A Arquidiocese de Manfredonia-Vieste-San Giovanni Rotondo (Archidiœcesis Sipontina-Vestana-Sancti Ioannis Rotundi) é uma circunscrição eclesiástica da Igreja Católica situada em Manfredonia, Itália. Seu atual arcebispo é Franco Moscone, C.R.S.. Sua Sé é a Catedral de Manfredonia.

Possui 51 paróquias servidas por 122 padres, abrangendo uma população de  habitantes, com 99,4% da dessa população jurisdicionada batizada ( católicos).

História
A origem da diocese de Siponto é incerta. Segundo a tradição, foi o próprio apóstolo São Pedro quem fundou a comunidade cristã de Siponto e consagrou seu primeiro bispo, São Justino; a mesma tradição relata uma longa lista de presumíveis bispos sipontinos, muitos deles anônimos, entre os séculos II e IV. No entanto, o primeiro bispo documentado historicamente é Félix I, que participou do concílio romano convocado pelo Papa Hilário em 465. No entanto, "apesar do silêncio das fontes, a comunidade cristã de Siponto deve estar bem viva e organizada desde o século IV como evidenciam a existência de uma basílica primitiva cristã com três naves e alguns hipogeus primitivos».

Em 663 Siponto foi destruído pela primeira vez pelas incursões dos eslavos. Após esta destruição a cidade foi quase abandonada e também a diocese foi efetivamente suprimida e unida à arquidiocese de Benevento; segundo a tradição, relatada na vida de São Barbato de Benevento, a união ocorreu na época deste bispo de Benevento, na segunda metade do século VII. No entanto, o primeiro bispo de Benevento a relatar ambos os títulos é David II no final do século VIII, como evidenciado por um diploma de 795, onde David se define como bispo sanctæ sedis Beneventanæ et Sipontinæ ecclesiæ.

Siponto recuperou a independência eclesiástica no início do século XI, durante a dominação bizantina, com o bispo Leão documentado de 1023 a 1037, período em que a Igreja de Siponto foi elevada pelo Papa Bento IX (1032-1044) à categoria de Igreja Arquiepiscopal. O verdadeiro arquiteto do renascimento de Siponto foi o bispo beneditino Geraldo, documentado de 1064 a 1076, cujo pontificado "marca a emancipação total da igreja Sipontina de Benevento, no que diz respeito à autonomia diocesana e metropolitana".

A origem da diocese de Vieste, que remonta à era da dominação bizantina, é incerta. O primeiro bispo conhecido é Alfano, documentado em 1019 graças a um pergaminho da abadia de Santa Maria delle Tremiti, datado no vigésimo sexto ano do episcopado de Alfano, que se tornou bispo de Vieste por volta do ano 994. O bispo é ainda mencionado em pergaminhos de 1031 e 1035.

Desde o tempo do Papa Pascoal II (1099-1118) é atestada a dependência da diocese de Vieste da província eclesiástica da arquidiocese de Siponto, da qual era a única diocese sufragânea.

A decadência da cidade de Siponto, arruinada por Guglielmo I pouco depois de meados do século XII, abandonada pelos seus habitantes e mais recentemente atingida por um sismo, levou a transferência do bispado para a cidade vizinha de Manfredonia, construída entre 1256 e 1263.

O rito bizantino seria amplamente difundido na antiga diocese de Siponto. O uso do rito bizantino foi mantido no altar-mor da catedral até o tempo do bispo Domenico Ginnasi (1586-1607) no final do século XVI. Em 1620 a catedral de Manfredonia foi destruída pelos turcos e posteriormente reconstruída durante o episcopado de Antonio Marullo. A construção do seminário diocesano em 1598 deve-se ao bispo Domenico Ginnasi.

A partir de 1818, com a bula De utiliori do Papa Pio VII, os arcebispos sipontinos também se tornaram administradores perpétuos da diocese de Vieste. Os cônegos da catedral de Vieste foram autorizados a eleger seu próprio vigário capitular para cada novo arcebispo administrador.

Em 29 de setembro de 1933, a arquidiocese de Manfredonia e a diocese de Vieste passaram a fazer parte da região eclesiástica de Benevento em virtude do decreto Iam pridem da Sagrada Congregação Consistorial. Esse status foi mantido até 1976, quando as dioceses de Capitanata foram anexadas à região eclesiástica de Puglia.

Em 30 de abril de 1979, a arquidiocese de Manfredonia perdeu sua dignidade metropolitana, mantendo o título arquiepiscopal, e passou a fazer parte, juntamente com a diocese de Vieste, da província eclesiástica da arquidiocese de Foggia.

Em 10 de dezembro de 2002, com o decreto Sanctum Pium da Congregação para os Bispos, o nome da arquidiocese foi alterado com a adição do título de San Giovanni Rotondo. No dia 4 de maio seguinte, com a carta apostólica Effigies viva, o Papa João Paulo II confirmou São Pio de Pietrelcina como padroeiro da arquidiocese.

Prelados

Bispos de Siponto

 São Justino ? † (circa 44)
 Anônimo ? † (circa 132)
 Anônimo ? † (circa 138)
 Anônimo ? † (? - circa 194)
 São Marcellino ? †
 São Giuliano ? †
 São Leão I ? † (circa 256 - circa 293)
 Santo Eusânio ? † (circa 296 - 300)
 Anônimo ? † (301)
 Anônimo ? † (circa 333)
 Anônimo ? † (circa 385)
 Aurélio ? †
 Simplicio ? †
 São Teodoro ? †
 São Félix I † (mecionado em 465)
 São Lorenzo Maiorano † (primeira metade do século VI)
 Félix II † (antes de 591 - depois de 593)
 Vitaliano † (antes de 597 - depois de 599)
 Estêvão † (século VI/VII)
 Rufino † (mencionado em 649)
 Sé unida a Benevento (VII-século XI)
 Leão II † (antes de 1023 - depois de 1037)
 João de Trani † (? - 1059) (administrador apostólico)
 Guisaldo † (mencionado em 1062)
 Geraldo I, O.S.B. † (1064 - depois de 1076)
 Omobão † (antes de 1087 - depois de 1097)
 Alberto, O.S.B. † (1100 - 1116)
 Gregório I, O.S.B. † (1116 - 1117)
 Guilherme I † (1118 - depois de 1124)
 João I † (antes de 1129 - depois de 1132)
 Gaudino † (mencionado em 1136)
 Guilherme II † (antes de 1143 - depois de 1147)
 Godofredo † (antes de 1158 - depois de 1168/1169 deceduto)
 Geraldo II de Verona † (1170 - depois de 1179)
 João II † (mencinado em 1195)
 Hugo de Troia † (1195 - 1210)
 Anônimo † (mencionado como bispo eleito em 1215 e em 1216)

Arcebispos de Manfredonia

 Rogério de Anglona † (antes de 1219 - 1256)
 Giacomo Falconario † (1259 - depois de 1269)
 Giovanni Freccia † (1277 - circa 1290)
 Andrea De China † (1291 - 1301)
 Gregorio de Montelongo † (1301 - 1302)
 Leonardo Mancini † (1302 - 1326)
 Matteo Orsini, O.P. † (1327)
 Bartolomeu † (1328 - 1330)
 Sasso Giudici Leoni † (1330 - 1343)
 Pietro Gallo, O.F.M. † (1343 - ?)
 Francesco Crispo, O.E.S.A. † (1351 - ?)
 Marino, † (1354 - ?)
 Feo † (1361 - ?)
 Pietro, O. Carm. † (1375 - depois de 1378)
 Giovanni III † (1382 - 1386)
 Giovanni IV † (1386 - 1397)
 Niccolò Sacchi, O.P. † (1398 - 1402)
 Niccolò de Hortis † (1402 - 1407)
 Lorenzo II † (1410 - ?)
 Paolo di Segni † (1414 - 1419) (antibispo)
 Mattia Foschi † (1436 - 1438)
 Angelo Capranica † (1438 - 1447 )
 Basílio Bessarion † (1447 - 1449 ) (administrador apostólico)
 Giovanni Burgio † (1449 - 1458)
 Niccolò Perotti † (1458 - 1480)
 Tiberio Nardini † (1481 - 1498)
 Agapito Geraldino † (1500 - 1506)
 Antonio Maria Ciocchi del Monte † (1506 - 1511)
 Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte † (1513 - 1544, eleito papa com o nome de Júlio III)
 Giovanni Ricci † (1544 - 1545)
 Giovanni Andrea Mercurio † (1545 - 1550)
 Sebastiano Antonio Pighini † (1550 - 1553)
 Dionisio de Robertis, O.S.M. † (1554 - 1560)
 Bartolomé de la Cueva y Toledo † (1560 - 1562)
 Tolomeo Gallio † (1562 - 1573)
 Giuseppe Sappi † (1573 - 1586)
 Domenico Ginnasi † (1586 - 1607)
 Annibale Serugo De Gimnasiis † (1607 - 1622)
 Giovanni Giannini † (1622 - 1622)
 Bernardino Buratto † (1623 - 1628)
 Annibale Andrea Caracciolo † (1628 - 1629)
 Orazio Annibale della Molara † (1630 - 1643)
 Antonio Marullo, S.J. † (1643 - 1648)
 Paolo Teutonico † (1649 - 1651)
 Giovanni Alfonso Puccinelli, C.R.L. † (1652 - 1658)
 Benedetto Cappelletti † (1659 - 1675)
 Vincenzo Maria Orsini de Gravina, O.P. † (1675 - 1680)
 Tiberio Muscettola, C.O. † (1680 - 1708)
 Giovanni De Lerma † (1708 - 1725)
 Marcantonio De Marco † (1725 - 1742)
 Francesco Rivera † (1742 - 1777)
 Tommaso Maria Francone, C.R. † (1777 - 1799)
 Sé vacante (1799-1804)
 Giovanni Gaetano del Muscio, Sch. P. † (1804 - 1807)
 Sé vacante (1807-1818)

Bispos de Vieste

 Alfano † (circa 994 - depois de 1035)
 Marando (ou Maraldo) † (antes de 1158 - circa 1168/1169)
 Simão † (mencionado em 1179)
 Anônimo † (antes de 1195 - 1198)
 Anônimo † (mencionado em dezembro de 1199)
 Anônimo † (mencionado em 1224)
 Pietro † (mencionado em 1225 circa)
 Teoduino † (mencionado em 1227)
 Giovanni † (antes de 1274 - depois de 1275)
 Angelo † (1291 - 1302)
 Gabriele, O.S.B. † (1303 - 1303) (bispo eleito)
 Giovanni, O.E.S.A. † (1304 - ?)
 Elia Seguini, O.P. † (1343 - 1349)
 Nicola, O.F.M. † (1349 - ?)
 Cristoforo † (1361 - ?)
 Rainaldo di Monte Sant'Angelo, O.F.M. † (1371 - ?)
 Zamparino † (circa 1385 - 1387)
 Guglielmo Simonelli † (1387 - 1420) (antibispo)
 Antonio † (1387 - 1390)
 Zamparino † (1390 - 1403) (pela segunda vez)
 Lorenzo de Gilotto † (1403 - 1405)
 Francesco † (1405 - ?)
 Giovanni di Ruvo † (1420 - ?)
 Benedetto Bernardo, O.P. † (1477 - 1495)
 Carlo Bocconi † (1495 - 1505)
 Latino Pio † (1505 - 1514)
 Giovanni Francesco Salvino † (1514 - 1516)
 Girolamo Magnani, O.F.M. † (1518 - 1527)
 Ludovico Buono † (1527 - 1528)
 Leonardo Buonafede, O.S.B. † (1528 - 1529 )
 Alfonso Carillo † (1530 - 1547)
 Pellegrino Fabi † (1547 - 1551)
 Giulio Pavesi, O.P. † (1555 - 1558)
 Ugo Boncompagni † (1558 - 1565, eleito papa com o nome de Gregório XIII)
 Antonio Ganguzia † (1565 - 1574)
 Anselmo Olivieri, O.F.M. † (1574 - ?)
 José Esteve Juan  † (1586 - 1589)
 Tommaso Malatesta, O.P. † (1589 - 1589)
 Maschio Ferracuti † (1589 - 1613)
 Muzio Vitali † (1613 - 1615)
 Paolo Palumbo, C.R. † (1615 - 1617)
 Ambrogio Palumbo, O.P. † (1618 - 1641)
 Paolo Ciera, O.S.A. † (1642 - 1644)
 Giacomo Accarisi † (1644 - 1653)
 Giovanni Mastelloni † (1654 - 1668)
 Raimondo de Pozzo † (1668 - 1694)
 Andrea Tontoli † (1695 - 1696)
 Francesco Antonio Volturale † (1697 - 1697)
 Lorenzo Kreutter de Corvinis, O.S.B. Silv. † (1697 - 1701)
 Giovanni Antonio Ruggeri † (1703 - 1704)
 Camillo Caravita † (1704 - 1713)
 Sé vacante (1713-1718)
 Giuseppe Grisconi, Sch.P. † (1718 - 1719)
 Marcantonio de Marco † (1720 - 1725)
 Nicola Preti Castriota † (1725 - 1748)
 Nicola Cimaglia, O.S.B. Coel. † (1748 - 1764)
 Giuseppe Maruca † (1764 - 1784)
 Sede vacante (1784-1792)
 Domenico Arcaroli † (1792 - 1817)
 Sé administrada pelos arcebispos de Manfredonia (1818-1986)

