The State University of New York at Buffalo, commonly called the University at Buffalo (UB) and sometimes called SUNY Buffalo, is a public research university with campuses in Buffalo and Amherst, New York, United States. The university was founded in 1846 as a private medical college and merged with the State University of New York system in 1962. It is one of the two flagship institutions of the SUNY system. As of fall 2020, the university enrolled 32,347 students in 13 schools and colleges, making it the largest public university in the state of New York.

Since its founding by a group which included future United States President Millard Fillmore, the university has evolved from a small medical school to a large research university. Today, in addition to the College of Arts and Sciences, the university houses the largest state-operated medical school, dental school, education school, business school, engineering school, and pharmacy school, and is also home to SUNY's only law school. UB has the largest enrollment, largest endowment, and most research funding among the universities in the SUNY system. The university offers bachelor's degrees in over 140 areas of study, as well as over 220 master's programs and over 95 doctoral programs, and 55 combined degree programs. The University at Buffalo and the University of Virginia are the only colleges founded by people who became United States Presidents.

The University at Buffalo is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". In 1989, UB was elected to the Association of American Universities. The University at Buffalo intercollegiate athletic teams are the Bulls. They compete in Division I of the NCAA and are members of the Mid-American Conference.

History

City leaders of Buffalo sought to establish a university in the city from the earliest days of Buffalo. A "University of Western New-York" was begun at Buffalo under the auspices of the Presbyterian Church and property was purchased at North Street and College, (the site of the later YMCA), on the north side of the Allentown district. "University of Western New-York" was chartered by the state on April 8, 1836. Following the charter, private funding was secured for the "Western University," which would endow six or seven professorships at $5,000 each; an addition $12,000 or $15,000 was also collected for a general fund, and a building lot was donated by Judge Ebenezer Walden, one of the wealthiest men in the city. However, the project collapsed and no classes were ever offered, and only the layout of the College Street campus remains.

Founding
The University of Buffalo (as it was originally named) was founded on May 11, 1846, as a private medical school to train the doctors for the communities of Buffalo, Niagara Falls, and surrounding villages. Future U.S. President Millard Fillmore, then a lawyer who had recently served in the United States House of Representatives, was one of the principal founders. James Platt White was instrumental in obtaining a charter for the university from the state legislature in 1846. He also taught the first class of 89 men in obstetrics. State Assemblyman Nathan K. Hall was also "particularly active in procuring the charter". The doors first opened to students in 1847 and after associating with a hospital for teaching purposes, the first class of students graduated the medical school in July 1847. Fillmore served as the school's first chancellor, a position he held until 1874, even as he served in other capacities during that time, including Comptroller of New York, U.S. Vice President, and eventually President.

Initially, the university did not have its own facilities, and early lectures were given at an old post office on Seneca and Washington streets in Buffalo. The first building specially built for the university was a stone structure at the corner of Main and Virginia streets, built in 1849–50, through donations, public subscription, and a state grant. There were continuous expansions to the college medical programs, including a separate pharmacy division, which is now The School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. In 1887, a law school was organized in Buffalo, which quickly became associated with Niagara University just to the north of Buffalo. After four years, in 1891, the law school was acquired by the University of Buffalo as the University of Buffalo Law School, which had a downtown Buffalo facility. In the first few years of the 20th century, the university began planning for a comprehensive undergraduate college to complete the basic structure of a university, and in 1909 the university acquired the Erie County Almshouse grounds from the county of Erie, which became the University of Buffalo's initial campus. The establishment may have been influenced by the 1910 Flexner Report which criticized the preparation of the medical students at the university. With that additional space, in 1915, the then University of Buffalo formed the College of Arts and Sciences, creating an undergraduate division in addition to its prior educational work in the licensed professional fields. In 1916, Grace Millard Knox pledged $500,000 () for the establishment of a "department of liberal arts and sciences in the University of Buffalo", which was at the time still a private institution. The initial gift of $100,000 was for the purchase of what would become Townsend Hall and the remainder was to establish the university's first endowment, in her husband's name, to support the department.

In 1950, the Industrial Engineering department branched off from the Mechanical Engineering department. In 1956, a Civil Engineering Department was formed under Lehigh University graduate Robert L. Ketter, who went on to become Dean of the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and later President of the university. In 1959, WBFO was launched as an AM radio station by UB's School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and run by UB's students. The station has since become the launching pad of two modern National Public Radio personalities: Terry Gross and Ira Flatow. In 1961, the Western New York nuclear research program was created at the university. This program installed a miniature, active nuclear fission reactor on the university's South (Main Street) Campus. This program was not particularly active, nor could it compete with other government-run research labs, consequently, the programs performed in this facility were abandoned somewhat shortly after its inception. This reactor was decommissioned in 2005 with little fanfare due to material security concerns.

Acquisition by the SUNY system and second campus
The private University of Buffalo was purchased by and incorporated into the State University of New York (SUNY) system in 1962, and became known as the State University of New York at Buffalo, more commonly known as the University at Buffalo. This acquisition was championed by then-Governor of New York, Nelson Rockefeller. As a part of the agreement to merge the university into the SUNY system, the state began to build an extensive second campus for the university. In 1964, the state acquired several hundred acres in the town of Amherst on the northeast of Buffalo, for development as a comprehensive campus for most of the non-medical disciplines at the University at Buffalo. This is often called the North Campus; it is the center of most University at Buffalo activities. The North Campus project included several major buildings, dormitory complexes, a separate spur of the interstate highway, and a new lake. The undergraduate college, the law school, and graduate schools were all moved to the new campus. During the late 1960s, the College of Arts and Sciences was divided into three separate schools: arts and letters, natural sciences and mathematics, and social sciences. During the 1998–1999 academic year, the three schools were reunited to re-create the existing College of Arts and Sciences, when the faculties of Arts and Letters, Social Sciences, and Natural Sciences and Mathematics were combined, according to a memorandum issued by the State University of New York.

Since 1989, UB has been a member of the Association of American Universities (AAU), an organization of 65 leading research universities in the United States and Canada. UB president Satish K. Tripathi serves on the AAU board of directors.

"UB 2020" strategic plan
Started in 2004 under President John B. Simpson, UB 2020 was a strategic planning initiative to develop and implement a vision for the university over the subsequent 15 years. The centerpiece of UB 2020 was to add about 10,000 more students, 750 faculty members and 600 staff, increasing the size of the university by about 40 percent. UB 2020 also recognized the university's contribution to the surrounding region. The most recent estimates of UB's impact on the local and regional economies of Western New York report approximately $1.7 billion are brought into the local economy from the presence of UB. This figure is also expected to rise by 40 percent, corresponding with UB's institutional growth.

One of the keys to helping UB achieve the goals of the UB 2020 plan, proponents said, was the passage of S2020 and A2020, known as the UB 2020 Flexibility and Economic Growth Act, by the New York State Legislature. On June 3, 2009, the State Senate passed S2020 and sent the bill to the Assembly for their consideration.

The current president, Satish K. Tripathi, continued his vocal support of UB 2020 and has been actively engaging in campus-wide discussion on the proposed tuition increases introduced by the bill.

In 2011, the School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences received a donation of $40 million from an alumnus, George Melvin Ellis Jr., MD, who earned his medical degree from the university in 1945. The donation contributed to the $375 million project which has relocated the School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences to UB's downtown campus. The new school building was designed by HOK Architects. A subsequent donation of $30 million from Jeremy Jacobs and family was received in 2015 and the medical school was renamed the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences.

From FY2011 to FY2012, UB spent over $300 million on the strategic plan to construct and open four new buildings, including Davis Hall, William R. Greiner Residence Hall, the Clinical and Translational Research Center and Kaleida Health medical research building, and Crossroads Culinary Center.

On August 22, 2013, President Barack Obama came to UB's campus to give a speech about needed higher education reform in the country. President Obama highlighted UB's accolades and specifically chose Buffalo for its excellence and commitment to the future, graduation rates and retention, and quality education at an affordable price.

As part of the UB 2020 initiative, "Heart of the Campus" projects were initiated in phases on each of UB's three campuses. In Fall 2019, UB began construction of the One World Café, an "international eatery" located on North Campus, adjacent to Capen Hall, Norton Hall, and Founder's Plaza.

Beginning in 2019, UB took steps to distance the institution from Millard Fillmore and ceased its co-sponsorship of his annual gravesite ceremony, due to his controversial policies regarding slavery in the United States. A year later, Fillmore's name was removed from the Millard Fillmore Academic Center, and the names of UB's fourth chancellor James O. Putnam and SUNY regent Peter Buell Porter were also removed from campus due to the former's openly racist views and the latter's ownership of slaves.

Name
The university's official legal name is "State University of New York at Buffalo". The more commonly used name and the school's formal academic name is "University at Buffalo", informally "UB". This name is similar to the university's former name of over 100 years, "University of Buffalo". Other names like "SUNY Buffalo", "SUNY at Buffalo", and "Buffalo" are also seen. The university's athletic department, particularly on uniforms, uses the name "Buffalo".

Administration and organization

Buffalo is a public university and is one of four university centers of the 64 campuses in the State University of New York (SUNY) which enrolled 467,991 students and employed 88,024 academic staff in 2014. SUNY is governed by an 18-member Board of Trustees, of which 16 vote. 15 of the voting members are appointed by the Governor of New York and the remaining voting member is elected by students as President of the Student Assembly of the State University of New York. The other two members are non-voting faculty from the University Faculty Senate and Faculty Council of Community Colleges. Merryl Tisch is the Chairman of the SUNY Board of Trustees and John King Jr. is the Chancellor of the SUNY system. Satish K. Tripathi was appointed by the SUNY Board of Trustees as the 15th president of the University at Buffalo in April 2011, becoming the first international-born president the school has had. He previously held a six-year tenure as the UB provost and executive vice president for academic affairs. He receives compensation of $385,000, $115,000, and $150,000 annually from each of the university, SUNY Research Foundation, and the UB Foundation respectively.
The University at Buffalo Foundation (UB Foundation) was chartered in 1962 as an independent non-profit corporation and is controlled by a privately appointed board of trustees. It serves as a vehicle to raise private funds for the university, develop real estate, and manage endowment investments on behalf of the university. The foundation managed a $685.2 million endowment for FY2011.

UB is organized into 13 academic schools and colleges.

 The School of Architecture and Planning is the only combined architecture and urban planning school in the State University of New York system, offers the only accredited professional master's degree in architecture, and is one of two SUNY schools that offer an accredited professional master's degree in urban planning. In addition, the School of Architecture and Planning also awards the original undergraduate four year pre-professional degrees in architecture and environmental design in the SUNY system.  Other degree programs offered by the School of Architecture and Planning include a research-oriented Master of Science in architecture with specializations in historic preservation/urban design, inclusive design, and computing and media technologies; a PhD in urban and regional planning; and, an advanced graduate certificate in historic preservation.
 The College of Arts and Sciences was founded in 1915 and is the largest and most comprehensive academic unit at UB with 29 degree-granting departments, 16 academic programs, and 23 centers and institutes across the humanities, arts, and sciences.
 The School of Dental Medicine was founded in 1892 and offers accredited programs in DDS, oral surgery, and other oral sciences.
 The Graduate School of Education was founded in 1931 and is one of the largest graduate schools at UB. The school has four academic departments: counseling and educational psychology, educational leadership and policy, learning and instruction, and information science. In academic year 2008–2009, the Graduate School of Education awarded 472 master's degrees and 52 doctoral degrees.
 The School of Engineering and Applied Sciences was founded in 1946 and offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in six departments. It is the largest public school of engineering in the state of New York. UB is the only public school in New York State to offer a degree in Aerospace Engineering
 The School of Law was founded in 1887 and is the only law school in the SUNY system. The school awarded 265 JD degrees in the 2009–2010 academic year.
 The School of Management was founded in 1923 and offers AACSB-accredited undergraduate, MBA, and doctoral degrees.
 The Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences is the founding faculty of the UB and began in 1846. It offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in the biomedical and biotechnical sciences as well as an MD program and residencies.
 The School of Nursing was founded in 1936 and offers bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees in nursing practice and patient care.
 The School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences was founded in 1886, making it the second-oldest faculty at UB and one of only two pharmacy schools in the SUNY system.
 The School of Public Health and Health Professions was founded in 2003 from the merger of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine and the UB School of Health Related Professions. The school offers bachelor's, professional, master's, and doctoral degrees.
 The School of Social Work offers graduate MSW and doctoral degrees in social work.
 The Roswell Park Graduate Division is an affiliated academic unit within the Graduate School of UB, in partnership with Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, an independent NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center. The Roswell Park Graduate Division offers five PhD programs and two MS programs in basic and translational biomedical research related to cancer. Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center was founded in 1898 by Roswell Park and was the world's first cancer research institute.

