Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD), or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), most commonly is an inherited heart disease.

ACM is caused by genetic defects of the parts of heart muscle (also called myocardium or cardiac muscle) known as desmosomes, areas on the surface of heart muscle cells which link the cells together. The desmosomes are composed of several proteins, and many of those proteins can have harmful mutations.

ARVC can also develop in intense endurance athletes in the absence of desmosomal abnormalities. Exercise-induced ARVC cause possibly is a result of excessive right ventricular wall stress during high intensity exercise.

The disease is a type of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy that primarily involves the right ventricle, though cases of exclusive left ventricular disease have been reported. It is characterized by hypokinetic areas involving the free wall of the ventricle, with fibrofatty replacement of the myocardium, with associated arrhythmias often originating in the right ventricle. The nomenclature ARVD is currently thought to be inappropriate and misleading as ACM does not involve dysplasia of the ventricular wall. Cases of ACM originating from the left ventricle led to the abandonment of the name ARVC.

ACM can be found in association with diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma, and woolly hair, in an autosomal recessive condition called Naxos disease, because this genetic abnormality can also affect the integrity of the superficial layers of the skin most exposed to pressure stress.

ACM is an important cause of ventricular arrhythmias in children and young adults. It is seen predominantly in males, and 30–50% of cases have a familial distribution.

Signs and symptoms
Those affected by arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy may not have any symptoms at all despite having significant abnormalities in the structure of their hearts. If symptoms do occur, the initial presentation is often due to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) which in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy may take the form of palpitations, or blackouts. Sudden death may be the first presentation of ACM without any preceding symptoms. These symptoms often occur during adolescence and early adulthood, but signs of ACM may rarely be seen in infants.

As ACM progresses, the muscle tissue within the ventricles may dilate and weaken. The right ventricle typically weakens first, leading to fatigue and ankle swelling. In the later stages of the disease in which both ventricles are involved shortness of breath may develop, especially when lying flat.

The first clinical signs of ACM are usually during adolescence and early adulthood. However, rarely, signs of ACM have been demonstrated in infants.

Causes

Genetics
ACM is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, with variable expression. Only 30% to 50% of individuals affected by ACM will test positive to one of the known genetic mutations in chromosomal loci associated with the disease. Novel studies showed that mutations (point mutations) in genes encoding for desmosomal proteins (see intercalated disc) are the main causatives for the development of this disease. Recently it has been shown, that mutations in the desmin DES gene could cause ACM. Desmin is an intermediate filament protein, which is linked to the desmosomes. Different DES mutations cause an abnormal aggregation of desmin and associated proteins. The penetrance is 20–35% in general, but significantly higher in Italy. Seven gene loci have been implicated in ACM. It is unclear whether the pathogenesis varies with the different loci involved. Standard genetic screening test are currently tested and evaluated in different state of the art cardiovascular research centres and hospitals. Types include:

Exercise-induced ARVC
In recent years, several studies have found excessive long-term sports activity to be a cause of exercise-induced arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (EIARVC). For some athletes ARVC might develop due to high-endurance exercise and it most often develops without an underlying desmosomal abnormalities, possibly only as a result of excessive right ventricular (RV) wall stress during very high volumes of training, which is known to be causing a disproportionate remodeling of RV.

In a 2003 study, 46 endurance athletes (mostly cyclists) presented with various symptoms suggestive of arrhythmia of RV origin. 59% of participants testing met criteria for ARVC and another 30% for possible ARVC. And only 1 athlete of the group had a family history of hereditable ARVC.

Exercise-induced ARVC and athlete's heart have overlapping features.

Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of ACM is largely unknown. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) appears to play a large role. It was previously thought that only the right ventricle is involved, but recent cohorts have shown many cases of left ventricular disease and biventricular disease. The disease process starts in the subepicardial region and works its way towards the endocardial surface, leading to transmural involvement (possibly accounting for the aneurysmal dilatation of the ventricles). Residual myocardium is confined to the subendocardial region and the trabeculae of the ventricles. These trabeculae may become hypertrophied.

Aneurysmal dilatation is seen in 50% of cases at autopsy. It usually occurs in the diaphragmatic, apical, and infundibular regions (known as the triangle of dysplasia). The left ventricle is involved in 50–67% of individuals. If the left ventricle is involved, it is usually late in the course of disease, and confers a poor prognosis.

There are two pathological patterns seen in ACM, Fatty infiltration and fibro-fatty infiltration.

Fatty infiltration
The first, fatty infiltration, is confined to the right ventricle. This involves a partial or near-complete substitution of myocardium with fatty tissue without wall thinning. It involves predominantly the apical and infundibular regions of the RV. The left ventricle and ventricular septum are usually spared. No inflammatory infiltrates are seen in fatty infiltration. There is evidence of myocyte (myocardial cell) degeneration and death seen in 50% of cases of fatty infiltration.

Fibro-fatty infiltration
The second, fibro-fatty infiltration, involves replacement of myocytes with fibrofatty tissue. A patchy myocarditis is involved in up to 2/3 of cases, with inflammatory infiltrates (mostly T cells) seen on microscopy. Myocardial atrophy is due to injury and apoptosis. This leads to thinning of the RV free wall (to < 3 mm thickness) Myocytes are replaced with fibrofatty tissue. The regions preferentially involved include the RV inflow tract, the RV outflow tract, and the RV apex. However, the LV free wall may be involved in some cases. Involvement of the ventricular septum is rare. The areas involved are prone to aneurysm formation.

The Role of Exercise
Recently, some studies have identified strenuous exercise as a novel risk for accelerated progression of the disease. One retrospective study on 301 patients conclusively demonstrated that the subpopulations participating in strenuous physical activity (professional athletes for example) had an earlier onset of symptoms and earlier mortality compared to other populations.

Ventricular arrhythmias

Ventricular arrhythmias due to ACM typically arise from the diseased right ventricle. The type of arrhythmia ranges from frequent premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) to ventricular tachycardia (VT) to ventricular fibrillation (VF).

While the initiating factor of the ventricular arrhythmias is unclear, it may be due to triggered activity or reentry.

Ventricular arrhythmias are usually exercise-related, suggesting that they are sensitive to catecholamines. The ventricular beats typically have a right axis deviation. Multiple morphologies of ventricular tachycardia may be present in the same individual, suggesting multiple arrhythmogenic foci or pathways.

Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) tachycardia is the most common VT seen in individuals with ACM. In this case, the EKG shows a left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology with an inferior axis.

Diagnosis
The differential diagnosis for the ventricular tachycardia due to ACM include:
 Congenital heart disease
 Repaired tetralogy of Fallot
 Ebstein's anomaly
 Uhl's anomaly
 Atrial septal defect
 Partial anomalous venous return
 Acquired heart disease
 Tricuspid valve disease
 Pulmonary hypertension
 Right ventricular infarction
 Bundle-branch re-entrant tachycardia
 Miscellaneous
 Pre-excited AV re-entry tachycardia
 Idiopathic RVOT tachycardia
 Sarcoidosis

In order to make the diagnosis of ACM, a number of clinical tests are employed, including the electrocardiogram (EKG), echocardiography, right ventricular angiography, cardiac MRI, and genetic testing.

Electrocardiogram
90% of individuals with ARVD have some EKG abnormality. The most common EKG abnormality seen in ACM is T wave inversion in leads V1 to V3. However, this is a non-specific finding, and may be considered a normal variant in right bundle branch block (RBBB), women, and children under 12 years old.

RBBB itself is seen frequently in individuals with ACM. This may be due to delayed activation of the right ventricle, rather than any intrinsic abnormality in the right bundle branch.

The epsilon wave is found in about 50% of those with ACM. This is described as a terminal notch in the QRS complex. It is due to slowed intraventricular conduction. The epsilon wave may be seen on a surface EKG; however, it is more commonly seen on signal averaged EKGs.

Ventricular ectopy seen on a surface EKG in the setting of ACM is typically of left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology, with a QRS axis of −90 to +110 degrees. The origin of the ectopic beats is usually from one of the three regions of fatty degeneration (the "triangle of dysplasia"): the RV outflow tract, the RV inflow tract, and the RV apex.

