Paul Heyman (born September 11, 1965) is an American professional wrestling manager, former promoter, and executive. He is currently signed to WWE, where he appears on the SmackDown brand as the special counsel for Roman Reigns.

Heyman debuted in the professional wrestling business in 1986, becoming known as the CEO and creative force behind the Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) promotion from 1993 until its closure in 2001. Before owning ECW, he was a manager under the ring name Paul E. Dangerously in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and other promotions. He is the co-owner of New York City's Looking4Larry Agency, and was named one of Advertising Age Top 100 Global Marketers.

In WWE, Heyman has managed or has served as manager for a record six world champions (Big Show, Kurt Angle, Rob Van Dam, CM Punk, Brock Lesnar, and Roman Reigns). Critics have praised his managing and promo skills. Heyman is widely regarded as one of the greatest managers in professional wrestling history. He has also competed sporadically in matches, usually as a comedic foil, including in the main event of the 2002 Rebellion event.

Early life
Heyman was born in New York City's Bronx borough on September 11, 1965, the son of Jewish parents Sulamita (née Szarf; 1928–2009) and Richard S. Heyman (1926–2013). His father was a prominent personal injury attorney and World War II veteran, while his mother was a Holocaust survivor who suffered through experiences in Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen, and the Łódź Ghetto. By age 11, he was running a mail order business selling celebrity and sports memorabilia from his home. While still a teenager, he fast-talked his way backstage at a World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) event at Madison Square Garden as a photojournalist. He was paid by the company for several of his photographs. He graduated from Edgemont High School. He attended SUNY Purchase and worked on-air as an opinionated, controversial host at SUNY's radio station and the WARY-FM New York radio station for Westchester Community College; in 1985, at the age of 19, he became a photographer, then a producer and promoter for the New York City nightclub Studio 54.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (1986–1988)
Heyman decided he wanted to work in professional wrestling when he saw Vince McMahon interviewing "Superstar" Billy Graham. He began as a photographer when he was 13 and bought his own photo lab to take photos of pro wrestlers in New York. He published his own newsletter, The Wrestling Times Magazine, and wrote for third-party wrestling publications such as Pro Wrestling Illustrated. At the age of 14, he called Capitol Wrestling Corporation, the parent company of the World Wide Wrestling Federation, and obtained a backstage pass for Madison Square Garden, his first official work in pro wrestling.  Posed photographs from this period of Heyman with the WWF's three dominant heel managers of the period, Lou Albano, Fred Blassie and The Grand Wizard were later published by Pro Wrestling Illustrated as evidence that Heyman had studied heel management under the tutelage of the "Three Wise Men". Heyman met Dusty Rhodes at a Jim Crockett Promotions taping, when he entered a production meeting. In 1985, Heyman was hired by New York Studio 54 as a photographer. The same year, he became producer of Studio 54 and hosted the first Wrestle Party 85 show. He called Jim Crockett, who sent Ric Flair, Dusty Rhodes and Magnum T. A. The show featured Bam Bam Bigelow's debut and an award to Flair.

At the urging of Bigelow, Heyman made his managerial debut on January 2, 1987, initially appearing on the Northeast independent circuit before moving to a more high-profile stint with Championship Wrestling from Florida in February 1987. There, he joined forces with Kevin Sullivan and Oliver Humperdink, and acquired the name Paul E. Dangerously because of his resemblance to Michael Keaton's character in Johnny Dangerously. After CWF was absorbed by Jim Crockett Promotions, Bigelow brought him to Memphis and the Continental Wrestling Association (CWA) to manage Tommy Rich and Austin Idol in a heated feud with Jerry Lawler, a war which later carried over to the American Wrestling Association (AWA), with the Midnight Express (Dennis Condrey and Randy Rose) taking over for Idol and the face-turned Rich.

The Paul E. Dangerously gimmick was an extension of Heyman's own personality: a brash New Yorker with a yuppie attitude, often seen holding a mobile phone, which was occasionally used as a "foreign object" (according to Heyman, he decided to use the mobile phone as a weapon when he watched Gordon Gekko in Wall Street). After departing the AWA, Heyman went back to the CWA. Heyman joined with Eddie Gilbert and his wife and valet Missy Hyatt and together they feuded with Lawler before moving on to the Alabama-based Continental Wrestling Federation. Behind the scenes, Gilbert was the head booker of the promotion, and Heyman became his assistant. Heyman was also the head booker for Windy City Wrestling in Chicago and started developing a reputation as being an innovative television writer and producer.

National Wrestling Alliance/World Championship Wrestling (1988–1993)

In 1988, Heyman jumped to Jim Crockett Promotions, where Dangerously again managed the Original Midnight Express in a feud with the new Midnight Express (Bobby Eaton and Stan Lane) and their manager, Jim Cornette, as well as managing "Mean" Mark Callous. He settled into the role of an announcer, joining Jim Ross to call the matches on WTBS' World Championship Wrestling and other programming. Heyman admitted he learned more working with Ross than from his previous mentors. While in-between stints in WCW, Heyman went to work for ICW as a writer, but was fired on his first day in the middle of his first TV taping.

In 1991, WCW needed to re-structure its "heels", so Heyman returned to the role of spokesman and ringside manager as the manager of the Dangerous Alliance, with Rick Rude as the centerpiece of the stable. According to Heyman, he and Stone Cold Steve Austin learned their craft from Rude. Heyman led Rude to the United States title and the Anderson-Eaton tag team to the Tag Team titles. The Dangerous Alliance dominated WCW through most of 1992.

Heyman was fired from WCW after clashes with booker Bill Watts. In February 1993, Heyman filed a lawsuit against WCW alleging wrongful termination and ethnic discrimination. The lawsuit was settled privately out of court.

Eastern Championship Wrestling/Extreme Championship Wrestling (1993–2001)

After departing WCW, Heyman attempted to start a new promotion in Texas with Jim Crockett Jr. Disagreement arose, however, as Crockett wanted to build a traditional wrestling brand, while Heyman believed traditional wrestling was antiquated and a new take on the genre was needed.

At this time, Eddie Gilbert was a booker for a Philadelphia-based promotion, National Wrestling Alliance (NWA)'s Eastern Championship Wrestling, which he did under the ownership of a local pawn shop owner named Tod Gordon. Heyman came in to help Gilbert teach the younger wrestlers how to perform on interviews, but Gilbert's erratic behavior became too much for Gordon, who had a major falling out with Gilbert right before the UltraClash event on September 18, 1993. From that point forward, Heyman was in charge of the creative direction of the company. As Paul E. Dangerously, he managed a few wrestlers, including Sabu and 911.

A year later, the company was the flagship promotion of the struggling NWA. The NWA World Title Tournament was scheduled to be held in August 1994 for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, at an ECW-hosted event mostly featuring ECW wrestlers. The proposed outcome was the current ECW champion Shane Douglas becoming champion, but Heyman conspired with Douglas and Gordon without the knowledge of NWA president Dennis Coralluzzo to have Douglas (and by extension, ECW itself) publicly denounce the NWA and its "tradition" after winning the tournament. In his post-match speech, Douglas aggressively assaulted the title's lineage, throwing the belt itself down, proclaiming the NWA a "dead organization" and declaring his ECW title a world-level championship. The plan for this shoot screwjob was known only to those three.

That same week, Heyman and Tod Gordon rechristened the promotion, eliminating the regional branding "Eastern" and declaring the promotion Extreme Championship Wrestling. They broke the company away from the NWA, and ECW became its own entity. Heyman encouraged wrestlers to express their true feelings about the WWF, the NWA, and WCW. In May 1995, Heyman bought out Gordon and became sole owner of ECW. During his time in ECW, Heyman found an ally in Vince McMahon's WWF. McMahon had sent some WWF wrestlers to ECW (under WWF payroll) to develop them and was interested in some ECW wrestlers, such as Terry Gordy and 2 Cold Scorpio. McMahon paid Heyman $1,000 per week to rent Scorpio. Heyman also acknowledged how an effort to put ECW on the USA Network failed after USA Network President Steven Chau became aware of an email Vince McMahon sent which pressured him and other network executives to put ECW on the USA Network.

In the final days of ECW, Heyman became persona non grata as he did not appear on the show and was replaced as the leader of the backstage and creative by ECW wrestler Tommy Dreamer. Heyman could not get out of financial trouble and ECW closed on April 4, 2001. Heyman also supposedly had never told his wrestlers that the company was on its dying legs and was unable to pay them for a while.
ECW entered into bankruptcy in 2001 (just weeks after WCW was sold to WWF for $2 million, after AOL Time Warner wrote off over $100 million in debt), with the company $7 million in arrears, with over $3 million owed to the company by InDemand pay per view. On January 28, 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment Inc. purchased ECW's assets from HHG Corporation in court, acquiring the rights to ECW's video library.

World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE

Various roles (2001–2005)
Heyman became a commentator for the WWF on Raw Is War, replacing Jerry Lawler who had quit due to a dispute when his wife The Kat was fired in February 2001. During that time, he resumed his storyline rivalry with Jim Ross. In July, while retaining his commentator role, Heyman recreated ECW as a stable, which then immediately merged with Shane McMahon's WCW to form the Alliance during the Invasion angle. Heyman was "fired" following the 2001 Survivor Series when the Alliance lost a winner takes all match that marked the end of the invasion angle. Heyman was replaced on Raw commentary by the returning Jerry Lawler.

Heyman was the lead writer for SmackDown! from July 2002 to February 2003. On Heyman's 2014 WWE documentary Ladies and Gentleman, My Name is Paul Heyman, Heyman stated that the SmackDown! brand he was writing was beating Raw in ratings, merchandise and live show attendance during a time McMahon wanted real-life competition between the Raw and SmackDown! brands.

While he was in WWE, Tazz spoke to him about Brock Lesnar, a WWE developmental wrestler. Heyman began mentoring Lesnar, and McMahon decided to make Heyman Lesnar's manager. Heyman helped Lesnar capture the WWE Undisputed Championship 126 days after Lesnar's main roster debut when Lesnar beat The Rock at SummerSlam to also become the youngest WWE Undisputed Champion at the time. At the Survivor Series, Heyman turned on Lesnar and allied himself with Big Show, while helping him win the title from Lesnar in the process.

After McMahon defeated his daughter Stephanie in October 2003 at the No Mercy pay-per-view, the storyline was that she was forced to resign from her position as general manager (GM) of SmackDown!. Heyman returned to television to assume Stephanie McMahon's on-camera role as General Manager. On March 22, 2004, he appeared on Raw to take part in the annual WWE draft lottery. During the show he was drafted to the Raw brand to work for Raw general manager Eric Bischoff. Instead, he decided to "quit" rather than work for Bischoff, the man he cited for the death of ECW by raiding its talent. Heyman was replaced as SmackDown! General Manager by his former client Kurt Angle on March 25.

On July 10, 2005, it was reported that Heyman took over the positions of head booker and writer in Ohio Valley Wrestling, a developmental territory maintained by WWE. It was during this time that he forged a real-life friendship with CM Punk.

Return of ECW (2005–2006)

On May 23, 2005, Heyman returned in a segment with Vince McMahon and Eric Bischoff announcing ECW One Night Stand, with Heyman in charge. On the May 22, 2006 episode of Raw, Heyman appeared as ECW Representative promoting ECW One Night Stand. On May 25, 2006, it was announced that ECW would relaunch, as a third WWE brand. Heyman was in charge of the new brand on-camera but had minimal creative input off-camera as well. On the May 29 episode of Raw, during a face-off with Mick Foley, Heyman announced that he was granted a draft pick from both Raw and SmackDown! by Vince McMahon. His Raw draft pick was former ECW wrestler (and Money in the Bank contract holder) Rob Van Dam, and his SmackDown! draft pick was Kurt Angle. Heyman predicted that Van Dam would defeat John Cena at ECW One Night Stand for the WWE Championship and then declare himself the new ECW World Heavyweight Champion.

