Once Upon a Time in America () is a 1984 epic crime film co-written and directed by Italian filmmaker Sergio Leone, and starring Robert De Niro and James Woods. The film is an Italian–American venture produced by The Ladd Company, Embassy International Pictures, PSO Enterprises and Rafran Cinematografica, and distributed by Warner Bros. Based on Harry Grey's novel The Hoods, it chronicles the lives of best friends David "Noodles" Aaronson and Maximilian "Max" Bercovicz as they lead a group of Jewish ghetto youths who rise to prominence as Jewish gangsters in New York City's world of organized crime. The film explores themes of childhood friendships, love, lust, greed, betrayal, loss, broken relationships, together with the rise of mobsters in American society.

It was the final film directed by Leone before his death five years later, and the first feature film he had directed in 13 years. It is also the third installment of Leone's Once Upon a Time Trilogy, which includes Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) and Duck, You Sucker! (1971). The cinematography was by Tonino Delli Colli, and the film score by Ennio Morricone. Leone originally envisaged two three-hour films, then a single 269-minute (4 hours and 29 minutes) version, but was convinced by distributors to shorten it to 229 minutes (3 hours and 49 minutes). The American distributors, The Ladd Company, further shortened it to 139 minutes (2 hours and 19 minutes), and rearranged the scenes into chronological order, without Leone's involvement.

The US edit was a critical and commercial flop in the United States, and critics who had seen both versions harshly condemned the changes made. The original "European cut" has remained a critical favorite and frequently appears in lists of the greatest films of all time, especially in the gangster genre.

Plot

In 1933, three thugs search for a man named "Noodles", torturing people for information. They enter a wayang theater, where the proprietors slip into a hidden opium den within the building and warn Noodles. He is apathetic, drugged and grasping a newspaper featuring the demise of bootleggers Patrick Goldberg, Philip Stein and Maximilian Bercovicz. He recalls observing police removing their corpses, Max's burned beyond recognition. Noodles evades capture and leaves the city alone and penniless.

In 1918, David "Noodles" Aaronson and his friends "Patsy" Goldberg, "Cockeye" Stein and Dominic struggle as street kids in Manhattan's Lower East Side, committing petty crimes for local boss Bugsy. Max foils one of their robberies but has the booty stolen from him by a corrupt police officer, Whitey. Later, they blackmail the officer, catching him having sex with Peggy, a prostitute, and the five youngsters start a gang with the same level of police protection as Bugsy. Max and Noodles become best friends.

The group rises through the ranks after implementing Noodles' idea to hide bootleg liquor. They stash half their earnings in a railway station locker, giving the key to "Fat Moe", a friend not directly involved in their activities. Noodles is in love with Moe's sister, Deborah, who dreams of becoming a dancer and actress. Bugsy, now a rival, eventually ambushes the boys and shoots little Dominic, who dies in Noodles' arms. In a fit of rage, young Noodles kills Bugsy and injures a police officer, and is sentenced to prison.

Noodles is released in 1930 and rejoins his friends, now prosperous bootleggers during Prohibition. His first job with them is a diamond heist using a jewelry employee and occasional prostitute named Carol as their informant. During the robbery, Carol goads Noodles into hitting her, after which he rapes her; she later goes on to become Max's moll. That the job had been commissioned by a Syndicate figure to eliminate the competition sits badly with Noodles who, unlike Max, dislikes hierarchy and lacks political ambition. The gang provides protection for Teamsters' union boss Jimmy O'Donnell, but Noodles later rejects Max's plan to deepen those ties.

Seeking to form a genuine intimacy with Deborah, Noodles takes her on a lavish date, where she reveals her plans to pursue a career in Hollywood. On their drive back, a frustrated Noodles rapes her in the limousine. He is later met with Deborah's aloofness when he watches her board the train to California.

The gang's success ends with the 1933 repeal of Prohibition. Max suggests a New York Federal Reserve Bank heist, which Noodles and Carol deem a suicide mission. Carol convinces Noodles to inform the police about a lesser offense, hoping brief incarceration will cool off Max's ambition. After Noodles calls the police, Max knocks him out during a seemingly impromptu argument. This leads to the events shown in the prologue: upon regaining consciousness and learning that Max, Patsy, and Cockeye have been killed by the police, a guilt-ridden Noodles hides in the opium den. He saves Moe but finds out that his new girlfriend Eve has been murdered and the railway locker money has disappeared. With his gang killed and himself hunted by Syndicate thugs, Noodles settles in Buffalo under an alias.

In 1968, Noodles is belatedly informed that the Beth Israel Cemetery is being redeveloped, and asked to rebury any loved ones. Upon inquiry, the rabbi who had sent the letter informs him that the bodies of his three dead friends have since been relocated to Riverdale. Realizing that someone has deduced his identity, Noodles returns to Manhattan and stays with Moe. Inside the Riverdale mausoleum, Noodles finds a key to the railway locker. The caption on the commemorative plaque falsely states that the mausoleum was erected by Noodles himself.

The locker reveals a suitcase full of money, and a note stating this is a down payment on his next job. Noodles watches news of an assassination attempt on controversial U.S. Secretary of Commerce Christopher Bailey. The report shows Jimmy O'Donnell, still a Teamsters boss, distancing himself from the Bailey corruption scandal. Noodles finds Carol in a retirement home run by the Bailey Foundation. She tells him that Max manipulated them into tipping him off to the police and opened fire first, wishing to die young rather than in an insane asylum like his father.

After spotting her in the retirement home's dedication photo, Noodles tracks down Deborah, still an actress. He tells her about his invitation to a party at Bailey's mansion. Deborah admits to being Bailey's lover and begs Noodles to leave before he is confronted with hurtful revelations. Ignoring Deborah's advice, Noodles sees Bailey's son just outside, who evidently looks like a younger Max.

At the party, Noodles meets Bailey, who reveals he is actually Max and that he faked his death with the help of the police and Syndicate, stole the gang's money and reinvented himself as a self-made, Teamsters-connected politician. He confirms that he made Deborah his mistress years earlier. Faced with ruin and the specter of a Teamster assassination, Max reveals the job he has for Noodles is to kill him. Noodles, obstinately referring to him by his Bailey identity, refuses, explaining that in his eyes, Max died with the gang. As Noodles leaves the estate, a garbage truck starts up and a man, presumably Max, walks from the entrance toward Noodles until the truck passes between them. Noodles sees the truck's auger conveyor grinding garbage, but the man is nowhere to be seen.

In 1933, Noodles enters the opium den after his friends' deaths, taking the drug and broadly grinning.

Cast

 Robert De Niro as Noodles
 Scott Tiler as Young Noodles
 James Woods as Max
 Rusty Jacobs as Young Max/David Bailey
 Elizabeth McGovern as Deborah
 Jennifer Connelly as Young Deborah
 Joe Pesci as Frankie Monaldi
 Burt Young as Joe
 Tuesday Weld as Carol
 Treat Williams as Jimmy O'Donnell
 Danny Aiello as Police Chief Aiello
 Richard Bright as Chicken Joe
 James Hayden as Patsy
 Brian Bloom as Young Patsy
 William Forsythe as Cockeye
 Adrian Curran as Young Cockeye
 Darlanne Fluegel as Eve
 Larry Rapp as Fat Moe
 Mike Monetti as Young Fat Moe
 Richard Foronjy as Whitey
 Robert Harper as Sharkey
 Dutch Miller as Van Linden
 Gerard Murphy as Crowning
 Amy Ryder as Peggy
 Julie Cohen as Young Peggy
 Estelle Harris as Peggy's mother

The cast also includes Noah Moazezi as Dominic, James Russo as Bugsy, producer Arnon Milchan as Noodles' chauffeur, Marcia Jean Kurtz as Max's mother, Joey Faye as an "Adorable Old Man", and Olga Karlatos as a wayang patron. Frank Gio, Ray Dittrich and Mario Brega (a regular supporting actor in Leone's Dollars Trilogy) respectively appear as Beefy, Trigger and Mandy, a trio of gangsters who search for Noodles. Frequent De Niro collaborator Chuck Low and Leone's daughter Francesca respectively make uncredited appearances as Fat Moe and Deborah's father, and David Bailey's girlfriend. In the 2012 restoration, Louise Fletcher appears as the Cemetery Directress of Riverdale, where Noodles visits his friends' tomb in 1968.

Production

Development
During the mid-1960s, Sergio Leone had read the novel The Hoods by Harry Grey, a pseudonym for the former gangster-turned-informant whose real name was Harry Goldberg. In 1968, after shooting Once Upon a Time in the West, Leone made many efforts to talk to Grey. Having enjoyed Leone's Dollars Trilogy, Grey finally responded and agreed to meet with Leone at a Manhattan bar. Following that initial meeting, Leone met with Grey several times throughout the remainder of the 1960s and 1970s, having discussions with him to understand America through Grey's point of view.

Intent on making another trilogy about America consisting of Once Upon a Time in the West, Duck, You Sucker! and Once Upon a Time in America, Leone turned down an offer from Paramount Pictures to direct The Godfather in order to pursue his pet project. Elements of Norman Mailer's first two drafts of a commissioned screenplay that was later drafted would appear in the film.

Filming
The filming of Once Upon a Time in America started in June 1982 and eventually ended in April the next year. The locations where the shooting took place were in and around US, Canada, Italy, and France, with a focal point in New York City. Interior scenes were mostly filmed at the Cinecittà Studios in Rome.

The beach scene, where Max unveils his plan to rob the Federal Reserve, was shot at The Don CeSar in St. Pete Beach, Florida. The New York's railway "Grand Central Station" scene in the thirties flashbacks was filmed in the Gare du Nord in Paris. The interiors of the lavish restaurant where Noodles takes Deborah on their date were shot in the  in Venice, Italy.

Editing
By the end of filming, Leone had ten hours worth of footage. With his editor, Nino Baragli, Leone trimmed this to almost six hours, and he originally wanted to release the film in two parts. The producers refused, partly because of the commercial and critical failure of Bernardo Bertolucci's two-part 1900, and Leone was forced to further shorten it. The film was originally 269 minutes (4 hours and 29 minutes), but when the film premiered out of competition at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival, Leone had cut it to 229 minutes (3 hours and 49 minutes) to appease the distributors, which was the version shown in European cinemas.

Music
The musical score was composed by Leone's longtime collaborator Ennio Morricone. "Deborah's Theme" was written for another film in the 1970s but was rejected. The score is also notable for Morricone's incorporation of the music of Gheorghe Zamfir, who plays a pan flute. Zamfir's flute music was used to similar effect in Peter Weir's Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975). Morricone also collaborated with vocalist Edda Dell'Orso on the score.

Besides the original music, the film used source music, including:
 "God Bless America" (written by Irving Berlin, performed by Kate Smith – 1943) – Plays over the opening credits from a radio in Eve's bedroom and briefly at the film's ending.
 "Yesterday" (written by Lennon–McCartney – 1965) – A Muzak version of this piece plays when Noodles first returns to New York in 1968, examining himself in a train station mirror. An instrumental version of the song also plays briefly during the dialogue scene between Noodles and "Bailey" towards the end of the film.
 "Summertime" (written by George Gershwin – 1935) An instrumental version of the aria from the opera Porgy and Bess is playing softly in the background as Noodles, just before leaving, explains to "Secretary Bailey" why he could never kill his friend.
 "Amapola" (written by Joseph Lacalle, American lyrics by Albert Gamse – 1923) – Originally an opera piece, several instrumental versions of this song were played during the film; a jazzy version, which was played on the gramophone danced to by young Deborah in 1918; a similar version played by Fat Moe's jazz band in the speakeasy in 1930; and a string version, during Noodles' date with Deborah. Both versions are available on the soundtrack.
 Part of the third theme from the overture to La gazza ladra (Gioachino Rossini – 1817) – Used during the baby-switching scene in the hospital.
 "Night and Day" (written and sung by Cole Porter – 1932) – Played by a jazz band during the beach scene before the beachgoers receive word of Prohibition's repeal, and during the party at the house of "Secretary Bailey" in 1968.
 "St. James Infirmary Blues" is used during the Prohibition "funeral" at the gang's speakeasy.

A soundtrack album was released in 1984 by Mercury Records. This was followed by a special-edition release in 1995, featuring four additional tracks.

Release
Once Upon a Time in America premiered at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival on May 20, 1984. It received a raucous, record-breaking ovation of nearly 20 minutes after the screening (reportedly heard by diners at restaurants across the street from the Palais), at a time in Cannes's history before marathon applause became a regular occurrence. In the United States, a heavily edited version of the film received a wide release in 894 theaters on 1 June 1984, and grossed $2.4 million during its opening weekend. It ended its box office run with a gross of just over $5.3 million on a $30 million budget, and became a box office bomb.

