The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) is the modern archaeological designation for a particular Middle Bronze Age civilization of southern Central Asia also known as the Oxus Civilization. The civilization's urban phase or Integration Era, was dated in 2010 by Sandro Salvatori to –1950 BC, but a different view is held by Nadezhda A. Duvoba and Bertille Lyonnet, –1700 BC.

Though it may be called the "Oxus civilization", apparently centred on the upper Amu Darya (Oxus River) in Bactria, most of the BMAC's urban sites are actually located in Margiana (modern Turkmenistan) on the Murghab river delta, and in the Kopet Dagh mountain range. There are a few later (–1450 BC) sites in northern Bactria, currently known as southern Uzbekistan, but they are mostly graveyards belonging to the BMAC-related Sapalli culture. A single BMAC site, known as Dashli, lies in southern Bactria, current territory of northern Afghanistan. Sites found further east, in southwestern Tajikistan, though contemporary with the main BMAC sites in Margiana, are only graveyards, with no urban developments associated with them.

The civilization was named BMAC by the Soviet archaeologist Viktor Sarianidi in 1976, during the period (1969–1979) when he was excavating in northern Afghanistan. Sarianidi's excavations from the late 1970s onward revealed numerous monumental structures in many sites, fortified by impressive walls and gates. Reports on the BMAC were mostly confined to Soviet journals. A journalist from The New York Times wrote in 2001 that during the years of the Soviet Union, the findings were largely unknown to the West until Sarianidi's work began to be translated in the 1990s. However, some publications by Soviet authors, like Masson, Sarianidi, Atagarryev, and Berdiev, had been available to the West, translated in the first half of 1970s, slightly before Sarianidi labelled the findings as BMAC.

Origin and chronology
Italian archaeologists, like Massimo Vidale and Dennys Frenez, support Sandro Salvatori's hypothesis that Namazga V is the beginning of the ultimate urban phase called BMAC, belonging to the Integration Era (c. 2400–1950 BC). On the other hand, Russian and French archaeologists Nadezhda Dubova and Bertille Lyonnet consider there was a gap between the end of Namazga III phase and the beginning of BMAC in Margiana, and that most of the sites both in Margiana and Bactria were founded on virgin soil only around 2250 BC lasting until 1700 BC.

Etymology
The region was first named Bakhdi in Old Persian, which then formed the Persian satrapy of Marguš (perhaps from the Sumerian term Marhasi), the capital of which was Merv, in modern-day southeastern Turkmenistan. It was then called Bāxtriš in Middle Persian, and Baxl in New Persian. The region was also mentioned in ancient Sanskrit texts as बाह्लीक or Bāhlīka. The modern term Bactria is derived from the Ancient Greek: Βακτριανή (Romanized Greek term: Baktrianē) (modern Balkh), which came from the Old Persian term.

Early Food-Producing Era
There is archaeological evidence of settlement in the well-watered northern foothills of the Kopet Dag during the Neolithic period at Jeitun (or Djeitun). In this region, mud brick houses were first occupied during the Early Food-Producing Era, also known as Jeitun Neolithic, from c. 7200 to 4600 BC. The inhabitants were farmers with origins in southwest Asia, who kept herds of goats and sheep and grew wheat and barley. Jeitun has given its name to the whole Neolithic period in the northern foothills of the Kopet Dag. At the late Neolithic site of Chagylly Depe, farmers increasingly grew the kinds of crops that are typically associated with irrigation in an arid environment, such as hexaploid bread wheat, which became predominant during the Chalcolithic period. This region is dotted with the multi-period hallmarks characteristic of the ancient Near East, similar to those southwest of the Kopet Dag in the Gorgan Plain in Iran.

Regionalization Era
The Regionalization Era begins in Anau IA with a pre-Chalcolithic phase also in the Kopet Dag piedmont region from 4600 to 4000 BC, then the Chalcolithic period develops from 4000 to 2800 BC in Namazga I-III, Ilgynly Depe, and Altyn Depe. During this Copper Age, the population of the region grew.  Archaeologist Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson, who led the South Turkmenistan Complex Archaeological Expedition of 1946, saw signs that people migrated to the region from central Iran at this time, bringing metallurgy and other innovations, but thought that the newcomers soon blended with the Jeitun farmers. (Vadim was the son of archaeologist Mikhail Masson, who had previously already started work in this same area.) By contrast, a re-excavation of Monjukli Depe in 2010 found a distinct break in settlement history between the late neolithic and early chalcolithic eras there.

Major chalcolithic settlements sprang up at Kara-Depe and Namazga-Depe. In addition, there were smaller settlements at Anau, Dashlyji, and Yassy-depe. Settlements similar to the early level at Anau also appeared further east– in the ancient delta of the river Tedzen, the site of the Geoksiur Oasis. About 3500 BC, the cultural unity of the area split into two pottery styles: colourful in the west (Anau, Kara-Depe and Namazga-Depe) and more austere in the east at Altyn-Depe and the Geoksiur Oasis settlements. This may reflect the formation of two tribal groups. It seems that around 3000 BC, people from Geoksiur migrated into the Murghab delta (where small, scattered settlements appeared) and reached further east into the Zerafshan Valley in Transoxiana. In both areas pottery typical of Geoksiur was in use. In Transoxiana they settled at Sarazm near Pendjikent. To the south the foundation layers of Shahr-i Shōkhta on the bank of the Helmand River in south-eastern Iran contained pottery of the Altyn-Depe and Geoksiur type. Thus the farmers of Iran, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan were connected by a scattering of farming settlements.

Late Regionalization Era
In Kopet Dag region, at Altyn Depe, the Namazga III phase lasted (c. 3200–2800 BC) and showed a late Chalcolithic culture, at the beginning of Late Regionalization Era.
In the Early Bronze Age, at the end of Late Regionalization Era (2800 to 2400 BC), the culture of the Kopet Dag oases in Altyn-Depe site developed a proto-urban society. This corresponds to phase IV at Namazga-Depe. Altyn-Depe was a major centre even then. Pottery was wheel-turned. Grapes were grown.

Integration Era: Oxus Civilization
The height of the urban development was reached in the Middle Bronze Age, also known as Integration Era, mainly in three regions, Kopet Dag piedmont, Margiana, and southern Bactria, as well as some cemetery remains recently found in southwestern Tajikistan.

Kopet Dag, Namazga V phase
BMAC's urban period begins in the Kopet Dag piedmont, as per Massimo Vidale, corresponding to Namazga-Depe level V (-2000 BC). Namazga Depe reaching c. 52 hectares and holding maybe 17–20,000 inhabitants, and Altyn Depe with its maximum size of c. 25 hectares and 7–10,000 inhabitants, were the two big cities in Kopet Dag piedmont. This urban development is considered to have lasted, not from 2400 BC, but from  to 1700 BC by Lyonnet and Dubova's recent publication.

Margiana, Kelleli phase
Identification of the first large settling in Margiana was possible through excavations at Kelleli 3 and 4, and these are the type sites of Kelleli phase. Massimo Vidale (2017) considers that the Kelleli phase was characterized by the appearance of the first palatial compounds from 2400 to 2000 BC. Kelleli is located around 40 km northwest of Gonur; featuring Kelleli 3 with four hectares, characterized by towers in a double perimetral wall, four equal entrances, and houses in the southwest of the site. Kelleli 4 settlement is around three hectares, with the same characteristics in its wall. Sandro Salvatori (1998) commented that Kelleli phase began sightly later than Namazga V period.

Margiana, Gonur phase
Gonur phase was considered, by Sarianidi, as a southward movement of the previous Kelleli phase people. In the ancient region of Margiana, the site Gonur Depe is the largest of all settlements in this period and is located at the delta of Murghab river in southern Turkmenistan, with an area of around 55 hectares. An almost elliptical fortified complex, known as Gonur North includes the so-called "Monumental Palace", other minor buildings, temples and ritual places, together with the "Royal Necropolis", and water reservoirs, all dated by Italian archaeologists from around 2400 to 1900 BC. However French and Russian scholars like Lyonnet and Dubova date it to -1700 BC.

Southern Bactria
In southern Bactria, northern Afghanistan, the site Dashly 3 is regarded to be also from Middle Bronze Age to Late Bronze Age (2300–1700 BC) occupation, but its beginning is probably later than 2300 BC, although earlier than 2000 BC, if new datings for BMAC by Lyonnet and Dubova are taken into account. The old Dashly 3 complex, sometimes identified as a palace, is a fortified rectangular 88 m x 84 m compound. The square building had massive double outer walls and in the middle of each wall was a protruding salient composed of a T-shaped corridor flanked by two L-shaped corridors.

Southwestern Tajikistan
New archaeological research has recently found at three ancient cemeteries in southwestern Tajikistan called Farkhor, Gelot (in Kulob District), and Darnajchi, ceramics influenced by Namazga IV and Namazga V transitional period from Early to Middle Bronze Age, which can suggest a presence of BMAC inhabitants in this region earlier considered out of their influx. Gelot's grave N6-13 was dated to 2203–2036 cal BC (2 sigma), and Darnajchi's grave N2-2 as 2456-2140 cal BC (2 sigma). Farkhor's cemetery is located on the right bank of Panj river, very near the Indus Civilization's site Shortughai.

Material culture

Agriculture and economy
The inhabitants of the BMAC were sedentary people who practiced irrigation farming of wheat and barley. With their impressive material culture including monumental architecture, bronze tools, ceramics, and jewelry of semiprecious stones, the complex exhibits many of the hallmarks of civilization. The complex can be compared to proto-urban settlements in the Helmand basin at Mundigak in western Afghanistan and Shahr-e Sukhteh in eastern Iran, or at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley.

Models of two-wheeled carts from  found at Altyn-Depe are the earliest evidence of wheeled transport in Central Asia, though model wheels have come from contexts possibly somewhat earlier. Judging by the type of harness, carts were initially pulled by oxen or a bull. However, camels were domesticated within the BMAC. A model of a cart drawn by a camel of  was found at Altyn-Depe.

Art
Fertility goddesses, named "Bactrian princesses", made from limestone, chlorite and clay reflect agrarian Bronze Age society, while the extensive corpus of metal objects point to a sophisticated tradition of metalworking. Wearing large stylised dresses, as well as headdresses that merge with the hair, "Bactrian princesses" embody the ranking goddess, character of the central Asian mythology that plays a regulatory role, pacifying the untamed forces.

Architecture
Sarianidi regards Gonur as the "capital" of the complex in Margiana throughout the Bronze Age. The palace of north Gonur measures 150 metres by 140 metres, the temple at Togolok 140 metres by 100 metres, the fort at Kelleli 3 125 metres by 125 metres, and the house of a local ruler at Adji Kui 25 metres by 25 metres. Each of these formidable structures has been extensively excavated. While they all have impressive fortification walls, gates, and buttresses, it is not always clear why one structure is identified as a temple and another as a palace. Mallory points out that the BMAC fortified settlements such as Gonur and Togolok resemble the qila, the type of fort known in this region in the historical period. They may be circular or rectangular and have up to three encircling walls. Within the forts are residential quarters, workshops and temples.

The people of the BMAC culture were very proficient at working in a variety of metals including bronze, copper, silver, and gold. This is attested through the many metal artefacts found throughout the sites.

Extensive irrigation systems have been discovered at the Geoksiur Oasis.

Writing
The discovery of a single tiny stone seal (known as the "Anau seal") with geometric markings from the BMAC site at Anau in Turkmenistan in 2000 led some to claim that the Bactria-Margiana complex had also developed writing, and thus may indeed be considered a literate civilisation. It bears five markings which are similar to Chinese "small seal" characters. The only match to the Anau seal is a small jet seal of almost identical shape from Niyä (near modern Minfeng) along the southern Silk Road in Xinjiang, originally thought to be from the Western Han dynasty but now thought to date to 700 BC.

Archaeological interactions with neighbouring cultures

BMAC materials have been found in the Indus Valley civilisation, on the Iranian Plateau, and in the Persian Gulf. Finds within BMAC sites provide further evidence of trade and cultural contacts. They include an Elamite-type cylinder seal and a Harappan seal stamped with an elephant and Indus script found at Gonur-depe. The relationship between Altyn-Depe and the Indus Valley seems to have been particularly strong. Among the finds there were two Harappan seals and ivory objects. The Harappan settlement of Shortugai in Northern Afghanistan on the banks of the Amu Darya probably served as a trading station.

