The Pan-African Congress (PAC) was a series of eight meetings which took place on the back of the Pan-African Conference held in London in 1900. The Pan-African Congress gained a reputation as a peacemaker for decolonization in Africa and in the West Indies. It made a significant advance for the Pan-African cause. One of the group's major demands was to end colonial rule and racial discrimination. It stood against imperialism and it demanded human rights and equality of economic opportunity. The manifesto given by the Pan-African Congress included the political and economic demands of the Congress for a new world context of international cooperation and the need to address the issues facing Africa as a result of European colonization of most of the continent.

Congresses took place in order: 1919 in Paris; 1921 in Brussels, London and Paris; 1923 in Lisbon and London; 1927 in New York City; 1945 in Manchester; 1974 in Dar es Salaam; 1994 in Kampala; and 2014 in Johannesburg.

Background

Pan Africanism as a philosophy was created as early as the late 1700s, seen through the movements of abolition in both the United States and Britain. British writers and former slaves, Ottobah Cugoano and Olaudah Equiano created the foundations for Pan Africanism in English literature. French speakers, like Léopold Sédar Senghor, created the idea of Négritude. These ideas refuted the inferiority of Black people. Pan Africanists believed that both slavery and colonialism were built on negative attitudes towards people of African descent, which in turn, contributed to racism. African Americans were especially frustrated with their slow progress towards racial equality in the United States.

Trinidadian lawyer, Henry Sylvester Williams created the African Association in 1897 in order to encourage a sense of Pan African unity in the British Colonies. The African Association published the discrimination and injustices faced by people in the African diaspora. The African Association's work led to the First Pan-African Conference held in London in 1900. The conference, which brought together people who were against racism and colonialism, attracted international attention, though it did not lead to political action on these issues. Attendees of the Pan-African Conference discussed the need to preserve Black cultural identity and for the rights of indigenous people to be recognized by colonizers. W. E. B. Du Bois was one of thirty attendees at this conference where he described "the color line" as one of the most important issues of the 20th century. Du Bois' inclusion at the 1900 conference marked him as a developing leader in the Pan-African movement.

During World War I, African American soldiers fought bravely overseas and people like Du Bois felt that they should not face racial violence when they return to the United States. Black soldiers also faced discrimination in Europe at the hands of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during the fighting. Du Bois described the fighting done by Black Americans as a "debt of blood" and that they deserved reparations for slavery and racial violence. He also believed that ensuring a positive future for Africa would be key to helping all Black people around the world. Wilson's Fourteen Points plan gave Du Bois hope that there would be greater opportunities for Black people politically in a future marked by democratic and anti-colonial values. In addition, Du Bois wanted to oppose the influence of the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and Marcus Garvey on any potential proceedings. The U.S. saw Garvy and the UNIA as linked to "Moscow" and Black separatism and Du Bois wanted to avoid that connection. Of all groups that were trying to have a voice during the end of WWI, Du Bois believed he could have "positive political influence."

In December 1918, Du Bois went to France as a representative of the NAACP at the same time the Paris Peace Conference was taking place at the end of WWI. Many minority groups, including Black people in Europe and Africa, felt that the creation of a League of Nations would lead to positive outcomes for them politically and socially. Du Bois wrote to President Wilson and asked to be a delegate for the Peace Conference in order to speak on behalf of Black people.  Du Bois knew that the fate of some African colonies were going to be discussed at the Peace Conference. He hoped that having a conference of Black representatives from around the world would be heard by the European powers and the European public. He wanted to lobby the governments attending the Peace Conference to ensure better treatment for people of color around the world. Du Bois believed that he could "exert some positive political influence on the power-brokers and decision-makers during the Paris Peace Conference."  However, Du Bois was one of many individuals representing various other advocacy groups who also wanted to have a voice at the Peace Conference. Since he was not given permission to speak at the Peace Conference, he decided to create a separate meeting to take place at the same time.

A mass meeting in New York City was held on January 19, 1919, by the NAACP on the future of Africa. At the event, there was wide support for Du Bois to discuss Pan African issues in Paris during the Peace Conference. Speakers at the New York meeting included William Henry Sheppard, Horace Kallen, and James Weldon Johnson.

1919 Paris Congress (First)

Planning
In February 1919, the first Pan-African Congress was organized quickly in Paris by W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida Gibbs Hunt, Edmund Fredericks and Blaise Diagne. Diagne served as the president of the Congress with Du Bois the secretary and Gibbs the assistant secretary. Du Bois created a list of groups he wanted to attend to the congress which included countries who had Black citizens, but he also wanted representatives from other countries as well. Du Bois wanted to petition the Versailles Peace Conference held in Paris at that time in order to make a case for African colonies to become self-ruling. Unlike the International Council of Women, the Pan-African Congress was unable to send delegates to the Peace Conference, nor were members permitted to serve on commissions. Delegates to the Pan African Congress had no "official status" among world governments or organizations.

Diagne was able to get official permission for the Congress to take place in Paris by persuading Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of its importance. Dates were set for February 12 and 13 to coincide with the birthday of Abraham Lincoln. Funding for the event came from the NAACP and American fraternal organizations. Mary White Ovington and James Weldon Johnson raised money through solicitations of prominent NAACP supporters. Despite the funding received, the conference took place on a very small budget.

Once the event had permission, American officials in Paris, such as Tasker H. Bliss and George Louis Beer became alarmed. Beer, who was the chief colonial expert working for the U.S., believed that Black people could not govern themselves. A series of telegrams described as "urgent" and "confidential" began to pass between the United States Department of State and American officials in Paris. The French government even later stated that Clemenceau had never approved of the Congress.

There were 57 delegates representing 15 countries, a smaller number than originally intended because British and American governments refused to issue passports to their citizens who had planned on attending. Representatives of the National Equal Rights League including Madam C. J. Walker and William Monroe Trotter were denied passports. It was reported by the U.S. State Department that the French government did not believe the timing was right for a Pan-African Congress. A New York Call writer believed that the U.S. was worried it would be embarrassed by discussions of race relations at the Congress in Paris. Many of the delegates who attended did so on short notice, or by getting through on other types of credentials, such as being journalists. Others, like Gibbs, were already in Europe.

Event

Eventually, the Congress took place between February 19 and 21 at the Grand Hotel. There was greater representation from African countries at the First Pan-African Congress than there had been at the 1900 Pan-African Conference. Africa had twelve delegates with three from Liberia. There were 21 delegates representing Caribbean countries and 16 delegates from the U.S. Delegates to the Congress were middle-class and moderate. Nevertheless, Du Bois was able to create the idea of a Pan African Marxism during the event.

The first speech of the Congress was by Diagne, who said that assimilated Black people from America, Britain and France "were far more advanced than indigenous and 'inherently backwards' Africans. In this capacity, he felt that African countries held by Germany should be transferred to a system similar to the colonial system of France. This speech touched on concerns Black intellectuals from Europe and America felt in being compared to the stereotypes of African people as primitive. It also placed significant value on Black people who had been "civilized" by colonizing powers. For Diagne, Germany should give up their colonies not because colonialism was bad, but because German governance was not good. After Diagne's speech, Portuguese representative Alfredo Andrade, praised French democracy and its inclusion of Black people in government. Other representatives to the Pan-African Congress also praised France for having Black representation in politics and good relations with Black people anecdotally. Andrade, Diagne, Gratien Candace, Achille René-Boisneuf, and Joseph Lagrosillière all felt that there was "no room for a diasporan political consciousness because they saw the French Third Republic's empire as the best current opportunity for the realization of black rights within their constituencies." Adherence to a "benevolent" nation was seen as a practical approach to helping improve the lives of Black people they represented.

Liberian delegate, Charles D. B. King, spoke about the importance of developing his country as a free state, emphasizing the importance of a shared African heritage. Because of American support, however, Liberia did not want to agitate against the United States. Helen Noble Curtis gave a speech called "The Use of African Troops in Europe" which described many racist experiences Black soldiers fighting in WWI encountered in hospitals and other institutions. Curtis pleaded for the world to recognize that justice is not separate: it should be the same for all people regardless of skin color. Addie Waites Hunton reminded delegates that it was important to include women in the Pan-African proceedings.

Outcomes
The congress eventually adopted several resolutions, especially related to people living under colonialism. They advocated for self-determination of African people except where "existing practices were directly contradictory to best established principles of civilization." It was felt that Africa should be granted home rule and Africans should take part in governing their countries as fast as their development permits until at some specified time in the future. Resolutions were sent to the press in France, Britain and the United States. The Congress recommended the creation of a multi-lingual, international publication, the Black Review. It was also expected that delegates would plan for the next Pan-African Congress and that this could be a continuing discussion. Du Bois also hoped for the creation of a world organization, the Pan-African Association.

It was reported that there was little news coverage of the Congress in the French press, but one newspaper in Paris called Du Bois a "disciple of Garvey." West African colonies under British rule barely reported on the event. However, European press did run information about the Congress in the weeks prior to the event. Black people in the United States "generally approved of the actions of Du Bois as reported in the newspapers." Paul Otlet, a Belgian peace activist, wrote an article in La Patrie Belge proposing that European powers return German colonies to African people. When Du Bois wrote about the Congress in the Crisis and in his reports to the NAACP, he did not give a full view of actual nature of the speeches and implied criticism of the United States' racial problems that did not take place at the conference. Instead, he focused on "black solidarity" over reporting other content of the discussions. One conference attendee, the French Africanist Maurice Delafosse, wrote that the French government was largely tolerant of the ideas expressed at the Congress. Harry F. Worley, a white Virginian working for the U.S. State Department in Paris, expressed greater alarm at the "so-called Pan-African Congress": he reported that he had heard that "speeches of the American Negroes were highly inflammatory and condemnatory of the social conditions in the United States".

Du Bois sent a letter to Winston Churchill in 1921, where he enclosed the resolutions adopted at this first Congress in 1919. Du Bois also sent the resolutions to Beer and Edward M. House who served as advisors to President Wilson.

Delegates
Among the delegates were:
 Alfredo Andrade, Portugal.
 John Archer, Britain.
 Matthew Virgil Boutte, United States.
 Eliezer Cadet, Haiti
 Gratien Candace.
 Louise Chapoteau, France.
 Anna J. Cooper.
 Helen Noble Curtis, United States.
 Blaise Diagne, Senegal, and French Commissioner General of the Ministry of Colonies.
 W. E. B. Du Bois, NAACP delegate.
 Henry Franklin-Bouillon, France.
 M. Edmund Fitzgerald Fredericks, Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) delegate.
 Amy Jacques Garvey.
 Tertullien Guilbaud, Minister of Haiti in France.
 John Hope, United States.
 Ida Gibbs Hunt, United States.
 Addie Hunton, United States.
 George Jackson, United States and Congo.
 William Jernagin, United States.
 Charles D. B. King, Liberia.
 Joseph Lagrosillière, Gaudeloupe.
 Rayford Logan, United States.
 Robert Russa Moton, United States.
 Sol Plaatje, South Africa. (Possibly.)
 Achille René-Boisneuf, Martinique.
 Charles Edward Russell, United States.
 Benjamin F. Seldon, United States.
 Roscoe Conklin Simmons, United States.
 Joel Elias Spingarn, United States.
 Cyrille Van Overbergh, Belgian Peace Commission.
 William English Walling, United States.
 Richard R. Wright

1921 Brussels, London and Paris Congress (Second)

In 1921, the Second Pan-African Congress met in several sessions in London, Brussels and Paris, during August (28, 29, and 31) and September (2, 3, 5 and 6). As W. E. B. Du Bois reported in The Crisis in November that year, represented at this congress were "26 different groups of people of Negro descent: namely, British Nigeria, Gold Coast and Sierra Leone; the Egyptian Sudan, British East Africa, former German East Africa; French Senegal, the French Congo and Madagascar; Belgian Congo; Portuguese St. Thomé, Angola and Mozambique; Liberia; Abyssinia; Haiti; British Jamaica and Grenada; French Martinique and Guadeloupe; British Guiana; the United States of America, Negroes resident in England, France, Belgium and Portugal, and fraternal visitors from India, Morocco, the Philippines and Annam." There was an Indian revolutionary who took part, Shapurji Saklatvala, and a journalist from the Gold Coast named W. F. Hutchinson who spoke. This session of the Congress was the most focused for change of all the meetings thus far. At the London session, resolutions were adopted, later restated by Du Bois in his "Manifesto To the League of Nations":

The only dissenting voices were these of Blaise Diagne and Gratien Candace, French politicians of African and Guadeloupean descent, who represented Senegal and Guadeloupe in the French Chamber of Deputies. They soon abandoned the idea of Pan-Africanism because they advocated equal rights inside the French citizenship and thought the London Manifesto declaration too dangerously extreme.