Academics

The University at Buffalo is a large, public research university with very high research activity. In 2020, the university offered 140+ undergraduate programs, 220+ master's programs, 95+ doctoral programs and 55+ combined degree programs.

The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments at the university which emphasizes a balanced curriculum across the arts, sciences, and professions. The university enrolled 21,607 undergraduate and 9,896 graduate students in the fall of 2018. Women make up 48% of the student body and 78% of the student body is from the state of New York. Over 7,000 students live in on-campus residential halls and 10,172 students live off campus in affiliated housing (including on-campus affiliated housing). Over 79% of students live on campus their first year. Undergraduate tuition, room & board, and fees for New York state residents for the 2020–2021 school year totals $24,860 and costs to out-of-state residents totals $42,330. New York State also offers free tuition for all public college and universities through the Excelsior Scholarship program for families who have an income of lower than $125,000 and are residents of the state. Other requirements to qualify for free tuition include full-time enrollment and staying in the state for a number of years after graduating.

UB is noted for offering an early Computer Science major that was distinct from a mathematics major.

University at Buffalo academic and professional faculty are represented by United University Professions. The two UUP chapters at the University at Buffalo are Health Sciences and Buffalo Center. United University Professions has over 34,000 members at 29 campuses of SUNY.

The University at Buffalo is also one of only two public schools in New York to have a medical school and a dental school, the other being Stony Brook University.

UB is the largest public university in New York and the fourth largest public university in the Northeastern United States, behind only Temple University, Pennsylvania State University, and Rutgers University.

Admissions
UB offers some flexibility in admission deadlines. For the Class of 2024 (enrolling Fall 2020), the university received 27,652 applications and accepted 15,233 (55.1%), with 4,119 enrolling.  The middle 50% range of SAT scores for enrolling freshmen was 600-699 for math, 600-699 for evidence-based reading and writing, and the ACT composite score range was 24–29.

Rankings and reputation

Forbes' annual Top Colleges list ranked UB 90th in overall, and 37th among public universities.  U.S. News & World Reports the 2022-2023 Best Colleges ranked UB 89 on their list of "Best National Universities", and 38th among public universities. U.S News ranking of best online programs ranks UB eighth in "Best Online Bachelor's Programs" and 25th in "Best Online Graduate Education Programs".

In the Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education 2021 ranking of top colleges and universities, the University at Buffalo was ranked as the 31st best public university and the 121st best college in the nation. In the "World University Rankings 2022", Times Higher Education ranked UB at 251–300. US News and Report ranked the university 277 on their "Best Global Universities" ranking in 2022.

The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) 2021 ranked the Civil Engineering department 5th in the U.S. and 25th globally (World). The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) ranked the UB dental school 8th in nation and 10th in the world for dentistry and oral sciences. The School of Management is ranked 70th by U.S. News, 42nd by Forbes and 78th by BusinessWeek, making UB the highest ranked public business school in New York. The School of Education at UB is ranked 70th. The School of Public Health and Health Professions is ranked 31st, the School of Nursing is ranked 91st for masters, 73rd for doctorate, with the anesthesia program ranking tenth in the nation. The School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences is ranked 22nd, the School of Social Work is ranked 24th, the School of Law is ranked 94th. UB was ranked the 56th Best College for Veterans.

The audiology program is ranked 17th, rehabilitation counseling is ranked 21st, speech-language pathology is ranked 30th, English is ranked 44th, library and information studies is ranked 39th, math is 73rd, physics is 85th, fine arts is 69th, political science is 76th, history is 92nd, physical therapy is 79th, occupational therapy is 32nd, computer science is 63rd, chemistry is 76th, statistics is 70th, psychology is 63rd, and clinical psychology is ranked 50th.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ranks UB first on their "Green Power List" of top colleges and universities. In Kiplinger's "Best Values in Public Colleges" of 2017, the University at Buffalo ranks 54th in the nation for in-state students and 70th in the nation for out-of-state students.

Research
UB houses two New York State Centers of Excellence (out of the total 11):  Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (CBLS)  and Center of Excellence in Materials Informatics (CMI).  Emphasis has been placed on developing a community of research scientists centered around an economic initiative to promote Buffalo and create the Center of Excellence for Bioinformatics and Life Sciences as well as other advanced biomedical and engineering disciplines.

Total research expenditures for the fiscal year of 2017 were $401 million, ranking 59th nationally.

Libraries

UB has nine libraries on its North (Buffalo), South (Amherst), and Downtown (Buffalo) campuses. The libraries' 4.3 million-plus print volumes are augmented by extensive digital resources, including full-text electronic journals, databases, media, and special collections, which include the world's single largest collection of James Joyce manuscripts and artifacts.

Campuses
The University at Buffalo is the state's largest and most comprehensive public university and is spread across three campuses: North Campus, South Campus, and Downtown Campus. The Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card awarded the university a B+. UB was awarded the EPA "Environmental Champion Award" in 2015 and is ranked as one of the top 50 "green colleges and universities" in the nation, working towards becoming climate neutral by 2030.

North Campus
The North Campus, a census-designated place also called "University at Buffalo", located in the suburb of Amherst, began in the 1970s. Many academic programs, including the entirety of the undergraduate College of Arts and Sciences, the University at Buffalo Law School, the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, the School of Management, the Graduate School of Social Work, and the Graduate School of Education, as well as Lockwood Memorial Library, Oscar A. Silverman Library, and many administrative offices, are located on UB's North Campus.

The North Campus is home to administrative and academic offices. The main buildings are arranged along one academic "spine", a second floor connecting corridor, that connects most of the main academic buildings. The whole campus covers  with 146 buildings containing , 11 residence halls and 5 apartment complexes. Its size was supported by the implementation of a shuttle system circling the academic sector and surrounding areas including the administrative complex, located nearly a quarter mile from the central academic area. When originally built by the state of New York, the North Campus was provided with two Interstate exits, from I-290 and I-990, its own internal parkway, the John James Audubon Parkway, and two small lakes created from Ellicott Creek. As a census-designated place, the residential population recorded at the 2010 census was 6,066.

The North Campus offers a variety of entertainment programming and activity for students. It contains the Student Union, which houses offices for the Student Association and student-interest clubs; Slee Hall, which presents contemporary and classical music concerts; Alumni Arena, the home-court for University Athletics; the UB Center for the Arts, a non-profit presenter of a wide variety of professional entertainment and University at Buffalo Stadium, the 30,000 seat football stadium.

South Campus

The South Campus, also known as the Main Street campus, located on  in North Buffalo, is the former grounds of the Erie County Almshouse and Insane Asylum, of which four buildings still remain (Hayes Hall, the former insane asylum; Wende Hall, a former maternity hospital; Hayes D; and Townsend Hall, a former nurses' quarters). Edmund B. Hayes Hall located on South Campus is a registered U.S. National Historical Place. The college was designed by architect E.B. Green in 1910, and was intended to resemble Trinity College, Dublin. Its 53 buildings contain () and include two residence halls.  This campus is served by the northernmost subway station on Buffalo's Niagara Frontier Metro Rail system.

Today, the South Campus is home to the School of Nursing, School of Pharmacy, Dental School, and the School of Architecture and Urban Planning. In addition, the University at Buffalo South Campus is the home of the WBFO radio station, the university's biomedical science research complex, the Health Sciences Library, and certain administrative offices.

Downtown Campus

In 2002, UB commissioned Boston firm Chan Krieger to create a third campus center. The Downtown Campus is the site of the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences as well as UB's New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Science, which partners in research with UB's Ira G. Ross Eye Institute as well as the Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center and Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute to compose the Buffalo-Niagara Medical Campus. The medical campus, which is designed to meet LEED Silver criteria, incorporates high efficiency lighting, heat recovery systems, and an Energy Star roof.

Also located in the downtown area is UB's Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions (CRIA), Educational Opportunity Center (EOC) and the Jacobs Executive Development Center (JEDC). The campus includes six major properties and a total of 43 buildings, counting shared lease space ().

In September 2007, UB added the former M. Wile and Company Factory Building on the southeast corner of Goodell and Ellicott streets and the former Trico Products Corp. building complex on the northwest corner of Goodell and Ellicott streets to its properties downtown. The UB Regional Institute, Center on Rehabilitation Synergy, and a number of pre-K-16 initiatives related to UB's civic engagement mission, such as the UB-Buffalo Public Schools Partnership office, are set to relocate to the first site. The latter location has been purchased to house additional biomedical and life science-related businesses connected to the Buffalo-Niagara Medical Campus.

Teaching hospitals
UB's teaching hospitals include Buffalo General Hospital, Erie County Medical Center, Millard Fillmore Hospital, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Veterans Affairs Western New York Health Care System, and the John R. Oishei Children's Hospital. Additional facilities include free clinics such as the Kaleida Health's Niagara Family Health Center and the Lighthouse Free Medical Clinic, a program run by UB medical students.

UB art galleries

UB is home to two university art galleries, the UB Anderson Art Gallery and the UB Art Gallery at the Center for the Arts.
Adjacent to the UB South Campus is the UB Anderson Art Gallery, a converted elementary school with an all-glass atrium exhibit space. The UB Anderson Gallery hosts exhibitions curated by faculty and visiting curators and features works from international and professional artist in its two floor facility. The UB Anderson Gallery building, along with over 1,200 works of art, was donated to the university in 2000 by collector and gallery owner David K. Anderson, son of legendary New York gallerist Martha Jackson. Selections from the personal collection of Jackson that was donated to the UB Anderson Gallery by David Anderson are on display in a 360 degree permanent installation in the Martha Jackson Gallery Archives and Research Center, on the second floor of the gallery.

The UB Art Gallery at the Center for the Arts is located on the north campus, and features works from contemporary artists, as well as faculty and students across disciplines.

Comprehensive Physical Plan
The University at Buffalo has grown to an enrollment of approximately 30,000 undergraduate and graduate students, and a staff of 14,000 employees, across three campuses in the last 160 years. In order to accommodate both students and faculty, the university is currently implementing a $4.5 million Comprehensive Physical Plan to help in growth as well as to best utilize and enhance current facilities. Connecting all three campuses, as well as the facilities UB uses, is also a major element of the project. The firm granted the contract to lead the project is Beyer Blinder Belle.

The comprehensive physical planning process is broken into four phases. Currently, UB is implementing "phase one" by seeking input from the local and university communities to pinpoint issues, opportunities, and concerns related to this expansion. The project recognizes UB's potential for excellence, in regard to the university's physical environment, by highlighting and evaluating various positive and negative attributes of the three campuses, including housing, circulation, functionality, landscape, and community interface.

