Mrežni portal mjesto je pristupa informacijama koje čini više različitih, logički povezanih, aplikacija koje su zajedničke većem broju korisnika.

Odredba
Portali objedinjuju različite informacije iz većeg broja izvora pružajući tako dosljedne podatke i pristup brojnim aplikacijama koje bi u suprotnom predstavljale zasebne jedinice.

Osobni portal stranica je na mreži koja uglavnom pruža mogućnosti posebno prilagođene svakom korisniku uz mogućnost posjeta i prelaska na stranice s drukčijim sadržajem. Dizajnirana je za upotrebu distrubuiranih aplikacija i različitog broja softvera koji djeluju između aplikacije i mreže kako bi omogućili razne usluge s brojnih drugih izvora.

Zbog potrebe za jednim mjestom, na kojem se nalaze pristupi različitim sadržajima i informacijama, korisnici prvenstveno žele presonalizirati aplikacije i imati ih na samo jednom mjestu s kojeg mogu upravljati svim ostalim aplikacijama. Sve se te mogućnosti najlakše i najbolje postižu upotrebom portala. S obzirom na to da sve aplikacije unutar jednog portala dijele informacije, postoji bolja komunikacija između korisnika.

Prednosti i obilježja
 Prednosti
 pristup sadržajima, aplikacijama i raznim informacijama
 poboljšana komunikacija i suradnja između korisnika
 objedinjen, trenutan pristup različitim informacijama
 personalizirano međudjelovanje korisnika
 brza, jednostavna prilagodba i održavanje sadržaja na stranici

 Obilježja
 interaktivni prikaz i pregled sadržaja
 dosljednost u korištenju zaglavlja i podnožja, shemi boja, ikona i logotipa
 tzv. »portlet« koji čini mrežnu aplikaciju unutar preglednika

Vrste
 Osobni
Sredinom devedesetih godina, zahvaljujući rastu posjedovanja preglednika, mnoge su se tvrtke trudile osnovati, kupiti ili nabaviti vlastiti portal kako bi dobile udio u ukupnu profitu tržišta na internetu. Tvrtka "America Online" pokrenula je svoj portal "Netscape"," Walt Disney Company" "Go.com", a" Excite" i "@Home" postali su dijelovi "AT&T" kompanije za vrijeme kasnih devedesetih.

Mnogi su portali počeli kao mrežni direktoriji, popisi datoteka (npr. Yahoo!) i tzv. "strojevi za pronalaženje podataka" ("Excite", "Lycos", "AltaVista", "Hotbot"). Osnovni cilj širenja usluga na portalima bio je osigurati korisničku bazu podataka i produžiti vrijeme koje su korisnici provodili na određenom portalu. Usluge koje su zahtijevale prijavu korisnika za besplatnu adresu elektroničke pošte, osobno prilagođavanje izgleda i mogućnosti te sobe za razgovor (engl. chat rooms) te igre, vijesti i e-pošta uvelike su pridonijele rastu korisnika portala. Mnogi portali koji su stvoreni među prvima danas više ne postoje, a neki, kao što je npr. Yahoo!, ostali su uspješni do danas.

 Regionalni
Uz razvoj međunarodnih personaliziranih portala kao što je Yahoo!, izdvajale su se i područne verzije. Neki regionalni portali sadrže lokalne informacije kao što su vremenska prognoza, plan grada, poslovne informacije, najave javnih događanja i sl.

 Državni
Nakraju tzv. "dot-com boom-a" nakraju devedesetih mnoge su države odlučile stvoriti vlastiti portal za svoje građane. U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama glavni je portal "USA.gov", u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu "Direct.gov" (za građane) te "businesslink.gov.uk" (za poslovne korisnike). Mnoge savezne države u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama svoje portale koji pružaju direktan pristup aplikacijama (kao što je "eCommerce") i detaljnije informacije o životu, poslovanju i snalaženju u toj državi.

 Poslovni
Kao i ostatak mrežnih portala, i ova se vrsta razvila u devedesetim godinama XX. st. Mogućnost pristupa raznolikim informacijama vezanim uz tvrtke i posao uz pomoć web preglednika predstavljao je nov način poslovanja. Korisnici više nisu bili zadovoljni samo pročišćenim pogledom na informacije neke tvrtke, već su zahtijevali personalizaciju i adaptaciju portala. S obzirom na to da su devedesete bile doba inovacija u području web portala, mnoge su tvrtke počele nuditi pomagala za svoje informatičare kako bi im pomogle u što lakšem baratanju podacima, aplikacijama i informacijama. Današnji korporativni portali ubrzano razvijaju nove sposobnosti poslovnih rješenja i mogućnosti kao što su proces rada, povećana suradnja između radnih grupa te dopuštanje kreatorima sadržaja da promoviraju vlastiti stil i informacije.

 Nositelji mrežnih portala
Kako je popularnost korporativnih portala rasla, tako su im mnoge tvrtke počele nuditi sebe kao nositelja usluge. Takve su tvrtke uglavnom služile samo kao sredstvo objavljivanja informacija. Najraniji portali te vrste bili su "Hyperoffice.com" i "InternetPortal.com "koji danas više nije u funkciji.

Internet

Mrežni portal


Düden Şelalesi, Antalya şehir merkezine yaklaşık 10 kilometre uzaklıktadır. Kaynağını Kepez Hidroelektrik Santrali'nden alır ve Düdenbaşı denilen noktada yeryüzüne çıkar. Düden Çayı boyunca iki kola ayrılır. Antalya'ya yaklaşık 7 kilometre uzaklıkta olan kolu Aşağı Düden (ya da Karpuzkaldıran Şelalesi) ve Varsak'a 1 km uzaklıkta olan kolu Yukarı Düden Şelalesi'dir. Her iki şelale de Akdeniz'e dökülür.

Aşağı Düden Şelalesi, Lara yakınlarında şehir merkezine 8 kilometre uzaklıktadır. Bu bölümü yaklaşık 40 metrelik falezlerden denize dökülmektedir. Çok yakınında Gençlik Parkı ve Karpuzkaldıran Askeri Tesisleri bulunur.

Yukarı Düden Şelalesi'ne aynı zamanda İskender Şelalesi de denilir. MÖ 334-333 yıllarında Pamfilya'yı fetheden Büyük İskender'in bu bölgeden geçerken atlarını sulattığı söylenmektedir. Yukarı Düden Şelalesi'nin bulunduğu alan 1970 - 1972 yılları arasında Devlet Su İşleri tarafından piknik ve mesire yeri haline getirilmiştir.

Fotoğraflar

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki şelaleler listesi

Kaynakça

Antalya ilinin şelaleleri

Düden Şelalesi


الأربعة الكبار بيغ فور  (و كذلك فات فور) هي تسمية تطلق على أكبر أربع شركات محاسبة وخدمات مهنية في العالم، والذين يقومون بإجراء التدقيق لمعظم الشركات المساهمة العامة وأكبرها، بالإضافة إلى الكثير من الشركات الخاصة. يبين الجدول التالي قائمة بالشركات الأربع الكبار بالإضافة إلى معلومات اقتصادية عنهم:

كانت هذه المجموعة تسمى فيما مضى الثمانية الكبار ومن ثم تقلصت إلى الخمسة الكبار من خلال سلسلة من الاندماجات. ومن ثم أصبحت الأربع الكبار بعد انهيار شركة آرثر آندرسون في سنة 2002 إثر فضيحة إنرون.

الشكل القانونى
ليس هناك واحدة من تلك الشركات الاربعة تعمل كوحدة واحدة بل عدة شركات مملوكة وتدار بأسلوب مستقل والتي دخلت في اتفاقيات مع شركات أخرى في شبكة لتبادل الاسم والعلامة التجارية ومعايير الجودة وقد أنشأت كل شبكة كيان لتنسيق أنشطة الشبكة. في حالة واحدة (KPMG)، الشركة المنسقة سويسرية، وثلاث حالات (ديلويت توش توهماتسو، برايس ووترهاوس كوبرز وارنست اند يونغ) الشركة المنسقة هي شركة بريطانية محدودة. هذه الكيانات لا تمارس بنفسها الأعمال المحاسبية، ولا تخضع لسيطرة الشركات الأعضاء.
في معظم الحالات تتم كل ممارسات الشركات الأعضاء في بلد واحد، تمتثل لبيئة تنظيمية لهذه البلدة. ومع ذلك، ففي عام 2007 أعلنت شركة KPMG اندماج الشركات الأعضاء الأربعة (في المملكة المتحدة وألمانيا وسويسرا وليختنشتاين) لتشكيل شركة واحدة.

مراجع

الأربع الكبار
تجنب ضريبي
علم الاقتصاد
محاسبة
مهن
نشاط ضد الشركات

الأربع الكبرى


Barry Horne (d. 1952 - ö. 5 Kasım 2001), Britanyalı hayvan hakları savunucusudur.

Hayvan deneylerinin yapıldığı laboratuvarlara patlayıcı madde yerleştirmekten on sekiz yıla mahkûm olan Barry Horne, hapiste başladığı bir dizi açlık grevinin ardından karaciğer yetmezliğinden 2001'de hayatını kaybederek bu mücadelenin en önemli sembolü oldu. Horne'un açlık grevi eyleminin amacı Britanya hükûmetini hayvan deneyleriyle ilgili soruşturma başlatmaya zorlamaktı.

Horne'un cenazesinde hayvan hakları aktivistleri "İşçi Partisi yalan söyledi, Barry öldü" yazılı dövizler taşıdılar.

1952 doğumlular
2001 yılında ölenler
Britanyalı aktivistler
İngiliz veganlar
Kundakçılar
Hayvan Kurtuluş Cephesi
Hayvan hakları

Barry Horne


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Der Gerichtsbezirk Innsbruck ist ein dem Bezirksgericht Innsbruck unterstehender Gerichtsbezirk im Bundesland Tirol. Der Gerichtsbezirk umfasst die Landeshauptstadt Innsbruck sowie Teile des Bezirks Innsbruck-Land. Der Gerichtsbezirk Innsbruck ist neben den Gerichtsbezirken Hall in Tirol und Telfs einer von drei Gerichtsbezirken im Bezirk Innsbruck-Land.

Geschichte
Vorläufer in der Organisation des Gerichtsbezirks Innsbruck war das kaiserliche Landgericht Sonnenburg mit Sitz in Wilten. Das im 13. Jahrhundert entstandene Landgericht Sonnenburg (benannt nach der abgegangenen Burg Sonnenburg) und das fast ebenso alte Stadtgericht Innsbruck waren unter bayerischer Herrschaft 1807 zum Landgericht Innsbruck zusammengelegt worden, welches 1817 nach der Rückkehr Tirols zu Österreich als kaiserliches Landgericht seine Tätigkeit wieder aufnahm.

Der Gerichtsbezirk Innsbruck wurde durch eine 1849 beschlossene Kundmachung der Landes-Gerichts-Einführungs-Kommission geschaffen und umfasste ursprünglich die 21 Gemeinden Ambras, Aldrans, Amras, Birgitz, Götzens, Grieß, Grünzens, Hötting, Igls, Innsbruck, Kemathen, Lans, Mutters, Natters, Patsch, Sellrain, Sistrans, St. Sigmund, Vill, Völs und Wilten.

Der Gerichtsbezirk Innsbruck bildete im Zuge der Trennung der politischen von der judikativen Verwaltung
ab 1868 gemeinsam mit den Gerichtsbezirken Hall, Mieders, Steinach und Telfs den Bezirk Innsbruck Umgebung, wobei die Stadt Innsbruck als Statutarstadt eine eigene Bezirkshauptmannschaft erhielt.

Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg wurde durch eine Verordnung der Bundesregierung vom 29. März 1923 der Gerichtsbezirk Mieders aufgelöst und das Gebiet des Gerichtsbezirks per 1. Juni 1923 dem Gerichtsbezirk Innsbruck zugewiesen.
Der Gerichtsbezirk Innsbruck wurde durch diese Maßnahme um die Gemeinden Ellbögen, Fulpmes, Kreith, Mieders, Neustift im Stubaital, Schönberg im Stubaital, und Telfes im Stubai erweitert.

Durch eine Verordnung des Bundeskanzleramtes vom 13. Juli 1925 wurden die Gemeinden Arzl und Mühlau aus dem Gerichtsbezirk Hall in Tirol und die Gemeinden Leutasch, Reith bei Seefeld, Scharnitz und Seefeld in Tirol aus dem Gerichtsbezirk Telfs ausgeschieden und dem Gerichtsbezirk Innsbruck zugeschlagen.

Durch eine weitere Verordnung der Bundesregierung vom 1. März 1977 wurde auch der Gerichtsbezirk Steinach aufgelassen und dessen Gebiet per 1. Juli 1977 dem Gerichtsbezirk Innsbruck zugeschlagen.
Der Gerichtsbezirk wurde dadurch um die Gemeinden des Wipptals Gries am Brenner, Gschnitz, Matrei am Brenner, Mühlbachl, Navis, Obernberg am Brenner, Pfons, Schmirn, Steinach am Brenner, Trins und Vals erweitert, die Fläche erhöhte sich dadurch von 1.080,85 km² auf 1.537,74 km².

Gerichtssprengel
Der Gerichtssprengel umfasste seit 1977 die Landeshauptstadt Innsbruck und die 36 Gemeinden Aldrans, Axams, Birgitz, Ellbögen, Fulpmes, Götzens, Gries am Brenner, Gries im Sellrain, Grinzens, Gschnitz, Kematen in Tirol, Lans, Leutasch, Matrei am Brenner, Mieders, Mutters, Natters, Navis, Neustift im Stubaital, Obernberg am Brenner, Patsch, Pfons, Reith bei Seefeld, St. Sigmund im Sellrain, Scharnitz, Schmirn, Schönberg im Stubaital, Seefeld in Tirol, Sellrain, Sistrans, Steinach am Brenner, Telfes im Stubai, Trins, Vals und Völs.

Am 1. Jänner 2022 wurden die Gemeinden Mühlbachl und Pfons mit Matrei am Brenner fusioniert, seither umfasst der Gerichtssprengel 34 Gemeinden.

Siehe auch
 Gerichtsorganisation in Österreich
 Liste österreichischer Gerichte

Literatur
 Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften: Historisches Ortslexikon. Statistische Dokumentation zur Bevölkerungs- und Siedlungsgeschichte, Tirol, Datenbestand: 30. Juni 2011 (PDF-Datei; 1,2 MB)

Weblinks
 Gerichtssuche in der Gerichtsdatenbank des Bundesministeriums für Justiz

Einzelnachweise

Gegründet 1849
Bezirk Innsbruck-Land
Politik (Innsbruck)
Innsbruck

Gerichtsbezirk Innsbruck


Mikaela Mässing (født 13. marts 1994) er en svensk håndboldspiller.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Sverige

Mikaela Mässing


An Nassella pampagrandensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carlo Luigi Carlos Luis Spegazzini, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Mary Elizabeth Barkworth. An Nassella pampagrandensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Nassella, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Nassella

Nassella pampagrandensis


Caio Prado Ribeiro, mais conhecido como Caio Prado (Realengo, 8 de março de 1991) é um cantor e compositor brasileiro, nascido e criado no subúrbio do Rio de Janeiro. Lançou-se comercialmente em 2014, quando publicou o primeiro CD, "Variável eloquente". Prado integrou o trio Não Recomendados, ao lado de Daniel Chaudon e Diego Moraes, grupo que se tornou popular na cena LGBT ao instrumentalizar a música contra a homofobia e os estereótipos de gênero.

Concorreu e venceu o concurso Cepe Petrobras, que teve lugar no Teatro Rival, no Rio de Janeiro, como "Melhor Intérprete" e "Melhor Canção". Foi reconhecido, ainda,  no "Festival de Ilha Grande" e no "Festival de Três Rios".

Naturais do estado do Rio de Janeiro
Cantores do estado do Rio de Janeiro
Compositores do estado do Rio de Janeiro
Nascidos em 1991
Cantores LGBT

Caio Prado


Welt des Mittags ist die Bezeichnung für eine von den sowjetischen Science-Fiction-Autoren Arkadi und Boris Strugazki erdachte Zukunftswelt, die im Zentrum ihrer Werke steht. In unterschiedlichen, selbstständigen Erzählungen, Powesti und Romanen dieser Autoren tauchen dieselben Figuren, Planeten, technischen Errungenschaften und eine gleichartige gesellschaftliche Ordnung auf. Die Bezeichnung "Welt des Mittags" ist dem Band mit Erzählungen "Mittag, 22. Jahrhundert" entnommen, der eine neu zusammengesetzte und überarbeitete Ausgabe des 1962 auf russisch erschienenen Episodenromans Rückkehr darstellt. Die Bezeichnung findet sich ebenso im englischen Sprachraum als "Noon Universe" sowie im russischen als "Мир Полудня". Im deutschen Sprachraum tauchte die Bezeichnung erstmals in einem Nachwort von Erik Simon zum Erzählband Mittag, 22. Jahrhundert auf. Der "Mittag" in dieser Bezeichnung steht dabei für den "hohen Stand der Entwicklung menschlicher Zivilisation".

Werke des Mittagszyklus
Die zur Welt des Mittags gehörenden Werke der Strugazkis, sortiert nach der Chronologie der Handlung, mit Angabe des Erscheinungsdatums des russischen Originals:
 Rückkehr, Episodenroman 1962, ab 1967 verändert als Mittag, 22. Jahrhundert, Erzählband
 Einige Kurzgeschichten, die nicht im obigen Erzählband aufgenommen wurden
 Fluchtversuch, Roman 1962
 Der ferne Regenbogen, Roman 1963
 Es ist nicht leicht, ein Gott zu sein, Roman 1964
 Die bewohnte Insel, Roman 1969
 Die dritte Zivilisation, Roman 1971
 Der Junge aus der Hölle, Kurzroman 1974
 Unruhe, Roman 1990, beruhend auf einem Manuskript von 1965
 Ein Käfer im Ameisenhaufen, Roman 1979/80
 Die Wellen ersticken den Wind, Roman 1985/86

Gesellschaft des Mittagsuniversums
Die Strugazkis haben die Gesellschaft ihrer Mittagswelt einmal wie folgt beschrieben:

Die häufig im Konflikt mit der sowjetischen Zensur stehenden Autoren haben dabei darauf verzichtet, ihre Linientreue durch marxistisches Vokabular herauszustellen. Ihre "Helden" sind auch nie fehlerlose "Übermenschen", wie sie die sowjetische Propaganda der Entstehungszeit ihrer frühen Werke gerne prognostizierte, obwohl ihre Zukunftsgesellschaft recht eindeutig Züge einer kommunistischen Gesellschaft trägt: Es gibt keine Geldwirtschaft mehr, die Menschen sind frei von materiellen Sorgen und ihr Antrieb zu arbeiten besteht im Erkenntnisinteresse oder in schöpferischen oder pädagogischen Neigungen. Hierarchien existieren jedoch weiter und das Schicksal des Lew Abalkin in "Ein Käfer im Ameisenhaufen" verdeutlicht, dass es Institutionen gibt, die z. B. die Möglichkeiten zu studieren und einen bestimmten Beruf zu ergreifen regeln – nach allen Regeln der hoch geschätzten pädagogischen Wissenschaft. Erik Simon hat die Welt des Mittags daher sogar als "Erziehungsutopie" bezeichnet: Im Verlauf der schriftstellerischen Ausformung der Welt des Mittags scheinen Hierarchien ausdrücklich zuzunehmen: So spricht Maxim Kammerer in Ein Käfer im Ameisenhaufen Rudolf Sikorski nicht nur als Chef an, sondern als "Exzellenz". »Der Zukunftszyklus der Strugazkis wird anfangs getragen von der Extrapolation hin zu einer schönen, vernünftigen, fortschrittlichen Welt, aber als die Autoren das Vertrauen an die Grundlagen ihrer Extrapolationen nach und nach verlieren, sie aus den tagtäglich erfahrenen Idiotien des real existierenden Sozialismus ganz andere Extrapolationen abzuleiten imstande sind, verfinstert sich der Mittag.«

Wichtige handelnde Personen
Einzelne Personen aus der Welt des Mittags tauchen in etlichen Werken auf, mal als zentrale handelnde Personen, mal nur als per Funk Anweisungen gebende Vorgesetzte – oder sie und ihre Taten werden als positive oder abschreckende Beispiele in Gesprächen erwähnt. Dazu gehören:
 Leonid Andrejewitsch Gorbowski (Mittag, 22. Jahrhundert, Die dritte Zivilisation, Der ferne Regenbogen, Unruhe, Die Wellen ersticken den Wind, erwähnt in Fluchtversuch und Ein Käfer im Ameisenhaufen)
 Maxim Kammerer (Die bewohnte Insel, Ein Käfer im Ameisenhaufen, Die Wellen ersticken den Wind, erwähnt in Die dritte Zivilisation)
 Rudolf Sikorski (Die bewohnte Insel, Ein Käfer im Ameisenhaufen, Die dritte Zivilisation, erwähnt in Die Wellen ersticken den Wind)
 Lew Abalkin (Ein Käfer im Ameisenhaufen)
 Gennadi Jurjewitsch Komow (Mittag, 22. Jahrhundert, Die dritte Zivilisation, Ein Käfer im Ameisenhaufen, Die Wellen ersticken den Wind)
 Don Rumata / Anton (Aktiv in Es ist nicht leicht, ein Gott zu sein, erwähnt als Progressor in verschiedenen Werken)
 Isaak Bromberg (Aktiv in Ein Käfer im Ameisenhaufen, erwähnt in mehreren Werken)

Begriffe aus der Welt des Mittags
 Progressoren: menschliche Beobachter und "Entwicklungshelfer" auf anderen Planeten
 Die Wanderer: Bezeichnung für eine technologisch hochstehende außerirdische Zivilisation, nur durch ihre Hinterlassenschaften auf verschiedenen Planeten bekannt
 Kommission für Kontakte: leitet die diplomatischen Beziehungen zwischen der Erde und außerirdischen Zivilisationen
 Großes Gesamtplanetarisches Informatorium: Eine umfassende Datenbank, die tendenziell das aktuelle Wissen der Menschheit umfasst.

Planeten der Welt des Mittags
 Pandora (Unruhe, erwähnt in vielen weiteren als "Freizeitplanet")
 Saraksch (Die bewohnte Insel)
 Regenbogen (Der ferne Regenbogen)
 Leonida (Gegenstand der Erzählung Ein gut eingerichteter Planet im Band Mittag, 22. Jahrhundert, in anderen Werken als Heimat einer ökologischen Zivilisation erwähnt)
 Tagora (erwähnt in Fluchtversuch und Ein Käfer im Ameisenhaufen)
 Giganda (Der Junge aus der Hölle)
 Esperanza (Ein Käfer im Ameisenhaufen)
 Pantia (erwähnt in Die dritte Zivilisation)
 Wladislawa (erwähnt in Mittag 22.Jahrhundert)
 EN 7031 / Saula (Fluchtversuch)

Fortführung der "Mittagswelt"
Seit 2002 gab Boris Strugazki eine SF-Zeitschrift heraus, die sich mit ihrem Namen "Mittag, 21. Jahrhundert" auf die "Welt des Mittags" bezieht.

Literatur
 Erik Simon: Der Mittag der Menschheitsgeschichte. Anmerkungen zum Zukunftszyklus der Brüder Strugazki. In: Sascha Mamczak, Sebastian Pirling, Wolfgang Jeschke (Hrsg.): Das Science Fiction Jahr 2011. ISBN 978-3-453-53379-0, S. 171–187.