American Helen Noble Curtis acted as the sole representative for Liberia during this conference.

Planning
In 1920, Du Bois secured three-thousand dollars from the NAACP for the creation of a "Pan-African fund." He planned to have more African representatives at this event. Paul Panda Farnana introduced Du Bois to colonial leaders in Brussels.

Event
The London meeting took place in Methodist Central Hall, Westminster and the Paris meeting happened at the Salles des Ingènieurs. The Brussels sessions were hosted at the Palais Mondial. The Congress met on August 28 and 29 at the Central Hall with around 113 people in attendance and 41 delegates.

Outcomes
The press in the British colony of the Gold Coast completely denounced the entire 1921 Congress. The Belgian press targeted Garvey and links to the UNIA and the Congress due to "fears of disruption in the Congo." This led to fears among businesses and the government in Brussels that the Congress would be a radical event that would advocate for the overthrow of colonial rule. Panda Farnana even tried suing the newspaper, L'Avenir Colonial Belge, to court for "having smeared and discredited the Pan-African Congress." The smear campaign made many in Brussels see the meeting as a "gathering of dangerous agitators who, like their leader Marcus Garvey, were bent on freeing Africa from European rule." However, Garvey saw the Congress as little more than a joke and sharply criticized it and Du Bois loudly and publicly.

Delegates

 Anna J. Cooper.
 Amy Jacques Garvey.
 Albert Marryshow, Grenada.

1923 Lisbon and London Congress (Third)

In 1923, the Third Pan-African Congress was held in London and in Lisbon. Helen Noble Curtis was an important planner of the Lisbon event, which was smaller than the others. The London Congress was held at Denison House. This meeting also repeated the demands such as self-rule, the problems in the Diaspora and the African-European relationship. The following was addressed at the meeting:

 The development of Africa should be for the benefit of Africans and not merely for the profits of Europeans.
 There should be home rule and a responsible government for British West Africa and the British West Indies.
 The Abolition of the pretension of a white minority to dominate a black majority in Kenya, Rhodesia and South Africa.
 Lynching and mob law in the US should be suppressed.

Before the Congress met in London, Isaac Béton of the French Committee wrote a letter to Du Bois, telling him that the French group would not be sending delegates. However, in one of the reports he published in The Crisis, Du Bois drew on words spoken by Ida Gibbs Hunt and Rayford Logan to imply that the French Committee had sent delegates. As long-time African-American residents of France, Hunt and Logan had travelled independently to the meeting, and Hunt and Béton were perturbed that Du Bois had implied they represented France. Black French people, including Béton and Gratien Candace who resigned from the congress, were worried the event would have "radical tendencies."

1927 New York City Congress (Fourth)

Planning
According to Du Bois, an earlier plan to hold the 4th Congress in the West Indies, specifically Port-au-Prince, in 1925 did not pan out due to transportation and other issues. Instead, the Congress was held in New York City in 1927.

Women played a significant role in this congress. Addie Whiteman Dickerson, Addie Hunton and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom were key fundraisers for the meeting. The Circle for Peace and Foreign Relations of New York City was also one of the sponsors of the 4th PAC. Beatrice Morrow Cannady, Dora Cole Norman, Dorothy R. Peterson, and Jessie Redmon were all active in planning for the 4th PAC.  The Grace Congregational Church served as planning headquarters.

Event
The opening meeting was held at St. Mark's Methodist Church and the Headquarters remained at the Grace Congregational Church. There were about 208 delegates from the United States and other countries. Low attendance from British and French colonies was due to government travel restrictions.

William Pickens gave a speech on the importance of worker solidarity during the opening session. Other speakers at the opening session included Chief Nana Amoah, Reginald G. Barrow, Dantès Bellegarde, James Francis Jenkins, H. K. Rakhit, Adolph Sixto, and T. Augustus Toote. Later speeches were given by W. Tete Ansa, Helen Noble Curtis, Du Bois, Leo William Hansbury, Leslie Pinckney Hill, Georges Sylvain, and Charles H. Wesley. The final speeches of the congress were given by H. H. Philips, Rayford Logan, and Y. Hikada on politics in Africa.

Committees were formed during the event, including the creation of a resolution committee headed by Bellegarde, Cannady, Du Bois, Hunton, and Reverdy C. Ransom.

Outcomes
The Fourth Pan-African Congress was held in New York City adopted resolutions that were similar to the Third Pan-African Congress meetings. Resolutions called for the liberation of various colonized countries, including Haiti, China, and Egypt. A call for working class solidarity across racial lines was also included, but no plans for how to accomplish this were made.

Delegates
There were 208 delegates from the United States and 10 different foreign countries. Africa was represented by delegates from the Gold Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone.

 Dantès Bellegarde, Haiti.
 Anna J. Cooper.
 Amy Jacques Garvey.
 Richard B. Moore, American Negro Labor Congress.

1945 Manchester Congress (Fifth)

Following the foundation of the Pan-African Federation (PAF) in Manchester in 1945, the Fifth Pan-African Congress was held at the Chorlton-on-Medlock Town Hall, Manchester, United Kingdom, between the 15 and 21 October 1945.

Although forming a part of a larger Pan-African movement at the beginning of the century, this event was organised by people in Manchester, and they brought in the people from all over the world." Whilst the previous four congresses had involved predominantly members of the African diaspora, including those in the United Kingdom, Afro-Caribbeans and Afro-Americans." the fifth included more representatives from the African continent.

It was the wish of the West African Students' Union that the event be hosted in Liberia and not in Europe, however having originally been scheduled in Paris to coincide with the 1945 World Trade Union Conference, it was switched to August in Manchester. The Conference took place in a building decorated with the flags of the three black nations under self-governance at the time Ethiopia, and Liberia and the Republic of Haiti.

The Fifth Congress had a larger profile than the first four PACs. At the end of World War II, around 700 million people lived under imperial rule and were 'subject people', with no freedoms, no parliaments, no democracy, and no trade unions to protect workers. Many felt betrayed after being promised movement towards self-government if they fought for European colonial powers during the First World War – only to have such promises later denied so a new militancy had emerged with demands for decolonization as well as condemning imperialism, racial discrimination, and capitalism.

Planning
Planning began in 1944 after Du Bois corresponded with Amy Jacques Garvey and Harold Moody on an idea for an "African Freedom Charter." This correspondence led to Du Bois calling for a fifth Pan African Congress to be held in London. Du Bois was unaware that George Padmore had also called for a Pan African Congress to be held after WWII, but once he found out, he was interested in working with Padmore. Additional plans were made with the NAACP, and the congress was tentatively scheduled for Paris at the same time as the World Trade Union Conference. Plans changed again in August 1945, when Du Bois announced that the fifth PAC would be held in England, one week after the trade union conference.

Attendees
There was a much greater representation of African delegates and attendees from Continental Africa at this conference. Marika Sherwood notes that "There were also eleven listed 'fraternal delegates', from Cypriot, Somali, Indian and Ceylonese (Sri Lankan) organisations, as well as the Women's International League and two British political parties, the Common Wealth Party and Independent Labour Party". Historian Saheed Adejumobi writes in The Pan-African Congresses, 1900–1945  that "while previous Pan-African congresses had been controlled largely by black middle-class British and American intellectuals who had emphasized the amelioration of colonial conditions, the Manchester meeting was dominated by delegates from Africa and Africans working or studying in Britain." Adejumobi notes that "the new leadership attracted the support of workers, trade unionists, and a growing radical sector of the African student population. With fewer African American participants, delegates consisted mainly of an emerging crop of African intellectual and political leaders, who soon won fame, notoriety, and power in their various colonized countries." Amongst attendees were Hastings Banda, Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta who would go on to be the first Presidents of their newly independent countries. Commentators estimate that 87–90 delegates were in attendance at the Congress, representing some 50 organisations, with a total of 200 audience members present. Whilst Nnamdi Azikiwe did not attend the conference he is on the record saying how important it was for the momentum of independence movement at the time.

Delegates Fifth Pan-African Congress include:
 Antigua:
 Workers' Union - R.G. Small, W.R. Austin
Bahamas:
R. Johnson, J. McCaskie, R.D. Watson, J.M. King
Barbados:
Progressive League - E. de L. Yearwood
Workers' Union - A. Mosley
 Belize:
Workers' League - H.T. Weir, M. Dawson, Gilbert Cargill, Horace Dawson
Bermuda:
Workers' Association: G.R. Tucker, E. Richards
 Gambia:
 Gambia Labour Union - I.M. Garba-Jahumpa
 National Council of Gambia - J. Downes-Thomas
 Ghana:
 Aborigines' Rights Protection Society - Ashie Nikoi
 Friends of African Freedom Society - Bankole Awoonor Renner, Mrs Renner
 Gold Coast Farmers' Association - Ashie Nikoi, W.J. Kwesi Mould
 Railway Workers' Union - J.S. Annan
Great Britain:
African Progressive Association, London - Koi Larbi
African Students' Union of Edinburgh - J.C deGraft Johnson
Association of African Descent, Dublin - Jaja Wachuku
Coloured Worker' Association - Ernest P. Marke, E.A. Aki-Emi, James Nortey
International African Service Bureau - Peter Abrahams, Amy Ashwood Garvey, Kwame Nkrumah Ras T. Makonnen, George Padmore
League of African Peoples, Birmingham - Dr. Clarence J. Piliso
The Negro Association, Manchester - C. Peart, M.I. Faro, Frank Niles, Dr. P. Milliard, F.W. Blaine
The Negro Welfare Centre, Liverpool - E. E. Kwesi Kurankyi-Taylor, James Eggay Taylor, Edwin J. DuPlan, C.D. Hyde, E. Asuquo Cowan
The Young African Progressive League - Adeniran Ogunsanya, E. Brown, George Nelson, Raz Finni
United Committee of Coloured and Colonial People Association, Cardiff - Aaron Albert Mossell, J.S. Andrew, Jim Nurse, H. Hassan, Basil Roderick
West African Students' Union, London - Joe Appiah, F.O.B. Blaize, S. Ako Adjei, F.R. Kankam-Boadu
Grenada:
Labour Party - S.J. Andrews
Guyana:
African Development Association - W. Meighan, Dr. Peter Milliard
Trades Union Council - D.M. Harper
Kenya:
Kikuyu Central Association - Jomo Kenyatta.
Jamaica:
People's National Party - L.A. Thoywell-Henry
Trade Union Congress - Ken Hill
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League - Alma La Badie, L.A. Thoywell-Henry, V.G. Hamilton, K. Boxer
Liberia:
Progressive Society - J. Tobie, Robert Broadhurst
Malawi:
Nyasaland African Congress - Dr. Hastings Banda
 Nigeria:
 Calabar Improvement League - Eyo B. Ndem
 National Council of Nigeria and Cameroons - Magnus Williams, F.B. Joseph
 Nigerian Youth Movement - Obafemi Awolowo, H.O. Davies
 Trade Union Congress - A. Soyemi Coker
 Saint Kitts and Nevis:
St. Kitts Workers' League - R. Johnson
St. Kitts and Nevis Trades and Labour Union - J.A. Linton, Ernest McKenzie-Mavinga
Saint Lucia:
Seamen's and Waterfront Workers' Union - J.M. King
 Sierra Leone:
 Teachers' Union - Harry Sawyerr
 The People's Forum - Lamina Sankoh
 Trade Union Congress - I.T.A. Wallace Johnson
 West African Youth League - I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson
South Africa:
African National Congress - Peter Abrahams, Makumalo (Mako) Hlubi
Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu were supposed to attend however along with several of his fellow South African delegates could not due to issues obtaining passports.
Tanzania:
S. Rahinda
Trinidad and Tobago:
Federated Workers Trade Union - George Padmore
Labour Party - Ernest McKenzie-Mavinga
Negro Welfare and Cultural Association - C. Lynch
Oilfields Workers' Trade Union - John F.F. Rojas
Trade Union Congress - Rupert Gittens
West Indian National Party - Claude Lushington
Uganda:
The Young Baganda - I. Yatu

Fraternal delegates, observers and other attendees include:

 Committee of Cyprus Affairs - L. Joannou
 Common Wealth - Miss Leeds
 Communist Party of Great Britain - Len Johnson, Wilf Charles, Pat Devine
 Federation of Indian Associations - Nagendranath Gangulee
 Federation of Indian Organisations in Britain - Surat Alley
 Independent Labour Party - John McNair
 Lanka Sama Samaja Party - Tikiri Banda Subasinghe
 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - W. E. B. Du Bois
 Negro Welfare Association - Miss Levy, R.B. Rose, A.B. Blaine
 Somali Society - Ismail Dorbeh
 Women's International League - N. Burton

Other Attendees include: Raphael Armattoe, Kojo Botsio, Cecil Belfield Clarke and Dudley Thompson.