Numerous women at the film's premiere reacted furiously, mostly due to the two rape sequences. One among them later confronted Robert De Niro in a press conference and made harsh comments to the film's depiction, describing it as "blatant, gratuitous violence." In general, the rape scenes specifically were controversial. Richard Godden defended Leone's representation of rape that it "articulates the dysfunction between bodies in images and bodies themselves." Elizabeth McGovern supported Godden's claim and said that Leone didn't intend to glamorize any "violent sex". In his book, Leone scholar Christopher Frayling argues that the movie's central gang are all emotionally stunted: "... like small boys obsessed with their equipment who have no idea how to relate to flesh-and-blood women."

Versions

U.S. version
The film was shown in limited release and for film critics in North America, where it was slightly trimmed to secure an "R" rating. Cuts were made to two rape scenes and some of the more graphic violence at the beginning. Noodles' meeting with Bailey in 1968 was also excised. The film gained a mediocre reception at several sneak premieres in North America. Because of this early audience reaction, the fear of its length, its graphic violence, and the inability of theaters to have multiple showings in one day, The Ladd Company cut entire scenes and removed approximately 90 minutes of the film, without the supervision of Sergio Leone.

This American wide release (1984, 139 minutes) was drastically different from the European release, as the non-chronological story was rearranged into chronological order. Other major cuts involved many of the childhood sequences, making the adult 1933 sections more prominent. Noodles' 1968 meeting with Deborah was excised, and the scene with Bailey ends with him shooting himself (with the sound of a gunshot off screen) rather than the garbage truck conclusion of the 229-minute version. Sergio Leone's daughter, Raffaella Leone, said that Leone had dismissed the US version as not his own movie.

USSR
In the Soviet Union, the film was shown theatrically in the late 1980s, with other Hollywood blockbusters such as the two King Kong films. The story was rearranged in chronological order and the film was split in two, with the two parts shown as separate movies, one containing the childhood scenes and the other comprising the adulthood scenes. Despite the rearranging, no major scene deletions were made.

Restored original

In March 2011, it was announced that Leone's original 269-minute version was to be re-created by a film lab in Italy under the supervision of Leone's children, who had acquired the Italian distribution rights, and the film's original sound editor, Fausto Ancillai, for a premiere in 2012 at either the Cannes Film Festival or Venice Film Festival.

The restored film premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, but because of unforeseen rights issues for the deleted scenes, the restoration had a runtime of only 251 minutes. However, Martin Scorsese (whose Film Foundation helped with the restoration) stated that he was helping Leone's children gain the rights to the final 24 minutes of deleted scenes to create a complete restoration of Leone's envisaged 269-minute version. On 3 August 2012, it was reported that after the premiere at Cannes, the restored film was pulled from circulation, pending further restoration work.

Home media
In North America, a two-tape VHS was released by Warner Home Video with a runtime of 226 minutes in February 1985 and 1991. The U.S. theatrical cut was also released at the same time in February 1985. A two-disc special edition was released on 10 June 2003, featuring the 229-minute version of the film. This special edition was re-released on 11 January 2011, on both DVD and Blu-ray. On 30 September 2014, Warner Bros. released a two-disc Blu-ray and DVD set of the 251-minute restoration shown at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, dubbed the Extended Director's Cut. This version was previously released in Italy, on 4 September 2012.

Critical reception
The initial critical response to Once Upon a Time in America was mixed, because of the different versions released worldwide. While internationally the film was well received in its original form, American critics were much more dissatisfied with the 139-minute version released in North America. This condensed version was a critical and financial disaster, and many American critics who knew of Leone's original cut attacked the short version.

Some critics compared shortening the film to shortening Richard Wagner's operas, saying that works of art that are meant to be long should be given the respect they deserve. In his 1984 review, Roger Ebert gave the uncut version four stars out of four and wrote that it was "an epic poem of violence and greed", but described the American theatrical version as a "travesty". Furthermore, he gave the American theatrical version one star out of four, calling it "an incomprehensible mess without texture, timing, mood, or sense." Ebert's television film critic partner Gene Siskel considered the uncut version to be the best film of 1984 and the shortened, linear studio version to be the worst film of 1984. Vincent Canby of The New York Times criticized the nonlinear narrative that is structured throughout the film.

It was only after Leone's death and the subsequent restoration of the original version that critics began to give it the kind of praise displayed at its original Cannes showing. The uncut original film is considered to be far superior to the edited version released in the U.S. in 1984. Ebert, in his review of Brian De Palma's The Untouchables, called the original uncut version of Once Upon a Time in America the best film depicting the Prohibition era. James Woods, who considers it to be Leone's finest film, mentioned in the DVD documentary that one critic dubbed the film the worst of 1984, only to see the original cut years later and call it the best of the 1980s. Some were critical towards the movie's graphic violence and cruelty, with Donald Clarke of The Irish Times condemning it as a "fistful of misogyny" and "offensively sexist".

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Once Upon a Time in America has an approval rating of 87% based on 55 reviews, with an average score of 8.50/10. The website's critic consensus reads, "Sergio Leone's epic crime drama is visually stunning, stylistically bold, and emotionally haunting, and filled with great performances from the likes of Robert De Niro and James Woods." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 75 out of 100 based on reviews from 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The film has since been ranked as one of the best films of the gangster genre. When Sight & Sound asked several UK critics in 2002 what their favorite films of the last 25 years were, Once Upon a Time in America placed at number 10. In 2015, the film was ranked at number nine on Time Outs list of the 50 best gangster films of all time, while in 2021, The Guardian cited it as the fourth greatest mobster film ever made.

Accolades
Unlike its modern critical success, the initial American release did not fare well with critics and received no Academy Award nominations. The film's music was disqualified from Oscar consideration for a technicality, as the studio accidentally omitted the composer's name from the opening credits when trimming its running time for the American release.

Interpretations
As the film begins and ends in 1933, with Noodles hiding in an opium den from syndicate hitmen, and the last shot of the film is of Noodles in a smiling, opium-soaked high, the film can be interpreted as having been a drug-induced dream, with Noodles remembering his past and envisioning the future. In an interview by Noël Simsolo published in 1987, Leone lent support to this interpretation, saying that the scenes set in the 1960s could be seen as an opium dream of Noodles'. In the DVD commentary for the film, film historian and critic Richard Schickel states that opium users often report vivid dreams, and that these visions have a tendency to explore the user's past and future.

The ending in which Max appears as Noodles is leaving Bailey's mansion and then suddenly disappears behind a truck only for Noodles to see the blades of the truck spinning, was reportedly left ambiguous on purpose. James Woods, who played Max, stated that he does not know if Max jumped in the truck or just disappeared. Critic Carlo Affatigato described this twist as a "paradox," postulating that the whole film is about how Noodles spends the second half of his life seeking out the truth of what happened, only to discover it, not accept it, and not investigate what happens to Max in the end. Noodles only wants to believe the reality he has created for himself, not an objective one. Affatigato also believes this could point to it all being the imagination of Noodles.

Many people (including Schickel) assume that the 1968 Frisbee scene, which has an immediate cut and gives no further resolution, was part of a longer sequence. Ebert stated that the purpose of the flying disc scene was to establish the 1960s time frame and nothing more.

See also
 List of films cut over the director's opposition

Notes

References

Sources

External links

1980s American films
1980s English-language films
1980s Italian films
1980s Italian-language films
1984 crime drama films
1984 films
American crime drama films
American epic films
American gangster films
American nonlinear narrative films
English-language Italian films
Films about Jewish-American organized crime
Films about prohibition in the United States
Films about rape
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Sergio Leone
Films produced by Arnon Milchan
Films scored by Ennio Morricone
Films set in 1918
Films set in 1930
Films set in 1932
Films set in 1933
Films set in 1968
Films set in Brooklyn
Films set in New York City
Films shot at Cinecittà Studios
Films shot in Florida
Films shot in New Jersey
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in Venice
Films with screenplays by Ernesto Gastaldi
Films with screenplays by Sergio Leone
Italian crime drama films
Italian epic films
Regency Enterprises films
The Ladd Company films
Warner Bros. films
Yiddish-language films

Once Upon a Time in America


Jesse James Rutherford () este un cântăreț și actor american, cunoscut ca solist al trupei The Neighbourhood. Jesse a inceput si o cariera solo sub numele The Factoury. In anii 2017 si 2019 a lansat 2 albume solo: & si GARAGEB&. Dupa lansarea cantecului "Middle of Somewhere", Jesse a devenit Chip Chrome. Acesta a luat o pauza de la social media la inceputul anului 2020, insa pe data de 18 Martie 2020 acesta si-a creat cont de TikTok, @chipchrome.

Carieră
După ce a jucat în reclame când era copil, Rutherford a avut un rol în 2002 în filmul , urmat de rolul din filmul  din 2002 și un rol episodic în același an în Star Terk: Enterprise, episodul .

În 2011, a lansat un mixtape numit Truth Hurts, Truth Heals. Cariera sa muzicală la The Neighbourhood a început în 2012 cu primul lor cântec Female Robbery, urmat de , cel din urmă ajungând pe locul întâi în clasamentul  al revistei "Billboard în iunie 2013.

La începutul anului 2016, Rutherford a lansat o carte intitulată &, care include fotografii ale sale făcute de Jessie English. Rutherford a declarat că a folosit haine din propriul dulap și a pozat până când a rămas fără haine.

La 10 noiembrie 2017, Jesse a lansat albumul său de studio solo de debut, care conținea 11 piese fără colaborări. Acesta a fost anunțat anterior pe 3 noiembrie, printr-un articol din Pidgeons & Planes.

Viața personală
(acestia si-au facut relatia publica de la inceput; pentru aniversarea de 4 ani, Jesse i-a cumparat lui Devon un colier de la IceBox cu talismanele J,(inima),D).

Note

Cântăreți americani
Nașteri în 1991
Oameni în viață

Jesse Rutherford


73453 Ninomanfredi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
73453 Ninomanfredi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Campo Catino de Gianluca Masi și Franco Mallia. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,77 ua, o excentricitate de 0,04 și o înclinație de 4,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 73001-74000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2002
Centura de asteroizi

73453 Ninomanfredi


Marmara Bölgesi, Türkiye'nin 7 coğrafi bölgesinden biridir.

Köprü niteliği ile Avrupa ve Asya'yı birbirine bağladığı söylenebilir. Yaklaşık 67.000 kilometrekarelik bir yüzölçüme sahip olup Türkiye'nin %8,5'ine karşı gelir.

Marmara Denizi de yaklaşık 11.000 km²'lik yüzölçümüyle bu bölgenin bir iç denizi durumunda olup bölgenin tam ortasını kaplar. Marmara Bölgesi'nin toplam nüfusu TÜİK  2022 yılı nüfus  sayımına göre 26,650,405 Nüfusu vardır.

Marmara Bölgesi'nde sanayi, ticaret, turizm ve tarım gelişmiştir. Bölgedeki en gelişmiş sanayi İstanbul-Bursa-Kocaeli şehirlerinde olmakla birlikte bölgenin diğer yörelerinde de yaygın sanayi faaliyetleri vardır. Başlıca sanayi ürünleri olarak; otomotiv endüstrisi parçaları,çeşitli metal ürünler, işlenmiş gıda, dokuma, hazır giyim, çimento, kimya, kâğıt, petrokimya ürünleri, beyaz eşya sayılabilir.

Ekili alanların yaklaşık yarısı buğday olup buğdayı şekerpancarı, mısır ve ayçiçeği izler. Bölge, Türkiye'nin ayçiçeği üretiminin yaklaşık %73'ünü, mısır üretiminin ise yaklaşık %30'unu gerçekleştirir. Bağcılık da hayli gelişmiş olup Tekirdağ, Şarköy, Mürefte, Avşa ve Bozcaada üzüm ve şarapları meşhurdur.

Yedi coğrafi bölge içinde yükseltisi en az olan bölgedir. Ekili-dikili arazi oranı %30'dur. Ormanlık alan oranı %11,5'tir. Kümes hayvancılığı ve ipek böcekçiliği yaygındır. Nüfus ve nüfus yoğunluğu, göç alması nedeniyle çok yüksektir. Enerji tüketimi ve turizm gelirleri en yüksek bölgedir.

İstanbul, Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli, Yalova, Kocaeli tamamen bölge sınırları içinde; Sakarya ve Bilecik'in Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde toprakları olup; Bursa ve Balıkesir'in Ege Bölgesi'nde de toprakları vardır. Çanakkale ilinin topraklarının çok büyük bir bölümü Marmara Bölgesi içinde olup sadece Edremit Körfezi çevresindeki yerleşim yerleri Ege Bölgesi sınırları içinde kalır.

Marmara Bölgesi'nin en büyük kenti İstanbul'dur. Marmara Bölgesi'ndeki en küçük kenti ise Yalova'dır.

İstanbul, Marmara Bölgesi'nin yoğun nüfuslu olmasında önemli bir rol oynar. İl merkezleri baz alındığında Marmara Bölgesi'nde yer alan iller şunlardır.

