canceladora (antirruido). Encontramos principalmente dos tipos de procesadores según su funcionamiento: Analógicos o digitales. De todas formas, el objetivo de los dos es el mismo: generar una señal que cancele el ruido a eliminar.
En el caso de que conozcamos exactamente la señal a eliminar podríamos hacer simplemente un cambio de signo. En los otros casos, tendremos que calcular de alguna manera la señal ruido con el error que esto conlleva.
Tenemos que tener en cuenta que el sistema añadirá un retraso a la señal canceladora respecto a la señal a cancelar.
Por todo esto el procesado para hacer la cancelación del ruido no es tan sencillo como hacer un cambio de signo a la señal, y por eso se utilizan herramientas como predictores, filtros adaptativos, métodos de control de error, etc. para poder generar una señal canceladora lo más efectiva posible.

Emisor

El emisor es un altavoz. Este altavoz quizás tenga que reproducir solamente el antirruido o también otras señales, como en el caso de los auriculares con cancelación de ruido.

Espacio

En el mundo real el espacio es tridimensional. Esto hace que sea muy difícil y caro "proteger" espacios grandes contra ruidos. Tomemos por ejemplo una habitación en la cual quisiéramos cancelar completamente los diferentes ruidos que nos llegasen desde el exterior. Tendríamos que calcular para cada punto del espacio el ruido incidente y generar el antirruido. Pero por si eso no fuera lo suficientemente difícil y caro, también deberíamos tener en cuenta que cada emisor no se perjudicaría a cada sensor. Así pues, generalmente lo que se hace es intentar eliminar el ruido en un punto en concreto del espacio.
Si conocemos el receptor y éste es fijo y manipulable, lo que se puede hacer es situar el sensor y el altavoz de la misma direccionalidad y dirección que la fuente de ruido justo al lado de esta. Esto nos permite que las ondas que se propaguen a través del aire ya estén "canceladas".
Por otro lado, lo que podemos hacer es colocar el sensor y el altavoz justo en el punto en el que queremos que se cancelen los sonidos (por ejemplo, al lado del oído de una persona). Estos sistemas pere son "unipersonales", es a decir, solo se puede beneficiar un receptor.
En el caso de que conozcamos tanto la posición exacta de la fuente de ruido como del receptor, como por ejemplo en un coche, también podemos hacer sistemas en los cuales el sensor y el altavoz estén separados (el sensor en el motor y el altavoz al lado del conductor, por ejemplo) para maximizar la eficacia del sistema.
Aunque resulte caro, también hay sistemas de cancelación de ruido activos para a espacios grandes (como casas o habitaciones) para cancelar los ruidos que vienen del exterior.

Control de ruido activo frente al pasivo
El control del ruido es un medio activo o pasivo de reducir las emisiones sonoras, a menudo por motivos de comodidad personal, consideraciones medioambientales o cumplimiento de la legislación. El control activo del ruido es la reducción del sonido mediante una fuente de energía. El control pasivo del ruido es una reducción del sonido mediante materiales que aíslan el ruido, como el aislamiento, las baldosas que absorben el sonido o un silenciador, en lugar de una fuente de energía.

La cancelación activa del ruido es más adecuada para las frecuencias bajas. Los requisitos de espacio para las técnicas de espacio libre y zona de silencio se vuelven prohibitivos para las frecuencias más altas. En los sistemas basados en cavidades acústicas y conductos, el número de nodos prolifera con el aumento de la frecuencia, lo que hace que las técnicas de control activo del ruido sean inmanejables. Los tratamientos pasivos resultan más eficaces a frecuencias más altas y a menudo proporcionan una solución adecuada sin control activo.

Aplicaciones

El uso de sistemas de cancelación de ruido activos se ha popularizado en los últimos años debido al abaratamiento y empequeñecimiento de la tecnología necesaria para desarrollar soluciones. Los sistemas activos son más eficientes que los sistemas pasivos (materiales aislantes, materiales absorbentes, etc.) sobre todo en bajas frecuencias y se pueden aplicar en situaciones distintas como videoconferencias. El, pero es que son mucho más caros, y es habitual encontrar una combinación de los dos. Por ejemplo, la mayoría de los altavoces con cancelación de ruido utilizan el control activo sobre todo para las bajas frecuencias, ya que las altas frecuencias aún es más barato y eficiente eliminarlas utilizando auriculares cerrados.
Otra ventaja de los sistemas activos frente a los pasivos es que en los pasivos generalmente la eficiencia sobre todo en bajas frecuencias es proporcional al tamaño. Las aplicaciones activas permiten mantener un tamaño constante y mucho más pequeño.

Además, pueden ser mucho más selectivas. Imaginemos un coche donde dentro tenemos cancelado el ruido del exterior, podríamos detectar el ruido de loss vehículos de emergencia para no cancelarlo.

Algunas de las aplicaciones más conocidas de sistemas de cancelación activos de ruido son:

 En auriculares de música: llevan incorporado un sistema de cancelación en cada dispositivo para eliminar el ruido que llega a cada oído. Estos auriculares se ayudan generalmente de aislantes pasivos para trabajar. Además, los micrófonos no son omnidireccionales, ya que se tiene en cuenta que la misma cabeza de la persona elimina casi todos los ruidos que provienen del otro lado. También tienen la peculiaridad de que se reproduce por el mismo auricular el ruido y la información útil (música). Los audífonos de este tipo detectan la señal de ruido externo y la recrean a través de un circuito electrónico invirtiendo su polaridad. Como resultado el ruido se cancela total o parcialmente.

 En motores: Los ruidos de los motores son periódicos y esto hace que sean más fácilmente cancelables. En la industria y en el mundo del automóvil más recientemente se están aplicando soluciones de cancelación de ruido cada vez más. Se está estudiando el impacto que pueden tener estos sistemas para reducir el consumo de combustible.
 En sistemas de captación de voz: Por ejemplo, en videoconferencias, donde se cancela la señal que capta el micrófono que proviene del altavoz para evitar que el sistema se retroalimente. O en sistemas de reconocimiento, donde es importante tener una señal limpia para reconocer las palabras.

 En aislamiento acústico: en edificación, aunque sea muy caro, ya se ven aplicaciones. Es útil sobre todo en entornos urbanos para eliminar ruidos concretos como el tráfico y las bocinas, o por ejemplo en zonas próximas a los aeropuertos.

Referencias
 Estudio sobre el uso de sistemas de cancelación de ruido en industria
 Artículo sobre el ahorro de combustible debido a la reducción del ruido
 Como funcionan los altavoces de cancelación de ruido
 Explicación de la cancelaciónm activa de ruido

Acústica
Procesamiento de voz
Ruido
Procesamiento digital de señales
Ingeniería de audio

Control activo de ruido


Et landbrugssamfund eller jordbrugssamfund er et samfund, hvis økonomi primært er baseret på at producere, vedligeholde og sælge afgrøder og landbrugsjord. En anden måde at definere et landbrugssamfund er ved at se hvor stor en del af landets totalte produktion, der ligger inden for landbrugssektoren. I et landbrugssamfund er den primære kilde til rigdom dyrkning af jorden. Et sådant samfund kan godt rumme andre måder at leve og arbejde på, men den vigtigste del vil være landbrug. Landbrugssamfund har eksisteret i forskellige dele af verden fra omkring 10.000 år siden og frem til i dag. Det har været den mest almindelige form for socioøkonomiske organisation i menneskets historie.

Se også
 Primærerhverv
 Miljøhistorie

Referencer

Etnografi
Økologi
Samfund
Samfundstypologi

Landbrugssamfund


Medlemmer af Folketinget, indvalgt ved folketingsvalget 4. december 1973:

På Grønland blev kandidaterne indtil Hjemmestyreloven i 1979 valgt uden for partierne.

De valgte medlemmer

Parti- og personskift i perioden 1973-75

Partiskift

Personskift

Referencer

1973
1973

Folketingsmedlemmer valgt i 1973


රංගනය
හරිත් සමරසිංහ
හිෂාම් සසම්සුදීන්
සුසන්තා චන්ද්‍රමාලි
ආනන්ද වික්‍රමගේ
දොන් ගයි
අසේල ජයකොඩි

රන් කෙවිට 2


Jason West (born March 26, 1977) is an American politician who served as mayor of the village of New Paltz, New York from January 1, 2003 to May 31, 2007, and again from June 1, 2011 to May 31, 2015.

A graduate of the State University of New York at New Paltz, West made headlines by solemnizing same-sex marriages in New York.  After running as a protest candidate for the New York State Assembly in 2000 and 2002 on the Green Party ticket, West was elected mayor of New Paltz in 2003.  He lost his reelection bid on May 1, 2007, to village trustee Terry Dungan.

Mayoral history

Summary
Elected mayor of New Paltz in 2003 with promises of environmental sustainability, West gained international attention, initially as part of the first Green Party majority elected in New York State and later for risking criminal prosecution to marry 25 same-sex couples.

West was named the Best New Mayor of 2003 by Hudson Valley magazine.  He was honored by such organizations as the New York State Senate Democratic Conference, the California State Legislature and community organizations from around the country.  He has been profiled in the New York Times Magazine, Plenty, Out, The Advocate, and Jane, among others.

Same-sex marriages

On February 27, 2004, West drew national attention to New Paltz when he announced that he would be performing same-sex marriages. On the first day he performed 24 such ceremonies. On March 2, he was charged with 19 misdemeanor counts of "solemnizing marriages without a license" by Ulster County District Attorney Donald Williams. According to Williams, West was not charged for all 25 ceremonies because police only witnessed 19 of them.

West originally announced that he intended to continue performing same-sex weddings; however, on March 5, New York state judge Vincent Bradley issued a temporary restraining order barring West from performing any such ceremonies for a month. West indicated that he would abide by the judicial order while evaluating his legal options. On June 6, Ulster County Supreme Court Judge Michael Kavanagh made the injunction permanent.  West later remarked, "Give it 10 or 20 years when we're holding state legislatures and Congress. It will just be a nonissue."

On June 10, New Paltz Town Court Justice Jonathan Katz dismissed the charges against West, ruling that the district attorney had failed to show that the state had a legitimate interest in preventing the marriages, or that the law under which West was charged was constitutional. The district attorney said that he would appeal the ruling.

Involvement in the United Nations Urban Environmental Accords
As mayor, West took part in the creation of the United Nations Urban Environmental Accords in San Francisco in the Spring of 2005.  He is one of 60 mayors from across the world who signed the original accords.

A signatory to the United States Mayors' Climate Protection Agreement and the member of the international network Mayors for Peace, West was also a founding member of the Young Elected Officials Network, a nationwide organization of progressive politicians under 35.  He also served on its steering committee.

Defeat in 2007
West lost his bid for a second four-year term by on May 1, 2007, after a campaign highlighted by an endorsement by Ralph Nader with 514 votes for Dungan to West's 379.

Reelection in 2011
West was reelected as mayor of New Paltz on May 3, 2011. His salary at the time was $22,500. West requested a $13,000 raise in 2012. The Village of New Paltz Board of Trustees approved the raise. West requested another $13,000 raise in 2013 but instead had his salary returned to the $22,500 level in a revised budget passed 4-0 by the board, with the mayor absent from voting. In response, West sued the board of trustees. The lawsuit was settled by a $12,000 settlement in February 2015.

Defeat in 2015
West was defeated by former New Paltz school board member Tim Rogers, who garnered 323 votes, while West received 204 votes. West stated that he was considering the possibility of returning to school for a teaching degree while remaining active in village affairs, and then went about pursuing a master of science degree at Bard College.

Writings
Dare to Hope: Saving American Democracy  2005,

References

External links
Jason West Green Party 2004 Convention video also includes Scott McClarty
speaking at the Hunter College chapter of the Roosevelt Institution February 22, 2008

1977 births
Living people
Mayors of places in New York (state)
People from New Paltz, New York
New York (state) Greens
State University of New York at New Paltz alumni
People from Latham, New York
Activists from New York (state)
Green Party of the United States officeholders

Jason West


U teoriji kategorija u matematici kategorija kriški jest posebna konstrukcija nove kategorije iz stare kategorije i odabranog objekta u njoj. Njeni objekti su morfizmi čija je kodomena taj odabrani objekt.

