Ferrol, Galiçya'daki A Coruña Eyaletinde, kuzeybatı İspanya'da Atlantik kıyısında, Strabon'un Nerium Burnu civarında bir şehirdir. Ülkenin en önemli denizcilik şehri olmasını yanında İspanyol Donanması'nın da en güçlü gemileri şehrin tersanelerindedir. 17. yüzyılda Avrupa'nın en önemli tersaneleri bu bölgedeydi. Şehrin alanı 81,9 km² nüfusu ise 214.000 kişidir. Şehir ayrıca İspanyol General Francisco Franco'nun da doğum yeridir.

Ferrol, kuzeybatı İspanya'da Atlantik kıyısında Galiçya bölgesinde A Coruña eyaletine bağlı bir şehirdir. 2014 nüfus sayımına göre, kent 70.383 nüfusa sahip ve bu özellik Ferrol şehrini Galiçya'daki en büyük 5. yerleşim bölgesi yapıyor. Güneyde Eume ve kuzeyde Ortegal ile Ferrol, toplam 203.444 nüfusu olan Galiçya'nın üçüncü büyük şehri olan Ferrolterra kümelenmesini oluşturuyor.

Ferrol Limanı derinlik, kapasite ve güvenlik özellikleri bakımından Avrupa geneline göre farklılıklar barındırır. Oldukça dar ve kaleler tarafından yönetilen bir girişe sahiptir ve zaman zaman steccado ile bile kapatılabilir.

Şehir, eski Bourbon'ların zamanından bu yana, İspanyol Deniz Kuvvetleri Kuzey Denizcilik Dairesi'nin başkenti olan, tarih boyunca önemli bir denizcilik merkezi oldu. Bundan önce, 17. yüzyılda, Ferrol Avrupa'nın en önemli cephanesiydi. Bugün şehir aynı zamanda Navantia'nın ana gemi inşa tersanelerinin bulunduğu yerdir.

İspanyol diktator Francisco Franco'nun doğum yeri olan Ferrol, 1938'in Eylül ayından 1982 Kasım ayına kadar "El Ferrol del Caudillo" olarak anılmıştır. Ayrıca 1850'de İspanyol Sosyalist İşçi Partisi'nin (PSOE) kurucusu Pablo Iglesias'ın de doğum yeridir.

Şehir, Camino de Santiago'nun İngiliz Yolunun başlangıç noktalarından biridir. Ferrol, İngiliz Yolunu geçen yolcular için tercih edilen başlangıç noktasıdır. Yolcular 100 kilometrelik yolu yürüyerek tamamladıklarında resmi bir belge alırlar.

Tarih
Bu Galiçya kentindeki tarih öncesi insan yerleşimlerinin varlığı; mezar odalarının, megalitik anıtların, Petrogliflerin ve diğer arkeolojik bulguların bolluğu ile desteklenir. Fenikelilerin bu bölgede farklı kurutulmuş ve tuzlanmış morina istasyonları kurdukları ve bu bölgedeki Eski Yunanların varlığı Herodot, Strabo, Pomponius Mela gibi tarihçiler tarafından belgelenmiştir.

Batı Roma İmparatorluğunun yıkılmasından sonra, Ferrol de dahil olmak üzere tüm İber Yarımadası, Vandaller tarafından basıldı ve 411'de Galiçya'nın Suebi Krallığı'na dahil edildi.

Suebi-Vizigot Devleti'nin yıkılmasından sonra, İberya'nın bu Hristiyan bölgeleri Asturias Krallığının bir parçası haline geldi ve MS 750'de Asturias Krallığı'nın bir parçası oldu.

Yüz Yıl Savaşları sırasında stratejik bir güvenli liman olarak görev yapan Ferrol, Kastilya İç Savaşı sırasında Trastamara Evi'nin yanına ve Fernan Perez de Andrade'ya kişisel bir ödül olarak 1371'de HenryII kasabayı güçlü Andrade ailesine verdi.
1568'de eski Orta Çağ kentini moloz ateşine düşüren bir ateş yakıldı, aynı dönemde Haliç'in girişindeki mevcut tahkimatların bir kısmı yapıldı. Bir deniz üssü olarak o zamanlar şehir Kraliyet Arsenali olarak güvenli bir limandan daha önemli olarak kabul edildi.

Bourbonların 18. yüzyılda gelmesiyle Ferrol, lider bir deniz merkezi haline geldi. Ferrol, Amerika'daki İspanyol Sömürge İmparatorluğunun savunması için Ferdinand VI ve Charles III altında kurulan Kuzey Denizcilik Bölümü'nün Başkenti yapıldı. Özellikle Ensenada Markibinin önderliğinde yapılan hızlı iyileştirmeler yapıldı ve Ferrol'ün konumu, denizden neredeyse kaçınılmaz hale geldi; askerlerin çökmekte olan kıyılarına iniş yapma güçlükleri, yenilenmiş kale ve yeni inşa edilmiş kaleler dahil olmak üzere güçlendi.

1726-1783 yılları arasında inşa edilen A Graña ve Ferrol Kraliyet Tersaneleri, Xubia haddehanelerinin bakır levhalarıyla korunan gemiler üretti. 1772 yılında, İspanya'daki ilk akademi olan Ferrol'ün İspanyol Kraliyet Donanma Mühendisleri Akademisi kuruldu. Limanın en zahmetli eserleri için, limanda altı yüz zorunlu işçi istihdam edildi.

Napolyon Fransa ile yapılan savaş sona erdiğinde, Güney Amerika'daki kolonilerin çoğu ana ülkelerinden ayrılmayı seçti ve Ferrol tersaneleri sivillerinin, din adamlarının ve askeri nüfusunun çoğunu kaybederek ciddi bir düşüşe uğradı ve bundan dolayı 1824'te Ferrol, denizciler için matematik okulu, pilot okulu ve Guardas Marinaları Akademisi ile sadece 10.000 sivil ve yaklaşık 6.000 askeri personelden oluşan bir nüfusa sahipti.

Ferrol, 1794-1845 yılları arasında sadece iki gemi inşa etti ve yarım yüzyıl boyunca sessiz kaldı. VII. Ferdinand Ancak, Kardinal Alberon'un liderliği sırasında büyük bir tadilat yapıldı ve sadece birkaç yıl içinde on dört büyük savaş gemisi hattı başlatıldı. Yeni faaliyetler başladı ve Ferrol, şu anda tam operasyonda, sürekli olarak dökümhanelerinde 2.000 işçi çalıştırıyordu. İngiltere ve Fransa'da yetişmiş yetkin bir eğitmen kadrosu altında 40 öğrencinin mesleğinin bilimsel ilkelerini öğrendiği bir Deniz Mühendisleri Okulu kuruldu. Dünyanın en gelişmiş teknolojilerini getirmekte çok başarılıydı. İspanya Deniz İşleri Bakanı Marquis de Molina'nın yönetiminde 1858'de Ferrol Kraliyet Tersaneleri, İspanya'nın ilk demir gövdeli ilk buharlı gemisini başlattı.
Ferolfo'daki Art Nouveau binası, Rodolfo Ucha tarafından tasarlanmıştır.

Bu dönemde, bugünlerde olduğu gibi ve tıpkı Armada günlerinde olduğu gibi, Ferrol Körfezi her zaman etkiledi ve felaketle veya kaba sularla buluştuktan sonra tamir veya sığınak isteyen sayısız gemiyi cezbediyor. Kötü havalarda Biscay Körfezi'ni geçmeye çalışıyor. Öyle ki, iki Kleopatra İğnesinden birini taşıyan Kleopatra'nın durumu, bugün Londra, İngiltere'deki Thames Setinin üzerinde duruyordu. Bir trajedinin ardından 19 Ekim 1877'de Ferrol'e ulaştı ve beş gün önce Fransa'nın batı sahilini batıyordu. Olayı ve Londra'daki İğne tabanında görülmek üzere ölenlerin anısına bir plaket var.

İspanyol Donanması ve İspanyol gemi yapım endüstrisini restore etmek amacıyla İspanya'nın Küba'yı ve Filipinler, Antonio Maura Hükûmeti'ni kaybettiği İspanya-Amerikan 1898 Savaşı'ndan on yıl sonra büyük yatırımcıları İngiliz-İspanyol-Derneği olan sözleşmeleri alan İspanyol Deniz İnşaatı Derneği'ni kiraladı. Transatlantic Company, Biscay Furnace Company'nin %30'u, Ferrol'deki daha önce devlete ait tüm gemi yapım sahaları, atölyeler, dökümhaneler ve kuru rıhtımlar, en iyi İngiliz gemi yapımcılarının teknik uzmanlığına devredildi.

On altı yıllık bir süre boyunca, tüm teknisyenler tamamen İngilizceydi ve durum, 1925 yılına kadar, İspanyol mühendisler tarafından yönetimin devralınması durumunda, hem yeni bakan hükûmeti hem de bakanları da içeren yeni politikalardan biri olarak değiştirilen durum olarak değişmedi. İngilizlerin gelişi, elektrikle çalışan yerel bir tramvay vagonu hattının inşasına denk geldi (1924–1961).

İspanya İç Savaşı'nın patlak verdiğini görünce ve deniz istasyonunda sosyal huzursuzluk korkusu olduğu için, Londra'daki Dışişleri Bakanlığı, tüm İngiliz vatandaşlarını ve 22 Temmuz'da ülkesine geri gönderilen bir gemi düzenledi. 1936 HMS Cadısı (D89) Ferrol'den İngiltere'ye geri döndü. İspanya İç Savaşı'nın (1936–1939) başlamasıyla Ferrol'deki gemi yapımı, atölyeler, dökümhaneler ve kuru rıhtımlar devlet tarafından devralındı ve 1945'te "Bazán" adı altında tamamen kamulaştırıldı, daha sonra "İZAR" olarak değiştirildi. Kasaba, 1938'den 1982'ye kadar resmen El Ferrol del Caudillo olarak tanınan Francisco Franco'nun doğum yeriydi. İspanya Devletinin sona ermesi ve 1978'de demokrasinin gelişi Ferrol'a yardım etmedi. 1982'den 1990'ların başlarına kadar şehir, denizcilik sektöründeki gerileme nedeniyle sayısız sorunla karşı karşıya kaldı. Ancak yeni binyılın başlangıcı, genel olarak bir ekonomik genişleme ve refah zamanı olmuştur. Yeni bir otoyol ve bir dış limaninşa edildi. Çoğu şehir merkezinin dışında Ferrol ve Naron arasında, temelde aynı büyükşehir bölgesi olan ve aileleriyle aynı gençlerin alışveriş yapma eğiliminde olduğu çok sayıdaki çarşı ve alışveriş merkezi inşa edildi. Büyük aile alışverişlerinin yanı sıra hafta sonu günlerinde aile ile birlikte bowling, kafeteryalar, fast-food mağazaları, sinemalar ve spor tesisleri gibi tüm olanaklara dikkat çekti.

Her zamanki gibi eski İspanyol İspanyol Filosu, Deniz gösterilerine katılmayı çok seviyor ve 21. yüzyılın başında Ferrol, Haziran 2008'de büyük NATO Denizcilik Egzersiz Sadık Mariner'ine ev sahipliği yaptı.

Lugo'yu Ferrol'e bağlayan Ferrol Terminus tren istasyonu, Madrid'den yakındaki Corunna'ya giden hattan ayrıldı ve Madrid'deki Cortes tarafından 1865'in başlarında yaptırıldı, ancak 1904'teki son açılışına kadar on yıllarca sürdü. aynısı Yüksek Hızlı Demiryolu AVE ile oldu; bu yüzden açılış gününe kadar 2013 gibi geç kaldı.

Eylül 2017'den itibaren  Ferrol'un dış limanına (Canelinas-Ferrol konteyner limanı olarak da bilinir) hizmet veren yeni bir yerel demiryolu şubesi ve Ferrol Terminus tren istasyonunun inşa başlaması için yeşil bir ışık verildi. 20. yüzyılın ilk yıllarından itibaren burada faaliyet gösteren benzer bir küçük demiryolu yerel şubesinin olduğu ve aynı zamanda Ferrol'ün ve limanlarının yalnızca Kraliyet Donanması ve tersaneleri için tasarlandığı farkına vardı.