Issues addressed
Among the issues addressed at the conference were:

 "The Colour Problem in Britain", Including issues of unemployment among black youth; abandoned mixed-race children fathered by black ex-servicemen and white British mothers; racial discrimination, the colour bar and discriminatory employment practices. These topics were discussed at the first session of the Congress held on October 15, 1945, chaired by Amy Ashwood Garvey.
 "Imperialism in North and West Africa". All present demanded independence for African nations; delegates were split on the issue of having political emancipation first or control of the economy. Kwame Nkrumah advocated for revolutionary methods of seizing power as essential to Independence. From this session onwards the chair was taken by Dr W. E. B. Du Bois.
 "Oppression in South Africa". Including the social, economic, educational, health and employment inequalities faced by Black South Africans. All present expressed support and sympathy which included a number of demands outlined.
 "The East African Picture". Focusing on the issue of land, most of the best land had been occupied by White settlers; working conditions and wages for Africans reflected the same inequalities as South Africa. This session was open by Jomo Kenyatta.
 "Ethiopia and The Black Republics". Discussing the issue of Britain exercising control over Ethiopia although Emperor Haile Selassie had been restored to the throne; the United Nations not offering help to Ethiopia whilst Italy (which conquered Ethiopia in 1935 under a fascist regime) was receiving UN help.
 "The Problems in the Caribbean" This session was addressed by a number of trade union delegates from the Caribbean; some delegates demanded "complete independence", some "self-government" and others "dominion status".

Women's contributions
Women played an important role in the Fifth Congress. Amy Ashwood Garvey chaired the opening session and Alma La Badie, a Jamaican member of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, spoke about child welfare. Women also supported in behind-the-scenes roles, organising many of the social and other events outside the main sessions. Historians Marika Sherwood and Hakim Adi have specifically written about women involved in the Fifth-Congress.

Reception
The British press scarcely mentioned the conference. However, Picture Post covered the 5th Pan African Congress in an article by war reporter Hilde Marchant titled "Africa Speaks in Manchester", published on 10 November 1945. Picture Post was also responsible for sending John Deakin to photograph the event.

Outcomes
This conference shifted the discussion about Pan-Africanism to focus more on African leaders and the people of Africa as "primary agents of change in the anti-colonial and anti-imperial struggles." Du Bois attempted to enlist the NAACP into further support for Pan-Africanism and aid to Africa, but the results were tepid. Du Bois continued to work towards the creation of a Pan-African movement in the United States throughout 1946. Due to the Red Scare, the NAACP stepped back from its support of Pan Africanism.

Commemoration

 Red Commemorative Plaque. It is suggested by commentators that Manchester community leader and political activist, Kath Locke, persuaded Manchester City Council to place a red plaque commemorating the Congress on the wall of Chorlton Town Hall.
 Black Chronicles III: The Fifth Pan African Congress. Autograph ABP hosted the first exhibition showcasing John Deakin's photographs from the Fifth Congress. The exhibition marked the 70th anniversary of the Congress in 2015 and included film screenings exploring Pan-African history and ideals curated by June Givanni.
 "Pan African Congress 50 years on". The project interviewed attendees of the 1945 Pan African Congress who were still living in Manchester in 1995. The project was part of the 50th commemorative event held in Manchester in 1995.
 "PAC@75". Manchester Metropolitan University held a four-day celebration in October 2020 to mark the 75th anniversary of the 5th Pan-African Congress. Curated by Professor of Architecture Ola Uduku, the anniversary celebrations involved both creative and academic events.
 Archive material relating to the 1945 and the subsequent celebratory events in 1982 and 1995 are held at the Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Race Relations Resource Centre at Manchester Central Library. Len Johnson's papers at the Working Class Movement Library has records and documents from the 1945 Congress.

1974 Dar es Salaam Congress (Sixth)
The sixth Pan-African Congress, also known as "Sixth-PAC or 6PAC," was hosted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in June 1974. This was the first time the event took place in Africa. The event was originally proposed by Pauulu Kamarakafego in order to challenge neocolonialism and apartheid.

Planning
Activists involved in the Washington, D.C. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) were involved in organizing and hosting the congress. Charlie Cobb, Courtland Cox, and James Garrett, who were involved with the SNCC, helped plan the event. C. L. R. James played a role influencing the congress. Other key organizers included Geri Stark Augusto, Judy Claude, Julian Ellison, Kathy Flewellen, Sylvia I. B. Hill, Loretta Hobbs, and James Turner. Flewellen and Hill, who served on the international secretariat, conducted meetings to select delegates for 6PAC. Hill organized the North American delegates, focusing on ways that the Black community could work together to pool resources to aid in the Pan-African movement. David L. Horne organized delegates from southern California.

James traveled to Tanzania to talk to Cox and Mwalimu Nyerere about hosting the congress there. During the planning, the radical non-governmental delegation from the Caribbean, which included members of the Afro-Caribbean Liberation movement, the New Jewel Movement, and the African Society for Cultural Relations with Independent Africa (ASCRIA), chose not to attend 6PAC. In solidarity, James also boycotted the congress despite "appeals from Julius Nyerere to attend."

Augusto and Edie Wilson moved to Dar es Salaam in 1973 where they served as the head of the International Secretariat for 6PAC. Planners had to decided whether 6PAC would pick up right where the 5th congress left off, which meant recommitting to opposing various forms of colonialism still present in Africa. Focusing on colonialism and imperialism was an important decision because it was possible that it could alienate Caribbean governments and delegates from the United States.

Event
Hundreds to thousands of participants met at the University of Dar es Salaam from June 19 to June 27, 1974. Around 50 different sovereign governments and political organizations sent delegates to 6PAC. Delegates from liberation movements from several colonized countries also attended.

Hill served as the secretary general for North America. It was part of the original planning that groups working towards liberation have time to network and "build international solidarity." Activists such as Mae Mallory, Queen Mother Moore, Brenda Paris, and Florence Tate all attended 6PAC. For Black British activists Zainab Abbas, Gerlin Bean, Ron Phillips, and Ansel Wong, attending the conference allowed them to express the solidarity of the Black activists in Britain with anti-colonialists activists in the rest of the world. A highlight of the conference was the resolution on Palestine, which was the congress' formal recognition of the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination.

The opening address was given by Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere. His speech focused on promoting "nonracialism" at the congress because it is more important for all people to work together to free themselves from oppression in Africa.

Event planners also hoped that the Congress would support the creation of a Pan African Center of Science and Technology. Several men associated with Howard University, Neville Parker, Don Coleman, and Fletcher Robinson, all worked towards the development of a Pan African Center of Science and Technology during the congress. However, there was not enough support for the plan and it didn't make the final resolution.

Reception
The Los Angeles Times reported that the Congress was very divided and often too "militant."

Outcomes
A General Political Statement was created at 6PAC which called for an end to all forms of colonialism, including neocolonialism. The statement also called for a unification of African people to work towards socialism throughout Africa in order to end oppression. It explicitly called out all kinds of racism and nationalism.

Augusto stayed in Dar es Salaam after 6PAC in order to edit the proceedings of the event for the Tanzania Publishing House.

Several North American activists from the 6PAC went on to Washington, D.C. in the fall of 1974 in order to lobby the United States to take action against apartheid in South Africa. Under Hill's leadership, this grew into the Southern Africa News Collective, and eventually in 1978 turned into the Southern Africa Support Project (SASP).

Attendees

 Anna J. Cooper
 Amy Jacques Garvey

1994 Kampala Congress (Seventh)
The seventh Pan-African Congress was held in Kampala, Uganda from April 3 to April 8, 1994. The theme of the event was "Facing the Future in Unity, Social Progress and Democracy."

Planning
The seventh Pan African Congress was called by the Pan-African Movement of Nigeria who hoped to hold the event in Lagos. This group, however, wanted to limit attendance only to "African people," not Arab or white Africans.

Event
There were more than 2,000 participants at the event, which included a Women's Pre-Congress meeting. Ugandan president, Yoweri Museveni, spoke at the opening of the congress, where he listed five criteria for defining who is an "African." The criteria, which included people of many backgrounds and nationalities, helped define "African" as something that was not just a racial category. In addition, 7PAC brought together activists from different generations to work on modern problems together. Modern issues included HIV/AIDS in Africa, women's rights, and globalization. Other tensions to unravel in 7PAC and going forward include Black nationalism, Black Marxism-Leninism and the historical baggage that surrounds both ideas.

Delegates

 Ronald Muwenda Mutabi, Kabaka of Buganda.

2014 Johannesburg Congress (Eighth)
The eighth Pan-African Congress was held at the University of the Witwatersrand from January 14 to January 16, 2014, in Johannesburg.

See also
 First Pan-African Conference
 Pan-Africanism

References

Sources

External links

 1921 Pan-African Congress, London Manifesto. From the Journal of Pan African Studies.
 SNCC Digital Gateway: Organizing 6PAC. Digital documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and grassroots organizing from the inside-out
 B. F. Bankie, "The 'Key Link' – some London notes towards the 7th Pan-African Congress", Ghana Nsem, 2001.

International conferences
Anti-racist organizations in Africa
Pan-African organizations
Pan-Africanism

Pan-African Congress


Safe and Sound og varianter har flere betydninger:

Musik

Album
 Safe + Sound, et album af DJ Quik
 Safe & Sound, et album af Juneau (band)

Sange
 "Safe and Sound" (sang af Capital Cities)
 "Safe and Sound" (sang af Taylor Swift)

TV
 "Safe and Sound" (Prison Break)

Safe and Sound


Mithat Bereket, (d. 10 Ekim 1966, Ankara), Türk muhabir, gazeteci ve yazar.

Hayatı
TED Ankara Koleji'nin ardından Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi'nden mezun oldu.

Amatör olarak üniversite yıllarında basketbol oynadı. Yüksek lisansını İngiltere'de, Lancaster Üniversitesi'nde uluslararası ilişkiler bölümünde tamamladı. Tezi "Kıbrıs" üzerineydi. Aynı üniversitede "Radikal İslam" üzerine doktora araştırması yaptı.

Mithat Bereket bir dönem Kadir Has Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi'nde ders verdi. Aynı kurumun çatısı altında, öğrencilerin basın konusunda gördükleri teorik eğitimin yanında, pratik deneyimlerle iş hayatına hazırlamak amacıyla "Pusula Akademisi"nin kuruluşuna katkıda bulundu.

Mithat Bereket, ünlü bir savaş muhabiridir. Bosna, Halepçe, Kosova, Irak, Afganistan, Çeçenistan, Filistin bölgelerinde, sıcak savaş ortamında muhabirlik yaptı.

Yaklaşık 20 yıl muhabirlik yapan Bereket, 1995'ten bu yana kendi haber programı olan "Pusula"yı hazırladı ve sundu. Pusula haber programı 1995 yılında Kanal D'de, 1996 yılında Star TV'de yayımlandı. 1999 yılından NTV'de ekrana geldi. "Mithat Bereket'le pusula" programı, Türkiye'nin önde gelen birçok kanalında yayınlandıktan sonra 2008'de TRT 1'de ekrana geldi. Mithat Bereket ayrıca www.pusula.tv ve Businessweek Dergisi'nde haftalık köşe yazılarında bulundu.

Mithat Bereket, yürüme, denge ve konuşma bozukluklarına neden olan sürmenaj hastalığı nedeniyle mesleğini bırakmak durumunda kalmıştır. Mithat Bereket, 2019 yılında yaptığı paylaşımda, gazetecilik mesleğini neden bıraktığı açıklamıştı.