Neka je  kategorija i  odabrani objekt iz . Kriška nad  (sinonimi: kategorija objekata nad , kategorija kriški nad   ili kategorija morfizama s kodomenom , engleski slice category ili overcategory)  je kategorija čiji objekti su parovi  gdje je  morfizam u . Morfizam  u  je morfizam  u kategoriji  takav da sljedeći dijagram komutira

Dvojstveni koncept kategorije kokriški (sinonim: kokriška ili kategorija objekata (is)pod ) (engl. coslice category ili undercategory)  čiji objekti su parovi , gdje je  morfizam u . Morfizmi u  su određeni morfizmima  u  za koje sljedeći dijagram komutira

Podobjekt objekta  u  je klasa monomorfizama u  s kodomenom  koji su međusobno izomorfni kao objekti kriške . Drugim riječima, morfizmi  i  predstavnici su istog podobjekta od  ako postoji invertibilni morfizam   takav da . Kvocijentni objekt objekta  u  je klasa epimorfizama u  s kodomenom  koji su međusobno izomorfni kao objekti kategorije  objekata ispod .

Teorija kategorija

Kategorija kriški


Manuel de Herrera (1635 - 31 de janeiro de 1689) foi um prelado católico romano que serviu como bispo de Durango (1686–1689).

Biografia
Manuel de Herrera nasceu em Salamanca, Espanha, e foi ordenado sacerdote na Ordem dos Frades Menores. A 14 de março de 1686, foi escolhido pelo Rei da Espanha e confirmado a 13 de maio de 1686, pelo Papa Inocêncio XI, como Bispo de Durango. Serviu como Bispo de Durango até à sua morte a 31 de janeiro de 1689.

Mortos em 1689
Nascidos em 1635
Bispos católicos
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Inocêncio XI

Manuel de Herrera


Francesco Coppola peut faire référence à:
 Francesco Coppola, armateur naval italien du 15 siècle ;
 Francesco Coppola, joueur de football à cinq italien;
 Francesco Coppola, homme politique italien;
 Francesco Coppola, chimiste italien;
 Francesco Maria Coppola, évêque italien;
 Francesco Coppola Castaldo, peintre italien.

Francesco Coppola


Západni  es un jútor del raión de Krymsk del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Está situado en los arrozales bañados por los distributarios del delta del Kubán, en la orilla izquierda del mismo, frente a Prikubanski 22 km al norte de Krymsk y 66 km al oeste de Krasnodar. Tenía 22 habitantes en 2010

Pertenece al municipio Troitskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde  este enlace.
Este artículo es una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Западный (Крымский район).

Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net.

Localidades del raión de Krymsk del krai de Krasnodar

Západni (Krymsk, Krasnodar)


Usun ya da Wusun ya da Vusun, (Çince: 乌孙 veya 烏孫, Wūsūn), Han Hanedanı döneminde (MÖ 206 - MS 220) yaşamış göçebe-yarı göçebe Türk veya Hint-Avrupa kökenli bir halk.  Çin kaynaklarının aktardığına göre Çin'in kuzey batısında (Batı Gansu bölgesinde) Yüeçiler'e yakın bir bölgede yaşamış, Yüeçiler tarafından yenilgiye uğratılınca  MÖ 176 yıllarında Hiung-nu'ların egemenliğine girmiş, daha sonra İli Nehri ve Issık Göl bölgesine yerleşmiş ve  en azından beş yüzyıl boyunca bölgedeki gücünü korumuştur.

Köken bilimi
Wusun sözcüğünün anlamı hakkında farklı görüşler bulunmaktadır. Buna göre Türkçe bir sözcük olduğu düşünülen Wusun/Usun Sözcüğünün "birlik", "bağlılık" anlamına geldiği görüşünün yanı sıra etnonimin Çince transkripsiyonu olan Wusun(烏孫)'un bir totem olan Wu = ('karga' ya da 'kuzgun','siyah')'dan geldiği görüşü de vardır. Bu karga kültü Usun efsanelerinde de yer almaktadır. Efsanelerde yabani hayata bırakılan bir çocuğun dişi bir kurt tarafından açlıktan ölmek üzere iken bulunup emzirildiği ve karga tarafından da etle beslendiği bir öyküden bahsedilir. Aynı öğeler daha sonra Göktürklerde de yer almıştır.

Tarih

Usunlardan ilk defa Çin kaynaklarında Hiung-nu hükümdarı Mo-Tu (Mete)'nin Usunları kendi devletine katması olayı ile Mo-Tu'nun bir mektubunda söz edilmektedir. Usunların başlangıcı Çin kaynaklarında bir efsane ile anlatılır: "Usun kralının adı Kun-mo idi. Babasının, Hiung-nuların batısında küçük bir devleti vardı. Hiung-nular onlara saldırıp babasını öldürdüler.Küçük yaştaki kralın oğlu kun-mo'yu ise öldürmeyip canlı olarak otların içine attılar. Kara bir kuş(karga) onun üzerine doğru uçup et verdi. Sonra dişi bir kurt gelip onu emzirdi. Hiung-nu hükümdarı buna çok şaşırdı ve onun tanrı tarafından kutsanmış olduğunu düşündü. Onu otların arasından çıkarttırıp büyüdüğünde ordusunda komutan yaptı. Çok defalar başarı gösterdi, bunun üzerine Hiung-nu hükümdarı Kun-Mo'ya halkının yönetimini yeniden verdi. Usun kralı Kun-Mo kendi halkını topladı ve geliştirdi. Komşu şehirlere akın yapıp aldı. Birkaç on bin kişilik okçu askeri oldu. Savaşlarda tecrübe kazandı. Hiung-nu hükümdarı öldükten sonra Kun-Mo halkını geri çekerek Hiung-nulardan uzaklara gitti. Kendisini kral olarak tahta çıkardı. Bundan sonra artık artık Hiung-nu sarayındaki kurultaya gitmedi. Bunun üzerine Hiung-nular üzerine atlı birlikler göndererek saldırdılar ama yenemediler. bunun üzerine Usun kralını bir Tanrı'nın gücünü tuttuğunu ve kendilerinden uzaklaştırdığını sandılar. Bunun için yine Hiung-nu idaresine girmiş saydılar, bundan sonra büyük bir akında bulunmadılar."

Yine Çin kaynaklarında (Han-shu'da) benzer bir öykü daha anlatılmaktadır: "Usun kralının oğlu yeni doğmuştu. Oğlanın hocası Pu-chiou Yabgu çocuğu kucağına larak kaçtı ve çalıların arasına sakladı. Çocuğu beslemek için yiyecek aramaya gitti. Döndüğünde çocuğu bir dişi kurdun emzirdiğini gördü. gagasında  et parçası taşıyan bir kara kuş (karga) da çocuğun çevresinde dolanıp duruyordu. Yabgu bunu görünce çocuğun kutlu olduğunu anladı. Onu alarak Hiung-nu hükümdarının yanına gitti. Hiung-nu hükümdarı onu görünce çok sevdi ağırladı ve büyüttü. Yüeçiler'in öldürdüğü Usun kralının oğlu yetişkin olunca, Hiung-nu hükümdarı babasının halkını ona verdi. Orduya komutan yaptı.  Birkaç başarı kazandı. Bu sırada Kun-Mo güçlenmişti. Babasını öldüren Yüeçiler'den intikam almak için Hiung-nu hükümdarından izin istedi. Batıya doğru gitti ve Yüeçiler'e saldırarak onları yendi. Yüeçiler batıya doğru yeniden göç ettiler, Toharistan'a gittiler. Kun-Mo da kendi halkını topladı ve orada oturup kaldı. Ordusu ve savaş gücü gittikçe çoğaldı."

Hiung-nular ilk ortaya çıktıklarında Usunlar, Tunguzlar ve Yüeçiler ile birlikte bölgede bağımsız olarak yaşıyorlardı. Daha sonra hiç mücadele etmeden Hiung-nuların hakimiyetine girmişlerdir. Usunların bilinen ilk hükümdarı Nan-tuo-mi'dir. Yüçeiler tarafından öldürünce Usunlar Kansu bölgesini terk edip Tanrı dağları bölgesine yerleşmişlerdir. Burada Hiung-nuların hakimiyetine girdikleri düşünülmektedir.  Nan-tuo-mi'nin ölümün ardına küçük amcası Pu-chiou Hsi-huo, yeni doğmuş oğlu Kun-Mo'yu alarak hiung-nulara tabi olmuş, Hiung-nu hükümdarı çocuğu kabul edip büyütmüş, kendi idaresinde ordu ve makam vermiştir. Kun-Mo ise komutanlığı ve askeri başarısı ile ünlenmiştir. Bundan sonra Mo-tu'nun oğlu Hiung-nu hükümdarı Lao-shang (MÖ 174-161), Kun-mo'ya yardım ederek Mo-tu'nun dağıtıp, Batı Türkistan'a göç etmelerine neden olmuş Yüeçilere ağır bir darbe vurmasını sağlamıştır. Bu saldırıda Yüeçilerin reisi öldürülmüş, geriye kalanlar daha da batıya göç etmek zorunda kalmıştır.

Bu olayın ardına Usunlar, İli Irmağının yukarı bölgelerine yerleşmeye başlamışlardır. Başkentleri bugünkü Doğu Türkistan'da, Wen-su(Onsu İlçesi) ilçesinin batı sınırındaki Na-lun ırmağının yukarı ağzında kalan "Chi-ku" kalesi idi. Burada gittikçe büyüyüp güçlenmiş, Lao-shang öldükten sonra Hiunglar-dan kopmaya başlamışlardır.

MÖ 121 yıllarında Chang Chien, Çin imaparatoru Wu'ya sunduğu raporunda Hiung-nu'lara karşı Usunlarla işbirliği yapmayı teklif etmiştir. İmparator da bu teklifi kabul edip kendisiyle birlikte Usunlara hediyeler göndererek Usunları Hiung-nulara karşı kışkırtmaya çalışmış ama Usunların çekinceleri yüzünden bu girişim başarılı olamamıştır. Buna rağmen Hiung-nular bu olayı işitmiş ve saldırı planlamışlardır. Usunlar da bunun üzerine Çin'den yardım istemiştir. Çin hanedanı ile evlilik ilişkileri kurarak iyice yakınlaşmışlardır. MÖ 74 yılında Hiung-nular, Şanyüleri Chih-yen komutasında Turfanlılarla işbirliği yaparak Usunlara saldırmış, E-shen'i alıp halkını esir etmiştir. Bunun üzerine Usun hükümdarı Çin'e mektup yollayıp yardım istemiş, İmparator Chao-ti, 200.000 atlıyı yardımlarına göndermiş, yapılan savaşta Hiung-nulara ağır bir darbe indirilmiştir. Buna rağmen Hiung-nu hükümdarı 10.000 kişilik atlı birliği ile Usunlara saldırabilmiş, ancak dönüş yolunda fırtınaya yakalanarak birliklerinin tamamına yakınını kaybetmiştir. Bunu fırsat bilen Usunlar Hiung-nulara saldırmış, bunun sonucunda Hiung-nular çok zayıflamışlardır. Bununla birlikte Usunlar kendi bağımsızlıklarını kazanmış, Hiung-nulara bağlı Wu-hanlar ve Tinglingler'in de bağımsız kalmalarına yol açmışlardır.

Bu olaylardan sonra Semerkand, Hiung-nu hükümdarı Chih-hi'yi kendisini diğer devletlere karşı desteklemesi için elçiler aracılığıyla yardım istemiştir. Kurulan ittifak sonucunda Chih-hi Sermekand krallığını birkaç kez desteklemiş ve daha sonra Hiung-nular, Usunlara saldırmıştır. Başkentleri Kızıl Vadi (Chih-ku)'ya kadar girmiş, halkın bir kısmını öldürüp birçoğunu esir etmiştir. Çin kaynaklarında Bin li'lik (500 km) arazi içerisinde yaşayan kimsenin kalmadığı belirtilir. Daha sonra MÖ 44'te Hiung-nular Usunlara bir kez daha saldırmış, ağır bir darbe vurmuşlardır. Yaşanan olaylar üzerine Usunlar Çin ile daha da yakınlaşmış, MÖ 5 yılında Usunlar da Hiun-nulara saldırıp insanlarını öldürüp hayvanlarına el koymuş, bunun üzerine Hiung-nular da karşı saldırıya geçip Birçok kiyi öldürmüş ve esir almışlardır. Bunların sonucunda Usun hükümdarı kendi oğlunu Hiung-nulara esir vermek zorunda kalmış, Çin'in araya girmesi sonucu oğlan geri iade edilmiştir.