At ECW One Night Stand, Van Dam defeated Cena to win the WWE Championship. After Cena knocked an ECW referee unconscious, Edge (in a disguise) appeared and speared Cena through a table, before taking out SmackDown! referee Nick Patrick, allowing Van Dam to hit the Five-Star Frog Splash on Cena. With no referee available Heyman ran down the aisle to count the pin fall. The following night on Raw, Heyman confirmed that because the championship match was contested under "ECW rules" (which meant, essentially, there were no rules) that the decision stood and Van Dam was the "Undisputed" WWE Champion. As the WWE Champion, Van Dam was the number one man in the reformed ECW, so on the debut of ECW on Sci Fi the next night Heyman, announced as an "ECW Representative", presented him with the re-instated ECW World Heavyweight Championship. Van Dam elected to keep both title belts and was recognized as both the WWE Champion and ECW World Heavyweight Champion. On the July 4 episode of ECW, Heyman helped Big Show defeat Van Dam for the ECW World Heavyweight Championship.

At the Raw/ECW taping in South Carolina in December 2006, it was announced that Vince McMahon had sent Heyman home, citing "slumping television ratings and a disgruntled talent roster as causes for Mr. Heyman's dismissal". Heyman was escorted from the Coliseum and sent home. He was also immediately pulled from ECW's creative team after the altercation. McMahon was attempting to put the blame on Heyman for the poorly received pay-per-view, and after a meeting with Vince and Stephanie McMahon, Heyman legitimately left WWE but remained under contract. Heyman was against the decision of Bobby Lashley being booked to win the ECW World Championship, and instead wanted to have CM Punk win it, a decision McMahon disliked.  this was the factor that was caused due to a behind-the-scenes dispute of creative disagreements between Heyman and McMahon that led to the split, and that Heyman had been overruled on a number of decisions regarding the product over ECW's only pay-per-view under WWE, December to Dismember. McMahon and Heyman clashed in front of several members of the writing team on McMahon's corporate jet the day after the pay-per-view. The argument with McMahon was over a disagreement over the Extreme Elimination Chamber match at December to Dismember. Heyman thought that Big Show should be eliminated in the Elimination Chamber match by CM Punk via submission, to push the rising star. Big Show agreed with this idea, wanting to help push Punk's career, but McMahon disagreed, and Punk was ultimately eliminated first. After allegedly turning down an offer from Stephanie McMahon to return to his post writing television for WWE developmental television shows, Heyman officially parted ways quietly with WWE on December 17, 2006.

Return to WWE

Paul Heyman Guys (2012–2014)

After a five-year absence following the controversial departure after the December to Dismember PPV in 2006, Heyman returned to WWE on the May 7, 2012 episode of Raw as Brock Lesnar's legal advisor, announcing that Lesnar, who returned a month before had quit the company. Behind the scenes, Heyman had no interest at first in returning to WWE, as he still felt he held bad blood with a lot of the staff, but reconsidered after Lesnar requested his presence after a lackluster promo with John Laurinaitis. The following week on Raw, Heyman confronted Triple H, handing him a lawsuit from Lesnar for breaching of contract. Triple H responded by shoving Heyman into the ropes, leading Heyman to announce that he would file a lawsuit against Triple H for assault and battery. On the June 18 episode of Raw, Heyman declined Triple H's challenge for a match against Lesnar at SummerSlam on Lesnar's behalf. Later that month, Heyman stated that Brock Lesnar would answer Triple H's challenge himself at Raw 1000. Lesnar would go on to defeat Triple H at SummerSlam.

On the September 3 episode of Raw, after CM Punk attacked John Cena, Heyman was seen driving the car Punk had entered. This began an alliance between CM Punk and Heyman. Heyman began accompanying Punk to the ring for his matches and promos. Because of the events of the previous weeks, on the February 11 episode of Raw, Heyman addressed the audience intending to resign from the company. CM Punk, however, convinced Heyman to not only stay with the company, but also to be in Punk's corner at the upcoming Elimination Chamber pay-per-view for his WWE Championship match. Around this time, Heyman quietly cut off his signature ponytail.

Later, CM Punk earned the right to fight The Undertaker at WrestleMania 29 after winning a Fatal Four Way match at Old School Raw. In addition, Heyman's other client Brock Lesnar was booked for a No Holds Barred match against Triple H at WrestleMania, with Triple H's career on the line. At WrestleMania, both of Heyman's clients lost their matches. On the April 15 episode of Raw, Heyman announced Lesnar had challenged Triple H to a steel cage match at Extreme Rules. The following week, Triple H accepted the match and delivered a Pedigree to Heyman. As a response, Lesnar and Heyman invaded the headquarters of WWE and trashed Triple H's office. At Extreme Rules, Lesnar defeated Triple H with the help of Heyman.

Heyman announced Michael McGillicutty as the newest "Paul Heyman guy" on the May 20 Raw and gave him the new name of Curtis Axel. On the May 27 episode of Raw, Heyman appeared on the Highlight Reel with Chris Jericho, where Jericho challenged CM Punk to a match at Payback which Heyman accepted on Punk's behalf. The next week, Heyman and Jericho signed the contract to make it official. The same week on SmackDown, Jericho faced off against Curtis Axel. As Jericho was closing in on the victory, Heyman stood on the announcers table and yelled: "It's clobbering time". Punk's music began to play, distracting Jericho long enough for Axel to pick up the victory.

At Payback, Heyman coached Axel during his match with Wade Barrett and The Miz for the Intercontinental Championship with Axel winning the match and the title. Heyman accompanied Punk to the ring later in the show for his match with Chris Jericho. After Payback, a WWE.com exclusive video aired with Punk telling Heyman that he is his friend and not his client. On the June 17 episode of Raw, Punk challenged Alberto Del Rio, mentioning that he did not want Heyman managing him anymore. Following Punk's match, he was attacked by Lesnar. The next week on Raw, Punk demanded answers from Heyman, who swore he did not ask Lesnar to attack him. Punk forgave Heyman and then faced Darren Young and, following his win, was attacked by Titus O'Neil until Curtis Axel saved him, to Punk's chagrin. Heyman announced that he would team with Axel against The Prime Time Players the next week, again to Punk's disapproval.

At Money in the Bank, Heyman betrayed CM Punk, costing him his chance at the Money in the Bank briefcase by hitting him three times with a ladder, knocking Punk off the ladder when he was ascending. On the August 5 episode of Raw, Punk retaliated by choking Heyman while Heyman was in Curtis Axel's corner during a match. This prompted Lesnar to enter the ring and attack Punk. Heyman later challenged Punk to a 1-on-1 match for the next week's Raw, which Punk accepted. However, this was revealed to be a trap when Lesnar appeared prior to the match. The plan was foiled, however, when Heyman dared CM Punk to come into the ring and accept the challenge as CM Punk, who had anticipated the trap and hid under the ring, emerged and attacked Lesnar. However, Punk failed to get his hands on Heyman as Curtis Axel came to Heyman's aid. This led to a match between Lesnar and Punk at SummerSlam, which Lesnar won after interference from Heyman.

Heyman and Axel delivered a brutal assault to Punk on Raw the following week, with Heyman breaking a kendo stick over Punk's back while Punk was handcuffed. Heyman was then booked to team with Axel against CM Punk in an elimination handicap match at Night of Champions. Heyman tried various times to get out of the match, which caused General Manager Brad Maddox to make the match into a no disqualification elimination handicap match. At Night of Champions, Punk eliminated Axel (who had been forced to defend his Intercontinental Championship against Kofi Kingston earlier in the night), leaving Heyman alone with Punk. After receiving a beating from Punk and being placed in handcuffs, just as Heyman did to Punk weeks before, Punk was about to attack Heyman with a kendo stick when Ryback interfered and cost Punk the match by putting Punk through a table.

At Battleground, Punk pinned Ryback after a low blow. At Hell in a Cell, Punk defeated both Ryback and Heyman and after the match attacked Heyman on top of the cell, putting an end to their feud. On the November 11, 2013 episode of Raw, Heyman stated that he was no longer with Ryback as Ryback never officially accepted his proposal to become a "Paul Heyman Guy". After that, CM Punk came out to once again beat Heyman with a kendo stick. The following night on SmackDown, Heyman formally announced to Curtis Axel and Ryback that they were no longer Paul Heyman guys, therefore marking the end of Axel's association with Heyman as he continued to team with Ryback. Heyman returned on the December 30 episode of Raw alongside Brock Lesnar, who attacked Mark Henry. He stood by Lesnar as he feuded with Big Show and The Undertaker in the first four months of 2014. Lesnar ended The Undertaker's undefeated streak at WrestleMania XXX; this was Undertaker's first loss at a WrestleMania, as he previously had a record of 21 wins. On the Raw following WrestleMania, Cesaro revealed himself to be a "Paul Heyman Guy". Cesaro eventually declared himself no longer a "Paul Heyman Guy" on the July 21 episode of Raw.

Lesnar's sole managership (2014–2020)

After Triple H announced that Randy Orton would challenge John Cena at SummerSlam, Roman Reigns came out and fought with Orton backstage. Heyman then came out and told Triple H to implement "Plan C" which was the return of Lesnar, who would have a match against Cena at SummerSlam. Lesnar defeated Cena at SummerSlam to win the WWE World Heavyweight Championship.

At the Royal Rumble, Heyman was at ringside when Lesnar retained his WWE World Heavyweight Championship against Cena and Seth Rollins. At WrestleMania 31 Heyman was at ringside when Lesnar defended his WWE World Heavyweight Championship against the 2015 Royal Rumble winner Roman Reigns, but Lesnar was unsuccessful as Rollins cashed in his Money in the Bank briefcase and made the match a Triple Threat match. Rollins pinned Reigns for the win. The next night on Raw, Lesnar was suspended after he demanded a rematch for the title and attacked several innocent people.

In June, Heyman and Lesnar returned to the WWE after Lesnar was named the No. 1 contender to the WWE World Heavyweight Championship, igniting a feud between Lesnar and Rollins. At Battleground, Lesnar defeated Rollins by disqualification, after The Undertaker returned and attacked Lesnar. The Undertaker further explained his actions as revenge not for defeating the streak but over Heyman's constant taunting. At SummerSlam, Heyman was at ringside when the match between Brock Lesnar and The Undertaker ended in controversy; the bell was rung as The Undertaker tapped out, but the referee did not see it. This allowed The Undertaker to defeat Lesnar after he passed out to the Hell's Gate. At Hell in a Cell, Heyman was present when Lesnar defeated Undertaker in the rematch, ending their feud.

Heyman returned with Lesnar on the January 11, 2016 Raw, and was ringside with Lesnar for the Royal Rumble. Lesnar was eliminated in the match by Bray Wyatt, after interference by the rest of The Wyatt Family. He accompanied Lesnar to the ring at WrestleMania 32 with Lesnar defeating Dean Ambrose in a No Holds Barred Street Fight. On July 19 at the 2016 WWE draft, Lesnar and Heyman were drafted to the Raw brand. Heyman returned alongside Lesnar on the August 1 episode of Raw hyping the Lesnar-Orton match at Summerslam while Lesnar took an RKO from Randy Orton. On the October 31 episode of Raw, Heyman and Lesnar confronted Goldberg. Heyman was speared by Goldberg and later taken by ambulance to a hospital in Hartford, Connecticut. On the July 31 episode of Raw, Heyman appeared with Lesnar to announce to acting authority figure Kurt Angle that should Lesnar lose the championship at SummerSlam, they will both depart from the company. At Summerslam, Lesnar defeated Roman Reigns, Samoa Joe, and Braun Strowman in a Fatal 4-Way to retain the Universal Championship.

At Extreme Rules, Kurt Angle said that if Lesnar, the then-reigning Universal Champion, did not show up for Raw or agree to the terms of when Lesnar will defend the championship, then he would be stripped of the championship. On July 16, 2018, episode of Raw, Heyman interrupted Angle, who was about to strip Lesnar, and stated that Lesnar would hold on to the championship for however long he pleases. Angle then scheduled Lesnar to defend the championship at SummerSlam and if he did not, he would be indefinitely stripped. On the July 30 episode of Raw, Angle threatened Heyman's employment due to Lesnar's refusal to leave the backstage area and appear in the ring. After several failed attempts by Heyman to convince Lesnar to appear in the ring, Lesnar attacked Angle with an F-5 and choked Heyman. Two weeks later on the August 13, 2018 episode of Raw, Heyman revealed it was all a ruse as both Heyman (wielding pepper spray) and Lesnar ambushed Reigns. Heyman would accompany Lesnar going into SummerSlam, where Lesnar's 504 days reign as champion would come to an end after Lesnar was pinned by Reigns. Heyman would appear in a segment backstage the Raw after SummerSlam to invoke Lesnar's rematch clause against Roman Reigns for the Universal Championship at Hell in a Cell, but the rematch was denied by Kurt Angle. However, at Hell in a Cell, Heyman appeared as Lesnar interfered with the main event match between Roman Reigns and Braun Strowman. The next day, Heyman appeared on Raw, setting up a triple threat match at Crown Jewel between Brock Lesnar, Braun Strowman, and Roman Reigns for the Universal Championship. However, following Reigns' leukemia announcement, Heyman would instead set up a singles match between Lesnar and Strowman for the now-vacant title at Crown Jewel, a match Lesnar won.