Arcebispos de Manfredonia e administradores apostólicos de Vieste
 Eustachio Dentice, C.R. † (1818 - 1830)
 Vitangelo Salvemini † (1832 - 1854)
 Vincenzo Taglialatela † (1854 - 1879)
 Beniamino Feuli † (1880 - 1884)
 Federico Pizza † (1884 - 1897)
 Pasquale Gagliardi † (1897 - 1929)
 Alessandro Macchi † (1929 - 1931) (administrador apostólico)
 Andrea Cesarano † (1931 - 1969)
 Antonio Cunial † (1967 - 1970) (administrador apostólico sede plena)
 Valentino Vailati † (1970 - 1986)

Arcebispos de Manfredonia-Vieste
 Valentino Vailati † (1986 - 1990)
 Vincenzo D'Addario † (1990 - 2002)

Arcebispos de Manfredonia-Vieste-San Giovanni Rotondo
 Domenico Umberto D'Ambrosio (2003 - 2009)
 Michele Castoro † (2009 - 2018)
 Franco Moscone, C.R.S. (desde 2018)

Bibliografia

Siponto e Manfredonia
 Pompeo Sarnelli, Cronologia de' vescovi et arcivescovi sipontini, Manfredonia, 1680
 Ferdinando Ughelli, Italia sacra, vol. VII, seconda edizione, Venezia, 1721, coll. 809-865
 Vincenzio d'Avino, Cenni storici sulle chiese arcivescovili, vescovili e prelatizie (nullius) del Regno delle Due Sicilie, Napoli, 1848, pp. 308–311
 Giuseppe Cappelletti, Le Chiese d'Italia dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni, Venezia, 1858, vol. XX, pp. 577–594
 Francesco Lanzoni, Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604), vol. I, Faenza, 1927, pp. 277–284
 Hans-Walter Klewitz, Zur geschichte der bistumsorganization Campaniens und Apuliensim 10. und 11. Jahrhundert, in Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen archiven und bibliotheken, XXIV (1932-33), pp. 54–55
 Paul Fridolin Kehr, Italia Pontificia, vol. IX, Berlim, 1962, pp. 230–267
 Norbert Kamp, Kirche und Monarchie im staufischen Königreich Sizilien, vol. 2, Prosopographische Grundlegung: Bistümer und Bischöfe des Königreichs 1194 - 1266; Apulien und Kalabrien, München, 1975, pp. 530–540
 Giorgio Otranto, L'episcopato dauno nei primi sei secoli, Atti del 4º Convegno Nazionale sulla Preistoria-Protostoria-Storia della Daunia, San Severo, 1985, pp. 149–151
 Mario Spedicato, Vescovi e riforma cattolica a Manfredonia nel periodo post-tridentino (secc. XVII-XVIII), Atti del 14º Convegno Nazionale sulla Preistoria-Protostoria-Storia della Daunia, San Severo, 1996, pp. 181–218
 Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Graz, 1957, pp. 924–925
 Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 1 , p. 453; vol. 2, p. 238; vol. 3, pp. 300–301; vol. 4 , pp. 328–329; vol. 5, p. 358; vol. 6, p. 381

Vieste
 La diocesi di Vieste su Beweb - Beni ecclesiastici in web
 Ferdinando Ughelli, Italia sacra, vol. VII, seconda edizione, Venezia, 1721, coll. 865-878
 Vincenzo Giuliani, Memorie storiche, politiche, ecclesiastiche della città di Vieste, Napoli, 1768
 Vincenzio d'Avino, Cenni storici sulle chiese arcivescovili, vescovili e prelatizie (nullius) del Regno delle Due Sicilie, Napoli, 1848, p. 747
 Giuseppe Cappelletti, Le Chiese d'Italia dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni, Venezia, 1858, vol. XX, pp. 595–600
 Paul Fridolin Kehr, Italia Pontificia, vol. IX, Berlim, 1962, pp. 268–270
 Norbert Kamp, Kirche und Monarchie im staufischen Königreich Sizilien, vol. 2, Prosopographische Grundlegung: Bistümer und Bischöfe des Königreichs 1194 - 1266; Apulien und Kalabrien, München, 1975, pp. 541–542
  Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Graz, 1957, pp. 941–942
  Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 1 , p. 524; vol. 2, p. 266; vol. 3, p. 332; vol. 4 , p. 366; vol. 5, p. 412; vol. 6, p. 439

Ligações externas

Arquidioceses da Itália


Radio Sexo Latino, le blagueur sentimental (El chacotero sentimental: La película) est un film chilien réalisé par Cristián Galaz, sorti en 1999.

Synopsis
Rumpy, un DJ, raconte ses histoires à la radio et instaure le dialogue avec ses auditeurs dans trois segments narratifs.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Radio Sexo Latino, le blagueur sentimental
 Titre original : El chacotero sentimental: La película
 Réalisation : Cristián Galaz
 Scénario : Mateo Iribarren
 Musique : Carlos Cabezas
 Photographie : Antonio Farías
 Montage : Soledad Salfate
 Production : Alejandro Castillo et Cristián Galaz
 Société de production : Cebra Producciones
 Pays :
 Genre : Comédie dramatique
 Durée : 87 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :
 :

Distribution
 Roberto Artiagoitía : Rumpy
 Segment Patas negras
 Daniel Muñoz : Juan
 Lorene Prieto : Claudia
 Sergio Schmied : Lalo
 Fernando Farías : le père de Juan
 Martín Salinas : Pulga
 Myriam Palacios : Lastenia, la tante de Juan
Segment Secretos
 Ximena Rivas : Carmen
 Mateo Iribarren : le père de Carmen
 Claudia Celedón : Maria, la mère de Carmen
 Patricia Rivadeneira : Alicia
Segment Todos es cancha
 Pablo Macaya : Johnny
 Tamara Acosta : Mía
 Patricio Bunster : Don Octavio
 Mireya Véliz : Tota
 Marcela Espinoza : Marlene
 Alejandro Trejo : Richard
 Héctor Aguilar : Tigre
 Hugo Medina : Loro
 Anita Reeves : la mère de Johnny
 Patricio del Canto : Eric

Distinctions
Le film a été nommé pour cinq prix Altazor et en a remporté deux : meilleur réalisateur et meilleur scénario.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film chilien sorti en 1999
Comédie dramatique chilienne
Film à sketches chilien
Film sur la radio


Jedaias Capucho Neves (Santarém, Pará; 15 de abril de 1979), más conocido como Jeda, es un futbolista brasileño. Juega de delantero en el US Lecce.

Trayectoria
Jeda inició su carrera en la União São João, para luego marcharse a Italia, más precisamente al Vicenza Calcio en el año 2000. A principios de 2002, con el equipo en la Serie B, se fue cedido al AC Siena. En el verano regresó al Vicenza, permaneciendo en el equipo hasta el 2003.

En enero de 2004, fichó por el Palermo, con el que ganó la Serie B 2003/04. Sin embargo, se fue cedido al Catania Calcio en el mercado de invierno de 2005. En el verano de ese mismo año se trasladó al FC Crotone.

En el 2006 fue contratado por el Rimini Calcio, donde anotó 13 goles en 19 partidos en la temporada 2007/08.

En enero se unió al Cagliari de la Serie A, que en ese entonces se encontraba peleando por salvar la categoría. Jeda ayudó en gran medida a que el equipo permanezca en la élite.

En agosto del 2010, firmó por el recién ascendido US Lecce. Anotó los dos goles de su equipo en la decisiva victoria por 0-2 contra el Bari el 15 de mayo de 2011, resultado con el cual el Lecce aseguró su permanencia a falta de una jornada para el final.

Nacidos en Pará
Futbolistas de Brasil

Jeda


PCR, හෝ polymerase chain reaction පොලිමරේස් දාම ප්‍රතික්‍රියාව නම්වන රසායනාගාර ක්‍රමවේදය.

PCR (වක්‍රෝක්තිහරණය)


Darío Alejandro Delgado Mora (San José, 14 de diciembre de 1985) es un futbolista costarricense. Juega como defensa y su equipo actual es el Gudalupe F.C de la Primera División de Costa Rica.

Selección nacional

Con la Selección de Costa Rica ha disputado 11 partidos. Debutó en la Copa Oro de 2009, en esa ocasión la Selección de Costa Rica derrotó 5 x 1 a la de Guadalupe.

Clubes

Referencias

Futbolistas de Costa Rica
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Costa Rica en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Deportivo Saprissa
Futbolistas del Puntarenas Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Chivas USA
Futbolistas de la Asociación Deportiva Carmelita
Nacidos en San José (Costa Rica)

Darío Delgado


William C. Chittick, New York Devlet Üniversitesi'nde, karşılaştırmalı araştırmalar bölümü profesörüdür.

Milford, Connecticut'ta doğup büyüyen William C. Chittick lisansını Ohio Wooster Koleji'nde tarih alanında tamamladıktan sonra doktorasını 1974'te Tahran Üniversitesi'nde Fars edebiyatı alanında tamamladı.

Tahran'da Aryamehr Teknik Üniversitesi'de beşeri bilimler bölümünde karşılaştırmalı dinler alanında hocalık yaptı. İran İslam Devrimi'nden önce İran Kraliyet Felsefe Akademisi'nde yardımcı doçentti. 1979'da Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ne döndü ve dini araştırmalar alanında hocalığını sürdürdü.

Yirmi beş kadar tercümesi ve İslam düşüncesi, tasavvuf, Şiilik ve Fars edebiyatı alanında çok sayıda makalesi olan ancak özellikle Muhyiddin Arabi ve Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi gibi sufi yazar ve şairlerinin yazılarını İngilizceye tercüme edip ve yorumladığı eserlerle tanınan Chittick, halen tasavvuf ve İslam felsefesi alanında çeşitli araştırma projelerinde çalışmakta ve İslam klasikleri, Hinduizm ve dini araştırmalar alanının diğer konularına dair dersler vermeye devam etmektedir.