Kuzey Wei Hanedanı döneminde Juan Juanların akınlarına maruz kalan Usunlar, Pamir dağlarına göç etmişlerdir. 437 yılında Tabgaç kağanının kendilerine elçi gönderdiği bilinmektedir. En son 938 yılında Liao hanedanı imparatoru ile karşılıklı elçi yollamışlardır. Bu tarihlerden sonra sayıları çok azaldığı için haklarında bilgi alınamamıştır.

Kültür ve yaşam

Antropoloji
Çin kaynaklarında Usunlar'dan kızıl saçlı ve yeşil gözlü olarak bahsedilmektedir. Yedisu bölgesi'ndeki arkeolojik çalışmalarda elde edilen, milattan önceki ve sonraki 1. yüzyıla ait 6 ayrı iskeletin kafatasları üzerinde yapılan antropolojik çalışmalar Usunlar'ın az da olsa "mongoloid" özellikler göstermekle birlikte brakisefal beyaz ırk'a ait olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Yaşam tarzlarına ilişkin, M.Ö 110-105 yılları arasında Usun hükümdarı ile evlendirilen Han Hanedanı Prensesi'nin aktardığına göre Usunlar: "göçebe, keçeden çadırlarda yaşayan, çiğ et yiyen ve mayanlanmış kısrak sütü içen bir halk"tır. Ayrıca bu anlatımlarda erken dönem Çin kaynaklarında sıkça rastlanan (barbar, açgözlü, güvenilmez v.b.) pejoratif anlatım dikkat çekmektedir.

Dilleri
Bir Usun kralının Fu-li (kurt) ismiyle çağrıldığını, Çinli bilgin Han Rulin ve ayrıca G. Vambery (1879), Scherbak (1961), P. Budberg, L. Bazin ve V.P. Yudin söylerler. Ayrıca Ön-Türkçe bir sözcük olan börinin ("böri = kurt"), Usunların adlarında ve unvanlarında çok sık görüldüğünü yazmışlardır. Diğer Türkçe, Kun; Bag/Beg ve Ulug gibi kelimelerinin kaydedilmiş olduğunu da onaylarlar.

K. Shiratori'ye göre de MÖ 2. yüzyılda Orta Asya'ya giden Wu-sunlar Türk kökenlidir.

Buna rağmen Peter B. Golden ve Carter V. Findley gibi bazı tarihçiler Usunlar'ın dillerinde saptanan sözcüklerin kökeninin Türkçe olmadığını ve  Hint-Avrupa, İrani kökenli olduğunu öne sürerek bu görüşlere karşı çıkmıştır.Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in World History, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 39 Buna göre Beg-bey sözcüğü Soğdca'daki Baga sözcüğünden alıntıdır. Aynı zamanda  Orta Farsça'daki (Sasani hükümdarlarının da kullandığı) Bay, Sanskritçe'deki Bhaga ve Rusça'daki Bog sözcükleri de aynıdır. Bir diğer iddia ise, Türk dillerinde ortak kullanımı olan ve "kurt" anlamına gelen Böri sözcüğünün, Doğu İran dillerine ait olduğu ve Türk dillerine oradan alıntılandığı yönündedir. Bu iddialar tartışmalı olup "Bay" sözcüğü üzerine etimolojik çalışmaları bulunan Rus dil bilimci Sergei Starostin, sözcüğün kökeninin Ön-Türkçe olduğunu ve ödünçlemenin diğer dillere Türkçeden yapıldığını belirtir. Aynı şekilde Starostin, böri sözcüğünü de Ön-Türkçe olarak verir. Bu sözcüğün(Böri) Hint-Avrupa dil ailesi içerisinde hiçbir dilde yer almıyor oluşu da bu iddiaları zayıflatmaktadır.

 Yaşam alanları

Usunların ana yerleşim bölgeleri Tanrı Dağları'nın kuzey kenarlarıdır. Doruk dönemlerinde İli Nehri boyunca, bütün nehir alanına ve Tanrı Dağları'nın batısına kadar yayıldılar. Kralları Issık Gölü'nün güneyinde otururdu. Yaşam alanları, şimdiki Sincan Uygur Özerk Bölgesi'nin kuzeybatısını, Kazakistan'ın güneydoğusunu ve doğu ve orta Kırgızistanı kapsardı<ref name = "geographie">蘇北海 (Beihai Su): 漢代烏孫居地考 (Wusunlar Han hanedanlığı zamanında). In: '#Historical geography of shiyuh, 1, Ürümqi: Universität Xinjiang 1988</ref>. Xinjiang Tuzhi (新疆圖志; Coğrafya kitapı) şöyle aktarır, Manas Usunlarla Han Hanedanlığının doğu sınırıdır. Çolpon-Ata'da biraz kıyıdan uzakta batık köy Çengu -kızıl vadi- antik Usun Devleti başkenti (milattan önce ikinci yüzyıl) olduğu tahmin edilir.

Güneyde, Usunlar Tarım Havzası'ında yaşayan diğer insanlarla sınırdılar.. Tanrı Dağlarının kuzeyi, Karaşahr, Kuça, Aksu ve Uçturfan Usunlara aitti.

Büyük Han Kitabı (漢書 veya 汉书, Hànshū) - Batı bölgesini şöyle aktarır, Usunlar kuzeybatıda Kangju (康居, Kāngjū, önceleri Kang-gü, K'ang-kü) ve batıya doğru Dayuan (大宛, Dàyuān, anlamı: Büyük Yuan, Wade-Giles: Ta-Yüan) sınırdılar. Xiyu Tuzhi (西域圖志) şöyle aktarır, Kangju doğu sınırı Balkaş Gölü batı kıyısında bulunurdu, bu sırada Dayuan Fergana Vadisi ve Hokand'da bulunurlardı.

Sovyetler Birliği zamanında, İli Nehri kıyısında yapılan geniş kapsamlı arkeolojik kazılarda eski Usunlara ait mezarlar bulunmuştur. Bu demektir ki Usunlar İli Nehrinin her iki kıyısında da yaşamışlardır. Xiyu Tuzhi Tarbagatay Dağı Hiung-nu (匈奴, Xiōngnú) ve Usunlar arasında sınır oluştururdu diye aktarır. Bir ara millattan önce 53 yılında oluşan kargaşalıkta, daha sonra küçük kral olan Niaojiutu kendi adamlarını kuzey dağında toplar ve kendi ailesine ve annesine saldıran Hiung-nu'ları tehdit eder. Burada anlatılan "kuzey dağı" Tarbagatay Dağı'na uymaktadır. Bu dağ Hiung-nu ile Usunlar arasında sınır oluşturmuş, dağın kuzeyi Hiung-nu bölgesidir.Matsuda Hisaonun fikrine göre, Usunlar Tanrı Dağlarının kuzeyinde değil de, arasında yaşarlardı.

 Usun ve Issedon bağlantısı
Bir varsayıma göre Usunlarla Herodot (IV.16-25) tarafından tanımlanan insanlarla ve Batlamyus'un Geography coğrafya haritasındaki Issedones'' bağlantısı olduğu öne sürülür.

Kaynakça

Çin'deki eski etnik gruplar
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan sayfalar
Avrasya'daki göçebeler

Usun


මාබෝල  යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ  ගම්පහ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ	 කොළඹ නගරය ආශ්‍රිතව පිහිටා ඇති අර්ධ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශයකි. මාබෝල  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සීග්‍රයෙන්ම දියුණු වෙමින් පවතින ප්‍රදේශයකි. සම්පූර්ණ ජනගහනය ( වසර 2001 දි ) 29,880 ක්	 විය.වත්තල-මාබෝල නගර සභාව මගින් පාලනය කෙරේ.

ඓතිහාසික පසුබිම

ජනගහනය

සංචාරක ආකර්ෂණ

ආර්ථිකය

වෙනත් කරුණු

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර ලැයිස්තුව
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභා
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සභා ලැයිස්තුව

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි

මාබෝල


Bloodywood é uma banda de metal indiana de Nova Deli, formada em 2016. Eles começaram como uma banda de paródia que publicava regravações de metal de músicas pop no YouTube, mas depois passaram a escrever material original. A banda citou Linkin Park, Rage Against the Machine, System of a Down, Alter Bridge e Limp Bizkit como suas influências musicais.

História
Antes de formar a banda, Karan Katiyar publicava regularmente covers de paródias de músicas populares de Bollywood no YouTube, mas teve problemas para encontrar um vocalista adequado. Em um show local, Katiyar conheceu Jayant Bhadula, que trabalhava como gerente de talentos em uma empresa de entretenimento, e ficou impressionado com seu alcance vocal e versatilidade.

Em 2016, Katiyar deixou seu emprego como advogado corporativo e junto com Bhadula formou uma dupla com a intenção de "destruir músicas pop".

Em 2017, o Bloodywood regravou a música "Heavy" do Linkin park Park no antigo estilo nu metal da banda, chamando a atenção de muitos sites de música como Loudwire e Metal Hammer, o último dos quais declarou "como "Heavy" do Linkin Park deveria ter soado." A banda fez mais covers em 2017 e lançou a coletânea de covers Anti-Pop Vol. 1 em sua página do Bandcamp. Isto foi seguido por uma versão metal da famosa música Bhangra / Indi-pop "Tunak Tunak Tun" de Daler Mehndi, com vocais convidados do brasileiro Bonde do Metaleiro.

Em 2018, Bloodywood lançou "Ari Ari", um cover da música Bhangra "Ari Ari" da dupla Bombay Rockers, que em si era uma versão da música folclórica indiana "Baari Barsi". A faixa contou com o rapper Raoul Kerr, a quem Katiyar convidou para a participação depois de trabalhar em um lyric video para ele. A exposição inicial da música foi garantida pela atriz de Bollywood Ileana D'Cruz, que compartilhou o vídeo de "Ari Ari" em suas redes sociais. A recepção positiva dos fãs encorajou a banda a escrever material original e buscar mais inspiração na música folclórica indiana.

Em julho do mesmo ano, o Bloodywood fez uma parceria com o site de aconselhamento online HopeTherapy e lançou a música "Jee Veerey", dedicada ao combate à depressão e doenças mentais. Em 15 de janeiro de 2019, a banda lançou "Endurant", uma música que trata do tema bullying.

Em 21 de abril de 2019, foi anunciado que o Bloodywood se apresentaria no Wacken Open Air. Dois dias depois, a banda lançou a música "Machi Bhasad (Expect a Riot)", inicialmente destinada ao próximo jogo da Ubisoft, Beyond Good and Evil 2, além de anunciar que Raoul se tornara um membro permanente e que iniciaria uma turnê intitulada "Raj Against the Machine Tour".

Em 2021, o Bloodywood foi considerado uma das "12 novas bandas de metal para ficar de olho em 2022" pela revista de heavy metal e rock Metal Hammer. Eles também foram indicados ao título de Breakthrough Asian Band (Banda Revelação da Ásia) nos prêmios Global Metal Apocalypse de 2021, terminando em segundo lugar.

O primeiro álbum de estúdio de Bloodywood com material original é o Rakshak e foi lançado em 18 de fevereiro de 2022.

Trabalho social
Junto com as mensagens incluídas em suas músicas, a banda pretende apoiar várias causas sociais/de caridade. Com o lançamento do vídeo de sua música "Jee Veerey", eles deram sessões pré-pagas de aconselhamento online.

Ao retornar à Índia de sua turnê europeia de 2019, o Bloodywood doou os ganhos para a Posh Foundation, uma ONG local que cuida de animais abandonados, para a compra de uma nova ambulância.

Membros
 Karan Katiyar – guitarras, flauta, produção, composição
 Jayant Bhadula – vocais, vocais guturais
 Raoul Kerr – vocais de rap

Membros de turnê
 Sarthak Pahwa – dhol
 Roshan Roy – baixo
 Vishesh Singh – bateria

Discografia

Álbuns de estúdio
 Anti-Pop Vol. 1 (2017)
 Rakshak (2022)

Singles
 "Papai Noel Irritado" (2017)
 "Tunak Tunak Metal" (com Bonde do Metaleiro; 2018)
 "Rang Basanti" (2018)
 "Ari Ari" (2018)
 "Jee Veerey" (2018)
 "Resistente" (2019)
 "Machi Bhasad" (2019)
 "Yad" (2020)
 "Great Is Born Raw" (com The Snake Charmer; 2021)
 "Gaddar" (2021)
 "Aaj" (2022)
 "Dana Dan" (2022)

Vídeos
 "Angry Santa" (2017)
 "Tunak Tunak Tun" (com Bonde do Metaleiro; 2018)
 "Rang De Basanti" (2018)
 "Ari Ari" (2018)
 "Jee Veerey" (2018)
 "Endurant" (2019)
 "Machi Bhasad" (2019)
 "Yad" (2020)
 "Gadaar" (2021)
 "Aaj" (2022)
 "Dana Dan" (2022)

Ligações externas

Bandas de nu metal
Bandas formadas em 2016
Bandas da Índia
Bandas de folk metal
Fundações na Índia em 2016

Bloodywood


Green Bay Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Green Bay Township (Clarke County, Iowa)
 Green Bay Township (Lee County, Iowa)

Green Bay Township


127515 Nitta este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
127515 Nitta este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Apache Point Observatory în cadrul programului Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,69 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 6,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 127001-128000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2002
Centura de asteroizi

127515 Nitta


Artak je bio kralj Iberije od 78. do 63. godine pr. Kr. Nalazi se u klasičnim izvještajima o Trećem mitridatskom ratu i poistovjećen je s Artagom  (gruz. არტაგ), Arikom (არიკ), Rokom (არიკ) ili Aderkom (ადერკ) u srednjevjekovnim gruzijskom analima.