There is evidence of sustained contact between the BMAC and the Eurasian steppes to the north, intensifying . In the delta of the Amu Darya where it reaches the Aral Sea, its waters were channelled for irrigation agriculture by people whose remains resemble those of the nomads of the Andronovo culture. This is interpreted as nomads settling down to agriculture, after contact with the BMAC, known as the Tazabagyab culture.  About 1900 BC, the walled BMAC centres decreased sharply in size. Each oasis developed its own types of pottery and other objects. Also pottery of the Tazabagyab-Andronovo culture to the north appeared widely in the Bactrian and Margian countryside. Many BMAC strongholds continued to be occupied and Tazabagyab-Andronovo coarse incised pottery occurs within them (along with the previous BMAC pottery) as well as in pastoral camps outside the mudbrick walls. In the highlands above the Bactrian oases in Tajikistan, kurgan cemeteries of the Vaksh and Bishkent type appeared with pottery that mixed elements of the late BMAC and Tazabagyab-Andronovo traditions. In southern Bactrian sites like Sappali Tepe too, increasing links with the Andronovo culture are seen. During the period 1700 – 1500 BCE, metal artifacts from Sappali Tepe derive from the Tazabagyab-Andronovo culture.

New research in the Murghab region, in excavations at defensive walls of Adji Kui 1, showed pastoralists present, and living on the edge of the town, as early as the second half of the Middle Bronze Age (-1960 BC), coexisting with the BMAC population that lived in the 'citadel.'

Relationship with Indo-Iranians

The Bactria–Margiana complex has attracted attention as a candidate for those looking for the material counterparts to the Indo-Iranians (Aryans), a major linguistic branch that split off from the Proto-Indo-Europeans.

For example, Sarianidi advocated identifying the complex as Indo-Iranian, describing it as the result of a migration from southwestern Iran. Bactria–Margiana material has been found at Susa, Shahdad, and Tepe Yahya in Iran.

Mallory/Adams (1997) associated the Andronovo, BMAC and Yaz cultures with Indo-Iranian migrations, writing,

Anthony (2007) sees the culture as begun by farmers in the Near Eastern Neolithic tradition, but infiltrated by Indo-Iranian speakers from the Andronovo culture in its late phase, creating a hybrid. In this perspective, Proto-Indo-Aryan developed within the composite culture before moving south into the Indian subcontinent.

Possible evidence for a BMAC substratum in Indo-Iranian
As argued by Michael Witzel and Alexander Lubotsky, there is a proposed substratum in Proto-Indo-Iranian which can be plausibly identified with the original language of the BMAC. Moreover, Lubotsky points out a larger number of words apparently borrowed from the same language, which are only attested in Indo-Aryan and therefore evidence of a substratum in Vedic Sanskrit. He explains this by proposing that Indo-Aryan speakers probably formed the vanguard of the movement into south-central Asia and many of the BMAC loanwords which entered Iranian may have been mediated through Indo-Aryan. Michael Witzel points out that the borrowed vocabulary includes words from agriculture, village and town life, flora and fauna, ritual and religion, so providing evidence for the acculturation of Indo-Iranian speakers into the world of urban civilisation.

Horses
In excavations at Gonur Depe, at a brick-lined burial pit, grave number 3200 of the Royal necropolis, a horse skeleton was found in period I, dated around 2200 BCE along with a four-wheeled wooden wagon with bronze rims. Archaeologist Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento, mentioning N. A. Dubova's (2015) article, comments that this was an "almost complete skeleton of a foal" resting on the wagon with "wheels circled by bronze bands" and radiocarbon-dated to 2250 BCE. So he considers this horse and the wagon are "one and a half century prior" to similar burials of Sintashta culture. A stone statuette that seems to be a horse with saddle was found in burial number 3210 also in the Royal necropolis and was reported by Sarianidi in 2005, and in burial 3310 parts of a stallion's body were found, the stallion lacked its head, rump, and tail, and was considered as a cult burial of a domestic horse by archaeologist Sarianidi in his 2008 publication.

Genetics
Narasimshan et al. (2018) found no essential genetic contributions from the BMAC in later South-Asians.

In 2019, Narasimhan and co-authors analyzed BMAC skeletons from the Bronze Age sites of Bustan, Dzharkutan, Gonur Tepe, and Sappali Tepe. The male specimens belonged primarily to haplogroup J, specifically J* (3/26), J1 (1/26), J2 (7/26), as well as G (2/26), L (2/26), R2 (3/26), R1b (1/26), R* (2/26), H1a (1/26), P (1/26), Q (1/26), T (1/26) and E1b1b (1/26).

The BMAC population largely derived from preceding local Copper Age peoples who were in turn related to prehistoric farmers from the Iranian plateau and to a lesser extent early Anatolian farmers, as well as hunter-gatherers from Western Siberia (WSHG), and that they did not contribute substantially to later populations further south in the Indus Valley. They found no evidence that the samples extracted from the BMAC sites derived any part of their ancestry from the Yamnaya people, who are associated with Proto-Indo-Europeans in the Kurgan hypothesis, the most influential theory on the Proto-Indo-European homeland. Some peripheral samples did already carry significant Yamnaya-like ancestry, inline with the southwards expansion of Western Steppe Herders towards Southern Asia. Succeeding cultures, specifically the Yaz culture, was characterized by a combination of BMAC and Yamnaya/WSH ancestries, and associated with early Indo-Iranians.

A recent genetic study authored by Perle Guarino-Vignon et al., published in 2022, confirms the admixture between local BMAC groups and Andronovo-related populations, at the end of Oxus Civilization. This paper considers current Tajiks and Yaghnobis, to be direct descendants of the Bronze and Iron Age Central Asian populations, deriving ancestry from both the Yamnaya (Western Steppe Herders and BMAC groups (Neolithic Iranians), and showing genetic continuity to Indo-Iranians.

Sites
In Afghanistan

Dashli, Jowzjan Province
Khush Tepe (Tepe Fullol)

In Turkmenistan
Altyndepe
Gonur Tepe
Jeitun
Namazga-Tepe
Togolok 21
Ulug Depe
Berdysyčran-depe

In Uzbekistan
Ayaz Kala
Djarkutan
Koi Krylgan Kala
Sappali tepe
Toprak-Kala

See also
 Indra
 Soma
 Zoroaster
 Vakhsh culture

References

Sources

Further reading

Aruz, Joan (ed), Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus,  pp. 347–375, 2003, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), google books (fully online)

CNRS, L'archéologie de la Bactriane ancienne, actes du colloque Franco-soviétique n° 20. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1985,

Forizs, L. (2016, 2003) Apāṁ Napāt, Dīrghatamas and Construction of the Brick Altar. Analysis of RV 1.143 in the homepage of Laszlo Forizs

External links

Black Sands – A documentary about the Gonur Tepe archaeological site
Sarianidi archaeological expedition at Gonur Tepe archaeological site

Archaeological cultures of Central Asia
Bronze Age cultures of Asia
Archaeological cultures in Afghanistan
Archaeological cultures in Tajikistan
Archaeological cultures in Turkmenistan
Archaeological cultures in Uzbekistan
Archaeological sites in Central Asia
Bronze Age sites in Asia
Archaeological sites in Afghanistan
Ancient history of Afghanistan
Archaeological sites in Turkmenistan
23rd-century BC establishments

Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex


Culoarea părului variază în funcție de diferitele niveluri ale pigmentului numit melanină. La ființele umane, părul natural are, practic, următoarele culori: blond, roșcat, castaniu și negru. "Podoaba capilară" poate fi însă vopsită, practic, în toate tipurile de culori. Lipsa melaninei din părul uman determină albirea acestuia, proces ce are loc din cauza îmbătrânirii sau a unor boli, cum ar fi albinismul.

Genetică și biochimie
Feomelanina este responsabilă de culoarea roșcată. Eumelanina, care are două tipuri (negru și brun / cafeniu închis), determină culoarea părului în funcție de concentrația sa (cu cât cantitatea de melanină este mai importantă, cu atât părul este mai închis). O slabă concentrație de eumelanină brună dă părul blond, în timp ce o concentrație mai ridicată dă părul brun (cafeniu închis). O slabă concentrație a eumelaninei negre dă părul gri, în timp ce o concentrație mai ridicată dă părul negru. Uneori, în mod abuziv, se consideră că părul gri reprezintă prezența simultană a firelor de păr albe și brune dând impresia de gri. O altă expresie răspândită și mai exactă este sare și piper.
Feomelanina este, din punct de vedere chimic, mai stabilă decât eumelanina neagră, însă mai puțin stabilă decât eumelanina brună, care se oxidează mai încet. De aceea, în timpul procesului de decolorare artificială, peroxidul de hidrogen dă părului mai închis o tentă roșcată, apoi portocalie, galbenă și în sfârșit albă.

Genetica culorii părului nu este încă stabilită în mod ferm. Potrivit unei teorii, cel puțin două perechi de gene controlează culoarea părului uman:
 un fenotip (brun / blond) are o alelă dominantă maro și o alelă recesivă blondă. O persoană cu o alelă brună are părul brun (cafeniu închis), o persoană care nu are alelă brună va fi blondă. Ceea ce explică de ce doi părinți cu părul brun pot avea un copil cu părul blond;
 celălalt fenotip (roșcat / non roșcat) are o alelă non roșcată (fapt ce inhibă sinteza feomelaninei) dominantă în timp ce alela părului roșcat este recesivă. O peroană cu două alele  roșcate va avea părul roșcat, dar va avea părul cafeniu-roșcat sau roșcat-portocaliu după cum perechea primei gene are un fenotip brun sau blond.

Acest model cu două gene nu ține totuși cont de toate nuanțele posibile de brun, blond sau roșcat (de exemplu, blond platinat versus blond închis / blond deschis), și nu explică de ce în anumite cazuri culoarea părului se închide când pesoana înaintează în vârstă. Mai multe perechi de gene ar putea controla culoarea deschisă versus culoarea închisă potrivit unui efect cumulativ. Culoarea părului este într-adevăr un caracter multifactorial și genotipul unui individ poate interacționa cu mediul pentru a produce fenotipuri diferite.

Pe de altă parte, cercetători neerlandezi au pus la punct o tehnică prin care se determină culoarea părului persoanelor cu ajutorul unui eșantion al ADN-ului lor. Această tehnică permite să se prezică cu o rată de fiabilitate de peste 90% dacă un individ este negru sau roșcat și cu 80% dacă este șaten sau blond, o distincție poate fi făcută chiar pentru blond închis, roșcat-cafeniu și blond venețian.

Culoarea naturală a părului
La oameni, culoarea părului este dată de pigmentarea firelor de păr (a foliculilor piloși), care variază, în mod natural, prin două tipuri de melanină, eumelanina și feomelanina.

Acest tabel reprezintă culorile naturale ale părului ființele umane, care variază și în funcție de rasă și de culoarea pielii.

Părul blond
Părul blond, variază de la castaniu deschis la blond aproape alb și este preponderent la diverse grupuri etnice, dar cel mai des se întâlnește la caucazieni (la albi), în principal la descendenții din Scandinavia, Rusia, Țările Alpine, Europa de Est, Marea Britanie.

Părul roșcat
Părul roșcat poate dobândi o nuanță mai roșiatică sau mai portocalie. Părul roșu sau roșcat este destul de frecvent în Rusia, Marea Britanie, Scandinavia și Franța. Culoarea roșcat-portocalie ("morcoveață", "poil de carotte" în franceză) este destul de comună în țări precum:
Irlanda și Regatul Unit.

Părul castaniu
Părul castaniu (șaten) variază de la maro deschis la aproape negru. La unele persoane părul de această culoare poate avea reflexe aurii atunci când își expun părul la soare.

Părul castaniu închis este foarte frecvent la asiatici, la negri, la amerindieni și la unele popoare caucaziene.

Părul negru
Părul negru are maximum de melanină, fapt pentru care are o tentă albăstruie atunci când este expus la soare. Este mai frecvent la persoanele din rasa galbenă de origine asiatică, la negrii de origine africană și la indienii din America.

Părul gri
Părul gri este cauzat de vârstă sau de pierderea prematură de melanină ce poate apărea în adolescență sau chiar în copilărie.
Persoanele care din naștere nu au pigmentul numit melanină sunt numiți albinoși.

