كاستر سيمينيا  (من مواليد 7 يناير 1991 في بولوكوان) هي عداءة جنوب أفريقية تنافس في المسافات المتوسطة. فازت ب 800 م في دورة ألعاب الكومنولث للشباب2008. وفازت في 800 م في بطولة العالم لالعاب القوى 2009 في برلين بوقت 1:55.45 في النهائي، وهو أفضل رقم شخصي، واسرع وقت في تلك السنة. في أغسطس 2009 أجرى الاتحاد الدولي لألعاب القوى اختبارا للتحقق من جنس سيمينيا في الأسابيع التي سبقت حدث 800 م في بطولة العالم. واظهرت النتائج الاختبارت أن جسم سيمينيا يحتوي على ثلاثة أضعاف مادة التستوستيرون التي توجد عادة في جسم المرأة . طلب الاتحاد الدولي لألعاب القوى إجراء هذه الفحوص خلال بطولة العالم بسبب مظهر اللاعبة الذي يميل للذكورة وكذلك الطفرة التي حققتها في بطولة العالم لألعاب القوى 2009.

في يوليو 2010، وافق الاتحاد الدولي على النتائج التي توصل إليها فريق من الأطباء الخبراء الدوليون، والذي يسمح لسيمينيا أن تشارك كامرأة بدون أي قيود.

في 16 نيسان 2016 فازت بلقب البطولة المحلية في سباق 800 متر بأفضل توقيت عالمي لتلك السنة، بدقيقة واحدة و56.48 ثانية .

مراجع

روابط خارجية

أعلام إل جي بي تي جنوبية إفريقية في القرن 21
فائزون بميداليات في ألعاب الكومنولث 2018
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
جنوب إفريقيون فازوا بالميدالية الذهبية الأولمبية
حائزون على ميداليات ذهبية أولمبية في ألعاب القوى
حائزون على ميداليات فضية أولمبية في ألعاب القوى
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2012
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
حائزون على ميداليات في بطولة العالم لألعاب القوى
حاصلون على وسام نيشان إيكهامنغا
خريجو جامعة بريتوريا
رياضيات سحاقيات
رياضيو المسار والميدان في ألعاب الكومنولث 2018
رياضيو المسار والميدان في الألعاب الإفريقية 2015
رياضيو المسار والميدان مثليون
رياضيون (الميدان والمضمار) شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2012
رياضيون (الميدان والمضمار) شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
رياضيون مثليون من جنوب إفريقيا
رياضيون من ليمبوبو
شخصيات مثلية القرن 21
عداءات مسافات متوسطة جنوب إفريقيات
عداؤو مسافات متوسطة أولمبيون
عداؤون جنوب إفريقيون
فائزون بميداليات ذهبية في ألعاب الكومنولث في ألعاب القوى
فائزون بميداليات ذهبية في ألعاب الكومنولث من جنوب إفريقيا
فائزون بميداليات ذهبية في الألعاب الإفريقية من جنوب إفريقيا
فائزون بميداليات ذهبية في بطولة العالم لألعاب القوى
فائزون بميداليات في ألعاب الكومنولث في ألعاب القوى
فائزون بميداليات في الألعاب الإفريقية في ألعاب قوى المضمار والميدان
لاعبات كرة قدم نسائية جنوب إفريقيات
لاعبو قوى أولمبيون من جنوب إفريقيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مثليون
منافسون في ألعاب الكومنولث من جنوب إفريقيا
منافسون في الألعاب الإفريقية من جنوب إفريقيا
مواليد 1991

كاستر سيمينيا


Georg Gustav Freiherr von Gayl (Berlin, 25. veljače 1850. – Stolp, 3. svibnja 1927.) je bio njemački general i vojni zapovjednik. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata zapovijedao je 10. ersatzkom i 13. landverskom divizijom na Zapadnom bojištu.

Vojna karijera
Georg von Gayl je rođen 25. veljače 1850. u Berlinu u pruskoj vojničkoj obitelji. Sin je pruskog generala Wilhelma von Gayla i Elise von Dassel. Završio je gimnaziju, te vojnu školu za kadete nakon čega je 1869. stupio u prusku vojsku služeći u 7. tirinškoj pješačkoj pukovniji smještenoj u Geri. S istom tijekom 1870. i 1871. sudjeluje Prusko-francuskom ratu i bitkama kod Beaumonta, Sedana, Saint-Quentina i Pierrefittea, kao i opsadi Pariza. U 7. tirinškoj pješačkoj pukovniji od srpnja 1871. obnaša dužnost pobočnika u III. bojnoj, da bi od siječnja 1872. preuzeo dužnost pobočnika pukovnije. Od listopada 1873. pohađa Prusku vojnu akademiju koju završava u srpnju 1876. kada je promaknut u čin poručnika. Vraća se na službu u 7. tirinšku pješačku pukovniju, gdje služi do prosinca 1877. kada je premješten u Koblenz gdje obnaša dužnost pobočnika u 30. pješačkoj brigadi. Od travnja 1879. raspoređen je na službu u Glavni stožer u Berlinu gdje se nalazi iduće dvije godine, do svibnja 1881., kada je premješten na službu u tjelesnu grenadirsku pukovniju "Kralj Friedrich Wilhelm III". U istoj, nakon što je u kolovozu 1883. unaprijeđen u čin satnika, zapovijeda III. satnijom. Od prosinca 1884. služi u stožeru X. korpusa u Hannoveru, a od svibnja 1886. u stožeru 8. pješačke divizije u Erfurtu gdje obnaša dužnost prvog stožernog časnika.

U ožujku 1889. promaknut je u čin bojnika, te raspoređen na službu u stožer IX. korpusa gdje također obnaša dužnost prvog stožernog časnika. Od studenog 1892. zapovijeda bojnom u 76. pješačkoj pukovniji u Hamburgu gdje je od kolovoza 1894. raspoređen na službu u stožer pukovnije. U međuvremenu je, u svibnju 1894., unaprijeđen u čin potpukovnika. U siječnju 1896. imenovan je načelnikom stožera IX. korpusa, dok je u ožujku 1897. promaknut u čin pukovnika. Od studenog 1898. zapovijeda 2. magdeburškom pješačkom pukovnijom "Princ Luj Ferdinand Pruski" i to do srpnja 1900. kada postaje privremeni zapovjednikom 74. pješačke brigade smještene u Stettinu. Idućeg mjeseca, u kolovozu, unaprijeđen je u čin general bojnika, te upućen u Kinu u stožer Vrhovnog zapovjedništva u Istočnoj Aziji. U istom u travnju 1901. postaje načelnikom, te sudjeluje u gušenju Bokserskog ustanka za što je i odlikovan. Nakon povratka u domovinu u prosincu 1901., imenovan je zapovjednikom 14. pješačke brigade kojom zapovijeda do siječnja 1903. od kada se ponovno nalazi na službi u Glavnom stožeru i to na mjestu prvog stožernog časnika. Istodobno od svibnja 1903. privremeno obnaša i dužnost načelnika stožera I. vojnog okruga u Danzigu. U travnju 1904. promaknut je u čin general poručnika, da bi dvije godine poslije, u veljači 1906., postao zapovjednikom 21. pješačke divizije u Frankfurtu na Majni. Predmetnom divizijom zapovijeda do umirovljenja u ožujku 1908. kada mu je dodijeljen i počasni čin generala pješaštva. Nakon umirovljenja, 1912. imenovan je u pruski Dom lordova, te intenzivno putuje po njemačkim kolonijama. Godine 1913. izabran je za potpredsjednika Njemačkog kolonijalnog društva.

Prvi svjetski rat
Na početku Prvog svjetskog rata Gayl je reaktiviran, te raspoređen u Više zapovjedništvo zamjenskih postrojbi. Međutim, 20. kolovoza 1914. imenovan je zapovjednikom novoustrojene 10. ersatzke divizije. Navedena divizija ušla je u sastav 6. armije kojom je na Zapadnom bojištu zapovijedao bavarski princ Rupprecht. Zapovijedajući navedenom divizijom sudjeluje u Bitci u Loreni. Tijekom 1915. s 10. ersatzkom divizijom sudjeluje u borbama između Meuse i Moselle, da bi u ljeto 1916. divizija sudjelovala u Bitci na Sommi. U svibnju 1917. Gayl je stavljen na raspolaganje, da bi u kolovozu iste godine bio imenovan zapovjednikom 13. landverske divizije. S istom u sastavu 18. armije sudjeluje u Proljetnoj ofenzivi u kojoj uspješno zapovijeda grupom divizija nazvanom Grupom Gayl. Za navedeno je 8. svibnja 1918. odlikovan ordenom Pour le Mérite. U rujnu 1918. sudjeluje u njemačkom porazu u Bitci kod St. Mihiela.

Poslije rata
Nakon završetka rata Gayl je s 2. prosincem 1918. umirovljen. Preminuo je 3. svibnja 1927. godine u 78. godini života u Stolpu.

Izvori
     Georg von Gayl na stranici Prussianmachine.com

Njemački vojni zapovjednici u Prvom svjetskom ratu

Georg von Gayl


27347 Dworkin este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
27347 Dworkin este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  în cadrul proiectului CSS. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,28 ua, o excentricitate de 0,09 și o înclinație de 6,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 27001-28000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

27347 Dworkin


Schizomeris, rod zelenih algi smješten u vlastitu porodicu Schizomeridaceae, dio reda Chaetophorales. Postoje dvije priznate vrste.

Schizomeris constricta (Setchell & N.L.Gardner) Berger & Knebel sinonim je za Rosenvingiellopsis constricta (Setchell & N.L.Gardner) Heesch, M.Pazoutová & Rindi.

Vrste
 Schizomeris irregularis F.E.Fritsch & M.F.Rich
 Schizomeris leibleinii Kützing -tipična

Izvori

Chaetophorales

Schizomeris


La Supercopa de Europa Femenina de baloncesto, es una competición anual, iniciada en 2009 y organizada por FIBA Europa, que enfrenta a los ganadores de los dos torneos continentales de clubes: el vigente campeón de la Euroliga con el vigente campeón de la Eurocopa.

La competición se celebra a partido único y tiene lugar a principio de temporada.

En la década de los 80 del  la FIBA inició un experimento en su modalidad masculina con una Supercopa de Europa de Baloncesto FIBA, actualmente desaparecida, siendo el único precedente de dicha competición (que enfrentaba a los campeones continentales) el Torneo Internacional de Clubes ACEB "Memorial Héctor Quiroga".

Ediciones

Palmarés

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Supercopa Femenina, fibaeurope.com

Competiciones de clubes femeninos de baloncesto de Europa

Supercopa de Europa femenina de la FIBA


تقع شلالات أوزود في إقليم أزيلال الذي يبعد 150 كيلومتر عن المنطقة الشمالية الشرقية في مراكش بالمغرب، و80 كم عن مدينة بني ملال، وأقرب منطقة لها قرية الأطلس الكبيرة لتاناجميلت، ويبلغ ارتفاع الشلالات حوالي 110 متر. تقع بإقليم أزيلال ويعتبر الموقع هو الأكثر زيارة في المنطقة. على مقربة من وديان خضراء وطواحين وبساتين وينابيع وادي العبيد.

التسمية

«أوزود» هي كلمة أمازيغية بمعنى الرحى الذي يدور بقوة دفع الماء، فكلمة أوزود تعني عملية طحن الحبوب، وكلمة إيزيد تعني الطحين، وكلمة أوزود تعني الزيتون أيضاً. إنّ قاع الشلالات سهل الوصول من خلال طريق مُظَلَّل بأشجارِ الزيتون. في قمّة الانهيارات أو الشلال، هناك دزينة من الطواحين الصغيرة القديمة التي ما زالت قيد الاستعمال. في الغسق، يمكن ملاحظة حشود كاملة من القردة. فيما تقود العديد من الجمعيات المحليّة والوطنية المشاريع لحماية وإبقاء والمحافظة على الموقع.

الوصف

تعتبر هذه الشلالات من بين أعلى الأماكن في المغرب، وغالبًا ما يغلب عليها قوس قزح، تقع في وادي ريفي أخضر، من الحجر الرملي الأحمر، مثل واحة، مزروعة ببساتين الزيتون، وأشجار اللوز، وأشجار التين، وغيرها. ولا تزال أشجار الخروب، وعشرات معاصر الزيت التقليدية الصغيرة في المنطقة.

يمكن الوصول إلى شلالات أوزود من مدينة آيت عتاب الصغيرة، على بعد حوالي 25 كم من بني ملال أو مراكش، عبر مدينة أولاد عياد، في الفقيه بن صالح.

السياحة

يوفر الموقع السياحي العديد من مواقع التخييم القائمة على أكواخ الخيزران والقصب البدائية، وأماكن السباحة، والمطاعم الصغيرة ذات المدرجات التي تُقدّم المأكولات البربرية، ومحلاّت الصناعة التقليدية من الأطلس المتوسط، على طول مسار المشاة الذي ينزل سفح الشلال. يتواجد بالموقع أيضا قرود المكاك البربري.