Prema gruzijskoj povijesnoj tradiciji, bio je sin i nasljednik Aršaka I. iz dinastije Artaksida. Srednjovjekovni gruzijski izvještaj njegove vladavine kratak je i usredotočen na partansko razaranje njegova kraljevstva, dok klasični izvori mnogo bliži dotičnom razdoblju sadrže detaljan opis Artakova rata s Rimom na strani Mitridata VI. Pontskog i Tigrana Velikog, kralja Armenije.

Uznemiren rimskom okupacijom obližnje Albanije, Artak je obećao mir i prijateljstvo; ali rimski vojskovođa Pompej Veliki,  saznavši da se Artak potajno naoružava kako bi napao Rimljane dok su prelazili Kavkaz, u ožujku 65. godine prije Krista, napao je iberijske tvrđave Armazi i Cicamuri prije nego što je nastavio progoniti Mitridata. Iznenađeni Artak brzo je spalio most preko rijeke Kure i povukao se dalje u svoju zemlju. Pompej je zauzeo tvrđave i prešao rijeku, ali je naišao na žestok otpor iberijske vojske. Na kraju su Rimljani prevladali i, kad je Artak vidio da su i oni prešli rijeku Pelorus, vjerojatno modernu rijeku Aragvi, predao se i poslao svoje sinove kao taoce.

Na prijestolju ga je naslijedio Farnadžom II.

Izvori

Artaksidi

Artak od Iberije


Events from the year 2004 in France.

Incumbents
 President – Jacques Chirac
 Prime Minister – Jean-Pierre Raffarin

Events
3 January – Flash Airlines Flight 604 headed for Cairo crashes into the Red Sea. All 148 people on board are killed, of whom more than 120 were French tourists.
30 January – Former Prime Minister and current Mayor of Bordeaux, Alain Juppe, is convicted of a party funding scam in the 1980s and early 1990s.
31 January – Air France and British Airways cancel five upcoming US flights to Washington, D.C., and Miami, Florida, amid fears of Al-Qaida.
10 February – The French National Assembly votes to pass a law banning religious items and clothing from schools.
20 February – The insecticide Regent (fipronil), from BASF, is banned in France for its implication in pollinator decline.
1 March – French troops are deployed to Haiti.
21–28 March – Regional elections held, in which the government of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin suffers a stunning and unprecedented defeat.
5 April – Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom, begins a state visit to France in honour of the centennial of the Entente Cordiale. The following day, she addresses the French Senate.
23 April – The last coal mine in France closes, La Houve near Creutzwald, ending nearly 300 years of coal mining.
23 May – A section of the ceiling in Terminal 2E at Paris's Charles de Gaulle Airport collapses, claiming at least 6 lives.
27 May – Peugeot launches the 407 range of sedans, estates and coupes. It replaces the successful 406.
8 June – The pickled heart of Louis XVII of France is buried in the royal crypt at Saint-Denis.
13 June – European Parliament election in France.
July – France released five of six suspects after their repatriation from Guantanamo Bay detainment camp.
26 September – Senate election held.
6 November – Clash between the armed forces of Côte d'Ivoire and French peacekeepers takes place (see: 2004 Ivorian-French violence).
14 December – The world's tallest bridge, the Millau bridge over the river Tarn in the Massif Central mountains, is opened by President Jacques Chirac
26 December – 95 French people are among thousands of people killed and 189 seriously injured by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.

Arts and literature
31 October – Denoël in Paris publishes Irène Némirovsky's Suite française, consisting of two novellas, Tempête en juin and Dolce, written and set in 1940–1941, from a sequence left unfinished on the author's death in Auschwitz concentration camp in 1942.

Sport
3 July – Tour de France begins.
4 July – French Grand Prix won by Michael Schumacher of Germany.
25 July – Tour de France ends, won by Lance Armstrong of the United States.

Deaths

January to March
3 January – Pierre Flamion, soccer player and manager (born 1924).
8 January – Franck Ténot, press agent, pataphysician and jazz critic (born 1925).
15 January
Robert-Ambroise-Marie Carré, priest and author (born 1908).
André Barrais, basketball player (born 1920).
22 January – Ticky Holgado, actor (born 1944).
13 February – François Tavenas, academic in Canada (born 1942).
18 February – Jean Rouch, filmmaker and anthropologist (born 1917).
21 February – Alex Métayer, comedian.
25 February – Jacques Georges, soccer administrator (born 1916).
4 March – Claude Nougaro, singer and songwriter (born 1929).
13 March – René Laloux, animator and film director (born 1929).
28 March – Robert Merle, novelist (born 1908).

April to June
25 April – Jacques Rouxel, animator (born 1931).
28 April – Patrick Berhault, mountain climber.
April – Daniel Bernard, diplomat (born 1941).
1 May Jean-Jacques Laffont, economist (born 1947).
2 May – Paul Guimard, writer (born 1921).
28 May – Jean-Philippe Charbonnier, photographer (born 1921).
29 May – Gérard de Sède, author (born 1921).
31 May – Étienne Roda-Gil, songwriter and screenwriter (born 1941).
10 June – Antoine Argoud, twice attempted to assassinate Charles de Gaulle (born 1914).
11 June – Michel Roche, equestrian (born 1939).
18 June – André Gillois, writer and radio pioneer (born 1902).

July to September
9 July – Jean Lefebvre, actor (born 1919).
17 July – Lucien Leduc, soccer player and manager (born 1918).
18 July – Émile Peynaud, oenologist and researcher (born 1912).
24 July – Claude Ballif, composer (born 1924).
28 July – Bernard Saint-Hillier, General (born 1911).
3 August – Henri Cartier-Bresson, photographer (born 1908).
4 August – Cécile Guillame, first woman who engraved French postal stamps (born 1933).
9 August – Robert Lecourt, jurist, fourth President of the European Court of Justice (born 1908).
17 August – Gérard Souzay, baritone (born 1918).
20 August – Amelie Delagrange, murder victim (born 1982).
29 August – Jean-Louis Nicot, Air Force officer involved in the Algiers putsch (born 1911).
8 September – Raymond Marcellin, politician (born 1914).
9 September – Jean-Daniel Pollet, film director and screenwriter (born 1936).
24 September – Françoise Sagan, playwright, novelist and screenwriter (born 1935).
25 September – Alain Glavieux, professor in electrical engineering.
29 September – Richard Sainct, Rally Raid Motorcycle rider (born 1970).

October to December
October – Jacques Noël, fencer (born 1920).
3 October – Jacques Benveniste, immunologist (born 1935).
8 October – Jacques Derrida, philosopher (born 1930).
22 October – Louis Bouyer, priest and writer (born 1913).
27 October
Pierre Béarn, writer (born 1902).
Claude Helffer, pianist (born 1922).
26 November – Philippe de Broca, film director (born 1933).
31 December – Gérard Debreu, economist and mathematician, won 1983 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics (born 1921).

See also
 2004 in French television
 List of French films of 2004

References

2000s in France

2004 in France


Quatrième Internationale est un nom porté par plusieurs organisations issues de la Quatrième Internationale formée par Léon Trotsky en 1938.
 Quatrième Internationale posadiste, fondée en 1962 ;
 Quatrième Internationale - Secrétariat unifié, fondée en 1963 ;
 Quatrième Internationale lambertiste, fondée en 1993.

Quatrième Internationale (homonymie)


Oštrica (otok)

Bilji rodovi:
 ostika, AegilopsL. biljni rod iz porodice Poaceae
 rdobrada, Dactylis L., biljni rod iz porodice Poaceae
 oksitropis, Oxytropis DC., biljni rod iz porodice Fabaceae

Oštrica


In the United States Navy, a rate is the military rank of an enlisted sailor, indicating where the sailor stands within the chain of command, and also defining one's pay grade. However, in the U.S. Navy, only officers carry the term rank, while it is proper to refer to an enlisted sailor's pay grade as rate.  This is not to be confused with the term "rating",  which refers to one's area of occupational specialization within the enlisted Navy (see below and also List of United States Navy ratings ). Associated with the enlisted pay grades is a numbering system from the most junior enlisted sailor ("E-1") to the most senior enlisted sailor ("E-9"). This enlisted numbering system is the same across all six branches of the U.S. military. All E-1s through E-3s are known as seaman, fireman, airman, constructionman, or hospitalman. E-4 through E-6 are called petty officers. All E-7s are called chief petty officer, E-8s senior chief petty officer, and E-9s master chief petty officer. Rates are displayed on a rating badge, which is a combination of rate and rating. E-2s and E-3s have color-coded group rate marks based on their career field. Personnel in pay grade E-1, since 1996, do not have an insignia to wear.

Ratings are earned through "A" schools, which are attended before deployment and after undergoing initial basic training at Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois, or (less commonly) by "striking" for a rating through on-the-job training (OJT) in the Fleet. Some sailors may undergo additional training in a "C" school either before or after a tour of duty. Upon completion, they are assigned a four-digit Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) code, which identifies a specific skill within their standard rating. This defines what jobs they are qualified to do. For example, some billets might not only require a hospital corpsman first class, but might specify that they have NEC 8402 (Submarine Force Independent Duty), NEC 8403 (Fleet Marine Forces Reconnaissance Independent Duty Corpsman), or any other of several NECs depending upon the billet's requirements.

History
On 29 September 2016, the United States Navy discontinued enlisted ratings after 241 years of use in an effort to modernize the classification system. Naval sailors were thereafter to be referred to solely by their rank and would hold a Navy Operations Specialty (NOS) instead of a rating. The rating symbols depicted for each rating badge listed below (except for the rating badge of a command master chief) is boatswain's mate. However, the decision was reversed and the rating system was restored in December 2016.

E-1 to E-3
Sailors in pay grades E-1 through E-3 are considered to be in apprenticeships while searching or in training for a career path.
They are divided into five definable groups or job communities, with colored group rate marks designating the group to which they belong: seaman, fireman, airman, constructionman, and Hospitalman. One of three apprentice devices may be worn above the rank insignia, which denotes the sailor is an apprentice in a particular field and is in search of a rating to join. Sailors who have gone directly to a base, station, or ship without any specialized training are eligible to select a career field, and through correspondence courses and extensive on-the-job training, may qualify for a rating. This process is called "striking for a rating". If a sailor has qualified for a rate, but has not yet become a petty officer, they are called a designated striker, and are identified by a striker's badge that displays the sailor's rating, along with their group rate marks. The service member is addressed by one's group designation, if known (e.g., Fireman Jones, Constructionman Apprentice Smith); by the generic appellation "seaman"; or by one's striker designation (Boatswain's Mate Seaman Watson, Culinary Specialist Seaman Recruit Johnson). Those who have completed the "A" school for Hospital Corpsman wear their Caduceus above their stripes and substitute the word "Hospitalman" for "Seaman" in their rating titles.

In the September 2016 rating change, it was announced that only the "seaman" group would remain as the rate title for E-1, E-2, and E-3, with the others being retired.  However, the Navy reversed this new policy three months later and reinstated the traditional rating system.

E-4 to E-6

E-4 to E-6 are non-commissioned officers (NCOs), and are specifically called petty officers in the Navy. Petty officers perform not only the duties of their specific career field but also serve as leaders to junior enlisted personnel. They must take responsibility for their subordinates, address grievances, inform the chain of command on matters pertaining to good order and discipline, and may even have to place personnel on report. The title petty officer comes from the French word petit, meaning something small. In medieval England, villages had several "petite" or "petty" officers who were subordinate to major officials. Thus, petty officers are assistants to senior officers.