Condiții care conduc la modificarea culorii părului omenesc
 Îmbătrânirea provoacă o acromotrichie (depigmentatare a părului) care ar fi provocată de două gene Bcl2 și Bcl-w și de moartea celulelor sușă melanocitare.
 Cărunțeală / Căruntețe.
 Sexul: ca regulă generală, dacă femeile au tendința  de a avea o frecvență mai scăzută la culoarea neagră a părului decât bărbații, un studiu din 2009 a scos în evidență că bărbații au o frecvență semnificativ mai ridicată de păr blond și roșcat decât femeile.
 Condiții medicale: albinism, vitiligo, malnutriție, sindrom Werner, anemie pernicioasă.

Colorarea artificială
Conform lui Clement al Alexandriei, Medeea, fiica lui Eetes din Colchida, a fost cea care a inventat vopsirea părului.

Galerie de imagini

Note

Vezi și
 Culoarea pielii umane
 Culoarea ochilor
 Grup etnic

Culori de păr
Genetică

Culoarea părului uman


An Trisetella sororia in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Angel Andreetta. An Trisetella sororia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trisetella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Trisetella

Trisetella sororia


Ambrogio Enrico Morelli (* 4. Dezember 1905 in Nerviano; † 10. Oktober 2000 ebenda) war ein italienischer Radrennfahrer.

Ambrogio Morelli war Profi-Radrennfahrer von 1929 bis 1938. Viermal startete er in diesen Jahren bei der Tour de France. 1934 wurde er Sechster der Gesamtwertung, 1935 gewann er zwei Etappen und wurde Gesamtzweiter. 1935 wurde er Zehnter des Giro d'Italia und 1936 Siebter.

1929 gewann Morelli das Rennen Tre Valli Varesine, 1930 den Giro del Piemonte und den Giro dell'Umbria. 1933 wurde er Zweiter der Katalonien-Rundfahrt.

Weblinks

Radsportler (Italien)
Italiener
Geboren 1905
Gestorben 2000
Mann

Ambrogio Morelli


Erpel steht für:

 Erpel (Männchen), die männliche Ente

Orte:
 Erpel im Landkreis Neuwied, Rheinland-Pfalz
 Kaczory, deutsch Erpel, Stadt in der Woiwodschaft Großpolen, Polen

Erpel ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Christian von Erpel (??–1449), Generalvikar in Köln
 Karl Erpel, Künstlername von Will Glahé (1902–1989), deutscher Akkordeonist

fiktive Figuren:
 Emil Erasmus Erpel, Gründer der Stadt Entenhausen, siehe Duck #Die Erpel-Linie
 Kiki Erpel, Darkwing Ducks Adoptivtochter, siehe Darkwing Duck #Darkwings Team

Siehe auch:
 Erbel (Begriffsklärung)

Erpel (Begriffsklärung)


Karl Humburg (* 21. Oktober 1884 in Eschwege; † 7. April 1978) war ein Professor für Elektrotechnik.

Leben
Nach seinem Studium der Elektrotechnik an der TH München arbeitete Humburg von 1907 bis 1910 bei den Siemens-Schuckertwerken in Berlin. 1911 promovierte er am Elektrotechnischen Institut der TH München mit der Arbeit Das Pendeln bei Gleichstrommotoren mit Wendepolen.

1924 wurde er an der TH Hannover auf den neu eingerichteten dritten Lehrstuhl für Elektrotechnik berufen. Außer seinem Lehrgebiet Elektromaschinen vertrat er bis 1927 gleichzeitig die Hochspannungstechnik und ab 1935 auch die Stromrichtertechnik. Um 1953 wurde er emeritiert. Nach Georg Dettmars Tod im Jahr 1950 hatte er dessen Manuskript zur Geschichte der Elektrotechnik fertiggestellt.

Im November 1933 unterzeichnete er das Bekenntnis der deutschen Professoren zu Adolf Hitler.

Veröffentlichungen
 Die Gleichstrommaschine
 Die synchrone Maschine; 1942
 Die Entstehung des Drehmomentes in elektrischen Maschinen. ETZ 71 (1950), S. 311–313

Literatur
 Michael Jung, Eine neue Zeit. Ein neuer Geist? Eine Untersuchung über die NS-Belastung der nach 1945 an der Technischen Hochschule Hannover tätigen Professoren unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Rektoren und Senatsmitglieder. Hrsg. v. Präsidium der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2020, ISBN 978-3-7319-1082-4 (vollständig als PDF-Dokument), S. 157.
 ETZ-B Bd. 16 (1964)
 Paul Trommsdorff: Der Lehrkörper der Technischen Hochschule Hannover 1831–1931. Hannover 1931, S. 87.
TH Hannover (Hg.): Catalogus Professorum. Der Lehrkörper der technischen Hochschule Hannover 1831–1856, Hannover: Technische Hochschule 1956, S. 195.

Weblinks
 Humburg, Karl

Persönlichkeit der Elektrotechnik
Hochschullehrer (TH Hannover)
Träger des Großen Bundesverdienstkreuzes
Deutscher
Geboren 1884
Gestorben 1978
Mann

Karl Humburg


Şam veya Dimaşk (Arapça: دمشق Dimaşk ya da الشام Eş-şam), Suriye'nin başkentidir. Ayrıca, Şam Valiliğinin ve Rif Şam Valiliği'nin de idari başkentidir.

Dünya tarihindeki ilk cinayet olan Kabil ile Habil olayının Şam'ın kuzeyindeki Kasiyun Dağı'nda gerçekleştiğine inanılır. En bilinen tarihi mekanlardan biri Emevi Camii'dir. Ayrıca, bazı Müslümanlar arasında ahir zamanda Mehdi'nin ve İsa'nın bu camiye ineceği inancı vardır. 1516 yılında Yavuz Sultan Selim'in Suriye'yi ele geçirmesiyle oluşturulan Şam Vilayetinin merkezi haline gelen Şam kenti, hac yolu üzerindeki toplanma noktası olması nedeniyle de ticari yönden önemini korumuştur.

I. Dünya Savaşı'nın son günlerinde İngiliz işgaline giren kent Sykes-Picot Anlaşması uyarınca 1920'de Fransa'ya bırakılmış olup, Fransız sömürgeliği yıllarında çok sayıda tahribata ve yağmalamaya uğramıştır. 1946 yılındaki ayaklanmayla Fransız sömürgesi olmaktan  kurtulmuş ve Suriye'nin başkenti olmuştur. Bugün hâlâ devam etmekte olan Suriye İç Savaşı'nda büyük hasar alan şehir, tarihi dokusunu kaybetme ihtimali ile yüz yüzedir.

Etimoloji
Arapça'da tam olarak Dimeşk eş-Şām (دمشق الشام) denir. Genelde Dimeşk kısaltmasıyla hitap edilir
fakat Şamlılar başta olmak üzere Araplar eş-Şam tercih ederler. Eş-Şam Arapçanın Kuzey kelimesinden gelir. Büyük Suriye'ye Bilād eş-Şam (بلاد الشام) demişlerdir. Avrupa dillerine  (Damas, Damascus, Damasco gibi) Yunanca Damaskos (Δαμασκός)'dan geçmiştir. Eski Aremice (Eski Ahit İbrani harfiyle)'de Darmeśeq (דרמשק) = İyi sulanmış yer'den gelmektedir. MÖ 14. yüzyıla ait Amarna yazılarında Akkad dilinde Dimašqa olarak geçmektedir. Çok sayıdaki ilçelerinin adları hâlâ Aramicedir.

İklim

Mimari yapı
Emeviler, devrinde dünyanın kültür ve medeniyet merkezi olması sebebi ile mimari yapısı bir hayli gelişkindi, kent mimarisinde Arap, Yunan ve Roma etkileri görülürdü. Dünyadaki ilk modern park örnekleri burada görülmüştür ve buradan İspanya'ya ve oradan Avrupa'nın tamamına taşınmıştır. Fakat uğradığı Moğol saldırılarından dolayı çoğu eserini kaybetmiştir.

Osmanlılar, şehri ele geçirdikten sonra buraya pek çok tarihi bina kazandırmışlardır. Ve şehrin en güzel yapıtlarından biri olan tren garını Osmanlılar yapmıştır.

Modern Şam, 2000'li yıllarda aşırı gelişme gösteren Şam şu anda, Yeni Şam ve Eski Şam olmak üzere iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Eski Şam, şehir merkezinde tarihi yapıların olduğu klasik kesimdir. Yeni Şam ise merkezin etrafını saran yer yer merkeze biraz uzak modern yapıda binalar ve şehir düzenlemesine sahip yerlerdir.

Surları ve kapıları
Stratejik bir konuma sahip olan Şam, dünyanın dört bir yanından gelen tüccarları cezbederdi. Şehir Suriye cenneti olarak biliniyordu. Tahkimatlar şehrin önemi ile uyumluydu. Şehrin ana kısmı  büyük bir duvarla çevriliydi. Müstahkem şehir yaklaşık  uzunluğunda ve  genişliğindeydi.

Surların altı kapısı vardır:
 Doğu Kapısı (Bab Şarki)
 Thomas Kapısı (Bab Touma)
 Jabiya Kapısı (Bab al-Jabiya)
 Cennet Kapısı (Bab al-Faradis)
 Keisan Kapısı  (Bab Kisan)
 Küçük Kapı (Bab al-Saghir)
Barada Nehri Şam'ın kuzey duvarı boyunca aksa da, savunma açısından çok sığdır.

Türbeler
Şam'da ve Suriye genelinde İslam ve diğer dinlerde önemli olan kişilerin türbesi yer almaktadır. Örneğin Bilal Habeşi, Yahya Peygamber, Selahattin Eyyubi ve ilk Türk askeri hava şehitlerin mezarlıkları, Hüseyin bin Ali'nin türbesi ve Muhammed bin Abdullah'ın eşlerinden ve ehlinden gelen İslamiyet'te önem sahibi bazı kişilerin türbesi yine buradadır.

Kardeş şehirler

   Ankara, Türkiye
   Bükreş, Romanya
   Buenos Aires, Arjantin
   Córdoba, İspanya
   Dubai, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri
   İstanbul, Türkiye
   Astana, Kazakistan
   Toledo, İspanya
   Erivan, Ermenistan

Resimler

Notlar
Tüm dünya ve Arap coğrafyası dahil olmak üzere şehrin adı Dimeşk olarak telaffuz edilirken Türkiye, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndan kalma gelenek ile Şam demektedir.

Kaynakça
Özel

Genel

Dış bağlantılar

Şam


Kolo godine, Kotač godine ili Vještičje kolo godine, godišnji ciklus sezonskih svečanosti koji se poklapa sa solarnim događajima, poput solsticija i ekvinocija, a koji se prema vjerovanju neopogana, sastoji od osam glavnih sabata (Samhain, Yule, Imbolc, Ostara, Beltane, Litha, Lughnasadh/Lamas i Mabon). U suvremenom vještičarstvu, kao obliku novopoganske religije, kolo godine je osobito zastupljeno kod članova Wicce.

Kolo godine ima svoje povijesne početke u keltskoj kulturnoj tradiciji u kojoj se svetkovalo festivale koji odgovaraju onima iz modernog kola godine, ali unatoč tvrdnjama iz wiccanske tradicije, ne postoji dokaz o postojanju kola godine u njegovoj današnjoj formi. U keltskoj kulturi vrijeme je doživljavano kao cikličko i slavili su se prijelazi godišnjih doba, međutim jedan od najstrijih spomena modernog kola godina može se naći u djelu njemačkog filologa i književnika Jacoba Grimma (1785.-1963.) iz 1835. godine pod nazivom Teutonska mitologija. Njegov današnji ustroj utvrdila je tijekom 1950-ih i 1960-ih Wicca i otada ga koristi i svetkuje u sadašnjem obliku.

Tijekom srednjeg i ranog novog vijeka, inkvizicija je povezala preostatke poganskih običaja s vještičarstvom i sotonizmom te stvorila koncept po kojem su vještice noću okupljaju na sabatima gdje slave svoga gospodara, Sotonu. Ostatak takvih pučkih i crkvenih predaja zadržao se u danas sekularnoj proslavi Noći vještica.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Kolo godine - worldhistory.org
 Sabati - encyclopedia.com

Ezoterija
Kalendar
Vještičarstvo

Kolo godine


Martin Præstegaard (født 24. marts 1976 i Gentofte) er en dansk embedsmand. Han er pr. 1. juli 2022 udnævnt til administrerende direktør i Arbejdsmarkedets Tillægspension, hvor han tidligere var viceadministrerende direktør. Han er tidligere departementschef i Finansministeriet.