Signal averaged ECG (SAECG) is used to detect late potentials and epsilon waves in individuals with ACM.

Echocardiography
Echocardiography may reveal an enlarged, hypokinetic right ventricle with a paper-thin RV free wall. The dilatation of the RV will cause dilatation of the tricuspid valve annulus, with subsequent tricuspid regurgitation. Paradoxical septal motion may also be present.

MRI

Fatty infiltration of the RV free wall can be visible on cardiac MRI. Fat has increased intensity in T1-weighted images. However, it may be difficult to differentiate intramyocardial fat and the epicardial fat that is commonly seen adjacent to the normal heart. Also, the sub-tricuspid region may be difficult to distinguish from the atrioventricular sulcus, which is rich in fat.

Cardiac MRI can visualize the extreme thinning and akinesis of the RV free wall. However, the normal RV free wall may be about 3 mm thick, making the test less sensitive.

Angiography
Right ventricular angiography is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of ACM. Findings consistent with ACM are an akinetic or dyskinetic bulging localized to the infundibular, apical, and subtricuspid regions of the RV. The specificity is 90%; however, the test is observer dependent.

Biopsy
Transvenous biopsy of the right ventricle can be highly specific for ACM, but it has low sensitivity. False positives include other conditions with fatty infiltration of the ventricle, such as long-term excessive alcohol use and Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy.

False negatives are common, however, because the disease progresses typically from the epicardium to the endocardium (with the biopsy sample coming from the endocardium), and the segmental nature of the disease. Also, due to the paper-thin right ventricular free wall that is common in this disease process, most biopsy samples are taken from the ventricular septum, which is commonly not involved in the disease process.

A biopsy sample that is consistent with ACM would have > 3% fat, >40% fibrous tissue, and <45% myocytes.

A post mortem histological demonstration of full thickness substitution of the RV myocardium by fatty or fibro-fatty tissue is consistent with ACM.

Genetic testing
ACM is an autosomal dominant trait with reduced penetrance. Approximately 40–50% of ACM patients have a mutation identified in one of several genes encoding components of the desmosome, which can help confirm a diagnosis of ACM. Since ACM is an autosomal dominant trait, children of an ACM patient have a 50% chance of inheriting the disease-causing mutation. Whenever a mutation is identified by genetic testing, family-specific genetic testing can be used to differentiate between relatives who are at-risk for the disease and those who are not. ACM genetic testing is clinically available.

Diagnostic criteria
There is no pathognomonic feature of ACM. The diagnosis of ACM is based on a combination of major and minor criteria. To make a diagnosis of ACM requires either 2 major criteria or 1 major and 2 minor criteria or 4 minor criteria.

Major criteria
 Right ventricular dysfunction
 Severe dilatation and reduction of RV ejection fraction with little or no LV impairment
 Localized RV aneurysms
 Severe segmental dilatation of the RV
 Tissue characterization
 Fibrofatty replacement of myocardium on endomyocardial biopsy
 Electrocardiographical abnormalities
 Epsilon waves in V1 – V3
 Localized prolongation (>110 ms) of QRS in V1 – V3
 Inverted T waves in V1 -V3 in an individual over 12 years old, in the absence of a right bundle branch block (RBBB)
 Ventricular tachycardia with a left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology, with superior axis
 Family history
 Familial disease confirmed either clinically or on autopsy or surgery

Minor criteria
 Right ventricular dysfunction
 Mild global RV dilatation and/or reduced ejection fraction with normal LV.
 Mild segmental dilatation of the RV
 Regional RV hypokinesis
 Tissue characterization
 Electrocardiographical abnormalities
 Late potentials on signal averaged EKG.
 Ventricular tachycardia with a left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology, with inferior or unknown axis
 Frequent PVCs (> 500 PVCs / 24 hours)

Management
The goal of management of ACM is to decrease the incidence of sudden cardiac death. This raises a clinical dilemma: How to prophylactically treat the asymptomatic patient who was diagnosed during family screening.

A certain subgroup of individuals with ACM are considered at high risk for sudden cardiac death. Associated characteristics include:
 Young age
 Competitive sports activity
 Malignant familial history
 Extensive RV disease with decreased right ventricular ejection fraction.
 Left ventricular involvement
 Syncope
 Episode of ventricular arrhythmia

Management options include pharmacological, surgical, catheter ablation, and placement of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.

Prior to the decision of the treatment option, programmed electrical stimulation in the electrophysiology laboratory may be performed for additional prognostic information. Goals of programmed stimulation include:
 Assessment of the disease's arrhythmogenic potential
 Evaluate the hemodynamic consequences of sustained VT
 Determine whether the VT can be interrupted via antitachycardia pacing (ATP).

Regardless of the management option chosen, the individual is typically advised to undergo lifestyle modification, including avoidance of strenuous exercise, cardiac stimulants (i.e.: caffeine, nicotine, pseudoephedrine) and alcohol.

Regarding physical activity and exercise, ARVC patients, as well as gene carriers of pathogenic ARVC-associated desmosomal mutations, should not participate in competitive sports. These patients should be advised to limit their exercise programmes to leisure-time activities and remain under clinical surveillance.

Medications
Pharmacologic management of ACM involves arrhythmia suppression and prevention of thrombus formation.

Sotalol, a beta blocker and a class III antiarrhythmic agent, is the most effective antiarrhythmic agent in ACM. Other antiarrhythmic agents used include amiodarone and conventional beta blockers (i.e.: metoprolol). If antiarrhythmic agents are used, their efficacy should be guided by series ambulatory Holter monitoring, to show a reduction in arrhythmic events.

While angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors) are well known for slowing progression in other cardiomyopathies, they have not been proven to be helpful in ACM.

Individuals with decreased RV ejection fraction with dyskinetic portions of the right ventricle may benefit from long term anticoagulation with warfarin to prevent thrombus formation and subsequent pulmonary embolism.

Catheter ablation
Catheter ablation may be used to treat intractable ventricular tachycardia.
It has a 60–90% success rate. Unfortunately, due to the progressive nature of the disease, recurrence is common (60% recurrence rate), with the creation of new arrhythmogenic foci. Indications for catheter ablation include drug-refractory VT and frequent recurrence of VT after ICD placement, causing frequent discharges of the ICD.

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
An ICD is the most effective prevention against sudden cardiac death. Due to the prohibitive cost of ICDs, they are not routinely placed in all individuals with ACM.

Indications for ICD placement in the setting of ACM include:
 Cardiac arrest due to VT or VF
 Symptomatic VT that is not inducible during programmed stimulation
 Failed programmed stimulation-guided drug therapy
 Severe RV involvement with poor tolerance of VT
 Sudden death of immediate family member

Since ICDs are typically placed via a transvenous approach into the right ventricle, there are complications associated with ICD placement and follow-up.

Due to the extreme thinning of the RV free wall, it is possible to perforate the RV during implantation, potentially causing pericardial tamponade. Because of this, every attempt is made at placing the defibrillator lead on the ventricular septum.

After a successful implantation, the progressive nature of the disease may lead to fibro-fatty replacement of the myocardium at the site of lead placement. This may lead to undersensing of the individual's electrical activity (potentially causing inability to sense VT or VF), and inability to pace the ventricle.

Heart transplant
Heart transplant may be performed in ACM. It may be indicated if the arrhythmias associated with the disease are uncontrollable or if there is severe bi-ventricular heart failure that is not manageable with pharmacological therapy.

Family screening
All first degree family members of the affected individual should be screened for ACM. This is used to establish the pattern of inheritance. Screening should begin during the teenage years unless otherwise indicated. Screening tests include:
 Echocardiogram
 EKG
 Signal averaged EKG
 Holter monitoring
 Cardiac MRI
 Exercise stress test

Prognosis
There is a long asymptomatic lead-time in individuals with ACM. While this is a genetically transmitted disease, individuals in their teens may not have any characteristics of ACM on screening tests.

Many individuals have symptoms associated with ventricular tachycardia, such as palpitations, light-headedness, or syncope. Others may have symptoms and signs related to right ventricular failure, such as lower extremity edema, or liver congestion with elevated hepatic enzymes.