Weblinks
 Welt des Mittags in der Internet Speculative Fiction Database (englisch)

Quellen

Arkadi und Boris Strugazki
Science-Fiction-Welt
Romanzyklus
Roman, Epik
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Russisch)

Welt des Mittags


El Faro Molo de Abrigo Arica o Faro Extremo Molo de Abrigo es un faro perteneciente a la red de faros de Chile. Es de color rojo completo y tiene forma cilíndrica. No habitado.

Referencias

Molo de Abrigo Arica
Arquitectura de Arica
Transporte de Arica
Arquitectura de 1934
Chile en 1934
Molo de Abrigo de Arica

Faro Molo de Abrigo de Arica


Korkmaz, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Göksun ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Kahramanmaraş iline 120 km, Göksun ilçesine 28 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Göksun'un mahalleleri

Korkmaz, Göksun


10143 Kamogawa este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
10143 Kamogawa este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Dynic de Atsushi Sugie. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,98 ua, o excentricitate de 0,22 și o înclinație de 19,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 10001-11000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1994
Centura de asteroizi

10143 Kamogawa


حركة الأرض حركة سياسية قومية عربية، تم حظرها وملاحقة قياداتها، تأسست داخل إسرائيل في نيسان 1959 حيث عقد الاجتماع التأسيسي لحركة الأرض. نشأت الحركة بدعوة ومبادرة من الخط القومي بين فلسطينيي إسرائيل وعلى رأسهم منصور كردوش وحبيب قهوجي. تم اختيار الاسم للدلالة على تعلق الفلسطينيين بأرضهم. وصدر عن الاجتماع التأسيس بيان يطالب لإسرائيل بالاعتراف بأن الحركة القومية العربية هي الحركة الحاسمة في المنطقة وأن على إسرائيل أن تقطع ما بينها وبين الحركة الصهيونية من صلة، وطالب البيان بعودة اللاجئين إلى أرضهم وأملاكهم.

رفضت السلطات الإسرائيلية منح الحركة تصريحاً لإصدار جريدة فأصدرت الحركة نشرات تحت أسماء مختلفة: «الأرض» باسم حبيب قهوجي و«الأرض الطيبة» موقعة باسم منصور كردوش و«شذى الأرض» باسم صبري جريس وغيرها. بعد العدد السادس اعتبرت السلطات الإسرائيلية أن «الأرض» هي حركة تشكل خطراً على أمن الدولة. وقدمت مصدري الجريدة إلى المحاكمة.

عام 1964 أعدت الحركة مذكرة مطولة عن أوضاع العرب في إسرائيل وبعثت نسخاً منها إلى الأمين العام للأمم المتحدة وإلى صحف عالمية وشخصيات دولية معروفة. وتمكنت الحركة من إقامة 15 نادياً ثقافيا في القرى العربية. في متصف تموز أعلنت الحركة قيامها رسميا تحت اسم حركة الأرض وطلبت تسجيلها كحزب سياسي. رفضت السلطات الإسرائيلية الطلب واعتبرت أن الحركة تمس بكيان الدولة وسلامتها وطالبتها بحل نفسها. وأصدر ليفي إشكول رئيس الوزراء آنئذ أمراًً بحل حركة الأرض واعتبارها خارجة على القانون.

بقي نشاط الحركة مجمداً حتى 1965، إذ ظهرت مجدداً ولآخر مرة حيث حاولت دخول الكنيست من خلال انتخابات تلك السنة. شملت قائمة «القائمة الاشتراكية» أربعة من مؤسسي حركة الأرض، على رأسهم صالح برانسي ويليه حبيب قهوجي وصبري جريس وآخرهم منصور كردوش. قامت السلطات الإسرائيلية بنفي القياديين الأربعة إلى مناطق مختلفة في فلسطين وفرضت الإقامة الجبرية على نشيطي الحركة ثم رفضت لجنة الانتخابات ترشح القائمة. كان هذا النهاية العلنية لحركة الأرض. عشية حرب 1967 اعتقلت الشرطة الإسرائيلية بعض قياديي الحركة. في شهر أيار 1968 نفت إسرائيل حبيب قهوجي من فلسطين بعد اعتقاله إدارياً مع زوجته أكثر من سنة، فتوجه إلى قبرص ثم لبنان فسورية. كما غادر صبري جريس فلسطين متوجهاً إلى أثينا فلبنان.

المراجع

انظر ايضًا
 الحزب الشيوعي الإسرائيلي
 الحكم العسكري الإسرائيلي

تأسيسات سنة 1959
منظمات عربية
منظمات مقرها في إسرائيل
منظمات مقرها في فلسطين

حركة الأرض


Roger Andrew Nicoll (* 1941 in Princeton, New Jersey) ist ein US-amerikanischer Neurowissenschaftler an der University of California, San Francisco.

Leben
Nicoll studierte zunächst an der Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin, Biologie und Chemie, bevor an die University of Rochester Medical School in Rochester, New York wechselte. Nachdem er ein Buch des Physiologen und Nobelpreisträgers John Carew Eccles gelesen hatte, unterbrach Nicoll sein Medizinstudium, um ein Jahr an den National Institutes of Health (NIH) elektrophysiologische Studien zu betreiben. Nach dem Erwerb des M.D. 1968 kehrte Nicoll an die NIH zurück. Nach zwei Jahren Lehrtätigkeit und Zusammenarbeit mit Eccles an der University at Buffalo, The State University of New York in Buffalo, New York, erhielt Nicoll 1975 eine Professur an der University of California, San Francisco, wo er heute (2012) als Professor für zelluläre und molekulare Pharmakologie die Erforschung der zellulären und molekularen Mechanismen von Lernen und Gedächtnis bei Säugetieren leitet.

Wirken
Nicoll konnte mittels elektrophysiologischer Experimente grundlegende Erkenntnisse zur neuronalen und zur synaptischen Plastizität bei Vertebraten gewinnen. Darüber hinaus konnte er verschiedene Mechanismen der Wirkung von bestimmten Wirkstoffen und Neurotransmittern – darunter Cannabinoide und Endocannobinoide (siehe auch Endocannabinoid-System) – aufklären und tiefere Einblicke in die Differenziertheit und Komplexität der synaptischen Signaltransduktion im Gehirn gewinnen.

Auszeichnungen (Auswahl)
 1989 W. Alden Spencer Award
 1994 Mitglied der National Academy of Sciences
 1999 Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 2004 Heinrich-Wieland-Preis
 2005 Perl-UNC Neuroscience Prize
 2006 Gruber-Preis für Neurowissenschaften
 2010 NAS Award in the Neurosciences
 2011 Pasarow Award in Neuropsychiatry
 2014 Ralph-W.-Gerard-Preis
 2014 Warren Alpert Foundation Prize

Weblinks
 Roger Nicoll beim Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology der University of California, San Francisco (ucsf.edu); abgerufen am 13. Februar 2016

Einzelnachweise

Neurophysiologe
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Mediziner (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Buffalo)
Hochschullehrer (University of California, San Francisco)
Mitglied der National Academy of Sciences
Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1941
Mann

Roger A. Nicoll


Atmosfera Lunii este o acumulare foarte redusă de gaze care înconjoară Luna. Pentru majoritatea scopurilor practice, Luna este considerată a fi înconjurată de vid. Prezența ridicată a particulelor atomice și moleculare în vecinătatea sa, comparativ cu mediul interplanetar, denumită "atmosferă lunară" pentru scopuri științifice, este neglijabilă în comparație cu acumulările gazoase din jurul Pământului și a celor mai multe planete ale Sistemului solar. Presiunea acestei mase de gaz este de aproximativ 3×10–15 atm (0,3 nPa) și variază pe parcursul zilei, având o masă totală inferioară a 10 tone. Altfel, Luna este considerată a nu avea o atmosferă deoarece nu poate absorbi cantități măsurabile de radiație, nu pare a fi stratificată sau autocirculantă și necesită o reaprovizionare constantă datorită vitezei ridicate cu care gazele sale se pierd în spațiu.

Surse
O sursă a atmosferei lunare este emanația: gaze precum radon și heliu sunt eliberate ca urmare a dezintegrării componentelor radioactive ale scoarței și mantalei. Alte surse importante sunt bombardarea suprafeței lunare de către micrometeoriți, vântul solar și lumina soarelui.

Pierderi
Gazele pot:
 să fie reimplantate în regolit ca rezultat al gravitației Lunii;
 să scape complet de pe Lună, dacă particula depășește vitezei cosmică lunară de 2,28 km/s;
 să fie pierdute în spațiu fie din cauza presiunii radiației solare, fie — dacă gazele sunt ionizate — prin atragerea în câmpul magnetic al vântului solar.

Compoziție
Atmosfera Lunii constă din câteva gaze neobișnuite, inclusiv sodiu și potasiu, care nu se găsesc în atmosfera Pământului, a lui Marte sau a lui Venus. Pe Pământ, la nivelul mării, fiecare centimetru cub de atmosferă conține aproximativ 1019 molecule; prin comparație, atmosfera lunară conține mai puțin de 106 molecule în același volum de gaz. Pe Pământ, acesta ar fi considerat un vid foarte bun. De fapt, densitatea atmosferei de pe suprafața Lunii este comparabilă cu densitatea marginilor exterioare ale atmosferei Pământului, în care orbitează Stația Spațială Internațională.

Elementele sodiu și potasiu au fost detectate în atmosfera Lunii de pe Pământ, utilizând metode spectroscopice, în timp ce prezența izotopilor 222Rn și 210Po a fost dedusă din datele obținute de către Lunar Prospector alpha particle spectrometer.  40Ar, 4He, oxigenul și/sau metanul, azotul și/sau monoxidul de carbon și dioxidul de carbon au fost detectate cu ajutorul detectoarelor plasate in situ de către astronauții misiunilor Apollo.

Concentrațiile medii zilnice ale elementelor cunoscute a fi prezente în atmosfera lunară, exprimate în atomi pe centimetru cub, sunt:
 Argon: 20000–100000
 Heliu: 5000–30000
 Neon: până la 20000
 Sodiu: 70
 Potasiu: 17
 Hidrogen: mai puțin de 17

Acestea însumează aproximativ 80 000 de atomi pe centimetru cub, puțin mai mult decât cantitatea estimată a exista în atmosfera lui Mercur. În timp ce depășește cu mult densitatea vântului solar (care este de obicei de ordinul a doar câțiva protoni pe centimetru cub), este practic un vid în comparație cu atmosfera Pământului.

Luna poate avea, de asemenea, o "atmosferă" subțire de praf levitant de natură electrostatică.

Atmosfera veche
În octombrie 2017, oamenii de știință ai NASA de la Marshall Space Flight Center și Lunar and Planetary Institute din Houston au anunțat o descoperire bazată pe studii asupra probelor de magmă lunară recuperate de misiunile Apollo, anume faptul că Luna a avut o atmosferă relativ densă pentru o perioadă cuprinsă între 70 milioane de ani și 3–4 miliarde de ani în urmă. Această atmosferă, provenită din gazele evacuate din erupțiile vulcanice lunare, a fost de două ori mai densă decât cea a planetei Marte. S-a presupus că această atmosferă veche ar fi putut susține viața, deși nu s-a găsit nicio dovadă în acest sens. Vechea atmosferă a Lunii a fost în cele din urmă îndepărtată de vânturile solare și disipată în spațiu.

Vezi și
 Exosfera

Note

Provocarea Apollo 11
Programul Apollo
Luna

Atmosfera Lunii


Hongkonška vaterpolska reprezentacija predstavlja Hong Kong u međunarodnom športu muškom vaterpolu.

