Donny Edward Hathaway (October 1, 1945 – January 13, 1979) was an American soul singer, keyboardist, songwriter, backing vocalist, and arranger who Rolling Stone described as a "soul legend". His most popular songs include "The Ghetto", "This Christmas", "Someday We'll All Be Free", and "Little Ghetto Boy". Hathaway is also renowned for his renditions of "A Song for You", "For All We Know", and "I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know", along with "Where Is the Love" and "The Closer I Get to You", two of many collaborations with Roberta Flack. He has been inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame and won one Grammy Award from four nominations. Hathaway was also posthumously honored with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2019. Dutch director David Kleijwegt made a documentary called Mister Soul – A Story About Donny Hathaway, which premiered at the International Film Festival Rotterdam on January 28, 2020.

Early life
Hathaway, the son of Drusella Huntley, was born in Chicago, Illinois, and was raised by his grandmother, Martha Pitts, also known as Martha Crumwell, in the Carr Square housing project of St. Louis, Missouri. Hathaway began singing in the church choir with his grandmother, a professional gospel singer, at the age of three, and studying piano. He graduated from Vashon High School in 1963. Hathaway then studied music on a fine arts scholarship at Howard University in Washington, D.C., where he met Roberta Flack. At Howard, he was also a member of the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. Hathaway formed a jazz trio with drummer Ric Powell while there, but during 1967 Donny left Howard just before completing a degree, after receiving job offers in the music business.

Career
Hathaway worked as a songwriter, session musician, and producer for Curtis Mayfield's Curtom Records in Chicago. He did the arrangements for hits by the Unifics ("Court of Love" and "The Beginning of My End") and took part in projects by the Staple Singers, Jerry Butler, Aretha Franklin, the Impressions and Curtis Mayfield himself. After becoming a "house producer" at Curtom, he started recording there. Hathaway recorded his first single under his own name in 1969, a duet with singer June Conquest called "I Thank You, Baby". They also recorded the duet "Just Another Reason", released as the B-side. Former Cleveland Browns president Bill Futterer, who as a college student promoted Curtom in the southeast in 1968 and 1969, was befriended by Hathaway and has cited Hathaway's influence on his later projects.

That year, Hathaway signed to Atco Records, then a division of Atlantic Records, after being spotted for the label by producer/musician King Curtis at a trade convention. He released his first single of note, "The Ghetto, Pt. 1", which he co-wrote with former Howard roommate Leroy Hutson, who became a performer, writer, and producer with Curtom. The track appeared the following year on his critically acclaimed debut LP, Everything Is Everything, which he co-produced with Ric Powell while also arranging all the cuts.

His second LP, Donny Hathaway, consisted mostly of covers of contemporary pop, soul, and gospel songs. His third album Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway was an album of duets with former Howard University associate and label mate Roberta Flack, for whom he previously sang backup on "Killing Me Softly with His Song" that established him, especially on the pop charts. The album was a critical and commercial success, including the Ralph MacDonald-penned track "Where Is the Love", which proved to be not only an R&B success, but also scored Top Five on the pop Hot 100. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA on September 5, 1972. The album also included other covers, including versions of Carole King's "You've Got a Friend", "Baby I Love You", originally a hit for Aretha Franklin, and "You've Lost That Loving Feeling".

Perhaps Hathaway's most influential recording is his 1972 album, Live, which has been termed "one of the best live albums ever recorded" by Daryl Easlea of the BBC. The album is on the British online music and culture magazine The Quietus' list of "40 Favourite Live Albums". It was recorded at two concerts: side one at the Troubadour in Hollywood, and side two at The Bitter End in Greenwich Village, Manhattan.

Hathaway was the co-composer and performer of the Christmas standard, "This Christmas". The song, released in 1970, has become a holiday staple and is often used in movies, television and advertising. "This Christmas" has been covered by numerous artists across diverse musical genres, including The Whispers, Diana Ross, Aretha Franklin, The Temptations, The Four Tops, Stevie Wonder, Alexander O'Neal, Christina Aguilera, Chicago, Harry Connick, Jr., Dru Hill, *NSYNC, Gloria Estefan, Boney James, The Cheetah Girls, Chris Brown, Anthony Arnett (First Baptist Bracktown Christmas Celebration), Patti LaBelle and Mary J. Blige (A Mary Christmas), Seal, Train and CeeLo Green, among other artists.

Hathaway followed this flurry of work with contributions to soundtracks, along with his recording of the theme song to the TV series Maude. He composed and conducted music for the 1972 soundtrack of the movie Come Back Charleston Blue. In the mid-1970s, he produced albums for other artists including Cold Blood, where he expanded the musical range of lead singer Lydia Pense.

His final studio album, Extension of a Man came out in 1973 with two tracks, "Love Love Love" and "I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know" reaching both the pop and R&B charts. It also included his classic ballad, "Someday We'll All Be Free" and a six-minute symphonic-styled instrumental piece called "I Love The Lord, He Heard My Cry". He told UK music journalist David Nathan in 1973, "I always liked pretty music and I've always wanted to write it." Added the writer, "He declined to give one particular influence or inspiration but said that Ravel, Debussy and Stravinsky were amongst whom he studied."

He returned to the charts in 1978 after again teaming up with Roberta Flack for a duet, "The Closer I Get to You" on her album, Blue Lights in the Basement. The song topped the R&B chart and reached the No. 2 spot on the Hot 100. Atlantic then put out another solo single, "You Were Meant For Me" shortly before his sudden death.

Liner notes for later releases of his final solo album explain: "Donny is no longer here, but the song "Someday We'll All Be Free" gathers momentum as part of his legacy... Donny literally sat in the studio and cried when he heard the playback of his final mix. It's pretty special when an artist can create something that wipes them out." Edward Howard, lyricist of the song, adds, "It was a spiritual thing for me... What was going through my mind at the time was Donny, because Donny was a very troubled person. I hoped that at some point he would be released from all that he was going through. There was nothing I could do but write something that might be encouraging for him. He's a good leader for young black men".

Personal life

Family
In 1967, Hathaway married Eulaulah Vann. The two met while attending Howard University where both were studying music. They had two daughters, Eulaulah Donyll (Lalah) and Kenya Canc'Libra. Lalah has enjoyed a successful solo career, while Kenya is a session singer and one of the three backing vocalists on the hit TV program American Idol. Both daughters are graduates of the Berklee College of Music.

Mental illness
During the peak of his career, Hathaway began experiencing severe bouts of depression and exhibiting unusual behavior. In 1971, he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia for which he was prescribed various medications. At one point, Hathaway was prescribed fourteen different medications that he was to take twice a day. After Hathaway was diagnosed and began taking medication, his mental state improved. However, Eulaulah Hathaway has said that her father became less than diligent about following his prescription regimen when he began feeling better and often stopped taking his medications altogether. From 1973 to 1977, Hathaway's mental instability wreaked havoc on his life and career and required several hospitalizations. The effects of his depression and severe mood swings also drove a wedge in his and Flack's friendship; they did not reconcile for several years, and did not release additional music until the successful release of "The Closer I Get To You" in 1978. Flack and Hathaway then resumed studio recording to compose a second album of duets.

Death

Sessions for another album of duets were underway in 1979. On January 13, Hathaway began a recording session with producers/musicians Eric Mercury and James Mtume. Each reported that although Hathaway was singing fine, he began behaving irrationally, seeming to be paranoid and delusional. According to Mtume, Hathaway said that white people were trying to kill him and had connected his brain to a machine for the purpose of stealing his music and his voice. Given Hathaway's behavior, Mercury said that he decided the recording session could not continue, so he aborted it and all of the musicians went home.

Hours later, Hathaway was found dead on the pavement below the window of his 15th-floor room in New York City's Essex House hotel. It was reported that he had jumped from his balcony.
The glass had been neatly removed from the window and there were no signs of a struggle, leading investigators to rule that Hathaway's death was a suicide. Flack was devastated and, spurred by his death, included the few duet tracks they had finished on her next album, Roberta Flack Featuring Donny Hathaway. According to Mercury, Hathaway's final recording, included on that album, was "You Are My Heaven", a song Mercury co-wrote with Stevie Wonder.

Hathaway's funeral was conducted by the Reverend Jesse Jackson. Later in 1979, the Whispers recorded the tribute song, "Song for Donny", for their self-titled album. The song reached No. 21 on the R&B chart. That same year, they used that tribute song's arrangement to do a cover of Hathaway's song "This Christmas", included on their Christmas album, Happy Holidays to You.

Influence
According to Allison Keyes from NPR, Hathaway's solo recordings are "part of the foundation of American soul music" and have "influenced performers from R&B singers Alicia Keys & Aaliyah to rapper Common to singer-guitarist George Benson". He was named the 49th-greatest singer of all time in a 2010 list published by Rolling Stone. Justin Timberlake called him "the best singer of all time." Raúl Midón said that Hathaway is "the strongest soul singer that ever existed" and compares his vocal technique to a classical vocalist. "When Donny sings any song, he owns it," Stevie Wonder was quoted by David Ritz as saying. Amy Winehouse called Hathaway her favorite artist of all time. Rock critic Robert Christgau described Hathaway as "a synthesizer of limitless cultural aspiration" who "conveyed a sense of roots" and was never content with "the classbound pop fantasies of Ashford & Simpson", but mused that "the idealistic credulousness of a project that incorporated pop, jazz, a little blues, lots of gospel, and the conservatory into an all-over black style is linked to the floridity that mars much of his work."