Eserleri
 The Sufi Path of Knowledge
 The Sufi Path of Love: The Spiritual Teachings of Rumi (1983)
 The Psalms of Islam (1988)
 The Self-Disclosure of God: Principles of Ibn al-`Arabî's Cosmology (1998)
 Sufism: A Short Introduction (2000)
 The Heart of Islamic Philosophy: The Quest for Self-Knowledge in the Teachings of Afdal al-Dîn Kâshânî (2001)
 The Elixir of the Gnostics (2003)
 Me & Rumi: The Autobiography of Shams-i Tabrizi (2004)

Ayrıca bakınız
 Tradisyonalizm

1943 doğumlular
Amerikalı akademisyenler
İslam alimleri
İslam felsefesi
Tradisyonalizm
Yaşayan insanlar

William Chittick


Jonathan Berger (* 1954 in New York City) ist ein US-amerikanischer Komponist.

Berger wurde als Komponist von sinfonischen Werken und Konzerten, Kammermusik, Vokalmusik und elektroakustischer Musik bekannt. Er erhielt Stipendien des National Endowment for the Arts, der Rockefeller Foundation der Morse  Foundation und der Mellon Foundation, zwei Bourges-Preise für elektroakustische Musik sowie Kompositionsaufträge u. a. des WDR, des Banff Centre for the Arts, der Chamber Music America, der Chamber Music Denver (The Bridal Canope), des Hudson Valley Chamber Circle, der Connecticut Commission on the Arts und der Jerualem Foundation. 2008 erschien Miracle and Muds für Streicher beim Label Naxos. Bekannt wurde auch die Klanginstallationen Echoes of Light and Time.

Neben seiner Tätigkeit als Billie-Bennett-Achilles-Professor für Musikperformance an der Stanford University ist er Kodirektor des Stanford Institute for Creativity and the Arts (SiCa), und der Stanford's Art Initiative und Gründungsdirektor des Center for Studies in Music Technology der Yale University und unterrichtet Komposition und Musiktheorie am Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA). Außerdem arbeitet er u. a. am Stanford Center for Studies in Music Technology wissenschaftlich an der Erforschung der Wirkung von Musik auf das Gehirn, des Erkennens und Wiedererkennens von Musik und musikalischen Mustern und der Funktion der Musik beim Transport von Informationen und verfasste mehr als 60 Publikationen über diese Thematik u. a. für die MIT Press, das Journal of the Audio Engineering Society und das Journal of Music Theory.

Einzelnachweise
Jonathan Berger Website
Stanford University - The Human Experience - Music Expert Jonathan Berger
Naxos - Jonathan Berger
earplay new chamber music - Jonathan Berger

Komponist (Vereinigte Staaten)
Musikpädagoge
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1954
Mann

Jonathan Berger


An Typhonium liliifolium in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Mueller ngan Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. An Typhonium liliifolium in nahilalakip ha genus nga Typhonium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Typhonium

Typhonium liliifolium


The Phi Phi Islands (, , ) are an island group in Thailand between the large island of Phuket and the Straits of Malacca coast of Thailand. The islands are administratively part of Krabi Province. Ko Phi Phi Don (, ) (ko  'island') is the largest and most populated island of the group, although the beaches of the second largest island, Ko Phi Phi Le (, ) are visited by many people as well. The rest of the islands in the group, including Bida Nok, Bida Nai, and Ko Mai Phai, are not much more than large limestone rocks jutting out of the sea. The islands are reachable by ferries, speedboats or long-tail boats, most often from Krabi town or from ports in Phuket Province.

Phi Phi Don was initially populated by Thai Malay fishermen during the late-1940s, and later became a coconut plantation. The resident Thai population of Phi Phi Don remains more than 80 percent Muslim. The current population however—if counting transient workers—is more Buddhist than Muslim. The resident population is between 2,000 and 3,000 people (2018).

The islands came to worldwide prominence when Ko Phi Phi Le was used as a location for the 2000 British-American film The Beach. This attracted criticism, with claims that the film company had damaged the island's environment—the producers supposedly bulldozed beach areas and planted palm trees to make it better resemble descriptions in the book, an accusation the filmmakers contest. An increase in tourism was attributed to the film's release, which resulted in increased environmental degradation. Phi Phi Le is home to the "Viking Cave", where there is a thriving industry harvesting edible bird's nests.

Ko Phi Phi was devastated by the Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004, when nearly all of the island's infrastructure was destroyed.

History

The name Phi Phi (pronounced "phi-phi") originates from Malay. The original name for the islands was Pulau Api-Api ('the fiery isle'). The name refers to the Pokok Api-Api, or "fiery tree" (grey mangrove) which is found on the islands.

Geography
There are six islands in the group known as Phi Phi. They lie  southeast of Phuket and are part of Hat Noppharat Thara–Mu Ko Phi Phi National Park. The national park covers an area of . which is home to an abundance of corals and marine life. There are limestone mountains with cliffs, caves, and long white sandy beaches.

Phi Phi Don and Phi Phi Le are the largest and best-known islands. Phi Phi Don is :  in length and  wide. Phi Phi Le is . In total, the islands occupy .

Administration

There are two administrative villages on Ko Phi Phi under the administration of the Ao Nang sub-district, Mueang Krabi District, Krabi Province. There are nine settlements under these two villages.

The villages are:
Laem Thong (บ้านแหลมตง, Mu 8, between 300 and 500 people)
 Ban Ko Mai Phai
 Ban Laem Tong
 Ao Loh Bakhao
 Ao Lana

Ko Phi Phi (บ้านเกาะพีพี, Mu 7, between 1,500 - 2,000 people)
 Ao Maya (about 10 people, mostly in the ranger station)
 Ton Sai, the capital and largest settlement
 Hat Yao
 Ao Lodalum
 Laem Pho

Climate
Hat Noppharat Thara–Mu Ko Phi Phi National Park is influenced by tropical monsoon winds. There are two seasons: the rainy season from May till December and the hot season from January till April. Average temperature ranges between . Average rainfall per year is about , with wettest month being July and the driest February.

Transportation and communication

Roads
Since the re-building of Ko Phi Phi after the 2004 tsunami, paved roads now cover the vast majority of Ton Sai Bay and Loh Dalum Bay. All roads are for pedestrian use only with push carts used to transport goods and bags. The only permitted motor vehicles are reserved for emergency services. Bicycling is the most popular form of transport in Ton Sai.

Air
The nearest airport is Krabi which is in the same province as the Phi Phi Islands. Phuket and Trang airports are also nearby. Phuket has a direct connection by road and boat. There is a road and boat connection from Trang to Phi Phi via Koh Lanta but services only operate between November and March.

Ferry
There are frequent ferry boats to Ko Phi Phi from Phuket, Ko Lanta, and Krabi town starting at 08:30. Last boats from Krabi and Phuket depart at 14:30. In the "green season" (Jun-Oct), travel to and from Ko Lanta is via Krabi town only.

There is a large modern deep water government pier on Tonsai Bay, Phi Phi Don Village, completed in late-2009. It takes in the main ferry boats from Phuket, Krabi, and Ko Lanta. Visitors to Phi Phi Island must pay 20 baht on arrival at the pier. Dive boats, longtail boats, and supply boats have their own drop off points along the piers, making the pier highly efficient in the peak season.

Tourism

The islands feature beaches and clear water, and the natural environment is protected by national park status. Tourism on the islands exploded since the release of the movie The Beach.

Phi Phi Le's Maya Bay was closed to tourists from June 2018 until the ecosystem recovers, but at least a year.

Attraction sites
Some of the top attraction sites in Phi Phi Island include:

 Monkey Beach
 Maya Bay
 Mosquito Island
 Koh Phi Phi Leh
 Viking Cave
 Laem Tong Beach

Medical
There is a small government hospital on Phi Phi Island, for emergencies. Its primary purpose is to stabilize emergencies and evacuate to a Krabi hospital by sea. It is between the Phi Phi Cabana Hotel and the Ton Sai Towers, about a 5–7 minute walk from the main pier. There are two Private Hospitals, The World Med Center is on Tonsai Bay, and a second smaller branch is near Loh Dalum Beach.

2004 tsunami
On 26 December 2004, much of the inhabited part of Phi Phi Don was devastated by the Indian Ocean tsunami. The island's main village, Ton Sai (Banyan Tree, ), is built on a sandy isthmus between the island's two long, tall limestone ridges. On both sides of Ton Sai are semicircular bays lined with beaches. The isthmus rises less than   above sea level.

Shortly after 10:00 on 26 December, the water from both bays receded. When the tsunami hit, at 10:37, it did so from both bays, and met in the middle of the isthmus. The wave that came into Ton Sai Bay was  high. The wave that came into Loh Dalum Bay was  high. The force of the larger wave from Loh Dalum Bay pushed the tsunami and also breached low-lying areas in the limestone karsts, passing from Laa Naa Bay to Bakhao Bay, and at Laem Thong (Sea Gypsy Village), where 11 people died. Apart from these breaches, the east side of the island experienced only flooding and strong currents. A tsunami memorial was built to honor the deceased but has since been removed for the building of a new hotel in 2015.

At the time of the tsunami, the island had an estimated 10,000 occupants, including tourists.

Post-tsunami reconstruction

After the tsunami, approximately 70% of the buildings on the island had been destroyed. By the end of July 2005, an estimated 850 bodies had been recovered, and an estimated 1,200 people were still missing. The total number of fatalities is unlikely to be known. Local tour guides cite the figure 4,000. Of Phi Phi Don residents, 104 surviving children had lost one or both parents.

In the immediate aftermath of the disaster, the permanent residents were housed in a refugee camp at Nong Kok in Krabi Province.

On 6 January 2005, a former Dutch resident of Phi Phi, Emiel Kok, set up a voluntary organization, Help International Phi Phi ("HI Phi Phi"). HI Phi Phi recruited 68 Thai staff from the refugee camp, as well as transient backpacker volunteers (of whom more than 3,500 offered their assistance), and returned to the island to undertake clearing and rebuilding work. On 18 February 2005, a second organization, Phi Phi Dive Camp, was set up to remove the debris from the bays and coral reef, most of which was in Ton Sai Bay.

By the end of July 2005, 23,000 tonnes of debris had been removed from the island, of which 7,000 tonnes had been cleared by hand. "We try and do as much as possible by hand," said Kok, "that way we can search for passports and identification." The majority of buildings that were deemed fit for repair by government surveyors had been repaired, and 300 businesses had been restored. HI Phi Phi was nominated for a Time Magazine Heroes of Asia award.

As of 6 December 2005, nearly 1,500 hotel rooms were open, and a tsunami early-warning alarm system had been installed by the Thai government with the help of volunteers.

Impact of mass tourism

Since the tsunami, Phi Phi has come under greater threat from mass tourism. Dr Thon Thamrongnawasawat, an environmental activist and member of Thailand's National Reform Council, is campaigning to have Phi Phi tourist numbers capped before its natural beauty is completely destroyed. With southern Thailand attracting thousands more tourists every day, Dr Thon makes the point that the ecosystem is under threat and is fast disappearing. "Economically, a few people may be enriched, but their selfishness will come at great cost to Thailand", says Dr Thon, a marine biology lecturer at Kasetsart University and an established environmental writer.

More than one thousand tourists arrive on Phi Phi daily. This figure does not include those who arrive by chartered speedboat or yacht. Phi Phi produces about  of solid waste a day, rising to  during the high season and most of this waste leaves Phi Phi island into the ocean - untreated; in fact, Phi Phi Island releases 83% wastewater untreated. All tourists arriving on the island pay a 20-baht fee at Ton Sai Pier to assist in "keeping Ko Phi Phi clean". "We collect up to 20,000 baht a day from tourists at the pier. The money is then used to pay a private company to haul the rubbish from the island to the mainland in Krabi to be disposed of", Mr Pankum Kittithonkun, Ao Nang Administration Organization (OrBorTor) President, said. The boat takes about 25 tonnes of trash from the island daily, weather permitting. Ao Nang OrBorTor pays 600,000 baht per month for the service. During high season, an Ao Nang OrBorTor boat is used to help transport the overflow of rubbish. Further aggravating Phi Phi's waste issues is sewage. "We have no wastewater management plant there. Our only hope is that hotels, restaurants and other businesses act responsibly – but I have no faith in them," Mr Pankum said. "They of course have to treat their own wastewater before releasing it into the sea, but they very well could just be turning the devices on before officers arrive to check them." The fundamental issue is that the budget allocated for Ao Nang and Phi Phi is based on its registered population, not on the number of people it hosts every year, Mr Pankum said.