İstanbul
Edirne
Kırklareli
Tekirdağ
Çanakkale
Kocaeli
Yalova
Sakarya
Bilecik
Bursa
Balıkesir

Marmara Bölgesi'nde olmayıp bölge sınırları içerisinde toprakları bulunan iller
 Düzce, Gümüşova ilçesinin batısı.
 Bolu, Sultanpınar Yaylası ve Göynük ilçesine bağlı Hacımahmut ile Kaşıkçışeyhler köyleri.
 Eskişehir, İnönü ilçesinin kuzeyi.
 Kütahya, Domaniç ilçesine bağlı Safa köyü ve Çiçekli Yayla (Acısu).
 Manisa, Kırkağaç ilçesine bağlı Demirtaş, Fırdanlar, Gökçukur, Kocaiskan mahalleleri ve Soma ilçesine bağlı Tabanlar mahallesi.
 İzmir, Bergama ilçesine bağlı Ürkütler mahallesinin kuzeyi

Marmara Denizi'ne kıyısı bulunan iller
 İstanbul
 Tekirdağ
 Çanakkale
 Balıkesir
 Bursa
 Yalova
 Kocaeli

Marmara Denizi'ne kıyısı bulunmayan iller
 Kırklareli (Karadeniz'e kıyısı bulunur.)
 Edirne (Ege Denizi'ne kıyısı bulunur.)
 Sakarya (Karadeniz'e kıyısı bulunur.)
 Bilecik (hiçbir denize kıyısı yoktur.)

Marmara Bölgesinin, yine bölge bazında olan 14 komşusu vardır. Güneyde Ege Bölgesi, doğuda Karadeniz Bölgesi ve güneydoğuda İç Anadolu Bölgesi karadan bölgeyi kuşatmıştır. Bölgenin adını aldığı Marmara Denizi haricinde; İstanbul, Tekirdağ, Kırklareli, Kocaeli ve Sakarya illeri aracılığı ile Karadeniz'e; Çanakkale, Edirne ve Balıkesir illeri aracılığı ile de Ege Denizi'ne kıyısı vardır.

Bölümler
Marmara Bölgesi 4 bölümden oluşmaktadır. Bunlar Çatalca-Kocaeli, Yıldız Dağları, Ergene ve Güney Marmara bölümleridir.

Çatalca-Kocaeli Bölümü
Adapazarı Ovası'nın doğusundan başlayarak, Silivri'ye kadar devam eder. Marmara Bölgesi'nin kuzeydoğu topraklarını kapsayan bu bölüm İstanbul Boğazı ile ikiye bölünür. Doğudaki kısım Kocaeli Yarımadası ve Adapazarı Ovası, batıdaki kısım ise Çatalca Yarımadası'dır. Bölüm akarsular ile parçalanmış olup, yer yer tepeliklere sahiptir. Ortalama 150 - 200 metre yükseklik gösteren bu tepeler plato özelliği taşır.

Bölümün Karadeniz kıyılarını bakan taraflarında ormanlar görülürken, Marmara Denizi kıyısında bitki örtüsü yerini maki ve zeytinliklere bırakır. Bölümde toprakları bulunan İstanbul, Kocaeli ve Sakarya illerinin üçünde de kuzeyde yerleşim seyrektir. Nüfus yoğunluğu daha ılıman iklime sahip olan, güneydedir. Kuzeydeki en önemli yerleşim merkezi Şile'dir. Buna karşılık güneyde en önemli yerleşim birimleri, Kocaeli ve İstanbul'dur.

Şeker pancarı, zeytin, sebze ve tahıl üretimi yapılmaktadır. Silivri ve Çatalca ilçelerinde önemli ölçüde hayvansal gıda üretilir. Tereyağı, peynir ve yoğurt bunların başlıcalarıdır.

Çatalca ilçesindeki ocaklardan çıkarılan grafit işlenmesi için İstanbul'a gönderilir. Durusu Gölü çevresinde çıkarılan linyit İstanbul'da yakacak ihtiyacı için kullanılır.

Bölümün böylesine gelişmesinin sebebi Asya ve Avrupa kıtalarını birbirine bağlayan Boğaz Köprülerinin bu bölüm içinde İstanbul ilinde olmasıdır. İstanbul ticaret, sanayi, bankacılık, kültür, sanat, medya, ulaşım, tekstil, kimya, dericilik, kundura, ilaç, cam, besin ve turizm bakımından Türkiye'nin merkezidir. Tüm bu sunduğu imkânlar dahilinde İstanbul uzun yıllar durmak bilmez bir göç dalgası ile karşı karşıya kalmış ve bugün Türkiye'nin toplam nüfusunun sekizde birinin bünyesinde bulundurur. Aldığı nüfus ile hızla büyüyen İstanbul ili yaşayanlara yeterli altyapı ve konut sunamamaktadır ve plânsızca büyümektedir. Devlete ve özel sektörün çabalarıyla şehirde kentsel dönüşüm seferberliği başlatılmış, gecekondulaşmanın yerini toplukonutlar ile çözme yoluna gidilmiştir. Günümüzde Kocaeli ve Sakarya, İstanbul'un hemen arkasında hızla büyümektedir. İstanbul ve Sakarya arası büyük bir sanayi sahasıdır. Buralarda devlete ve özel sektöre ait birçok tersane, çimento, beyaz eşya fabrikaları, alüminyum ve petrokimya tesisleri bulunur. Kocaeli'nin Gölcük ilçesi bir donanma üssü ve askeri araçların yapıldığı bir sanayi merkezidir.

Yıldız Dağları Bölümü
Yıldız Dağları Bölümü, Marmara Bölgesi'nin kuzeybatısını oluşturur.İsmini alanın büyük bir alanını kaplayan Yıldız Dağları'ndan alır. Batıda, Bulgaristan sınırından, doğuda Durusu Gölü'ne kadar uzanır. Yıldız Dağları'nın Karadeniz'e bakan yamaçlarında Türkiye'de Karadeniz iklimi  etkilidir. Doğal bitki örtüsü makilik olup, yaklaşık 150  metre yükseklikten sonra ormanlar başlamaktadır. Yıldız Dağları'nın batı kısımları plâto özelliği taşır, ve bu alandaki verimli tarım arazilerinde buğday, ayçiçeği, şeker pancarı ve mısır tarımı yapılır. Küçükbaş hayvancılık oldukça gelişmiştir ve buna bağlı olarak bölümde birçok mandıra ve peynir imalathanesi vardır.

Ergene Bölümü
Ergene Bölümü, adını içine alan bu bölüm Yıldız Dağları ile Koru Dağları arasında kalmış bölümü kapsar. Tekirdağ ve Edirne illerinin bütünü ile Kırklareli'nin yarıya yakınını ve Çanakkale'nin Gelibolu ilçesinin çok küçük bir alanını kapsar.

Marmara Bölgesi'nin, en soğuk, en az yağış alan, bitki örtüsünün en cılız olduğu yer Ergene Bölümüdür. Genel bitki örtüsü bozkırlardır. Bölümde yetiştirilen başlıca ürünler; buğday, mısır, çeltik, şeker pancarı, ayçiçeği, susam ve patatestir. Bağcılık ve ayçiçeği üretimi çok gelişmiş olduğundan, buna bağlı olarak da alkollü içecek ve yağ sanayii gelişmiştir. En önemli yerleşim merkezleri, Uzunköprü, Meriç, Babaeski, Lüleburgaz, Çorlu, Çerkezköy, Malkara, Keşan, Edirne, Tekirdağ ve İpsala'dır. Hamitabat beldesinde çıkarılan doğalgazdan elektrik üretilir.

Güney Marmara Bölümü
Güney Marmara Bölümü yeryüzü şekilleri bakımından Marmara Bölgesinin en fazla çeşitlilik gösterdiği bölümdür. Platolar, ovalar, göller, akarsular, körfezler bölümün başlıca yer şekilleridir. Saros Körfezi ile İzmit Körfezi'nin güneyinde kalan, Çanakkale, Balıkesir, Bursa, Yalova, Bilecik illeri ile, Kocaeli ve Sakarya illerinin bir kısmını kapsayan alandır. Bölümdeki ovalarda buğday, ayçiçeği, şeker pancarı ekimi yapılmaktadır. Dutluklara ve meyve bahçelerine rastlanmaktadır. Küçükbaş hayvancılık çok gelişmiştir. Bursa yöresinde ipek böcekçiliği yapılır. Gelibolu ve Kapıdağ yarımadaları ile Çanakkale ilinin genelini kapsayan Biga Yarımadası nüfusun en seyrek olduğu yerlerdir. Buralarda engebe fazladır. Çanakkale Boğazı, Gelibolu Yarımadası ile Biga Yarımadası'nı birbirinden ayırır.

Bölüm akarsu, göl, körfez ve adalar yönünden oldukça zengindir. Bölgenin en önemli akarsuyu Susurluk Çayı'nın vadisi Marmara Denizi'nin ılıman havasının iç kesimlere ulaşmasını sağlar. Biga Çayı ile Gönen Çayı diğer önemli akarsulardır. İznik, Ulubat ve Manyas Kuşgölü bu bölümde bulunur. Bunlar içinde Kuşcenneti Millî Parkı dünyaca üne sahip bir milli parktır.

Bölümün en önemli yerleşim birimi Bursa'dır. Türkiye'nin nüfus bakımından dördüncü büyük kenti olan Bursa geçmişte Osmanlı Devleti'ne başkentlik yapmış eski bir payitaht'dır. Günümüzde ise Bursa güçlü sanayisi, otomotiv, tekstil, mobilya, gıda ve teknoloji gibi alanlarda faaliyet gösteren büyük sanayi kuruluşlarıyla önemli bir sanayi ve endüstri şehridir. Bursa sanayi şehri olmanın yanı sıra tarihi, doğal güzellikleri, sahilleri, gölleriyle ekonomik ve kültürel yönden gelişmiş bir turizm şehridir. Diğer önemli yerleşim merkezleri İnegöl, Balıkesir, Çanakkale, Erdek, Gemlik, Mudanya, Orhangazi,Karacabey, Mustafakemalpaşa, Yalova, Bozüyük, Biga, Bandırma ve Gönen'dir.

İnegöl; Mobilya, Tekstil, İplik, Orman ve ağaç ürünleri konusunda bölümün Bursa'dan sonra en gelişmiş merkezidir. Yine Bursa, Bandırma, Balıkesir, Çanakkale, Yalova ve Bilecik'de gıda sanayi, Balıkesir'de şeker ve kağıt sanayi, Bursa'da tekstil, otomotiv ve konserve sanayi, Bandırma beyaz et üretimi ve kimya sanayi, Erdek, Mudanya, Gemlik, İznik ve Gölyazı ise turizm konusunda gelişmiştir.

Çanakkale'ye bağlı Biga ve Çan ilçelerinde günümüzde faal olan linyit ocakları mevcuttur. Bandırma limanı bölge için çok önemlidir. İstanbul - Bandırma arasında arabalı feribot taşımacılığı yapılır. Yine Bursa ve İstanbul arasında her gün İDO ve BUDO feribot seferleri yapılmaktadır. Bursa, İnegöl ve Gönen'de kaplıca turizmi, Susurluk'da bor çıkarımı, Bilecik ve Marmara Adası gibi merkezlerde ise mermercilik yapılmaktadır.

Yerleşme
Türkiye'de tarım alanlarının en iyi değerlendirildiği yer Marmara Bölgesi'dir. En fazla ekili dikili alan bu bölgede bulunur. Fakat bölge kendine yetmediğinden, dışarıdan ürün almaktadır. Bölgenin sağladığı iş istihdamı nedeniyle bölge hâlâ yoğun göç almaktadır.

Bölgeye bağlı 21 ada vardır. Adaların çoğunda yerleşim vardır. Ege Denizi'nde bulunan Gökçeada ve Bozcaada da Marmara Bölgesi sınınrları içindedir. Karadeniz'e kıyısı olan Kefken Adası bölgenin sınırları içinde bulunur.

Bursa iline bağlı adalar
 İmralı Adası
 Halilbey Adası
 Mutlu Adası
 Terzioğlu Adası

Balıkesir iline bağlı adalar

Çanakkale iline bağlı adalar
Bkz: Tavşan Adaları

Kocaeli iline bağlı adalar
 Kefken Adası ya da Kerpe Adası; (Kocaeli, Kandıra)

İstanbul iline bağlı adalar
Bakınız Adalar (Prens Adaları)

Dağları
Marmara Bölgesi'nde Yıldız dağları, Biga dağları, Kapıdağ, Uludağ, Samanlı dağları, Domaniç Dağı, Koru Dağları, Işıklar dağı, Armutçuk dağı, Kazdağı, Elmacık dağ'ları bulunmaktadır. Bunların en büyüğü Bursa'daki Uludağ'dır. Yüksekliği 2543 metredir. Ayrıca bölgedeki Edirne ilinde herhangi bir dağ bulunmamaktadır.

Akarsu ve Göller
Bölge genelinde, küçük ölçekli olmalarına rağmen sık bir akarsu ağı vardır. Sakarya, Ergene, Susurluk, Meriç ve Biga Çayı bölgedeki başlıca akarsulardır. Bölge'de irili ufaklı birçok doğal ve yapay göl bulunur. Büyükçekmece Gölü, Samandıra Gölü, Küçükçekmece Gölü, Durusu Gölü, İznik Gölü, Sapanca Gölü, Uluabat Gölü ve Manyas Gölü, açık havası olan tatlı su gölleridir. Bunların haricinde özellikle Güney Marmara Bölümü'nde Biga Yarımadası üzerinde sulama yapılır.