Campus demographics
University at Buffalo is also a census-designated place (CDP) covering the campus.

Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.

Student life

Associations and activities
UB has two student-run periodicals: The Spectrum, and Subject, both of which are run as independent nonprofits. The Spectrum is a campus newspaper, which distributes on campus and online. Subject is a student-run online multimedia outlet that includes student-written articles, and radio shows, video, and podcasts by students and alumni.

Subject was founded in 2020 by alumni of former campus radio station WRUB, and campus magazine Generation,, after Sub-Board I, the student services corporation that funded them both, was shut down in 2019.

After the retirement of John B. Simpson, the undergraduate students have also developed a university forum with the hopes of developing a thriving online campus. This move was supported by now incumbent president Satish K Tripathi who called it a "model of University spirit and entrepreneurship".

The UB Student Alumni Association (UBSAA) annually hosts the world's largest collegiate mud-volleyball game known as "Oozefest". One hundred ninety-two teams of at least six students compete in a double elimination volleyball tournament at "The Mud Pit" each Spring before finals. Fire trucks are brought in to saturate the dirt courts to create the mud. Awards are handed out to not only the victors, but the most creatively dressed. In the past, students have worn business suits and even dresses to the tournament.

Held annually from 1991 to 2018 has been the Linda Yalem Safety Run, formerly called the Linda Yalem Memorial Run.  Linda Yalem was a sophomore at UB who was studying communications and training for the New York City Marathon when she was raped and killed by Altemio Sanchez after going for a run on the Ellicott Creek Bike Path on September 29, 1990.  The Run was held every year in her memory and to promote safety for runners.

In 1923, an honorary senior society called Bisonhead was founded. It has since represented twelve undergraduate leaders at UB each year.

Many of UB's clubs, such as the UB Accounting Association, are run through the Undergraduate Student Association and the Graduate Student Association, with each level requiring respective senate recognition for clubs.

Student housing

Student residence halls are located on both the North and South Campuses. On the North Campus, there is the Ellicott Complex, which consists of Evans (formerly Porter), Fargo, Red Jacket, Richmond, Spaulding, and Wilkeson Quadrangles. The Ellicott Complex is also known as "Lego Land" because the shapes of the buildings resemble Legos stacked upon each other.  Next to Fargo Quad is the newly built in 2011 Greiner Hall, a dorm strictly for sophomores. Also on North Campus is the Governors Complex, home to the Freshman Honors Housing and various other living communities. There are also off-campus housing options close to the north campus such as The Triad Apartments.

On South Campus is Goodyear and Clement Hall. The unique aspect of these dorms is that residents share a bathroom with the adjacent room, rather than have a communal bathroom. Up until Spring of 2011, there were four other dorm buildings, referred to as "The Quad": MacDonald, Pritchard, Schoellkopf, and Michael Hall. Michael Hall currently exists as the Student Health Center, the other three were demolished in 2018.

In 1999, the university built its first apartment complex for families and graduate students at Flickinger Court. Since the success of Flickinger, UB has developed South Lake Village, Hadley Village, Flint Village, and Creekside Apartments. Most students who wish to still live on or near the North Campus but enjoy the lifestyle of apartment living take advantage of these apartments. University Village at Sweethome, Villas at Rensch, and Villas at Chestnut Ridge are student apartment communities adjacent to the North Campus and offer a shuttle service.  Collegiate Village off campus apartments offers transportation to both North and South Campus.  Students also find housing in private locations. Those locations are generally situated in the University Heights district of Buffalo, and other areas close to the North and South Campuses. The school assigns rooms based on a lottery system.

In 2023, a conservative student group, Young Americans for Freedom, sued the University at Buffalo's Student Association for a policy prohibiting student groups from affiliation with national organizations. The policy took effect after the group hosted conservative commentator Michael Knowles. In July 2023, the group dropped part of the lawsuit.

Athletics

The university's sports teams are known as the Buffalo Bulls, or UB Bulls.  The Bulls compete in Division I (Division I FBS of the NCAA in football), and are a member of the Mid-American Conference (MAC) for all sports. The Bulls have been a member of the Mid-American Conference since 1998.

Buffalo is the only SUNY school to field a Division I FBS football team, the highest level of college football. They are also the only SUNY school to have had their men's basketball team nationally ranked and the only SUNY school to have had their women's basketball team nationally ranked. Because of its academic and athletic successes, the University at Buffalo is consistently cited as the athletic flagship of the SUNY system.

Buffalo Bulls field athletic teams in many other sports as well.  Men's team sports at UB include those in football, basketball, track and field, wrestling, cross country, and tennis.  The Bulls' women's teams feature basketball, track and field, cross country, volleyball, softball, soccer, tennis, and swimming and diving.  Cheerleading is co-ed.  The Bulls have had many athletes turn professional in football, baseball, basketball, soccer, and volleyball.

Over 30 Buffalo Bulls baseball players have been selected in the MLB draft. Notable Buffalo baseball alumni include: Joe Hesketh, Tom Murphy, Bill Schuster, Eddie Basinski and Steve Geltz.
The Women's Varsity Rowing team won the CAA Colonial Athletic Association championship in April 2010 for the first time. In May 2010, the team won the Jack & Nancy Seitz Women's Point Trophy at the Dad Vail Regatta for the third year in a row. Rowing became a club sport at the end of the 2017 Spring semester. In 2015 UB's men track and field star, Jonathan Jones, became the first national champion in UB's Division I history when he won the shot put at the NCAA Outdoor Track and Field Championships.

The mascot of UB's athletic teams is Victor E. Bull, a blue bull. The university is home to the Thunder of the East marching band. The band performs at all home football games and travels to both local and national parades and competitions.  Buffalo has three fight songs: "Victory March", "Go for a Touchdown", and "Buffalo Fight Song".

Basketball
The men's basketball team plays their home games at the 6,783 seat Alumni Arena. The Bulls were champions of the Mid-American Conference in 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019 and thus earned the automatic bid to March Madness in each of those seasons. They are the only MAC school to win the conference tournament in 4 seasons out of 5. In 2018 the Bulls upset No. 4 seed Arizona in the first round of March Madness, advancing to the second round (round of 32) for the first time in school history. In the 2018-19 season Buffalo, led by C.J. Massinburg, earned a national ranking for the first time in the Associated Press poll. The basketball team was nationally ranked for most of the season with a high ranking of #11 on both the AP and Coaches Polls. For the second year in a row the Bulls won a game in the NCAA tournament, defeating Arizona State.

The women's basketball team won the MAC championship and made their first trip to the NCAA tournament in program history in 2016. In 2017 the women's team made another trip to the NCAA Tournament beating South Florida in the first round and Florida State in the second round, making the sweet sixteen for the first time in program history. The team finished with a final ranking of #21 in the Coaches Poll. In 2019, the men's and women's basketball teams both won the MAC championship on the same day, the second time the Bulls had done so in four seasons. The women's team defeated Rutgers in the NCAA tournament in their third appearance in March Madness in four years.

Football

The University at Buffalo football team plays their home games at the 31,000+ capacity University at Buffalo Stadium. In 1958, the football team won the Lambert Cup, emblematic of supremacy in Eastern U.S. small-college football. That led to the team's first bowl invitation, to the Tangerine Bowl in Orlando, Florida, against Florida State University. But the Bulls would be allowed to participate only if backup defensive end Mike Wilson and starting halfback Willie Evans, who were black, did not play. The team stood behind the two, and refused the bowl offer. Buffalo did not receive another bowl invitation until the 2008 season when they won the MAC championship against previously undefeated Ball State.

Several UB football stars from the 1950s and early 1960s went on to play professional football, including quarterback John Stofa with the American Football League's Miami Dolphins and Cincinnati Bengals, and defensive lineman Gerry Philbin with the AFL's New York Jets. Philbin is a member of the AFL Hall of Fame and the All-time All-AFL Team. Philbin and UB's Willie Ross were the first two UB graduates to play on professional football championship teams in the United States: Ross with the 1964 AFL Champion Buffalo Bills; and Philbin with the 1968 AFL Champion New York Jets, who also won that season's AFL-NFL World Championship Game (Super Bowl III). James Starks was on the Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV champions as a rookie. Ramon Guzman played on the 2009 Grey Cup champion Montreal Alouettes.

Khalil Mack was selected as the first round fifth pick in the NFL draft, becoming the first UB football player to be selected in the first round of the NFL Draft. In his time at Buffalo, Mack became the all-time NCAA record for forced fumbles and is also tied for most career tackles for loss in NCAA history. In his time in the NFL, Mack has been one of the most accomplished players in the league. He has been  selected for the Pro Bowl every year from 2015 to 2019 and been named First Team All-Pro in 2015, 2016 and 2018. In 2015, Mack became the first first-team All-Pro in NFL history to be elected in two different positions in the same year, as a defensive end and outside linebacker. Mack was named the NFL Defensive Player of the Year for the 2016 season.

The 2020 season saw Buffalo ranked in the AP Poll for the first time in program history led by running back Jaret Patterson en route to an undefeated regular season. On November 28, 2020, Patterson rushed for 409 yards while scoring 8 touchdowns, tying a Division 1 FBS record against Kent State.

Notable alumni and faculty

UB has over 273,000 alumni who live in over 150 countries in the world. Among the individuals who have attended, graduated, or taught at the university are:
biomedical engineering professor Leslie Ying,
NASA astronauts Gregory Jarvis and Ellen S. Baker
Emmy-winning American journalist Wolf Blitzer,
Award-winning actor Winston Duke,
the distinguished alumni award recipient and acclaimed dancer Roberto Villanueva,
chairman and former CEO of A+E Networks Abbe Raven,
Founder of Miramax, The Weinstein Company Harvey Weinstein,
CEO of Paramount Pictures Brad Grey,
billionaire, founder, chairman, and CEO of Baidu Robin Li,
CEO of Intel Bob Swan,
Pulitzer Prize-winner Tom Toles,
Nobel Prize-winners, Ronald Coase, Herbert A. Hauptman and Sir John Carew Eccles,
winners of the National Medal of Technology and Innovation, Norman McCombs, Wilson Greatbach, and Erich Bloch.
Billionaire and owner of the Boston Bruins, Jeremy Jacobs,
physicist Mendel Sachs,
musician and civil rights activist Charles Mingus,
pianist and composer Richard Aaker Trythall,
civil engineer, genealogist and author Angelo F. Coniglio,
cartoonist Fred Hembeck,
scholar of medieval religion Carolyn Muessig,
composer Margaret Scoville
creator of the BitTorrent peer-to-peer client Bram Cohen,
National Public Radio personalities Terry Gross and Ira Flatow,
American actor, director, and producer Ron Silver,
Academy Award-winning sound engineer Thomas Curley,
physician Mary Blair Moody, the first woman to earn a medical degree from the school.
The painter Martha Visser't Hooft taught at the university from 1956 to 1958.
Michel Foucault taught in the French department in 1970 and 1972.
Director of the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) Brian King.

Among the athletes who have graduated from the university are
soccer player Bobby Shuttleworth
football players Gerry Philbin, Naaman Roosevelt, Branden Oliver, Khalil Mack and James Starks.  Khalil Mack was drafted by the Raiders fifth overall in the 2014 NFL Draft. Mack holds the all-time NCAA record for forced fumbles and is also tied for career tackles for loss in the NCAA. In 2015, he became the first first-team All-Pro in NFL history to be elected in two different positions in the same year, as a defensive end and outside linebacker. Mack was named the NFL Defensive Player of the Year for the 2016 season.

Over the years, the University at Buffalo has also been particularly distinguished in contemporary creative writing. Noted novelists who have taught on its faculty include
John Barth,
Raymond Federman
Anthony Burgess.

