La religion punique est celle des habitants de Carthage et des régions qui ont été sous son influence dans le bassin occidental de la Méditerranée.

Bien qu'issue de la religion phénicienne, de caractère profondément ouest-sémitique, des différences locales apparaissent dès la fondation de Carthage. Après la conquête de ces régions par l'Empire romain aux  et , les pratiques religieuses puniques ont continué ; elles auraient pu survivre jusqu'au . Comme avec la plupart des cultures antiques, la religion punique régissait la vie quotidienne des Carthaginois et il n'y avait pas de distinction entre les sphères religieuses et laïques.

La religion carthaginoise a fait l'objet de débats historiographiques en raison des accusations de monstruosité portées sur les rites de sacrifices d'enfants que mentionnent des sources antiques, de Diodore de Sicile à Tertullien, et que diverses découvertes archéologiques (nécropoles pour enfants) peuvent sembler étayer ; la question de leur réalité n'est toutefois pas tranchée.

Histoire

Origine

Expansion

Panthéon

La mythologie de Carthage est en grande partie héritée de celle des Phéniciens, et sa religion, malgré une transcription en latin ou en grec dans les sources antiques, garde tout au long de son histoire ce caractère profondément ouest-sémitique.

Le panthéon, fondé sur une base sémitique, évolue au cours du temps, souvent après une rencontre avec des traditions locales. De plus, certaines divinités acquièrent dans diverses colonies le caractère de poliade : Tinnit ou Tanit a pu être considérée comme la poliade de Carthage, Melkart jouant ce rôle à Gadès — lieu où il possédait un temple réputé — tout comme Sid (Sardus Pater à l'époque romaine) en Sardaigne. Le panthéon, qui possède un nombre relativement élevé de divinités, est dominé par Ba'al Hammon en Afrique du Nord et souvent accompagné de Tanit (face de Ba'al) comme parèdre. Ba'al et Tanit ont vraisemblablement acquis des caractères spécifiques en Afrique du Nord car, en Orient, les caractères de Ba'al diffèrent de ceux de la divinité carthaginoise alors qu'Astarté, qui était sa parèdre en Orient, semble plus effacée dans la sphère carthaginoise, même si son culte est avéré.

Ce dieu et son culte étaient en relation avec le feu et le soleil. À l'époque romaine, le culte de Ba'al a adopté des traits de Jupiter, dieu majeur du panthéon romain. Il avait toujours cours à l'arrivée du christianisme. Enfin, au moins un culte grec, celui de Déméter et Coré, lié à la fertilité et à la moisson, apparaît dans la culture carthaginoise à l'occasion de la guerre gréco-punique. Selon Diodore de Sicile, lors du saccage du temple de ces déesses à Syracuse en , des calamités s'abattirent sur l'armée carthaginoise. De ce fait, les autorités décidèrent l'introduction de leurs cultes afin que les divinités obtiennent réparation. Il existe également des indices d'un culte de la déesse égyptienne Isis. .

Sanctuaires et rites

.

La religion était une affaire d'État à Carthage ; même si les prêtres n'intervenaient pas directement dans la politique intérieure ou extérieure, ils jouissaient d'une grande influence sur une société profondément religieuse. Les cultes étaient structurés par une hiérarchie de prêtres dont les plus hautes fonctions étaient occupées par les membres des familles les plus puissantes de la cité. Toute une société semble avoir été attachée aux temples : serviteurs, barbiers, esclaves. Les fidèles pouvaient acheter des ex-voto dans des dépendances du lieu de culte. Dans un certain nombre de temples existait une prostitution sacrée, masculine et féminine, définitive ou seulement provisoire.

Les cultes jouaient un rôle économique important grâce aux offrandes (comme les viandes et autres denrées) aux dieux et aux prêtres. Le sacrifice avait aussi un poids significatif : des « tarifs » étaient définis pour chaque type de sacrifice en fonction de chaque demande, dont plusieurs exemples ont été conservés ; l'un d'entre eux est exposé au musée Borély de Marseille. Les sacrifices avérés dans ces documents sont variés : animaux, petits (oiseaux) ou grands (bœufs), mais aussi végétaux, aliments ou objets. Après le partage du produit du sacrifice entre divinité, prêtre et fidèle, une stèle était érigée en guise de commémoration.

La question du tophet est centrale dans la polémique, de par la faiblesse des sources qui fait la part belle aux interprétations les plus diverses. Il y eut notamment l'identification du tophet avec le rituel du moloch, relaté par les auteurs anciens comme étant un sacrifice d'enfants. Dans divers tophets, les archéologues ont retrouvé des stèles en grand nombre avec des ex-voto stéréotypés évoquant la réalisation d'un vœu ou un remerciement : À la grande dame Tanit Péné Ba'al et au seigneur Baal Hammon, ce qu'a offert [un tel], fils d'[un tel], qu'ils [Ba'al] ou qu'elle [Tanit] entende[nt] sa voix et le bénisse[nt]. Ces textes restent cependant peu explicites et surtout répétitifs. En dépit de sources antiques à charge, il faut relever l'absence d'indications dans certains des textes essentiels, comme Tite-Live. Ce silence peut surprendre car les Romains n'avaient aucun intérêt à cacher un argument qui aurait justifié le sort réservé à Carthage. Le débat sur le sacrifice des enfants dans la civilisation punique n'est toujours pas tranché, la science ne décelant pas de causes violentes causes des décès d'après les ossements contenus dans les urnes, et ne pouvant donc pas dire si ce lieu était autre chose qu'une nécropole pour enfants.

Religiosité populaire

On note une différence entre la religion d'État et la croyance populaire, en raison des amulettes et autres talismans à des fins de protection contre les démons ou les maladies, révélant une forte influence égyptienne. De même, on remarque un culte des divinités égyptiennes, comme le dieu nain Bès, parmi les classes populaires. Ainsi, de nombreux objets retrouvés dans les fouilles avaient pour but la protection des vivants et des morts (masques, amulettes figurant Bès mais aussi rasoirs). La magie imprégnait la vie ; elle était blanche mais aussi noire afin d'écarter des rivaux potentiels.

Le culte des ancêtres était probablement observé au sein des foyers mais il reste relativement obscur. Des interdits alimentaires, en particulier celui du porc, eurent cours jusqu'au début du .

.

Postérité
Des éléments de l'ancienne religion punique ont survécu jusqu'à nos jours, tels que la Khamsa une amulette en forme de paume de main populaire dans toute l'Afrique du Nord et au Moyen-Orient et couramment utilisée dans les bijoux et décorations murales. Représentant la main droite ouverte, une image reconnue et utilisée comme signe de protection à de nombreuses reprises au cours de l'histoire, la  khamsa  est traditionnellement considérée comme une défense contre le mauvais œil et est souvent accompagnée de symboles de poisson ou de bélier en Tunisie.

En arabe tunisien moderne, il est d'usage d'invoquer  ou  ('Mère Tannou' ou 'Mère Tangou', selon les régions), les années de sécheresse pour apporter la pluie. De même, l'algérien, le tunisien et de nombreuses autres formes parlées de l'arabe se réfèrent à "l'agriculture " pour désigner l'agriculture non irriguée. Un tel usage est attesté en hébreu, une langue cananéenne sœur du phénicien, déjà au IIe siècle de notre ère  Mishna.

De même, le Signe de Tanit est encore utilisé dans certains contextes en Tunisie. Il est par exemple apparu sur le Tanit d'or, le grand prix des biennales Journées cinématographiques de Carthage, depuis leur création en 1966.

Selon Whitney Smith, l'Étoile et croissant est déjà utilisé sur les emblèmes, artefacts religieux et bâtiments de la Carthage punique. Lorsqu'il apparaît sur le drapeau ottoman, ce symbole est rapidement adopté par les autres pays musulmans comme symbole de l'islam, alors qu'il pourrait être à l'origine propre à la région. De même, le soleil se retrouve avec le croissant dans l'ancienne religion punique ; il est en particulier associé au signe de Tanit.

Notes et références

Carthage et la civilisation punique

Carthage et le monde punique

Questions sur le tophet de Carthage

Carthage

Articles connexes
Civilisation carthaginoise
 tophet de Carthage
Stèle du prêtre
 Nécropole des Rabs
 Sanctuaire de Thinissut

Bibliographie

Généralités
 Josette Elayi, Histoire de la Phénicie, éd. Perrin, Paris, 2013
 Michel Gras, Pierre Rouillard et Javier Teixidor, L'Univers phénicien, éd. Arthaud, Paris, 1994
 Stéphane Gsell, Histoire ancienne de l'Afrique du Nord, tome IV « La civilisation carthaginoise », éd. Hachette, Paris, 1920
 Edward Lipinski [sous la dir. de], Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique, éd. Brepols, Turnhout, 1992

Carthage
 Maria Giulia Amadasi Guzzo, Carthage, éd. PUF, Paris, 2007
 Azedine Beschaouch, La Légende de Carthage, coll. « Découvertes Gallimard / Archéologie » (172), éd. Gallimard, Paris, 1993
 François Decret, Carthage ou l'empire de la mer, coll. Points histoire, éd. du Seuil, Paris, 1977
 .
 M'hamed Hassine Fantar, Carthage. Approche d'une civilisation, éd. Alif, Tunis, 1993
 Madeleine Hours-Miédan, Carthage, éd. PUF, Paris, 1982
 .
Serge Lancel, « Questions sur le tophet de Carthage », La Tunisie, carrefour du monde antique, éd. Faton, Paris, 1995
 .

Art et catalogues d'expositions
 Élisabeth Fontan et Hélène Le Meaux [sous la dir. de], La Méditerranée des Phéniciens. De Tyr à Carthage, éd. Institut du monde arabe/Somogy, Paris, 2007
 M'hamed Hassine Fantar, De Carthage à Kairouan.  d'art et d'histoire en Tunisie, éd. Association française d'action artistique, Paris, 1982
 Sabatino Moscati [sous la dir. de], Les Phéniciens. L'expansion phénicienne, éd. Le Chemin vert, Paris, 1989
 André Parrot, Maurice H. Chéhab et Sabatino Moscati, Les Phéniciens, coll. L'Univers des formes, éd. Gallimard, Paris, 2007
 Collectif, Carthage. L'histoire, sa trace et son écho, éd. Association française d'action artistique, Paris, 1995
 Collectif, « La Méditerranée des Phéniciens », Connaissance des arts, 344, octobre 2007

Archéologie
 Pierre Cintas, Manuel d'archéologie punique, éd. Picard, Paris, 1970 (tome 1)-1976 (tome 2 [posth.])
 Abdelmajid Ennabli et Hédi Slim, Carthage. Le site archéologique, éd. Cérès, Tunis, 1993
 M'hamed Hassine Fantar, Kerkouane, cité punique au pays berbère de Tamezrat, éd. Alif, Tunis, 2005
 Hédi Slim et Nicolas Fauqué, La Tunisie antique. De Hannibal à saint Augustin, éd. Mengès, Paris, 2001
 Collectif, « Carthage, sa naissance, sa grandeur », Archéologie vivante, vol. 1, 2, 1968-1969
 Collectif, « La Méditerranée des Phéniciens », Connaissance des arts, 344, octobre 2007
 Collectif, La Tunisie, carrefour du monde antique, éd. Faton, Paris, 1995
 Collectif, Pour sauver Carthage. Exploration et conservation de la cité punique, romaine et byzantine, éd. Unesco/INAA, Paris/Tunis, 1992

Punique
Punique
Civilisation carthaginoise

Religion punique


, sometimes credited as Harry Hosono, is a Japanese musician, singer, songwriter and record producer. He is considered to be one of the most influential musicians in Japanese pop music history, credited with shaping the sound of Japanese pop for decades as well as pop music outside of Japan. He also inspired genres such as city pop and Shibuya-kei, and as leader of Yellow Magic Orchestra, contributed to the development and pioneering of numerous electronic genres.

The grandson of Titanic survivor Masabumi Hosono, Haruomi began his career with the psychedelic rock band Apryl Fool, before achieving recognition both nationally and internationally, as a founding member of the bands Happy End and Yellow Magic Orchestra. Hosono has also released many solo albums covering a variety of styles, including film soundtracks and a variety of electronic ambient albums. As well as recording his own music, Hosono has done considerable production work for other artists such as Miharu Koshi, Sheena and the Roketts, Sandii & the Sunsetz, Chisato Moritaka and Seiko Matsuda. In 2003, Hosono was ranked by HMV Japan at number 44 on their list of the top 100 Japanese pop acts of all time.

Biography

Hosono is the grandson of Masabumi Hosono, the only Japanese passenger and survivor of the sinking of RMS Titanic. Hosono first came to attention in Japan as the bass player of the psychedelic rock band Apryl Fool, alongside drummer Takashi Matsumoto, who released the album The Apryl Fool in 1969. Hosono and Matsumoto then formed the influential folk rock group Happy End with Eiichi Ohtaki and Shigeru Suzuki. One of the songs he composed for Happy End, "Kaze wo Atsumete" (1971), later appeared in the American film Lost in Translation and on its soundtrack in 2003. After Happy End disbanded around 1974, Hosono worked with Suzuki and a loose association of artists making "exotica"-style music under the title Tin Pan Alley.