Discography

Studio albums

Live albums

Soundtrack albums

Compilation albums

Singles

As guest

Phil Upchurch - Upchurch (Cadet, 1969)
Phil Upchurch - The Way I Feel (Cadet, 1970)
Aretha Franklin - Young, Gifted and Black (Atlantic, 1972)
Roberta Flack - Roberta Flack Featuring Donny Hathaway  (Atlantic, 1980)

Tributes

 On the 1999 Rise album by  Gabrielle the track "When a Woman" references singing along to Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway. Gabrielle also later went on to cover "This Christmas".
 On soul group the Whispers' 1979 self-titled album, the group paid homage with "Song for Donny", written by fellow soul singer Carrie Lucas. The song was set to the melody of Hathaway's "This Christmas".
 In 1999 Aaron Hall recorded a brief tribute version of "Someday We'll All Be Free" on the third album for his group Guy titled Guy III, with Teddy Riley and Damion Hall
 In September 2001, Alicia Keys performed "Someday We'll All Be Free" on the 9/11 televised tribute concert America: A Tribute to Heroes.
 In 2005, neo-soul singer songwriter guitarist, Raul Midón (Blue Note) worked with Hathaway's longtime producer Arif Mardin (known for collaborations with the Bee Gees, Chaka Khan, Bette Midler, Norah Jones, and Aretha Franklin) and created a tribute song to Hathaway called "Sittin' in the Middle".
 In 2005 Donny Hathaway's standout version of the 1934 classic "For All We Know" was honored in a cover by R&B (Jive/RCA, Giant, Arista/Bad Boy) vocalist Anthony "Tony" Ulysses Thompson (1976-2007), on his Indie label (In-Depth) The Return album; Thompson's final solo-single recording, as tribute to Hathaway.
 In her 2006 song "Rehab", Amy Winehouse sings of learning from "Mr. Hathaway" instead of going to rehab.
 In 2007, Deniece Williams covered "Someday We'll All Be Free" for her Love, Niecy Style album. Williams later shared that she broke down in tears in the studio while recording.
 In 2008, Ed Pavlic published Winners Have Yet to Be Announced (University of Georgia Press), poems re-imagining the life of Donny Hathaway.
 The song "What a Catch, Donnie", from Fall Out Boy's fourth studio album, Folie à Deux (2008), is named for Hathaway and mentions Roberta Flack, his writing partner.
 Bizzy Bone's song entitled "A Song for You", is a track that includes an interpretation of Donny Hathaway's original recording of the same name.
 In 2010, Amy Winehouse sang one of Donny's songs "We're Still Friends" for a live concert.
 In the 2013 song "Classic", band MKTO references writing songs "like Hathaway"
 In 2017, in the episode "The First Day of the Rest of Your Life" from AMC's The Walking Dead. The character of Sasha, played by Sonequa Martin-Green, dies by suicide while listening to "Someday We'll All Be Free."
 In 2019, in the episode "And Salt the Earth Behind You" from HBO's Euphoria. Hathaway's cover of "A Song for You" plays during a montage of the day of the death of the father of the character of Rue Bennett, played by Zendaya.
 In the 2019 song "Ladies, Ladies, Ladies", JID raps that he knew a girl who "used to love Donny Hathaway".
 In 2021, Hathaway's cover of John Lennon's "Jealous Guy" was used during the credits in episode 7 of second season of Mythic Quest.

References

External links

1945 births
1979 suicides
1979 deaths
African-American record producers
Record producers from Illinois
African-American male singer-songwriters
American male conductors (music)
American pop pianists
American male pianists
American male organists
American rhythm and blues keyboardists
American rhythm and blues singers
American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters
American soul keyboardists
American soul singers
Atlantic Records artists
Atco Records artists
Howard University alumni
Hyde Park Academy High School alumni
Singers from Chicago
Singers from St. Louis
People with schizophrenia
Rhythm and blues pianists
Suicides by jumping in New York City
Suicides in New York City
Suicides by jumping in the United States
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American pianists
Singer-songwriters from Missouri
Ballad musicians
20th-century organists
Classical musicians from Illinois
Classical musicians from Missouri
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
20th-century American keyboardists
African-American pianists
20th-century African-American male singers
Singer-songwriters from Illinois

Donny Hathaway


Yalıtkan (dielektrik), bir elektrik akımı taşıyabilecek serbest elektronları olmayan, bir elektrik alanıyla kutuplanma özelliği taşıyan, elektrik iletkenliği sıfır veya çok zayıf olan cisim veya madde. Özdirençleri çok yüksek olduğundan, elektrik akımlarını ancak güçlükle geçirebilen maddeler için kullanılır.

Yalıtkanlarda elektronlar, bir molekülden öbürüne güçlükle geçer; eğer bir yalıtkanın atomlarından biri bir elektronu yakalarsa, bu elektron atoma bağlı kalır; oysa iletken bir cisimde, bütün kütle içinde dolaşır.

Sınıflandırma
Yalıtkanlar şöyle sınıflandırılabilir;
Tabiî yalıtkanlar,
Tabiî organik yalıtkanlar,
Katı sentetik yalıtkanlar,
Sıvı yalıtkanlar,
Gaz yalıtkanlar.
Ekolastik yalıtkanlar
Katı sentetik yalıtkanlar, tabiî reçine, sentetik reçine, kauçuk, selüloz veya silisli olabilir. Teknik elektrik birliği, elektrik makinelerinin yapımında kullanılan yalıtkanların sınıflandırılmasını standartlaştırmıştır.

O sınıfı: Ne yağ emdirilmiş ne de yağa daldırılmış pamuk, ipek kâğıt ve benzeri organik maddeleri kapsar.
A sınıfı: Yağ emdirilmiş veya yağa batırılmış pamuk, ipek, kâğıt ve buna benzer organik maddeleri, ayrıca emaye telin kaplamasını içerir.
B sınıfı: İçine bir miktar topaklaştırıcı madde katılmış mika, amyant veya buna benzer organik maddeli yalıtkanları kapsar.
C sınıfı: Topraklaştırıcı madde katılmamış mika, porselen, cam, kuvars ve benzeri maddeleri içerir.

Plastik maddeler
Yalıtkan plastik maddeler, oda sıcaklığında katı halde bulunan ve plastik şekil değişimiyle istenen biçime getirilebilen organik maddeler veya kısmen organik madde karışımlarıdır.

Isıyla sertleşen plastik maddeler şunlardır; fenoplastlar (bir fenol ile bir aldehitin yoğunlaşmasından meydana gelen sentetik reçineler) ve aminoplastlar (bir, iki veya daha çok amin veya amin fonksiyonu kapsayan organik bir bileşikle bir aldehitin yoğunlaşmasından meydana gelen sentetik reçineler üre-formol ve anilin formol reçineleri).

Isıyla yumuşayan plastik maddeler arasında da şunlar sayılabilir; selüloz esterleri (nitroselüloz ve selüloz asetat); kimyasal sentezle elde edilen etilen türevi reçineler (akrilik ve metakrilik reçineler, vinilik ve polivinilik reçineler, polistirol reçineler).

Uluslararası terminoloji
"Yalıtkan" kavramının uluslararası terminolojideki karşılığı "dielektrik" veya "izolatör" (İngilizce'de insulator) şeklindedir. "İzolasyon" kavramı ısı ve diğer dış faktörler için de yaygın olarak kullanıldığından, elektrik, manyetik ve elektromanyetik alanında genelde ilk tanım tercih edilir. İngilizcede elektrik akımını geçirmeme anlamında "non-conductor" terimi de kullanılabilmektedir. Ayrıca elektrik akımı ile yalıtkan madde arasındaki mesafeye bağlı elektrostatik fonksiyonlar 1991'de Solmajer ve Mehler tarafından incelenmiştir..

Dipnotlar

Dielektrik


Campeonato Europeo Sub-20 de Baloncesto puede referirse a:
 Campeonato Europeo de Baloncesto Masculino Sub-20
 Campeonato Europeo de Baloncesto Femenino Sub-20

Campeonato Europeo Sub-20 de Baloncesto


{{Album
|ime_albuma     = Strapping Young Lad
|ime_glazbenika = Strapping Young Lad
|vrsta          = studijski album
|slika          = Kršni mladić - Kršni mladić 2003.jpg
|žanr           = ekstremni metal, death metal, thrash metal, groove metal
|datum          = 11. veljače 2003.
|snimanje       = rujan - listopad 2002.
|studio         = Armoury Studios, Hipposonic i Diamond Sharp Studios (Vancouver, Kanada)
|trajanje       = 39:01
|izdavač        = Century Media
|producent      = Devin Townsend
|recenzija      = <ul>AllMusic
|album_prije    = City
|godina0        = 1997.
|godina         = 2003.
|album_poslije  = Alien
|godina2        = 2005.
}}
Strapping Young Lad (poznat i pod kraticom SYL) treći je studijski album istoimenog kanadskog heavy metal sastava. Album je 11. veljače 2003. godine objavila diskografska kuća Century Media Records.

Pozadina
Townsend je u prosincu 2001. najavio da će, suprotno ranijim izjavama, novi album Strapping Young Lada biti objavljen 2002. godine. Naglasio je da ne "prisiljava" obožavatelje na svoj uradak kako bi zaradio od prodaje albuma, tvrdeći da njegova grupa—i njezin ugovor s Centuryjem—nikad nije bio unosan podvig. Umjesto toga Townsenda je potaknuo "kreativni gnjev" koji su potaknuli napadi 11. rujna 2001. i koji je naknadno njegovao tijekom turneje iste godine, iako je Townsend kasnije tvrdio da to nije bio tako presudan utjecaj. Album je prvi put bio proizvod zajedničkog skladanja; skupina je skladala "otprilike polovicu" materijala tijekom svoje turneje Foot in Mouth Tour 2001. godine, a ostatak je, počevši od siječnja 2002. godine, skladala kod kuće. Nakon što je održao koncerte na nekolicini glazbenih festivala 2002. godine, Strapping Young Lad ušao je u studio u rujnu te godine kako bi snimio svoj treći album.

O albumu
Izvorni rad na skladbama za album počeo je već 2000. godine kad je pjesma "Idom" bila objavljena na CD-u glazbe za seriju Tekkōki Mikazuki; u pitanju je demouradak koji je sadržavao dijelove koji su kasnije bili iskorišteni za pjesme "Dire", "Consequence" i "Aftermath". Zvuk na albumu bio je djelomični odmak od prethodnih albuma skupine, Heavy as a Really Heavy Thinga i Cityja. Devin Townsend češće pjeva nego prije, ali također izvodi i death growlove i vriskove. Također, umjesto pjesama u stilu ekstremnog metala/industrial metala koje su se nalazile na Heavy as a Really Heavy Thingu i Cityju, mnoge su pjesme bile strukturirane i producirane na način sličniji tradicionalnom death metalu. Sveopća atmosfera mračnija je i ozbiljnija te sadrži manje ironičnog humora od ostalih SYL-ovih uradaka. Grub producijski stil pogotovo se razlikuje od ostalih albuma na kojima je Devin bio producent; kasnije će opisati album "tamnim" i "jezivim" te je tvrdio da ga je "snimio uz minimalan trud". Malo različit zvuk na ovom albumu može se djelomično objasniti i činjenicom da je drugi gitarist, Jed Simon, svirao većinu ritmičkih dijelova na gitari. Razlog tome bilo je Townsendovo istovremeno snimanje i produkcija albuma Accelerated Evolution The Devin Townsend Banda, koji je bio objavljen samo nekoliko tjedana poslije. U intervjuu s časopisom Enslain Magazine bubnjar Gene Hoglan komentirao je grublji zvuku na albumu: "Idući je album izašao 2003. godine i zvao se poput grupe, "SYL", to je bio malo grublji, osnovniji album, nismo željeli ponoviti "City" jer je "City" imao jako puno semplova te su nas nazivali industrijalnim sastavom i svim takvim sranjima, a kad smo napravili "SYL" voljeli smo biti poznati kao metal grupa, stoga je to bio samo vrlo grub metal uradak, nije tu bilo pretjeranih semplova ili klavijatura pa čak ni vokala sa slojevima, pa nas je to dovelo do 2004. godine kad smo počeli skladati "Aliena".