Noted faculty poets include
George Starbuck (1983 Lenore Marshall Prize),
Charles Olson,
Robert Creeley (Bollingen Prize 1999),
John Logan, (Lenore Marshall Prize 1982),
Irving Feldman (MacArthur Foundation Fellow 1992),
Carl Dennis (2000 Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize; 2002 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry),
Robert Hass (Poet Laureate of the United States 1995–97, 2007 National Book Award, 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry),
Charles Bernstein (co-founder of the university's notable Poetics Program, Bollingen Prize, 2019),
Steve McCaffery,
Myung Mi Kim,
Susan Howe (Bollingen Prize 2011).

Former UB students include
Michael Casey (Yale Younger Poets Award),
Tony Petrosky (Walt Whitman Award),
Donald Revell (2004 Lenore Marshall Prize),
Charles Baxter,
Michael Davidson,
Jonas Zdanys,
from the Poetics Program, Elizabeth Willis, Peter Gizzi, Juliana Spahr, Jena Osman, and Yunte Huang.

Political leaders who have attended and taught at the university include
Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, the ninth President and 21st Prime Minister of Somalia;
Zhou Ji, Minister of Education of the People's Republic of China.
Shenthuran Maheswaran from the University of Buffalo School of Engineering became a Global Peace Ambassador for Sri Lanka in 2020 and was appointed by the Global Peace Index.
Palanivel Thiagarajan, Minister for Finance & Human Resources Management for the state of Tamil Nadu, India

Alumni have also served in the United States House of Representatives, including
Jack Quinn,
William F. Walsh.

Other lawmakers, such as New York State Assembly Member Joseph Giglio, District of Columbia Advisory Neighborhood Commission Commissioner Hayden Gise and United States Attorney Dennis Vacco, are also graduates.

Notes

References

External links

UB Athletics website

1846 establishments in New York (state)
Buffalo
Educational institutions established in 1846
Schools of informatics
SUNY university centers
Universities and colleges in Erie County, New York
University at Buffalo

University at Buffalo


İbrani alfabesi (), Sami dilleri grubuna bağlı ve İsrail'in resmî dili olan İbranicenin ve Aşkenaz Yahudilerinin konuştuğu bir Cermen dili olan Yidiş (Yahudi Almancası) ile Sefarad Yahudilerinin dili olan Ladino (Yahudi İspanyolcası) gibi diğer Yahudi dillerinin yazımında kullanılan Arami alfabesi kökenli bir yazı sistemi.

Birçok Sami dilinde olduğu gibi İbrani alfabesi de sağdan sola doğru yazılan 22 temel sessiz harften oluşmaktadır. Harfler bitiştirilmez ve ayrı yazılır. Beş harfin sonda yazılışı farklıdır ve bunlara sofit denir. Sesli harfler (נִקּוּד, nikkud; çoğulu: nikkudot), ana harflerin altına konulan işaretler ile gösterilir. Ancak bu noktalamalar çoğu zaman kullanılmaz. Bunlar; ancak dini metinler, sözlükler ve yabancı kelimelerin doğru okunuşunu göstermek için kullanılır.

Her İbranice harfin sayısal bir değeri bulunmaktadır. Örneğin, alefin sayısal değeri 1 ve yodun sayısal değeri 10'dur; 11 sayısı ise bu iki harfin kullanımıyla gerçekleşir (יא).

Tarihçe
Tarihi açıdan paleo-İbrani alfabesi olarak da isimlendirilen Fenike alfabesi Yahudi metinlerinde kullanılmış ana yazıyı oluşturmuştur, ancak bu yazının kullanımı MÖ 6. yüzyıl civarında Babil Sürgünü döneminde kalkmış ve Asur kökenli Arami alfabesi kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Modern İbrani alfabesi Arami alfabesinden türemiş olmakla birlikte, Sâmirî alfabesi hala eski alfabeden evrilmiş bir yazı sistemi kullanmaktadır. Tarih boyunca az çok şekil değişiklikleri geçirmiş olan İbrani alfabesinin Antik Dönem İbrani Alfabesi, Kare Yazı, El Yazısı, Raşi ve Solitreo gibi biçimleri de bulunmaktadır.

Harfler ve okunuşları

Tarihi İbrani alfabesi varyantları

 Bazı harflerin yanında bulunan yıldız işareti o harfin sadece kelime sonunda kullanıldığına işarettir.
 C sesi gimal harfinin üzerine ayraç koyularak elde edilir.
 Ç sesi tsadi harfinin üzerine ayraç koyularak elde edilir.
 J sesi zayin harfinin üzerine ayraç koyularak elde edilir.
 İbranicede W sesi bulunmazken W sesi olan yabancı kelimeler için çift vav kullanılır.

Kaynakça

İbrani alfabesi


In atomic physics, a magnetic quantum number is a quantum number used to distinguish quantum states of an electron or other particle according to its angular momentum along a given axis in space. The orbital magnetic quantum number ( or ) distinguishes the orbitals available within a given subshell of an atom. It specifies the component of the orbital angular momentum that lies along a given axis, conventionally called the z-axis, so it describes the orientation of the orbital in space. The spin magnetic quantum number  specifies the z-axis component of the spin angular momentum for a particle having spin quantum number . For an electron,  is , and  is either + or −, often called "spin-up" and "spin-down", or α and β. The term magnetic in the name refers to the magnetic dipole moment associated with each type of angular momentum, so states having different magnetic quantum numbers shift in energy in a magnetic field according to the Zeeman effect.

The four quantum numbers conventionally used to describe the quantum state of an electron in an atom are the principal quantum number n,  the azimuthal (orbital) quantum number , and the magnetic quantum numbers  and . Electrons in a given subshell of an atom (such as s, p, d, or f) are defined by values of  (0, 1, 2, or 3). The orbital magnetic quantum number takes integer values in the range from  to , including zero. Thus the s, p, d, and f subshells contain 1, 3, 5, and 7 orbitals each, with values of  within the ranges 0, ±1, ±2, ±3 respectively. Each of these orbitals can accommodate up to two electrons (with opposite spins), forming the basis of the periodic table.

Other magnetic quantum numbers are similarly defined, such as  for the z-axis component the total electronic angular momentum , and  for the nuclear spin . Magnetic quantum numbers are capitalized to indicate totals for a system of particles, such as  or  for the total z-axis orbital angular momentum of all the electrons in an atom.

Derivation

There is a set of quantum numbers associated with the energy states of the atom. The four quantum numbers , , , and  specify the complete quantum state of a single electron in an atom called its wavefunction or orbital.  The Schrödinger equation for the wavefunction of an atom with one electron is a separable partial differential equation.  (This is not the case for the neutral helium atom or other atoms with mutually interacting electrons, which require more sophisticated methods for solution)  This means that the wavefunction as expressed in spherical coordinates can be broken down into the product of three functions of the radius, colatitude (or polar) angle, and azimuth:

The differential equation for  can be solved in the form .  Because values of the azimuth angle  differing by 2 radians (360 degrees) represent the same position in space, and the overall magnitude of  does not grow with arbitrarily large  as it would for a real exponent, the coefficient  must be quantized to integer multiples of , producing an imaginary exponent: .  These integers are the magnetic quantum numbers. The same constant appears in the colatitude equation, where larger values of  tend to decrease the magnitude of  and values of  greater than the azimuthal quantum number  do not permit any solution for

As a component of angular momentum

The axis used for the polar coordinates in this analysis is chosen arbitrarily. The quantum number  refers to the projection of the angular momentum in this arbitrarily-chosen direction, conventionally called the -direction or quantization axis. , the magnitude of the angular momentum in the -direction, is given by the formula:

.

This is a component of the atomic electron's total orbital angular momentum , whose magnitude is related to the azimuthal quantum number of its subshell  by the equation:

,

where  is the reduced Planck constant. Note that this  for  and approximates  for high . It is not possible to measure the angular momentum of the electron along all three axes simultaneously. These properties were first demonstrated in the Stern–Gerlach experiment, by Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach.

Effect in magnetic fields
The quantum number  refers, loosely, to the direction of the  angular momentum vector.  The magnetic quantum number  only affects the electron's energy if it is in a magnetic field because in the absence of one, all spherical harmonics corresponding to the different arbitrary values of  are equivalent.  The magnetic quantum number determines the energy shift of an atomic orbital due to an external magnetic field (the Zeeman effect) — hence the name magnetic quantum number.  However, the actual magnetic dipole moment of an electron in an atomic orbital arises not only from the electron angular momentum but also from the electron spin, expressed in the spin quantum number.

Since each electron has a magnetic moment in a magnetic field, it will be subject to a torque which tends to make the vector  parallel to the field, a phenomenon known as Larmor precession.

See also
 Quantum number
 Azimuthal quantum number
 Principal quantum number
 Spin quantum number
 Total angular momentum quantum number
 Electron shell
 Basic quantum mechanics
 Bohr atom
 Schrödinger equation

Notes

References

Atomic physics
Rotational symmetry
Quantum numbers

Magnetic quantum number


Blood Night: The Legend of Mary Hatchet es una película estadounidense de 2007 escrita y dirigida por Frank Sabatella.

Trama
Un grupo de adolescentes celebran el aniversario de la muerte de Mary Hatchet y de repente se encuentran cara a cara con las realidades de esta leyenda urbana.

Elenco
 Bill Moseley como Graveyard Gus.
 Danielle Harris como Alissa Giordano.
 Nate Dushku como Alex.
 Samantha Facchi como Mary "Hatchet" Mattock.
 Anthony Marks como Chris.
 Billy Magnussen como Eric.
 Alissa Dean como Nichole.
 Maryam Basir como Jen.
 Samantha Hahn como Lanie.
 Michael Wartella como Gibbz.
 Patricia Raven como Joven Mary Mattock.
 Connor Fox como Katz.
 Russel Lewis como Tim.
 Rich Ceraulo como Corey.
 Garett Neil Stevens como Huey.
 Josh Segarra como Tyler.
 Samantha Jacobs como Jessica.
 Sal Rendino como Bob Mattock.
 Nancy Malleo como Linda Mattock.

Producción
La película está basada en la leyenda de Mary Hatchet, una popular historia de Long Island con diferentes versiones. El guion original fue escrito por Frank Sabatella y Elke Blasi. Filmaron la película en Jersey City, Long Island, Manhattan y Nueva York. La película se estrenó el 22 de agosto de 2008.

Lanzamiento
La película fue lanzada en una edición limitada de DVD en 2009.

Referencias

Películas de terror
Cine de terror de los años 2000
Películas de violación y venganza
Películas sobre fantasmas
Películas rodadas en Nueva York
Películas de asesinos en serie de Estados Unidos
Películas ambientadas en hospitales psiquiátricos

Blood Night: The Legend of Mary Hatchet


Dicearco de Messana (;  Dikaiarkhos; ), também escrito Dikaiarchos (), foi um filósofo grego, geógrafo e autor. Dicearco foi aluno de Aristóteles no Liceu. Muito pouco de seu trabalho permanece existente. Ele escreveu sobre geografia e história da Grécia, da qual seu trabalho mais importante foi sua Vida da Grécia. Embora os estudiosos modernos muitas vezes o considerem um pioneiro no campo da cartografia, isso se baseia em uma interpretação errônea de uma referência em Cícero às tabulae de Dicearco, que não se refere a nenhum mapa feito por Dicearco, mas é um trocadilho com os livros de contabilidade. e refere-se à descida de Dicearco ao Santuário de Trofônio. Ele também escreveu livros sobre antigos poetas gregos, filosofia e política.