Kendisinin söyleşi gerçekleştirdiği kişiler:

 Nelson Mandela,
 Benazir Butto,
 Muammer Kaddafi,
 Yaser Arafat,
 Şamil Basayev,
 Madeleine Albright,
 Ürdün Kralı II. Abdullah
 İzak Rabin,
 Simon Peres,
 Nursultan Nazarbayev,
Celal Talabani
Osman Öcalan
 Richard Perle,
 Benjamen Netanyahu,
 Antonio Di Pietro,
 Ebulfez Elçibey

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1966 doğumlular
Ankara doğumlu gazeteciler
Türk televizyoncular
TED Ankara Kolejinde öğrenim görenler
Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Yaşayan insanlar
Türkiye Gazeteciler Cemiyeti Başarı Ödülü sahipleri
Türk savaş muhabirleri

Mithat Bereket


Slaget om Hohenlinden blev udkæmpet den 3. december 1800 som en del af Revolutionskrigene. En fransk hær under Jean Victor Marie Moreau vandt en afgørende sejr over østrigere og bayrere ledet af ærkehertug Johan af Østrig. Efter at være blevet tvunget til et katastrofalt tilbagetog blev de allierede tvunget til at anmode om en våbenhvile, der effektivt afsluttede Anden koalitionskrig. Hohenlinden ligger 33 km øst for München i det moderne Tyskland.

Divisionsgeneral Moreaus hær på 56.000 mand involverede 64.000 østrigere og bayrere. Østrigerne, der troede, at de forfulgte en slået fjende, bevægede sig gennem stærkt skovklædt terræn i fire adskilte kolonner. I stedet overfaldt Moreau østrigerne, da de dukkede ud af Ebersberg-skoven, mens de engagerede Antoine Richepanse-divisionen i et overraskelsesangreb på den østrigske venstre flanke. Idet de udviste fremragende individuelle initiativer lykkedes det for Moreaus generaler at omringe og vinde over den største østrigske kolonne.

Denne knusende sejr kombineret med førstekonsul Napoleon Bonapartes sejr i Slaget ved Marengo den 14. juni 1800 afsluttede Anden koalitionskrig. I februar 1801 undertegnede østrigerne Lunéville-traktaten, idet de accepterede fransk kontrol op til Rhinen og de franske lydrepublikker i Italien og Nederlandene. Den efterfølgende Amiens-traktat mellem Frankrig og Storbritannien indledte den længste pause i krigen i Napoleons periode.

Litteratur
 Arnold, James R. Marengo & Hohenlinden. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword, 2005.
 Chandler, David. Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars. New York: Macmillan, 1979.
 Eggenberger, David. An Encyclopedia of Battles. New York: Dover Publications, 1985.
 Furse, George Armand. 1800 Marengo and Hohenlinden (2009)
 Rothenberg, Gunther E. Napoleon's Great Adversaries, The Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army, 1792–1814. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1982
 Smith, Digby. The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill, 1998.

Begivenheder i 1800
Hohenlinden, Slaget ved

Slaget ved Hohenlinden


Liste over kompositioner af Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck.

Orgel

Fantasier
 Fantasia chromatica (dorisk) (swwv 258)
 Fantasia (dorisk) (swwv 259)
 Fantasia (dorisk) (swwv 260)
 Fantasia (dorisk) (swwv 261)
 Fantasia (dorisk) (swwv 262)
 Fantasia (Frygisk)
 Fantasia super: ut, re, mi fa, sol, la. (swwv 263)
 Fantasia (mixolydisk)
 Fantasia (mixolydisk)
 Fantasia (jonisk)
 Fantasia (eolisk)
 Fantasia (jonisk)
 Fantasia (jonisk)

Toccatas

Koralbearbejdelser

 Psalm 9, verse 11: Chantez en exultation au Dieu qui habit' en Sion. Dubbelfuga over et tema af Claude Lejeune.

Værker for klaver

 De lustelijcke mey

Fragment for klaver eller orgel
 Capriccio. J. P.
 Fantasia op de fuga
 Von der fortuna werd ich gerieben
 Von der fortuna werd ich gerieben
 Von der fortuna werd ich gerieben

Sweelinck, Jan Pieterszoon

Værker af Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck


Mario Bahamonde Silva (Taltal, 17 de abril de 1910 - Antofagasta, 30 de noviembre de 1979) fue un escritor y profesor chileno.

Biografía
Hijo de Antonio Bahamonde López, profesor, y doña Amelia, vivió en Taltal hasta su 2º año de humanidades. Después, se trasladó a Santiago y terminó la secundaria en el Internado Nacional Barros Arana, donde destaca como dirigente estudiantil, ayudante en la biblioteca, el deportivo y el ateneo. Luego, continúa con su vocación por las letras e ingresa al Instituto Pedagógico de la Universidad de Chile a estudiar Pedagogía en Castellano y Filosofía. Paralelamente, hizo clases en el Instituto Federico Hansen.

Bahamonde en 1934 comienza a trabajar en el Liceo de Hombres de Antofagasta dictando las asignaturas de Castellano y Filosofía. Estando dedicado a sus escritos. Inicialmente escribía poesía, obteniendo un certamen Municipal (1943) que se publicarían en Tres cuentos del norte con las obras de los demás ganadores «El cara'e picante», de  Bahamonde, «La Justicia» (A. Ramírez B.) y «Los 60 pesos de Lucho Rivera» (M. Durán Díaz).

Su primer libro publicado es Pampa volcada (1945) Obra rica en tipos humanos del mundo salitrero, que contiene tres cuentos y formó parte de la Colección La Honda, serie que reunió a casi todos los escritores de la generación del 38. Su siguiente publicación es  De cuán lejos viene el tiempo (1951), que contiene el cuento «Toda la Pampa es un solo camino», considerado como el mejor relato histórico de Bahamonde.

Luego de 20 años de docencia, a sus  43 años (1954), asumió la Rectoría en reemplazo de Santiago Seguel. Ser director del Liceo de Hombres no lo aleja de la escritura, sino que da comienzo a una nueva etapa literaria, ya es con su propia imprenta del Liceo de Hombres, donde imprime sus obras Ala viva (1956); 16 poetas nortinos (1960); Antofagasta, pasión y poesía (1961); Y al Norte... la poesía (1962), además en ella se multicopia la revista Alborada y varios escritos literarios del también profesor del establecimiento, Andrés Sabella.

Luego vendría Huella rota (1955), Novela corta sobre vida de un obrero de Chuquicamata, con la que recibe el Primer Premio Municipalidad de Antofagasta, y cataloga su obra de como valiosos documentos de las revoluciones culturales y políticas en las décadas del 30 y 40, destacando el relato protagónico social del norte. Nicomedes Guzmán, poeta y novelista también enmarcado dentro de la Generación del 38 afirma que: "Bahamonde fue fiel a su tierra de piedras y arenales, de soles y distancias, camanchacas y huellas. Desde el primero hasta su último libro se escucha el latido del desierto y las voces de sus habitantes."

La obra de Bahamonde, más ligada a la prosa, no deja de lado la poesía, el ensayo y la crítica. Que el autor logra con investigación histórica, cultural y literaria, dando a sus escritos riqueza en sabiduría popular, folclor, música, danza y tradiciones orales. Trabajo que no lo aleja de sus labores en el área de extensión de la Universidad de Chile en Antofagasta y en torno al campo periodístico, en la edición de El Mercurio de Antofagasta.

En el campo de la investigación cultural, publicó Poemas y grabados (1965); Antología del cuento nortino (1966); Antología de la Poesía nortina (1966).

Bahamonde fue separado de su cargo de Rector del Liceo de Hombres de Antofagasta en septiembre de 1973 y lo sucede en el cargo el vicerrector Heriberto Jiménez San Juan.

Años después, su novela El Caudillo de Copiapó (1977), le valió el Premio Municipal de Santiago. Le siguen, Derroteros y Cangallas (1978) y el Diccionario de voces del norte de Chile (1978)

El 30 de noviembre de 1979, muere en Antofagasta. Lo que no impidió que se publicarán sus obras Gabriela Mistral en Antofagasta, años de forja y valentía (1980); Ruta panamericana (1980); y Gente de greda o los ceremoniales del tiempo (1981) (dos títulos tentativos para la novela y se respetaron ambos al desconocer la preferencia del autor).

Publicaciones
 1943 - Tres cuentos del Norte. Antofagasta. Certamen Municipal "El cara´e picante"
 1945 - Pampa volcada
 1948 - Revista Antofagasta. Artículo sobre Juan López
 1951 - De cuán lejos viene el tiempo
 1955 - Huella rota
 1956 - Ala viva
 1960 - 16 poetas nortinos
 1961 - Antofagasta, pasión y poesía
 1962 - Y al Norte... la poesía
 1965 - Poemas y grabados
 1966 - Antología del cuento nortino
 1966 - Antología de la poesía nortina.
 1971 - "Guia de la producción intelectual nortina" Trabajo de investifación y difusión. Servicio de Extensión, U. de Chile.
 1972 - "El viento del desierto en la poesía de Pablo Neruda" Revista de Cutltura Universita
 1972 - "Soledad en la Puna" Concurso de Cuento 72 "Baldomero Lillo"
 1973 - Pampinos y Salitreros. Editorial Nacional Quimantú Ltda.
 1973 - "El Calladito". Revista El Cuento N° 60. México
 1975 - "El Río Indígena". Diario Provincia año 1. N° 16. Cumaná, Venezuela.
 1977 - El Caudillo de Copiapó. Editorial Nascimiento.
 1978 - Derroteros y Cangallas. Editorial Nascimiento.
 1978 - Diccionario de voces del norte de Chile. Editorial Nascimiento.
 1978 - "Vino añejo de las leyendas nortinas". Revista Atenea N° 438.
 1979 - Los Archivos del Siglo XIX. En Épica de Antofagasta, 14 de febrero 1879/1979.
 1980 - Gabriela Mistral en Antofagasta, años de forja y valentía
 1980 - Ruta panamericana
 1981 - Gente de greda o los ceremoniales del tiempo (se respetaron ambos títulos, al desconocer la preferencia del autor)

Premios
 1977 - Premio Municipal de Santiago

Referencias

Nacidos en Taltal
Fallecidos en Antofagasta
Escritores de Chile del siglo XX
Generación del 38
Escritores en español del siglo XX
Profesores de Chile
Alumnado del Internado Nacional Barros Arana
Alumnado del Instituto Pedagógico de la Universidad de Chile

Mario Bahamonde Silva


James Neil Hamilton (9 de septiembre de 1899 – 24 de septiembre de 1984) fue un actor estadounidense conocido por su papel de James Gordon en la serie televisiva de la década de 1960 Batman. Además, fue un popular primer actor del cine de los años veinte y treinta.

Biografía
Nacido en Lynn (Massachusetts), Hamilton era hijo único.

Su carrera en el mundo del espectáculo se inició cuando consiguió un trabajo como modelo en anuncios de revistas, algo similar a lo llevado a cabo por el actor del cine mudo Reed Howes, conocido por sus anuncios como "The Arrow Collar Man". Tras dicha experiencia se interesó en la interpretación y trabajó en varias compañías de repertorio. Gracias a ello consiguió su primer papel cinematográfico en 1918, pero su gran oportunidad llegó con la producción de D. W. Griffith The White Rose (1923). En 1924 viajó a Alemania con Griffith para realizar el pseudo-documental Isn't Life Wonderful, en el cual trabajaba la musa de Griffith, Carol Dempster.

Hamilton firmó un contrato con Paramount Pictures mediada la década de 1920, y pronto fue uno de los primeros actores más populares del estudio. En 1926 interpretó a uno de los hermanos de Ronald Colman en el film mudo de Paramount Beau Geste. También trabajó en Mother Machree, además de hacer de manera constante papeles de reparto para casi todos los estudios de Hollywood.

Hamilton pasó al cine sonoro a finales de los años 20 y siguió actuando en destacadas producciones cinematográficas. Así en 1930 intervino en The Dawn Patrol, interpretando al comandante del escuadrón, papel llevado a cabo por Basil Rathbone en la versión de 1938. Hamilton apareció en los títulos de créditos por delante de Clark Gable en el film de 1931 protagonizado por Joan Crawford Laughing Sinners. En 1932 inició su interpretación como Harry Holt, papel que hizo en Tarzán de los monos y en la secuela de 1934, Tarzán y su compañera, producción de Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. En total Hamilton hizo 268 películas, tanto mudas como sonoras, trabajando junto a estrellas de la talla de Norma Shearer, Constance Bennett, Ann Sothern, y Jean Arthur.

En la década de 1940, por razones poco claras, disminuyeron las ofertas para que Hamilton trabajara en cine de clase "A", por lo que hubo de aceptar actuar en seriales, en serie B, y en otros proyectos de prestigio menor.