Petty officers have been an important part of the U.S. Navy since its beginning. They were originally appointed by the ship's captain and usually held such appointments while serving under the captain who selected them. The petty officers of this time did not have uniforms or a rank insignia. In 1841 a rate badge was assigned, consisting of a sleeve device displaying an eagle perched on an anchor. Rating marks did not appear until 1866.

From 1885 to 1894, the Navy recognized three classes of petty officers who were authorized to wear a "rate" (rank) insignia consisting of chevrons pointing down under a spread eagle and a rating mark. Unlike the current rate badge, the eagle faced right instead of left. The current insignia for petty officers came about in 1894, and is a perched eagle with spread wings (usually referred to as a "crow", due to its black color on white uniforms and the former light blue working uniforms) above a rating mark, with chevrons denoting their rate below. Initially, the eagle faced left or right on the rating emblem depending on which sleeve the badge was worn. "Seafarer" rates, such as boatswain or gunner, are unique to service aboard a ship, and were worn on the right sleeve; the eagle on these insignia faced right, so that they would be facing forward on the wearer. Other rates, such as administration or medical positions, were worn on the left sleeve, so the eagle on those insignia faced left, so that they would be facing forward on the wearer. In 1948, the Navy standardized all ratings to be worn on the left sleeve.

The authority to wear gold rating badges and service stripes on the dress blue and working coverall uniform is granted when a sailor completes twelve consecutive years of service. Prior to June 2019, those years had to have been without any official record of bad conduct due to punitive action via non-judicial punishment or courts martial. During that time, the gold rating badges and service stripes were treated distinctly from the Good Conduct Medal, which was and is awarded for three consecutive years of "honorable service", defined as being free of disciplinary infractions.

Coloration of the insignia for E-4 through E-9 depends upon the uniform worn. Black cloth with red or gold embroidered stripes is used on the winter uniforms, while white cloth with black embroidered stripes is used on the summer uniforms, and medium blue cloth with red or gold embroidered stripes is used on the working coverall, depending on whether or not they have less or more than 12 years of service, respectively.

E-7 to E-9
E-7 to E-9 are senior non-commissioned officers and are considered a separate community within the Navy. They have separate berthing and dining facilities (where feasible), wear separate uniforms, and perform separate duties. Advancement to chief petty officer (E-7) or above requires a board review by existing master chief petty officers beyond the normal examination score and performance evaluation process. The annual list of chief petty officer selectees is authorized by Congress.

The proper form of address to a chief petty officer is "Chief", "Senior chief" (or "Senior"), or "Master chief" according to their rating. In the U.S. Navy, chief petty officers are specifically tasked, in writing, with the duty of training junior officers (ensign, lieutenant (j.g.), and lieutenant).(Previous citation no longer valid.)

Although the title "chief" has been around since the Continental Navy in 1776, the chief petty officer rate was not established until 1 April 1893. At that time nearly all sailors who had carried the rate of petty officer first class since 1885 were advanced to chief petty officer, with the exception of schoolmasters, ship's writers, and carpenter's mates.

The rates senior chief petty officer and master chief petty officer were established on 1 June 1958. To be eligible for advancement to senior chief petty officer, a chief petty officer must have had three years in the current grade. For advancement to master chief, a senior chief must have a total of three years in the current grade.

The dress blue insignia consists of a perched eagle (or "crow") with spread wings atop a rating mark, with three chevrons and one "rocker" above the rating mark. Inverted five-point stars above the crow denote the rank of senior chief (one star) or master chief (two stars). All other uniforms use the collar device to denote rank. It consists of a foul anchor with the initials U S N in silver, superimposed, with stars above the anchor to indicate higher pay grades, similar to the dress blue insignia.

Command senior chief
On 30 July 2015, the Navy formally established the rating of command senior chief (CMDCS); before then from 2005 to 2015 it had been a billet instead of a rating. They typically serve at smaller commands that do not have a command master chief billet (CMDCM).  A command senior chief career path feeds directly into the command master chief program,  and is a permanent rank, unlike their U.S. Air Force and U.S. Space Force, first sergeant, E-8 paygrade counterparts.

Command master chief
A command master chief is considered to be the senior-most enlisted service member within a command, and is the special assistant to the commanding officer in all matters pertaining to the health, welfare, job satisfaction, morale, utilization, advancement and training of the command's enlisted personnel. Command master chiefs can be Command level (within a single unit, such as a ship or shore station), Fleet level (squadrons consisting of multiple operational units, headed by a flag officer or commodore), or Force level (consisting of a separate community within the Navy, such as Subsurface, Air, Reserves). After attaining the rate of master chief petty officer, a sailor may choose to further their career by becoming a command master chief petty officer.

Both command senior chief and command master chief existed as a position before being authorized as separate rates/rank. For example, there could be a senior chief boatswain's mate acting as command senior chief or a master chief personnelman who acts as the command master chief.

The command master chief rate insignia are similar to the insignia for master chief, except that the rating symbol is replaced by an inverted five-point star, reflecting a change in their rating from their previous rating (e.g. MMCM) to CMDCM. The stars for command master chief are silver, while stars for fleet or force master chief are gold. Additionally, command master chiefs, wear a badge, worn on their left breast pocket (for males) or above the nametag (for females), denoting their title (Command/Fleet/Force).

Fleet master chief and force master chief
Fleet and force master chiefs are appointed by the commander of a fleet or a force command, to serve as their senior enlisted adviser. They have virtually the same responsibilities as command master chiefs, but for larger fleet or force commands rather than a single unit. These two ranks are equivalent and their insignia is also the same—a master chief rating badge with two gold stars above the eagle and a gold star for the rating insignia.

Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy
The Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy (MCPON) is the senior enlisted person in the Navy, appointed by the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) to serve as a spokesperson to address the issues of enlisted personnel to the highest positions in the Navy. The MCPON is the senior enlisted advisor to the Chief of Naval Operations and Chief of Naval Personnel. Exact duties vary, depending on the CNO, though the duties generally include traveling throughout the Navy, observing training and talking to sailors and their families. The MCPON serves on several boards concerned with enlisted members, represents the Department of the Navy at special events, and may be called upon to testify before Congress regarding enlisted personnel issues.

The position was originally established as "Senior Enlisted Advisor of the Navy" in January 1967 in response to a recommendation from the Secretary of the Navy's task force on Navy personnel retention. Three months later, the title was officially changed to "Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy". The individual rating specialty marks for the MCPON was replaced by an inverted star in 1971.

The MCPON's current insignia is similar to that of Fleet, Force, or CMDCMs, with the addition of a third star above the crow or anchor.

Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman
The Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman (SEAC) is the senior enlisted person appointed by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) to serve as a spokesperson to address the issues of enlisted personnel to the highest positions in the Department of Defense. The SEAC can be chosen from any one of the five military services and is considered the most senior non-commissioned officer (NCO) position overall in the United States Armed Forces.

The position was first established in 2005 but was briefly discontinued in 2008 when then incoming chairman, Admiral Mike Mullen, elected not to appoint anyone to the position. It was then reinstated by his successor in 2011 and has continued ever since.

To date there has been no SEAC chosen from the Navy but in 2019 each branch was tasked with creating a unique rank insignia for the SEAC. The Army, Air Force, and Marines have all approved their respective insignias but the Navy insignia is still pending approval.

See also
 Badges of the United States Navy
 List of United States naval officer designators
 List of United States Coast Guard enlisted rates
 List of United States Coast Guard ratings
 List of United States Navy enlisted warfare designations
 List of United States Navy ratings
 List of United States Navy staff corps
 Military Occupational Specialty
 Uniforms of the United States Navy
 United States Navy officer rank insignia
 Service stripes

References

Further reading

Marine occupations
United States Navy
Rate

List of United States Navy enlisted rates


About Elly (persană: درباره الی About Elly; titlul în SUA: Darbareye Elly)  este un film epic din 2010 regizat de Asghar Farhadi.
Filmul a câștigat Ursul de la Berlin Festivalul de Film de argint.

Prezentare

Distribuție
 Golshifteh Farahani - Sepideh
 Shahab Hosseini - Ahmad
 Taraneh Alidoosti - Elly
 Peyman Moaadi - Peymān
 Mani Haghighi - Amir
 Merila Zarei - Shohreh
 Ahmad Mehranfar - Manouchehr
 Rana Azadivar - Nāzy
 Saber Abar - Ali-Reza

Note

Legături externe

 Metacritic

Filme din 2009
Filme iraniene
Filme în limba persană
Filme regizate de Asghar Farhadi

Despre Elly


Slavic folklore encompasses the folklore of the Slavic peoples from their earliest records until today. Folklorists have published a variety of works focused specifically on the topic over the years.

There are few written records of pagan Slavic beliefs; research of the pre-Christian Slavic beliefs is challenging due to a stark class divide between nobility and peasantry who worshipped separate deities. Many Christian beliefs were later integrated and synthesized into Slavic folklore.

See also
 Vladimir Propp, Russian folklorist who specialized in morphology
 Supernatural beings in Slavic religion
 Deities of Slavic religion

References

Bibliography
Kononenko, Natalie O. 2007. Slavic Folklore: A Handbook. Greenwood Press.

Slavic folklore


Matthew Stewart, 4. grof od Lennoxa (21. rujna 1516. – 4. rujna 1571.) bio je četvrti grof od Lennoxa i predvodnik katoličkoga plemstva u Škotskoj. Bio je sin Johna, 3. grofa od Lennoxa i lady Elizabeth Stewart, kćeri Johna Stewarta, 1. grofa od Atholla. Unuk mu je bio kralj Jakov VI. i I.

Sukob s regentom Arranom (1543. – 1547.)
Matthew Stewart postao je grof od Lennoxa nakon očeve smrti, 4. rujna 1526. Proveo je većinu mladosti u Engleskoj, u egzile, ali se vratio u Škotsku kako bi istaknuo svoja prava u liniji nasljedstva, nakon što je škotski kralj Jakov V. umro 1542. U vrijeme kraljeve smrti, Lennox je imao značajno pravo na škotsko prijestolje, u slučaju da kraljeva kći i nasljednica, tek rođena kraljica Marija, umre bez djece. Lennox je bio sin drugoga rođaka kralja Jakova V., i to kao praunuk Marije Stewart, najstarije kćeri kralja Jakova II., preko njezine kćeri, lady Elizabeth Hamilton, Lennoxove bake. Međutim, James Hamilton, grof od Arrana, bio je unuk princeze Marije Stewart, te je tako imao snažnije pravo. Stoga je Lennox, u najboljem slučaju, bio treći u redu nasljedstva, i to nakon Arranovih sinova. Arran je potom postavljen za škotskoga regenta. Lennoxovi su pristaše 1543. doveli u pitanje Arranovo pravo i zakonito rođenje, predlažući da su razvod Arranova oca i njegova druga ženidba bili nevaljani.

U ožujku 1543., Lennox je stigao u dvorac Dumbarton, svoje uporište, s dva broda. Došao je u Edinburgh, ali je dobio potvrditi Arranovu poziciju na drugom mjestu u redu nasljedstva prijestolja i kao regenta. Arran je zagovarao savez s Engleskom, te je sklopio Sporazum iz Greenwicha, 1. srpnja 1543., pristajući na ženidbu između kraljice Marije i princa Edvarda Tudora, sina i nasljednika engleskoga kralja Henrika VIII. Regent Arran počeo je utvrđivati palaču Linlithgow, gdje se Marija nalazila, zajedno sa svojom majkom, škotskom kraljicom udovom Marijom od Guisea. Lennoxovi pristaše i kardinal Beaton utaborili su se oko palače, ali nisu imali topništva za napad. Njihovi su predstavnici pregovarali s Arranovim ljudima kod Kirklistona, blizu Edinburgha, te je postignut dogovor. Ubuduće, Arran je imao vladati uz savjet vijeća, a kraljica bi prešla u dvorac Stirling. Lennox je pratio kraljicu Mariju za Stirling, 26. srpnja 1543.

Iako je Lennox došao u Škotsku namamljen mogućnošću braka s kraljicom udovom, Marijom od Guisea, do rujna mu je bila ponuđena prilika da oženi lady Margaret Douglas, kći kraljice udove Margaret Tudor (koja je bila žena kralja Jakova IV. Škotskoga i sestra kralja Henrika VIII. Engleskoga), i polusestru pokojnoga kralja Jakova V. Nakon što je Lennox zadržao francuski novac i topništvo poslano Mariji od Guisea, ona mu je čak ponudila ruku svoje kćeri, kraljice Marije. Kada je škotski Parlament odbio Sporazum iz Greenwicha, Lennox je promijenio strane, te podržao vojne napore kralja Henrika VIII. da osigura brak između kraljice Marije i njegova sina, prince Edvarda, u tzv. ratu grubog udvaranja.