His involvement in electronic music also dates back to the early 1970s, when he performed the electric bass for Inoue Yousui's folk pop rock album Ice World (1973) and Osamu Kitajima's progressive/psychedelic rock album Benzaiten (1974), both of which were electronic rock records utilizing synthesizers, electric guitars, and in the latter, electronic drums and rhythm machines.

In 1977, Hosono invited Ryuichi Sakamoto and Yukihiro Takahashi to work on his exotica-flavoured album Paraiso, which included electronic music produced using the Yamaha CS-80 polyphonic synthesizer and ARP Odyssey synthesizer. The band was named "Harry Hosono and the Yellow Magic Band" and, having been recorded in late 1977, Paraiso was released in early 1978. The three worked together again for the 1978 electronic album Pacific, which included an early version of the song "Cosmic Surfin'".

In 1978, he released an innovative electronic soundtrack for a fictional Bollywood film, Cochin Moon, together with artist Tadanori Yokoo and future YMO band members Ryuichi Sakamoto and Hideki Matsutake. Inspired by a trip to India and "the exotic, luxurious, and seemingly wonder-filled scenarios played out in Indian cinemas", it was an experimental "electro-exotica" album fusing exotic Indian music (reminiscent of Ravi Shankar and Bollywood music) with electronic music, including an early "synth raga" song entitled "Hum Ghar Sajan" (from a Guru Granth Sahib phrase). The same year, he contributed to Sakamoto's song "1000 Knives" for his solo album, Thousand Knives, which experimented with fusing electronic music with traditional Japanese music in early 1978.

He was one of the first producers to recognize the appeal of video game sounds and music. YMO's self-titled debut in 1978 contained substantial video game sounds and after YMO disbanded an early project was an album simply titled Video Game Music containing mixed and edited Namco arcade game music and sounds. Video Game Music was released in 1984 as an early example of a chiptune record and the first video game music album. That same year, he also produced the theme song for Hayao Miyazaki's popular anime film Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, "Kaze no Tani no Naushika", with vocals by actress-singer Narumi Yasuda. In the late 80s and early 90s, the influence of world music on his music deepened, and he worked with international singers and musicians such as Amina Annabi.

He has produced a number of short-term band projects as a band member. His first post-YMO band was Friends of Earth. As with most of his projects he combines musical styles he's interested in. F.O.E. seemed to be a combination of funk and techno, and included a collaboration with James Brown and Maceo Parker for a remake of the song "Sex Machine". Another notable band project was 1995's Love, Peace & Trance. Members were Mimori Yusa ("Love"), Miyako Koda ("Peace"), Haruomi Hosono ("&") and Mishio Ogawa ("Trance").

In the 1990s he started the Daisyworld label to release a wide range of experimental artists from Japan and the rest of the world. Hosono collaborated on many of the releases, such as World Standard, a trip into Americana; HAT, a supergroup (the acronym stands for Hosono, Atom Heart, Tetsu Inoue), and "Quiet Logic", by Mixmaster Morris and Jonah Sharp. The Orb also paid tribute with a series of remixes including the notorious "Hope You Choke on Your Whalemeat" remix of "Nanga Def".

In 2002 Haruomi formed the duo Sketch Show with his YMO bandmate Yukihiro Takahashi. They have released two albums, one of which, Loophole, has received a UK release. When the third former YMO member, Ryuichi Sakamoto deepened his involvement it was decided to bill those collaborations as Human Audio Sponge.

In the spring of 2007, his fellow YMO members and other artist paid tribute to Haruomi with a 2-disc album titled Tribute to Haruomi. That same year, the animated film Appleseed Ex Machina was released featuring a soundtrack performed and supervised by Hosono.

In September 2010 he performed at the De La Fantasia festival and played songs from his upcoming album.

In February 2011 it was announced that his new album, entitled HoSoNoVa, was to be released on April 20. He also performed a special concert to celebrate its release.

In May 2018, Light in the Attic Records announced a CD and vinyl reissue of five of Hosono's albums—Hosono House, Cochin Moon, Paraiso, Philharmony and omni Sight Seeing—for release in August and September 2018.  The former four albums had never been released outside of Japan previously.  Coinciding was the announcement that Hosono would play his first UK concerts as a solo artist in June; the shows were scheduled as part of Sakamoto's MODE festival happening throughout England in June and July. The June 23 concert at the Barbican Centre in London featured an appearance by his YMO bandmates, with whom he performed his Solid State Survivor composition "Absolute Ego Dance".

2019 marked Hosono's 50th anniversary in the music industry. On March 6, he released Hochono House, a mostly electronic remake of his solo debut Hosono House that reversed the track listing. That spring, he performed his first solo shows in the U.S. This run included two sold-out shows at the Gramercy Theatre in New York City and a concert at the Mayan Theater in Los Angeles. The second New York show saw an appearance by current NYC resident Akiko Yano, who collaborated with Hosono in Tin Pan Alley, as a live support member of YMO, and as a solo artist; she sang Hosono's "Ai Ai Gasa", which she covered on her 1977 album Iroha Ni Konpeitou. In LA, Canadian indie rock musician Mac DeMarco—whose vocal admiration of Hosono has spread to a portion of his own fanbase—appeared during the show to perform "Honey Moon" as a duet with Hosono; Light in the Attic had recently released a cover of the song on a 7" single record, backed with the original version.

In the autumn of 2019, an exhibition on Hosono's career—"Hosono Sightseeing"—was on display in Tokyo Sky View at the Roppongi Hills Mori Tower; along with other memorabilia, this featured many of the instruments associated with Hosono, such as the Roland TR-808, E-mu Emulator, and Prophet-5. A documentary film, No Smoking, was also released, including footage from the U.S. and UK shows; appearances include Sakamoto, Takahashi, Demarco, longtime friend Van Dyke Parks, and protégé Gen Hoshino.

Bands and collaborations
 Apryl Fool
 Happy End
 Tin Pan Alley
 Yellow Magic Orchestra
 Friends of Earth (F.O.E) (with Eiki Nonaka)
 HIS (with Kiyoshirō Imawano and Fuyumi Sakamoto)
 Testpattern (with Yukihiro Takahashi, Fumio Ichimura, and Masao Hiruma)
 Love, Peace & Trance (Mimori Yusa, Miyako Koda and Mishio Ogawa)
 Swing Slow (with Miharu Koshi)
 HAT (with Atom Heart and Tetsu Inoue)
 Harry & Mac (with Makoto Kubota)
 Tin Pan (with Tatsuo Hayashi and Shigeru Suzuki)
 Sketch Show (with Yukihiro Takahashi)
 HASYMO (previously Human Audio Sponge) (Sketch Show and Ryuichi Sakamoto, with Keigo Oyamada, Hiroshi Takano, Christian Fennesz, Tomohiko Gondō and Ren Takada as live support)

Discography

Albums
Hosono House (1973)
Tropical Dandy (1975, as Haruomi "Hosono")
 (1976, as Harry "The Crown" Hosono)
 (1978, by "Harry Hosono and The Yellow Magic Band")
 (1978, by "Hosono & Yokoo")
Philharmony (1982)
 (1984, cassette book)Making of Non-Standard Music/Making of Monad Music (1984)S-F-X (1984, by "Haruomi Hosono with Friends of Earth")Mercuric Dance (1985)Endless Talking (1985)Omni Sight Seeing (1989)Medicine Compilation (1993)Mental Sports Mixes (1993)Good Sport (1995)Naga (1995)N.D.E. ("Near Death Experience") (1995)Interpieces Organization (1996, by Haruomi Hosono & Bill Laswell)
 (1999, with Makoto Kubota as "Harry & Mac")Flying Saucer 1947 (2007, by "Harry Hosono & The World Shyness")HoSoNoVa (2011)Heavenly Music (2013)Vu Ja De (2017)Hochono House (2019) Hosono Haruomi Live in US 2019 (2021)

Soundtrack albums
 Video Game Music (1984, songs from Namco games arranged and produced by Hosono)
  (1984, anime soundtrack, only produced theme song sung by Narumi Yasuda)Coincidental Music (1985, compilation of assorted background music/soundtrack commissions)
  (1985, movie soundtrack)
 Paradise View (1985, movie soundtrack)
  (1987, movie soundtrack)
  (1996, background music for and included with the Taro Manabe picture book of the same name)
 La Maison de Himiko (2005, movie soundtrack)
 Ex Machina Original Soundtrack/Original Soundtrack Complete Edition (2007, soundtrack supervention, composition of some tracks)
 Shoplifters (2018) Original Soundtrack

Compilation albums
 Hosono Box 1969–2000 (2000, Daisyworld)
 Harry Hosono Crown Years 1974–1977 (2007)
 Music for Films 2020-2021 (2021)

Tribute albums
 Tribute to Haruomi Hosono (2007, Commmons)
Featuring: Van Dyke Parks, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Takako Minekawa, Miharu Koshi, Little Creatures, Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra, Hiroshi Takano, Towa Tei, Akiko Yano, Rei Harakami, Yukihiro Takahashi, Cornelius, Jim O'Rourke, Kahimi Karie

 Strange Song Book – Tribute to Haruomi Hosono 2 (2008, Commmons)
Featuring: Señor Coconut, Van Dyke Parks, Dr. John, Sheena & The Rokkets, Buffalo Daughter, Thurston Moore, Miu Sakamoto, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Fennesz

Contributions
 CBS/Sony Sound Image Series:
Pacific (with Shigeru Suzuki and Tatsuro Yamashita) (tracks 1, 4 and 8 composed and performed by Hosono) (1978)
The Aegean Sea (with Masataka Matsutoya and Takahiko Ishikawa) (tracks 3 and 4 composed and performed by Hosono) (1979)
Vol. 1 – Island Music (with Suzuki, Yamashita, Matsutoya, Ishikawa and Ryuichi Sakamoto) (tracks 1, 7, 9 and 10 composed and performed by Hosono) (1983)
Vol. 2 – Off Shore (Suzuki, Yamashita, Matsutoya, Sakamoto, Masaki Matsubara and Kazumasa Akiyama) (tracks 1 and 2 composed and performed by Hosono) (1983)3D Museum (1993)Melon Brains (1994)Goku (1995)
 Love, Peace & Trance (1995)Lattice (2000)

Composition work

 :
High School Lullaby (ハイスクールララバイ) (1981)
 (1982)
 Miki Fujimura:
仏蘭西映画
夢・恋・人 (1983)
妖星傅
春 Mon Amour
 Yoshie Kashiwabara:  (1982)
 Starbow:  (1982)
 Kumiko Yamashita:
赤道小町ドキッ (1982)
Teenage Eagles (1983)
 Kawakamisan to Nagashimasan: きたかチョーさんまってたドン (1983)
 Miki Matsubara:  (1983)
 Seiko Matsuda:
 (1983)
 (1983)
 (1984)
 Shin'ichi Mori:
 (1983)

 Akina Nakamori:  (1983)
 Apogee & Perigee (Jun Togawa, Yuji Miyake and other artists):
 (1984, Alfa)
 (1984, Alfa)
 Jun Togawa: 玉姫様 (1984)
 Narumi Yasuda:  (image song for the film) (1984)
 "NHK News Today" opening theme (1988, NHK TV)
 Chisato Moritaka:
 (1997, zetima)
 – Writing, Performance, Production (1998, zetima)
 Chappie:  (1999)
 Kuniko Yamada:
 Masatō Ibu:

Filmography
Music
 Evening Primrose (1974)
 Summer Secret (1982)
 Night on the Galactic Railroad (1985)
 Paradise View (1985)
 A Promise (1986)
 Jazz Daimyō (1986)
 Murasaki SHikubu-Genji Monogatari (1987)
 Hoshi wo Tsugumono (1990)
 Southern Winds (1993)
 On the Way (2000)
 House of Himiko (2005)
 Appleseed Ex Machina (2007, Music supervising director)
 Shoplifters (2018)

Acting
 Izakaya Chōji (1983)
 A Y.M.O. Film Propaganda (1984)
 Paradise view (1985)
 Shigatsu no Sakana (1985)
 Binetsu Shōnen (1987)
 Norwegian Wood (2010): Record Shop Manager
 Isle of Dogs (2018): Scrap (Japanese dub)
 They Say Nothing Stays the Same (2019)
 Bullets, Bones and Blocked Noses (2021, TV miniseries): Barber

Documentary appearance
 Tokyo Melody (1985)
 No Smoking'' (2019)

Related books

References

External links

Haruomi Hosono discography, news, and general information at Music City
Official Sketch Show website (Avex)
Nippop Profile | Sketch Show

1947 births
20th-century Japanese male musicians
21st-century Japanese male musicians
Asian Film Award winners
Happy End (band) members
Japanese bass guitarists
Japanese dance musicians
Japanese electro musicians
Japanese electronic musicians
Japanese film score composers
Japanese house musicians
Japanese male film score composers
Japanese male singer-songwriters
Japanese singer-songwriters
Japanese multi-instrumentalists
Japanese record producers
Japanese techno musicians
Japanese trance musicians
Living people
Male bass guitarists
People from Minato
Singers from Tokyo
Rikkyo University alumni
Video game musicians
Yellow Magic Orchestra members

Haruomi Hosono


Neil Dawson es un destacado escultor neozelandés, nacido el año 1948 en Christchurch.