İklim
Galiçya'nın çoğunda olduğu gibi, Ferrol iklimi, yaz mevsiminde tipik İspanyol Akdeniz ikliminden biraz daha yağışlı olmasına rağmen yıl boyunca ılıman sıcaklıklar, yağışlı kışlar ve nispeten kurak yazlar ile karakterize edilen nemli bir okyanus iklimidir.

Demografi

Festivaller

Önemli İnsanlar
 Alonso Pita da Veiga
 Andrés Suárez
 Ángeles Alvariño Gozález (1916–2005), Biyolog ve Oşinograf (1916–2005)
 Benito Vicetto Pérez (1824–1878), Yazar
 Carlos Jean (1973'de doğdu.), Elektronik Müzisyen ve Müzik Yapımcısı
 Concepción Arenal (1820–1893), Yazar, Feminist Aktivist
 Fernando Álvarez de Sotomayor y Zaragoza (1875–1960), Ressam
 Francisco Franco (1892–1975)
 Frederick H. Shaw (1864–1924)
 Gonzalo Torrente Ballester (1910–1999), Yazar
 Ignacio Fernández Toxo (1952'de doğdu.)
 Jenaro Pérez Villaamil (1807–1854), Ressam
 Jesús Vázquez Martínez (born 1965), TV sunucusu
 José Canalejas Méndez (1854–1912)
 María Isabel Rivera Torres (1952'de doğdu.), Oyuncu
 Marquis of Amboage (1823–1892), Politikacı
 Nacho Novo (1979'da doğdu.), Profesyonel Futbolcu
 Pablo Iglesias Posse (1850–1925), Politikacı
 Paloma Pérez-Lago González (1967'de doğdu.), Manken ve TV Sunucusu
 Patricio Montojo y Pasarón (1839–1917)
 Paula Vázquez Picallo (1973'de doğdu.), Manken ve TV Sunucusu
 Ramón Franco (1896–1938)
 Ricardo Carvalho Calero, Galiçyaca Edebiyat ve Dilbilim tarihindeki ilk profesör

A Coruña belediyeleri
İspanya'daki liman kentleri
İspanya'daki Dünya Mirasları
İspanya'daki kaleler

Ferrol


Bravo Two Zero was the call sign of an eight-man British Army Special Air Service (SAS) patrol, deployed into Iraq during the First Gulf War in January 1991. According to Chris Ryan's account, the patrol was given the task of gathering intelligence, finding a good lying-up position (LUP), setting up an observation post (OP), and monitoring enemy movements, especially Scud missile launchers on the Iraqi Main Supply Route (MSR) between Baghdad and North-Western Iraq; however, according to Andy McNab's account, the task was to find and destroy Iraqi Scud missile launchers along a  stretch of the MSR.

The patrol has been the subject of several books. Accounts in the first two books, one in 1993 by patrol commander Steven Mitchell (writing under the pseudonym Andy McNab), Bravo Two Zero, and the other in 1995 by Colin Armstrong (writing under the pseudonym Chris Ryan), The One That Got Away, do not always correspond with one another about the events. Both accounts also conflict with SAS's Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) at the time of the patrol, Peter Ratcliffe, in his 2000 memoir, Eye of the Storm. Another book by a member of the patrol, Mike Coburn, titled Soldier Five, was published in 2004.

Michael Asher, a former soldier with the SAS, went to Iraq and traced in person the route of the patrol and interviewed local Iraqi witnesses to its actions; afterward, he alleged that much of Mitchell's Bravo Two Zero and Armstrong's The One That Got Away were fabrication. His findings were published in a British television documentary filmed by Channel 4 Television, and in a 2002 book entitled The Real Bravo Two Zero. Both Armstrong and Mitchell reacted angrily to the documentary and Asher's conclusions.

Mitchell was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal for his actions during the mission, whilst Armstrong and two other patrol members (Steven Lane and Robert Consiglio), were awarded the Military Medal.

Patrol members

Sergeant Steven Billy Mitchell, DCM, MM, patrol commander former Royal Green Jackets. Captured by the enemy, later released. Author of Bravo Two Zero and referred to as "Andy McNab" in the books.
Sergeant Vincent David Phillips, patrol 2IC former Royal Army Ordnance Corps. Died of hypothermia during action, 25 January 1991.
Corporal Colin Armstrong, MM former 23(R) SAS. The only member of the patrol to escape capture. Author of The One That Got Away and better known under his pseudonym as "Chris Ryan".
Lance Corporal Ian Robert "Dinger" Pring MBE VR former Parachute Regiment. Captured by the enemy, later released.
Trooper Robert Gaspare Consiglio, MM (posthumous) former Royal Marine 42 Cdo RM. Killed in action, 27 January 1991.
Trooper Steven John "Legs" Lane, MM (posthumous) former Lance Corporal of 9 Parachute Squadron, Royal Engineers and former Parachute Regiment. Died of hypothermia during action, 27 January 1991.
Trooper Malcolm Graham MacGown, BDSc former Australian 1st Commando Regiment. Captured by the enemy, later released. Referred to as "Stan" in the books.
Trooper Mike "Kiwi" Coburn (pseudonym) former New Zealand Special Air Service. Captured by the enemy, later released. Author of Soldier Five. Referred to as "Mark the Kiwi" in the books.

The patrol

Background
In January 1991, during the prelude to the Coalition ground invasion of Iraq, B Squadron 22 SAS were stationed at a forward operating base in Saudi Arabia. The squadron provided a number of long-range, similarly tasked teams deep into Iraq including three eight-man patrols: "Bravo One Zero", "Bravo Two Zero" and "Bravo Three Zero". Asher lists one of the three patrols as "Bravo One Niner", though it is not clear whether this is one of the same three listed by Ryan. (Peter Ratcliffe (RSM at the time) on his book Eye of the Storm also mentions the first patrol as "Bravo One Nine" and the only patrol that used vehicles with Bravo Three Zero aborting their mission immediately on seeing the terrain they had to operate in. This is the exact opposite to what is mentioned in Des Powell's book Bravo Three Zero in which his patrol (Bravo three zero) was the one with the vehicles and Bravo one zero the one that aborted.)

Insertion
On the night of 22/23 January, the patrol were transported into Iraqi airspace by a RAF Chinook helicopter, along with Bravo Three Zero and their Land Rover 110 vehicles. Unlike Bravo Three Zero, the patrol had decided not to take vehicles. According to McNab's account, the patrol walked  during the first night to the proposed location of the observation post. However, both Ryan's and Coburn's accounts put the distance at . Eyewitness accounts of Bedouin tribesmen and Asher's re-creation support the Ryan/Coburn estimate of . Ryan states the patrol was intentionally dropped only  from the observation post because of heavy pack weights.

According to both Ryan and McNab, the weight of their equipment required the patrol to "shuttle" the equipment to the observation post. Four members would walk approximately , then drop their bergens and wait. The next four would move up and drop their bergens, then the first four would return for their jerry cans of water and bring them back to the group, followed by the second four doing the same. In this manner, each member of the patrol covered three times the distance from the drop off to the observation post.

Soon after the patrol landed on Iraqi soil, Lane discovered that they had communication problems and could not receive messages on the patrol's radio. McNab later claimed that the patrol had been issued incorrect radio frequencies; however, a 2002 BBC report discovered that there was no error with the frequencies because the patrol's transmissions had been noted in the SAS daily record log. Ratcliffe lays the blame for the faulty radios on McNab as the patrol commander; it was his job to make sure the patrol's equipment was working.

Compromise
In late afternoon of 24 January, the patrol was discovered by a herd of sheep and a young shepherd. Believing themselves compromised, the patrol decided to withdraw, leaving behind excess equipment. As they were preparing to leave, they heard what they thought to be a tank approaching their position. The patrol took up defensive positions, prepared their LAW rockets, and waited for it to come into sight. However, the vehicle turned out to be a bulldozer, which reversed rapidly after seeing the patrol. Realising that they had now definitely been compromised, the patrol withdrew from their position. Shortly afterwards, as they were exfiltrating (according to McNab's account), a firefight with Iraqi armoured personnel carriers and soldiers began.

In 2001, Asher interviewed the Bedouin family that discovered the patrol. The family stated the patrol had been spotted by the driver of the bulldozer, not the young shepherd. According to the family, they were not sure who the men were and followed them a short distance, eventually firing several warning shots, whereupon the patrol returned fire and moved away. Asher's investigation into the events, the terrain, and position of the Iraqi Army did not support McNab's version of events, and excludes an attack by Iraqi soldiers and armoured personnel carriers. Coburn's version, Soldier Five, partially supports McNab's version of events (specifically the presence of one armoured personnel carrier) and describes being fired upon by a 12.7 mm DShK heavy machine gun and numerous Iraqi soldiers. In Ryan's version, "[MacGown] also saw an armoured car carrying a .50 caliber machine gun pull up. Somehow, I never saw that." Ryan later estimated that he fired 70 rounds during the incident.

Emergency pickup
British standard operating procedure (SOP) states that in the case of an emergency or no radio contact, a patrol should return to their original infiltration point, where a helicopter will land briefly every 24 hours. This plan was complicated by the incorrect location of the initial landing site; the patrol reached the designated emergency pickup point, but the helicopter never appeared. Ratcliffe later revealed that this was due to an illness suffered by the pilot while en route, necessitating his abandoning his mission on this occasion.

Because of a malfunctioning emergency radio that allowed them only to send messages and not receive them, the patrol did not realise that while trying to reach overhead allied jets, they had in fact been heard by a US jet pilot. The jet pilots were aware of the patrol's problems but were unable to raise them. Many sorties were flown to the team's last known position and their expected exfiltration route in an attempt to locate them and to hinder attempts by Iraqi troops trying to capture them.

Exfiltration route
Standard operating procedure mandates that before an infiltration of any team behind enemy lines, an exfiltration route should be planned so that members of the patrol know where to go if they get separated or something goes wrong. The plans of the patrol indicated a southern exfiltration route towards Saudi Arabia. According to the SAS daily record log kept during that time, a TACBE transmission from the patrol was received on 24 January. The log read "Bravo Two Zero made TACBE contact again, it was reasonable to assume that they were moving south", though in fact the patrol headed north-west towards the Syrian border. Coburn's account suggests that during the planning phase of the mission, Syria had been the agreed-upon destination should an escape plan need to be implemented. He also suggests that this was on the advice of the officer commanding B Squadron at that time.

According to Ratcliffe, the change in plan nullified all efforts over the following days by allied forces to locate and rescue the team. McNab has been criticised for refusing advice from superiors to include vehicles in the mission (to be left at an emergency pickup point) which would have facilitated an easier exfiltration. Another SAS team used Land Rovers in this role when they also had to abandon a similar mission. However, it is also suggested that the patrol jointly agreed not to take vehicles because they felt they were too few in number and the vehicles too small (only short-wheelbase Land Rovers were available) to be of use and were ill-suited to a mission that was intended to be conducted from a fixed observation post.

Separation
During the night of 24/25 January, while McNab was trying to contact a passing Coalition aircraft using a TACBE communicator, the patrol inadvertently became separated into two groups. Whilst the others waited for a response on the TACBE, Phillips, Ryan and MacGown continued to move through the darkness. Neither of the two resultant groups followed the standard emergency rendezvous (ERV) procedure they had been trained to follow, and had followed the night before. Instead, both groups independently continued north towards the Syrian border.

After the separation, Phillips, Ryan and MacGown had two M16/M203 assault rifles and a Browning Hi-Power pistol among them, as well as at least one TACBE, and the night sight around Ryan's neck. McNab, Pring, Lane, Consiglio, and Coburn had their original weapons (three Minimis and two M16/M203s among them), as well as MacGown's Minimi (which McNab was carrying, but soon discarded). The larger group carried at least one TACBE, and the Magellan GPS.