A pesar de ello, Hamilton tuvo la oportunidad de trabajar en numerosas producciones televisivas en las décadas de 1950 y 1960, destacando de entre ellas Perry Mason (Yvonne Craig, que sería Barbara Gordon en Batman, trabajó con él en el episodio "The Case of the Lazy Lover"), Maverick, Mister Ed, y The Outer Limits.

En 1960 Hamilton reemplazó a Richard Cromwell, que falleció a causa de un hepatocarcinoma, para actuar en la producción de 20th Century Fox The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come, en la que trabajó junto a Jimmie Rodgers y Chill Wills.

Sin embargo, el papel por el cual es probablemente más recordado Hamilton es el de James Gordon en la serie televisiva Batman. En esta producción, protagonizada por Adam West, actuó en un total de 120 episodios.

Como actor teatral, en la década de 1940 e inicios de la de 1950, Hamilton trabajó en el circuito de Broadway en shows como Many Happy Returns (1945), The Men We Marry (1948), y Late Love (1953).

Vida personal
Hamilton estuvo casado con Elsa Whitmer desde 1922 a 1984, año en el que falleció el actor. El matrimonio tuvo un hijo. Hamilton era un primo lejano de Margaret Hamilton, conocida por su participación en El mago de Oz (1939). Sin embargo, y contra los rumores populares, no estuvo emparentado con el actor John Hamilton.

Hamilton falleció en 1984, con 85 años de edad, a causa de un ataque de asma, en Escondido (California). Sus restos fueron incinerados y las cenizas esparcidas en el mar.

Selección de su filmografía

Referencias

Enlaces externos

1966 Batman TV Heroes - Neil Hamilton
1941 They Meet Again - Neil Hamilton como Gobernador John C. North - en Internet Archive
Fotografías de Neil Hamilton

Foto de pasaporte de Hamilton, 1924

Actores de cine de Estados Unidos
Actores de cine mudo
Actores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Paseo de la Fama de Hollywood

Neil Hamilton


Felinae, eller de små kattedyr, er en underfamilie indenfor Felidae (kattefamilien), der består af fysisk små og mellemstore kattedyr samt gepard og puma. Det er den største af de to underfamilier i kattefamilie - den anden er de såkaldte store kattedyr (Pantherinae).

Kattefamilien

Felinae


Den 4. udgave af RideLondon Classique fandt sted den 30. juli 2016. Det var det trettende løb på UCI Women's World Tour-kalenderen 2016. Løbet endte med en spurt der blev vundet af Kirsten Wild, foran Nina Kessler og Leah Kirchmann.

Hold

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2016
Cykelløb i 2016

RideLondon-Classique 2016


قصر بيت الدين أو قصر الأمير بشير الواقع في منطقة الشوف في جبل لبنان، وهو واحد من أهم المزارات السياحية في لبنان، ويعتبر من أفضل الأمثلة على العمارة اللبنانية في أوائل القرن التاسع عشر. وهو إلى جانب أهميته السياحية يحتضن المقر الصيفي لرئاسة الجمهورية اللبنانية.

تاريخه

في نهاية القرن السابع عشر وبعدما انتقلت السلطة إلى بني شهاب، قام الأمير بشير الثاني بنقل عاصمة الإمارة من دير القمر إلى بيت الدين التي قام ببناء قصره فيها. وبعد نفي الأمير بشير الثاني إلى إسطنبول عام 1840 ألغي نظام الإمارة وتحول القصر إلى مقر للولاة العثمانيين ومن ثم للمتصرفين الذين تعاقبوا على جبل لبنان بين عامي 1860 و1915. ومع الانتداب الفرنسي، شغلته السلطات الفرنسية غداة الحرب العالمية الأولى. ثم أصبح مقراً صيفياً لرئيس الجمهورية في عهد الشيخ بشارة الخوري.

مراجع

مواقع خارجية
 قصر بيت الدين: طراز العمارة اللبنانية يحاكي رونق الأندلس الرائع

عمارة لبنانية
قصور لبنان
معالم لبنانية

قصر بيت الدين


Eloria diaphana este un gen de molii din familia Lymantriinae. Se găsește în Surinam.

Referințe

Legături externe
  Baza de date a genului Lepidoptera la Muzeul de istorie naturală

Lymantriidae
Molii
Genuri de insecte
Molii descrise în 1781

Eloria diaphana


Arthur Cornelius "Art" Spoelstra (nacido el  en Grand Rapids, Míchigan y fallecido el  en Evansville, Indiana) fue un jugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó cuatro temporadas en la NBA. Con 2,08 metros de estatura, jugaba en la posición de pívot.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante tres temporadas con los Hilltoppers de la Universidad de Kentucky Occidental, en las que promedió 16,4 puntos y 11,3 rebotes por partido. Fue el primer jugador de la historia de la universidad en anotar más de 50 puntos en un partido, logrando 52 ante Morehead State en 1953. En las tres temporadas fue incluido en el mejor quinteto de la Ohio Valley Conference.

Profesional
Fue elegido en la trigésimo cuarta posición del Draft de la NBA de 1954 por Rochester Royals, donde jugó 3 temporadas como suplente, siendo la más destacada la 1955-56, en la que promedió 8,5 puntos y 6,1 rebotes por partido.

Antes del comienzo de la temporada 1957-58 fue traspasado junto a Bob Burrow, Ed Fleming, Don Meineke y los derechos sobre Rod Hundley a Minneapolis Lakers, a cambio de Clyde Lovellette y Jim Paxson. Allí jugó 50 partidos, promediando 7,6 puntos y 5,6 rebotes, hasta que poco antes del final de la temporada fue traspasado a New York Knicks, retirándose al término de la misma por problemas en sus rodillas.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Grand Rapids (Míchigan)
Fallecidos en Evansville (Indiana)
Baloncestistas de Míchigan
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Western Kentucky Hilltoppers
Baloncestistas de los Rochester Royals
Baloncestistas de los Minneapolis Lakers
Baloncestistas de los New York Knicks

Art Spoelstra


İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi, tüm idari ve akademik birimleriyle İstanbul Üniversitesi'nin Beyazıt merkez kampüsünde faaliyet gösteren Türkiye'nin ilk hukuk fakültesidir. Türkiye Barolar Birliği'nin hukuk fakültelerine yönelik 22 ölçütlü değerlendirmesine göre Türkiye'nin en iyi hukuk fakültesidir.

Tarihçe
1874 yılında kurulan ve Hukuk Fakültesi'nin esasını oluşturan Mekteb-i Hukuk-i Sultani 1878'de kapatıldı. Yerine kurulan Mekteb-i Hukuk, 17 Haziran 1880'de Adliye Nezareti bahçesinde faaliyete geçti. Daha sonra, 1 Eylül 1900 yılında açılan Darülfünun-ı Şahane'nin (İstanbul Darülfünunu) bünyesinde bir hukuk fakültesi oldu. Darülfünun Hukuk Fakültesi 11 Ekim 1919'da tüzel kişilik ve bilimsel özerklik, 7 Ekim 1925 tarihli İstanbul Darülfünunu Talimatnamesiyle de idari özerklik elde etti. 31 Temmuz 1933'te Darülfünun ilga edildi ve İstanbul Üniversitesi olarak yeniden örgütlenildi. Bu dönemden sonra ağırlıklı olarak Batı kökenli hukuk öğretim üyeleri fakültede çalışmaya başladı. Aralarında Andreas B. Schwarz, Ernst E. Hirsch, Richard Honig gibi Nazi Almanyası'ndan kaçmak zorunda kalan hukuk profesörleri de vardı.

Anabilim dalları
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'nde anayasa hukuku, Avrupa Birliği hukuku, ceza ve ceza muhakemesi hukuku, deniz ticaret ve sigorta hukuku genel kamu hukuku, hukuk felsefesi ve sosyolojisi, hukuk tarihi, idare hukuku, insan hakları hukuku, iş ve sosyal güvenlik hukuku, karşılaştırmalı hukuk, mali hukuk, medeni hukuk, medeni usul hukuku ve icra-iflas hukuku, milletlerarası hukuk, milletlerarası özel hukuk, Roma hukuku ve ticaret hukuku anabilim dalı kürsüleri ile aynı zamanda ceza ve ceza muhakemesi hukuku anabilim dalı kürsüsünün altında yer alan bir kriminoloji bilim dalı kürsüsü bulunmaktadır.

Araştırma ve uygulama merkezleri
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi bünyesinde ceza hukuku ve kriminoloji, mukayeseli hukuk, idare hukuku, milletlerarası hukuk ve milletlerarası münasebetler, insan hakları hukuku, Avrupa hukuku, hukuk tarihi, iş hukuku ve sosyal güvenlik hukuku dallarında enstitüler ile hukuk araştırma ve uygulama merkezleri yer almaktadır.

Hukuk kütüphanesi
Mevcut binası 1950 yılında faaliyete geçen İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Kütüphanesi, 116.000'den fazla yerli ve yabancı kitap ile 25.600 ciltten  fazla yerli ve yabancı süreli yayın ile gerek yayın sayısı gerek mekân açısından Türkiye'nin en büyük hukuk kütüphanesi olmakla birlikte, haftanın 7 günü 24 saat hizmet veren ilk hukuk kütüphanesidir. Bu yayınlar arasında fakültenin kendi hakemli akademik dergilerinden 1935'ten bu yana Türkçe ve yabancı dilde yayınlanan İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası, 1951'den bu yana yabancı dilde yayınlanan Annales de la Faculté de Droit d'Istanbul, 1957'den bu yana Türkçe ve yabancı dilde yayınlanan İstanbul Üniversitesi Mukayeseli Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1978'den bu yana Türkçe ve yabancı dilde yayınlanan Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi, 1980'den bu yana Türkçe yayınlanan İdare Hukuku ve İlimleri Dergisi ve 1981'den bu yana Türkçe ve yabancı dilde yayınlanan Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni de vardır.

İlgili vakıflar
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi bünyesinde faaliyet gösteren İstanbul Hukuk Vakfı, Vedat Ardahan Vakfı, Tahir Taner Vakfı, Kemal Halil Tanır Vakfı, Tinçel Kültür Vakfı ve İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Eğitim Öğretim ve Yardımlaşma Vakfı, 1200 kadar İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi öğrencisine karşılıksız burs imkânı sağlamaktadır.

Dekanlar

Öğrenci kulüpleri
2022-2023 öğretim yılında, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi bünyesinde faaliyetlerini sürdüren öğrenci kulüpleri şunlardır:
 Hukukta Kariyer Kulübü
 İnsan Medeniyet ve Adalet Kulübü
 Bilişim Hukuku Kulübü
 Ceza Adaleti ve Kriminoloji Kulübü
 Cumhuriyetçi Hukukçular Kulübü
 Demokrasi ve Hukuk Kulübü
 Dinamik Gençlik Kulübü
 Hayvan Hakları Kulübü
 Hukuk Atölyesi Kulübü
 Hukuki Araştırmalar Kulübü
 Hukuki Düşünce Kulübü
 Gastronomi Kulübü
 Girişimcilik Kulübü
 Hür Hukuk Kulübü
 İdeal Hukuk Kulübü
 İÜ Hukuk Fakültesi Girişimcilik Kulübü
 İstanbul Hukuk Müzik Kulübü
 Kadın Hakları Kulübü
 Kültür ve Hukuk Kulübü
 Kültür ve Spor Kulübü (İÜ Spor Birliği'ne Bağlı)
 Resim ve Heykel Kulübü
 Radyo Hukuk Kulübü
 Tiyatro Kulübü
 Tan Akademi Kulübü
 Uluslararası Hukuk Kulübü (ILSA)
 Uyuşmazlık Çözüm Yöntemleri Kulübü (DRC, Dispute Resolution Club)

Uluslararası Suç ve Ceza Film Festivali
İlki 2011 yılında düzenlenen festivalin fikri, ceza hukuku profesörü Prof. Dr. Adem Sözüer tarafından ortaya atılmıştır. Bu fikir ise İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi öncülüğünde hayata geçirilmiştir. Festival, sinema ile özellikle hukuk dünyasını çok yönlü bir şekilde ortak bir zeminde buluşturmaktadır. Dünyadaki bütün tematik film festivalleri arasında suç ve ceza konulu ilk film festivalidir.