At WrestleMania 35, Heyman came out just after the opening segment, demanding that Seth Rollins fights his client to start off the main card. Lesnar and Rollins appeared thereafter. Lesnar then severely beat up Rollins, before the match started. When the match finally started, Rollins ultimately won the match in under 5 minutes, carrying out a low blow when a referee was knocked down, and executing his finisher three times.

In June 2019, WWE announced that Heyman would be the executive director of Raw. Heyman also appeared on SmackDown due to Lesnar being drafted to the brand in the 2019 WWE Draft in October, but shortly thereafter, Lesnar returned to Raw. On June 11, 2020, it was reported that Heyman had been removed from the executive director position of Raw, in an effort to streamline both the Raw and SmackDown writing teams into one group being led by Bruce Prichard. However, Heyman was expected to maintain his on-screen role as the advocate for Brock Lesnar.

Heyman continued to represent Lesnar up to WrestleMania 36, when Drew McIntyre defeated him for the WWE Championship in quick fashion, at a fan-less event, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lesnar then opted not to sign a new contract, thus leaving his professional wrestling career in uncertainty due to him becoming a "free agent".

Special Counsel (2020–present)

On the August 28, 2020 episode of SmackDown, Heyman aligned with the returning Roman Reigns portraying the character of his special counsel. After Lesnar's return to WWE at SummerSlam in August 2021, At the Crown Jewel event in October, Reigns retained the Universal Championship after striking Lesnar with the title belt. Heyman's alliance with Reigns ended on the December 17, 2021 episode of Smackdown after Reigns fired Heyman and attacked him. As Reigns was about to hit him with a steel chair, Lesnar saved him from being attacked.

On the January 3, 2022 episode of Raw, Heyman once again aligned himself with Lesnar after he had won the WWE Championship two days earlier at Day 1. The reunion was short-lived, as three weeks later at the Royal Rumble event, Heyman betrayed Lesnar by handing Reigns the WWE Championship belt to attack Lesnar, allowing Bobby Lashley to win the title from him in the process and re-aligning him with Reigns. Lesnar went on to win the Royal Rumble match and regained the WWE Championship at Elimination Chamber, setting up a Champion vs. Champion Winner Takes All Championship Unification match match against Reigns at WrestleMania 38. At WrestleMania 38 Reigns defeated Lesnar thus winning both Universal and WWE Championships. It was around this time that Heyman would be announced as 'The Wiseman' as well as 'Special Counsel' to Roman Reigns and the Bloodline.

Legacy
Heyman's work as a promoter and booker has been praised by many wrestling fellows and critics. Former ECW World Heavyweight Champion Raven called him "the most creative genius the business has ever seen", Another former ECW World Heavyweight Champion Tazz also referred to Heyman as a "genius",  while former WWE commentator and manager Jim Cornette referred to him as "a genius". Heyman is widely regarded as one of the greatest orators in professional wrestling history.

Heyman, however, has been noted for being a difficult personality and has had several feuds with wrestlers, including AJ Styles and Gallows and Anderson. Former ECW wrestler Tommy Dreamer has spoken about how he planned to assassinate Heyman at WrestleMania X-Seven due to Heyman's financial mistreatment of Dreamer.

Professional wrestling promoter and booker Eric Bischoff has praised and been critical of Heyman, stating "the idea of working with Paul wasn't going to make me go 'ooh wow, I wonder what that's going to be like'. And we didn't always get along all that great by the way. We weren't adversarial or anything like that just he was doing his thing, I was doing mine kind of thing." "By the time I got to WWE and WCW was no more, and ECW was no more, and we were both talents at WWE, Paul and I spent a lot of time talking, creatively and historically and just our general feeling of things, and developed a great relationship. We kinda kept it kayfabe, because we never knew when we might have an opportunity to make some money together, so we kinda wanted people to buy into the 'Heyman hates Bischoff', 'Bischoff hates Heyman' story but it wasn't true at all".

In 2021, legendary professional wrestling commentator Jim Ross, who worked with Heyman in WCW and WWE and was Heyman's former broadcast partner in the WWE, praised Heyman stating "He's just so damn smart and he gets it. He knew what the hell he was doing. He was a really good antagonist because sometimes the best antagonists are the villains that say things that you know are true but you just don't want to hear them. Heyman had the ability to tell his version of the truth, [he was] plausible. He just wasn't a heel getting himself over, he got talent over and did a great job".

Other media and endeavors
Heyman is the co-founder of the award-winning New York City firm The Looking4Larry Agency. The firm broke new ground with its initial campaign with Electronic Arts, THQ video games, 2K Sports, the Hard Rock Hotel, and Casino Las Vegas. Heyman also worked with Brock Lesnar, collaborating with him on Lesnar's autobiography, Death Clutch: My Story of Determination, Domination, and Survival. He has appeared in the video games WWE Day of Reckoning, WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw, WWE 2K14, WWE 2K15, WWE 2K16, WWE 2K17, WWE 2K18, WWE 2K19, WWE 2K20, WWE 2K22 and WWE 2K23.

Heyman portrayed a sports announcer in 2002's Rollerball. and an uncredited role in the WWE film Countdown. After a family emergency forced the original actor to pull out, he was chosen by I Am Legend executive producer Michael Tadross to play "Gino" in the film adaptation of the long-running Off-Broadway show Tony n' Tina's Wedding.

Personal life
Heyman is a father of two children.

Heyman suffers from insomnia. He is a film enthusiast who cites Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) and Léon: The Professional (1994) as his favorite films, and a great admirer of punk musician Henry Rollins, whom he described as "one of the most underrated social commentators out there".

Awards and accomplishments
Inside The Ropes Magazine
 Manager of the Year (2020)
 New York Post
 Manager of the Year (2022)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Faction of the Year (2022) – with The Bloodline
 Manager of the Year (1992)
 WWE
 WWE Year-End Award (1 time)
 Best on the Mic (2018)
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 Best Color Commentator (1991)
 Best Booker (1994–1997, 2002)
 Best on Interviews (2013–2014)
 Best Non-Wrestler (2001, 2002, 2004, 2012–2014, 2018-2022)
 Best Non-Wrestler of the Decade (2010s)
 Best on Interviews of the Decade (2010s)
 Most Disgusting Promotional Tactic (2012)Angle with CM Punk, exploiting Jerry Lawler's real-life heart attack, playing footage of him near death
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 2005)

References

External links

 Heyman Hustle Official Website

1965 births
21st-century American Jews
American color commentators
American male professional wrestlers
American male television writers
American photographers
American sports businesspeople
American television writers
Edgemont Junior – Senior High School alumni
Jewish American screenwriters
Jewish professional wrestlers
Living people
People from Scarsdale, New York
Professional wrestling announcers
Professional wrestling managers and valets
Professional wrestling promoters
Professional wrestling trainers
Professional wrestling writers
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Sportspeople from the Bronx
Dangerous Alliance members
Wrestling Observer Newsletter award winners
WWE executives
Professional wrestlers from New York City

Paul Heyman


Velika nagrada Kine (Formula 1 2018 Heineken Chinese Grand Prix) je bila treća utrka prvenstva Formule 1 2018. Trkači vikend vožen je od 13. travnja do 15. travnja na stazi Shanghai u Kini, a pobijedio je Daniel Ricciardo u Red Bullu.

Sudionici utrke

Izvještaj
Pirelli je za ovu utrku odabrao medium, soft i ultrarsoft gume. Renault je Red Bullu, McLarenu i svojoj ekipi omogućio više performansi iz Renaultovog R.E.18 motora na prvim slobodnim treninzima. Tako su tri momčadi mogle koristiti snažnije modove motora u duljem trajanju nego što je to bio slučaj na prve dvije utrke sezone.

Treninzi
Prvi slobodni trening

Na početku prvog treninga su odmah svi vozači izašli odraditi instalacije krugove. Lance Stroll je prvi postavio vrijeme treninga, no Fernando Alonso je odmah odgovorio te tako zasjeo na sami vrh tablice. Nakon pola sata treninga izašli su Mercedesovi vozači. Prvo je Valtteri Bottas postavio vrijeme 1.36.587, ali smo minutu kasnije Lewis Hamilton je postavio još brže. Mnogi vozači su svojim momčadima javljali preko radija i žalili se na jak vjetar koji je puhao na stazi. Mercedesi su svoja vremena još unaprijedili, dok je Max Verstappen otišao u zadnjem krugu van staze u šljunak, no uspio je izvući bolid.

Drugi slobodni trening

Na drugom slobodnom treningu na stazi Shanghai International Circuit, prvi je izašao Romain Grosjean. Francuz je postavio prvo brzo vrijeme, i to na soft gumama – 1:36.927. Temperature zraka i staze su bile i dalje relativno niske, a vozači su se žalili na nedostatak prianjanja. Desetak minuta od početka drugog slobodnog treninga Kimi Räikkönen je bio pozvan u boks zbog navodnog problema. No radilo se o softverskoj greški, a Finac se odmah vratio na stazu. Hamilton je postavio najbrže vrijeme na ultrasoft gumama – 1:33.482. Međutim Britanac je nakon jednog brzog kruga potvrdio da je nemoguće odvoziti još jedan brzi krug na tim gumama, jer su se već bile istrošile. Posljednjih pola sata treninga vozači su se fokusirali na simulaciju utrke. Prilikom izlaska iz boksa, zadnja desna guma Stoffela Vandoornea nije bila pričvršćena na ispravan način pa je Belgijac morao zaustaviti svoj bolid na stazi. FIA je nakon treninga odradila istragu, a britanska je momčad kažnjena s 5000 eura zbog nesigurnog izlaska iz bokseva. Pred kraj treninga je počela padati kiša.

Treći slobodni trening

Na samom početku trećeg treninga uvjeti na stazi su bili poprilično teški za vozače. Vrlo jak vjetar je puhao i očekivalo se da će vozači imati problema zbog toga. Najveći problem je imao Daniel Ricciardo na čijem su bolidu mehaničari radili od samog početka treninga. Na stazu su odmah izašla oba Saubera, oba Haasa te Räikkönen koji je postavio prvi mjereni krug. Vandoorneu su iz boksa javili da se vrati u boks jer su izgubili telemetriju iz bolida. Vettel je postavio čak sekundu brži krug od svog momčadskog kolege s vremenom 1:33:689. Bottas se uspio postaviti iza Vettela na drugo mjesto, ali s čak sekundom zaostatka, dok je njegov momčadski kolega Hamilton kasnio još desetinku iza njega. Ricciardo je pola sata prije kraja treninga izašao na stazu, ali u pripremi svog prvog brzog kruga, njegova pogonska jedinica je eksplodirala, te je označen virtualni sigurnosni automobil. Na ulasku u posljednjih 15 minuta treninga, vozači Ferrarija i Mercedesa su stavili nove setove ultrasoft guma i ušli u brze krugove. Najbrži je bio Vettel, dok se iza njega smjestio Räikkönen. Bottas je bio iza njih, a Finčev momčadski kolega Hamilton je zauzeo četvrto mjesto uz puno problema.

Kvalifikacije
Prva kvalifikacijska runda - Q1

Pet minuta prije početka prve kvalifikacijske runde, bolid Daniela Ricciarda stajao u garaži rastavljen bez motora, kao posljedica kvara tijekom trećeg treninga. Prvo mjereno vrijeme postavio je Charles Leclerc - 1:35.189. Osim izvrtanja Leclerca u posljednjem zavoju nije bilo većih incidenata. Samo dvije minute prije kraja prve kvalifikacijske runde, na stazu je izašao Ricciardo te postavio 14. vrijeme, dok dalje nisu prošli dva Saubera, Williamsa i Pierre Gasly.