According to Ryan, he was also carrying a 66 mm LAW rocket which he had struggled to free from his Bergen during the initial contact. According to McNab, however, the only item removed by Ryan from his Bergen was a silver hipflask, and it was McNab who was the only one carrying a 66 after this contact; he stated he left the 66 in the Bergen and was the only one to do so. Despite conflicting accounts, it is possible that Ryan may have in fact eventually ended up with McNab's LAW rocket, an item that Ryan later claimed to have used against an Iraqi "Land-Rover type" vehicle; this event is discounted by Ratcliffe who states that, at the Regimental debrief, "[Ryan] made no mention at all of encountering enemy troops on his trek."

Death of Phillips
On the evening of 25 January, Ryan, MacGown and Phillips left the tank berm they had stayed in during the day and headed north. Phillips was already suffering from hypothermia, and could no longer hold his M16/M203, which was handed to MacGown. As they continued, Phillips' condition worsened to the point where he mistook his black gloves for the colour of his own hands, and began yelling out loud. Eventually, Phillips lost contact with the other two somewhere around 2000 hrs, and died a short time later. According to Ryan and MacGown, they both searched for Phillips for about twenty minutes before deciding to continue without him, while according to General Sir Peter de la Billière, only Ryan searched while MacGown waited. Ryan also indicated that he didn't know Phillips was necessarily dead when he wrote "I hoped to God that [Phillips] was doing the same. That he would find his way down" and later "there were still five to account for", though MacGown admitted he knew Phillips was dead at the time. According to the SAS regimental roll of honour, it states that Phillips died of exposure while evading capture in Iraq on 22 January 1991 at the age of 36.

Capture of MacGown
At about midday on 26 January, Ryan and MacGown were discovered by an "old" (according to MacGown) goat herder tending a flock of goats. After discussing possibly killing the man, MacGown decided to go with him to locate a vehicle, while Ryan decided it was not safe to do so and remained where he was under the agreement that MacGown would return by 1830 hrs. MacGown took with him Phillips' M16/M203, but left his belt kit, in order to not "cut such an aggressive figure". MacGown walked with the goat herder for about four hours, before encountering a group of men with a Toyota Landcruiser vehicle. According to Ryan, MacGown shot and killed an unarmed Arab as he ran towards the vehicle, followed by two more armed with AK-47s. Without his belt kit, he had run out of ammunition, and was captured as he attempted to take the vehicle.

According to McNab's secondary account of these events, the old goat herder left MacGown with directions to a hut, where he found two vehicles. After killing a uniformed Iraqi soldier attempting to reach one of the vehicles, "six or seven" more came from the hut, three of whom were killed before MacGown's M16/M203 jammed, and he was captured as he sat in one of the vehicles. According to an interview given by MacGown in 2002, he came across the first soldier near a vehicle: "I brought up my trump card which was 'mohaba' and he said nothing, and I carried on talking and he then made a dash for the vehicle.  I shot him in the head. A single shot." As more soldiers came out of the hut, MacGown aimed his rifle and fired but heard a click, indicating he was out of ammunition. It was apparent that Phillips had never reloaded the weapon after the initial contact on 24 January. For reasons unknown to MacGown, the soldiers did not return fire, but instead took him captive.

Hijack of vehicle by McNab's group
During the evening of 26 January, McNab's group of five stole a taxi at gun point by having Consiglio pretend to be wounded in McNab's arms whilst lying on the side of a road. When the car approached, Pring, Lane, and Coburn came up from behind cover and surrounded the vehicle. According to McNab's account, the group evicted all occupants from the taxi and drove until they reached a checkpoint, where Lane shot and killed one soldier, while the others in the group killed two more. According to Ryan's secondhand account, the group were driven to the checkpoint by one of the Iraqi occupants of the taxi. They exited the vehicle with plans to rendezvous on the other side of the checkpoint, but the driver alerted the police, and the group were forced to continue on foot. Asher's investigation, based on evidence from the actual driver of the car, supported Ryan's version of events with no reported armed contact and no reported Iraqi casualties.

Capture of McNab's group
On the morning of 27 January, McNab's group of five came into contact with local civilians and police. Consiglio was shot and killed by armed civilians at approximately 0200 hrs. Lane died of hypothermia later that same morning after swimming the Euphrates with Pring, who along with McNab and Coburn was subsequently captured. During an exchange of gunfire prior to capture, Coburn was shot in both the arm and ankle.

According to McNab, the four captured patrol members (McNab, Pring, MacGown and the wounded Coburn) were moved numerous times, enduring torture and interrogation at each successive location. According to MacGown, however, "incidents such as teeth extraction and burning with a heated spoon did not happen. It is inconceivable that any such incidents could have occurred without them being discussed or being physically obvious." At the time of the release on 5 March of MacGown and Pring, they were described as "in good shape" by a Red Cross representative.

They were last held at Abu Ghraib Prison before their release.

Ryan's escape to Syria
Ryan claimed to have made SAS history with the "longest escape and evasion by an SAS trooper or any other soldier" to make it to Syria, covering .

Equipment

Each member of the patrol wore a two-shade Desert DPM uniform with a World War II era sand-coloured desert smock. While the other members had regular issue army boots, Ryan (the only member to avoid eventual capture) wore a pair of £100 "brown Raichle Gore-Tex-lined walking boots."

Each member carried a belt kit, Bergen rucksack, one sandbag of food, one sandbag containing two NBC suits, extra ammunition bandoliers and a  jerry can of water. "The belt kit contained ammunition, water, food and trauma-care equipment." The rucksack contained  of sandbags and observation post equipment, seven days worth of rations, spare batteries for the radio, demolition equipment (including PE4 plastic explosive, detonators, and both Claymore and Elsie anti-personnel mines), and intravenous drips and fluids for emergencies.

The patrol also had a PRC 319 HF patrol radio carried by Lane, four TACBE communication devices (carried by McNab, Ryan, and two others) to communicate with allied aircraft, a Magellan GPS carried by Coburn, and a KITE night sight carried by MacGown.  The total weight of each member's kit was estimated at  by McNab and  by Ryan.

McNab, Phillips, Ryan, and Lane carried M16/M203 assault rifles, while Pring, Consiglio, MacGown, and Coburn carried FN Minimi light support machine guns. Each member carried a 66 mm LAW rocket on his back. Due to a missing shipment within the squadron, Phillips was the only member who carried a backup weapon, a Browning Hi-Power pistol.

Literary accounts
The first public literary mention of the patrol was in the autobiography of Lieutenant-General Peter de la Billière, the commander of the British Forces during the Gulf War. Storm Command () only mentioned the patrol in passing. The book was released in 1992.
Patrol commander Steven Mitchell wrote an account of the patrol in a book titled Bravo Two Zero () under the pseudonym Andy McNab. Mitchell used pseudonyms and nicknames for the patrol members who survived, but controversially used the full names of those who died. The book was released in 1993.
Colin Armstrong wrote The One That Got Away () under the pseudonym Chris Ryan. It criticized Mitchell's leadership of the patrol and was particularly hostile in tone to the conduct of Phillips. Armstrong used the same pseudonyms as McNab for those who survived, but also referred to Phillips, Lane and Consiglio by their real names. Ratcliffe said of this move that it was "insensitive" for Mitchell and Armstrong "to hide behind pseudonyms when they named their dead colleagues in their books, in deliberate contravention of the Regiment's traditions." The book was released in 1995.
Peter Ratcliffe (The SAS's Regimental Sergeant Major at the time of the patrol) wrote Eye of the Storm (), which refers to the controversy surrounding the differing accounts of the patrol in some detail. The book was released in 2000.
Both Mitchell's and Armstrong's earlier accounts were critiqued by SAS reserve veteran Michael Asher in The Real Bravo Two Zero (). In 2001, Asher followed the original path of the patrol, interviewing local Iraqis who witnessed the events. The book was released in 2002.
The Gulf War Chronicles () by Richard Lowry recounted much of the patrol's story, though appeared to borrow heavily from the earlier story published by Mitchell. The book was released in 2003, aiming to "set the story straight".
A third member of the patrol wrote Soldier Five: The Real Truth about the Bravo Two Zero Mission () under the pseudonym Mike Coburn, which more forcefully contradicted the previous accounts. The account also levelled damning accusations against the army, and the Ministry of Defence went to great lengths to attempt to prevent its publication, which they failed to do, although they were granted all of the book's profits. The book was released in 2004.
Will Fowler writes of the patrol over a number of pages in SAS Behind Enemy Lines: Covert Operations 1941-2005 (). He named the patrol commander as Sergeant "Mitch" Mitchell, whilst naming the other members as per previous literary accounts.

Dramatic and documentary accounts
ITV produced a one-off dramatic version of Armstrong's book, also titled The One That Got Away, in 1996. The film starred Paul McGann as Ryan and was directed by Paul Greengrass.
The BBC produced a two-part adaptation of Mitchell's book, also titled Bravo Two Zero, in 1998. It starred Sean Bean as McNab and was directed by Tom Clegg. In addition to using all of Mitchell's characters' pseudonyms, the names of the three deceased patrol members, Phillips, Consiglio and Lane were also changed for the film.
In 2002, Channel 4 aired Asher's documentary (which accompanied his book), also titled The Real Bravo Two Zero, directed and produced by Gavin Searle.
Also in 2002, the BBC's Panorama series released a documentary titled "A Question of Betrayal" featuring both Coburn and MacGowan, alleging that the patrol's distress calls had been received and ignored.
 In 2003, the television series JAG ran an episode ("The One That Got Away", S9, EP04) loosely based on the story of Bravo Two Zero involving US Marines Force Recon in Iraq. The name of the team that was involved was Bravo Two One.
 The video game I.G.I.-2: Covert Strike had "Chris Ryan" as a consultant for game development.

References

Gulf War
Special Air Service

Bravo Two Zero


Francis Benjamin Johnson Jr. (June 13, 1918 – April 8, 1996) was an American film and television actor, stuntman, and world-champion rodeo cowboy. Johnson brought authenticity to many roles in Westerns with his droll manner and expert horsemanship.

The son of a rancher, Johnson arrived in Hollywood to deliver a consignment of horses for a film. He did stunt-double work for several years before breaking into acting with the help of John Ford.  An elegiac portrayal of a former cowboy theater owner in the 1950s coming-of-age drama The Last Picture Show won Johnson the 1971 Academy Award, BAFTA Award, and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor.

Johnson also operated a horse-breeding ranch throughout his career. Although he said he had succeeded by sticking to what he knew, shrewd real estate investments made Johnson worth an estimated $100 million by his later years.

Early life
Johnson was born in Foraker, Oklahoma, on the Osage Indian Reservation, of self-identified Irish and Cherokee ancestry, the son of Ollie Susan Johnson (née Workmon) and Ben Johnson Sr. His father was a rancher and rodeo champion in Osage County.

Film career
Johnson's film career began with the Howard Hughes film The Outlaw.

Johnson liked to say later that he got to Hollywood in a carload of horses.

His work as a stuntman caught the eye of director John Ford, who hired Johnson for stunt work in the 1948 film Fort Apache, and as the riding double for Henry Fonda. During shooting, the horses pulling a wagon with three men in it stampeded. Johnson, who "happened to be settin' on a horse", stopped the runaway wagon and saved the men. When Ford promised that he would be rewarded, Johnson hoped it would be with another doubling job, or maybe a small speaking role. Instead, he received a seven-year acting contract from Ford. Ford called Johnson into his office, and handed him an envelope with a contract in it. Johnson started reading it, and when he got to the fifth line and it said "$5,000 a week," he stopped reading, grabbed a pen, signed it, and gave it back to Ford.

His first credited role was in Ford's 3 Godfathers; the film is notable for the riding skills demonstrated by both Johnson and star Pedro Armendáriz. He later said the film was the most physically challenging of his career. Ford then suggested a starring role  for him in the 1949 film Mighty Joe Young; he played Gregg opposite Terry Moore. Ford cast him in the remaining two of the three films that have come to be known as Ford's cavalry trilogy, all starring John Wayne: She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), and Rio Grande (1950) joining Fort Apache.  Both roles showcased Johnson's riding ability. Ford also cast Johnson as the lead in Wagon Master (1950), one of Ford's favorites.