Ženidba i kasniji život
Matthew Stewart je 1544. oženio lady Margaret Douglas, kći Archibalda Douglasa, 6. grofa od Angusa i kraljice udove Margaret Tudor, koja je bila u redu nasljedstva za englesko prijestolje. Imali su četvoro djece:

 Henry Stuart (r. i u. 1544.)
 Henry Stuart, lord Darnley (1545. – 1567.), koji je oženio kraljicu Mariju
 Philip Stuart (1556.)
 Charles Stuart, 1. grof od Lennoxa (1557. – 1576.), koji je oženio Elizabeth Cavendish.

Lennox i obitelj jedno su vrijeme živjeli u dvorcu Whorlton, koji mu je skupa s imanjem dodijelio kralj Henrik VIII.

U kolovozu 1548., Lennox je dao četiri obećanja Mariji od Guisea, kako bi ona pristala na brak kraljice Marije s francuskim kraljem Franjom II. To su: da će on, njegovi prijatelji i vazali očuvati katoličku vjeru u Škotskoj; da će čuvati Stari savez Francuske i Škotske; da će Marija od Guisea ostati kraljičina skrbnica; i da će kazniti sve koji budu podržavali engleskoga kralja.

Lennox se vratio u Škotsku na traženje engleske kraljice Elizabete, za vrijeme pregovora o udaji škotske kraljice Marije, 1564. Brzo je preuzeo položaj najutjecajnijega lorda u području Glasgowa, te je kasnije postao ključnim sudionikom u sklapanju ženidbe između njegova starijeg sina, Lorda Darnleya, s kraljicom Marijom. Ostaje dvojbeno je li kraljica Elizabeta to namjeravala (kako bi odstranila prijetnju kontinentalnoga braka), kao što se nekad iznosi. Engleska je kraljica negodovala, te je zatočila Lennoxovu ženu Margaret u londonskom Toweru.

Nakon što je njegov stariji sin Darnley ubijen 1567., Lennox je bio najvatreniji zagovornik pravde protiv lordova koji su se urotili oko ubojstva. Također je postao glavnim svjedokom protiv kraljice Marije, iako je njezina umještanost u ubojstvo, navodno izvršena preko njezina kasnijega muža Jamesa Hepburna, 4. grofa od Bothwella, ostaje kontroverznom.

Lennox je 1570. postao regentom za svoga unuka, škotskoga kralja Jakova VI., ali su zagovornici kraljice Elizabete najavili rat protiv njega. Ubijen je sljedeće godine u okršaju prigodom napada na Stirling. Nadap na Stirling predvodio je George Gordon, 5. grof od Huntlyja, Claud Hamilton, 1. lord Paisley i vlastelini od Buccleucha i Ferniehurst.

Rodoslovlje

Izvori

Matthew Stewart, 4. grof od Lennoxa
Škotsko plemstvo

Matthew Stewart, 4. grof od Lennoxa


Bonfield steht für

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Bonfield (Illinois), im Kankakee County
 Bonfield (Maryland), im Talbot County
 Bonfield (Montana), im Custer County

in Kanada:
 Bonfield (Ontario), Township in der Provinz Ontario

Bonfield


تضيق الصمام ثلاثي الشرف  .

تعريف
هو تضيق بالصمام مثلث الشرف الذي يقع في القسم الأيمن للقلب .

فيزيولوجيا القلب والصمامات
الدسام ثلاثي الشرف أو الصمام ثلاثي الشرف  هو الدسام الواقع بين الأذين الأيمن والبطين الأيمن. يحتوي الدسام ثلاثي الشرف على ثلاث شرف تتصل بثلاث عضلات حليمية بواسطة الحبال الوترية ويسمح بمرور الدم باتجاه واحد من الأذين الأيمن إلى البطين الأيمن .

ويفتح كل من الصمام التاجي والصمام ثلاثي الشرفات عند أنبساط القلب في حين ينغلق كل من الصمام الأبهري والصمام الرئوي وذلك للسماح للبطينين باستقبال الدم . ويفتح كل من الصمام الأبهري والصمام الرئوي أثناء انقباض القلب في حين ينغلق كل من الصمام التاجي والصمام ثلاثي الشرفات للسماح للدم بالمرور خلالهما إلى كل من الشريان الأبهر والشريان الرئوي وذلك بالتتابع .

فالصمامات لها أهمية كبيرة في عمل القلب ككل، إذ أنها تتحكم باندفاع الدم خلال القلب ومنه، فتعمل على تفريغ حجرات القلب بشكل تام وفي أتجاه واحد وتمنع ارتجاع الدم إلى الحجرات التي أخليت لهذا السبب، وأن أي عطب أو خلل بهذه الصمامات يؤثر على وظيفة القلب بدرجة تتفاوت تفاوت حدة الخلل .

أسباب التضيق
 أسباب خلقية .
 أسباب مكتسبة :

1.الرثية (الروماتيزم) وهو مرض يصييب الصمامات نتيجة لتعرض المرء للحمى الروماتيزمية في سن الطفولة وفي سن مبكر .

2.مرض نقص التروية القلبية بسبب مرض تصلب شرايين القلب التاجية المغذية لعضلة القلب . وعادة مايصيب المرضى المتقدمين بالعمر .

3.التغيرات التي قد تحدث في الصمامات بسبب تقدم العمر والتي غالباً ماتكون ناتجة عن ترسبات الكالسيوم عليها وتصلبها، وأكثر الصمامات عرضة لتلك التغيرات هو الصمام الأبهري .

4.تأثر الصمامات بالالتهابات المباشرة بسبب التهاب بكتيري حاد أو مزمن .

5.بعض الأمراض التي تصيب أنسجة الجسم الأخرى، كالمفاصل مثلاً، قد تصيب الصمامات أو غشاء القلب المبطن .

6.بعض الأمراض التي تصيب النسيج الضام للجسم قد تؤثر في شكل ووظيفة الصمامات مثل مايحدث في وجود مرض مارفان .

الأعراض والعلامات
تختلف الاعراض حسب شدة وتطور التضيق وهي :

1. ضيق النفس وخاصة عند القيام بمجهود بدني .

2.آلام الصدر .

3.الدوار والدوخة أو حتى الإغماء في الحالات المتقدمة .

4.الإعياء والخمول .

5.خفقان القلب .

7.أحتقان الكبد وتورم الكاحلين (وذمات بالساقين) .

وسائل التشخيص
 القصة السريرية .
 صورة الصدر بالأشعة السينية .
 صدى القلب .
 الدوبلر .
 قسطرة القلب .

العلاج
يستطيع المريض، تحت الإشراف الطبي المستمر، من العيش ولسنين طويلة باستعمال الأدوية المناسبة والتي يصفها الطبيب حسب نوع المرض . لكن في حالات الأمراض المتقدمة أو في حالة انعدام جدوى هذه الأدوية، فإنه يصبح من الضروري أجراء تدخل إما عن طريق القسطرة الطبية العلاجية أو عن طريق الجراحة باستبدال الصمام .

مراجع

أمراض صمامات القلب
أمراض قلبية روماتزمية مزمنة
تشريح القلب

تضيق الصمام ثلاثي الشرفات


A KM2000 (em alemão: Kampfmesser 2000, literalmente "faca de combate 2000") é a faca de combate padrão do Bundeswehr alemão, usada principalmente pelo exército alemão; com a designação KM 2000-BW. A faca é fabricada na Alemanha pela empresa Eickhorn-Solingen (também conhecida como "Original Eickhorn").

Origem
Em 2001, o Escritório Federal de Tecnologia de Defesa e Compras (Bundesamt für Wehrtechnik und Beschaffung, BWB) anunciou uma nova faca de combate para substituir a faca de campanha lançada em 1968, a Bundeswehrkampfmesser. A Eickhorn-Solingen Ltd. recebeu o contrato de produção, a qual ocorre de acordo com as diretrizes de qualidade da OTAN (Número de Inventario da OTAN 1095-12-355 6742).

Características
A faca consiste em apenas dois componentes. A lâmina tantō de aproximadamente 172mm de comprimento é feita de aço inoxidável 440A (número do material 1.4110) e tem uma espessura contínua de cerca de 5mm e uma borda serrilhada parcial na metade inferior. Desde 2008 também existe um modelo sucessor com uma lâmina de ponta de lança (KM 3000). Desde o número de série "A 0001", a Eickhorn vem aprimorando continuamente o aço da KM 2000.

O cabo tem formato simétrico para que a faca possa ser usada por destros e canhotos. O punho é feito de PA6 reforçado com fibra de vidro (PRFV) e possui um apoio para o polegar com nervuras na frente. A espiga emerge da extremidade da alça para servir como um quebra-vidro no pomo. Não é possível utilizá-lo como cortador de arame, em conjunto com a bainha como na baioneta AK. A faca pesa cerca de 320g e tem um comprimento total de cerca de 305mm.

Existe uma variante (pré-produção de baixo volume) com um cabo semelhante ao da Advanced Combat Knife (A.C.K.).

O suporte é composto por duas partes, a bainha e o elemento de transporte, sendo que a bainha, assim como a alça, é feita de PRFV. Possui uma mola interna que evita que a faca caia. Uma almofada de afiação é colada na parte externa da bainha. O elemento de transporte é usado para prender a bainha e a faca ao colete ou cinto de combate e é feito de tecido Cordura. A bainha e o elemento de transporte são conectados entre si com um fecho de pressão e um fecho de velcro e pesam 525g com a faca. A bainha para o KM2000 é giratória e inclui um adaptador para permitir que seja montada no sistema de suporte de carga MOLLE/PALS.

Com base na popularidade do desenho, a Eickhorn desenvolveu a linha introduzindo muitas variações na forma, material usado e cores. Revisões posteriores do KM2000 (a partir de 2008) usam uma liga de aço inoxidável diferente com melhores propriedades de retenção de borda, X105CrMo17 ou 1,4125 (440C) Böhler N695 (HRC 57). Além disso, a Eickhorn introduziu várias novas variantes, como o KM1000 sem revestimento de lâmina e o KM3000 com uma lâmina de ponta de lança em vez do ponto de tanto ocidentalizado do KM2000. Os dois últimos também estão sendo produzidos com punhos e bainhas cor de areia destinados a ambientes desérticos como o Afeganistão. A versão mais recente da KM2000 com lâmina de aço Bohler N695 aprimorada também possui variantes para ambiente desértico e é denominada faca Desert Command I, o mesmo vale para a KM3000 também. Além da bainha de poliamida dura, uma bainha de couro especial está disponível na Eickhorn. Modelos diferentes da KM2000 também são introduzidos pela Eickhorn, como a Para-Commando, KM5000, faca FS etc. A maioria dessas variações não são realmente emitidas no exército alemão. A versão mais recente da KM2000 modificou a ponta para maior resistência e estabilidade ao empurrar e abrir janelas e contêineres. A lâmina de ambos os modelos possui duas versões, lisa e parcialmente serrilhada. As serrilhas são usadas para cortar cordas e fibras de tecido para técnicas de sobrevivência. A bainha tem uma tira de apontador de diamante usado para afiar facas em campo. A extremidade da alça tem uma ponta de quebra de vidro que é na verdade a ponta da lâmina da faca. A extremidade da alça também possui um orifício para cordão. A bainha é compatível com colete militar MOLLE e IDZ.

Ver também

 Faca de combate
 Faca de caça
 Faca de sobrevivência
 KA-BAR

Referências

Ligações externas
 A página inicial do Bundeswehr (em alemão)
 KM2000 no site Eickhorn-Solingen (em alemão)
 Fotos do Kampfmesser 2000 (em alemão)
Armas da Alemanha no pós-Guerra Fria
Facas militares

KM2000


Tennessee's Partner  é um filme de faroeste estadunidense de 1955 dirigido por Allan Dwan e estrelado por John Payne, Ronald Reagan, Rhonda Fleming e Coleen Gray. Lançado pela RKO Pictures, o filme é baseado no romance de mesmo nome de Bret Harte, embora se afaste significativamente do enredo original.

Elenco

Recepção
Adrian Turner, do Radio Times, escreveu que esse "melodrama é filmado desajeitadamente, com um visual de segunda mão, e foi um dos muitos filmes decepcionantes do final da carreira do diretor Allan Dwan".