Drugi kvalifikacijska runda - Q2

Na početku druge kvalifikacijske runde, Ferrari i Mercedes su odlučili testirati izbore guma za start pa su poslali vozače na soft gumama na stazu. Nakon početnih problema Mercedes je pri drugom izlasku na stazu zauzeo prve dvije pozicije, ispred Ferrarija. Najbrže vrijeme 1:31.914, postavio je Lewis Hamilton, a u posljednju kvalifikacijsku rundu nisu prošli Brendon Hartley, Esteban Ocon, Kevin Magnussen i McLarenovi vozači.

Treća kvalifikacijska runda - Q3

U prvom izlasku na stazu u trećoj kvalifikacijskoj rundi, Kimi Räikkönen je postavio standarde s krugom 1:31.200. Sebastian Vettel se našao desetinku i pol iza momčadskog kolege. Vozači su izlazili na stazu na ultrasoft gumama. Na četiri i pol desetinke iza Räikkönen su stajala dva Mercedesa s Valtterijem Bottasom u prednosti ispred Hamiltona. U drugom izlasku na stazu Bottas nije uspio poboljšati vrijeme, dok je Hamilton samo produžio u boks nakon pogreške tijekom kruga. Räikkönen je popravio svoje vrijeme za stotinku i osam tisućinki krugom koji je izgledao kao dovoljan za prvo startno mjesto, sve do prolaska Vettela preko linije cilja. Njegov krug je bio svega osam stotinki i sedam tisućinki bolji od Räikkönenovog. Peto i šesto mjesto su zauzeli dvojac iz Red Bulla.

Utrka

Na samom startu utrke, Sebastian Vettel je zatvorio Kimija Räikkönena i ostao na prvom mjestu te napravio zavidnu prednost, dok je Valtteri Bottas uspio preteći Räikkönena i zasjesti na drugo mjesto. U šestom zavoju je to pošlo za rukom i Maxu Verstappenu te je Räikkönen pao na četvrto mjesto. U 11. krugu u boks po nove medium gume je ušao Brendon Hartley koji je startao na soft komponenti, dok je krug iza njega ušao Esteban Ocon. Fernando Alonso je u dva navrata zaprijetio Romainu Grosjeanu u borbi za 10. mjesto, no Francuz je uspješno odbio oba napada dvostrukog svjetskog prvaka. Alonso je tek u 18. krugu uspio proći ispred Francuza koji je otišao u boks. Red Bullov dvojac se odlučio na medium komponentu te su obojica u istom krugu otišli napraviti izmjene u boks. U međuvremenu se Vettel odvojio od drugoplasiranog Bottasa tri sekunde.

U 19. krugu u boks je ušao Lewis Hamilton, a nakon njega Bottas gdje su obojica uzeli medium komponente te se Bottas uspio vratiti ispred Red Bulla na stazu. Vettel je ušao u boks u 21. krugu po nove gume, no nije se uspio vratiti ispred Bottasa na stazu. Räikkönen je ostao nešto duže na stazi, a u 27. krugu Bottas i Vettel su pretekli Räikkönena koji nakon toga ulazi po nove medium gume. Charles Leclerc je u 29. krugu u prvom zavoju izletio van staze na šljunak, no bez većih problema se uspio vratiti na stazu. Nakon 30. krugova Alonso sa 7. mjesta je ušao u boks te se vratio na 13. mjesto.

U 31. krugu Pierre Gasly je pokušao preteći svog momčadskog kolegu, no Gasly je krenuo prekasno u zavoj te se zabio u Hartleya, zbog čega je na stazu izašao sigurnosni automobil. Takvu situaciju je iskoristila momčad Red Bulla gdje su oba vozača otišla napraviti drugo zaustavljanje u boksu po soft gume. Gasly je naknadno dobio kaznu od deset sekundi. Nakon odlaska sigurnosnog automobila, Grosjeana su pretekli Alonso i Carlos Sainz. Krug poslije Daniel Ricciardo je bez DRS-a uspio preteći Räikkönena te došao na peto mjesto. Vertappen je s Hamiltonom vodio borbu za 4. mjesto, a Nizozemac je u napadu na Britanca u osmom zavoju otišao preširoko i izletio nakratko van staze, što je iskoristio njegov momčadski kolega. Krug kasnije Ricciardo je uspio s unutarnje strane zavoja 14. prestići Hamiltona te zasjesti na treće mjesto 15 krugova prije kraja utrke.

U 42. krugu Verstappen je uspio prestići Hamiltona, dok je Ricciardo iskoristio prednost DRS-a te prije zavoja 14 pretekao Vettela. U sljedećem krugu Verstappen i Vettel su se okrenuli u zavoju broj 14. Verstappen je prekasno ušao na unutrašnju stranu te dodirnuo Nijemca što je rezultiralo izokretanjem obojice vozača. Krug kasnije, Ricciardo je u uskom prostoru uspio preteći Bottasa te zasjesti na prvu poziciju, dok je Verstappenu dodijeljena kazna od deset sekundi zbog izazivanja incidenta. Tri kruga prije kraja, Hartley je utrku završio odustajanjem zbog problema s bolidom, dok je Alonso u predzadnjem krugu pretekao Vettela u zavoju 3 te uzeo sedmo mjesto.

Najbrža vremena treninga

Rezultati kvalifikacija

  – Marcus Ericsson je dobio kaznu od pet mjesta na gridu jer nije usporio pod žutim zastavama za vrijeme prve kvalifikacijske runde.

Rezultati utrke

  – Max Verstappen je utrku završio na 4. mjestu, ali je dobio kaznu od deset sekundi zbog sudara sa Sebastianom Vettelom.
  – Pierre Gasly je utrku završio na 15. mjestu, ali je dobio kaznu od deset sekundi zbog sudara s Brendonom Hartleyem.

Zanimljivosti

Vozači
 6. pobjeda za Daniela Ricciarda.
 24. postolje za Valtterija Bottasa.
 93. postolje za Kimija Räikkönena.
 52. najbolja startna pozicija za Sebastiana Vettela.

Konstruktori
 56. pobjeda za Red Bull.
 215. najbolja startna pozicija za Ferrari.

Poredak nakon 3 od 21 utrke

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 2018 Chinese Grand Prix StatsF1

Kina-2018
Kina

Velika nagrada Kine 2018.


Islote Santa Bárbara (también escrito Isleta Santa Bárbara o bien Isla Santa Bárbara) es el nombre que recibe un islote lacustre a 200 metros de la isla de Flores, cabecera del departamento del Petén. Se encuentra ubicado en el Lago Petén Itzá, y que pertenece al país centroamericano de Guatemala, localizándose en las coordenadas geográficas , a 266 kilómetros al norte de la capital del país la ciudad de Guatemala. Administrativamente depende del Departamento guatemalteco de  Petén. En la isla se encuentran varias cabañas. Es visitada por turistas atraídos por las bellezas naturales del lago.
La localidad más cercana es San Benito ubicada al sur.

Véase también
 Geografía de Guatemala
 Geografía de América

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla

Departamento de Petén
Islas lacustres de Guatemala

Islote Santa Bárbara


බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිත පාලකයින් විසින් 19 වැනි සහ 20 වැනි ශත වර්ෂවලදී ඉන්දියාවෙන් ගෙන එන ලද වතු කම්කරුවන්ගෙන් යුත් සෑහෙන දෙමළ ජනගහනයක් මධ්‍යම පලාතේ වතු ආශ්‍රිතව වෙසෙති. ඉන්දියන් දෙමළ හෝ වතු දෙමළ යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වනු ලබන මොවුහු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ලංකාවේ තේ වතුවල දැනුදු සේවය කරති. පරම්පරා ගණනක් තිස්සේ ඔවුන් දරිද්‍රතාවයෙන් පීඩා විදින අතර නොකඩවා පහත් ජිවන තත්ත්වයක් අත් විදිති. එකම භාෂාවක් කතා කරන නමුදු උතුරේ සහ නැගෙනහිර සිටින අනෙක් දෙමළ ජනතාව, උඩරට දෙමළ ජනතාව වෙනත් ජන කොට්ඨාශයක් ලෙස සලකා කටයුතු කරති.

1949 දී ඩී.එස්. සේනානායක රජය වතු කම්කරුවන්ට පුරවැසිභාවය නොදීමට නීතියක් සම්මත කර ගත්තේ ඔවුන් රටක් නැත්තවුන් තත්ත්වයට හෙළමිනි.

මෙහි ප්‍රතිඵලය වුයේ දේශපාන සමතුලිතභාවය දෙමල ජනතාවගෙන් ඈත්වීමයි. 1948 දී නිදහස ලබන විට පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ 33% ඡන්ද බලය දෙමළ ජනතාවට තිබුණි. වතු දෙමළ ජනතාවට ඡන්ද බලය අහිමි වීම මත එම ප්‍රමාණය 20% දක්වා අඩුවිය. සිංහලයනට පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ 2/3 ක බලය ලබා ගැනීමට හැකිවීමෙන් සිංහල ප්‍රතිපත්ති සම්බන්ධයෙන් පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේදී විරෝධය පෑමට දෙමල ජනතාවට තිබුණු ඉඩ ප්‍රස්ථා අහිමි විය. මෙම අසාමානත්වයට ප්‍රධාන හේතුව වුයේ සිංහල බහුතරයක් සිටින බහු ආසන මන්ත්‍රී කොට්ඨාශයකින් දෙමළ මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙකු තෝරා ගැනීමය. බහු ජාතික ආසන ඇති කිරීමට හේතුව වුයේ ඉදිරි ජාතිකවාදී ආණ්ඩුවකදී සුදු ජාතීන්ට වැඩි බලයක් ඒම වළක්වනු පිණිසයි.

පුරවැසිභාවය අහිමි කිරීමෙන් පමණක් සෑහීමට පත් නොවී ඉන්පසු බලයට පත් පක්ෂ රාජ්‍යයන් කීපයක්ම උත්සාහ කළේ වතු දෙමල ජනයා සම්පුර්ණයෙන්ම රටෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමටයි. 1962 දී එවකට අගමැති එල්. බී. ශාස්ත්‍රි සමග ගිවිසුමක් අතසන් කරන ලදී. දෙවැනි ගිවිසුම ඉන් අවුරුදු 3කට පසුව ඉන්දිරා ගාන්ධි සමග අත්සන් කෙරිණි. මෙයින් වතු දෙමළ ජනතාව 600000 ක් අවුරුදු 15 ක් තුළ ඉන්දියාවට යැවීමටත් 375000 කට ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පුරවැසිභාවය දීමටත් එකගතාවයක් ඇති විය. මෙයින් පළමු පිරිස ඉන්දියාවට නොගිය අතර ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නැවතුණහ. එහෙත් එම ඡන්ද බලයද, පිටරටකට යාමේ අවස්ථාවද , සැබෑ ශ්‍රී ලාංකික පුරවැසියෙකු ලෙස කටයුතු කිරීමේ අවස්ථාවන් අහිමි කර ගනිමිනි. 2003 දී ඉතිරිව සිටි උඩරට දෙමළ ජනතාවට පුර්ණ පුරවැසිභාවය ප්‍රදානය කරන ලදී.

සටහන්

වතු දෙමළ කම්කරුවන්ට පුරවැසිභාවය ලබාදීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කිරීම


Mucheln Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Plön iline bağlı belediye. 14,28 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2015 itibarıyla yaklaşık 573 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kilometrekare başına yaklaşık 40 kişilik bir nüfus yoğunluğuna sahiptir. Belediye Başkanlığı Wolfgang Junge tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-selent-schlesen.de

Kaynakça

Plön iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Mucheln


The Norma Fleck Award for Canadian Children's Non-Fiction is a lucrative literary award founded in May 1999 by the Fleck Family Foundation and the Canadian Children's Book Centre, and presented to the year's best non-fiction book for a youth audience. Each year's winner receives CDN$10,000.

The award is one of several presented by the Canadian Children's Book Centre each year; others include the Marilyn Baillie Picture Book Award, the Geoffrey Bilson Award for Historical Fiction for Young People and the TD Canadian Children's Literature Award.