İklim ve bitki örtüsü
Marmara Bölgesi'nin iklimini, tek bir iklim adı ile başlıklandırmak doğru olmaz, Marmara Bölgesi'nde hüküm süren iklim, Türkiye'de Karadeniz iklimi, karasal iklim ve Akdeniz iklimi arasında bir geçiş evresidir. Bölgede yıllık yağış 500 – 1000 mm arasındadır. En çok yağış kış mevsiminde Aralık, Ocak, Şubat aylarında düşer. En kurak aylar ise Haziran, Temmuz ve Ağustos aylarıdır. Karlı, soğuk ve donlu günlerin sayısı kıyı kesimlerde en azdır. İç kesimlere gidildikçe karasallık etkisi artar. Ege ve Marmara denizi kıyılarında makiler, güney Marmara sahillerinde ise zeytinlikler bulunur. Makiler 200 metre yüksekliğe kadar baskın bitki örtüsüdür. Ergene Havzası'nda bozkırlar oluşmuşsa da bölgenin tamamında yaygınlık göstermez. Yükseltinin olduğu yerlerde, özellikle Trakya'da ormanlara rastlanır.

Hava sıcaklığının 0 °C nin altında geçtiği gün sayısı çok kısadır. Marmara Bölgesi'nin yıllık sıcaklık değerleri: ortalama 14 -16 °C, en sıcak ay ortalaması: 23-25 °C, en soğuk ay ortalaması: 5-6 °C'dir. Yıllık yağış miktarı 600–700 mm civarındadır. Marmara bölgesinde hâkim rüzgârlar genelde Kuzey ve Kuzeydoğu yönlerinden eser.

Bölgedeki millî parklar
 Gelibolu Yarımadası Tarihî Millî Parkı (Çanakkale)
 Kazdağı Millî Parkı (Balıkesir)
 Gala Gölü Millî Parkı (Edirne)
 Uludağ Millî Parkı (Bursa)
 Kuşcenneti Millî Parkı (Bandırma)
 Truva Tarihî Millî Parkı (Çanakkale)
 İğneada Longoz Ormanları Millî Parkı (Kırklareli)

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'nin coğrafi bölgeleri

Kaynakça

Türkiye'nin coğrafi bölgeleri

Marmara Bölgesi


Gai Eaton (1 Ocak 1921 - 26 Şubat 2010), Britanyalı yazar ve diplomat. Müslüman olduktan sonra ismini Sidi Hasan Abdullah Abdülhamid olarak değiştirdi. 29 yaşında Müslüman oldu. 18 yıl Britanya Dışişleri'nde diplomat olarak görev yaptı. 26 Şubat 2010 tarihinde yaşamını yitirdi.

Türkçede kitapları
 Tanrı'yı Hatırlamak, çev. Salime Leyla Gürkan, İnsan Yayınları, İstanbul, 2003
 İslam ve İnsanlığın Kaderi, çev. İhsan Durdu, İnsan Yayınları, İstanbul, 1992
 Kalenin Kralı: Modern Dünyada İnsanın Tercih ve Sorumluluğu, İz Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2005, ISBN 975-355-327-7
 Beşerin Kumdan Kaleleri, Pınar Yayınları, İstanbul, 2003

Kaynakça

1921 doğumlular
2010 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyıl Britanyalı yazarları
21. yüzyıl Britanyalı yazarları
Britanyalı diplomatlar
Britanyalı mutasavvıflar
Tradisyonalistler
Müslüman olanlar
Gurbetçi akademisyenler

Gai Eaton


فِرِملة هو أحد أنواع التمور التونسية، وهو تمر جاف بحيث كان يتاجر به، وكان يعتبر من التمور الجيدة قبل أنتشار الدقلة والفطيمي. وينضج في أواخر شهر أوت وبداية شهر سبتمبر.

تمور تونسية
نخيل

فرملة


Der Service historique de la Défense (SHD) ist das zentrale Archiv des französischen Verteidigungsministeriums und der französischen Armee. Es wurde mit Gesetz vom 17. Januar 2005 geschaffen.

Aufgaben
Der SHD, ein Dienst mit nationaler Zuständigkeit, ist der "direction de la mémoire, du patrimoine et des archives" angegliedert, einer der Direktionen des "Secrétariat général pour l'administration" (SGA) des französischen Verteidigungsministeriums.

Der SHD umfasst
 das Centre historique des archives in Vincennes und
 das Centre des archives de l'armement et du personnel in Châtellerault.
Insgesamt verwahrt der SHD 300 Regalkilometer Archivmaterialien, davon 100 km in Vincennes und 70 km in Châtellerault. Der SHD ist damit das zweitgrößte Archiv in Frankreich.

Der SHD besitzt auch eine der bedeutendsten Bibliotheken in Frankreich. Sie umfasst mehr als eine Million Bände (16. bis 20. Jahrhundert) und ist auf Militärgeschichte spezialisiert. Neben seltenen Editionen und Prachtbänden bewahrt sie zahlreiche Manuskripte (darunter das Erdkundeheft des Schülers Ludwig XVI.) und Originale alter Karten und Pläne.

Literatur
 Herausgebergemeinschaft: Guide des archives de la bibliothèque, SHAA, 2001 (2. Auflage)
 Agnès Chablat-Beylot: Les archives du service historique de l'armée de l'air, 1994

Sonstiges
Das Pendant des SHD ist in Deutschland das Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv in Freiburg; dieses übernahm nach der Wiedervereinigung auch das Militärarchiv Potsdam, das Militärarchiv der DDR. Näheres siehe Militärarchiv.

Weblinks
 Site officiel du Service historique de la Défense
 Mémoire des hommes, archives sur les soldats de la guerre de 1914-1918

Bibliothèque numérique d'inventaires papier numérisés

Quellen

Archiv (Frankreich)
Militär (Frankreich)
Verteidigungspolitik (Frankreich)

Service historique de la Défense


René Gardien (* 10. Februar 1928 in Chambéry; † 1. Februar 2006 in Thiers) war ein französischer Fußballspieler und -trainer.

Spielerkarriere

In seinen Vereinen
René Gardien kam bald nach Kriegsende aus seiner savoyardischen Heimat, wo er in den Jugendmannschaften des SO Chambéry gespielt hatte, zum seinerzeitigen Zweitdivisionär FC Sochaux. Der gerade 18-Jährige stand dort in seiner ersten Saison 1946/47 mit zwei Legenden des französischen Fußballs der Zwischenkriegszeit, Verteidiger Étienne Mattler und Torjäger Roger Courtois, in einem Aufgebot, wuchs aber selbst bald in die Kampfmannschaft der "Werkself von Peugeot" hinein. Am Ende dieser Spielzeit stieg Sochaux als Meister in die höchste französische Liga auf, wo Gardien sich als "leidenschaftlicher, wendiger und bewegungsfreudiger" Rechtsaußen, der "seinen Gegenspielern keine Pause gönnte", schnell einen Namen machte. In den folgenden fünf Jahren schloss die Mannschaft jeweils auf einem Platz im oberen Tabellenmittelfeld ab und wurde personell kontinuierlich verstärkt, so durch Josef Humpál, Jean-Jacques Marcel und Alberto Muro. In der Saison 1952/53 gelang den "jungen Löwen" – Lionceaux ist der bis ins 21. Jahrhundert gebräuchlichste Spitzname der Spieler des Vereins – sogar überraschend die Vizemeisterschaft hinter Stade Reims; der beidfüßige Flügelstürmer René Gardien hatte dazu mit 17 Punktspieltreffern wesentlich beigetragen, erreichte unter den besten Angreifern der Division 1 den sechsten Rang und wurde im Frühjahr 1953 zum Nationalspieler (siehe unten). Außerdem gewann er mit seiner Mannschaft in dieser Saison die Coupe Charles Drago.

Obwohl sich der FC Sochaux auch danach weiter durch gute Spieler verstärkte – so spielte Gardien ab Mitte der 1950er Jahre unter anderem an der Seite von François Remetter, Ginès Liron, Yngve Brodd, Julien Stopyra und Samuel Edimo –, erreichte der Verein bis 1959 nie wieder eine so gute Ligaplatzierung wie 1953. Gardien zumindest waren 1956/57 noch einmal 17 Saisontreffer gelungen und er beendete diese Saison auf Rang acht unter den besten Torjägern. Zwei Jahre später erreichten die Lionceaux das Endspiel um den französischen Pokal, und angesichts der Tatsache, dass sie darin auf den Zweitdivisionär Le Havre AC trafen, rechnete Sochaux sich gute Chancen aus. Tatsächlich ging die Partie aber in die Verlängerung, in der René Gardien seine Mannschaft zwar mit 2:1 in Führung brachte, der Gegner jedoch noch auszugleichen vermochte. Im daraufhin erforderlichen Wiederholungsspiel dominierte dann der Außenseiter und Sochaux blieb letztlich chancen- und titellos.

Gleich anschließend verließ Gardien den Verein, dem er 13 Jahre lang die Treue gehalten hatte. Er trug ein Jahr lang den Dress des OSC Lille und von 1960 bis 1962 den des RCFC Besançon; beide spielten zu der Zeit in der Division 2, und mit keinem von ihnen kam der Angreifer auch nur in die Nähe eines zum Aufstieg berechtigenden Tabellenplatzes. Mit Besançon gelang ihm immerhin 1962 ein zweites Mal der Gewinn der Coupe Charles Drago, als die Elf im Endspiel gegen den Landespokalsieger von 1959, den Le Havre AC, die Oberhand behielt. René Gardien beendete anschließend seine Spielerkarriere, in der er insgesamt mehr als 340 Begegnungen mit 122 Toren in der ersten und 99 Partien (32 Treffer) in der zweiten Liga bestritten hatte.

Stationen
 bis 1946 Stade Olympique Chambéry (als Jugendlicher)
 1946–1959 FC Sochaux (1946/47 in D2)
 1959/60 OSC Lille (in D2)
 1960–1962 Racing Club Franc-Comtois Besançon (in D2)

In der Nationalmannschaft
Während seiner erfolgreichsten Saison 1952/53 kam René Gardien auch zu internationalen Einsätzen. Der erste davon war im März 1953 der sogenannte Watersnoodwedstrijd, ein Benefizspiel der französischen Nationalelf im Pariser Parc des Princes gegen eine Auswahl niederländischer Auslandsprofis, dessen Einnahmen den Opfern der Flutkatastrophe von 1953 zugutekamen. Anschließend berief ihn das Auswahlkomitee des Verbands FFF unter den Sélectionneurs Gaston Barreau und Paul Nicolas auch für zwei offizielle A-Länderspiele. Bei dem ersten im Mai gegen Wales erzielte der Neuling auf Anhieb zwei Tore beim 6:1-Sieg, so dass er vier Wochen darauf auch gegen Schweden (0:1 im Råsundastadion von Solna) Berücksichtigung erfuhr. Anders als im Verein war er bei allen drei Spielen auf dem linken Flügel aufgestellt worden. Dies blieb allerdings sein letzter Auftritt im blauen Dress, und er gehörte im Jahr darauf nicht einmal mehr zum französischen Aufgebot für die Weltmeisterschaft in der Schweiz.

Trainerlaufbahn
Kurz nach Beendigung seiner Spielerkarriere ließ René Gardien sich in Thiers nieder; dort trainierte er den örtlichen Amateurligisten SA Thiers. 1969 nahm er ein Angebot des Zweitdivisionärs FC Grenoble an, und nur ein Jahr darauf stand er bei dessen Ligakonkurrenten OSC Lille an der Seitenlinie. Die Nordfranzosen führte er 1971 in die höchste Spielklasse zurück, die daraus 1972 allerdings prompt wieder abstieg. Als es ihm in der folgenden Saison nicht gelang, den sofortigen Wiederaufstieg zu bewerkstelligen, entließ ihn der Verein 1973. Ab 1974 arbeitete er für den EDS Montluçon, mit dem er von 1978 bis 1982 in der zweiten Liga vertreten war und den er 1983, nach neun Jahren, verließ. Sein letztes Engagement führte Gardien nach einer längeren Unterbrechung 1988 zum FC Clermont-Ferrand, mit dem er 1989 gleichfalls aus der Division 2 abstieg, als der Verein Konkurs anmelden musste. Er arbeitete dort dennoch auch unter Amateurbedingungen noch ein weiteres Jahr und setzte sich anschließend in der Region endgültig zur Ruhe.

