Animal hoarding, sometimes called Noah syndrome, is keeping a higher-than-usual number of animals as domestic pets without the ability to properly house or care for them, while at the same time denying this inability. Compulsive hoarding can be characterized as a symptom of a mental disorder rather than deliberate cruelty towards animals. Hoarders are deeply attached to their pets and find it extremely difficult to let the pets go. They typically cannot comprehend that they are harming their pets by failing to provide them with proper care. Hoarders tend to believe that they provide the right amount of care for them. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals provides a "Hoarding Prevention Team", which works with hoarders to help them attain a manageable and healthy number of pets.

Characteristics of a hoarder
An animal hoarder keeps an unusually large number of pets for their premises, and fails to care for them properly. A hoarder is distinguished from an animal breeder, who would have numerous animals as the central component of their business; this distinction can be problematic, however, as some hoarders are former breeders who have ceased selling and caring for their animals, while others will claim to be breeders as a psychological defense mechanism, or in hopes of forestalling intervention. Gary Patronek, director of the Center for Animals and Public Policy at Tufts University, defines hoarding as the "pathological human behavior that involves a compulsive need to obtain and control animals, coupled with a failure to recognize their suffering". According to another study, the distinguishing feature is that a hoarder "fails to provide the animals with adequate food, water, sanitation, and veterinary care, and... is in denial about this inability to provide adequate care." Along with other compulsive hoarding behaviors, it is linked in the DSM-IV to obsessive–compulsive disorder and obsessive–compulsive personality disorder. The DSM-5 includes a diagnosis of hoarding disorder.

Alternatively, animal hoarding could be related to addiction, dementia, or even focal delusion.

The number of animals involved alone is not a determinative factor in identifying hoarding. Instead, the issue is the owner's inability to provide care for the animals and the owner's refusal to acknowledge that both the animals and the household are deteriorating. For instance, in one animal hoarding case, 11 cats were seized from a trailer. The deputy police officer testified that the trailer smelled so strongly of feline waste that despite experiencing severe congestion at the time of the investigation, she had a hard time staying in there for more than a few minutes. The deputy further testified that she could not step anywhere in the trailer without stepping on fresh, old, or smeared fecal matter, and that even the stove and sink were filled with bio-hazardous waste. Yet, a Canadian woman, who died leaving 100 properly fed, spayed/neutered, vaccinated, and groomed cats, was not considered an animal hoarder because her animals were properly cared for.

The Hoarding of Animals Research Consortium (HARC) identifies the following characteristics as common to all hoarders:
 Accumulation of numerous animals, which has overwhelmed that person's ability to provide even minimal standards of nutrition, sanitation, and veterinary care;
 Failure to acknowledge the deteriorating condition of the animals (including disease, starvation, and even death) and the household environment (severe overcrowding, very unsanitary conditions); and−
 Failure to recognize the negative effect of the collection on their own health and well-being, and on that of other household members.

Compulsive hoarding can be characterized as a symptom of mental disorder rather than deliberate cruelty towards animals. Hoarders are deeply attached to their pets and find it extremely difficult to let the pets go. They typically cannot comprehend that they are harming their pets by failing to provide them with proper care. Hoarders tend to believe that they provide the right amount of care for their pets. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals provides a "Hoarding Prevention Team", which works with hoarders to help them attain a manageable and healthy number of pets.

Legal solutions

United States

Animal cruelty statutes
In the United States, animal hoarders can be prosecuted under state animal cruelty laws for failing to provide a certain level of care to their animals. The following provides some examples of the standards currently in effect. In Alaska, the cruelty statute defines a minimum standard of care for animals that includes (1) food and water sufficient to maintain each animal in good health; (2) an environment compatible with protecting and maintaining the good health and safety of the animal; and (3) reasonable medical care at times and to the extent available and necessary to maintain the animal in good health. Likewise, in Colorado, a person commits cruelty to animals if he or she knowingly, recklessly, or with criminal negligence deprives an animal of necessary sustenance, neglects any animal, allows the animal to be housed in a manner that results in chronic or repeated serious physical harm, or fails to provide the animal with proper food, drink, or protection from the weather consistent with the species, breed, and type of animal involved. In Colorado's animal cruelty statute, "neglect" means failure to provide food, water, protection from the elements, or other care generally considered to be normal, usual, and accepted for an animal's health and well-being consistent with the species, breed, and type of animal.

Since failure to provide proper care for animals is an act of omission or neglect rather than an affirmative act, the failure to care for an animal is considered a misdemeanor offense in most states. For instance, in Alaska, if an animal owner fails to provide the aforementioned standards of care, the state has prima facie evidence of a failure to care for an animal. If the prosecutor can prove the owner's failure to care for an animal was done with criminal negligence and the failure to care for the animal caused its death or severe physical pain or prolonged suffering, then the owner may be guilty of a Class A misdemeanor. In Colorado, failure to provide an animal with the proper standard of care is a Class 1 misdemeanor. In Virginia, each owner must provide for each of his companion animals: adequate feed; adequate water; adequate shelter that is properly cleaned; adequate space in the primary enclosure for the particular type of animal depending upon its age, size, species, and weight; adequate exercise; adequate care, treatment, and transportation; and veterinary care when needed to prevent suffering or disease transmission. Violation of these standards is a Class 4 misdemeanor. A second or subsequent violation may result in a higher grade misdemeanor. Likewise, under Virginia's animal cruelty statute, any person who deprives any animal of necessary food, drink, shelter or emergency veterinary treatment is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.

However, some states, like California and New Hampshire, may provide felony provisions for depriving an animal of necessary sustenance, drink, and shelter. In Colorado, it is a class 6 felony upon a second or subsequent conviction of animal cruelty. In Maine, a person who is guilty of cruelty to animals may face criminal or civil charges at the discretion of the state's attorney.

Penalties under state animal cruelty statutes
Penalties for failing to provide proper care or medical care to animals under state animal cruelty statutes can include fines, animal forfeiture, the cost of care for the seized animals, and jail time. Since animal hoarding is sometimes associated with mental illness, a situation may arise when an alleged animal neglecter is found incompetent to stand trial due to a mental disability and thus remains the rightful owner of the animals he or she has neglected (i.e. the animals were not forfeited). In the Matter of a Protective Order for Jean Marie Primrose, for example, after a tip from a veterinarian, police confiscated 11 cats from a woman's feces and urine covered, rat infested trailer in Oregon; the cats were then placed in the care of a rescue organization. The woman was charged with criminal second degree animal neglect. After being diagnosed with a mild case of mental retardation, however, the judge found the woman unable to aid and assist in her own defense. The second degree charge was thereby dismissed. Since the woman was not convicted of a crime, her rights to the 11 cats were not forfeited. Yet, from the time the cats were seized to the time of the dismissal, the rescue organization accrued more than $30,000 in cat care fees. The rescue organization therefore placed a lien on the cats, meaning the woman could not get her cats back until she paid off her debt. After the dismissal of the case, however, the woman never made any attempt to contact the rescue organization about returning her cats. The fate of the cats therefore remained in limbo. The rescue organization could have either kept the cats and kept accruing care fees because not being rightful owners, they could not place the cats into homes, or forgiven the debt and returned the cats to the woman. Since the rescue organization felt the woman was incapable of adequately caring for the cats and since the organization did not want to invest more money that would likely remain uncompensated, the organization filed a petition for a limited protective order as a fiduciary for the care and placement of the cats. The probate court ruled against organization, but the appeals court overturned the lower court's order and held that the probate court did indeed have authority to enter a limited protective order under ORS 125.650 as a "fiduciary necessary to implement a protective order." The probate court, then, granted the limited protective order and the organization was allowed to place the cats into new homes. This case was considered a landmark by the Animal Legal Defense Fund.

In addition to jail time, animal forfeiture, and fines, a state, such as California, may allow courts to order psychological counseling at the court's discretion or may require the defendant to undergo anger management, such as the case in Colorado. Prosecutors may also be able to request bans on future pet ownership or request limits on the number of animals a convicted hoarder may keep. For instance, in ALDF v. Conyers, over one hundred dogs and nine birds were confiscated from the defendants' home. About 70 of those dogs had severe oral disease, disintegrating jaws, and scarred corneas. One dog, who was caged in the basement, could barely stand up and kept soiling himself, which lead to his skin being scalded from the urine and feces. An officer also noticed the dog's tongue hanging out of his mouth, but later learned that his tongue was sticking out because his jaw had disintegrated. The Animal Legal Defense Fund moved for a permanent injunction to enjoin defendants from owning animals from the date of the court's final judgment to 10 years.

Criticism of applying animal cruelty laws to hoarding
Although animal hoarders can be prosecuted under state animal cruelty laws, many scholars maintain that basic animal cruelty laws are inefficient in prosecuting hoarders. As Stephan Otto, director of legislative affairs for the Animal Legal Defense Fund explains: "Only a handful of states allow felony charges for the worst kinds of animal neglect ... They also need stronger laws that take into account when multiple numbers of animals were in involved in a case." HARC's research on 56 animal hoarding cases illustrates Otto's point:

Prosecutors and judges, however, discourage multiple charges, believing that they "clog" the system. The difficulty of proving each charge also accounts for this discouragement. In order to bring one charge of cruelty for each animal, prosecutors and animal agencies must provide proof of cruelty to each animal, matching each animal with its count number. Charging the hoarder with only one count reduces the burdens on the system, the prosecutors, and the animal agencies, but undermines the severity of the charges.

Hoarding-specific laws
Only two states have laws regarding the hoarding of animals: Illinois and Hawaii.

Passed in 2001, the Illinois Humane Care for Animals Act was amended to include a definition a companion animal hoarder and mandated psychological counseling for animal hoarders who violate Section 3. A person convicted of violating section 3 of the Act (which requires the provision of food and water, adequate shelter and protection from the weather, veterinary care, and humane care and treatment) is guilty of a misdemeanor with a second or subsequent violation raising the offense to a Class 4 felony. One commentator, Victoria Hayes, JD, believed that although Illinois' legal definition of a "companion animal hoarder" is a step in the right direction, the definition does not provide any extra tools to a prosecutor. Animal hoarding itself is not prohibited by the statute, she said, and the prosecutor must still show a violation of Section 3 of the Humane Care for Animals Act. It is important to note that animal hoarding itself is not prohibited by the Illinois statute.

Hawaii, on the other hand, specifically outlaws animal hoarding. In 2008, animal hoarding became a misdemeanor offense. Hawaii's Penal Code now provides:

(1) A person commits the offense of animal hoarding if the person intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly;

(2) Animal hoarding is a misdemeanor.

Hawaii's law specifically criminalizes hoarding, while depriving an animal of necessary sustenance can also constitute a separate offense of animal cruelty. The hoarding law differs from ordinances that limit the number of pets a person can have because it only prohibits keeping more than fifteen dogs and cats if the owner fails to provide necessary care for the animals and that failure causes injury to the animals or the owner.

An important aspect of the law is that prosecutors may be able to charge hoarders with one count of animal hoarding that covers all of the animals. When hoarding is prosecuted under state animal cruelty laws, prosecutors must charge hoarders with multiple counts of animal cruelty—one for each animal on the premises. By creating the offense of "hoarding", Hawaii's law seems to allow prosecutors to charge hoarders with one count of animal hoarding that covers every animal the person has hoarded, easing the prosecution's burden of providing documentation of each individual animal's injury. This will also decrease the cumbersome burden multiple charges can place on courts. Prosecutors will also be able to bring separate charges of animal cruelty for individual animals whose injuries are easiest to document.

Hawaii's statute does not mandate psychological counseling for convicted hoarders or restrict future animal ownership.

Anti-hoarding legislation has been proposed, but not passed, in several other states.

Hoarding-specific municipal ordinances
While a state may not have an animal hoarding specific statute, its municipalities may have animal hoarding specific ordinances. For instance, the city of Alto, Georgia's ordinance specifically prohibits hoarders. The ordinance defines a hoarder as a person or entity that:

If a person is convicted of being a hoarder under this ordinance, that person may not own, possess, or have on his premises in Alto any animal for one year from the date of conviction. The person may also be punished by a fine not to exceed $1,000.00 and/or by imprisonment in the common jail of the town not to exceed six months.

The Animal Law Coalition has a Model Animal Hoarding Specific Ordinance (available under "Resources" at its website) that can be adapted by various communities.

More controversially, a municipality may limit the number of pets a person is allowed to keep in his or her home in hopes of preventing animal hoarding. These are called pet limitation ordinances. Gary J. Patronek, in The Problem of Animal Hoarding, Municipal Lawyer 6 (2001), stated that pet limitation ordinances are "wildly unpopular, difficult to enforce, and likely to be opposed by a broad coalition of pet fanciers, breeders, rescue groups, and animal protection organizations." While a hoarding specific ordinance, like Alto, prohibits keeping numerous animals in conditions that are harmful to the animals' health, pet limitation ordinances simply prohibit keeping more than a certain number of animals regardless of the level of care provided to the animals. As mentioned previously in this article, the number of animals involved alone is not a determinative factor in identifying hoarding and it is possible for a person to successfully care for a large number of animals. Examples of pet limitation ordinances include: Aurora, Colorado and Banks County, Georgia. In Banks County, Georgia, the number of dogs a person can own differs based on the zone in which the person's property is located.

Some pet limitation ordinances, however, provide exemptions to the pet restrictions. For instance, in Great Falls, Montana, a person who owns or harbors any more than the number of dogs and cats permitted by the ordinance for a period of more than thirty (30) days must obtain a multiple animal permit. Additionally, a breeder can be exempt from the ordinance by obtaining a Multiple Animal Hobby Breeder Permit. These exemptions are, no doubt, provided to lessen the opposition and problems of pet limitation ordinances.

Problems with prosecuting hoarders

Prosecuting animal hoarding cases is "complex, time consuming, and costly; as made evident in the Primrose case, the high cost of caring for animals rescued from hoarders, who often must be cared for at the rescuer's expense, is a huge disincentive for prosecuting these types of cases. Especially since the animal rescue operation may never be compensated for its expenses. Further, as Dr. Gary Patronek explains, " don't really have the tools they need to fully go after these cases ... and they often don't have the support of other agencies that they need." This lack of communication among various governmental agencies, such as code enforcement, the health department, and animal control, impedes the detection of animal hoarders and thereby the prosecution of hoarders.
Further, since animal hoarding cases do not get widespread attention, they do not garner community support, which is also a disincentive for prosecution. Additionally, officials may opt to forgo charges or enter into lenient plea-bargains in exchange for custody of the animals because they fear that the animals will languish in shelters while prosecution is pending. These attempts to "strike a balance between helping both the hoarder and the animals involved" are generally ineffective because of high recidivism rates among hoarders.
When hoarders are prosecuted, there is broad inconsistency in the number and severity of charges brought. These inconsistencies may arise because some prosecutors and judges discourage multiple charges, believing that they "clog" the system. The difficulty of proving each charge also accounts for these inconsistencies. In order to bring one charge of cruelty for each animal, prosecutors and animal agencies must provide proof of cruelty to each animal, matching each animal with its count number. Adversely, charging the hoarder with only one count reduces the burdens on the system, the prosecutors, and the animal agencies, but undermines the severity of the charges. Laws that create a separate offense of animal hoarding may solve this problem by allowing one count of hoarding to be brought in every case that encompasses the hoarding aspect of the charge rather than focusing on each individual count of cruelty.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, an RSPCA spokeswoman said the society was campaigning for legislation to monitor people who take in large numbers of animals.