Vida
Ele era filho de Fídias e nasceu em Messana, na Sicília, embora tenha passado parte de sua vida na Grécia, especialmente em Atenas e no Peloponeso. Ele também viajou para fazer suas medições de montanhas. Ele era um discípulo de Aristóteles e um amigo de Aristóxenes (uma carta escrita para ele é atestada em Cícero). Os estudiosos do século XVIII e início do século XIX também o consideravam amigo de Teofrasto, mas isso se baseia na referência a um homem chamado Teofrasto na espúria Descrição da Grécia, que é transmitido sob o nome de Dicaearco, mas na verdade consiste em trechos de um poema geográfico escrito por Dionísio, filho de Califão, e de uma periegese em prosa da Grécia, escrita por Heraclides Criticus. É incerto quando Dicearco morreu. O único certo terminus post quem é a morte de Alexandre, o Grande (323 a.C.). De acordo com Plínio, Dicaearco mediu montanhas "com o apoio dos reis" (cura regum). A maioria dos estudiosos identifica esses reis como Cassander e Ptolomeu I Soter. Se esta identificação estiver correta, isso colocaria a atividade de Dicaearco entre 306 e 287 a.C. No entanto, os reis também podem se referir a Filipe III Arrideu e Alexandre IV, que foram os reis nomeados após a morte de Alexandre, o Grande. Se essa identificação estiver correta, isso move sua atividade para 323–317 a.C.

Escritos
Dicaearco era altamente estimado pelos antigos como um filósofo e como um homem de informações extensas e eruditas sobre uma grande variedade de coisas. Seu trabalho é conhecido apenas pelas muitas citações fragmentárias de escritores posteriores. Suas obras foram geográficas, políticas, históricas e filosóficas; mas é difícil elaborar uma lista precisa deles, já que alguns que são citados como obras distintas podem ter sido apenas seções de outros maiores, e muitos títulos são atestados apenas uma vez. Os fragmentos existentes, aliás, nem sempre nos permitem formar uma noção clara das obras a que outrora pertenceram. Os trabalhos geográficos de Dicaearco foram, de acordo com Estrabão, criticados em muitos aspectos por Políbio, embora o próprio Strabo foi mais indulgente com a ignorância de Dicaearco sobre o oeste e o norte da Europa, já que - ao contrário de Políbio - Dicearco nunca havia visitado esses lugares.

Dicaearco escreveu sobre história cultural, música e literatura:

 Vida da Grécia () – O Bios Hellados, em três livros é a obra mais famosa de Dicearco. Inspirou o Bios Hellados de Jasão (identificado como Jasão de Nisa pelo Suda mas talvez um historiador diferente com o mesmo nome ) e De vita populi Romani e De gente populi Romani de Varro. Apenas alguns fragmentos realmente citam o título, mas há muitos fragmentos na história cultural que não citam nenhum título e podem pertencer a esta obra. Dicearco aparentemente tentou escrever uma biografia da nação grega desde os primeiros tempos até o reinado de Filipe II. As passagens mais famosas são as citadas por Varro e Porphyry sobre a história primitiva, que sugerem uma visão dualista do progresso. Sua teoria antropológica combinou elementos da tradição hesiódica de decadência com teorias progressistas. De Hesíodo, ele adotou o conceito de uma "raça de ouro", que levava uma vida de felicidade, mas acabou degenerando porque os humanos se tornaram gananciosos, o que levou à guerra. Isso se combina com ideias progressistas, como a dura vida do homem primitivo e a gradual invenção das artes. Em sua reconstrução, Dicaearco distinguiu três fases: a raça de ouro, na qual o homem vivia dos frutos da terra que cresciam espontaneamente, a vida pastoril, na qual o homem começou a domesticar e caçar animais, e a vida agrícola, na qual a agricultura foi introduzida. Dicearco aparentemente também explicou o ditado, "compartilhar pára de sufocar", como uma referência a como os humanos aprenderam a distribuir o excedente de forma justa. Dicearco também discutiu a origem da polis, que ele derivou da expansão das famílias por meio do casamento e do parentesco de irmãos e irmãs. De acordo com Dicearco, vários estágios dessa evolução foram refletidos em patrae, fratrias e phylae, que eram organizações sociais nas quais os cidadãos eram agrupados em muitas pólis. Outra característica notável da Vida da Grécia é que o primeiro livro discutiu o Egito e a Babilônia, provavelmente como predecessores culturais dos gregos. Na Vida da Grécia, Dicearco também afirmou que a Medea de Eurípides plagiou o Medea peça do obscuro trágico Neophron.
 Sobre concursos musicais (Περὶ μουσικῶν ἀγώνων) e sobre concursos dionisíacos (Περὶ Διονυσιακῶν ἀγώνων) - Essas obras discutiam inovações na música e no drama gregos. Em On Dionysiac Contests, Dicearco provavelmente também tratou da história de que, ao competir na Dionísia com o Oedipus Tyrannus, Sófocles foi derrotado pelo trágico Philocles, e que os Sapos de Aristófanes foram encenados duas vezes. Neste trabalho, Dicearco provavelmente também afirmou que o terceiro ator foi apresentado à tragédia ateniense por Sófocles.
 Sobre Alceu (Περὶ Ἀλκαίου) - Esta foi uma monografia sobre o poeta Alceu de Mitilene.
 Obras sobre Homero e Eurípides – Plutarco cita Dicaearco ao lado de Aristóteles e Heráclides do Ponto como homens que escreveram sobre Homero e Eurípides. As obras de Dicearco provavelmente eram monografias sobre esses poetas (como sua obra Sobre Alceu) ou pertenciam à literatura problemata (Aristóteles e Heráclides do Ponto escreveram obras sobre problemas homéricos).

Entre seus trabalhos geográficos podem ser mencionados:

 Circuito da Terra (Γῆς περίοδος) – Este trabalho foi uma descrição geográfica do mundo como era então conhecido. Dicearco dividiu o mundo habitado em uma parte norte e sul, separados por uma linha que vai do Estreito de Gibraltar através da Sicília até o Himalaia. Ele tentou calcular as distâncias entre vários pontos nesta linha. No Circuito da Terra, Dicearco também tratou do famoso problema da enchente do Nilo.
 Medições de montanhas - O Suda cita o trabalho como Medições de montanhas no Peloponeso (Καταμετρήσεις τῶν ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ ὀρῶν), mas outros fragmentos mostram que Dicearco também mediu montanhas na Tessália e em Rodes. A obra pode ter feito parte de seu Circuito da Terra. Foi a primeira tentativa conhecida de medir as alturas de várias montanhas por triangulação, para a qual ele usou uma dioptra. instrumento. O objetivo de Dicearco era mostrar que as montanhas não eram tão altas quanto as pessoas acreditavam e, portanto, não impactavam a esfericidade da Terra. Muitos de seus resultados foram posteriormente adotados por Eratóstenes.

De natureza política foi:

 Tripolitikos (Τριπολιτικός) – Uma obra que tem sido objeto de muita disputa. Provavelmente foi um diálogo político (talvez para ser identificado com o "encontro político" mencionado por Cícero ) ou um discurso. Uma vez que o único fragmento existente discute as refeições públicas espartanas, alguns estudiosos o identificam com a Constituição espartana. Muitos estudiosos o consideram um trabalho sobre a constituição mista, mas isso se baseia em uma interpretação errônea do εἶδος δικαιαρχικόν, mencionado em Photius; a palavra δικαιαρχικός não se refere a Dicearco, mas simplesmente significa "relativo a um governo justo".
 Diz -se que Dicearco escreveu a constituição espartana (πολιτεία σπαρτιατῶν), Constituição Pelleniana (πελληναίων πολιτεία), a constituição corintiana () e a Constituição Atheniana (). Nenhum fragmento sobreviveu dessas obras. A Constituição espartana aparentemente era lida anualmente no conselho dos éforos em Esparta, na presença da juventude espartana.

Entre seus outros trabalhos filosóficos podem ser mencionados:

 Sobre a Alma (Περὶ ψυχῆς) - Dicearco escreveu duas obras sobre a alma: o Diálogo Lésbico (Λεσβιακός) e o Diálogo Coríntio (Κορινθιακός), ambos em três livros. Os títulos referem-se à cena onde o diálogo filosófico foi definido, viz. em Mitilene em Lesbos e em Corinto, respectivamente. O título geral para essas duas obras era Sobre a Alma (Περὶ ψυχῆς). No Diálogo Lésbico, Dicearco se esforçou para provar que a alma era mortal. No Diálogo de Corinto, Dicearco argumentou que a alma não existe fora do corpo. O primeiro livro apresentou uma discussão de homens eruditos sobre a alma. Nos dois livros subsequentes, um homem chamado Pherecrates defendeu a inexistência da alma.
 Sobre a destruição dos homens (latim: de interitu hominum) – Este trabalho reuniu as causas da destruição humana e concluiu que o próprio homem era a maior ameaça. É incerto se "de interitu hominum" é um título de livro ou apenas descreve o conteúdo da obra.
 Descida ao Santuário de Trofônio (Εἰς Τροφωνίου κατάβασις) – Uma obra que consistia em vários livros. Parece ter sido um trabalho sobre luxo. O título refere-se ao oráculo de Trofônio em Lebadea, onde as pessoas que desejavam consultar o oráculo tinham que descer a uma caverna. Cícero nos informa que traduziu um trecho dessa obra em seu De re publica. A obra também pode ter contido um relato dos procedimentos degenerados e licenciosos dos sacerdotes na caverna de Trofônio.
 Em Vidas (Περὶ βίων) – Este foi provavelmente um trabalho filosófico sobre o modo de vida correto. O título é atestado apenas uma vez. Os fragmentos sobre filósofos (os Sete Sábios, Pitágoras e Platão) são geralmente atribuídos a esta obra, embora também possam pertencer a outras obras, como a Vida da Grécia ou o Circuito da Terra. De particular interesse é o fragmento sobre a morte de Pitágoras, para o qual Dicearco afirma confiar em fontes orais locais do sul da Itália.

 Sobre o Sacrifício em Ilium (Περὶ τῆς ἐν Ἰλίῳ ϑυσίας) - O título refere-se ao sacrifício que Alexandre, o Grande, realizou em Ilium no início de sua expedição contra Dario III. Junto com seu amado Heféstion, ele prestou honras nos túmulos de Aquiles e Pátroclo em Tróia, provavelmente como uma proclamação de seu próprio relacionamento, que se refletiu nesses dois heróis míticos. O único fragmento que resta desta obra discute a história de que, após a marcha pelo Deserto Gedrosiano, Alexandre beijou apaixonadamente o eunuco Bagoas em um teatro cheio, sob muitos aplausos. Isso sugere que a obra pode ter tratado dos relacionamentos de Alexandre, talvez como parte de uma discussão mais geral sobre o amor.

Dicearco também escreveu discursos:

 Olympikos (Ὀλυμπικός), Panathenaikos (Παναθηναϊκός) – Estes são geralmente considerados trabalhos sobre competições realizadas nos Jogos Olímpicos e nos Jogos Panatenaicos ou diálogos filosóficos. No entanto, a interpretação mais plausível é que eram discursos. De fato, o Suda explicitamente chama Dicearco de orador (ῥήτωρ).