Han er uddannet cand.scient.pol. fra Københavns Universitet i 2002.

Kilder

Departementschefer i Finansministeriet
Politologer fra Danmark
Danskere i 1900-tallet
Danskere i 2000-tallet
Personer fra Gentofte
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog

Martin Præstegaard


Cette page montre qui contrôle aux dates précisées les villes et villages d'Ukraine en raison de la guerre russo-ukrainienne.

Oblast de Tcherkassy

Oblast de Tchernihiv

Oblast de Tchernivtsi

Crimée et Sébastopol

Oblast de Dnipropetrovsk

Oblast de Donetsk

Oblast d'Ivano-Frankivsk

Oblast de Louhansk

Oblast de Lviv

Oblast de Mykolaïv

Oblast d'Odessa

Oblast de Poltava

Oblast de Rivne

Oblast de Soumy

Oblast de Ternopil

Oblast de Vinnytsia

Oblast de Volhynie

Oblast de Transcarpatie

Oblast de Zaporijjia

Oblast de Jytomyr

Notes

Références

Références externes
 .

.

.

.

Invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022

Contrôle des villes pendant la guerre russo-ukrainienne


Los peces vivíparos de acuario, realmente ovovivíparos, son peces que mantienen los huevos dentro del cuerpo y dan a luz a crías vivas y una vez nacidos, nadan libremente e independientes, no necesitan cuidados de sus padres (el macho que apareó a la hembra y la misma que parió a su cría). Los padres muchas veces depredan sobre sus hijos.

Los peces vivíparos recién nacidos son grandes en comparación con los alevines de peces ovíparos, esto las hace menos vulnerables a la depredación, y si hay suficientes escondites la cría suele madurar en un acuario comunitario. También son más fáciles de alimentar en comparación con los alevines de la puesta de huevos de especies como carácidos y cíclidos. Esto hace que sean mucho más fáciles de criar, y por esta razón, los acuaristas a menudo los recomiendan para principiantes la cría de peces.

La familia más conocida de peces ovovivíparos es la de los Poecílidos, que incluye cinco especies clásicas en los acuarios comunitarios: guppies, endlers, mollinesias (mollys), portadores de espada (xiphos) y platys. Los tres primeros del género Poecilia y los dos últimos del género Xiphophorus.
Entre algunos de ellos puede haber hibridación, es decir, dos peces de especies distintas pueden procrear entre ellos y dar lugar a un pez, que llamamos híbrido, con características de las dos especies. Muchos de estos seres podrán procrear dentro del mismo género, como guppies y endlers, dada su similitud.

Todos ellos son de reproducción extremadamente fácil y normalmente basta con juntar machos y hembras en una acuario sano y estable para obtener crías.

Peces aberrantes e incubadores bucales
Los caballitos de mar y los Peces pipa se puede definir como vivíparos, aunque en estos casos los machos incuban los huevos en lugar de las hembras. En muchos casos, los huevos dependen del macho para el oxígeno y la nutrición, por lo que estos peces se puede definir como vivíparos.

Muchos cíclidos  son incubadores bucales,  con la hembra (o, más raramente en los machos) para incubar los huevos en la cavidad bucal. En comparación con otros cíclidos, estas especies producen menos huevos pero más grandes, y cuando salen, las crías se desarrollan mejor y tienen una supervivencia mayor. Debido a que los huevos están protegidos contra los depredadores, pero no absorben los nutrientes de los padres, esta condición es análoga, a pesar de que son idénticos con otros ovovivíparos.

Galería de peces vivíparos

Enlaces externos
 American Livebearer Association
 British Livebearer Association
 Keeping & Breeding Halfbeaks Includes growth rate chart and pictures of newborn fish.

Peces ovovivíparos
Peces vivíparos y ovovivíparos

Vivíparos de acuario


Carl Th. Dreyer er en film instrueret af Erik Frohn Nielsen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1982

Portrætfilm fra Danmark
Carl Th. Dreyer

The cinema of Carl Th. Dreyer


Hyacinthinae, podtribus šparogovki, dio tribusa Hyacintheae. Rod se sastoji se od 15 rodova, a opisan je 1852. Ime je došlo po rodu  Hyacinthus.

Rodovi
 Alrawia (Wendelbo) Perss. & Wendelbo
 Barnardia Lindl.
 Bellevalia Lapeyr.
 Brimeura Salisb.
 Fessia Speta
 Hyacinthella Schur
 Hyacinthoides Heist. ex Fabr.
 Hyacinthus Tourn. ex L.
 Leopoldia Parl.
 Muscari Mill.
 Othocallis Salisb.
 Prospero Salisb.
 Puschkinia Adams
 Scilla L.
 Zagrosia Speta

Izvori

Hyacintheae

Hyacinthinae


Mary Gladys Webb (25 March 1881 – 8 October 1927) was an English romance novelist and poet of the early 20th century, whose work is set chiefly in the Shropshire countryside and among Shropshire characters and people whom she knew. Her novels have been successfully dramatized, most notably the film Gone to Earth in 1950 by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger based on the novel of the same title.  The novels are thought to have inspired the famous parody Cold Comfort Farm (1932) by Stella Gibbons.

Life
She was born Mary Gladys Meredith in 1881 at Leighton Lodge in the Shropshire village of Leighton, where she was baptised at St Mary's parish church, 8 miles (13 km) southeast of Shrewsbury. Her father, George Edward Meredith, a private schoolteacher, inspired his daughter with his own love of literature and the local countryside. Her mother Sarah Alice was descended from a family related to Sir Walter Scott. Mary explored the countryside around her childhood home, and developed a sense of detailed observation and description, of both people and places, which later infused her poetry and prose.

At the age of one year, she moved with her parents to Much Wenlock, where they lived at a house called The Grange outside the town.  Mary was taught by her father, then sent to a finishing school for girls at Southport in 1895. Webb became a vegetarian as a child and loathed the slaughter of animals. Her parents moved the family again in Shropshire, north to Stanton upon Hine Heath in 1896, before settling in 1902 at Meole Brace, now on the outskirts of Shrewsbury. It was at Stanton she began writing poems and articles for the local parish magazine.

At the age of 20, she developed symptoms of Graves' disease, a thyroid disorder that resulted in bulging protuberant eyes and throat goitre. It caused ill health throughout her life and probably contributed to her early death. This affliction resulted in her being empathic with the suffering. She is considered to have created a fictional counterpart in the disfiguring harelip of Prue Sarn, the heroine of Precious Bane.

Webb's first published writing was a five-verse poem, written on hearing news of the Shrewsbury rail accident in October 1907. Her brother, Kenneth Meredith, so liked the poem and thought it potentially comforting for those affected by the disaster that, without her knowledge, he took it to the newspaper offices of the Shrewsbury Chronicle, which printed the poem anonymously.  Mary, who usually burnt her early poems, was appalled before learning that the newspaper had received appreciative letters from its readers.

On 12 June 1912, Webb married Henry Bertram Law Webb (1885-1939), a teacher, at Meole Brace's Holy Trinity parish church. At first he supported her literary interests. They lived for a time in Weston-super-Mare, before moving back to Mary's beloved Shropshire, where they worked as market gardeners until Henry secured a job as a teacher, first at Chester, then at the Priory Grammar School for Boys in Shrewsbury.

The couple lived briefly in Rose Cottage in Hinton Lane and then at The Nills in the village of Pontesbury between the years 1914 and 1916, during which time she wrote The Golden Arrow. Her time in the village is celebrated by the eponymously named Mary Webb School and Science College.

The publication of The Golden Arrow in 1917 enabled them to move to Lyth Hill, Bayston Hill, a place she loved, where they bought a plot of land and built Spring Cottage.

In 1921, they bought a second property in London, in the hope that by being in the city, she could achieve greater literary recognition. This, however, did not happen, although she won the Prix Femina Vie Heureuse for Precious Bane in 1926. By 1927, she was suffering increasingly bad health, her marriage was failing, and she returned to Spring Cottage alone. She died at St Leonards-on-Sea, aged 46.  She was buried in Shrewsbury, at the General Cemetery in Longden Road.

Legacy
Her writing in general was reviewed as notable for poetic descriptions of nature. Another aspect throughout her work was a close and fatalistic view on human psychology.

After her death, Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin brought about her commercial success when, at a dinner of the Royal Literary Fund in 1928, he referred to her as a neglected genius.  Consequently her collected works were republished in a standard edition by Jonathan Cape, becoming best sellers in the 1930s and running into many editions.

Stella Gibbons's 1932 novel Cold Comfort Farm was a parody of Webb's work, as well as of other "loam and lovechild" writers like Sheila Kaye-Smith and Mary E. Mann and, further back, Thomas Hardy.  In a 1966 Punch article, Gibbons observed:
The large agonised faces in Mary Webb's book annoyed me ... I did not believe people were any more despairing in Herefordshire [sic] than in Camden Town.  Literary critic John Sutherland refers to the genre as the "soil and gloom romance" and credits Webb as its pioneer.

The museum at the Tourist Information Centre in Much Wenlock includes much information on Mary Webb, including a display of photographs of the filming of her novel Gone to Earth in 1950.

Her cottage on Lyth Hill (not open to the public) can still be seen. In September 2013, plans were submitted for its demolition.

Three of Webb's novels have been reprinted by Virago Press.

Bibliography

 The Golden Arrow (July 1916). London : Constable.
 Gone to Earth (September 1917). London : Constable.
 The Spring of Joy; a little book of healing (October 1917). London : J. M. Dent.
 The House in Dormer Forest (July 1920). London : Hutchinson.
 Seven for a Secret (October 1922). London : Hutchinson.
 Precious Bane (July 1924). London : Jonathan Cape.
 Poems and the Spring of Joy (Essays and Poems) (1928). London : Jonathan Cape.
 Armour Wherein He Trusted: A Novel and Some Stories (1929). London : Jonathan Cape.
 A Mary Webb Anthology edited by Henry B.L. Webb (1939). London : Jonathan Cape.
 Fifty-One Poems (1946). London : Jonathan Cape. With wood engravings by Joan Hassall
 The Essential Mary Webb edited by Martin Armstrong (1949). London : Jonathan Cape.
 Mary Webb: Collected Prose and Poems edited by Gladys Mary Coles (1977). Shrewsbury : Wildings.
 Selected Poems of Mary Webb edited by Gladys Mary Coles (1981). Wirral : Headland

Biographies
 The Shropshire  of Mary Webb by W. Reid. Chappell (1930). London : Cecil Palmer
 The Shropshire Haunts of Mary Webb by W. Byford-Jones (1948). Shrewsbury : Wilding and Son
 The Flower of Light: A Biography of Mary Webb by Gladys Mary Coles  (1978). London : Duckworth & Co Ltd); (1998). Wirral : Headland Publications
 Mary Webb: A Narrative Bibliography of Her Life and Work by Gordon Dickins (1981). – : –
 Daughters and Lovers: The Life and Writing of Mary Webb by Michèle Aina Barale (1986). Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press
 Mary Webb Country: An Introduction to Her Life and Work by Linda Davies (1990). Wirral : Palmers Press
 Best Day of My Life: Mary Meredith (Young Mary Webb) at Much Wenlock by Kenneth Milner (1999). – : Dormer
 Lullingford: Mary Webb's Much Wenlock by Kenneth Milner (2004). – : –

Adaptations

Gone to Earth
Adapted in a 1950 film by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, starring Jennifer Jones as Hazel Woodus. It was later re-edited, shortened and retitled for its American release, and fell into relative obscurity. In 1985, the full 110-minute restored version was released by the National Film Archive, to critical acclaim.
Adapted in a 2004 play by Helen Edmundson, which was produced by Shared Experience at the Lyric Hammersmith and on tour; Edmundson was subsequently nominated for a TMA Award.

Precious Bane
Adapted in a six-part BBC television drama series in 1957, starring Patrick Troughton and Daphne Slater.
Adapted for French television (ORTF) in 1968 by director Claude Santelli, with Dominique Labourier as Prue, Josep Maria Flotats as Gedeon and Pierre Vaneck as Kester. The title was Sarn, after the French title of the novel.
Adapted as a television play by the BBC in 1989, with Janet McTeer as Prue, Clive Owen as her brother Gideon, and John Bowe as Kester.