Awards and winners

References

External links
Norma Fleck Award – Canadian Children's Book Centre website

Canadian children's literary awards
Canadian non-fiction literary awards
Awards established in 1999
1999 establishments in Canada

Norma Fleck Award


Olaylar
 17 Ocak - Şirket-i Hayriye kuruldu
 1 Mart - Victor Hugo Fransa Ulusal Kongresi'nde ilk kez "Avrupa Birleşik Devletleri" terimini kullandı.
 11 Mart – Giuseppe Verdi Rigoletto adlı operasının ilk gösterimini Venedik'te gerçekleştirdi.
 1 Mayıs – Modern dünya fuarlarının ilki olan Büyük Sergi Londra'da açıldı.
 18 Eylül - ABD gazetesi The New York Times yayın hayatına başladı.
 2 Aralık – Louis Napolyon Fransa'da darbe yaptı.

Süregelen olaylar
 Taiping Ayaklanması (1851–1864)

Doğumlar
 18 Ocak - Albert Aublet, Fransız sanatçı ve ressam (ö. 1938)
 8 Mart - İsmail Gaspıralı (Gasprinskiy), Kırım Tatarı eğitimci, yayıncı ve politikacı (ö. 11 Eylül 1914).
 ? - Sadettin Paşa - 1896 yılında Doğu Anadolu'da önemli anılarını yazan ve devlete rapor sunmuş önemli Osmanlı paşası (ö. 1908).

Ölümler
 ? - Basmacı Abdi Efendi, Osmanlı bestekârı. (d. 1787)
 27 Ocak - John James Audubon, Amerikalı ressam (d. 26 Nisan 1785)
 1 Şubat - Mary Shelley, İngiliz yazar.
 18 Şubat - Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, Alman matematikçi. (d. 10 Aralık 1804)
 9 Mart - Hans Christian Ørsted, Danimarkalı fizikçi ve kimyager. (d. 14 Ağustos 1777)
 10 Temmuz - Louis Daguerre, Fransız sanatçı, kimyager ve dagerreyotipi yönteminin mucidi. (d. 18 Kasım 1787)
 14 Eylül - James Fenimore Cooper, Amerikalı yazar. (d. 15 Eylül 1789)
 4 / 7 Ekim - Manuel de Godoy, "Barış Prensi" olarak da bilinen İspanya başbakanı. (d. 12 Mayıs 1767)
 19 Aralık - Joseph Mallord William Turner, İngiliz ressam. (d. 23 Nisan 1775)

1851


Minare (), İslam dininin ibadet yeri olan camilerde namaza çağrıyı bildirmek ve sala okumak için inşa edilmiş ana yapıdan yüksek tasarlanan yapılardır. Namaza çağrının o mahaldeki herkesin işitebileceği yüksek bir yerden okunması, ibadethanelerde minare inşasının esasını teşkil etmektedir.

Camilerde minare ihtiyacı teknolojinin henüz olmadığı İslamiyetin ilk dönemlerinden 20. yüzyılın ilk yarısına kadar, ezanın uzak yerlerden duyulmasına imkân sağlamak için yapılmışlardır. Eski devirde müezzin, caminin balkonuna, yani şerefeye çıkar istinare denilen şekilde dönerek ezan okurdu. Modern çağda artık minareye çıkmadan cami içindeki mikrofondan okumaktadır. Mamafih bazı Nakşibendi tarikatlarında hoparlörle okumak yerine yine eski usul kullanılmaktadır ki, teknolojinin bir kısmını bidat, gereksiz ve zevksiz olarak görmektedirler.

Camilerde minare zorunlu bir yapı parçası olmamakla birlikte, bir İslam beldesi imgesinde geleneksel ve güçlü bir yer edinmiştir.

Günümüzde boyunun bir hayli uzatılmasından ötürü, mimari açıdan 'hoparlör direği' yakıştırmasıyla tenkit edilseler de, esasen bu tenkitten uzaktırlar. Yapılış amaçlarına uygun olarak; yerleşmelerin seyrek, nüfusun az yoğun, yapıların da alçak olduğu zamanlarda ibadethanelerin pek çoğu mescitti (mimari açıdan bir sınıflama: genellikle şehre hitap eden büyük ibadethaneler cami, mahalle ya da ufak yerleşmelerdeki küçük ibadethaneler mescit olarak adlandırılır) ve minareleri de alçak yapılıyordu. Günümüzde ise yerleşimler sıklaşmış ve yayılmış, nüfus yoğunluğu artmış ve yapıların da yüksek katlı yapılmaya başlanmasıyla, mescit yerine hitap alanı geniş ve yüksek kapasiteli cami yapılmakta, bu yüzden minareler de apartmanlar arasında kalmayıp amaçlanan görevini yakalaması için yüksek inşa edilmektedir.

Tarihi
İslamiyette ilk minare Mısır'n başkenti Yeni Kahire'deki Amr İbn Al-As camisinde inşa edilmiştir. Minare ana parçaya Emevi meliki I. Muaviye zamanında vali Meslem bin Muhalled tarafından 678 yılında eklenmiştir.

Arap, İran, Hint, Türk, Mısır minare şekilleri farklıdır. Minare sanatının büyük ustası Mimar Sinan bu yapı öğesine geometrik ve zarif şeklini vermiştir. İnce çubuk ve kabartma süslü minarenin benzersiz örneği Şehzade Camii minareleridir. Selimiye Camii'nde uyguladığı teknikte minarenin üç şerefesine ayrı merdivenlerden çıkılmakta ve her merdivenden çıkan diğerini görmemektedir. Osmanlı minareleri ve şerefeleri süsleme sanatlıdır. Boyları 10 ila 40 m.dir. Camiye bitişik veya ayrı hatta biraz uzaktaki minarenin yapımında taş, tuğla ve horasan harcı kullanılmıştır. Bayezid Camii minaresinde renkli süsleme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Hırkai Şerif Camii, Ortaköy Camii, Dolmabahçe Camii minarelerinde süsleme sonuna kadar kullanılmıştır. Klasik, rokoko dışında gotik, korint tarzlarında minareler dahi vardır, Bahçekapı Hacı Küçük Camii, Ali Paşa Mescidi ve Suadiye Camii minareleri gibi.

Büyükçekmece Sokullu Camii minaresinin merdiveni dışardadır. Tahtakale Timurtaş Mescidi ile Topkapı Sarayı Beşir Ağa Mescidi'nin minareleri merdivensiz, dışarı taşan asma cumbalardır. Cavid Ağa Mescidi, Yağkapanı Mescidi, Karabaş Mescidi, Eminönü Arpacılar Camii, Köprülü Camii ile Arpacı Hayreddin Mescidi'nin minareleri ahşaptır. Karabaş Mescidi minaresi ise, çinko kaplamadır. Mimar Sinan'ın kendi adına yaptığı Yenibahçe'deki Mimar Sinan Mescidi minaresi çokköşeli, baca gibi, en üstü süslü pencerelidir.
Minareler camilerin üst kısmında yer alır

Yapısı
Selçuklu minareleri kalın, güdük, petek kısmı bedene göre kısadır. Genellikle tuğladır ve taçkapının yanlarında ikizdir (Çifte Minare-Sivas). Osmanlılarda ise 6 adede kadar minare vardır.Tek minareler geleneksel olarak caminin sağında yapılır (Sokollu Camii ile Firuz Ağa Camii'nde soldadır). İki minareli camilerde minareler caminin iç avlu köşelerindedir. Dört minarelilerde iç avlunun köşelerindedir. Altı minareli Sultanahmet Camii'nde ise mihrab duvarına göre üç minare sağda üç minare soldadır.

En uzun minare  Selimiye Camii minaresidir.  Boyları 71 metre (Külah ve alemi dahil edilirse) 85 metre, her biri üçer şerefeli bu dört minare İslâm aleminin en uzun ve en zarif minareleri olmuştur. Her ne kadara Hindistan'da, Delhi de XIII. yüz yılda yapılan kutup minare 72.50 metrelik boyu ile daha uzun ise de en altta çapı 14 metre olan bu minarelere tepeye doğru incelir. Dolayısıyla  kutup minarenin estetiği yoktur. Selimiye'de ikisinde (camiye bitişik olanlarında) 3 ayrı yoldan 3 şerefesine çıkılan Selimiye minareleri en aşağıda gövde sadece 3.80 çapındadır. Minarelerin hepsi aynı kalınlıktadır.

En büyük minare Samerra Camii'nin spiral minaresidir. En kalın olanı 5,08 m. ile Üç Şerefeli Cami (Edirne)'dir. Şehzade Camii'nde 41,54, Ayasofya Camii'nde 50,37 (81 m olacak), Süleymaniye Camii'nde 63,80 (71 m olacak) metredir.

Minarenin taş veya tuğla gövdesi genellikle çokgendir, bazen karedir. Gövde burmalı ve yivlidir. Kabartmalar ve motiflerle süslüdür. Şerefe bindirmelikleri mukarnaslıdır. Şerefe korkulukları taştan ve oymalıdır. Minareler arasına kandil ve Ramazan ayında mahya asılır. Mimar Sinan minarede her şerefeye birbirini görmeden çıkan ayrı ayrı merdivenler yapmıştır.

Minarelerin birçoğu yüzyıllar içinde, depremlerde ve sel baskınlarında yıkılmış, yeniden yapılmıştır.

Minarenin bölümleri

Minareler Türkiye'de genelde yedi bölüme ayrılırlar.

Alem
Minarenin en üstte olan, metal, tunç, bakır ya da pirinçten yapılmış altın renginde bir hilaldir. Bu üst noktayı aşan sadece yıldırımsavardır.

Külah
Minarenin koni biçimindeki kısmıdır. Alemin altında bulunur.

Petek
Külahın altındaki kısmın (tek şerefeli minarelerde) ilk şerefeye kadar olan bölümüne verilen addır.

Şerefe
Müezzinin ezan veya sela okuduğu ve minareden her yöne dönmesini sağlayan balkona denir.

Gövde
Şerefe(ler)den sonra gelen ve Türk mimarisinde petekle aynı çapta ve ince olan en uzun bölümdür.

Pabuç
Gövdeyi alt ve geniş kürsüye bitiştiren küçük bir diske benzer.

Kürsü
Minarenin görünen bölümlerin en aşağıda olanıdır. Külaha benzer genişleyen bir kısmı ve altındaki bloktan oluşur. Külahın aksine alt blok dikdörtgenler prizması şeklinde yapılır. Bu bölüme küp ya da gövde de denir.

Kaynakça
 Semavi Eyice, "İstanbul'da Bazı Cami ve Mescid Minareleri", Türkiyat Mecmuası X, İstanbul 1953.

Minare


An Paphiopedilum acmodontum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Mark W. Wood. An Paphiopedilum acmodontum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paphiopedilum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Paphiopedilum

Paphiopedilum acmodontum


Martin Elias Peter Seligman (; born August 12, 1942) is an American psychologist, educator, and author of self-help books. Seligman is a strong promoter within the scientific community of his theories of well-being and positive psychology. His theory of learned helplessness is popular among scientific and clinical psychologists. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Seligman as the 31st most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

Seligman is the Zellerbach Family Professor of Psychology in the University of Pennsylvania's Department of Psychology. He was previously the Director of the Clinical Training Program in the department, and earlier taught at Cornell University. He is the director of the university's Positive Psychology Center. Seligman was elected president of the American Psychological Association for 1998. He is the founding editor-in-chief of Prevention and Treatment (the APA electronic journal) and is on the board of advisers of Parents magazine.

Seligman has written about positive psychology topics in books such as The Optimistic Child, Child's Play, Learned Optimism, Authentic Happiness, and Flourish. His most recent book, The Hope Circuit: A Psychologist's Journey from Helplessness to Optimism, was published in 2018.

Early life and education
Seligman was born in Albany, New York, to a Jewish family. He was educated at a public school and at The Albany Academy. He earned a bachelor's degree in philosophy at Princeton University in 1964, graduating summa cum laude. He turned down a scholarship to study analytic philosophy at Oxford University, and animal experimental psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, and accepted an offer to attend the University of Pennsylvania to study psychology. He earned a Ph.D. in psychology from University of Pennsylvania in 1967. On June 2, 1989, Seligman received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Social Sciences at Uppsala University, Sweden.