ACM is a progressive disease. Over time, the right ventricle becomes more involved, leading to right ventricular failure. The right ventricle will fail before there is left ventricular dysfunction. However, by the time the individual has signs of overt right ventricular failure, there will be histological involvement of the left ventricle. Eventually, the left ventricle will also become involved, leading to bi-ventricular failure. Signs and symptoms of left ventricular failure may become evident, including congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and an increased incidence of thromboembolic events.

Epidemiology
The prevalence of ACM is about 1/10,000 in the general population in the United States, although some studies have suggested that it may be as common as 1/1,000. Recently, 1/200 were found to be carriers of mutations that predispose to ACM. Based on these findings and other evidence, it is thought that in most patients, additional factors such as other genes, athletic lifestyle, exposure to certain viruses, etc. may be required for a patient to eventually develop signs and symptoms of ACM. It accounts for up to 17% of all sudden cardiac deaths in the young. In Italy, the prevalence is 40/10,000, making it the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in the young population.

Society and culture

Notable cases
 Columbus Crew midfielder Kirk Urso collapsed out with friends on August 5, 2012, and was pronounced dead an hour later. An autopsy later revealed the disease to be the likely culprit.
 Sevilla FC and Spanish international left wing-back Antonio Puerta died from the condition, at the age of 22, on 28 August 2007, three days after suffering several cardiac arrests, while disputing a La Liga game against Getafe CF.
 Englishman Matt Gadsby also died from the condition after collapsing on the pitch on 9 September 2006, while playing for Hinckley United in a Conference North game against Harrogate Town.
 Suzanne Crough, an American child actress best known for her role on The Partridge Family, died suddenly from the condition in 2015 at age 52.
 James Taylor English international cricketer, retired April 2016.
 Krissy Taylor, an American model, died at the age of 17 on July 2, 1995, in the family home in Florida. Her official cause of death was cardiac arrhythmia and severe asthma, the latter of which she had never been diagnosed with. Her family had independent experts examine tissue samples of her heart muscle and they concluded that the most likely cause of death was a missed diagnosis of ACM.
 Jordan Boyd (1997-2013), Canadian junior hockey player. He was posthumously diagnosed with the ailment after passing away from a collapse from training camp in 2013.

See also
 Woolly hair nevus
 List of conditions caused by problems with junctional proteins

References

External links

  GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy, Autosomal Dominant
  OMIM entries on Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy, Autosomal Dominant

Cardiomyopathy

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy


Stanhopeinae, podtribus kaćunovki smješten u tribus Cymbidieae, dio potporodice Epidendroideae. Postoji 20 priznatih rodova; trajnice.

Rodovi
 Braemia  Jenny (1 sp.)
 Paphinia  Lindl. (16 spp.)
 Horichia  Jenny (1 sp.)
 Houlletia  Brongn. (10 spp.)
 Schlimmia  Planch. & Linden (2 spp.)
 Trevoria  F. Lehm. (6 spp.)
 Cirrhaea  Lindl. (7 spp.)
 Gongora  Ruiz & Pav. (75 spp.)
 Acineta  Lindl. (13 spp.)
 Lueddemannia  Rchb. fil. (3 spp.)
 Lacaena  Lindl. (2 spp.)
 Vasqueziella  Dodson (1 sp.)
 Polycycnis  Rchb. fil. (18 spp.)
 Lueckelia  Jenny (1 sp.)
 Kegeliella  Mansf. (4 spp.)
 Soterosanthus  Lehm. ex Jenny (1 sp.)
 Stanhopea  Frost ex Hook. (78 spp.)
 Embreea  Dodson (1 sp.)
 Sievekingia  Rchb. fil. (11 spp.)
 Coryanthes  Hook. (65 spp.)

Izvori

Cymbidieae

Stanhopeinae


أبو بكر كوني  الشهير بأبو كوني، لاعب كرة قدم عاجي، وديانته مسلم، ويلعب أبوكونيه الآن في نادي الكهرباء العراقي.

مسيرته الاحترافية
بدأ في أكاديمية أي في (E.V.) ومنها انتقل إلى نادي أفريكا سبورتس عام 2003، انتقل بعدها إلى نادي مودينا الإيطالي لمدة 6 أشهر عام 2005، وانتقل بعدها لنادي النجم الساحلي التونسي عام 2006 سجل خلالها 8 أهداف في سبعة مباريات، ومنه لنادي القادسية عام 2007، وأعير لنادي الشباب الكويتي عام 2008 قبل أن ينتقل لنادي الإنتاج الحربي المصري في نفس العام، قضى فيه موسماً واحداً أحرز خلاله 6 أهداف، فاستقطبه نادي الزمالك مع بداية موسم 2010-2011 في صفقة بلغت قيمتها مليون ونصف المليون دولار، خاض 17 مباراة في بطولة الدوري وأحرز هدفاً واحداً من ضربة مقصية في مرمى حرس الحدود في الأسبوع الأول، ولعب مباراة واحدة في الكأس أما فريق بني عبيد في دور ال32، وأحرز ثلاثية في المباراة التي انتهت بنتيجة 6-0، أنتقل في موسم 2011-2012 لنادي طلائع الجيش.

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في سلطنة عمان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الكويت
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في مصر
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في العراق
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بواكي (ساحل العاج)
رياضيون إيفواريون مغتربون في العراق
رياضيون إيفواريون مغتربون في الكويت
رياضيون إيفواريون مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون إيفواريون مغتربون في تونس
رياضيون إيفواريون مغتربون في سلطنة عمان
رياضيون إيفواريون مغتربون في مصر
لاعبو أفريكا سبورتس
لاعبو الدوري العراقي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الكويتي
لاعبو الدوري المصري الممتاز
لاعبو النجم الرياضي الساحلي
لاعبو دوري المحترفين العماني
لاعبو كرة قدم إيفواريون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في العراق
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الكويت
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في تونس
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في عمان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في مصر
لاعبو مودينا
لاعبو نادي ألعاب دمنهور
لاعبو نادي الإنتاج الحربي
لاعبو نادي الزمالك
لاعبو نادي الطلبة
لاعبو نادي الطليعة
لاعبو نادي القادسية (الكويت)
لاعبو طلائع الجيش
مواليد 1982
مواليد في بواكي (ساحل العاج)
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية

أبو كوني


Na informática, o tech-by-wire ou tecnologia com fio, sistemas independentes para a tomada de decisões corporativas (tomada de decisão baseada em dados) que agregam funções definidas por programas de computador, sistemas de controle baseados em nuvem assistidos por inteligência artificial.

Segundo a pesquisa IDC FutureScape: Latin America Predictions 2023, até o ano de 2027, 25% das empresas que optarem por usar tecnologia como esta podem ter um aumento nos custos de conectividade e possível problemas no compartilhamento de dados.

Tecnologia

Tech by wire


The Battle of Arginusae took place in 406 BC during the Peloponnesian War near the city of Canae in the Arginusae Islands, east of the island of Lesbos. In the battle, an Athenian fleet commanded by eight strategoi defeated a Spartan fleet under Callicratidas. The battle was precipitated by a Spartan victory, which led to the Athenian fleet under Conon being blockaded at Mytilene. To relieve Conon, the Athenians assembled a scratch force composed largely of newly-constructed ships manned by inexperienced crews. The inexperienced fleet was thus tactically inferior to the Spartans, but its commanders circumvented the problem by employing new and unorthodox tactics, which allowed the Athenians to secure a dramatic and unexpected victory. Slaves and metics who participated in the battle may have been granted Athenian citizenship.

The news of the victory itself was met with jubilation at Athens. Their joy was tempered, however, by the aftermath of the battle, in which a storm prevented the ships assigned to rescue the survivors of the 25 disabled or sunken Athenian triremes from performing their duties, and a great number of sailors drowned. A fury erupted at Athens when the public learned of that, and a bitter struggle occurred after which the assembly tried and executed as a group six of the eight commanding generals.