Na Azijskim igrama 2018. nastupila je u idućem sastavu: Yim Wai Ho, Wong Siu Hei, Fung Kong Chun, Fung Kong Ching, Kelvin Lo, Ip Chun Hong, Gilman Choi, Cheng Hei Man, Pin Tak Hei, Cheung Tsun Yu, Chan Chun Leung, Cheng Hei Chun i Kong Cheuk Kiu.

Na Razvojnom trofeju FINA-e 2019. u Singapuru zauzela je šesto mjesto.

Utakmice

Azijske igre 2018.

Utakmice su igrane u Jakarti.

 26. kolovoza 2018.:  -  12:6 (2:1,4:1,4:2,2:2)
 27. kolovoza 2018.:  -  23:3 (7:0,6:2,5:0,5:1)
 28. kolovoza 2018.:  -  0:23 (0:7,0:6,0:5,0:5)
 29. kolovoza 2018.:  -  8:11 (0:3,3:3,2:3,3:2)

Izvori

Vaterpolske reprezentacije
Šport u Hong Kongu

Hongkonška vaterpolska reprezentacija


Adelobotrys, biljni rod iz tropske Amerike svrstan u porodicu melastomovki. Postoji oko tridesetak priznatih vrsta

Vrste

 Adelobotrys acreanus Wurdack
 Adelobotrys adscendens Triana
 Adelobotrys antioquiensis Wurdack
 Adelobotrys atlanticus Schulman
 Adelobotrys ayangannensis Wurdack
 Adelobotrys barbatus Triana
 Adelobotrys boissierianus Cogn.
 Adelobotrys ciliatus Triana
 Adelobotrys duidae (Gleason) Wurdack
 Adelobotrys fruticosus Wurdack
 Adelobotrys fuscescens Triana
 Adelobotrys intonsus (Gleason) Wurdack
 Adelobotrys jefensis Almeda
 Adelobotrys klugii Wurdack
 Adelobotrys latifolius Schulman
 Adelobotrys linearifolius L.Uribe
 Adelobotrys macranthus Gleason
 Adelobotrys macrophyllus Pilg.
 Adelobotrys marginatus Brade
 Adelobotrys microcarpus Schulman
 Adelobotrys monticola Gleason
 Adelobotrys panamensis Almeda
 Adelobotrys permixtus Wurdack
 Adelobotrys praetextus Pilg.
 Adelobotrys rachidotrichus Brade
 Adelobotrys rotundifolius Triana
 Adelobotrys ruokolainenii Schulman
 Adelobotrys saxosus Wurdack
 Adelobotrys scandens DC.
 Adelobotrys spruceanus Cogn.
 Adelobotrys stenophyllus Wurdack
 Adelobotrys subsessilis Gleason
 Adelobotrys tessmannii Markgr.

Izvori

Melastomovke

Adelobotrys


Marit Bjørgen (Trondheim, 21. ožujka 1980.) norveška sportašica u skijaškom trčanju, višestruka olimpijska i svjetska prvakinja, jedna od najistaknutijih sportašica u skijaškom trčanju svih vremena.

Rodila se 21. ožujka 1980. godine u gradu Trondheimu, u Norveškoj. U dobi od 21 sudjelovala je na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama u Salt Lake Cityiju 2002. godine, gdje je bila druga u štafeti 4x5 km. Na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama u Torinu 2006. osvojila je srebrnu medalju na 10 km slobodno i završila četvrta u štafeti 4x5 km. Na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2010. održanima u Vancouveru osvojila je pet olimpijskih medalja, i to u svim disciplinama u kojima je sudjelovala: zlatnu medalju na 15 km dohvatno, klasičnome sprintu i utrci štafeta 4x5 km, kao i srebrnu medalju na 30 km masovni start i brončanu medalju na 15 km dohvatno. Na Olimpijskim igrama u ruskom Sočiju 2014. godine, osvojila je tri zlatne medalje: na 15 km dohvatno, 30 km masovni start i u ekipnom natjecanju. Na Olimpijskim igrama u Pjongčangu 2018. osvojila je srebro na 15 km dohvatno i broncu na 10 km slobodno.

Tijekom svoje karijere osvojila je čak dvadeset i šest medalja na Svjetskim prvenstvima u skijaškom trčanju od 2003. do 2017., od toga čak osamnaest zlatnih medalja.

Osvajanjem pet odličja na Olimpijskim igrama u Pjongčangu srušila je rekord osvojivši sveukupno 15 odličja na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama, a s osam zlatnih odličja na Olimpijskim igrama se na popisu svih vremena izjednačila sa svojim sunarodnjacima biatloncem Ole Einar Bjørndalenom i skijašem-trkačem Bjørnom Dæhliem.

Izvori

Olimpijski pobjednici u skijaškom trčanju
Norveški trkači na skijama

Marit Bjørgen


Solomon Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Solomon Township (Cloud County, Kansas)
 Solomon Township (Graham County, Kansas)
 Solomon Township (Phillips County, Kansas)
 Solomon Township (Saline County, Kansas)
 Solomon Township (Sheridan County, Kansas)

Solomon Township


An Anthurium treleasei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Luis Aloysius, Luigi Sodiro. An Anthurium treleasei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo kulang hin datos.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium treleasei


Bakteriyel konjugasyon hücre teması yoluyla bakteriler arasında genetik malzeme aktarımıdır. Transformasyon ve transdüksiyon gibi bu da bir yatay gen transferi mekanizmasıdır.

Bakteriyel konjügasyona, çoğu zaman hatalı olarak cinsel birleşmenin veya üremenin bir benzeri olarak değinilir. Oysa bu süreç cinsel değildir, çünkü eşey hücrelerinin birleşip bir zigot oluşturmasıyla ilişkisi yoktur. Olay, verici bir hücreden alıcı bir hücreye genetik malzeme aktarımından ibarettir. Konjugasyon olabilmesi için verici bakterinin konjugatif, yani hareket ettirilebilir bir genetik unsura sahip olması gerekir, bu çoğu zaman bir konjugatif plazmittir. Çoğu konjugatif plazmid, alıcı hücrede benzer bir plazmidin olmadığını anlayacak bir sisteme sahiptir.

Aktarılan genetik bilgi alıcı hücreye bir yarar sağlayabilir, örneğin ona antibiyotik direnci verebilir veya ortamda bulunan bir besin maddesini daha iyi sindirmesini sağlayacak bir enzim sentezlenmesini sağlayabilir. Ancak, bu genetik elemanlar bakterinin genetik parazitleri olarak, konjugasyon da bu elemanların kendini yeni konaklara aktarmak için evrimleştirmiş olduğu bir mekanizma olarak da görülebilirler.

Mekanizma

Konjugatif plazmidlerin prototipi F-plazmididir, F-faktörü olarak da bilinir. F-plazmidi 100 kilo baz çifti uzunluğunda bir epizomdur, yani bakteri kromozomuna entegre olabilen bir plazmittir. Kendi ikileşme merkezine (İng. origin of replication) sahiptir, bunun adı oriT 'dir. Bir bakterinin entegre olmuş veya serbest tek bir F plazmidi olabilir, bu durumda bakteriye F-pozitif denir. Başka genetik bilgilerin yanı sıra F-plazmidi tra ve trb adlı konumlarına (locus) sahiptir. Bunlar toplam 33 kilo baz çifti uzunluğundadır ve 40 genden oluşurlar. Tra konumu pilin geni ve denetleyici genlerden oluşur, bunlar sayesinde F-negatif bakterilere bağlanabilen piluslar oluşur. Mekanizmanin ayrıntıları hâlâ tartışilmakla beraber, DNA'nın pilu içinden geçmediği, tra ve trb konumlarında kodlanan başka proteinlerin hücreler arasında bir kanal açtığı zannedilmektedir.

Konjugasyon başladığında relaksozom adı verilen bir protein kompleksi, transfer merkezi olan oriT 'de DNA'ya bir çentik atar. F-plazmid sisteminde relaksozom TraI, TraY, TraM ve konak faktörü IHF'den oluşur. Transfer olan
T sarmalı cift sarmaldan ayrışıp alıcı bakteriye 5' ucundan 3' ucuna doğru aktarılır. Kalan sarmal ikileşir, ya konjugasyondan bağımsız olarak (vejetatif ikileşme, oriV 'den başlar) ya da konjugasyonla birlikte (konjugatif ikileşme, lambda fajın döner çember (rolling circle) ikileşmesine benzer şekilde gelişir.

Eğer F-plazmid konak genome entegre olursa vericinin kromozom DNA'sı plazmid DNA'sı ile beraber aktarılabilir. Kromozomla DNA'nın ne kadarını aktarıldığı iki bakterinin ne süreyle temas halinde kaldıklarını bağlıdır. E. coli 'nin laboratuvarda çalışılan suşları için bütün bakteri kromozomunun transferi yaklaşık 100 dakika tutar. Aktarılan DNA rekombinasyon yoluyla alıcı genoma entegre olabilir.

Entegre olmamış F plazmidli bir hücre kültüründe genelde birkaç hücrede plazmid kromozoma entegre olmuştur, bunlar bu tür kültürlerde seyrek olarak gözlemlenen kromozomal gen transferlerinden sorumludur. Entegre F-plazmidi olan bakteri suşları izole edilip saf kültür olarak çoğaltılabilirler. Bu suşlar kromozomal genleri çok verimli bir şekilde aktarabildikleri için Hfr (İngilizce  high frequency of recombination, yüksek rekombinasyon frekansı) olarak adlandırılırlar. E. coli genomunun haritalanması için ilk kullanılan yöntem "durdurulmuş çiftleşme" (interrupted mating) deneyleri olmuş, bunlarda konjugasyon yapmakta olan çeşitli Hfr hücreleri 100 dakika tamamlanmadan evvel alıcı hücrelerden kopartılmış, sonra da hangi genlerin aktarıldığına bakılmıştı.

Dış bağlantılar
 Plazmid DNA'nin Trasnferi
 Önemli bakteriyel plazmitlerin Özellikleri

Moleküler biyoloji
Biyoteknoloji
Bakteriyoloji
Antibiyotik direnci

Bakteriyel konjugasyon


El parque nacional Yugid Va (komi, ruso: Югыд ва; 'lit., 'Agua clara') es un parque nacional en la República de Komi, una república constitutiva de la Federación Rusa, en Europa nororiental, bordeando el distrito autónomo de Janti-Mansi. Es el parque nacional mayor de Rusia y Europa.

Ubicación
Yugid Va cubre  (casi 2 millones de hectáreas) en la parte norte de los montes Urales y sus laderas y llanuras adyacentes y algunas de las cumbres más altas de la cordillera se encuentran entre sus límites: el Manaraga (1662 m), el Kolokolnja (1640 m), el Telpoziz (1617 m), el Sablja (1497 m), el Portsempeja (1360 m), el Sanaiz (1323 m) y el Barkova (1320 m). El pico más alto de los montes Urales, el Narodnaya (1895 m), se encuentra en la frontera oriental, cerca del límite del parque. Los principales ríos que fluyen a través del parque son (de norte a sur) el Kozim, el Kosju, el Vangyr, el Shchugor y el Podcjerje. El Yugyd Va al completo se ubica dentro de la cuenca del río Pechora, es decir, al oeste de la división continental Europa-Asia. Esto significa que es completamente europeo geográficamente hablando.

Administrativamente, el parque está situado en la parte sudeste de la República de Komi, más concretamente en el territorio de los distritos de Vuktylsky, Intinsky y Pechorsky. La sede del parque está en la ciudad de Vuktyl, con delegaciones en Pechora e Inta.

El parque nacional linda al sur con la reserva natural Pechora-Ilich, mucho más antigua.

Historia
El parque fue creado por el Gobierno Ruso el 23 de abril de 1994, con objetivos recreativos y de protección de los bosques de la taiga de los Urales septentrionales.