Dangers
The health issues in animal hoarding encompass a variety of concerns related to both individual and public health. Animal hoarding is the cause of many severe health risks that threaten the hoarded animals, individuals living in hoarding residences, and surrounding neighbors.

Health effects on animals
Due to the harmful effects on the health of the animals involved, animal hoarding is considered a form of cruelty to animals. Hoarders often fail to provide basic care for their animals, thus resulting in disease and often death. The primary animal health issues involved are malnourishment and problems related to overcrowding and neglect. Consequences of hoarding are long-lasting and continue to affect the animals even after they have been rescued and provided with better care.

Malnourishment
Lack of sufficient food and water is a common feature of hoarding situations. The immediate consequence of this is starvation and death. One study found at least one dead animal present in over half of examined cases, the leading cause of death being an insufficient food and water supply. Malnourishment also leads to increased susceptibility to disease, and the hoarded animals are often in advanced stages of sickness. Furthermore, when there is a limited food supply, animals may resort to aggressive behavior in competing for available food, killing and sometimes even eating other animals.

Overcrowding
Overcrowding also leads to acute animal health problems in hoarding situations. The number of animals found in hoarding cases range from dozens to several hundreds, with extreme cases involving over a thousand animals. Animals are confined to houses, apartments, or trailer-homes. In one case, 306 cats were removed from a home, 87 of which were dead. Corpses were found embedded in the chimney and living room furniture. In addition to lack of living space, overcrowding facilitates the spread of diseases among animals. Furthermore, in cases where more than one species is confined to the same living space, animals can pose a danger to one other due to inter-species aggression.

Owner neglect
Various other health problems arise from hoarders' neglect of the animals and inability to provide basic care for them. Lack of veterinary attention is notable among these. Hoarders, refusing to acknowledge the deteriorating health conditions of their animals and scared they will be forced to give up custody, often refuse to take their animals to veterinarians. As a result, diseases are left untreated and allowed to become more severe. Another problem tied to neglect is poor sanitary conditions for the animals. Basic animal waste management is absent in virtually all animal-hoarding situations, and animals are filthy and often infected with parasites as a result. Furthermore, animals suffer behaviorally from a lack of socialization caused by an absence of normal interaction with other animals.

Lasting consequences
Many of these health problems continue to cause suffering even after the animals are rescued. Strained animal shelters or humane societies, forced to prioritize when dealing with numerous rescued animals, may be unable to provide immediate treatment to many animals. Furthermore, many of the rescued animals, due to health or behavioral problems, may not be suitable for adoption. Euthanasia, even in cases where the animals are not beyond rehabilitation, is often the only option for rescued animals. The effects of hoarding on the health and socialization of the animals involved are severe and lasting, taking heavy tolls on both their physical and psychological well-being.

Health effects on humans
Animal hoarding also causes many health problems for the people involved. Hoarders, by definition, fail to correct the deteriorating sanitary conditions of their living spaces, and this gives rise to several health risks for those living in and around hoarding residences. Animal hoarding is at the root of a string of human health problems including poor sanitation, fire hazards, zoonotic diseases, envenomation, and neglect of oneself and one's dependents.

Sanitation concerns
Poor sanitation practices, a general characteristic of hoarding households, pose health risks to both animals and humans. In typical hoarding residences, animal waste is found coating interior surfaces, including beds, countertops, and cupboards. In one case, floors and other surfaces were found to be covered in a six-inch layer of feces and garbage.

In addition to severe odors which may pose a nuisance to neighbors, animal waste poses serious health risks through both the spread of parasites and the presence of noxious ammonia levels. OSHA, the United States agency regulating air quality standards in work-related environments, has identified an ammonia level of 300 parts per million as life-threatening for humans; in many hoarding cases the atmospheric ammonia level in the housing space approaches this number, requiring the use of protective clothing and breathing apparati during inspections or interventions. In an extreme case, the ammonia level in the hoarder's house was 152 parts per million even after ventilation.

The presence of animal waste also prevents sanitary storage and preparation of food, which puts residents at risk of contracting food-related illnesses and parasites. Insect and rodent infestation can both follow and worsen hoarding conditions, and can potentially spread to the surrounding environment including to nearby buildings. In one case, an elementary school had to be shut down due to a flea infestation that had spread from a nearby dog hoarder residence.

Hoarders are frequently found to collect large numbers of inanimate objects in addition to animals, giving rise to clutter as well. Hoarded objects can include newspapers, trash, clothing, and food; the clutter inhibits normal movement around the house, hampering household maintenance and sanitary food preparation, heightening the risk of accidents, and contributing to the overall level of squalor. A lack of functioning toilets, sinks, electricity, or proper heating (often due to hoarders not paying bills, though poor maintenance may also be a cause) further exacerbates the problem. Fire hazards comprise yet another health issue tied to poor sanitation; the clutter found in many hoarding households prevents workable fire escape plans and serves as possible fuel when located close to heat sources. The risk is amplified when hoarders, due to inoperative heating systems, seek alternate heating methods such as fireplaces, stoves, or kerosene heaters.

Zoonotic diseases
Another human health issue caused by animal hoarding is the risk of zoonotic diseases. Defined as "human diseases acquired from or transmitted to any other vertebrate animal", zoonotic diseases can often be lethal and in all cases constitute a serious public health concern. Examples of well-known zoonotic diseases include bubonic plague, influenza, and rabies. Common domesticated animals constitute a large portion of animals carrying zoonoses, and as a result, humans involved in animal hoarding situations are at particular risk of contracting disease. Zoonoses that may arise in hoarding situations—through vectors such as dog, cat, or rat bites—include rabies, salmonellosis, catscratch fever, hookworm, and ringworm. One zoonosis of special concern is toxoplasmosis, which can be transmitted to humans through cat feces or badly-prepared meat, and is known to cause severe birth defects or stillbirth in the case of infected pregnant women. The risk of zoonotic diseases is amplified by the possibility of community epidemics.

Self-neglect and child/elder abuse

The problems of self-neglect and elder and child abuse are also health problems associated with animal hoarding. Self-neglect can be defined as "the inability to provide for oneself the goods or services to meet basic needs", and has been shown to be an "independent risk factor for death". While self-neglect is a condition generally associated with the elderly, animal hoarders of any age can and do experience it. This is demonstrated by the fact that hoarders' lifestyles often match the degenerate sanitary conditions that surround them. Child and elder abuse arise when dependents are living with the hoarder. According to one study, dependents lived with hoarders in over half of the cases. As with his or her animals, the hoarder often fails to provide adequate care for dependents both young and old, who suffer from a lack of basic necessities as well as the health problems caused by unsanitary conditions. In one case, two children of a couple hoarding 58 cats and other animals were forced to repeat kindergarten and first grade because of excessive absence due to respiratory infections. Self-neglect and neglect of dependents make up a major human health concern of animal hoarding.

Mental health issues
Evidence suggests that there is "a strong mental health component" in animal hoarding, though it has not been firmly linked to any specific psychological disorder. Models that have been projected to explain animal hoarding include delusional disorder, attachment disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, zoophilia, dementia, and addiction. Direct evidence for most is lacking, however.

Delusional disorder
Animal hoarders display symptoms of delusional disorder in that they have a "belief system out of touch with reality". Virtually all hoarders lack insight into the extent of deterioration in their habitations and on the health of their animals, refusing to acknowledge that anything is wrong. Furthermore, hoarders may believe they have "a special ability to communicate and/or empathize with animals", rejecting any offers of assistance. Delusional disorder is an effective model in that it offers an explanation of hoarders' apparent blindness to the realities of their situations.

Attachment disorder
Another model that has been suggested to explain animal hoarding is attachment disorder, which is primarily caused by poor parent-child relationships during childhood. It is characterized by an inability to form "close relationships [with other humans] in adulthood". As a result, those with attachment disorder may turn to animals for companionship. Interviews with animal hoarders have revealed that hoarders have often experienced domestic trauma in childhood, which is the basis of the evidence for this model.

Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Perhaps the strongest psychological model put forward to explain animal hoarding is obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). An overwhelming sense of responsibility for something is characteristic of people with OCD, who then take unrealistic measures to fulfill their perceived duty. Animal hoarders often feel a strong sense of responsibility to take care of and protect animals, and their solution—that of acquiring as many animals as they possibly can—is unrealistic. Further, the hoarding of inanimate objects, practiced by a majority of animal hoarders, is a fairly common occurrence in people with OCD. These connections between animal hoarding and obsessive–compulsive disorder suggest that OCD may be a useful model in explaining animal hoarding behavior. However, this theory has also been refuted by some; Dr. Akimitsu Yokoyama theorizes that animal hoarding could be explained using Asperger syndrome.

Popular culture and fiction
 On the Animal Planet TV series Confessions: Animal Hoarding, friends and family of animal hoarders intervene to offer them support to make a change in the form of psychological help and veterinary care or placement for their pets.
 In the animated series The Simpsons, animal hoarding is represented by the semi-recurring character Crazy Cat Lady Eleanor Abernathy. She is a mentally ill old woman covered by cats, who is often seen speaking in gibberish and throwing cats at people.
 In Ann Bannon's novel Journey to a Woman, Vega's mother and grandfather own an excessive number of cats and could be considered to be animal hoarders.
 In webtoon Lookism, an arc featuring an animal hoarder who nabbed both Daniel Park and Johan Song's dogs.

See also
 Backyard breeder
 Cat lady
 Compulsive hoarding
 Geriatric medicine
 Monomania

References

External links

 The Hoarding of Animals Research Consortium, Tufts University
 Animal Legal Defense Fund

Compulsive hoarding
Animals and humans
Cruelty to animals

Animal hoarding


Campanula hagielia er tegund af klukkuætt (Campanulaceae), ættuð frá Tyrklandi.

Tilvísanir

Bláklukkur

Campanula hagielia


نسر هو أحد آلهة عرب الجنوب قبل الإسلام.

في المصادر الإسلامية
كان نسر أحد أصنام قوم نوح، حيث ورد ذكره في النص القرآني في نهاية الآية 23 من سورة نوح . وبحسب المصادر الإسلامية فإن عمرو بن لحي كأن أول من أظهره في مكة، وكان صنم نسر يشبه في شكله النسر. ويصف ابن الكلبي في كتاب الأصنام معبد نسر في بلخا.

في النقوش
تم العثور على نقوش تصور النسور في جنوب الجزيرة العربية، بما في ذلك في مصنعة مارية وهَدَّات جُلَيس، ويظهر اسم نسر في الأسماء المركبة من آلهة. ويقارنه بعض الباحثين بالإله شمش الذي يظهر أحياناً في شكل نسر في مملكة الحضر. ويرى سبنسر ترمنجهام أن الإله نسر كان رمزاً للشمس.

المراجع

آلهة شبه الجزيرة العربية
أسماء آلهة في القرآن
طيور في الأساطير

نسر (إله)


Odluka Europske unije, vrsta je pravnog akta Europske unije. Kao takvim, ostvaruju se njime ciljevi utvrđeni ugovorima EU-a. Obvezujuća je za one kojima je upućena (npr. država članica EU-a ili pojedinačno poduzeće) i izravno se primjenjuje.

Izvori

Europsko pravo

Odluka Europske unije


بوباستيس  (البحيري القبطي: Ⲡⲟⲩⲃⲁⲥ ϯبوبستي. اليونانية: Βούβαστις بوبستيس  أو Βούβαστος بوباستوس، والمعروفة أيضًا باللغة العربية باسم تل بسطة أو في اللغة المصرية باسم بير باست، كانت مدينة مصرية

قديمة. كثيرا ما حددت تل بسطة مع الكتاب المقدس بي-باسيث (بالعبرية: פי-בסת، حزقيال 30:17). كانت عاصمة بلادها الخاصة، وتقع على طول نهر النيل في منطقة الدلتا في مصر السفلى، وكانت معروفة كمركزعبادة للإلهة القط باستت، وبالتالي فهي المستودع الرئيسي في مصر لمومياوات القطط.

تقع أطلالها في ضواحي مدينة الزقازيق الحديثة.

أصل الكلمة
اسم بوباستيس باللغة المصرية هي Pr-Bȝst.t ، وتُنطق تقليديًا بير باست وهي عبارة عن اسم مركب من اللغة المصرية وهو «منزل» واسم الإلهة باستيت؛ وبالتالي فإن العبارة تعني «بيت باست». يتم تقديمه Ⲡⲟⲩⲃⲁⲥ ϯ أو Ⲡⲟⲩⲁⲥ ϯ أو Ⲃⲟⲩⲁⲥ ϯ.

تاريخ
بوباستس بمثابة عاصمة نوم أم خنت، لمصر الوجه البحري. كانت بوباستيس تقع جنوب غرب تانيس، على الجانب الشرقي لفرع نهر النيل. تم تخصيص نوم ومدينة بوباستيس كمدن حربية حدودية لمصر.أصبحت مقرًا ملكيًا بعد أن أصبح شوشنق الأول، أول حاكم ومؤسس الأسرة الثانية والعشرين، فرعونًا في عام 943 قبل الميلاد. كانت بوباستيس أوجها خلال هذه السلالة والثالثة والعشرين. تراجعت بعد غزو قمبيز الثاني في 525 قبل الميلاد، والذي كان بداية النهاية للأسرة 26 وبداية الإمبراطورية الأخمينية.

تألفت الأسرة الثانية والعشرون من الملوك المصريين من تسعة ملوك، أو حسب يوسابيوس من ثلاثة ملوك بوباستيين، وخلال فترة حكمهم كانت المدينة واحدة من أهم الأماكن في الدلتا. مباشرة إلى الجنوب من بوباستيس كانت حصص الأراضي التي كافأ بها بسامتيك الأول خدمات مرتزقته الأيونيين والكارانيين؛  وعلى الجانب الشمالي من المدينة بدأت قناة الفراعنة التي بدأها الفرعون نخو الثاني (لكن لم ينته) للذهاب بين النيل والبحر الأحمر.