At Sparta, meanwhile, traditionalists who had supported Callicratidas pressed for peace with Athens since they knew that a continuation of the war would lead to the reascendence of their opponent Lysander. The party initially prevailed, and a delegation was dispatched to Athens to make an offer of peace. The Athenians, however, rejected the offer, and Lysander departed to the Aegean to take command of the fleet for the remainder of the war, which would be decided less than a year later by his total victory at the Battle of Aegospotami.

Background

Callicratidas and Conon
In 406 BC, Callicratidas was appointed as the navarch of the Spartan fleet, replacing Lysander. Callicratidas was a traditionalist Spartan, distrustful of Persian influence and reluctant to ask for support from the Persian prince Cyrus, who had been a strong supporter of Lysander. Thus, Callicratidas was forced to assemble his fleet and funding by seeking contributions from Sparta's allies among the Greek cities of the region. In this fashion, he assembled a fleet of some 140 triremes. Conon. Meanwhile, in command of the Athenian fleet at Samos, he was compelled by problems with the morale of his sailors to man only 70 of the more than 100 triremes he had in his possession.

Callicratidas, once he had assembled his fleet, sailed against Methymna, on Lesbos, which he laid siege to and stormed. From Methymna, Callicratidas could potentially move to capture the rest of Lesbos, which would clear the way for him to move his fleet to the Hellespont, where he would be athwart the all-important Athenian grain supply line. To defend Lesbos, Conon was forced to move his numerically-inferior fleet from Samos to the Hekatonnesi Islands near Methymna. When Callicratidas attacked him, however, with a fleet that had swollen to a size of 170 ships, Conon was forced to flee to Mytilene, where at the Battle of Mytilene, he was blockaded with his fleet after losing 30 ships in a clash at the mouth of the harbor. Besieged by land and sea, Conon was powerless to act against the vastly superior forces that surrounded him and only barely slipped a messenger ship out to Athens to carry the news of his plight.

Relief force
When the messenger ship reached Athens with news of Conon's situation, the assembly wasted no time in approving extreme measures to build and man a relief force.  The golden statues of Nike were melted down to fund the construction of the ships, and slaves and metics were enlisted to crew the fleet. To ensure a sufficiently large and loyal group of crewmen, the Athenians possibly took the radical step of extending citizenship to thousands of slaves who rowed with the fleet. Over a hundred ships were prepared and manned through these measures, and contributions from allied ships raised the fleet's size to 150 triremes after it reached Samos. In a highly unorthodox arrangement, the fleet was commanded collaboratively by eight generals: Aristocrates, Aristogenes, Diomedon, Erasinides, Lysias, Pericles, Protomachus and Thrasyllus.

After leaving Samos, the Athenian fleet sailed to the Arginusae islands, opposite Cape Malea on Lesbos, where they camped for an evening. Callicratidas, who had sailed south to Malea with most of his fleet upon learning of the Athenians' movements, spotted their signal fires and planned to attack them by night but was prevented from doing so by a thunderstorm and so he was forced to delay his attack until morning.

Battle
At dawn the next day, Callicratidas led his fleet out to meet the Athenians. He had 140 ships to match the Athenians' 150 and had left 50 to watch Conon at Mytilene. For the first time in the war, the Spartan crews and commanders were more experienced than their Athenian opposites, as the Athenians' best crews had been at sea with Conon. To counter the Spartans' superior skill and maneuverability, the Athenian commanders implemented several new and innovative tactics. Firstly, the Athenian fleet was divided into eight autonomous divisions, each commanded by one of the generals. Secondly, they arranged their fleet in a double line, instead of the traditional single line, to prevent the Spartans from using the maneuver known as the diekplous in which a trireme raced into a gap between two enemy ships and then wheeled to strike one of them in the side. If the Spartans attempted that against a double line, a ship from the second line could move up to attack the Spartan ship.

As the Athenians advanced, they extended their left flank out to sea, outflanking the Spartans. The superior Athenian numbers, combined with the tactics they had implemented, created a dangerous situation for the Spartans, and Callicratidas's helmsman advised him to retire without a fight, but the navarch insisted on pushing on. Dividing his force into two to meet the threat of encirclement, Callicratidas led his fleet into battle. Heated fighting ensued for some time, but eventually, Callicratidas, leading the Spartan right, was killed when his ship rammed an opposing ship, and resistance on the right collapsed. The left continued to resist for longer but was unable to stand up to the entire Athenian fleet and soon joined the right wing in flight. All told, the Spartans lost some 70 ships and the Athenians 25.

Aftermath
In the immediate aftermath of the battle, the Athenian commanders had to decide on which of several pressing tasks to focus their attention. Conon was still blockaded at Mytilene by 50 Spartan ships, and decisive action against those ships could lead to their destruction before they had a chance to join the remainder of Callicratidas' fleet. At the same time, however, the survivors from the 25 Athenian ships that had been sunk or disabled in the battle remained afloat off the Arginusae islands. To address both of these concerns, the generals decided that all eight of them would sail with the majority of the fleet to Mytilene, where they would attempt to relieve Conon, and the trierarchs Thrasybulus and Theramenes would remain behind with a smaller detachment to rescue the survivors. Both missions, however, were thwarted by the sudden arrival of a storm, which drove the ships back into port. The Spartan fleet at Mytilene escaped, and rescuing the drowning sailors proved impossible.

Trial of generals

At Athens, the public relief at this unexpected victory was quickly subsumed in a bitter rhetorical battle over who was responsible for the failure to rescue the sailors. When the generals learned that the public was angry over the failed rescue, they assumed that Thrasybulus and Theramenes, who had already returned to the city, were responsible, and accordingly, they wrote letters to the assembly denouncing the two trierarchs and blaming them for the disaster. The trierarchs responded successfully to the allegations brought against them, and public anger now turned against the generals instead. The eight generals were deposed from their office and ordered to return to Athens to stand trial; two of them, Aristogenes and Protomachus, fled, but the other six returned. Upon their return, they were imprisoned, and one of them, Erasinides, was brought to trial and convicted of several charges involving misconduct in office; this trial may represent an attempt by the generals' enemies to test the wind since Erasinides, who had proposed abandoning the survivors altogether during the deliberations after the battle, may have been the easiest target among the six.

The question of how the generals should be tried for their failure to rescue the survivors was then brought before the assembly. On the first day of debate, the generals won the sympathy of the crowd by placing the blame for the tragedy entirely on the storm that had thwarted the rescue attempts. Unfortunately for them, however, the first day of debate was followed by the festival of the Apaturia at which families met together. In this context, the absence of those drowned at Arginusae was painfully evident, and when the assembly next met, the initiative passed to those who wished to treat the generals harshly. A politician named Callixeinus proposed that without further debate, the assembly should vote on the guilt or innocence of the generals.  Euryptolemus, a cousin of Alcibiades and several others opposed the motion on the grounds that it was unconstitutional, but they withdrew their opposition after another politician moved for the same penalty applied to the generals to be applied to them. With the opposition from the floor now silenced, the generals' accusers sought to bring their motion to a vote.

The presiding officers of the assembly were the prytaneis, randomly-selected councilmen from the tribe that was assigned to oversee the assembly in a given month. At each meeting of the assembly, one of the prytaneis was appointed epistates, or president of the assembly. By chance, the philosopher Socrates, holding public office for the only time in his life, was epistates on the day that the generals were tried. Declaring that he would "do nothing that was contrary to the law", Socrates refused to put the measure to a vote. Emboldened, Euryptolemus rose again to speak and persuaded the assembly to pass a motion ordering that the generals be tried separately. Parliamentary maneuvering, however, undid the victory, and in the end, the original motion was carried. A vote was taken, and all six generals were found guilty and executed, including Pericles the Younger. The Athenians soon came to regret their decision in the case of the generals, and charges were brought against the principal instigators of the executions. The men escaped before they could be brought to trial, but Callixeinus returned to Athens several years later. Despised by his fellow citizens, he died of starvation.