تنتعش السياحة خلال موسم الصيف، نظرا للاقبال المتزايد للزوار على السباحة في أحواض الشلال، و بحيراته التي تنتشر بمحاذاة المصب. ولا زالت القرية تحتفظ بالعديد من طواحين الماء التي تديرها قوة الشلال من أعلى، حيث تشكل رمزا تاريخيا ورثته أجيال المنطقة من جيل لاخر، حيث تعمل هذه الطواحين التقليدية البسيطة بوسائل بدائية جدا على طحن الحبوب ومنتجاتها الزراعية خاصة القمح والشعير والذرة وغيرها للأهالي.

انظر أيضًا
 السياحة في المغرب
 جبال الأطلس

مراجع

جغرافيا جهة بني ملال خنيفرة
شلالات المغرب
مواقع جذب سياحي في المغرب

شلالات أوزود


The Kingdom of Mysore  was a realm in southern India, traditionally believed to have been founded in 1399 in the vicinity of the modern city of Mysore. From 1799 until 1950, it was a princely state, until 1947 in a subsidiary alliance with British India. It then became Mysore State (later enlarged and renamed to Karnataka) with its ruler remaining as Rajapramukh until 1956, when he became the first Governor of the reformed state.

Notes

References

Further reading
 Yazdani, Kaveh. India, Modernity and the Great Divergence: Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.) (Leiden: Brill), 2017. xxxi + 669 pp.  online review

Further reading

Empires and kingdoms of India
Former countries in South Asia
Former monarchies of South Asia
ඓතිහාසික ඉන්දියානු ප්‍රදේශ
History of Karnataka
Princely states of India
States and territories established in 1399
States and territories disestablished in 1948
1399 establishments in Asia
1950 disestablishments in India
14th-century establishments in India

මයිසූර් රාජධානිය


A 41.ª edição da clássica ciclista Clássica de San Sebastián (nome oficial: Donostiako Klasikoa) foi uma corrida em Espanha que se celebrou a 30 de julho de 2022 com início e final na cidade de San Sebastián sobre um percurso de 224 quilómetros.

A corrida fez parte do UCI WorldTour de 2022, sendo a vigésima quarta competição do calendário de máxima categoria mundial, e foi vencida pelo belga Remco Evenepoel do Quick-Step Alpha Vinyl. Completaram o pódio, como segundo e terceiro classificado respectivamente, o francês Pavel Sivakov do Ineos Grenadiers e o também belga Tiesj Benoot do Jumbo-Visma.

Percurso
A concorrência percorreu a província de Guipúscoa no País Basco até à cidade de San Sebastián sobre um percurso de 224 quilómetros, assim mesmo, o número total de portos de montanha se mantém com 6 passos, Azkarate, Urraki, Alkiza, Jaizquíbel, Erlaitz e o último porto de Igueldo Murgil Tontorra com um comprimento de 2,1 quilómetros ao 10,1% para depois descer e finalizar sobre a cidade de San Sebastián.

Equipas participantes
Tomaram parte na corrida 23 equipas: 18 de categoria UCI WorldTeam e 5 de categoria UCI ProTeam. Formaram assim um pelotão de 156 ciclistas dos que acabaram 60. As equipas participantes foram:

Classificação final
 ''As classificação finalizou da seguinte forma:

Classificação geral

Ciclistas participantes e posições finais

Convenções:
 AB: Abandono
 FLT: Retiro por chegada fora do limite de tempo
 NTS: Não tomou a saída
 DES: Desclassificado ou expulsado

UCI World Ranking
A Clássica de San Sebastián outorgou pontos para o UCI World Ranking para corredores das equipas nas categorias UCI WorldTeam, UCI ProTeam e Continental. As seguintes tabelas são o barómetro de pontuação e os dez corredores que obtiveram mais pontos:

Referências

Ligações externas

 Página oficial

UCI WorldTour de 2022
2022
Desporto na Espanha em 2022

Clássica de San Sebastián de 2022


{{Şirket bilgi kutusu |
  company_name   = Activision, Inc. |
  company_logo   = |
  company_type   = |
  company_slogan = |
  foundation     = 1 Ekim 1979|
  defunct        = 2008
  successor      = Activision Blizzard
| location       = Santa Monica, Kaliforniya
| industry       = Bilgisayar ve Video Oyunları
| revenue        =  Yaklaşık 70 Milyar Dolar'a Microsoft tarafından satın alındı.|
  homepage       = http://www.activision.com/ |
  products       = Call of Duty serisi Diablo Doom serisiGuitar Hero serisiQuake serisiSoldier of Fortune serisiSekiro: Shadows Die Twice Starcraft Tony Hawk's serisi
|Üst kuruluş=Xbox Game Studios}}

Activision, bilgisayar oyunları dağıtımı yapan firmadır. Dağıtımını üstlendiği oyunlar arasında Call of Duty, Quake (lisans hakları artık Bethesda'nın) Doom, (lisans hakları artık Bethesda Softworks'e ait) Total War, Tony Hawk, Soldier of Fortune, Spider-Man, (lisans hakları Marvel'a devredildi) Guitar Hero gibi seriler bulunmaktadır.
2008 Yılında Blizzard Entertainment ile birleşmiş. 2022 yılında Xbox Game Studios tarafından satın alınmıştır. 1979 yılında Kaliforniya'da kurulmuştur. 2005 yılında şirketin değeri $1.4059 milyar dolar olarak hesaplanmıştır.

 Dağıttığı oyunlar
 Barnstorming (1981) (Atari 2600)
 River Raid (1982) (Atari 2600)
 Battlezone (1998)
 Call of Duty (2003)
 Civilization: Call to Power (1999)
 Doom 3 (2004)
 GUN (2005)
 Hacker (1985)
 MechWarrior 2: 31st Century Combat (1995)
 The Movies (2005)
 Pitfall! (1982) (Atari 2600)
 Quake (1996) and the Quake series
 Rome: Total War (2004)
 Star Trek: Armada (2000)
 Star Trek: Bridge Commander (2002)
 Tony Hawk's Pro Skater (1999)
 Vampire: The Masquerade - Bloodlines (2004)
 X-Men Legends (2004)
 X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse (2005)
 Prototype (2009)
 Prototype 2 (2012)
 Cabelas 4X4 Off Road Adventure 3
 Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice (2019)
 Call of Duty 3: Remade 2006 - Developed by Worldsoft and used Worldsoft in house custom engine

Çalıştığı firmalar
 Tüm Çalıştığı Firmalar Listesi
 Beenox Studios
 Infinity Ward
 ID Software
 Luxoflux Corp.
 Neversoft
 Raven Software
 Shaba Games
 Toys for Bob
 Treyarch
 Vicarious Visions
 Z-Axis Ltd.

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi Web Sitesi

Kaynakça

Video oyunu yapım şirketleri
1970'lerde kurulan video oyunu şirketleri
1979'da kurulan şirketler
1970'lerde kurulan yayınevleri

Activision


Plazomicina este un antibiotic din clasa aminoglicozidelor de generație nouă, fiind un analog de gentamicină și derivat de sisomicină. Substituenții introduși pe structura sisomicinei sunt: rest de acid hidroxi-aminobutiric în poziția 1 și un rest hidroxietil în poziția 6'. A fost aprobată pentru uz uman de către Food and Drug Administration în iunie 2018. Este utilizată în tratamentul infecțiilor de tract urinar complicate, datorate bacteriilor foarte rezistente.

Spectru de activitate
Plazomicina prezintă o activitate sinergică în combinație cu daptomicină sau ceftobiprol împotriva stafilococului auriu meticilino-rezistent (MRSA) și stafilococului auriu vancomicino-rezistent (VRSA) și în combinație cu cefepimă, doripenem, imipenem sau piperacilină/tazobactam împotriva Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Prezintă activitate in vitro împotriva Acinetobacter baumannii rezistent la carbapeneme.

Note

Vezi și
 Gentamicină
 Sisomicină

Aminoglicozide

Plazomicină


W20 peut faire référence à :
 Heurt causé par le lancement ou la chute d'un objet, d'après la classification internationale des maladies ;
 W20, la vingtième semaine du calendrier.

Voir aussi
 Sigles d'une lettre suivie de deux chiffres

W20


La Venelle en Boucle (Loopsteeg en néerlandais) est une venelle bruxelloise de la commune de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre qui va de la Venelle aux Quatre Nœuds au PI du White Star sur une longueur totale de .

Historique et description

La Venelle est Boucle est une voie piétonne qui fait partie de la cité Les Venelles.

La Cité-jardin « Les Venelles » est conçue en 1974 par les architectes du groupe AUSIA, Michel Benoît, Jean de Salle, Thierry Verbiest, A. Remoli, Chr. Roffian et Fr. Durt. Les mêmes architectes avaient déjà conçu, en 1969, les plans de la Cité de l'Amitié, située non loin de là. Cette dernière a largement inspiré le projet des Venelles. Le permis d'urbanisme est délivré le  et la cité érigée entre 1975 et 1977, par les entreprises François.

Le complexe compte dix-sept bâtiments totalisant ensemble 364 logements. Ils se répartissent sur un terrain en pente de quatre hectares, l'ancien terrain du club de football White Star, qui s'étendait à l'intérieur d'un vaste îlot formé par les rue Mertens, rue Van Bever, rue Kelle, rue au Bois et l'avenue Parmentier. La cité est presque entièrement ceinturée par les constructions plus anciennes à front de ces rues.

Situation et accès

Inventaire régional des biens remarquables

Voir aussi
 Liste des rues de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Liens externes
 Commune de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Notes et références

 La Chanson des rues de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre de Jean Francis. Louis Musin Éditeur – Bruxelles 1975

Venelle à Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Venelle en Boucle


Blue Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Blue Township (Kansas)
 Blue Township (Missouri)

Siehe auch:
 Little Blue Township

Blue Township


Kula tepeleri, Manisa ili Kula İlçesi sınırları içerisinde yer alır ve Türkiye'nin en genç volkanik sahası olarak bilinmektedir. Demirköprü Barajı yakınlarında volkanik sahada İlkel ayak izleri rastlanmış olup Salihli-Köprübaşı yolu Sindel Köyü yolu kavşağında görülebilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Divlit Yanardağı
 Türkiye'deki dağlar listesi
 Türkiye'deki yanardağlar

Kaynakça

Türkiye'deki yanardağlar
Kül konileri
Tepe

Kula Tepeleri


The Swiss Family Robinson (German: Der Schweizerische Robinson, "The Swiss Robinson") is a novel by the Swiss author Johann David Wyss, first published in 1812, about a Swiss family of immigrants whose ship en route to Port Jackson, Australia, goes off course and is shipwrecked in the East Indies.  The ship's crew is lost, but the family and several domestic animals survive.  They make their way to shore, where they build a settlement, undergoing several adventures before being rescued; some refuse rescue and remain on the island.

The book is the most successful of a large number of "Robinsonade" novels that were written in response to the success of Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719). It has gone through a large number of versions and adaptations.

History
Written by Swiss writer Johann David Wyss, edited by his son Johann Rudolf Wyss, and illustrated by another son, Johann Emmanuel Wyss, the novel was intended to teach his four sons about family values, good farming, and the uses of the natural world and self-reliance. Wyss' attitude towards its education is in line with the teachings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and many chapters involve Christian-oriented moral lessons such as frugality, husbandry, acceptance, and cooperation.

Wyss presents adventures as lessons in natural history and physical science. This resembles other educational books for young ones published about the same time. These include Charlotte Turner Smith's Rural Walks: in Dialogues intended for the use of Young Persons (1795), Rambles Farther: A continuation of Rural Walks (1796), and A Natural History of Birds, intended chiefly for young persons (1807). But Wyss' novel is also modeled after Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story about a shipwrecked sailor first published in 1719.

The book presents a geographically impossible array of large mammals and plants that probably could never have existed together on a single island, for the children's education, nourishment, clothing, and convenience.

Over the years, there have been many versions of the story with episodes added, changed, or deleted. Perhaps the best-known English version is by William H. G. Kingston, first published in 1879. It is based on Isabelle de Montolieu's 1814 French adaptation and 1824 continuation (from chapter 37) Le Robinson suisse, ou, Journal d'un père de famille, naufragé avec ses enfants in which were added further adventures of Fritz, Ernest, Jack, and Franz. Other English editions that claim to include the whole of the Wyss-Montolieu narrative are by W. H. Davenport Adams (1869–1910) and Mrs H. B. Paull (1879). As Carpenter and Prichard write in The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature (Oxford, 1995), "with all the expansions and contractions over the past two centuries (this includes a long history of abridgments, condensations, Christianizing, and Disney products), Wyss's original narrative has long since been obscured." The closest English translation to the original is that of the Juvenile Library in 1816, published by the husband and wife team William Godwin and Mary Jane Clairmont, reprinted by Penguin Classics.

Although movie and television adaptations typically name the family "Robinson", it is not a Swiss name. The German title translates as The Swiss Robinson which identifies the novel as part of the Robinsonade genre, rather than a story about a family named Robinson.

Plot

The novel opens with a Swiss family in the hold of a sailing ship, weathering a great storm. The ship's crew evacuates without them, so William, Elizabeth, and their four sons (Fritz, Ernest, Jack, and Franz) are left to survive alone. As the ship tosses about, William prays that God will spare them.