الحكم الفارسي والانحدار
بعد أن استولى الفرس على بوباستيس، هُدمت جدرانها. من هذه الفترة، تدهورت أحوالها تدريجياً، على الرغم من ظهورإسمها في السجلات الكنسية بين الملفات الأسقفية في مقاطعة أوغستا ميكا سيكوندا. توجد عملات البوبستيت من عصر هادريان. فيما يلي الوصف الذي قدمه هيرودوت لبوباستيس، كما ظهر بعد فترة وجيزة من الغزو الفارسي، 525 قبل الميلاد، ويلاحظ هاملتون أن مخطط الأنقاض يضمن بشكل ملحوظ دقة شاهد العيان التاريخي هذا:

«المعابد هناك أكثر اتساعًا وتكلفة من معابد بوباستيس، ولكن لا يوجد أي منها ممتع للغاية. إنه بعد الموضة التالية. باستثناء المدخل، فهو محاط بالمياه: لأن قناتين تتفرعان من النهر، وتمتدان حتى مدخل المعبد: ومع ذلك، لا تختلط أي من القناة بالأخرى، لكن إحداهما تجري على هذا الجانب والأخرى على الذي - التي. يبلغ عرض كل قناة مائة قدم وتنتشر الأشجار على ضفافها. يبلغ ارتفاع البروبيليا ستين قدمًا، وهي مزينة بمنحوتات (ربما نقش بارز) بارتفاع تسعة أقدام، وبصنعة ممتازة. يتم النظر إلى الهيكل في وسط المدينة من جميع الجهات وأنت تتجول؛ وهذا يأتي من المدينة التي أقيمت، في حين أن الهيكل نفسه لم يتحرك، بل بقي في مكانه الأصلي. حول المعبد يوجد جدار مزين بالمنحوتات. داخل العلبة يوجد بستان من الأشجار الطويلة الجميلة، مزروعة حول مبنى كبير فيه تمثال (باست). شكل هذا المعبد مربع، كل جانب عبارة عن ملعب في الطول. يوجد في خط المدخل طريق مبني من الحجر يبلغ طوله حوالي ثلاثة ملاعب، ويؤدي شرقاً عبر السوق العام. يبلغ عرض الطريق حوالي 400 قدم (120 م)، وتحيط به أكثر من الأشجار العالية. يؤدي إلى معبد هيرميس.»

مكانتها الدينية
كانت بوباستيس مركزًا لعبادة الإلهة القط باستت، والتي تسمى أحيانًا بوباستيس على اسم المدينة، والتي حددها الإغريق مع أرتميس. كانت القطة هي حيوان الباست المقدس والغريب، والذي يتم تمثيله برأس قطة أو لبؤة وغالبًا ما يصاحب الإله بتاح في النقوش الأثرية. وبناءً على ذلك، كانت المقابر في بوباستيس هي المستودع الرئيسي لمومياوات القط في مصر.

كانت أبرز معالم المدينة بوباستيس هي أوراكل باست، والمعبد الرائع لتلك الإلهة والموكب السنوي على شرفها. اكتسبت أوراكل شعبية وأهمية بعد تدفق المستوطنين اليونانيين إلى الدلتا، حيث جذب التعرف على باست مع أرتميس إلى ضريحها كل من المصريين الأصليين والأجانب.

كان مهرجان بوباستيس الأكثر بهجة وروعة على الإطلاق في التقويم المصري كما وصفه هيرودوت:

«المراكب والمراكب النهرية من كل وصف، المليئة بالرجال والنساء، كانت تطفو على مهل أسفل النيل. كان الرجال يلعبون على غليون اللوتس. كانت النساء على الصنوج والدفوف، مثل عدم وجود آلات مصحوبة بالموسيقى بالتصفيق بالأيدي والرقصات وغيرها من الإيماءات المبهجة. هكذا فعلوا وهم على ضفاف النهر: ولكن لما جاءوا إلى بلدة على ضفافها، تم تسريع المراكب، ونزل الحجاج، وغنت النساء، واستهزأت بنساء تلك البلدة، وألقت ثيابهن على رؤوسهن. عندما وصلوا إلى بوباستيس، أقاموا احتفالًا مهيبًا بشكل عجيب: وشرب نبيذ العنب في تلك الأيام أكثر من بقية العام. كان هذا هو أسلوب هذا العيد: ويقال إن ما يصل إلى سبعمائة ألف حاج معروف بالاحتفال بعيد باست في نفس الوقت.»

إيبارشية مسيحية
تذكر الوثائق الموجودة أسماء ثلاثة أساقفة مسيحيين لبوباستيس في القرنين الرابع والخامس:

هاربو كاربوس، أحد الأساقفة المرسوم بواسطة ميليتيوس من ليكوبوليس المدرج في 325

حرمون، الذي عاصر أثناسيوس الأسكندري، حوالي عام 362

يوليانوس في مجمع أفسس الثاني عام 449

الحفريات
تم اكتشاف قبر وزير الدولة الحديثة الراحل لوتي في ديسمبر 1964 في «مقبرة النبلاء» في بوباستيس من قبل عالم الآثار المصري شفيق فريد.

انظر أيضًا
قائمة المدن والبلدات المصرية القديمة

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في القرن 10 ق م
أماكن مأهولة انحلت في الألفية 1
أماكن مأهولة سابقا في مصر
تاريخ مصر القديمة
تلال (علم آثار)
دلتا النيل
عواصم سابقة لمصر
محافظة الشرقية
مدن الكتاب المقدس
مدن مصر القديمة
مواقع أثرية في مصر
مواقع إغريقية في مصر
مواقع رومانية في مصر

تل بسطة


Galaxia Pitică din Săgetătorul este o galaxie satelit a Căii Lactee. Cu un diametru de circa , ea se află în momentul de față la  de Terra și se deplasează pe o orbită polară la vreo  de centrul Căii Lactee. Tipul său face obiectul unor dezbateri, fiind considerată ca eliptică și sferoidală, încât termenii de Galaxia Pitică Sferoidală din Săgetătorul sau Galaxia Pitică Eliptică din Săgetătorul sunt și ei menționați. Acest ultim termen posedă abrevierea SagDEG (din ) și ea folosită. Această galaxie nu trebuie confundată cu Galaxia Pitică Neregulată din Săgetătorul, denumire abreviată SagDIG (din ).

Descoperită în 1994 de către Rodrigo Ibata, , și , era considerată în epocă galaxia cea mai apropiată de a noastră  — titlu pe care l-a pierdut în 2003, în profitul Galaxiei Pitice din Câinele Mare, odată cu descoperirea acesteia din urmă. Ea se situează pe un amplasament diametral opus față de Sistemul Solar în raport cu Centrul Galactic, ceea ce o face un obiect foarte dificil de observat, deși ocupă o largă regiune a cerului.

Ea ar trebui să traverseze discul galactic al Căii Lactee în următorii  de ani și va fi cu siguranță absorbită de Galaxia Noastră. Se pare că ar fi vorba la origine de o galaxie pitică sferoidă, dar ea a fost, în mod considerabil, etirată ("întinsă") de forțele mareice ale Căii Lactee, încât un mare număr din stelele sale și un curent de gaz par dispersate de-a lungul întregii sale orbite. Patru roiuri globulare care aparțin de Calea Lactee își au, în mod vizibil, originea în SagDEG: M54, ,  și . Cel puțin două nebuloase planetare au fost identificate în SagDEG: Wray 16-423 și He 2-436.

Studiile diverg pentru a ști dacă SagDEG este pe orbită de mult timp în jurul Căii Lactee (unii vorbesc de mai multe miliarde de ani) sau este vorba de un companion recent.

Note

Legături externe
  Date ale SEDS despre SagDEG
  Studiu detaliat despre SagDEG pe solstation.com

Vezi și
Sateliți ai Căii Lactee
Grupul Local

Galaxii pitice
Grupul Local
Galaxia Pitică Eliptică

Galaxia Pitică din Săgetătorul


Óluva Klettskarð (født 24. juni 1965 i Klaksvík) er en færøsk lærer og politiker (T).

Baggrund
Hun tog bifag i historie og  færøsk sprog og litteratur fra Fróðskaparsetur Føroya i henholdsvis 1991 og 1996. Senere fuldførte hun et hovedfag i historie ved Aarhus Universitet i 2000 og blev dermed  cand.mag.. Klettskarð arbejdede på Studentaskúlin og HF-skeiðið í Eysturoy i skoleåret 1996/1997. Siden 1997 har hun vært adjunkt i historie og færøsk ved Føroya Studentaskúli og HF-skeið i Tórshavn. Hun var formand for skolebestyrelsen ved Skúlan við Ósánna i Klaksvík 2001–08 og bestyrelsesformand i SP/f Leikalund 2004–07.

Familie
Óluva Klettskarð er mor til fodboldspilleren Páll Klettskarð og kusine til politikeren Sirið Stenberg, som hun afløser i Lagtinget. Stenbergs far og Klettskarðs mor er søskende og kommer fra Porkeri. Efternavnet Klettskarð kommer fra den uddøde bygd Skarð. Lille juleaftensdag 23. december 1913, blev en færøbåd, en áttamannafarer med 7 mand fra bygden overrasket af snestorm, og samtlige voksne mænd i bygden omkom på havet. Óluva Klettskarðs bedsteforældre og oldeforældre var blandt Skarðs sidste beboere. Hendes oldefar omkom i ulykken, hendes farfar, Karl Klettskarð, var 10 år, da ulykken skete.

Politisk karriere
Klettskarð er medlem af kommunalbestyrelsen i Klaksvík siden 2009. Hun har mødt i kortere perioder på Lagtinget som suppleant 2008-11. Hun blev udnævnt til kulturminister i Jóannes Eidesgaards anden regering den 30. august 2008, men måtte gå af allerede 15. september, da Tjóðveldi trak sig fra regeringssamarbejdet. Klettskarð er formand for Tjóðveldis hovedbestyrelse og medlem af partiets arbejdsudvalg. Ved lagtingsvalget 2015 blev hun ikke valgt, men da hendes parti Tjóðveldi kom i regering, og hendes kusine Sirið Stenberg blev sundheds- og indenrigsminister, fik Klettskarð sæde i Lagtinget suppleant.

Lagtingsudvalg
2015- Medlem af Velfærdsudvalget
2015- Medlem af kulturudvalget
2015- Medlem af kontroludvalget

Referencer

Eksterne henvisniner
 Óluva Klettskarð  hos Tjóðveldi

Lærere fra Færøerne
Politikere fra Tjóðveldi
Lagtingsmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Kulturministre fra Færøerne
Personer fra Klaksvik

Óluva Klettskarð


Sebastião Martins dos Reis (Vergão Fundeiro, Proença-a-Nova, 17 de Fevereiro de 1913 - 27 de Outubro de 1984) foi um cónego e investigador religioso português.

Biografia
Nasceu em 17 de Fevereiro de 1913, na povoação de Vergão Fundeiro, em Proença-a-Nova. Teve uma educação religiosa, tendo frequentado uma escola apostólica na cidade de Cáceres, em Espanha, um convento da Companhia de Jesus em Guimarães, e o Seminário Maior de Évora. Nesta última instituição, terminou o segundo ano de filosofia, que tinha iniciado em Guimarães, e quatro anos em teologia. Foi depois para Roma, onde ingressou no Colégio Português e na Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana, onde concluiu uma licenciatura em teologia, e em seguida no Pontifício Instituto Bíblico. Voltou depois a Évora, onde exerceu como professor no Liceu e no Seminário, assistente de Acção Católica, capelão no Tribunal Eclesiástico, e cónego capitular na Sé Catedral. Foi ordenado como presbítero em 1941.

Teve uma carreira de relevo como investigador religioso, tendo publicado 23 obras, incluindo traduções e originais. Grande parte da sua obra foi dedicada a Nossa Senhora de Fátima, principalmente o Santuário de Fátima e as aparições na Cova da Iria, tendo sido considerado como um dos protagonistas de Fátima pelo jornal Voz de Fátima. Num artigo escrito em 1999 para o jornal Público, o jornalista António Marujo destacou a obra Síntese Crítica de Fátima, publicada em 1967 por Martins dos Reis, devido à sua interpretação da mensagem das aparições. Segundo o cónego, estas provaram «a intervenção e mediação universal da Mãe de Deus», garantindo que as orações estavam a ser ouvidas, e que «não são fantasias o Céu, o Purgatório e o Inferno», além de demonstrarem a «trágica realidade do pecado». Classificou igualmente a oração e o sacrifício como de valor «tão indispensável como decisivo», e garantiu que tanto as pessoas como as populações tinha «o seu anjo da guarda a velar por elas». Salientou também a importância da reza do rosário e a devoção ao Imaculado Coração de Maria, e o pedido da conversão dos pecadores, e afirmou que «Deus e sua Mãe dominam e conduzem o devir da história, podendo e querendo interferir na vida e no destino do homem e da sociedade», uma vez que «a Eles pertence a última palavra do triunfo».

Morreu no dia 27 de Outubro de 1984.

Obras publicadasFátima - As suas provas e os seus problemas (1953)Cancioneiro de Fátima (1957)Hinário de Fátima (1957)Na órbita de Fátima - Rectificações e achegas (1958)Na órbita de Fátima - Reacções e contrastes (1984)As pombas da Virgem de Fátima: História e significado (com Adriano Chorão Lavajo, 1963)O Milagre do Sol e o segredo de Fátima - Inconsequências e especulações (1966)A vidente de Fátima dialoga e responde pelas aparições (1970)Síntese crítica de Fátima - Incidências e repercussões (1967)Uma vida ao serviço de FátimaDeus e o Diabo na Quinta do Inferno 81974)As Catedrais Portuguesas e a Dedicação a Santa Maria''

Padres católicos de Portugal
Naturais de Proença-a-Nova
Nascidos em 1913
Mortos em 1984

Sebastião Martins dos Reis


...í sex skrefa fjarlægð frá paradís er plata með íslenska tónlistarmanninum Bubba Morthens frá árinu 2005. Hún og plata frá sama ári, Ást, voru plötur í tvíleik Bubba sem sóttu innblástur í skilnað sinn við eiginkonu sína, Brynju Gunnarsdóttur.