Datos biográficos
Sus trabajos más conocidos son grandes piezas públicas elaboradas a partir de aluminio y acero inoxidable, a menudo con un entramado de formas naturales que conforman un conjunto geométrico. Entre las obras más conocidas de Dawson se incluyen El Cáliz, un gran cono invertido en la Plaza de la Catedral de Christchurch , y Helechos, una esfera de metal creada a partir de hojas de helecho que cuelga por encima de la Plaza Cívica en Wellington. Importantes comisiones en el extranjero incluyen Globo (Globe) , para el Centro Pompidou en París, y Canopy, Queensland Art Gallery de Brisbane .

Las obras más pequeñas de Dawson utilizan a menudo la ilusión ópticos y patrones como el de moiré para lograr sus efectos. Muchas de estas obras son piezas murales, aunque también emplea en piezas independientes , objetos tomados del uso diario con dibujos como cartas de baraja y esquemas empleados en piezas de vajilla.

Dawson nació en Christchurch, estudió con Tom Taylor y Eric Doudney desde 1966 hasta 1969 y obtuvo un diploma de Bellas Artes (con honores) en la Universidad de Canterbury en 1970. A éste siguió un Diploma de Posgrado en Escultura de la Victorian College of the Arts, de Melbourne, Australia en 1973. Dawson trabajó como profesor de dibujo y diseño en el Politécnico de Christchurch de 1975 a 1983. En 1978 tuvo su primera exposición en la Galería de Arte Gifford Brook en Christchurch y su primera instalación Seascape se llevó a cabo frente a la Galería de Arte Robert McDougall. Ha trabajado como escultor a tiempo completo desde finales de la década de 1980. Dawson fue galardonado con el Premio Bellas Artes por la Fundación de las Artes de Nueva Zelanda en 2003.

Obras (selección)

Entre las obras más conocidas de Neil Dawson se incluyen las siguientes:
lección)

 The Rock (es.: La Roca) (1984), Banco de Nueva Zelanda en Wellington
 Moon Illusion (dt.: Ilusión de la Luna) (1985) en Christchurch
 Sphere/Globe (es.: Globo) (1989), Centro Georges Pompidou en París para la muestra Magiciens de la Terre
 Echo (es.: Eco)(1990), Arts Centre en Christchurch
 Lit LeWitt (1994), Universidad de Canterbury en Christchurch
 Ferns (dt.: Helechos) (1998), Plaza Cívica en Wellington
 Feathers and Skies (es.: Las plumas y el cielo) (2000), ANZ Stadium en Sídney (escultura en la entrada del estadio)
 Chalice (es.: Cáliz) (2001), una escultura de 18 metros de altura en Plaza de la Catedral de Christchurch, con motivo del 150 aniversario de Christchurch y Canterbury
 Diamonds (es.: Diamantes) (2002), parque de esculturas de la Galería Nacional de Arte en Canberra.
 H 2 O (2005), Universidad de Lincoln.
 Raindrops and Wellsphere (Gotas de lluvia y clarividencia) (2005) en Mánchester.
 Canopy , (es.: Baldaquino) , en la Queensland Art Gallery de Brisbane.
 Vanishing Stars (es.: Estrellas fugaces) en Kuala Lumpur.
 Other People's Houses (es: las casas de otras personas) en el Parque de Esculturas Connells Bay en Auckland
 Birds of a Feather (es.: Tipos del mismo plumaje) en la Estación de Tsing Yi de Hong Kong

Obras de Neil Dawson

<small>'' Pulsar sobre la imagen para ampliar.

Notas y referencias

 Enlaces externos

Enlaces externos

Escultores de Nueva Zelanda
Escultores del siglo XXI
Escultores del siglo XX
Escultores de Nueva Zelanda en Australia
Artistas de instalaciones

Neil Dawson


Berlovine (kyrillisch: Берловине) ist ein Dorf im Westen Serbiens, nahe der Grenze zu Bosnien und Herzegowina.

Geographie und Bevölkerung

Das Dorf liegt in der Opština Ljubovija, im Okrug Mačva. Der Ort hatte bei der Volkszählung 2002 276 Einwohner, während es 1991 382 Einwohner waren. Nach den letzten drei Bevölkerungsstatistiken fällt die Einwohnerzahl von Berlovine weiter. Die Bewohner sind ausschließlich Serben. Das Dorf besteht aus 93 Haushalten.

Das Dorf ist etwas südlich vom Fluss Ljuboviđa gelegen. Die Ortschaft liegt östlich der Drina. Berlovine liegt nördlich der Gemeindehauptstadt Ljubovija.

Demographie

Belege

 Knjiga 9, Stanovništvo, uporedni pregled broja stanovnika 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002, podaci po naseljima, Republički zavod za statistiku, Beograd, maj 2004, ISBN 86-84433-14-9
 Knjiga 1, Stanovništvo, nacionalna ili etnička pripadnost, podaci po naseljima, Republički zavod za statistiku, Beograd, Februar 2003, ISBN 86-84433-00-9
 Knjiga 2, Stanovništvo, pol i starost, podaci po naseljima, Republički zavod za statistiku, Beograd, Februar 2003, ISBN 86-84433-01-7

Ort in der Opština Ljubovija

Berlovine


Paweł Kubicki (* 15. Januar 1871 in Radom; † 11. Februar 1944 in Sandomierz) war ein polnischer Geistlicher und Weihbischof in Sandomierz.

Leben
Paweł Franciszek Kubicki, der Sohn von Kazimierz und Franciszka geb. Suchecka besuchte das Gymnasium in Radom und trat nach dem Abitur ins Priesterseminar in Sandomierz ein. Nach dem Studium der Theologie empfing er durch den Bischof von Sandomierz, Antoni Franciszek Ksawery Sotkiewicz, am 16. Juli 1893 das Sakrament der Priesterweihe. Nach seiner Tätigkeit in der Gemeindepastoral und im Schuldienst wurde er 1904 Kandidat der Theologie an der Theologischen Akademie in St. Petersburg. 1907 berief ihn sein Bischof zum Regens am Priesterseminar in Sandomierz.

Papst Benedikt XV. ernannte ihn am 29. Juli 1918 zum Weihbischof in Sandomierz und gleichzeitig zum Titularbischof von Canatha. Die Bischofsweihe spendete ihm am 1. Dezember desselben Jahres der Bischof von Sandomierz Marian Józef Ryx; Mitkonsekratoren waren Augustyn Łosiński, Bischof von Kielce, und Karol Józef Fischer, Weihbischof in Przemyśl. Neben seinen Aufgaben als Weihbischof errichtete er ein Haus für pensionierte Priester in Sandomierz, in das er sich 1937 zurückzog. 1939 trat er vom Amt des Weihbischofs zurück.

Seine letzte Ruhestätte fand er in seiner Heimatstadt Radom.

Weblinks

  (polnisch)

Weihbischof
Titularbischof
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Pole
Geboren 1871
Gestorben 1944
Mann

Paweł Kubicki


Sergio Dutra Santos, conocido como Serginho o Escadinha (* Diamante del Norte, 1975 ), es un jugador brasileño de voleibol profesional. Juega en el puesto de Líbero. En el 2009 llegó a ser el primer líbero en ser nominado MVP en la Liga Mundial (an honor which is usually given to spikers or setters).

Biografía
Sérgio Dutra Santos nació en Diamante del Norte, Estado de Paraná, el 15 de octubre de 1975.
Debutó en el club EC Palmeiras de São Paulo, en 1989. Hizo su debut internacional en el Campeonato de la Liga Mundial en Grecia en el año 2001. Desde su incorporación a las competiciones internacionales ha demostrado ser uno de los mejores líberos de voleibol del mundo por su rapidez y agilidad en las recepciones.

Participó con la selección brasileña en los Juegos Olímpicos de Atenas 2004 con quien ganó la medalla de oro . En los Juegos Olímpicos de verano de 2008 realizados en Pekín (China) consiguió ganar la medalla de plata.

Con el Copra Piacenza ganó la medalla de plata en la Liga de Campeones de Europa 2007–08 y fue galardonado individualmente como el "Mejor Líbero".

Santos ganó la medalla de oro con el seleccionado nacional y como Mejor Jugador, Mejor Líbero, Mejor Digger y Mejor Receiptor en el Campeonato Sudamericano Masculino de Voleibol de 2011.

Clubs
  Copra Piacenza (2007–2008)

Premios

Individuales
 Copa Mundial Masculino de Voleibol de 2003 FIVB "Mejor líbero"
 Copa Mundial Masculino de Voleibol de 2007 FIVB "Mejor líbero"
 Juegos Panamericanos de 2007 "Mejor líbero"
 Juegos Panamericanos de 2007 "Mejor recepcionista"
 2007–08 Liga de Campeones de Voleibol Masculino Final Four "Mejor líbero"
 Liga Mundial de Voleibol 2009 "Mejor Jugador"
 Campeonato Sudamericano Masculino de Voleibol de 2011 "Mejor Jugador"
 Campeonato Sudamericano Masculino de Voleibol de 2011 "Mejor líbero"
 Campeonato Sudamericano Masculino de Voleibol de 2011 "Mejor Digger"
 Campeonato Sudamericano Masculino de Voleibol de 2011 "Mejor recepcionista"

Selección nacional
 Juegos Olímpicos: 2004-2008-2016
 Campeonato Mundial: 2002, 2006
 Liga Mundial: 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009
 Copa Mundial: 2003
 Juegos Panamericanos: 2007

Clubs
 2007–08 CEV Indesit Liga de Campeones –  Runner-up, con Copra Piacenza

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 FIVB Perfil

Voleibolistas de Brasil
Medallistas olímpicos de Brasil
Medallistas olímpicos de plata de Brasil
Medallistas olímpicos de oro de Brasil
Medallistas olímpicos de plata de Pekín 2008
Medallistas olímpicos de plata de Londres 2012
Medallistas olímpicos de oro de Atenas 2004
Medallistas olímpicos de oro de Río de Janeiro 2016

Sérgio Dutra Santos


Dvorac Kulmer je višeslojni objekt u mjestu Velika Ves, gradu Krapini, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Jednokatna građevina, Dvorac Kulmer (Popovec) smještena je na uzvisini iznad ceste koja vodi kroz naselje Veliku Ves. Ima četiri krila nejednake duljine zbog čega se u središtu nije formiralo pravilno pravokutno dvorište. Unutar triju krila uz vanjske perimetralne zidove nižu se prostorije, dok trijemovi uokviruju dvorište. Unutar južnog krila nalazila se kapela, čiji su tragovi vidljivi i danas. Uz dvorac se prostirao perivoj. Posjed je 1543. g. pripadao župniku po kojem je dobio ime. G. 1608. vlasnik mu je bio F. Sekelja, a kasnije su se izmjenjivali mnogi vlasnici među kojima i Keglevići, Patačići te Oršići, od kojih ga je 1890. g. kupio grof Ljudevit Kulmer.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-1571 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro – pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "profana graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene stambene građevine u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji
Dvorci u Hrvatskoj

Dvorac Kulmer


Pagoda Hoang Phuc este cel mai important locaș de rugăciune pentru toți budiștii din Quang Binh, Vietnam. Pagoda Hoang Phuc este o pagodă din comuna My Thuy, raionul Le Thuy, provincia Quang Binh, Vietnam. Primul templu de aic a fost construit în urmă cu mai mult de 700 de ani, fiind unul dintre cele mai vechi temple din centrul Vietnamului. Templul a fost reconstruit și redenumit de mai multe ori. În 1985, templul s-a prăbușit. În decembrie 2014, au început lucrările de reconstrucție, finalizate în ianuarie 2016. Cu această ocazie, sangha (comunitatea) budistă din Birmania a donat templului o śarīra (relicvă) a lui Buddha provenind de la pagoda Shwe Dagon.

Note

Quảng Bình
Temple budiste

Pagoda Hoang Phuc


Agave subsimplex ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Agaven (Agave). Ein englischer Trivialname ist "Tiburon Island".

Beschreibung
Agave subsimplex wächst einzeln oder sprosst. Die kleinen, niedrig ausgebreiteten Rosetten erreichen Wuchshöhen bis von 20 bis 35 cm und einen Durchmesser von 50 bis 75 cm. Die variablen, dicken, starren, grau, gelb bis hellgrün gefärbten, lanzetten- bis eiförmigen Blätter sind 12 bis 35 cm lang und 3 bis 5 cm breit. Die Blattränder sind flexibel gezahnt. Der graue Enddorn ist 2 bis 4 cm lang.

