Strandža (bulgarsk: Странджа, tyrkisk: Yıldız Dağları eller Istranca Dağları, ofte også translittereret som Strandzha, Strandja eller Stranja) er et bjergmassiv i Sydøsteuropa. Det strækker sig fra Sydøstbulgarien til den nordlige del af den europæiske del af Tyrkiet, og det ligger i landskabet Thrakien. Kernen i massivet, som strækker sig fra nordvest mod sydøst, består af gnejs og granit, men er delvist overlejret af tertiære lag.

Den højeste bjergtop er Mahya Dağı (bulgarsk: връх Махиада / vrach Machiada), der ligger i Tyrkiet med en højde på 1.031 m. Størsteparten af det bulgarske Strandža blev erklæret for naturpark i 1995, og det er det største naturbeskytelsesområde i Bulgarien.

Geografi

Strandža-massivet bliver sammen med den midterste del af floden Tundžas dal og Sakarbjergene regnet for Balkanbjergenes overganszone (bulgarsk: Сакаро-Стрнджанска подобласт/Sakarsko-Strandianska podoblast), selv om det er en fortsættelse af Rhodope-bjergenes krystallinske bjergarter. Bjergmassivet når tæt hen mod Bosporus og bliver næsten overalt gennemskåret og opdelt kraftigt af floder. Mod vest fraskærer Tundžas gennembrudsdal Sakarbjergene, der til gengæld har en udløber mod nord i form af Manastirhøjlandet (bulg. Манастирски възвишения/Manastirski waswisenija). Øst for Tundžas-gennembruddet adskiller floden Popowska reka Derwenthøjlandet (bulg. Девентски възвишения/Derwentski waswisenija) fra Strandžas centrale del. I nordøst udskiller Bosnabjergkæden sig fra den centrale del med floden Weleka som grænse mod syd. Mod nord når bjerglandet frem til Burgasbugten, kystlandskabet ved Burgas og Burgassletten. På det sted danner den nordligste udløber massivet Tženi Wrach. Mod vest er bjerglandet afgrænset af floden Rossens dal.

Mod øst når bjergmassivet ud til Sortehavet. Kystområdet er kendetegnet af et kompleks af havterrasser, en stærkt indskåret klippekyst og adskillige limaner, skiftevis afbrudt af større eller mindre sandstrande. Halvøerne mellem bugterne i den bulgarske kyst er delvist karakteriseret af svært tilgængelige klinter, der falder lodret ned i havet.

Den højeste top i Strandža hedder Mahya Dağı og ligger mellem Vize og Malko Tarnowo. I syd og sydvest falder Strandža-bjergkæden blidt ned mod bakker og lavninger i floden Agrianes' dalstrøg med dets eocæne kalkstens- og mergeldannelser, et lavland, der er opfyldt af forholdsvis unge og senere skabte sænkninger. Agrianes, som udmunder i Mariza lidt nord for İpsala, modtager nordfra en række parallelle bifloder fra Strandža. Deres dale er flade og brede sænkninger, som karakteriseres af en let bølget overflade. Mod vest når det ungtertiære fladland helt frem til Rhodope-bjergene. Den op til 10 km brede slette langs den nederste del af Mariza er et landskab præget af dale og åse. Øst for Marizas delta hæver bjerget Enez sig over bakkelandskabet Hisarh Dag.

I Strandžamassivet udspringer desuden følgende floder: Sredizka (bukgarsk: Средецка), Ropotamo, Resowska (bulgarsk: Резовска река), Fakijska (bulgarsk: Факийска река).

Flora og fauna
Strandžabjergene har en rig og varieret flora og fauna, der er enestående for Europa. 50% af Bulgariens flora kan findes i Strandža naturpark og området har 121 habitattyper. I Strandža findes flere end 600 forskellige arter af hvirvelløse dyr og over 400 arter af hvirveldyr, 41 arter af ferskvandsfisk, 10 arter af padder, over 20 forskellige arter af krybdyr, flere end 130 arter af rugende fugle, og over 60 forskellige arter af pattedyr.

En af grundene til den rige flora og fauna skal findes i Strandžas geografiske placering ved en biogeografisk korsvej mellem Europa og Asien.

Plantesamfundene i Strandža blev udviklet, før end Europa blev adskilt fra Asien ved dannelsen af Bosporusstrædet, som nu forbinder Sortehavet med Middelhavet. Landisen nåede aldrig Strandža under de forskellige istider i pleistocæn og holocæn, og denne frihed for nedisninger i Strandža har bidraget til at skabe grundlaget for, at der kunne opstå og bevares en flora, der er karakteristisk for tertiærtiden på det europæiske kontinent.

Trækfuglenes store, østlige rute, Via Pontica, løber lige hen over bjergmassivet, men det er ikke kun under trækket, at man både i bjergene og i særdeleshed langs kysten kan se en mængde fredede træk- og standfugle (bl.a. skarver, pelikaner, hejrer, skeænder, ibisser, fiskehejrer, lappedykkere og gribbe).

I disse bulgarske bjerge vokser de endemiske plantearter Anthemis jordanovii (en art af Gåseurt), Aurinia uechtritziana (en art af Guldslør), Silene caliacrae (en art af Limurt) og Veronica turrilliana (en art af Ærenpris) samt sjældne eller beskyttede arter som Pontisk Rododendron. I naturbeskyttelsesområdet Arkutino (bulgarsk: Аркутино) findes Hvid Nøkkerose, som er sjælden i Sydøsteuropa.

Naturparken Strandža

Naturparken Strandža omfatter næsten hele bjergmassivet på bulgarsk side. Med et areal på 1.116 km² dækker naturparken næsten 1 % af landets territorium, og den er dermed Bulgariens største naturpark. Parken indeholder fem reservater: Silkosija (Силкосия), Witanowo (Витаново), Sredoka (Средока), Tisowica (Тисовица) og Usunbodžak (Узунбоджак) (ofte kaldet Lopuschniza (Лопушница)). Reservatet Silkosija er det ældste i Bulgarien, for beslutningen om at gøre Silkosija til et reservat blev truffet den 23. juli 1931. Usunbodžak blev optaget på UNESCOs liste over biosfærereservater i Menneske-og-biosfære-netværket i 1977. Ved siden af reservaterne findes der 14 andre naturbeskyttelsesområder, bl.a. Arkutino (Аркутино) og Silistar (Силистар).

Det er et særkende ved naturparken, at den er voksested for reliktplanter fra tertiærtiden, som f.eks. parkens symbol, den Pontiske Rododendron. Ca. 80 % af naturparken består af skove, deriblandt også urskove med Almindelig Bøg og Vinter-Eg.

Bulgariens øverste forvaltningsdomstol ophævede med en beslutning nr. 6794 af 29. juni 2007 Strandžas status som naturpark. Den beslutning fremkaldte i sommeren 2007 protestaktioner fra bulgarske naturfredningsfolk, som søgte at forhindre en yderligere bebyggelse af Bulgariens sortehavsegne. Så vedtog den bulgarske nationalforsamling en lov, som gjorde domstolenes omgørelse af fredningsområder umulig, og som dermed sikrede Strandža som nationalpark. Den 17. juli 2007 vedtod det bulgarske parlament, Narodno Sabranie, en ny lov for fredede områder, som genindførte naturparkens status.

Nye protester fulgte efter uklare beslutninger om bygningen af Burgas-Alexandroupolis-oliepipelinen, som skulle føres gennem naturparken. Bygningen af rørledningen blev dog standset i begyndelsen af 2012.

En senere dom fra den øverste forvaltningsdomstol i begyndelsen af 2014 bragte atter tvivl om naturparkens fremtid .

Galleri

Se også
 Liste over områder med natur- eller landskabsbeskyttelse i Bulgarien

Historie og seværdigheder

Massivet regnes blandt de ældste, beboede områder i Europa, og det var kendt i forhistorien, antikken og middelalderen for sine kobber- und guldminer. Tusinder af arkæologiske fund fra hele området (bl.a. megalitgrave og kæmpehøje) vidner om en gammel megalitkultur og en omskiftelig historie. Bjergene er oversået med ruiner fra thrakiske, keltiske, romerske, hellenske og ægyptiske kulturer. Romerne byggede veje gennem bjergene og langs kysten (under navnet Via Pontica, som sandsynligvis fulgte en allerede eksisterende rute, som allerede den persiske storkonge, Dareios I, fulgte på sin vej til Grækenland. Efter afvisningen af den persiske invasion, blev bjergene centrum for det thrakiske, odrysiske rige.

Der er overleveret talrige legender om bjergenes opståen og historie. Således hævdes det efter legende, at en ægyptisk princesse skal være begravet i bjergene. På denne egen har ritualet med ilddans en særlig betydning. De såkaldte Nestinari, som ilddanserne kaldes i Bulgarien, er enestående for Sydøsteuropa.

I 1903 opstod den såkaldte Strandža-Republik under den kortvarige Ilindenopstanden netop i denne bjergegn.

Eksterne links
 Park Strandža - parkens officielle netsted på

Noter

Bjerge i Bulgarien
Verdensarvsområder i Bulgarien

Strandža naturpark


مغفرة أو المسحل : هو أداة قطع متعددة الحواف تستخدم لإزالة كمية قليلة جدًا من المعدن. يمكن استعماله يدويًا أو بتثبيته على محور آلة التشغيل كالفارزة أو المثقب.

السحل هو عملية تتم لجعل أبعاد ثقب ما أكثر دقة من دقة عملية الثقب، ولإنهاء السطوح والحصول على سطوح ناعمة.

يمكن أيضا لزيادة دقة أبعاد الثقوب أن نستخدم عملية التجليخ.

مراجع

أدوات قطع المعادن
علم المواد
هندسة الإنتاج

مسحل


Đondraši su naselje u općini Kakanj, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Stanovništvo

Na temelju božićnog blagoslova obitelji sutješka rimokatolička župa sv. Ivana Krstitelja napravila je statističke podatke o broju obitelji i župljana po selima u svojoj župi za 2017. godinu. U podatke su uračunani samo oni, koji žive stalno ili minimalno 6 mjeseci na području župe. U Đondrašima je bila 1 osoba.

Izvori

Naselja u Zeničko-dobojskoj županiji

Đondraši


Valerianella martini es una especie de planta perteneciente a la familia  Valerianaceae.

Descripción
Es una hierba anual con tallos de 5-26 cm, ramificados en la mitad superior o desde la base. Las hojas miden 3-27(45) × 0,7-7(9) mm, decrecientes de abajo arriba, glabras, con márgenes lisos  y nervio medio en el envés; las basales oblanceoladas u oblongo-espatuladas, atenuadas, enteras, subenteras o sinuadas, obtusas, con 1-3 nervios longitudinales –el central destacado– y nervadura secundaria pinnada difusa, secas o faltan durante la floración; las caulinares oblongas u oblongo-espatuladas, enteras o laxamente sinuado-dentadas, obtusas, con 1 nervio destacado, las superiores semejantes a las medias. La inflorescencia con ramas de último orden culminadas por cimas glomeruliformes. Brácteas de 3,8-5 mm, oblongas, de márgenes lisos o con algún dentículo; bractéolas 2-3 mm, semejantes a las brácteas, menores que el fruto. Cáliz reducido a 3 pequeños dientes, persistentes en la fructificación y entonces uno de ellos notablemente desarrollado. Corola  con tubo blanquecino y lóbulos azulados. Anteras de 0,2 mm. Los frutos son aquenios  ovoides, comprimidos, de sección subrectangular, glabros, de un pardo obscuro al madurar, caedizos, con lóbulo fértil inflado.

Distribución y hábitat
Es ruderal y arvense; se encuentra a una altitud de 800-1600 metros dispersa por el centro y este de España.