Peace offer
At Sparta, the defeat at Arginusae added to a long list of setbacks since the war in the Aegean had begun in 412 BC. The fleet, now stationed at Chios, was in poor condition, Spartans at home were discouraged and supporters of Callicratidas were displeased by the notion that his rival Lysander would rise to power again if the war were to continue (Sparta's allies in the Aegean were demanding his return). With all of those concerns in mind, the Spartan government dispatched an embassy to Athens, offering to surrender the Spartan fort at Decelea in return for peace on the basis of the status quo in the Aegean. The proposal, however, was rejected by the Athenian assembly at the urging of Cleophon. The war continued, but Athens's decision was to prove costly less than a year later when Lysander, in command of the Spartan fleet once more, decisively defeated the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami. Within two years of the dramatic Athenian victory at Arginusae, the city surrendered, and its walls were torn down.

See also
 Arginusae
 Canae

Notes

References

Sources

 Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians
Diodorus Siculus, Library
 Fine, John V.A. The Ancient Greeks: A critical history (Harvard University Press, 1983)
 Hornblower, Simon. The Greek World 479-323 BC (Routledge, 1991)
 Hunt, Peter. "The Slaves and Generals of Arginusae", The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 122, 2001, pp. 359–80.
 Kagan, Donald. The Peloponnesian War (Penguin Books, 2003).

Arginusae, Battle of
Arginusae, Battle of
Arginusae 406 BC
Arginusae
Arginusae
History of İzmir Province

Battle of Arginusae


SdKfz 6 {Sonderkraftfahrzeug 6} Nazi Almanyası ordusu Wehrmacht tarafından  II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında kullanılan hafif zırhlı ve yarı paletli bir araçtır. 105mm leFH topu ile kullanılması için tasarlanmıştır.

Modelleri

 SdKfz 6

Standart yarı paletli,105mm leFH top ve 15 kişilik piyade taşıyordu. Renkli çizimi

 37 mm FlaK36 auf Fahrgestell Zugkraftwagen 5t (SdKfz 6/2)

SdKfz 6 üzerine 3.7 cm FlaK 36 top ve 6 kişilik mürettebatı alıyordu. Renkli çizimi

 76.2 mm FK36(r) auf Panzerjäger Selbstfahrlafette Zugkraftwagen 5t (SdKfz 6)

SdKfz 6 üzerine Sovyet işgali sırasında ele geçirilen 76-mm tümen topu M1936 (F-22) top yerleştirilmiş modelidir.

Dış bağlantılar

 http://www.panzernet.net/panzernet/stranky/galerie/polopasy/galeriesdkfz6.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070928111726/http://www.panzer-reich.co.uk/mittlerer-zugkraftwagen-5t-sdkfz-6.htm

Yarı paletli araçlar
II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Almanya'nın zırhlı savaş araçları

Sd.Kfz. 6


Acción Anticomunista fue una organización política antimarxista fundada en agosto de 1932 en Barcelona. Su objetivo era "Luchar en todos los terrenos legales contra la difusión del ideario genéricamente llamado comunismo". Su presidente era Joaquín María Torres de Cruells.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Partidos políticos desaparecidos de Cataluña
Anticomunismo en España
Partidos políticos de Cataluña

Acción Anticomunista


Scorpiurus minimus, jedna od tri vrstedvosupnica u rodu crveni mač, porodica mahunarki. Možda je samo biotip koji raste na Kavkazu i sinonim za vrstu Scorpiurus muricatus.

Sinonimi
 Scorpiurus subvillosa var. breviaculeata Batt. & Trab.

Izvori

Crveni mač

Scorpiurus minimus


Religija u Luksemburgu zastupljena je s nekoliko vjerskih zajednica.

Povijest
U starom vijeku ovdje su bili keltski i germanski poganski kultovi. Dolaskom pod rimsku vlast širi se rimska religija. Širenjem kršćanstva u Rimskom Carstvu i kršćanstvo postupno dolazi u ove krajeve. Luksemburg je tradicijski rimokatolička zemlja. Protestantizam se širio na sjeveru njemačkih zemalja, ali nije preuzeo bitnu ulogu u Luksemburgu.

Vjerska struktura
Procjene koje navodi CIA za 2010. govore o sljedećem vjerskom sastavu:
 rimokatolici 87%
 ostali (protestanti, židovske vjere, muslimani] 13%

Galerija

Izvori

Luksemburg

Religija u Luksemburgu


The year 1698 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy
 Christiaan Huygens, in his posthumously published book Kosmotheoros, argues that other planets in the Solar System could contain extraterrestrial life, starting a debate that extends into the 21st century.

Exploration
 November – HMS Paramour sets sail under the command of Edmond Halley on the first purely scientific voyage by an English naval vessel, to investigate magnetic declination.

Technology
 January 11 – April 21 – Tsar Peter the Great of Russia (incognito as 'Peter Mikhailov') visits England as part of his Grand Embassy, making a particular study of shipbuilding.
 July 25 – English engineer Thomas Savery obtains a patent for "A new invention for raising of water... by the impellent force of fire", a steam pump.
 November 14 – First Eddystone Lighthouse illuminated, the first rock lighthouse in Europe.
 The piano is invented by Italian Bartolomeo Cristofori, originally named the "piano et forte" (meaning "soft and loud").
 A metronome is developed as a machine to measure musical tempo.

Events
 November – Tani Jinzan, astronomer and calendar scholar, observes a fire destroy Tosa in Japan at the same time as a Leonid meteor shower, taking it as evidence to reinforce belief in the "Theory of Areas".

Births
 February – Colin Maclaurin, Scottish mathematician (died 1746)
 February 16 – Pierre Bouguer, French mathematician (died 1758)
 March 26 – Václav Prokop Diviš, Czech theologian and natural scientist (died 1765)
 May 8 – Henry Baker, English naturalist (died 1774)
 July 17 – Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, French mathematician (died 1759)
 November 28 – Charlotta Frölich, Swedish agronomist (died 1770)

Deaths
 August 18 – Nicolas Venette, French physician, sexologist and writer (born 1633)
 November 4 – Rasmus Bartholin, Danish scientist (born 1625)

References

17th century in science
1690s in science

1698 in science


Thesprotia (; , ) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the Epirus region. Its capital and largest town is Igoumenitsa. Thesprotia is named after the Thesprotians, an ancient Greek tribe that inhabited the region in antiquity.

History

Thesprotia was part of the proto-Greek region in the late Bronze Age in which Greek archaic toponyms are densely found.

In antiquity, the territory of modern Thesprotia was inhabited by the ancient Greek tribe of Thesprotians and was bordered by the neighboring regions of Molossia to the north and Chaonia to the east. Thesprotia is mentioned at the Epic Cycle as a place where Odysseus sailed and  married the local queen Callidice. Thesprotia became part of the Epirote League before it was annexed by Rome where it became part of the Roman province of Epirus. After the fragmentation of the Roman Empire into East and West, it was part of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire until the late Middle Ages, except for a period of Bulgarian rule in the 9th-11th centuries. In c. 1430 it fell to the Ottomans.

From the 8th-9th until the 15th century, the region was called Vagenetia, a name deriving from the Slavic tribe of the Baiounitai, who appear in the early 7th century during the Slavic invasions of the Balkans. In the late Ottoman period, the area was known as Chameria, and at 1910 most of the territory of the modern prefecture of Thesprotia was known as Sancak of Resadiye or Çamlık Sancak or Igoumenitsa Sancak.

Thesprotia remained under Ottoman rule until 1913, when it was ceded to Greece after the Ottoman defeat in the First Balkan War. As part of Greece the province of Margariti became part of Preveza prefecture and the provinces of Paramythia and Filiates were part of Ioannina prefecture. The area above river Acheron continued to be referred to as Tsamouria in official Greek government communication until 1937, when the separate prefecture of Thesprotia was established. In 1923, the population of Thesprotia was 60,705, In 1920, there were 20,319 Muslim Albanians in Thesprotia. After their expulsion on the orders of Napoleon Zervas at the end of World War II, Muslim Albanians numbered to only 77 individuals in the 1951 census.

Geography and climate

Thesprotia borders Albania to the north, the regional unit of Ioannina to the east and Preveza to the south. The Ionian Sea lies to the west. Much of the regional unit is mountainous. Most farmland is located in the valleys in the central, southern and the western part. Two of Thesprotia's rivers are legendary: the Thyamis and the Acheron of Greek mythology, lined with reedbeds and plane trees.