Der rispige, schlanke Blütenstand wird 2 bis 3,5 m hoch. Die gelben bis rosa gefärbten Blüten sind 40 bis 45 mm lang und erscheinen am oberen Teil des Blütenstandes an kleinen, wenigen, unregelmäßig angeordneten Verzweigungen. Die Blütenröhre ist 3 bis 4 mm.

Die variabel geformten dreikammerigen Kapselfrüchte sind 15 bis 40 mm lang und 10 bis 35 mm breit.
Die schwarzen Samen sind bis 4,5 mm lang und bis 3 mm breit.

Die Blütezeit reicht von Mai bis Juli.

Systematik und Verbreitung
Agave subsimplex wächst in Mexiko im Bundesstaat Sonora an steinigen Hängen in Küstenregionen bis 250 m Höhe. Sie ist vergesellschaftet mit Sukkulenten- und Kakteenarten.

Die Erstbeschreibung durch William Trelease ist 1912 veröffentlicht worden.

Agave subsimplex ist ein Vertreter der Gruppe Deserticolae, die gekennzeichnet ist durch schmale, variable Blätter, schlanke Blütenstände und die Blütenröhrenstruktur. Sie wächst in einem begrenzten Gebiet an der Küste und nahe Tiburon. Die Art ist verwandt mit den Deserticolae-Mitgliedern Agave deserti und Agave cerulata, jedoch sind Unterschiede in Form, Blatt- und Blütenstruktur erkennbar. Agave subsimplex wird im Arizona Sonora Desert Museum in Tucson kultiviert.

Literatur
 Howard Scott Gentry: Agaves of Continental North America. University of Arizona Press, 1982, ISBN 0-8165-0775-9, S. 404–407.
 Thomas Heller: Agaven. Münster 2006, ISBN 3-937285-59-8, S. 66.
 Mary Irish, Gary Irish: Agaves, yuccas, and related plants. Timber Press, 2000, ISBN 0-88192-442-3, S. 169–170.
 J. Thiede: Agavaceae. In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Sukkulenten-Lexikon. Einkeimblättrige Pflanzen (Monocotyledonen). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3662-7, S. 20–21.

Einzelnachweise

Agaven
Subsimplex

Agave subsimplex


Charles Robert Taylor (* 28. September 1941 in Grand Prairie, Texas; † 19. Februar 2022 ebenda) war ein US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler und -Trainer. Er spielte als Halfback und Wide Receiver in der National Football League (NFL) bei den Washington Redskins.

Jugend
Charley Taylor wurde als Sohn einer Restaurantbesitzerin geboren. Sein Stiefvater war Mechaniker in der Flugzeugindustrie. Er hat noch sechs Geschwister und besuchte in seiner Geburtsstadt die High School, wo er als Footballspieler und Leichtathlet aktiv war. In einer unterklassigen Liga spielte er während seiner Schulzeit Baseball. Aufgrund seiner sportlichen Leistungen wurde er im Football und in der Leichtathletik in die Staatsauswahl von Texas gewählt.

Spielerlaufbahn

Collegekarriere
Nach seinem Schulabschluss erhielt Charley Taylor von der Arizona State University (ASU), als auch von der University of Southern California (USC) Sportstipendien angeboten. Als er feststellte, dass er in Kalifornien auf starke Konkurrenz stoßen würde, entschloss er sich zum Studium in Arizona. Von der Collegemannschaft der ASU, den Arizona State Sun Devils wurde er von 1961 bis 1963 als Runningback und Defensive Back eingesetzt. Während seiner Spielzeit in Tempe wurde er zweimal zum All-American gewählt und wurde für mehrere Collegeauswahlspiele nominiert. Im Jahr 1961 gewann seine Mannschaft den Conference-Titel. In der Baseballmannschaft seines Colleges spielte er unter anderem als Pitcher. Aufgrund einer Knieverletzung musste er seine Baseballlaufbahn vorzeitig beenden. Taylor wurde von seinen Kollegen wegen seiner sportlichen Leistungen insgesamt dreimal ausgezeichnet.

Profikarriere
Charley Taylor wurde 1964 von den Washington Redskins in der ersten Runde an dritter Stelle gedraftet. Auch die Houston Oilers aus der Konkurrenzliga American Football League (AFL) drafteten ihn in der zweiten Runde an neunter Stelle. Taylor entschloss sich jedoch einen Vertrag bei den Redskins zu unterschreiben. Im selben Jahr verpflichteten die Redskins Sonny Jurgensen als Quarterback. Taylor kam in den ersten beiden Spieljahren in Washington, D.C. als Halfback zum Einsatz, wobei er von Jurgensen auch als Passempfänger eingesetzt wurde. Seine 53 Passfänge im Jahr 1964 waren zu diesem Zeitpunkt Ligarekord. 1966 verpflichteten die Redskins Otto Graham als Head Coach. Graham, der Taylor während dessen Spielzeit am College im Rahmen eines Auswahlspiels scharf kritisiert hatte, wechselte Taylor auf die Position eines Wide Receivers. Während Taylor auch auf dieser Position überdurchschnittliche Leistungen erbrachte, 1966 und 1967 fing er die meisten Pässe in der Liga, blieb die Mannschaft aus Washington ein mittelmäßiges Team. Graham wurde 1969 durch Vince Lombardi ersetzt. Nach dessen Tod übernahm zunächst Bill Austin und ab 1971 George Allen das Traineramt. Allen gelang es aus den Redskins ein Spitzenteam zu formen. 1972 konnte Taylor zum ersten Mal in die Play-offs einziehen, nachdem er die Play-offs 1971 noch aufgrund einer Verletzung versäumt hatte. Gegner im NFC Championship Game waren die von Tom Landry betreuten Dallas Cowboys, die mit 24:20 besiegt wurden. Taylor trug zwei Touchdowns zum Sieg seiner Mannschaft bei. Dem Sieg folgte eine 14:7-Niederlage im Super Bowl VII gegen die Miami Dolphins. Auch in den folgenden beiden Jahren zog Taylor mit seiner Mannschaft in die Play-offs ein, wo sein Team allerdings immer in der ersten Runde scheiterte. Aufgrund einer Verletzung verpasste Charley Taylor die gesamte Saison 1976. In der Saison 1977 erhielt er nur wenig Einsatzzeit und beendete nach dieser Spielrunde seine Spielerlaufbahn. Mit 649 gefangenen Pässe war er Rekordhalter in der NFL.

Trainerlaufbahn
Unmittelbar nach seiner Spielerlaufbahn heuerte Taylor als Scout bei den Washington Redskins an. Im Jahr 1981 wurde er Assistenztrainer des neuen Trainers der Redskins, Joe Gibbs. Mit ihm sollte er bis 1994 erfolgreich zusammenarbeiten. Er betreute unter anderem die Pro-Bowl-Spieler Art Monk und Gary Clark. Als Verantwortlicher für die Wide Receiver des NFL-Teams konnte er dreimal den Super Bowl gewinnen – Super Bowl XVII, Super Bowl XXII und Super Bowl XXVI.

Nach der Laufbahn
Nach Beendigung seiner Trainerlaufbahn im Jahr 1994 zog er sich in die Privatwirtschaft zurück und verkaufte unter anderem Boote in Annapolis. Außerdem war er nach wie vor als Berater der Washington Redskins tätig. Taylor war verheiratet, hatte drei Kinder und lebte in Reston, Virginia. Taylor verstarb am 19. Februar 2022 im Alter von 80 Jahren.

Ehrungen
Charley Taylor spielte achtmal im Pro Bowl und wurde zehnmal zum All-Pro gewählt. Taylor wurde 1964 zum NFL Rookie of the Year gewählt, er ist Mitglied in der Pro Football Hall of Fame und im NFL 1960s All-Decade Team. Sein College hat ihn in die Arizona State University Athletic Hall of Fame aufgenommen und ehrte ihn auf dem Sun Devil Ring of Honor. Die Redskins bezeichnen ihn als einen ihrer 70 besten Spieler aller Zeiten.

Weblinks
 Biografie von Charley Taylor
 Charley Taylor bei den Redskins
 Charley Taylor am College (PDF; 626 kB)

Einzelnachweise

American-Football-Spieler (Arizona State Sun Devils)
American-Football-Spieler (Washington Redskins)
American-Football-Trainer (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1941
Gestorben 2022
Mann

Charley Taylor


Luigi Serafini (* 6. Juni 1808 in Magliano Sabina; † 1. Februar 1894 in Rom) war ein italienischer Kurienkardinal der Römischen Kirche.

Leben
Serafini stammte aus einer Adelsfamilie aus Urbino und war ein Neffe von Giovanni Serafini, der 1843 ebenfalls zum Kardinal kreiert wurde. Er selbst studierte nach dem Besuch von Schulen in seiner Geburtsstadt Philosophie am Collegio Romano sowie im Anschluss Rechtswissenschaften an der Universität La Sapienza, an der er am 11. April 1832 den Doktortitel im Privatrecht und im Kanonischen Recht erwarb. Nachdem er am 4. Juli 1836 Anwalt der Kurie wurde, erfolgte am 19. Januar 1843 seine Ernennung zum Vertreter der Kurie in der Provinz Rieti und am 18. Dezember 1843 zum Prälat. Am 11. Januar 1844 wurde er Mitarbeiter des Obersten Gerichtshofes der Apostolischen Signatur, an dem er zunächst Referendar und dann am 21. Dezember 1846 Auditor wurde. Nach einer Tätigkeit als Richter an Zivilgerichten vom 27. September 1847 bis zum 19. März 1850 wurde er Auditor an der Römischen Rota, das als Appellationsgericht nach der Apostolischen Signatur zweithöchste Gericht der römischen Kurie.

Am 25. Juni 1853 empfing er die Priesterweihe. Nach mehrjähriger Tätigkeit von 1858 bis 1870 als Regens der Apostolischen Pönitentiarie wurde er am 27. Juni 1870 zum Bischof von Viterbo und Tuscania ernannt, die Bischofsweihe spendete ihm am 17. Juli 1870 Costantino Patrizi Naro, Kardinalbischof von Porto e Santa Rufina und Subdekan des Kardinalskollegiums; Mitkonsekratoren waren die beiden Kurienerzbischöfe Pietro de Villanova Castellacci (1815–1881) und Antonio Rossi Vaccari  (1808–1874). Das Amt des Bischofs im Bistum Viterbo bekleidete Luigi Serafini bis zum 20. Februar 1880.

Am 12. März 1877 erfolgte seine Kreierung zum Kardinal durch Papst Pius IX. sowie zugleich seine Ernennung zum Kardinalpriester mit San Girolamo dei Croati als Titelkirche. Als solcher nahm er am Konklave 1878 teil, auf dem Papst Leo XIII. gewählt wurde.

Nachdem er zwischen dem 13. Mai 1884 und dem 31. Juli 1885 Präfekt der Apostolischen Signatur, des obersten Gerichtshofes der Kurie, war, wurde er am 31. Juli 1885 als Nachfolger von Lorenzo Nina Präfekt der Konzilskongregation und übte dieses Amt bis zu seiner Ablösung durch Angelo Di Pietro am 19. Juni 1893 aus. Zugleich war Kardinal Serafini zwischen 1887 und 1888 Kämmerer des Heiligen Kardinalskollegiums. Danach wurde er am 1. Juni 1888 zum Kardinalbischof des Bistums Sabina-Poggio Mirteto ernannt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Kardinal (19. Jahrhundert)
Präfekt des Dikasteriums für den Klerus
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (19. Jahrhundert)
Auditor der Römischen Rota
Historische Person (Italien)
Italiener
Geboren 1808
Gestorben 1894
Mann

Luigi Serafini (Kardinal)


This is a list of aviation-related events from 1974.

Deadliest crash
The deadliest crash of this year was Turkish Airlines Flight 981, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 which crashed shortly after takeoff from Paris, France on 3 March, killing all 346 people onboard. At the time, the accident was the deadliest in aviation history, more than doubling the previous record. Flight 981 would hold the title until March 1977, the Tenerife airport disaster; and remained the deadliest single-aircraft accident of all time until August 1985, when Japan Airlines Flight 123 crashed. It still remains one of the deadliest aviation accidents of all time.

Events
 Japan creates its Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission, responsible for investigation aviation accidents in Japan.
 Spring 1974 – Under an international agreement to clear the Suez Canal of naval mines in the wake of the Yom Kippur War, United States Navy RH-53D Sea Stallion minesweeping helicopters of Helicopter Mine Countermeasures Squadron 12 (HM-12) operating from the amphibious assault ships  and  use Mark 105 hydrofoil minesweeping sleds to sweep 120 square miles of water between Port Said and Suez, Egypt, in Operation Nimbus Star.