Popis pjesama

Objava i recenzije
Strapping Young Lad bio je objavljen 11. veljače 2003. godine te je postao prvi album skupine koji se pojavio na ljestvicama, našavši se na 97. mjestu Billboardove ljestvice Top Heatseekers. Album je ostvario prosječan kritički uspjeh. Nate Smith sa stranice Rockzone.com nazvao ga je "dobrim dodatkom u Townsendov katalog", ali je komentirao da "nije trenutačni klasični uradak". Xander Hoose iz Chronicles of Chaos nazvao ga je "dobrim albumom", ali je dodao da je inferioran Cityju. Alec A. Head iz Satan Stole My Teddybeara nije bio impresioniran te je napisao: "Nažalost, pjesme postaju mlohava, bezosjećajna, lažno epska močvara rifova bez cilja, vokalima nedostaje okrutnost i čisti, nepokvareni gnjev i osjećajnost koje je Townsend prikazao na Cityju, a skladbe su zajedno usiljene, hladne i besciljne." Strapping Young Lad razlikovao se od Heavy as a Really Heavy Thinga i Cityja po tome što je bio manje industrijalan i što je bio sličniji death metalu; te je humor koji je prožimao prethodna dva uratka bio ublažen.

Zasluge

Strapping Young Lad
Devin Townsend – vokali, zborski vokali, gitara, klavijature, semplovi, produkcija, inženjer zvuka
Jed Simon – zborski vokali, gitara, klavijature, semplovi
Byron Stroud – zborski vokali, bas-gitara
Gene Hoglan – bubnjevi
Ostalo osoblje
Shaun Thingvold – inženjer zvuka, miksanje
Paul Silviera – inženjer zvuka
Misha Rajaratnam – inženjer zvuka
Scott Cooke – inženjer zvuka
Louie Teran – mastering
Daniel J Collins – fotografija (sastava)
Nico Wobben – fotografija (Devina)
Travis Smith – ilustracije

Dodatni glazbenici
Rossy Living – zborski vokali
Tammy Theis – dodatni vokali
Marnie Mains – dodatni vokali
Carla Levis – dodatni vokali, dodatni inženjer zvuka
Laurielynn Bridger – dodatni vokali, dodatni inženjer zvuka
Glenn 'Punchdrunk' Thomson – zborski vokali
Denton Booth – zborski vokali
Juanita English – zborski vokali
Jeremy Glen – zborski vokali
Blackie LeBlanc – zborski vokali
Samanta Palomino – zborski vokali
Eden 'PTMF' Wagonner – zborski vokali
Christ 'Menace' Stanley – zborski vokali
Scarlet Stanley – zborski vokali
Denis 'Tatoo guy' – zborski vokali
Stevie J. – zborski vokali
La Sparka – zborski vokali
Charlie Goler – zborski vokali
Stuart Carruthers – zborski vokali
Henry Goler – zborski vokali
Jay Mosdell – zborski vokali
Will Campagna – klavijature, semplovi
Chris 'The Heathen' Valagao – dodatni vokali

Izvori

Albumi iz 2003.
Albumi Strapping Young Lada

Strapping Young Lad (album)


Die international als Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) () bezeichneten Luftstreitkräfte des Königreiches Saudi-Arabien sind die dritte von fünf Teilstreitkräften der Streitkräfte Saudi-Arabiens. Mit einer Personalstärke von ungefähr 20.000 ist sie die mit Abstand kampfstärkste Luftstreitkraft auf der Arabischen Halbinsel.

Geschichte

Die Königlichen Luftstreitkräfte Saudi-Arabiens wurden Mitte der 1920er Jahre mit britischer Hilfe aufgestellt. In den 1950er Jahren wurde sie reorganisiert und ab 1952 erhielt sie Unterstützung der United States Air Force, die bereits ab damals den Militärflugplatz in Dhahran mitbenutzte.

Noch in den 1980er und 1990er Jahren war die Größe der saudischen Streitkräfte im Vergleich zu anderen Staaten im Nahen und Mittleren Osten bescheiden, gleichwohl stützte sie sich bereits damals auf die damals modernsten Luftfahrzeugtypen wie Tornado IDS und F-15C Eagle. Der größte Kampfeinsatz der RSAF überhaupt fiel in diese Zeit, die Teilnahme am Zweiten Golfkrieg im Frühjahr 1991.

In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten wurde die RSAF kontinuierlich modernisiert und auch vergrößert. Vor einigen Jahren bestellte das Wüsten-Königreich als erster außereuropäischer Kunde den Eurofighter Typhoon als Mehrzweckkampfflugzeug beim Vereinigten Königreich, zuletzt erhielten die USA Ende 2011 eine Mammutbestellung über weitere F-15SA sowie diverse Helikopter (letztere werden teilweise auch von den Landstreitkräften betrieben).

Stützpunkte

Die Dislozierung in der Fläche stellt die RSAF durch sieben Haupteinsatzbasen sicher:
 King Faisal Air Base (Tabuk), Schulungszentrum, RSAF Wing 7 (F-15, Hawk)
 King Khalid Military City (Hafar Al-Batin), Helikopterbasis, RSAF Wing 4 (AB212)
 King Abdul Aziz Air Base (Dhahran), Kampfflugzeug- und Helikopterbasis, RSAF Wing 3 (F-15, Bell 412) und Wing 11 (Tornado, Jetstream)
 Prince Sultan Air Base (Al-Chardsch), Frühwarn- und Tankerbasis, RSAF Wing 6 (E-3, KC-130)
 King Abdullah Air Base (Dschidda), Transportfliegerbasis, RSAF Wing 8 (C-130)
 King Fahad Air Base (Ta'if), Kampfflugzeug- und Helikopterbasis, RSAF Wing 2 (Typhoon, F-15, AV212/Bell 412)
 King Khalid Air Base (Chamis Muschait), Kampfflugzeug- und Helikopterbasis, RSAF Wing 1 und Wing 5 (F-15, AS532, AB412, Bell 412)

Ausrüstung

Die Ausrüstung der RSAF ist im Wesentlichen mit US-amerikanischen und britischen/europäischen Flugzeugtypen sowie europäischen, sowie insbesondere US-amerikanischen Helikoptern ausgerüstet. In der Folge ist der Stand der Ausrüstung zum Ende des Jahres 2021 dargestellt.

Luftfahrzeuge

Ehemalige Flugzeuge: Airbus Military CN-235; Pilatus PC-9

Flugkörper und Bomben
Luft-Luft-Raketen:
 AIM-7 Sparrow
 AIM-9 P/ L/ X Sidewinder
AIM-120 AMRAAM
 IRIS-T

Luft-Boden-Raketen:
 AGM-65 Maverick
 AR-1
 ALARM

Seezielflugkörper:
 AGM-84 Harpoon

Marschflugkörper:
 Storm Shadow

Bomben:
 Paveway II/ IV
 GBU-31
 FT-9

Ränge

Siehe auch
 Saudi-arabische Nationalgarde (Bewaffnung)

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Saudiarabien

Royal Saudi Air Force


(178830) Anne-Véronique, denumire internațională (178830) Anne-Veronique, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
178830 Anne-Véronique este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Saint-Véran de Observatorul din Saint-Véran. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,45 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 2,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 178001-179000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2001
Centura de asteroizi

178830 Anne-Véronique


La sonda lambda (o sonda-λ, donde λ se refiere al dosado relativo, abreviado frecuentemente como λ), es un sensor que mide la concentración de oxígeno. Se utiliza para comprobar la calidad de una combustión. Así, cuando la combustión es estequiométrica, la cantidad de oxígeno presente en los gases de combustión es nula o despreciable y, en este caso, el dosado relativo aire–combustible (λ) es igual a la unidad. Cuando la mezcla es demasiado rica en combustible, entonces λ < 1.

Automoción

En los vehículos de combustión, el sensor de oxígeno está situado en el conducto de escape, inmediatamente antes del convertidor catalítico, de forma que puede medir la concentración de oxígeno en los gases de combustión antes de que sufran alguna alteración. La medida de oxígeno es representativa del grado de riqueza de la mezcla, magnitud que la sonda transforma en un valor de tensión y que comunica a la unidad de control del motor.

Gases del escape
Los gases de combustión de un motor de ciclo Otto, de explosión (gasolina), están formados en aproximadamente un 80% por nitrógeno, que no participa prácticamente en la reacción química de combustión, un 14-16 % de dióxido de carbono o CO2, y el resto agua (vapor), además de una pequeña proporción de contaminantes, siendo los principales los hidrocarburos (HC) y el monóxido de carbono (CO).
El oxígeno residual es de un 0,3 % aproximadamente. Su proporción varía bastante en función del dosado.

Constitución

La sonda en sí está constituida por una parte cerámica y unos electrodos de circonio o titanio. Los gases de escape están en contacto con la sonda y esta toma información de la proporción de oxígeno residual tras la combustión.

Funcionamiento: el ciclo cerrado

Esa información se transmite a la central de la inyección electrónica y así esta central puede regular la cantidad de combustible que inyecta en el cilindro para mantener la relación lo más próxima a 1/14,7 llamada relación estequiométrica.

La medición se basa en la cantidad de oxígeno restante en el gas evacuado por el tubo de escape. La sonda lambda es uno de los sensores de corrección principales en la electrónica de control, conocido como regulación de lambda para la limpieza catalítica del gas emitido, popularmente denominado convertidor catalítico regulado. El sensor se basa en dos principios diferentes para las mediciones: el voltaje de un electrolito (sonda de Walther Nernst) y una variación de la resistencia eléctrica de una resistencia de cerámica (sonda de resistencia).

Su campo principal de aplicación es el motor de combustión interna, de ciclo Otto principalmente de inyección de combustible, pero también se usa para regular el gas emitido por calderas de condensación y motores diésel.

La primera versión de la sonda lambda fue desarrollada en 1976 por la empresa alemana Bosch y aplicada al Volvo 240.

Función de la sonda Nernst
Un lado del sensor de cerámica está expuesto a la corriente de gas evacuado, mientras que el otro se basa en una referencia sobre el nivel de dioxígeno. En la mayoría de las ocasiones se usa el aire del entorno, por medio de una apertura en la sonda o sobre una guía para el aire. Con ello se impide que el valor de referencia se vea influido por una posible contaminación de vapores de agua, aceite o combustible. Si la sonda se contaminara se reduciría la cantidad de dioxígeno en la referencia, y por ello se reduciría el voltaje de la sonda. En el caso de una referencia bombeada, el aire del entorno no es necesario, sino que la referencia del dioxígeno se basa en una corriente de iones a partir del gas evacuado.

En temperaturas superiores a unos 300 °C la cerámica de la sonda, compuesta de dióxido de circonio y de itrio, se vuelve conductora de iones negativos de oxígeno. La diferencia de concentración da lugar a una difusión de iones del gas evacuado. Los átomos de oxígeno pueden moverse en la cerámica como iones de carga negativa doble. Los electrones necesarios para la ionización de los átomos de oxígeno son suministrados por los electrodos, que son conductores electrónicos. De esta forma puede tomarse el voltaje de la sonda entre los electrodos de platino situados dentro y fuera. Esta información se transmite por medio del cableado a la centralita electrónica del motor. El valor se sitúa para λ>1 (mezcla pobre, falta de combustible o exceso de aire) entre 0 y 150 mV, para λ<1 (mezcla rica), exceso de combustible o falta de aire) entre 800 y 1000 mV. El voltaje medido se describe en la ecuación de Nernst. En un rango muy estrecho en torno a λ=1, denominada la ventana λ, la curva característica es extremadamente empinada. El voltaje se altera en la ventana en relación con la mezcla combustible-aire de una manera muy repentina , con lo que estas oscilaciones hacen que la mezcla sea estequiométrica o prácticamente estequiométrica. En esta zona los valores de CO y HC son relativamente bajos, así como los de NOx, permitiendo así que el convertidor catalítico trabaje en las condiciones más favorables.