En 1995 el área forestal que incluye el parque nacional Yugyd Va y la cercana reserva natural Pechora-Ilich fue reconocida por la Unesco como Patrimonio de la Humanidad, con el nombre de Bosques vírgenes de Komi.

Flora y fauna
Más de la mitad del parque está cubierto por bosque boreal de taiga. El resto es mayoritariamente tundra, sobre todo a mayor altitud. Hay también unos 20 km² de pradera, tanto de tipo alpino como en los valles de los ríos.

Unas 180 especies de aves viven en el parque, algunas de ellas especialmente poco comunes, mientras que se sabe que veinte especies de peces habitan los lagos y ríos del parque. Hay, además, cinco especies de anfibios y una de reptiles.

Algunos de los mamíferos comunes en el parque son la liebre de montaña, la ardilla voladora, el reno, el armiño, la nutria, el alce, el lobo, el zorro, el glotón, osos, martas, comadrejas y zorros árticos.

Turismo
Los usos recreativos del parque incluyen el descenso de ríos, uso de botes y senderismo durante el verano, y esquí nórdico durante el invierno. También se permite la caza controlada pero es necesario solicitar los permisos con varios meses de antelación.

Debido a la remota localización del parque la cantidad de turismo es aún bastante baja. Según los gestores del parque hoy en día lo visitan unos 4.000 turistas cada año, lo que es mucho menos de la capacidad recreativa potencial del parque. La dirección estaba preocupada por el hecho de que los ingresos por cada usuario (unos 2,4 millones de rublos (100.000$ US) al año) no cubrían los gastos de mantenimiento del parque (unos 5 millones de rublos (200.000$ US) al año).

Véase también
 Parques nacionales de Rusia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Parque nacional Yugyd Va (Página web oficial)
Mapa del parque
Yugyd Va National Park (Página del Ministerio Ruso de Recursos Naturales)

Bienes individuales inscritos Patrimonio de la Humanidad en Rusia
Parques nacionales de Rusia
Parque nacional Yugyd Va

Komi
Rusia en 1994

Parque nacional Yugyd Va


Clifford Eugene Charlesworth () a fost un director de zbor al NASA în timpul programelor Gemini și Apollo, inclusiv al misiunii de aselenizare Apollo 11.

Biografie
Clifford Eugene Charlesworth s-a născut pe 29 noiembrie 1931, în Red Wing, Minnesota, și a crescut în statul Mississippi. A urmat studii la Mississippi College, pe care le-a absolvit cu o diplomă de licență în fizică în anul 1958. După ce a lucrat un timp ca funcționar civil în Marina Statelor Unite ale Americii și a participat la programul dezvoltării și îmbunătățirii rachetelor Pershing al Armatei Statelor Unite ale Americii, s-a alăturat NASA în 1962. El a lucrat la Centrul Spațial din Houston, Texas până în anul 1970. A îndeplinit funcția de director de zbor în cadrul misiunilor spațiale Gemini 11 și Gemini 12 și a fost unul dintre directorii de zbor ai misiunii Apollo 8, prima misiune pe orbita Lunii; Apollo 11, prima misiune pe Lună; și Apollo 12, cea de-a doua misiune de aselenizare. Din 1970 până în 1972 el a fost director al programului de lansare și dirijare a sateliților de observare terestră. Apoi a lucrat ca șef adjunct al secțiunii încărcături a programului Space Shuttle, în calitate de director adjunct al Centrului Spațial "Lyndon B. Johnson", și ca director al operațiunilor spațiale înainte de a se pensiona în 1988.

Pentru serviciile sale efectuate în cadrul NASA, Charlesworth a primit Medalia pentru servicii excepționale a agenției în 1969, Medalia pentru conducere remarcabilă în 1981 și Medalia pentru servicii remarcabile în 1982. El a fost membru al American Astronautical Society și al American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

A murit în urma unui atac de cord pe data de 28 ianuarie 1991, la casa lui din Friendswood, Texas. A fost înmormântat în Cimitirul Park East din Webster, Texas, alături de soția lui, Jewell, care murise în 1988.

Note

Nașteri în 1931
Decese în 1991
Programul Gemini
Programul Apollo
Provocarea Apollo 11

Clifford E. Charlesworth


Die Oneida Community war eine sozialutopische, religiöse Gemeinschaft in Madison County, New York. Sie wurde 1848 von John Humphrey Noyes gegründet und wurde 1881 endgültig aufgelöst. Der Schriftsteller Aldous Huxley, selber Anhänger von Noyes, schilderte die Oneida-Gemeinde wie folgt:

Das Oneida Community Mansion House ist bis heute erhalten und wurde 1965 zu einer National Historic Landmark erklärt. Es besteht heute als Museum weiter.

Literatur
 Rudolf Stumberger: Das kommunistische Amerika. Auf den Spuren utopischer Kommunen in den USA. Mandelbaum, Wien 2015 ISBN 978-3-85476-647-6

Weblinks

Quellen

Religiöse Organisation (Vereinigte Staaten)
Historische Organisation (Vereinigte Staaten)
Organisation (Madison County, New York)
Gegründet 1848
Aufgelöst 1881
Religion (New York)
Geschichte von New York
Oneida (New York)

Oneida Community


Maraton, atletizmde uzun mesafeli (42,195 m), sert tabanlı yollarda yapılan mukavemet koşusudur. Adı eski Yunanistan'daki Marathon Savaşı'nda Maraton Ovası'ndan Atina'ya koşarak gelen bir ulaktan esinlenerek verilmiştir. İlk kez 1896'da düzenlenen Atina Olimpiyat Oyunları'nda koşuldu, 1924 yılında 42,195 m olması benimsendi. Uluslararası amatör atletizm federasyonu 1992 yılından itibaren 21,100 m'de yarı maraton dünya şampiyonası düzenlemeye başladı. Maraton parkurları aynı nitelikte olmadığı için dünya rekoru kaydı tutulmaz, sadece en iyi derece vardır.

Maraton


رخصة المشاع الإبداعي مجموعة من رخص تنظم استخدام حقوق المؤلف بالطرق التي لا يجوز ممارستها من دون موافقة صاحب حق المؤلف، توجد منها عدة تنويعات توضح الحقوق التي يحتفظ بها المؤلف والحقوق التي يتنازل عنها للآخرين، مما ينتج عنه كون «بعض الحقوق محفوظة» عوضا على كون «جميع الحقوق محفوظة». صدرت الرخصة الأولى يوم 16 ديسمبر 2002 عن منظمة المشاع الإبداعي. الرخص حالياً منشورة في إصدارها الرابع منذ نوفمبر 2013.

تتألف تنويعات الرخصة من أربعة عناصر تحكم الاستغلال المسموح به للمصنف موضوع الترخيص:

من توافيق الاشتراطات الأربع السالفة توجد ستُّ تنويعات من الرخصة معتمدة حاليا:
  النسبة (CC-BY)
  النسبة-الترخيص بالمثل (CC-BY-SA)
 -بلا اشتقاق (CC-BY-ND)
 -غير التجاري (CC-BY-NC)
 -غير التجاري-الترخيص بالمثل (CC-BY-NC-SA)
 -غير التجاري-بلا اشتقاق (CC-BY-NC-ND)

و شرط نسبة العمل إلى مؤلفه قاسم مشترك أدنى بين كل تنويعات الرخصة الحالية، كما أنها كلها تسمح بالحق الأساسي في التشارك ونسخ المُصنَّف المُرَخَّص وتداوله للأغراض غير التجارية بلا قيد، كما تعد رخصة المشاع الإبداعي في تنويعاتها المتضمنة شرط الترخيص بالمثل إحدى رخص المشاعية الفكرية

النِّسبَة

منذ 2004 فإن كل تنويعات رخصة المشاع الإبداعي تشترط نسبة المصنّف إلى مؤلفه الأصلي، وهو ما يستتبع التالي عند استخدام أو نسخ أو توزيع أو عرض المُصنّفِ المُرخَّص:
 ذِكرُ أية إشعارات توضح الملكية الفكرية للمؤلف الأصلي إن وُجدت. فإن كان المصنف يتضمن إشعارات ملكية فكرية وضعها حائز حق الملكية الفكرية الأصلي توجّب نسخها وتضمينها في كل المشتقات المبنية على المصنف المُرخَّص ما أمكن ذلك، وبقدر ما يسمح الوسيط الذي يجري فيه النسخ والتوزيع.
 ذِكرُ اسم المؤلف الأصلي وكنيته ومُعرِّف هويته وما شابه، إن كان المصنف منشورا على الإنترنت، وعندها يُستحسن الربط إلى صفحة المؤلف أو ملفه في خدمة النشر إن كانت موجودة.
 ذِكرُ عنوان المصنّف أو اسمه إن وُجد. وإن كان العمل منشورا على الإنترنت فيُستحسن الربط من عبارة النسبة إلى المصنف الأصلي.
 ذِكرُ رخصة الشماع الإبداعي المرخص بها العمل (اختياري)، وإن كان العمل منشورا على الإنترنت فمن المستحين الربط إلى حُجَّة الرخصة في موقع المشاع الإبداعي
 ذِكرُ إن كان المصنف مشتقا أو مبنيا على مصنّف غيره، فإضافة إلى ما سبق، ينبغي بيان الأعمال المشتق منها المصنف أو التي بني عليها أو على أجزاء منها، والنسبة إلى مؤلفيها الأصليين وغير ذلك مما ذُكر أعلاه. مثال: «هذه ترجمة إلى العربية عن العنوان الأصلي للمؤلف فلان العلاني»؛ أو «هذا عرض يتضمن القطعة الموسيقية المذكورة ألّفها فلان الفلاني وصورا فوتوغرافية صوّرها علان العلاني»، مع الربط إلى مواقعهم وصفحات الأعمال الأصلية إن وُجدت.

المصنفات المرخصة برخصة المشاع الإبداعي تحكمها قوانين الملكية الفكرية، وهو ما يعني جواز انطباقها على كل ما يندرج تحت المصنفات الفكرية، بما فيها: الكتب، والمسرحيات، والأفلام، والموسيقى، والمقالات، والرسوم والصور الفوتوغرافية والمخططات والخرائط والتصميمات، والمدونات، ومواقع الويب، وقواعد البيانات، إلا أن منظمة المشاع الإبداعي لا تشجع على استخدام رخصها للبرمجيات الحاسوبية، إذ توجد رخص حرة تتخصص في معالجة المسائل التقنية المرتبطة بترخيص واستعمال البرمجيات.

كما أن تطبيق رخصة المشاع الإبداعي لا ينتقص من الحقوق التي يكفلها، ولا تفرض اشتراطات تتعارض مع ما يُستثنى من قوانين الملكية الفكرية. كما أن رخص المشاع الإبداعي ليست حصرية ولا قابلة للنقض، فأي مصنف جرى الحصول عليه واستخدامه في وقت كان مُرخّصا فيه برخصة المشاع الإبداعي يحق لمستخدمه مواصلة استخدامه بالشروط التي تضمنّها الترخيص في ذلك الوقت، حتى لو نشره حائز الحق برخصة غيرها لاحقا. وفي حال كون المصنف مرخصا بأكثر من تنويعة من الرخصة فإنه يحقق للمُرخَّصِ له اختيار إحداها وتطبيق شروطها.

الملك العام

علاوة على أدوات اختيار الرخص ووسم المصنفات المرخصة برخص المشاع الإبداعي توجد منذ 2007 أدوات لإعلان التنازل عن أكبر قدر ممكن من حقوق المؤلف على المصنف وإطلاقه للملك العام هي CC0، كما أصدرت منظمة المشاع الإبداعي منذ 2009 أداة لوسم المصنفات التي في الملك العام سلفا.