January
 January 1
Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Oman, and Qatar sign the Foundation Treaty, which gives each state a 25 percent ownership stake in Gulf Aviation. Gulf Aviation becomes a holding company, and its airline flight operations are transferred to a new airline branded as Gulf Air, which becomes the flag carrier of the four states.
Itavia Flight 897, a Fokker F28 Fellowship 1000 (registration I-TIDE) on final approach to Turin Airport in Turin, Italy, in fog and poor weather, strikes a tree and a building under construction, loses its tail and wings, and crashes inverted into a farm building, killing 38 of the 42 people on board.
 January 3 – A hijacker aboard an Air Jamaica Douglas DC-9-32 bound from Kingston, Jamaica, to Detroit, Michigan, demands to be flown to Miami, Florida. The hijacker is disarmed and arrested at Kingston.
 January 6
Diverted from Uzhgorod International Airport in Uzhgorod in the Soviet Union's Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, an Aeroflot Antonov An-24B (registration CCCP-46357) descends through clouds in icing conditions with its de-icing system switched off while on approach to the military air base at Mukachevo. Icing of its control surface causes it to go out of control, and it crashes short of the runway and burns out, killing all 24 people on board.
Air East Flight 317, a Beechcraft Model 99A (registration N125AE) on final approach to Johnstown–Cambria County Airport in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, strikes an Instrument Landing System tower and crashes short of the runway, killing 12 of the 17 people on board.
 January 9 – A SATENA Hawker Siddeley HS 748 260 Series 2A (registration FAC-1103) crashes into Gabinete Peak in the Andes,  northwest of Florencia, Colombia, killing all 31 people on board.
 January 10 – A TAM Douglas DC-4 (registration TAM-52) disappears during a domestic flight in Bolivia from Santa Rosa to La Paz with the loss of all 24 people on board.
 January 13 – Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) opens in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex in Texas; in accordance with agreements establishing the new regional airport, all commercial carriers except Southwest Airlines vacate Dallas Love Field and move to DFW, while nearby Greater Southwest International Airport in Fort Worth is permanently closed.
 January 17 – A Cessnyca Douglas DC-3A-191 (registration HK-1216) goes out of control at its cruising altitude of  and crashes inverted near Chigorodó, Colombia, killing all 12 people on board.
 January 21 – A male passenger hijacks an Aeropesca Colombia Vickers 745D Viscount with 52 people on board shortly after it takes off from Pasto, Colombia, for a domestic flight to Popayán, demanding to be flown to Cuba. The airliner makes two refueling stops in Colombia – at Cali and Baranquilla – before proceeding to Havana, Cuba.
 January 24 – A Togolese Air Force Douglas C-47 Skytrain carrying several notable political figures including President of Togo Gnassingbé Eyadéma crashes at an isolated location near the village of Sarakawa in northern Togo. Eyadéma survives, but the French pilot and three passengers die.
 January 26 – The Turkish Airlines Fokker F28-1000 Fellowship Van stalls shortly after takeoff from Izmir Cumaovası Airport in Izmir, Turkey, crashes, and catches fire, killing 66 of the 73 people on board.
 January 30 – The Pan American World Airways Boeing 707-321B Clipper Radiant, operating as Flight 806, crashes during a heavy rainstorm on approach to Pago Pago International Airport in Pago Pago, American Samoa, killing 97 of the 101 people on board and injuring all four survivors.

February
 February 9 – After a United States Air Force T-39A Sabreliner reports landing gear problems while taking off from Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado Springs, Colorado, a U.S. Air Force Boeing NKC-135 flying from Seattle, to Albuquerque, New Mexico, with a cargo of equipment for observing Comet Kohoutek meets it to conduct an airborne visual inspection of its landing gear at an altitude of . The T-39 strikes the NKC-135's tail and crashes near Colorado Springs, killing all seven people aboard. The NKC-135 suffers only minor damage and lands safely at Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque.
 February 17 – Upset at failing in helicopter training and wanting to show his piloting skills, United States Army Private First Class Robert K. Preston steals a U.S. Army UH-1 Iroquois helicopter at Fort Meade, Maryland, and hovers it over the White House in Washington, D.C. before landing on the White Houses South Lawn. He later takes off, is pursued by two Maryland State Police helicopters, uses maneuvering to force one of them down, then returns to the White House, where police gunfire induces him to land and surrender.
 February 20 – A hijacker threatens to detonate a bomb aboard an Air Vietnam Douglas C-54A-5-DO Skymaster (registration XV-NUM) carrying 51 other people during a flight in South Vietnam from Qui Nhơn to Da Nang, ordering it to divert to Đồng Hới, North Vietnam. The pilot tells him that the airliner must stop at Đông Hà, North Vietnam, before continuing to Đồng Hới, but instead lands the plane at Huế Airport in Huế, South Vietnam. Realizing after the plane lands that he has been tricked, the hijacker detonates his bomb, blowing a 2-by-3-meter (6.5-by-10-foot) hole in the left side of the fuselage, breaking three windows on the right side, and killing three people on the plane.
 February 22
Samuel Byck attempts to hijack Delta Air Lines Flight 523, a Douglas DC-9, before it leaves the gate at Baltimore-Washington International Airport, with a goal of crashing it into the White House in Washington, D.C. to assassinate U.S. President Richard Nixon. He kills two people and wounds a third before himself being killed, all without the plane ever leaving the gate.
U.S. Navy Lieutenant, junior grade, Barbara Ann Allen is designated a naval aviator, becoming the first female aviator in the United States Armed Forces.

March
 March 3
The Turkish Airlines McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 Ankara, operating as Flight 981, crashes into the Ermenonville Forest and the commune of Fontaine-Chaalis, France, after a cargo door blows off, causing damage which cuts control cables. All 346 people on board die. At the time, it is the worst aviation disaster in history, and it remains the deadliest aviation accident in France, the deadliest DC-10 accident, and the deadliest single-plane crash with no survivors.
 Over Rhodes, two men hijack a British Overseas Airway Corporation (BOAC) Vickers VC-10 (registration G-ASGO) with 110 other people on board as it flies from Beirut, Lebanon, to London. The airliner diverts to Schiphol Airport outside Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where they release the passengers and crew, throw inflammable liquids around the cabin, and set the plane on fire. Security forces apprehend them as they flee the plane.
 March 8 – A Pathet Lao Airlines Antonov An-24 carrying 15 journalists covering a tour by Algeria's Minister of Foreign Affairs of Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand crashes on approach to Hanoi, North Vietnam, killing all 18 people on board.
 March 12 – A hijacker demands ransom money aboard a Japan Air Lines Boeing 747 with 425 people on board as it makes a domestic flight in Japan from Tokyo to Naha, Okinawa. After the airliner arrives at Okinawa's Naha Airport, security forces storm the plane and arrest the hijacker.
 March 13 – Sierra Pacific Airlines Flight 802, a Convair CV-440 (registration N4819C) chartered by Wolper Productions, crashes in darkness into a foothill of the White Mountains  southeast of Bishop Airport in Bishop, California, shortly after takeoff from the airport, killing all 36 people on board. Among the dead are 31 cast and crew members of the television series Primal Man, including stunt performer Janos Prohaska. A segment the crew had filmed in the Sierra Nevada was recovered from the wreckage and broadcast in Primal Man.
 March 15 – The right landing gear of a Sterling Airways Sud Aviation SE 210 Caravelle 10B3 collapses while it is taxiing at Mehrabad Airport in Tehran, Iran. The airliner slides  before becoming to rest and its right wing fuel tank ruptures, starting a fire that kills 15 of the 96 people on board.
 March 20 – Two men hijack an East African Airways Fokker F27 Friendship with 33 people on board during a domestic flight in Kenya from Nairobi to Malindi, demanding to be flown to Libya. The airliner diverts to Entebbe, Uganda, where the hijackers surrender.
 March 30 – A young man with a gun and two hostages tries to hijack an empty National Airlines Boeing 727 at Sarasota–Bradenton International Airport in Sarasota County, Florida. He flees after a flight engineer disarms him and the authorities later apprehend him.
 March 31 – British Airways commences operations after BOAC and BEA merge to create the new airline.

April
 April 2 – The United States Navy retires its last Douglas C-54 Skymaster. Entering service on March 24, 1945, the C-54Q, Bureau number 56501, had flown  in almost 15,000 hours of flight time.
 April 4 – Using aviation gasoline contaminated by jet fuel, the engines of a Wenela Air Services Douglas DC-4 (registration A2-ZER) begin overheating as soon as it takes off from Francistown Airport in Francistown, Botswana. The airliner attempts to return to the airport but crash-lands  short of the runway, strikes some trees, and bursts into flame. The crash and fire kill 78 of the 84 people on board.
 April 18 – During its takeoff roll at London Luton Airport in London, England, Court Line Flight 95, a BAC One-Eleven 518 carrying 91 people, collides with a McAlpine Aviation Piper PA-23 Aztec which has entered the runway without permission. The collision destroys the Aztec, kills its pilot, and injures his passenger, but Flight 95's flight crew manages to abort their takeoff successfully and all aboard the airliner evacuate without injury via evacuation slides.
 April 22 – Flight 812, a Pan American World Airways Boeing 707-321B, crashes in mountainous terrain on approach to Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia,  northwest of the airport. All 107 people on board die.
 April 27 – An Aeroflot Ilyushin Il-18V (registration CCCP-75559) experiences a catastrophic failure of its No. 4 engine two-and-a-half minutes after takeoff from Pulkovo Airport in Leningrad in the Soviet Union's Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. It attempts to return to the airport but rolls inverted and crashes  east of the airport, killing all 109 people on board.
 April 30 – Departing Scholes Field in Galveston, Texas in haste because they are 10 minutes late, the crew of a Metro Airlines Beechcraft Model 99 (registration N853SA) fails to give its passengers a safety briefing and mistakenly leaves the trim stabilizer on standby. They lose control of the aircraft as soon as they take off, and the plane crashes and catches fire; the responding fire truck has no foam extinguisher, hampering firefighting efforts. The crash and fire kill six of the 12 people on board.

May
 May 2 – Flying at  –  below the minimum safe altitude in the area – an Aerotaxis Ecuatorianos Douglas C-47 Skytrain (registration HC-AUC) crashes  south of Baños de Agua Santa, Ecuador, after its left wing strikes the stratovolcano Tungurahua and separates from the aircraft. The crash kills 20 of the 25 people on board, and the aircraft's wreckage, at an altitude of , is not found until the following day.
 May 10 – Three passengers hijack an Avianca Boeing 727-59 (registration HK-1337) shortly after it takes off from Pereira, Colombia, for a domestic flight to Bogotá. They force the plane to fly to Cali, Colombia, where it spends the night on the tarmac with the hijackers demanding a ransom of 20 million Colombian pesos. As a result of negotiations, they agree to have the plane fly to Bogotá, where they are to receive the money and transportation to Leticia, Colombia, on the border with Brazil. The plane arrives at Bogotá on the morning of May 11, where police officers disguised as mechanics surround the airliner. The hijackers agree to a change of cockpit crews, and when the relief crew boards, the flight engineer attempts to overpower a hijacker holding a stewardess at gunpoint at the rear of the cabin. During the struggle, the stewardess is shot in the leg. A police officer dressed as a mechanic shoots the hijacker to death, and the crew and police then overpower the two surviving hijackers.
 May 23 – An Aeroflot Yakovlev Yak-40 (registration CCCP-87579) crashes on approach to Zhulhyany Airport in Kyiv in the Soviet Union's Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, killing all 29 people on board. Investigators blame the crash on incapacitation of the airliner's crew by carbon monoxide.

June
 June 4 – Construction of OV-101, the first Space Shuttle, begins. It later will be named Enterprise.
 June 8 – As Aerolíneas TAO Flight 514, a Vickers 785D Viscount (registration HK-1058), descends through  on approach to Camilo Daza International Airport at Cúcuta, Colombia, its left tailplane and elevator separate from it due to a metal fatigue fracture. The airliner crashes on Cerro El Retiro,  west of the airport, killing all 44 people on board.
 June 11 – Northrop YF-17A 72-01569 becomes the first American fighter aircraft to break the sound barrier in level flight when not in afterburner.
 June 27 – The No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 engines of a Cambodia Air Commercial Boeing 307 Stratoliner (registration XW-TFR) fail in succession three minutes after takeoff from Battambang Airport in Battambang, Cambodia. The airliner crash-lands in a rice field, losing its right wing when the wing strikes a tree just before touchdown, then slides to a stop, catching fire. The crash kills 19 of the 39 people on board.