Taxonomía
Valeriana martini fue descrita por Francisco Loscos Bernal y publicado en Trat. Pl. Aragon 1: 23, en el año 1877.
Sinonimia
Valerianella echinata subsp. martinii (Loscos) Rivas Goday & Borja
Valerianella godayana Fanlo
Valerianella locusta subsp. martinii (Loscos) Malag.
Valerianella willkommii Freyn

Referencias

Enlaces externos

martini
Flora de la cuenca mediterránea

Valerianella martini


O Sítio arqueológico do Cerro do Oiro, também conhecido como Sítio arqueológico do Cerro do Ouro, é um local onde foram encontrados vários vestígios medievais e da Idade do Bronze, na freguesia de São Luís, no concelho de Odemira, em Portugal.

Descrição e história
Um dos núcleos deste sítio arqueológico corresponde provavelmente a um povoado islâmico, e situa-se no cume de uma pequena colina, com grandes declives nas vertentes Sul e Oeste. Este local encontra-se a cerca de 200 m a Sul do Monte do Cerro do Oiro, e a 4 Km da aldeia de São Luís. Os vestígios de edifícios consistem em muros de quartzo e xisto, construídos sobre taludes e afloramentos rochosos nas encostas a Norte e Este. As estruturas são muito imperfeitas, com dimensões e comprimentos variáveis, sendo alguns paralelos. Dois lanços estão organizados de forma a fazerem quase um ângulo recto, criando assim uma estrutura em L, com alinhamento de Norte para Sul e dimensões máximas de 60 por 20 m. Em termos de espólio, neste local foram descobertos fragmentos de cerâmica comuns, vidrados e telhas, embora algum possa ter origem no monte situado nas proximidades.

O sítio arqueológico denominado de Cerro do Ouro 2 situa-se nas imediações do antigo povoado, e consiste numa necrópole da Idade do Bronze, com um só tumulus de sepultura, com eixos de 4 por 5 m. A estrutura, de planta ovalada, é formada por pedras de quartzo em tons brancos, diorito e lajes de xisto. O espólio é composto por fragmentos de cerâmica manual e pedras em diorito, que poderão ser parte de um menir fálico partido.

O terceiro sítio corresponde a um conjunto de escórias e pingos de fundição de cronologia indeterminada, situado a cerca de 200 m do Monte do Cerro do Oiro, no sentido Noroeste, e 400 a Sul do Monte da Chaminé. Em termos de estruturas, foram descobertas partes da parede de um possível forno, que seria utilizado na operação de redução do minério.

O Cerro do Oiro 4 também foi identificado como uma necrópole, que foi totalmente destruída devido à sua violação e trabalhos agrícolas, tendo sobrado algumas grandes lajes de xisto, em tons azuis e cinzentos, e seixos em quartzo. Localiza-se a cerca de 300 m do Monte do Cerro do Oiro, no sentido Norte-Nordeste, e a 300 m a Sudoeste do Monte da Chaminé.

O antigo povoado foi alvo de trabalhos arqueológicos em 1995 e 1998, enquanto que a primeira necrópole foi investigada em 1998, e os sítios do Cerro do Oiro 3 e Cerro do Oiro 4 no ano seguinte.

Ver também
Lista de património edificado em Odemira
Castelo de Odemira
Monumento megalítico da Amendoeira Nova
Necrópole do Cerro da Chaiça
Necrópole do Pardieiro
Sítio arqueológico de Abóbora

Ligações externas

Odemira
Sítios arqueológicos do distrito de Beja

Sítio arqueológico do Cerro do Oiro


Vemb Kirke er kirken i Vemb Sogn i Ringkøbing Provsti, Ribe Stift. Den ligger i Holstebro Kommune, indtil Kommunalreformen i 2007 lå den i Ulfborg-Vemb Kommune, og indtil Kommunalreformen i 1970 lå den i Hjerm Herred (Ringkøbing Amt).

Kor og skib er opført i romansk tid af marksten med tilhugne kvadre på hjørnerne. Den retkantede norddør er bevaret i brug, syddøren er næsten forsvundet i murværket. Våbenhuset mod nord er antagelig opført i 1600-tallet. Den lille klokkekam mod vest blev opsat i midten af 1800-tallet. Det rundbuede østvindue blev genåbnet i 1941, da kirken blev renoveret.

Kor og skib har flade bjælkelofter. Ved renoveringen i 1941 blev østvinduet åbnet og det gamle altertavlemaleri fra omkring 1900 af Gjørup erstattet med et trækors. I 1997 fik østvinduet isat en glasmosaik af Sven Havsteen-Mikkelsen. Prædikestolen er fra begyndelsen af 1600-tallet.

Den romanske granitfont har profileret kumme med en savtakfrise nederst samt vulst på overgangen til den firkantede fod, der har hjørnekløer. Fonten er registreret i Mackeprang - Nord og Sønderjylland - Vestjylland, Salling og Himmerland - Den vestjyske type - Glatkummers varianter.

Galleri

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

 Vemb kirke  hos Nordenskirker.dk med frit materiale  [1]
 Vemb Kirke hos KortTilKirken.dk
 Vemb Kirke hos danmarkskirker.natmus.dk (Danmarks Kirker, Nationalmuseet)

Kirker i Ribe Stift
Kirker i Holstebro Kommune
Kirker i Ringkøbing Amt

Vemb Kirke


Antoine Hugot, dit le Jeune, est un flûtiste, compositeur et pédagogue français né en  à Paris et mort dans la même ville le .

Biographie
Antoine Hugot naît en  à Paris.

Élève en flûte d'Atys (ou Atis), il joue fréquemment au Concert Spirituel dans les années 1780.

Il entre avec son frère à l'orchestre du Théâtre-Italien en 1788, où il est première flûte et est surnommé « le Jeune » afin de le distinguer de son aîné.

Pendant la Révolution française, il fait partie de la musique de la Garde nationale, puis devient professeur de flûte au Conservatoire de Paris à la création de l'institution, en 1795.

En 1796 et 1797, Antoine Hugot fait jouer des œuvres de sa composition au théâtre Feydeau et se produit régulièrement en soliste, notamment dans des symphonies concertantes de Devienne.

Réputé pour sa , il est l'un des grands virtuoses de la flûte de la fin du .

Il meurt à Paris le , en se poignardant et défenestrant depuis un quatrième étage, dans un accès de « fièvre nerveuse ».

Son collègue Wunderlich achève la Méthode de flûte du Conservatoire qu'Hugot avait commencée à rédiger, qui est publiée à titre posthume en 1804 sous le nom des deux artistes.

Œuvres
D'Antoine Hugot ont été publiées plusieurs œuvres pour flûte :

 6 concertos
 3 trios pour 2 flûtes et basse,

 Pour 2 flûtes :
 24 duos faciles
 6 sonates faciles
 6 duos,
 6 duos concertants,
 6 duos,
 6 duos,
 6 duos concertants,

 Pour flûte et basse :
 6 sonates,
 6 sonates,
 Célèbre polonoise (vers 1800)
 Sonates, op.posth.
 6 airs variés

 Pour flûte seule :
 6 grands solos et rondos ou études (1824)
 Variations sur des thèmes connus,
 3 sonates faciles
 25 grandes études,  (1803)

Bibliographie

 .
 .

Références

Liens externes

Flûtiste français
Flûtiste classique
Compositeur français de la période classique
Enseignant au Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Paris
Naissance en 1761
Naissance à Paris
Décès en septembre 1803
Décès à Paris

Antoine Hugot


Dot.com es una película portuguesa dirigida por Luís Galvão Teles y escrita por Suzanne Nagle. En la producción cuenta con la participación de, además de Portugal, España, Brasil, Irlanda y Reino Unido, teniendo un presupuesto total de 2 millones de euros.

En la película se narra en tono costumbrista el litigo de una aldea portuguesa y una multinacional por un dominio de Internet. SU rodaje se llevó a cabo en Dormes debido a que era el pueblo donde residió el productor François Gonot y porque tenía el mismo número de habitantes que quería su director, 39.

Argumento
Pedro, un ingeniero destinado en una pequeña aldea portuguesa, ha creado una web a nombre de la asociación del pueblo. Un día, recibe una carta de una empresa pidiéndole la retirada de ese dominio si no quiere pagar una demanda de 500.000 euros. Cuando los habitantes se enteran del litigio, se niegan a cerrar la página, alegando que cualquier multinacional que la quiera tendrá antes que comprarla. A medida que el conflicto llega a los medios, los aldeanos irán cambiando su forma de ser y pensar.

Recepción
En Portugal, donde se estrenó el 5 de abril de 2007, recaudó 96.000 euros con 28.146 espectadores, siendo la vigésimo primera película de esta nacionalidad más vistas de las estrenadas en su país entre el 2005 y el 2010.

La película juega con la vieja rivalidad entre España y Portugal, dominando la más pequeña, que difiere de los vecinos autoritarios no quieren ser patrocinado. Pero el contraste entre el gobierno tranquila provincial y central en la bulliciosa objeto de Lisboa de la película, ya que los rasgos que supuestamente típicas de la gente común y la mentalidad portuguesa, celebrando con todas las peculiaridades y el orgullo particular, en el extremo supuestamente siempre un compromiso y una razón para lugar. Además, la película tiene sobre la cuestión del poder y del dinero y las empresas, y, finalmente, que también sirve para mostrar un paisaje idílico de la descuidada portuguesa interior del país.

Mandril, el ajuste de la película
La película está dirigida a un público amplio, que se encontraba en Portugal (en portugués de las películas más vistas desde el año 2004). La película se estrenó en muchos países diferentes en los cines, el 9 de diciembre de 2010 en Alemania. Ganó el Premio del Público en el Festival de Cine de Portugal en Coímbra, el Caminhos jue Português cine ', sino que también recibió malas críticas. En su mayoría positivos, las bellas imágenes y la historia sereno, líquido-dijo fueron llamados durante la secuencia de comandos no pudo cumplir con estándares más altos., erhielt aber auch schlechte Kritiken. Positiv wurden meist die schönen Bilder und die heitere, flüssig erzählte Geschichte genannt, während das Drehbuch keinen höheren Ansprüchen genügen konnte.
El pueblo de mandril, que sirvió de telón de fondo de la película fue conocida por el éxito de las dot.com. Producción dio las gracias al pueblo, en poder del preestreno de cine del sitio. El entonces presidente Aníbal Cavaco Silva, llegó el 24 de marzo de 2007 sobre la vista previa en el pico aislado, lo que es una placa conmemorativa en el lugar.

Referencias

Dot.com


Gary Michael Karr (born November 20, 1941 in Los Angeles) is an American classical double bass virtuoso and teacher; he is considered one of the best bassists of the 20th and 21st centuries.

Biography
Although he comes from several generations of bassists, he was not encouraged by them to go into music.  In an interview with ActiveBass magazine he said that he has no contact with the professional bassists in his family.

After attending Fairfax High School and USC, Karr studied at the Aspen Music Festival and the Juilliard School, where his major teachers included Herman Reinshagen and Stuart Sankey. Karr's breakthrough came in 1962, when he was featured as a soloist in a nationally televised New York Philharmonic Young People's Concert, conducted by Leonard Bernstein.  On that famous telecast, Karr performed "The Swan" from The Carnival of the Animals by Camille Saint-Saëns. Karr also recorded the piece with Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic.

He has since appeared as a soloist with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, London Symphony Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, Montreal Symphony Orchestra, Hong Kong Philharmonic, Simon Bolivar Orchestra, Jerusalem Symphony, Oslo Philharmonic, Zurich Chamber Orchestra, and with all the major orchestras of Australia.

He has premiered new works written for him by Vittorio Giannini (Psalm CXX), Alec Wilder (Sonata for Double Bass and Piano and Suite for Double Bass and Guitar), Robert Xavier Rodriguez (Ursa, Four Seasons for Double Bass and Orchestra), and the concertos for double bass and orchestra by Gunther Schuller, Hans Werner Henze, John Downey and Ketil Hvoslef. He has recorded the Serge Koussevitzky concerto with Oslo Philharmonic.

He has taught double bass on the faculties of the Juilliard School, New England Conservatory of Music, The Hartt School, Yale University, Indiana University, University of North Carolina School of the Arts, and the Halifax (Nova Scotia) Schools Music Program and has published a number of instructional books for the double bass.  He focuses on finding one's unique sound on the double bass and approaching playing with the lyrical emphasis of a singer.