In June 2018, Maya Beach, made famous by Leonardo DiCaprio's 2000 film The Beach, was closed indefinitely to allow it to recover. The beach used to receive up to 5,000 tourists and 200 boats a day.

Gallery

See also
 List of islands of Thailand
 Setjetting

References

External links

Geography of Krabi province
Islands of Thailand
Islands of the Strait of Malacca
Populated places in Krabi province

Phi Phi Islands


Philip Hammond, Baron Hammond of Runnymede  (born 4 December 1955) is a British politician and life peer who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 2016 to 2019, Foreign Secretary from 2014 to 2016, and Defence Secretary from 2011 to 2014. A member of the Conservative Party, he was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Runnymede and Weybridge from 1997 to 2019.

Born in Epping, Essex, Hammond studied Philosophy, politics and economics at University College, Oxford. He worked from 1984 as a company director at Castlemead Ltd – a healthcare and nursing company. From 1995 to 1997, he acted as an adviser to the government of Malawi before his election to Parliament.

Hammond served in the Shadow Cabinets of Michael Howard and David Cameron as Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from 2005 to 2007 and Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury in 2005 and from 2007 to 2010. After the formation of the Coalition Government in May 2010, he was appointed Secretary of State for Transport and was sworn of the Privy Council.  Upon the resignation of Liam Fox over a scandal in October 2011, Hammond was promoted to replace him as Secretary of State for Defence, before being further promoted in July 2014 to become Foreign Secretary.

In July 2016, after Theresa May succeeded Cameron as Prime Minister, Hammond was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer. As Chancellor, Hammond suggested that the government may begin a reduction in austerity measures. In July 2019, he spoke in an interview with Andrew Marr of his plans to tender his resignation to Theresa May should Boris Johnson become the new Leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister, on the grounds that, should he be part of the Johnson Cabinet, collective responsibility would require him to support a no-deal Brexit. With the later selection of Boris Johnson as the next Prime Minister, he tendered his resignation to Theresa May. He had the Conservative whip removed in September 2019 for voting against Boris Johnson's government and subsequently sat as an independent MP, whilst remaining a member of the party. He did not stand for re-election in the 2019 election.

Early life
Hammond was born in Epping, Essex, the son of a civil engineer. He was educated at Shenfield School (now Shenfield High School) in Brentwood, Essex, where he was a classmate of Richard Madeley. He then read Philosophy, politics and economics at University College, Oxford, where he was an Open Scholar, and graduated with a first-class honours degree.

Hammond joined the medical equipment manufacturers Speywood Laboratories Ltd in 1977, becoming a director of Speywood Medical Limited in 1981. He left in 1983 and, from 1984, served as a director in Castlemead Ltd.

From 1993 to 1995, he was a partner in CMA Consultants and, from 1994, a director in Castlemead Homes. He had many business interests including house building and property, manufacturing, healthcare, and oil and gas. He worked as a consultant to the Government of Malawi from 1995 until his election to Parliament.

Early political career
Hammond was the Chairman of the Lewisham East Conservative Association for seven years from 1989, and was also a political assistant to Colin Moynihan, then MP for Lewisham East and Minister of Sport. He contested the 1994 Newham North East by-election following the death of sitting Labour MP Ron Leighton, losing in this rock-solid Labour seat to Stephen Timms by 11,818 votes, Hammond only polling 14.5% of the vote. He was elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election for the newly created Surrey seat of Runnymede and Weybridge. He won the seat with a majority of 9,875 and remained its MP until 2019. He made his maiden speech on 17 June 1997.

In Parliament, he served on the Environment, Transport and the Regions Select committee from 1997 until he was promoted by William Hague as front bench spokesman for Health. He was moved to become a spokesman for Trade and Industry by Iain Duncan Smith in 2001, and later transferred to Shadow Minister for Local Government and Regions in 2002.

Howard promoted Hammond to his Shadow Cabinet following the 2005 general election as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury. Following the election of David Cameron as Conservative leader later in 2005, Hammond became the Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. He was moved back to the role of Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury in David Cameron's reshuffle following Gordon Brown's accession to the premiership.

In government

Secretary of State for Transport (2010–2011)
Hammond was appointed Secretary of State for Transport following the formation of the coalition government on 12 May 2010, a position he held until 14 October 2011.

On 28 September 2011, the government initiated a consultation on plans to raise the speed limit on motorways from 70 mph to 80 mph, to introduce the new limit in 2013. However, following criticism, including that modelling predicted a 20+% increase in motorway deaths and would alienate women voters, the plans were dropped by his successor.

Secretary of State for Defence (2011–2014)
Hammond became Secretary of State for Defence on 14 October 2011 when Liam Fox resigned. As Secretary of State for Defence, Hammond became a member of the National Security Council.

In December 2011, women were allowed to serve on Royal Navy submarines. The first women officers began serving on s in late 2013. They were due to be followed by female ratings in 2015, when women should also begin serving on the new s. It was also confirmed that the cost of the Libyan operations was £212 million – less than was estimated – including £67 million for replacing spent munitions, is all expected to be met from HM Treasury's reserve.

In January 2012, the Ministry of Defence cut 4,200 jobs in the second round of armed forces redundancies. The Army would see up to 2,900 job cuts, including 400 Gurkhas, while the RAF would lose up to 1,000 members and the Royal Navy up to 300. The job losses would account for some of the cuts under the defence review – intended to help plug the £38 billion hole in the defence budget. Hammond said the Government had "no choice but to reduce the size of the armed forces – while reconfiguring them to ensure they remain agile, adaptable and effective".

The £38 billion "black hole" in  Ministry of Defence finances had been "dealt with" and the department's "hand to mouth existence would come to an end", Hammond stated in February 2012. Ministers had even found £2.1 billion to be allocated to several major spending projects to be introduced in the coming weeks. The money was to come from a combination of cuts over the previous two years, bargaining with industry suppliers and a one per cent increase in the equipment budget.

In February 2012, Hammond said that the Falkland Islands did not face a "current credible military threat" from Argentina. He added that Britain had "no desire or intention to increase the heat" surrounding their sovereignty. Speaking in the House of Commons he said "despite media speculation to the contrary, there has been no recent change to force levels", adding "there is no evidence of any current credible military threat to the security of the Falkland Islands and therefore no current plan for significant changes to force deployments."

In August 2012, Hammond cut senior positions within the "top-heavy" military by a quarter. Around 26 civilian and military head office posts would go and a new senior structure would come in from April 2013. The move was expected to save the Ministry of Defence around £3.8 million a year. Hammond said one in four posts from the ranks of commodore, brigadier, air commodore and above would go.

Four weeks before the London Olympic Games of 2012, the security company G4S could not provide the number of security staff it had originally undertaken to deploy for the games. Hammond solved the problem by deploying 5,000 members of the armed forces making good the shortfall. Their performance attracted widespread praise.

Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (2014–2016)

On 15 July 2014, Hammond was appointed Foreign Secretary. Newspapers highlighted his "Eurosceptic" credentials, and his confidence that Britain could "get a deal" on reforming the European Union. He said that he would vote in a putative referendum for a British exit from the European Union unless there were changes in the relationship, but following David Cameron's renegotiation, he supported the Remain campaign.

In August 2014, Hammond said he was surprised at the sudden resignation of Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi, who wrote of "great unease" under his leadership of the Foreign office.

In March 2015, Hammond stated that Britain would support the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen "in every practical way short of engaging in combat." He also told Parliament that the Saudi-led coalition had complied with humanitarian law. This statement was later corrected by the Foreign Office as, according to the Foreign Office, he should have said: "Looking at all the information available to us, we have been unable to assess that there has been a breach of International Humanitarian Law by the Saudi-led coalition". As a result of these discrepancies, Labour MP Ann Clwyd asked the Commons Speaker John Bercow to refer the incident to the relevant parliamentary authority so that they can decide whether Hammond deliberately misled the MPs or if it was an honest mistake.

In March 2015, speaking as the minister responsible for the intelligence agencies, he suggested that terror "apologists" must share blame in terrorist acts, saying "But a huge burden of responsibility also lies with those who act as apologists for them."On 8 July 2015, Hammond condemned the defeat by Russia at the UN Security Council of his four-page draft resolution S/2015/508, which would have applied the genocide label to the Srebrenica massacre of Muslim Bosniaks in 1995. Angola, China, Nigeria and Venezuela abstained, while the draft had been proposed by Jordan, Lithuania, Malaysia, New Zealand, the UK and the US. The Russian ambassador, Vitaly Churkin, criticised the British wording as "confrontational and politically-motivated", arguing that it unfairly singled out Bosnian Serbs for committing war crimes in a conflict in which all three ethnic groups were the victims of atrocities. Hammond stated that: "We are disappointed that our resolution to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Srebrenica was vetoed today."

On 14 July 2015, after several years of on-again-off-again negotiations, the P5+1 reached agreement with Iran over the Nuclear program of Iran. Hammond was present in Vienna as the UK representative for the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action disclosure ceremony. Hammond presented the deal in Commons the next day, and was in Jerusalem for a joint press conference with Benjamin Netanyahu, which was described as "tense".

Hammond described the United Nations findings regarding the detention of Julian Assange in the Ecuadorian embassy in London on 6 February 2016 as "ridiculous". Mads Andenæs commented, "When countries respond in this way, they damage the respect for the rule of law and the United Nations."

In October 2015, Justice Secretary Michael Gove cancelled a £5.9 million contract to provide services for prisons in the Saudi Arabia, saying "the British government should not be assisting a regime that uses beheadings, stoning, crucifixions and lashings as forms of punishment." Foreign Secretary Hammond accused Gove of "naivety".

In November 2015, Hammond was criticised for accepting a watch worth £1,950 from Saudi businessman Mahfouz Marei Mubarak bin Mahfouz. The watch was given as a gift after the unveiling of a statue of the Queen to mark the 800th anniversary of the sealing of Magna Carta. Ministers are not allowed to accept gifts worth more than £140 but Hammond claims he was advised that the event was a constituency one, not a ministerial one, and therefore the rules for ministers did not apply to him on that day. Labour MP John Mann was among those who criticised Hammond. "What on earth was he doing?" Mann asked, "No MP should be accepting watches worth nearly £2,000 as a gift. He should now give it to charity."

Chancellor of the Exchequer (2016–2019)

Hammond was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer by new Prime Minister Theresa May on 13 July 2016.

Hammond had backed Remain in the Brexit referendum, but confirmed he would support the withdrawal of the UK from the EU, saying  "No ifs, no buts, no second referendums.  We are leaving the European Union. But it is equally clear to me that the British people did not vote on June 23 to become poorer, or less secure" and that he would take whatever steps necessary to protect the economy, jobs and living standards.

In October 2016, Hammond was criticised by some Cabinet colleagues for "arguing like an accountant seeing the risk of everything" rather than pressing ahead with plans for Brexit. Hammond called for caution during a Cabinet committee meeting, which discussed a proposed post-Brexit visa regime that would require all European Union workers to prove they have secured a skilled job before being allowed into Britain, which led to accusations that he was trying to "undermine Brexit"

According to The Sunday Times, Hammond's priority was ensuring the UK retained full access to the EU's single market for Britain's financial industry. In January 2017, Hammond stated that the UK would leave the Single Market as it was not politically possible to continue to comply with all the EU's rules regarding freedom of movement in the wake of the Brexit vote, saying that they would look to pursue a "comprehensive free trade agreement" instead.