The ship survives the night, and the family finds themselves within sight of a tropical desert island. The following day, they decide to get to the island they can see beyond the reef. With much effort, they construct a vessel out of tubs. After they fill the tubs with food, ammunition, and other items of value they can safely carry, they row toward the island. Two dogs from the ship, Turk and Juno, swim beside them. The ship's cargo of livestock (including a cow, a donkey, two goats, six sheep, a ram, a pig, chickens, ducks, geese, and pigeons), guns and powder, carpentry tools, books, a disassembled pinnace and provisions have survived.

Upon reaching the island, the family set up a makeshift camp. William knows that they must prepare for a long time on the island and his thoughts are as much on provisions for the future as on their immediate wants. William and his oldest son Fritz spend the next day exploring the island.

The family spends the next few days securing themselves against hunger. William and Fritz make several trips to the ship to bring everything useful from the vessel ashore. The domesticated animals on the ship are towed back to the island. There is also a great store of firearms and ammunition, hammocks for sleeping, carpenter's tools, lumber, cooking utensils, silverware, and dishes. Initially, they construct a treehouse, but as time passes (and after Elizabeth is injured climbing the stairs down from it), they settle in a more permanent dwelling in part of a cave. Fritz rescues a young Englishwoman named Jenny Montrose, who was shipwrecked elsewhere on their island.

The book covers more than ten years. William and the older boys explore various environments and develop homes and gardens at various sites about the island. Ultimately, the father wonders if they will ever see the rest of humanity again. Eventually, a British ship that is in search of Jenny Montrose anchors near the island and is discovered by the family. The captain is given the journal containing the story of their life on the island, which is eventually published. Several family members continue to live tranquilly on their island, while several return to Europe with the British.

Characters

The principal characters of the book (including Isabelle de Montolieu's adaptations and continuation) are:
 William (unnamed in the original) – The patriarch of the family. He is the narrator of the story and leads the family. He knows an enormous amount of information on almost everything the family comes across, demonstrating bravery and self-reliance. The German text calls him a Schweizer-Prediger (Swiss preacher), but this detail is absent from English and French translations.
 Elizabeth (unnamed in the original) – The loving mother of the family. She is intelligent and resourceful, arming herself even before leaving the ship with a "magic bag" filled with supplies, including sewing materials and seeds for food crops. She is also a remarkably versatile cook, taking on anything from porcupine soup to roast penguins.
 Fritz – The oldest of the four boys, he is 15. Fritz is intelligent but impetuous. He is the strongest and accompanies his father on many quests.
 Ernest () – The second oldest of the boys is 13. Ernest is the most intelligent, but a less physically active boy, often described by his father as "indolent". Like Fritz, however, he comes to be an excellent shot.
 Jack () – The third oldest of the boys, 11 years old. He is thoughtless, bold, energetic, and the quickest in the group.
 Franz (sometimes translated as Francis) – The youngest of the boys, he is eight years old when the story opens. He usually stays home with his mother.
 Turk () – The family's English dog.
 Juno () – The family's Danish dog.
 Nip (also called Knips or Nips in some editions; called Knips in the German) – An orphan monkey adopted by the family after their dogs Turk and Juno have killed his mother. The family uses him to test for poisonous fruits.
 Fangs () – A jackal that is tamed by the family.

In the novel, the family is not called "Robinson" as their surname is not mentioned; the intention of the title is to compare them to Robinson Crusoe. However, in 1900, Jules Verne published The Castaways of the Flag (alternatively known as Second Fatherland), where he revisits the original shipwreck. In this sequel, of the family's final years on the original island, the family is called Zermatt.

Other adaptations
The novels, in one form or another, have also been adapted numerous times, sometimes changing location and time period:

Book sequels
 Le Robinson suisse, ou, Journal d'un père de famille, naufragé avec ses enfants (1824) by Isabelle de Montolieu, new edition of the novel with further adventures.
 Willis the Pilot: a sequel to The Swiss family Robinson; or, Adventures of an emigrant family wrecked on an unknown coast of the Pacific Ocean (1858) has been attributed to Johann Wyss or to Johanna Spyri, author of Heidi.
 Second Fatherland (Seconde patrie, 1900), by Jules Verne takes up the story at the point where Wyss's tale left off. It was first published in English in two volumes, Their Island Home and Castaways of the Flag, and later in a single volume as Castaways of the Flag.
  Return to Robinson Island (2015), by T. J. Hoisington, based on the original 1812 Swiss Family Robinson novel.

Audio adaptations
In 1963, the novel was dramatized by the Tale Spinners for Children series (United Artists Records UAC 11059) performed by the Famous Theatre Company.

Film versions
 Perils of the Wild (1925 serial film)
 Swiss Family Robinson (1940 film)
 Swiss Cheese Family Robinson (Mighty Mouse short, 1947)
 Swiss Family Robinson (1958, TV movie)
 Swiss Family Robinson (1960 Walt Disney live-action film)
 Lost in Space (1998, inspired by the 1965-1968 American TV series which was inspired by the book)

Made-for-TV movies
 Swiss Family Robinson: Lost in the Jungle (1957) — Unaired pilot for a hypotethical series, released in DVD only in 2000.
 Swiss Family Robinson (1958) — Starring Laraine Day, Walter Pidgeon, Dennis Hopper and Patty Duke.
 The Swiss Family Robinson (1973) – Animated adaptation.
 The Swiss Family Robinson (1975) — pilot to the American series of the same year.
 Beverly Hills Family Robinson (1998)
 The New Swiss Family Robinson (1998) — Starring Jane Seymour, James Keach and David Carradine.
 Stranded (2002)

Television series
 English Family Robinson (1957) — British series, believed to be lost.
 Lost in Space (1965–1968) — A science fiction adaptation in which the Robinsons are a family of explorers whose spacecraft goes off course.
 Swiss Family Robinson (1973) — Episode 14 of animated series Festival of Family Classics by Rankin/Bass.
 Swiss Family Robinson (1974) —  Canadian series starring Chris Wiggins.
 Swiss Family Robinson (1975) — American series starring Martin Milner.
 The Swiss Family Robinson: Flone of the Mysterious Island (1981) — A Japanese anime series.
 The Swiss Family Jetson (1986) — An episode of the animated series The Jetsons modeled after Johann Wyss's book.
 The Adventures of Swiss Family Robinson (1998) — New Zealand series starring Richard Thomas.
 Lost in Space (2018 – 2021) — A Netflix adaptation of the 1965 Lost in Space.
 Swiss Family Robinson (TBA) — A Disney+ adaptation currently in development.

Direct-to-video films

 Swiss Family Robinson (1996)

Comic book series
 Swiss Family Robinson (1947) — Classics Illustrated adaptation of the original novel
 Space Family Robinson (1962–1984) — science fiction adaptation
 Swiss Family Mouse n' Sons (c. 1962) — straight adaptation with the Disney characters playing the roles

Stage adaptations
 Swiss Family Robinson written by Jerry Montoya and performed at B Street Theatre in Sacramento, California, in 2009.

Computer adventure game
 Swiss Family Robinson created in 1984 by Tom Snyder Productions for the Apple II and Commodore 64, published under the Windham Classics label.  The player takes the role of Fritz, the eldest brother.

Parody
 The New Swiss Family Robinson by Owen Wister (1882).

See also

 The Admirable Crichton
 Cast Away
 The Coral Island
 Lost in Space
 Masterman Ready, or the Wreck of the Pacific
 Robinson Crusoe

Footnotes

References

 Wyss, Johann. The Swiss Family Robinson, ed. John Seelye. Penguin Classics, 2007. The only unabridged complete text genuinely by Wyss (and his son) is currently in print.

External links

 The Swiss Family Robinson, available at Internet Archive (original edition scanned books with illustrations in color)
 The Swiss Family Robinson is available at Google Books (original edition scanned books with illustrations)
  (plain text and HTML). Version unknown, ca. 1850, missing two pages of text.
  (plain text). Kingston's 1879 translation.
Original German text on Google Books
 "A Note on Wyss's Swiss Family Robinson, Montolieu's Le Robinson suisse, and Kingston's 1879 text", by Ellen Moody. Information about the book and its many versions.

1812 German-language novels
Swiss children's novels
Novels set on fictional islands
Novels set on uninhabited islands
Swiss novels adapted into films
Novels about survival skills
Swiss novels adapted into television shows
Novels set in the Indian Ocean
1810s children's books
Children's books set on islands
Children's books set in the Indian Ocean

The Swiss Family Robinson


Mevinphos ist ein Wirkstoff für Pflanzenschutzmittel, es ist eine chemische Verbindung aus der Gruppe der Organophosphate bzw. Phosphorsäureester.

Gewinnung und Darstellung
Mevinphos kann durch Perkow-Reaktion von Trimethylphosphit mit Methyl-2-chloracetoacetat gewonnen werden.

Eigenschaften
Mevinphos ist eine in Reinform farblose, als technisches Produkt hellgelbe bis orange, nur sehr schwer entzündliche Flüssigkeit mit schwachem Geruch, die mischbar mit Wasser ist. Das technische Produkt besteht zu ca. 60 % aus dem cis-Isomer. Es ist im neutralen und sauren Milieu weitgehend stabil, hydrolysiert jedoch rasch unter alkalischen Bedingungen.

Verwendung
Mevinphos wurde früher als Insektizid und Akarizid verwendet. Es wirkt durch Hemmung der Cholinesterase.

Zulassung
Die Substanz wurde 2002 nicht in die Liste der in der Europäischen Union zugelassenen Pflanzenschutzwirkstoffe aufgenommen. In den Staaten der EU und in der Schweiz sind keine Pflanzenschutzmittel mit diesem Wirkstoff zugelassen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Phosphorsäureester
Alkensäureester
Pflanzenschutzmittel (Wirkstoff)
Insektizid

Mevinphos


USS Vogelgesang (DD-862) was a  in the United States Navy. She was named for Rear Admiral Carl Theodore Vogelgesang USN (1869–1927).

Vogelgesang was laid down by the Bethlehem Steel Corporation at Staten Island in New York on 3 August 1944, launched on 15 January 1945 by Miss Zenaide Vogelgesang and commissioned on 28 April 1945.

Service history
Vogelgesang alternated operations along the United States East Coast and in the Caribbean Sea with the Second Fleet with deployments to the Mediterranean with the Sixth Fleet, underwent an extensive Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization (FRAM) overhaul at the Boston Naval Shipyard between 1 March 1962 and 31 January 1963, served as part of the Project Gemini recovery force which picked up the unmanned experimental Gemini 2 spacecraft in January 1965, and served as plane guard for carriers on "Yankee Station" in the Tonkin Gulf, participated in "Sea Dragon" operations, patrolled on search and rescue duties and carried out naval gunfire support missions during the Vietnam War.

1945–1959
Vogelgesang conducted shakedown training out of Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, from mid-May to late June and returned to New York on 24 June for post-shakedown availability. In July, she moved to Newport, Rhode Island, for gunnery exercises and, in August, began duty at Norfolk as a training platform for destroyer nucleus crews. In October, she interrupted her training schedule to take part in the Navy Day festivities at New York but resumed those duties in November. For the next two years, the destroyer operated out of Norfolk, along the east coast, and in the West Indies, conducting exercises both independently and in company with other units of the United States Atlantic Fleet. On 10 November 1947, she stood out of Norfolk on her first deployment to the Mediterranean Sea. She arrived at Gibraltar on 20 November and, after a little more than three months of exercises and port visits, departed the "middle sea" on 2 March 1948.

The warship arrived back in Norfolk on 11 March and resumed a normal schedule of Second Fleet operations. She ranged up and down the east coast until 4 January 1949 at which time she headed back to the Mediterranean. Vogelgesang completed her second deployment to the Sixth Fleet on 14 May, departed Gibraltar that day, reentered Norfolk on the 23d, and commenced a two-month upkeep period.

Over the next eight years, Vogelgesang alternated five deployments to the Mediterranean with tours of duty along the east coast and in the West Indies. In addition, she also visited northern European ports during the summer of 1956 while on a midshipman training cruise. Her five Mediterranean tours consisted of normal training operations with units of the Sixth Fleet and with elements of Allied navies as well as port visits at various points throughout the Mediterranean. In 1957, there came a change in Vogelgesang's routine of the previous eight years. She deployed to the Mediterranean once more in July; but, on this deployment, she added service in the Indian Ocean.  She added Aden and Massawa in Eritrea to her list of ports of call. In December, when she returned to the Mediterranean for another deployment with the Sixth Fleet, she again transited the Suez Canal, repeated her former visits to middle eastern ports, and added Bahrain Island and Abadan, Iran, to her itinerary.

During the following nine years, Vogelgesang continue her schedule of alternating Mediterranean cruises and Sixth Fleet operations.