Función de la sonda de resistencia

La sonda de resistencia se usa de forma muy frecuente.

El sensor está compuesto de una cerámica semiconductora de dióxido de titanio. Los portadores de carga se crean gracias a posiciones sin oxígeno que hacen las veces de donantes. Cuando el oxígeno se aproxima, las posiciones vacías se ocupan reduciendo así la cantidad de portadores libres. Los iones de oxígeno no son quienes proveen conductividad, sino el oxígeno.

La conductividad eléctrica σ en el rango de trabajo se describe por medio de la ecuación de Arrhenius con una energía de activación EA:

La señal se genera con un divisor de tensión con una resistencia eléctrica invariable.

Uso en motores

En los motores Otto, la sonda se atornilla normalmente en el escape, antes del convertidor catalítico. En vehículos con severos requisitos legales en lo referente a la limpieza del gas evacuado y al autodiagnóstico se utilizan varias sondas. En motores con cilindros en V, una sonda por bancada de cilindros, o incluso una por cilindro para una regulación selectiva de los cilindros.

La gestión del motor es capaz de modular la cantidad de inyección en cada momento para que la composición de los gases de escape tenga un factor lambda en torno a 1. De esta forma se consiguen simultáneamente dos exigencias: el motor recibe una mezcla muy próxima a la ideal en todo momento y se aseguran las condiciones de trabajo del convertidor catalítico.

En motores Otto modernos con turbo, la sonda se coloca tras el turbocompresor.

Funcionamiento
Un factor lambda correcto es un parámetro primordial para el control de la combustión y de la limpieza de los gases evacuados por medio del convertidor catalítico de 3 vías. En el mundo del automóvil la sonda lambda copó primero el mercado americano debido a las importantes limitaciones legales en lo referente a emisiones, para cobrar más tarde un papel importante en Europa.

En el motor Otto clásico se usa una sonda de oxígeno calefactada HO2S (sonda Nernst) o bien sonda λ=1 para la medida del dosado. La señal de la sonda oscila permanentemente entre un valor alto y un valor bajo. Esto deriva del comportamiento de la señal de la sonda en el tránsito de entre una mezcla rica (λ<1) y una mezcla pobre (λ>1). La señal de la sonda lambda realiza durante los mencionados tránsitos un salto característico de su señal de voltaje entre los valores 0,8 - 0,9 V cuando la mezcla es rica (λ<1) y 0,1-0,2 V cuando la mezcla es pobre (λ>1).

Montaje
Las primeras sondas lambda se montaron como sondas dedo. El sensor en sí tiene forma de gorrita con el gas evacuado fuera y el aire de referencia dentro.

Cada vez son más frecuentes los sensores planos con varias capas en los que la función calefactora ya está integrada.

El elemento de cerámica está rodeado por un tubo protector. La función es que el sensor mantenga la temperatura deseada y a la vez evitar daños mecánicos. Para que el gas pueda penetrar en el tubo, este dispone de pequeños agujeros.

Regulación
La sonda lambda compara de forma permanente el contenido de oxígeno residual en el gas con el contenido de oxígeno en el aire y envía el resultado en forma de señal eléctrica analógica a una centralita electrónica, la cual a partir de esta información junto con otros parámetros enviará una señal de control para alterar la mezcla, que en general en los motores Otto no es otra cosa que adaptar la cantidad de material inyectado o regulación lambda. En vehículos con OBD se ha de controlar la función de regulación de la sonda lambda y de la sonda de monitoreo de la centralita electrónica. Este control ocurre de forma esporádica. La centralita electrónica monitorea:
 el rango de voltaje (máximo 300 milivoltios en la sonda de regulación)
 la amplitud del ancho de pulso
 la frecuencia de regulación
 la interrupción de la bobina calefactora
 el contacto con masa
En caso de mal funcionamiento, la centralita electrónica activará el icono OBD.

Los motores Diésel y los denominados motores Otto de mezcla ligera no operan, o de hacerlo, de forma excepcional, en la ventana λ. Especialmente el motor diésel es un concepto clásico de mezcla ligera que siempre opera con un exceso de aire (λ>1). Los motores diésel que despiden por el tubo de escape una mezcla excesivamente oscura suelen precisar de mantenimiento, tienen algún problema, o bien la mezcla inyectada se ha manipulado por medio de "Chip-Tuning". Para la regulación de los motores diésel y de los motores Otto de mezcla ligera no puede usarse una sonda de valor λ=1, ya que no se puede evaluar el comportamiento de las señales con mezcla ligera o cargada.

Sonda de banda ancha
Para este propósito se creó la sonda de banda ancha. El montaje de una sonda de este tipo es más complejo: está compuesta de capas con calefactores integrados. El principio de medición se basa en 3 partes:
 el canal de difusión (azul) entre la salida del gas y el gas medido de la célula de Nernst,
 la célula de bombeo (rosa) igualmente entre la salida del gas y el gas medido de la célula de Nernst,
 la célula de Nernst (verde) entre el gas medido y el gas de referencia (aire).

El gas medido de la célula de Nernst se ve influenciado no solo por el gas evacuado sino también por un canal de difusión de flujo bombeado. El flujo bombeado se regula de tal forma que el flujo de oxígeno generado por la corriente eléctrica de la célula bombeadora equilibra el flujo de oxígeno del canal de difusión; de esta forma el gas permanece en λ=1. El flujo bombeado bombea en caso de una mezcla cargada iones de oxígeno en el gas medido de la célula de Nerst y evacua si la mezcla es ligera. Según las características del flujo podrá determinarse el lambda del gas evacuado. La regulación del flujo es tarea de un chip electrónico en la centralita electrónica del motor.
La sonda NOx se utiliza en vehículos con convertidor catalítico de almacenamiento de NOx.
El montaje y modus operandi de estas sondas es similar a la de las sondas lambda de banda ancha.

Calefacción de la sonda
Ya que la temperatura de un motor frío está muy por debajo de 300 °C, la sonda (y por ello el sistema de regulación) no funciona (o lo hace de forma limitada). Por eso hoy en día todas las sondas llevan incorporado un elemento calefactor para que la sonda alcance la temperatura adecuada. Gracias a ello, garantizan un funcionamiento correcto de la sonda incluso en la fase de calentamiento del motor. La temperatura óptima de operación es, para sondas λ=1, de entre 550 y 700 °C. Las variantes de banda ancha operan a temperaturas de entre 100 y 200 °C más.

Aspectos eléctricos
Para evitar interferencias y funciones erróneas del sensible elemento de control motivadas por variaciones del voltaje, ya no se usa la masa común del vehículo para la calefacción y el voltaje de la sonda, sino un cable separado para masa y señales conectado directamente a la centralita electrónica.

Sonda de monitoreo
En los motores Otto de última generación se usa una segunda sonda para monitorear la función del convertidor catalítico y situada detrás de este. La centralita electrónica del motor puede comparar los valores de la sonda previos al convertidor catalítico con los valores de la sonda de monitoreo. Si el convertidor catalítico está en perfecto estado hay una reacción posterior de la sonda de monitoreo frente a la señal de la primera sonda. Si el convertidor catalítico ya no está en perfecto estado puede perder su capacidad de almacenamiento de oxígeno, con lo que se reduce la distancia entre la sonda del convertidor catalítico y la sonda de monitoreo. La centralita electrónica comunicará este problema en forma de una señal de error que se almacena en la memoria, y un icono se activará en el panel de instrumentos.

La sonda de monitoreo, además de realizar una labor de diagnóstico del convertidor catalítico, puede mejorar la exactitud de la primera regulación lambda y de la plausibilización de la primera sonda en el marco del autodiagnóstico.

Aplicación en el calentamiento del hogar
Mediante el uso de una sonda lambda situada en la chimenea de la caldera de condensación se puede medir el contenido de oxígeno y de esta forma regular la mezcla, para evitar el uso excesivo de aire, que conllevaría un uso excesivo de energía por parte del sistema de calefacción.

Referencias

Véase también
 Centralita electrónica
 Analizador de gases de escape

Sensores
Instrumentos de medición
Componentes del automóvil
Tecnologías del automóvil
Inventos de Alemania
Motores de combustión interna

Sonda lambda


Limbile mordvine reprezintă un grup de limbi din familia limbilor uralice, ramura limbilor fino-ugrice.

Cele mai importante limbi mordvine sunt limba mokșană și limba erziană, fiind limbi oficiale (împreună cu limba rusă) în Republica Mordovia din Rusia.

Note

Vezi și
 Limbi uralice
 Limbi fino-ugrice

Limbi uralice

Limbi mordvine


Personnes

 Élie Doté, homme politique centrafricain,
 Franck Doté, footballeur togolais.

Autres

 DOTE, l'abréviation communément utilisée pour le 10-éthyl-4,4-dioctyl-7-oxo-8-oxa-3,5-dithia-4-stannatétradécanoate de 2-éthylhexyle.

DOTE


An Axonopus chimantensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gerrit Davidse. An Axonopus chimantensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Axonopus, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Venezuela. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Axonopus

Axonopus chimantensis


Almune er en dansk folkemusikgruppe bestående af Hans Christian Molbech (sang, fløjte, tromme, percussion, lur), Molly Granhøj (sang, nøgleharpe, bouzouki), Troels Dueholm Nørgaard (drejelire, bouzouki, sang, fløjte) og Christian Mohr Levisen (drejelire, sækkepibe). Gruppen spiller middelaldermusik på tidstypiske instrumenter og optræder typisk under middelaldermarkeder og lignende reenactmentarrangementer samt på museer og i kirker. Gruppen har eksisteret siden omkring 2014.

Siden 2006 har medlemmer spillet samen i forskellige konstellationer i andre ensembler. Molbech, Granhøj og Nørgaard havde bl.a. tidligere spillet sammen i en anden lignende middelaldergruppe kaldet Lurpakket.

I marts 2016 medvirkede gruppen under optagelserne til DR's dokumentarserie Historien om Danmark i et afsnit om middelalderen. Afsnittet blev vist i foråret 2017.

Gruppens debutalbum udkom i maj 2017, og det blev godt modtaget og omtalt som et varieret album der spændte vidt inden for genren.

Gruppen har bl.a. optrådt på Danehof i Nyborg, Europæisk Middelalderfestival i Horsens, Københavns Middelaldermarked, Middelaldercentret ved Nykøbing Falster, Odense Middelalderdage, Spøttrup Borg og Øm Kloster museum.