In real life, Johnson did not show any bad temper; his demeanor in tense situations was calm but firm. Although known for avoiding drama, he had definite boundaries; during the making of Rio Grande he defied Ford, who was notorious for browbeating his actors, and reportedly told him to go to hell. Johnson thought the incident had been forgotten, but Ford did not use him in a film for over a decade. Johnson also appeared in four films of Sam Peckinpah and had a good relationship with the tempestuous director. Peckinpah appreciated Johnson's authenticity and lack of acting airs.

Johnson played in supporting roles in Shane (1953), where he appeared as Chris Calloway, a "bad guy who makes good" after being beaten senseless by Alan Ladd, and One-Eyed Jacks (1961) starring Marlon Brando. In 1964, he worked with Ford again in Cheyenne Autumn. He also appeared in four Peckinpah-directed films: Major Dundee (1965, with Charlton Heston), The Wild Bunch (1969, with William Holden and Robert Ryan), and  back-to-back Steve McQueen films, The Getaway and the rodeo film Junior Bonner (both 1972). In 1973, he co-starred as Melvin Purvis in John Milius' Dillinger with Warren Oates; he also appeared in Milius' 1984 film Red Dawn. In 1975, he played the character Mister in Bite the Bullet, starring Gene Hackman and James Coburn. He also appeared with Charles Bronson in 1975's Breakheart Pass. In 1980, he was cast as Sheriff Isum Gorch in Soggy Bottom U.S.A.

Johnson played Bartlett in the 1962–63 season of Have Gun Will Travel, which featured a short scene of his riding skills. In 1963, Johnson appeared as Spinner on the TV Western The Virginian in the episode titled "Duel at Shiloh". In the 1966–67 television season, Johnson appeared as the character Sleeve in all 26 episodes of the ABC family Western The Monroes with co-stars Michael Anderson Jr. and Barbara Hershey.

He teamed up with John Wayne again, and director Andrew V. McLaglen, in two films, appearing with Rock Hudson in The Undefeated (1969) and in a fairly prominent role in Chisum (1970). The apex of Johnson's career was reached in 1971, with Johnson winning an Academy Award for his performance as Sam the Lion in The Last Picture Show, directed by Peter Bogdanovich.

On the set of The Train Robbers, in June 1972, he told Nancy Anderson of Copley News Service that winning the Oscar for The Last Picture Show was not going to change him and he would not raise his salary request to studios because of it. He continued, "I grew up on a ranch and I know livestock, so I like working in Westerns. All my life I've been afraid of failure. To avoid it, I've stuck with doing things I know how to do, and it's made me a good living".

He played Cap Roundtree in the 1979 miniseries The Sacketts. He played Sam Bellows in the 1980 film Ruckus and Jack Mason in the 1984 action adventure Red Dawn. He co-starred in the 1994 version of Angels in the Outfield.

He continued ranching during the entire time, operating a horse-breeding ranch in Sylmar, California. In addition, he sponsored the Ben Johnson Pro Celebrity Team Roping and Penning competition in Oklahoma City, the proceeds from which benefitted Children's Medical Research Inc. and the Children's Hospital of Oklahoma.

Rodeo championship
Johnson was drawn to the rodeos and horse breeding of his early years. In 1953, he took a break from well-paid film work to compete in the Rodeo Cowboys Association (RCA), becoming the Team Roping World Champion; although he only broke even financially that year. Johnson was inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame in 1979. According to his ProRodeo Hall of Fame entry, he said, "I've won a rodeo world championship, and I'm prouder of that than anything else I've ever done."

Personal life
Johnson's 1941 marriage to Carol Elaine Jones lasted until her death on March 27, 1994. They had no children. She was the daughter of noted Hollywood horse wrangler Clarence "Fat" Jones.

Johnson continued to work almost steadily until his death from a heart attack at the age of 77. On April 8, 1996, the veteran actor collapsed while visiting his then 96-year-old mother Ollie at Leisure World in Mesa, Arizona, the suburban Phoenix retirement community where they both lived.  Johnson's body was later transported from Arizona to Pawhuska, Oklahoma, for burial at the Pawhuska City Cemetery.

Ollie died on October 16, 2000, aged 101.

In 2003 Johnson was inducted into the Texas Trail of Fame.

Legacy
For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Johnson has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7083 Hollywood Boulevard. In 1982, he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City. In 1996, Tom Thurman made a documentary film about Johnson's life, titled Ben Johnson: Third Cowboy on the Right, written by Thurman and Tom Marksbury.

The Ben Johnson Cowboy Museum was opened in honor of Ben Johnson in his hometown of Pawhuska in June 2019. The museum showcases the life and career of Ben Johnson, as well as his father, Ben Johnson Sr., who was also a world-champion cowboy. In addition to the Ben Johnsons, the museum also features other world-champion cowboys and cowgirls, famous ranches (like the one Ben grew up on), and cowboy artists and craftsmen, all from the area where Ben grew up.

The Ben Johnson Memorial Steer Roping and the International Roundup Cavalcade, the world's largest amateur rodeo, are held annually in Pawhuska, Oklahoma.

A one-and-a-quarter-sized bronze sculpture by John D. Free of Ben Johnson riding a horse and roping a steer was commissioned and produced in Pawhuska, Oklahoma.

Filmography

Film (actor and stuntman)

Television

References

Further reading

 http://files.usgwarchives.net/ok/osage/obits/lssnwrdr.txt (archive of Ollie Susan Johnson's obituary)
 Ancestry.com

External links

1918 births
1996 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people who self-identify as being of Cherokee descent
American people of Irish descent
Best Supporting Actor BAFTA Award winners
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Male actors from Oklahoma
Male actors from Phoenix, Arizona
Male Western (genre) film actors
People from Mesa, Arizona
People from Osage County, Oklahoma
ProRodeo Hall of Fame inductees
Roping (rodeo)

Ben Johnson (actor)


Gesetz und Ordnung steht für:

 den Western Gesetz und Ordnung (1932)
 den Dokumentarfilm Gesetz und Ordnung (1969)
 den Kriminalfilm von Für Gesetz und Ordnung (1976)
 den Fernsehfilm Gesetz und Ordnung von 1983, siehe Mord im falschen Bezirk

Gesetz und Ordnung


Oase pentru Otto este un film românesc din 2015 regizat de Matei Lucaci-Grunberg. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Anca Dumitra, Nicoleta Hâncu.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2015 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2015
Filme de comedie românești

Oase pentru Otto


Ströden (auch: Streden) ist der Name eines Einzelhofes in der Gemeinde Prägraten am Großvenediger. Ströden wird zur Fraktion Hinterbichl gezählt und ist der westlichste, dauerbesiedelte Punkt der Gemeinde Prägraten am Großvenediger.

Geographie
Ströden liegt am westlichen Ende des Virgentals bzw. an dessen Schnittpunkt mit dem Umbaltal und dem Maurertal. Der Ort besteht aus einem Wohnhaus sowie den zugehörigen Nebengebäuden und einer Kapelle. In nächster Nähe befindet sich auch der Parkplatz Ströden, der den Endpunkt des öffentlich befahrbaren Teil des Virgentals darstellt. Von hier aus führen Wanderwege nach Norden zur Essener-Rostocker-Hütte, nach Westen zur Clarahütte und nach Süden zur Neuen Reichenberger Hütte.

Geschichte
Die Hof Ströden wurde von der Statistik Austria lange Zeit nicht eigens genannt, sondern bei Hinterbichl miteingerechnet. Erst im Zuge der Volkszählung 1951 wurde Ströden mit einem Wohnhaus und sechs Bewohnern extra angegeben. Ströden bestand auch in der Folge immer aus einem Wohnhaus, wobei für das Jahr 1961 ebenfalls sechs Einwohner, für das Jahr 1971 zehn Einwohner und 1981 neun Bewohner ausgewiesen wurden.

Bauwerke

Kulturhistorisch ist vor allem die denkmalgeschützte Herz-Jesu-Kapelle aus dem Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts von Bedeutung. Sie wurde 1893 von Lenz und Lois Raffer errichtet und 1895 geweiht.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Bundesdenkmalamt (Hrsg.): Die Kunstdenkmäler des politischen Bezirkes Lienz. Teil III. Iseltal, Defereggental, Kalsertal, Virgental. Verlag Berger, Horn 2007 ISBN 978-3-85028-448-6 (Österreichische Kunsttopographie, Band LVII)

Geographie (Prägraten am Großvenediger)
Ort im Bezirk Lienz

Ströden


24918 Tedkooser este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
24918 Tedkooser este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Lime Creek de Robert Linderholm. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,28 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 7,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 24001-25000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

24918 Tedkooser


Breslau şu anlamlara gelebilir:
 Güneybatı Polonya'da bulununan Aşağı Silezya'nın başkenti Wrocław'ın Almanca adı
 16 Ağustos 1914'te Osmanlı Donanmasına katılan Midilli Kruvazörü'nün ilk adı
 Geoben ve Breslau Olayı (Yavuz ve Midilli Olayı), SMS Goeben (Yavuz) Alman yapımı Moltke Sınıfı ağır kruvazörün ve SMS Breslau (Midilli) Alman yapımı Magdeburg Sınıfı hafif kruvazörün İngiliz Akdeniz Donanması'ndan kaçarak Çanakkale Boğazı'nı geçerek İstanbul'a sığınması olayı

Breslau (anlam ayrımı)


Die Poona Open waren offene internationale Meisterschaften von Belgien im Badminton in den Jahren von 1980 bis 1989. Sie ersetzten in diesem Zeitraum teilweise die Belgian International und waren von 1987 bis 1989 Teil des World Badminton Grand Prix. 1989 trug der Wettbewerb den Namen Lotto Trophy Poona. Danach pausierten die Meisterschaften bis 2001, um sich 2005 erneut als Belgian International im BE Circuit wiederzufinden.

Die Sieger

Weblinks
http://www.badmintoneurope.com/file_download.aspx?id=4451
http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=24E7764F-9B66-43DA-9FC2-90D9E6EBCF1B

Erstveranstaltung 1980
Liste (Badminton)

Poona Open


Hisar, Karabük ilinin Yenice ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Karabük il merkezine 40 km, Yenice ilçe merkezine 10 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Yenice (Karabük) belde ve köyleri

Hisar, Yenice


La microrregión de Campanha Ocidental es una de las microrregiones del estado brasileño de Rio Grande do Sul perteneciente a la mesorregión Sudoeste Rio-Grandense. Su población fue estimada en 2005 por el IBGE en 399.767 habitantes y está dividida en diez municipios. Posee un área total de 31.125,429 km².

Municipios
 Alegrete
 Barra do Quaraí
 Garruchos
 Itaqui
 Maçambara
 Manoel Viana
 Quaraí
 São Borja
 São Francisco de Assis
 Uruguaiana

Microrregiones de Río Grande del Sur

Microrregión de Campanha Ocidental


الأوستية هي لغة تنتمي إلى مجموعة اللغات الإيرانية من عائلة اللغات الهندية الأوروبية، لغة الشعب الاوسيتي الذي يقطن في كل من هنغاريا والقوقاز وسيستان.

أساس اللغة الأوسيتية من اللغة الإيرانية الأصيلة وهي اللغة الاوستية التي نشأت في سيستان وهي لغة السكوثيين وتسمى بالفارسية (اوستایی) وما زالت هناك كثير من الكلمات المتطابقة مع الفارسية تماما معها وكذلك بعض الأعداد وقد قام(خيتاغورف كوستا)في بداية القرن الماضي بإنشاء الأبجدية للغة وهي عبارة عن أحرف روسية مع اختلاف في عدد بسيط من الأحرف. وتنقسم اللغة الأوسيتية الآن إلى ثلاثة فروع وهي الايرونية والديغورية والكودارية المستخدمة في أوسيتيا الجنوبية. أما الأيرونية فهي الأقرب للغة الأم ويجدر الذكر أن اللغات الثلاثة الحالية غير متقاربة بشكل كبير.