In his first budget in March 2017, Hammond increased National Insurance contributions that self-employed people have to pay, despite the Conservatives making a manifesto pledge at the 2015 election not to increase NI. The policy was reversed a week later after opposition from some of his own backbenchers. The IFS argued in favour of the NIC rise, claiming the original pledge not to increase tax had been unwise. "As we said at the time these were silly pledges. To commit yourself to not raising the three main taxes – income tax, NI and VAT – ties your hands to an absurd extent." George Eaton maintains the promise was intended as a negotiating tool as the Conservatives did not expect an outright majority. Hammond's budget continued government policies of freezing benefits.

Following the 2017 general election, Hammond suggested that he may ease up on austerity in the coming autumn budget. Hammond said, "Obviously we are not deaf. We heard a message last week in the general election and we need to look at how we deal with the challenges we face in the economy. I understand that people are weary after years of hard work to rebuild the economy after the great crash of 2008–09, but we have to live within our means. (...) We have never said we won't raise some taxes."

In a June 2017 speech, Hammond said a Brexit deal that prioritised jobs and prosperity was the only way the UK would be able to deliver the strong growth that would allow the government to end its austerity measures. In his strongest-yet call for a managed approach, Hammond said a comprehensive trade agreement, a transitional deal after the 2019 deadline for the end of talks, and a commitment to keep borders open should form a three-point Brexit plan for Britain. There would be "audible sighs of relief", he said, if the talks that ended with a business-friendly agreement.

In October 2017, Hammond referred to the European Union's Brexit negotiators as "the enemy". Shortly thereafter, however, he expressed regret for his choice of words.

In November 2017, Hammond said in an interview on The Andrew Marr Show, whilst talking about possible unemployment that comes with driverless vehicles, AI and robots, that the development of personal computers meant that there was no longer any need for shorthand typists. He then asked in reference to his previous comment: "Where are all these unemployed people? There are no unemployed people." This was immediately noticed by the media, as there are roughly 1.42 million unemployed with more underemployed. This led to accusations that Hammond is out of touch with reality. Later in the same programme, he clarified his remarks, and again on Peston on Sunday, acknowledging on both occasions the real number of unemployed people in the UK.

On 22 November 2017, he presented his second budget.
In January 2018, senior Conservative MPs mounted pressure on Theresa May to sack him as Chancellor following his recent comments about Brexit, which were deemed too europhilic in nature.

In 2019, Hammond responded to the report by the UN's rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, Philip Alston. The report argued that 14 million people in the UK live in poverty and 1.5 million are destitute. It claimed the government's policies were "punitive, mean-spirited, and often callous". Hammond said he "rejects the idea that there are vast numbers of people facing dire poverty in this country. I don't accept the UN rapporteur's report at all. I think that's nonsense. Look around you; that's not what we see in this country."

In July 2019, with the expectation that Boris Johnson would become Prime Minister, Hammond asserted that he would work to avoid an immediate exit from the EU. In an interview on The Andrew Marr Show he said he planned to tender his resignation to Theresa May on 24 July immediately following Prime Minister's Questions but before May stood down. He stated that should he be part of the Johnson Cabinet he would be required to support a no-deal Brexit, something he "could never sign up to". He submitted his resignation to May stating that her successor "must be free to choose a Chancellor who is fully aligned with his policy position".

Conservative Backbencher and Independent
In August 2019, Hammond, and a number of other Conservative MPs including former Cabinet ministers Rory Stewart and David Gauke, wrote a letter to the Prime Minister Boris Johnson, accusing him of "ruining" any chance of a new deal with European Union by setting "the bar on his red lines so high". According to The Times, Hammond and several other remain supporters aimed at an extension to Article 50 with EU leaders.

On 3 September 2019, Hammond led 20 other rebel Conservative MPs to vote against the Conservative government of Boris Johnson. The rebel MPs voted with the Opposition against a Conservative motion, which subsequently failed. Effectively, they helped block Johnson's "no-deal" Brexit plan from proceeding on 31 October. Subsequently, all 21 were advised that they had lost the Conservative whip, expelling them as Conservative MPs and requiring them to sit as independents.

Hammond did not contest the 2019 general election, as he would be a "direct challenge" to the Conservative party. If he or the other rebel MPs had decided to run for re-election, the party would have blocked their selection as Conservative candidates. Hammond later suggested that "the Conservative Party has been taken over by unelected advisors, entryists and usurpers who are trying to turn it from a broad church into an extreme right-wing faction", and that "it is not the party I joined."

Later career
Boris Johnson nominated Hammond for a peerage in February 2020, along with Kenneth Clarke, who also had the Conservative whip removed. According to the Daily Telegraph, a cabinet minister criticised the decision to award Hammond a seat in the House of Lords, saying he "tried to bring down the government".

Hammond had a business career in small and medium-sized companies in manufacturing, consultancy, property and construction, and oil and gas, both in the UK and abroad. On 13 July 2020, according to documents from the Advisory Committee on Business Appointments, which oversees business appointments for former ministers, Hammond would be taking up a paid, part-time role as an advisor to Saudi Arabia's Minister of Finance. Hammond also worked at Francis Maude Associates, a consultancy founded by Francis Maude and Simone Finn, which trades as FMA.

Hammond was created Baron Hammond of Runnymede, of Runnymede in the County of Surrey, by Letters Patent dated 30 September 2020.

The cryptocurrency trading firm Copper Technologies employs Hammond as an adviser. Hammond holds a stake in the company worth $15 million. As of 2023, Hammond was Chair of Copper Technologies.

Political positions

2008 financial crisis
In May 2012, Hammond said that banks were not solely responsible for the 2008 financial crisis as "they had to lend to someone". Hammond said that people who took out loans were "consenting adults", who in some cases were now seeking to blame others for their actions.

Same-sex marriage
In May 2012, Hammond said same-sex marriage is "too controversial". In January 2013 during a visit to Royal Holloway, University of London, he bracketed the tabled legislation, which was passed afterwards, alongside socially unacceptable relationships, at the upper scale of which he stated was the criminal offence of incest. Asked by PinkNews to clarify his remarks, Hammond wrote by email: "The discussion ranged very widely and was not limited to same sex relationships".

In May 2013, Hammond abstained as one of four Cabinet Ministers not to vote in favour of same-sex marriage. Hammond was openly critical of the then Prime Minister David Cameron's approach to the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 and said in November 2013 that he was "shocked" by the speed with which it was pushed through and that it was "damaging" to the Conservative Party.

Public service and taxation
Hammond wants all earners, not only the wealthiest to pay higher taxes to finance improved public services, he feels borrowing will not work.  Hammond said "Of course you can tax wealthy people a bit more but the reality of the fiscal challenge we face is that if we want public services not just to be maintained but to be improved… Everybody including ordinary earners are going to have to pay more tax."

Awards and honours
 :
 13 May 2010: Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom This gave him the Honorific Prefix "The Right Honourable" and after Ennoblement the Post Nominal Letters "PC" for Life.

Personal life
Hammond married Susan Carolyn Williams-Walker on 29 June 1991. They have two daughters and a son and live in Send, Surrey, with another home in London. In 2009, Hammond's wealth was estimated at £9 million.

References

External links

 Profile at the Conservative Party

 Profile: Philip Hammond BBC News
 Runnymede and Weybridge Conservatives
 Debrett's People of Today

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1955 births
Living people
People from Epping
British Anglicans
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Independent members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State for Transport (UK)
Secretaries of State for Defence (UK)
British Secretaries of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
Life peers created by Elizabeth II

Philip Hammond


Anja Hajduk (Duisburgo, 8 de junho de 1963) é uma psicóloga e política alemã da Aliança 90/Os Verdes que serve como Secretária de Estado no Ministério Federal de Assuntos Económicos e Acção Climática no governo de coligação do chanceler Olaf Scholz desde 2021.

Infância e educação
Hajduk nasceu em Duisburg e tem três irmãos. Depois do seu Abitur, estudou psicologia em Duisburg e depois em Hamburgo. Ela terminou os seus estudos na universidade com um diploma em 1988. Hajduk é lésbica.

Carreira política
Em setembro de 2020 Hajduk anunciou que não concorreria às eleições federais de 2021 e renunciaria ao cargo até ao final do mandato parlamentar.

Nas negociações para formar a chamada coligação semáforo do Partido Social-Democrata (SPD), do Partido Verde e do Partido Democrático Liberal (FDP) após as eleições, ela fez parte da delegação do seu partido no grupo de trabalho sobre regulação financeira e o orçamento nacional, co-presidido por Doris Ahnen, Lisa Paus e Christian Dürr.

Outras actividades

Conselhos corporativos
 mdex AG, Membro do Conselho Fiscal (–2015)

Nascidos em 1963
Naturais de Duisburgo
Membros do Bundestag 2002-2005
Membros do Bundestag 2005-2009
Membros do Bundestag 2013-2017
Membros do Bundestag 2017-2021
Alunos da Universidade de Hamburgo
Pessoas vivas
Membros da Aliança 90/Os Verdes
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (LGBTQIA+)

Anja Hajduk


The Jewish Museum Berlin (Jüdisches Museum Berlin) was opened in 2001 and is the largest Jewish museum in Europe. On  of floor space, the museum presents the history of Jews in Germany from the Middle Ages to the present day, with new focuses and new scenography. It consists of three buildings, two of which are new additions specifically built for the museum by architect Daniel Libeskind. German-Jewish history is documented in the collections, the library and the archive, and is reflected in the museum's program of events.

From its opening in 2001 to December 2017, the museum had over eleven million visitors and is one of the most visited museums in Germany.

Opposite the building ensemble, the W. Michael Blumenthal Academy of the Jewish Museum Berlin was built – also after a design by Libeskind – in 2011/2012 in the former flower market hall. The archives, library, museum education department, a lecture hall and the Diaspora Garden can all be found in the academy.

History

The first Jewish Museum in Berlin was founded on 24 January 1933, under the leadership of Karl Schwartz, six days before the Nazis officially gained power. The museum was built next to the Neue Synagoge on Oranienburger Straße and, in addition to curating Jewish history, also featured collections of modern Jewish art. Schwartz intended the museum as a means to revitalise Jewish creativity, and to demonstrate that Jewish history was living history. The museum's art collection was also seen as a contribution to German art history and one of the last exhibitions to be held was a retrospective of the German impressionist, Ernst Oppler in 1937. To reflect this focus on living history, the entrance hall of the museum both contained busts of prominent German Jews, such as Moses Mendelssohn and Abraham Geiger, and also a number of works by contemporary Jewish artists such as Arnold Zadikow and Lesser Ury.

On 10 November 1938, during the 'November Pogroms', known as Kristallnacht, the museum was shut down by the Gestapo, and the museum's inventory was confiscated. In 1976 a "Society for a Jewish Museum" formed and, three years later, the Berlin Museum, which chronicled the city's history, established a Jewish Department, but already, discussions about constructing a new museum dedicated to Jewish history in Berlin were being held.

In 1988, the Berlin government announced an anonymous competition for the new museum's design, with a jury chaired by Josef Paul Kleihues. A year later, Daniel Libeskind's design was chosen from among 189 submissions by the committee for what was then planned as a "Jewish Department" for the Berlin Museum. While other entrants proposed cool, neutral spaces, Libeskind offered a radical, zigzag design, which earned the nickname "Blitz" ("Lightning").

In 1991, Berlin's government temporarily canceled the project to finance its bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics. Six months later the decision was reversed and construction on the $65 million extension to the Berlin Museum began in November 1992. The empty museum was completed in 1999 and attracted over 350,000 people before it was filled and opened on 9 September 2001.