July
 Cuts in American military aid to South Vietnam force austerity measures there, including the storage of 200 Republic of Vietnam Air Force aircraft and the reduction of helicopter lift capacity by 70 percent; shortages, of fuel, ammunition, and spare parts also begin to plague South Vietnamese aviation of all types.
 July 10 – An EgyptAir Tupolev Tu-154 (registration SU-AXO) on a training flight with four Soviet instructors and two EgyptAir pilots aboard crashes near Cairo International Airport in Cairo, Egypt, killing all on board.
 July 15
 A hijacker commandeers a Japan Air Lines Douglas DC-8 during a domestic flight in Japan from Osaka to Tokyo.
A military coup d'état by the Cypriot National Guard and the military junta of Greece that ousts Cypriot President Makarios III prompts the closure of the only commercial airport on Cyprus, Nicosia International Airport.
 July 17 – Greek troops arrive from Greece by air at Nicosia International Airport to support the coup d'état on Cyprus.
 July 18 – Nicosia International Airport reopens to commercial traffic. A chaotic scene ensures there over the next two days as foreign nationals attempt to leave Cyprus.
 July 20
The Turkish Air Force supports Operation Atilla, a Turkish invasion of Cyprus, as a war over the island between Turkey and Greece and the Greek Cypriots breaks out. Turkish aircraft join with Turkish Navy ships in sinking a Greek Cypriot torpedo boat which attempts to attack the approaching Turkish naval flotilla, and Turkish aircraft support the amphibious landing.
Greek antiaircraft fire shoots down a Turkish Army Dornier Do 28B Skyservant conducting a clandestine mission over Cyprus, killing all on board.
The Turkish Air Force bombs Cyprus's only civilian airport, Nicosia International Airport, forcing it to close to commercial traffic permanently. The closure catches all five of Cyprus Airways' airliners – four Hawker Siddeley Tridents and a BAC One-Eleven – on the ground at the airport, where two will be destroyed and the rest stranded until 1977; Cyprus Airways does not resume flight operations until February 1975.
 July 21
28 Turkish Air Force strike aircraft mistakenly attack the Turkish Navy destroyers Kocatepe, Adatepe, and Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak off Paphos, Cyprus, with  bombs, sinking Kocatepe with the loss of 54 lives and damaging the other two ships.
12 Turkish paratroopers parachute into Cyprus to ambush a convoy carrying the Greek Cypriot commander of the Cypriot Navy, Commander Papayiannis. They wound him in an ambush, but are wiped out by his security detail.
In Operation Niki, Greeces Hellenic Air Force attempts a covert airlift of a battalion of Greek commandos from Souda, Crete, to Cyprus using 15 Noratlas aircraft. Greek Cypriot antiaircraft artillery mistakenly fires on the planes at Nicosia International Airport, shooting down one with the loss of four crew members and 29 commandos, and damages two others, but some of the commandos arrive successfully to defend the airport.
 July 22
 The United States Navy and United States Marine Corps evacuate 500 people from Cyprus.
 Two Cyprus Airways Hawker Siddeley HS-121 Trident 1E airliners (registration 5B-DAB and 5B-DAE) are destroyed on the ground at Nicosia International Airport during fighting between Greek and Turkish forces. Turkish Air Force rocket fire destroys one of them; the other is damaged beyond economical repair by small arms fire and abandoned.
 July 24 – A 29-year-old male passenger enters the cockpit of an Avianca Boeing 727-24C with 123 people on board shortly after it takes off from Pereira, Colombia, for a domestic flight to Medellín, draws a gun, and demands a US$2 million ransom and the release of a political prisoner. The airliner diverts to Cali, Colombia, and parks at the end of a runway, where police storm it and kill the hijacker. It is the second time the man had hijacked an airliner; in 1969, he had hijacked a plane to Cuba.
 July 28 – A U.S. Air Force SR-71 Blackbird sets two records for non-rocket-powered aircraft, an absolute altitude record of  and an absolute speed record of .
 July 29 – Aeroperú, the flag carrier of Peru, makes its first international flight, a Douglas DC-8 flight from Peru to Buenos Aires, Argentina.

August
 August 6 – Turkish Air Force aircraft support a Turkish offensive at Karavas, Cyprus.
 August 9
Three Syrian surface-to-air missiles strike Buffalo 461, a Canadian Armed Forces De Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo assigned to the United Nations Emergency Force in support of peacekeeping operations in Syria. The plane crashes near Ad Dimas, Syria, killing all nine people on board.
A Royal Air Force No. 41 Squadron McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR42 and a Piper Pawnee cropduster aircraft collide over Fordham Fen, Norfolk, England, killing both crew members of the Phantom and the pilot of the Pawnee. It is the first collision between a civil and a military aircraft in the United Kingdom low-flying military training system.
 American musician Bill Chase and all five other people on board die when a Piper PA-30 Twin Comanche crashes in heavy rain on approach to Jackson Municipal Airport in Jackson, Minnesota.
 August 11 – Flying from Bamako, Mali, to Niamey, Niger, an Air Mali Ilyushin Il-18V (registration TZ-ABE) attempts to divert to Ouagadougou, Upper Volta, due to bad weather at Niamey. The crew makes a navigational error and flies to the wrong town, and the airliner runs out of fuel after circling the town. The crew makes a forced landing at Linoghin, Upper Volta, killing 47 of the 60 people on board.
 August 12 – Avianca Flight 610, a Douglas C-47-DL Skytrain (registration HK-508) becomes lost in rainy weather and crashes into Trujillo Mountain, about  northeast of Cali, Colombia, at an altitude of , killing all 27 people on board. The airliner's wreckage is not found until October 31.
 August 14 – A Linea Aeropostal Venezolana Vickers 749 Viscount (registration YV-C-AMX) on approach to Santiago Mariño Caribbean International Airport in Porlamar on Venezuela's Isla Margarita crashes into the Cerro Piache  southwest of the airport, hitting the mountain  below its summit. The crash kills 48 of the 49 people on board immediately; the seriously injured copilot dies on August 31.
 August 14–16 – Turkish Air Force aircraft support the final major Turkish offensive on Cyprus.
 August 16 – A ceasefire ends the war in Cyprus between Greece and Turkey. As part of the ceasefire, a United Nations Buffer Zone is created between Greek and Turkish-occupied portions of Cyprus. Cyprus's only commercial airport, Nicosia International Airport, lies within the Buffer Zone, forcing its abandonment. The largely derelict airport has since served only as a headquarters and helicopter base for the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus.
 August 18 – A Zaire Air Force Lockheed C-130H Hercules (registration 9T-TCD) crashes at Kisangani, Zaire, killing all 31 people on board.

September
 September 1 – The U.S. Air Force SR-71 Blackbird 61-17972, flown by Major James Sullivan (pilot) and Major Noel F, Widdifield (reconnaissance systems officer), crosses the Atlantic Ocean from New York City to London in a world record 1 hour 54 minutes 56 seconds at an average speed of .
 September 4 – As Eastern Airlines Flight 1160 – a Douglas DC-9 with 101 people on board – lands at Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts, at the end of a flight from New York City, a man enters the cockpit, grabs the captain, and threatens him with a razor blade and a nail; he subsequently strikes the captain on the head and shoulders. After several hours of negotiations, the hijacker surrenders.
 September 7 – On approach in bad weather to Branti Airport in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, a Garuda Indonesia Airways Fokker F27 Friendship 600 (registration PK-GFJ) strikes a building and crashes, killing 33 of the 36 people on board.
 September 8 – A terrorist bomb detonates in the cargo hold of Trans World Airlines Flight 841, a Boeing 707-331B on a flight from Athens, Greece, to Rome, Italy. The plane crashes into the Ionian Sea, killing all 88 people on board.
 September 11 – In dense fog, Eastern Air Lines Flight 212, a Douglas DC-9-31, crashes while on an instrument approach to Douglas Municipal Airport (now Charlotte/Douglas International Airport) in Charlotte, North Carolina, killing 72 of the 82 people on board. Among the dead are the father and two older brothers of American comedian Stephen Colbert; United States Navy Rear Admiral Charles W. Cummings, acting commandant of the 6th Naval District; three executives of Charleston's The Post and Courier newspaper of Charleston, South Carolina; Wayne Seal, an anchorman at the Sullivan's Island, South Carolina, television station WCIV; and John Merriman, news editor for the CBS Evening News.
 September 13 – The U.S. Air Force SR-71 Blackbird 61-17972, flown by Captain Harold B. "Buck" Adams (pilot) and Major William C. Machorek (reconnaissance systems officer), flies  from London to Los Angeles in a world record 3 hours 47 minutes 39 seconds at an average speed of .
 September 15 – A man holding two hand grenades hijacks Air Vietnam Flight 706, a Boeing 727-121C on a flight from Da Nang, South Vietnam, to Saigon, South Vietnam, shortly after takeoff from Da Nang and demands to be flown to Hanoi, North Vietnam. The plane approaches Phan Rang Air Base at Phan Rang, South Vietnam, as if to land, overshoots the base leg, begins a left turn, and crashes, killing all 75 people on board.
 September 18 – After taking off from Ponta Porã International Airport in Ponta Porã, Brazil, a Brazilian Air Force de Havilland Canada C-115 Buffalo attempts to return to the airport due to bad weather but crashes on approach, killing 20 of the 21 people on board. Two Brazilian generals are among several military officials who die in the crash.

October
 October 7 – A hijacker commandeers a Far Eastern Air Transport Vickers Viscount during a domestic flight in Taiwan from Tainan to Taipei and demands to be flown to the People's Republic of China. The hijacker is taken down.
 October 24 – The U.S. Air Force conducts the worlds first successful test launch of an air-launched ballistic missile. The C-5A Galaxy 69-0014 flies from Hill Air Force Base, Utah, to a launch point over the Pacific Ocean off California and rolls an LGM-30B Minuteman I intercontinental ballistic missile with a fueled first stage and inert second and third stages off its cargo ramp at an altitude of ; the missile falls under stabilizing parachutes to an altitude of , where its engines ignite, then rises during a ten-second engine burn to an altitude of  before the first stage runs out of fuel as planned, after which the missile falls into the ocean. The test is fully successful.
 October 30 – Panarctic Oils Flight 416, a Lockheed L-188PF Electra (registration CF-PAB), crashes onto an ice sheet on the sea in the Byam Martin Channel  south of Rea Point Airfield on Melville Island in Canada's Northwest Territories (now in Nunavut), killing 32 of the 34 people on board.

November
 November 6 – Three hijackers commandeer an Alia Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle during a domestic flight in Jordan from Amman to Aqaba and force it to fly to Benghazi, Libya, where they surrender to the authorities and request political asylum.
 November 20 – Lufthansa Flight 540, a Boeing 747-130, stalls and crashes just after takeoff from Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, Kenya, killing 59 of the 157 people on board. It is the first crash of a Boeing 747.
 November 22 – Firing guns, four male Palestinian terrorists dressed as airport workers rush from the passenger lounge at Dubai International Airport in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, cross the tarmac, shoot a stewardess in the back, wounding her, and board a British Airways Vickers VC-10-1151 (registration G-ASGR) preparing to depart for Calcutta, India. Finding no pilot aboard, they threaten to shoot the passengers if one does not arrive immediately. British Airways captain Jim Futcher volunteers to board the airliner, and the hijackers force him to take off with 27 passengers, eight airport workers who had been cleaning the aircraft, and a crew of 10 on board and order him to fly to Beirut, Lebanon. Finding Beirut International Airport closed and ringed by security forces, they order the VC-10 to refuel at Tripoli, Libya, and then fly to Tunis, Tunisia, where security personnel surround the airliner after it lands. The hijackers demand the release of seven Palestinian prisoners – five held in Cairo, Egypt, and two in the Netherlands – saying that if the prisoners are not released in 24 hours they will begin shooting one hostage every two hours until their demands are met. When the deadline passes, they murder a German passenger and throw his body onto the tarmac. The five prisoners from Cairo are brought to the aircraft, prompting the hijackers to release seven passengers, and the following morning the two prisoners from the Netherlands arrive, leading the hijackers to release everyone else aboard the plane except for Futcher, the copilot, and the flight engineer. The hijackers then threaten to detonate explosives in the cockpit with the three flight crew members if they are not granted political asylum in Tunisia. This is refused, and the four hijackers and seven prisoners finally surrender 84 hours after the hijacking began. Futcher later will receive the Queen's Gallantry Medal for his courage and calm during the incident.
 November 23 – A hijacker commandeers an All Nippon Airways Boeing 737-200 making a domestic flight in Japan from Tokyo to Sapporo. The hijacker is taken down at Sapporo.
 November 29 – A male passenger on CP Air Flight 71 – a Boeing 727 making a domestic flight in Canada from Winnipeg, Manitoba, to Edmonton, Alberta – grabs a flight attendant in the rear galley, threatens her with a knife, and demands to be flown to Cyprus. The airliner diverts to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. The hijacker surrenders before the plane arrives there; the captain escorts him into the terminal, where he is arrested by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