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1955
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes da RKO Pictures
Filmes de faroeste dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de faroeste da década de 1950
Filmes baseados em contos
Filmes dirigidos por Allan Dwan
Filmes gravados em Los Angeles

Tennessee's Partner


Baltic est un village américain situé dans les comtés de Coshocton, de Holmes et de Tuscarawas, dans l'Ohio. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Village dans l'Ohio
Comté de Coshocton
Comté de Holmes (Ohio)
Comté de Tuscarawas

Baltic (Ohio)


Neon Genesis Evangelion: Girlfriend of Steel (新世紀エヴァンゲリオン鋼鉄のガールフレンド Shinseiki Evangerion: Kōtetsu no Gārufurendo), também conhecido como Neon Genesis Evangelion: Iron Maiden, é um video game baseado na série Neon Genesis Evangelion (新世紀エヴァンゲリオン Shin Seiki Evangerion?, lit. "Evangelho do Novo Século") cujo mangá foi publicado pela Kadokawa Shoten e anime produzido pelo estúdio Gainax. O jogo foi inicialmente lançado apenas no Japão para PlayStation, Sega Saturn, PlayStation 2, PSP, Windows (PC), e Macintosh. Em 20 de janeiro de 2005, o jogo legado Neon Genesis Evangelion: Girlfriend of Steel 2nd foi lançado para PlayStation 2. Apesar de apresentar muito do elenco do jogo original, a história não se relaciona com a de seu antecessor.

Lançamentos
A versão original foi lançada pela Gainax para Windows em 1997. Posteriormente, a versão para Macintosh foi lançada em resposta a pedidos de usuários de Mac. Em abril de 2006, uma edição especial foi lançada para PS2 e PC como parte do aniversário de dez anos de Evangelion (anime), com cenas adicionais focando nas vidas dos pilotos do TRIDENT. Em 9 de abril de 2009, uma versão para PSP foi lançada.

Enredo
Mana Kirishima, de quatorze anos (dublada por Megumi Hayashibara ), é transferida para a escola de Shinji Ikari, e quase imediatamente eles começam a estabelecer uma relação especial. Isso provoca muito ciúme em Asuka, que também suspeita que Mana seja uma espiã que está tentando obter informações de Shinji sobre a NERV e os Evas. Rei Ayanami está presente, mas desempenha um papel secundário na história, embora ela pareça concordar com as suspeitas de Asuka. Aos poucos, a relação entre Mana e Shinji se desenvolve e eles acabam tendo um encontro. Acontece, no entanto, que Mana é um dos três pilotos de teste das unidades TRIDENT (alternativamente chamadas de "Country Crawler"), um novo competidor dos Evangelions, semelhantes a Jet Alone; daí o nome Girlfriend of Steel . Eventualmente, o TRIDENT sai do controle e os Evas têm que destruí-lo.

A interatividade na maior parte do jogo é limitada a caminhar pelas áreas até que o próximo evento da trama seja acionado. No entanto, a história ramifica-se no final do jogo, onde o jogador pode escolher se concentrar em Mana, Asuka ou Kaji. Esta escolha determina quais dos três finais do jogo são exibidos, com um quarto exclusivo para o PS2.

Ao escolher Mana, descobre-se que ela não foi morta em batalha. Shinji a resgata e a traz de volta para seu apartamento. Ela toma banho, sai vestindo apenas uma toalha e provocadoramente pergunta a Shinji se ele gostaria que ela a removesse (o que ela acabou fazendo). Em uma discussão com Misato, no entanto, é acordado que Mana tem que deixar Tokyo-3, e ela se despede com lágrimas de Shinji, que conquistou seu coração.

Ao escolher Asuka, a mesma ajuda Shinji a superar Mana e as duas crianças ficam mais íntimas como resultado. Este final contém imagens românticas de Asuka e Shinji juntos, incluindo uma cena comovente onde Asuka abraça Shinji emocionalmente.

O terceiro final com Kaji não se concentra em nenhum personagem tanto quanto os demais. Descobre-se que Mana não estava morta, ela se despede, com Shinji respondendo "estarei esperando por você".

No final exclusivo para PS2, Shinji tenta esquecer seus problemas, e Mana, bebendo enquanto busca abrigo da chuva. Ele eventualmente cai no lixo do lado de fora do prédio e é encontrado por Mana. Depois de secar suas roupas, os dois passam a noite juntos e expressam seus sentimentos um pelo outro. Mana eventualmente abandona a NERV, depois de muita papelada, podendo então ficar com Shinji. Asuka segue em frente com sua vida. O jogo termina com Shinji e Mana de mãos dadas enquanto Mana diz 'obrigado'.

A música de encerramento é yokan (, lit. premonição), cantada por Yoko Takahashi .

Recepção
Girlfriend of Steel ganhou o prêmio Kobe de Animação por "Melhor Software Interativo" em 1997.  A versão  do jogo para PlayStation Portable vendeu 4.603 cópias na semana de seu lançamento.

Ligações externas
 (em japonês) Site oficial
 (em inglês) Mana Kirishima: Review
 (em japonês) Informações sobre a edição especial
 Inclui traduções dos vários finais

Jogos para Windows
Visual novels
Jogos eletrônicos desenvolvidos no Japão
Jogos para Sega Saturn
Jogos para PlayStation Portable
Jogos para PlayStation 2
Jogos para PlayStation
Jogos eletrônicos exclusivos do Japão
Gainax
Jogos eletrônicos de 1997
Jogos eletrônicos baseados em animes e mangás
!Artigos com texto em japonês


In law, a settlement is a resolution between disputing parties about a legal case, reached either before or after court action begins. A collective settlement is a settlement of multiple similar legal cases. The term also has other meanings in the context of law. Structured settlements provide for future periodic payments, instead of a one time cash payment.

Basis
A settlement, as well as dealing with the dispute between the parties is a contract between those parties, and is one possible (and common) result when parties sue (or contemplate so doing) each other in civil proceedings. The plaintiffs and defendants identified in the lawsuit can end the dispute between themselves without a trial.

The contract is based upon the bargain that a party forgoes its ability to sue (if it has not sued already), or to continue with the claim (if the plaintiff has sued), in return for the certainty written into the settlement. The courts will enforce the settlement. If it is breached, the party in default could be sued for breach of that contract. In some jurisdictions, the party in default could also face the original action being restored.

The settlement of the lawsuit defines legal requirements of the parties and is often put in force by an order of the court after a joint stipulation by the parties. In other situations (as where the claims have been satisfied by the payment of a certain sum of money), the plaintiff and defendant can simply file a notice that the case has been dismissed.

The majority of cases are decided by a settlement. Both sides (regardless of relative monetary resources) often have a strong incentive to settle to avoid the costs (such as legal fees, finding expert witnesses, etc.), the time and the stress associated with a trial, particularly where a trial by jury is available. Generally, one side or the other will make a settlement offer early in litigation. The parties may hold (and indeed, the court may require) a settlement conference, at which they attempt to reach such a settlement.

In controversial cases, it may be written into a settlement that both sides keep its contents and all other information relevant to the case confidential or that one of the parties (usually the one being sued) does not, by agreeing to the settlement, admit to any fault or wrongdoing in the underlying issue.

A "global settlement" is one employed where suits have been filed or charges brought in multiple jurisdictions and is defined as "a legal agreement that addresses or compromises both civil claims and criminal charges against a corporation or other large entity". Examples of a global settlement include the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement between the attorneys general of 46 U.S. states and the four major U.S. tobacco companies in 1999.  Another example is within the Global Analyst Research Settlements.

Specific jurisdictions

United States
Usually, lawsuits end in a settlement, with an empirical analysis finding that less than 2% of cases end with a trial, 90% of torts settle, and around 50% of other civil cases settle. In American law, settlement agreements are normally private contracts, not court orders, except for consent decrees, which are relatively uncommon in the United States.

Negotiations
Under Federal Rule of Evidence 408, settlement negotiations cannot usually be introduced as evidence at trial, and many state rules of evidence have similar rules modeled after it.

Confidentiality

Most settlements are confidential. In these cases, the court order may refer to another document which is not disclosed, but which may be revealed to prove a breach of the settlement. Confidentiality is not possible in class action cases in the United States, where all settlements are subject to approval by the court pursuant to Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and counterpart rules adopted in most states.

In some cases, confidential settlements are requested in discovery. Federal courts can issue protective orders preventing the release, but the party seeking to prevent disclosure must show that harm or prejudice would result from the disclosure. In specific states such as California, however the burden is on the party seeking release of the confidential settlement.

Limitations
The confidentiality of settlements is controversial as it allows damaging actions to remain secret, as occurred in the Catholic sexual abuse scandal. In response, some states have passed laws which limit confidentiality. For example, in 1990 Florida passed a 'Sunshine in Litigation' law which limits confidentiality from concealing public hazards. Washington state, Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana have laws limiting confidentiality as well, although judicial interpretation has weakened the application of these types of laws. In the U.S. Congress, a similar federal Sunshine in Litigation Act has been proposed but not passed in 2009, 2011, 2014, and 2015. Confidentiality agreements which keep secrets from regulators about violations is probably unenforceable, but a specific carveout granting regulators access is usually not included.

England and Wales
In England and Wales, if the matter is already before the courts, except in a case where the claim is to be dismissed outright and the Claimant agrees to pay the Defendant's costs, the matter is usually dealt with by a consent order, signed by the legal representatives of both parties and approved by the judge.

To get around the issue of confidentiality referred to above, a standard procedure consent order, known as a Tomlin Order is entered into. The order itself contains an agreement that the claim is stayed and no further action can be taken in court (except for referring a dispute in the implementation of the order to court, which is allowed). The order also deals with payment of costs, and payments of money out of court if any money is held by the court (as these are matters which must be dealt with by Court Order). However, the actual terms of the settlement are dealt with in a 'schedule' to the order, which can remain confidential. Breach of the schedule can be dealt with as breach of contract, or breach of the consent order.

Israel
In Israel, which is a common law jurisdiction, settlements almost always are submitted to the court, for two reasons:  (a) only by submitting the settlement to the court can the litigants control whether the court will order one or more parties to pay costs, and (b) the plaintiff (claimant) usually prefers for the settlement to be given the effect of a judgment.

See also
Coercion
Pierringer release
Strike suit

References

External links
 Uri Weiss, The Regressive Effect of Legal Uncertainty

Civil law (common law)
Civil procedure

Settlement (litigation)


Hnoss o Hnos (en nórdico antiguo 'tesoro') es una ásynja de la mitología nórdica,  hija de Freyja y Óðr. Su hermana es Gersemi.

Hnoss es mentada en la obra de Snorri Sturluson Nafnaþulur.

En la Edda prosaica se le menciona así: "Hnos, que es tan hermosa, que de su nombre viene el que se llame hnoss a lo que es hermoso y de mucho valor".

El filológo Rudolf Simek, que investigó sobre Hnoss en su obra Diccionario de Mitología Germano-Escandinava, llegó a la conclusión de que, al no aparecer en los mitos populares, fue una mera invención de Sturluson.

Véase también
 Æsir
 Nafnaþulur

Referencias

Bibliografía

Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). Edda. ISBN 0-460-87616-3
Ellis Davidson, H. R. (1965). Gods And Myths Of Northern Europe. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-013627-4
Grundy, Stephan (1998)  The Concept of the Goddess. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19789-9
Sturluson, Snorri. Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, trad. Lee M. Hollander. Reprinted. University of Texas Press, Austin, 1992. ISBN 0-292-73061-6
Larrington, Carolyne (Trans.) (1999). The Poetic Edda. Oxford World's Classics. ISBN 0-19-283946-2
Lindow, John (2001). A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515382-0.
Näsström, Britt-Mari (1998) The Concept of the Goddess. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19789-9
Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-34520-2
Simek, Rudolf (2007) trad. Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-513-1

Ásynjur

Hnoss


Koyunuşağı, Tunceli ilinin Mazgirt ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün eski ismi "Şihik" olup Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin kuruluşuyla da bir süre bu isimlerle kayıtlarda yer almıştır. Köy isimlerinin Türkçeleştirilmesi çalışmaları kapsamında yerleşime Koyunuşağı adı verilmiş olup 1960 yılı nüfus sayımından itibaren günümüzdeki adıyla kayıtlarda yer almaktadır.

Coğrafya
Tunceli iline 73 km, Mazgirt ilçesine 40 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Mazgirt belde ve köyleri

Koyunuşağı, Mazgirt


Olivier Elzéar Mathieu (24 décembre 1853, Saint-Roch – 28 octobre 1928, Regina) est un archevêque canadien.