Palmarès
 Französischer Vizemeister: 1953
 Finalist im Landespokal: 1959
 Gewinner der Coupe Charles Drago: 1953, 1962
 Französischer Zweitligameister: 1947 (als Spieler), 1971 (als Trainer)
 2 A-Länderspiele, 2 Treffer

Literatur
 Denis Chaumier: Les Bleus. Tous les joueurs de l'équipe de France de 1904 à nos jours. Larousse, o. O. 2004, ISBN 2-03-505420-6

Weblinks
 Gardiens Datenblatt auf der Seite des französischen Fußballverbands
 Datenblatt bei footballdatabase.eu

Anmerkungen und Nachweise

Fußballnationalspieler (Frankreich)
Fußballspieler (FC Sochaux)
Fußballspieler (OSC Lille)
Fußballspieler (RC Besançon)
Fußballtrainer (Frankreich)
Franzose
Geboren 1928
Gestorben 2006
Mann

René Gardien


"Shy Away" pjesma je američkog glazbenog dua Twenty One Pilots. Pjesma je objavljena 7. travnja 2021. godine, a objavila ju je diskografska kuća Fueled by Ramen, kao prvi singl s njihovog šestog albuma, Scaled and Icy. Singl krasi glazbeni video, koji su režirali Miles Cable i AJ Favicchio.

Pozadina

Tyler Joseph, frontmen dua napisao je "Shy Away" za svog mlađeg brata, Jaya Josepha, kao poduku kako upravljati glazbenim studiom. Tijekom snimanja, Josephova kćer se gugutala, što je Joseph odlučio zadržati u pjesmi.

Pjesma je snimljena i osmišljena preko online poziva između članova dua, primarno zbog pandemije COVID-19. Objavljena je dva dana nakon najave šestog albuma Scaled and Icy.

Kompozicija
"Shy Away" je "propulzivna" synthpop, alternativna rock i indie rock pjesma koja traje nešto manje od tri minute, točnije dvije minute i pedeset i pet sekundi. Pjesma sadrži "kratak, ali sladak" dio za "hardcore klince". Često je uspoređena s pjesmama od izvođača kao što su the Strokes i Phoenix. Smatra se jednom od vedrijih pjesama sastava, s mnogo sintisajzera, i elemenata elektroničke, pop i indie glazbe.

Glazbeni video
Glazbeni video objavljen je uz pjesmu, kojeg su režirali Miles Cable i AJ Favicchio. Video prikazuje duo u njihovoj novoj "eri", i novoj paleti boja koja se redovito mijenja kroz albume. Nove boje su: nijanse svijetlo plave, ružičaste i povremeno žute. U videu, pozadinske glazbenike utjelovljuju sami Joseph i Dun, koji nose skijaške maske, što referira na prijašnje stilove s albuma Vessel i Blurryface. Glazbeni video trenutno ima preko 23 milijuna pregleda na YouTubeu.

Komercijalni uspjeh
Nakon samo dva dana od objave, "Shy Away" se popela na 20. mjesto na Billboard ljestvici, te je dostigla sedmo mjesto. Na ljestvici alternativnih pjesama, dospjela je na prvo mjesto u manje od tjedan dana od objave. U UK-u i Irskoj je dostigla 56. mjesto, i 36. mjesto u Litvi.Na ljestvici Billboard Hot 100 dostigla je 87. mjesto.

Osoblje
 Tyler Joseph – vokali, glasovir,  bas-gitara, sintisajzer, gitara, programiranje, produciranje, tekstopisac
 Josh Dun – bubnjevi, inženjer zvuka bubnjeva

Izvori

Američke skladbe

Shy Away


Revista Hidrotehnica este o revistă de hidraulică, gospodărirea apelor, construcții hidrotehnice și protecția mediului care apare în prezent sub egida Administrației Naționale "Apele Române". Revista a fost înființată în anul 1954 sub denumirea de METEOROLOGIA, HIDROLOGIA și GOSPODĂRIREA APELOR

Referințe

Reviste de știință din România
Hidraulică
Hidrotehnica în România

Revista Hidrotehnica


Igay (Igaegi en euskera) es un concejo del municipio de Ribera Baja, en la provincia de Álava, País Vasco (España).

Etimología
La palabra Igay o Igaray significa Junto al molino.

Localización
Está ubicada a los 42° 44" 15" N y 0° 46" 25" O sobre una ladera a 548 m sobre el nivel del mar, en la orilla izquierda del río Bayas. Los terrenos sobre los que se asienta están constituidos por margas y areniscas ocre.

Historia
El sitio fue poblado desde tiempos prehistóricos. Junto al río Bayas existe el denominado Dolmen de los Andrinales, uno más de los numerosos yacimientos prehistóricos que se encuentran en la zona. Descubierto en 1955 por Domingo Medrano, consta de media docena de losas de arenisca sin cubierta ni túmulo, hundidas en la tierra alrededor de una cámara y corredor cuyo eje tiene orientación N-S.

Las referencias históricas a Igay se remontan al , al ser mencionado en la Reja de San Millán. Lugar de señorío en la hermandad de la Ribera, era uno de los 7 pueblos de la Ribera Baja y se regía por el alcalde mayor y demás justicia común a dichos 7 pueblos.

En 1802 dependía de la diócesis de Calahorra y de su vicaría de Miranda.

A mediados del , el lugar, ya por entonces parte del ayuntamiento de Ribera Baja, tenía contabilizada una población de 32 habitantes. La localidad aparece descrita en el noveno volumen del Diccionario geográfico-estadístico-histórico de España y sus posesiones de Ultramar de Pascual Madoz de la siguiente manera:

Demografía
El concejo ha seguido en este siglo las pautas demográficas de la gran mayoría de las localidades alavesas, es decir, ha sufrido una regresión poblacional, siendo más acusada a partir de la puesta en escena del desarrollo industrial de las tres últimas décadas, llegando a reducirse su población a la mitad.

Lengua
Se desconoce la fecha en que se perdió el euskera, aunque probablemente tuvo lugar entre el  y el .

Monumentos

La iglesia parroquial, dedicada a San Román, es una construcción románica con muros de mampostería, torre de planta cuadrada y escasa altura, pórtico con un solo arco de buen tamaño. Sólo quedan restos en uno de sus muros de la primitiva edificación.
En el interior, tanto la bóveda que cubre la planta rectangular del templo como el retablo central son de época barroca.

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Página web con datos del concejo
Otra página web con datos del concejo
Dolmen de Los Andrinales
Página de información genealógica con datos de Igay

Concejos de Ribera Baja

Igay


Barwani (en hindi; बडवानी जिला) es un distrito de la India en el estado de Madhya Pradesh. Código ISO: IN.MP.BR.

Comprende una superficie de 5 432 km².

El centro administrativo es la ciudad de Barwani.

Demografía
Según censo 2011 contaba con una población total de 1 385 659 habitantes, de los cuales 686 081 eran mujeres y 699 578 varones.

Localidades
 Anjad

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Barwani

Distrito de Barwani


Patuljasti orao (lat. Hieraaetus pennatus ili kao Aquila pennata ) je srednje velika ptica grabljivica široke rasprostranjenosti u palearktičkoj zoni i južnoj Aziji, koja zimi u tropskim zemljama Afrike i Azije, zimi, s malom populacijom u jugozapadnoj Africi. Kao i svi orlovi, on pripada obitelji Accipitridae.

Opis
Mužjaci su teški oko 51–770 g, a ženke oko 840–1,025 g, a dugači su 40 cm s rasponom krila 11–132 cm. Postoje dva relativno različita oblika perja. Blijede ptice su uglavnom svijetlosive boje, s tamnijom glavom i svjetlijim perjem. Drugi oblik ima srednje smeđe perje s tamno-sivim oznakama na perjima.

Rasprostranjenost i staništa
Razmnožava se u južnoj Europi, sjevernoj Africi i cijeloj Aziji, a također i na zapadu Južne Afrike i u Namibiji. Sjeverna populacija migrira i prezimljuje u periodu između studenog veljače u subsaharskoj Africi i južnoj Aziji, dok je mala populacija južne Afrike sjedilačka. Ovo je vrsta šumovitih, često brdovitih krajeva, a razmnožava se na stjenovitim terenima, ali selidbena populacija koristiti gotovo sve vrste staništa osim guste šume.

Ponašanje
Ženke liježu 1-2 jaja u gnijezdo izgrađeno od granja i obloženo zelenim lišćem na drvetu, ili preuzima oduzeto gnijezdo druge velike ptice, poput crne lunja ili sive čaplje. Ženka sjedi na jajima oko 45 dana, a mužjak ih hrani nakon što se izlegu. Ženka čuva gnijezdo i mladunce, dok mužjak osigurava hranu. Pilići se osamostaljuju nakon 70–75 dana.

Lovi male sisavce, gmazove i ptice.

Izvori

Orlovi

Patuljasti orao


The Man from Earth: Holocene este un film SF din 2017 regizat de Richard Schenkman. Este continuarea filmului The Man from Earth din 2007. Scenariul este scris de Emerson Bixby, fiind bazat pe personaje create de tatăl său, scriitorul de science fiction Jerome Bixby.   David Lee Smith revine în rolul lui John Oldman, protagonistul filmului. Filmul a fost încărcat pe The Pirate Bay la 16 ianuarie 2018, de însuşi creatorii săi pentru a fi descarcat legal în totalitate.

Prezentare

Scenariul se concentrează asupra profesorului universitar John Oldman, care acum se numește John Young, care este în secret un om de Cro-Magnon (sau un om al peșterilor Magdalenian) care a supraviețuit mai mult de 14.000 de ani. Cu toate acestea, în ciuda tuturor acestor ani de nemurire, John a descoperit că și el a început să îmbătrânească și nu se mai vindecă la fel de repede ca el. Între timp, patru dintre elevii săi au început să suspecteze adevărul despre el și să îl contacteze pe Art Jenkins, a cărui carieră a avut de suferit după publicarea unei cărți despre viața lui John.

Distribuție
 David Lee Smith - John Oldman/John Young
 William Katt - Dr. Art Jenkins
 Vanessa Williams - Carolyn
 Michael Dorn - Dr. Gil Parker
 Sterling Knight - Philip
 Brittany Curran - Tara
 Carlos Knight - Liko
 Akemi Look - Isabel
 John Billingsley - Harry

Note

Legături externe
 Official website

Vezi și
Listă de filme americane din 2017

Filme din 2017
Filme SF din anii 2010
Filme regizate de Richard Schenkman
Scenarii de Jerome Bixby
Oameni preistorici în cultura populară
Filme despre nemurire

The Man from Earth: Holocene


Sponzorirana vrhovna internetska domena (sTLD: sponsored top-level domain) je jedna od kategorija vršnih domena (TLDs: top-level domains) koje održava IANA za uporabu u sustavu domenskih imena na Internetu.  IANA zasad razlikuje tri skupine vršnih domena: vršna internetska domena za države (ccTLD: country-code top-level domain), generičke internetske domene (gTLD: generic top-level domain) i infrastrukturne vršne intetnetske domene.

Sponzorirana vršna internetska domena je specijalizirana vršna domena koja ima pokrovitelja. Pokrovitelj predstavlja posebnu zajednicu koju poslužuje domena. Zajednice koje su uključene zasnivaju se na narodnosnim, zemljopisnim, strukovnim, tehničkim ili ostalim tematskim konceptima koje predlažu privatne agencije ili organizacije koje uspostavljaju i sprovode pravila koja ograničavaju eligibilnost registranata za uporabu vršne domene.

Općenito govoreći sponzorirana TLD je specijalizirana TLD koja ima pokrovitelja koji predstavlja užu zajednice koja je većinom pogođena TLD-om, dok nesponzorirana TLD djeluje pod mjerama koje je uspostavila globalna internetska zajednica izravno putem ICANN-ovih procesa.

Očekuje se porast broja ovakvih domena, uključujući vršne domene imenovane prema ili pod kontrolom neke kompanije. Vidi predložene vršne domene i popis vršnih internetskih domena#generičke vršne domene ICANN-a.

Izvori

Internetske domene

Sponzorirana vršna internetska domena


Grbica (grbać, ognjivac, lat. Lepidium), veliki biljni rod iz porodice krstašica (Brassicaceae). Rodu pripada preko 200 vrsta jednogodišnjeg raslinja i trajnica. Od nekih vrsta koje rastu u Hrvatskoj, to su: poljska grbica (L. campestre), uskolisna grbica (L. graminifolium), grbica širolistna (L. latifolium), prorasla grbica ili grbica probušena (L. perfoliatum), smrdljiva grbica (L. ruderale), sjetvena grbica ili vrtna grbica (L. sativum) i virginska grbica (L. virginicum)

Nekadašnji rod Coronopus Zinn, hrvatski: odra, uključen je u grbice (Lepidium), među njima je puzava odra (L. coronopus, sin. Coronopus squamatus) i dvostruka odra (L. didymum, sin. Coronopus didymus).