Festivalin temel amacı; suç, ceza ve adalet ile ilgili sorunların sinema sanatındaki yansımasını kitlelere ulaştırarak, bu sorunları sinema ve akademik perspektiften tartışmak, hukuk, adalet ve insan hakları konusunda toplumsal bilinci geliştirmek, sinema sanatı aracılığıyla hukuksal-toplumsal sorunlarda uluslararası ölçekte farkındalık, iletişim, dayanışma ve iş birliğini artırmak suretiyle, yerel ve evrensel planda hukukun üstünlüğü ve demokrasinin etkinleşmesine katkı sağlamaktır.

2015 yılında yapılacak festivalin konusu "ayrımcılık" olarak belirlenmiştir.

Uluslararası işbirliği
Avrupa çapında 68 hukuk fakültesi ile Erasmus öğrenci ve öğretim üyesi değişimi anlaşması olan İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi, aynı zamanda 10 uluslararası işbirliği protokolüne de taraftır. Bunlardan Hamburg Üniversitesi ile olan protokole göre oluşturulan İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi - Hamburg Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Ortak Hukuk Lisans Programı, 4 yıllık lisans diploması düzeyinde, iki ülkede, iki dilde (Türkçe-Almanca), ücretsiz, çift diplomalı hukuk eğitimi vermek üzere 2019-2020 eğitim yılında öğrenci alımına başlamıştır. Buna göre, öğrencilerden Hamburg Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'ndeki 2 yıllık eğitim süresince eğitim harcı alınmayacak olup, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'ndeki 2 yıllık eğitim süresince ikinci öğretim öğrencilerine mahsus eğitim harcından başka bir harç alınmayacaktır.

Mezunlar
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'nde öğrenim görmüş kimselerin Vikipedi sayfaları aşağıdaki bağlantıdan incelenebilir:
 :Kategori:İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler

Öğretim üyeleri
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'nde öğretim görevinde bulunmuş kimselerin Vikipedi sayfaları aşağıdaki bağlantıdan incelenebilir:
 İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi öğretim üyeleri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

II. Abdülhamid döneminde kurulan okullar
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda hukuk
Osmanlı Devleti'ndeki üniversiteler

İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi


This is a list of geographical features in the state of Hesse, Germany.

Mountain ranges

 Hermannsberg
 Kellerwald
 Odenwald
 Rhön
 Spessart
 Taunus
 Vogelsberg
 Westerwald

Additional
Emmet (Upland)

Hills

Rivers

 Eder
 Fulda
 Kinzig
 Lahn
 Main
 Rhine
 Schwalm
 Werra
 Weser

Cities

see List of cities in Germany and List of cities in Hesse by population

!
Hesse
Hesse
PLaces

List of places in Hesse


Fricken ist der Name folgender Orte:

 Fricken (Böhen), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Böhen, Landkreis Unterallgäu, Bayern
 Fricken (Gemeinde Schattwald), Ortschaft der Gemeinde Schattwald, Bezirk Reutte, Tirol

Fricken ist der Name folgender Berge:
 Hoher Fricken, , Berg im Estergebirge, Bayern

Fricken ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Ernestine von Fricken (1816–1844), österreichische Pianistin und zeitweilige Verlobte von Robert Schumann

Fricken


Radio Sevilla est une station de radio établie dans la ville de Séville, en Espagne.

Fondée en 1924, fusionnée en 1927 avec une autre station locale créée en 1925, la station a son siège au  de la rue Rafael González Abreu à Séville et appartient aujourd'hui à la chaîne Cadena SER, laquelle fait à son tour partie du groupe PRISA. Il échut à la station de jouer un rôle notable dans les premiers mois de la Guerre civile, lorsque, une fois conquise par les troupes rebelles le , elle diffusa les virulentes tribunes radiophoniques du général insurgé Queipo de Llano — précoce exemple de guerre psychologique par voie médiatique.

Fréquences

Radio Sevilla partage son siège de la calle González Abreu avec la section régionale d'autres stations du groupe PRISA. Ces stations se sont vu octroyer les fréquences suivantes :

Programmation

Radio Sevilla retransmet en chaîne, avec les autres stations de la chaîne Cadena SER, la programmation nationale réalisée dans les studios de Radio Madrid, à l'exception des émissions La ventana et Si amanece nos vamos, qui sont produites dans les studios de Radio Barcelona.

Histoire

Fondation, dictature primorivériste et Seconde République
En 1924, sous la dictature de Primo de Rivera, les stations de radio suivantes se sont vu attribuer une licence de radiodiffusion : Radio Barcelona (EAJ-1), Radio España de Madrid (EAJ-2), Radio Cádiz (EAJ-3) et Estación Castilla (EAJ-4), cette dernière, qui émettait de Madrid, ayant été fondée par l'ingénieur Antonio Castilla.

Le , Radio Club Sevillano, indicatif 4XX, obtint l'autorisation d'émettre sous l'indicatif EAJ-5 ; cependant, en raison de problèmes techniques, la radiodiffusion dut être temporairement suspendue en septembre. En octobre, la programmation de cette radio locale était annoncée dans la presse locale. Le , l'indicatif 4XX fut remplacé à titre définitif par EAJ-5. La nouvelle station, dont le premier siège était situé au  de la rue Marqués de Nervión, utilisait un émetteur relativement puissant construit par Radio Ibérica, des frères de la Riva. L'année suivante, à la suite de dissensions internes à Radio Club Sevillano, l'Association Radio Sevilla vit le jour, dont Manuel García Ballesta prit la tête et qui comptait dans ses rangs le prestigieux présentateur Ramón García Lara. Ladite association obtint son autorisation à émettre en , sous l'indicatif EAJ-17, et commença ses émissions le  de cette même année.

En 1924, seuls une centaine de récepteurs radio étaient recensés dans la ville de Séville, encore que leur nombre réel ait probablement été plus élevé ; par cette faible audience, les deux radios sévillanes souffraient d'un manque de recettes. EAJ-5 émettait avec une puissance d'un quart de kilowatt et EAJ-17 d'un demi-kilowatt. Quant au contenu des deux radios, il consistait en nouvelles locales, tirées de la presse régionale, en émissions de débat et en émissions musicales.

Le , EAJ-17 retransmit depuis le théâtre San Fernando une représentation de l'opéra Carmen de Georges Bizet, opération qui allait faire figure de véritable jalon dans l'histoire de la radio locale. Le , pour surclasser sa rivale, EAJ-5 réagit en disposant des haut-parleurs sur la place San Francisco afin de permettre aux citoyens de Séville d'écouter une allocution du chef du Directoire militaire, Miguel Primo de Rivera. Début 1926, les deux radios concurrentes parvinrent à un accord : EAJ-17 émettrait désormais entre 19 et , et EAJ-5 entre 21 et . À partir de juillet, les deux radios allaient diffuser la même programmation en jours alternés, et la même année, Unión Radio convint avec EAJ-5 et EAJ-17 de créer Unión Radio Sevilla, en gardant l'indicatif EAJ-5.

En , EAJ-5 déménagea son siège vers un immeuble sis calle Rafael González Abreu, dans le centre historique de la ville. À cette époque, la radio émettait avec  de puissance et utilisait un microphone moderne de marque Reitz. En 1928, sa puissance passa à . Cette même année, la station créa un « espace pour auditeurs » (Espacio para oyentes), à l'intention desquels de la musique était enregistrée sur des disques de gramophone. La station s'attacha également à couvrir les événements de l'Exposition ibéro-américaine de 1929, et d'autre part effectua cette même année ses premières retransmissions sportives, faisant le  le reportage de la rencontre Racing de Santander-Sevilla Fútbol Club et le  du match Espagne-Portugal. La même année encore eut lieu la première retransmission de la Semaine sainte de Séville.

En 1931, Unión Radio Sevilla, qui était alors la seule station sur ondes moyennes d'Andalousie, desservait les provinces de Huelva, de Cadix, de Cordoue et de Jaén, toutes situées dans la vallée du Guadalquivir. Toujours cette même année, la radio fit pour ses auditeurs le compte rendu de la transition de la monarchie bourbonienne à la Seconde République. En 1932 eut lieu la tentative (avortée) de coup d'État, dite Sanjurjada, déclenchée par les généraux Barrera et Sanjurjo, ce dernier se proposant d'exécuter ce coup de force depuis Séville. À Madrid, le président Azaña coupa court à la tentative, mais Sanjurjo prononça un discours sur Unión Radio Sevilla sur un ton triomphaliste en se proclamant Capitaine général d'Andalousie, nonobstant quoi il fut mis en détention le lendemain à Huelva.

Dans les premières années de la Seconde République, la radio fit acquisition auprès de la BBC d'un émetteur de  pour la somme de , tout en élargissant dans le même temps ses horaires de diffusion. Du fait de son appartenance à la chaîne Unión Radio, elle avait accès aux informations les plus complètes sur le plan national et empruntait des émissions de divers types à Unión Radio Madrid. Sous le parrainage de Ford Motor Ibérica, la station réussit à diffuser depuis Séville une émission en provenance de Barcelone. La radio sut aussi proposer des contenus internationaux, tels que l'inauguration du Congrès eucharistique international de Buenos Aires de 1934, un festival consacré à Wagner à Vienne, et des concerts de la BBC.

Guerre civile et régime franquiste

Quelques jours avant le soulèvement militaire de juillet 1936 contre la République, le directeur des installations techniques de la station, l'ingénieur Antonio Fontán, s'accorda avec José Cuesta Monereo, l'un des responsables de la rébellion à Séville, d'appuyer celle-ci. Après que les troupes insurgées se furent emparées de Séville le 18 juillet 1936, le général Queipo de Llano, qui commandait les insurgés dans la ville, prononça dans les jours suivants plusieurs allocutions radiophoniques sur Radio Sevilla. En effet, dès que le service de radiodiffusion eut été placé aux mains de Queipo de Llano, celui-ci prononça le , à dix heures du matin, la première de ses fameuses et virulentes tribunes, ou « causeries » (charlas) ; ce jour-là et les jours suivants, jusqu'à la fin définitive des combats dans les rues de Séville, ses allocutions furent diffusées à un rythme de trois quotidiennement, à savoir : à dix heures du matin, trois heures de l'après-midi et dix heures du soir. Séville une fois pacifiée, seule subsista encore l'allocution du soir, laquelle allait se poursuivre pendant  sans discontinuer, et ce jusqu'au moment où les obligations de sa charge allaient conduire Queipo de Llano à s'absenter de Séville. Cependant, Queipo de Llano se faisait accompagner de l'équipe mobile de Radio Sevilla, grâce à quoi la causerie continua d'avoir lieu y compris sur le front des opérations. Queipo de Llano, quoique brutal, insultant et menaçant dans ses propos, fait néanmoins aussi figure de virtuose et de pionnier de la guerre psychologique par voie radiophonique. On l'écoutait y compris dans la zone républicaine, où les gens le suivaient clandestinement. Si sa brutalité servit le camp nationaliste pendant un temps, elle contribuait aussi à en donner une image déplorable à l'étranger, de sorte qu'en février 1938 Franco décida de mettre fin à ces émissions. Cette même année 1938, dans un intermède satirique intitulé Radio Sevilla, Rafael Alberti se plut à caricaturer les causeries radiophoniques de Queipo de Llano.

Le , la radio fut mise sous tutelle de Radio España de Madrid. Pendant la Guerre civile, Unión Radio Sevilla s'efforça aussi, par ses propres émetteurs locaux de la région andalouse et en jouant sur les interférences, d'oblitérer totalement certain émetteur de gauche implanté à Jaén. Dans les premiers jours de la rébellion militaire, il était presque impossible de capter Radio Sevilla à Madrid à cause du fonctionnement ininterrompu de Radio España, mais les jours passant, cette station fut amenée à cesser de temps à autre ses émissions, ce dont Radio Sevilla profitait pour mettre en marche son propre émetteur.

Vers la fin de la décennie 1930, la radio avait en sa possession quelque , soit l'une des plus riches collections d'Espagne. En , Unión Radio se mua en la Sociedad Española de Radiodifusión (SER). L'ingénieur Fernando Machado Cayuso dirigea ensuite Radio Sevilla de 1941 à 1973.

En 1942, Radio Sevilla diffusa sa première émission-concours. En 1948, la station avait dans sa programmation trois émissions en direct devant public : Dígalo con música (littér. Dites-le avec de la musique, émission diffusant de la musique sur demande des auditeurs), Hacia la fama (littér. Vers la célébrité, à l'intention de chanteurs débutants) et  (approximat. À prendre ou à laisser, jeu-concours). Les deux dernières citées étaient conduites par le célèbre journaliste radiophonique Rafael Santisteban, qui invitait dans ses émissions des personnalités telles que Antonio Machín, Pepe da Rosa, Carmen Florido, Lola Flores et Carmen Sevilla. Dans les années 1950, l'humoriste Pepe da Rosa avait une rubrique d'imitations intitulée Las cosas de don Pepe.