1960–1970
The motto: Drauf Und Dran was established in 1960 by Cdr. Robert P. Foreman, Commanding Officer during a visit to the ship by officers of the German Navy whose ships were visiting the Charleston, SC Naval Base.  In October, 1960, she departed for a goodwill trip with four other ships to South America and Africa called SOLANT AMITY as part of President Eisenhower's "People to People Program."  Ports of call included Trinidad, Belem Brazil, Senegal, Guinea, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Congo, and South Africa. Highlights of the trip included members of the crew singing Christmas carols for Milton Margai, the first prime minister of an independent Sierra Leone at his residence. The prime minister invited the crew into his home, offered everyone a glass of wine, and played the violin for us. In early 1961, Vogelgesang and USS Gearing (DD-710) were called to intercept the Santa Maria, a Portuguese cruise ship which had been hijacked in the Caribbean.  Both ships left Abidjan, Ivory Coast, crossed the Atlantic, and followed Santa Maria into Recife, Brazil.  The story is featured in Charles Kuralt's book, A Life on the Road.  During the African tour, Vogelgesang diverted course and conducted a brief "Crossing the Line" ceremony at 0 degrees latitude and 0 degrees longitude.

In 1961 and 1962, she provided support for the Project "Mercury" space shot.

On 1 March 1962, she entered the Boston Naval Shipyard to begin a fleet rehabilitation and modernization (FRAM) overhaul. For the next 10 months, she underwent extensive structural changes as well as equipment installation to improve greatly her anti-submarine warfare capabilities. She completed her FRAM conversion on 31 January 1963 then deployed to Guantanamo Bay where she did picket duty as part of the post-Cuban Missile Crisis operation. During this deployment the Vogelgesang was charged with a humanitarian mission to the Dominican Republic. She resumed normal operations at Norfolk. In 1964, she participated in two binational exercises with Canadian ships, CANUS SILEX in March and CANUS SLAMEX in September.

In October and November, she returned to European waters to participate in a large amphibious exercise, "Operation Steel Pike I," carried out on the Atlantic coast of Spain. In January 1965, the warship served as part of the recovery force which picked up an unmanned experimental Gemini spacecraft. In June, she deployed to the Mediterranean once again for a two-month tour of duty with the Sixth Fleet. Vogelgesang resumed Second Fleet operations early in September following another joint United States-Canadian exercise in August on her way back from Europe. On 3 December, she began her first regular overhaul since her FRAM conversion when she entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard.

Vogelgesang completed overhaul and sea trials on 22 March 1966 and resumed normal duty with the U.S. Atlantic Fleet. That assignment lasted until 1 June at which time she and the other ships of Destroyer Squadron (DesRon) 32 steamed out of Norfolk for a deployment to the western Pacific with Commander Destroyer Division 322 (COMDESDIV 322) embarked. Steaming by way of the Panama Canal, Pearl Harbor, and Guam, she and the other ships of Destroyer Squadron 32 reported for duty with the Seventh Fleet at Subic Bay in the Philippines on 15 July. On 19 July, she headed for the Gulf of Tonkin in the screen of the aircraft carrier . The task group arrived in the gulf on 28 July, and Vogelgesang provided anti-submarine defense and plane guard services as the carrier's air group struck at targets in North Vietnam. On 15 August, the destroyer closed the shores of South Vietnam to provide gunfire support for troops operating ashore. On the night of 18 and 19 August, her 5 inch guns succeeded in breaking up a company-strength Viet Cong attack on a Popular Forces outpost near Huong Dien. Reports credited her main battery with killing 70 and wounding 40 of the attacking guerrillas. In addition to service in Vietnamese waters, the warship made visits to Hong Kong and Kaohsiung on Taiwan as well as periodic stops at Subic Bay for upkeep and replenishments. Vogelgesang concluded her only combat cruise during the Vietnam War on 10 November when she stood out of Subic Bay, bound — via the Indian Ocean, the Suez Canal, and the Mediterranean Sea — for Norfolk. She completed her round-the-world cruise at her home port on 17 December.

After post-deployment standdown, Vogelgesang resumed her schedule alternating Mediterranean cruises with operations out of Norfolk. She spent the first 10 months of 1967 engaged in training operations along the east coast and in the West Indies. On 14 November 1967, the warship stood out of Norfolk for her first tour of duty with the Sixth Fleet since 1965. On 24 November, she conducted turnover ceremonies at the Spanish island of Majorca and officially joined the Sixth Fleet. For the next five months, the destroyer ranged the length and breadth of the Mediterranean, conducting training evolutions and making port visits. On 13 April 1968, she departed Málaga, Spain, to return to Norfolk.

After a 10-day transit, she reentered her home port on the 23rd. She resumed normal Second Fleet operations until 22 July at which time she departed Norfolk for a cruise to South American waters to participate in UNITAS IX, a series of multinational exercises with units of various Latin American navies. She concluded that assignment on 3 September when she reentered Norfolk.

Normal operations and a series of tender availabilities in preparation for overhaul occupied her time from September 1968 to June 1969. On 2 June 1969, she departed Norfolk, en route to Boston. The warship entered the Boston Naval Shipyard and commenced regular overhaul on 5 June. She concluded sea trials successfully late in September and departed Boston on 3 October and arrived in Norfolk on the 5th. For the remainder of the year, the ship conducted post-repair exercises and refresher training in the Guantanamo Bay operating area. She returned to Norfolk on 14 December and remained in port for the rest of the year.

1970–1980
Normal operations out of Norfolk occupied her until 30 April 1970 at which time she embarked upon another Mediterranean tour of duty. She changed operational control to Sixth Fleet on 10 May and conducted turnover at Majorca between the 12th and the 17th. For the first four months of the deployment, Vogelgesang conducted normal Sixth Fleet operations — port visits and training evolutions. However, early in September, she joined a special contingency force assembled in the eastern Mediterranean in response to Syrian intervention in the Jordanian civil war on the side of militant, anti-government, Arab guerrillas. She cruised that portion of the sea from 5 September to 6 October. Finally, however, the American show of force succeeded in getting the Syrian forces to withdraw from Jordan, and Vogelgesang rejoined Sixth Fleet. On 8 November, she departed Palma de Majorca to return home.

The warship reentered Norfolk on 17 November and remained there through the end of the year. The destroyer resumed normal Second Fleet operations early in 1971 and remained so occupied for the next 11 months.

On 1 December 1971, she departed Norfolk for another tour of duty with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean. She arrived in port at Rota, Spain, on the 9th and conducted turnover ceremonies. For the following six months, Vogelgesang operated throughout the Mediterranean, engaged in the usual round of exercises and port visits. After turnover in Rota, the destroyer got underway on 23 June to return to Norfolk.

On the 29th, she steamed into Hampton Roads and soon began a tender availability alongside the destroyer tender . She conducted operations out of Norfolk until 10 October at which time she began an extended repair period at the Norfolk Shipbuilding & Drydock Corp. The warship completed repairs on 26 January 1973 and finished sea trials by early February. She conducted normal operations for the remainder of the year, steaming as far south as the West Indies.

On 10 January 1974, Vogelgesang was transferred from DesRon 2 to DesRon 28 and reassigned to Naval Reserve training duty. On 1 March, her home port was changed from Norfolk to Newport, Rhode Island. On 19 March, she headed out of Norfolk, bound for her new home port, where she arrived the following day. From that time, Vogelgesang operated at and out of Newport as a training platform for naval reservists, NROTC midshipmen, and OCS students. She alternated short periods at sea with weeks in port as a stationary training platform. Periodically, however, she made extended training cruises down the east coast to the West Indies. At the beginning of 1980, the destroyer continued to serve with the Naval Reserve training program, based at Newport.

Vogelgesang earned two battle stars for service during the Vietnam War.

Decommissioning and transfer
Vogelgesang was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 24 February 1982, transferred to Mexico and renamed Quetzalcoatl (E-03).  In 1993, the ship had a single Bofors 57 mm gun mounted in "B" position, between the forward 5 inch mount and the ship's bridge. Also during that year, the ship was renamed Ilhuicamina with the pennant number E-10, although by 2002 the ship had reverted to the name Quetzalcoatl. In 1994, the ASROC launcher and anti-submarine torpedo tubes were removed. In 2001, the ship again changed Pennant number, to D 101. She was decommissioned by the Mexican Navy in late 2002. On 24 November 2006, the ship was scuttled to form an artificial reef.
Her main tripod mast is on display in Mexican Pacific Fleet headquarters, Mexico.

Notes

Citations

References

External links

Gearing-class destroyers of the United States Navy
Ships built in Staten Island
1945 ships
World War II destroyers of the United States
Cold War destroyers of the United States
Vietnam War destroyers of the United States
Quetzalcóatl-class destroyers

USS Vogelgesang (DD-862)


This is a list of new-age music artists with articles on Wikipedia.

New-age music is broadly defined as relaxing, even "meditative", music that is primarily instrumental. Unlike relaxing forms of classical music, new-age music makes greater use of electronica and non-Western instrumentation. There is some debate on what can be considered "new-age music"; for example several musicians in Celtic music or Smooth jazz have expressed annoyance at being labeled "new-age musicians". For more on that debate, see the article on new-age music. In addition, several musicians object to the label because they fear it implies a connection to the New Age movement.

A
 Philip Aaberg – pianist
 William Ackerman – guitarist
 Acoustic Alchemy -band
 Paul Adams – guitarist and multi-instrumentalist
 Adiemus – band
 AeTopus – project by composer/producer Bryan Tewell Hughes
 Omar Akram – composer, pianist
 Azam Ali – singer, songwriter
 Alpha Wave Movement – composer, synthesizer music
 Amethystium – band
 Ancient Future – World music band
 Darol Anger – violinist, composer
 Romina Arena – vocals, composer, songwriter, producer, piano, violin, guitar
 David Arkenstone – composer
 Diane Arkenstone – composer, pianist, keyboardist
 Armik – flamenco guitarist
 Can Atilla – pianist, songwriter, violinist
 Australis – composer, producer
 Paul Avgerinos – composer, producer
 Ayana – singer, songwriter

B
 B-Tribe – a Spanish trio
 Emily Bear – pianist, composer
 Hennie Bekker – pianist, composer
 Benise – flamenco guitarist
 Thomas Bergersen – composer
 Daniel Berthiaume – composer, guitar and keyboards
 Biddu – vocalist, music producer
 Tim Blake – keyboardist
 Jo Blankenburg – composer, pianist
 Blue Stone – band
 Moya Brennan – composer, singer
 Thom Brennan – composer
 Jim Brickman – pianist
 Peter Buffett -pianist, composer
 Markus Burger – pianist, composer
 John Burke – pianist
 Richard Burmer – composer, keyboardist
 Ray Buttigieg – composer

C
 Wendy Carlos – composer, keyboardist
 Stephen Caudel – composer, guitarist, keyboardist, arranger
 Celtic Woman – band
 Ceredwen – duo
 Sheila Chandra
 Craig Chaquico – guitarist
 Checkfield – duo, composer, guitarist, keyboardist
 Suzanne Ciani – composer, pianist
 Clannad – band
 Michael Colina – composer, producer, pianist, keyboardist, engineer
 Al Conti – composer, pianist, keyboardist
 Jesse Cook – flamenco guitarist
 Randy and Pamela Copus – duo known as 2002
 Corciolli – composer, musician
 Coyote Oldman – band
 Michael Cretu – composer, MIDI keyboard, guitar
 Cusco – band
 CFCF

D
 Dadawa
 Scott D. Davis – pianist, composer
 Alex De Grassi – American Grammy Award-nominated fingerstyle guitarist
 Deep Forest – band
 Delerium
 Constance Demby – composer, multi-instrumentalist
 Deuter – composer, multi-instrumentalist
 Thomas Di Leva – singer, guitarist, keyboardist, harmonica, drummer, peace activist, composer
 Julius Dobos – composer
 Suzanne Doucet – composer, multi-instrumentalist
 Catherine Duc – composer, pianist/keyboardist
 Kyle Bobby Dunn – composer, arranger, performer
 Chinmaya Dunster – sarod

E
 Ludovico Einaudi – composer, pianist
 Levente Egry – composer, pianist
 Elements – band consisting of ex members of the Pat Metheny Group
 Emerald Web – musical project
 Marc Enfroy – composer, songwriter
 Enigma – musical project by Michael Cretu
 Enya – singer, composer
 Era – musical project
 Erwilian – band
 Esteban
 Dean Evenson – flautist, keyboardist, composer
 Roger Evernden – composer, pianist

F
 Ryan Farish – composer, multi-instrumentalist
 Larry Fast
 Alex Fox – flamenco guitarist
 Christopher Franke – keyboardist
 Eloy Fritsch – composer
 Edgar Froese – composer, guitarist, keyboardist
 Fortuna – singer-songwriter
 Michael Flatley

G
 Gandalf – composer, multi-instrumentalist
 Jan Garbarek – composer, saxophonist
 Tim Gemmill – composer, multi-instrumentalist, producer
 Michael Gettel – composer, pianist
 Lisa Gerrard – vocalist, composer, yangqinist
 Medwyn Goodall – multi-instrumentalist, composer, producer
 David & Steve Gordon – recording duo, producers
 Govi – composer, multi-instrumentalist
 Francis Goya – guitarist
 Gregorian – band
 Nicholas Gunn – flautist, multi-instrumentalist, recording artist, composer, producer