Thesprotia's coastal climate is Mediterranean. Cold winters of a semi-alpine climate dominate the eastern part and higher elevations.

Administration

The regional unit Thesprotia is subdivided into three municipalities (numbered as in the map in the infobox):
Filiates (3)
Igoumenitsa (1)
Souli (2)

Prefecture

Thesprotia was established as a prefecture in 1937 (). As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit Thesprotia was created out of the former prefecture Thesprotia. The prefecture had the same territory as the present regional unit. At the same time, the municipalities were reorganised, according to the table below.

Provinces
Province of Thyamida - Igoumenitsa
Province of Filiates - Filiates
Province of Margariti - Margariti
Province of Souli - Paramythia
Note: Provinces no longer hold any legal status in Greece.

Economy
Thesprotia is traditionally one of the poorest and most remote regional units of Greece. The main economic activities are agriculture and tourism, with agriculture as historically the main economic activity.

The main tourist attractions of the region are its numerous beaches, particularly the resort of Syvota. Other tourist attractions are the remains of ancient cities such as Gitani.

Infrastructure
In 1996, construction began on Motorway 2, officially called Egnatia Odos. The road, which links the Ionian coast at Igoumenitsa to Thessaloniki and further to Alexandroupoli the Greek Turkish borders, was opened to traffic in 2009. Other important roads in Thesprotia include the Greek National Road 6 (Igoumenitsa - Ioannina - Larissa) and Greek National Road 18 (Filiates - Paramythia - Preveza).

In 2009, construction began for a new highway that will connect Igoumenitsa and Saranda, passing by Sagiada and Konispol.

The port of Igoumenitsa serves ferry routes to the islands of Corfu and Paxoi (includes Antipaxoi), as well as Italy.

See also
List of settlements in Thesprotia
Ancient Thesprotia
Thesprotians

References

Sources

External links
La Toile: Cooperation Network for European Culture: Thesprotia
 HiT.gr - Thesprotia - Photos and historical information about the prefecture of Thesprotia
 Paramythia of Thesprotia - The historical city of Paramythia

Prefectures of Greece
Regional units in Epirus (region)

Thesprotia


Amaszonas Línea Aérea (Amas) o Amas Bolivia ("Amaszonas" S.A.) fue la más grande aerolínea privada de Bolivia, con oficinas en La Paz y Santa Cruz de la Sierra, operando vuelos regulares y chárter con una flota de aviones Embraer 190. Fue adquirida por NELLA Airlines Group en agosto de 2021y vendida al empresario Luiz Divino en septiembre de 2023.

Amaszonas nace como línea aérea bandera de la ciudad de La Paz ofreciendo conexión al departamento de Beni con rutas no convencionales en aeronaves de baja capacidad de transporte, incorporando aviones Bombardier CRJ200 con el objetivo la consolidación en las rutas principales del país e incluso su expansión hacia destinos internacionales.

La compañía fue fundada en el año 2000, su nombre proviene de la frase "A Más Zonas" que tiene un sonido idéntico a "Amazonas", y durante un breve periodo tuvo un acuerdo de código compartido con GOL Linhas Aéreas y un acuerdo Interlíneal con StarPerú para su ruta entre La Paz-Lima.

Llegó a tener planes de ampliar las rutas internacionales hacia Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y otros países de la región.

En abril de 2015 la aerolínea Amaszonas llegó a un acuerdo con la compañía uruguaya BQB obteniendo así la cesión de sus permisos para ingresar al espacio aéreo de susodicha aerolínea a cambio de mantener 30 empleados de esta aerolínea (absorbiendo los activos de BQB, 5 días después del cierre de esta).

El año 2019, implementa a su flota aeronaves más modernas para reemplazar a sus Bombardier CRJ200, el modelo elegido fue el Embraer E190, que actualmente es usado para operar vuelos nacionales e internacionales de manera comercial y chárter.

Historia
La empresa se fundó el 1 de octubre de 1998, pero los servicios de vuelo no se iniciaron hasta 2000. Inicialmente, Amaszonas Línea Aérea operaba vuelos fletados utilizando una pequeña flota de aviones turbohélice Cessna 208 Caravan y Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner. En 2012, tras la desaparición de AeroSur, se adquirieron cinco CRJ200 de Avmax Aircraft Leasing Inc. para lanzar servicios regulares de pasajeros.

El primero de estos aviones a reacción de 50 asientos se puso en servicio a fines de agosto del mismo año en la ruta La Paz-Santa Cruz de la Sierra. A finales de 2014, Amaszonas anunció que arrendaría 9 aviones CRJ200 más para expandir su red regional y tenía la intención de volar hasta 40 destinos para 2017.

Compra de BQB Líneas Aéreas
En 2015 la aerolínea boliviana compró la uruguaya BQB Líneas Aéreas 5 días después de que la empresa cerrara sus operaciones debido a una crisis iniciada en 2014. A partir del 4 de mayo, la aerolínea toma posesión de las rutas operadas por BQB antes del cierre de operaciones, las cuales son el Aeroparque Metropolitano Jorge Newbery y el Aeropuerto Internacional Silvio Pettirossi.

Amaszonas Paraguay
En 2015, Amaszonas Línea Aérea anunció la creación de una filial en Paraguay, Amaszonas Paraguay, que realizó su vuelo inaugural el 11 de septiembre del mismo año en la ruta entre Asunción y Ciudad del Este. Hasta 2018, la empresa incorporó cuatro unidades del CRJ200, que volaban a destinos domésticos e internacionales en Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile y Uruguay.

En junio de 2018, la aerolínea boliviana anunció la venta de todas las operaciones de Amaszonas Paraguay a un grupo de inversores españoles y canadienses, nominalmente, Inversiones Líneas Aéreas Internacionales (ILAI), dueño de la aerolínea regional española Air Nostrum, y el arrendador Avmax Group Inc. En septiembre, luego de la conclusión del acuerdo y separación de operaciones, la empresa paraguaya anunció el cambio de marca a Paranair.

Expansión
En 2019, Amaszonas Línea Aérea anunció un proceso de renovación y expansión de la flota, contratando al consultor de marketing y especialista en aviación brasileño Gianfranco Beting, cofundador de Azul Linhas Aéreas, para llevar a cabo un cambio de marca. La empresa eligió el birreactor Embraer E190 para renovación de la flota y anunció que operaría bajo la nueva marca "Amas" a través de las filiales Amas Bolivia y Amas Uruguay.

La aerolínea firmó contratos de arrendamiento (leasing) por seis unidades del modelo, siendo las dos primeras entregadas por la estadounidense GE Capital Aviation Services (GECAS) y las cuatro restantes por la china CDB Leasing. La empresa recibió su primer Embraer matrícula CP-3130 el 21 de agosto de 2019, luciendo la nueva imagen comercial del grupo.

La empresa también inició una expansión doméstica e internacional, con el lanzamiento de nuevos destinos, como São Paulo (Guarulhos), Río de Janeiro (Galeão) y Foz do Iguaçu desde el Aeropuerto Internacional Viru Viru en Santa Cruz de la Sierra.

Pandemia y crisis
Tras la toma de posesión de Luis Arce como presidente de Bolivia en noviembre de 2020, el gobierno impuso nuevas restricciones de viaje debido a la pandemia del coronavirus (COVID-19) que asfixiaron el transporte aéreo en Bolivia. Con operaciones suspendidas y sin ninguna ayuda del Estado, en medio de acusaciones de dañarla deliberadamente para favorecer a la aerolínea estatal Boliviana de Aviación (BoA), la empresa comenzó a acumular deudas financieras.

En agosto de 2021, en medio del intercambio de acusaciones en la prensa entre altos funcionarios del gobierno y administradores de Amaszonas, el gobierno comenzó a acusarla de tener una deuda millonaria con el Estado boliviano, exigiendo el pago inmediato de más de 84 millones de bolivianos adeudados a las instancias de NAABOL, Impuestos Nacionales, ATT, Aduana, AFPs y otros.