Learned helplessness

Seligman's foundational experiments and theory of "learned helplessness" began at University of Pennsylvania in 1967, as an extension of his interest in depression. Quite by accident, Seligman and colleagues discovered that the experimental conditioning protocol they used with dogs led to behaviors which were unexpected, in that under the experimental conditions, the recently conditioned dogs did not respond to opportunities to learn to escape from an unpleasant situation.  Seligman developed the theory further, finding learned helplessness to be a psychological condition in which a human being or an animal has learned to act or behave helplessly in a particular situation—usually after experiencing some inability to avoid an adverse situation—even when it actually has the power to change its unpleasant or even harmful circumstance. Seligman saw a similarity with severely depressed patients, and argued that clinical depression and related mental illnesses result in part from a perceived absence of control over the outcome of a situation. In later years, alongside Abramson, Seligman reformulated his theory of learned helplessness to include attributional style.

Happiness
In his 2002 book Authentic Happiness, Seligman saw happiness as made up of positive emotion, engagement and meaning.

Positive psychology
Seligman worked with Christopher Peterson to create what they describe as a "positive" counterpart to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). While the DSM focuses on what can go wrong, Character Strengths and Virtues (2004) is designed to look at what can go right. In their research they looked across cultures and across millennia to attempt to distill a manageable list of virtues that have been highly valued from ancient China and India, through Greece and Rome, to contemporary Western cultures. Their list includes six character strengths: wisdom/knowledge, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence. Each of these has three to five sub-entries; for instance, temperance includes forgiveness, humility, prudence, and self-regulation. The authors do not believe that there is a hierarchy for the six virtues; no one is more fundamental than or a precursor to the others.

Well-being
In his book Flourish, 2011, Seligman wrote on "Well-Being Theory", and said, with respect to how he measures well-being:

Each element of well-being must itself have three properties to count as an element:

 It contributes to well-being.
 Many people pursue it for its own sake, not merely to get any of the other elements.
 It is defined and measured independently of the other elements.

He concluded that there are five elements to "well-being", which fall under the mnemonic PERMA:

 Positive emotion—Can only be assessed subjectively
 Engagement—Like positive emotion, can only be measured through subjective means. It is presence of a flow state
 Relationships—The presence of friends, family, intimacy, or social connection
 Meaning—Belonging to and serving something bigger than one's self
 Achievement—Accomplishment that is pursued even when it brings no positive emotion, no meaning, and nothing in the way of positive relationships.

These theories have not been empirically validated.

In July 2011, Seligman encouraged the British Prime Minister, David Cameron, to look into well-being as well as financial wealth in ways of assessing the prosperity of a nation. On July 6, 2011, Seligman appeared on Newsnight and was interviewed by Jeremy Paxman about his ideas and his interest in the concept of well-being.

MAPP program
The Master of Applied Positive Psychology (MAPP) program at the University of Pennsylvania was established under the leadership of Seligman as the first educational initiative of the Positive Psychology Center in 2003.

Personal life
Seligman plays bridge and finished second in the 1998 installment of one of the three major North American pair championships, the Blue Ribbon Pairs, as well as having won over 50 regional championships.

Seligman has seven children, four grandchildren, and two dogs. He and his second wife, Mandy, live in a house that was once occupied by Eugene Ormandy. They have home-schooled five of their seven children.

Seligman was inspired by the work of the psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck at the University of Pennsylvania in refining his own cognitive techniques and exercises.

Publications
  (Paperback reprint edition, W.H. Freeman, 1992, )
   (Paperback reprint edition, Penguin Books, 1998; reissue edition, Free Press, 1998)
  (Paperback reprint edition, Ballantine Books, 1995, )
  (Paperback edition, Harper Paperbacks, 1996, )
  (Paperback edition, Free Press, 2004, )

References

External links

 Authentic Happiness, Seligman's homepage at University of Pennsylvania
 "Eudaemonia, the Good Life: A Talk with Martin Seligman", an article wherein Seligman speaks extensively on the topic of eudaemonia
 "The Positive Psychology Center", a website devoted to positive psychology. Martin Seligman is director of the Positive Psychology Center of the University of Pennsylvania.
 Program description for Master of Applied Positive Psychology degree established by Seligman
 Martin E. P. Seligman's curriculum vitae at the University of Pennsylvania
 TED Talk: Why is psychology good?
 University of Pennsylvania's page on MAPP program

1942 births
20th-century American psychologists
21st-century American psychologists
American contract bridge players
American self-help writers
Animal testing
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the Society of Experimental Psychologists
Jewish American writers
Living people
Positive psychologists
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
Princeton University alumni
American social psychologists
The Albany Academy alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
21st-century American Jews

Martin Seligman


La laguna Madre (, en original en español) es una larga bahía hipersalina y superficial de los Estados Unidos, localizada en la costa occidental del golfo de México, en los condados de Nueces, Kenedy, Kleberg, Willacy y Cameron del estado de Texas. Está separada en dos partes por el puente de tierra de Saltillo Flats, de aproximadamente 32 kilómetros de largo, que la divide en la bahía Alta o Superior (Upper ) y en la Baja o Inferior (Lower). Ambas están unidas por el canal Intracostero (Intracoastal Waterway), que ha sido dragado a través de la bahía. En conjunto, la laguna Madre tiene aproximadamente 210 kilómetros de largo, la longitud de la isla del Padre. Las principales extensiones son la bahía de Baffin, en la laguna Madre Alta, la bahía de Red Fish, justo bajo Saltillo Flats, y la bahía Sur (South Bay), cerca de la frontera con México.

El ecosistema de la bahía está protegida por el Refugio de Vida Silvestre Nacional de la Laguna Atascosa, la Costa nacional de la isla Padre y por la propiedad privada King Ranch, con 3.340 km², uno de los ranchos privados mayores del mundo. La bahía forma parte de la red hemisférica de reservas para aves playeras como sitio de categoría internacional.

La historia humana del área es anterior a la propia formación de la laguna Madre y se establecerion en las costas de la bahía asentamientos en Port Isabel y Port Mansfield.

Historia

La laguna Madre se formó hace unos 3.000 años, después de la estabilización del nivel del mar en la costa de Texas que culminó con el ascenso de Isla del Padre. La extensión de la bahía de Baffin es considerablemente más antigua que la laguna Madre, y se formó como un valle fluvial durante el Pleistoceno, más de 12.000 años atrás. Los pueblos antiguos obtenían ostras de la bahía, que desaparecieron debido a los cambios en la salinidad después de la formación completa de la laguna Madre. Las primeras personas que tuvieron contacto con la nueva bahía fueron probablemente indios nómadas de las tribus karankawa y coahuiltecos. El primer europeo que entró en contacto con la laguna Madre se cree que fue el explorador español Alonso Álvarez de Pineda en el , lo que se acredita con el nombre en español (que en inglés sería mother lagoon).

El gobierno español autorizó varios otorgamientos de tierra para la ganadería cerca de la bahía. El primero se cree que se dio en 1792 a José Nicolás Cabazos, medio millón de acres (2.000 km²) en la zona sur de la bahía de Baffin hasta el río Grande. Cabazos surtió la tierra con 900 bovinos. Varios asentamientos ganaderos americanos se desarrollaron después de la guerra con México, incluyendo King Ranch, que fue establecido en 1847 por Richard King. El área cercana a la actual pequeña ciudad de Port Isabel (5.006 hab. en 2010) fue utilizada como un centro de descanso por los españoles después de que los watersellers llegó a tierra en el  en busca de suministros de agua dulce. Un asentamiento conocido como Punta Isabel (Point Isable) se estableció en el lugar en la década de 1830, y en 1853 fue construido el faro de Punta Isabel para pasar por alto la bahía. La ciudad fue nombrada Port Isabel en 1928 y en 1954 se construyó atravesando la bahía la calzada reina Isabel, el puente más largo de Texas, para acceder a la isla del Padre Sur. En 1974 fue construido un puente nuevo, pero parte de él se derrumbó el 15 de septiembre de 2001 después de ser golpeado por una barcaza, falleciendo 8 personas y obstaculizar de manera significativa la economía del sur de Texas. Fue reconstruido y reabierto en noviembre de ese mismo año.  En el norte, Port Mansfield (226 hab. en 2010) fue establecida en 1950, en la antigua comunidad de pescadores de Red Fish Landing. Fue nombrado en honor del congresista estadounidense Joseph J. Mansfield, quien presentó el proyecto de ley que amplió el Canal Intracostero desde  Corpus Christi a Brownsville  en 1940. El Canal de Navegación de Port Mansfield (Port Mansfield Ship Channel) fue dragado en 1957 a través de la isla del Padre y redragado en 1962 después de los trabajos realizados para mejorar los espigones. El corte permite que ingrese agua de mar en la Baja Laguna Madre (Lower Laguna Madre) para mejorar la pesca y el transporte marítimo de Port Mansfield. La comunidad tenía 415 residentes en el año 2000.

Características

La laguna Madre se encuentra entre la parte continental del sur de Texas y la isla del Padre. En este lugar entre el río Nueces y el río Grande, el clima es seco y a veces es conocido como el desierto Wild Horse. La costa occidental, una gran parte de ella incluida en el King Ranch, suele estar marcada por las dunas de arena, las yucas, los nopales o chumberas, las agaves americanas y ocasionalmente por robles doblados por el viento. La bahía se divide por el largo banco de arena (32 km), denominado  Saltillo Flats, que se encuentra aproximadamente a 64 km desde el extremo norte cerca de la calzada Memorial John F. Kennedy, en Corpus Christi. Esta parte de la bahía se conoce como laguna Madre Alta e incluye la extensión de la bahía de Baffin cerca de Kingsville, y la isla Bird, en el costa oriental de la isla del Padre, al noreste de la apertura de la bahía de Baffin. La  laguna Madre Baja incluye el área al sur de Saltillo Flats hasta la extensión de South Bay cerca de Port Isabel,] y está atravesada por la calzada Reina Isabel (Queen Isabella Causeway). Incluido en la Baja Laguna Madre está la bahía de Red Fish, que se encuentra a lo largo de la costa de King Ranch, al sur hasta Port Mansfield.

La bahía es poco profunda y estrecha, con un promedio solo 1,1 m de profundidad y de 6,4 km a 9,7 km de ancho. La profundidad es de solo de 20 cm a 34 cm en las zonas no dragadas y de 3,7 m de profundidad en los canales internos de 42 m de ancho del Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, que siguen a lo largo la bahía y une los tramos superior e inferior. En el lecho de la bahía y en el litoral se encuentran dos tipos de arrecifes duros, incluyendo arrecifes de playa de roca (concha y arena amalgamados por cemento de carbonato cálcico), común en el sur de la bahía de Baffin debido a los cambios ocasionales en el litoral costero de la laguna Madre; y arrecifes de serpúlidos, comunes en la bahía de Baffin, y en otras partes del sistema, formados entre 300 y 3.000 años atrás por los tubos calcáreos de los anélidos.

La laguna Madre tiene una salinidad de 36 partes por millón (ppm), que está por encima de la media de 35 ppm del agua de mar. Debido a la alta salinidad, tiene la distinción de estar entre las seis bahías hipersalinas de la Tierra; las otros son Sivash, en Ucrania, la laguna Ojo de Liebre, en la costa oeste de Baja California, el golfo de Spencer y la bahía Shark, en Australia, y la laguna Madre de Tamaulipas, que a veces se agrupa con la laguna Madre de Texas como un único sistema. Las razones de su hipersalinidad son la superficialidad, la falta de una fuente fluvial  importante, el clima seco, la alta evaporación y el aislamiento de otros cuerpos de agua. Su salinidad es aún mayor desde que fue dragado en la isla del Padre el canal del Golfo Port Mansfield (Port Mansfield Gulf Channel), lo que permitió un mayor intercambio con el agua de mar. Sin embargo, se produce muy poco intercambio de agua, ya que solo 25 m³ de agua de mar fluyen en la bahía cada segundo. El agua de lluvia de las tormentas tropicales y huracanes es la única aportación significativa de agua fresca que recibe la bahía. La salinidad es mayor en la laguna Madre Baja, donde el promedio es de alrededor de 45 ppm.