Biographie
Olivier Elzéar Mathieu fut recteur de l'Université Laval de 1899 à 1908, évêque de Regina à partir de 1911 et archevêque de la même ville à partir de 1915.

En parallèle, il crée des institutions d'enseignement et de santé dans l'Ouest en mettant en avant particulièrement l'importance de la langue française.

Sa biographie est reprise dans un livre nommé Olivier-Elzéar Mathieu

De Saint-Roch à archevêque de Regina.

Publications
 Un Sujet de Méditation: La Danse Et les Bals, entre 1911 et 1915, éditeur non identifié

Notes et références

Liens internes
 Université Laval
 Liste des recteurs de l'Université Laval

Liens externes

Recteur de l'Université Laval

Professeur à l'Université Laval
Archevêque catholique au Canada
Étudiant de l'Université Laval

Olivier-Elzéar Mathieu


ජාත්‍යන්තර අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය අභ්‍යවකාශ ආයතන පහක (5) හවුල් ව්‍යාපෘතියකි; ඒ නාසා ආයතනය (ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය), රුසියානු අභ්‍යවකාශ ඒජන්සිය (රුසියානු සමූහාණ්ඩුව), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ජපානය), කැනේඩියානු අභ්‍යවකාශ ඒජන්සිය (කැනඩාව) සහ යුරෝපීය අභ්‍යවකාශ ඒජන්සිය (යුරෝපය) යන ආයතන පහයි.

ජාත්‍යන්තර අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය
අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථාන
මිනිසුන් සහිත අභ්‍යවකාශ යානා

ජාත්‍යන්තර අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය


An Eleocharis lankana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Tetsuo Michael Koyama. An Eleocharis lankana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 E. l. lankana
 E. l. mohamadii

Mga kasarigan

Eleocharis

Eleocharis lankana


«Papi» es una canción interpretada por la actriz y cantante estadounidense Jennifer Lopez, incluida en el séptimo álbum de estudio de la cantante, Love? siendo esta la 11th consecutiva canción #1 en el Billboard Dance Chart de la cantante. Fue escrita por Bilal Hajji, Achraf Janussi, Novel Janussi, Jimmy Joker, RedOne y Geraldo Sandell, mientras que su producción musical estuvo a cargo de RedOne, BeatGeak y Jimmy Joker.

Lista de canciones
 Descarga digital
 "Papi" – 3:40

 Digital Remix EP
 "Papi" (Rosabel Radio) – 3:24
 "Papi" (Mixin Marc & Tony Svedja Radio) – 3:40
 "Papi" (R3hab Radio) – 3:37
 "Papi" (It's the DJ Kue Radio Mix!) – 3:53
 "Papi" (Rosabel Vocal Club Mix) – 7:29
 "Papi" (Mixin Marc & Tony Svedja Extended) – 6:33
 "Papi" (R3hab Club) – 4:53
 "Papi" (It's the DJ Kue Extended Mix!) – 5:34
 "Papi" (Rosabel Attitude Dub) – 7:56
 "Papi" (Mixin Marc & Tony Svedja Dub) – 6:17
 "Papi" (R3hab Instrumental) – 4:53
 "Papi" (It's the DJ Kue Instrumental!) – 5:35

Posicionamiento en listas

Semanales

Sucesiones

Historial de lanzamientos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial de Jennifer Lopez

Sencillos de Jennifer Lopez
Sencillos de 2011
Canciones producidas por RedOne
Vídeos musicales certificados por VEVO

Papi (canción)


Die Liste der Bürgermeister von Rosenheim gibt einen Überblick über die Ersten bzw. Oberbürgermeister der oberbayerischen Stadt Rosenheim, seit ihrer Erhebung zur Stadt am 15. September 1864.

Erste Bürgermeister bzw. Oberbürgermeister

Legende

Weblinks
 Erste- bzw. Oberbürgermeister der Stadt Rosenheim beim Stadtarchiv Rosenheim

!
Rosenheim
Burgermeister Rosenheim

Liste der Bürgermeister von Rosenheim


Metoda pastoralne teologije, dio pastoralnog bogoslovlja. Odnosi se na teološku teoriju i na praksu vjere – kako unutar crkvene tako i unutar društvene stvarnosti/situacije. Metoda je u trima koracima: analize postojeće situacije, kritičke prosudbe te situacije i davanja normativnih smjernica za osobnu i crkvenu vjerničku praksu. Metoda korespondira s trima koracima znana i u socijalnom nauku Crkve (papa Ivan XXIII. - enciklika Mater et magistra) poznata kao "vidjeti-prosuditi-djelovati". Dva su postupka: dedukcija, kada polazi od Evanđelja (Svetog Pisma), tradicije i Crkvenog učiteljstva, i indukcija, koji sprovodi polazeći od povijesne situacije konkretne Kristove Crkve, odnosno od crkvene prakse, i od trenutne društvene situacije.

Izvori

Metoda

Metoda pastoralne teologije


Le Timex Sinclair 1000 (TS1000) est le premier ordinateur produit par Timex Sinclair, une coentreprise entre Timex Corporation et Sinclair Research. Il a été lancé en juillet 1982, à un prix de vente de 99,95 dollars américains, ce qui en faisait l'ordinateur domestique le moins cher de l'époque. Il était présenté comme « le premier ordinateur à moins de 100 dollars ».

L'ordinateur était destiné aux utilisateurs domestiques. À l'achat, le TS1000 était entièrement assemblé et prêt à être branché sur un téléviseur domestique, qui servait d'écran pour l'ordinateur. Le TS1000 était une version légèrement modifiée du Sinclair ZX81 avec un modulateur RF NTSC, pour une utilisation avec les téléviseurs nord-américains, au lieu du PAL pour les téléviseurs européens. Le TS1000 doublait la mémoire vive de 1 kilooctet à 2 kilooctets. Le boîtier du TS1000 était légèrement renforcé, mais restait très semblable à celui de l'ordinateur Sinclair, y compris le clavier à membrane. Il affichait en noir et blanc et n'était pas équipé pour produire des sons.

Il a été suivi par une version améliorée, le Timex Sinclair 1500 (TS1500), qui disposait de beaucoup plus de mémoire vive (16 kilooctets) et était vendu à un prix inférieur (80 $ dollars américains). Cependant, le TS1500 n'a pas connu de succès commercial, étant donné que le marché était à cette époque déjà dominé par Commodore, RadioShack, Atari et Apple.

Histoire

Au début de 1983, Timex a déclaré avoir vendu 600 000 TS1000 aux États-Unis. L'ordinateur était vendu 99,95 dollars aux États-Unis, ce qui en faisait l'ordinateur domestique le moins cher de l'époque ; il était annoncé comme « le premier ordinateur à moins de 100 dollars ». Ce prix a déclenché une guerre de prix avec Commodore, qui a rapidement réduit le prix de son VIC-20 pour l'égaler et a ensuite annoncé un programme de reprise offrant 100 dollars pour tout ordinateur concurrent à l'achat d'un Commodore 64. Le TS1000 étant vendu 49 dollars à cette époque, de nombreux clients l'ont acheté dans le seul but de l'échanger contre un Commodore 64.

Comme le Sinclair ZX81, le TS1000 utilisait une forme de Basic comme interface principale et langage de programmation. Pour rendre le clavier à membrane moins encombrant pour la saisie de commandes, le TS1000 utilisait un système de raccourci composé de mots-clés d'une lettre pour la plupart des commandes (par exemple, appuyer sur "P" lorsque le curseur était en "mode mot-clé" générait la commande "PRINT"). Certains mots-clés nécessitaient une courte séquence de frappes (par exemple, SHIFT-ENTER S générait la commande "LPRINT"). Une chose remarquable à propos de cette version de Basic est que, contrairement à d'autres versions où elle est optionnelle dans un programme, la commande LET était largement utilisée pour les données.

Le TS1000 était normalement branché sur un téléviseur ordinaire qui servait d'écran d'ordinateur. L'ordinateur produisait un écran en noir et blanc composé de 24 lignes de 32 colonnes. 22 lignes étaient dédiées à l'affichage, deux étant réservées à la saisie de données et aux messages d'erreur. Les graphiques limités étaient basés sur les formes géométriques contenues dans le jeu de caractères non ASCII du système d'exploitation. La seule forme de stockage à long terme était la cassette compacte. Le module d'extension de mémoire vive de 16 kilooctets était vendu 49,95 $. La pénurie de modules d'extension de mémoire, associée à l'absence de logiciels capables de fonctionner avec 2 kilooctets, a fait que l'ordinateur n'a eu d'autre utilité que de servir d'introduction à la programmation. Les magazines d'informatique domestique de l'époque, tels que Compute!, montraient aux passionnés comment interfacer l'ordinateur avec divers types d'équipements. Ces didacticiels permettaient de découvrir les débuts de la technologie de synthèse vocale grâce à un appareil La Dictée magique, le contrôle de la robotique grâce au port mémoire et les affichages de texte défilant pour la publicité.

Au fil du temps, le TS1000 a donné naissance à une industrie artisanale d'accessoires tiers conçus pour remédier à ses limites et offrir davantage de fonctions. Des claviers de taille normale, des synthétiseurs vocaux, des générateurs de sons, des lecteurs de disques et des extensions de mémoire (jusqu'à 64 kilooctets) étaient quelques-unes des options disponibles. Des langages de programmation tels que Forth et Pascal, ainsi que des compilateurs et assembleurs BASIC, ont augmenté les possibilités de programmation du TS1000. Les magazines de passionnés d'informatique du début des années 1980 contenaient des articles fournissant les instructions de programmation de jeux simples et d'autres programmes pouvant être utilisés avec l'appareil. Le magazine  a publié un article en avril 1983, critiquant le clavier à membrane (« Les concepteurs du Timex-Sinclair 1000 ... ont réduit cet important outil de programmation à une fraction de la taille requise ») et décrivant comment connecter des claviers externes de taille normale.

Timex Sinclair 1500

Le Timex Sinclair 1500 (TS1500) était une mise à niveau du TS1000 avec un meilleur clavier et une mémoire vive de 16 kilooctets. Timex Sinclair Portugal (TMX Portugal) a conçu le TS1500 et l'a proposé à Timex Corporation. Le design utilisait les boîtiers argentés du TS2000 (ZX Spectrum) qui n'avaient pas été utilisés en raison du lancement du TS2068. Le TS1500 a remplacé le boîtier de type ZX81 de la machine précédente par un boîtier argenté de type ZX Spectrum, le même clavier à membrane ZX Spectrum et un réseau prédiffusé de portes () personnalisé.

Le TS1500 n'incorporait pas le réseau prédiffusé de portes de Ferranti. Le TS1500 utilisait un téléviseur standard pour son affichage, diffusant sur le canal 2 ou 3. Il était réglé par défaut sur le canal 2 de la télévision, mais si l'on appuyait sur la touche 3 du clavier dans les quelques secondes suivant la mise sous tension de l'ordinateur, il passait sur le canal 3. Bien que le TS1500 soit livré avec une mémoire vive interne de 16 kilooctets, un module de mémoire vive externe de 16 kilooctets pouvait être ajouté pour un total de 32 kilooctets de mémoire vive. Quelques commandes clavier (POKEs) étaient nécessaires pour que le système reconnaisse l'espace mémoire supplémentaire.

Le TS1500 a été vendu aux États-Unis, au Canada et au Portugal. Il se vendait 80 dollars américains. Il n'a pas été un succès commercial en raison de son lancement tardif, longtemps après le succès du TS1000 et du . De plus, le successeur du ZX81/TS1000, le ZX Spectrum/TS2068, était déjà disponible et le marché des ordinateurs domestiques était déjà dominé par Commodore, RadioShack, Atari et Apple.

Périphériques

Timex Computer Corporation a produit une interface de cartouche pour le TS1000, le Timex Sinclair 1510 Command Cartridge Player. Seuls quatre titres de cartouches ont été commercialisés :

 07-9001 Supermath ;
 07-9002 États et capitales ;
 07-9003 Échecs ;
 07-9004 Simulateur de vol (nécessite le module de 16 kilooctets de mémoire vive - le programme mettait 12 minutes à se charger).

Les utilisateurs pouvaient également charger des programmes en utilisant un magnétophone et des cassettes compactes.

Timex a aussi produit une imprimante thermique pour le TS1000. Le prix de vente de l'imprimante était de 100 dollars américains.

Références

Ordinateur personnel

Timex Sinclair 1000