مراجع

أوسيتيا
أوسيتيا الجنوبية
أوسيتيا الشمالية - ألانيا
سارماتيون
لغات إيرانية
لغات جورجيا
لغات ذات رمز أيزو 1-639
لغات ذات رمز أيزو 2-639
لغات روسيا
لغة أوسيتية
وسائل الإعلام حسب لغة روسيا

اللغة الأوسيتية


The Folies Bergère () is a cabaret music hall, located in Paris, France. Located at 32 Rue Richer in the 9th Arrondissement, the Folies Bergère was built as an opera house by the architect Plumeret. It opened on 2 May 1869 as the Folies Trévise, with light entertainment including operettas, comic opera, popular songs, and gymnastics. It became the Folies Bergère on 13 September 1872, named after nearby Rue Bergère. The house was at the height of its fame and popularity from the 1890s' Belle Époque through the 1920s.

Revues featured extravagant costumes, sets and effects, and often nude women. In 1926, Josephine Baker, an African-American expatriate singer, dancer and entertainer, caused a sensation at the Folies Bergère by dancing in a costume consisting of a skirt made of a string of artificial bananas and little else.

The institution is still in business, and is still a strong symbol of French and Parisian life.

History

Located at 32 Rue Richer in the 9th Arrondissement, the Folies Bergère was built as an opera house by the architect Plumeret. The métro stations are Cadet and Grands Boulevards.

It opened on 2 May 1869 as the Folies Trévise, with light entertainment including operettas, opéra comique (comic opera), popular songs, and gymnastics. It became the Folies Bergère on 13 September 1872, named after a nearby street, Rue Bergère ("bergère" means "shepherdess").

In 1882, Édouard Manet painted his well-known painting A Bar at the Folies-Bergère which depicts a bar-girl, one of the demimondaines, standing before a mirror.

In 1886, Édouard Marchand conceived a new genre of entertainment for the Folies Bergère: the music-hall revue. Women would be the heart of Marchand's concept for the Folies. In the early 1890s, the American dancer Loie Fuller starred at the Folies Bergère. In 1902, illness forced Marchand to leave after 16 years.

In 1918,  (1880–1966) made his mark on the revue. His revues featured extravagant costumes, sets and effects, and "small nude women". Derval's small nude women would become the hallmark of the Folies. During his 48 years at the Folies, he launched the careers of many French stars including Maurice Chevalier, Mistinguett, Josephine Baker, Fernandel and many others. In 1926, Josephine Baker, an African-American ex-patriate singer, dancer and entertainer, caused a sensation at the Folies Bergère in a new revue, La Folie du Jour, in which she danced a number Fatou wearing a costume consisting of a skirt made of a string of artificial bananas and little else. Her erotic dancing and near-nude performances were renowned. The Folies Bergère catered to popular taste. Shows featured elaborate costumes; the women's were frequently revealing, practically leaving them naked, and shows often contained a good deal of nudity. Shows also played up the "exoticness" of people and objects from other cultures, obliging the Parisian fascination with the négritude of the 1920s.

In 1926 the facade of the theatre was given a complete make-over by the artist . The facade was redone in Art Deco style, one of the many Parisian theatres of this period using the style.

In 1936, Derval brought Josephine Baker from New York City to lead the revue En Super Folies. , a young Hungarian arrived from Balassagyarmat, his hometown, designed the poster for En Super Folies, a show starring Josephine Baker in 1936. This began a long love story between Michel Gyarmathy, Paris, the Folies Bergère and the public of the whole world which lasted 56 years. The funeral of Paul Derval was held on 20 May 1966. He was 86 and had reigned supreme over the most celebrated music hall in the world. His wife Antonia, supported by Michel Gyarmathy, succeeded him. In August 1974, the Folies Antonia Derval passed on the direction of the business to Hélène Martini, the empress of the night (25 years earlier she had been a showgirl in the revues). This new mistress of the house reverted to the original concept to maintain the continued existence of the last music hall which remained faithful to the tradition.

Since 2006, the Folies Bergère has presented some musical productions with Stage Entertainment like Cabaret (2006–2008) or Zorro (2009–2010).

Filmography
 1935: Folies Bergère de Paris directed by Roy Del Ruth, with Maurice Chevalier, Merle Oberon, and Ann Sothern
 1935: Folies Bergère de Paris directed by Marcel Achard with Maurice Chevalier, Natalie Paley, Fernand Ledoux. A French-language version of the 1935 Hollywood film.
 1956: Folies-Bergère directed by Henri Decoin with Eddie Constantine, Zizi Jeanmaire, Yves Robert, Pierre Mondy
 1959: Énigme aux Folies Bergère directed by Jean Mitry with Dora Doll, Claude Godard
 1991: La Totale! directed by Claude Zidi with Thierry Lhermitte

Similar venues
The Folies Bergère inspired the Ziegfeld Follies in the United States and other similar shows, including a long-standing revue, the Las Vegas Folies Bergere, at the Tropicana Resort & Casino in Las Vegas and the Teatro Follies in Mexico.

In the 1930s and '40s the impresario Clifford C. Fischer staged several Folies Bergere productions in the United States. These included the Folies Bergère of 1939 at the Broadway Theater in New York and the Folies Bergère of 1944 at the Winterland Ballroom in San Francisco.

The Las Vegas Folies Bergere, which opened in 1959, closed at the end of March 2009 after nearly 50 years in operation.

A recent example is Faceboyz Folliez, a monthly burlesque and variety show at the Bowery Poetry Club in New York City.

See also
 Absinthe
 Cabaret Red Light
 Casino de Paris
 Crazy Horse (cabaret)
 Folies Bergere at The Tropicana Hotel Las Vegas
 Jubilee!
 Le Lido
 Moulin Rouge
 Paradis Latin
 Peepshow
 Sirens of TI
 Tropicana Club

Notes

External links

Folies Bergère official site

Cabarets in Paris
Music halls in Paris
Entertainment venues in Paris
Theatres in Paris
Buildings and structures in the 9th arrondissement of Paris
Art Deco architecture in France
Belle Époque

Folies Bergère


Büyükyayla, Eskişehir iline 88 Seyitgazi ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin merası civar köyler tarafından yüksekte kaldığı için yayla olarak kullanılırmış. Mahallenin ismi de buradan gelmektedir.

Coğrafya
Eskişehir iline 88 km, Seyitgazi ilçesine 43 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Seyitgazi'nin mahalleleri

Büyükyayla, Seyitgazi


An Pennilabium angraecum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Henry Nicholas Ridley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Pennilabium angraecum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pennilabium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pennilabium

Pennilabium angraecum


Alexandra Fiori (Porto Alegre, 3 de junho de 1973) é uma jornalista brasileira, formada em Comunicação Social, com habilitação em Jornalismo, pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, ganhadora do Troféu Mulher Imprensa e reconhecida por estar entre os jornalistas mais premiados do Brasil.

Carreira
Alexandra Fiori iniciou a carreira em 1996 na equipe de reportagem da Rede Bandeirantes, em Porto Alegre, onde se especializou na editoria de Política e na apresentação de programas para rádio e TV. Desde 2004, atua em Brasília na coordenação de Jornalismo da sucursal da Agência Radioweb, uma agência de notícias direcionada à emissoras de rádio. Coordenou a transmissão online da cobertura das Eleições Gerais de 2010, com recorde de 540 emissoras em rede. Em 2011 venceu a 7ª Edição do Troféu Mulher Imprensa na categoria Diretora de Redação. No mesmo ano, assumiu a Coordenação de Jornalismo da Rádio Justiça. Em 2014, retornou para a Coordenação de Jornalismo da redação da Agência Radioweb, em Brasília.

Prêmios
A comunicadora ganhou, em 2000, o III Prêmio Embratel de Jornalismo e o XVII Prêmio Direitos Humanos de Jornalismo com a reportagem "Democracia Tardia" sobre ex-presos políticos com direitos de cidadãos cassados após 21 anos do fim da ditadura militar brasileira. No mesmo ano, a reportagem "Morte Anunciada", que investigou a queda de qualidade no abastecimento de água da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, venceu o 42º Prêmio ARI de Jornalismo e o I Prêmio Interamericano de Jornalismo Ambiental. Entre outros prêmios de jornalismo, em 2003, a reportagem "Retratos da Exclusão" venceu o Prêmio FIP Periodismo para La Tolerância, da Federación Internacional de Periodistas, abordando a exclusão de crianças com deficiência mental. Em 2011, foi reconhecida com o Troféu Mulher Imprensa, promovido pelo Portal Imprensa, na categoria Diretora de Redação.

Vida Pessoal
Em 2015, formou-se como instrutora de yoga, atividade paralela que desenvolve colaborando com artigos para sites sobre saúde e bem-estar.

Jornalistas do Brasil

Alexandra Fiori


Roberto Bossard (* 11. März 1959 in Zug) ist ein Schweizer Jazzgitarrist und -komponist. Er wirkt als Professor an der Hochschule Luzern.

Leben und Wirken
Bossard, der aus einer musikalischen Familie stammt, lernte zunächst klassische Violine, bevor er als Autodidakt Gitarre spielte. Ein Fernsehkonzert von Joe Pass brachte ihn zum Modern Jazz; er nahm Einzelunterricht bei Christy Doran. Zwischen 1977 und 1981 studierte er an der Swiss Jazz School in Bern, um sich dann ab 1982 am Musicians Institute in Los Angeles bei Pass und Joe Dorio weiterzubilden. Zurück in der Schweiz, arbeitete er ab 1983 als Lehrer an einer Jugendmusikschule. Daneben spielte er im Guitarsummit von Pierre Cavalli (1983–1984), zu dem auch Thomas Moeckel und Markus Plattner gehörten. Weiterhin bildete er die «Boss-Art-Band», u. a. mit Andy Scherrer, dann mit Martien Oster. 1988 spielte er im Quartett mit Sal Nistico. Dann gründete er ein eigenes Hardbop-Quintett, zu dem neben seinem Bruder, dem Trompeter Corrado Bossard, Daniel Schnyder (später Domenic Landolf), Erich Peter und Alberto Canonico gehörten. Auch trat er häufig mit Vince Benedetti, Makaya Ntshoko, Sandy Patton, Matthieu Michel und James Zollar auf. 1999 gründete er sein Orgeltrio «Organ-X» mit Chris Wiesendanger und Elmar Frey, das gelegentlich auch durch den Saxophonisten Roland von Flüe erweitert wurde. Seit 2002 spielte er weiterhin regelmässig mit Hämi Hämmerli und Frey in «The Trio». Auch spielte er in der Swingband Buddha's Gamblers und ist auf Alben von Peggy Chew, Gabriela Krapf, Vocal Contact, Voicetet und den Mellow Brass zu hören.

Bossard spielte auf einschlägigen Schweizer Jazzfestivals (u. a. Fernsehmitschnitt vom Jazz Festival Montreux 1987), aber auch auf solchen in den Niederlanden und Frankreich. Weiterhin tourte er in Deutschland, Österreich, Italien und Brasilien. 1999 gewann er den Leserpoll des Jazzmagazins Jazz&Cultur als «bester Schweizer Jazzgitarrist 1998».

Diskographische Hinweise
 Mark Soskin, Roberto Bossard, Peter Frei, Elmar Frey Atlantic Crossing (Privave Records, 2000)
 Organ-X: A Time To Talk (Privave Records, 2000)
 Lars Lindvall Tentet 1–10 (Altrisuoni 2002, mit Corrado Bossard, Robert Morgenthaler, Daniel Blanc, John Voirol, Otmar Kramis, Christoph Stiefel, Hämi Hämmerli, Fabian Kuratli)
 Monday Nights (Altrisuoni, 2004)

Lexikalischer Eintrag
 Bruno Spoerri (Hrsg.):  Biografisches Lexikon des Schweizer Jazz. CD-Beilage zu: Bruno Spoerri (Hrsg.): Jazz in der Schweiz. Geschichte und Geschichten. Chronos-Verlag, Zürich 2005, ISBN 3-0340-0739-6.