Memorials
A monumental bust of Mary Webb, commissioned by the Mary Webb Society, was unveiled in the grounds of Shrewsbury Library on 9 July 2016.

A blue plaque to commemorate her birth was unveiled by the Mary Webb Society at Leighton Lodge in March 2022.

References

External links

 The Mary Webb Society

 Literary Heritage - West Midlands - profile and e-texts of all her novels
 Mary Webb papers at the Mortimer Rare Book Collection, Smith College Special Collections

1881 births
1927 deaths
English romantic fiction writers
Writers from Shropshire
Women romantic fiction writers
English women novelists
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English women writers

Mary Webb


A Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado do Ceará (Sema) foi criada em 2015 (Lei Nº 15.773, de 10/032015) marcando a primeira vez que o Estado tinha um órgão a nível de Secretaria exclusivo para atuação na política ambiental.

A Secretaria tem como eixos: Sustentabilidade, Biodiversidade, Educação Ambiental, Proteção animal e Fauna e Flora. Está vinculada a ela, a Superintendência Estadual do Meio Ambiente - Semace. Fazem parte de seus projetos a administração e defesa de 13 Áreas de Proteção Ambiental - APAs, cinco parques estaduais e um refúgio de vida silvestre. Há ainda duas regionais, uma na cidade de Sobral e outra no Crato.

De acordo com a lei 15798, de 01/06/2015, no seu Art. 3º, as competências da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente são: implementar a política ambiental do Estado; promover a articulação interinstitucional nos âmbitos federal, estadual e municipal; estabelecer mecanismos de participação da sociedade civil.

Da mesma forma, a lei 15798, de 01/06/2015, estabeleceu que o Conselho Estadual do Meio Ambiente – Coema, instituído pela Lei nº 11.411, de 28 de dezembro de 1987, e modificado pela Lei nº 12.910, de 9 de junho de 1999, ficasse vinculado à Secretaria do Meio Ambiente.

Desde sua criação no início da primeira administração do governador Camilo Santana, a Sema teve apenas um secretário, Artur José Viera Bruno.

A Sema ganhou o Prêmio Muriqui em 2021, uma das mais importantes homenagens às ações ambientais no país. A distinção Conservacionista Brasileira foi um reconhecimento ao trabalho realizado pela preservação e promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável em área da Mata Atlântica.

Histórico
A Superintendência Estadual de Meio Ambiente – SEMACE, criada em 1987 (Lei nº 11.411, de 28/12/1987), foi o primeiro órgão oficial do Estado a executar exclusivamente políticas de meio ambiente. Ela estava vinculada à Secretaria de Insfraestrutura. No mesmo ano, o Conselho Estadual de Meio Ambiente - Coema foi instituído com jurisdição em todo o estado e composição paritária (metade com integrantes do governo e metade da sociedade civil).

Em 2001, atendendo a pedido do Coema, é criada a Secretaria da Ouvidoria-Geral e do Meio Ambiente – SOMA (Lei n.º 13.093 de 08/01/2001), reunindo o trabalho de políticas ambientais e a Ouvidoria-Geral do Estado.

Em fevereiro de 2007, foi criado o Conselho de Políticas e Gestão do Meio Ambiente - CONPAM (Lei Estadual n° 13.875, de 07/022007). O Conselho tinha a missão de promover a defesa do meio ambiente, bem como formular, planejar e coordenar a Política Ambiental do Estado e funcionou com status de secretaria até a criação da SEMA, em 2015.

Entidades vinculadas

Semace

A Superintendência Estadual do Meio Ambiente - Semace é uma autarquia vinculada à Secretaria do Meio Ambiente que tem a responsabilidade de executar a Política Ambiental do Estado do Ceará (Lei Estadual 11.411 (DOE – 04/01/88), de 28 de dezembro, depois alterada pela Lei nº 12.274 (DOE – 08/04/94), de 05 de abril de 1994), e integra, como órgão seccional, o Sistema Nacional de Meio Ambiente (Sisnama).  A função do órgão é cumprir e fazer cumprir as normas estaduais e federais de proteção, recuperação, controle e utilização racional dos recursos ambientais. Os programas da Superintendência cobrem cinco eixos: Meu Ambiente, Sou Semace, Mais Semace, Estruturar e Interagir.

Siema
O Sistema Estadual do Meio Ambiente - Siema foi instituído pela Lei complementar 231 que entrou em vigor em janeiro de 2021. A iniciativa tinha objetivo de reformular a política estadual de meio ambiente, fortalecendo o trabalho de preservação. Entidades direta ou indiretamente administradas pelo Governo passaram a trabalhar em rede, como uma força tarefa para proteger a qualidade ambiental e aumentar a fiscalização.

A implantação do Siema criou duas outras entidades: a Câmara Recursal de Infrações Ambientais (CRIA), última instância recursal, competindo-lhe julgar os processos administrativos infracionais, após decisão em primeira instância pela Semace; e o Fundo Estadual do Meio Ambiente (FEMA), com a finalidade de reunir recursos em prol do desenvolvimento de projetos e políticas que visem à conservação da biodiversidade.

Os recursos do Fundo  Estadual do Meio Ambiente financiam o desenvolvimento de projetos e políticas para a conservação da biodiversidade no Estado. O Conselho Estadual Gestor do Fema é escolhido por meio de sorteio.

Principais programas

Projeto Agente Jovem Ambiental (AJA)
Tem objetivo de estimular a participação de jovens em projetos sustentáveis, através da inclusão social e ambiental, viabilizando o desenvolvimento de suas competências e habilidades, ampliando as oportunidades de geração de renda e o protagonismo juvenil, focando na melhoria da qualidade de vida e na preservação do meio ambiente. Os jovens são selecionados por meio de Edital e obedecem a requisitos como: ter idade entre 15 (quinze) e 29 (vinte e nove) anos, matriculados ou que tenham concluído o ensino médio em escola pública do Estado do Ceará e integrantes de famílias cadastradas no Cadastro Único para Programas Sociais - CadÚnico.

Programa Estadual de apoio às Reservas Particulares do Patrimônio Natural – RPPN
O Programa de apoio às RPPN busca apoiar proprietários de imóveis urbanos e rurais para a instituição e implementação de Reservas Particulares, de acordo com o capítulo III do Decreto Estadual n° 31.255, de 26 de junho 2013 e Decreto Nº 32.309, de 21 de agosto de 2017. Uma vez reconhecidas pelo Poder Público, as RPPNs passam a integrar o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC), protegendo remanescentes florestais, habitat para fauna associada, contribuindo para a manutenção dos serviços ecossistêmicos, em água, regulação climática, combate à erosão, além de proteger paisagens.

Programa de Incentivo às Unidades de Conservação Municipais – ProUCm
O ProUCm propõe o aumento das unidades de conservação no Estado do Ceará, apoiando os municípios, tanto na criação, quanto na efetividade da gestão dessas áreas protegidas.

Secretarias estaduais de governo do Ceará


Budd–Chiari syndrome is a very rare condition, affecting one in a million adults. The condition is caused by occlusion of the hepatic veins (usually due to a blood clot) that drain the liver. The symptoms are non-specific and vary widely, but it may present with the classical triad of abdominal pain, ascites, and liver enlargement. It is usually seen in younger adults, with the median age at diagnosis between the ages of 35 and 40, and it has a similar incidence in males and females. The syndrome can be fulminant, acute, chronic, or asymptomatic. Subacute presentation is the most common form.

Signs and symptoms
The acute syndrome presents with rapidly progressive severe upper abdominal pain, yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes, liver enlargement, enlargement of the spleen, fluid accumulation within the peritoneal cavity, elevated liver enzymes, and eventually encephalopathy. The fulminant syndrome presents early with encephalopathy and ascites. Liver cell death and severe lactic acidosis may be present as well. Caudate lobe enlargement is often present. The majority of patients have a slower-onset form of Budd–Chiari syndrome. This can be painless. A system of venous collaterals may form around the occlusion which may be seen on imaging as a "spider's web". Patients may progress to cirrhosis and show the signs of liver failure.

Causes
The cause of Budd–Chiari syndrome can be found in more than 80% of patients. However, in 20% of cases, there is no underlying cause discovered. These cases are known as idiopathic Budd–Chiari syndrome. In about 75% of cases, there is an underlying hypercoagulability disorder, with a third of these people having two or more hypercoagulable disorders.

Primary Budd–Chiari syndrome occurs due to thrombosis of the hepatic vein. The most common cause is due to acquired hypercoagulability associated with myeloproliferative disorders (accounting for 40–50% of cases). Other acquired hypercoagulable disorders that may result in Budd–Chiari syndrome include antiphospholipid syndrome and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, which are responsible for 10–12% and 7–12% of Budd–Chiari syndrome cases, respectively. Inherited disorders of hypercoagulability may lead to thrombosis of the hepatic vein and Budd–Chiari syndrome. Factor V Leiden is responsible for 8% of cases. Other less common inherited disorders leading to the condition include factor II mutation (3%), protein C deficiency (5%), protein S deficiency (4%), and antithrombin III deficiency(1%). Budd–Chiari syndrome may be the presenting sign of these hypercoagulable disorders.

Secondary Budd–Chiari syndrome, which is very rare compared to the primary variant, is due to compression of the hepatic vein by an outside structure (such as a tumor or polycystic kidney disease).

Budd–Chiari syndrome is also seen in tuberculosis, congenital venous webs and occasionally in inferior vena caval stenosis.

An important non-genetic risk factor is the use of estrogen-containing forms of hormonal contraception, which is implicated in 22% of cases of Budd–Chiari syndrome. Other less common risk factors include systemic diseases such as aspergillosis, Behçet's disease, connective tissue disease, mastocytosis, inflammatory bowel disease HIV infection, sarcoidosis or myeloma. Medications such as dacarbazine, pregnancy, trauma or recent abdominal surgery are other causes.

People who have paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) appear to be especially at risk for Budd–Chiari syndrome, more than other forms of thrombophilia: up to 39% develop venous thromboses, and 12% may acquire Budd–Chiari.

Pathophysiology

Any obstruction of the venous vasculature of the liver is referred to as Budd–Chiari syndrome, from the venules to the right atrium. This leads to increased portal vein and hepatic sinusoid pressures as the blood flow stagnates. The increased portal pressure causes increased filtration of vascular fluid with the formation of ascites in the abdomen and collateral venous flow through alternative veins leading to esophageal, gastric and rectal varices. Obstruction also causes centrilobular necrosis and peripheral lobule fatty change due to ischemia. If this condition persists chronically what is known as nutmeg liver will develop. Kidney failure may occur, perhaps due to the body sensing an "underfill" state and subsequent activation of the renin-angiotensin pathways and excess sodium retention.

Diagnosis
Budd Chiari syndrome may present with elevated liver enzymes; alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are often elevated in the acute phase and then decrease over time as chronic liver disease develops. Liver dysfunction can be indirectly measured with labs such as an elevated INR, decreased albumin level, and an elevated bilirubin level.

Budd–Chiari syndrome is most commonly diagnosed using ultrasound studies of the abdomen and retrograde angiography. Ultrasound may show obliteration of hepatic veins, thrombosis or stenosis, spiderweb vessels, large collateral vessels, or a hyperechoic cord replacing a normal vein. Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sometimes employed although these methods are generally not as sensitive. Liver biopsy is nonspecific but sometimes necessary to differentiate between Budd–Chiari syndrome and other causes of hepatomegaly and ascites, such as galactosemia or Reye's syndrome. Evaluation for a JAK2 V617F mutation is recommended.

Treatment
Identifying and treating the secondary cause of the hypercoagulability, or the primary hypercoagulable disorder leading to the Budd–Chiari syndrome is essential. With regards to secondary causes of hypercoagulability, 40–50% of cases of Budd–Chiari syndrome are due to myeloproliferative disorders, and these conditions each have their own specific treatments. A beta-blocker is indicated for prophylaxis against esophageal variceal bleeding and as needed diuretics can be used in cases of fluid overload in people with ascites. Anti-coagulation is required for all patient's with Budd–Chiari syndrome, even if a cause of hypercoagulability is not found. Warfarin is the preferred, and best studied anticoagulant, but direct factor Xa inhibitors may also be used.