H
 John Hackett – composer, flautist, member of Symbiosis
 Jean Ven Robert Hal – composer, synthesizer player, keyboardist
 Steven Halpern – Grammy-nominated recording artist and proponent of music therapy
 Paul Hardcastle – composer, synthesizer player, guitarist
 Michael Allen Harrison – composer, pianist, songwriter
 Fiona Joy Hawkins – pianist
 Michael Hedges – composer, guitarist
 Scott Helland – composer, guitarist
 Barbara Higbie – pianist, violinist, composer, singer, songwriter
 Steve Hillage
 Himekami
 Michael Hoppé – composer
 Paul Horn – flautist
 Yoshiaki Hoshi – composer, synthesizer player, and founder of the group Himekami

I

 Iasos – composer, keyboardist, synthesizer player
 Ralf Illenberger – guitarist, keyboardist
 Mark Isham – composer, synthesist

J
 Steve Jansen – composer, drummer, keyboardist
 Jean-Michel Jarre – composer
 Karl Jenkins – composer
 Theo Jörgensmann – composer, basset clarinetist
 Bradley Joseph – composer, pianist, keyboardist
 William Joseph – pianist, composer
 Prem Joshua – composer

K
 Kerani – composer, arranger
 Karunesh – composer
 Peter Kater – composer, songwriter, pianist
 Kevin Kern – composer, pianist
 Al Gromer Khan – composer, sitar player
 Sandeep Khurana – composer, songwriter
 Kitarō – composer
 Bernward Koch – pianist, composer
 Kokin Gumi – music group
 Darlene Koldenhoven – vocalist, keyboardist, songwriter
 Tetsuya Komuro – composer, pianist
 Ron Korb – composer, flutist, songwriter
 Andrei Krylov – composer, guitarist, keyboardist, flutist

L
 Lara & Reyes – flamenco guitarists
 Fariborz Lachini – composer, pianist
 David Lanz – composer, pianist
 Caroline Lavelle - cellist, composer
 Leah - singer, pianist, keyboardist, composer
 Nolwenn Leroy – singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist
 Lesiëm – musical project by German producers Sven Meisel and Alex Wende
 Lia – singer, songwriter
 Ottmar Liebert – flamenco guitarist
 Lorie Line – composer, pianist
 Johannes Linstead – flamenco guitarist
 Helen Jane Long – composer, pianist
 Oscar Lopez – flamenco guitarist
 Ray Lynch – composer, musician, producer
 Lisa Lynne – composer, harpist

M
 Mannheim Steamroller – group (leader: Chip Davis)
 Michael Manring – electric bassist, composer
 Catya Maré – songwriter, violinist
 Giovanni Marradi – pianist, composer
 Mars Lasar -German keyboardist and composer
 Vasco Martins – symphonic composer, pianist, guitarist, electronic keyboards
 Keiko Matsui – pianist
 Lyle Mays – composer, pianist
 Paul McCandless – composer, woodwind player
 Loreena McKennitt – singer, musician, composer, producer
 Stephan Micus – composer, multi-instrumentalist, singer
 Miten
 Mithoon – film composer
 Alain Morisod – pianist
 Mythos – Bob D'Eith (piano and producer) and Paul Schmidt (guitar)
 Robert ÆOLUS Myers – composer, performer, producer

N
 Nightnoise
 Michael Nyman – composer

O
 Patrick O'Hearn – keyboardist, composer
 Mike Oldfield – composer, guitarist
 Terry Oldfield – composer
 Opafire – musical project
 Oregon – ethnic jazz band (leaders: Ralph Towner and Paul McCandless)
 Thomas Otten

P
 Jeff Pearce – guitar and Chapman Stick
 Deva Premal – musician, singer
 David Parsons – composer

Q

R
 Raphael – ambient composer, musician
 Jorge Reyes – Mexican ethnic fusions
 Laza Ristovski – keyboardist, composer
 Lawson Rollins – flamenco guitarist
 Ron Roy – producer, director, composer, arranger
 Rondò Veneziano – chamber orchestra
 Terje Rypdal – guitarist, composer
 Nancy Rumbel – ocarina, oboe, English horn, keyboards

S
 Ryuichi Sakamoto – composer, pianist
 Jon Schmidt – pianist, composer
 Klaus Schulze – keyboardist, composer, drummer
 Secret Garden – duo consisting of Fionnuala Sherry and Rolf Løvland
 SEAY – composer, recording artist, vocalist
 Jonn Serrie
 Shadowfax
 Shahin & Sepehr (Shahin Shahida and Sepehr Haddad) – flamenco guitarists
 Dechen Shak-Dagsay – vocalist
 Ananda Shankar – musician
 Oliver Shanti & Friends – band
 Rabbi Shergill – singer, songwriter, guitarist
 Yoko Shimomura – composer, pianist
 Michael Shrieve
 Singh Kaur – singer, composer
 Montana Skies – cello, guitar
 Snatam Kaur – singer, multi-instrumentalist
 Cadence Spalding – singer, composer
 Chris Spheeris – composer
 Gary Stadler – recording artist
 Michael Stearns – composer, keyboardist
 Liz Story – pianist, composer
  Strunz & Farah (Jorge Strunz and Ardeshir Farah) – flamenco guitarists
 Andy Summers – composer, guitarist
 David Sylvian – composer, guitarist, keyboardist
 Symbiosis – band (UK)
 Dinesh Subasinghe – composer, violinist, ancient Ravanahatha performer, multi-instrumentalist
 Laura Sullivan – composer, pianist
 Sumanth – composer
 Stars Over Foy – composer, dj

T
 Tangerine Dream – band
 Team Rockit – Swedish band
 Irv Teibel – field recordist, electronic musician
 John Tesh – pianist, composer
 The Piano Guys – band, piano and cello
 Jennifer Thomas – pianist, composer
 Robert Scott Thompson – composer, recording artist
 Tingstad and Rumbel
 Isao Tomita – composer, keyboardist
 Toshi – vocalist, ex-lead singer of Japanese metal band X Japan
 Kathryn Toyama – composer, pianist

V
 Vangelis – composer
 Luis Villegas – flamenco guitarist
 Ad Visser – Dutch composer
 Andreas Vollenweider – harpist, composer

W
 Rick Wakeman – keyboardist, composer
 Billy Joe Walker, Jr. – guitarist
 Kit Watkins -keyboardist
 Wavestar – band
 Hayley Westenra – vocals, piano, violin, guitar
 Chuck Wild – composer, keyboardist, producer of the Liquid Mind album series
 Stuart Wilde – producer, lyricist
 Willie and Lobo (Willie Royal and Wolfgang "Lobo" Fink) – flamenco duo (guitar & violin)
 George Winston – pianist
 Paul Winter – soprano saxophonist, composer
 Erik Wøllo – composer, guitarist
 Danny Wright – pianist
 David Wright – keyboardist, composer

Y
 Akira Yamaoka – composer, producer
 Yanni – composer, pianist, keyboardist
 Yiruma – composer, pianist, producer
 Kim Yoon – pianist
 David Young – composer, flautist
 Young & Rollins – flamenco guitarists

Z
 Gheorghe Zamfir – pan flute
 Zamora – composer, pianist/keyboardist
 Zingaia
 Ralph Zurmühle – composer, pianist

References

See also
 New Flamenco

New Age musicians

List of new-age music artists


An Gunnarella florenciae in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Nicolas Hallé, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Karlheinz Senghas. An Gunnarella florenciae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gunnarella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha New Caledonia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gunnarella

Gunnarella florenciae


අසේල ජයකොඩි (උපත 1971 අප්රේල් 20 - 2011 නොවැම්බර් 27) ශ්‍රී ලංකා සිනමාවේ, වේදිකාවේ සහ රූපවාහිනියේ නළුවෙකි. බහුවිධ නළුවෙකු වන ජයකොඩි "ගාමනි" සහ "සලෙළු වරම" වැනි විචාරක පැසසුමට ලක් වූ චිත්‍රපට කිහිපයකම රඟපෑවේය.

ඔහු 2011 නොවැම්බර් 27 වැනි දින වැලිසර ප්‍රදේශයේදී හදිසි අනතුරකින් මිය යන විට වයස අවුරුදු 40ක් විය.

පෞද්ගලික ජීවිතය
ඔහු 1971 අප්‍රේල් 20 වැනිදා කොළඹදී පවුලේ බාලයා ලෙස උපත ලැබීය. ඔහුගේ පියා විල්ෆ්‍රඩ් ජයකොඩි ජනප්‍රිය කලාකරුවෙකි. ඔහුගේ මව ක්ලෙරා බ්‍රිජට් ජයකොඩි සෙනෙවිරත්න වේ. ඔහුට වැඩිමහල් සහෝදරයන් තිදෙනෙක් - උපාලි, ප්‍රේමලාල් සහ වසන්ත සහ එක් වැඩිමහල් සහෝදරියක් වන කුමාරි. මත්තුමගල කරුණාරත්න බෞද්ධ පාසලෙන් අධ්‍යාපනය සම්පූර්ණ කළේය. මිය යන විට ඔහු දෙදරු පියෙකි. දුව රිෂ්නි කවීෂා ජයකොඩි සහ පුත් බිනුර ජයකොඩි.

වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය
ජයකොඩි සිය නාට්‍ය ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළේ පාසල් කාලයේ සිටය. 1998 දී තවත් සහෝදර නළුවෙක් වන ගිහාන් ප්‍රනාන්දු සමඟ ප්‍රවීණ රංගවේදී ජයලාල් රෝහණ විසින් පවත්වන ලද වැඩමුළුවකට ගියේය. ඊට පසු දෙන්නම භූත වෙලා වේදිකා නාට්‍යයේ රඟපාන්න වාසනාවන්ත වුණා. ඉන්පසු ඔහු සින්තටික් ඩ්‍රීම්ස්, රෝමියෝ ජුලියට් ස්ටෝරි, ෆැන්ටසි ඇවනියු, සපිරිවර, සිසිල ඉම, සත්කුළු පව්ව, ගජමුතු, ඉතින් එතන පාසේ සහ හොල්මන් බොට්ටුව. වැනි රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා රැසක වැදගත් චරිත නිරූපණය කළේය.

ජයකොඩි සිය සිනමා දිවිය ආරම්භ කළේ වසන්ත ඔබේසේකර ගේ 2002 වසරේ තිරගත වූ සැලෙළු වරම චිත්‍රපටියෙනි. ඉන්පසු ඔහු 2011 දී මිය යන තුරුම චිත්‍රපට 13 කට වඩා රඟපෑවේය. ඔහුගේ ජනප්‍රියම සිනමා රංගනය වූයේ සලෙළු වරම, ගාමණී සහ රන් කෙවිට 2 චිත්‍රපට හරහාය.

මරණය
2011 නොවැම්බර් 27 වැනි දින අලුයම 4 ට පමණ ඔහුගේ මෝටර් රථය මීගමුව දෙසට මුහුණලා කොළඹ – මීගමුව පාර දිගේ නවතා කිසියම් ගනුදෙනුවක් කර ඇත. ඉන් අනතුරුව ඔහු සිය මිතුරෙකු සමඟ කඳාන නාගොඩ පිහිටි නිවසට යාමට වාහනයට ඇතුළු වීමට උත්සාහ කර තිබෙනවා. එම අවස්ථාවේදී වේගයෙන් පැමිණි වාහනයක් ඔවුන් දෙදෙනාගේම හැප්පුන අතර එහිදී වාහනය පලාගොස් ඇත. බරපතළ තුවාල ලැබූ ඔහු රාගම රෝහලට ඇතුළත් කිරීමෙන් පසු රෝහලට ඇතුළත් කිරීමට පෙර මියගොස් ඇත. කෙසේ වෙතත් ඔහුගේ මිතුරා මාරාන්තික තුවාල සහිතව දිවි ගලවා ගෙන වැඩිදුර ප්‍රතිකාර සඳහා කොළඹ ජාතික රෝහලට මාරුකර යවා ඇත.

ඔහුගේ අවසන් කටයුතු 2011 නොවැම්බර් 30 වැනි බදාදා පස්වරුවේ කඳාන නාගොඩ ශාන්ත ජෝන් බැප්ටිස්ට් සුසාන භූමියේදී සිදු විය.

සම්මාන

රයිගම් ටෙලීස් සම්මාන

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|| 2008 ||| ජූරියේ ඇගයීම් සම්මානය || රඟපෑම ||

References

External links

ශ්‍රී ලාංකික නළුවෝ
සිනමාවේ හාස්‍ය නළුවෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික හාස්‍ය නළුවෝ
සිංහල ජනයා

අසේල ජයකොඩි


Kærlighedens forvandlingsbilleder er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1973, der er instrueret af Peter Thorsboe efter manuskript af ham selv og Gitte Zehngraff.

Handling
Kærligheden er som himmel og hav, blød varm usynlige overgange, sådan smelter de sammen. Men drivende skyer pisker havet op, det bliver sort, barsk, dødsensfarligt, således kommer den kærlighed, de gav, i vanskeligheder. Dog storme har sin tid, snart er havet roligt. Det ruller fremad. Kærligheden sejrer til sidst.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1973

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Kærlighedens forvandlingsbilleder


Der Göttinger Wingolf ist eine christliche, überkonfessionelle, farbentragende und nichtschlagende Studentenverbindung in Göttingen und gehört dem ältesten studentischen Dachverband (Wingolfsbund) an.