I efteråret 2018 udgav gruppen albummet Sommerfugl sammen med en anden middelaldermusikgruppe kaldet Götterfunken. Albummet var et soundtrack til Maria Hellebergs historiske roman Maria Helleberg.

Diskografi
 2017 Bjergtagen
 2018 Sommerfugl (sammen med Götterfunken)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Folkemusikgrupper fra Danmark
Musikgrupper fra 2014

Almune


جايمس باناتين ، من مواليد 30 يونيو 1975، لاعب كرة قدم نيوزلندي.

يلعب مع نادي تيم ويلينغتون.

بدأ باللعب مع منتخب نيوزلندا لكرة القدم في عام 2001.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية نيوزيلنديون
حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبو كأس أوقيانوسيا للأمم 2008
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص متعلمون في ثانوية هوت فالي
حراس مرمى كرة قدم سجلوا أهداف
رياضيون من لور هوت
لاعبو تيم ويلينغتون
لاعبو كأس أوقيانوسيا للأمم 2002
لاعبو كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو كأس القارات 2009
لاعبو كانتربيري يونايتد
لاعبو كرة قدم نيوزيلنديون
لاعبو منتخب نيوزيلندا لكرة القدم
مواليد 1975

جايمس باناتين


Meir Haratz (în idiș și ebraică:מאיר חרץ, n.23 septembrie 1912 Șuri, Drochia, Basarabia - 1993 Ierusalim,Israel) a fost un poet evreu de limbă idiș, originar din Basarabia, care a activat în România, Uniunea Sovietică și Israel.

Biografie

Copilăria și tinerețea
Meir Haratz s-a născut ca Meir-Haim Leibovici Haratz în satul Șuri, din ținutul Soroca din Basarabia, pe atunci gubernie a Imperiului Rus, (în zilele noastre în raionul Drochia din Republica Moldova) și a crescut în orășelul Mărculești.

În tinerețe, în timpul administrației românești, a activat în mișcarea sionistă socialistă de tineret "Hashomer Hatzair" și în cadrul Fondului Național Evreiesc (Keren Kayemet). Curând, a părăsit familia și Mărculeștiul și s-a mutat la Cernăuți, unde a practicat mai multe meserii.

Anii prebelici în România
În anul 1932 și-a făcut debutul literar în paginile revistei "Vinten" din Soroca. Din capitala bucovineană Haratz a început să trimită spre publicare versuri în revista idiș "Șoiben" ("Geamuri")  care apărea la București sub redacția lui Iakov Sternberg și a lui Shlomo Bickel. În anul 1935 a mai publicat poezii în diferite periodice în limba idiș, inclusiv în "Cernovitzer Bletter" (Foi cernăuțene), "Naye Folksțaitung" (Noua gazetă populară) , "Literarișe Bletter" (Foi literare) și "Farois" (Înainte) din Varșovia, "Idișe Kultur" (Cultura evreiască) din Statele Unite și "Parizer Șriften" (Scrieri pariziene) din Paris, bucurându-se de aprecierea criticilor literari.
Haratz a studiat la Cernăuți, la un Seminar pentru profesori de limba și literatura idiș, alături de literații Yehiel Schreibmann, Eliezer Podriacik, Berl Roizen și de poetul Erșl Tzvi Tzelman.

În Uniunea Sovietică
După ocuparea Basarabiei și a Bucovinei de nord de către armata sovietică în vara anului 1940 Haratz s-a mutat la Chișinău, unde a fost angajat la un liceu ca profesor de limba și literatura idiș. Odată cu începerea campaniei militare a Germaniei naziste, aliată cu România, contra Uniunii Sovietice, Haratz a fost evacuat în Asia Centrală sovietică.
După încheierea celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, la finele anului 1945 s-a mutat la Moscova, iar după scurt timp s-a întors la Cernăuți, care din 1944 fusese reanexat la Uniunea Sovietică. În Uniunea Sovietică, Haratz a publicat poezii în publicațiile în idiș permise de regim, "Einikait", organul Comitetului Evreiesc Antifascist creat în U.R.S.S în anii războiului, și gazeta "Ștern" din Kiev.
În timpul prigoanei lansate în 1948 de Stalin împotriva intelectualilor evrei și a culturii idiș, Meir Haratz a fost arestat în martie 1949 și deținut într-un lagăr de muncă silnică până în anul 1955. După eliberare și reabilitare, a revenit la Cernăuți , unde a lucrat ca profesor la o școală în limba rusă și deoarece pentru o perioadă aproape că nu mai existau în URSS publicații în limba idiș, a colaborat la gazete din Polonia - "Folksștime" din Varșovia și "Idișe Șriften" din Lodz. În martie 1961 ziarul "Radianska Bukovina" din Cernăuți l-a criticat pentru "naționalism evreiesc" sub motivul ca scria la gazete idiș din străinătate. După ce în acel an regimul Hrușciov a permis apariția la Moscova a revistei literare în idiș "Sovetiș Heimland" (Patria sovietică), Haratz a început să trimeată poezii și acestei noi publicații, de la primul ei număr.
În anul 1965 versuri de Haratz au fost incluse într-o culegere de poezii de autori sovietici de limbă idiș - "Horizonten" (Orizonturi), publicată de editura "Sovietski Pisateli" (Scriitorul sovietic)

În Israel
În anul 1972 Haratz, a reușit, după multe eforturi, să obțină permisul autorităților sovietice de a emigra  în Israel, împreună cu fiicele sale, Sima și Brana. În noua țară, împreună cu Yossef Kerler, a publicat la Ierusalim "Yerușalmer Almanach" (Almanahul din Ierusalim) în limba idiș. De asemenea a publicat
din creația sa în jurnale idiș israeliene și americane: Di Letzte Nayes (Ultimele Știri, care apărea la Tel Aviv), Folksblat și "Forverts" (Înainte) din New York. În această perioadă Haratz a participat la cercul literar al Almanahului literar din Ierusalim alături de poeții Motl Sakțier. Meir Elin, Haim Maltinski, Ruhl (Rahel) Boimwol, Ziame Telesin, Hirș Oșerovici, Leizer Podriacik, Eli Șehtman.
Acești ani au fost foarte fertili, Haratz publicând 10 volume de versuri și doua cărți de critică literară și memorii.  A publicat și traduceri în limba idis
din poezia lui Mihai Eminescu. Activitatea sa a fost onorată cu mai multe premii literare din S.U.A și Israel.

Meir Haratz și muzica
Versuri de Haratz au fost puse pe note de mai mulți cantautori, precum Leibu Levin și Meir Bogdanski, iar mai târziu - de Iefim Ciornâi din Chișinău și Assa Weisman, muzician cernăuțian care s-a stabilit in Statele Unite.

Premii și onoruri
1975 - Premiul Atran din S.U.A.
1976 - Premiul Fichman din Israel
1986 - Premiul Itzik Manger - cel mai insemnat premiu din Israel pentru literatura în limbha idiș

Volume de versuri
 אױפֿן ראַנדן פֿון טעג, Tel Aviv, 1969.
 הימל און ערד, Ierusalim, 1973.
 אין פֿרעמדן גן-עדן, Tel Aviv, 1974.
 לידער צו אײגענע, Tel Aviv, 1975.
 שטערן אױף הימל, Ierusalim, 1977.
 דאָס פֿינעפֿטע ראָד, Ierusalim, 1978.
 גרינער װינטער — מאַרקולעשט, Ierusalim, 1982.
 געקליבענע לידער און געצײלטע פּאָעמעס, Ierusalim, 1983.
 אַנפֿאַס, אין פּראָפֿיל און הינטער די פּלײצעס, Tel Aviv, 1993.
 נאָכן סך-הכּל,(Nohen Sahakel - "După toate" - culegere de poezii alese în patru volume, Tel Aviv, 1987, 1989, Ierusalim, 1992, 1993.

Legături externe
Meir Haratz pe saitul Centrului israelian de cultură idiș "Casa Leivik"- Beit Leivik - din Tel Aviv in limba idiș

Referințe

Poeți de limbă idiș
Poeți evrei
Evrei din Basarabia
Nașteri în 1912
Decese în 1993
Oameni din ținutul Soroca
Decese în Ierusalim

Meir Haratz


Plutonovi prirodni sateliti su prirodni sateliti Plutona i dosad ih je otkriveno 5. Daleko najveći satelit je Haron, s 1206 km u promjeru. Drugi manji sateliti variraju između 10 i 50 km.

Svi su sateliti snimljeni kada je letjelica New Horizons preletjela pokraj Plutona 14. srpnja 2015.

Haron

Haron  je najveći od pet poznatih mjeseca patuljastog planeta Plutona. Također je najbliži, na oko 19 000 km udaljenosti. Otkrio ga je Jim Christy 1978. godine u Mornaričkoj zvjezdarnici Sjedinjenih Država (USNO-u) u Washingtonu, D.C.-u, korištenjem fotografske ploče snimljene u njihovoj Zvjezdarnici Flagstaff (NOFS-u). Veoma je velik mjesec u usporedbi s tijelom kojeg orbitira, Plutonom. Njegov gravitacijski utjecaj takav je da je baricentar sustava Pluton-Haron izvan Plutona.

Sonda New Horizons prošla je kroz sustav Pluton-Haron 14. srpnja 2015., 27 000 km iznad površine Harona.
Pluton i Haron gravitacijski su međusobno plimno vezani, pa svaki pokazuje isto lice prema drugom. Crvenkasto-smeđa kapa sjevernog pola Harona se naziva Mordor Macula, a sastoji se vjerojatno od tolina, organskih makromolekula koji mogu biti bitni sastojci života. Ti su tolini proizvedeni iz metana, dušika i srodnih plinova koji se oslobađaju iz atmosfere Plutona i prenose preko 19.000 km na orbitirajući mjesec.

Haron je plimno zaključan s Plutonom, i zbog svoje velike veličine u odnosu na Pluton baricentar Pluton-Haron je izvan Plutona, pa neki astronomi Pluton i Haron smatraju dvostrukim planetom, premda ovo nije prihvaćeno od strane Međunarodne svemirske unije (IAU). Svi ostali Plutonovi mjeseci orbitiraju oko baricentra Pluton-Haron.

Plutonovi mali sateliti

U ovu skupinu spada ostala četiri satelita. To su Hidra, Nikta, Kerber i Stiks.

Hidra je mjesec čije je otkriće objavljeno 31. listopada 2005. godine. Promjera je 50 km, a s udaljenošću od 65 000 km najudaljeniji je poznati mjesec Plutona. Također ima najduže razdoblje rotacije oko Plutona, 38 dana.

Otkriće Nikte je također objavljeno 31. listopada 2005. Promjera je 49 km, a nalazi se na udaljenosti od 49 000 km i okruži Pluton za 24 dana.

Kerber je mali Plutonov satelit čije je otkriće objavljeno 20. srpnja 2011. godine. S promjerom od 19 km, drugi je najmanji Plutonov mjesec. Kruži na udaljenosti od otprilike 58 000 km, a obiđe Pluton za 32 dana.