Le journaliste Filiberto Mira attira l'attention du public avec une émission taurine sur Radio Sevilla intitulée Los toros et avec une émission consacrée aux confréries de la Semaine sainte à Séville et nommée Cruz de guía.

En 1972, un an après le départ à la retraite de Fernando Machado, Manuel Alonso Vicedo fut désigné directeur de la station, mais périt peu après, en même temps que quatre autres journalistes de la station, dans un accident d'automobile sur la route de Puerto de Santa María à Séville. Il fut fait appel, pour prendre la direction de la station, au journaliste José Ignacio Gabilondo, venu de San Sebastián et connu par la suite sous le nom d'Iñaki Gabilondo. Gabilondo restera à la tête de la radio jusqu'en 1976.

Entre 1973 et 1976, toutes les stations andalouses de la chaîne Cadena SER diffusaient un commun bulletin d'informations régionales, intitulé Andalucía 8:30, et ce n'est qu'en 1976 que Radio Sevilla créa sa propre émission d'information régionale.

Après la transition démocratique
En 1982, l'intervieweur Jesús Quintero conçut sur Radio Nacional de España (RNE) l'émission El Loco de la colina (littér. le Fou de la colline), laquelle allait à partir de 1983 être réalisée sur Radio Sevilla à l'usage de toute la Cadena SER. Ladite émission obtint un grand succès d'audience en Espagne et fut en 1986 diffusée également sur la radio argentine, récoltant là aussi un vif succès public. Dans les décennies de 1980 à 2000, la station eut parmi ses collaborateurs le journaliste sportif José Antonio Sánchez Araujo.

El 2001, la municipalité de Séville a baptisé une rue de la ville du nom de « Radio Sevilla ». En 2015, Radio Sevilla s'est vu décerner la Médaille d'or d'Andalousie.

Références

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes
Site de Cadena SER.

Station de radio en Andalousie

Radio Sevilla


Joanne Thompson peut désigner :

 Joanne Thompson, femme politique canadienne de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador ;
 Joanne Thompson (née en 1965), gardienne olympique britannique de hockey sur gazon.

Joanne Thompson


ඔබට අවැසි ලිපිය තෝරාගන්න

ප්‍රදේශ

 මායා රට (අතීත ශ්‍රී ලංකාව)
 මායා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය

තාක්‍ෂණය
 මායා (මෘදුකාංගය)

කලාව
 මායා (සිංහල චිත්‍රපටිය) - ක්‍රි.ව. 2016, ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටිය
 මායා (2015 දෙමළ චිත්‍රපටය), නයන්තාරා රඟන දෙමළ සංත්‍රාස චිත්‍රපටය

ආගම සහ පුරාණෝක්තිවේදය
මායා දේවිය (බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ මෑණියන්)

වක්‍රෝත්තිහරණ පිටු

මායා (බහුරුත්හරණය)


Mjölbjalla (fræðiheiti Tenebrio molitor) er stór bjalla af mjölbjölluætt (Tenebrionidae) sem lifir einkum á plöntuafurðum og plöntuleifum. Hún er jafnbreið fram og aftur og er dökkdumbrauð til svört á lit. Bjallan er upprunnin í Evrasíu en er útbreidd um allan heim. Hún þrífst utanhúss á Norðurlöndum og hefur fundist á nokkrum stöðum á Íslandi. Bjallan þrífst vel í skemmdu mjöli sem raki hefur komist í og var áður til vandræða í bakaríum.

Eins og öll skordýr sem taka fullkominni myndbreytingu  fer mjölbjalla gegnum fjögur form, frá eggi (fóstur), lirfu og púpuform og síðan  fullvaxta skordýr. Eðlilegur lífsferill bjöllunnar er tvö ár. Mjölbjalla verpir allt að 500 eggjum. Í heimkynnum sínum eru bjöllurnar einkum á ferli á nóttunni.

Mjölbjalla berst með mjölsendingum. Hún fannst fyrst í Reykjavík árið 1934 og nokkru síðar á Ísafirði. Mjölbjöllur hafa verið ræktaðar sem gæludýrafæða og dýrafóður því lirfur bjöllunar (mjölormar) er stórar eða allt að 25 mm og afar prótínríkar. Það tíðkast víða um lönd að gefa garðfuglum (hænum o.fl.) mjölbjöllulirfur einkum um varptímann þegar fuglarnir þurfa próteinríka fæðu.

Mjölormar hafa verið notaðir í sælgætisgerð til að framleiða sælgæti með tequila bragði.

Myndir

Heimild
 Mjölbjalla (Vefur Náttúrufræðistofnunar Íslands)

Mjölbjöllur

Mjölbjalla


The Lady Objects ist ein US-amerikanisches Filmdrama aus dem Jahr 1938, das von Erle C. Kenton für Columbia Pictures inszeniert wurde.

Handlung
Der ehemalige Footballspieler William Hayward arbeitet nun als Architekt in New York. Seine Frau Ann Adams ist eine aufstrebende Anwältin, die zum Juniorpartner der Kanzlei wird, als sie einen wichtigen Fall gewinnen kann. William wird eifersüchtig auf den Erfolg seiner Frau. Als William bei einem Pokerspiel den Einsatz nicht mitgehen kann, verlässt er den Raum und sucht zwei Freunde auf, George Martin und June Lane, die in einem Nachtclub auftreten. George tritt als Magier auf, June, Williams frühere Freundin, als seine Assistentin.

Als Ann für zwei Wochen nach Washington beordert wird, vergisst sie in ihrer Hektik, die Haushälterin zu bezahlen. William hat nicht genug Geld und nimmt Georges Angebot an, im Nachtclub aufzutreten. Ann erfährt, was ihr Mann getan hat und betrinkt sich. Sie sucht den Club auf und sieht sich einen Auftritt Williams an. Während ihres Aufenthalts im Club sieht Ann, wie William June küsst.

William fährt nach Hause. Auch wenn er nicht mit Ann sprechen will, will er sein früheres Verhältnis zu June nicht wieder neu aufleben lassen. Die zurückgewiesene June sucht Williams neues Appartement auf und betrinkt sich dort. Im Delirium fällt sie zu Boden. Als William sein Appartement betritt, findet er June tot vor. Ihre Halskette hat sich beim Sturz verfangen und sie so zu Tode gewürgt. William wird des Mordes an June angeklagt und vor Gericht gestellt. Er weigert sich, Ann als Verteidigerin zu nehmen. Sein Verteidiger, Mr. Harper, macht bei der Rekonstruktion des Abends jedoch zu viele Fehler. Ann wird von der Staatsanwaltschaft beschuldigt, ihren Mann unerlaubt zu unterstützen. Sie wendet sich an die Jury und gesteht dies. William erhält einen Freispruch und tritt danach wieder im Club auf, von Ann anerkennend betrachtet.

Auszeichnungen
Das Lied A Mist Is Over the Moon wurde 1939 für den Oscar als "Bester Song" nominiert. Komponiert wurde er von Ben Oakland (Melodie) und Oscar Hammerstein II (Text).

Hintergrund
Der Film feierte am 12. Oktober 1938 seine Premiere.

Weblinks

Filmtitel 1938
US-amerikanischer Film
Filmdrama
Schwarzweißfilm

The Lady Objects


Bo Hilding Martin Lundström (født 30. maj 1918, død 30. juni 2016) var en svensk langrendsløber, der vandt medaljer ved to olympiske vinterlege.

Martin Lundström begyndte at stå på ski som barn, og i 1941 vandt han sin første seniorkonkurrence. I 1943 fik han sit gennembrud i en holdkonkurrence, hvor havde hurtigste tid foran blandt andet holdkammeraten Nils Karlsson ("Mora-Nisse").

Ved vinter-OL 1948 fik han sit internationale gennembrud, da han vandt han guld i 18 km langrend med et halvt minuts forspring til landsmanden Nils Östensson på andenpladsen. Han løb desuden fjerdeturen for svenskerne, der vandt guld i 4×10 km stafet i suveræn stil, næsten ni minutter foran de finske sølvmedaljevindere. Lunström havde langsomste tid af svenskerne, men han tog sig undervejs tid til give sine ski ny voks på.

I 1950 var han med til at vinde VM-guld i 4×10 km stafet.

Ved vinter-OL 1952 deltog han kun i 4×10 km stafet, hvor han var med til at hente bronze til Sverige, denne gang som bedste svensker på sin fjerdetur.

I sit store år, 1948, vandt Lundström også 18 km-løbet på Holmenkollen. I de følgende år skruede han ned for karrieren på grund af et skrøbeligt helbred, men ikke desto mindre hørte han til den svenske elite helt frem til 1957. I perioden 1941–1957 deltog han i 260 løb og vandt omtrent en tredjedel heraf. Blandt andet vandt han seks svenske mesterskaber, deraf tre individuelt.

Han fortsatte dog længe med at stå på ski, blandt andet ved veteran-VM, hvor han i perioden 198–2001 vandt 33 guldmedaljer (27 individuelle), den sidste som 80-årig i 1999.

I sin erhvervskarriere arbejdede Lindström først inden for skovbrug. Efter afslutningen af elitesportskarrieren havde han eget firma, "Martins vapen och sport" 1962–1983, og han var formand i IFK Umeå 1959–1976. Desuden var han aktiv i lokalpolitik i Umeå.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Langrendsløbere fra Sverige
Deltagere for Sverige ved vinter-OL 1948
Deltagere for Sverige ved vinter-OL 1952
Olympiske mestre fra Sverige
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Sverige
Medaljevindere ved vinter-OL 1948
Medaljevindere ved vinter-OL 1952

Martin Lundström


Kara sırtlı çakal (Lupulella mesomelas; eski ismiyle Canis mesomelas), Afrika'nın savanalarında yaşayan, köpekgiller familyasından bir tür ve burada en sık rastlanan çakaldır. Gümüş sırtlı çakal olarak da bilinir.

Özellikler
Çakal belirgin olarak, alt tarafındaki paslı-kırmızıdan altın-sarıya varan post rengine tezat oluşturan, kayraçtaşı grisi sırt rengiyle karekterize olmuştur. Uzunluğu yaklaşık 90 cm tutar ve buna ilave 35 cm uzunluğunda kuyruk gelir. Vücut ağırlığı 10 kg'dır.

Yaşam alanı
Stepler ve yarı çöller  habitat oluşturur. Kara sırtlı çakal aşırı, kurak bölgelerde de hayatta kalabilir. Coğrafi olarak birbirinden ayrı iki bölgede yaşar. Bunlardan biri Tanzanya, Kenya, Somali ve Etiyopya'yı kapsar. Diğeri ise Güney Afrika, Namibya, Botsvana ve Zimbabve'dedir.

Yaşam tarzı
Kara sırtlı çakallar aile grupları halinde yaşarlar. Alfa çift sürüye liderlik eder ve çiftleşirler . Bir batında ortalama dört yavru dünyaya gelir.

Çakalın beslenmesi çok yönlüdür. En yeni araştırmalar göre, besinlerinin  %50'si düz kanatlı ve kın kanatlı gibi büyük böceklerden oluşur ancak fare, kuş yumurtası, kertenkele ve kimi zaman bitkisel besin de yerler. Çakalın olağanüstü uyum yeteneği onun çok sayıda, bölgelere göre değişen davranış biçimi geliştirmesini sağlar. Doğu Afrika'da bu çakallar altın çakallar gibi, aslan sürülerini takip ederler ve ölüden kalanları yemek için onların avlarını bırakmasını beklerler. Büyük çakal grupları bazen, doğumdan sonra yavruyu hemen parçalamak için ceylan doğumlarını beklemek konusunda uzmanlaşmışlardır. Çakallar belli şartlar altında yetişkin bir zıplayan antilopu (Antidorcas marsupialis) avlayabilirler (Bkz: Fotoğraflar) En başta Namibya olmak üzere Güney Afrika'da kara sırtlı çakallar, kendilerine yaşam alanı olarak sahili seçerler. Burada ayı balığı kolonisine yakın yaşayıp bunların gençleri ve yeni doğmuş yavruları ile beslenirler.

Afrika'nın güney bölgelerinde bazı kara sırtlı çakallar, köylere ve şehirlere yakın, çöp atılan yerlere yerleşirler. Kuzu ve yavru keçilere saldırırlar.