Lagalisti
 Strákurinn
 Stjórna og stýra
 Þú sem ert fjær
 Einn dagur einn
 Lífsins ljós (Vögguvísa)
 Vonin blíð
 Svartur hundur
 Draumur
 Get bara ekki
 Ástin getur aldrei orðið gömul frétt
 Breiðstræti ástarinnar
Bubbi Morthens
Hljómplötur gefnar út árið 2005

...í sex skrefa fjarlægð frá paradís


Zinaida Crăciunescu () a fost o pedagogă moldoveancă, notabilă pentru discursul său din 7 august 1940, prin care a cerut crearea Republicii Socialiste Sovietice Moldovenești în componența URSS.

S-a născut în familia nobilului ereditar Alexandru A. Trofimov, învățător executat de bolșevici împreună cu fratele Zinaidei, Vladimir, la Iaroslavl. A învățat la școala primară în clasa tatălui său, după care a absolvit Gimnaziul de Fete din Odesa în 1910 și clasa a VIII-a pedagogică a Gimnaziului de Fete din Tiraspol în 1911.

Între anii 1911-1914 a fost învățătoare la școala primară din satul Liubotaiivka, județul Tiraspol. S-a căsătorit cu inginerul-constructor Gheorghe Gh. Crăciunescu (1880-1938) la Biserica Sf. Teodor Tiron din Chișinău la 19 octombrie 1914; cu această ocazie s-a mutat cu traiul în Basarabia. A lucrat în orașul Orhei, mai întâi la școala primară din satul Peresecina (1914–1917), apoi la Gimnaziul de Fete din Orhei (1917-1924) și în sfârșit la școlile primare nr. 2 (1924-1926) și nr. 6 (1926-1940).

După ocupația sovietică a Basarabiei și Bucovinei, a fost inclusă în delegația oamenilor muncii din partea Basarabiei și nordului Bucovinei, ca reprezentant al intelectualității. A fost dusă la Chișinău, apoi la Moscova, fără a fi informată despre motivul călătoriei. La data de 7 august 1940 a ținut un discurs la tribuna Sesiunii a VII-a a Sovietului Suprem al URSS (pregătit din timp de organele sovietice în română (moldovenească) și tradus în rusă de deputatul L. T. Otean) prin care a rugat "în numele poporului moldovenesc crearea «Republicii Socialiste Sovietice Moldovenești în componența URSS»".

După aceste evenimente, s-a întors la Orhei, unde a lucrat directoare la Școala nr. 11 până la 14 iunie 1941. Odată cu izbucnirea conflictelor armate ale celui de-al doilea război mondial, s-a refugiat în ținutul Krasnodar, unde a lucrat educatoare la o grădiniță de copii. A revenit în Moldova în 1944 la solicitatea Ministerului Învățământului din RSSM. A lucrat un timp ca inspector școlar și șef de sector al secției raionale de învățământ din Orhei. În anii 1947-1955 a fost metodistă la clasele primare și inspectoare a direcției școlilor a Ministerului Învățământului din RSSM. Din 1955, a condus sectorul învățământului primar la Institutul de Cercetări Științifice al Școlilor.

A fost onorată cu distincțiile Eminent al Învățământului Public, Medalia Pentru Vitejie în Muncă în Timpul Marelui Război pentru Apărarea Patriei din 1941-1915, Ordinul Insigna de Onoare (1949), Învățător Emerit al RSSM.

Zinaida Crăciunescu a decedat la 17 februarie 1964 la Chișinău și este înmormântată în cimitirul Bisericii Sfânta Treime din capitală.

Note

Bibliografie

 Fond de documente la Arhiva Națională a Republicii Moldova, fond de obiecte la Muzeul Național de Istorie a Moldovei

Lectură suplimentară
 Legea URSS din 2 august 1940 de creare a Republicii Socialiste Sovietice Moldovenești (în rusă)

Nașteri în 1893
Nașteri pe 10 octombrie
Decese în 1964
Decese pe 17 februarie
Pedagogi moldoveni
1940 în Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească

Zinaida Crăciunescu


සතිපට්ඨාන 4කි.

කායානුපස්සනා සතිපට්ඨානය

කෑගල්ල තපෝවනය භාවනා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ
තපෝවනයේ සුමේධ හිමි

ශාන්තිනායක බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ විසින් සකල ලෝ වැසි සත්වයන්ගේ සංසාරික දුක් නිවාලීම පිණිස දේශිත ඒකායන මාර්ගය වශයෙන් සතර සතිපට්ඨානය සඳහන් කළ හැකි ය. ඒකායනෝ අයං භික්‍ඛවේ සත්ථානං විශුද්ධියා - සෝක පරිද්ධවානං සමතික්කමාය – දුක්ඛ දෝමනස්සානං අත්ථංගමාය – ඤායස්ස අධිගමාය නිබ්බානස්ස සවිඡිකිරියාය යදිදං චත්තාරෝ සතිපට්ඨානා, වශයෙන් පෙන්වා දෙන්නේ, මහණෙනි එකම එක මාර්ගයක් ඇත සත්වයාගේ පිරිසුදු වීම පිණිස, ශෝක කිරීම, හඬා වැලපීම්, සුසුම් හෙලීම් දුරලීම පිණිසත්, දුක්ඛ දෝමනස්සයාගේ නිරුද්ධිය පිණිසත්, සිව්සස් ධර්මයන්ගේ අවබෝධය පිණිසත්, එනම් සතර සතිපට්ඨානයයි.

නිවන අරමුණු කොට සතර සතිපට්ඨානය ප්‍රගුණ කිරීමට බලාපොරොත්තු වන යෝගාවචරයා විසින් මෙහි සඳහන් අනුපස්සනා 4 වන කායානුපස්සනාව, වේදනානුපස්සනාව, චිත්තානුපස්සනාව සහ ධම්මානුපස්සනාව පිළිබඳ නිරවුල් අවබෝධයක් ඇතිකර ගත යුතු ය. එසේම සතිපට්ඨාන භාවනාවේ මුඛ්‍ය පරමාර්ථය වන සෝවාන් ආදී අධිගම සාක්ෂාත් කිරීම සඳහා සියලු අනාගත ප්‍රාර්ථනා අත්හළ යුතු ය. අනාගතයේ බුදු සසුනක නිවන් ප්‍රාර්ථනා කිරීම ඇතුලු සියලු අපේක්‍ෂා මෙයට අයත් වන්නේ ය.

සතිපට්ඨාන භාවනාවේ සඳහන් කායානුපස්සනාව පිළිබඳ සලකා බලන විට මෙය අනෙකුත් අනුපස්සනා අතරින් වෙනම දක්වන ලද්දේ වූවද එම කර්මස්ථානය ප්‍රගුණ කරන විට ඉතිරි අනුපස්සනා 3 ද මේ සමග වැඩෙන බව දත යුතු ය.

කායානුපස්සනා කර්මස්ථානයේ හඳුනාගත යුතු කොටස් කිහිපයකි. 1. ආනාපානසති, 2. ඉරියාපථ, 3. චතුසම්පජඤ්ඤ, 4. ධාතුමනසිකාරය, 5. කායගතාසති, 6. නව සිවතික වශයෙනි.

සතර සතිපට්ඨානය ප්‍රගුණ කිරීමට බලාපොරොත්තු වන යෝගාවචරයා විසින් මුලින් ම ආනාපාන සති කොට හොඳින් ප්‍රගුණ කළ යුතු ය. ආනාපාන සතියේ ස්වර්ණමය අවස්ථාව වන අර්පණාව නැතහොත් ප්‍රථම ධ්‍යානය දක්වා ප්‍රගුණ කළ අයට සතිපට්ඨානය මගින් ඉතා පහසුවෙන් විදසුන් නුවණ ඇති කරගත හැකි බව දත යුතු ය. එසේ වූවත් තමාට ධ්‍යානාංග නොමැති යැයි සිතා මෙය අත් නොහැරිය යුතු ය. කිසියම් දුරකට හෝ ප්‍රගුණ කරන ලද ආනාපානසතිය මගින් ළඟාකරගත් සමාධිය ද මේ සඳහා ප්‍රමාණවත් බවද මතක තබාගත යුතු ය. ආනාපාන සතිය පිළිබඳ අප අවබෝධයක් ලබාගත් නිසා පළඟට ඉරියාපථ කොටස පිළිබඳව සලකා බැලීම කළ යුතු ය.

අප උපතේ සිට මරණය දක්වා කරන බොහෝ ක්‍රියා ඇත. කුමන ක්‍රියාවක් සිදු කළ ද ඒ කිසිවක් භාවනාවක් නොවී ය. ඉරියාපථ භාවනාව යනු ඇවිදීම, හිඳීම, සයනය, ආහාර ගැනීම, වැසිකිළි කැසිකිළි යෑම ආදී සියලු ක්‍රියා සිහියෙන් යුතුව කිරීමය. එනම් යෝනිසෝමනසිකාරයෙන් සිදුකිරීම වන්නේ ය. මෙම 'ඉරියාපථ', එනම් ඉරියව් වල පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳ සිහිය යොමු කිරීමෙන් බලාපොරොත්තු වන්නේ සත්ව පුද්ගල ආත්ම වශයෙන් තමා යැයි සිතින් අල්වා ගත් අල්වා ගැනීම මිථ්‍යාවක් හා මුලාවක් යන දෘෂ්ටිය ප්‍රහාණය කිරීම ය. පුද්ගලයා විසින් ඇති කරගන්නා වූ අවිද්‍යාව නිසා සත්ව පුද්ගල සංඥාව මුල්කරගෙන මම මාගේ යැයි දෘෂ්ටියක බැසගෙන වාසය කරයි. එම අවිද්‍යා සහගත සංඥාව නිසා මම යැයි පුද්ගලයෙකු ඇත. මම යැයි පුද්ගලයෙකු ගමන් කරයි. ආදී වශයෙන් දෘෂ්ටියක් සැකසී ඇත. මෙම ඉරියාපථ කොටස මනාකොට ප්‍රගුණ කරන ලද යෝගියාට වැටහෙනුයේ මම හිඳිමි, වශයෙන් හෝ මම ගමන් කරමි යන්න වායෝ ධාතුවෙහි පැතිරීම මුල්කරගෙන සිදු වූ ක්‍රියාවක් මිස, ගමන් ගන්නා හෝ සිටින සත්වයකු පුද්ගලයකු ලෙස ගත නොහැකි බව අවබෝධයට පැමිණීමය. මේ ආකාරයෙන් ඉඳීම්, හිටීම්, ගමන් කිරීම්, සයනය, ආදී සතර ඉරියව් කෙරෙහිම යෝනිසෝ මණසිකාරය දියුණු කිරීම ඉරියාපථ භාවනාව යැයි දත යුතු ය.

කායානුපස්සනා භාවනා කොටසේ මීළඟට හඳුනාගත යුතු කොටස 'චතුසම්පජඤ්ඤ' නම් වෙයි. චතුසම්පජඤ්ඤ යනු අවස්ථා 4 ක් පිළිබඳව ඇති කරගන්නා වූ යෝනිසෝමනසිකාරය වන්නේ ය. එහිදී චතුසම්පජඤ්ඤ භාවනාව යැයි වෙනම කමටහනක් නොමැති අතර ප්‍රධාන කර්මස්ථානය සමගම ප්‍රගුණ වීමට ඉඩහළ යුතු කොටසක් ලෙස මෙය හඳුනාගත යුතුය. මෙහි පළමු කාරණය නම් තමා ප්‍රධාන කර්මස්ථානය ප්‍රගුණ කරන කල්හි කනට ඇසුණා වූ ශබ්දයක් මුල් කොට හෝ සිතට දැණුනා වූ සිතිවිල්ලකට අනුරූපව හෝ කර්මස්ථානයෙන් සිත බැහැරව ගොස් අවට පරිසරය බැලීමට සිතිවිල්ලක් පහළ වන විට යෝගියා විසින් තම සිතෙහි හටගත්තා වූ සිතිවිල්ලට අනුරූප නොගොස් අවට පරිසරය බැලීමේ ඇති වැදගත්කම හා නොවැදගත්කම පිළිබඳව නුවණින් විමසා බැලීම සිදු කිරීමයි. කොටින්ම කියතොත් අවට බැලීමෙන් සිදුවන වැඩ අවැඩ කුමක්ද යන්න විමසීමය. මෙය බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ පෙන්වා දෙන්නේ සාර්ථසම්පජඤ්ඤය වශයෙනි. මෙම සාර්ථසම්පජඤ්ඤය දියුණු වූයේ නම් බොහෝ දුරට නොයෙක් අරමුණු ඔස්සේ සිත දුවන ගතිය මඟ හැරී යනු ඇත. මීළඟට සත්පාය සම්පජඤ්ඤය දත යුතු ය. මෙහිදී අදහස් වන්නේ තමා පවත්වාගෙන යනු ලබන කර්මස්ථානයට බාධා වන අන්දමේ තත්ත්වයනට මුහුණ දීමෙන් වැලකී සිටීමය. එනම් භාවනාවට සත්පාය, අසප්පාය කරුණු වන, ජනයා ගැවසෙන ස්ථාන, ස්ත්‍රී පුරුෂ දර්ශනය ආදිය වැනි කරුණු ය. තමා ගමන්ගන්නා හෝ වසන ස්ථානයෙහි මෙකී අසත්පාය කරුණු එකකදු හෝ පවතී නම් එය බැහැර කර සිටීමේ සිහිය මෙයින් අදහස් කෙරේ. එසේම යෝගියා ආහාර අනුභවය කිරීම ආදී අන්‍ය වූ සියලු කාර්ය වල යෙදී සිටියදී පවත්වාගෙන පැමිණි කර්මස්ථානය අත්නොහැර විසීම ගෝචර සම්පජානය දියුණු කිරීම නම් වේ. එමෙන්ම තමා හිදීම, සිටීම, සක්මන් කිරීම සයනය යන මෙම සතර ඉරියව් පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳ සලකා බලන කල්හි මේ සතර ඉරියව්වක්ම සිදු කරන විට නොමුලා සිතින් කිරීම අසම්මෝහ සම්පජඤ්ඤය ප්‍රගුණ කිරීම නම් යැයි දත යුතු ය. මෙහිදී තමා ගමන් කරන විට මම ගමන් කරමියි යන අවිද්‍යා සහගත දෘෂ්ටිය බැහැර කොට මෙය සිදු වන්නේ සිතෙහි හටගත්තා වූ සිතිවිල්ලට අනුරූපව වායෝ ධාතුවෙහි ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය නිසා බව මෙහිදී යෝගියා තේරුම් ගත යුතු ය.