Stiks je najmanji Plutonov satelit čije je otkriće objavljeno 5. srpnja 2012. godine. Posljednji je otkriven Plutonov satelit, a ima samo 10 km u promjeru. Kruži na udaljenosti od 42 500 km, a obiđe Pluton za 20 dana.

Smatra se da su ovi sateliti nastali sudarom nepoznatog tijela iz Kuiperovog pojasa s Plutonom, i da je riječ o krhotinama iz tog sudara.

Popis satelita

Vidi još

 Pluton
 Haron (mjesec)

Izvori

Plutonovi prirodni sateliti


Anatoksin veya toksoit, ısı ve formülle değişime uğrayarak tüm toksin gücünü yitiren ve zararsız antijen niteliğini bütünüyle koruyarak bağışıklık yaratabilen mikrop toksini.

G.Ramon'un difteride bulup incelediği difteri anatoksini, başlangıçta difteriye tutulabilecek olan, yani pozitif Schick Tepkisi gösteren çocuklarda bağışıklık yaratmak için kullanıldı. Bugün bütün çocukların difteri ve tetanos anatoksiniyle aşılanması zorunludur; aşılama kesin ve güvenilir bir sonuç verir.

Alkaloidler

Anatoksin


Çapa, Fatih, İstanbul'da bir semt
 Çapa Tıp Fakültesi, İstanbul Tıp Fakültesinin halk arasındaki yaygın ismi.
 Çapa (tarım), Tarımda kullanılan bir alet.
 Çıpa, çapa da denen denizcilik aleti.

Çapa


The Halo Effect švedski je sastav melodičnog death metala koji su 2021. osnovali bivši članovi sastava In Flames. Prvi singl "Shadowminds" objavljen je 9. studenoga 2021. godine.

Članovi sastava

 Sadašnji članovi

 Peter Iwers – bas-gitara (2021. – danas)
 Daniel Svensson – bubnjevi (2021. – danas)
 Jesper Strömblad – gitara (2021. – danas)
 Niclas Engelin – gitara (2021. – danas)
 Mikael Stanne – vokal (2021. – danas)

Diskografija

Studijski albumi

 Days of the Lost (2022.)

Singlovi

 Shadowminds (2021.)
 Feel What I Believe (2022.)
 Days of the Lost (2022.)
 The Needless End (2022.)

Izvori

Švedski sastavi heavy metala
Sastavi melodičnog death metala

The Halo Effect


Broscodera es un género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Relación de especies:

 Broscodera insignis Mannerheim, 1852
 Broscodera dreuxi Deuve, 1990
 Broscodera holzschuhi Wrase, 1995

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Broscina

Broscodera


Rawbite er en økologisk frugt & nøddebar, der er udviklet i Danmark.

Rawbite bliver produceret på Rawbite Organic Factory i Bagsværd og forhandles i 35 lande.

Historie
Firmaet Rawbite blev grundlagt i 2010 af Morten Fullerton, Nikolaj Lehmann og Rolf Bau.

Referencer

Mad fra Danmark
Etableret i 2010

Rawbite


22739 Sikhote-Alin este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
22739 Sikhote-Alin este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Eric Walter Elst. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,92 ua, o excentricitate de 0,06 și o înclinație de 2,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 22001-23000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

22739 Sikhote-Alin


Edgar Dewdney,  (November 5, 1835 – August 8, 1916) was a Canadian surveyor, road builder, Indian commissioner and politician born in Devonshire, England. He emigrated to British Columbia in 1859 in order to act as surveyor for the Dewdney Trail that runs through the province. In 1870, Dewdney decided to take up a role in Canadian government. In this year, he was elected to the Legislative Council of British Columbia as a representative form the Kootenay region. In 1872, he was elected as a member of Federal Government for the Yale region representing the Conservative party. He was reelected to this position in 1874 and again in 1878. Dewdney served as Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories from 1879 to 1888, and the fifth Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia from 1892 to 1897. Additionally, he served as the Indian commissioner in the North-West Territories from 1879 until 1888.  In 1897, Dewdney retired from politics and began working as a financial agent until his death in 1916.

Throughout his political career, Dewdney played a role in the settlement of western Canada and defining the relationship between the government of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of the North-West in the nineteenth century. Dewdney experienced several political and humanitarian issues throughout his political appointments. As Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Territories, Dewdney had to manage with a starvation crisis faced by the Indigenous peoples after years of deliberate extermination of buffalo herds, promoted by the Government of Canada to force the Indigenous inhabitants off the land prior to its settlement. Additionally, as Indian Commissioner, Dewdney  subsequently tackled issues pertaining to the North-West Rebellion of 1885.

Early life and career
Edgar Dewdney was born in Bideford, England to parents Charles Dewdney and Fanny Hollingshead. He grew up in a wealthy family, providing him with many social opportunities. Dewdney had two marriages, neither producing any children. The first marriage was to Jane Shaw Moir in 1864, and the second in 1909 to Blanche Elizabeth Plantagenet Kemeys-Tynte. Dewdney originally wanted to pursue a career in civil engineering, studying the subject at Cardiff University. After his civil engineering training in 1859, he decided to start a life in the Pacific northwest in hopes of making a fortune with his newly acquired qualifications. Dewdney was also motivated to move to the North-West Territories after the discovery and further mining of gold in the Fraser Valley. He was active in the development of pack trails in the colony of British Columbia including the Dewdney Trail which became the main trail into the interior of the colony.

Dewdney was active in political life in British Columbia throughout the 1860s. Dewdney had a limited understanding of the functions of Canadian politics when his interests first piqued. After a few years in Provincial politics, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald requested Dewdney to become the Indian Commissioner in the North-West, as he knew of the "Indians" in the area quite well. Dewdney had an advantage due to his general knowledge of Indigenous peoples and that he did not originate from Ottawa. Later in his life, Dewdney held dual titles of Indian Commissioner and Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Territories. He was also the Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia and after three years retired and became a surveyor. Due to his prestigious career in politics, Dewdney was considered suitable to conduct the study and surveying of the Cascades. He discovered three routes, Allison, Coquihalla, and Railroad Passes in his 1902 exhibition. However, he disclosed that he never liked any of these routes due to their engineering difficulties. As a result, Dewdney suggested the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) should be built from Midway to Princeton, then north to Merritt and Spences Bridge, and have Fraser Canyon as the way through the Cascades. Dewdney is recognized as a legendary trail builder of colonial days in British Columbia, as this played a large role in the westward expansion of Canada. Despite this recognition, he faced issues regarding Canadian expansionism and the effect on Indigenous peoples.

Surveyor during the gold rushes of the 1860s

Dewdney was originally employed as a surveyor, and supervised the survey of New Westminster. In 1865, Dewdney was appointed by Governor Frederick Seymour to oversee the construction of a trail to the East Kootenay region of the British Columbia Interior so that coastal merchants might benefit from the burgeoning trade associated with gold mining in that area. This was also done to secure a line of communication within the region to prevent an American takeover of that part of the province. Although used for only a few years, parts of the Dewdney Trail, as it was known, remain to this day and are used for recreational hiking. Provincial Highway 3 largely follows the route of the Dewdney Trail.

Entry into politics
From 1868 to 1869, Dewdney became active in Colonial politics, representing the electoral district of Kootenay in the Legislative Council of British Columbia. After the colony joined Canadian Confederation in 1871, he served as a Conservative Member of Parliament for the riding of Yale following his election in 1872. He was appointed a member of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald's cabinet in 1879, where he served as Indian commissioner for the North-West Territories until 1888.

In 1881, Macdonald arranged Dewdney's appointment as Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories, then an executive position. Dewdney resigned his seat in the Commons, but remained Indian Commissioner during his term as Lieutenant-Governor, which lasted until 1888. Macdonald, along with being Prime Minister, held the cabinet post Minister of the Interior. Dewdney took orders directly from Macdonald. Responsible government had not been granted to the North-West Territories, so Dewdney was the Territories' head of government. Perhaps his most notable decision in office was changing the territorial capital from Battleford to Wascana — Cree for "Pile of Bones" — in 1883: a featureless location without water apart from a short spring run-off Wascana Creek, trees or topography. This is where Dewdney had secured a substantial real estate for himself adjacent to the near-future planned Canadian Pacific Railway line. Other townsites were also considered probable territorial capitals, including Fort Qu'Appelle and Qu'Appelle, the latter to the extent of having been designated the cathedral city of the new Diocese of Qu'Appelle by the Church of England in Canada. The matter was a national scandal at the time. Still, the initial major street of Pile of Bones, later renamed Regina by Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne, was called Dewdney Avenue.

After his term as Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories, Dewdney was again elected to Parliament and served as the member for Assiniboia East (now southeastern Saskatchewan) from 1888 to 1891. During this period he also served as Minister of the Interior and Superintendent of Indian Affairs.

In 1892, he was appointed to the non-executive viceregal post of Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia. He served in this post until 1897.

He retired from politics in 1900, after unsuccessfully running for Parliament in New Westminster, British Columbia.

In 1909, following the death his wife Jane, Dewdney remarried. His newlywed wife was Blanche Kemeys-Tynte, the daughter of Colonel Charles John Kemeys-Tynte of Halswell, Somerset, England.

Crisis: The starvation of the Indians

Upon taking office in May, 1879, Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories Edgar Dewdney came face to face with the plight of the natives in the wake of the disappearing buffalo. The mass extermination of buffalo, encouraged by the Government as an important step to depopulating the land and permitted its settlement, had had its intended effect on the Indigenous peoples who relied completely on every aspect of the buffalo for food, clothing and resources for housing. Indigenous peoples had already starved to death at Qu'Appele, Fort Walsh, Fort Macleod, Battleford, Carlton, Fort Pitt, Fort Saskatchewan, Edmonton, Touchwood Hills, Fort Ellice, Moose Mountain, Fort Calgary, and elsewhere. Dewdney's solution was to locate the native tribes on reserves. Their agents would teach them how to farm.

He reported conditions at the Blackfoot Crossing in July 1879 as follows:

By that autumn, seventeen instructors were established at different reserves along with supplies of tools and seed. They began to teach the natives how to farm.

Dewdney was later denounced for not responding to four official requests for food aid during the winter of 1882-83 for "over 2000 Indians here almost naked and on the verge of starvation". When finally pressed to send food supplies after the official requests, Dewdney stated it was government policy to use famine to force Indians onto reserves.

The Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples was conducted by Dewdney in 1880 regarding the administration of Indian Affairs in the North-West Territories. This communication was written to the Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs in Ottawa and provided insight into conditions in the North-West Territories during the 1880s. This report was controversial because it only provided a colonial viewpoint into the lives of Indigenous peoples. The Indigenous voice was omitted from the report, making the report bias to colonial views. Dewdney outlined in the Royal Commission to Inquire into Changes Affecting the Administration of Justice in the North-West Territories that the "scarcity of buffalo in Fort Walsh had not been exaggerated, and numbers of Indians of the Cree, Assiniboine and Blackfeet were awaiting the arrival of Col. MacLeod and myself." The decline of the buffalo populations created a famine which "reduced the Indians to a state of dependence on government relief supplies and even forced the Indians to seek government on their reserves." In order to resolve the starvation crisis, Dewdney proposed relocating all Indigenous peoples in the region onto reserves. Because of the scarcity in buffalo populations, the government had no other choice but to provide Indigenous peoples on reserves with food rations, distributed by the North-West Mounted Police.