Weblinks
 Website von Roberto Bossard
 Porträt bei der Hochschule Luzern
 Porträt bei JazzIndex

Jazz-Gitarrist
Komponist (Jazz)
Musiker (Schweiz)
Schweizer
Geboren 1959
Mann

Roberto Bossard


ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම 2023 මාර්තු සහ අප්‍රේල් මාසවල නවසීලන්තයේ සංචාරය කරමින් ටෙස්ට්, එක්දින ජාත්‍යන්තර (එදිජා) සහ විස්සයි20 ජාත්‍යන්තර (වි20ජා) තරග තුනකට ක්‍රීඩා කිරීමට නියමිතය. ටෙස්ට් තරඟ 2021-2023 ICC ලෝක ටෙස්ට් ශූරතාවලියේ කොටසක් වන අතර එදිජා තරඟමාලාව සමාරම්භක 2020-2023 ICC ක්‍රිකට් ලෝක කුසලාන සුපර් ලීගයේ කොටසක් වනු ඇත.

නවසීලන්තය ටෙස්ට් තරගාවලිය 2-0ක් ලෙස ජය ගත්තේය. දෙවැනි තරගය වර්ෂාව හේතුවෙන් අතහැර දැමීමත් සමඟ නවසීලන්තය එක්දින තරගාවලිය 2-0ක් ලෙස ජය ගත්තේය.

පළමු වි20ජා තරගය ජය පරාජයෙන් තොරව අවසන් වූ අතර, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සුපිරි ඕවරයේදී තරගය ජය ගැනීමට සමත් විය. නවසීලන්තය දෙවන වි20ජා තරඟය කඩුලු 9කින් ජයගත් අතර, තරඟාවලිය 1-1ක් ලෙස සමකර ගත්තේය. නවසීලන්තය තෙවැනි විස්සයි20 තරගය කඩුලු 4කින් ජයගත් අතර, තරගාවලිය 2-1ක් ලෙස ජය ගත්තේය.

සංචිත

2023 මාර්තු 12 වන දින ඩග් බ්‍රේස්වෙල් දෙවන ටෙස්ට් තරගය සඳහා නවසීලන්ත සංචිතයට එක් කරන ලදී. 2023 එම දිනයේම, ප්ලන්කට් පලිහ වාරයේ 7 වන වටයට ක්‍රීඩා කිරීම සඳහා, විල් යන්ග් දෙවන ටෙස්ට් තරඟය සඳහා නවසීලන්ත සංචිතයෙන් නිදහස් කරන ලදී. එදිනම, නවසීලන්තයේ නීල් වැග්නර් ආබාධයක් හේතුවෙන් දෙවන ටෙස්ට් තරඟයෙන් ඉවත් විය.

ෆින් ඇලන්, ලොකී ෆර්ගියුසන් සහ ග්ලෙන් ෆිලිප්ස් නවසීලන්ත එක්දින සංචිතයට තෝරාගනු ලැබුවේ පළමු එක්දින තරගය සඳහා පමණි, මාර්ක් චැප්මන්, බෙන්ජමින් ලිස්ටර් සහ හෙන්රි නිකොල්ස් අවසන් එක්දින තරග දෙක සඳහා පමණි. 2023 මාර්තු 18 වන දින, 2023 ඉන්දීය ප්‍රිමියර් ලීගය සඳහා රෝයල් චැලෙන්ජර්ස් බැංගලෝර් සමඟ එක් වීමට නවසීලන්ත එක්දින සංචිතයෙන් නිදහස් කරන ලද මයිකල් බ්‍රේස්වෙල් වෙනුවට රචින් රවීන්ද්‍ර පත් කරන ලදී. 2023 මාර්තු 23 වන දින, නවසීලන්තයේ ලොකී ෆර්ගසන් පළමු එක්දින තරගයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, ඔහු වෙනුවට බෙන්ජමින් ලිස්ටර් නම් කරන ලදී.

පුහුණු තරගය

ටෙස්ට් තරගමාලාව

1 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

2 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

එක්දින තරඟමාලාව

1 වන එදිජා තරගය

2 වන එදිජා තරගය

3 වන එදිජා තරගය

වි20ජා තරගමාලාව

1 වන වි20ජා තරගය

2 වන වි20ජා තරගය

3 වන වි20ජා තරගය

යොමු කිරීම්

බාහිර සබැඳි
ESPNcricinfo හි තරගමාලා පිටුව

2023
ක්‍රිකට්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්

ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ නවසීලන්ත තරග සංචාරය 2023


Yutuyaco (parfois appelée Villa Epumer) est une localité dans la province de Buenos Aires, en Argentine. Elle est située dans le partido d'Adolfo Alsina.

Géographie
Yutuyaco se situe à  au sud-ouest de Buenos Aires et à  au nord-ouest de Carhué, chef-lieu du partido. Aucun cours d'eau ne traverse la localité, bien qu'elle soit entourée de nombreuses lagunes.

Transports
La localité est reliée à Rivera par le chemin provincial secondaire 001-05, et à Tres Lagunas par le chemin provincial secondaire 001-10. Yutayaco entretenait une liaison ferroviaire avec Rivera et Salliqueló par le Chemin de fer Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (ligne Salliqueló-Rivera).

Toponymie
Le nom du village à sa fondation était Villa Epumer, du nom de l'estancia appartenant à Lucas Torres, administrateur des terres. Le nom Epumer en lui-même provient du nom du dernier cacique ranquel de Leubucó à être fait prisonnier par l'armée argentine.

Le toponyme Yutuyaco était d'abord le nom de la gare, mais il devint le nom officiel du village durant les années 1940 pour éviter une confusion avec une autre colonie agricole nommée Epumer dans la province de La Pampa. Yutuyaco signifie « abreuvoir des perdrix » en quechua.

Histoire
L'histoire de Yutuyaco débute à l'ouverture de la gare en 1908. Un an plus tard, Lucas Torres, propriétaire de l'estancia Epumer depuis 1880, réalise le premier fractionnement des terres pour fonder une colonie agricole à laquelle il souhaite donner le nom de Villa Epumer. Le village grandit grâce à la liaison ferroviaire par laquelle étaient exportés les produits des fermes et estancias locales. La fermeture de la gare dans les années 1970 entraîna une chute de l'activité et un fort exode rural.

Population et société
Yutuyaco comptait  en 2010. Elle a dépend de la délégation municipale de Leubucó, représentée par María Soledad Nassini.

On trouve une école primaire et maternelle à Yutuyaco. Il n'y a plus de commerces, mais avant la fermeture de la gare, on trouvait de nombreux services et plusieurs commerces de proximité.

Économie
L'économie de Yutuyaco est exclusivement agricole, les quelques exploitations restantes sont les seules sources d'emploi dans la localité.

Sports

Football

Culture et loisirs

Patrimoine culturel et touristique
 Ancienne gare de la localité, inaugurée en 1908.

Personnalités

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Carte détaillée de la province de Buenos Aires
  Site officiel du partido d'Adolfo Alsina, section dédiée à Leubucó, dont dépend Yutuyaco
  site officiel du partido.
 Coordonnées :

Ville dans la province de Buenos Aires
Division administrative fondée en 1909

Yutuyaco


Steamboat Bill, Jr. is a 1928 silent comedy film starring Buster Keaton. Released by United Artists, the film is the final product of Keaton's independent production team and set of gag writers. It was not a box-office success and became the last picture Keaton made for United Artists. Keaton ended up moving to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where he made one last film in his trademark style, The Cameraman, before his creative control was taken away by the  studio.

Charles Reisner directed the film, and the credited story writer was Carl Harbaugh. The film, named after Arthur Collins's popular 1911 recording of the 1910 song "Steamboat Bill", also featured Ernest Torrence, Marion Byron, and Tom Lewis. The film is known for what may be Keaton's most famous film stunt: The facade of a house falls around him while he stands in the precise location of an open window to avoid being flattened.

In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. The copyright of the film expired in 1957.

Plot

William "Steamboat Bill" Canfield is the owner and captain of a paddle steamer, the Stonewall Jackson, that has seen better days. The King, a new steamer owned by the rich J. J. King, threatens to steal his customers. Canfield receives a telegram saying his son is arriving on the 10 am train, having finished his studies in Boston. Canfield has not seen him for many years.

King's daughter Kitty arrives home from college to visit him.

Canfield meets Bill Jr. at the train station, but is deeply disappointed with his slight, awkward son, who is wearing a foppish beret and has a pencil moustache and a ukulele. Canfield sends him to the barber to have the moustache removed, and there the young man bumps into Kitty, whom he knows from college.

Both Canfield and King are determined to break up the developing relationship between Bill Jr. and Kitty, but Bill Jr. slips off and boards the King at night. Canfield sees Bill Jr.'s clumsy and rebellious effort and buys him a ticket back to Boston. Kitty is angry at him for planning to leave and snubs him on the street.

When Canfield's ship is condemned as unsafe, he accuses King of orchestrating it. He assaults his enemy and is put in jail, prompting the son to tear up his train ticket. Bill Jr. makes a clumsy attempt to help his father escape, but ends up being knocked out by the sheriff and sent to the hospital.

A cyclone hits, demolishing buildings and endangering the ships. The hospital walls are torn away, leaving Bill Jr. exposed. As he makes his way through the town, a building front falls all around him as an unbroken facade, but Bill Jr. is untouched due to a fortunately placed open window. The jail is knocked off its foundations and starts to sink, with Canfield trapped inside. Bill Jr. rescues Kitty, Canfield, and King. Then he jumps into the water and comes back towing a minister in a lifebelt.

Cast

 Buster Keaton as William Canfield Jr.
 Ernest Torrence as William "Steamboat Bill" Canfield Sr.
 Marion Byron as Kitty King
 Tom McGuire as John James King
 Tom Lewis as Tom Carter
 Joe Keaton as the barber

Production
The original idea for the film came from Charlie Chaplin collaborator Charles Reisner, who was the director. Keaton, who had directed or co-directed many of his earlier films, was an uncredited co-director on this project. In June 1927, he traveled to Sacramento, California, and spent over $100,000 building sets, including a pier. Original plans called for an ending with a flood sequence, but due to the devastating 1927 Mississippi River Flood, producer Joseph Schenck forced him to cut the arrangement. Keaton also spent an additional $25,000 for the cyclone scene, which included breakaway street sets and six powerful Liberty-motor wind machines. The cyclone scene cost one-third of the film's entire budget, estimated at between $300,000 and $404,282. Keaton, who planned and performed his own stunts himself, was suspended on a cable from a crane, which hurled him from place to place as if airborne.

Shooting began on July 15, 1927, in Sacramento. Production was delayed when Keaton broke his nose in a baseball game.

The film includes his most famous stunt: an entire building facade falling all around him. An open attic window fits neatly around Keaton's body as the structure falls, saving him from injury. He had performed a similar, though less elaborate, stunt in his earlier short films Back Stage (1919) and One Week (1920). He used a genuine, two-ton building facade and no trickery. The mark on the ground showing Keaton exactly where to stand to avoid being crushed was a nail. It has been claimed that if he had stood just inches off the correct spot, he would have been seriously injured or killed. His third wife, Eleanor, suggested that he took such risks due to despair over financial problems, his failing first marriage, the imminent loss of his filmmaking independence, and recklessness due to his worsening alcohol abuse at the time. Evidence that Keaton was suicidal is scant—he was known throughout his career for performing dangerous stunts independent of any difficulties in his personal life, including a fall from a railroad water tower tube in 1924's Sherlock Jr. in which his neck was fractured. He later said, "I was mad at the time, or I would never have done the thing." He also said that filming the shot was one of his greatest thrills.

It is one of the few Keaton films to reference his fame. At the time of filming, he had stopped wearing his trademark pork pie hat with a short flat crown. During an early scene in which his character tries on a series of hats (something that was copied several times in other films), a clothing salesman briefly puts the trademark cap on his head, but he quickly rejects it, tossing it away.