Prinzip und Farben
Grundlage des Zusammenlebens Göttinger Wingolfiten ist der Wahlspruch  Δι᾽ ἑνὸς πάντα aus , der im Revolutionsjahr 1848 in Halle geprägt wurde. Das Bekenntnis zum christlichen Glauben, das so genannte Christianum, bindet nicht an eine bestimmte Konfession.

Die Couleur des Göttinger Wingolf besteht aus dem schwarz-weiß-goldenen Band mit goldener Perkussion und einer schwarzen Hinterhauptcouleur. Als Reminiszenz an die alte Arminia tragen die Chargierten das schwarz-silber-rote Band als Chargenband.

Geschichte

Von der Arminia zum Wingolf
Am 19. Februar 1867 gründete sich die christliche Studentenverbindung Arminia. Ihre Mitglieder hielten regen Kontakt zu einzelnen Philistern des Wingolfs. Schon bald etablierte sich eine Strömung, die eine Mitgliedschaft im Wingolfsbund anstrebte. Die Arminia trug die Farben Schwarz-Silber-Rot und unterschied sich auch in der Ausprägung des Prinzips von den bestehenden Wingolfsverbindungen. Bereits im Juni 1867 folgte die Arminia den Forderungen der anderen Wingolfsverbindungen, unter denen sich auch einige befanden, die der Mitgliedschaft skeptisch gegenüberstanden. Neben Änderungen im Prinzip legte sie die wingolfitischen Farben Schwarz-Weiß-Gold an und benannte sich in Wingolf um. Am 19. Juli 1867 fand im Gasthof "Zur Linde" in Geismar der Kommers zur offiziellen Gründung statt.

Bereits 1884 übernahm der Göttinger Wingolf vom Leipziger Wingolf zum ersten Mal die Vorortschaft des Wingolfsbundes. In den 1890er Jahren bemühten sich die Göttinger Wingolfiten um den Bau eines eigenen Korporationshauses, das 1900 auf dem Nikolausberger Weg 58 eingeweiht werden konnte. Erst 1906 wurde mit dem Verein Göttinger Wingolfiten eine Philister-Organisation geschaffen. 1911 übernahm der Göttinger Wingolf zum zweiten Mal die Vorortschaft des Wingolfsbundes.

Zwischen den Kriegen
Die Zeit der Weltkriege begann für den Göttinger Wingolf mit der dritten Übernahme der Vorortschaft im Wintersemester 1914/1915. Im Ersten Weltkrieg hatte er – wie viele Wingolfsverbindungen – zahlreiche Opfer zu beklagen. Trotzdem regte sich schon im Zwischensemester 1919 wieder reges Wingolfsleben in Göttingen. Es folgte in den 1920er-Jahren die Blütezeit des Göttinger Wingolf.

Am 30. November 1935 musste sich die Verbindung auf Druck des NSDStB vertagen. Auch der Verein Göttinger Wingolfiten musste sich auflösen und wurde vollständig liquidiert. Als Folge dessen wurde auch das Verbindungshaus verkauft.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg konnte der Göttinger Wingolf als zweite Wingolfsverbindung überhaupt am 17. Juli 1947 wiedergegründet werden. Da der Universitätsoffizier der britischen Militäradministration der wiedergegründeten Verbindung die Lizenzierung an der Universität Göttingen verweigerte, wurde sie im Sommer 1948 in Familia Academica Gottingensis umbenannt, blieb aber vom Wesen her eine Wingolfsverbindung. Im Januar 1950 übernahm der Göttinger Wingolf zum vierten Mal die Vorortschaft des Wingolfsbundes. Ende des Jahres gestattete auch die Universität eine Fortexistenz unter alten Namen.

Die 1960er und 1970er Jahre waren für den Göttinger Wingolf von zahlreichen Veränderungen geprägt. Im Jahre 1960 konnte nach jahrelangem Engagement das neue Haus in der Gaußstraße bezogen werden. 1962 wurde als Gegenüber zur Konvention der südwestdeutschen Wingolfsverbindungen ("Gernsbacher Konvention") die Norddeutsche Konvention als Zusammenschluss der norddeutschen Wingolfsverbindungen gegründet. Gründungsmitglieder waren der Hannoversche Wingolf, der Hamburger Wingolf, der Kieler Wingolf, der Clausthaler Wingolf "Catena" und der Göttinger Wingolf.

Die politische Situation und Diskussion über Studentenverbindungen in Göttingen verschärfte sich Anfang der 1960er Jahre. Eine Debatte über schlagende Göttinger Verbindungen löste der Wingolfit des Clausthaler Wingolf zu Marburg Professor Hans Conzelmann aus, der allerdings kein Mitglied des Göttinger Wingolf war. Er schloss 1963 als Göttinger Theologieprofessor alle Mitglieder schlagender Bünde aus seinen Seminaren aus. Dies führte stadtweit zunächst zu "spontanen Biertischprotesten beleidigter Korporierter." Öffentlich kritisiert wurde er durch den damaligen Sprecher des Studentenrates Jürgen Borgwardt, Mitglied der Königsberger Burschenschaft Gothia zu Göttingen.

Ende der 1960er Jahre reformierte der Göttinger Wingolf sein Verbindungsleben drastisch, diese Veränderungen werden unter dem Label Göttinger Programm zusammengefasst. Die Satzung der Verbindung sollte mehr demokratische Mitbestimmung aller Mitglieder ermöglichen. Darüber hinaus wurde der Comment deutlich entschlackt. Besonders eine Neuerung sorgte für Aufmerksamkeit und Konflikte mit den übrigen Wingolfsverbindungen: der Göttinger Wingolf gestattete die Mitgliedschaft von Frauen. Nachweislich traten drei Studentinnen ein, später jedoch auch wieder aus, so dass dieser Teil des Reformprogramms vom Göttinger Wingolf wieder aufgegeben wurde. Der Wingolfsbund positionierte sich in der Bielefelder Erklärung gegen die Mitgliedschaft von Frauen, wenngleich ebenso festgestellt wurde, dass vom christlichen Prinzip des Wingolfs her keine grundsätzliche Ablehnung formuliert werden kann.

Auf Grund der Bauarbeiten am neuen Rathaus wurde das Verbindungshaus 1974 an die Stadt zwangsverkauft. Die Verbindung erhielt als Entschädigung das heutige Verbindungshaus in der Calsowstraße.

Vom Jahre 2000 an hatten Teile der Aktivitas des Göttinger Wingolf entscheidenden Anteil an der Neustiftung des Hallenser Wingolf im Jahr 2002.

Im September 2014 fand auf dem Haus des Göttinger Wingolf ein Teil der Lassalle-Kreis-Tagung 2014 statt.

Trivia
 Walter Kempowski erwähnt den Göttinger Wingolf in seinem Roman "Herzlich willkommen". In seiner Beschreibung Göttinger Verbindungsstudenten heißt es: Dass die "begiebelten und betürmten Bürgerburgen" des Göttinger Ostviertel u. a. von Wingolfiten bewohnt waren, sei am Tage "zu sehen" und nachts "zu hören" gewesen.
 Im Mai 1963 widmete sich die Kuriositätenspalte "Hohlspiegel" der Zeitschrift Der Spiegel dem neugefassten Comment des Göttinger Wingolf. Für kurios wurde hier u. a. empfunden, dass der Göttinger Wingolfscomment regelt, wie das Tragen der Kopfcouleur beim Toilettengang und das "Werfen kompakter Gegenstände" bestraft wird.

Bekannte Mitglieder (Auswahl)