December
 Rockwell International completes the last T-2 Buckeye. During a 15-year production run, 519 Buckeyes have been manufactured.
 December 1
A hijacker commandeers a Swissair Douglas DC-8 flying from Bombay, India, to Karachi, Pakistan, demanding to be flown to the Middle East. The hijacker is taken down at Karachi.
While on approach to Washington Dulles International Airport in Dulles, Virginia, Trans World Airways Flight 514, a Boeing 727-231, crashes into Mount Weather in Clarke County, Virginia, killing all 92 people on board and severing the underground main telephone line of the United States Governments Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center, to which the crash brings undesired attention. As a result of the accident, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration will mandate that a ground proximity warning system be installed on every turbine- and turbojet-engined airplane operated in the United States.
Northwest Airlines Flight 6231, a Boeing 727-251 chartered to fly to Buffalo, New York, to pick up the Baltimore Colts National Football League team, stalls and crashes near Haverstraw, New York, after icing disables its pitot tube, causing its flight crew to receive incorrect airspeed readings. There are no passengers aboard, but all three crew members die.
 December 4
Two Aeroflot airliners – an Antonov An-2R (registration CCCP-49342) on its initial climb after takeoff and an Antonov An-12B (registration CCCP-12985) – collide over Irkutsk Airport in Irkutsk in the Soviet Union's Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic due to an air traffic control error. The An-2R crashes, killing all 13 people on board, and the An-12B crash-lands in the valley of the Ushakovka River.
Martinair Flight 138, a McDonnell Douglas DC-8, crashes into a mountain near Maskeliya, Sri Lanka, killing all 191 people on board. All of the airliners 182 passengers are Indonesian hajj pilgrims on their way to Mecca.
 December 22 – Both engines of Avensa Flight 358, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-14, shut down five minutes after takeoff from Maturín Airport at Maturín, Venezuela. The flight crew loses control of the airliner, which crashes near Maturín. killing all 77 people on board.
 December 25 – A 31-year-old male passenger hijacks Air India Flight 105 – a Boeing 747-237B with 105 people on board flying from Beirut, Lebanon, to Rome, Italy – and orders the flight crew to continue to Rome. During the airliner's descent, he threatens to crash the plane in Rome, but the crew overpowers him and hands him over to the police after arrival in Rome.
 December 28 – A privately owned Lockheed 18-56-23 Lodestar (registration TG-HTM) crashes immediately after takeoff from El Petén in Guatemala, killing all 21 passengers aboard and the entire crew of three. The dead passengers all are American tourists returning to Guatemala City after visiting Tikal.
 December 29 – Asked to make an unplanned stop at Sibiu, Romania, by a senior local member of the Romanian Communist Party during a flight from Oradea to Bucharest, a TAROM Antonov An-24RV (registration YR-AMD) crashes  south of Sibiu Airport, flying into the Lotru Mountains at an altitude of . The crash kills all 33 people on board.

First flights
 Antonov An-30 ("Clank")

January
 January 9 – WSK-Mielec M-15 SP-1974
 January 20 – General Dynamics YF-16 72-01567, prototype of the F-16 Fighting Falcon ("inadvertent" flight to avoid damage during faulty taxiing run)

February
 February 2 – General Dynamics YF-16 72-01567, prototype of the F-16 Fighting Falcon (official first flight)
 February 16 – Atlas C4M Kudu (civil prototype)
 February 21 – HTM Skyrider D-HHTF

March
 March 1 - Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion
 March 12 - Fournier RF-6B

May
 May 10 - Glaser-Dirks DG-100

June
 June 9 – Northrop YF-17 72-01569
 June 24 – Aérospatiale AS 350 Ecureuil F-WVKH

July
July 2 – Issoire Silène
July 19 – Besneux P70B
July 22 – Davis DA-5

August
 August 14 – Panavia MRCA (later Tornado) D-9591
 August 15 – Start + Flug Hippie
 August 17 – Ryan YQM-98 R-Tern
 August 21
 Hawker-Siddeley Hawk XX154
 W.A.R. Focke-Wulf 190
 August 22 – Shorts 330

September
 September 11 – Bell 206L LongRanger N206L
 September 25 – Northrop F-5F Tiger II 73-0889

October
 October 17 – Sikorsky YUH-60 73-21650
 October 28 – Dassault Super Étendard
 October 31 – IAR-93 RO-001 / J-22 Orao 25001

November
 November 8 – IA 58 Pucará - first production aircraft
 November 29 – Boeing Vertol YUH-61 73-21656

December
 December 19 – Grob G102 Astir
 December 20 – Grumman American Cougar
 December 21 – Glasflügel 206
 December 23 – Rockwell B-1 Lancer 74-0158

Entered service
 American Champion Scout
 Avro Vulcan SR.Mk 2, strategic reconnaissance version of the Avro Vulcan, with No. 27 Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron, Royal Air Force
 Ilyushin Il-62M with Aeroflot
 Sukhoi Su-24 (NATO reporting name "Fencer") with the Soviet Air Force
 Early 1974 – Beechcraft Super King Air Model 200

February
 February 20 – Lockheed S-3 Viking with the United States Navy's Antisubmarine Squadron 41 (VS-41) at Naval Air Station North Island, California

March
 March 9 – Ilyushin IL-62M with Aeroflot

May
 May 23 or 30 – Airbus A300 with Air France

September
 September 17 – Grumman F-14 Tomcat with U.S. Navy Fighter Squadrons 1 (VF-1) and 2 (VF-2) aboard

November
 November 14 – McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle with the United States Air Force's 555th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron at Luke Air Force Base

Retirements
 Antonov An-10 by the Soviet Air Force and Soviet Ministry of Aircraft Production elements

References

Aviation by year

1974 in aviation


An Ampelocalamus calcareus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Cheng De Chu ngan Chi Son Chao. An Ampelocalamus calcareus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ampelocalamus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ampelocalamus

Ampelocalamus calcareus


أحمد بِشتو (20 سبتمبر 1970 -) هو مذيع مصري في قناة الغد العربي عمل سابقا مقدما للنشرة الاقتصادية في قناة الجزيرة منذ التحاقه بها في 2002 إلى حين إقالته في 2015. والتحق بقناة «الغد العربي».

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 صفحته في موقع الجزيرة

صحفيو قناة الجزيرة
مذيعون مصريون
مغتربون مصريون في قطر
مواليد 1970

أحمد بشتو


Poison es el álbum debut de la banda de R & B/hip hop Bell Biv DeVoe, publicado el 28 de febrero de 1990 en MCA Records.

El álbum estuvo en la posición número 5 en el Billboard 200. En abril de 1995 es de cuádruple-platino certificado por la RIAA  vendiendo 4 000 000 en los Estados Unidos.

Canciones

Lista de posiciones

Álbum

Sencillos

"—" No entra en las gráficas

Referencias

Álbumes de 1990

Poison (álbum)


Das Fußballländerspiel Türkei – Schweiz 2005, in der Schweiz als Schande von Istanbul bezeichnet, war das Rückspiel der Relegationsrunde in der Qualifikation zur Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2006. Am 16. November 2005 trat die türkische Fußballnationalmannschaft gegen die Schweizer Fussballnationalmannschaft in Istanbul an; das Hinspiel in der Schweiz hatten die Schweizer mit 2:0 gewonnen. Nach einem hitzigen Spiel verlor die Schweizer Nationalmannschaft das Rückspiel mit 2:4, die Auswärtstorregel gab den Ausschlag dafür, dass sich die Schweiz für die Weltmeisterschaft qualifizierte. Kurz nach Spielende kam es zu Schlägereien zwischen Angehörigen beider Mannschaften und Sicherheitskräften.

Vorgeschichte
Bereits im Hinspiel war die Stimmung aufgeheizt: Im Vorfeld des Spiels wurde die türkische Nationalmannschaft in der Schweiz unfreundlich empfangen, vor Spielbeginn wurde während des Abspielens der türkischen Nationalhymne gepfiffen. Im Vorfeld des Rückspiels kam es zu Racheaktionen. Die Schweizer Elf erwartete daher am Istanbuler Flughafen ein respektloser Empfang. Spieler – sie standen in der gleichen Schlange wie Journalisten und Anhänger – wurden am Zoll angehalten, der Empfang des Gepäcks wurde verzögert und türkische Flughafenangestellte sangen Schlachtgesänge, während türkische Anhänger die Mannschaft mit Plakaten, auf denen Sprüche wie «Willkommen in der Hölle» oder «Hurren Son Frei» (beides auf Deutsch) standen, empfingen. Während der Fahrt mit dem Bus wurde dieser mit Eiern, Tomaten und Steinen beworfen.

Spielverlauf
Bereits nach zwei Minuten gelang der Schweiz der Führungstreffer. Nach einem Handspiel von Alpay Özalan verwandelte Alexander Frei den Strafstoß zur Schweizer Führung; durch Addition von Hin- und Rückspiel führte die Schweiz zu diesem Zeitpunkt mit 3:0. Die Türkei musste zu diesem Zeitpunkt vier Tore erzielen, um die Teilnahme zur Weltmeisterschaft zu erreichen. Bereits vier Minuten nach dem 0:1 hatte Hakan Şükür die Chance zum Ausgleich, die Pascal Zuberbühler jedoch vereiteln konnte. Im Laufe des Spiels wurde die Türkei immer stärker; Tuncay Şanlı belohnte die türkischen Bemühungen in der 24. Minute mit dem Ausgleich per Kopfball nach einer Flanke. Die Gäste aus der Schweiz waren nun völlig im eigenen Strafraum eingekesselt. Lediglich Ricardo Cabanas hatte nach 35 Minuten eine gute Torchance. Drei Minuten später brachte Tuncay Şanlı die Türkei mit 2:1 in Führung. Nach einem Zweikampf zwischen dem Schweizer Stürmer Marco Streller und dessen türkischen Gegenspieler Serhat Akın pfiff der belgische Schiedsrichter Frank De Bleeckere in der zweiten Halbzeit Elfmeter für die Türkei. Necati Ateş verwandelte diesen in der 52. Minute zum 3:1 für die Türkei.

Mit einem Gesamtergebnis von 3:3 war zu diesem Zeitpunkt aufgrund der Auswärtstorregel die Schweiz für die Weltmeisterschaft qualifiziert. Hakan Şükür hatte nach 62 Minuten die Chance zum 4:1, jedoch verstolperte er freistehend vor Zuberbühler. Nur drei Minuten danach hatte Frei die Chance; allerdings vergab er aus elf Metern. Wiederum vier Minuten später ließ Frei nach einer Ecke eine Chance liegen. Im Verlauf der zweiten Halbzeit gab es jeweils drei gelbe Karten auf beiden Seiten. Schüsse auf das Schweizer Tor gab es erst wieder ab der 75. Minute. Ergün Penbe verfehlte in der 78. Minute das Gehäuse der Gäste sehr knapp. Eine Minute später umspielte Streller im türkischen Strafraum den herausgeeilten Volkan Demirel, jedoch vergab er diese Großchance anschließend. Ein weiteres Tor hätte den Türken genügt, um sich für die WM 2006 zu qualifizieren. Stattdessen schlossen die Schweizer in der 84. Minute einen Konter erfolgreich ab. Marco Streller vollendete zum 3:2. Die Türken trafen mit Tuncay Şanlıs drittem Treffer vier Minuten danach noch zum 4:2, wobei es blieb.

Nach dem Spiel
Kurz nach dem Schlusspfiff rannten die Schweizer Spieler in die Kabine, nachdem türkische Anhänger sie mit Gegenständen beworfen hatten. Im Kabinengang kam es dann zu Angriffen von Sicherheitskräften und türkischen Ersatzspielern auf Ersatzspieler der Schweizer Mannschaft. Laut Pierre Benoît, dem Pressesprecher der Schweizer Mannschaft, wurde der Reservespieler Stéphane Grichting in den Unterleib getreten und musste daraufhin ins Krankenhaus eingeliefert werden. Der  Torwarttrainer Erich Burgener wurde durch ein Wurfgeschoss am Auge getroffen. Auslöser für die Tumulte war der  damalige Co-Trainer der Türkei, Mehmet Özdilek. Fernsehbilder zeigen Özdilek, wie dieser versucht, einem Mitglied der Schweizer Mannschaft ein Bein zu stellen. Daraufhin wurde Özdilek von Benjamin Huggel, einem Spieler der Schweizer, gegen den Oberschenkel getreten.

Reaktionen
Angehörige der Schweizer Auswahl zeigten sich sehr schockiert über die Ereignisse in Istanbul. Köbi Kuhn, Trainer der Schweizer, sprach von einer "Verfolgung bis zur Kabine". Der Spieler Raphael Wicky sagte gegenüber der deutschen Zeitschrift Stern: "Sie haben auf uns eingeprügelt". In einigen türkischen Medien wurde Sepp Blatter, der Präsident der FIFA, aufgrund seiner Schweizer Herkunft als sehr parteiisch gegenüber der Schweizer Mannschaft dargestellt. Andere zeigten sich selbstkritisch.