අනතුරුව ධාතු මානසිකාරය හා කායගතාසති කොටස විමසිය යුතු ය. ධාතු මනසිකාරය නම් කය සැකසී පවතින ස්වභාවය පිළිබඳව ඇති කරගන්නා වූ අවබෝධයම වන්නේ ය. මුලින්ම යෝගියා කය යනු කුමක්ද? එය සැකසී ඇත්තේ කෙසේ කුමකින් ද යන්න වටහා ගැනීම කළ යුතු ය. කය පිළිබඳව සිතන විට එය සැකසී ඇත්තේ රූප වලින් ය. එවිට රූප යනු කුමක්ද යන්න තේරුම්ගත යුතු ය. රූප සැකසී ඇත්තේ මොනවායින් ද යන්න වටහාගත යුතු ය. රූප යනු වෙනස් වන අස්ථාවර දෙයකි. මෙම අස්ථාවර කෂ්ණයක් කෂ්ණයක් පාසා වෙනස්වන රූප සැකසී ඇත්තේ සතර මහා ධාතූන්ගෙනි. සතර මහා ධාතු යනු පඨවි, ආපෝ, තේජෝ, වායෝ යන කොටස් ය. මෙම සතර මහා ධාතූන්ගේ ස්වභාවය නම් නිතර වෙනස් වන ගතියෙන් යුක්ත වීමය. නිතර වෙනස් වන ධර්මයකින් රූප සැකසී ඇති බවත් නිතර වෙනස් වෙමින් විනාශය කරා ගන්නා වූ රූප වලින් මෙම කය සැකසී ඇති බවත් වටහාගත යුතු ය. සතර මහා ධාතූන්ගේ සංකලනයක් වශයෙන් සැකසී ඇති කයෙහි එක් ධාතු කොටසක බිඳීයෑමක් හෝ සැලීයාමක් සිදු වුවහොත් අනෙකුත් ධාතූන්ගේ ද බිඳීයෑම ද සිදු වන්නේ ය. භාවනාවක් වශයෙන් ප්‍රගුණ කරන ලද සතිපට්ඨානය ඇති යෝගාවචරයාට රූපයෙහි ඇති අනිත්‍ය අසාර බව මනාව ප්‍රකට වන්නේ ය. බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ විසින් අනිච්චාවත සංඛාරා, උප්පාද වය ධම්මිනෝ... යන ස්ථානයෙහිදී උත්පාද, වය ලෙස හඳුන්වා ඇත්තේ ද හේතූන්ගෙන් හටගත්තා වූ සියල්ල නිරන්තර අනිත්‍යය තාවට පත්වන බව ය. මෙහිදී උත්පාද තිථි, භංග ලෙස සමහරු විග්‍රහ කළ ද එය ධර්මය නිවැරැදිව වටහා නොගත් අදහසක් ලෙස දැක්විය යුතු ය. ක්ෂණයක් පාසා වෙනස්වන ලෝකය තුළ කිසිවක සුළු මොහොතක හෝ පැවැත්මක් අපේක්‍ෂා කළ නොහැකි ය. රූපයත් එසේමය. බාහිර මසැසින් රූපය දෙස බලන අයෙකුට අවිද්‍යා සහගත සංඥාව නිසා ස්ථාවර රූපයකගේ පැවැත්මක් ඇතැයි සිතිය හැකි ය. එහෙත් ධර්මානුකූලව බලන ෂට එහි ඇත්තේ නිරන්තර වෙනස්වන ඇතිවීමත් සමඟම නැතිවන ධර්මයකි. කුඩා දරුවෙකු ලෙස උපදින බිළිඳා කාලයාගේ ඇවෑමෙන් තරුණයකු බවට පත් වෙයි. දැන් එහි බිළිඳකු නොමැත. මුහුකුරාගිය අයෙකු පෙනේ. අනතුරුව ඔහු ජීවිතයේ අවසාන භාගයට පිවිසෙන විට පෙනෙනුයේ ජරාවට ගිය රූපයකි. එසේ නම් කය නමැති රූපය නිතර වෙනස්වන ධර්ම කොටසක් වන අතර, සතර මහා ධාතූන් ගෙන් සැදුම් ලත් මෙම රූපය නිත්‍ය, සුඛ, ආත්ම වශයෙන් තමා වසඟයේ රඳවාගත නොහැකි බව මෙම ධාතු මනසිකාර කොටස ප්‍රගුණ කරන යෝගියාට වටහා ගත හැකි වන්නේ ය.

මීළඟට සතරමහා ධාතුන්ගෙන් සැදුම්ලත් කයත් සමඟ පවතින කුණප කොටස් 32 පිළිබඳව කෙරෙන කායගතාසතිය හඳුනාගත යුතු ය. කයෙහි පවතින දු¼ගඳ හමන කෙස් ලොම් නිය දත් සම මස් ආදී කොටස් 32 ක් ඇත. ධර්මය නොදත් අශ්‍රැතවත් පුද්ගලයා මෙම කුණප නිත්‍යයි. සුඛයි ආදී වශයෙන් සංකල්ප මවන්නේ ය. ඔහු නිරන්තර උත්සාහ කරන්නේ ද මෙම කුණප පෝෂණය කිරීමට ය. මෙම කුණප, කුණප බව තේරුම් ගත හැක්කේ ඒ පිළිබඳව නුවණින් සලකා බැලීමේදී පමණි. තමාගේ හිසෙහි රෝපණය වී ඇති කෙස් කළඹ කොතරම් ආශාවෙන් පෝෂණය කළද පිළිකුල් සහගත දෙයක් බවත්, ඒවා තමා සන්තකයේ පවතින තාක් පුද්ගලයාට නොවැට හෙන්නේ ය. සිරුරේ ඇති සෙම්, සොටු, සැරව,අසූචි ආදිය සිරුරෙන් බැහැර කළ විට කොතරම් අප්‍රසන්න ද යන්න නුවණින් බැලිය යුතු ය. ඒ සියල්ල තමා සන්තකයේ පවතින තාක් පිළිකුලක් නොදැනුණ අතර, ශරීරයෙන් බැහැර කළ විට ළංවීමට ද අපහසු මහා පිළිකුල් දෙයක් ලෙස පෙනෙනු ඇත. එසේම ලොම්, නිය දත් ආදී සියල්ලම මේ පිළිකුල් උපදවන කුණප බවත් ඒවායේ පවතින අසාර බව වටහා ගැනීම සඳහා වෙන් වෙන් වශයෙන් ගෙන විමසා බැලිය යුතු බවත් දත යුතු ය. බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ විසින් පෙන්වා දෙන්නේ ධාන්‍ය පිරවූ මල්ලක් ලිහා එහි ඇති නොයෙක් ධාන්‍ය වෙන් කොට හඳුනාගන්නේ යම් සේද මෙම දෙතිස් කුණප වෙන් වෙන් වශයෙන් බලා ඒවායේ පවතින අසූහ, අසාර, පිළිකුල් සහගත බව අවබෝධ කළ යුතු බව ය. මෙසේ කායානුපස්සනාවේදී තමන්ගේ හා අනුන්ගේ කයෙහි ද පවතින්නේ මෙවන් අසුභ, පිළිකුල් සහගත දුගඳ හමන කුණප බව හඳුනාගත යුතු ය. මෙම විනිවිද දකින අවබෝධය නොමැති, ධර්මය නොදත් තැනැත්තා වනාහි පි‍්‍රය යැයි සම්මත කරගත් ස්ත්‍රී රූපයක් හෝ පුරුෂ රූපයක් නෙත ගැටුණ විගස ඒ රූපය කෙරෙහි ආලය ආශාව ඇති කරගන්නේ ය.

ඇතිකරගත් අවිද්‍යා සහගත සංඥාව නිසා පිළිකුල් සහගත වූ කුණපයක් වෙත තමා ඇළුම්කරන බව ඔහුට නොවැටහෙන්නේ ය. එහෙත් කයෙහි පවතින පිළිකුල් සහගත බව හා ආසාර බව පිළිබඳ කායානුපස්සනාවෙහි නිරත වන යෝගියාට අන්‍ය වූ හෝ තමාගේ හෝ යැයි සම්මත කය කුණප කොටසක් පමණක් බවත්, මෙහි ඇලුම්කොට යුතු කිසිවක් නොමැති බවත් අවබෝධ වන්නේ ය. කායානුපස්සනාවෙහි අවසාන කොටස 'නව සීවථික' නම් වෙයි. ජීවිතක්‍ෂයට මෙය පත් පුද්ගලයකුගේ මෘත දේහය දින 9 ක් ගත වන විට විනාශය කරා ගමන් ගන්නා ආකාරය පිළිබඳ නුවණින් බලා තම සිරුර පිළිබඳ පවතින රාගය දුරු කරන කර්මස්ථානයක් බව දත යුතු ය.

මෙම ආකාරයට කායානුපස්සනාවේ මුල් පියවර කිහිපය හඳුනාගත් යෝගියා, ආනාපානසති භාවනාව සමග මෙම අනුපස්සනාව ද ප්‍රගුණ කළ යුතු ය.

තෙරුවන් සරණයි

වේදනානුපස්සනා සතිපට්ඨානය

චිත්තානුපස්සනා සතිපට්ඨානය

ධම්මානුපස්සනා සතිපට්ඨානය

සතර සතිපට්ඨාන

සතිපට්ඨානය


Sawmills are facilities where logs are cut to length.

Sawmills may also refer to:

 Sawmills Studios, a famous UK music recording studio
 Sawmills, North Carolina

See also

Sawmill (disambiguation)

Sawmills (disambiguation)


Anacolia, rod pravih mahovina u porodici Bartramiaceae.

Rod je opisan 1876.

Vrste
 Anacolia aristifolia Flowers in Grout, 1935
 Anacolia aurescens Iwatsuki, 1969
 Anacolia breutelii Magill, 1987
 Anacolia cameruniae Dixon, 1933
 Anacolia laevisphaera Flowers in Grout, 1935
 Anacolia menziesii Paris, 1894
 Anacolia scioana Brotherus, 1924
 Anacolia webbii W. P. Schimper, 1876

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Bryophyte Flora of North America

Bryanae

Anacolia


Casa Adam-Stegerwald este un fost centru de conferințe din Königswinter, un oraș din Renania de Nord-Westfalia, districtul Rhein-Sieg. Acesta este situat pe drumul principal (adresa: Hauptstraße 487/489) în partea de sud a orașului vechi și stă ca monument arhitectonic sub protecție de patrimoniu.

Istorie
Casa Adam-Stegerwald a fost în trecut vila consilierului comercial regal Philipp II Barthels (1838-1906) din Barmen, care a construit-o conform planurilor arhitectului Ottomar Stein din Bad Honnef. În anul 1924 a cumpărat-o Jakob Kaiser, politician din Zentrumspartei (Partidul de Centru, predecesorul CDU), ca centru de conferințe pentru Asociația Socială Arbeiterwohl (Bunăstarea muncitorului) ca și ca loc centru de odihnă (Erholungsheim) pentru mamă și copil. În 1927/28 vila a fost demolată și reconstruită cu un corp în plus. În 1930/31 se întâlnea aici Cercul de la Königswinter (Königswinterer Kreis), o asociație de oameni de știință și eticieni din domeniul științei sociale cu confesiune catolică, care își dorea crearea unui concept socio-politic pentru catolicismul politic în Germania. În perioada Germaniei Naziste (1933-1945), casa a fost privatizată și folosită de Frontul de Muncă German (Deutsche Arbeitsfront - DAF) sub numele de Școala Robert-Ley (Robert-Ley-Schule) pentru formarea liderilor politici. Inaugurarea festivă a avut loc la data de 24 iunie 1933 în prezența comandantului Robert Ley. Din anul 1935 a purtatul numele de "Reichsschulungsburg" (Castel de formare al Imperiului) și a devenit o școală cu singurul scop indoctrinarea ideologică în cadrul DAF. Casa avea o capacitate de 75 de persoane (în anul 1940) și conținea săli de lectură, biblioteci și fumoare; casa era comparabilă prin facilitățile ei cu un hotel de primă clasă. În 1937 Hotelul Mattern a fost a doua clădire transformată în școală de îndoctrinat ("Königswinter II") din Königswinter.

După sfârșitul Celui De-Al Doilea Război Mondial, casa a ajuns pentru început în proprietatea Asociației Sindicale Germane (Deutsches Gewerkschaftsbund). Casa poartă numele de azi după cofondatorul Asociației Creștine Sindicaliste, Adam Stegerwald, pe care l-a primit în toamna anului 1948, când casa a fost din nou intrată în utilizare pentru scopuri integrativ-germane. Din septembrie 1948, casa a găzduit fracțiunea CDU/CSU a consiliului parlamentar care se întâlnea 1948/49 în Bonn.

Arhitectură
Vila (adresa: Hauptstraße 489) din anul 1901, este o clădire din stuc cu trei etaje cu rezalite laterale și cu acoperișul în patru ape. Etajul al doilea a fost inițial construit în stil funcțional. În partea de sud a vilei este situată o seră de iarnă construită din lemn, datând din anul 1904. Scara este ilumintă natural printr-un tavan din vitraliu construit în anul 1912. Noua clădire (Hauptstraße 487) din anul 1920 este tot de 3 etaje și are casa scărilor deschisă și construită din lemn. Ferestrele au fost ulterior mărite.

Bibliografie
 Angelika Schyma: Stadt Königswinter. (= Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Denkmäler im Rheinland, Band 23.5.) Rheinland-Verlag, Köln 1992, ISBN 3-7927-1200-8, S. 147.

Link-uri
 Geschichte des Hauses (Istoria casei) (Memento vom 19. September 2012 im Internet Archive), Adam-Stegerwald-Haus

Note

Anii 1900 în arhitectură
Anii 1920 în arhitectură

Casa Adam-Stegerwald


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Jehovas Vidners historie begynder blandt adventisterne. Bibelstudenterne blev grundlagt af Charles Taze Russell ved dannelsen af Zions Watch Tower and Tract Society i 1876. Den næste leder og præsident Joseph Franklin Rutherford foretog en række markante doktrinære og organisatoriske ændringer i den organisation, som siden 1931 er blevet kendt som Jehovas Vidner.

Baggrund 1870-1916
I 1870 dannede den tidligere adventist Charles Taze Russell en uafhængig religiøs bibelstudiegruppe i Pittsburgh i Pennsylvania. I løbet af sine studier forholdt Russel sig i stigende grad kritisk til trosbekendelser, doktriner og traditioner i den almene kristendom, herunder sjælens udødelighed, helvede og treenighedslæren. Han var gennem hele sit virke inspireret af adventismen, til hvem han udtrykte stor taknemmelighed.