Design

The Jewish Museum Berlin is located in what was West Berlin before the fall of the Wall. Essentially, it consists of two buildings – a baroque old building, the "Kollegienhaus" (that formerly housed the Berlin Museum) and a new, deconstructivist-style building by Libeskind. The two buildings have no visible connection above ground. The Libeskind building, consisting of about , is a twisted zig-zag and is accessible only via an underground passage from the old building.

For Libeskind, The new design, which was created a year before the Berlin Wall came down, was based on three conceptions that formed the museum's foundation: first, the impossibility of understanding the history of Berlin without understanding the enormous intellectual, economic and cultural contribution made by the Jewish citizens of Berlin, second, the necessity to integrate physically and spiritually the meaning of the Holocaust into the consciousness and memory of the city of Berlin. Third, that only through the acknowledgement and incorporation of this erasure and void of Jewish life in Berlin, can the history of Berlin and Europe have a human future. A line of "Voids", empty spaces about 66 feet (20 m) tall, slices linearly through the entire building. Such voids represent "That which can never be exhibited when it comes to Jewish Berlin history: Humanity reduced to ashes."

In the basement, visitors first encounter three intersecting, slanting corridors named the "Axes." Here a similarity to Libeskind's first building – the Felix Nussbaum Haus – is apparent, which is also divided into three areas with different meanings. In Berlin, the three axes symbolize three paths of Jewish life in Germany – continuity in German history, emigration from Germany, and the Holocaust.

The second axis connects the Museum proper to the Garden of Exile, whose foundation is tilted. The Garden's oleaster grows out of reach, atop 49 tall pillars (48 filled with Berlin's earth, one with earth from Jerusalem). The third axis leads from the Museum to the Holocaust Tower, a  tall empty silo. The bare concrete Tower is neither heated nor cooled, and its only light comes from a small slit in its roof. The Jewish Museum Berlin was Libeskind's first major international success.

In recent years, Libeskind has designed two structural extensions: a covering made of glass and steel for the "Kollegienhaus" courtyard (2007), and the W. Michael Blumenthal Academy of the Jewish Museum in a rectangular,  1960s flower market hall on the opposite side of the street (2012).

In 2016, a jury appointed by the Jewish Museum Berlin awarded the first prize in an architectural competition for a new €3.44 million children's museum for 3 to 12 year-olds to Olson Kundig Architects; the second prize was awarded to the Berlin firm Staab Architekten and third prize to Michael Wallraff of Vienna. The children's museum opened on June 27, 2021 and is housed in the W. Michael Blumenthal Academy.

Exhibitions

Permanent exhibition
The new core exhibition entitled "Jewish Life in Germany: Past and Present" opened on 23 August 2020. Covering more than 3,500 square meters, it tells the story of Jews in Germany from their beginnings to the present day from a Jewish perspective.

The exhibition is divided into five historical chapters spanning from the beginnings of Jewish life in Ashkenaz, through the emancipation movement, the Enlightenment, and its failure, to the present. The largest space is dedicated to National Socialism and the chapter After 1945, where topics such as restitution and reparation, the relationship to Israel and Russian-speaking immigration from 1990 onwards are the central themes. As a "final chorus," the video installation "Mesubin" (The Gathered) brings the polyphony of contemporary Jewish together. Eight thematic rooms deal with religious aspects of Judaism and its lived practice, with the museum's family collections, and with art and music. What is sacred in Judaism? How is Shabbat celebrated? What is the sound of Judaism? In addition to original objects, the exhibition presents a wide variety of audio-visual media, virtual reality, art and interactive games.

The previous permanent exhibition
The previous permanent exhibition "Two Millennia of German Jewish History" was on display from September 2001 to December 2017. It presented Germany through the eyes of the Jewish minority. The exhibition began with displays of medieval settlements along the Rhine, in particular in Speyer, Worms and Mayence. The Baroque period was regarded through the lens of Glikl bas Judah Leib (1646–1724, also known as Glückel von Hameln), who left a diary detailing her life as a Jewish business woman in Hamburg. The intellectual and personal legacies of philosopher Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786) were next; both figures were flanked by depictions of Jews in court and country. The Age of Emancipation in the nineteenth century was presented as a time of optimism, achievement and prosperity, though setbacks and disappointments were displayed as well. German-Jewish soldiers fighting for their country in World War I stood at the beginning of the twentieth century. One focus of the exhibition was Berlin and its development into a European metropolis. The Jews living here as merchants and entrepreneurs, scientists and artists, were pioneers of the modern age.

In the section on National Socialism, emphasis was placed on the ways in which Jews reacted to the increasing discrimination against them, such as founding Jewish schools and social services. After the Shoah, 250 000 survivors waited in "Displaced Persons" camps for the possibility to emigrate. At the same time, small Jewish communities in West and East were forming. Towards the end of the exhibition, two major Nazi trials of the post-war period were examined – the Frankfurt Auschwitz trial (1963–1965) and the Majdanek trial in Düsseldorf (1975–1981). The exhibition tour concluded with an audio installation of people who grew up in Germany reporting on their childhood and youth after 1945. A new chapter of Jewish life in Germany began with them.

Special exhibitions
Changing exhibitions present a broad range of themes, eras and genres. Notable exhibitions are: Welcome to Jerusalem (2017–2019); Cherchez la femme (2017); Golem (2016–2017); Snip it! Stances on Ritual Circumcision (2014–2015); A Time for Everything. Rituals Against Forgetting (2013–2014); The Whole Truth … everything you always wanted to know about Jews (2013); Obsessions (2012–2013); How German is it? 30 Artists' Notion of Home (2011–2012); Kosher & Co: On Food and Religion (2009–2010); Looting and Restitution: Jewish-Owned Cultural Artifacts from 1933 to the Present (2008–2009); Typical!: Clichés about Jews and Others (2008); Home and Exile: Jewish Emigration from Germany since 1933 (2006–2007); Chrismukkah: Stories of Christmas and Hanukkah (2005–2006); 10+5=God (2004); and Counterpoint: The Architecture of Daniel Libeskind (2003).

Permanent installations

Israeli artist Menashe Kadishman created the installation Shalekhet – Fallen leaves, 10,000 faces punched out of steel and distributed on the ground of the Memory Void, the only empty or "voided" space of the Libeskind Building that can be entered. Kadishman dedicated his artwork not only to Jews killed during the Shoah, but to all victims of violence and war. Visitors are invited to walk on the faces and listen to the sounds created by the metal sheets, as they clang and rattle against one another.

Another art installation
The 'Gallery of the Missing' is a project by the artist Via Lewandowsky. It involves three sound installations under the title 'Order of the Missing' in black mirrored glass showcases (glass bodies) that cannot be seen in the permanent exhibition. They depict destroyed objects of Jewish culture: the Encyclopaedia Judaica, the Jewish hospital in Frankfurt and the sculpture "Großer Kopf" by Otto Freundlich. The shape of the black glass bodies refers to the "voids," the empty spaces made of concrete in Daniel Libeskind's museum architecture. Using infrared headphones, visitors can listen to up to 40 sound recordings with descriptions, explanations and background information, sounds and music for each object presented as they move along the black glass walls.

Collections and archives
The Jewish Museum's collections date back to the 1970s, when the Society for a Jewish Museum formed. The first acquisitions were Jewish ceremonial artworks belonging to the Münster Cantor Zvi Sofer. Soon, fine art, photography and family memorabilia were acquired. The collection is now divided into four areas: ceremonial objects and applied arts, fine arts, photography, and lastly, everyday culture. The museum archive safeguards over 1,500 family bequests, in particular from the eras of the Empire, the First World War, and Nazism. The library comprises 100 000 media on Jewish life in Germany and abroad.

The Leo Baeck Institute archive
Since September 2001, there has been a branch of the archive of the New York Leo Baeck Institute at the Jewish Museum. The LBI has its principal office in New York and holds the most comprehensive collection of materials on the history of Jews in Germany, Austria, and other German-speaking areas in Central Europe of the last 300 years – including about one million documents such as local authority records, personal documents, correspondence, a photo archive as well as numerous testimonies from religious, social, cultural, intellectual, political, and economic life. The collection of more than 1,200 memoirs of German-speaking Jews (also and especially from the post-Nazi era) is unique.

Other facilities

Rafael Roth Learning Center

The Rafael Roth Learning Center was located in the basement of the Jewish Museum Berlin until March 2017. Here, Jewish history was presented in a multimedia and interactive way at 17 computer stations for individual visitors and groups. Under the headings "Things," "Stories," and "Faces," visitors learned about particular highlights of the collection and were able to delve into larger-scale virtual exhibitions – for example, on the life story of Albert Einstein or on Eastern European immigration between 1880 and 1924. Video interviews offered insights into current Jewish life in Germany. The computer game Sansanvis Park was developed especially for children. The facility was named after the Berlin real estate entrepreneur and patron Rafael Roth (1933–2013).

In the course of planning a new permanent exhibition, the Jewish Museum decided not to continue operating the Learning Center with its technical equipment after more than 15 successful years.

W. Michael Blumenthal Academy
With the opening of the academy in 2012, its programs were added to the previous range of activities. Founding director W. Michael Blumenthal, after whom the academy is named, aimed to establish a Jewish museum that not only presented historical, religious, and social topics at exhibitions, but closely followed and discussed political and social developments from a Jewish angle. The academy programs focus not only on the relationship between the majority population and individual minorities, but also on the interactions and ties between these minorities.

Management

Funding
The Jewish Museum Berlin Foundation receives an annual grant from the funds of the Federal Government Commissioner for Cultural Affairs and the Media; this covers around three-quarters of its total budget. The remaining funds are raised primarily through donations and ticket sales.

Directors
 1997–2014: W. Michael Blumenthal
 2014–2019: Peter Schäfer
 from 2020: Hetty Berg

Prize for Understanding and Tolerance
Since 2002, the Jewish Museum Berlin and the Friends and Patrons of the Jewish Museum Berlin have presented the annual Prize for Understanding and Tolerance. Past recipients included:
 2002 – Berthold Beitz, Heinrich von Pierer
 2003 – Otto Schily, Friede Springer
 2004 – Michael Otto, Johannes Rau
 2005 – Heinz Berggruen, Otto Graf Lambsdorff
 2006 – Daniel Barenboim, Helmut Panke
 2007 – Helmut Kohl, Fritz Stern
 2008 – Roland Berger, Imre Kertész
 2009 – Franz Fehrenbach and Christof Bosch (representing Bosch), Michael Verhoeven
 2010 – Jan Philipp Reemtsma, Hubertus Erlen
 2011 – Angela Merkel
 2012 – Klaus Mangold, Richard von Weizsäcker
 2013 – Berthold Leibinger, Iris Berben
 2014 – Wolfgang Schäuble, Hubert Burda
 2015 – W. Michael Blumenthal
 2016 – Anita Lasker-Wallfisch and Renate Lasker-Harpprecht, Hasso Plattner
 2017 – Joachim Gauck, Joe Kaeser
 2018 – David Grossman, Susanne Klatten
 2019 – Heiko Maas, Anselm Kiefer
 2020 – Madeleine Albright, Igor Levit
 2022 – Barrie Kosky, Herta Müller

Controversy
By 2019, the museum was dubbed the "Anti-Jewish Museum" due to hosting a series of speakers favorable to the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement. In February 2019, the German government indicated that it would take steps to prevent the museum becoming a platform for BDS. In May 2019 the German Bundestag passed a resolution calling the BDS anti-Semitic. In June 2019, then-director Schäfer used the museum's official Twitter account to retweet a call by 240 Jewish and Israeli academics for the German government to not equate BDS with anti-Semitism, to protect freedom of expression and assembly, and to fight anti-Semitism. Josef Schuster, president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, said, "Under these circumstances, one has to think about whether the term 'Jewish' is still appropriate." Schäfer resigned a week later "to avoid further damage". After his resignation he wrote a book on the history of anti-Semitism.