Ecosistema

La laguna Madre es uno de los ecosistemas de bahía más importantes y mejor conservados de Texas. También es uno de los más protegidos en los Estados Unidos, ya que el 75% de sus costas están protegidas por el Refugio de Vida Silvestre Nacional de la Laguna Atascosa (Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge, con un área protegida desde 1946 de 263 km²), en el oeste, y por la Costa nacional de la isla Padre (Padre Island National Seashore, con un área protegida desde 1962 de 527 km²) en el este. Peces, camarones y cangrejos, que alimentan las poblaciones de aves, dependen para sobrevivir de la bahía y de sus abundantes fondos de praderas marinas. La pradera marina de la laguna Madre representa el 80% de todas las praderas marinas encontradas en la costa de Texas, aunque se ven amenazadas por las mareas marrones causadas por la mala circulación y el dragado. Una afluencia de agua marina puede reemplazar a veces los vitales pastos marinos con lechos de ostras.

La laguna Madre es el hogar de más peces que cualquier otro lugar de la costa de Texas, con especies como la gran barracuda, bagre azul, bagre de cabeza dura, corvina atlántica, dorado-delfín, corvina negra, corvina roja, platija meridional, pez lagarto, marao lisero, jurel, pez rey del Sur, malachos, doradilla, mojarras, mújol, sargo salema, pompano de Florida, raya mariposa suave, trucha marina manchada, tiburones de puntas negras, sargo chopa, guavinas, pargo, róbalo común, miracielo del sureste, raya de espina y dormilonas. las aves de corral Muchos emigran y viven alrededor de la bahía incluyendo el 75% de todas las porrones de cabeza roja. Otras aves en la zona son el halcón peregrino, el playero melódico, la espátula rosada, el zarapito americano, la grulla, garza blanca y el pelícano pardo. Las tortugas marinas y delfines se pueden encontrar en la bahía, mientras que ganado, venados de cola blanca, nilgos y linces rojos a veces pueden ser visto cerca de la orilla.

Industria

La ganadería y la agricultura predominan cerca de King Ranch,aunque los puertos de Port Isabel y Port Mansfield dependen de la pesca y de la industria pesquera del camarón. En la década de 1960, Port Isabel producía una media de 3,6 millones de toneladasde camarón al año, que representaron el 65% de toda la producción en Texas. En Port Mansfield, la industria pesquera se ha ampliado considerablemente con la apertura del canal de Port Mansfield, lo que permite una acumulación constante de pez rojo, camarón gris y platija. Debido a la protección medioambiental de la bahía, se han construido en la zona muy pocas las plantas manufactureras. Después de una campaña medioambiental, la Valero Energy Corporation  construyó un oleoducto de gas y petróleo desde Corpus Christi hasta el Valle de Río Grande para disminuir el envío de petróleo y gas a lo largo del Intracoastal Waterway, disminuyendo considerablemente la posibilidad de derrames. Los activistas también han arremetido contra una propuesta de una granja de turbinas eólicas aguas adentro de la bahía de Baffin, debido al daño potencial a las pintorescas tierras y a las poblaciones de aves.

La industria del turismo también es un pilar fundamental para las comunidades de la bahía. Los amantes de las playas tienen que pasar la laguna Madre para alcanzar las primeras instalaciones playeras tanto en el norte como en el sur de la isla del Padre. La pesca ha atraído a los turistas a Port Isabel, donde  desde 1934 se ha celebrado el Torneo Internacional de Pesca de Texas (Texas International Fishing Tournament). Los visitantes también acuden a la isla Bird de la costa occidental de la isla del Padre, para practicar windsurf, kayak y otros deportes acuáticos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Golfos y bahías de Estados Unidos del golfo de México
Laguna
Condado de Nueces
Condado de Kenedy
Condado de Kleberg
Condado de Willacy
Condado de Cameron

Laguna Madre


كان الأب نيرنبرغ إسبانيًّا من مواليد حوالي سنة 1590، أمّا تاريخ وفاة فغير واضح إذ منهم يعتبرونه قد توفّي سنة 1668، وآخرون، من بينهم الأب شيخو، سنة 1658. دخل الرهبانيّة اليسوعيّة، واشتهر فيها بمؤلّفاته التقويّة. وكان من الدعاة إلى الصلاة من أجل النفوس المطهريّة. وقد ألّف في مدريد صلوات لهذه الغاية، وكان يوصي المؤمنين بممارسة تقشّفات متنوّعة من أجل خلاص النفوس المطهريّة. واشتهر بقوله المأثور: «يجب علينا أن نهب حياتنا لإخوتنا»، الذي كان يقصد فيه الراقدين ذوي النفوس المطهريّة. وكان أيضًا يدعو الناس إلى التسلّح بالأسرار من أجل مساعدة الكنيسة روحيًّا في مسيرتها النضاليّة ضدّ قوى الشرّ.

ترك الأب نيرنبرغ مؤلّفات يتمحور محتواها حول هذه الأفكار السابق ذكرها، من بينها "l'Aimable Jésus" و"l'Aimable Marie" اللذَين ألّفهما بالإسبانيّة وتُرجما فورًا إلى الفرنسيّة ومنها إلى العربيّة. ومن أشهر كتبه «ميزان الزمان» (la Balance du Temps) الذي ترجمه أيضًا الأب فروماج وطُبع أوّلاً في مطبعة الزاخر سنة 1734، ثمّ طُبع ثانية في المطبعة الكاثوليكيّة. وتُرجم أيضًا إلى اللغة الكلدانيّة وطُبع في الموصل سنة 1894.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

رجال دين مسيحيون
رومان كاثوليك إسبان
صوفيون كاثوليك
فلاسفة القرن 17
فلاسفة إسبان
كتاب إسبان
كتاب في القرن 17
كتاب مقالات
كتاب مقالات إسبان
متصوفون مسيحيون في القرن 17
مواليد 1595
مواليد في مدريد
وفيات 1658
وفيات في مدريد
يسوعيون إسبان
يسوعيون إسبان في القرن 17

خوان يوسيبيو نيرمبرغ


La línea 191 de Metrobús es de reciente aparición, dado que en 2011 fue la primera vez que presto servicio. Su trayecto es idéntico al de la línea 190, solo que reduce su trayecto hasta la urbanización de Gavines, para poder prestar un mejor servicio. El 27 de julio, dado que no podían realizar el servicio con el horario establecido, reduce su trayecto hasta la pedanía de El Saler.

Trayecto

Horario

En el horario, las horas marcadas en negrita, entran a la playa de El Saler, y las marcadas con asteriscos, pasan por La Punta.

Transporte de Valencia
Líneas Interurbanas de Valencia

Línea 191 (MetroBus Valencia)


Erik Helge Osvald Stensiö (octubre 2 de 1891 - enero 11 de 1984) fue un paleozoólogo sueco.

Nació Erik Andersson en Stensjö en la Provincia de Kalmar, y posteriormente cambió su apellido por el de su villa natal. Su nombre a veces se encuentra ortografiado como Erik Andersson Stensiö o como Erik A. Stensiö.

En 1921, obtuvo el doctorado en paleontología y el título académico de docente-privado (Privatdozent) de la Universidad de Upsala. Y en 1923, fue nombrado profesor y conservador en el Departamento de Zoopaleontología (luego llamado Departamento de Paleozoología) del Museo de Historia Natural en Estocolmo, cargo que ocupó hasta su jubilación en 1959.

Los trabajos de Stensiö principalmente versaron sobre anatomía y evolución de vertebrados « inferiores ». Y entre muchas otras cosas, demostró Stensiö que los placodermos estaban emparentados a los tiburones modernos.

Su primera obra de envergadura, Triassic fishes from Spitzbergen (part I: Vienna-1921; part II: Stockholm-1925), fue escrita partiendo de material recolectado en el curso de sus expediciones a Spitsbergen, en 1912, 1913, 1915, y 1916.

Stensiö actuó como miembro de la Real Academia de Ciencias de Suecia a partir de 1927. Y en 1946, fue elegido miembro extranjero de la Real Sociedad de Londres.

Recibió también la Medalla Wollaston en el año 1953, así como la Medalla Linneana de la Sociedad Linneana de Londres en el año 1957. Y en 1958, también fue recompensado con la prestigiosa Medalla Darwin-Wallace de la Sociedad Linneana de Londres.

Fundador de la Escuela de Estocolmo en Paleozoología, su enseñanza fue continuada por sus sucesores, Erik Jarvik y Tor Ørvig.

Referencias
 Nordisk familjebok, 2.ª ed. vol. 38

Bibliografía
 Patterson, C., « Erik Helge Osvald Stensiö », Biographical Memoirs of the Fellows of the Royal Society, 35 (1990), 363–380.

Enlaces externos
 (en inglés) Historia del Departamento de Paleozoología del Museo de Historia Natural de Suecia.

Paleontólogos de Suecia
Zoólogos de Suecia
Paleozoólogos
Ictiólogos de Suecia
Alumnado de la Universidad de Upsala
Miembros de la Real Academia de las Ciencias de Suecia
Miembros extranjeros de la Royal Society
Medalla Darwin-Wallace
Medalla Wollaston
Miembros de la Leopoldina
Suecos del siglo XX
Fallecidos en Estocolmo

Erik Andersson Stensiö


An Dignathia hirtella in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Otto Stapf. An Dignathia hirtella in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dignathia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dignathia

Dignathia hirtella


Shania Twain ist das Debütalbum der kanadischen Country-Sängerin Shania Twain. Es erschien am 20. April 1993 bei Polygram Records/Mercury Records.

Geschichte
Das Album wurde im zeitgenössischen Country-Stil aufgenommen, wies jedoch auch Tendenzen zum Soft-Rock auf. Es wurde mit Harold Shedd und Norro Wilson aufgenommen. Es wurde 1993 in den USA, aber erst etwa ein Jahr später, im Mai 1994 in Großbritannien veröffentlicht. 2000 erfolgte eine Wiederveröffentlichung. Im Zuge der Erfolge Twains erlangte das Album in den USA Platin-Status, in Kanada Doppelplatin.

Kritik
Thom Owens von Allmusic kritisierte, dass die Songs "nicht gut aufgebaut" seien, ihnen fehlten starke Melodien. Das Album zeige aber die beachtlichen stimmlichen Fähigkeiten Twains. Die Wertung war 3 von 5 Sternen. Robert Christgau schrieb: "God Ain't Gonna Getcha for That".

Titelliste
What Made You Say That – 2:58 (Tony Haselden, Steve Munsey Jr.)
You Lay a Whole Lot of Love on Me – 2:48 (Hank Beach, Forest Borders II)
Dance with the One That Brought You – 2:23 (Sam Hogin, Gretchen Peters)
Still Under the Weather – 3:06 (Skip Ewing, L. E. White, Michael White)
God Ain't Gonna Getcha for That – 2:44 (Kent Robbins, Shania Twain)
Got a Hold on Me – 2:14 (Rachel Newman)
There Goes the Neighborhood – 3:17 (Tommy Dodson, Bill C. Graham, Alan Laney)
Forget Me – 3:21 (Stephony Smith)
When He Leaves You – 4:21 (Mike Reid, Keny Robbins)
Crime of the Century – 3:29 (Richard Fagan, Ralph Murthy)

Einzelnachweise

Album 1993
Album (Country)
Shania Twain

Shania Twain (Album)


El apellido o nombre Gadafi (, ) puede hacer referencia a las siguientes personas:

Como apellido
 Wanis al-Qaddafi (1924–1986), Primer Ministro libio desde 1968 hasta 1969
 Muammar Gaddafi (1942-2011), líder libio desde 1969 hasta 2011
 Muhammad el Gadafi (nacido en 1970), hijo mayor del anterior
 Saif al Islam Gadafi (nacido en 1972), segundo hijo;
 Al-Saadi el Gadafi (nacido en 1973), hijo de Muammar y jugador de fútbol;
 Hannibal Muammar Gadafi (nacido en 1975), hijo de Muammar;
 Aisha el Gadafi (nacido en 1976), única hija de Muammar;
 Moatassem Gadafi (1977-2011), hijo ya fallecido;
 Saif al Arab Gadafi (1982–2011), séptimo de sus hijos y ya fallecido;
 Khamis Gadafi (1983-2011), hijo más joven del líder libio;

Como nombre
 Gaddafi Janjalani o Khadaffy Janjalani (1975-2006), líder del grupo filipino Abu Sayyaf.