Due to the high decline in the buffalo population, many Indigenous communities were facing starvation. Changes needed to be made in regards to the government's actions in controlling and alleviating the threat of a starvation crisis. Dewdney traveled to parts of the north-west with Col. James Macleod, the Commissioner of the North-West Mounted Police, in response to the threat of a starvation crisis. Before traveling to Blackfoot Crossing, Macleod stated in Fort Walk that the resolution to the buffalo problem and the starvation of the Indigenous peoples was to promote an agricultural lifestyle rather than one based on the reliance on buffalo. After observing the crisis at Blackfoot Crossing, Dewdney stressed that the Indigenous peoples there should work to relieve themselves of starvation that resulted from the disappearance of buffalo. He proposed stationing instructors on reserves in order to educate the Indigenous peoples on how to sustain an agricultural society, as well as to provide those on reserves with the necessary supplies. The Royal Commission shows that members of the Blackfoot nation were grateful for Dewdney's efforts made to ending the crisis. Both members of government in Ottawa and Dewdney believed that the Blackfoot Crossing could be a prosperous agricultural settlement. Upon arriving to Blackfoot, Dewdney hoped to talk about this possible prosperity but before his arrival, he had received news that a number of buffalo had crossed through the settlement and destroyed the crops.

In the early 1880s, government officials such as Dewdney withheld rations from Indigenous people as a tool to bring them into submission. From 1881 to 1883, it was recorded that buffalo and buffalo herds were headed towards Fort Walsh. Upon hearing this, Dewdney ordered that the food rations for Fort Walsh be reduced. The North-West Mounted Police began preparation to abandon their post at the fort, which meant Indigenous peoples could only receive their treaty payments and other assistance if or when they signed the treaty and moved north. Dewdney's refusal to allow the supply of relief to Indigenous communities created a volatile environment. In October 1882, reports from Augustus Jukes, senior surgeon for the Northwest Mounted Police, regarding the limited food and lack of shelter did not have an effect on Dewdney. As a result, Fort Walsh closed in 1882 which left many Indigenous people starved, unless they signed Treaty One or Treaty Two. Dewdney said that he would recognize any male Cree as a chief if he could get the support of one hundred or more men to accept him as a leader. As a result, many Metis, Cree and Assiniboine separated from their bands in order to receive the promised rations from the government.

In 1882, it was reported that Cree and Assiniboine that settled in the Cypress Hills were supplied with minimal food rations. As a result, many Cree and Assiniboine began travelling to Indian Head. However, many died along the journey as a result of starvation. The reserve in Indian Head was called Win-cha-pa-ghen, or Skull Mountainettes, because the mountains were covered with the victims of the starvation crisis who received little aid from the government of Canada. In the spring, many made the journey back to the Cypress Hills, where Augustus Juke reported that many of the Cree and Assiniboine were in a state of starvation and did not have the basic necessities of life. This was the direct result of the Indian Commissioner's insistence on letting them starve unless they complied with the government's request for them to sign treaties. Dewdney was quoted saying "the longer they continue to act against the wishes of the Government, the more wretched will they become."

In 1884, tensions between Louis Riel and the government were rising. Charles Borromée, the Justice of the Supreme Court of the North-West Territories and legal advisor in the North-West Territories, sent a letter to Edgar Dewdney on September 5, 1884, regarding the conditions of Indigenous communities during the North-West Rebellion. Borromée wrote "Riel can harm the country, and that the government must come to the assistance of the Indians or misery and starvation will result." Dewdney ultimately ignored this information, allowing the half breed (Metis) to starve.

In 1886, Dewdney described the state's initiatives to provide rations to Indigenous communities as a "policy of reward and punishment," implying that only bands deemed as "loyal" would receive rations, livestock, and other farming equipment. To help promote an agricultural society within Indigenous communities, treaties stipulated that farming supplies would be made available as well as livestock. Dewdney believed that one of the reasons Indigenous people could not become self supporting was due to the treaties failing to provide grist mills for grain farming. Dewdney, as Indian Commissioner, noted that there were insufficient resources and supplies despite the terms of the treaties. The government of Canada promoted self sufficiency in agriculture by Indigenous peoples as a way to offset the cost of famine relief from the government. However, the supplies that would help Indigenous peoples on reserves to create an agricultural based community were lacking. The lack of supplies from the government frustrated many.  The starvation crisis would symbolize the defining issue during Edgar Dewdney's tenure as Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories. The Crisis regarding the starvation of the natives is still seen as a major political and humanitarian crisis.

Northwest Rebellion of 1885

The North-West Rebellion of 1885 was an uprising led by the Metis and other Indigenous peoples of the North-West Territories against the Canadian government. The Metis felt threatened by the continuous buying and selling of land by the Canadian government. There was the question of whether the Metis would receive the land that they were entitled to, while the government continued to give more land to settlers. This, in conjunction with the decline in buffalo in the region and the lack of government relief, resulted in the North-West rebellion. The North-West Rebellion began as a peaceful protest by the Metis against the lack of government relief. The reinforcement of the North-West Mounted Police to the area was seen as a threat to the Metis, and helped to jumpstart violence between the Metis and the government. The violent altercation lasted for five months, with the eventual defeat of the Metis rebels by federal enforcers.

Edgar Dewdney was the Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Territories during the Riel-led rebellion of 1885. It is clear that there were many issues in the North-West region prior to the outbreak of the Metis rebellion. The North-West Mounted Police Superintendent L.N.F. Crozier acted as an informant for Dewdney in the events leading up to the outbreak of the rebellion. With the information that he had gathered, Dewdney believed that he could maintain peace within the region and that he had control of the situation. However, he did not have faith in the ability of Indian agents across the region to maintain and control the unrest that was beginning to arise within Indigenous communities. As a result, Dewdney called for the appointment of a second roving inspector in 1885, as he believed that it would be difficult for one man to do the job effectively over a vast amount of territory, as well as the fact that the current roving inspector T.P. Wadsworth was reporting his findings to other officials behind Dewdney's back. Since his arrival in the North-West Territories, Dewdney supported the increase of rations for Indigenous communities and believed that it was crucial that the terms outlined in treaties were met in order to maintain peace between the Metis and colonial settlers.

Land
The issue regarding Metis land claims and entitlement had been a topic of discussion for many years prior to the outbreak of rebellion. Louis Riel's return to Canada caught the attention of the Canadian government, which motivated the efforts of communities along the Saskatchewan River to advance political demands. The Federal Government was not willing to negotiate with the Metis on the matter. Metis leader, Louis Riel and the Metis forwarded their demands to Ottawa in 1884. Dewdney, as Lieutenant Governor, stated that the government would investigate the claims of those who did not receive land or script in Manitoba, but made no other promises. Riel wanted "land titles and government by the people" instead of Dewdney holding absolute power in the region. The issue had been brought up to Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald many times, but had always been pushed aside to prioritize other issues occurring within the dominion. Many settlers in the region were becoming anxious and feared the outbreak of a rebellion, so in February 1885, Dewdney urged the Prime Minister to respond to their demands from the Metis. This request was once again ignored. Later that month, officials in Saskatchewan began sending reports to Dewdney regarding Metis military action that had begun in the area. It had been reported that the Metis had obtained weapons and ammunition from colonial traders, which was considered illegal. This was alarming for Dewdney, who believed that action needed to be taken to control the Metis and suppress tensions. As a result, Dewdney prepared to send police to the area if conditions worsened. When Riel and his followers began to take prisoners and recruit support from individuals on nearby reserves, Dewdney allowed one hundred Mounted Police to intervene. Dewdney was devoted to preventing other Indigenous peoples on reserves from joining Riel in the North-West Rebellion as an attempt to keep settlers in the area at ease. Land was prioritized by Riel and the Metis in order to secure their future prosperity and survival in the area. Their demands were not recognized by the government of Canada and prompted some Metis communities to prepare for military action.

Rations used as means of control
Land and food were important tools used by the government of Canada to control Indigenous peoples. Therefore, land and food were key motivators in the resistance. Prior to the outbreak of the rebellion, Dewdney was unwilling to provide large amounts of rations to Metis settlements unless they were in extreme desperation. This mindset changed during the rebellion, as Dewdney's idea was to "tempt" Metis and other Indigenous peoples to remain on their reserve and remain devoted to the dominion by offering them more rations and goods. When violence broke out between Riel and the government, Dewdney conducted a tour of reserves in the area, listening to the specific needs of the individuals living on the reserves in an attempt to keep them content. Dewdney offered them more rations of tobacco, bacon, flour, and tea. This was done to keep the Indigenous people on the reserve loyal to the state and separated from the rebellious Metis. Dewdney maintained this appeasement strategy throughout the rebellion. He emphasized the need to be loyal to the state throughout the rebellion. Dewdney suggested that rations and other goods should be withheld from "rebel Indians" after the North-West Rebellion had ended, until it was decided how justice could be achieved. Dewdney believed that those who had been loyal to the state should be rewarded after the North-West Rebellion had ended. These individuals were awarded through the distribution of money and livestock.

The North-West Rebellion can be linked to the starvation crisis, which is represented in the Frog Lake Massacre. The Frog Lake Massacre on April 2, 1885, was due to the restlessness of the Native people in the area of Frog Lake due to the lack of food and resources. Theresa Delaney, a settler who was held captive whose husband was shot in Frog Lake believed that Edgar Dewdney should be blamed as a cause for the massacre in that while visiting Frog Lake, Dewdney made many promises in regards to food and aid, but none of the promises were fulfilled. Although the massacre cannot be directly linked to Dewdney's unfulfilled promises to the Indigenous peoples of Frog Lake, it is clear that the lack of government intervention at a time of crisis worsened the conditions. Due to the lack of resources, aid, and food provided to those in the region, it is clear that the residents of Frog Lake were living in unjust circumstances. Additionally, Dewdney acted as a mediator between the government and the Indigenous peoples of Frog Lake.