Há, por último, uma obra espúria e uma obra duvidosa:

 Descrição da Grécia (Ἀναγραφὴ τῆς Ἑλλάδος) – Este trabalho é espúrio. Embora seja transmitido sob o nome de Dicearco, na verdade consiste em trechos de duas obras separadas. Uma é uma obra geográfica dedicada a "Teofrasto", composta por 150 linhas iâmbicas ; o acróstico das primeiras vinte e três linhas mostra que foi realmente obra de um tal "Dionísio, filho de Califão". A outra obra é uma periegese em prosa intitulada Das cidades na Grécia e foi escrita por Heraclides Criticus.
 Resumos dos contos de Eurípides e Sófocles (ὑποθέσεις τῶν Εὐριπίδου καὶ Σοφοκλέους μύθων) - Esta foi uma coleção de resumos de tramas das peças de Eurípides e Sófocles. Muitos desses resumos sobrevivem em papiros ou foram prefaciados às peças de Eurípides em manuscritos medievais. É improvável que esta obra tenha sido escrita pelo Peripatético Dicearco. Provavelmente foi atribuído erroneamente a ele ou foi obra de outro homem chamado Dicearco, um gramático da Lacedemônia, que, de acordo com a Suda, foi um discípulo de Aristarco.

Referências

Fontes

 David C. Mirhady, "Dicaearchus of Messana: The Sources, Texts and Translations," in Fortenbaugh, W., Schütrumpf, E., (editors) Dicaearchus of Messana: Text, Translation, and Discussion. Transaction Publishers. (2001).

Leitura adicional

 Edições

 Fortenbaugh, W., Schütrumpf, E., (ed.) Dicaearchus of Messana: Text, Translation, and Discussion. Transaction Publishers. (2001).
 Verhasselt, G. Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker Continued. IV. Biography and antiquarian literature, B. History of literature, music, art and culture. Fasc. 9 Dikaiarchos of Messene No. 1400. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2018.
 Wehrli, F., Dikaiarchos. Die Schule des Aristoteles. Texte und Kommentar, Hft. 1. Schwabe. 2a ed. (1967)

 Estudos

 Alonso-Núñez, J.M., 'Approaches to world history in the Hellenistic period: Dicaearchus and Agatharchides' Athenaeum 85 (1997) 53–67
 Bodei Giglioni, G., 'Dicearco e la riflessione sul passato' Rivista Storica Italiana 98 (1986) 629–652
 Cooper, C., 'Aristoxenus, Περὶ Βίων and Peripatetic biography' Mouseion 2(3) (2002) 307–339
 Purcell, N., 'The way we used to eat: diet, community, and history at Rome' American Journal of Philology 124 (2003) 329–358
 Verhasselt, G., ᾿Dicaearchus on Alcaeus: A Peripatetic approach to archaic poetry' Rivista di filologia e istruzione classica 144 (2016) 266–299
 Verhasselt, G., 'What were works Περὶ βίων? A study of the extant fragments' Philologus 160 (2016) 59–83

Links externos

 Fragments des poemes géographiques de Scymnus de Chio et du faux Dicéarque, M. Letronne (ed.), Paris, Librairie de Gide, 1840.

Filósofos da Grécia Antiga

Dicearco


عبد الصادق بن سعيد هو أحد الضباط التونسيين ممن عملوا في عهدي الحماية والاستقلال، ولد بقبلي في العشرينات من القرن العشرين، وتوفي عام 1963.
 هو الابن الأصغر للقايد سعيد بن نصر، درس بالمدرسة الحربية الفرنسية بسان سير، وتخرج منها ضابطا، وقد تولى خلال عامي 1954 و1955 حماية المقيم العام الفرنسي بتونس بيار بوايي دولاتور.
 شارك في المحاولة الانقلابية التي تم الكشف عنها في ديسمبر 1962، وحكم عليه بالإعدام ونفذ فيه في  24 جانفي 1963 في مدرسة بئر بورقبة للحرس الوطني.

عسكريون تونسيون
وفيات 1963
أشخاص من ولاية قبلي
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة

عبد الصادق بن سعيد


John Theophilus Desaguliers (født 12. marts 1683, død 29. februar 1744) blev født i en fransk hugenot-familie. Han arbejdede som ingeniør, præst og blev en ledende figur i forbindelse med stiftelsen af frimurernes storloge i London fra 1717 og fremefter.

Som forsker blev Desaguliers et fremtrædende medlem af Royal Society, efter at Isaac Newton i 1714 inviterede ham til at fungere som demonstrator (dvs. den som opstiller apparater, der skal bevise en naturvidenskabelig hypotese).

Referencer

Huguenotter
Frimurere fra Storbritannien
Medlemmer af Royal Society
Modtagere af Copleymedaljen

John Theophilus Desaguliers


Ormen kan henvise til:

 Ormen (musiker) - kunstnernavnet for den danske musiker og producer Anders Christophersen
 Ormen (skib) - et skib fra vikingetiden
 Ormen (film fra 1912) - en svensk stumfilm instrueret af Poul Welander
 Ormen (film fra 1990) - en amerikansk film fra 1990 med originaltitlen Tremors instrueret af Ron Underwood

Se også
 Orm (flertydig)

Ormen


42. længdegrad kan henvise til:

 42. vestlige længdekreds
 42. østlige længdekreds

42. længdegrad


Venler veya toplardamarlar kanı kalbe taşıyan kan damarlarıdır. Venler dolaşım sisteminin bir bölümünü oluştururlar. Oksijen bakımından fakir, metabolizma artıklarını taşıyan, kirli kanın kalbe dönüşünü sağlayan damardır. Derinde bulunan toplardamarlar, kasların arasından geçer. Bu damarlar ve yüzeysel toplardamarlar arasında köprüler bulunmaktadır. Bu oluşumda dolaşımın en fazla zorlandığı bölge bacaklardır.

Toplardamarların genişlemesi, uzaması veya herhangi bir nedenden dolayı tıkanması birer hastalık sebebi olarak sıralanabilir. Tıkanma; pıhtı veya iltihap gibi nedenlerden oluşabildiği (tromboflebit hastalığı) gibi, ur gibi bir oluşumla dışarıdan bir baskı nedeniyle de görülebilir. Genişleme ve uzama; bacak, yemek borusu, erkekte üreme kordonu ve makattaki toplardamarlarda oluşabilir. Bunlara genelce varis denmektedir. Ayrıca toplardamarların içerisinde kanın geriye kaçmasını önleyen kapakçıklar bulunmaktadır.

Ayakta duran bir insanda bacaklardaki toplardamar basıncı en yüksek seviyededir, bacak yukarı kaldırıldığında ise en düşük seviyeye ulaşır. Normal bir durumda, yürümekte olan birisinde basınç başlangıçta hafif bir yükselmeden sonra hemen düşer. Hareket hâli de toplardamarların boşalmasında önemli bir etkendir.

Görevleri
 Vücuttan toplanan kanı kalbe taşırlar
 Karbondioksit bakımından zengin kan taşırlar. (akciğer toplardamarı hariç)
 Vücudun alt kısmındaki toplar damarlarda kanın geri dönüşünü engelleyen tek yönde açılan kapakçıklar bulunur.

Kaynakça

Toplardamarlar

Toplardamar


Sugercane Hanover (født 1983 i USA, død 2. november 2009 i Sverige) var en varmblods travhest og senere avlshingst. I sin karriere vandt Sugarcane Hanover 29 løb på 56 starter, deriblandt Oslo Grand Prix og "March of Dimes Trot" i USA, til et præmiebeløb på tilsammen over syv millioner kroner.

Sugarcane Hanover startede sin karriere i USA, og blev købt af Helmer Strømbo og blev placeret hos Gunnar Eggens stald som femårig i 1988. Med Gunnar Eggen i sulkyen vandt hesten Oslo Grand Prix i 1988 med kilometertiden 1:12,5 over 2100 meter som var verdensrekord på den tid. Hesten kom på andenpladsen i Elitloppet samme år. Hesten blev købt af Erikssunds säteri i Sverige før den deltog i sit sidste og mest kendte løb, "March of Dimes Trot" på Garden State Park i Camden County, New Jersey også i 1988. De bedste heste fra USA og Europa deltog i løbet som var tænkt som en duel mellem Mack Lobell og Ourasi. Gunnar Eggen førte Sugarcane Hanover ind på førstepladsen med  et hestehoveds margin, og ejerne kunne indkassere 270.000 dollar. Hesten blev derefter sat i avl i Sverige og Italien. Blandt afkommet er Good As Gold som er far til Steinlager.

Sugarcane faldt pludselig død om på Erikssunds säteri ved Mälaren 2. november 2009, og havde på det tidspunkt flere hundrede efterkommere; 63 af dem havde hver vundet mere end én million svenske kroner.

Referencer

Travheste

Sugarcane Hanover


الكارتل..عصبة الأقوياء  مسلسل تلفازي كولومبي أكشن يتكون من 50 حلقة بالنسخة الكولومبية من أنتاج شركة Caracol TV، يعرض لأول مرة في الشرق الأوسط على قناة الرشيد العراقية. مدبلج باللغة العربية اللهجة السورية وذلك سنة 2009.

اخرج النسخة العربية لهذا العمل (الاشراف الفني): سامر شالاتي

القصة
عصابة يعملون في تجارة المخدرات غير المشروعة، وهم يفكرون أنها أسرع وسيلة ليصبحوا أغنياء، لكنهم لن تكون نهاية سعيدة لهم لأن في هذه الأعمال، كل شيء يتلاشى في نهاية المطاف. مانولو كاردونا بدور مارتن غونزاليس رجل يتاجر في المخدرات وهو في الخمسة عشر عاما من عمره وهو رجل طموح وجريء من عائلة من الطبقة الوسطى وبدء عمله في تجارة المخدرات عن طريق شقيق صديقه، وصديقه هو دييغو سدافيد الذي يمثل دور بيبي كادينا. وبدء عمله في المخدرات لتغيير مصيره، ومارتن الملقب ب «فريسيتا» يحصل على وظيفة في معمل للمخدرات برعاية كبيرة من شقيق صديقه ومدربه فرناندو سولورزانو بدور أوسكار كادينا. مارتن يتعلم بسرعة كبيرة ويبدأ بأرسال المخدرات إلى الولايات المتحدة، بينما أوسكار يتحالف مع الأخوان فيليغاس رئيسى عصابة كارتل الغربية، وهما أكبر تجار مخدرات في العالم: بابلو إسكوبار واسكوبار أسفل. فاما مارتن فيصبح رجلا غنياً ويقع في حب كارين مارتينيز التي تمثل بدور صوفيا، امرأة جميلة، لكنه يحصل على حبها عن طريق الكذب. لكن صوفيا تكتشف حقيقة مارتن وحقيقة ثروتة، ووجب عليه ان يختار: صوفيا أو المخدرات.

أوسكار يساعد الشرطة على القضاء على عصابة كارتل الغربية. وعلم سابو وجعل الحرب بين الشرطة الجنائية للوصول إلى نقطة الانهيار. مارتن يرفض المشاركة في هذه الحرب، ويقرر الذهاب إلى ميامي مع صوفيا وأولاده، ولكن ما لايعرفه هو أنه ليس في مكان آمن، وانه يجب أن يستمر في هذه الأنشطة غير القانونية، ومشاهدة أصدقاءه يموتون من قبل العصابة. العصابة والأخوه بين قتل ومعارك، مما أدى إلى رحيل مارتن للعمل في المكسيك ليبحث عن الحماية. بعد فوات الأوان أدرك أن في هذه الأعمال، أنه لايمكنه الفوز أبدا.