After 40 years as a concert artist he retired in 2001 to Victoria, British Columbia, where he lives with his dog Shin-Ju, and his dear friend and companion, fellow musician Harmon Lewis.

Foundations
In 1967 Karr founded the International Society of Bassists (ISB), an organization devoted to the study, promotion, and advancement of double bass playing around the world. The ISB, with a membership of more than 3,000 double bass performers, teachers, students, and aficionados in more than 40 countries, hosts an international conference biannually to further these goals.

Karr was featured in two BBC documentaries; The Great Double Bass Race in 1978, and Amazing Bass in 1984.

In 2005, Karr donated his primary instrument, the Karr-Koussevitzky bass, to the ISB.  This instrument was given to Karr by Olga Koussevitzky, widow of Serge Koussevitzky, in 1961.  It is the intention of the ISB to make this valuable instrument available for use by double bassists worldwide.   The Karr-Koussevitzky bass was once believed to have been made by the Amati family and hence it is also referred to as the Amati bass.

The non-profit Karr Double Bass Foundation, which loans instruments to promising young double bassists to assist in their professional development, was established by Karr in 1984.

References

External links
Gary Karr Official website
International Society of Bassists Official website
Karr Doublebass Foundation Official website
Interview with Gary Karr by Bruce Duffie, December 13, 1993

1941 births
Living people
American classical double-bassists
Male double-bassists
Aspen Music Festival and School alumni
Musicians from Los Angeles
Juilliard School alumni
Juilliard School faculty
University of Hartford Hartt School faculty
Yale School of Music faculty
New England Conservatory faculty
Jacobs School of Music faculty
North Carolina School of the Arts faculty
Classical musicians from California
21st-century double-bassists
21st-century American male musicians

Gary Karr


La révolte du taro (portugais : Revolta dos inhames), ou émeute du taro (portugais : Motim dos inhames), est une révolte qui s'est produite à la fin du  dans l'île de São Jorge, notamment dans la municipalité de Calheta et dans les paroisses de  et , pour protester contre le paiement de la dîme sur la production de taro (Colocasia esculenta).

Contexte

Le taro dans l'île de São Jorge
La culture du taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott), appelée localement 'inhame ou coco, a pris une importance particulière dans l'île de São Jorge, en particulier dans les fajãs de sa partie orientale.

Introduit dans l'île au cours du , probablement en provenance d'Asie du Sud-Est, le taro a rapidement gagné en popularité parmi la population, car outre qu'on pouvait le cultiver sur des terres marginales, impropres à la culture des céréales qui dominaient alors dans l'île, il constituait une garantie contre la faim, assumant le rôle qu'assumerait, environ un siècle et demi plus tard, la pomme de terre. Avec des cycles de culture pouvant aller jusqu'à 2 ans, le taro était un aliment disponible pour surmonter toute crise frumentaire qui pourrait apparaître, notamment en cas de mauvaise récolte de blé.

Compte tenu de la préférence de la plante pour les endroits gorgés d'eau, et de sa tolérance à l'ombre, les sites de culture préférés étaient les fajãs, situées par endroits le long des falaises, riches en eau et ombragées, et le lit de nombreux ruisseaux, mettant à profit d'étroites plates-formes suspendues sur les falaises autour des chutes d'eau alimentées par les ruisseaux pérennes de cette région. Sur les falaises (appelées « rochas ») de la côte sud de l'île, on peut encore voir des parcelles de taro, vestiges de cultures anciennes retournées à l'état sauvage, poussant dans des endroits où on peine à imaginer qu'un être humain puisse y accéder et encore moins en sortir chargé d'une lourde récolte.
Dans la moitié orientale de l'île, caractérisée par le haut plateau de la Serra do Topo, à environ 800 m au-dessus du niveau de la mer, presque toujours submergée par le brouillard, la culture des céréales était difficile, et se limitait à l'étroite plate-forme qui entoure Vila do Topo  et la partie la plus basse de Santo Antao. Ces conditions, associées à la présence de fajãs et de ruisseaux nombreux et abondants, ont permis au taro de prendre une importance sans comparaison dans le reste des Açores, pour la consommation locale et pour l'exportation vers la Terceira , où, encore au milieu du , on vendait des « inhames-de-água » (taros d'eau) de la commune de Calheta.
Compte tenu de leur valeur pour la production de taro, des parcelles de quelques mètres carrés seulement étaient soumises au cadastre, tant la possession de ce légume était importante pour garantir la sécurité alimentaire.

Cette relation extraordinaire avec le taro était si frappante que même aujourd'hui, un peu péjorativement, les habitants de la région sont encore surnommés « inhameiros » et en souvenir de ce fait (et de la mutinerie) deux feuilles de taro figurent en bonne place dans les armoiries de la municipalité de Calheta et un plant de taro est bien représenté dans le blason de la paroisse de Ribeira Seca, lieu de naissance du chef de la révolte du taro.

La dîme des miunças et des prazos
Les dépenses de la guerre de Restauration ne pouvaient pas être facilement couvertes en augmentant simplement les  taxes existantes, essentiellement centrées sur les produits à plus forte valeur commerciale, comme les céréales et la viande. Face au resserrement des finances royales, il a fallu renforcer les mécanismes de génération de recettes fiscales et de taxation des nouvelles productions, élargissant ainsi l'assiette fiscale.

Un nouvel impôt a été créé sous le nom de dîme  des miunças e ervagens . Il taxait au 1/10 toute la production de légumes, d'herbe pour le bétail (y compris dans ce cas le bétail lui-même) et d'autres petites productions agricoles (d'où la désignation de Miunças). Cette dîme, qui dura aux Açores jusqu'à la mise en place du régime libéral, était, comme c'était la norme à l'époque pour les recettes fiscales, concédée à des particuliers contre paiement d'un revenu fixe au trésor royal, avec la charge de procéder à la collecte et à la vente des produits reçus en paiement.

La collecte des dîmes pour les minanças engendrait un profond rejet, d'autant plus que les collecteurs étaient généralement des marchands et des capitalistes lisboètes qui envoyaient dans les îles des agents qui extorquaient sans pitié ce qui était dû et autant qu'ils pouvaient. A ce mécontentement s'ajouta l'anéantissement des rêves d'une vie meilleure, que la Restauration avait promis mais n'avait pas apporté, et le problème des délais. Les soi-disant délais résultaient de l'existence sur l'île de grands latifundios, qui étaient passés des mains des anciens capitaines du donataire à celles de la haute aristocratie de Lisbonne, et avaient réduit la majorité des paysans de l'île à la misérable condition de fermiers soumis à de lourds fermages. Dans certaines paroisses, les quelques terres allodiales disponibles étaient précisément les rochas et fajãs où étaient cultivées les taros.

Le mécontentement a augmenté au cours du dernier quart du , créant des conditions favorables à l'émergence de mouvements de protestation. Tout ce qui manquait, c'était l'étincelle qui échaufferait les esprits.

La question du taro
Considéré comme de la nourriture pour les esclaves et les pauvres, le taro n'avait jamais été soumis au paiement de la dîme. Ce ne fut donc pas une mince surprise lorsque les habitants des districts de Calheta et Topo ont appris qu'ils devraient la payer.

La situation s'est enlisée, mais lorsque en 1692 Francisco Lopes Beirão a levé, pour 3 ans, la dîme des miunças e ervagens  de l'île pour un montant de , a ordonné à ses agents locaux de faire le siège des contrevenants. Compte tenu des défauts de paiement répétés, il décida en 1694 de demander aux autorités municipales le paiement obligatoire de la dîme, avec la circonstance aggravante que les agriculteurs devraient transporter les taros depuis les champs jusqu'aux lieux de collecte.

Cette dernière exigence a été la goutte qui a fait déborder le mécontentement des paysans : porter des taros sur le dos, des fajãs au village, franchir un dénivelé de 500 ou 600 mètres, ou risquer leur vie en transportant des taros le long des falaises, sur des chemins plus adaptés à des chèvres qu'à des personnes, et enfin les donner pour payer la dîme, leur semblait inhumain. D'autant plus que la dîme sur le blé était collectée à l'aire de battage, la dîme sur le maïs  à la limite des champs, et la dîme sur le vin au pressoir. Ils exigeaient donc du soumissionnaire qu'il la fasse payer à la sortie du site de culture et qu'il monte avec les taros sur le dos.

Le début des émeutes
Dans ce contexte de protestation et d'indignation généralisées, le 21 juillet 1694, à la demande du soumissionnaire, Amaro Soares de Sousan, sergent-major de la commune de Velas, s'est présenté au Conseil de Calheta. Il  demanda de l'aide pour déplacer plus de 150 résidents de la municipalité de Calheta afin qu'ils répondent devant l'huissier de Velas du non-paiement de la dîme sur les taros des années 1692 , 1693 et 1694.

En novembre, certains habitants du village de Ribeira da Areia, village de la côte nord qui appartient aujourd'hui à la paroisse de Norte Grande, municipalité de Velas , mais rattaché alors en partie à Calheta, se sont présentés devant le Conseil de Calheta en se plaignant que les habitants du lieu étaient convoqués, et certains même arrêtés, par des hommes aux ordres du magasinier de Velas. Il s'agissait d'une ingérence inhabituelle et intolérable dans l'indépendance municipale de Calheta, qui a immédiatement conduit le procureur du conseil et le capitaine général de Calheta à envoyer des agents pour expulser les envahisseurs.

Lorsque les responsables de Calheta sont arrivés sur les lieux, il était déjà tard car dans sa Fenix Angrence, le prêtre Manuel Luís Maldonado dit que « alors que le magasinier passait avec 40 hommes au bout du village de Calheta pour arrêter quelques coupables, comme il l'a fait, les gens se sont soulevés si sauvagement et de manière si désordonnée, qu'il a dû se retirer avec ses hommes dans l'église de Nossa Senhora das Neves » - [paroisse de la freguesia de Norte Grande ] — « qu'ils furent encerclés, menacés d'être incendiés et les portes brisées à coups de hache, que le vicaire se rendit sur place, cherchant à apaiser la foule, qu'il n'y parvint pas sans relâcher d'abord ceux qui étaient piégés dans le village... . .. le bruit de la foule grandit, elle se renforça de deux compagnies, formées avec deux capitaines, tous criant qu'ils ne paieraient pas de dîme sans que Sa Majesté ne les commande par mandat spécial ».

Le prêtre João de Sousa Pacheco, alors vicaire de Norte Grande, se précipita vers l'église et réussit à calmer les gens quand, ayant rempli leurs exigences, il brûla au sommet du clocher de l'église et à la vue de tous la liste des personnes citées à comparaître. Après cela, ceux de Velas ont été autorisés à rentrer chez eux et l'affaire semblait résolue.

Intervention judiciaire
Les São-Jorgiens, naïfs, se sont trompés en pensant que, face à la force, le soumissionnaire n'insisterait pas pour réclamer à nouveau le recouvrement. En effet, lorsque Francisco Lopes Beirão fut informé de la déroute infligée à ses agents, il recourut au pouvoir royal, et le roi ordonna, par lettre datée de Lisbonne le 16 juin 1695 , que le corregedor (inspecteur-général) João de Soveral e Barbuda se rende dans l'île de São Jorge dans le seul but d'identifier et d'arrêter les coupables.

En août 1695, le corregedor Barbuda partit pour les Açores, établissant sa résidence dans l'île voisine de Faial, et commença ses investigations. Face à la résistance continue des São-Jorgiens, au printemps 1696, il demanda au gouverneur du château São João Baptista do Monte Brasil, dans la ville d'Angra , d'envoyer des troupes pour réprimer la rébellion. Ce dernier, le 1er juin 1696, envoya 50 soldats de Terceira à São Jorge, les mettant à la disposition du magistrat.

Accompagné de la force militaire, le corregedor  Barbuda entame à Velas, le 22 juin 1696, une campagne d'arrestations et d'interrogatoires, menant une enquête rigoureuse sur les incidents qui se sont produits. Entre autres, le magasinier et le sergent-major de Velas et le capitaine-major et les juges et conseillers de Calheta sont entendus.