Result of the rebellion
The North-West Rebellion eventually ended on June 3, 1885, with subsequent consequences and as well as solutions to ensure there would be no repetition of violence. After the North-West Rebellion had ended, Dewdney took actions to improve the level of security on reserves. This was done to prevent another rebellion of the same nature from occurring in the region. Dewdney believed that all of those who were involved in the North-West Rebellion should be sentenced accordingly. He supported heavy jail sentences for the perpetrators and believed that many executions needed to be carried out in order to make a statement, including the execution of Louis Riel. Dewdney believed that the future of Indigenous communities lay in the younger generation. He feared Indigenous children and the power that they held. This was one of the arguments that justified his support the closing of day schools and the creation of Indian residential schools in order to fully transform Indigenous children into model citizens. He believed that children needed to be removed from the influence of their Indigenous parents and communities. This needed to be done in order to maintain control and ensure that another rebellion of similar nature did not occur. The failure of the North-West Rebellion caused the government of Canada to impose other regulations on the lives of individuals, such as Indian residential schools. The intended purpose of Indian residential schools were to isolate Indigenous children from the influences of their family in order to effectively assimilate them into Euro- Canadian society. These schools operated within Canada until 1996. They were opened and funded by the Canadian government and were operated by the Catholic church. At these schools, Indigenous children faced extreme physical, emotional, and sexual abuse as an assimilation tactic. The traumatization that Indigenous children faced at these schools has been passed down through generations and continues to have an extremely negative effect on Indigenous communities in the twenty-first century.

Honours
Dewdney had the prenominal "the Honourable" and the postnominal "PC" for life by virtue of being made a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on September 25, 1888.

Indigenous relations
Settler expansion westward further strained Indigenous and Crown relations. Metis and Indigenous peoples were affected by the increase in westward expansion and the methods of land settlement imposed by the government in Qu'Appelle and Saskatchewan. The Metis distrusted Dewdney due to his control over the land in question for settlement. New settlers arriving in the region began to push Metis out of Manitoba. The uncertainty regarding the fate of the Metis in Manitoba in regards to settler migration became a reality. Surveying of Metis land for the new settlers created new tensions, which Dewdney failed to acknowledge. There are some instances of Dewdney mediating territorial disputes as Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs, and while travelling the areas affected by the starvation crisis in 1879. He noted in the Royal Commission that the Sacree nation was in dispute with the Blackfeet over flour rations. The Sacree were forced to travel to Fort MacLeod in order to avoid further trauma caused by starvation, but voiced concern over the area also being inhabited by the Blackfeet. Dewdney ended the dispute and the Sacree agreed to move to Fort MacLeod. Dewdney was involved in mediating the territorial disputes between the Metis and settlers when tensions were heightened.

The early 1880s saw raids led by Indigenous bands to steal cattle and horses from ranchers. This is directly linked to the loss of buffalo in the area and the subsequent starvation crisis. These raids occurred across into the United States and created American tensions. As a Result, Dewdney created a permit system in 1882 so that groups such as the Blackfeet and Assiniboine could move across the border to hunt, visit relatives, and for leisure. Dewdney supported and defended the allegations against Canadian Indigenous peoples as being held responsible for the depredations in Northern Montana. Rancher anxieties and prompts from Americans due to raids by Indigenous peoples pushed Dewdney to move Indigenous bands "from the southern prairies of Assiniboia to reserves north of the Canadian Pacific Railroad." This plan disrupted bands searching and following remaining buffalo across the international boundary. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police were instructed to use force when faced with bands attempting to move north. Dewdney triumphantly claimed that there were no more natives north of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) line. As a result, the development of the CPR could continue further west by the instruction of Dewdney.

Concerning governance, Dewdney advocated for the enforcement of the Indian Act to dispose Indian chiefs. This would help the colonial government maintain power in local communities by removing Indigenous leadership and eradicating self-governance. As a result of this enforcement, arrests were made against those who were viewed as 'bad Indians.' The use of language such as 'bad Indians' left for interpretation that any Metis or Indigenous person that rejected government policy was atrocious. Additionally, Dewdney mediated territorial disputes as Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs while traveling areas affected by colonial expansion as well as food and land disputes.

Criticism
Dewdney has been criticized for using the courts as an extension of administering his own concept of justice He reportedly withheld rations from the Cree until he realized that it created more violence among them

Dewdney was known for making many promises to the Indigenous peoples which raised their morale, but ultimately leaving these promises unfulfilled. At the time of the North-West Rebellion, Dewdney was Indian Commissioner as well as Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories. This gave him a great deal of power and influence in the area and created criticism towards him, as many believe that he was able to abuse this power to ultimately achieve his goals. Dewdney was criticized for not responding to requests for food relief made to the government by Metis, Assiniboine and Cree in the winter of 1882 to 1883. The lack of a response from Dewdney in regard to official requests for food supplies to Indigenous communities can be seen as a tactic used in order to push Indigenous peoples onto reserves.

Additionally, there was concern that the Department of Indian Affairs, its agents, and Dewdney had secretly been in contact with Montana grocery and mercantile firm I.G. Baker Company. The worry was that the Department had purchased subpar goods to distribute to the Metis who were affected by the starvation crisis. It was claimed by the Hudson's Bay Company That Dewdney and other key officials in the North-West and Ottawa were linked with the company and therefore profiting off of the starvation crisis. Dewdney's relationship with the Baker Co. relates back to before his appointment as Indian Commissioner. Dewdney was known to involve himself in various business ventures and investments in the North-West that resulted in his personal financial gain. Flour supplied to Indigenous communities by the Baker Company was unfit for consumption and caused deaths in several reserves. Additionally, there was the belief that the food had been tampered with which created a formal independent investigation into the Baker Company's flour supply. It was determined that the flour was indeed substandard, which reflected negatively on Dewdney given his relationship with the Company.

Furthermore, there are also reports that Dewdney and other agents from the Department of Indian Affairs used food as a tool for coercion. Many Indigenous people on reserves were at the mercy of these agents.

Life after the rebellion
It is important to note that Dewdney never truly liked living in the North-West Territories, as he saw the land as bleak and lifeless. He also disliked the harsh climate of the North-West Territories, as it could become intolerable at times. Dewdney suffered from extreme back pain, preventing him from traveling on horseback and camping between reserves. Dewdney's wife Jane also expressed a longing to return to life in British Columbia, as it was filled with excitement and adventure. After the North-West Rebellion, Dewdney requested political appointments outside of the North-West. On September 12, 1888, he was named Minister of the Interior as well as superintendent general of Indian Affairs. Dewdney was appointed as Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia on November 2, 1892, and retired December 1, 1897. After his retirement from politics, Dewdney focused on business ventures. Throughout his life, Dewdney managed his personal finances poorly, resulting in his lack of pension to support him in his later life. Subsequently, he also focused on surveying projects for proposed railways in British Columbia. His wife Jane died in January 1909, which prompted his second marriage to Blanche Elizabeth Plantagenet Kemeys-Tynte in 1909. Money continued to be an issue for Dewdney up until his death. He attempted to receive a senate appointment as well as an appeal to receive a pension to aid him in his old age. He never received a senate appointment or a pension.  Edgar Dewdney died on August 8, 1916, in Victoria, British Columbia, at the age of eighty.

Legacy
A major east-west street in Regina, Dewdney Avenue, is named after him; Government House, the original Territorial government building and the local detachment of the RCMP (formerly its headquarters before these were transferred to Ottawa) and national training centre are on Dewdney Avenue.
Dewdney, British Columbia, is the name of a locality immediately east of Mission, British Columbia, located below the 920 m Dewdney Peak on the north shore of the Fraser River.  The community was the namesake of the former Dewdney provincial electoral district and also of the now-dismantled Dewdney-Alouette Regional District
The Dewdney Trunk Road was one of the earliest main roads in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia, running from Port Moody to the community of Dewdney.  Today it exists in sections in Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam and is a major thoroughfare running between Maple Ridge and Mission, ending short of Dewdney in the community of Hatzic.
The Last Mountain Lake Bird Sanctuary in Saskatchewan, established in 1887 upon Dewdney's recommendation and the first wildlife reserve of its type on the continent, was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1987.

Archives
There are Edgar Dewdney fonds at Library and Archives Canada and the Glenbow Library and Archives, University of Calgary.

See also
Politics of Canada
Northwest Territories
North-West Mounted Police
North-West Rebellion
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Hudson's Bay Company
Manitoba
Frog Lake Massacre
British Columbia
I. G. Baker Company

References

External links

E. Brian Titley (2003). "DEWDNEY, EDGAR." Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 14. University of Toronto/Université Laval. accessed July 11, 2014.
Edgar Dewdney Fonds and scanned documents.

1835 births
1916 deaths
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
English emigrants to pre-Confederation British Columbia
Lieutenant Governors of British Columbia
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from the Northwest Territories
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
People from Bideford
Lieutenant Governors of the Northwest Territories
People of the North-West Rebellion
Pre-Confederation British Columbia people
Pre-Confederation Saskatchewan people
British Columbia Conservative Party MLAs
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Members of the Legislative Council of British Columbia
Engineers from Devon

Edgar Dewdney


Hellinov zakon  je termin za teorijska očekivanja da jedan od 89 prirodnih trudnoća koje završavaju rođenjem blizanaca, trojki jednom u 892 rođenja, a četverostruko jednom u 893 rođenja, a koliko god je to moguće, x — za jednostruki porod se predviđa jedan od (89)x−1 rođenja.

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باتريك مولر  (17 ديسمبر 1976 في جينيف) لاعب كرة قدم سويسري ذو أصول نمساوية يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى موناكو الفرنسي وسويسرا في مركز قلب الدفاع.

المسيرة الرياضية
بدأ مولر مسيرته الرياضية ناشئا في نادي ميرين المحلي سنة 1984 ثم انتقل إلى نادي سيرفيت سنة 1994. بعد أربع سنوات انتقل إلى نادي غراسهوبر زيورخ. استطاع أن يلفت انتباه نادي ليون الفرنسي مما دعاه للتعاقد معه في سنة 2000 حيث ساهم في الفوز ببطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى مرتين 2001-2002 و2002-2003. انتقل إلى نادي ريال مايوركا الإسباني في يناير 2004. انتقل إلى نادي بازل السويسري سنة 2005 وساهم في الفوز ببطولة دوري الدرجة الممتازة موسم 2005-2006. في نهاية ذلك الموسم عاد إلى نادي ليون وساهم في الفوز مجددا ببطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى موسمين متتاليين 2006-2007 و2007-2008. قرر نادي ليون عدم تجديد عقد مولر وبالتالي قرر الأخير في 31 أغسطس 2008 الموافقة على الانتقال إلى نادي موناكو الفرنسي.

شارك مولر في أول مباراة دولية مع منتخب سويسرا أمام منتخب أيرلندا الشمالية وديا في أبريل 1998 تحت قيادة المدرب غيلبيرت غريس. تحت قيادة المدرب كوبي كوهن استطاع أن يلعب دور بارز في تأهل منتخب سويسرا للمشاركة في بطولة كأس الأمم الأوروبية لكرة القدم 2004 و2008 التين أقيمتا في البرتغال وسويسرا والنمسا معا ولكنه خرج من الدور الأول وأيضا تأهل للمشاركة في بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2006 التي أقيمت في ألمانيا ووصل فيها إلى الدور الثمن النهائي حيث خسر من منتخب أوكرانيا بركلات الجزاء الترجيحية.

الحياة الشخصية
مولر متزوج من كاتيا ولديه منها ابنة اسمها نورا (30 أبريل 2008) وابن اسمه دان (5 مارس 2006).

روابط خارجية

مراجع

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باتريك مولر