الأبطال
 Manolo Cardona..... Martín
 Karen Martínez..... Sofía
 Diego Cadavid..... Pepe Cadena
 Robinson Díaz..... El Cabo
 Paulina Gálvez..... Katherine
 Carlos Augusto Maldonado..... Miguel
 Julio Ocampo..... Cristian
 Nelson Tallaferro..... William Torres
 Juan Carlos Arango..... Buñuelo
 Julián Arango..... Gaudaña
 Fernando Arevalo..... Julio Trujillo
 Natalia Betancurt..... Juliana
 Juliana Galvis..... Eliana
 John Gertz..... Sam Mattews
 Armando Gutierrez..... David Paz
 Santiago Moure..... Don Mario
 Andrés Parra..... Anestesia
 Juan Pablo Raba..... Pirulito
 Sandra Reyes..... Amparo Cadena
 Fernando Solórzano..... Oscar Cadena
 Nataly Umaña..... Juanita
 Jimmy Vasquez..... Revólver
 Luis Velasco..... Samuel Morales

روابط خارجية

مراجع

برامج تلفزيونية باللغة الإسبانية
تيلينوفيلا كولومبية
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في الإكوادور
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في بوغوتا
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في فنزويلا
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في قرطاجنة (كولومبيا)
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في كانكون
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في مدينة مكسيكو
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في مدينة نيويورك
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في ميامي
مسلسلات تلفزيونية بالإسبانية
مسلسلات جريمة تلفزيونية كولومبية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية كولومبية انتهت في 2008
مسلسلات تلفزيونية كولومبية بدأ عرضها في 2008
مسلسلات مدبلجة

الكارتل ..عصبة الأقوياء (مسلسل)


42747 Fuser este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
42747 Fuser este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Pianoro de Vittorio Goretti. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,15 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 0,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 42001-43000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

42747 Fuser


Zülkifl (Arapça: ذو الكفل, İbranice: יחזקאל Ezekiel), Kur'an'da adı geçen peygamberlerden birisidir.

Kur'an'da Enbiyâ ve Sâd Surelerinde kendisinden bahsedilmektedir:
"İsmâil, İdris ve Zülkifl, hepsi sabredenlerdendi. Onları rahmetimize soktuk. Şüphesiz onlar salih olanlardandı" (Enbiya, 85 ve 86).

"Kuvvetli ve basiretli kullarımız İbrahim'i, İshâk'ı ve Yâkub'u da an. Biz onları ahiret yurdunu düşünme özelliğiyle temizleyip, kendimize halis (kul) yaptık. Onlar bizim yanımızda seçkinlerden, hayırlılardandır. İsmâil'i, Elyesâ'i, Zülkifl'i de an. Hepsi de iyilerdendir" (Sad, 38/45, 46, 47, 48).

Zülkifl'in peygamber olmadığını söyleyenler olmuşsa da, İslam bilginlerinin çoğunluğuna göre peygamberdir ve geçerli olan görüş de budur. Ayette geçen "Zülkifl", peygamberin adı mı lâkabı mıdır konusu tartışmalıdır. Zülkifl "nasip ve kısmet sahibi" anlamına gelir. Fakat burada dünyaya ait zenginliği değil, peygamberin üstün kişiliğini ve ahiretteki derecesini kastetmek için kullanılmıştır. Onun gerçek adı hakkında çok farklı rivayetler vardır. Yahudiler O'nun, İsrailoğullarının esâreti sırasında peygamber tayin edilen ve vazifesini Habur Irmağı yakınlarında bir bölgede yapan Hereksel olduğunu iddia etmişlerdir. Âlimlerin bir kısmı da onun Eyyub Peygamber'in kendisinden sonra peygamber olan Bişr adındaki oğlu olduğunu söylemişlerdir. Fakat bu görüşlerin hiçbiri kesinlik derecesine sahip değildir.

Kur'an'da Eyyub'un kıssası anlatıldıktan sonra, peygamberlerden bazıları anılır ve onlar övülür. Bu peygamberden biri de, Zülkifl'dir.

Taberi'de yer alan bir rivayete göre  Zülkifl Şam'da otururdu. Oradaki halkı Allah'a inanmaya, O'na ibadet etmeye ve dürüst bir şekilde yaşamaya çağırdı ve orada öldü.

Mezarının Diyarbakır'ın Eğil ilçesinde Elyesa Peygamber ile Makam Dağı'ndaki türbede olduğu bilinmektedir.

Kaynakça

İslam peygamberleri
Hezekiel

Zülkifl


The Watcher  é uma minissérie norte-americana de drama e thriller criada por Ryan Murphy e Ian Brennan. A minissérie é estrelada por Naomi Watts e Bobby Cannavale e estreou em 13 de outubro de 2022 na Netflix.

Em 7 de novembro de 2022, a Netflix renovou a trama para a segunda temporada. Há dúvidas sobre como a próxima leva de episódios será. Não está claro se vai continuar a mesma história ou irá apresentar uma narrativa completamente diferente.

Enredo
The Watcher é baseado no caso da vida real, a partir de 2014, da família Brannock, que foi espionada, ameaçada e, finalmente, levada a vender sua casa e deixar a cidade que amava, por um misterioso perseguidor que se identificou apenas como "O Observador" nas cartas enviadas ao Sr. e Sra. Brannock.

Elenco e personagens

Principal
 Naomi Watts como Nora Brannock
 Bobby Cannavale como Dean Brannock
 Mia Farrow como Pearl Winslow
 Noma Dumezweni como Theodora Birch
 Joe Mantello como John Graff
 Richard Kind como Mitch
 Terry Kinney como Jasper Winslow
 Henry Hunter Hall como Dakota
 Isabel Gravitt como Ellie Brannock
 Luke David Blumm como Carter Brannock
 Margo Martindale como Maureen
 Jennifer Coolidge como Karen Calhoun

Recorrente
 Christopher McDonald como Detetive Rourke Chamberland
 Michael Nouri como Roger Kaplan
 Seth Gabel como Andrew Pierce
 Susan Merson como Tammy
 Seth Barrish como Jack

Convidado
 Danny Garcia como Steve
 Michael Devine como Christopher
 Stephanie Kurtzuba como Helen Graff
 Matthew Del Negro como Darren Dunn
 Jeffrey Brooks como Policial
 Patricia Black como Marjorie
 Kate Skinner como Trish
 Anthony Bowden como Roger Kaplan jovem
 Pamela Dunlap como Carol Flanagan
 Brittany Bradford como Nina
 Jeff Hiller como Terapeuta

Episódios

Produção

Desenvolvimento
Em 14 de junho de 2021, o site Deadline anunciou que Ryan Murphy e Ian Brennan estariam desenvolvendo uma minissérie baseado no artigo The Haunting of a Dream House de Reeves Wiedeman, publicado na revista The Cut em 2018. Em 9 de setembro de 2022, a Netflix liberou um teaser com Jennifer Coolidge como a corretora Karen Calhoun. Em 24 de setembro de 2022, a Netflix liberou o trailer oficial e divulgou que estrearia em 13 de outubro de 2022.

Seleção de elenco
Em 14 de junho de 2021, o site Deadline anunciou que Naomi Watts e Bobby Cannavale tinham se juntado ao elenco da minissérie. Em 16 de novembro de 2021, o site Deadline anunciou que Jennifer Coolidge se juntou ao elenco da minissérie.

Filmagens
As filmagens ocorreram entre setembro de 2021 e março de 2022.

Ligações externas

Programas de televisão em língua inglesa

The Watcher (série de televisão)


En reparationscafé (introduceret på engelsk som repair café) er et sted hvor folk mødes for at reparere elektriske, elektroniske og mekaniske husholdningsudstyr, computere, cykler, tøj, osv. Reparationscaféer er organiseret af og for lokale beboere. Reparationscaféer er bestemte steder hvor værktøj er tilgængeligt og hvor de kan reparere deres defekte udstyr ved hjælp af frivillige.
Reparationscaféers formål er at reducere affald, at vedligeholde reparationsfærdigheder og styrke den sociale sammenhængskraft.

3D-printing af defekte dele
Nogle reparationscaféer er begyndt at anvende 3D-printere til at replikere defekte dele.
Knækkede dele i husholdningsudstyr kan limes sammen - for herefter at blive 3D-skannet med en 3D-skanner. Eksempler på 3D-skannere omfatter David Starter-Kit, 3D Systems Sense, MakerBot Digitizer, Fuel 3D, Microsoft Kinect og Asus Xtion.
Når de fysiske dele er blevet skannet, dannes en 3D-model. 3D-modellen kan konverteres til en .stl eller .obj format og modificeres ved at anvende geometry processing-software såsom makeprintable, netfabb, MeshLab, Meshmixer, Cura eller Slic3r.
Filen udskrives ved at anvende en 3D-printerklient, som laver den fysiske del ved at anvende 3D-printeren. Den samlede proces tager nogen tid at udføre.

For at minske tiden i reparationscaféen, kan folk vælge at få eller købe den færdige 3D-model fra en hjemmeside med 3D-modeller (og dermed springe skanningtrinnet over), eller lave 3D-modellen selv ved at tage mange fotografier af delen og anvende fx 123D Catch, og/eller vælge (hvis reparationscaféen ikke selv har en 3D-printer) få lavet 3D-modellen lavet i reparationscaféen, men udskrevet ved at anvende en 3D-printer et andet sted. Alternativt en 3D-printningsservice som fx Ponoko, Shapeways og andre kan anvendes, og man kan så komme til reparationscaféen med erstatningsdelen for at få den sat i det defekte udstyr.

www.repaircafe.org-netværket
I følgende afsnit præsenteres www.repaircafe.org-netværket som var det første reparationscafé-netværk.

I 2022 var repaircafe.org stadig ikke repræsenteret i Danmark.

Historie
Begrebet repair café blev introduceret af Martine Postma i 2009.
Den 18. oktober 2009, blev den første reparationscafé oprettet ved Fijnhout Theater, Amsterdam-West. Den 2. marts 2010, blev Repair Café Foundation grundlagt. Fonden blev dannet for at støtte lokale supportgrupper i hele verden til at oprette deres egne reparationscaféer.
Siden dengang er antallet af reparationscaféer steget drastisk. Postma registrerede i marts 2016 mere end 1.000 reparationscaféer verden rundt, 327 i Holland, 309 i Tyskland, 22 i UK, 21 i USA, 15 i Canada, fire i Australien og en i Indien.
I januar 2017 var antallet af reparationscaféer steget til over 1.200, i marts 2018 var antallet nået 1.500 i 33 lande.

I 2017 blev den første internationale reparationsdag announceret. Dagens hensigt er at blive en årlig begivenhed, som afholdes den tredje lørdag i oktober hvert år.

Vidensdeling
I 2017, udviklede Repair Café Foundation et online-databaseværktøj - RepairMonitor - som gør det muligt for frivillige at indsamle og vidensdele reparationsinformation via en fælles online-database. I marts 2018 var der blevet indtastet information om næsten 4.000 reparationer i online-databaseværktøjet RepairMonitor, hvis mål er at promovere mere reparation og forlænge produkters levetid.

Repair Cafe Danmark-netværket
Repair Cafe Danmark-konceptet blev til i år 2013. Jennie Kaae Ferrara var med til at grundlægge den første Repair Cafe Danmark hos Klimakvarter Østerbro.

I 2022 var Repair Cafe Danmark-netværket repræsenteret med 72 reparationscaféer.

Se også
 Cykelkøkken – et sted for cykelreparation.
 Cirkulær økonomi
 iFixit
 Deleøkonomi
 Upcycling
 FabLab
 Hacklab (hackerspace, makerspace)

Kilder/referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Repair Café Wiki
 https://reparationsnet.wordpress.com/
 17. december 2018, valbylokaludvalg.kk.dk: Få hjælp til at reparere dine ødelagte ting - Copenhagen Fablab

Forbrugerbeskyttelse
Vedligeholdelse
Genbrug

Reparationscafé


John Newton Dodd ( - ) est un physicien néo-zélandais qui travaillait dans le domaine de la spectroscopie atomique.

Jeunesse et famille
Né en 1922 à Hastings en Nouvelle-Zélande Dodd a été scolarisé à la . En 1950, il épousa Jean Patricia Oldfield et le couple eut quatre enfants.