I slutningen af 1870'erne havde Russell et nært samarbejde med adventisten Nelson H. Barbour, og de udgav i 1876 bogen "The Three Worlds". I bogen fastslår Russell og Barbour at Kristi genkomst fandt sted i 1874, og at hedningernes tider vil slutte i 1914. Siden påbegyndte Barbour og Russel udgivelsen af bladet "Herald of the Morning". Der opstod imidlertid uenighed mellem Barbour og Russell, og Barbour kom siden i stærk opposition til Russell. George Storrs, som var Russells tidligere mentor, udgav i 1850 en bog med titlen "The Watch Tower". Titlen på denne bog plagierede Russell og udgav i 1879 for første gang sit eget blad Zion's Watch Tower. På baggrund af Russells udgivelser opstod der der i årene 1879 og fremefter en dannelse af små menigheder af tidligere adventister. Disse menigheder havde i udstrakt grad selvstyre og var kun løst knyttede, men erkendte at Russell var lederen.

Efter Russell skilsmisse i 1903 oprettede han Watch Tower Society og flyttede i 1909 dets hovedkvarter til Brooklyn i New York. Hovedkvarteret var et kombineret forlags- og tilbedelseshus. De frivillige medarbejdere blev indlogeret i en nærliggende bygning, som Russell kaldte Betel. Han betegnede sin bevægelse som "bibelstudenterne" og formelt hed den "International Bible Students Association". Under hans virke opstod der omkring 500 menigheder på verdensplan. Russell døde som 64-årig i slutningen af 1916 og efterlod sig en organisation med stort frafald og stagnation, som følge af de fejlslagne profetier om 1914.

Omstrukturering af organisationen 1917-1942
Joseph Franklin Rutherford, som var Vagttårnets advokat, blev i 1917 præsident for Vagttårnet. Det skabte en stor krise både i ledelsen og blandt de menige bibelstudenter, og han blev anklaget for at handle egenrådigt og hemmelighedsfuldt. Nu begyndte en del medlemmer, herunder fire af Vagttårnets bestyrelsesmedlemmer at modarbejde den nye præsident, og dette opgør medførte splittelse i organisationen

Tre år efter 1914, i juli 1917, udgav Rutherford syvende bind af Studier i Skriften. Værket indeholder en stærk kritik af katolske og protestantiske kirkers engagement i 1. Verdenskrig.. Det medførte at flere ledere blev fængslet for at være anti-amerikanske spioner.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Jehovas Vidners officielle hjemmeside
 Jehovas Vidner: Online bibliotek
 Jehovas Vidner Broadcasting

Noter

Jehovas Vidners historie


Talbot County may refer to counties:

In the United States
 Talbot County, Georgia
 Talbot County, Maryland

Elsewhere
 Talbot County, Victoria, Australia

County name disambiguation pages

Talbot County


Michael James Morahan (* 26. Dezember 1902 in London, Vereinigtes Königreich; † Sommer 1976 in Sudbury) war ein britischer Filmarchitekt.

Leben
Michael James Morahan, der ältere Bruder des Filmarchitekten Tom Morahan, hatte seine Berufsausbildung an der City & Guilds of London School of Arts erhalten und war 1933 zum Film gestoßen. Sein erster Arbeitgeber war die Produktionsfirma London Films. Bis 1945 blieb Morahan auf die Arbeit eines Architektenassistenten beschränkt.

Ab Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs war Morahan an zahlreichen Spitzenproduktionen der Ealing Studios beteiligt, darunter das historische Melodram Königsliebe, die Expeditions-Biografie Scotts letzte Fahrt sowie die Komödienklassiker Das Whisky-Schiff, Der Mann im weißen Anzug, Oller Kahn mit Größenwahn und Ladykillers. Vor allem die Regisseure Basil Dearden und Alexander Mackendrick griffen immer wieder auf die Entwürfe Morahans zurück. Für seinen Entwurf zu Königsliebe wurde Morahan 1950 für den Oscar nominiert.

Ab Mitte der 1950er Jahre, mit seinem Wechsel zur EMI, verflachte sein Œuvre. Zu Jim Morahans besten Spätwerken gehören die burleske Fliegerkomödie Die tollkühnen Männer in ihren fliegenden Kisten und die atmosphärisch dichte Gruselgeschichte Der Hexenjäger, seine letzte Arbeit. James Morahan starb im dritten Quartal 1976.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
als Filmarchitekt, wenn nicht anders angegeben

 1946: Painted Boats
 1947: Frieda
 1948: Königsliebe (Saraband for Dead Lovers)
 1948: Scotts letzte Fahrt (Scott of the Antarctic)
 1948: Das Whisky-Schiff (Whisky Galore!)
 1949: Die blaue Lampe (The Blue Lamp)
 1949: Train of Events
 1950: Frau im Netz (Cage of Gold)
 1950: Unterwelt (Pool of London)
 1951: Der Mann im weißen Anzug (The Man in the White Suit)
 1951: His Excellency
 1952: Die Bombe im U-Bahn-Schacht (The Gentle Gunman)
 1952: Mandy
 1952: Der große Atlantik (The Cruel Sea)
 1953: Jim, der letzte Sieger (The Square Ring)
 1953: Oller Kahn mit Größenwahn (The Maggie)
 1953: Westlich Sansibar (West of Zanzibar)
 1954: Lease of Life
 1954: Out of the Clouds
 1954: Sie waren 13 (The Night My Number Came Up)
 1955: Ladykillers (The Ladykillers)
 1956: Who Done It?
 1956: Versuchsmaschine CB 5 (The Man in the Sky)
 1957: Kostbare Bürde (The Shiralee)
 1957: Dünkirchen (Dunkirk)
 1959: Sie pfiff und die Kerle kuschten (The Challenge)
 1959: Der Sommer der 17. Puppe (The Summer of the Seventeenth Doll)
 1960: Sieben gegen die Hölle (The Long and the Short and the Tall)
 1961: Mary Had a Little
 1961: China-Story (Satan Never Sleeps)
 1962: Fesseln der Seele (The Mind Benders)
 1964: Die tollkühnen Männer in ihren fliegenden Kisten (Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines or How I Flew from London to Paris in 25 Hours 11 Minutes)
 1966: Dutchman
 1967: Battle Beneath the Earth
 1968: Der Hexenjäger (Witchfinder General)

Literatur
 Kay Weniger: Das große Personenlexikon des Films. Die Schauspieler, Regisseure, Kameraleute, Produzenten, Komponisten, Drehbuchautoren, Filmarchitekten, Ausstatter, Kostümbildner, Cutter, Tontechniker, Maskenbildner und Special Effects Designer des 20. Jahrhunderts. Band 5: L–N. Rudolf Lettinger – Lloyd Nolan. Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-89602-340-3, S. 536.

Weblinks

Szenenbildner
Brite
Geboren 1902
Gestorben 1976
Mann

Jim Morahan


The I Don't Care Girl é um filme de comédia romântica musical dirigido por Lloyd Bacon e estrelado por Mitzi Gaynor. O filme é vagamente baseado na vida da cantora e dançarina Eva Tanguay (1878-1947). Foi lançado em 20 de janeiro de 1953 pela 20th Century Fox.

Elenco
 Mitzi Gaynor como Eva Tanguay
 Oscar Levant como Charles Bennett
 David Wayne como Eddie McCoy
 Bob Graham como Larry Woods
 Craig Hill como Lawrence
 Hazel Brooks como Stella Forrest
Warren Stevens como Keene
 George Jessel como ele mesmo

Ligações externas
The I Don't Care Girl (em inglês) no Rotten Tomatoes

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1953
Filmes de comédia dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de comédia romântica dos Estados Unidos
Filmes musicais dos Estados Unidos
Filmes da 20th Century Studios
Filmes dirigidos por Lloyd Bacon
Filmes em língua inglesa

The I Don't Care Girl


Le Bristol Tourer est un biplan civil utilitaire britannique produit après la Première Guerre mondiale, en utilisant comme base le Bristol Fighter. Les Bristol Tourer sont livrés avec différents moteurs, en fonction de leur disponibilité et des souhaits des clients, notamment le , le Siddeley Puma, le Hispano-Suiza V8 et le . De nombreux Tourer sont équipés d'une verrière pour couvrir le ou les deux sièges passagers dans le cockpit arrière, ce qui donne au type son nom original de Coupé. Le cockpit du pilote reste toutefois ouvert

Les Bristol Tourers exploités par la  effectuent les premiers services aériens réguliers en Australie, commençant le 4 décembre 1921 entre Perth et Geraldton.

Variantes
 Type 27 : premiers Tourers pour le British Controller of Civil Aviation, équipés de moteurs Rolls-Royce Falcon et de double commandes (3 construits)
 Type 28 : similaire au Type 27 avec verrière pour les sièges arrière
 Type 29 : propulsé par un Siddeley Puma pour Bristol en tant que transport d'entreprise (2 construits)
 Type 45 « Scandinave Tourer » : similaire au Type 29 avec train d'atterrissage à ski
 Type 47 : version trois places avec cockpit arrière ouvert
 Type 48 : similaire au Type 47 mais construit comme un hydravion
 Type 81 « Puma Trainer » : similaire au Type 29 modifié en tant qu'avion d'entrainement (1 converti, 4 nouvellement construits)
 Type 81A : Similaire au Type 81 avec train d'atterrissage et empennage révisés pour l'armée grecque (6 construits)
 Type 86 « Grec Tourer » : similaire au Bristol Fighter original et pouvant être armé pour l'armée de l'air grecque (6 construits)
 Type 88 « Tourer Bulgare » : propulsé par un Wolseley Viper pour la poste bulgare, deux avions  sont livrés en avril 1924
 Type 88A « Tourer bulgare amélioré » : avec diverses modifications, trois avions livrés en 1926.

Opérateurs

 Force aérienne bulgare
 Poste bulgare

 Force aérienne chilienne

 Force aérienne grecque

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Avion biplan
Avion à hélices
Avion monomoteur
Avion des années 1920
Avion civil
Aéronef Bristol
Premier vol en 1919

Bristol Tourer


كافر  (معناه الحرفي: «غير المؤمن») مصطلح مستخدم في أديان معينة للإشارة إلى المتهمين بعدم الإيمان بالتعاليم الأساسية لتلك الأديان، وإلى أتباع الأديان الأخرى، وإلى غير المتدينين.

مصطلح الكافر هو مصطلح خاص بالدراسات الكنسية في المسيحية، طورت حوله الكنيسة بناءً لاهوتيًّا متكاملًا يتعامل مع مفهوم الكُفر، ويوضح الفرق بين أولئك الذين تم «تعميدهم» الذين يتبعون تعاليم الكنيسة في مقابل أولئك الخارجين عن الإيمان المسيحي. استخدم المسيحيون مصطلح كافر لوصف أولئك الذين اعتبروهم أعداءً للمسيحية.

بعد العالم القديم أصبح مفهوم الغيرية، إشارة إقصائية إلى الخارج من المجتمعات ذات الحدود الثقافية المتوافقة إلى حد ما، مترافقًا مع تطور الأديان التوحيدية والنبوية التي هي اليهودية والمسيحية والإسلام (بالمقارنة مع الأديان الوثنية).

يشمل مصطلح كافر، في الكتابات الحديثة، الملحدين والمؤمنين بتعدد الآلهة والإحيائيين والهيثانيين والوثنيين.

تتوافق الرغبة في تصنيف الأشخاص المتدينين المنتمين للديانات الأخرى على أنهم كفارًا مع خيارات المعتقدات الأرثوذكسية (الأصولية) حول التعددية.

الاستخدام
استخدم المسيحيون عبر التاريخ مصطلح كافر للإشارة إلى الأشخاص الذين عارضوا المسيحية. أصبح هذا المصطلح شائعًا في اللغة الإنجليزية في وقت ما من بدايات القرن السادس عشر، إذ وُصف اليهود والمسلمون (الذين كان يُطلق عليهم سابقًا اسم ساراكينوس) ازدراءً بأنهم خصوم نشطون للمسيحية. الكافر، في العقيدة الكاثوليكية، هو الذي لا يؤمن بالتعاليم الأساسية للدين على الإطلاق وبالتالي فهو غير المهرطق، الذي ضل الطريق عن التعاليم الصحيحة، أي يؤمن بأن يسوع ليس إلهًا. استُخدم المصطلح الكنسي بشكل مشابه من قبل الكنيسة الميثودية، في إشارة لمن هم «بلا إيمان».

اليوم، تراجع استخدام مصطلح كافر؛ إذ يُفضل استخدام مصطلحات مثل غير مسيحي وغير مؤمن (شخص دون انتماء أو اعتقاد ديني)، ما يعكس الالتزام السائد للطوائف المسيحية بالانخراط في الحوار مع الأشخاص المنتمين للأديان الأخرى. رغم ذلك، صرح بعض المدافعين عن المصطلح، بأنه لا يعني تقليل احترام الآخر، بل هو مماثل لاستخدام مصطلح أرثوذكس (أصوليين) في الحديث عن المؤمنين الملتزمين.

إضافةً إلى ذلك، تستخدم بعض ترجمات الإنجيل، كنسخة الملك جيمس الإنجليزية، والتي لا تزال رائجة اليوم، مصطلحَ كافر، في حين استبدلت نسخ أخرى هذا المصطلح بمصطلح «غير مؤمن». يوجد المصطلح في موضعين:وأي اتفاق للمسيح مع بليعال؟ وأي نصيب للمؤمن مع الكافر؟ -الرسالة الثانية إلى أهل كورنثوس الإصحاح السادس:15، نسخة الملك جيمس.

وإن كان أحد لا يعتني بخاصته، ولا سيما أهل بيته، فقد أنكر الإيمان وهو شر من الكافر. -الرسالة الأولى إلى تيموثاوس الإصحاح الخامس:8، نسخة الملك جيمس.

الكفار في القانون الكنسي

حق الحكم
في كتابه ماذا عن أولئك (باللاتينية: Quid super his) وجه البابا إنوسنت الرابع السؤال «هل من الجائز احتلال أرض يمتلكها الكفار أو تنتمي لهم؟» ورأى أنه في حين يمتلك الكفار حق حكم أنفسهم واختيار حكوماتهم الخاصة، إلا أن البابا، بصفته وكيلًا عن المسيح، يمتلك حق رعاية أرواحهم وحق التدخل السياسي في شؤونهم إذا خالف حاكمهم ما يشكل، وفق المسيحية أو المفهوم العرفي الأوروبي، قانونًا عامًّا، أو إذا سمح لرعيته بهكذا مخالفة، كالانحراف الجنسي أو الزنا. رأى أيضًا أنه من الواجب عليه إرسال المبشرين إلى بلاد الكافرين، وأنه من المسموح له، في حال منعهم من الدخول إلى تلك البلاد أو الوعظ فيها، إرسال قوات مسيحية يرافقها تبشيريون لغزوها، كما صرح إنوسنت ببساطة «إذا لم يستجب الكفار للأوامر، فيجب إخضاعهم بالسلاح الدنيوي ويجب شن الحرب عليهم من قبل البابا لا سواه». ولكن هذا لم يكن حقًّا تبادليًّا إذ مُنع الرسل غير المسيحيين كرسل المسلمين من الوعظ في أوروبا «لأنهم على خطأ ونحن على الطريق القويم».