Many patients will require further intervention. Some forms of Budd–Chiari may be treated with surgical shunts (such as portacaval shunt) to divert blood flow around the obstruction or the liver itself. Shunts must be placed early after diagnosis for best results.  TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt) has replaced shunt surgery as it is less invasive and overcomes intrahepatic outflow obstruction by diverting hepatic and portal blood flow to the inferior vena cava. TIPS accomplishes the same goal as a surgical shunt but has a lower procedure-related mortality, a factor that has led to a growth in its popularity. It is very effective in treating ascites and preventing further variceal bleeding. The TIPS procedure has shown to have good outcomes, with a 78% five-year transplant-free survival rate. If all the hepatic veins are blocked, the portal vein can be approached via the intrahepatic part of inferior vena cava, a procedure called DIPS (direct intrahepatic portocaval shunt).

Segmental occlusions of the inferior vena cava or portal vein can be treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in which a balloon is passed via a guidewire to the site of the venous obstruction and then inflated to open the blockage, this may be followed by stent placement (either immediate stent placement or deferred (when the stent is placed later, if needed)). Limited studies on thrombolysis with direct infusion of urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator into the obstructed vein have shown moderate success in treating Budd–Chiari syndrome; however, it is not routinely attempted.

Liver transplantation is an effective treatment for Budd–Chiari. It is generally reserved for patients with fulminant liver failure, failure of shunts, or progression of cirrhosis that reduces the life expectancy to one year. Survival rates in Budd–Chiari syndrome after liver transplantation are 76%, 71% and 68% after 1, 5 and 10 years respectively. It is recommended to continue anticoagulant treatment after liver transplantation, especially if the secondary or primary cause of hypercoagulability is still present, and to monitor for blood clots after liver transplantation.

Pregnancy is not contraindicated in those with Budd Chiari syndrome and if it occurs, anticoagulants should be continued with low molecular weight heparin as the preferred agent, as warfarin is teratogenic (associated with birth defects). Budd Chiari syndrome in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage and prematurity. Screening for esophageal varices is recommended in the second trimester, especially in those not on beta blocker prophylaxis. Screening for portopulmonary hypertension is also recommended for all pregnant patients with Budd Chiari syndrome.

Prognosis
Several studies have attempted to predict the survival of patients with Budd–Chiari syndrome. In general, nearly two-thirds of patients with Budd–Chiari are alive at 10 years.  Important negative prognostic indicators include ascites, encephalopathy, elevated Child–Pugh scores, elevated prothrombin time, and altered serum levels of various substances (sodium, creatinine, albumin, and bilirubin). Survival is also highly dependent on the underlying cause of the Budd–Chiari syndrome. For example, a patient with an underlying myeloproliferative disorder may progress to acute leukemia, independently of Budd–Chiari syndrome.

Eponym
It is named after George Budd, a British physician, and Hans Chiari, an Austrian pathologist.

References

External links

Diseases of veins, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
Rare syndromes
Hepatology
Medical triads
Syndromes affecting the hepatobiliary system

Budd–Chiari syndrome


පොදු වහරේ කුප්පමේනියා () නම් වන මෙම පැළෑටිය කමනීය සහ අරිට්ට මන්ජරී යන නම් වලින් ද හැඳින්වේ.මෙම මෙම ශාකය බළලුන්ගේ ප්‍රියතම ආහාරයකි.මෙහි උද්භිද විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය Acalypha indica වේ.වියලි දේශගුණය සහිත කලාපවල වැඩි වශයෙන් දැකිය හැකි අතර ඉතා ඉහල ගුණ සහිත ඔසුවකි. කොලපාට මල් හටගන්නා කුප්පමේනියා ඒක ලිංගික ශාකයකි. ප්රමාංගි හා ජයාංගි පුෂ්ප දෙවර්ගයම එකම ගසක දැකිය හැකී එමෙන්ම වසර පුරාවටම මල් හටගනී.මෙහි අඩංගු පෝෂ්ය පදාර්තයන් නම් ප්රෝටීන් , කාබෝහයිඩ්රේට් , කැල්සියම් , මේදය , තන්තු , පොස්පරස් , යකඩ , විටමින් C ප්‍රධාන වෙයි.

ඔසු පිණිස නම් මුත්‍රාශයේ රෝග , චර්ම රෝග , මලබද්ධය , ස්නායු පද්තිධයේ රෝග , කැස්ස , ඇදුම , උණ , දතේ කැක්කුම , කනේ කැක්කුම , ඉරුවාරදය , සන්දි ඉදිමීම , සෙම් ගෙඩි , පණු රෝග , වාත රෝග , පිලිස්සුම් තුවාල , නින්ද නොයෑම ආදී රෝග ගණනාවකට කුප්පමේනියා ශාකයෙන් සුවය ලබාගත හැක.

ආශ්‍රිත
 බළලා

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

කුප්පමේනිය


Friedrich Kirchhoff ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Friedrich Kirchhoff (Unternehmer, 1859) (1859–1953), deutscher Metallindustrieller
 Friedrich Kirchhoff (Unternehmer, 1890) (1890–1978), deutscher Maschinenbauunternehmer
 Friedrich Christian Kirchhoff (1822–1894), deutscher Autor und Theologe
 Friedrich-Wilhelm Kirchhoff (* 1927), deutscher Volkswirt

Siehe auch:
 Fritz Kirchhoff (Friedrich Georg Anton Kirchhoff; 1901–1953), deutscher Regisseur und Filmproduzent

Friedrich Kirchhoff


Drouant este un celebru restaurant parizian, fondat în 1880 de către Charles Drouant. El este situat în place Gaillon nr. 16-18 din arondismentul 2 al Parisului, în cartierul în care se află Opéra Garnier. Restaurantul Drouant găzduiește lunar (în prima zi de marți a fiecărei luni), începând din 1914, reuniunile membrilor juriului pentru acordarea premiului Goncourt și din 1926 și pe cele ale membrilor juriului pentru acordarea premiului Renaudot.

Bucătăriile restaurantului sunt conduse în prezent de bucătarul-șef Antoine Westermann.

Istoric

Restaurantul fondat în 1880 de alsacianul Charles Drouant a devenit la sfârșitul secolului al XX-lea un loc popular în rândul societății pariziene pentru degustarea de stridii pe care el le primea în fiecare săptămână la cumnatul său, ostreicultor breton. Fiul lui, Jean Drouant, a preluat administrarea restaurantului în 1914 și apoi nepotul acestuia din urmă, numit tot Jean Drouant, din 1946 până în 1976. Numele acestuia din urmă a fost dat școlii hoteliere situate pe rue Médéric în Paris, École hôtelière de Paris-Jean Drouant, care este acum numită lycée des métiers de l'hôtellerie Jean-Drouant.

El a decis în 1976 să vândă restaurant ce-i purta numele lui Robert Pascal, originar din Auvergne, care se angajase ca funcționar la Drouant și lucrase acolo timp de 40 de ani. Apoi restaurantul Drouant și-a schimbat de mai multe ori proprietarul între 1986 și 2006. Datorită bucătarului-șef Louis Grondard, Drouant a primit una, apoi două stele, în 1988 și 2005.

În 2006 bucătarul-șef alsacian Antoine Westermann, un compatriot și rudă a familiei Drouant, a devenit noul bucătar-șef și proprietar al localului, care a devenit astfel Drouant par Antoine Westermann.

Restaurantul

Bucătărie
Antoine Westermann asigură perenitatea localului într-un spirit de continuitate a marii tradiții a bucătăriei burgheze franceze. El pune accent pe respectarea tradiției servirii hors-d'œuvre, precum și pe gătirea produselor de sezon.

Antoine Westermann a încredințat conducerea bucătăriilor și restaurantului lui Antony Clemot. Intransigent în ceea ce privește calitatea produselor servite și a organizării servirii, acest tânăr bucătar-șef perpetuează spiritul clasic care simbolizează cultura gastronomică de la Drouant.

Câteva preparate emblematice

 Pâté en croûte
 Foie gras de rață cu vin de Porto
 Suprême de biblică, prăjită cu ciuperci și spanac à la crème
 Bouchée à la reine de Drouant
 File de Saint-Pierre prăjit cu fasole și ciuperci
 Pot-au-feu de Drouant

Decor
Partea de decor, saloanele de la etajele sunt încă acolo, iar camera de la parter are un decor luminos și liber într-un spirit de stil neo-clasic, proiectat de arhitectul Pascal Desprez.

Pentru a aniversa cei 100 de ani de când localul găzduiește reuniunile pentru acordarea premiului Goncourt, pereții sunt împodobiți din 2014 o citare gurmandă a fiecăruia din cei 10 membri ai juriului prezidat de Bernard Pivot.

Premii literare
Jurații care acordă cele două premii (Goncourt și Renaudot), odată aleși, dispun de masă pe viață la Drouant.

Goncourt

Fondată în 1903 de către Edmond de Goncourt, Academia Goncourt este formată din zece membri aleși pe viață, care se reunesc, începând din 31 octombrie 1914, în prima zi de marți a lunii în salonul de la primul etaj al restaurantului Drouant (numitul Goncourt) pentru a discuta actualitățile literare. În septembrie, juriul premiului Goncourt anunță o primă și apoi o a doua selecție de cărți și decide în timpul mesei de prânz și a unei sesiuni de votare de la începutul lunii noiembrie câștigătorul premiului Goncourt al anului. Întregul proces de alegere are loc în salonul Goncourt al restaurantului.

Cei zece membri ai academiei Goncourt sunt cooptați de ceilalți membri și numiți pe viață. Ei nu sunt plătiți, obținând doar dreptul de a servi gratuit masa pe viață la Drouant.

Membrii Academiei

 Bernard Pivot, președintele juriului, membru din 2004
 Didier Decoin, din 1995
 Françoise Chandernagor,din 1995
 Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt, din 2016
 Tahar Ben Jelloun, din 2008
 Patrick Rambaud, din 2008
 Virginie Despentes, din 2016
 Pierre Assouline, din 2012
 Philippe Claudel, din 2012
 Paule Constant, din 2013

Renaudot

În 1926, în așteptarea rezultatelor, scriitorii au decis să instituie un premiu suplimentar care să fie ales în același loc ca și premiul Goncourt, premiul Renaudot. În plus, în afară de premiul principal, juriul acordă în fiecare an, începând din 2003, premiul Renaudot pentru eseu și, din 2009, premiul Renaudot pentru carte de buzunar. Există, de asemenea, din 1992 un premiu Renaudot pentru liceeni.

Membrii juriului

 Christian Giudicelli
 Dominique Bona
 Franz-Olivier Giesbert
 Georges-Olivier Châteaureynaud
 Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
 Jean-Noël Pancrazi
 Louis Gardel
 Patrick Besson
 Jérôme Garcin
 Frédéric Beigbeder

În cultura populară
 O scenă din filmul Prostănacul (1965) a fost turnată aici.

Note

Legături externe
 Site officiel de Drouant
 Site officiel de l'Académie Goncourt
 Site officiel du Prix Renaudot

Arondismentul 2 din Paris
Bucătari francezi
Premiul Goncourt

Drouant


Orhaniye, Samsun ilinin Havza ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Eski adı Karataş olup daha sonradan Orhaniye diye degiştirilmiştir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 98 km, Havza ilçesine 14 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Havza'nın mahalleleri

Orhaniye, Havza


Chlorolobion, rod zelenih algi iz porodice Selenastraceae. Sastoji se od pet priznatih vrsta

Vrste
 Chlorolobion braunii (Nägeli) Komárek
 Chlorolobion glareosum (Hindák) Komárek
 Chlorolobion lunulatum Hindák
 Chlorolobion obtusum Korshikov
 Chlorolobion tianjinensis Wang & Feng

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Rodovi Selenastraceae

Chlorolobion


Kamik od oštra je hrid u hrvatskom dijelu Jadranskog mora. Nalazi se u Palagruškom otočju, oko 20 metara istočno od obale Male Palagruže.

Površina hridi iznosi 1220m2, a hrid se iz mora uzdiže 19 m.