Sanktionen

Der türkische Verband wurde zu einer Geldstrafe von 200 000 Schweizer Franken (zuzüglich Verfahrenskosten von 20 000 Franken) verurteilt. Die Nationalmannschaft bekam zudem aufgrund der vorliegenden Beweise eine Platzsperre auferlegt und musste sechs Heim-Pflichtspiele außerhalb der Türkei austragen.

Auch einzelne Spieler und Funktionäre beider Mannschaften wurden sanktioniert. Emre Belözoğlu und Alpay Özalan mussten je 15 000 Franken (zuzüglich Verfahrenskosten von je 1000 Franken) bezahlen und wurden für sechs Pflichtspiele gesperrt, Serkan Balcı für zwei Pflichtspiele bei einer Geldstrafe von 5000 Franken (+ 500 Franken Verfahrenskosten). Benjamin Huggel musste ebenfalls sechs Pflichtspiele aussetzen und 15 000 Franken (zuzüglich 500 Franken Verfahrenskosten) bezahlen. Der türkische Assistenztrainer Mehmet Özdilek wurde für ein Jahr von allen fußballerischen Aktivitäten innerhalb des FIFA-Raums gesperrt und erhielt eine Geldstrafe von 15 000 Franken (+ 1000 Franken Verfahrenskosten). Der Physiotherapeut der Schweizer Elf, Stephan Meyer, wurde für zwei Pflichtspiele gesperrt und zu 6500 Franken Geldstrafe verurteilt (zuzüglich 500 Franken Verfahrenskosten).

Aufeinandertreffen nach 2005
Das nächste Aufeinandertreffen folgte in der Gruppenphase bei der Europameisterschaft 2008, dessen Co-Gastgeber die Schweiz war. In diesem Spiel ging die Schweizer Mannschaft durch den türkischstämmigen Spieler Hakan Yakin mit 1:0 in Führung, doch durch ein spätes Tor von Arda Turan gewann die Türkei mit 2:1, womit die Eidgenossen vorzeitig aus dem Wettbewerb ausschieden.

Einzelnachweise

Turkei 2005
Türkische Fußballnationalmannschaft
Sportveranstaltung in Istanbul
Fußballveranstaltung 2005
Fußballskandal


Sommerturen er en kortfilm instrueret af Kaj Wedell Pape, Svend Holbæk efter manuskript af Kaj Wedell Pape, Svend Holbæk.

Handling
Kortfilm om en flok drenge, der sparer sammen til en sommerbytur.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1938

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Sommerturen


Karmin (njem. Karmin od srednjovj. lat. carminium, od arap. qirmiz: skrletan i lat. minium: minij) je prirodno crveno bojilo dobiveno od košenile (osušenih ženki biljnih ušenaca Coccus cacti) izluživanjem njezina obojenoga sastojka, karminske kiseline, vrućom vodom i taloženjem ekstrakta (koncentrata) aluminijevim solima. Otopina karmina upotrebljava se za bojenje kromosoma u histologiji, hrani i kozmetičkih proizvoda (na primjer ruž za usne).

E120 karmin, Cochineal

E120 karmin, Cochineal, je prirodno crveno bojilo životinjskog podrijetla. Dobiva se ekstrakcijom iz oplođenih, osušenih ženki kukaca vrste Cochenillelaus (lat. Coccus cacti ili Dactylopius coccus). U pojedinim slučajevima može izazvati alergije, posebno u osoba osjetljivih na salicilnu i benzojevu kiselinu (E210). Smatra se bezopasnim.

Organski obojeni pigmenti

Za razliku od anorganskih pigmenata, koji su poznati od davnine, organski su se pigmenti u posljednjih stotinjak godina veoma razvili, zahvaljujući velikim dostignućima kemije sintetskih materijala, te razvoju grafičke industrije i sve većoj upotrebi raznobojnog tiska. Organski su pigmenti, kao i bojila, obojene čvrste tvari, koje se prema svom sastavu ubrajaju u organske spojeve. Međutim, od bojila se bitno razlikuju po tome što su praktički netopljivi u mediju u kojemu se primjenjuju, pa se upotrebljavaju u obliku sitne suspenzije.

U usporedbi s anorganskim pigmentima, u organskim je pigmentima šira paleta boja i veći izbor prijelaznih nijansi, veća jakost i svjetloća boje, čišći ton, izdašniji su i veće gustoće. Organski pigmenti nisu toliko postojani na povišenim temperaturama, zbog topljivosti, iako slabe, neotporni su prema organskim otapalima, a osim toga, mnogo su skuplji od anorganskih pigmenata. Njihova je pokrivna moć slabija od moći pokrivanja anorganskih pigmenata, ali su stoga prozirni (transparentni), što je njihova posebna odlika, osobito cijenjena u tiskarstvu. To se ogleda i u pregledu njihove potrošnje: 45% organskih pigmenata troši se za pripravu tiskarskih boja, 36% za pigmentiranje sredstava za ličenje, 15% za bojenje sintetskih materijala, a ostatak od 4% u različite druge svrhe.

Za razlikovanje velikog mnoštva sintetskih organskih pigmenata od velike je pomoći njihova podjela prema oznakama navedenim u međunarodno priznatom indeksu (eng. Colour Index). Oznaka se za svaki pojedini pigment sastoji od slova i brojaka, a opisuje vrstu tvari, boju, redni broj i pripadnost nekoj od grupa kemijskih spojeva. Tako na primjer, oznaka C.I. PR 177, 65 300 označuje da je to prema Colour Index (C.I.) pigment (P) crvene (R) boje, rednog broja 177, koji pripada grupi antrakinonskih (od 58 000 do 72 999) pigmenata.

Organski su pigmenti sintetski spojevi koji se prema svojoj kemijskoj strukturi mogu višestruko razvrstati. Obično se razlikuju dvije glavne grupe organskih pigmenata: azo pigmenti i ostali organski pigmenti. Iako je zajedničko strukturno svojstvo druge grupe što su to policiklički spojevi s kondenziranim prstenima, ta grupa organskih pigmenata obuhvaća vrlo različite organske spojeve, od kojih su najvažniji ftalocijanini, dioksazini i karbonilni policiklički spojevi.

Slike

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Pigmenti
 Materijali

Karmin


Harpuşta, dış etkilere açık duvarların üstünü örten ve yağmur suyu, kar suyu gibi istenmeyen etkilerin yanlara akmasını sağlayan eğimli veya eğri bina bölümüdür.

Duvar türleri

Harpuşta


සම්මානිත මහාචාර්ය සී. එල්. වී. ජයතිලක, FIESL, JP යනු ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ඉංජිනේරුවෙකු සහ ශාස්ත්‍රාලිකයෙකි . ඔහු වයඹ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ කුලපතිවරයා වූ අතර පේරාදෙණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ හිටපු උපකුලපතිවරයාද විය.

අධ්‍යාපනය
ජයතිලක අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබුවේ කොළඹ රාජකීය විද්‍යාලයෙන්,  එහිදී ඔහු ද ආබෲ අනුස්මරණ ත්‍යාගය දිනා ගත්තේය. ඉන් පසුව ඔහු ඉංජිනේරු උපාධි විභාගයේ හොඳම දක්‍ෂතාවය වෙනුවෙන් ඉම්පීරියල් විද්‍යාලයේ පශ්චාත් උපාධි ඩිප්ලෝමාවක් හැදෑරීම සඳහා ඉංජිනේරු උපාධි විභාගයේ හොඳම දක්‍ෂතාවය සඳහා ලංකා විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයෙන් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ BSc උපාධියක් සමඟින් පළමු පන්තියේ ගෞරව සහිතව උපාධිය ලබා ගත්තේය. (1963) තාප ක්‍රියාවලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේදී ඔහු Unwin අනුස්මරණ ශිෂ්‍යත්වය දිනා ගත්තේය. 1966 දී ඔහු තාප හුවමාරුව පිළිබඳ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා ලන්ඩනයේ ඉම්පීරියල් විද්‍යාලයෙන් ආචාර්ය උපාධියක් ලබා ගත්තේය.

වෘත්තීය
1966 දී ලංකා විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ අලුතින් පිහිටුවන ලද ඉංජිනේරු පීඨයට සම්බන්ධ වූ ඔහු එහි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨතම මහාචාර්යවරයකු සහ පීඨාධිපතිවරයා බවට පත්විය.  පසුව ඔහු පේරාදෙණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ උපකුලපතිවරයා ලෙස පත් විය. ඔහුගේ සේවා කාලයෙන් පසු ඔහු ඉංජිනේරු පීඨයේ පීඨාධිපති ලෙස රුහුණු විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයට මාරු විය. ඔහු ජාතික අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනයේ, ශ්‍රී ලංකා උසස් තාක්ෂණික අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනයේ අධ්‍යක්ෂ ජනරාල්වරයා ලෙස ද කටයුතු කර ඇත. ජාතික අධ්‍යාපන කොමිෂන් සභාවේ සභාපති, තරුණයින් පිළිබඳ ජනාධිපති කොමිසම සහ මැනිලාහි කොළඹ සැලසුම් මාණ්ඩලික විද්‍යාලයේ පීඨ උපදේශකයෙකු විය.

විශ්‍රාම ගැනීමෙන් පසු ඔහු සම්මානිත මහාචාර්යවරයෙකු ලෙස පත් කරන ලද අතර ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ඉංජිනේරු ආයතනයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි. පසුව ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකා වයඹ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ කුලපතිවරයා සහ ජාතික ව්‍යාපාර කළමනාකරණ ආයතනයේ සභාපතිවරයා විය. 2012 අප්‍රේල් 24 සිට ඔහු ජාතික අධ්‍යාපන කොමිෂන් සභාවේ (NEC) සභාපති ලෙස කටයුතු කරයි.

සම්මාන

 ඔහු පේරාදෙණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයෙන් සම්මානනීය මහාචාර්යවරයෙකු ලෙස පිදුම් ලැබීය.
 විශිෂ්ට ජාතික සේවය වෙනුවෙන් ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජය විසින් විශ්ව ප්‍රසාදිනී යන නාමය පිරිනමන ලදී.
 ඔහු සාම විනිසුරුවරයෙකි

යොමු කිරීම්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 කුලපති, ශ්‍රී ලංකා වයඹ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය
 ඉංජිනේරු පීඨයේ අධ්‍යයන කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය

Year of birth missing (living people)
ජීවමාන ජනයා

සී. එල්. වී. ජයතිලක


Cette page présente une chronologie des actes de terrorisme ou projets d'attentats en France durant l'année 2022 ainsi que des principaux événements en relation avec des attentats des années précédentes.

Attentats

Tentatives et suspicions d'attentats déjouées

Attaque dont la motivation terroriste est débattue ou non prouvée

Procès

 13 juin : Réda Kriket est condamné en appel par la cour d'assises spéciale à  de réclusion criminelle, avec une période de sûreté des deux tiers, de même que d'autres accusés, Anis Bahri et Abderrahmane Ameuroud, pour la découverte d'un arsenal laissant penser à la préparation imminente d'un attentat en 2016.
 29 juin : la cour d'assises spécialement rend son verdict dans le procès des attentats du 13 novembre 2015. Une vingtaine de condamnations sont prononcées dont la perpétuité incompressible pour Salah Abdeslam. Aucun appel n'est effectué.
 5 octobre : dans le cadre du procès en appel de l'attentat du 20 avril 2017 sur l'avenue des Champs-Élysées à Paris durant lequel Karim Cheurfi avait tué le policer Xavier Jugelé et blessé deux de ses collègues ainsi qu'une touriste allemande, la peine du complice Nourredine Allam à dix ans de réclusion criminelle est confirmée par cour d'assises spéciale pour association de malfaiteurs de vue de la préparation d'un ou plusieurs crimes.
 20 octobre : dans le cadre du procès en appel des attentats de janvier 2015, la peine d'Ali Riza Polat de réclusion criminelle à perpétuité a été alourdie d'une mesure de sûreté de vingt ans, alors que celle d'Amar Ramdani a été légèrement allégée à treize ans de prison, dont deux tiers de sûreté.
 13 décembre : La cour d'assises spéciale de Paris condamne à des peines de  de prison les deux principaux accusés de l'attentat du 14 juillet 2016 à Nice, Chokri Chafroud et Mohamed Ghraieb, déclarés complices du terrorisme abattu Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel. Accusé de lui avoir fourni une arme de poing, Ramzi Arefa est condamné à . Les cinq autres accusés, impliqués dans la fourniture de l'arme, sont condamnés à des peines allant de 2 à  de prison.

Mémoire et aide aux victimes
 9 août : pour la première fois, un membre du Gouvernement, le Garde des sceaux Éric Dupond-Moretti, participe à la commémoration du  de l'attentat de la rue des Rosiers, qui vait fait  et 22 blessées.

Notes et références

2022
2022 en France

Terrorisme en France en 2022


An Masdevallia rufescens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Willibald Königer. An Masdevallia rufescens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Masdevallia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Masdevallia

Masdevallia rufescens