توطين الرُخصة

صيغت رخص المشاع الإبداعي الأولى بناء على النظام القانوني للولايات المتحدة ومفاهيمه القضائية، مما جعلها أحيانا غير متوافقة مع قضاءات غيره وبيئات تشريعية أخرى حول العالم، ولتلافي هذا العوار بدأت منظمة المشاع الإبداعي صيرورة توطين للرخصة للتوافق مع اللغة القانونية والبيئة التشريعية في كل محلية يجري توطين الرخصة فيها انطلاقا من صيغة للرخصة مبنية على لغة الاتفاقات الدولية التي تحكم الملكية الفكرية، هي النسخة غير الموطتة، وتجري صيرورات التوطين بالتعاون مع منظمات وجماعات محلية. كانت الرخصة لأردنية أوّل رخصة تم توطينها عربيا.

مشروعات تنشر محتوى مُرخّصا برخصة المشاع الإبداعي

 ويكيبيديا محتواها مُرخَّص برخصة النِّسبة-الترخيص بالمثل منذ يونيو 2009
 موسوعة القانون (جوريسبيديا)

مراجع

المشاع الإبداعي
حقوق متروكة
رخص محتوى حر
قانون الحاسوب
قانون الملكية الفكرية
نشاط ملكية فكرية

رخص المشاع الإبداعي


El término concusión, también conocido como traumatismo craneoencefálico leve, se refiere a la pérdida inmediata de la conciencia acompañada de un periodo corto de amnesia. El mecanismo de la concusión surge después de un impacto directo en la cabeza, lo que genera una desaceleración súbita de la misma y ocasiona un movimiento en dirección anteroposterior de la masa encefálica en el cráneo.

Una concusión severa usualmente es seguida de una convulsión breve, o bien, manifestaciones autonómicas como palidez facial, bradicardia, debilidad, hipotensión, disminución del reflejo pupilar o manifestaciones neurológicas focales. Se cree que la pérdida del conocimiento en una concusión es producto de una disfunción electrofisiológica de la formación reticular ascendente (ubicada en el mesencéfalo) causada por la rotación de los hemisferios cerebrales en relación con el tallo cerebral que no puede moverse con tanta libertad.

Después de una concusión no se observan cambios en la anatomía (tanto macroscópica o microscópica) del encéfalo; no obstante, son evidentes modificaciones del medio, como la depleción de ATP mitocondrial y rotura de la barrera hematoencefálica. Las técnicas de imagen médica, como TAC o MRI, reportan un pequeño número de pacientes con hemorragia intracraneal de algún tipo.

La concusión se acompaña de un periodo de amnesia retrógrada que desaparece con rapidez y es proporcional a la gravedad. La pérdida de memoria en una concusión leve involucra los momentos previos al impacto, pero en casos severos la pérdida de memoria puede abarcar un par de días o incluso semanas. Puede que al recuperar la memoria existan lagunas mentales. Los cambios conductuales después de una concusión son muy raros, pero puede que queden como consecuencias algunos problemas de concentración.

Véase también
 Traumatismo craneoencefálico
 Traumatismo

Referencias
 Ropper, Allan H. Concusión y otras lesiones craneoencefálicas. Fauci, Anthony; Braunwald, Eugene [editores] Harrison. Principios de Medicina Interna 17a Ed. McGrawHill China 2009.

Enfermedades neurológicas
Neurología

Concusión (medicina)


Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyà ibn aṣ-Ṣā'igh at-Tūjībī ibn Bājja (), best known by his Latinised name Avempace (;  – 1138), was an Andalusi polymath, whose writings include works regarding astronomy, physics, and music, as well as philosophy, medicine, botany, and poetry.

He was the author of the Kitāb an-Nabāt ("The Book of Plants"), a popular work on botany, which defined the sex of plants. His philosophical theories influenced the work of Ibn Rushd (Averroes) and Albertus Magnus. Most of his writings and books were not completed (or well-organized) due to his early death. He had a vast knowledge of medicine, mathematics, and astronomy. His main contribution to Islamic philosophy was his idea on soul phenomenology, which was never completed.

Avempace was, in his time, not only a prominent figure of philosophy but also of music and poetry.<ref>D. M. Dunlop, "The Dīwān Attributed to Ibn Bājjah (Avempace)", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Vol. 14, No. 3, Studies Presented to Vladimir Minorsky by His Colleagues and Friends (1952), pp. 463</ref> His diwan (Arabic: collection of poetry) was rediscovered in 1951. Though many of his works have not survived, his theories in astronomy and physics were preserved by Moses Maimonides and Averroes respectively, and influenced later astronomers and physicists in the Islamic civilization and Renaissance Europe, including Galileo Galilei.

Avempace wrote one of the first (argued by some to be the first) commentaries on Aristotle in the Western world. While his work on projectile motion was never translated from Arabic to Latin, his views became well known around the Western world and to Western philosophers, astronomers, and scientists of many disciplines. His works impacted contemporary medieval thought, and later influenced Galileo and his work. Avempace's theories on projectile motion are found in the text known as "Text 71".

Biography
Avempace was of Arab descent. He was born in Zaragoza, in what is today Aragon, Spain, around 1085 and died in Fes then under the Almoravid dynasty, in 1138. Rulers of Zaragoza shifted constantly throughout Avempace's young life, but in 1114, a new Almoravid governor of Zaragoza was appointed: Abu Bakr 'Ali ibn Ibrahim as-Sahrawi, also known as Ibn Tifilwit. The close relationship between Avempace and Ibn Tifilwit is verified in writings by Ibn al-Khatib. Avempace enjoyed music and wine with the governor and also composed panegyrics and muwashshahat to publicly praise Ibn Tifilwit, who rewarded him by nominating him as his vizier. In a diplomatic mission to meet the overthrown Imad ad-Dawla Ibn Hud King in his castle, Avempace was placed in jail for some months for reasons unknown. Ibn Tifilwit was also killed during a quest against the Christians in 1116, ending his short reign and inspiring Avempace to compose mournful elegies in his honor. Avempace also had a talent for singing and composition in music. In the beginning of his career, he wrote the manuscript Risālah fī l-alḥān (Tract on melodies) and incorporated his commentary on al-Fārābī's treatise based on music. He determined the correlations between different melodies and temperament. According to biographer al-Maqqarī, Avempace's passion for music was due to poetry and had "the virtue of dispelling the sadness and pain of the hearts [sic]." He included his scientific knowledge and wit in many poems. Avempace joined in poetic competitions with the poet al-Tutili.

After the fall of Zaragoza in 1118 by the hands of King Alfonso The Battler, Avempace looked for shelter under Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Yûsuf Ibn Tashfin, another brother of the Almoravid Sultan (Ali Ibn Yusuf Ibn Tashfin) in Xàtiba. He worked, for some twenty years, as the vizier of Yusuf Ibn Tashfin. Throughout these decades, it is clear that Avempace was not as agreeable with those close to the ruler, Ibn Tashfin, as he was during the previous reign of Ibn Tifilwit. Writings by Ahmad al-Maqqari gives us insight into the hostility and disagreements between Avempace and the father of a famous physician respected by Ibn Tashfin, Abd al-Malik. A poetry anthology, Qala'id al-iqya (Necklace of Rubies), was also created by a courtier of Ibn Tashufin's, Abu Nasr al-Fath Ibn Muhammad Ibn Khaqan, which condescendingly placed Avempace in last place. Under Ibn Tashfin, the Sultan of the Almoravid empire, Avempace was imprisoned twice. The details of the imprisonment are not well understood, but can be assumed. Despite being unwelcomed, Avempace remained with the Almoravid empire for the rest of his life until his death in 1138. There has been evidence presented that brings up the argument that the cause of Avempace's death was by poison from his peers. Al-Maqqari details in his writing that a physician, Abu l-'Ala' Ibn Zuhr, was an enemy of Avempace's whose servant, Ibn Ma'yub, was suspected of poisoning him at the time but was never convicted. Among his many teachers was Abu Jafar ibn Harun of Trujillo, a physician in Seville, Al-Andalus.

 Philosophy
Ibn Bajja, also known as Avempace, was an important Islamic philosopher, among his many other trades. In his time, he was seen as a controversial figure, receiving criticism from his peers like Ibn Tufayl. However, he was also respected by his peers and even his critics. While Ibn Tufayl was noted for criticizing Ibn Bajjah's work, he also described him as having one of the sharpest minds with one of the soundest reasoning as compared to the others following the first generation of speakers.

Around his time, Islamic philosophy, and the post-hellenic world, was mainly divided into two opposing branches of thoughts. The Eastern branch, which was led by Ibn Sina, known as Avicenna in Latin, and the Western branch, which was led by Ibn Bajjah. Avempace's work in philosophy is seen as uneven and mostly incomplete, but what parts of his work that survive to this day demonstrates originality in his thought process. His main philosophical work is the unfinished politico-ethical treatise Governance of the Solitary.Upon his unplanned trip to Egypt, Avempace wrote Risālat al-wadāʿ (Letter of Bidding Farewell) and Risālat al-ittiṣāl al-ʿaql bi al-insān (Letter on the Union of the Intellect with Human Beings) that were dedicated to Ibn al-Imām. His famous works included Tadbīr al-mutawaḥḥid (Management of the Solitary), the Kitāb al-nafs (Book on the Soul), and the Risāla fī l-Ghāya al-insāniyya (Treatise on the Objective of Human Beings). The reflections of his famous accomplishments show how these were written near the end of his life. He was inspired based on Aristotelian line. In Avempace's philosophy, it contains two key pillars, solitude and conjunction. Solitude represents the isolation philosopher commonly seeks in order to protect himself from the corruption of society and conjunction refers to the philosopher's quest for the lowest celestial intelligence. It is required for the human soul's development.

These works are tough to understand. Nevertheless, Risālat al-ittiṣāl has interpreted the introduction. The treatise stated the overall point of Avempace's thinking:"The ultimate end of man, namely the contemplation of truth, with the active intellect joining the human intellect in a contemplative and almost mystic way."However, the most important idea from Avempace's system was not mentioned in the treatise, "how the union of the active intellect with man occurs, which is the ultimate goal being pursued by the solitary."

From his writings, Ibn Bajjah has been shown to take a liking to Plato's contribution to philosophy. Ibn Bajjah, in particular, takes from Plato's idea of the necessary connection between man and city with a bit of a twist. Plato's idea was to model the perfect city after the human soul. On the other hand, Avempace wanted to use the perfect city as a model for the human soul. Avempace imagines the perfect city as a place that is free of any beliefs or opinions that are in opposition of the truth and where true science reigns supreme. Any man or idea that contradicts these true beliefs are defined as "weeds." Weeds are only to be found in imperfect cities.

Avempace also wrote on the health of a perfect man. He alluded to the idea that the perfect man does not just require physical health, but spiritual health too. Avempace goes into more detail about the soul, which he describes of having both an acquired intellect, as well as an active intellect. The active intellect has no basis coming from the physical world. Acquired intellect, however, is a result of experiences from the material world. The perfect man can exist in either a perfect city or a non-perfect city. However, if a perfect man lives in a non-perfect city, he believes that they are to remain apart from the rest of the society. This is because a non-perfect city is full of weeds. In order for a perfect person to preserve themselves from the weeds, they need to live in solitude despite living in solitude being against human nature.