At the end of shooting, Schenck announced the dissolution of Buster Keaton Productions.

Reception
Steamboat Bill, Jr. was a box office failure and received mixed reviews upon its release. Variety described the film as "a pip of a comedy" and "one of Keaton's best". The reviewer from The Film Spectator appointed it "as perhaps the best comedy of the year thus far" and advised, "exhibitors should go after it". A less enthusiastic review from Harrison's Reports stated, "there are many situations all the way through that cause laughs" while noting that "the plot is nonsensical". Mordaunt Hall of the New York Times called the film a "gloomy comedy" and a "sorry affair".

Over the years, Steamboat Bill, Jr. has become regarded as a masterpiece of its era. On Rotten Tomatoes 96% of critics have given the film a positive rating based on 52 reviews, with an average score of 9.00/10. The film was included in the book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die.

Legacy
The film inspired the title of Walt Disney's Steamboat Willie (1928), which was released six months later and is considered the debut of Mickey Mouse.

The famous falling house stunt has been re-created several times on film and television (although with lighter materials and more contemporary safety measures in place) including the 1975 The Goodies episode "The Movies", the 1991 MacGyver episode "Deadly Silents"; Jackie Chan's Project A Part II; the 2004 Arrested Development episode "The One Where They Build a House" (performed by the show's character named Buster); Al Yankovic's music video Amish Paradise (cross-referencing Peter Weir's 1985 film Witness); the 2006 comedy film Jackass Number Two; an Australian home insurance TV advertisement in 2021; and episode 7 in the first season of Lucha Underground, with a ladder.

Deadpan, a 1997 work by English film artist and director Steve McQueen, was also inspired by Steamboat Bill, Jr. McQueen stands in Keaton's place as a house facade falls over him. This film was shot from multiple angles, and the scene repeats over and over again while McQueen stands seemingly unaffected.

George Miller's 1987 film The Witches of Eastwick references the scene where crates are blown all over Buster during the cyclone when Jack Nicholson gets debris (including boxes) blown over him in the windstorm sequence towards the end. The shot from the Keaton film is also seen in one of the multiple TVs in the media room in the final scene.

See also
 Buster Keaton filmography
 The Wind, 1928 movie starring Lillian Gish
 The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore
 Volga-Volga

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Steamboat Bill, Jr. at the International Buster Keaton Society
  Choice clips from this Public Domain classic (in Windows and Real Media format)

1928 comedy films
1928 films
1920s adventure comedy films
1920s American films
American adventure comedy films
American black-and-white films
American silent feature films
Articles containing video clips
Films about father–son relationships
Films directed by Buster Keaton
Films directed by Charles Reisner
Films produced by Joseph M. Schenck
Films set on boats
Films shot in Sacramento, California
United Artists films
United States National Film Registry films
Silent American comedy films
Silent adventure films

Steamboat Bill, Jr.


Der Tiefbunker Steintorwall befindet sich neben dem Hamburger Hauptbahnhof und wurde von 1941 bis 1944 während des Zweiten Weltkriegs nach dem Erlass des "Führer-Sofortprogramms" erbaut. Der Bunker ist eine dreistöckige, unterirdische Zivilschutzanlage, die aufgrund der Nähe zum Hauptbahnhof hauptsächlich durchreisenden Bahngästen Schutz vor möglichen Luftangriffen bieten sollte. Bauträger für die Bunkeranlage war die Deutsche Reichsbahn.

Der Tiefbunker besteht aus zwei unabhängigen, aber miteinander verbundenen Teilanlagen. Er verfügt über eine Gesamtfläche von 2700 m²; die Betonwände sind 3,75 m dick. Nach Fertigstellung des Baus konnte der Bunker 2460 Menschen aufnehmen.

Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs erfolgte 1945 auf Veranlassung der Alliierten Kontrollbehörden eine Entfestigung der Bunkeranlagen. Der Tiefbunker konnte allerdings weder abgebaut noch gesprengt werden, da die Gefahr zu groß war, dass der Hauptbahnhof hätte beschädigt werden können. Außerdem wurden viele Bunker nach dem Krieg als Wohn- und Lagerraum genutzt; der Tiefbunker Steintorwall diente zeitweilig als Hotel.

Im Kalten Krieg wurde im November 1962 das Schutzbaugesetz erlassen, das die Wiederherstellung und den Ausbau bestehender Luftschutzanlagen forderte, um die Bevölkerung vor möglichen Atomangriffen zu schützen. 1965 begannen daher die Baumaßnahmen, um den Bunker als Schutzraum für die Bevölkerung nutzen zu können. Es wurden moderne Drucktüren, Lüftungs-, Filter-, Notstrom- und andere Versorgungsanlagen eingebaut, die auch einen Aufenthalt für mehrere Tage im Bunker ermöglicht hätten.

Die Lüftungsanlagen sollten kontaminierte Außenluft ansaugen und durch verschiedene Filtersysteme aufbereiten, um den Menschen im Bunker als Atemluft zur Verfügung zu stehen. Durch Sandfilter wurden größere Partikel wie Ruß herausgefiltert. Durch Aktivkohlefilter, sogenannte "ABC-Filter", erfolgte die Feinfilterung von kontaminierten Kleinpartikeln. Die Lüftungsanlage wurde von Stromgeneratoren betrieben, die gleichzeitig den Bunker mit Elektrizität versorgen sollten. Die technischen Anlagen befinden sich im dritten Untergeschoss des Bunkers und sind betriebsbereit. Die Betriebsanleitungen befinden sich bei den jeweiligen Maschinen, um auch eine Bedienung durch ungeschultes Personal zu gewährleisten. Die Wasserversorgung wurde durch die Bohrung eines eigenen Tiefbrunnens gewährleistet, der sich in einer Tiefe von 160 m unter dem Bunker befand. Er stellt sowohl die Trinkwasserversorgung als auch die Versorgung der Dieselmotoren mit Kühlwasser sicher, die die Stromgeneratoren betreiben.

Am Ende des Jahres 1969 wurde der Umbau abgeschlossen und bot aufgrund der erweiterten Aufenthaltsdauer nun 2702 Menschen Schutz. Eine Überbelegung war nach dem Umbau nicht mehr möglich, da die eingebauten Lüftungsanlagen auf die Zahl der Schutzplätze ausgelegt waren. Daher wurden sogenannte "Dosieranlagen" an den Eingängen zum Bunker angebracht, die bei Erreichen der maximalen Personenzahl von den innen liegenden Leitständen geschlossen werden konnten, um eine Überbelegung zu verhindern.

Während der Schneekatastrophe 1978/1979 wurde der Bunker temporär als Notunterkunft für Reisende genutzt.

Die Bunkeranlage wird heute vom Verein "Hamburger Unterwelten" unterhalten und gewartet. Der Zugang ist nur noch über Nebeneingänge möglich, da die Haupteingänge bei Umbaumaßnahmen der Deutschen Bahn am Hauptbahnhof überbaut wurden. Oberhalb des Bunkers befand sich eine massive Betonsäule, über die die Abgase des Dieselmotors an die Oberfläche abgegeben wurden. Außerdem befand sich auf der Spitze eine UKW-Antenne zur Kommunikation mit der Außenwelt. Die Säule wurde 2017 abgerissen.

Literatur
 Ulrich Alexis Christiansen: Hamburgs dunkle Welten. Der geheimnisvolle Untergrund der Hansestadt. Ch. Links Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-86153-837-0, S. 143–160.
Michael Foedrowitz: Bunkerwelten. Luftschutzanlagen in Norddeutschland. Ch. Links, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-86153-155-0.
 Helga Schmal, Tobias Selke: Bunker – Luftschutz und Luftschutzbau in Hamburg. Unter Mitarbeit von Henning Angerer. Christians, Hamburg 2001, ISBN 3-7672-1385-0, (Kulturbehörde, Denkmalschutzamt. Themen-Reihe 7).
Ronald Rossig: Hamburgs Bunker. Dunkle Welten der Hansestadt. Ch. Links Verlag 2014, S. 52 f.

Weblinks
 Hamburger Unterwelten e.V.
 Die öffentliche Luftschutzanlage Steintorwall – Ein vergessener unterirdischer Ort in Hamburgs Innenstadt
 Der Bunker am Hauptbahnhof Hamburg – Tiefbunker Steintorwall
 Video-Interview mit Sören Kempe vom Verein "Hamburger Unterwelten"

Einzelnachweise

Bunker in Hamburg
Hamburg
Erbaut in den 1940er Jahren
Hamburg-St. Georg
Tiefbunker
Bauwerk im Bezirk Hamburg-Mitte

Tiefbunker Steintorwall


Dunstall es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de East Staffordshire, en el condado de Staffordshire (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Dunstall tiene una superficie de 8,07 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Dunstall tenía 215 habitantes (51,16% varones, 48,84% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 26,64 hab/km². El 17,21% eran menores de 16 años, el 78,14% tenían entre 16 y 74, y el 4,65% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 40,03 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 23,6% estaban solteros, el 62,36% casados, y el 14,04% divorciados o viudos.

Según su grupo étnico, el 97,22% de los habitantes eran blancos y el 2,78% asiáticos. La mayor parte (93,49%) eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,4% de la población, mientras que el 5,12% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. El cristianismo era profesado por el 79,72%, el islam por el 2,3%, y cualquier otra religión, salvo el budismo, el hinduismo, el judaísmo y el sijismo, por el 1,38%. El 7,83% no eran religiosos y el 8,76% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

Había 90 hogares con residentes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Staffordshire
Parroquias civiles de Staffordshire

Dunstall


La Citroën-Kégresse P15 N est un semi-chenillé spécialement conçu par Citroën pour rouler sur la neige. Utilisant un propulseur Kégresse-Hinstin à chenilles métallo-caoutchouc, il est basé sur la modification d'une Citroën C6.

Véhicule civil, une vingtaine d'exemplaires sont cependant achetés par l'Armée française, en version ambulance, et utilisés jusqu'en 1940.

Historique
Les premiers tests ont lieu en 1927, d'abord avec des véhicules avec la carrosserie et le moteur 10 CV de la Citroën B14 et des propulseurs à chenilles en caoutchouc. Les chenilles métallo-caoutchouc sont introduites en 1928.

En décembre 1928 est présenté le modèle P15 N (N pour neige), avec la carrosserie type C6. Le moteur est le Citroën type C6 à six cylindres de , donnant une cylindrée de . La puissance est de  à  et permet une vitesse maximale de . Deux skis sont placés à l'avant. En été, le propulseur peut être enlevé et remplacé par des roues classiques.

En 1930, le propulseur est légèrement modifié : l'essieu porteur (répartissant le poids du véhicule sur les galets via un balancier) est descendu et la jambe tendeuse reliant la poulie de tension arrière à l'essieu porteur devient horizontale.

Deux nouvelles versions apparaissent ensuite. En décembre 1932 est présenté le P15 NK à moteur six cylindres de  et quatre vitesses avant (au lieu de trois sur les autres types). Enfin, le P15 N 75 sort en 1934. Il utilise le moteur six cylindres de  de la Citroën Rosalie.

Le P15 N a été proposé au catalogue Citroën jusqu'en 1935.

Utilisateurs

Utilisateurs civils
La  met en service une dizaine de P15 N, équipées pour emporter sept à onze passagers. Ils restent en service jusqu'au début des années 1950. L'administration islandaise commande quatre P15 N en 1930, carrossés localement. Ils sont gardés en service pendant plus de trente ans. La poste suisse achète également deux P15 N en 1928-1929. La carrosserie locale est refaite en 1935. Ils quittent le service en 1939. En France, le P15 N est adopté par les compagnies ferroviaires PLM et de l'Est. Des compagnies allemandes, norvégiennes et tchécoslovaques utilisent également quelques P15 N.

Trois P15 N, offerts par Citroën, viennent en soutien de l'expédition de l'américain Richard Byrd dans l'Antarctique en 1934.