In alphabetischer Reihenfolge
 Jon Arvid Afzelius (1856–1918), schwedischer Linguist, Herausgeber von Wörterbüchern und Übersetzer
 Ludwig Albrecht (1861–1931), katholisch-apostolischer Theologe, Übersetzer des Neuen Testaments
 Paul Althaus d. Ä. (1861–1925), lutherischer Theologe, Professor an den Universitäten Göttingen und Leipzig (Ehrenmitglied)
 Otto Altenburg (1873–1950), Historiker, Gymnasialprofessor und Vorsitzender der Gesellschaft für Pommersche Geschichte und Altertumskunde
 Ernst Ankermann (1928–2021), Richter am Bundesgerichtshof
 Hartmut Badenhop (* 1930), evangelischer Theologe, Landessuperintendent in Hannover
 Ferdinand Eduard Baring (1838–1890), lutherischer Theologe, Generalsuperintendent von Ostfriesland und Mitglied des königlichen Konsistoriums
 Ernst Barnstein (1891–1975), evangelischer Theologe, Gegner des NS-Regimes
 Bernhard Bavink (1879–1947), Naturwissenschaftler und Naturphilosoph
 Adolf Carl Heinrich Beythien (1867–1949), Lebensmittelchemiker, Professor an der TH Dresden und Mitglied im Reichsgesundheitsrat
 Hans-Christian Biallas (1956–2022), evangelischer Theologe, Politiker (CDU) und Präsident der Klosterkammer Hannover
 Erich Heinrich Biederbeck (1914–2000), Jurist in der Justiz, Vorstandssprecher der damaligen "Elektrizitäts-Aktiengesellschaft Mitteldeutschland" (EAM) und der heutigen E.ON AG
 Hugo Gotthard Bloth (1898–1986), evangelischer Theologe, Religionspädagoge und Historiker
 Gottlieb Nathanael Bonwetsch (1848–1925), deutsch-russischer lutherischer Theologe, Professor an den Universitäten Göttingen und Dorpat
 Gottfried Brakemeier (* 1937), deutsch-brasilianischer evangelischer Theologe, emeritierter Professor in São Leopoldo, ehemaliger Präsident des brasilianischen Nationalen Kirchenrates, Präsident des Lutherischen Weltbundes
 Christoph Brandt (1922–2012), lutherischer Theologe, Präses der Kapkirche in Südafrika
 Heinrich Brandt (1886–1954), Mathematiker, der das Konzept des Gruppoid entwickelte
 Wolfgang Breidert (* 1937), Mathematiker, Philosoph und Akademischer Direktor am Institut für Philosophie der Universität Karlsruhe
 Dirk Brouër (1945–2016), Direktor des Bundesrates, Aufsichtsrat der Eintracht Braunschweig GmbH & Co. KGaA
 Wilhelm Büning (1885–1964), lutherischer Theologe, Landessuperintendent der Landeskirche Hannover
 Oskar Bürgener (1876–1966), Biologe und Botaniker
 Ludwig Clemm (1893–1975), Philologe, Direktor des Hessischen Staatsarchivs Darmstadt
 Rütger Conzelmann (* 1964), BWL-Professor an der Hochschule Furtwangen
 Oskar Freiherr von Cornberg (1855–1928), Justizrat und Hofkammerpräsident unter den letzten Regenten des Fürstentums Reuß
 Friedrich Wilhelm Cuno (1838–1905), reformierter Theologe, Ehrendoktor der Universität Wien und Mitverfasser der Allgemeinen Deutschen Biographie
 Herbert Dallmann (1909–1996), Mathematiker, Erster Rektor der Technischen Hochschule in Leuna-Merseburg (THLM) und Präsident der Gesellschaft zur Verbreitung wissenschaftlicher Kenntnisse
 Hermann Eickhoff (1853–1934), lutherischer Theologe, Pädagoge und Lokalhistoriker in Hamm
 Carl Elsasser (1822–1911), Kommunalpolitiker, Abteilungsleiter im Reichspostamt und Mitglied des kaiserlichen Patentamtes (Ehrenmitglied)
 Carl von Ewald (1852–1932), Staatsminister des Großherzogtums Hessen und deutscher Reichsgerichtsrat
 Hans Frebold (1899–1983), Geologe, Hochschullehrer und Polarforscher
 Anton Fridrichsen (1888–1953), norwegisch-schwedischer lutherischer Theologe, Professor an der Universität Uppsala
 Eberhard Galley (1910–1994), Literaturwissenschaftler und Bibliothekar, der vor allem mit Beiträgen zur Heine-Forschung hervorgetreten ist
 Otto Güthling (1853–1931), Klassischer Philologe, Verfasser zahlreicher antiker Übersetzungen und Ritter des Roten Adlerordens
 Hans Hartmann (1896–1970), Jurist, Offizier und Gerechter unter den Völkern
 Johannes Heepe (1885–1956), deutsch-christlicher Geistlicher, Domprediger in Schwerin, letzter leitender Geistlicher in Mecklenburg-Strelitz
 Adam Heilmann (1860–1930), reformierter Theologe, Mitgründer des Lehrstuhls für Reformierte Theologie in Göttingen
 Gerhard Heinzelmann (1884–1951), evangelischer Theologe, Hochschullehrer und Rektor der Universität Basel (Schweiz)
 Ludwig Heitmann (1880–1953), lutherischer Theologe, Mitbegründer der Berneuchener Bewegung und der Evangelischen Michaelsbruderschaft
 Karl Heitmüller (1864–1951), Zahnarzt und Mitbegründer der Zahnmedizinischen Fakultät der Universität Göttingen
 Friedrich-Wilhelm Henning (1931–2008), Wirtschafts- und Sozialhistoriker, Professor an der Universität Köln
 Nicolaus C. Heutger (1932–2008), lutherischer Theologe, Numismatiker, Judaist und Historiker
 Willy Hoppe (1884–1960), Historiker und Begründer der brandenburgischen Landesgeschichte, Rektor der Universität Berlin
 Hans Hoyer (1901–1987), Landessuperintendent in Stade
 Wilhelm Ide (1887–1963), Erzähler, Lustspielautor, Reiseführerschreiber und Verfasser heimatkundlicher Schriften
 Marcus Relotius Ites (1883–1962), Pädagoge, Historiker und Publizist
 Hans Peter Johannsen (1908–1981), Bibliotheksdirektor, Autor und Vorsitzender des Grenzfriedensbundes, Träger des Verdienstordens 1. Klasse der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Schleswig-Holstein-Medaille
 Ferdinand Friedrich Wilhelm Kattenbusch (1851–1935), evangelischer Theologe, Professor in Göttingen sowie Rektor der Universitäten Gießen und Halle (später eingetreten)
 Gottfried Klapper (1917–2003), lutherischer Theologe, Geschäftsführer des Deutschen Nationalkomitees des Lutherischen Weltbundes (Ehrenmitglied)
 Heinrich Wilhelm Franz Leisrink (1845–1885), Mediziner, Gründer der Poliklinik des Vaterländischen Frauenhilfsvereins und der allgemeinen Poliklinik in Hamburg
 Richard Lohmann (1881–1935), Pädagoge, Journalist und Politiker (SPD)
 Wilhelm Lotz (1853–1928), lutherischer Theologe, Professor für Altes Testament in Leipzig, Wien und Erlangen
 Christhard Mahrenholz (1900–1980), lutherischer Theologe und Musikwissenschaftler
 Ernst Gottfried Mahrenholz (1929–2021), Richter am Bundesverfassungsgericht a. D. (1971 ausgetreten)
 Hans Christhard Mahrenholz (1928–2022), Jurist, Stadtdirektor von Hilchenbach und Träger des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 Eugen Mattiat (1901–1976), Theologe, Volkskundler, Professor an den Universitäten Berlin und Göttingen
 Christian Julius Mergenthaler (1884–1980), Mitglied des württembergischen Landtags, des Reichstags sowie Kultusminister und württembergischer Ministerpräsident
 Carl Mirbt (1860–1929), Kirchenhistoriker, Rektor der Universitäten Marburg und Göttingen (Ehrenmitglied)
 Richard Motsch (* 1937), deutscher Ministerialbeamter
 Karl Theodor Heinrich Mützelfeldt (1881–1955), lutherischer Theologe und Pädagoge, Initiator der lutherischen Einwanderungshilfe Australien
 Richard Wilhelm August Nacken (1884–1971), Mineraloge, Kristallograph, Petrograph und Physikochemiker, Namensgeber des Nacken-Kyropoulus-Verfahrens
 Carsten Nicolaisen (1934–2017), evangelischer Theologe, Professor für Kirchengeschichte
 Friedrich Niemann (1869–1945), evangelischer Theologe, Superintendent in Herford, Vorstandsmitglied des Syrischen Waisenhauses, Mitglied der Bekennenden Kirche
 Albrecht Oepke (1881–1955), lutherischer Theologe, Professor an der Universität Leipzig
 Paul Ohlig (1881–1956), evangelischer Pfarrer in Schwerte, Lokalhistoriker, Mitglied der Bekennenden Kirche
 Karl von Oven (1824–1907), Regierungsrat und Landrat (später eingetreten)
 Rolf Pasdzierny (* 1944), Theater-Dramaturg, Generalsekretär beim Arbeitskreis Musik in der Jugend, Träger des Verdienstordens am Bande der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (1971 ausgetreten)
 Wilhelm Pauck (1901–1981), deutsch-amerikanischer Kirchenhistoriker, Professor an der Universität von Chicago und der Vanderbilt University Divinity School
 Albert Pellens (1893–1967), lutherischer Theologe, Superintendent in Hameln, langjähriger Vorsitzender des Landesverbandes des Evangelischen Bundes Hannover und Namensgeber des Albert-Pellens-Preises
 Martin Redeker (1900–1970), evangelischer Theologe, Landtagsabgeordneter in Schleswig-Holstein
 Emil von Renesse (1850-nach 1916), evangelischer Theologe und Pädagoge, Übersetzer der Didache
 Adolf Quast (1910–2014), lutherischer Theologe und Orientalist, Kavallerieoffizier und Domprediger am Braunschweiger Dom
 Johannes Remmers (1842–1918), lutherischer Theologe, Konsistorialrat und Generalsuperintendent in Bremen
 Hermann von Rohden (1852–1916), Klassischer Archäologe, Mitglied des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts (später eingetreten)
 Helmut Roth (1941–2003), Prähistoriker, Professor an den Universitäten Marburg und Bonn, Mitglied des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts
 Friedrich Wilhelm Rothert (1842–1915), lutherischer Theologe, Superintendent in Clausthal
 Eduard Rüther (1871–1941), Historiker und Gymnasiallehrer (gemeinsam mit seinem Bruder Heinrich im Göttinger Wingolf aktiv)
 Heinrich Rüther (1866–1954), lutherischer Theologe und Heimatforscher (gemeinsam mit seinem Bruder Eduard im Göttinger Wingolf aktiv)
 Albrecht Saathoff (1875–1968), lutherischer Theologe und Historiker, Träger der Ehrenmedaille der Stadt Göttingen
 Erich Schaeder (1861–1936), lutherischer Theologe, Rektor der Universitäten Kiel und Breslau
 Walter Schäfer (1903–1979), lutherischer Theologe und Autor, Superintendent in Verden
 Erich Schröder (1893–1968), Mediziner, Professor an der Universität Göttingen, Präsident des Deutschen Zentralkomitees zur Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose
 Johannes Schröder (1909–1990), lutherischer Pfarrer, Widerstandskämpfer im Nationalkomitee Freies Deutschland
 Johannes Julius Schubring (1839–1914), Klassischer Philologe und Pädagoge, Vorbild für die Figur des Direktors Wulicke im Schulkapitel der Buddenbrooks von Thomas Mann
 Albert Sting (1924–2020), evangelischer Theologe, Psychologe, Lokalhistoriker, Direktor des Diakoniewerks und Träger der Staufermedaille des Landes Baden-Württemberg in Gold
 Werner Strothmann (1907–1996), evangelischer Theologe und Syrologe, erster Professor für syrische Kirchengeschichte der Universität Göttingen (später eingetreten)
 Carl Thönes (1847–1895), evangelischer Theologe, Autor der Theologischen Literaturzeitung, Gründungsmitglied des Göttinger Wingolf
 Jürgen Udolph (* 1943), Onomastiker, emeritierter Professor der Universität Leipzig
 Wilhelm Walther (1846–1924), lutherischer Theologe, Rektor der Universität Rostock
 Julius August Wagenmann (1823–1890), evangelischer Theologe, Professor an der Universität Göttingen, Mitverfasser der Allgemeinen Deutschen Biographie (Ehrenmitglied)
 Friedrich-Wilhelm Wehrstedt (1907–1977), Verwaltungsjurist, Botschafter und Inspekteur für die diplomatischen und konsularischen Vertretungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 August Osvald Westrèn-Doll (1882–1961), deutschbaltischer lutherischer Theologe, Vorsitzender der Estnischen Gelehrtengesellschaft
 August Wiesinger (1818–1908), lutherischer Theologe, Professor in Erlangen und Göttingen
 Heinrich Wolf (1909–1984), Politiker, Stellvertretender Vorsitzender der CDU-Landtagsfraktion Nordrhein-Westfalen, Präsident der Bonner Vereinigung Deutschland-Frankreich e.V

Literatur
 Göttinger Wingolf (Hrsg.): Festschrift zum 130. Stiftungsfest des Göttinger Wingolf, Göttingen 1997.
 Verband Alter Wingolfiten (VAW) e. V. (Hrsg.): Wingolfsblätter – Zeitschrift des Wingolfsbundes, begründet 1872 von F. Mühlmann.
 Aus dem Wingolf – Zweiter Teil. Blütenlese, enthaltend Gedichte Reden und Aufsätze. (ed. W. Sarges), Halle (Saale) 1891, 2. Aufl. Mühlhausen/Thüringen 1901.
 Hans Kleinschmidt: Geschichte des Göttinger Wingolf 1737 bis 1913, in Hans Waitz (Hrsg.): Geschichte der Wingolfsverbindungen, Darmstadt 1914, S. 341–382.
 Günter W. Zwanzig: Die Göttinger Korporationen zwischen 1933 und 1950, in: Einst und Jetzt. Jahrbuch des Vereins für corpsstudentische Geschichtsforschung e. V., Band 47 (2002), S. 263–279.
 Hans Christhard Mahrenholz: Beginn intercorporativen Lebens nach dem 2. Weltkrieg aus Göttinger Sicht, in: Einst und Jetzt. Jahrbuch des Vereins für corpsstudentische Geschichtsforschung e. V., Band 22 (1977), S. 209–217.
 Horst Bernhardi: Neue studentische Gemeinschaften an der Universität Göttingen 1945 bis 1950, in: Göttinger Jahrbuch 10.1962, S. 159–172.
 Hugo Menze: Geschichte des Wingolfs 1945–1968, 2. Wiederbelebung des Wingolfsgedankens, in: Verband Alter Wingolfiten (VAW) e. V. (Hrsg.): Geschichte des Wingolfs 1830–1994, Hannover 1998, S. 264–267.
 Manfred Wieltsch: Geschichte des Wingolfs 1968–1994, 2. Das Reformprogramm des Göttinger Wingolf, in: Verband Alter Wingolfiten (VAW) e. V. (Hrsg.): Geschichte des Wingolfs 1830–1994, Hannover 1998, S. 321–332.
 Hans-Joachim Dahms: Die studentischen Verbindungen in Göttingen 1880–1914, in: Gerd Lüdemann und Martin Schröder: Die Religionsgeschichtliche Schule in Göttingen, Eine Dokumentation, Göttingen 1987, ISBN 3-525-53582-1, S. 41–44.

Weblinks

 Website des Göttinger Wingolf
 Couleurkarten des Göttinger Wingolf

Einzelnachweise

Wingolf
Wingolfsverbindung
Christentum in Göttingen
Christliche ökumenische Lebensgemeinschaft
Ökumenische Organisation
Religiöse Studentenorganisation
Christlicher Verein/Verband
Gegründet 1867

Göttinger Wingolf


UEFA ya da açılımıyla Avrupa Futbol Federasyonları Birliği (İngilizce: Union of European Football Associations; Fransızca: Union des Associations Européennes de Football; Almanca: Vereinigung Europäischer Fußballverbände), yalnızca Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti dâhil olmamak üzere, tüm Avrupa devletleri ve ek olarak Kıbrıs, İsrail, Kazakistan, Ermenistan, Gürcistan, Azerbaycan ve Rusya'yı da içine alan ve kendisine bağlı ülke federasyonlarından oluşan yarı federal bir spor kurumudur. Futbol, futsal ve plaj futbolunun Avrupa'daki yöneticisi ve denetleyicisi olan UEFA'nın resmî dilleri İngilizce, Almanca ve Fransızca'dır. Merkezi ise İsviçre'nin Nyon kentindedir.

UEFA, FIFA'ya bağlı altı konfederasyon içerisindeki en büyük konfederasyondur. Ayrıca yine diğer konfederasyonlar içerisindeki en güçlü mali ve sportif altyapıya sahip olanıdır. Neredeyse dünyanın tüm en iyi oyuncuları İngiltere, İspanya, Almanya, İtalya ve Fransa başta olmak üzere, Avrupa liglerinde oynamaktadır. Yine dünyanın en güçlü ulusal takımları da çoğunlukla UEFA üyesi federasyonların millî takımlarıdır. 2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda yer alan 13 millî takım yine UEFA üyesiydi. Ayrıca FIFA Dünya sıralamasında yer alan ilk 20 takımın 12'si de UEFA üyesidir. Kadınlar futbolunda ise dünya sıralamasının ilk 20 takımının arasında 13 UEFA üyesi millî takım bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca 2007 yılındaki FIFA Kadınlar Dünya Kupası'nı kazanan Almanya kadın millî futbol takımı da UEFA üyesidir.

UEFA, ,  ve  futbol federasyonları arasındaki görüşmeler sonrasında İsviçre'nin Basel şehrinde 15 Haziran 1954 tarihinde kurulmuştur. Sonrasında ise merkezi sırasıyla Bern'e, oradan da 1959'da Paris'e taşınmıştır. Birliğin idari merkezi 1995 yılından bu yana ise İsviçre'nin Nyon kentinde bulunmaktadır. Henri Delaunay UEFA'nın ilk Genel Sekreteri, Ebbe Schwartz ise ilk başkanıdır. Başlangıçta 25 ulusal federasyondan oluşan UEFA, genişlemelerle birlikte şimdiki 55 üyeli hâlini almıştır. UEFA'ya bağlı takımlar uluslararası alanda şimdiye dek on kez FIFA Dünya Kupası, yirmi bir kez Kıtalararası Kupa ve üç kez de FIFA Kulüpler Dünya Kupası'nı kazanmıştır. Kadın futbolunda ise üç kez FIFA Kadınlar Dünya Kupası ve bir kez de Altın Olimpiyat madalyası kazanılmıştır.