In addition, Avempace had changed forgotten non-syllogistic arts into "practical arts", and wrote:"If some of them [the practical arts] employ syllogisms as medicine and agriculture do, they are not called syllogistic because their purpose is not [to convince another] nor to employ syllogisms, but to do some activity."He wrote nine medical treatises. Galen inscribed commentary on Hippocrates' Aphorisms in "Commentary on Aphorisms" that includes Avempace's view about medicine. Medical syllogisms are revolved by means of experience. Experience is obtained in a person's life time through perception. Avempace defines experience:"As man's reliance on perception to know particular [aspects, juz'iyyat] of some matter so that some science results from this perception.Experience is said in general and in particular. If it is said in general, it points out that perception intents knowing particular [aspects] of a matter, from which a universal proposition results. The particular [instances] may take place either by man's will or naturally."Avempace considers experience as the second essential part of medicine. Avempace's theoretic system sketched out all reality. Reality comes in many forms that includes motion and action. Avempace categorizes them between natural and artificial. Natural reality forms move bodies with power while bodies within artificial reality forms are unintentionally moved. It also show how the body is viewed."Art (sina'a) is the elaborated form abstracted from matter; it is abstracted from its matter. The artificial form which exists in its matter does not have any power to move that which is in it nor to move something else. This is the difference between artificial and natural forms."This example also represents the use of motion:"If there is a house, there is a foundation by necessity, and this kind of necessity is a relationship between the causes of the existing [object] and the final [cause]. If [the final cause] is described, the various kinds of the causes follow it by necessity, and the form acts in a similar way.If the form is the final [cause] of a motion, motion follows it by necessity, and it is something evident because, if there is building activity, there will be a house, and if there is building, there is the art of construction, but if there is only the art of construction, there will be no building. If [form] is acquired 'by design,' the other causes result in an orderly way from the final cause by necessity."This shows as human involvement is design. Absolute necessity reigns over the heavens. Avempace views necessity into three kinds: absolute, design, and material. Avempace demonstrates the moon eclipses using absolute necessity over time. Based on the relations of the moon eclipses, Avempace indicates "possibility shares necessity". He defines the body as an artificial collection of matter, which acts as an instrument for the soul to work through. In doing so, he establishes the soul as an autonomous subject. Avempace believes that the human soul has three stages. It starts in the plant stage, then to the animal stage, and finally to human stage. Each stage has an important attribute that the soul grows from. The plant life is where the soul is provided with nourishment and growth. In the animal stage, the soul is introduced to sensations. When the soul moves to the human state, the soul gains common sense, imagination, and memory. Additionally, Avempace writes that the soul is geometrically formless. Because its form is beyond our understanding of geometric shapes, he states, it exists on a plane higher than that which we perceive with our bodies. Avempace is said to have been influenced by Platonic and Aristotelian views on the subject. He credits Plato with the theory of the soul as a substance:"Since it was clear to Plato that the soul is assigned to substance, and that substance is predicated on the form and matter which is body, and that the soul cannot be said to be a body, he fervently defined the soul in its particular aspect. Since he had established that the forms of spheres are souls, he looked for the commonality of all [souls], and found that sense perception is particular to animals, [but] that movement is particular to all, and therefore he defined the soul as "something which moves itself."

Avempace also describes four types of Intelligible forms. They are described as bodies that have an eternal circular motion, an acquired intellect, those with external senses, and those with internal senses. These ideas are consistent with Aristotle's descriptions of the soul and its properties in his treatise De Anima, though there is speculation that there were no Arabic transcriptions available to Avempace.Avempace, known as "Ibn al-Sa'igh" by Jewish tradition, is rarely recognized for his philosophical and astronomical works that influenced and were employed by many Medieval Jewish philosophers during and after his short life. The first record of Avempace's influence on Jewish philosophy comes from a well-known Jewish contemporary author and philosopher: Judah Halevi. In Chapter 1 of his greatest philosophical work, The Kuzari, Halevi summarizes three ideas directly influenced by works of Ibn Bajja: one's unification with the Active Intellect is attainable during their lifetime, this unification implies cognitive identity with others who are aware of the truth, and a philosopher's life is a solitary regimen.

The renowned polymath and Jewish philosopher, Maimonides, was possibly born in the same year of Avempace's death, yet he preserved and studied the works of the deceased Andalusian. Maimonides admired Avempace for his achievements, stating that "[Ibn Bajja] was a great and wise philosopher, and all of his works are right and correct". Maimonides also valued Ibn Bajja's commentary on Aristotle's works on astronomy. In one of his three major works, The Guide for the Perplexed, Maimonides assesses Hebrew Bible theology with Aristotelian philosophy, directly drawing influence from Ibn Bajja philosophical and scientific ideas. Specifically incorporating Avempace's philosophies regarding the existence of a single intellect after death, the union of man with the Active Intellect, the division of man into three classes of increasing consciousness, and the proposal of the prophet as an ideal solitary man.

Avempace rejects that feeling ultimate pleasure comes from witnessing the divine world internally. For Avempace, the highest form of spiritual happiness comes from science and the truth. Science allows for the truth to be discovered. As a result, in order to be spiritually healthy and, therefore, happy, we must obtain knowledge and search for the truth.

Despite all the ideas that have been presented by Avempace, a central theory was never actually developed. He attributed this to being a very busy man and having his hands in a variety of a fields.

Astronomy
In Islamic astronomy, Maimonides wrote the following on the planetary model proposed by Avempace:

In his commentary on Aristotle's Meteorology, Avempace presented his own theory on the Milky Way galaxy. Aristotle believed the Milky Way to be caused by "the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large, numerous and close together" and that the "ignition takes place in the upper part of the atmosphere, in the region of the world which is continuous with the heavenly motions." On the other hand, Aristotle's Arabic commentator Ibn al-Bitriq considered "the Milky Way to be a phenomenon exclusively of the heavenly spheres, not of the upper part of the atmosphere" and that the "light of those stars makes a visible patch because they are so close." Avempace's view differed from both, as he considered "the Milky Way to be a phenomenon both of the spheres above the moon and of the sublunar region." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy describes his theory and observation on the Milky Way as follows:

Avempace also reported observing "two planets as black spots on the face of the Sun." In the 13th century, the Maragha astronomer Qotb al-Din Shirazi identified this observation as the transit of Venus and Mercury.  However, Avempace cannot have observed a Venus transit, as there were no Venus transits in his lifetime.

Avempace worked under the mathematician Ibn al-Sayyid. He was given the privileged to add a commentary to Ibn al-Sayyid's work on geometry and Euclid's Elements. Furthermore, he viewed astronomy as part of mathematics. Avempace's model of the cosmos consists of concentric circles, but no epicycles.

Physics

Averroes was another important philosopher, and while he was born shortly before Avempace's death, Averroes later in life would be in opposition to Avempace's theories the majority of the time. Avempace starts with a good kinematic definition of motion and construes it as a force. According to Avempace regarding freely falling objects, what is moved as the heavy body falls, is the heavy body and what moves it downward is its 'gravity' or its 'form' or 'nature'.

Text 71 of Averroes' commentary on Aristotle's Physics contains a discussion on Avempace's theory of motion, as well as the following quotation from the seventh book of Avempace's lost work on physics:

Averroes writes the following comments on Avempace's theory of motion:

What follows is also found in Text 71: "This resistance offered to the moving body by the medium does not occur in the way Aristotle has established in the fourth book when he discussed the void. The velocity of a body is not inversely proportional to the density of the medium, but it is the retardation the motion is subject to by virtue of the medium, which is proportional to the density. If what Aristotle said was true, natural motion in a supposed void would not meet any resistance and it would not take time but be instantaneous. Also, the motion of the heavenly spheres, which do not traverse a medium, would occur instantaneously. We see these motions occurring with different finite velocities: the motion of the fixed stars is very slow; the daily motion is very fast. These differences in velocity are due to the fact that the movers of the spheres differ in nobility and the more noble a mover, the faster is the motion of the sphere moved by it."In relation to the example of the stone falling through the mediums air and water, Avempace also brings up an example of dust particles to explain his ideas on natural movements. Dust particles are suspended in the air and naturally fall slowly. Despite having enough power to go down, it is still insufficient to displace the air underneath it. From Text 71; Ernest A. Moody, who is a notable philosopher, medievalist, and logician, offered four main reasons in favor of the view that Avempace was at least a major thinker within the paradigm of the "Theory of an 'impressed force.'" The following points are cited from his argument:1. "For Avempace...V = P - M, so that when M = 0, V = P. This opposes Aristotle's (supposed use of) V = P / M."2. "Internal coherence with this "law of motion" requires, Moody believes, also a defense of the theory of an impressed force - as we find for exampled in Philopponus himself."3. "Avempace's appeal to an 'impressed force' was also reflected in the fact that 'if we use modern terms, it might be said that the force of gravity, for Avempace, is not determined essentially as a relation between the masses of different bodies, but is conceived as an absolute indwelling power of self-motion animating the body like a soul."4. "The theory of an 'impressed force' appears to have been upheld by Al-Bitrogi, who was influenced ins ideas by Avempace's disciple Ibn-Tofail."Despite diverging from Aristotle's theory of motion, it appears that Avempace largely agrees with Aristotle's ideas on projectile motion. While there is no known account that lay's out Avempace's ideas over this topic, Avempace gives a short explanation in his commentary of Aristotelian Physics book 8. An interesting piece by Avempace on the theory of projectile motion comes from his example involving a magnet and iron filaments. Magnets present a problem with Aristotle's theory on projectile motion because nothing can be seen physically moving the iron. Avempace, however, believes that a magnet is more complicated than one might think. He presents the idea that the magnet actually moves the air which, in return, moves the iron.

The central theory of the mover and the moved can be seen not only in his work in physics, but also in his work in Philosophy.

Avempace was a critic of Ptolemy and he worked on creating a new theory of velocity to replace the one theorized by Aristotle. Two future philosophers supported the theories Avempace created, known as the Avempacean dynamics. These philosophers were Thomas Aquinas, a Catholic priest, and John Duns Scotus. Galileo Gallilei went on and adopted Avempace's formula and said "that the velocity of a given object is the difference of the motive power of that object and the resistance of the medium of motion" in the Pisan dialogue.

 Botany
Avempace is known to have made contributions to the field of botany in addition to philosophy and the physical sciences. His work, titled Kitab al-nabat (The Book of Plants) is a commentary influenced by the work De Plantis. In this commentary, Avempace discusses the morphology of various plants and attempts to classify them based on their similarities. He also writes about the reproductive nature of plants and their supposed genders based on his observations of palm and fig trees. Kitab al-nabat was written in Arabic and has most recently been translated into Spanish.

Avempace's book Kitāb al-Tajribatayn 'alā Adwiyah Ibn Wāfid (Book of Experiences on Drugs of Ibn Wafid) is an attempt to classify plants from a pharmacological perspective. It is based the work of Ibn al-Wafid, a physician and Avempace's predecessor, and is said to have influenced the later work of Ibn al-Baitar, a prominent Arab pharmacologist and botanist.

Avempace's work in botany is evident in his political works.

Music
Recently, the web page Webislam, created by Spanish converts to Islam, reported that the score of the Nuba al-Istihlál of Avempace (11th century), arranged by Omar Metiou and Eduardo Paniagua, is very similar to Marcha Granadera (18th century), which is now the official anthem of Spain. That makes it the world's oldest song (about a thousand years old) used for the official anthem of a country.

 Tributes
In 2009, a crater 199k km (62 mi) from the South Pole of the Moon was designated The Ibn Bajja crater by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in his honor.

Notes

References

Marcinkowski, M. Ismail (April 2002), "A Biographical Note on Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) and an English Translation of his Annotations to al-Farabi's Isagoge", in Iqbal Review'' (Lahore, Pakistan), vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 83–99.
The Diwan Attributed to Ibn Bajjah (Avem pace), D. M. Dunlop, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 14, No. 3, Studies Presented to Vladimir Minorsky by His Colleagues and Friends (1952), pp. 463–477

External links

  (PDF version)

Ibn Bajja-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Muslim Philosophy on Ibn Bajjah
Catholic Encyclopedia: Avempace

1080s births
1138 deaths
11th-century Arab people
12th-century Arab people
12th-century Arabic-language poets
Arabic-language commentators on Aristotle
Arabs from al-Andalus
Astronomers from al-Andalus
Botanists of the medieval Islamic world
Islamic philosophers
Mathematicians from al-Andalus
Medieval physicists
Musical theorists of the medieval Islamic world
Natural philosophers
People from Fez, Morocco
People from Zaragoza
Philosophers from al-Andalus
Physicians from al-Andalus
Poets from al-Andalus
Poets under the Almoravid dynasty
Sufi psychology
Writers under the Almoravid dynasty

Avempace


Shine a Light kan henvise til:

 sange
 Shine a Light (The Rolling Stones-sang) – The Rolling Stones sang
 Shine a Light (McFly-sang) – sang af McFly

 andet
 Shine a Light (album) – album af The Rolling Stones
 Shine a Light (film) – dokumentarfilm om The Rolling Stones af Martin Scorsese

Shine a Light


As Igrejas Reformadas da Nova Zelândia - IRNZ (em inglês Reformed Churches of New Zealand) são uma denominação reformada continental na Nova Zelândia. Foi formada em 1953, por um grupo de igrejas que se separou da Igreja Presbiteriana de Aotearoa Nova Zelândia.