Izvori

Palagruško otočje

Kamik od oštra


SIK steht für:
 SIK (Schutzaufgaben im Krisengebiet), die Bezeichnung einer Bundespolizeieinheit zum Schutz von Botschaftsangehörigen in Krisengebieten, siehe Personenschutz Ausland der Bundespolizei
 Schweizerisches Institut für Kunstwissenschaft in Zürich
 Schweizerische Informatikkonferenz in Bern
 eine in der EDV gebräuchliche Kennzeichnung von Sicherheitskopien
 Sikeston Memorial Municipal Airport (IATA-Code), Flughafen von Sikeston, Missouri
Sulinermik Inuussutissarsiuteqartut Kattuffiat, grönländischer Gewerkschaftsverband

Sik steht für:
 Sik (Distrikt), Distrikt des Sultanats Kedah, Malaysien

SiK steht für:
 Sicherheitspolitische Kommissionen der Eidgenössischen Räte

Sik, Šik oder Şık ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Ahmet Şık (* 1970), türkischer Journalist und Autor
 Miroslav Šik (* 1953), Schweizer Architekt
 Nick Dong-Sik (* 1974), deutscher Schauspieler
 Ota Šik (1919–2004), tschechisch-schweizerischer Maler und Wirtschaftswissenschaftler

S.i.K. steht für:
 S.i.K., deutsche Punkband

sik steht für:
 Sikiana (ISO-639-3-Code), karibische Sprache

Siehe auch:
 Sikh
 Sick
 SIC

Abkürzung

SIK


École des technologies numériques appliquées er et fransk informatik-institut tilknyttet IONIS Education Group.

Instituttet blev oprettet i 2005 og har i dag omkring 1500 studerende.

Eksterne henvisninger

Uddannelsesinstitutioner i Frankrig
Tekniske universiteter


Apocalyptica, 1993 yılında Helsinki'de kurulmuş bir Fin senfonik metal grubudur. Grup, üçü de Helsinki'deki Sibelius Akademisi'nden mezun çellistler Eicca Toppinen, Paavo Lötjönen ve Perttu Kivilaakso ile davulcu Mikko Sirén ve solist Franky Perez'den oluşur. İlk başta Metallica parçalarını klasik müzik şeklinde yorumlayan grup, daha sonra kendi neoklasik metal tarzını oluşturdu. Grubun bugüne dek dört milyondan fazla albümü satıldı.

Tarihçe
Finlandiya'daki Sibelius Akademisi'nin çello bölümü öğrencileri olan Eicca Toppinen, Max Lilja, Paavo Lotjonen ve Antero Mannien'den oluşan ve müziğiyle, klasik müzik ve heavy metal arasındaki sınırın sanılanın aksine çok ince olduğunu düşündüren Apocalyptica grubu, dört gencin, yakın çevrelerine çaldıkları Metallica yorumlarıyla müzik çalışmalarına başladı. Esin kaynaklarının ünlü Rus klasik müzik bestecisi Dmitri Shostakovich olduğunu her fırsatta dile getiren grup elemanları, bu çalışmalarını mezuniyet törenlerinde sergilediklerinde ise tam anlamıyla kıyamet kopmuştu. Grup, Metallica parçalarını ezbere bilen seyircilerin de eşliğiyle öyle başarılı bir performans sergiledi ki, büyük plak şirketlerinden biriyle anlaşma başarısını gösterdiklerinde bu olayın üzerinden henüz bir hafta bile geçmemişti.

Metallica'nın Enter Sandman, The Unforgiven, Wherever I May Roam, Master of Puppets, Harvester of Sorrow gibi parçalarını dört çelloyla yorumladıkları ilk albümleri "Plays Metallica By Four Cellos", 1996 yılında piyasaya çıkarak tüm dünyada 250.000 adetlik satışla metal müzik dinleyicilerinin yanı sıra klasik müzik sevenlerin de arşivlerinde yer almayı başardı. Çellolarını amfiye bağlayarak oldukça ilginç ve bir o kadar da üstün işler yaratan grup üyeleri, bu albümle Metallica'dan da övgü almayı başardılar.

MTV Avrupa ve Amerika haber bültenlerinde yer almaya başlayan Apocalyptica; Sex Pistols, Sepultura ve Bad Religion gibi gruplarla aynı sahneyi paylaştı. Daha sonra Metallica'nın alt grubu olarak sahne alan topluluk geniş kitlelerin beğenisini kazandı. İlgi öylesine büyüktü ki, diğer birçok Metallica konseri öncesinde Apocalyptica eserleri, dinleyenlere banttan sunulmaya başlandı.

Grup 1997 yılında Cemal Reşit Rey 2. Uluslararası Gençlik Festivali kapsamında İstanbul'da sahneye çıktı.

Topluluğun Sepultura, Pantera, Metallica, Faith No More yorumlarının yanı sıra, içerisinde grup üyelerinden Eicca Toppinen'in bestelerinin de bulunduğu bir albümle hayranlarının karşısına çıktılar. Bu çalışma, Apocalyptica'nın sadece diğer grupların eserlerini yorumlarken değil, özgün çalışmalarıyla da ne kadar başarılı olabileceklerinin bir kanıtı niteliğindeydi. 1998 yılında piyasaya çıkan "Inquisition Symphony" adlı bu albüm, öncekinden sert bir tarza sahipti. Grup, bu çalışmayı sunduğu turne kapsamında İstanbul ve Ankara'da da konserler verdi.

Avrupa'da gösterime giren ve başrollerini Jason Patric, Ben Stiller ve Nastassja Kinski'nin paylaştığı "Your Friends and Neighbours" filminde, ilk albümden üç parçaları kullanılan grup, böylece ilk beyaz perde denemesini de yapmış oldu. 2000 yılı çıkışlı "Cult" albümü ise Eicca Toppinen'in besteci yönünün gitgide geliştiğinin göstergesiydi.

Sonrasında grup, Şebnem Ferah'ın "Perdeler" şarkısına eşlik etti. Ferah'ın albümünde biri orijinal, diğeri Apocalyptica düzenlemesi olan iki sürüm yer aldı. Bu arada grupta eleman değişiklikleri de oldu. Antero Manninen'in yerini Helsinki Filarmoni Orkestrası'nın metalci çello sanatçısı Perttu Kivilaakso alırken Max Lilja gruptan ayrıldı.

Kayıt firması Universal bu dönemde boş durmayarak son albümleri olan "Cult"ın çift diskli özel baskısını piyasaya sürdü. Sunulan özel çalışmada, "Cult" albümündeki çalışmaların yanı sıra; Guano Apes solisti Sandra Nasic'in vokal yaptığı "Path Vol.2" ve Farmer Boys'dan Matthias Sayer'in sesiyle eşlik ettiği "Hope Vol.2" ile "Harmageddon", "Nothing Else Matters" ve "Inquisition Symphony"nin canlı kayıtları da yer aldı.

"Vidocq" adlı filmde müzikleriyle yer almaları, durgun oldukları bu arada dikkat çeken çalışmalarından biriydi. Antero Mannien'in de ayrılması dağılma korkusu yaratsa da grup çalışmalarına sessiz sedasız devam etti. "Reflections" albümünde usta davulcu Dave Lombardo da konuk olarak yer aldı. Grup üyeleri, tamamı kendi bestelerinden oluşan, 10 Şubat 2003 çıkışlı bu albümleriyle çello-rock adını verdikleri yeni bir tarzı yarattıklarını belirtti. 2005'te ise "Apocalyptica" albümünü yayımladılar.

2007 yazında çıkardıkları yeni albümlerinin ilk video klibi "Apocalyptica feat Corey Taylor: I'm not Jesus"ı yayımladılar. Apocalyptica Türkiye Turnesi 2008 kapsamında Ankara, İzmir ve İstanbul'da konser verdiler.

Albümleri
 Plays Metallica by Four Cellos (1996)
 Inquisition Symphony (1998)
 Cult (2000)
 Cult Special Edition (2001)
 Reflections (2003)
 Reflections Revised (2003)
 Apocalyptica (2005)
 Amplified (2006)
 Worlds Collide (2007)
 7th Symphony (2010)
Shadowmaker (2015)
Cell-0 (2020)

Cover'ladıkları ve düet yaptıkları gruplar
 Brent Smith: Not Strong Enough
 Metallica
 Edvard Grieg: Hall of the Mountain King (cover)
 Pantera: Domination (cover)
 Rammstein: Benzin (cover)
 David Bowie: Heroes (cover) (Till Lindemann ile birlikte)
 Sepultura: Refuse/Resist (cover)
 Slayer: Angel of Death (cover)
 Faith No More: From Out of Nowhere (cover)
 The Rasmus ve HIM: Bittersweet (düet)
 Şebnem Ferah: Perdeler (düet)
 Adam Gontier: I Don't Care (düet)
 Lacey Sturm: Broken Pieces (düet)
 Gavin Rossdale: End Of Me (düet)
 Cristina Scabbia (Lacuna Coil): S.O.S (Anything But Love) (düet)
 Corey Taylor (Slipknot): I'm Not Jesus (düet)

Fin senfonik metal grupları
1993'te kurulan müzik grupları

Apocalyptica


Bundesliga, Almanya futbol liglerinin genel adıdır. Bundesliga esasen Almanya'daki tüm futbol liglerini kapsıyor olsa da yaygın olarak en üst kademe futbol ligini tanımlamak için kullanılır. Bundesliga kelime anlamı olarak Federal Lig demektir. 18 takımdan müteşekkil Bundesliga, Avrupa genelinde en kaliteli 5 ligden biri olarak kabul edilir. Sezon sonunda son 2 sırada bulunan takımlar direkt küme düşerken sondan üçüncü takım alt ligin üçüncüsü ile ligde kalmak için play-out maçı oynar.

1963 yılından beri Bundesliga statüsünde oynanan ligde en başarılı kulüp toplamda 33 ulusal lig şampiyonluğu bulunan ve 1963'ten beri 32 kez Bundesliga şampiyonu olan Bayern Münih'tir. Borussia Dortmund ve Borussia Mönchengladbach 5 şampiyonluk ile Bayern Münih'i takip etmektedir. Bu kulüplerin yanı sıra Avrupa ve ulusal başarılarından dolayı en çok tanınan diğer kulüpler ise VfL Wolfsburg, Schalke 04, Eintracht Frankfurt, RB Leipzig, VfB Stuttgart, Werder Bremen, Hamburg ve Bayer 04 Leverkusen'dir. Bayern Münih'i 1979-1988 yılları arasında tamamı Doğu Almanya sınırlarında kazanılmış 10 şampiyonluk ile Dynamo Berlin izlemektedir. 1968 yılı hariç tamamı Bundesliga öncesi dönemde kazanılmış toplam 9 şampiyonlukla 1. FC Nürnberg, toplam şampiyonluk sıralamasında 3. sırada bulunmaktadır.

Ligin tamamlanan son sezonu olan 2022-23 sezonunda şampiyonluğa ulaşan takım Bayern Münih'tir.

2023-24 sezonu takımları

Takımlar ve stadyumlar

Şampiyonlar

İlk sezonu 1962-63 sezonu olan Bundesliga'da 12 farklı takım şampiyonluk yaşadı. 32 şampiyonluk yaşayan Bayern Münih en başarılı takım konumundayken, onu sırasıyla Borussia Mönchengladbach ve Borussia Dortmund (5), Werder Bremen (4), Hamburg ve VfB Stuttgart (3), 1. FC Köln ve 1. FC Kaiserslautern (2), TSV 1860 München, Eintracht Braunschweig, 1. FC Nürnberg ve VfL Wolfsburg (1) takip etmektedir. Yıllara göre elde edilen şampiyonluklar şu şekildedir:

Bundesliga şampiyonlarının formalarına işleyebilecekleri yıldız sayılarında aşağıdaki kurallar geçerlidir.
Formada yıldız kullanım hakları sırasıyla
 3. Bundesliga şampiyonluğu: 1 yıldız
 5. Bundesliga şampiyonluğu: 2 yıldız
 10. Bundesliga şampiyonluğu: 3 yıldız
 20. Bundesliga şampiyonluğu: 4 yıldız
 30. Bundesliga şampiyonluğu: 5 yıldız

şampiyonlukları takiben kazanılmaktadır.

Sezonlara göre
Parantez içindeki sayı, toplam kazanılan Bundesliga şampiyonluğunu göstermektedir.