أنكرت سلالة طويلة من الحكام البابويين للكنيسة، وخاصةً أولئك الذين استمعوا لحجج ألانوس أنغليكوس المؤثرة لعصر الحملات الصليبية، على الكفار حق حكم أنفسهم، وأكدوا سلطة ولاية روما العالمية على الأرض، وحق ترخيص غزو الوثنيين بناءً -فقط- على عدم إيمانهم بسبب رفضهم الإله المسيحي. في المسارات المتطرفة لرجال الدين الكنسيين في منتصف القرن الثاني عشر كتلك التي تبناها برنارد من كليرفو، القائد الروحاني للسيسترسيين، شُرع التوسع الاستعماري الألماني وممارسة التنصير بالقوة في المناطق السلافية كالحرب المقدسة ضد الونديين، بحجة وجوب قتل الكفار في أي مكان يشكلون فيه خطرًا على المسيحيين. حينما أعطى فريدريك الثاني السلطة البابوية لنفسه، أخذ على عاتقه مهمة «تدمير، وتنصير، وإخضاع كل الأمم البربرية» وهي سلطة محفوظة للبابا وحده وفق الشريعة البابوية. أكد هوستينسيس، تلميذ إنوسنت، موافقًا ألانوس أنّه: «... بالقانون يجب أن يخضع الكفار لمؤمنين». رأى جون ويكليف، الذي يعتبر الأب الأول للإصلاح الإنجليزي، أن الحكم المشروع يقع على عاتق الدولة الفاضلة.

كان الفرسان التطوانيون من النواتج الجانبية لهذا الحكم البابوي والنهج الألماني. بعد الحملات الصليبية في بلاد الشام، انتقل الفرسان التطوانيون ليقيموا حملات تنصيرية في بلدان البلطيق الكافرة. ولكن حملاتهم الصليبية ضد الليثوانيين والبولنديين عجلت الجدل الليثواني، ورأى مجمع كونستانس، متبعًا إدانة ويكليف، أن آراء هوستينسيس لم تعد مقبولة وحكم ضد الفرسان. تماشت تعاليم الكنيسة بعد ذلك تمامًا مع موقف إنوسنت الرابع.

تطورت الحجج المضادة لاحقًا عن صلاحية السلطة البابوية، وحق الكفار، وأساسية القانون الطبيعي، فظهرت أطروحات عديدة كأطروحات هوغو غروتيوس، وجون لوك، وإيمانويل كانت، وثوماس هوبز، التي أدت بدورها إلى التحول في طريقة تعامل القانون الدولي مع العلاقة بين المجتمعات المسيحية وغير المسيحية وتطور حقوق الإنسان.

استعمار الأمريكتين
أثناء عصر الاستكشاف، أزالت المراسيم البابوية كرومانوس بونتيفكس (الحبر الروماني) والأهم منه إنتر كايتيرا (أي «بين أعمال أخرى») (1493) ضمنيًّا حق حكم الكفار لأنفسهم ومنحت هذا الحق للإمبراطوريتين الإسبانية والبرتغالية، بالاتفاق معهما على ضمان سلامة المبشرين. رفض الإنجليز والفرنسيون بشكل متعاقب المراسيم البابوية وسلطة البابوات في إقصاء أمرائهم. كتب أصحاب السلطات المستقلة، كرئيس كنيسة إنجلترا، لأنفسهم صكوكهم الخاصة بمهماتهم الاستعمارية بناءً على حقهم الزمني في رعاية أرواح الكفار، وصاغوها بلغة تحاكي اللغة التي كتبت بها إنتر كايتيرا. شكلت المراسيم والصكوك البابوية أساس المفاوضات التي جرت فيما بعد واعتبار ادعاءات الملكية حقوقًا قانونية في قانون الأمم الناشئة في حقبة الاستعمار الأوروبي للأمريكتين.

لم يتوقف استخدام الحقوق الممنوحة برومانوس بونتيفكس وإنتر كايتيرا أبدًا، ليصبحا أساس الحجج القانونية عبر القرون. حكمت المحكمة العليا في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في قضية جونسون ضد ماإنتوش عام 1823 أنه كنتيجة للاكتشاف الأوروبي وافتراض الولاية التامة، فإن الأمريكيين الأصليين يمتلكون فقط حق احتلال الأراضي الأصلية، وليس حق ملكيتها. أُعيد التأكيد على هذا القرار في عام 1931، في قضية أمة التشيروكي ضد جورجيا، إذ أُعطيت جورجيا السلطة لفرض قوانين الولاية على التشيروكيين ضمن حدود الولاية، واشتهر القرار بوصفه قبائل الأمريكيين الأصليين بأنها «أقوام محلية معولة». عُدل هذا القرار في قضية وورتشيستر ضد جورجيا، التي قضت بأن الحكومة الأمريكية الاتحادية، وليس الولايات الفردية، هي التي تحكم في الشؤون الهندية، لكنه حافظ على الوضع القائم فيما يخص خسارة السكان الأصليين لحقهم في الملكية عقب الاستكشاف الأوروبي.

طالبت مجموعات من السكان الأصليين لأمريكا كتاينو وأونونداغا الفاتيكان بإلغاء مراسيم أعوام 1452، 1453، 1493.

الزواج من كافر في المسيحية
وفق الموسوعة الكاثوليكية، تعتبر الكنيسة الكاثوليكية الزواج محرمًا وباطلًا عندما يجري بين المؤمنين (المسيحيين) والكفار، ما لم يُمنح استثناء، ويعود ذلك إلى اعتبار الزواج سرًا من الأسرار المقدسة للكنيسة الكاثوليكية، التي لا يجوز أن تصل إلى الكفار.

الكفار في الإسلام
يُشير لفظ كافر في الإسلام إلى «غير المؤمنين بالدين الإسلامي»، وَورد ذلك في القرآن عدة مرات، كما ورد في الأحاديث النبوية. إلا إن لفظ «غير المسلمين» يُستخدم حديثاً لكي «لا يُؤذي مشاعر الآخرين»، وليس في ذلك مخالفة للإسلام فقد .

معاملتهم في الإسلام
ينقسم الكفار وفق العقيدة الإسلامية إلى عدة فئات. وتختلف طريقة التعامل معهم وفق الفئة التي ينتمون إليها. حيث يُقسم عُلماء المسلمين غير المسلمين إلى:
أهلُ الكتاب
 أو أهلُ الذِمَّة، وهم اليهود والنصارى من المواطنيين في الدولة الإسلامية. وكلمة «ذِمة» تعني «العهد»، أي أنهم في عهد وضمان المسلمين. وهؤلاء لهم ما للمسلمين وعليهم ما على المسلمين كمواطنين في دولة الإسلام. عملاً بما جاء في القرآن: إلا أن عليهم دفع الجزية مقابل الدفاع عنهم، لأنه لم يكن يُسمح لهم بالانخراط في الجيش، وفي العصر الحديث سُمح لهم بالعمل في الجيش وبالتالي لا تؤخذ منهم الجزية. كما أنه في العصر الحديث ظهر من يستنكف لفظ «أهل الذمة»، ويعتبره يجعلهم مواطنين من الدرجة الثانية خلاف حقيقته، لذا فقد رأى علماء المسلمين أنه لا غضاضة في عدم استخدام ذلك اللفظ واستخدام عبارة «غير المسلمين»، مثل ما قام به الخليفة الراشد عمر بن الخطاب.
المُعاهِدون
 وهم غير المسلمين الذين ينتمنون لدولة يوجد بينها وبين المسلمين «معاهدة»، وهؤلاء أمر الإسلام بعدم قِتالهم أو الاعتداء عليهم، طالما التزموا بتلك المعاهدة. وقد ورد ذلك في القرآن: .
المُستأمَنون
 وهم الأفراد الذين ينتمون لدولة تُحارب المسلمين، إلا أنهم سُمح لهم بدخول ديار المسلمين لغاية محددة، مثل «الرسول» الذي يأتي برسالة. وهؤلاء أمر الإسلام بحمايتهم تنفيذا لعهد الأمان الذي لهم.
المُحارِبون
 وهم أفراد الجيش الذين ينتمون لدولة تُحارب المسلمين، بخلاف الفئات المذكورة سابقًا وكذلك النساء والأطفال وكبار السن الذين لا يُشاركون في القتال، وهؤلاء يصح قِتالهم، لمُحاربتهم المسلمين.

الزواج من كافر في الإسلام
بصورة عامة حرَّم الإسلام الزواج من غير المسلمين عموما، فقد ورد في القرآن: . وحث على الزواج بين المسلمين. إلا أنه أباح للرجل المسلم الزواج من نساء أهل الكتاب، ولم يسمح للمرأة المسلمة الزواج من غير المسلم، فقد ورد في القرآن: . وقد بيَّن العلماء السبب في ذلك بأن المسلم يُؤمن بمن سبق من الرُسل، لكن غير المسلم لا يؤمن بنبي الإسلام ولا يعترف به.

المراجع

عبارات مسيحية
كلمات إنجليزية
لادينية
مصطلحات إسلامية
مصطلحات دينية

كافر


ඨඡඣජඵපෞෞෞෞෞෞෞෞෞෞෞෞඤගකඖගඤකඤනචගඤගකඖගඤකඤනචඤගකඖගඤකඤනඤගකඖගඤකඤඤගකඖගඤකඤගකඖගඤඤගකඖගඤගකඖඤගකඤගඤ6id7ofuyfjvukvyifhfyfubhvuv oubuguvuvපඩජපඡඣප එකක් හදමු ඔතන ඉන්න අය ගැන නෙමෙයි කියලා අම්මා දුක් වෙනව මම අහගෙන ඉන්න අය ගැන නෙමෙයි කියලා අම්මා දුක් වෙනව මම අහගෙන ඉන්න අය ගැන නෙමෙයි කියලා අම්මා කෙනෙක් නම් තණ කොළ

G-වර්ගයේ ප්‍රධාන අනුක්‍රමණ තාරකාව


Hross í oss er íslensk kvikmynd frá 2013 eftir Benedikt Erlingsson. Benedikt skrifar og leikstýrir myndinni og er hún framleidd af Friðrik Þór Friðrikssyni.

Leikarar

 Ingvar E. Sigurðsson
Charlotte Bøving
Helgi Björnsson
 Sigríður María Egilsdóttir
 María Ellingsen
 Juan Camillo Roman Estrada
 Halldóra Geirharðsdóttir
 Erlingur Gíslason
 Kristbjörg Kjeld
 Steinn Ármann Magnússon
 Kjartan Ragnarsson
 Atli Rafn Sigurðsson

Tenglar

 Hross í oss á Kvikmyndavefnum

Íslenskar kvikmyndir
Kvikmyndir frumsýndar 2013

Hross í oss


David Kaufman () este un actor american de film, televiziune, și voce.

Biografie

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1961
Nașteri pe 23 iulie
Americani în viață
Actori de voce americani
Actori de film americani
Actori de televiziune americani
Actori americani din secolul al XX-lea
Actori americani din secolul al XXI-lea

David Kaufman


Spark Masayuki Matsunaga (, October 8, 1916April 15, 1990) was an American politician and attorney who served as United States Senator for Hawaii from 1977 until his death in 1990. Matsunaga also represented Hawaii in the U.S. House of Representatives and served in the Hawaii territorial house of representatives. A member of the Democratic Party, Matsunaga introduced legislation that led to the creation of the United States Institute of Peace and to reparations to Japanese-American World War II detainees.

Early life
Born Masayuki Matsunaga on October 8, 1916, the Territory of Hawaii island of Kauai, Spark Matsunaga was Japanese-American. His parents had emigrated to the United States from Japan. When he was eight, he was nicknamed Sparky after Spark Plug, a character in the comic strip Barney Google and Snuffy Smith. He received a bachelor's degree with honors in education from the University of Hawaiʻi in 1941.

Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Matsunaga — despite being a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army — was placed in a detention camp in Wisconsin. He and other incarcerated Japanese-Americans obtained permission from President Franklin D. Roosevelt to form the 100th Infantry Battalion. Matsunaga was twice wounded in battle in Italy during World War II. He served with the renowned 442nd Regimental Combat Team and was released from the Army as a Captain. Matsunaga graduated from Harvard Law School in 1951.

Political career
Matsunaga served as a prosecutor and was a member of the Hawaii territorial House of Representatives.

After Daniel Inouye was elected to the Senate, Matsunaga succeeded him as the state's sole member of the House of Representatives.   After Hawaii was split into districts for the 1970 elections, Matsunaga was elected for , comprising Honolulu's inner ring, and held that seat until 1976. That year, with Hiram Fong retiring, Matsunaga defeated Hawaii's other House representative, Patsy Mink, for the Democratic Party nomination for Senator. Matsunaga then defeated former Republican governor William Quinn in the general election and went on to serve in the United States Senate from 1977 until his death in 1990.

In 1984, following many years of effort from Matsunaga, Congress passed a bill creating the U.S. Institute for Peace.

For 22 years, Matsunaga presented legislation in Congress for the creation of the position of United States Poet Laureate.  In 1985, a bill was finally passed authorizing the position of Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress.

Matsunaga was instrumental in the passage of a redress bill for people of Japanese descent who were detained in the United States during World War II. The $1.25 billion bill provided $20,000 to each detainee and also apologized to the detainees.

Matsunaga was known for his sense of humor. One famous incident involved Matsunaga and then-Secretary of State Alexander Haig at a White House reception for Japanese Prime Minister Zenko Suzuki in 1981. Haig reportedly mistook Matsunaga for a member of the Japanese delegation and asked if he spoke English. Matsunaga replied, "Yes, Mr. Secretary, I do — and I had the honor of voting for your confirmation the other day."

Personal life and death
Matsunaga was married to the former Helene Hatsumi Tokunaga and had three daughters and two sons.

Matsunaga had prostate cancer at the end of his life; by January 1990, he announced that the cancer had spread to his bones. He later went to Toronto General Hospital for treatment, and died there on April 15, 1990, at the age of 73. His flag-draped casket lay in state in the rotunda of the State Capitol in Honolulu.