Gadafi (desambiguación)


The Douglas XTB2D Skypirate (also known as the Devastator II) was a torpedo bomber intended for service with the United States Navy's Midway- and Essex-class aircraft carriers; it was too large for earlier decks. Two prototypes were completed, but the dedicated torpedo bomber was becoming an outdated concept, and with the end of World War II, the type was deemed unnecessary and cancelled.

Design and development
In 1939, Douglas designers Ed Heinemann and Bob Donovan began work on a VTB Proposal to replace the TBD Devastator torpedo bomber. In 1942, the team led by Heinemann and Donovan began work on a new project named the "Devastator II". On 31 October 1943, just four days after the very large s were ordered into production, Douglas received a contract for two prototypes, designated TB2D, receiving the official name: "Skypirate".

The TB2D was powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major driving contra-rotating propellers. Four torpedoes (such as the Mark 13 torpedo) or an equivalent bomb load could be carried on underwing pylons. Defensive armament consisted of two 20 mm (.79 in) cannon in the wings and .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns mounted in a power-operated dorsal turret.

Very large for a single-engined aircraft, the TB2D would have been the largest carrierborne aircraft at the time; it could carry four times the weapon load of the Grumman TBF Avenger. With only limited support from the US Navy, and facing a recommendation for cancellation on 20 May 1944 due to the aircraft being designed only for the CVB and CV9 carriers, the TB2D project was in peril even at the design and mockup stage.

Operational history

The two "Skypirate" prototypes, BuNo 36933 and 36934, were ready for flight trials in 1945 with the first prototype XTB2D-1 flying on 13 March 1945. The second example had a 58 cm increase in the length of the fuselage, and flew later in summer 1945. Both prototypes were test flown without any armament. Despite the flying trials proceeding on schedule, the collapse of the Japanese forces in the Pacific along with delays in the Midway class, eliminated the need for the type and the 23 pre-production aircraft on order were subsequently cancelled. The flight trials were suspended and the two prototypes were eventually reduced to scrap in 1948.

Specifications (XTB2D-1 Skypirate)

See also

Citations

Bibliography

 Andrews, Harold: XTB2D-1. United States Naval Aviation News, January 1982, pp. 20–21
 Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920: Volume I. London: Putnam, 1979. .
 Kowalski, Bob. Douglas XTB2D-1 Skypirate (Naval Fighters, Volume Thirty-Six). Simi Valley, CA: Ginter Books, 1996. .
Wagner, Ray. American Combat Airplanes of the 20th Century: A Comprehensive Reference. Reno, Nevada: Jack Bacon & Co., 2004.

TBD2 Skypirate
Douglas TBD2 Skypirate
Carrier-based aircraft
Aircraft with contra-rotating propellers
World War II torpedo bombers of the United States
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1945

Douglas XTB2D Skypirate


Aderus maynei é uma espécie de inseto besouro da família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por Maurice Pic em 1931.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita na República Democrática do Congo.

Referências

maynei
Coleópteros da República Democrática do Congo
Insetos descritos em 1931
Espécies descritas por Maurice Pic

Aderus maynei


Yvette Brackman (født 1967, New York City) er en amerikansk billedkunstner bosiddende i København. Hun arbejder i forskellige medier fra skulptur, video og installationer til sociale interventioner og systemer. Hendes værker indeholder ofte performative kvaliteter og benytter sig af metoder så som rollespil, erindring, benægtelse og udveksling. I hendes praksis undersøger hun betydningen af historiefortælling i sociale relationer gennem elementer fra mode, teater og design samt strategier der udfordrer beskuerens rolle. Brackman undersøger temaer så som forholdet mellem krop, rum og erindring såvel som samspillet mellem oprindelse, omgivelser, fordrivelse og eksil. Tilbagevendende tematikker i hendes praksis er også kulturel overlevelse og tilpasning samt påvirkningen fra politiske systemer.

Brackman har en MFA, MA og certifikat i Woman's Studies fra University of Illinois in Chicago's School of Art and Design og en BFA fra The School og The Art Institute of Chicago. Hun var professor og leder af afdelingen for Mur og Rum på det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi fra år 2000-2007. Hun har været gæsteprofessor, forelæser og Phd.-rådgiver ved adskillige institutioner i Skandinavien og USA. Siden 1993 har hun udstillet internationalt, kurateret kunstudstillinger siden 1995 og publiceret en række tekster i kunstjournaler.

Yvette Brackman har senest udstillet på Nordkystens Kunsttriennale 2016, Nordsjælland. Overgaden Institut for Samtidskunst i København, 2015. The Moscow Biennial 2013, Rusland. The Liverpool Biennial, 2012, England. Freies Museum Berlin, 2013, Tyskland. LAXART, 2012, Los Angeles, USA. Museet for Samtidskunst, 2012, Roskilde samt Statens Museum for Kunst, København, hvor Brackman ligeledes indgår i museets permanente samling.

Kilder
 Yvette Brackman på LAXART, Los Angeles, USA
 Yvette Brackman, Sort Mælk - Holocaust i ny kunst, Museet for Samtidskunst, Roskilde, Danmark
 Yvette Brackman på Statens Museum for Kunst, X-Rummet, 2002
 Yvette Brackman på Nordkystens Kunsttriennale 2016
 Yvette Brackman på Liverpool Biennial 2012, City States

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Yvette Brackmans hjemmeside
 Yvette Brackman på Louisiana Channel, A Sense of Togetherness
 Yvette Brackman i Yale University Radio WYBCX
 Yvette Brackman på kvinfo.dk, Hun nebryder mure på Kunstakademiet
 Monografi, Systems and Scenarios, Jrp Ringier, 2012
 Yvette Brackman, Sibirien i Sølvgade, Dagbladet Information, 2001
 Yvette Brackman, Historiens stof, Dagbladet Information, 2014
 Yvette Brackman, Summer Encounters, The New Yorker, 2015

 Yvette Brackman på LAXART, Los Angeles, USA
 Yvette Brackman, Sort Mælk - Holocaust i ny kunst, Museet for Samtidskunst, Roskilde, Danmark
 Yvette Brackman på Statens Museum for Kunst, X-Rummet, 2002
 Yvette Brackman på Nordkystens Kunsttriennale 2016
 Yvette Brackman på Liverpool Biennial 2012, City States

Billedkunstnere
Kunstnere fra Danmark
Personer fra New York City

Yvette Brackman


Imogen (Imogene) ou Imogène est un prénom féminin à l'étymologie incertaine, possiblement irlandaise ou grecque. Ce prénom est notamment populaire au Royaume-Uni.

Personnalités portant ce prénom
 Imogen Heap, autrice-compositrice-interprète anglaise ;
 Imogen Stidworthy, artiste multimédia britannique ;
 Imogen Cunningham, photographe portraitiste américaine ;
 Imogen Holst, compositrice et cheffe d'orchestre britannique ;
 Imogen Poots, actrice britannique ;
 Imogen Simmonds, triathlète britannico-suisse ;
 Imogen Stubbs, actrice anglaise ;
 Imogen Stuart, sculptrice germano-irlandaise ;
 Imogen Clark, nageuse britannique ;
 Imogen Walsh, rameuse britannique ;
 Imogen Cooper, pianiste britannique ;
 Imogen Waterhouse,  actrice et mannequin britannique ;
 Imogen Bailey, actrice, mannequin et chanteuse australienne ;
 Imogen Hassall, actrice anglaise.

Personnage de fiction
 Imogène McCarthery, personnage de roman policier, héroïne de sept romans policiers de Charles Exbrayat.

Toponymie
  Col Imogene, un col des Monts San Juan dans les Rocheuses

Prénom féminin

Imogen


Barlaston es una localidad situada en el municipio de Stafford, en el condado de Staffordshire (Inglaterra). Tiene una población estimada, a mediados de 2019, de 2008 habitantes.

En la localidad está la Wedgwood Collection, propiedad del Victoria & Albert Museum.

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, en ese momento Barlaston tenía 2659 habitantes (47,91% varones, 52,09% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 218,13 hab/km². El 14,44% eran menores de 16 años, el 72,55% tenían entre 16 y 74, y el 13,01% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 46,53 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 20,35% estaban solteros, el 60,62% casados, y el 19,03% divorciados o viudos.

Según su grupo étnico, el 99,25% de los habitantes eran blancos, el 0,38% mestizos, el 0,26% asiáticos, y el 0,11% negros. La mayor parte (97,71%) eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 0,9% de la población, mientras que el 1,39% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. El cristianismo era profesado por el 84,62%, el hinduismo por el 0,15%, el judaísmo por el 0,11%, el islam por el 0,15%, el sijismo por el 0,11%, y cualquier otra religión, salvo el budismo, por el 0,11%. El 8,24% no eran religiosos y el 6,51% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

Había 1150 hogares con residentes y 27 vacíos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Staffordshire
Parroquias civiles de Staffordshire

Barlaston


Gerald Arthur James Balfour,  comte de Balfour ( - ), titré vicomte Traprain entre 1945 et 1968, est un pair britannique.

Biographie
Balfour est le fils de Robert Balfour (3e comte de Balfour) et de Jean Lily West Roundel Cooke-Yarborough. Il épouse Natasha Georgina Anton (décédée en 1994), fille du capitaine George Anton, le 14 décembre 1956.

Balfour fait ses études au Collège d'Eton. Il participe à la Seconde Guerre mondiale, dans la marine marchande. Maître marinier, il sert d'abord sur le . De 1960 à 1974, il est conseiller du comté d'East Lothian. En novembre 1968, il succède à son père dans le comté.

Comme Balfour et sa femme n'ont pas d'enfants, il est remplacé dans le comté par son cousin Roderick Balfour.

Références

 Peter W. Hammond, The Complete Peerage or a History of the House of Lords and All its Members From the Earliest Times, Volume XIV: Addenda & Corrigenda (Stroud, Gloucestershire, Royaume-Uni: Sutton Publishing, 1998), page 692
 Charles Mosley, éditeur, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 106e édition, 2 volumes (Crans, Suisse : Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 1999), volume 1, page 172

Liens externes

Élève du collège d'Eton
Comte de la pairie du Royaume-Uni
Décès en juin 2003
Naissance en décembre 1925
Décès à 77 ans

Gerald Balfour (4e comte de Balfour)


Virgilio Martínez Véliz (* 31. August 1977 in Lima, Peru) ist ein peruanischer Chefkoch und Unternehmer. Er gilt als Vertreter der neuen Generation der peruanischen Köche. 2023 erreichte sein Restaurant Central im Distrikt Miraflores von Lima Rang 1 in der Liste The World's 50 Best Restaurants.

Leben
Virgilio begann mit achtzehn Jahren das Studium der Rechtswissenschaft an der Universität von Lima, das er nach drei Jahren abbrach, um sich als Koch auszubilden. Er arbeitete in Restaurants wie dem Stage of Four Seasons in Singapur, Lutèce in Manhattan, Cab Fabes in Sant Celoni, Astrid y Gastón in Madrid und in Bogotá.

Internationale Teilnahmen
 Fachsymposium Chef-Alps (Zürich)
 Mesamérica (Mexiko-Stadt)´
 Peixe em Lisboa (Lissabon, Portugal)
 Melbourne Food & Wine Festival (Melbourne, Australien)
 Identità Golose (Mailand, Italien)
 Festival Cultura e Gastronomia Tiradentes (Minas Gerais, Brasilien)
 Festa a Vico (Vico Equense, Italien)
 Ñam Santiago (Santiago de Chile)
 Savour (Singapur)
 Gulfood (Dubai, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate)
 Paris des Chefs (Paris, Frankreich)
 Mistura (Lima, Peru)
 Sabores de Perú (London, Vereinigtes Königreich)
 Dos Semanas de Cocina Peruana (Rom, Italien)
 Perú Mucho Gusto (Madrid, Spanien)
 Vivamérica (Madrid, Spanien)
 Peru Food Festival (Hongkong)

Projekte
Derzeit ist er der Chef und Eigentümer des Restaurante Central im Stadtteil Barranco von Lima. 2012 eröffnete er im Hotel Palacio Nazarenas in Cusco das Restaurant Senzo und in London das Restaurant LIMA.

Weblinks
 Virgilio Martínez Véliz auf Savour.sg
 Virgiliocentral, sein Konto auf Instagram
 Central Restaurante

Einzelnachweise

Koch (Peru)
Person (Lima)
Peruaner
Geboren 1977
Mann

Virgilio Martínez Véliz