Sources
 Van Uffelen, Chris. Contemporary Museums – Architecture, History, Collections, Braun Publishing, 2010; , pp. 214–17.
 Simon, H. (2000). Das Berliner Jüdische Museum in der Oranienburger Strasse: Geschichte einer zerstörten Kulturstätte. Hentrich & Hentrich.
 Brenner, M. (1999). Jewish Culture in Contemporary America and Weimar Germany: Parallels and Differences. Central European University Jewish Studies Yearbook, 2(2).

See also
Jewish Museum, Emmendingen
Jewish Museum Frankfurt
Jewish Museum Munich
Jews in Germany

References

Further reading
 The Last Jews in Berlin, by Leonard Gross; .

External links

 detailed November 2001 review  for Virtual Library Museums by Susannah Reid, University of Newcastle
 A Short Photographic Essay on the Museum
 Interview with Daniel Libeskind from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
 Website of Studio Daniel Libeskind – with descriptions of the Jewish Museum, the glass courtyard, and the academy

Berlin Jewish Museum
Museums in Berlin
Buildings and structures in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg
Museums established in 2001
Daniel Libeskind buildings
History museums in Germany
2001 establishments in Germany
Jews and Judaism in Berlin

Jewish Museum Berlin


الحصار القاري (بالإنجليزية: Continental Blockade أو Continental System) هو نظام السياسة الخارجية الذي أتبعه نابليون بونابارت في صراعه ضد المملكة المتحدة وأيرلندا أثناء حروبه، وقد افتتح في عام 1806 وانتهى عام 1814.

كانت المملكة المتحدة قوة كبيرة في تشجيع المقاومة ضد فرنسا، وفي نفس الوقت كان نابليون مفتقرا للموارد اللازمة لكي يهزم المملكة المتحدة أو القوات البحرية للمملكة المتحدة المتمركزة في البحر، قد حاول ولكن كانت تنتهي المحاولات بالهزيمة وكانت آخر المعارك هي معركة طرف الغار في عام 1805، فحاول بطريقة أخرى في إلحاق الهزيمة بالقوات البريطانية وكانت من الناحية الاقتصادية، وكنتيجة للثورة الصناعية في هذا الوقت كانت بريطانيا من أصحاب التقدم في هذا المجال والانتعاش الصناعي ومركز صناعي لأوروبا فعمل نابليون حظر التجارة على البلدان الواقعة تحت سيطرته على التجارة مع المملكة المتحدة لتدمير التجارة بها.

الآثار

بريطانيا العظمى
كان للحصار تأثيرات مختلطة على التجارة البريطانية. حث الحظر البريطانيين على البحث عن أسواق جديدة، وعلى الانخراط في عمليات التهريب مع أوروبا القارية. لم يستطع مراقبو الجمارك التابعون لنابليون والمتركزون على اليابسة منع المهربين البريطانيين الذين كانوا متواطئين مع حكام نابليون في إسبانيا وفستفالن ودول ألمانية أخرى. انخفضت الصادرات البريطانية إلى أوروبا القارية بنسبة تتراوح بين 25% و 55% مقارنة بمستويات ما قبل عام 1806. مع ذلك، تزايدت العمليات التجارية بين بريطانيا العظمى وبقية دول العالم، وتمكنت بذلك بريطانيا من تغطية جزء كبير من التراجع في صادراتها إلى القارة الأوروبية.

بأوامر صادرة عن المجلس الخاص للملكة المتحدة، منعت بريطانيا شركاءها التجاريين من التجارة مع فرنسا. رد البريطانيون على الحصار القاري بالتهديد بإغراق أي سفينة لم تصل الموانئ البريطانية واختارت الامتثال لفرنسا. فرض هذا التهديد المزدوج حالة من عدم الارتياح عند الدول المحايدة، كالولايات المتحدة. ردًا على الحظر، تبنت الحكومة الأمريكية قانون الحظر لعام 1807، ومشروع قانون ماكون رقم 2. وضعت خطط هذا الحصار ليكون بمثابة هجوم اقتصادي مضاد يهدف لإلحاق أكبر قدر ممكن من الضرر ببريطانيا، لكن الضرر الذي ألحقه هذا الحصار بالتجار الأمريكيين كان أكبر بكثير من ذاك الذي ألحق بالبريطانيين. تسببت التوترات الحاصلة، جنبًا إلى جنب مع القضايا المرتبطة بتجنيد البحارة الأجانب، والدعم البريطاني للغارات الهندية في الغرب الأمريكي، إلى إعلان الولايات المتحدة الحرب في عام 1812. أدت هذه الحرب (وليس الحصار القاري) إلى انخفاض معدلات التجارة البريطانية مع الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية بشكل كبير.

عانى الاقتصاد البريطاني في الفترة ما بين عامي 1810 و1812 بشكل كبير، خاصة فيما يتعلق بمواضيع ارتفاع معدلات البطالة والتضخم. تسبب ذلك بانتشار المظاهرات والاحتجاجات العنيفة في عموم الأراضي البريطانية. مع ذلك، دعمت الطبقتان العليا والوسطى الحكومة البريطانية التي استخدمت الجيش لقمع احتجاجات الطبقة العاملة وخصوصًا متظاهري حركة لاضية الاجتماعية الثورية.

فرنسا وأوروبا القارية
تضرر الاقتصاد الفرنسي من هذه الحوادث. إذ تراجعت الصناعات المعتمدة على الأسواق الخارجية، كصناعة الكتان، وصناعات أخرى كبناء السفن وصناعة الحبال، بشكل كبير. مع تراجع أرباح الصادرات بشكل دراماتيكي، عانى جنوب فرنسا، ولا سيما المدن الساحلية في مارسيليا وبوردو، وكذلك مدينة لا روشيل، من تراجع مستويات التجارة. علاوة على ذلك، ارتفعت أسعار المواد الغذائية الأساسية في معظم أنحاء أوروبا القارية.

فتح مرسوم سانت كلاود الذي أصدره نابليون في شهر يوليو 1810 جنوب غربي فرنسا والحدود الإسبانية بغية تقييد التجارة البريطانية، وأعاد فتح طرق التجارة الفرنسية إلى الولايات المتحدة. كان المرسوم بمثابة اعتراف بإلحاق حصاره ضررًا باقتصاد بلاده أكبر من الضرر الذي ألحقه بالبريطانيين، وبأن بلاده فشلت في تقليل مستويات الدعم البريطاني لحلفائها. شهد شمال وشرق فرنسا الصناعيان، وإقليم فالونيا (الواقع في جنوبي البلاد التي تعرف اليوم باسم بلجيكا) زيادة كبيرة في الأرباح بسبب قلة المنافسة من البضائع البريطانية (خاصة المنسوجات، التي كانت تُنتج في بريطانيا بأسعار أقل بكثير).

في إيطاليا، ازدهر القطاع الزراعي؛ فيما عانى الاقتصاد الهولندي، القائم على التجارة، بشكل كبير نتيجة للحظر. أثارت حرب نابليون الاقتصادية استياء شقيقه ملك هولندا، لويس الأول.

الدول الاسكندنافية ومنطقة البلطيق

شنت بريطانيا هجومًا كبيرًا على أضعف حلقات التحالف النابليوني، الدنمارك، كرد أولي على الحصار القاري. كانت الدنمارك محايدة من الناحية الظاهرية، لكنها تعرضت لضغوط فرنسية وروسية كبيرة لتعهدها بمنح أسطولها لنابليون. لم تتمكن لندن من المغامرة بتجاهل التهديد الدنماركي فقصف الأسطول البحري الملكي مدينة كوبنهاغن واستولى على الأسطول الدنماركي في معركة كوبنهاغن الثانية في أغسطس – سبتمبر 1807، وتمكنت لندن بذلك من تأكيد سيطرة الأسطول التجاري البريطاني على الممرات البحرية في بحر الشمال وبحر البلطيق. احتلت بريطانيا جزيرة هيلغولاند الواقعة قبالة الساحل الغربي للدنمارك في شهر سبتمبر 1807 ما سهل عليها السيطرة على طرق التجارة الواصلة إلى موانئ بحر الشمال وأصبحت بذلك عمليات تهريب البضائع أسهل بكثير على لندن. أشعلت الهجمات على كوبنهاغن وهيلغولاند حرب غونبورت ضد الدنمارك التي استمرت حتى عام 1814.

مراجع

1806
فرنسا في القرن 19
تاريخ المملكة المتحدة العسكري في القرن 19
تاريخ فرنسا العسكري
تشريع في الحرب في 1812
حرب 1812
حرب اقتصادية
الحروب النابليونية
حصار
دبلوماسية
قومية اقتصادية
نابليون

الحصار القاري


Agneza (oko 1151./54. – 13. siječnja 1182.), pripadnica dinastije Babenberg, bila je austrijska plemkinja, kraljica Ugarske i Hrvatske (1168. – 1172.) te vojvotkinja Koruške (1173. – 1181.). Bila je najstarije dijete vojvode Henrika II. Austrijskog i njegove druge supruge, Teodore Komnene, koja je bila kći bizantskog plemića.

Godine 1168., Agneza se udala za ugarskog kralja Stjepana III., kojem je rodila sina Belu (Béla). Bio je to Stjepanov jedini brak, premda je prije bio zaručen za drugu ženu, no zaruke su razvrgnute jer je Agnezin otac htio sklopiti sporazum sa Stjepanom i bizantskim carem Manuelom I. Komnenom. Stjepan je umro 4. ožujka 1172.

Nakon Stjepanovog pogreba, Agneza i njen otac otišli su u Austriju. Agneza se 1173. udala za vojvodu Hermana Koruškog. Njihovi su sinovi bili Ulrik II. Koruški i Bernard od Spanheima. Herman je umro 1181., a Agneza 1182. te je pokopana u Beču, zajedno sa svojim roditeljima.

Izvori

Mađarske kraljice
Hrvatske kraljice
Arpadovići

Agneza Austrijska (1154. — 1182.)


Castellania peut désigner:

 Castellania (Malte), ancien palais de justice et une prison de La Valette, à Malte ;
 Castellania Coppi, commune italienne de la province d'Alexandrie  dans le Piémont .

Voir aussi

 Castellana

Castellania


طبقًا لتعريف سيم فان دير ريان وستيوارت كوان، فإن التصميم الإيكولوجي هو «أي شكل من أشكال التصميم التي تحد من التأثيرات المدمرة للبيئة عن طريق دمجها في عمليات الحياة.» يعد التصميم البيئي أحد مجالات التصميم المتكاملة التي تحافظ على البيئة، كما يساعد في الربط بين الجهود المبعثرة في العمارة الخضراء والزراعة المستدامة والهندسة البيئية والترميم البيئي وغيرها من المجالات. وقد بدأ استخدام اللاحقة «بيئي» في فترة التسعينيات؛ حيث ظهرت لأول مرة رؤية تتضمن المدينة البيئية والإدارة البيئية والتقنيات البيئية والعمارة البيئية للكاتب جون بوتون في عام 1998. وكانت طبيعة التطور البدائي للتصميم البيئي تشير إلى «إضافة» العامل البيئي في عملية التصميم ثم ركزت بعد ذلك على تفاصيل ممارسة التصميم البيئي مثل نظام الإنتاج أو المنتج الفردي أو الصناعة ككل.
وعن طريق تضمين نماذج دورة الحياة من خلال فيض الطاقة والمواد، ارتبط التصميم البيئي بموضوع الصناعة البيئية متعدد التخصصات. وكانت الصناعة البيئية تعني وجود أداة مفاهيمية تحاكي النماذج المستمدة من النظام البيئي الطبيعي، وإطار عمل لوضع مفهوم للقضايا البيئية والفنية.