Vrste

 Lepidium abrotanifolium Turcz.
 Lepidium acutidens Howell
 Lepidium aegrum Heenan & de Lange
 Lepidium affghanum Boiss.
 Lepidium affine Ledeb.
 Lepidium afghanicum (Rech.f. & Köie) Al-Shehbaz & Mumm.
 Lepidium africanum (Burm.f.) DC.
 Lepidium alashanicum H.L.Yang
 Lepidium alluaudii Maire
 Lepidium altissimum Rech.f.
 Lepidium alyssoides A.Gray
 Lepidium amissum de Lange & Heenan
 Lepidium amplexicaule Willd.
 Lepidium angolense Jonsell
 Lepidium angustifolium Rusby
 Lepidium angustissimum Phil.
 Lepidium apetalum Willd.
 Lepidium appelianum Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium apterum (Lipsky) Al-Shehbaz & Mumm.
 Lepidium aranense Sennen
 Lepidium arequipa Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium argentinum Thell.
 Lepidium armoracium Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
 Lepidium aschersonii Thell.
 Lepidium aucheri Boiss.
 Lepidium auriculatum Regel & Körn.
 Lepidium austrinum Small
 Lepidium banksii Kirk
 Lepidium barnebyanum Reveal
 Lepidium basuticum Marais
 Lepidium beamanii Rollins
 Lepidium beckii Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium bidentatum Montin
 Lepidium bipinnatifidum Desv.
 Lepidium bipinnatum Thunb.
 Lepidium biplicatum Hewson
 Lepidium boelckeanum Prina
 Lepidium boelckei Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium bonariense L.
 Lepidium botschantsevianum Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium botschantzevii (R.M.Vinogr.) Al-Shehbaz & Mumm.
 Lepidium brachyotum (Kar. & Kir.) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium bupleuroides Rech.f.
 Lepidium burkartii Boelcke
 Lepidium buschianum Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium campestre (L.) W.T.Aiton
 Lepidium capense Thunb.
 Lepidium capitatum Hook.f. & Thomson
 Lepidium cardamine L.
 Lepidium cardiophyllum (Pavlov) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium cartilagineum (J.Mayer) Thell.
 Lepidium castellanum de Lange & Heenan
 Lepidium catapycnon Hewson
 Lepidium chalepense L.
 Lepidium chichicara Desv.
 Lepidium cordatum Willd. ex Steven
 Lepidium coronopifolium Fisch.
 Lepidium coronopus (L.) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium costaricense Thell.
 Lepidium crassius (C.L.Hitchc.) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium crassum Heenan & de Lange
 Lepidium crenatum (Greene) Rydb.
 Lepidium culminicola Mouterde
 Lepidium cumingianum Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
 Lepidium cuneiforme C.Y.Wu
 Lepidium curvinervium (Botsch. & Vved.) Al-Shehbaz & Mumm.
 Lepidium cyclocarpum Thell.
 Lepidium davisii Rollins
 Lepidium densiflorum Schrad.
 Lepidium depressum Thell.
 Lepidium desertorum Eckl. & Zeyh.
 Lepidium desvauxii Thell.
 Lepidium dictyotum A.Gray
 Lepidium didymum L.
 Lepidium draba L.
 Lepidium drummondii Thell.
 Lepidium eastwoodiae Wooton
 Lepidium echinatum Hewson
 Lepidium ecklonii Schrad. ex Regel
 Lepidium ecuadorense Thell.
 Lepidium englerianum (Muschl.) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium fasciculatum Thell.
 Lepidium ferganense Korsh.
 Lepidium filicaule C.L.Hitchc.
 Lepidium filisegmentum C.L.Hitchc.
 Lepidium flavum Torr.
 Lepidium flexicaule Kirk
 Lepidium flexuosum Thunb.
 Lepidium foliosum Desv.
 Lepidium fraseri Thell.
 Lepidium fremontii S.Watson
 Lepidium galapagoensis Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium genistoides Hewson
 Lepidium gerloffianum Vatke ex Gilg & Muschl.
 Lepidium ginninderrense Scarlett
 Lepidium glastifolium Desf.
 Lepidium gracile (Chodat & Hassl.) Boelcke
 Lepidium graminifolium L.
 Lepidium grandifructum C.L.Hitchc.
 Lepidium heterophyllum Benth.
 Lepidium hirtum (L.) Sm.
 Lepidium howei-insulae Thell.
 Lepidium huberi S.L.Welsh & Goodrich
 Lepidium hypenantion Hewson
 Lepidium integrifolium Nutt.
 Lepidium inyangense Jonsell
 Lepidium jaredii Brandegee
 Lepidium jarmolenkoi V.M.Vinogr.
 Lepidium johnstonii C.L.Hitchc.
 Lepidium jujuyanum Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium juvencum Heenan & de Lange
 Lepidium karataviense Regel & Schmalh.
 Lepidium karelinianum Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium kawarau Petrie
 Lepidium keniense Jonsell
 Lepidium kirkii Petrie
 Lepidium lacerum C.A.Mey.
 Lepidium laeteviride (P.Royen) Hewson
 Lepidium lapazianum Al-Shehbaz & S.Beck
 Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt.
 Lepidium latifolium L.
 Lepidium latipes Hook.
 Lepidium lepidioides (Coss. & Durieu) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium leptopetalum F.Muell.
 Lepidium leventii (V.I.Dorof.) D.A.German
 Lepidium limenophylax de Lange, Rance & D.A.Norton
 Lepidium linearilobum Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium linifolium (Desv.) Steud.
 Lepidium lipskyi (N.Busch) Al-Shehbaz & Mumm.
 Lepidium litwinowii (Lipsky) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium longifolium (Boiss.) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium lyratogynum Hewson
 Lepidium lyratum L.
 Lepidium maccowagei Hewson
 Lepidium macrocarpum (Hedge) D.A.German
 Lepidium makateanum Sykes
 Lepidium matau Petrie
 Lepidium merrallii F.Muell.
 Lepidium meyenii Walp.
 Lepidium meyeri Claus
 Lepidium minor (Botsch. & Vved.) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium minutiflorum (Ridl.) Hewson
 Lepidium monoplocoides F.Muell.
 Lepidium montanum Nutt.
 Lepidium mossii Thell.
 Lepidium muelleriferdinandii Thell.
 Lepidium mummenhoffianum Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium myrianthum Phil.
 Lepidium myriocarpum Sond.
 Lepidium nanum S.Watson
 Lepidium naufragorum Garn.-Jones & D.A.Norton
 Lepidium navasii (Pau) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium nesophilum Hewson ex P.S.Green
 Lepidium niloticum (Delile) Sieber
 Lepidium nitidum Nutt.
 Lepidium oblitum Houliston, Heenan & de Lange
 Lepidium oblongum Small
 Lepidium obtusatum Kirk
 Lepidium obtusum Basiner
 Lepidium oleraceum G.Forst.
 Lepidium olgae (R.M.Vinogr.) Al-Shehbaz & Mumm.
 Lepidium oligodontum de Lange & Heenan
 Lepidium orientale (Schrenk) Al-Shehbaz & Mumm.
 Lepidium ostleri S.L.Welsh & Goodrich
 Lepidium oxycarpum Nutt.
 Lepidium oxytrichum Sprague
 Lepidium pabotii Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium paniculatum (Regel & Schmalh.) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium panniforme de Lange & Heenan
 Lepidium papilliferum (L.F.Hend.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.
 Lepidium papillosum F.Muell.
 Lepidium parodii Thell.
 Lepidium patrinioides (Regel) Al-Shehbaz & Mumm.
 Lepidium pavlovii Al-Shehbaz & Mumm.
 Lepidium paysonii Rollins
 Lepidium pedicellosum F.Muell.
 Lepidium peregrinum Thell.
 Lepidium perfoliatum L.
 Lepidium persicum Boiss.
 Lepidium philippianum (Kuntze) Thell.
 Lepidium phlebopetalum F.Muell.
 Lepidium pholidogynum F.Muell.
 Lepidium pinnatifidum Ledeb.
 Lepidium pinnatisectum (O.E.Schulz) C.L.Hitchc.
 Lepidium pinnatum Thunb.
 Lepidium platypetalum Hewson
 Lepidium pseudodidymum Thell.
 Lepidium pseudohyssopifolium Hewson
 Lepidium pseudopapillosum Thell.
 Lepidium pseudoruderale Thell.
 Lepidium pseudotasmanicum Thell.
 Lepidium pterocarpum (Botsch. & Vved.) Al-Shehbaz & Mumm.
 Lepidium puberulum Bunge
 Lepidium pubescens Desv.
 Lepidium quitense Turcz.
 Lepidium rahmeri Phil.
 Lepidium ramosissimum A.Nelson
 Lepidium reichei Phil. ex Reiche
 Lepidium rekohuense de Lange & Heenan
 Lepidium rhytidocarpum (Hook.) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium rigidum Pomel
 Lepidium robustum (Pavlov) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium rotundum DC.
 Lepidium ruderale L.
 Lepidium sagittatum (Kar. & Kir.) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium sagittulatum Thell.
 Lepidium sativum L.
 Lepidium scandens Hewson
 Lepidium schaffneri Thell.
 Lepidium schinzii Thell.
 Lepidium schlechteri Thell.
 Lepidium seditiosum de Lange, Heenan & J.R.Rolfe
 Lepidium serra H.Mann
 Lepidium serratum (Poir.) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium seydelii Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium silaifolium (Hook.f. & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz & Mumm.
 Lepidium sisymbrioides Hook.f.
 Lepidium solomonii Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium songaricum Schrenk
 Lepidium sordidum A.Gray
 Lepidium spathulatum Phil.
 Lepidium spicatum Desv.
 Lepidium spinosum Ard.
 Lepidium steinbachii O.E.Schulz
 Lepidium stephan-beckii Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium strictum (S.Watson) Rattan ex B.L.Rob.
 Lepidium strongylophyllum F.Muell. ex Benth.
 Lepidium stuckertianum (Thell.) Boelcke
 Lepidium subalpinum Kom.
 Lepidium subcordatum Botsch. & Vved.
 Lepidium subulatum L.
 Lepidium suluense Marais
 Lepidium tandilense Boelcke
 Lepidium tenuicaule Kirk
 Lepidium thurberi Wooton
 Lepidium tianschanicum (Botsch. & Vved.) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium tiehmii (Rollins) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium tofaceum Rech.f.
 Lepidium tolmaczovii (Junussov) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium transvaalense Marais
 Lepidium trautvetteri (Botsch.) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium trianae Thell.
 Lepidium trifurcum Sond.
 Lepidium uzbekistanicum Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium vesicarium L.
 Lepidium villarsii Gren. & Godr.
 Lepidium violaceum (Munby) Al-Shehbaz
 Lepidium virginicum L.
 Lepidium xylodes Hewson
 Lepidium zambiense (Jonsell) Al-Shehbaz

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Camelinodae

Grbica


Party Animals é um jogo multijogador de festa  desenvolvido pela Recreate Games e publicado pela Source Technology. Disponível para Xbox One, Xbox Series X|S e Microsoft Windows. Uma versão demo do jogo estava disponível como teste gratuito de 16 de junho de 2020 a 21 de junho de 2020, durante o Steam Game Festival: Summer Edition e de 4 de outubro de 2020 a 13 de outubro de 2020, durante o Steam Game Festival: Edição de Outono.

Jogabilidade
Party Animals é um jogo de luta competitivo baseado em física, onde os jogadores jogam como vários animais, incluindo cachorros, gatinhos, patos, coelhos, tubarões, dinossauros e até unicórnios. Os animais podem socar, atirar, pular, chutar e dar cabeçadas uns nos outros. Eles também são capazes de pegar uma variedade de armas. Ao receber um certo número de danos, os jogadores são temporariamente nocauteados.  Na maioria dos casos, eles se recuperam e voltam à luta, a menos que sejam jogados para fora do mapa ou em vários perigos. ↵Atualmente, o jogo abrange dois modos de jogo, Last Stand, uma escaramuça livre para todos e Snatch Squad, um objetivo  modo de jogo estilo capturar a bandeira baseado em. Em Last Stand, o jogador luta contra até 7 outros animais com o objetivo de ser o último sobrevivente. No Snatch Squad, os jogadores são divididos em duas equipes de até quatro jogadores cada e lutam por gomas no centro da arena que podem ser jogadas no fosso de sua equipe para ganhar pontos.  De acordo com o site oficial do jogo, existem atualmente quatro mapas e onze personagens jogáveis.

Desenvolvimento
O jogo foi desenvolvido pela Recreate Games, um estúdio de jogos fundado por Luo Zixiong, ex-diretor de design da Smartisan. O jogo foi lançado pela primeira vez no Twitter em setembro de 2019. As demos abertas do jogo foram disponibilizadas ao público em junho e outubro de 2020 por curtos períodos de tempo.  Os desenvolvedores revelaram em um comunicado à imprensa de 1º de julho de 2020 que o jogo será lançado para consoles no futuro.

Em 25 de maio de 2022, os desenvolvedores lançaram uma atualização afirmando que "o jogo ainda está em desenvolvimento e a data de lançamento prevista é para 2022, com possíveis atrasos devido a aprovações de qualidade e conformidade."

Recepção
O jogo recebeu críticas em sua maioria positivas.  Durante o Steam Game Festival: Autumn Edition, atingiu um pico de 135.834 jogadores simultâneos, tornando-se o quarto jogo mais jogado no Steam. O jogo acumulou um grande número de espectadores no Twitch, com mais de 113.000 espectadores assistindo a transmissões de jogo.