Legacy
In 1997, Matsunaga's widow donated his papers to the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. There were approximately 1200 boxes of material including documents, photographs, videos, and memorabilia from his 28 years in Congress. Also in the papers are professional and personal materials from his pre-Congressional life; especially noteworthy are documents, letters, photographs, and memorabilia from his Army service in the 100th Infantry Battalion.

A bronze statue honoring him is in the Spark M. Matsunaga International Children's Garden For Peace at the Storybook Theatre of Hawaii in his hometown of Hanapepe, Kauai. Matsunaga's portrait currently appears on US Series I Bonds in the $10,000 denomination. There is also an elementary school in Germantown, Maryland and a hospital in Honolulu named after him.

See also
List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)

References

External links

Spark M. Matsunaga biography United States Institute of Peace.
Spark M. Matsunaga's published biography Sparky: Warrior, Peacemaker, Poet, Patriot by Richard Halloran. .

Biography on U.S. Congress House website

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|-

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1916 births
1990 deaths
20th-century American politicians
United States Army personnel of World War II
American military personnel of Japanese descent
American politicians of Japanese descent
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Hawaii
Democratic Party United States senators from Hawaii
Harvard Law School alumni
Hawaii politicians of Japanese descent
Members of the Hawaii Territorial Legislature
Members of the United States Congress of Japanese descent
Asian-American members of the United States House of Representatives
Asian-American United States senators
Military personnel from Hawaii
People from Kauai County, Hawaii
United States Army officers
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from bone cancer
Burials in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific
United States Army reservists
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni
Deaths from cancer in Ontario

Spark Matsunaga


An Arisaema agasthyanum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni M. Sivadasan ngan Sath.Kumar. An Arisaema agasthyanum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arisaema, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arisaema

Arisaema agasthyanum


Almaleea, biljni rod grmova iz po rodice mahunarki, dio tribusa Mirbelieae. Postoji nekoliko vrsta, australski su endemi.

Vrste
 Almaleea cambagei (Maiden & Betche) Crisp & P.H.Weston
 Almaleea capitata (J.H.Willis) Crisp & P.H.Weston
 Almaleea incurvata (A.Cunn.) Crisp & P.H.Weston
 Almaleea paludosa (Joy Thomps.) Crisp & P.H.Weston
 Almaleea subumbellata (Hook.) Crisp & P.H.Weston

Izvor

Mirbelieae

Almaleea


Otto Henrik af Pfalz (tysk: Ottheinrich von der Pfalz) (født 10. april 1502 i Amberg, død  12. februar 1559 i Heidelberg) fra slægten Wittelsbach var pfalzgreve af Oberpfalz-Neuburg fra 1505 til 1559 og kurfyrste af Pfalz fra 1556 til 1559.

Forældre
Otto Henrik var søn af  fyrstbiskop Ruprecht den dydige (1481–1504) af Freising og sønnesøn af Filip den Oprigtige, kurfyrste af Pfalz. Hans mor var Elisabeth af Bayern-Landshut (1478–1504) som var datter af hertug Georg den rige af Bayern-Landshut.

Ægteskab
Otto Henrik giftede sig med Susanna af Bayern (1502–1543). Hun var datter af hertug Albrecht 4. af Bayern-München og datterdatter af kejser Frederik 3. De fik ingen børn.

Kurfyrster af Pfalz
Huset Wittelsbach
Tyskere i 1500-tallet

Otto Henrik, kurfyrste af Pfalz


بلدية تاربينا , هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة اليكانتي. جنوب شرق إسبانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 751 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة لقنت
بلديات لقنت
بلديات مقاطعة بلنسية
تاريخ مايوركا
موريسكيون

تاربينا


El nombre Sturla se puede referir a:
Geografía
Sturla, barrio de Génova;
Sturla, curso de agua dentro de Génova;
Valle Sturla, valle de la provincia de Génova;
Nombre de pila
 Sturla Ásgeirsson, jugador de balonmano islandés;
 Sturla Gunnarsson, cineasta canadiense nacido en Islandia;
 Sturla Sighvatsson, caudillo medieval islandés;
 Sturla Þórðarson (el viejo), caudillo medieval islandés;
 Sturla Þórðarson, caudillo medieval islandés, nieto del anterior;
Apellido
 Daniel Sturla, arzobispo uruguayo;
 Eduardo Martín Sturla, triatleta argentino;
 Flavio Sturla, cirujano maxilofacial argentino;
 Héctor Martín Sturla, abogado y político uruguayo;
 Salvador Sturla, actor y músico dominicano;
Deporte
 Sportiva Sturla, club italiano de natación con sede en Génova.
Rodolfo Adrián Sturla,  abogado y escritor argentino,  autor de numerosas obras de Derecho de Familia

Sturla


Journals of the Damned es una caja recopilatoria de la banda de estadounidense hard rock Mötley Crüe, lanzado en 2008. El álbum incluye los primeros 5 álbumes de la banda, y el álbum Saints of Los Angeles de 2008 como bonus.

Lista de canciones

Disco 1: Too Fast For Love
 "Live Wire" (Nikki Sixx)
 "Come On and Dance" (Sixx)
 "Public Enemy #1" (Sixx, Lizzie Grey)
 "Merry-Go-Round" (Sixx)
 "Take Me to the Top" (Sixx)
 "Piece Of Your Action" (Vince Neil, Sixx)
 "Starry Eyes" (Sixx)
 "Too Fast For Love" (Sixx)
 "On With The Show" (Neil, Sixx)

Disco 2: Shout at the Devil
 "In the Beginning" (Geoff Workman)
 "Shout at the Devil" (Nikki Sixx)
 "Looks That Kill" (Sixx)
 "Bastard" (Sixx)
 "God Bless the Children of the Beast" (Mick Mars)
 "Helter Skelter" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney)
 "Red Hot" (Mars, Vince Neil, Sixx)
 "Too Young to Fall in Love" (Sixx)
 "Knock 'Em Dead, Kid" (Neil, Sixx)
 "Ten Seconds to Love" (Neil, Sixx)
 "Danger" (Mars, Neil, Sixx)

Disco 3: Theatre of Pain
 "City Boy Blues" (Nikki Sixx)
 "Smokin' in the Boys Room" (Cover de Brownsville Station)
 "Louder Than Hell" (Sixx)
 "Keep Your Eye On The Money" (Sixx)
 "Home Sweet Home" (Sixx)
 "Tonight (We Need A Lover)" (Sixx)
 "Use It Or Lose It" (Sixx)
 "Save Our Souls" (Sixx)
 "Raise Your Hands To Rock" (Sixx)
 "Fight For Your Rights" (Sixx)

Disco 4: Girls, Girls, Girls
 "Wild Side" (Letra por: Nikki Sixx. Música por: Nikki Sixx, Vince Neil & Tommy Lee)
 "Girls, Girls, Girls" (Letra por: Nikki Sixx. Música por: Nikki Sixx, Tommy Lee & Mick Mars)
 "Dancing On Glass" (Letra y música por: Nikki Sixx & Mick Mars)
 "Bad Boy Boogie" (Letra y música por: Nikki Sixx, Mick Mars & Tommy Lee)
 "Nona"
 "Five Years Dead" (Letra y música por: Nikki Sixx)
 "All In The Name Of..." (Letra y música por: Nikki Sixx & Vince Neil)
 "Sumthin' For Nothing" (Letra y música por: Nikki Sixx & Vince Neil)
 "You're All I Need" (Letra y música por: Nikki Sixx & Tommy Lee)
 "Jailhouse Rock" (En vivo) (Originalmente cantada por Elvis Presley)

Disco 5: Dr. Feelgood
 "T.N.T. (Terror 'N Tinseltown)" - 0:42
 "Dr. Feelgood" (Mick Mars, Nikki Sixx)
 "Slice of Your Pie" (Sixx, Mars)
 "Rattlesnake Shake" (Mars, Sixx, Vince Neil, Tommy Lee)
 "Kickstart My Heart" (Sixx)
 "Without You" (Sixx, Mars)
 "Same Ol' Situation (S.O.S.)" (Lee, Sixx, Neil, Mars)
 "Sticky Sweet" (Mars, Sixx)
 "She Goes Down" (Mars, Sixx)
 "Don't Go Away Mad (Just Go Away)" (Sixx, Mars)
 "Time For Change" (Sixx, Donna McDaniel)

Disco 6: Saints of Los Angeles
 "L.A.M.F" (Nikki Sixx, James Michael, DJ Ashba y Marti Frederiksen)
 "Face Down in the Dirt" (Sixx, Michael, Ashba, Frederiksen)
 "What's It Gonna Take" (Sixx, Michael, Ashba, Frederiksen)
 "Down at the Whiskey" (Sixx, Michael, Ashba, Frederiksen)
 "Saints of Los Angeles" (Sixx, Michael, Ashba, Frederiksen)
 "Mutherfucker of the Year" (Sixx, Mick Mars, Michael, Ashba, Frederiksen)
 "The Animal in Me" (Sixx, Mars, Michael, Ashba, Frederiksen)
 "Welcome to the Machine" (Sixx, Michael, Ashba, Frederiksen)
 "Just Another Psycho" (Sixx, Mars, Michael, Ashba, Frederiksen)
 "Chicks = Trouble" (Sixx, Mars, Michael, Ashba, Frederiksen)
 "This Ain't a Love Song" (Sixx, Mars, Tommy Lee, Michael, Frederiksen)
 "White Trash Circus" (Sixx, Mars, Michael, Ashba, Frederiksen)
 "Goin' Out Swingin'" (Sixx, Michael, Ashba, Frederiksen)

Referencias

Álbumes de Mötley Crüe
Álbumes de 2008
Mötley Crüe
Álbumes en inglés

Journals of the Damned


Alexander Godfrey (c.17561803) was an 18th-century British privateer during the War of the Second Coalition against France and Spain.

Godfrey was born in Chatham, Massachusetts in c.1756, and later moved to Nova Scotia. In 1791 he married Phoebe West.

By 1800, Britain was at war with France and Spain, both of which had a significant naval and commercial maritime presence in the Americas. Godfrey obtained a letter of marque to serve as a privateer for Britain, and put to sea in command of Rover, a 14-gun brig. In 1800, while possibly in company with other vessels, Rover encountered and defeated three Spanish warships; in recognition of which Godfrey was offered a Royal Navy commission. Godfrey subsequently paid £850 to purchase one of the Spanish vessels when it was sold as a prize, then sailed it Halifax, Nova Scotia for resale at £1000.

Godfrey died of yellow fever in Jamaica in 1803. His only child Ruth, who died of burns, is buried in Liverpool, Nova Scotia's historic cemetery.

References

Bibliography

External links

1756 births
1803 deaths
Deaths from yellow fever
Canadian people of English descent
British privateers
People from Queens County, Nova Scotia
People of New England Planter descent
Infectious disease deaths in Jamaica
People from Chatham, Massachusetts

Alexander Godfrey


L'édifice Robillard était un immeuble situé au 974, boulevard Saint-Laurent à Montréal, Québec (Canada), construit en 1879 et détruit par un incendie le 17 novembre 2016.

L'édifice remplit plusieurs fonctions mais est particulièrement remarquable en tant que premier cinéma en Amérique, commençant à montrer des films le 27 juin 1896, deux jours avant New York et six mois après Paris.

Histoire initiale
Conçu dans le style néo-Renaissance par le partenariat d'architecture de Théodore Daoust et Arthur Gendron, il est d'abord utilisé comme bâtiment commercial puis transformé en hôtel en 1890. Un an plus tard, il abrite le Gaiety Museum and Theatorium, une exhibition de curiosités victoriennes similaire à l'Eden Musée and Wonderland dans le Monument-National, un bloc au nord.

Quatre ans plus tard, l'établissement change de propriétaire et de nom. La galerie des « curiosités » est abandonnée et elle devient un théâtre de variétés et de vaudeville sous le nom de Palace Theatre.

Première salle de cinéma
En mai 1896, Louis Minier, exploitant d'un cinématographe des frères Lumière, présente une projection à l'extérieur du Palace, dans la cour d'un hôtel voisin. Puis le 27 juin il projette un film à l'intérieur du Palace, deux jours avant une séance de cinéma à New York, et un mois avant la première projection à Ottawa le 21 juillet 1896 par des concessionnaires du Vitascope Edison de Thomas Edison et Thomas Armat. La première montréalaise est présentée aux journalistes et aux notables, dont le maire, Richard Wilson Smith.

Pendant quelques mois, en 1896 et 1897, l'édifice devient le premier cinéma au Canada, avec des films projetés par Minier et son assistant, Louis Pupier. Les premiers films montrés sont d'un train, d'un navire, d'une charge de cavalerie et de la démolition d'un mur. Le spectacle compte entre 10 et 18 vues, moins d'une minute; la projection dure environ une demi-heure.

Ils se rendent ensuite à Toronto pour projeter des films à l'exposition industrielle de Toronto, puis à une autre exposition à Montréal, et enfin en tournée dans les villes du Québec. Minier reste au Québec pour devenir professeur à l'Université Laval.

Après

Le bâtiment change à nouveau de fonctions, redevenant théâtre vivant, puis abritant un central téléphonique – l'un des plus anciens de Montréal – et enfin des magasins.

En 1906, une salle exclusivement consacrée au cinéma ouvre ses portes à Montréal, une première également en Amérique du Nord : le Ouimetoscope, fondé par Léo-Ernest Ouimet.

La zone environnante édifice Robillard devient le quartier chinois de Montréal. Acheté en 2012 au coût de 2,7 millions de dollars, le bâtiment est inspecté en 2014 par l'arrondissement de Ville-Marie. Après la visite, il commence à recevoir des réparations, mais de l'amiante a été découvert et les travaux doivent s'arrêter. L'édifice Robillard était « d'intérêt patrimonial » mais n'avait pas le statut d'édifice patrimonial, et demeure vide jusqu'à sa destruction. Entre 2016 et 2022, le site est resté vide. Dès 2022, une  immeuble en copropriété est construit sur l'ancien site.

Références

Articles connexes
Gaiety Theatre (Montréal)

Liens externes

Ville-Marie (arrondissement)
Salle de cinéma disparue à Montréal
Bâtiment détruit à Montréal
Édifice construit en 1879
Bâtiment détruit lors d'un incendie au Canada
Architecture néo-renaissance au Canada
Musée disparu à Montréal

Édifice Robillard


Cinepaint, eski adı Film Gimp olan projenin yeni adıdır. GNU/GPL bir proje olan Gimp'in video için özelleştirilmesi ile oluşmuştur.

Dış bağlantılar
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Özgür yazılım

Cinepaint


Harichovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Spišská Nová Ves din regiunea Košice, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.879 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Harichovce este atestată documentar din 1268.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Harichovce