تعيش الكائنات الحية في أنظمة متباينة من العلاقات التكافلية المتوازنة. وتستند الحركة البيئية في أواخر القرن العشرين إلى معرفة أن الاضطراب في هذه العلاقات قد أدى إلى انهيار خطير في الأنظمة البيئية الطبيعية. وفي التاريخ الإنساني، نتج عن الوسائل التكنولوجية زيادة في عدد السكان عبر استخدام النار والأدوات والأسلحة، وساهمت هذه الزيادة الدراماتيكية في عدد السكان في استخدام الطاقات الميكانيكية في إنتاج الآلات، كما حدثت تحسينات في الزراعة الآلية والأسمدة الكيماوية المُصنعة والإجراءات الصحية العامة. وعلى الرغم من أن الاختراعات السابقة كانت تميل نحو ضبط التوازن البيئي من خلال الطاقة، إلا أن النمو الأخير في عدد السكان أدى إلى حدوث تغيرات بيئية غير طبيعية.

قضايا التصميم البيئي ودور المصممين
منذ الثورة الصناعية، قُدمت العديد من المقترحات في مجال التصميم ولكنها لم تكن تتبع مبادئ التصميم المستدام. وقد اقترح المصمم المعماري فيكتور بابانيك أن التصميم الصناعي لم يعد له وجود بسبب ابتكار أنواع جديدة من النفايات الدائمة واختيار مواد وعمليات تسهم في تلوث الهواء. وفيما يتعلق بهذه القضايا، أوضح ر. بكمنستر فولر، الذي وجهت له الدعوة كأستاذ في جامعة جنوب إلينوي في كاربونديل في ستينيات القرن العشرين، كيف يمكن أن يلعب التصميم دورًا مركزيًا في تحديد أعظم المشكلات على مستوى العالم بين عامي 1965 و1975، ويتضمن ذلك المحتويات التالية:
 استعراض وتحليل مصادر الطاقة بالعالم
 تحديد استخدامات أكثر كفاءة للموارد الطبيعية مثل المعادن
 دمج الآلات والأجهزة في أنظمة فعالة للإنتاج الصناعي
في مؤتمر عام 1992 الذي كان بعنوان "أجندة القرن الحادي والعشرين: إستراتيجية مؤتمر قمة الأرض لإنقاذ كوكبنا"، تم تقديم اقتراح بأن العالم يقف الآن في طريق إنتاج واستهلاك طاقة لا يمكن أن تكون مستدامة. ويتضمن الاقتراح أن الأفراد والجماعات في جميع أرجاء العالم لديهم مجموعة من المبادئ للتغيير الذي يمكن أن يكون فعالاً في اقتصاديات العالم والسياسات التجارية، وسوف تلعب مهن التصميم دورًا فعالاً في هذا التغيير. وهذا يعني أن مهنة التصميم لم تعد تتعلق بما ستفعله المنتجات الجديدة بل بطريقة إعادة ابتكار ثقافة تصميم يمكن تحقيقها؛ حيث يتعين على المصممين في البداية إدراك أن التصميم كان على مر التاريخ ممارسة تابعة وطارئة ولا تقوم على الحاجة. وقد لاحظ كلايف ديلنوت، صاحب نظريات التصميم، أن التصميم أصبح مرة أخرى وسيلة لتنظيم العالم وليس فقط لتشكيل المنتجات. وكنهج أكثر اتساعًا، أكد مؤتمر "أجندة القرن الحادي والعشرين: إستراتيجية مؤتمر قمة الأرض لإنقاذ كوكبنا" في عام 1992 أنه يجب على المصممين أن يتسموا بالتحدي لمواجهة مشكلات البشرية. وتتلخص هذه المشكلات في ستة محاور: نوعية الحياة، والاستخدام الفعال للموارد الطبيعية، وحماية القواسم العالمية، وإدارة المستوطنات البشرية، واستخدام المواد الكيميائية وإدارة النفايات الصناعية البشرية، وتعزيز النمو الاقتصادي المستدام على الصعيد العالمي.

معلومات تاريخية
 1971 يبسط إيان ماكهارج، في كتابه «التصميم باستخدام الطبيعة» (Design with Nature)، نظام تحليل طبقات موقع ما من أجل الفهم الكامل للسمات النوعية للمكان. وذكر مكهارج كافة الجوانب النوعية لطبقة الموقع مثل التاريخ والهيدرولوجيا والتضاريس والغطاء النباتي...الخ وأصبح النظام الأساسي اليوم نظم المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS)، أداة تستخدم في كل مكان في ممارسة تصميم المناظر الطبيعية البيئية.
 1978 الزراعة المعمرة. صاغ هذا المصطلح بيل موليسون ودايفيد هولمجرين هذه العبارة لنظام تصميم أنظمة بيئية بشرية متجددة. تأسست في أعمال فوكوكا ويومان وسميث...الخ
 1994 جمع ديفيد أور، في كتابه «مراعاة الأرض: حول التعليم والبيئة وإمكانيات الإنسان» "Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment, and the Human Prospect"، سلسلة من المقالات حول «ذكاء التصميم البيئي» وقدرته على إنشاء مجتمعات تتسم بالصحة الجيدة والاستدامة والمرونة والعدالة والازدهار.
 1994 يصف عالم الأحياء الكندي جون تود (عالم بيولوجي) ونانسي جاك تود في كتابهما «من المدن البيئية إلى الآلات الحية» (From Eco-Cities to Living Machines) مفاهيم التصميم البيئي.
 2004 ألّف فريتجوف كابرا أول كتبه بعنوان «الروابط الخفية: علم من أجل حياة مستدامة» (The Hidden Connections: A Science for Sustainable Living)، حيث ناقش فيه علم الأنظمة الحية ورأى ضرورة تطبيق علماء الحياة لأفكار جديدة على فهمنا للتنظيم الاجتماعي.
 2004 جمع ك. أوزيبيل عددًا من القصص الشخصية لأكثر أصحاب التصميمات البييئة ابتكارًا في كتابه «تعليمات تشغيل الطبيعة» (Nature's Operating Instructions).

التأثير
هناك بعض شركات الملابس التي تستخدم عدة أساليب للتصميم البيئي من أجل تغيير مستقبل صناعة الغزل والنسيج لتكون صديقة للبيئة بشكل أكبر، حيث تقوم بإعادة تدوير الملابس المستعملة لتقليل استخدام الموارد، وذلك باستخدام مواد نسيجية قابلة للتحلل الحيوي للحد من تأثيرها على البيئة واستخدام الأصباغ النباتية بدلًا من المواد الكيميائية السامة لتحسين مظهر النسيج.

انظر أيضًا
 تشخيص البناء
 الزراعة المعمرة

مراجع

استدامة
تصميم المناظر الطبيعية
تصميم بيئي
تصميم بيئي مستدام
علوم اجتماعية بيئية
عمارة معاصرة
مذهب بيئي
مصطلحات بيئية

تصميم إيكولوجي


O NHOcFlu Rio Solimões (H-14) é um navio hidrográfico de aviso fluvial da classe Rio Tocantins, pertencente à Marinha do Brasil. Seu nome é em homenagem ao rio de mesmo nome. Foi encomendado em 26 de maio 2011 para suprir a vaga deixada pela aposentadoria da classe Paraibano. Teve sua quilha batida em 12 de março de 2012, sendo batizado e comissionado em 4 junho de 2013. Atualmente encontra-se em serviço ativo.

Navios da Marinha do Brasil
Avisos

NHOcFlu Rio Solimões (H-14)


El Too Fast For Love Tour es la primera gira promocional de un álbum de la banda estadounidense Mötley Crüe que fue realizada entre 1981 y 1982. La gira consta de 17 shows y fue en apoyo al primer álbum de la banda Too Fast For Love.

Fechas del tour
1981-12-11......Whisky A Go-Go, Los Ángeles, CA
1981-12-12......Whisky A Go-Go, Los Ángeles, CA
1981-12-18......Radio City, Anaheim, CA
1981-12-25......Country Club, Los Ángeles, CA
1981-12-26......Oxnard Auditorium, Oxnard, CA
1981-12-31......Troubadour, Los Ángeles, CA
1982-01-15......Whisky A Go-Go, Los Ángeles, CA
1982-01-16......Whisky A Go-Go, Los Ángeles, CA
1982-01-19......Perkin's Palace, Pasadena, CA
1982-02-12......Whisky A Go-Go, Los Ángeles, CA
1982-02-13......Whisky A Go-Go, Los Ángeles, CA
1982-02-14......Whisky A Go-Go, Los Ángeles, CA
1982-03-13......Country Club, Los Ángeles, CA
1982-04-01......The Rock, San Francisco, CA
1982-04-08......Civic Auditorium, Santa Monica, CA
1982-04-19......Old Waldorf, San Francisco, CA
1982-05-07......Civic Auditorium, Glendale, CA

Referencias

Giras musicales de Mötley Crüe
Giras musicales de 1981
Giras musicales de 1982

Too Fast For Love Tour


Porajów [pɔˈrajuf] (în ) este un sat în districtul administrativ Gmina Bogatynia, powiatul Zgorzelec, voievodatul Silezia Inferioară din sud-vestul Poloniei, aproape de granițele cu Republica Cehă și Germania. Anterior anului 1945 a făcut parte din Germania. După cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial populația de etnie germană a fost expulzată și înlocuită cu polonezi.

Această localitate se află la aproximativ 11 km vest de Bogatynia, 32 km sud-vest de Zgorzelec și 157 km vest de capitala regională Wrocław.

Satul are o populație de 2.500 de locuitori. El se află pe o șosea și o linie de cale ferată care face legătura între orașul Zittau din Germania și satul Hrádek nad Nisou din districtul Liberec al Republicii Cehe; cu toate acestea, trenurile nu opresc pe teritoriul polonez.

Referințe

Sate din voievodatul Silezia Inferioară

Porajów


Franjo Hijacint (tal. Francesco Giacinto di Savoia) (Dvorac Valentino, Torino, 16. rujna 1632. – Dvorac Valentino, Torino, 4. listopada 1638.), savojski vojvoda od 1637. godine; sin vojvode Viktora Amadea I. iz Savojske dinastije.

Sljedeće godine nakon što je nslijedio oca, razbolio se i umro. Naslijedio ga je mlađi brat, Karlo Emanuel II.

Savojci

Franjo Hijacint Savojski


Anijskrol, também conhecido como Brabantse Krol ou anijsbroodje, é um tipo de pão torcido feito com sementes de anis, típico dos Países Baixos. Ele é comumente servido com manteiga e spekulaas, e é especialmente popular durante as festividades de Sinterklaas (festa que celebra São Nicolau).

O nome anijskrol é proveniente do formato do pão, que é enrolado como um caracol; krol é a derivação do dialeto de Brabante de "krul", cacho em neerlandês.

Acredita-se que o anijskrol tenha surgido na segunda metade do século XVIII, em Veghel, uma cidade que faz parte do município de Meierijstad. Antes da Segunda Guerra Mundial, o anijskrol se espalhou pelas cidades em torno da antiga linha de bonde que ligava a cidade de 's-Hertogenbosch a Helmond, ambas na província de Brabante do Norte.

Os pães são especialmente populares em Veghel, e costumam ser consumidos entre o mês de setembro e dezembro, período que pode se estender até o carnaval. Desde 2014, a cidade realiza anualmente uma maratona chamada Krollenloop, que deve seu nome ao alimento símbolo da região.

Referências

Pães dos Países Baixos

Anijskrol


El término picochato grande puede referirse a:

 Un nombre común de la especie de ave Tolmomyias sulphurescens;

 Un nombre común de la especie de ave Platyrinchus leucoryphus.

Picochato grande