References

links externos

 Recreate Games Website

Jogos eletrônicos desenvolvidos na China
Jogos para Windows
Jogos para Xbox One
Jogos para Xbox Series X e Series S

Party Animals (jogo eletrônico)


Piptostigma, biljni rod portodice Annonaceae raširen po tropskoj Africi. Postoji devet priznatih vrsta.
 Piptostigma calophyllum Mildbr. & Diels
 Piptostigma fugax A.Chev. ex Hutch. & Dalziel
 Piptostigma glabrescens Oliv.
 Piptostigma longepilosum Engl.
 Piptostigma macranthum Mildbr. & Diels
 Piptostigma mortehanii De Wild.
 Piptostigma multinervium Engl. & Diels
 Piptostigma oyemense Pellegr.
 Piptostigma pilosum Oliv.

Izvori

Annonaceae

Piptostigma


Bagsecg (cunoscut, de asemenea, sub numele de Bægsecg sau Bagsec) (d. 8 ianuarie 871) a fost un lider viking denumit în mod obișnuit ca rege. În 870 sau 871 a condus Marea Armată Vikingă în Anglia. Forțele sale s-au alăturat celor ale marii armate daneze care invadase deja Anglia de mai mult timp. El și Halfdan Ragnarsson au devenit liderii unei invazii comune a Regatului Wessex. A fost ucis în Bătălia de la Ashdown, luptând împotriva unei armate saxone condusă de regele Ethelred și de fratele său mai mic, viitorul Alfred cel Mare.

Invazia
Se cunosc puține lucruri despre Bagsecg înainte de sosirea sa în Anglia. A sosit ori în 870, ori în 871 în estul Angliei ca lider al unei armate masive cunoscută ca mare armată vikingă, armată care a ajuns în vară, așa că data probabilă când a sosit ar putea fi 870. La această dată forțele vikinge controlau mare parte din nordul și estul Angliei, inclusiv Kent, și înaintau încet spre vest și sud-vest spre Wessex. Devreme în 871, Bagsecg și Halfdan Ragnarsson au trimis câteva forțe pentru a ataca regatul Wessex, care a rămas vulnerabil la raiduri. Au capturat Reading, Berkshire, și și-au stabilit tabăra în oraș. Pe 4 ianuarie 871, Alfred cel Mare (care nu era încă rege) a încercat să atace tabăra; cu toate acestea Bagsecg a câștigat o mare victorie în Bătălia de la Reading aducând pierderi teribile armatei lui Alfred.

Moartea
Pe 8 ianuarie 871, ambele forțe s-au întâlnit pe North Wessex Downs în Berkshire (posibil partea aflată acum în Oxfordshire). Vikingii au fost comandați de Bagsecg și Halfdan și alți cinci earli danezi. Armata vikingă era depășită numeric în comparație cu cea a saxonilor conduși de Alfred. Această luptă urma să determine soarta Wessex-ului și a regelui său. Fratele mai mare al lui Alfred, regele Æthelred de Wessex era ocupat cu rugăciunea într-o biserică, și a refuzat să lupte până când nu ar fi sosit și cealaltă armată a sa. Astfel Alfred a ajuns la comandă, iar armatele saxonă și vikingă s-au întâlnit, lupta în sine durată toată ziua. Bagsecg a fost ucis, împreună cu cei cinci earli. Potrivit Cronicii Anglo-Saxone, Bagsecg a fost ucis de o sabie, în timp ce Halfdan a fugit de pe câmpul de luptă împreună cu restul armatei înapoi la Reading. Bătălia de la Ashdown a fost o bătălie câștigată la limită de saxoni.

Moștenire
Conform folclorului local din Berkshire, Bagsecg a fost înmormântat la Waylands Smithy și earl-ii la Șapte Movile. Acest lucru este, totuși, destul de îndoielnic. Waylands Smithy datează din neolitic, iar Șapte Movile datează din epoca bronzului. Este posibil ca movilele să fi putut fi refolosite pentru înmormântare de-a lungul timpului. Cu toate acestea, pe coborâșurile deasupra satului Harwell s-au aflat o succesiune de copaci cunoscuți sub numele de "Bag's sau Bagg's Tree" , probabil un indiciu al locului morții sau al înmormântării lui Bagsecg. Acest copac nu mai există, dar locul este marcat încă de pe vremea hărții Ordnance Survey ale zonei.

Cultura populară
În filmul britanic din 2013, Ciocanul zeilor, un Bagsecg muribund este interpretat de actorul James Cosmo.

Referințe

Lectură suplimentară
 Whitelock, Dorothy (1996) English Historical Documents, 500-1042 (Psychology Press)

Legături externe
 Wayland Smithy
 Bătălia de la Ashdown

Decese în 871
Regi ai Danemarcei

Bagsecg


The term animatronics refers to mechatronic puppets. They are a modern variant of the automaton and are often used for the portrayal of characters in films and in theme park attractions.

It is a multidisciplinary field integrating puppetry, anatomy and mechatronics. Animatronic figures can be implemented with both computer and human control, including teleoperation. Motion actuators are often used to imitate muscle movements and create realistic motions. Figures are usually encased in body shells and flexible skins made of hard or soft plastic materials and finished with colors, hair, feathers and other components to make them more lifelike. Animatronics stem from a long tradition of mechanical automata powered by hydraulics, pneumatics and clockwork. Greek mythology and ancient Chinese writings mention early examples of automata. The oldest extant automaton is dated to the 16th century.

Before the term "animatronics" became common, they were usually referred to as "robots". Since then, robots have become known as more practical programmable machines that do not necessarily resemble living creatures. Robots (or other artificial beings) designed to convincingly resemble humans are known as "androids". The term Animatronics is a portmanteau of animate and electronics. The term Audio-Animatronics was coined by Walt Disney in 1961 when he started developing animatronics for entertainment and film. Audio-Animatronics does not differentiate between animatronics and androids.

Autonomatronics was also defined by Disney Imagineers to describe more advanced Audio-Animatronic technology featuring cameras and complex sensors to process and respond to information in the character's environment.

History

Timeline

2005: Engineered Arts produces the first version of their animatronic actor, RoboThespian

Modern attractions

The first animatronics characters shown to the public were a dog and a horse, as separate attractions at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Sparko, The Robot Dog (the "pet" of Elektro the Robot) is considered the first modern-day animatronic character, as it represented a living animal rather than a purely mechanical figure. An unnamed animatronic horse, which was reported to gallop realistically, was also exhibited.

Laffing Sal was one of several automated characters used to attract carnival and amusement park patrons to funhouses and dark rides throughout the United States.  Its movements were accompanied by a raucous recorded laugh that sometimes frightened small children and annoyed adults.

Walt Disney is often credited for popularizing animatronics for entertainment after he bought an animatronic bird while vacationing (in either New Orleans or Europe). Disney's vision for Audio-Animatronics was primarily focused on patriotic displays rather than amusements.

In 1951, two years after Disney developed animatronics, he commissioned machinist Roger Broggie and sculptor Wathel Rogers to lead a team tasked with creating a 9" figure that could talk and recreate dance routines performed by actor Buddy Ebsen. The figure, dubbed Project Little Man, was never finished. A year later, Walt Disney Imagineering was created. Disney used what appeared as an animatronic bird in his film Mary Poppins (1964), which was actually controlled by bicycle cables.

After Project Little Man, the Imagineering team's first project was a "Chinese head" which was on display in the lobby of their office. Customers could ask the head questions and it replied with words of wisdom. The eyes blinked and its mouth opened and closed.

Walt Disney Productions started using animatronics in 1955 for Disneyland's Jungle Cruise ride, then for its Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room attraction, which featured animatronic tropical birds and other characters.

The first fully audio-animatronic human figure was that of Abraham Lincoln, created by Disney for the 1964 World's Fair in New York. In 1965, Disney upgraded the figure, dubbed the Lincoln Mark II, to appear at the Opera House at Disneyland Resort in California. For three months, while the original Lincoln performed in New York, the Lincoln Mark II gave five performances per hour at Disneyland. Actor Royal Dano voiced both versions of the figure.

Lucky the Dinosaur is the first free-roving Audio-Animatronic figure created by Disney's Imagineers. An approximately  green Segnosaurus figure, it pulls a flower-covered cart and is led by Chandler the Dinosaur Handler. The flower cart Lucky pulls conceals its computer and power source.

The Muppet Mobile Lab is a free-roving Audio-Animatronic unit designed by Walt Disney Imagineering. Two Muppet characters, Dr. Bunsen Honeydew and his assistant Beaker, pilot their "laboratory" vehicle through the park, interacting with guests and deploying special effects such as foggers, flashing lights, moving signs, confetti cannons and spray jets. The attraction is currently deployed at Hong Kong Disneyland in Hong Kong.

Film and television
The film industry has been a driving force revolutionizing the technology used to develop animatronics. Animatronics are used in situations where a creature does not exist, the action is too risky or costly to use real actors or animals, or the action could never be obtained with a living person or animal. Its main advantage over CGI and stop motion is that the simulated creature has a physical presence moving in front of the camera in real time. The technology behind animatronics has become more advanced and sophisticated over the years, making the puppets even more lifelike.

Animatronics were first introduced by Disney in the 1964 film Mary Poppins which featured an animatronic bird.  Since then, animatronics have been used extensively in such movies as Jaws, and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, which relied heavily on animatronics.

Directors such as Steven Spielberg and Jim Henson have been pioneers in using animatronics in the film industry; a film co-directed by the latter, The Dark Crystal, showcased groundbreaking puppets designed by Brian Froud and created by Henson's then recently established Creature Shop in London.

The 1993 film Jurassic Park, directed by Spielberg, used a combination of computer-generated imagery in conjunction with life-sized animatronic dinosaurs built by Stan Winston and his team. Winston's animatronic "T. rex" stood almost ,
 in length and even the largest animatronics weighing  were able to perfectly recreate the
appearance and natural movement on screen of a full-sized Tyrannosaurus rex.

Jack Horner called it "the closest I've ever been to a live dinosaur". Critics referred to Spielberg's dinosaurs as breathtakingly — and terrifyingly — realistic.

The 1999 BBC miniseries Walking with Dinosaurs was produced using a combination of about 80% CGI and 20% animatronic models. The quality of computer imagery of the day was good, but animatronics were still better at distance shots, as well as closeups of the dinosaurs. Animatronics for the series were designed by British animatronics firm Crawley Creatures. The show was followed up in 2007 with a live adaptation of the series, Walking with Dinosaurs: The Arena Spectacular.

Geoff Peterson is an animatronic human skeleton that serves as the sidekick on the late-night talk show The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson. Often referred to as a "robot skeleton", Peterson is a radio-controlled animatronic robot puppet designed and built by Grant Imahara of MythBusters.

Advertising
The British advertisement campaign for Cadbury Schweppes titled Gorilla featured an actor inside a gorilla suit with an animatronically animated face.

The Slowskys was an advertising campaign for Comcast Cable's Xfinity broadband Internet service. The ad features two animatronic turtles, and it won the gold Effie Award in 2007.

Toys
Some examples of animatronic toys include Teddy Ruxpin, Big Mouth Billy Bass, FurReal, Kota the triceratops, Pleo, WowWee Alive Chimpanzee, Microsoft Actimates, and Furby. Well-known brands include Cuddle Barn, PBC International, Telco, Sound N Light, Nika International, Gemmy Industries, Tickle Me Elmo, Chantilly Lane and Dan Dee.

Design

An animatronics character is built around an internal supporting frame, usually made of steel.  Attached to these "bones" are the "muscles" which can be manufactured using elastic netting composed of styrene beads. The frame provides the support for the electronics and mechanical components, as well as providing the shape for the outer skin.

The "skin" of the figure is most often made of foam rubber, silicone or urethane poured into moulds and allowed to cure. To provide further strength a piece of fabric is cut to size and embedded in the foam rubber after it is poured into the mould.  Once the mould has fully cured, each piece is separated and attached to the exterior of the figure providing the appearance and texture similar to that of "skin".

Structure
An animatronics character is typically designed to be as realistic as possible and thus, is built similarly to how it would be in real life. The framework of the figure is like the "skeleton". Joints, motors, and actuators act as the "muscles". Connecting all the electrical components together are wires, such as the "nervous system" of a real animal or person. Steel, aluminum, plastic, and wood are all commonly used in building animatronics but each has its best purpose. The relative strength, as well as the weight of the material itself, should be considered when determining the most appropriate material to use. The cost of the material may also be a concern. Several materials are commonly used in the fabrication of an animatronics figure's exterior. Dependent on the particular circumstances, the best material will be used to produce the most lifelike form. For example, "eyes" and "teeth" are commonly made completely out of acrylic.