L'enquête a conduit à la culpabilité des mutins et des autorités de Calheta qui les avaient défendus. Ainsi, Gonçalo Pereira Machado, le capitaine-major respecté de Calheta et résident de Ribeira Seca, considéré comme le chef de la révolte, a été envoyé en état d'arrestation à Lisbonne, où il est mort à Limoeiro.

Également reconnus coupables, les juges et conseillers de la Chambre de Calheta se sont enfuis et il n'a pas été possible de les arrêter. Bien qu'à un degré moindre, ont également été reconnus coupables  presque tous les habitants de Villa do Topo (qui comprenait alors la paroisse de Santo Antão), Calheta et Nortes (c'est-à-dire Norte Grande et Norte Pequeno).

Malgré la fuite de certains d'entre eux, les biens des « coupables » ont été saisis pour payer les dîmes échues et les intérêts, auxquels s'ajoutent les salaires et autres dépenses du corregedor, des militaires, des juges, y compris les déplacements et la nourriture.

Une grande partie des coupables ont été définitivement ruinés, obligés de vendre tout ce qu'ils possédaient pour rassembler les sommes qu'ils étaient condamnés à payer, et ceux qui n'ont pas pu le faire ont été arrêtés et incarcérés au château de São João Baptista, à la prison d'Angra et aussi à la prison de Horta. Beaucoup y sont morts de maladie, de faim et de chagrin.

Conséquences
À la suite de la révolte du taro, les relations entre les comtés de São Jorge se sont tendues au cours des siècles suivants, Calheta et Topo se polarisant vers Angra, Velas vers Horta. Les habitants, ruinés par les sommes à payer, ont été plongés dans une misère encore plus grande, aggravée par des crises alimentaires successives (ou frumentaires comme on disait alors) qui ont forcé l'émigration vers le Brésil puis vers les États-Unis de Amérique.

Le soulèvement fut un moment fort de la vie communautaire de habitants de São Jorge impliqués, et il est encore présent dans les mémoires aujourd'hui, comme l'atteste la présence du taro dans l'héraldique locale.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

 .

Liens externes
 .
 .

 .
 .

Histoire des Açores
Taro
Rébellion du XVIIe siècle

Révolte du taro


Londo Mollari is a fictional character in the universe of the science fiction television series Babylon 5, played by Peter Jurasik.

Although Londo began as a supporting player in the early episodes, his actions and character development as the series progressed had an immeasurable effect on the show, making him one of the more significant characters in the series. He begins as an apparent stock character assigned to the role of loud, jovial comic relief. Later in the series, he is shown to be an embittered patriot of a dying empire, eager to restore its primacy. In doing so, he becomes largely an unwitting pawn of the Shadows, and the intrigues that he engages in are central to the show's plot. Mollari is also a man of honor, and the moral consequences of his plots weigh heavily on him. By the series' end, he finally makes things right at the cost of his own life.

Character description

Overview
Londo Mollari is a member of one of the oldest Noble Houses of the Centauri Republic. He is a mercurial personality given to extreme manifestations of anger, sadness, or joviality, depending on the power of the catalyst provoking them. While he is an avid hedonist who is fond of drink and leisure, he is also a devout Centauri patriot and would gladly give his life without hesitation to protect the Republic. A staunch traditionalist, Londo has a profound sense of pride which is tied to the heritage of the Centauri imperial history, when the republic was a vast empire with tremendous influence across the known galaxy; Londo was once a military officer with several heroic accomplishments, which he relishes and often reminisces on when intoxicated. But the decline of the expansionist tradition has weakened the prestige of the Centauri Republic in the eyes of the galactic community, particularly the emancipation of the Narn homeworld from Centauri colonial rule. These developments have wounded Londo's pride in his people and himself, and he is extremely bitter about his people's loss of face. He resents the Narn for their eventual success in establishing themselves as a viable independent power and for what he feels is their part in the increasingly unimportant and humiliating political positions he has held in the latter years of his life, most of which were diplomatic titles with little significance in the royal court. Londo's greatest desire is to see the restoration of the Centauri Republic to the glory and influence it held in older times, and it is this desperate longing that proves the undoing of himself and his people.

Despite his temperamental and stodgy nature, Londo himself is largely devoid of malice. His bigotry towards other races, particularly the Narns, is largely based on habituation and national identity rather than actual hatred; he is rather fond of humans given the similarities in behavior between them and his own people, and speaks in obvious admiration of the human military's tenacity during the Earth–Minbari war. Londo is averse to violence and is often at odds with himself over his desire for military victory and the horror he feels at the suffering and death of others; when he is present at the Second Conquest of Narn, he is visibly sickened by the level of destruction and death he has semi-unwittingly caused and later challenges Lord Refa over his use of outlawed Mass Drivers in the planetary assault on Narn. He yearns for honor and respect, but is often uncomfortable with the cost and responsibilities that come with it.

Londo is very appreciative of his friends and reluctantly tolerant of insincerity; he often chooses the friendship of people with temperaments similar to his own but with personalities suited towards brutal honesty (Michael Garibaldi) or sincere naivety (Lennier, Vir Cotto). Of the three wives he possesses, the only one he does not divorce is his abrasive wife Timov (who absolutely despises him and shows him not the slightest shred of respect) because her scathing honesty is preferable to the feigned friendliness and scheming of the other two. His greatest love, other than his people, is the romantic company of Lady Adira, a former slave and dancer whose benign and sincere nature pierced all the practised cynicism he has built over the course of his life. One of Londo's few real friends is Urza Jaddo, whom Londo must kill in a duel because of the intrigues of Lord Refa.

Londo's closest friend is his attache Vir Cotto. Initially, the two had a comically adversarial relationship: Vir was guileless, naive and extremely honest and empathetic, making him completely inept at Centauri political process, which irked Londo no end. Londo thoroughly enjoyed tormenting him with outrageous demands and workloads in an attempt to train him to be a more efficient Centauri, but over the course of The Shadow War, the Earth Civil War, and the rebuilding of Centauri, the two became almost inseparable. Though Londo never truly abandons his playful condescension towards Vir for his beneficence and even disagrees with his empathy at times, Londo admires and envies Vir's innocence and respects his opinion and assistance throughout his career.

The onset of the wars that nearly consume the galaxy in the series – especially his own complicity in their occurrence – changes Londo from an embittered patriot longing for the old days to a more introspective and sympathetic man determined to rebuild not just his own society, but that of others; prior to his coronation as Emperor, he becomes a significant force in emancipating and restoring Narn and in assisting the Interstellar Alliance in bringing peace to the galaxy.

Ambassador to Babylon 5
The Centauri culture in the series is patterned on the conventions of early imperial Rome (which still fancied itself a Republic despite having an Emperor at its head) and portrayed with a nod to the visualizations of the empire depicted in the Dune motion picture (with futuristic versions of 18th-century uniform and clothes as the choice for Centauri attire). The Centauri state is depicted in decline: it falls prey to decadence and internal politics even while it hungers to return to its days of glory. As such, Londo is depicted as a reflection of the society from which he comes. In the words of series creator J. Michael Straczynski, he is "overweight, prone to gambling constantly (null-pool is his favorite) and fond of women and drinks". Considered something of a buffoon even among the Centauri, Londo has been assigned the post of Centauri Ambassador to Babylon 5 to keep him out of the way (according to Babylon 5: In the Beginning he used to be the official Centauri Ambassador on Earth).

At the start of the series, Londo seems to be ineffective in his role as ambassador. His drunken temper tantrums and posturing upon the glories of the "Great Centauri Past" make him appear to be a buffoon. However, he climbs Centauri Prime's political ladder through manipulating his people's hatred of the Narn Regime (former slaves of the Centauri, who fought for and won their independence). Indeed, Londo has a hatred for the Narn Ambassador, G'Kar when the series begins. Gradually, however, this softens as time passes. Towards the end of the series, Londo and G'Kar put their differences aside and for the most part, become friends, of sorts. His cynical political ambition – and his sincere craving to restore the pre-eminence of Centauri Prime – make him into the perfect target for the dark and mysterious Morden, who is secretly representing the Shadows as they work to rebuild their strength. Morden asks each of the major Ambassadors one question – "What do you want?" – only Londo gives him the appropriate answer: glory and prestige for himself and the Centauri. Through the course of the series, Morden and his "Associates" repeatedly give Londo exactly what he asks for, which proves to be far from what Londo actually wants. As Narn fleets continue to be wiped out without any survivors to explain how, Londo takes credit and attracts a great deal of much-desired attention and power, never questioning the consequences of his alliance with the Shadows until it is far too late.

Eventually, after having proved the capability of his "Associates" beyond any doubt, Morden begins to request favors from Londo. Londo, driven by his own pride as well as his fear that Morden may leave and turn elsewhere for help, gives in each time. Despite his conscience bothering him about the nature of these requests, he finds himself unable to sever his connection with Morden.

Saving Centauri Prime
As the events of the Shadow War come to a peak, Mollari is promoted to the position of advisor on planetary security, which requires him to return to his home world. Mollari is angered by the promotion, understanding that it is not a reward for his service but a leash to keep him and his newfound power under control. Upon his return to Centauri Prime, Mollari discovers that the young Emperor Cartagia, whose ascent to the throne he personally endorsed, is insane and has allowed the Shadows to establish a base on Centauri Prime. At the same time, the Vorlons have begun a campaign to completely destroy any planet where the Shadows have influence. In his insanity, Cartagia believes the Shadows would elevate him to godhood and insists they stay. Mollari realized that in order to deal with the Shadows and save his world from the Vorlons, Cartagia must be killed.

Mollari begins a conspiracy to have Cartagia assassinated, with the help of Vir Cotto, a number of high-ranking Centauri, and G'Kar, who is Cartagia's prisoner at the time. They plan to lure Cartagia to Narn, where he will be away from the majority of his guards and vulnerable. There, G'Kar will be able to create a security threat by escaping, and in the confusion Londo will kill Cartagia by injecting him with a poison that will cause both of his hearts to shut down. The plot succeeds, although as it turns out, Cartagia attacks Londo and Vir must inject the poison. After the Emperor is pronounced dead, Mollari fulfills a promise to G'Kar, that in return for his help, Narn will be freed from Centauri rule (although the Narn believe that they have once again driven the Centauri away "through strength").

With Cartagia dead and a Vorlon fleet en route to destroy Centauri Prime, Mollari is promoted to the position of Prime Minister, making him temporarily head of state until a new Emperor can be elected. With his new power, Mollari proceeds to blow up the Shadow base on Centauri Prime, and then execute their agent, Morden – who, he discovers, had Adira killed. He believes that this would redeem Centauri Prime from being destroyed by the Vorlons; however, Vir realizes that Londo himself has been influenced and used by the Shadows, and so the Vorlons would want him destroyed too. As the Vorlon fleet comes into orbit around Centauri Prime, blotting out the sun, it becomes clear that the Vorlons would destroy the whole planet just to get Mollari. Londo implores Vir to kill him and show the Vorlons he had done it,  but is saved by the fact that at the same time, in another part of the galaxy, a fleet led by Sheridan is battling the Shadows and Vorlons at Corianna 6 (Sheridan's fleet's final battle, as it turns out), and the Vorlons call in all their remaining ships to help. Thus Vir does not have to kill Londo, and the planet is spared. But in saving Centauri Prime, Londo has unknowingly doomed his world to a different fate that will be almost as terrible.

Emperor Mollari II
Following the galactic war with the Shadows, Mollari eventually rises to become Emperor of the Centauri Republic, taking the title Emperor Mollari II (since another member of his family was Emperor in the past). One of his first acts as the new Emperor is to name Vir Cotto as his replacement on Babylon 5— a job not highly prized because of the earlier Centauri conquest of Narn— though Londo knows that Vir will fulfill the job dutifully, even if some of the other ambassadors distrust him.

Before his official installation as Emperor Mollari II, Londo confides in his now ex-bodyguard, Ambassador G'Kar, "When we met, I had no power and all the choices I could ever want. Now I have all the power I could ever want and no choices at all."