Dış bağlantılar
 Der Schabrackenschakal auf Tierlexikon.ch Almanca Hayvan Ansiklopedisi
 IUCN Kırmızı Listesi

Kaynakça

Lupulella
Sahra faunası

Kara sırtlı çakal


Johan Tobias Carlsson (født 25. februar 1975 i Färjestaden, Sverige) er en svensk tidligere fodboldspiller (forsvarer).

Carlson spillede størstedelen af sin karriere i hjemlandet, hvor han tilbragte hele 17 sæsoner hos Kalmar FF. Han var med til at vinde både det svenske mesterskab og Svenska Cupen med klubben. Han tilbragte også tre år i Norge hos Molde.

Titler
Allsvenskan
 2008 med Kalmar FF

Svenska Cupen
 2007 med Kalmar FF

Svenska Supercupen
 2009 med Kalmar FF

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Sverige
Fodboldspillere fra Kalmar FF
Fodboldspillere fra Molde FK
Personer fra Öland

Tobias Carlsson


Beş köşeli kızıl yıldız, sosyalizm ve komünizmin simgesidir. Beş köşe emekçilerin beş parmağını ve aynı zamanda beş kıtayı (geleneksel olarak sayılmış) temsil eder. Az bilinen bir yönü de yıldızın beş köşesinin toplumu sosyalizme taşıyacak ve onu koruyacak beş farklı sosyal grubu temsil ettiğidir. Özel bir sırası olmaksızın: gençlik (gelecek nesiller), ordu (sosyalizmi korumak ve savunmak), sanayi işçileri, tarım işçileri (çiftçiler) ve entelijansiya (komünizme ulaşmak için fikir üretmesi gereken sınıf). Kızıl yıldız, Kızıl Ordu'nun bayrağıdır ve Sovyetler Birliği bayrağında da orak ile çekicin üstünde yer almaktadır.

Kökleri
 Kızıl yıldızın kökleri Rusya İç Savaşı'nda ve I. Dünya Savaşı sonunda bulunabilir.

Azerbaycan'ın ulusal sembolleri
Gürcistan'ın ulusal sembolleri
Cibuti'nin ulusal sembolleri
Romanya'nın ulusal sembolleri
Ukrayna'nın ulusal sembolleri
Kuzey Kore'nin ulusal sembolleri
Rusya'nın ulusal sembolleri

Kızıl yıldız (sembol)


يسبر أولسين ( في فاكسي)  لاعب كرة قدم دنماركي معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في مركز الجناح الأيسر .

لعب أولسين في أندية نايستفيد (1977-1981) أياكس أمستردام (1981-1984) مانشستر يونايتد (1984-1988) نايستفيد مجددا (1988) بوردو (1989-1990) كاين (1990-1992) .

ساهم أولسين في تتويج نادي أياكس أمستردام ببطولة دوري الدرجة الممتازة مرتين موسمي 1981/1982 و1982/1983 وكأس هولندا موسم 1982/1983 كما ساهم في تتويج نادي مانشستر يونايتد ببطولة كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي لكرة القدم موسم 1984/1985 .

شارك أولسين مع منتخب الدنمارك في 43 مباراة دولية مسجلا 5 أهداف في الفترة من 1980 إلى 1990 . تم استدعائه للمشاركة في بطولة كأس الأمم الأوروبية لكرة القدم 1984 التي أقيمت في فرنسا وخرج فيها من الدور النصف النهائي وبطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 1986 التي أقيمت في المكسيك حيث وصل إلى الدور ثمن النهائي، علما بأن أولسين سجل 3 أهداف في مرمى منتخبات اسكتلندا، ألمانيا الغربية وإسبانيا.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب يسبر أولسن خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 5 أندية في ستة عشر موسمًا وسجل خلالها 59 هدفًا ضمن 402 مباراة. حيث فاز في موسمين بالكأس وفي موسمين بالدوري.

خاض يسبر أولسن مسيرته مع نادي نايستفيد في موسم 1979 في المرة الأولى واستمر معه طيلة ثلاثة مواسم ثم ما بين عامي 1988 و1989 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا طوالها في 66 مباراة سجل خلالها 12 هدفًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي أياكس أمستردام في موسم 1981–82 واستمر معه طيلة ثلاثة مواسم، حيث شارك في 85 مباراة سجل خلالها 23 هدفًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي مانشستر يونايتد في موسم 1984–85 ليلعب معه خمسة مواسم، مشاركًا في 139 مباراة سجل خلالها 21 هدفًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي جيروندان بوردو في موسم 1988–89 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 54 مباراة سجل خلالها 3 أهداف. هذا وانتقل لاحقًا إلى نادي كاين في موسم 1990–91 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 58 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية دنماركيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في هولندا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون دنماركيون مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون دنماركيون مغتربون في فرنسا
رياضيون دنماركيون مغتربون في هولندا
طاقم نادي ملبورن سيتي غير اللاعبين
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الهولندي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو أياكس أمستردام
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1984
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1988
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو كاين
لاعبو كأس العالم 1986
لاعبو كرة قدم دنماركيون
لاعبو كرة قدم دنماركيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في هولندا
لاعبو كرة قدم من إقليم شيلندا
لاعبو مانشستر يونايتد
لاعبو منتخب الدنمارك تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب الدنمارك لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي نايستفيد
لاعبو نهائي كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1961

يسبر أولسن


Officine Meccaniche Stigler S.A. war ein italienischer Hersteller von Automobilen.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Das Unternehmen aus Turin begann 1921 mit der Produktion von Automobilen. Der Markenname lautete Stigler. 1925 endete die Produktion nach nur wenigen hergestellten Exemplaren.

Fahrzeuge
Das Unternehmen stellte Elektroautos her. Die Akkumulatoren waren unter einer Haube untergebracht, die den Motorhauben von Benzinautos ähnelte. Im Angebot standen Personenwagen mit wahlweise zwei oder vier Sitzen sowie Lieferwagen. Die Reichweite war mit 100 km angegeben, sofern 35 km/h nicht überschritten wurden.

Literatur
 Nick Georgano: The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Volume 3: P–Z. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago IL 2001, ISBN 1-57958-293-1 (englisch).
 Autorenkollektiv: Enzyklopädie des Automobils. Marken · Modelle · Technik. Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg, 1989

Weblinks
 GTÜ Gesellschaft für Technische Überwachung mbH (abgerufen am 12. Februar 2012)

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Italien)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Turin)

Officine Meccaniche Stigler


James Tiberius Kirk (2233 - 2293/2371), kurgusal Uzay Yolu evreninde geçen Uzay Yolu: Orijinal Seri'nin ve onu temel alan filmlerin başrol oyuncusudur. Aktör William Shatner tarafından canlandırılmıştır. Kaptan Kirk Yıldız Gemisi Atılgan'ın (NCC-1701 ve daha sonra NCC-1701-A) kumandanıdır. Montgomery Scott'a söylediği "Işınla beni, Scotty" ifadesiyle bilinir.

İlk göründüğünde (ikinci pilot bölüm Where No Man Has Gone Before) Kirk'in ortanca ismi R. olarak verilmişti. Fakat bundan sonra hep T. oldu. Tiberius ismi ilk olarak 1974 yapımı Uzay Yolu: Animasyon Seri'nin en:Bem bölümünde geçti. Açıklamaya göre Kirk'ün büyükbabası Samuel Roma İmparatoru Tiberius'a hayranlık duymaktaymış. İsim en sonunda Uzay Yolu VI: Keşfedilmemiş Ülke ile resmiyet kazandı.

Kirk'ün maceraları ve taktikleri Alfa ve Beta Çeyreğinde efsanedir ve 24. yüzyılda bile bahsedilmektedirler.

Uzay Yolu Orijinal Seri karakterleri
Kurgusal kâşifler
Iowa doğumlu kurgusal karakterler
1966'da tanıtılan kurgusal karakterler
Uzay Yolu: Animasyon Seri karakterleri

James T. Kirk


40. Šahovska olimpijada održana je 2012. u Turskoj. Grad domaćin bio je Istanbul.

Poredak osvajača odličja

2012.
Međunarodna športska natjecanja u Turskoj
Šport u Istanbulu

Šahovska olimpijada 2012.


عقد 1310 هو عقد امتد بين 1 يناير 1310 و31 ديسمبر 1319 بحسب التقويم الميلادي. سبقه عقد 1300 ولحقه عقد 1320.

أحداث

 حصار جبل طارق (1316)
 معركة دوندالك (1318)

مواليد

 ابن الدريهم (1312)
 اتيان مارسيل (1315)
 كولا دي رينزو (1313)
 ابن عرفة (1316)
 الإمبراطورة كي (1315)
 فيليبا هينو (1314)
 فريدرش الثاني (1310)
 أمدا سيون الأول إمبراطور إثيوبيا (1314)
 سليمان باشا بن أورخان (1316)
 إيرين بالوجينا من طرابزون (1315)
 أكمل الدين البابرتي (1314)

وفيات

 بييترو دابانو (1315)
 ابن دانيال (1310)
 آرثر الثاني، دوق بريتاني (1312)
 سلطان ولد (1312)
 المظفر ركن الدين بيبرس (1310)
 تكلا هيمانوت (1313)
 كليمنت الخامس (1314)
 ابن منظور (1311)
 جاك دو مولاي (1314)
 بياتريس من بورغندي، ليدى بوربون (1310)
 أبو الربيع المريني (1310)

كتب

 موسوعة حضارة العالم (2002) لأحمد محمد عوف.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

 تصفح سنة بسنة عقد 1310 ابتداءً من

عقد 1310


Die Kapelle St. Elisabeth ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Kirchengebäude auf dem Lohof (andere Schreibweise auch Lohhof) in Reiste, einem Ortsteil von Eslohe im Hochsauerlandkreis (Nordrhein-Westfalen).

Geschichte und Architektur
Das 6,2 mal 4,8 Meter große Gebäude aus verputzten Bruchsteinen wurde 1840 errichtet und befindet sich in einem guten Erhaltungszustand. Der einfache Rechtecksaal ist mit einem schiefergedeckten Krüppelwalmdach versehen, das von einem Dachreiter bekrönt ist, der von einem Wetterhahn geschmückt wird und  einen Glockenstuhl beherbergt.

Nach der Fertigstellung dauerte es noch zwei Jahre, bis das Kirchlein am 12. Dezember der heiligen Elisabeth von Thüringen geweiht wurde. Die bischöfliche Behörde in Paderborn genehmigte die Bienenzucht in der Kapelle unter der Bedingung, dass hier erzeugtes Bienenwachs zur Herstellung von Kerzen für den kirchlichen Gebrauch benutzt werde. Diese Wachserzeugnisse dienten dann tatsächlich zur Beleuchtung in der nahen St. Pankratius-Kirche und in der Nothelferkapelle an der Mescheder Straße in Reiste. Das kleine Gotteshaus wurde daher auch bald Bienenstockkapelle genannt. Die Familie Kleinsorgen, die in der Kapelle keine Imkerei mehr betreibt, bewahrt bis heute eine Urkunde über diese Vereinbarung mit der katholischen Kirche in der Sammlung ihrer Familiengeschichte.

So lautet die Inschrift, die knapp unterhalb der Dachtraufe an der Südwand angebracht ist. Darunter ist die Wand in offenem Fachwerk ausgeführt, um in den ungefüllten Gefachen Bienenstöcke unterbringen zu können. Dahinter befindet sich eine Tafel aus Eichenholz mit zwei Reihen von Türen und Klappen. Der Innenraum, der von zwei großen Segmentbogenfenstern auf der Nordseite erhellt wird, ist zum größten Teil mit einem sternförmig angeordneten Plattenmosaik ausgelegt. Neben mehreren ungepolsterten Betbänken, die trotzdem das Knien beim Gebet ein wenig erleichtern, wird die Einrichtung von einem gemauerten Altar bestimmt. Er trägt ein kleines hölzernes Säulenretabel, das einer Bezeichnung zufolge aus dem Jahr 1690 stammen könnte. Das  Altarbild zeigt eine Pietà, auf einem zusätzlichen Aufsatz darüber ist die heilige Elisabeth dargestellt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Reiste
Reiste
Reiste
Erbaut in den 1840er Jahren
Baudenkmal in Eslohe (Sauerland)
Reiste
Reiste
Reiste

St. Elisabeth (Reiste)