Futbolcu İstatistikleri

En çok forma giyen 10 oyuncu

En çok gol atan 10 futbolcu

Diğer rekorlar

 Kendi kalesine en çok gol atan futbolcu: 6 Manfred Kaltz Hamburg.
 En yaşlı futbolcu: Klaus Fichtel Schalke 04 (43).
 En genç gol atan futbolcu: Nuri Şahin Borussia Dortmund (16 yaş ve 335 gün).
 En çok penaltı atan futbolcu: Manfred Kaltz (53 penaltı).
 En çok gol yiyen kaleci: 829 Eike Immel (534 maç).
 En çok şampiyon olan futbolcu: 8 Mehmet Scholl, Oliver Kahn, Philipp Lahm, Bastian Schweinsteiger, Franck Ribéry
 En çok şampiyon olan teknik direktör: 8 Udo Lattek.
 En erken gol atan futbolcu: Karim Bellarabi Bayer 04 Leverkusen (9 saniye).
Bir sezonda en çok gol atan oyuncu: Robert Lewandowski Bayern Münih (41) (2020-21)

Bundesliga'nin kurucuları
 Eintracht Braunschweig (Braunschweig)
 SV Werder Bremen (Bremen)
 Borussia Dortmund (Dortmund)
 1. FC Köln (Köln)
 MSV Duisburg (Duisburg)
 Preußen Münster (Münster)
 FC Schalke 04 (Gelsenkirchen)
 1. FC Kaiserlautern (Kaiserslautern)
 1. FC Saarbrücken (Saarbrücken)
 Eintracht Frankfurt (Frankfurt)
 Karlsruher SC (Karlsruhe)
 1. FC Nürnberg (Nürnberg)
 TSV 1860 München (Münih)
 VfB Stuttgart (Stuttgart)
 Hertha BSC Berlin (Berlin)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Bundesliga resmi web sitesi(İngilizce ve Almanca)
 Almanya Futbol Federasyonu (DFB)
 Ligtv Bundesliga sayfası
 Almanya Bundesliga 100'ler Kulübü 1963-2013

Bundesliga


El Tratado de Paz de Moscú fue firmado por Finlandia y la Unión Soviética el 12 de marzo de 1940, y fue ratificado el 21 de marzo. Marcó el final de los 105 días de la guerra de Invierno, que enfrentó a ambos países. El tratado fue firmado por Viacheslav Mólotov, Andréi Zhdánov y Aleksandr Vasilevski por la Unión Soviética, y por Risto Heikki Ryti, Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Rudolf Walden y Väinö Voionmaa por Finlandia. Las duras sanciones impuestas a Finlandia en este tratado han sido consideradas como antecedentes de la Guerra de Continuación, que se produjo aproximadamente un año después.

Antecedentes
El Gobierno finlandés recibió las primeras tentativas de condiciones de paz de la Unión Soviética (a través de Estocolmo) el 29 de enero. Hasta entonces, el Ejército Rojo había luchado para ocupar toda Finlandia. En este punto, el Gobierno soviético estaba dispuesto a moderar sus reclamos. Las demandas eran que Finlandia tenía que ceder el istmo de Carelia, incluyendo la ciudad de Víborg, y la costa de Finlandia del lago Ládoga. La península de Hanko iba a ser arrendada a la Unión Soviética durante 30 años.

Finlandia rechazó estas demandas y, en cambio, intensificó las peticiones a Suecia, Francia y el Reino Unido por apoyo militar de tropas regulares. A pesar de que Finlandia, a largo plazo, no tenía ninguna oportunidad contra un país de cincuenta veces su tamaño, los informes de la parte delantera aún mantenía la esperanza de Finlandia, anticipando una intervención de la Sociedad de Naciones. Las señales positivas, sin embargo inconstantes, de Francia y Reino Unido, y las expectativas más realistas de las tropas de Suecia, hicieron que los planes y preparativos se habían hecho a lo largo de la década de 1930, otras razones para Finlandia no precipitarse en las negociaciones de paz. (Véase el apoyo extranjero)

En febrero de 1940, el comandante en jefe Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim de Finlandia, expresó su pesimismo sobre la situación militar, que llevó al Gobierno a iniciar negociaciones de paz el 29 de febrero, el mismo día que el Ejército Rojo inició un ataque contra Víborg.

La severa paz
El 6 de marzo, una delegación de Finlandia encabezada por el primer ministro Risto Heikki Ryti viajó a Moscú. Durante las negociaciones, el Ejército Rojo rompió las líneas de defensa finlandesas en torno a Tali y estaban cerca de los alrededores de Viipuri.

El Acuerdo de Paz fue firmado en la tarde del 12 de marzo, hora de Moscú, es decir, una hora después el 13 de marzo, tiempo de Finlandia. El protocolo anexo al Tratado estipula que la lucha debe terminar al mediodía, tiempo de Leningrado (11:00 hora finlandesa), y la lucha continuó hasta ese momento.

Finlandia se vio obligada a ceder casi toda Karelia Finlandesa (con el centro industrial de Finlandia, incluyendo Výborg / Viipuri, la segunda ciudad más grande de Finlandia, Käkisalmi, Sortavala, Suojärvi y el conjunto de la bahía de Viipuri, con sus islas, en total, casi el 10 % del territorio), a pesar de que gran parte se llevaron a cabo todavía por el ejército de Finlandia. Las tropas militares y civiles restantes fueron evacuados a toda prisa al interior de la nueva frontera. 422 000 carelios, el 12 % de la población de Finlandia, perdieron sus hogares.

Curiosamente, también había una zona que los rusos capturaron durante la guerra, que permanecía en manos de Finlandia de acuerdo con el Tratado de Paz: Petsamo. Sin embargo, en el tratado de paz también se estipulaba que Finlandia concedía el libre paso de civiles soviéticos a través de Petsamo a Noruega.

Finlandia también tuvo que ceder una parte de la zona de Salla, la parte finlandesa de la península Kalastajansaarento (Rybachi) en el mar de Barents, y, en el golfo de Finlandia, a las islas de Suursaari, Tytärsaari, Lavansaari (ahora isla Moshchny о Мощный.) Peninsaari (ahora isla Maly о Малый) y Seiskari. Finalmente, la península de Hanko fue arrendada a la Unión Soviética como una base naval por 30 años a una renta anual de 8 millones de marcos.

Contrariamente a la creencia común, los derechos de transferencia de las tropas soviéticas en tren a la base de Hanko no se les concedió en el tratado de paz, sino que se exige primero el 9 de julio, después de que Suecia había reconocido el tránsito de trenes de tropas de la Wehrmacht a la Noruega ocupada.

Las demandas adicionales eran que todo el equipo y sus instalaciones en los territorios cedidos serían entregados. Así, Finlandia tuvo que ceder más de 75 locomotoras, 2000 vagones de ferrocarril, una serie de automóviles, camiones y barcos. El área industrial Enso, que estaba claramente en el lado finlandés de la frontera, ya que se elaboró en el tratado de paz, también fue pronto añadido a las pérdidas de territorio finlandés y también sus equipos.

La nueva frontera no fue arbitraria desde el punto de vista soviético:

 Antes de la guerra, Finlandia había sido una importante productora de pulpa de alta calidad, que fue una importante materia prima para los explosivos. Incluyendo las fábricas de Enso, la Unión Soviética capturó el 80 % de la capacidad de producción de Finlandia.

 Finlandia tuvo que ceder un tercio de sus construcciones productoras de energía hidroeléctrica, principalmente en forma de centrales hidroeléctricas en el río Vuoksi, que era muy necesaria en Leningrado, donde la industria sufrió una escasez de 20 % de la electricidad.

 La ubicación de la nueva frontera fue coherente con la doctrina soviética de defensa, que prevé llevar la lucha a suelo enemigo a través de contraataques y ataques preventivos. Según esta doctrina, la frontera ideal no debe permitir que el enemigo tenga barreras naturales defendibles, de modo que en lugar de correr a través de lugares como la frontera natural de la bahía de Viipuri o la región del pantano en el istmo entre el lago Saimaa y lago Ládoga, la nueva frontera corría al lado occidental de los lagos. Sin embargo, esas posiciones eran también muy fácil de rodear a un enemigo ofensivo del Ejército Rojo, que pronto iba a ser demostrado.

Los finlandeses se sorprendieron por las condiciones de esta severa paz. Parecía como si se perdió más en la paz que en la guerra, y las pérdidas fueron, de muchas maneras, algunas de las partes más valiosas de Finlandia:

 Grandes partes de la región más poblada del sur de Finlandia habían sido conectadas con el mundo a través del sistema del canal de Saimaa, que ahora se cortó en Výborg, donde se conecta con el golfo de Finlandia.
 La parte sur de la zona perdió el corazón industrial de Finlandia.
 Karelia es considerada el corazón y el origen de la cultura finlandesa. Antes de la guerra de Invierno, la soberanía soviética sobre la parte principal de Karelia, y las atrocidades estalinistas que ocurrían allí, habían sido una importante fuente de dolor para muchos finlandeses. Bajo los términos del tratado, el resto de Karelia también se perdió. Esto dio inicio al asunto de Karelia.

La simpatía de la opinión pública mundial pareció haber sido de poco valor. Una decepción cierta se convirtió en una característica común en vista de los finlandeses de otras naciones, no menos importante de los suecos, que había ofrecido abundante simpatía, pero no cumplieron con sus obligaciones de prestar apoyo militar a Finlandia.

Para bien o para mal, las duras condiciones de los finlandeses inclinaron a buscar el apoyo de los nazis, e hizo que muchos considerasen la venganza finlandesa como justificada. Al final, esto podría haber sido una condición necesaria para la supervivencia de Finlandia en la Guerra Mundial.

Solo un año después, en junio de 1941, se reanudaron las hostilidades en la guerra de Continuación.

Véase también
 Tratado de Tartu
 Paz interina
 Armisticio de Moscú

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Texto del Tratado de Paz de Moscú
 Protocolo añadido al Tratado de Paz que concluyó las hostilidades entre Finlandia y la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas el 12 de marzo de 1940

Moscu
Moscu
Guerra de Invierno
Tratados de la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Relaciones Finlandia-Unión Soviética
Moscu

Tratado de Paz de Moscú


The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States. Published by Billboard magazine, the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales and airplay. In 1998, there were 16 singles that topped the chart, in 52 issue dates.

During the year, 10 acts had achieved a first U.S. number-one single, namely: Savage Garden, Usher, Will Smith, Next, Brandy, Monica, Aerosmith, Barenaked Ladies, Lauryn Hill, and Divine. R&B singer Monica and pop singer Céline Dion both had two number-one singles in 1998.

Brandy and Monica's "The Boy Is Mine" is the longest-running single of the year, staying at number one for thirteen consecutive weeks. Other singles that had a multiple chart run includes Monica's "The First Night" with five weeks atop and Next's "Too Close", Aerosmith's "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" and R. Kelly's  "I'm Your Angel" (featuring Céline Dion) with four weeks (the latter spending two additional weeks at number one in 1999).

Chart history

Number-one artists

See also
1998 in music
List of Billboard number-one singles

References

Additional sources
Fred Bronson's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition ()
Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2008, 12 Edition ()
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Nineties ()
Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard's online archive services and print editions of the magazine.

1998 record charts
1998

List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1998


The 1912 Quebec general election was held on May 15, 1912, to elect members of the 13th Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada.  The incumbent Quebec Liberal Party, led by Lomer Gouin, was re-elected, defeating the Quebec Conservative Party, led by Joseph-Mathias Tellier.

Redistribution of ridings

An Act passed prior to the election increased the number of MLAs from 74 to 81 through the following changes:

Results

See also
 List of Quebec premiers
 Politics of Quebec
 Timeline of Quebec history
 List of Quebec political parties
 13th Legislative Assembly of Quebec

Further reading

References

Quebec general election
Elections in Quebec
General election
Quebec general election

1912 Quebec general election


Klara Werkmann (vor 1925 – nach 1968) war eine deutsche katholische Ordensfrau.

Werdegang
Schwester Klara kam am 15. Januar 1925 von Krefeld nach Kleve. Dort gründete sie gemeinsam mit Pater Suitbert einen Zweig der Caritasschwestern. Aus ihm ging bald die Gemeinschaft der Franziskusschwestern hervor, die sich vornehmlich der häuslichen und Krankenpflege widmet. Werkmann war lange Jahre Generaloberin der Gemeinschaft.

Ehrungen
 1968: Verdienstkreuz am Bande der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Weblinks
 Die Kapuziner in Kleve bei heimat-kleve.de

Ordensangehöriger (römisch-katholisch)
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande
Person (Kleve)
Deutscher
Geboren im 19. oder 20. Jahrhundert
Gestorben im 20. oder 21. Jahrhundert
Frau

Klara Werkmann