At the end of the fifth season, it is revealed that the Drakh had manipulated the Interstellar Alliance into attacking the Centauri Homeworld and decided they needed Londo to be Emperor. The Regent, Virini, dies when his keeper is removed, and another keeper is attached to Londo. For the next 15 years, Londo reigns as Emperor. He soon learns that alcohol puts the Keeper to sleep, allowing him a few minutes of freedom.

When the Drakh kidnap David Sheridan, the son of John and Delenn, the couple come to Centauri Prime to free him. Both Sheridan and Delenn are captured by the Centauri. Mollari tries to force the Drakh to leave; they respond by exploding fusion bombs they had planted on the surface of the planet. Mollari is told to execute Sheridan and is able to convince his Keeper that he will soon kill both Sheridan and Delenn. He then ingests enough alcohol to put the Keeper to sleep and frees Sheridan, Delenn, and their son in exchange for their help in freeing the Centauri from the Drakh.

Mollari knows that his Keeper will soon wake up and alert the other Drakh that he had set his friends free, and that the Drakh will kill them, and then kill him for his betrayal. G'Kar enters the throne room. Mollari explains the situation and begs G'Kar to kill him before the Keeper wakes up, saying "I am as tired of my life as you are." G'Kar begins to crush Mollari's throat, but does not finish before the Keeper awakens. The Keeper  seizes control of Mollari and retaliates. Mollari and G'Kar finally die at each other's hands, just as Londo has predicted 20 years before.

A few hours before his death, in the events of Babylon 5: In the Beginning, Mollari had a random encounter with two Centauri children (who turned out to be the nephew and niece of Urza Jaddo, while their governess, Senna, proved to be the daughter of Lord Refa). He granted them a favor by telling them the tale of the Earth-Minbari War. He also commented upon the terrible events that had befallen Centauri Prime, saying that while he had cared for each of his wives in his own way, he loved Centauri Prime the most, and that everything he had done had been "for her".

Following Mollari's death, Vir Cotto finds Mollari and G'Kar's lifeless bodies on the floor of the throne room. He manages to escape from the Centauri homeworld (avoiding the inevitable Drakh attempt to place a Keeper on him), and goes to Minbar. In a conference with the surviving members of the Centauri houses, Cotto is named the next Emperor, fulfilling Lady Morella's prophecy that both Londo and Vir would be Emperor, but one would be Emperor only after the other's death. Emperor Cotto is able to finally free his homeworld from the clutches of the Drakh. To commemorate Londo and G'Kar, he orders twin statues of them erected in front of the Centauri Royal Palace, symbolically guarding the city and watching each other's backs.

In 2281, John Sheridan is dying. Emperor Cotto goes to Minbar for one last meal with Sheridan and his friends. When the time comes to remember all who died, Cotto raises his glass to the memory of Londo Mollari.

Reception and literary analysis
Londo has been subject to literary analysis, for example as a leader.

References

Babylon 5 characters
Fictional emperors and empresses
Fictional gamblers
Television characters introduced in 1993

ru:Список персонажей телесериала «Вавилон-5»#Лондо Моллари
sv:Babylon 5#Viktiga karaktärer i serien

Londo Mollari


Salvia officinalis, the common sage or sage, is a perennial, evergreen subshrub, with woody stems, grayish leaves, and blue to purplish flowers. It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae and native to the Mediterranean region, though it has been naturalized in many places throughout the world. It has a long history of medicinal and culinary use, and in modern times it has been used as an ornamental garden plant. The common name "sage" is also used for closely related species and cultivars.

Names
Salvia officinalis has numerous common names. Some of the best-known are sage, common sage, garden sage, golden sage, kitchen sage, true sage, culinary sage, Dalmatian sage, and broadleaf sage. Cultivated forms include purple sage and red sage.  The specific epithet officinalis refers to plants with a well-established medicinal or culinary value.

Taxonomy
Salvia officinalis was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It has been grown for centuries in the Old World for its food and healing properties, and was often described in old herbals for the many miraculous properties attributed to it.
The binary name, officinalis, refers to the plant's medicinal use—the officina was the traditional storeroom of a monastery where herbs and medicines were stored. S. officinalis has been classified under many other scientific names over the years, including six different names since 1940 alone. It is the type species for the genus Salvia.

Description

Cultivars are quite variable in size, leaf and flower color, and foliage pattern, with many variegated leaf types. The Old World type grows to approximately  tall and wide, with lavender flowers most common, though they can also be white, pink, or purple. The plant flowers in late spring or summer. The leaves are oblong, ranging in size up to  long by  wide. Leaves are grey-green, rugose on the upper side, and nearly white underneath due to the many short soft hairs. Modern cultivars include leaves with purple, rose, cream, and yellow in many variegated combinations. The common sage gives its name to the grayish-green color sage, due to the distinctive color of its leaves.

History

Salvia officinalis has been used since ancient times for warding off evil, snakebites, increasing women's fertility, and more. The Romans referred to sage as the "holy herb," and employed it in their religious rituals. Theophrastus wrote about two different sages, a wild undershrub he called sphakos, and a similar cultivated plant he called elelisphakos. Pliny the Elder said the latter plant was called salvia by the Romans, and used as a diuretic, a local anesthetic for the skin, a styptic, and for other uses. Charlemagne recommended the plant for cultivation in the early Middle Ages, and during the Carolingian Empire, it was cultivated in monastery gardens. Walafrid Strabo described it in his poem Hortulus as having a sweet scent and being useful for many human ailments—he went back to the Greek root for the name and called it lelifagus.

The plant had a high reputation throughout the Middle Ages, with many sayings referring to its healing properties and value. It was sometimes called S. salvatrix (sage the savior). Dioscorides, Pliny, and Galen all recommended sage as a diuretic, hemostatic, emmenagogue, and tonic.
Le Menagier de Paris, in addition to recommending cold sage soup and sage sauce for poultry, recommends infusion of sage for washing hands at table. John Gerard's Herball (1597) states that sage "is singularly good for the head and brain, it quickeneth the senses and memory, strengtheneth the sinews, restoreth health to those that have the palsy, and taketh away shakey trembling of the members." Gervase Markham's The English Huswife (1615) gives a recipe for a tooth-powder of sage and salt. It appears in recipes for Four Thieves Vinegar, a blend of herbs which was supposed to ward off the plague. In past centuries, it was also used for hair care, insect bites and wasp stings, nervous conditions, mental conditions, oral preparations for inflammation of the mouth, tongue and throat, and also to reduce fevers.

Uses

Culinary use

In Britain, sage has for generations been listed as one of the essential herbs, along with parsley, rosemary, and thyme (as in the folk song "Scarborough Fair"). It has a savory, slightly peppery flavor.  Sage appears in the 14th and 15th centuries in a "Cold Sage Sauce", known in French, English and Lombard cuisine, probably traceable to its appearance in Le Viandier de Taillevent. It appears in many European cuisines, notably Italian, Balkan and Middle Eastern cookery. In Italian cuisine, it is an essential condiment for saltimbocca and other dishes, favored with fish. In British and American cooking, it is traditionally served as sage and onion stuffing, an accompaniment to roast turkey or chicken at Christmas or Thanksgiving Day, and for Sunday roast dinners. Other dishes include pork casserole, Sage Derby cheese and Lincolnshire sausages. Despite the common use of traditional and available herbs in French cuisine, sage never found favor there.

Essential oil

Common sage is grown in parts of Europe for distillation of an essential oil, although other species such as Salvia fruticosa may also be harvested and distilled with it.

Research
Extracts of Salvia officinalis and S. lavandulaefolia are under preliminary research for their potential effects on human brain function. The thujone present in Salvia extracts may be neurotoxic.

Cultivars
In favourable conditions in the garden, S. officinalis can grow to a substantial size (1 square metre or more), but a number of cultivars are more compact.  As such they are valued as small ornamental flowering shrubs, rather than for their herbal properties. Some provide low ground cover, especially in sunny dry environments. Like many herbs they can be killed by a cold wet winter, especially if the soil is not well drained. But they are easily propagated from summer cuttings, and some cultivars are produced from seeds.

Named cultivars include:
 'Alba', a white-flowered cultivar
 'Aurea', golden sage
 'Berggarten', a cultivar with large leaves, which rarely blooms, extending the useful life of the leaves
 'Extrakta', has leaves with higher oil concentrations
 'Icterina', a cultivar with yellow-green variegated leaves
 'Lavandulaefolia', a small leaved cultivar
 'Purpurascens' ('Purpurea'), a purple-leafed cultivar
 'Tricolor', a cultivar with white, purple and green variegated leaves
'Icterina' and 'Purpurascens' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

See also
 Salvia
 List of Salvia species

References

External links

 Salvia officinalis Israel Native Plants

 Salviae officinalis folium, European Medicines Agency

Herbs
officinalis
Medicinal plants
Flora of the Mediterranean Basin
Mediterranean cuisine
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora of Malta

Salvia officinalis


Cireșarii este un film românesc din 1984 regizat de Adrian Petringenaru. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Ion Marinescu, Petre Gheorghiu-Dolj și Ernest Maftei. A avut premiera la 24 decembrie 1984. Scenariul se bazează pe seria de romane omonime de Constantin Chiriță.

Rezumat

Un echipaj pionieresc pune la cale o periculoasă expediție într-o peștera în care s-au incuibat doi răufăcători. Cireșarii se vor descurcă cu brio.

Distribuție

 Răzvan Baciu — pionierul Tic, fratele mai mic al Mariei
 Alina Croitoru — pioniera Lucia Istrate
 Alina Dumitrescu — pioniera Maria Florescu
 Robert Enescu — pionierul Ionel Enescu, secundul echipajului
 Horațiu Medveșan — pionierul Victor Medveșan, căpitanul echipajului
 Alexandru Rotaru — pionierul Dan Rotaru, cronicarul expediției
 Gabriel Sîrbu — pionierul Teodor Teodoru poreclit "Ursu"
 Florin Iordan — pionierul Sergiu
 Marius Petre — pionierul Pompilică, prietenul lui Sergiu
 Ion Marinescu — vânătorul Petrăchescu, tâlhar
 Petre Gheorghiu-Dolj — Bărbosul, tâlhar, complicele lui Petrăchescu
 Ernest Maftei — moș Timofte, paznicul școlii
 Nicolae Dinică — ing. Florescu, tatăl Mariei și al lui Tic
 Victorița Dobre-Timonu — mama lui Ursu
 Ștefan Velniciuc
 George Zavera
 Petre Victor
 Ion Mierloiu

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 1.417.750 de spectatori la cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Cireșarii, serial TV din 1972
 1984 în film

Filme din 1984
Filme regizate de Adrian Petringenaru
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme Româniafilm
Ecranizări de romane românești
Constantin Chiriță
Filme de aventuri
Filme pentru copii

Cireșarii (film)


An afterburner (or reheat in British English) is an additional combustion component used on some jet engines, mostly those on military supersonic aircraft. Its purpose is to increase thrust, usually for supersonic flight, takeoff, and combat. The afterburning process injects additional fuel into a combustor in the jet pipe behind (i.e., "after") the turbine, "reheating" the exhaust gas. Afterburning significantly increases thrust as an alternative to using a bigger engine with its attendant weight penalty, but at the cost of increased fuel consumption (decreased fuel efficiency) which limits its use to short periods. This aircraft application of "reheat" contrasts with the meaning and implementation of "reheat" applicable to gas turbines driving electrical generators and which reduces fuel consumption.

Jet engines are referred to as operating wet when afterburning and dry when not. An engine producing maximum thrust wet is at maximum power, while an engine producing maximum thrust dry is at military power.

Principle
Jet-engine thrust is an application of Newton's reaction principle, in which the engine generates thrust because it increases the momentum of the air passing through it. Thrust depends on two things: the velocity of the exhaust gas and the mass of the gas exiting the nozzle. A jet engine can produce more thrust by either accelerating the gas to a higher velocity or ejecting a greater mass of gas from the engine. Designing a basic turbojet engine around the second principle produces the turbofan engine, which creates slower gas, but more of it. Turbofans are highly fuel efficient and can deliver high thrust for long periods of time, but the design tradeoff is a large size relative to the power output. Generating increased power with a more compact engine for short periods can be achieved using an afterburner. The afterburner increases thrust primarily by accelerating the exhaust gas to a higher velocity.