UEFA'nın kuralları ve aldığı kararlar Avrupa Komisyonu ile ters düşmemelidir. 1990'lı yıllarda televizyon hakları ve özellikle uluslararası transfer konuları Avrupa hukukuna uyumlu şekilde yeniden düzenlenmiştir.

Günümüzde UEFA başkanlığını Sloven avukat Aleksander Čeferin yürütmektedir.

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UEFA Avrupa Ligi ve UEFA Avrupa Konferans Ligi

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UEFA Kadınlar Şampiyonlar Ligi

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Üyeler

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1: FIFA ve UEFA'daki resmî üyelik adı Bosna ve Hersek.
2: Eski AFC üyesi. (AFC 1954-1974; 1994'te UEFA'ya katıldı.)
3: Eski AFC üyesi. (AFC 1998-2002; 2002'de UEFA'ya katıldı.)

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Kasein-tempera er en type temperamaling, som menes at have været brugt i billedkunsten siden oldtidens hulemalerier. Den ses også anvendt på eksempelvis bygningsfacader, murværk og almuemøbler.
Kasein-tempera kan anvendes både udendørs og indendørs, og er kendt for sin stærke bindekraft og matte fremtoning, en smuk patinering og god vejrbestandighed. Mange ældre danske bygninger er malet med kasein-tempera og den beslægtede kalk-kaseintempera, som er en decideret murmaling.

Som det gælder for al temperamaling er kasein-tempera baseret på en emulsion af det olie- og vandbaserede, der ellers skyer hinanden. Olien indgår i malingen i en emulgeret form - dvs. skilt op i bittesmå dråber, der først forener sig igen når malingen tørrer. Den våde maling befinder sig i en vandfase, og er fortyndbar med vand, selvom den er olieholdig.

Kasein-tempera fremstiller man som oftest selv, når man skal bruge den. Den er baseret på bindemidlet kasein (kvark) som er et ostestof, der findes i pattedyrs mælk, samt olie og pigment.

Bestanddele

Kasein
Bindemidlet i kasein-temperaen er kasein, som regnes for et af de stærkeste og mest modstandsdygtige af de naturlige limstoffer. Det er muligt selv at udskille det af mælkeprodukter, f.eks. skummetmælk, kærnemælk eller hytteost, men man kan også købe det i pulverform, eller som kvark. Da har det imidlertid begrænset holdbarhed. For en længere holdbarhed kan tilsættes konserveringsmiddel, eller man kan vælge et præfabrikeret flydende kasein-bindemiddel, som allerede indeholder konserveringsmiddel.

For at få kasein-tempera skal kaseinet, som er vandbestandigt i tør tilstand, omdannes til et klæbrigt limstof (bindemiddel). Det opløses ved tilsætning af alkalisk, dvs. basisk, stof; det kan eksempelvis være hjortetaksalt, salmiakspiritus, borax, potaske eller læsket kalk, samt varmt vand.

Kasein-tempera
For at fremstille kasein-tempera blandes bindemidlet med olie (f.eks. linolie eller standolie) og farvepigment (evt. rørt til en pasta) samt eventuelt vand til at regulere konsistensen. Man kan imidlertid også få kasein-tempera ved tilsætning af kasein-bindemiddel til kommercielt tilgængelig oliemaling.

Hvis malingen skal bruges udendørs kan man tilsætte zinkvitriol (til lyse farver) eller jernvitriol (til mørke farver) for at modvirke algedannelse.

Egenskaber og anvendelse
Når den flydende kasein hærder, bliver det igen vandbestandigt. Den egenskab udnyttes både i kasein-limfarve (kasein-bindemiddel iblandet pigment), og i kasein-temperaen, som er mere slidstærk og har en smule eftergivenhed på grund af sit olieindhold.

Kasein-tempera kan anvendes på blandt andet træ, murværk, puds, spånplade, masonit, gips, sten, ophærdet beton, velunderstøttet lærred og kraftigt papir. På grund af sin relative hård- og sprødhed, fungerer det bedst på ikke- eller svagtbøjeligt materiale.
Når den bruges på kalkpuds forstærker kalkens basiske karakter kaseinens bindekraft, hvilket giver en særligt god vedhæftning og holdbarhed.

Den tørrede kasein-tempera har en mat overflade, med en høj lysværdi. Når vandindholdet fordamper efterlades en ujævn, porøs overflade, som reflekterer lyset i mange retninger. Farven kan således få en pastelagtig fremtoning, afhængig af den mængde pigment der er indeholdt. Det kan være praktisk at notere sig, at malingen fremstår lysere når den tørrer.

I sammenligning med æggetempera har kasein-tempera en større bindekraft. Det betyder blandt andet at malingen kan påføres i tykkere lag. Ved meget tykke lag, opstår et træk i malinglaget der giver fare for at malingen krakelerer.

Farvelaget bliver jævnere, mattere og rimelig hårført når det tørrer, og farvestrøgene reduceres, så penselstrøget bliver mindre tydeligt eller udviskes.

Når man bruger tempera, er det nødvendigt at rense de redskaber man bruger umiddelbart efter brug, da de tørrer hurtigt og hårdt op. Det kan eksempelvis gøres med sæbevand eller terpentin.

Grundering af bundmaterialet
Som det gælder for al maleri i oliefarver bør det ikke males på en blank overflade eller et fedt underlag. Bundmaterialet kan grunderes med en sugende eller halvsugende grundering blandet af lim, evt. olie, kridt eller andet pigment. Som limstof i grunderingen kan evt. bruges kasein-lim. Tidligere lektor ved Farveteknisk Laboratorium ved Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi, Fenge Hansen har i sin instruktionsbog Emulsionsmaleri, (1973) foreslået en grundering for temperamaleri bestående af 1 del kasein-lim eller kasein-emulsion til 2-3 vægtdele kridt. Kasein-tempera binder fint til matte akrylgrunderinger.

I tynde lag kan kasein-tempera bruges som grundering for både æggetempera og oliefarver.

Opskrifter og fremgangsmåde

Kasein-bindemiddel
Vil man selv udskille kasein af mælk, gøres det ved først at reducere flødeindholdet til hvad der svarer til skummetmælk. Der tilsættes eddikesyre til mælken, hvorved vallen til at skille fra efter kort tid. Når blandingen har stået lidt, kan vallen hældes væk, og man står tilbage med kasein, som eventuelt kan tørres til et hvidgult pulver, hvis ikke det skal bruges med det samme. Kaseinet kan nu opløses til flydende limstof ved hjælp af alkaliske stoffer og vand.

Holdbarheden af den selvfremstillede kasein-lim eller kasein-bindemiddel er begrænset, men kan forlænges ved at tilsætte konserveringsmidler. Fenge Hansen foreslår følgende opskrift på kaseinlim i kompendiet, Emulsionsmaleri (1973) om temperamaling i billedkunstsammenhæng:

"100 g kasein
200 g koldt vand
20 g hjortetaksalt opløst i 500 g varmt vand.
Opløsningsprocessen af kaseinet ved tilsætning af hjortetaksalt får blandingen til at bruse op. Man kan derfor have brug for en rigeligt stor beholder at blande i.".

Kasein-tempera
Kasein-tempera kan fremstilles på forskellige vis, til forskellige formål. Fenge Hansen anfører i samme kompendium følgende opskrift:

"1 portion kasein-lim (efter ovenstående opskrift)
400 g linolie eller standolie
Evt. nogle dråber karbol eller konserveringsmiddel
rives med pigmenter".

Er kasein-bindemidlet selvfremstillet, sigtes det eventuelt inden tilsætning af linolie eller standolie. Blandingen omrøres godt, hvorefter den er klar til rivning med pigmentpasta eller færdige oliefarver.. Blandingen rives til den er jævn på en glasplade eller en engangspalet, ved hjælp af en paletkniv.

Af nemheds- og holdbarhedsmæssige grunde vil mange foretrække præfremstillet kasein-bindemiddel, som eksempelvis fås fra det tyske mærke Schmincke, der sælger det i halv- og helliter, med lang holdbarhed. Færdigkøbt kasein-bindemiddel er klar til rivning med kommercielt tilgængelige oliefarver.

Bliver tilsætningen af kasein for høj i forhold til farven, hvilket nemt sker, da kunstneroliefarver indeholder svingende mængde olie, kan man tilsætte få dråber malemiddel til blandingen. Rivningen fortsætter indtil blandingen igen bliver blød (med en konsistens som smør der har stået på bordet i fem minutter).

Til bemaling af bygninger og store flader kan fremstilles en mere vandig tempera-blanding. Arkitekt m.a.a. Søren Vadstrup har i Center for Bygningsbevarings introduktion, Anvisninger til Bygningsbevaring. Maling med Tempera-farver (2010), blandt andet angivet følgende opskrift på kasein-tempera med brug af kærnemælk:

"1 del linoliemaling røres op med 2 dele kærnemælk, og der tilføjes 25 g hjortetaksalt per liter kærnemælk. Mælken skal være uhomogeniseret og ca. 40 grader varm. Der tilføjes evt. lidt ekstra pigment til denne maling, hvis den ikke dækker. Man kan tilsætte 100 g zinkvitrinol per liter for at hindre algevækst på overfladen. Ved mørke farver, f.eks. rødt, sort og brunt, kan man benytte jernvitriol (jernsulfat)."

Kasein-tempera i kunst og design
Blandt billedkunstnere der har anvendt kasein-tempera kan nævnes:
 Stanley William Hayter (UK)
 Antony Gormley (UK)
 Paul Burlin (US)
 John D. Graham (US)
 John McLauglin (US)
 Carrol Dunham (US)
 Konrad Lueg (DE)
 Anders Rindom (DK)

Historie
Man regner med at anvendelsen af kasein som bindemiddel i maling eller som emulgator i kasein-tempera er lige så gammel som æggetemperaen, som har været anvendt siden oldtiden.

Varianter

Kasein-limfarve
Kasein-limfarve består i en vandig kasein-lim iblandet pigment. Den kan blandt andet bruges på udendørs træ og murværk, f.eks. kalkpuds, men den er meget sprød og uelastisk, og kan ikke følge f.eks. træets bevægelser uden at revne. (art de vos) Kasein-tempera har en større slidstyrke end kasein-limfarve.

Kalkkasein-tempera
Kalkkaseintempera bruges især til bemaling af murværk og puds. Til kalkkasein-tempera blandes kærnemælk, alkalisk stof, linolie og kalkægte pigment i hvidtekalk. Det giver mulighed for en stærk farve i resultatet, og malingen fungerer samtidig som et limstof der kan holde på eksempelvis cementpuds, granit eller gipsdekorationer. (Kalkens basiske egenskaber forstærker bindekraften i kaseinet.) Især er det velegnet til dekorationer (hvor man ønsker stærke kulører) samt til steder hvor der er særligt slid.

Vokskasein-tempera
Vokskasein-tempera er kasein-bindemiddel iblandet smeltet bivoks samt pigmentpasta. Den er meget hurtigtørrende, og giver en silkemat overflade, som kan poleres til høj glansværdi. Vokskasein-tempera kan anvendes på høvlet og uhøvlet træ, fortrinsvis indendørs, samt på murværk og puds ude og inde.

Litteratur

S. Vadstrup (2010) Anvisninger til bygningsbevaring. Maling med Temperafarver (sidst besøgt 16.02.2017) / http://www.bygningsbevaring.dk/uploads/files/anvisninger/14-ANVISN_Temperafarver.pdf

F. Hansen (1973) Emulsionsmaleri

Website for den danske forhandler af kunstnerartikler, Aart de Vos (sidst besøgt 16.02.2017): http://www.aartdevos.dk/katalog/maleri/farver/temperafarver/

Website for den tyske forhandler af kunstnerartikler, Boesner, der sælger den præfabrikerede kasein-bindemiddel af mærket Schmincke (sidst besøgt 16.02.2017) / http://www.boesner.com/farben/malhilfsmittel/fuer-farben/kasein-bindemittel

Referencer

Maleri

Kaseintempera


Igor Jelavić (Split, 1962.), umirovljeni hrvatski nogometaš. Igrao je za Rijeku, Hajduk, Zagreb, Split i Solin. Otac je nogometaša Marija Jelavića.  Brat je blizanac majke Ivana Perišića Tihane.

Prve nogometne treninge odradio je u Omišu.

U Solinu je odigrao sezonu 1981./82. sa 16 nastupa i dva postignuta gola te 1982./83. s 15 nastupa i dva postignuta gola. U Splitu je bio 1984./85., odigrao 30 utakmica i postigao 8 pogodaka. Put ga je odveo u Rijeku u kojoj je igrao 1985./86. 26 utakmica, 1986./87. 28 utakmica i 1987./88. 31 utakmicu, bez postignutih golova. 1988/89. je opet u Hajduku i odigrao je 11 utakmica. 1989./90. i 1990./91. igra za Zagreb 27 utakmica.

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Igor Jelavić