A partir disto, novas igrejas foram plantadas e outras se juntaram a denominação. Em 2021, as IRNZ já eram formadas por 24 igrejas, espalhadas por todo o país.

História
Devido a Segunda Guerra Mundial, diversos holandeses migraram para outros países.
No final da década de 1940, imigrantes da Holanda que se estabeleceram na Nova Zelândia buscaram a Igreja Presbiteriana de Aotearoa Nova Zelândia (IPANZ), por pertencerem a mesma tradição cristã (Tradição Reformada). Todavia, as diferenças doutrinárias entre os imigrantes holandeses e IPANZ não permitiram a continuidade da união.

Segundo o comitê, formado por membros das igrejas holandesas, o Ato Declaratório de 1901, que foi o documento base para a união dos sínodos antecessores a denominação fez uma distinção entre o entendimento tradicional da Bíblia como sendo a Palavra de Deus e uma visão mais nova, a partir da qual a Palavra de Deus estava contida na Escritura. Assim sendo, o comitê que representava os imigrantes holandeses optou pela separação da igreja, alegando que a IPANZ permitiu a ordenação de ministros que não acreditavam em um nascimento literal e virginal de Cristo (por exemplo) quando subscreviam a Confissão de Fé de Westminster.

Como resultado, as Igrejas Reformadas da Nova Zelândia foram oficialmente estabelecidas em 1953 em uma reunião (sínodo) em Wellington, onde as igrejas de Auckland, Wellington e Christchurch estavam representadas. Congregações da IPANZ em Bucklands Beach em Auckland deixaram a denominação em massa e se juntaram à nova Igreja e ao longo dos anos, outras congregações foram estabelecidas.

Doutrina
A denominação subscreve o Credo dos Apóstolos, Credo de Atanásio, Credo Niceno, Confissão Belga, o Catecismo de Heidelberg e os Cânones de Dort.

Relações Intereclesiásticas
A igreja é membro  da Conferência Internacional das Igrejas Reformadas.

Além disso, possui relacionamento de

a) igreja irmã com:
Igreja Presbiteriana da Austrália Oriental
Igrejas Reformadas Livres da Austrália
Igreja Reformada Presbiteriana (Austrália)
Igreja Presbiteriana Ortodoxa
Igrejas Reformadas Canadenses e Americanas
Igrejas Reformadas Unidas na América do Norte
Igrejas Reformadas na África do Sul
b) comunhão ecumênica com:
Igrejas Cristãs Reformadas da Austrália
c) contato ecumênico com:
Igreja Presbiteriana da Graça da Nova Zelândia

Denominações reformadas continentais na Nova Zelândia

Igrejas Reformadas da Nova Zelândia


سنن الدارقطني هو كتاب ألفه أبو الحسن الدارقطني وجمع فيه الأحاديث الضعيفة والمضطربة ويعد هذا الكتاب من أشهر الكتب الحديثية في معرفة علل الأحاديث وغريبها.

منهج الدارقطني في تصنيفه للكتاب
لم يكن الدارقطني في كتابه هذا ليجمع الأحاديث هكذا كيفما اتفق، ولكنه كان يورد منها ما انبنى عليه خلاف فقهي، يورده ويتكلم فيه، وكان غالب مايذكره منها الضعيف والشاذ، ويعقبه بنقده وبيان سبب ضعفه وعلته، فهو أقرب، لأن يكون كتاب علل مرتبا على نسق السنن، ويظهر أن الدارقطني أراد من كتابه هذا بيان درجة الأحاديث، التي تتعلق بالمسائل الفقهية، وأنها لا تصلح للاحتجاج، وماورد في كتابه هذا من الأحاديث الصحيحة فهو يذكرها لأنها تخالف الأحاديث التي ضعفها، فهو يستدل بها لتضعيف ماضعفه، لا للاحتجاج بها وربما يرجع ذلك -والله أعلم، إلى أنه رأى من الضروري أن يخرج عن النمط الذي كان سائدا قبله من إيراد الأحاديث التي تختص بالأحكام دون الاعتناء ببيان
الضعيف لتجتنب، وهو أمر تجدر العناية به أكثر من غيره، لأن الحديث الضعيف لا يؤخذ به في الأحكام الشرعية.

موضوع كتاب السنن
إن كلمة السنن تنصرف عند المحدثين إلى الكتاب الذي يجمع فيه المحتج به في منهج مؤلفه من السنن المروية عن رسول الله والمعتبر به مما يصلح للاحتجاج والشواهد الذي هو الأصل المقصود بهذا النوع من التصنيف، قال ابن حجر العسقلاني: ولأن أصل وضع التصنيف للحديث على الأبواب أن يقتصر فيه على مايصلح للاحتجاج أو الاستشهاد بخلاف من رتب على الأسانيد فإن أصل وضعه مطلق للجمع.

أما سنن الدارقطني، فهو يختلف عن المنهج الذي اتبعه أصحاب السنن في كتبهم، بل هو على العكس من ذلك، فإن موضوع كتابه جمع الأحاديث الضعيفة والموضوعة والمضطربة، مرتبة على الأبواب الفقهية مع بيان عللها واختلاف طرقها وألفاظها وإيراد الموقوفات والمقطوعات من الفتاوى وغيرها، وهي كثيرة جدا، وماخرج عن هذا القصد من إيراد حديث صحيح أو حسن، أو الحكم على حديث ما بأنه كذلك إنما جاء تبعا، ولم يأت قصدا، وهو أمر لم تخل منه مؤلفات العلل في الحديث ونحوها.

قال شيخ الإسلام ابن تيمية عن كتاب السنن للدراقطني: (قصد به غرائب السنن، ولهذا يروي فيه من الضعيف والموضوع، مالا يرويه غيره وقد اتفق أهل العلم بالحديث على أن مجرد العزو إليه لا يبيح الاعتماد عليه).

المراجع

أحاديث نبوية
كتب الحديث
كتب الدارقطني
كتب أهل السنة والجماعة
كتب عربية في القرن 10
كتب عربية في القرن 9

سنن الدارقطني


Nahija Sawran () je nahija u okrugu Azaz, u sirijskoj pokrajini Alep. Površina nahije je 167,32 km2. Po popisu iz 2004. (prije rata), nahija je imala 30.032 stanovnika. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju Sawran.

Izvori

Sirijske nahije
Pokrajina Alep

Sawran (nahija)


Dundee Harp Football Club foi um clube de futebol com sede em Dundee, Escócia. Fundada em 1879, a equipe faliu em 1894.

História
Dundee Harp foi fundada para fornecer um foco de interesse esportivo para a grande comunidade católica romana da cidade, em grande parte de ascendência irlandesa, seguindo o exemplo dos líderes da mesma comunidade em Edimburgo que fundaram o Hibernian em 1875 com os mesmos princípios. O terreno do clube estava localizado perto das fábricas de gás na East Dock Street. O clube não competiu em uma liga nacional, principalmente jogando em competições locais e regionais no leste da Escócia.

O resultado mais notável de Harp foi uma vitória por 35-0 contra o Aberdeen Rovers em um jogo disputado em 12 de setembro de 1885. Notavelmente, isso ocorreu no mesmo dia em que o Arbroath venceu o Bon Accord por 36-0, a maior margem de vitória na história do futebol sênior.

Embora o árbitro do jogo Harp-Aberdeen Rovers tenha anotado 37 gols, o secretário de Harp sugeriu que um erro de contagem deve ter ocorrido, pois ele havia registrado apenas 35. O árbitro da partida, reconhecendo que era difícil para ele manter detalhes precisos durante tal dilúvio de gols, aceitou a contagem mais baixa e transferiu o placar oficial de 35-0 para a sede da SFA.

O zagueiro do Dundee Harp, Tom O'Kane, era um ex-jogador do Arbroath e convenceu os dirigentes do clube de Dundee a enviar um telegrama para seus ex-colegas de Gayfield Park se gabando do recorde de sua equipe. Os jogadores e oficiais do Harp não sabiam que Arbroath tinha realmente se saído melhor contra outro infeliz time de Aberdeen naquela mesma tarde. Ao receber o telegrama da Harp, os oficiais da Arbroath tiveram grande prazer em enviar uma resposta vangloriando-se da conquista superior do lado Angus. Foi só quando O'Kane voltou a Arbroath no trem no final da noite de sábado que descobriu a verdade. Os moradores foram rápidos em dizer a ele que o resultado de Arbroath não era brincadeira e que a reivindicação recorde de Harp estava prestes a ser perdida.

Dundee Harp foi suspenso pela SFA em 1894 por incapacidade de pagar garantias de jogos aos clubes visitantes e Harp então desapareceu de cena.

Títulos
Forfashire Cup: (3) 1884-85, 1885-86, 1886-87
Burns Charity Cup: (3) 1883–84, 1884–85, 1885–86

Clubes de futebol fundados em 1879
Dundee
Clubes de futebol extintos da Escócia
Clubes de futebol extintos em 1894

Dundee Harp Football Club


John Christian Petersen (født 8. september 1948 i Skopun, død 12. september 2018) var en færøsk entreprenør og tidligere politiker (FF).

Han var uddannet skibsbygger fra 1969 samt maskinist fra 1974. Han var selvstændig erhvervsdrivende som skibsbygger 1965–1973 og var fra 1975 entreprenør i bygge- og anlægsvirksomheden J. & K. Petersen.

Petersen var medlem af kommunalbestyrelsen i Skopun 1976–92, bestyrelsesmedlem i elselskabet SEV 1985–1991 og valgt til Lagtinget fra Sandoy 1988–2002. Petersen var fiskeri- og landbrugsminister 1991–93 i Atli Dams sjette regjering, senere igen fiskeriminister 1996–98 i Edmund Joensens anden regering og Anfinn Kallsbergs første regering. Han havde ansvaret for fiskerierhvervet i en tid, da finanskrisen på Færøerne nærmest havde udradererede erhvervet. Han var kritisk overfor, at danskerne havde udpeget de personer, der skulle bestyre en finansieringsfond for omorganisering af fiskeindustrien, og karakteriserede Danmark som "storimperialister".

Petersen måtte trække sig som fiskeriminister i 1998 efter anklager om voldtægt af en 17 årig pige, mens hun boede på værelse i hans hjem i 1995.
 Petersen nægtede sig skyldig, men måtte bøje sig for presset og trække sig fra ministerposten, og blev senere idømt 10 måneders fængsel og 30 000 kroner i godtgørelse til pigen. Han hævdede fortsat, at han var uskyldig, og at samlejet var sket frivilligt. I juli 1999 fik han afslag på ansøgning til Justitsministeriet om at få prøvet sagen for Højesteret. Efter dette trak han sig også fra Lagtinget og blev erstattet af Eyðun M. Viderø for resten af valgperioden.

Referencer

Entreprenører fra Danmark
Skibsbyggere fra Danmark
Politikere fra Fólkaflokkurin
Lagtingsmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Fiskeriministre fra Færøerne
Landbrugsministre fra Færøerne
Personer fra Sandø
Dømte

John Petersen (færøsk politiker)