The following values and parameters are for an early jet engine, the Pratt & Whitney J57, stationary on the runway, and illustrate the high values of afterburner fuel flow, gas temperature and thrust compared to those for the engine operating within the temperature limitations for its turbine.

The highest temperature in the engine (about ) occurs in the combustion chamber, where fuel is burned at an approximate rate of  in a relatively small proportion of the air entering the engine. The combustion products have to be diluted with air from the compressor to bring the gas temperature down to a specific value, known as the Turbine Entry Temperature (TET) (), which gives the turbine an acceptable life. Having to reduce the temperature of the combustion products by a large amount is one of the primary limitations on how much thrust can be generated (). Burning all the oxygen delivered by the compressor stages would create temperatures () high enough to significantly weaken the internal structure of the engine, but by mixing the combustion products with unburned air from the compressor at  a substantial amount of oxygen (fuel/air ratio 0.014 compared to a no-oxygen-remaining value 0.0687) is still available for burning large quantities of fuel () in an afterburner. The gas temperature decreases as it passes through the turbine to . The afterburner combustor reheats the gas, but to a much higher temperature () than the TET (). As a result of the temperature rise in the afterburner combustor, the gas is accelerated, firstly by the heat addition, known as Rayleigh flow, then by the nozzle to a higher exit velocity than occurs without the afterburner. The mass flow is also slightly increased by the addition of the afterburner fuel. The thrust with afterburning is .

The visible exhaust may show shock diamonds, which are caused by shock waves formed due to slight differences between ambient pressure and the exhaust pressure. This interaction causes oscillations in the exhaust jet diameter over a short distance and causes visible banding where pressure and temperature are highest.

Thrust augmentation by heating bypass air

Thrust may be increased by burning fuel in a turbofan's cold bypass air, instead of the mixed cold and hot flows as in most afterburning turbofans.

An early augmented turbofan, the Pratt & Whitney TF30, used separate burning zones for the bypass and core flows with three of seven concentric spray rings in the bypass flow. In comparison, the afterburning Rolls-Royce Spey used a twenty chute mixer before the fuel manifolds.

Plenum chamber burning (PCB), was partially developed for the vectored thrust Bristol Siddeley BS100 engine for the Hawker Siddeley P.1154 until the program was cancelled in 1965. The cold bypass and hot core flows were split between two pairs of nozzles, front and rear, in the same manner as the Rolls-Royce Pegasus, and fuel was burned in the fan air before it left the front nozzles. It would have given greater thrust for take-off and supersonic performance in an aircraft similar to, but bigger than, the Hawker Siddeley Harrier.

Duct heating was used by Pratt & Whitney for their JTF17 turbofan proposal for the U.S. Supersonic Transport Program in 1964 and a demonstrator engine was run. The duct heater used an annular combustor and would be used for takeoff, climb and cruise at Mach 2.7 with different amounts of augmentation depending on aircraft weight.

Design

A jet engine afterburner is an extended exhaust section containing extra fuel injectors. Since the jet engine upstream (i.e., before the turbine) will use little of the oxygen it ingests, additional fuel can be burned after the gas flow has left the turbines. When the afterburner is turned on, fuel is injected and igniters are fired. The resulting combustion process increases the afterburner exit (nozzle entry) temperature, resulting in a significant increase in engine thrust. In addition to the increase in afterburner exit stagnation temperature, there is also an increase in nozzle mass flow (i.e. afterburner entry mass flow plus the effective afterburner fuel flow), but a decrease in afterburner exit stagnation pressure (owing to a fundamental loss due to heating plus friction and turbulence losses).

The resulting increase in afterburner exit volume flow is accommodated by increasing the throat area of the exit nozzle. Otherwise, if pressure is not released, the gas can flow upstream and re-ignite, possibly causing a compressor stall (or fan surge in a turbofan application). The first designs, e.g. Solar afterburners used on the F7U Cutlass, F-94 Starfire and F-89 Scorpion, had 2-position eyelid nozzles. Modern designs incorporate not only VG nozzles but multiple stages of augmentation via separate spray bars.

To a first order, the gross thrust ratio (afterburning/dry) is directly proportional to the root of the stagnation temperature ratio across the afterburner (i.e. exit/entry).

Limitations

Due to their high fuel consumption, afterburners are only used for short duration, high-thrust requirements. These include heavy-weight or short runway take-offs, assisting catapult launches from aircraft carriers, and during air combat. A notable exception is the Pratt & Whitney J58 engine used in the SR-71 Blackbird which used its afterburner for prolonged periods and was refueled in-flight as part of every reconnaissance mission.

An afterburner has a limited life to match its intermittent use. The J58 was an exception with a continuous rating. This was achieved with thermal barrier coatings on the liner and flame holders and by cooling the liner and nozzle with compressor bleed air instead of turbine exhaust gas.

Efficiency

In heat engines such as jet engines, efficiency is highest when combustion occurs at the highest pressure and temperature possible, and expanded down to ambient pressure (see Carnot cycle).

Since the exhaust gas already has a reduced oxygen content, owing to previous combustion, and since the fuel is not burning in a highly compressed air column, the afterburner is generally inefficient in comparison to the main combustion process. Afterburner efficiency also declines significantly if, as is usually the case, the inlet and tailpipe pressure decreases with increasing altitude.

This limitation applies only to turbojets. In a military turbofan combat engine, the bypass air is added into the exhaust, thereby increasing the core and afterburner efficiency. In turbojets the gain is limited to 50%, whereas in a turbofan it depends on the bypass ratio and can be as much as 70%.

However, as a counterexample, the SR-71 had reasonable efficiency at high altitude in afterburning ("wet") mode owing to its high speed (mach 3.2) and correspondingly high pressure due to ram intake.

Influence on cycle choice

Afterburning has a significant influence upon engine cycle choice.

Lowering fan pressure ratio decreases specific thrust (both dry and wet afterburning), but results in a lower temperature entering the afterburner. Since the afterburning exit temperature is effectively fixed, the temperature rise across the unit increases, raising the afterburner fuel flow. The total fuel flow tends to increase faster than the net thrust, resulting in a higher specific fuel consumption (SFC). However, the corresponding dry power SFC improves (i.e. lower specific thrust). The high temperature ratio across the afterburner results in a good thrust boost.

If the aircraft burns a large percentage of its fuel with the afterburner alight, it pays to select an engine cycle with a high specific thrust (i.e. high fan pressure ratio/low bypass ratio). The resulting engine is relatively fuel efficient with afterburning (i.e. Combat/Take-off), but thirsty in dry power. If, however, the afterburner is to be hardly used, a low specific thrust (low fan pressure ratio/high bypass ratio) cycle will be favored. Such an engine has a good dry SFC, but a poor afterburning SFC at Combat/Take-off.

Often the engine designer is faced with a compromise between these two extremes.

History

The Caproni Campini C.C.2 motorjet, designed by the Italian engineer Secondo Campini, was the first aircraft to incorporate an afterburner. The first flight of a C.C.2, with its afterburners operating, took place on 11 April 1941.

Early British afterburner ("reheat") work included flight tests on a Rolls-Royce W2/B23 in a Gloster Meteor I in late 1944 and ground tests on a Power Jets W2/700 engine in mid-1945. This engine was destined for the Miles M.52 supersonic aircraft project.

Early American research on the concept was done by NACA, in Cleveland, Ohio, leading to the publication of the paper "Theoretical Investigation of Thrust Augmentation of Turbojet Engines by Tail-pipe Burning" in January 1947.

American work on afterburners in 1948 resulted in installations on early straight-wing jets such as the Pirate, Starfire and Scorpion.

The new Pratt & Whitney J48 turbojet, at 8,000 lbf (36 kN) thrust with afterburners, would power the Grumman swept-wing fighter F9F-6, which was about to go into production. Other new Navy fighters with afterburners included the Chance Vought F7U-3 Cutlass, powered by two 6,000 lbf (27 kN) thrust Westinghouse J46 engines.

In the 1950s, several large afterburning engines were developed, such as the Orenda Iroquois and the British de Havilland Gyron and Rolls-Royce Avon RB.146 variants. The Avon and its variants powered the English Electric Lightning, the first supersonic aircraft in RAF service. The Bristol-Siddeley/Rolls-Royce Olympus was fitted with afterburners for use with the BAC TSR-2. This system was designed and developed jointly by Bristol-Siddeley and Solar of San Diego. The afterburner system for the Concorde was developed by Snecma.

Afterburners are generally used only in military aircraft, and are considered standard equipment on fighter aircraft. The handful of civilian planes that have used them include some NASA research aircraft, the Tupolev Tu-144, Concorde and the White Knight of Scaled Composites. Concorde flew long distances at supersonic speeds. Sustained high speeds would be impossible with the high fuel consumption of afterburner, and the plane used afterburners at takeoff and to minimize time spent in the high-drag transonic flight regime. Supersonic flight without afterburners is referred to as supercruise.

A turbojet engine equipped with an afterburner is called an "afterburning turbojet", whereas a turbofan engine similarly equipped is sometimes called an "augmented turbofan".

A "dump-and-burn" is an airshow display feature where fuel is jettisoned, then intentionally ignited using the afterburner. A spectacular flame combined with high speed makes this a popular display for airshows, or as a finale to fireworks. Fuel dumping is used primarily to reduce the weight of an aircraft to avoid a heavy, high-speed landing. Other than for safety or emergency reasons, fuel dumping does not have a practical use.

See also
 Components of jet engines
 Index of aviation articles
 Ramjet
 Propelling nozzle
 Aerospike engine

References

External links

 Photo of the reheat fuel spray nozzles of a Bristol Siddeley Olympus (picture at bottom left of page)
 "Tailpipe Reheat" a 1949 Flight article

Jet engines
1948 introductions

Afterburner


El Metropolitano Ligero de Mirandela fue una empresa creada por la Cámara Municipal de Mirandela para transporte colectivo de pasajeros en medio ferroviario ligero de superficie. El grupo societario estaba constituido por la Cámara Municipal de Mirandela (90%) y por la CP (10%).

Historia
La creación del Metro de Mirandela ocurrió en 1995, ratificado en el Decreto de ley nº24/95 del 8 de febrero, y surgió en respuesta a un conjunto de «medidas de racionalización de las líneas de baja demanda» que CP pone en práctica desde el inicio de la década de 1990, en este caso, con la amputación de la línea del Túa, que antes unía la Línea del Duero (en la estación de Túa) a Braganza, y que en 1990 vio cerrado el tramo entre esta ciudad y Mirandela.

A partir del 28 de junio de 1995, la nueva empresa pasó a explotar el tramo entre Mirandela y Carvalhais, en el cual creó más paradas (Mirandela-Piaget, Tarana, Jacques Delors y Jean Monet). Por concesión de la CP, esta empresa pasó a asegurar también, desde el 21 de octubre de 2001, el servicio en el resto del tramo activo de la línea del Túa (de Túa a Mirandela).

El 12 de febrero de 2007, cerca del apeadero de Castanheiro, el automotor Bruxelas sufrió un grave accidente, en el cual murieron 3 personas, y otras 2 quedaron heridas. El automotor pasaría a ser desmantelado, suprimiendolo de la flota.

El 22 de agosto de 2008, otro grave accidente causa la muerte de una persona e hiriendo a otras 43. A partir de este día la circulación fue interrumpida entre la estación de Cachão y la de Túa.

En diciembre de 2011 se firma un protocolo de entendimiento entre las autoridades de Túa, Mirandela, Vila Flor, Carrazeda de Ansiães, Alijó y Murça, con la dirección de CP y Refer, para continuar con la conexión entre Mirandela y Cachão, la cual años antes se había planteado su cierre por bajos ingresos.

En julio de 2012, CP dejó de financiar la flota que se contrató en 2008 como reemplazo de emergencia al enlace del Metro Mirandela entre la Cachão y Túa, y en consecuencia dejaron de circular a partir de ese día.  La suspensión del servicio se debió a que CP dejó de ser responsable de la Línea Tua, ya que fue oficialmente desactivada, quedando fuera de la Red Nacional de Ferrocarriles.