NELLA Airlines Group
En agosto de 2021, el holding brasileño-estadounidense NELLA Airlines Group, con sede en Delawere, Estados Unidos, pero con base en Brasil y de propiedad de un consorcio brasileño liderado por ejecutivo brasileño Maurício Souza, adquirió el control del 100% sobre la aerolínea boliviana Amaszonas por U$50 millones de dólares.

Cese de operaciones

Amaszonas cesó sus operaciones el 8 de agosto de 2023 tras suspender el Gobierno de Luis Arce la matrícula de los Embraer E-190. Esto fue debido a deudas que Amaszonas arrastraba con el arrendador de los aviones GY Aviation Lease 1816.

Venta de la empresa
El 28 de septiembre de 2023 con un comunicado oficial mediante redes sociales, Mauricio Souza,CEO de Nella Airlines Group anunció oficialmente la venta de la línea aérea Amaszonas al empresario Luiz Divino.

Antiguos destinos
Amaszonas voló a los siguientes destinos:

Acuerdos interlineales
Amaszonas tuvoacuerdos interlínea con las siguientes aerolíneas:
  Air Europa (Destinos de Europa)
  Aerolíneas Argentinas (30 destinos de Argentina)
  Gol Transportes Aéreos (Destinos a Brasil)
  Sky Airline (Destinos a Santiago de Chile)
  Star Perú (Destinos a Lima)

Subsidiarias

Amaszonas decidió crear el grupo AMASZONAS con su misma marca y crecer en otros países, sus filiales fueron:

  Amaszonas Líneas Aéreas vendida al Sr. Luiz Divino
  Amaszonas Paraguay sociedad con Air Nostrum
  Amaszonas Uruguay ex BQB

Flota histórica

Accidentes e incidentes

 El 10 de julio de 2001 a las 16:47 hora local, los dos pilotos de una nave Cessna 208 Caravan (matrícula CP-2395) con once pasajeros a bordo tuvieron que ejecutar un aterrizaje de emergencia en un cerro cerca a Viacha, seis minutos después de haber partido de La Paz con destino a Rurrenabaque, debido a un problema con el motor. Al chocar contra el suelo, el avión dio vueltas y quedó destruido; sin embargo, todos los ocupantes sobrevivieron.
 El 21 de enero de 2005 una Cessna 208 Grand Caravan (CP-2412) que cubría la ruta La Paz-Sucre tuvo que aterrizar de emergencia en el Cerro Huaricollo, cerca de Colquiri en el cual se encontraba el empresario Samuel Doria Medina. No hubo víctimas, pero el avión quedó destruido.
 El 27 de febrero de 2011 un Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner (CP-2473) tuvo que aterrizar de emergencia en el Aeropuerto Internacional El Alto mientras cubría la ruta San Borja-Rurrenabaque. El avión sufrió daños que pudieron ser finalmente reparados.
 El 29 de marzo de 2018 un Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner (CP-2459) que cubría la ruta Riberalta-Trinidad tuvo problemas para despegar del Aeropuerto Capitán Av. Selin Zeitun López después de que varios pájaros impactasen en el motor. La aeronave acabó por salirse de la pista.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Amaszonas

Amaszonas
Aerolíneas desaparecidas de Bolivia
Aerolíneas fundadas en 1999
Aerolíneas desaparecidas en 2023

Amaszonas


Sinucideri misterioase (în ) este un film american din 2004 în regia și scenariul lui M. Night Shyamalan. Filmul prezintă povestea populației Amish dintr-un sat izolat ce se confruntă cu surprinzătorul adevăr ce se întinde dincolo de granițele acestuia.

Distribuție
 Bryce Dallas Howard în rolul lui Ivy Walker
 Joaquin Phoenix în rolul lui Lucius Hunt
 Adrien Brody în rolul lui Noah Percy
 William Hurt în rolul lui Edward Walker
 Sigourney Weaver în rolul lui Alice Hunt
 Brendan Gleeson în rolul lui August Nicholson
 Cherry Jones în rolul lui Mrs. Clack

Note

Filme americane
Filme din 2004
Filme regizate de M. Night Shyamalan
Filme de groază din anii 2000

Sinucideri misterioase


L'élection partielle québécoise de 2022 se tient le  dans la circonscription électorale de Marie-Victorin, à la suite de la démission de la députée Catherine Fournier, élue mairesse de Longueuil lors des élections municipales de novembre 2021. La candidate de la Coalition avenir Québec, Shirley Dorismond, est élue avec 34,95 % des voix.

Cette élection partielle se déroule dans le contexte des cinquième et sixième vagues de la pandémie de Covid-19 au Québec.

Contexte

La circonscription de Marie-Victorin est un fief du Parti québécois depuis 1985. Catherine Fournier y a été élue dans une élection partielle, en décembre 2016. Lors de l'élection générale de 2018, elle est l'une des dix seuls députés péquistes à être réélue, mais est mise en difficulté par la Coalition avenir Québec, sur laquelle elle n'a que 705 voix d'avance contre plus de  d'avance sur son plus proche adversaire en 2016. Elle quitte cependant ce parti un an plus tard, estimant qu'il n'est plus le bon véhicule pour l'indépendance du Québec. Le , elle est élue mairesse de Longueuil, et quitte alors l'Assemblée nationale du Québec, ouvrant la voie à une élection partielle. L'élection doit être convoquée dans les six mois, le gouvernement indique qu'elle n'aura pas lieu avant les fêtes de Noël.

La proximité de l'élection partielle avec celle de l'élection générale d'octobre 2022 lui donne de fortes allures de test préélectoral : le PQ veut conserver son fief dans une période difficile, qui est aussi la première élection pour son nouveau chef Paul St-Pierre Plamondon, la CAQ emporter un siège qui pourrait lui être favorable et Québec solidaire y obtenir aussi parmi ses bons scores. Ce sera aussi la première participation du Parti conservateur du Québec à une élection depuis que les intentions de vote pour le parti, gonflées par la fatigue due à l'état d'urgence sanitaire, ont fait une percée dans les sondages.

Divers sondages publiés depuis décembre 2021 laissent présager une lutte à deux entre le Parti québécois et la Coalition avenir Québec.

Candidats
À la suite de l'élection à la mairie de la députée sortante, Dominique Anglade, cheffe du Parti libéral du Québec, propose de laisser le champ libre à Paul St-Pierre Plamondon afin qu'il fasse son entrée à l'Assemblée nationale du Québec, où il ne siège pas. L'offre de la libérale ne s'applique cependant que si le chef du PQ est candidat, ce qu'il ne veut pas encore dévoiler, et si la CAQ et QS ne présentent pas de candidats non plus. Les deux partis indiquent rapidement qu'ils présenteront un candidat, le premier ministre François Legault expliquant : « On a laissé la semaine au chef du PQ pour décider s'il voulait se présenter, a-t-il dit. Il branle dans le manche. » À la suite de ces annonces ainsi qu'à la décision du PQ de ne pas présenter leur chef, le PLQ investit Émilie Nollet, chercheure à l'Université Saint-Paul d'Ottawa.

Le Parti québécois, après avoir hésité à présenter son nouveau chef, annonce la candidature de Pierre Nantel, ancien député fédéral néodémocrate de Longueuil—Pierre-Boucher puis Longueuil—Saint-Hubert, qui a siégé à la Chambre des communes de 2011 à 2019. Passé au Parti vert du Canada pour les élections fédérales d', il a été largement défait en terminant troisième avec 11,3 % des suffrages.

Québec solidaire investit de son côté Shophika Vaithyanathasarma, étudiante en mathématique et en sociologie qui avait brigué la députation fédérale en  pour le Bloc québécois dans Rosemont—La Petite-Patrie, terminant troisième avec 21,37 %.

Le Parti conservateur du Québec, qui obtient des scores en forte hausse dans les sondages du début 2022, crée la surprise en investissant la comédienne Anne Casabonne, qui avait déclaré prendre une pause de son métier en  :  Casabonne avait suscité la controverse en  en affirmant que les vaccins contre la Covid-19 étaient de la « grosse merde ».