Carrière universitaire
Dodd a fréquenté l'Université d'Otago, où il a obtenu un Master of Science (MSc) avec mention très bien en 1946. Après un doctorat à l'Université de Birmingham obtenu en 1952 avec une thèse intitulée «  », il est retourné à l'Université d'Otago pour prendre un poste de chargé de cours. Il a obtenu une chaire professorale en 1965 et a pris sa retraite en 1988.

Pendant son congé à Oxford en 1959-1960, il a travaillé avec George Series qui appliquait des techniques développées par le groupe de recherche d'Alfred Kastler à Paris pour démontrer que le rayonnement d'une superposition cohérente d'états excités d'atomes afficherait des effets d'interférence, appelés , et ensemble ils ont développé l'explication théorique du phénomène. Son amitié avec Series a duré longtemps, et c'est Jack Dodd qui a édité un mémorial Festschrift pour George Series après sa mort en 1995.

Honneurs et récompenses
Dodd a été élu membre de la Société royale de Nouvelle-Zélande en 1964  et a été président de la société de 1989 à 1993. En 1976, il a été lauréat de la médaille Hector décernée par la société, à l'époque le prix le plus élevé de la science néo-zélandaise. En 1990, il a reçu la Médaille commémorative de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Centre Dodd-Walls
Le , un centre d'excellence de recherche néo-zélandais basé à l'Université d'Otago, a été nommé d'après Jack Dodd et Dan Walls en reconnaissance de leur rôle de pionniers dans l'établissement de la réputation internationalement reconnue de la Nouvelle-Zélande en photonique, en optique quantique et dans le domaine des .

Publications

Références

Liens externes

Physicien néo-zélandais
Universitaire néo-zélandais
Professeur à l'université d'Otago
Étudiant de l'université de Birmingham
Étudiant de l'université d'Otago
Décès en mai 2005
Naissance en avril 1922
Lauréat de la médaille Hector
Décès à 83 ans

Jack Dodd


Elzie Crisler Segar (; December 8, 1894 – October 13, 1938), known by the pen name E. C. Segar, was an American cartoonist best known as the creator of Popeye, a pop culture character who first appeared in 1929 in Segar's comic strip Thimble Theatre.

Charles M. Schulz said of Segar's work: "I think Popeye was a perfect comic strip, consistent in drawing and humor". Carl Barks described Segar as "the unbridled genius as far as I was concerned".

Early life
Segar was born on December 8, 1894, and raised in Chester, Illinois, a small town near the Mississippi River. The son of Jewish parents Erma Irene (Crisler) and Amzi Andrews Segar, a handyman, his earliest work experiences included assisting his father in house painting and paper hanging. Skilled at playing drums, he also provided musical accompaniment to films and vaudeville acts in the local theater, where he was eventually given the job of film projectionist at the Chester Opera House, where he also did live performances. At age 18, he decided to become a cartoonist. He took a correspondence course in cartooning from W. L. Evans of Cleveland, Ohio. He said that after work he "lit up the oil lamps about midnight and worked on the course until 3 a.m." During this time, Segar also began studying the work of cartoonists that he would later cite as influences on his work, including Rube Goldberg, George McManus and George Herriman (especially Herriman's strip Stumble Inn).

Asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest it was "SEE-gar". He commonly signed his work simply Segar or E. Segar above a drawing of a cigar.

Early work
Segar moved to Chicago, Illinois, where he met Richard F. Outcault, the creator of The Yellow Kid and Buster Brown. Outcault encouraged him and introduced him at the Chicago Herald. On March 12, 1916, the Herald published Segar's first comic, Charlie Chaplin's Comic Capers, which ran for a little over a year. In 1917, Segar created Barry the Boob, about an incompetent soldier. Segar also originated two other, short-lived comics for the Herald's Sunday magazine. These were The Mistakes of Mr. Muddle and the Rube Goldberg-inspired And They Get By With It. In 1918, he moved on to William Randolph Hearst's Chicago Evening American, for which he created Looping the Loop and worked as a second-string drama critic. Looping the Loop was a comic strip that gave a whimsical take on the events in Chicago's "Loop" district. "Looping the Loop" made jokes about such issues as silent movies, plays, and the changing seasons; it proved popular with the Herald's readers. Segar married Myrtle Johnson that year; they had two children. In October 1919, Segar covered that year's World Series, creating eight cartoons for the sports pages.

Thimble Theatre, Sappo and Popeye

Evening American managing editor William Curley thought Segar could succeed in New York, so he sent him to King Features Syndicate, where Segar worked for many years. King Features asked Segar to create a comic strip to replace Midget Movies by Ed Wheelan, who had recently resigned from the syndicate.  Segar created Thimble Theatre for the New York Journal, as the replacement for Wheelan's strip.  The Thimble Theatre strip made its debut on December 19, 1919, featuring the characters Olive Oyl, Castor Oyl and Harold Hamgravy, whose name was quickly shortened in the strip to simply "Ham Gravy". They were the strip's leads for about a decade. Segar began writing long storylines or "continuities" for Thimble Theatre in 1922. In these, the characters would have lengthy adventures in Africa and the Wild West. In one storyline, the characters encountered a superhuman "tough guy" named Harry Hardegg, who was able to break a moving buzz saw with his head. Comics historian Bill Blackbeard has described  Harry Hardegg as a "prototype" for Popeye.
Segar also created The Five-Fifteen for King Features in 1920; it was retitled Sappo in 1926, although numerous newspapers had already retitled the strip 'Sappo the Commuter' by 1924. The Five-Fifteen started its run as a Monday-through-Saturday strip, concluding its initial daily run in February 1925. In 1926, the strip, now officially retitled, was revived as a Sunday-only topper to the Thimble Theatre Sunday pages. Initially, this strip revolved about the exploits of suburban couple John and Myrtle Sappo. In May 1932, however, Segar introduced the eccentric scientist and inventor (and self-proclaimed "genius") O.G. Wotasnozzle into the strip as a regular. Wotasnozzle's bizarre machines soon became the focus of the strip, with John Sappo frequently cast as his test subject and straight man.

On January 17, 1929, when Castor Oyl needed a mariner to navigate his ship to Dice Island, Castor picked up a weatherbeaten sailor named Popeye in the docks. Popeye's first line in the strip, upon being asked if he was a sailor, was "'Ja think I'm a cowboy?" At first Segar intended Popeye to be a once-off character, but after large numbers of newspaper readers wrote in requesting the character's return, Segar reintroduced Popeye as a full-time regular in August 1929, eventually enabling the sailor to become the focal point of the strip. Segar initially depicted Popeye as a quarrelling antihero. Segar's storylines for the Popeye-focused Thimble Theatre drew on several fictional genres, including Westerns, pirate swashbucklers, Sports stories, and fantasy stories. Some of the other notable characters Segar created include J. Wellington Wimpy and Eugene the Jeep.

In 1929, Segar and his friend, screenwriter Norton S. Parker, began work on The Sea Hag, a prose novel for adults that would have featured both Popeye and the villainess the Sea Hag. However, King Features refused to grant Segar and Parker permission to publish the novel. The Sea Hag has never been put into print.

In 1934, King Features (noting the increasing popularity of the Popeye character with children) ordered Segar to tone down Popeye's swearing and brawling. Although irritated by the order, Segar complied, and made Popeye more of a straightforward hero, more ubiquitously emphasizing his already-established affinity for aiding children and animals rather than his more violent and irascible tendencies, which persisted in a somewhat reduced form.
Segar continued to produce Thimble Theatre, published in five hundred newspapers globally by 1938, until his death. Beginning in 1933, Popeye was adapted into a series of cartoons by the Fleischer Studios, which exponentially increased the character's already-ascendant popularity further. Popeye was also licensed by King Features for hundreds of toys, games and other products. The commercial success of these products ensured King Features paid Segar highly for his work; by 1938, the syndicate was giving Segar a salary of $100,000 a year.

Later life and death
Segar and his family later moved to Santa Monica, California. According to Segar's assistant, Bud Sagendorf, Segar lived near George Herriman. However, although the two cartoonists admired each other's work, they never visited each other in this period.
After prolonged illness, Segar died of leukemia and liver disease in October 1938 at the age of 43.

Legacy and reprints
Segar was among the first cartoonists to combine humorous situations with long-running adventures.

Comics creators who cited E.C. Segar's work as an influence included Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, Boody Rogers, Charles M. Schulz, Carl Barks, Robert Crumb, and Stephen Hillenburg.

A revival of interest in Segar's creations began with Woody Gelman's Nostalgia Press. Robert Altman's live-action film Popeye (1980) is adapted from E. C. Segar's Thimble Theatre comic strip. The screenplay by Jules Feiffer was based directly on Gelman's Thimble Theatre Starring Popeye the Sailor, a hardcover reprint collection of 1936–37 Segar strips published in 1971 by Nostalgia Press. In 2006, Fantagraphics published the first of a six-volume book set reprinting all Thimble Theatre daily and Sunday strips from 1928 to 1938, beginning with the adventure that introduced Popeye.

In 1971, the National Cartoonists Society created the Elzie Segar Award in his honor. According to the Society's website, the award was "presented to a person who has made a unique and outstanding contribution to the profession of cartooning." The NCS board of directors chose the first winners, while King Features selected recipients in later years. Honorees have included Charles Schulz, Bil Keane, Al Capp, Bill Gallo and Mort Walker. The award was discontinued in 1999.

In 2012, cartoonists Roger Langridge and Bruce Ozella teamed to revive the spirit of Segar in a 12-issue limited series, Popeye, published by IDW.

In 2018, Sunday Press Books published Thimble Theatre & The Pre-Popeye Comics of E.C. Segar, collecting Segar's early comic strip work, primarily the Thimble Theatre Sunday pages published between 1925 and 1930.

Timeline

Popeye & Friends Character Trail
In 1977, Segar's hometown of Chester, Illinois, named a park in his honor. The park contains a six-foot-tall bronze statue of Popeye. The annual Popeye Picnic, a weekend-long event that celebrates the character with a parade, film festival and other activities, is held the first weekend after Labor Day. In 2006, Chester launched the "Popeye & Friends Character Trail", which links a series of statues of Segar's characters located throughout town. Each stands on a base inscribed with the names of donors who contributed to its cost and is unveiled and dedicated during the Popeye Picnic. The 2006 debut sculpture of hamburger-loving Wimpy stands in Gazebo Park. A statue of Olive Oyl, Swee'Pea and the Jeep, located near the Randolph County Courthouse, followed in 2007. In 2008, a Bluto statue was dedicated at the corner of Swanwick and W. Holmes Streets, in front of Buena Vista Bank. The 2009 statue of Castor Oyl and Bernice the Whiffle Hen stands in front of Chester Memorial Hospital. One additional statue has been unveiled each year.

Spinach Can Collectibles/Popeye Museum is located in the center of the city.(Opera House)

On December 8, 2009, Google celebrated Segar's 115th birthday with a Google Doodle of Popeye. The doodle used Popeye's body as the 'g', had 'oogl', drawn to resemble Segar's drawing style, and a spinach can as the 'e', and featured Popeye punching the 'oogl' to cause the spinach to fly at him through the air.

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links

Official site for Popeye & Friends Character Trail
"E.C. Segar" by Ed Black
"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" by Zak Sally Minneapolis City Pages
Lambiek Comiclopedia article about E.C. Segar
E.C. Segar Gallery
"Popeye's Pop EC Segar"
E.C. Segar's 115th Birthday Doodle in Google Logo Museum

1894 births
American comic strip cartoonists
American comics artists
People from Chester, Illinois
Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees
1938 deaths
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from leukemia
Deaths from liver disease
Burials at Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery, Santa Monica
Popeye

E. C. Segar