El 3 de enero de 2013 se informó que el tren ligero Mirandela se podría suprimir. António Branco, alcalde de Mirandela y también propietario del tren ligero en Mirandela.

El 14 de diciembre de 2018 se suspendieron los servicios ferroviarios de la Línea del Tua, para permitir las obras en la línea y la reparación de los vagones, que pasarán a formar parte del Plan de Movilidad Tua. El plan prevé el cierre del tramo Mirandela-Carvalhais.

Red
Inicialmente, el Metro de Mirandela pretendía explotar los 16 km de la Línea Tua que va desde la estación de Carvalhais reabriendo así el tramo de 4 km de Mirandela a Carvalhais, cerrado el 15 de diciembre de 1991 supuestamente por razones de seguridad - hasta la estación. Cachão, que es la última estación al sur del municipio de Mirandela.

Sin embargo, solo se consiguió operar en los 4 km de vía entre Mirandela y Carvalhais, ya que el resto de la Línea del Túa es propiedad de REFER y operada por Comboios de Portugal.

Flota

La flota del Metro de Mirandela estuvo compuesta por automotores LRV 2000, adquiridos a la CP (CP Serie 9500) — descendientes de las Xepas, compradas a la antigua Yugoslavia, y que después sirvieron en las líneas del Corgo y del Túa, fueron adscritas a las oficinas ferroviarias de Guifões.

Inicialmente eran cuatro automotores, que fueron pintados de verde (los adscritos a la CP son rojas) y bautizadas con nombres de ciudades europeas: Bruselas, Lisboa, Estrasburgo y París.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Cámara Municipal de Mirandela - Horarios del Metropolitano

Ferrocarriles metropolitanos de Portugal
Empresas ferroviarias de Portugal
Servicios ferroviarios de Portugal
Mirandela

Metro Ligero de Mirandela


Voksenåsen er et højtliggende område i bydelen Vestre Aker i Oslo, omtrent 500 meter over havet, afgrænset af Holmenkollbanen i syd, vest og nord. Nord for området ligger Nordmarka, med Sørkedalen i vest, Bogstad i sydvest og Holmenkollen i sydøst.

Vestre Aker

Voksenåsen


Le ganglion inférieur du nerf glosso-pharyngien (ou ganglion d'Andersch ou ganglion pétreux ) est un ganglion sensitif du nerf glosso-pharyngien. Il est plus grand que le ganglion supérieur du nerf glosso-pharyngien.

Il est situé dans le foramen jugulaire dans la fossette pétreuse (ou fossette pyramidale du ganglion d'Andersch).

Zone d'innervation
Les neurones pseudo-unipolaires du ganglion inférieur du nerf glossopharyngien assurent l'innervation sensorielle des zones autour de la langue et du pharynx :

 innervation des papilles gustatives sur le 1/3 postérieur de la langue,
 innervation sensorielle générale du tiers postérieur de la langue, du palais mou, des amygdales palatines, du pharynx supérieur et des trompes d'Eustache,
 innervation des cellules baroréceptrices du sinus carotidien
 innervation des cellules chimioréceptrices du glomus carotidien.

Les neurones qui fournissent la sensation gustative ont leur relais synaptiques dans la partie rostrale du noyau du faisceau solitaire.

Les neurones qui fournissent des informations sensorielles générales ont leur relais synaptiques dans le noyau spinal du trijumeau.

Les neurones qui innervent le sinus carotidien et le glomus carotidien ont leur relais synaptiques dans la partie caudale du noyau du faisceau solitaire.

Nerf tympanique
Le nerf tympanique est la première branche du nerf glossopharyngien. Il se ramifie au niveau du ce ganglion.

Il est important de noter que les axones qui forment le nerf tympanique ne font pas de synapse dans le ganglion inférieur où ils n'ont pas leurs corps cellulaires. Les corps cellulaires neuronaux des axones qui forment le nerf tympanique se trouvent dans le noyau salivaire inférieur et dans le ganglion supérieur du nerf glossopharyngien.

Notes et références

Nerf crânien

Ganglion inférieur du nerf glosso-pharyngien


Jürgen Rohwer, né le 24 mai 1924 et mort le 24 juillet 2015, est un historien militaire allemand et professeur d'histoire à l'Université de Stuttgart. Rohwer a écrit plus de 400 livres et essais sur l'histoire navale et le renseignement militaire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, ce qui lui a valu une reconnaissance mondiale en tant qu'historien de premier plan.

Biographie
Rohwer est né à Friedrichroda en Allemagne . Après avoir quitté l'école en 1942, Rohwer entre dans la Kriegsmarine en tant que candidat officier (équipage VI/42). Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il sert sur plusieurs navires de guerre allemands, par exemple le destroyer Z24, le Sperrbrecher 104/Martha et le dragueur de mines M-502. Après la fin de la guerre, il quitte l'armée et étudie l'histoire à l'Université de Hambourg. Pendant ce temps, il entre en contact avec Günther Hessler et est chargé par la Royal Navy britannique d'écrire un rapport officiel sur la guerre des U-boot 1939-1945.

En 1954, il obtient son doctorat à l'Université de Hambourg pour sa thèse sur les relations germano-américaines de 1937 à 1941. En 1959, il devient directeur de la Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte à Stuttgart. Au cours de son mandat, la bibliothèque est devenue une institution de renommée internationale pour l'histoire militaire et en particulier la guerre en mer. Dans les années 1970, Rohwer a fait des recherches sur l'histoire de la cryptanalyse pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et en particulier sur le décodage d'Enigma par les scientifiques britanniques et polonais. En coopération avec la Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte et l'Université de Stuttgart, le congrès "Der Mord an den europäischen Juden" ( Le meurtre des Juifs d'Europe ) a lieu en mai 1984. En collaboration avec Eberhard Jäckel, Rohwer publie le livre "Der Mord an den Juden im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Entschlußbildung und Verwirklichung", qui contient les contributions les plus importantes du congrès. Jürgen Rohwer prend sa retraite en 1989. Il meurt à Weinstadt.

Ouvrages

Références

Liens externes

 http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/rohwer.htm
 https://www.stadtlexikon-stuttgart.de/dts/index.html?id=3de0c76b-3613-43db-905e-f1a5ce3142c9

Historien allemand
Professeur à l'université de Stuttgart
Étudiant de l'université de Hambourg
Naissance en mai 1924
Naissance à Friedrichroda
Décès en juillet 2015
Décès en Bade-Wurtemberg
Pages avec des traductions non relues
Décès à 91 ans

Jürgen Rohwer


La Estación Ferroviaria de Bragança, más conocida como Estación de Bragança, fue una antigua infraestructura de la línea del Túa, que servía a la localidad de Braganza, en el Distrito de Braganza, en Portugal.

Características y servicios

Localización y accesos
Las antiguas instalaciones de la estación se sitúan en el centro de la ciudad de Braganza, entre las Calles de la Estación y Valle D' Álvaro.

Servicios
Esta infraestructura se encuentra retirada del servicio.

Historia
El proyecto para la estación, presentado  el 31 de  diciembre de 1904, fue aprobado  el 25 de  febrero del año siguiente.
Esta plataforma fue inaugurada, junto con el tramo de la línea del Túa que la unía a Sendas,  el 1 de  diciembre de 1906.

En 1933, fue efectuada una cobertura y reparación en el muelle descubierto de esta estación.

En 1984, era servida por servicios regionales de los Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses, aunque, en 1992, ya habían  sido substituidos por autobuses hasta Mirandela.

Entre 2001 y 24 de enero de 2004, la estación sufrió profundas obras de modificación, con vista a su reconversión en una central de camiones; debido a su simbolismo, el edificio principal no fue, en el exterior, alterado significativamente.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Notas

Bragança
Bragança
Braganza

Estación de Braganza


Olaylar
 1888 - Karındeşen Jack, beşinci kurbanı olan Mary Jane Kelly'yi öldürdü.
 1912 - Yunanistan, Selanik'i işgal etti.
 1918 - Almanya'da Weimar Cumhuriyeti ilan edildi.
 1921 - Benito Mussolini, İtalya'da Ulusal Faşist Parti'yi kurdu.
 1924 - Refet Paşa (Refet Bele), Rauf Bey (Rauf Orbay) ve Adnan Bey'in (Adnan Adıvar) aralarında bulunduğu bir grup milletvekili Halk Fırkası'ndan istifa etti.
 1930 - Avusturya'da yapılan seçimleri sosyalistler kazandı. Naziler ve komünistler Parlamentoya giremedi.
 1936 - Montreux Boğazlar Sözleşmesi yürürlüğe girdi.
 1937 - Japonya, Şanghay'a girdi.
 1938 - Kristal Gece: Yahudilere karşı toplu saldırılar başladı. Berlin'de 7 bin Yahudi dükkânı yağmalandı, yüzlerce sinagog ateşe verildi ve çok sayıda Yahudi öldürüldü.
 1953 - Kamboçya, Fransa'dan bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 1968 - ABD'nin Illinois Eyaletinde, 5,4 büyüklüğünde deprem meydana geldi.
 1977 - Başbakan Süleyman Demirel eleştirileri yanıtladı. "70 sente muhtaç olduğumuz devirde hacılarımıza 70 milyon dolar bulduk" dedi.
 1982 - İki gün önce %91,37 "EVET" oyuyla kabul edilen 1982 Anayasası yürürlüğe girdi. Kenan Evren, Türkiye'nin 7. Cumhurbaşkanı olarak göreve başladı.
 1985 - Cumhurbaşkanı Kenan Evren'in Necmettin Erbakan'a tepkisi: "Yarın aynı zamanda Atatürk'ün ölümünün yıl dönümü. Erbakan böyle bir günde Ankara'da bulunur mu? Onun başkenti Konya. Elbette oraya gidecek."
 1985 - Satrançta Gary Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov'u yendi; Dünya satranç şampiyonu oldu.
 1988 - Galatasaray Futbol Takımı, Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası'nda çeyrek finale çıktı; Galatasaray İstanbul'da Neuchâtel Xamax takımını 5-0 yendi.
 1988 - Sosyaldemokrat Halkçı Parti (SHP) Milletvekili Fikri Sağlar, 1980-1988 arasında işkenceden 149 kişinin öldüğünü açıkladı.
 1989 - Kenan Evren'in Cumhurbaşkanlığı görevi bitti, Turgut Özal Cumhurbaşkanı seçildi.
 1989 - Doğu Alman Hükûmetinin, iki Almanya arasında seyahati serbest bırakması üzerine, binlerce kişi Berlin Duvarı'nı aşarak Batıya geçmeye başladı. 13 Ağustos 1961'de inşa edilen Duvar'ın yıkılmasıyla Soğuk Savaş dönemi sona erdi.
 1990 - Mary Robinson, İrlanda'nın ilk kadın Devlet Başkanı oldu.
 1993 - Hırvat topçu bataryaları, Bosna'nın Mostar kentindeki Osmanlı Mostar Köprüsü'nü tahrip etti. Köprü 16. yüzyılda yapılmıştı.
 1994 - Urfa tüneli'ne törenle su verildi. Tünel, Fırat'ın suyunu Harran'a kavuşturacak.
 1994 - Aziz Nesin, "Uluslararası Basın Özgürlüğü Ödülü"nü aldı. Ödülü, merkezi New York'ta bulunan Gazetecileri Koruma Komitesi verdi.
 1995 - Avrupa Parlamentosu, hapisteki DEP milletvekili Leyla Zana'ya Sakharov Düşünce Özgürlüğü Ödülü verdi.
 2005 - Şemdinli'de patlayan bir bombanın ardından olaylar çıktı.
 2011 - Van'da 5.6 büyüklüğünde bir deprem meydana geldi.
 2020 - Azerbaycan ve Ermenistan arasındaki Dağlık Karabağ Savaşı'nı bitiren Ateşkes Antlaşması imzalandı.