Utilisation militaire
La voiture P15 N est essayée par l'Armée française dès l'hiver 1929-1930. Trois types de carrosserie sont commandés pour les troupes de montagne : voiture de liaison tous terrains, tracteur bâché tous terrains et voiture sanitaire tous terrains. Les derniers sont livrés en 1935 et les P15 N sont toujours en service au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. L'Armée française en a acheté une vingtaine au total, en version ambulance.

Elle teste également une version blindée de commandement sur châssis P15 N, pour répondre au programme  de décembre 1930. Deux exemplaires sont produits par Citroën en 1933. Hauts de , les engins pèsent . L'un des prototypes atteint la vitesse de  lors des essais, menés par la commission d'expériences du matériel automobile de Vincennes en février 1934. Ces véhicules sont admis aux tests en unités, sans que la production de série soit envisagée.

Références

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Kegresse
Véhicule militaire français
Semi-chenillé

Citroën-Kégresse P15 N


Rodrigo Alejandro Soto Zúñiga (Santiago, Chile, 30 de octubre de 1980) es un exfutbolista chileno, que jugaba como delantero. Tuvo pasos por varios clubes nacionales, siendo su último club Magallanes, donde se ganó el cariño de su hinchada por su carisma y esfuerzo. Le apodaban El impostor por su apariencia física, poco asimilable a la de un deportista profesional.

Trayectoria
Soto debutó como futbolista en el Club Deportivo UNIACC, un equipo formado por la Universidad de Artes, Ciencias y Comunicación, para participar en la alta competencia, la Tercera División 2003, logrando clasificar al Hexagonal Final, que determinaba al campeón y equipo ascendido a Primera B. El club finalmente ocupó la quinta posición del grupo.

Al año siguiente ya aparece en Primera División, jugando por Unión San Felipe. En el conjunto aconcagüino permaneció por dos temporadas. Luego fichó por Curicó Unido en 2006, cuando el equipo curicano volvía al fútbol profesional, dejando una muy buena impresión en la hinchada por su buena participación y goles importantes.

En la temporada siguiente tuvo un gran paso por San Luis de Quillota jugando 37 partidos y anotando 14 tantos. Posteriormente, fichó por dos temporadas en Coquimbo Unido, siendo la temporada de Primera B 2008 muy destacada, ya que Coquimbo clasificó a la final por el ascenso a Primera que jugó contra Municipal Iquique, y al perderla jugó la Liguilla de Promoción, cayendo derrotado nuevamente ante Universidad de Concepción.

Después vistió por dos años la camiseta de San Marcos de Arica y otros dos en Magallanes, en donde puso punto final a su carrera en 2014.

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Perfil en BDFA
 Perfil en Soccerway
 Ficha en Livefutbol

Futbolistas de Santiago de Chile
Futbolistas de Coquimbo Unido en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Unión San Felipe en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Club de Deportes Provincial Curicó Unido en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo San Marcos de Arica en los años 2010
Futbolistas de San Luis de Quillota en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Magallanes en los años 2010

Rodrigo Soto


Calibanus hookeri ist eine Pflanzenart der Gattung Calibanus in der Familie der Spargelgewächse (Asparagaceae). Ein englischer Trivialname ist "Calibanus".

Beschreibung

Calibanus hookeri bildet einen niedrigen, kugeligen, korkigen, später holzigen Caudex von 30 bis 100 cm Breite. Die dünnen, variablen, rauen, grasartigen, linealischen, blau-grünen, an den Blatträndern gezähnten Blätter sind 30 bis 90 cm lang und 2 bis 3 mm breit.

Der rispige, steife Blütenstand wird 10 bis 20 cm breit. Die Blüten sind violettfarben. Die Art ist dioecious/zweihäutig/zwittrig/eingeschlechtlich.

Die kugel- bis eiförmigen, strohbraunen Kapselfrüchte enthalten einen Samen und sind 8 bis 9 mm lang und 6 bis 7 mm breit. Die dreikantigen Samen sind 3 bis 4 mm lang und 3 mm breit.

Systematik und Verbreitung
Calibanus hookeri ist in Mexiko in den Bundesstaaten Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi und Tamaulipas in trockenen Gebirgsregionen verbreitet. Sie ist vergesellschaftet mit Coryphanta clavata und verschiedenen Mammillaria-Arten.

Die Erstbeschreibung erfolgte 1911 durch William Trelease.

Einige der zahlreichen Synonyme sind Dasylirion hartwegianum Hook. (1859)  und Dasylirion caespitosum Scheidw. (1861).

Calibanus hookeri ist in Zentral- und Nordost-Mexiko verbreitet. Typisch ist der niedrige, kugelige, korkige, später holzige Caudex. Die dünnen, variablen Blätter ähneln einigen Nolina-Arten mit grasähnlichen Blättern. Die vor kurzem neu beschriebene Art Calibanus glassianus weist Unterschiede in Blütenstand und Frucht auf. Gleichwohl werden Ähnlichkeiten mit Beaucarnea compacta im Erscheinungsbild deutlich.

Calibanus hookeri kann bei trockenem Stand kurze Frostperioden bis minus 8 °C überstehen.

Nachweise

Literatur
 Mary Irish,  Gary Irish: Agaves, Yuccas and related Plants. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon 2000, S. 192.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Calibanus (Gattung)
hookeri

Calibanus hookeri


Comitatul Orange (în ) este un comitat din statul California, Statele Unite ale Americii.

Începând cu recensământul din 2010, populația era de 3,010,232, ceea ce a făcut-o să fie al treilea cel mai populat județ din California, al șaselea, cel mai populat din Statele Unite, și mai populat decât douăzeci și unu de state din S.U.A. Este al doilea județ cu cea mai densă populație din stat, al doilea numai în județul San Francisco. Cele patru mari orașe din județ, Anaheim, Santa Ana, Irvine și Huntington Beach, au populații care depășesc 200.000. Mai multe orașe din Orange County sunt pe coasta Pacificului, inclusiv Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, Laguna Beach, Dana Point și San Clemente.

Orange County este inclusă în zona statistică metropolitană Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim. Treizeci și patru de orașe încorporate sunt situate în județ; cel mai nou este Aliso Viejo, care a fost înființat în 2001. Anaheim a fost primul oraș, înființat în 1870, când regiunea era încă parte a vecinătății județului Los Angeles. În timp ce majoritatea centrelor de populație din Statele Unite tind să fie identificate de un oraș major, nu există un centru urban definit în Orange County. Este în mare parte suburbană, cu excepția unor zone urbane tradiționale, în centrele orașelor mai vechi din Anaheim, Fullerton, Huntington Beach, Orange și Santa Ana. Există mai multe dezvoltări în stil urban, cum ar fi Irvine Business Center, Newport Center și South Coast Metro.

Județul este cunoscut pentru turism cu atracții precum Disneyland, Ferma lui Knott's Berry și câteva plaje populare, de-a lungul celor 64 de kilometri de coastă. Este, de asemenea, cunoscut pentru conservatorismul său politic - un studiu academic din 2005 enumeră trei orașe din Orange County, printre cele mai conservatoare din cele 25 de state ale Americii, făcându-l unul din cele două județe din Statele Unite care conțineau mai mult de un astfel de oraș (Maricopa County, Arizona), pe listă. Orange County face parte din Coasta Tech.

Referințe

Comitate din statul California, SUA
Toate comitatele din SUA

Comitatul Orange, California


Anita Riede (* 1961 in Singen am Hohentwiel) ist eine deutsche Lyrikerin, Literaturwissenschaftlerin und Sprachlehrerin. Sie studierte Germanistik und Hispanistik in Barcelona und Berlin, promovierte im Jahre 2000 an der FUB über Nelly Sachs und Paul Celan. Sie lebt in Berlin.

Veröffentlichungen
 Ein Fingerhut voll Licht, Alkyon-Verl., Weissach i.T. 1998, ISBN 3-926541-91-1
 Zuflucht zur Orange, Alkyon-Verl., Weissach i.T. 2000, ISBN 3-933292-32-8
 Das "Leid-Steine-Trauerspiel", Weissensee, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-934479-41-3
 Verklärung des Zufalls, Ithaka-Verl., Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-933545-23-4
 Textnähte, Ed. Thaleia, St. Ingbert 2005, ISBN 3-924944-73-3
 Blühende Notizen, Pop, Ludwigsburg 2005, ISBN 3-937139-13-3

Weblinks

 Homepage mit Schriftenverzeichnis

Autor
Deutscher
Geboren 1961
Frau

Anita Riede


Stöðug bylting er kenning sem vanalega er eignuð Lev Trotskíj og gengur í stuttu máli út á að í samfélagi sem er í aðalatriðum á stigi lénsveldis (eins og Rússland fyrir byltinguna 1917) sé hægt að hlaupa yfir borgaralegt stig í þjóðfélagsþróun og beint yfir í sósíalisma.

Trotskíismi

Stöðug bylting


Guan Yu (Çince:關羽, Pinyin: Guān Yǔ)(160 – 219) yaklaşık iki bin yıl önce Çin'de yaşamış bir generaldir. Aynı zamanda Çin tarihinde önemli bir kahraman; Çin dinlerinde bir kutsal figürdür.

Guan Yu'nün yaşadığı dönem Çin'in Han hanedanlığı'nın sonu ile Üç Krallık Döneminin başlarına denk gelir. Bu dönem iç çatışmaların, kargaşanın hakim olduğu bir dönemdir. Guan Yu, kardeşi Liu Bei ve kan kardeşi Zhang Fei ile birlikte Wei ve Doğu Wu Hanedanlığına karşı savaşmıştır. Daha sonra Liu Bei Shu Han hanedanlığının ilk imparatoru olmuştur. Guan Yu ise bir savaşta Wu generali Lü Meng tarafından esir alınmış ve idam edilmiştir.

Guan Yu Sui Hanedanlığı döneminde tanrılaştırılmış; bu inanış günümüze kadar ulaşmıştır. Çin halk inancında Guan Gong olarak adlandırılır; dürüstlüğün ve kardeşliğin sembolüdür. Taoculuk'ta ise şeytanları dize getiren güçlü bir koruyucu tanrıdır. Budistler de tapınaklarının ve Dharma'nın koruyucusu olarak kabul ettikleri Guan Yu'yü bodhisattva olarak adlandırırlar.

Guan Yu inanışı günümüzde oldukça yaygındır; Çin, Tayvan ve Hong Kong'da Guan Yu'ye adanmış tapınaklara bolca rastlanır. Guan Yu bu tapınaklarda elinde bir mızrak, kırmızı yüzlü, uzun sakallı olarak tasvir edilir.

Guan Yu'nün bu kadar yaygın olmasının bir sebebi de Üç Krallığın Öyküsü adlı romanın başkarakterlerinden biri olmasıdır. Üç Krallığın Öyküsü Luo Guanzhong tarafından 14. yüzyılda yazılmıştır; Guan Yu kahramanlıklarının bolca anlatıldığı bu kitap Çin dışında Japonya ve Kore'de de çok sevilen bir eserlerdir. Günümüzde de çizgi filmler ve bilgisayar oyunlarıyla Uzakdoğu'da hala popülerliğini korumaktadır.

Notlar

Taoizm
Çin tanrıları

Guan Yu


An Hypolaena in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Hypolaena in nahilalakip ha familia nga Restionaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Hypolaena

Hypolaena


Antonio Napolioni (n. 11 decembrie 1957, Camerino) este un cleric italian, episcop romano-catolic al Diecezei de Cremona din 16 noiembrie 2015.

Biografie
Născut în Camerino în 1957, Antonio Napolioni a început să studieze dreptul la Universitatea din Camerino, apoi a intrat la Seminarul din Fano și a fost hirotonit preot în 1983. Din 2010 a devenit paroh al vechii catedrale San Severino di Settempeda din San Severino Marche.

La 16 noiembrie 2015 papa Francisc l-a numit episcop de Cremona, în locul episcopului Dante Lafranconi, care s-a retras din funcție din cauza vârstei înaintate.

Note

Legături externe
 Site-ul oficial al diecezei Cremona

Nașteri în 1957
Nașteri pe 11 decembrie
Episcopi romano-catolici italieni
Italieni în viață

Antonio Napolioni