Materials

 Latex: White latex is commonly used as a general material because it has a high level of elasticity. It is also pre-vulcanized, making it easy and fast to apply. Latex is produced in several grades. Grade 74 is a popular form of latex that dries rapidly and can be applied very thick, making it ideal for developing molds. Foam latex is a lightweight, soft form of latex which is used in masks and facial prosthetics to change a person's outward appearance, and in animatronics to create a realistic "skin". The Wizard of Oz was one of the first films to make extensive use of foam latex prosthetics in the 1930s.
 Silicone: Disney has a research team devoted to improving and developing better methods of creating more lifelike animatronics exteriors with silicone. RTV silicone (room temperature vulcanization silicone) is used primarily as a molding material as it is very easy to use but is relatively expensive. Few other materials stick to it, making molds easy to separate. Bubbles are removed from silicone by pouring the liquid material in a thin stream or processing in a vacuum chamber prior to use. Fumed silica is used as a bulking agent for thicker coatings of the material.
 Polyurethane: Polyurethane rubber is a more cost effective material to use in place of silicone. Polyurethane comes in various levels of hardness which are measured on the Shore scale. Rigid polyurethane foam is used in prototyping because it can be milled and shaped in high density. Flexible polyurethane foam is often used in the actual building of the final animatronic figure because it is flexible and bonds well with latex.
 Plaster: As a commonplace construction and home decorating material, plaster is widely available. Its rigidity limits its use in moulds, and plaster moulds are unsuitable when undercuts are present. This may make plaster far more difficult to use than softer materials like latex or silicone.

Movement
Pneumatic actuators can be used for small animatronics but are not powerful enough for large designs and must be supplemented with hydraulics.  To create more realistic movement in large figures, an analog system is generally used to give the figures a full range of fluid motion rather than simple two position movements.

Mimicking the often subtle displays of humans and other living creatures, and the associated movement is a challenging task when developing animatronics. One of the most common emotional models is the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) developed by Ekman and Friesen. FACS defines that through facial expression, humans can recognize six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise.  Another theory is that of Ortony, Clore, and Collins, or the OCC model which defines 22 different emotional categories.

In 2020 Disney revealed its new animatronics robot that can breathe, move its eyes very much like humans, and identify people around it in order to select "an appropriate" response, as opposed to previous Disney animatronics that were used in purely scripted, non-interactive situations, like theme park rides.

Training and education
Animatronics has been developed as a career which combines the disciplines of mechanical engineering, casting/sculpting, control technologies, electrical/electronic systems, radio control and airbrushing.

Some colleges and universities do offer degree programs in animatronics.  Individuals interested in animatronics typically earn a degree in robotics which closely relate to the specializations needed in animatronics engineering.

Students achieving a bachelor's degree in robotics commonly complete courses in:

 Mechanical engineering
 Industrial robotics
 Mechatronics systems
 Modeling of robotics systems
 Robotics engineering
 Foundational theory of robotics
 Introduction to robotics.

Animatronics and artificial intelligence

As of 2017, the Disney company is about to use animatronics and artificial intelligence to simulate one of their characters in real life: Pascal, one of the characters in the movie Tangled.

On the other hand, Dubai is already using police robots created by PAL Robotics.

In popular culture
Animatronic characters appear in both films and video games, most notably in horror genre and survival horror video games that generally features possessed animatronics as antagonists.

Films

 The Banana Splits Movie, a 2019 American comedy horror film starring Dani Kind, Steve Lund, Sara Canning, and the voice of Eric Bauza, follows a young boy and his family who, as a birthday present, attend a live taping of a successful children's television series featuring Fleegle, Bingo, Drooper, and Snorky, four goofy-like animatronic characters. However, their new software updates go haywire upon learning the upcoming cancellation of their show and the characters start a killing spree that the crew and audience must survive. It is a horror reimagining of the 1968-1970 Hanna-Barbera's television series of the same name.
 Willy's Wonderland, a 2021 American action comedy horror film starring Nicolas Cage, Emily Tosta, David Sheftell and Beth Grant, follows a quiet drifter who is tricked into cleaning up a once-successful abandoned family entertainment center while battling the restaurant's eight murderous animatronic characters (possessed by souls of cannibalistic serial killers) with the aid of a teenager and her friends.

Short films
The Hug, a 2018 horror short film directed by Jack Bishop and Justin Nijm, and starring Nick Armstrong and Roman George, follows a bratty birthday boy at Pandory's Pan Pizza Palace, a ShowBiz Pizza Place-like restaurant, who has an awkward situation with Pandory the Panda, the pizzeria's giant panda animatronic mascot. It premiered at Hulu as part of its "Huluween" film competition.

Television
 The Capicola Gang, a trio of evil anthropomorphic animatronic animals from The Fun Fun Zone, consisting of Dominic (a robot bear, although listed in the credits as Main Bear), who is based on Vito Corleone from The Godfather, Louie (a robot beaver), Amelia (a robot duck, although listed in the credits as Duck Lady), are the main  antagonists in the Regular Show episodes "Fuzzy Dice" and "Steak Me Amadeus". The Capicola Gang Leader had a cameo appearance as an incriminating witness in "Can you Ear Me Now?" where he testified in court against Mordecai and Rigby. They share a resemblance to the characters from the popular game series Five Nights at Freddy's and the popular kids entertainment center Chuck E. Cheese.
 Hoo-Ha's Jamboree, an animatronic band at Hoo-Ha Owl's Pizzamatronic Jamboree, and a parody of The Rock-afire Explosion of ShowBiz Pizza Place, which consist of Hoo-Ha the Owl (guitarist, and lead singer), Cheerleader (banjoist), Beaver (guitarist), Rat in a Barrel (two same animatronics sit on either side of the stage), Cowboy Frog (bongo player), and Will E. Badger (opening act)  are the secondary antagonists in the Gravity Falls episodes "Soos and the Real Girl", "Weirdmageddon Part 1", and "Weirdmageddon 2: Escape From Reality". They are seen in photos in "Not What He Seems".

Video games
 Five Nights at Freddy's, a horror video game series, features various animatronic entertainers as antagonists who try to kill the player character, who is typically a nighttime security guard or employee at one of the facilities (usually a pizzeria) where the animatronics reside. In the first game of the series, the animatronics' violent attitude towards humans at night is explained away as faulty programming, which causes them to mistake the protagonist for an endoskeleton without a character suit on—which goes against the establishment's rules. As a result, the animatronics try to "forcefully stuff" the player character into a suit, resulting in their death. However, the games feature a deep lore (gradually revealed through various minigames and Easter eggs) which reveals that many of the animatronics are actually haunted by the spirits of children whose deaths are somehow connected to the fictional restaurant franchise "Freddy Fazbear's Pizza". At least six of these children were murdered by William Afton (a.k.a. "The Purple Guy"), one of the co-founders of the original restaurant and the series' overarching villain, who would go on to possess an animatronic of his own after his death. Since the original game, Five Nights at Freddy's has evolved into a large media franchise comprising various sequels, prequels and spin-offs, a novel trilogy, and an anthology series of short stories. A film adaptation was released on October 27, 2023.

See also

 Automaton

 Karakuri ningyō
 Robotic performance art
 Uncanny valley

References
Footnotes

Sources

External links

Robotics hardware
Articles containing video clips

Animatronics


The voiced labiodental nasal is a type of consonantal sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter m with a leftward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter. Occasionally it is instead transcribed as an  with a dental diacritic:  (for example in extIPA, where the two transcriptions are presented as variants).

The labiodental pronunciation of  is very similar to that of the bilabial nasal , but instead of the lips touching each other, the lower lip touches the upper teeth. The position of the lips and teeth is generally the same as for the production of the labiodental fricatives  and , though air escapes between the lip and the teeth in the case of the fricatives.

Although commonly appearing in languages, it is overwhelmingly an allophone restricted to a position before the labiodental consonants  and . A phonemic  has only been reported for the Kukuya language, which contrasts it with  and is "accompanied by strong protrusion of both lips". It is  before  and  before  and , perhaps because labialization is constrained by the spread front vowels; it does not occur before the back (rounded) vowels  and .

It is doubted by some scholars that true closure can be made by a labiodental gesture because of gaps between the incisors, which for many speakers would allow air to flow during the occlusion. This is particularly pertinent considering that one of the Kukuya words with this consonant, , means a 'gap between filed incisors,' a practice of the local people. The  might therefore be better characterized as a labiodental nasal approximant than as a nasal occlusive.

Nonetheless,  is extremely common around the world phonetically, as it is the universal allophone of  and a very common allophone of  before the labiodental fricatives  and , as for example in English comfort and circumvent, and, for many people, infinitive and invent. In the Angami language,  occurs as an allophone of  before . In Drubea,  is reported as an allophone of  before nasal vowels.

A proposal to retire the letter  was made in the run-up to the Kiel Convention of 1989, with the labiodental nasal to be transcribed solely by , but the proposal was defeated in committee.

Features

Features of the voiced labiodental nasal:

Occurrence
Phonemic  is extremely rare. As an allophone of nasal consonants before  or , however,  is very common.

See also
 Index of phonetics articles

References

Bibliography

External links

Pulmonic consonants
Nasal consonants
Voiced consonants

Voiced labiodental nasal


Rochdale er en markedsby i Greater Manchester. Den er administrationscenter og største by i distriktet Rochdale. Den ligger ved foden af naturområdet South Pennines ved floden Roch, 8,5 km nord-nordvest for Oldham, 15,8 km nord-nordøst for byen Manchester. Rochdale er omgivet af flere mindre bosætninger som til sammen udgør det administrative distrikt Rochdale med en befolkning på 211 699 indbyggere ved folketællingen i 2011. Byen Rochdale har  indbyggere.

Den britiske bokser Ryan Walsh er født i Rochdale.

Referencer

Litteratur
 Nicholls, Robert (2004): Curiosities of Greater Manchester. Sutton Publishing. .

Eksterne henvisninger

Rochdale


Le muscle transverse de l'auricule (ou muscle transverse du pavillon ) est un muscle peaucier du pavillon de l'oreille.

Le muscle est situé sur la surface interne du pavillon.

Il se compose de fibres éparses, en partie tendineuses et en partie musculaires, s'étendant entre   la convexité de l'hélix et la convexité de la conque.

Le muscle transverse est issu du développement du deuxième arc branchial.

Références

transverse de l'auricule

Muscle transverse de l'auricule


An Aloe neoqaharensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni T.A.Mccoy. An Aloe neoqaharensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Saudi Arabia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aloe

Aloe neoqaharensis


Flott (venjulega ritað með hástöfum sem FLOTT) er íslensk hljómsveit sem var stofnuð í byrjun árs 2020.
Flott, ásamt Unnsteini Manuel, fluttu lokalag Áramótaskaupsins árið 2021 (Ef þú hugsar eins og ég).
 Sveitin hlaut tvenn verðlaun á Íslensku tónlistarverðlaununum árið 2022, annars vegar fyrir popplag ársins (Mér er drull) og hins vegar sem bjartasta vonin.

Meðlimir

Núverandi
 Vigdís Hafliðadóttir - söngur
 Ragnhildur Veigarsdóttir - hljómborð
 Eyrún Engilbertsdóttir - gítar og hljóðgervill
 Sylvía Spilliaert - bassi
 Sólrún Mjöll Kjartansdóttir - trommur

Ragnhildur Veigarsdóttir semur lög sveitarinnar, spilar á hljómborð og útsetur. Vigdís Hafliðadóttir syngur, er meðhöfundur laganna og semur textana.

Saga

Vigdís fékk hugmynd um að stofna hljómsveit sem semdi heiðarlegt stelpupopp og hafði samband við kunningja sinn Ragnhildi. Út frá því fóru þær í að finna hljóðfæraleikara sem pössuðu inn í bandið og þannig myndaðist stelpubandið Flott
.

Útgefið efni

Smáskífur
 Segðu það bara (2020)
 ...en það væri ekki ég (2021)
 Mér er drull (2021)
 Þegar ég verð 36 (2021)
 Ef þú hugsar eins og ég (2021)
 FLOTT (2022)
 Boltinn hjá mér (2022)
 Hún ógnar mér (2023)
 L'amour (feat. Ólafur Darri) (2023)

Tenglar
 Opinber síða Flott á Instagram
 Opinber síða Flott á YouTube

Tilvísanir

Íslenskar hljómsveitir

Flott (hljómsveit)


MBT er en forkortelse med flere betydninger:

 Main Battle Tank - en kampvognsklassificering
 MBT (skotøj) - et skotøjsmærke (Masai Barefoot Technology)
 Mont Blanc-tunnelen - en tunnel i Alperne

MBT


Die Nationalstraße 212 (), chin. Abk. G212, ist eine 1.302 km lange, in Nord-Süd-Richtung verlaufende Fernstraße in der Mitte Chinas in den Provinzen Gansu und Sichuan sowie auf dem Gebiet der Regierungsunmittelbaren Stadt Chongqing. Sie führt von Lanzhou über Lintao, Longnan, Guangyuan, Zhaohua, Langzhong, Nanchong, Hechuan und Beibei in die Metropole Chongqing.

Weblinks

Offizielle Webseite des chinesischen Verkehrsministeriums

Nationalstraße in der Volksrepublik China
Nationalstrasse China212
Straße in Gansu
Straße in Sichuan
Straße in Chongqing

Nationalstraße 212 (China)