Doğumlar

 1389 - Isabella, II. Richard'ın ikinci eşi olarak İngiltere Kraliçesi (ö. 1409)
 1606 - Hermann Conring, Alman entelektüeli (ö. 1681)
 1683 - II. George, 1727-1760 arasında Büyük Britanya kralı ve Hannover elektörü (ö. 1760)
 1818 - İvan Sergeyeviç Turgenyev, Rus romancı ve oyun yazarı (ö. 1883)
 1819 - Annibale de Gasparis, İtalyan astronom (ö. 1892)
 1841 - VII. Edward, Büyük Britanya Kralı (ö. 1910)
 1868 - Marie Dressler, Akademi Ödülü sahibi Kanadalı sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (ö. 1934)
 1877 - Muhammed İkbal, Pakistanlı şair (ö. 1938)
 1877 - Enrico De Nicola, İtalya Cumhuriyeti'nin 1. Cumhurbaşkanı. (ö. 1959)
 1883 - Edna May Oliver, Amerikalı tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu (ö. 1942)
 1885 - Theodor Kaluza, Alman matematikçi ve fizikçi (ö. 1954)
 1885 - Hermann Weyl, Alman matematikçi (ö. 1955)
 1891 - Louisa E. Rhine, Amerikalı botanik doktoruydu ve parapsikoloji alanındaki çalışmaları ile tanınıyordu (ö. 1983)
 1894 - Dietrich von Choltitz, II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Alman general (ö. 1966)
 1894 - Varvara Stepanova, Rus ressam ve desinatör (ö. 1958)
 1897 - Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, İngiliz kimyager ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1978)
 1904 - Viktor Brack, Nazi savaş suçlusu, Ötanazi Programı, T4 operasyonu'nda bulundu (ö. 1948)
 1914 - Hedy Lamarr, Avusturyalı oyuncu ve mucit (ö. 2000)
 1918 - Spiro Agnew, Amerikalı siyasetçi ve ABD'nin 39. Başkan Yardımcısı (Richard Nixon'ın yardımcısıydı) (ö. 1996)
 1918 - Thomas Ferebee, Amerikalı pilot (Hiroşima'ya atom bombası'nı atan Enola Gay uçağının pilotu) (ö. 2000)
 1919 - Eva Todor, Brezilyalı oyuncu (ö. 2017)
 1921 - Viktor Çukarin, Sovyet jimnastikçi (ö. 1984)
 1922 - Dorothy Dandridge, Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu ve şarkıcı (ö. 1965)
 1922 - Imre Lakatos, Macar filozof (ö. 1974)
 1923 - Elizabeth Hawley, Amerikalı kadın gazeteci ve gezi yazarı (ö. 2018)
 1925 - Alistair Horne, İngiliz gazeteci ve tarihçi (ö. 2017)
 1925 - Lelio Lagorio, İtalyan siyasetçi ve bürokrat (ö. 2017)
 1926 - Vicente Aranda, İspanyol film yönetmeni, yapımcısı ve senarist (ö. 2015)
 1928 - Anne Sexton, Amerikalı şair ve yazar (ö. 1974)
 1929 - Imre Kertész, Macar yazar ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2016)
 1931 - Carmencita Reyes, Filipinli siyasetçi ve hukukçu (ö. 2019)
 1933 - Hamdi Ahmed, Mısırlı aktör, gazeteci ve siyasetçi (ö. 2016)
 1934 - Ingvar Carlsson, İki kez İsveç Başbakanı olarak görev yapan İsveçli siyasetçi
 1934 - Ronald Harwood, Güney Afrikalı doğumlu İngiliz yazar ve senarist (ö. 2020)
 1934 - Carl Sagan, Amerikalı gök bilimci (ö. 1996)
 1936 - Mikhail Tal, Sovyet Dünya satranç şampiyonu (ö. 1992)
 1936 - Mary Travers, Amerikalı müzisyen ve şarkıcı (ö. 2009)
 1944 - Phil May, İngiliz şarkıcı, söz yazarı ve müzisyen (ö. 2020)
 1945 - Charlie Robinson, Amerikalı oyuncu ve yönetmen (ö. 2021)
 1946 - Marina Warner, İngiliz romancı, kısa öykü yazarı, tarihçi ve mitograf
 1948 - Bille August, Danimarkalı senarist ve film yapımcısı
 1948 - Luiz Felipe Scolari, Brezilyalı futbol teknik direktörü
 1950 - Parekura Horomia, Yeni Zelandalı siyasetçi (ö. 2013)
 1951 - Lou Ferrigno, Amerikalı oyuncu ve vücut geliştirici
 1952 - Nejat Alp, Türk müzisyen
 1955 - Fernando Meirelles, Akademi Ödülü'ne aday olmuş film yönetmeni
 1960 - Andreas Brehme, Alman eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1961 - Jill Dando, İngiliz televizyon sunucusu ve gazeteci (ö. 1999)
 1964 - Sonja Kirchberger, Avusturyalı oyuncu
 1967 - Daphne Guinness, Büyük Britanyalı ve İrlandalı sanatçı
 1968 - Erol Sander, Türk asıllı Alman aktör
 1969 - Roxanne Shante, Amerikalı hip hop müzisyeni ve rapçi
 1970 - Chris Jericho, Amerikalı güreşçi
 1970 - Scarface, Amerikalı hip hop sanatçısı
 1971 - Sabri Lamouchi, Fransız millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1972 - Eric Dane, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1973 - Gabrielle Miller, Kanadalı aktris
 1974 - Alessandro Del Piero, İtalyan futbolcu
 1974 - Giovanna Mezzogiorno, İtalyan oyuncu
 1978 - Birol Namoğlu, Türk müzisyen ve Gripin'in vokalisti
 1979 - Caroline Flack, İngiliz oyuncu, televizyon ve radyo sunucusu (ö. 2020)
 1980 - Vanessa Minnillo, Amerikalı televizyon kişiliği
 1980 - Mandy Lynn, Amerikalı manken
 1981 - Gökçe Bahadır, Türk oyuncu
 1981 - Jobi McAnuff, Jamaikalı millî futbolcu
 1982 - Boaz Myhill, ABD doğumlu, Galler vatandaşı futbolcu
 1983 - Maite Perroni, Meksikalı oyuncu, şarkıcı ve şarkı sözü yazarı
 1984 - Delta Goodrem, ARIA Ödülü sahibi Avustralyalı pop şarkıcısı, aktris ve piyanist
 1984 - Seven, Güney Koreli şarkıcı
 1987 - Şanışer, Türk müzik sanatçısı
 1988 - Dakoda Brookes, Amerikalı porno oyuncusu
 1988 - Analeigh Tipton, Amerikalı artistik buz patenci, oyuncu ve manken
 1990 - Nosa Igiebor, Nijeryalı futbolcu
 1993 - Halil Akbunar, Türk futbolcu
 1993 - Peter Dunne, İngiliz profesyonel güreşçi
 1996 - Momo, Japon şarkıcı, rapçi ve dansçı

Ölümler
 959 - VII. Konstantinos, Makedon Hanedanının dördüncü imparatoru (d. 905)
 1187 - Gaozong, Çin'in Song Hanedanı'nın 10. imparatoru (d. 1107)
 1492 - Molla Câmî, İranlı İslam alimi ve şair (d. 1414)
 1778 - Giovanni Battista Piranesi, İtalyan arkeolog, mimar ve bakır gravürcü (d. 1720)
 1801 - Carl Stamitz, Alman besteci (d. 1745)
 1856 - Étienne Cabet, Fransız felsefeci, ütopik sosyalist ve kuramcı (d. 1788)
 1911 - Howard Pyle, Amerikalı yazar ve çizer (d. 1853)
 1918 - Guillaume Apollinaire, Fransız şair (d. 1880)
 1923 - Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, Alman siyasi aktivist (d. 1884)
 1932 - Nadejda Alliluyeva, SSCB lideri Josef Stalin'in ikinci eşi (d. 1901)
 1937 - Ramsay MacDonald, Britanyalı siyasetçi ve Birleşik Krallık Başbakanı (d. 1866)
 1938 - Vasili Blyuher, Sovyetler Birliği Mareşali (d. 1889)
 1939 - Ali Cemal Ben'im, Türk asker ve ressam (d. 1881)
 1940 - Neville Chamberlain, İngiliz siyasetçi ve Birleşik Krallık Başbakanı (d. 1869)
 1942 - Edna May Oliver, Amerikalı tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu (d. 1883)
 1952 - Chaim Weizmann, İsrail'in ilk Devlet Başkanı (d. 1874)
 1953 - Dylan Marlais Thomas, İngiliz şair (d. 1914)
 1953 - İbn Suud, Suudi Arabistan'ın kurucusu ve ilk kralı (d. 1875)
 1961 - Ferdinand Bie, Norveçli atlet (d. 1888)
 1970 - Charles de Gaulle, Fransız asker, siyasetçi ve Cumhurbaşkanı (d. 1890)
 1972 - Namık Zeki Aral, Türk maliyeci (Rahşan Ecevit'in babası) (d. 1888)
 1983 - Rüştü Erdelhun, Türk asker ve Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri'nin 10. Genelkurmay Başkanı (d. 1894)
 1990 - Kerim Korcan, Türk yazar (d. 1918)
 1991 - Yves Montand, İtalyan asıllı Fransız aktör ve şarkıcı (d. 1921)
 1995 - Yılmaz Zafer, Türk sinema oyuncusu (d. 1956)
 1997 - Helenio Herrera, Arjantin kökenli Fransız futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1910)
 1997 - Carl Gustav Hempel, Alman filozof (d. 1905)
 2001 - Giovanni Leone, İtalyan siyasetçi (d. 1908)
 2003 - Art Carney, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1918)
 2004 - Emlyn Hughes, İngiliz millî futbolcu (d. 1947)
 2004 - Stieg Larsson, İsveçli yazar ve gazeteci (d. 1954)
 2006 - Ed Bradley, Amerikalı gazeteci (d. 1941)
 2006 - Markus Wolf, Doğu Alman casus ve Stasi'nin Başkanı (d. 1923)
 2008 - Miriam Makeba, Güney Afrikalı şarkıcı ve sivil haklar eylemcisi (d. 1932)
 2010 - Enver Demirbağ, Türk halk müziği sanatçısı (d. 1935)
 2012 - Milan Čič, Slovak siyasetçi (d. 1932)
 2013 - Savaş Ay, Türk gazeteci ve muhabir (d. 1954)
 2015 - Ernst Fuchs, Avusturyalı ressam, grafiker, heykeltıraş, mimar, sahne tasarımcısı, besteci, şair ve şarkıcı (d. 1930)
 2016 - Greg Ballard, Amerikalı eski NBA oyuncusu (d. 1955)
 2017 - Mehmet Baturalp, Türk eski millî basketbolcu ve antrenör (d. 1936)
 2017 - Shyla Stylez, Kanadalı porno yıldızı (d. 1982)
 2017 - Chuck Mosley, Amerikalı şarkıcı (d. 1959)
 2018 - Albert Bitran, Fransız ressam ve heykeltıraş (d. 1931)
 2019 - Džemma Lija Skulme, Letonyalı sanatçı ve modernist ressam (d. 1925)
 2020 - Virginia Bonci, Rumen atlet (d. 1949)
 2020 - Tom Heinsohn, profesyonel basketbolcu (d. 1934)
 2020 - Israel Horovitz, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1939)
 2020 - Marco Santagata, İtalyan akademisyen, yazar ve edebiyat eleştirmeni (d. 1947)
 2020 - Amadou Toumani Touré, Mali eski devlet başkanı (d. 1948)
 2021 - Jerry Douglas, Amerikalı aktör (d. 1932)
 2022 - Gal Costa, Brezilyalı şarkıcı (d. 1945)
 2022 - Mattis Hætta, Norveçli şarkıcı (d. 1947)
 2022 - Garrick Roberts, İrlandalı müzisyen (d. 1950)

Tatiller ve özel günler

1109
09

9 Kasım


Agrilus gracilitarsis é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Waterhouse, 1889.

Referências

gracilitarsis

Agrilus gracilitarsis