La Coalition avenir Québec annonce le  qu'une infirmière spécialisée en gérontologie, Shirley Dorismond, briguera les suffrages pour le parti. Syndicaliste, elle est une ancienne vice-présidente de la Fédération interprofessionnelle de la santé du Québec. Cependant, Dorismond serait en opposition idéologique avec son parti sur des questions fondamentales, comme sur le concept de racisme systémique.

Martine Ouellet, ancienne députée et ministre de l'Environnement du Parti québécois et ancienne cheffe du Bloc québécois, annonce qu'elle sera candidate dans la circonscription pour son nouveau parti Climat Québec.

Le parti Équipe autonomiste, parti né de la scission de l'Action démocratique du Québec, annonce la candidature de Florent Portron qui a déjà été candidat dans Marie-Victorin. Portron est représentant sénior au service à la clientèle d'une institution financière et a déjà remporté des honneurs comme bénévole dans des organismes de premiers soins dont le Prix du gouverneur général pour entraide en 2012.

Le Parti vert du Québec annonce le  la candidature d'Annabelle Bouvette pour l'élection partielle dans Marie-Victorin. L'étudiante en biologie environnementale s'est impliquée dans le mouvement écologiste local La planète s'invite à Longueuil. Elle se désiste le , sans expliquer les raisons de son retrait. Celle-ci aurait décidé de renoncer à défendre les couleurs du Parti vert du Québec à la suite de propos controversés propagés par le chef du parti Alex Tyrrell concernant l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie. Le , le chef du PVQ annonce qu'il se présentera lui-même comme candidat du PVQ dans la circonscription.

Les autres candidats sont Michel Blondin, chef du Parti pour l'indépendance du Québec, Shawn Lalande McLean, qui représentera le Parti accès propriété et équité, Michel Lebrun, candidat de l'Union nationale, ainsi que le candidat indépendant Philippe Tessier.

Liste des sondages locaux

Résultats préliminaires

45 636 personnes sont inscrites sur la liste électorale en vue de l'élection partielle. De ce nombre, 6466 ont exercé leur vote par anticipation.

Notes et références

Québec
2022
42e législature du Québec
2022 au Québec
Politique en avril 2022

Élection partielle québécoise de 2022


Dijital fotoğraf makinesi, fotoğrafları elektronik olarak çeken ve saklayan elektronik bir cihazdır. Geleneksel fotoğraf makinelerinde olduğu gibi fotoğraf filmleri kullanılmaz. Bunun yerine ışık film görevi gören ve adına sensör denen yeşil, kırmızı ve mavi renge duyarlı hücrelerden oluşan sandviç tipinde sıkıştırılmış bir katmandan geçer ve bu katmandan alınan değerlerle fotoğraf dijital olarak saklanabilir. Günümüzün dijital fotoğraf makineleri tipik olarak çok fonksiyonludur ve fotoğraf çekiminin yanı sıra ses ve/veya görüntü kaydetme özelliklerine de sahiptir.

Dijital fotoğraf makineleri görüntüleri, piksel denilen küçük kareciklere sığdırır. Piksel boyutu ne kadar büyük olursa fotoğrafımız da o kadar büyük olur. İnsanlar piksel arttıkça görüntü kalitesinin arttığını zannetmektedir ancak işin aslı öyle değildir. Piksel sadece fotoğrafın boyutuyla ilgilidir. Görüntünün netliği ve derinliği kesinlikle fotoğraf makinesinin üzerinde bulunan diğer ayarlardan daha çok etkilenir. En büyük faktör lens'tir. Lensler günümüz fotoğraf makinelerinde genelde CCD olarak kullanılır, daha ucuz ve kalitesiz olan makineler CMOS kullanır ancak bu pozisyon bazen değişebilir. Sensör'leri araştırırsanız bazı çok iyi SLR fotoğraf makinelerinin de CMOS sensör kullandığını görebilirsiniz.

Dijital Fotoğraf makineleri günümüzde dört kategoriye ayrılır. Ultra Compact, Compact, DSLR Like, DSLR.

Ultra Compact : Bu amatör makinelerin en önemli özelliği şaşırtıcı derecede ince ve hafif olmalarıdır. Gömlek cebinde bile taşınabilir. Fotoğraf çekim kalitesi ise Compact makinelerle hemen hemen aynıdır. Objektifi değiştirilemez, manuel ayarlama(M,A/S) imkânı çok kısıtlıdır. (Örnek:Sony DSC-T serisi)

Compact : Küçük yapılı, büyük LCD ekranlı, düşük Optic Zoom'lu, fiyat ve özelliğine göre iyi fotoğraflar çekebilen, objektifi değiştirilemeyen, amatör makinelerdir.

DSLR Like : Compact'lara göre daha büyük, Optic Zoom'u fazla, manuel ayarları Compact'a göre fazla DSLR'ye göre az olan, optiği değiştirilemeyen, yarı profesyonel makinelerdir.

DSLR : Büyük boyutlu, birçok manuel ayar olanağı bulunan, objektifi değiştirilebilen, profesyonel dijital fotoğraf makineleridir. Bu makinelerin ayırt edici özelliği, lenslerindeki görüntüyü bakaç (vizör) vasıtası ile görebilmenizdir. Bir başka ifade ile, baktığınızda ve çektiğinizde kullandığınız lens sistemi birdir.

Elektronik cihazlar
Film ve video teknolojisi
Fotoğraf makineleri

Dijital fotoğraf makinesi


(în traducere, "comisariat al -ului") este o denumire în germană dată entității administrative condusă de un oficial guvernamental denumit  (în traducere, "comisar al -ului"). Deși au existat ai multe astfel de entități mai ales în perioadele imperială germană și nazistă în mai multe domenii (cum ar fi , , epurarea etnică etc.) acesta este cel mai frecvent folosit cu referire la unitățile teritoriale  înființate de către Germania Nazistă, în multe din  în timpul celui de al Doilea Război Mondial. Deși, oficial și în sens juridic, ele se situau în afara Reich-ului German, aceste entități erau controlate direct de către autoritățile civile supreme (ii), care guvernau teritoriile ca guvernatori germani, în numele și ca reprezentanți direcți ai lui Adolf Hitler.

Introducerea acestor administrații teritoriale avea mai multe scopuri. Cele înființate sau care urmau să fie înființate în Vestul și Nordul Europei erau, în general, imaginate ca faze de tranziție pentru viitoarea incorporare a diferitelor țări germanice din afara Germaniei antebelice într-un stat nazist extins. Omoloagele lor din est slujeau în primul rând scopuri colonialiste și imperialiste, ca surse pentru un viitor  pentru colonizare germană și .

Un alt contrast era nivelul de reorganizare administrativă pusă în aplicare în aceste două tipuri de unități. Ca în multe alte teritorii cucerite de germani, administratorii și birocrații locali au fost presați să-și continue operațiunile cotidiene (mai ales la nivelurile medii și inferioare) deși sub supraveghere germană. De-a lungul războiului, ele din Europa de Vest și din cea de Nord, și-au păstrat pur și simplu structura administrativă existentă anterior dar în Europa de Est au fost introduse astfel de structuri complet noi.

Toate aceste entități erau, totuși, destinate în cele din urmă integrării într-un Mare  Germanic (în ), care să cuprindă zona generala a Europei de la Marea Nordului la Munții Ural, în care Germania urma să formeze teritoriul de bază.

Europa de Vest și de Nord
 Reichskommissariat Norwegen ( între 1940 și 1945).
 Reichskommissariat Niederlande (ocupația germană a Țărilor de Jos, între 1940 și 1945).
 Reichskommissariat Belgien-Nordfrankreich (, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, în 1944. Anexată retroactiv direct în Reich-ul German, în decembrie 1944, ca noile  ,  și , deși mare parte din regiune deja nu mai era sub control german.

Fostele teritorii Sovietice
În vara anului 1941, ideologul german nazist Alfred Rosenberg a sugerat că, pentru a facilita destrămarea Uniunii Sovietice și Rusiei ca entitate geografică, teritoriul sovietic cucerit ar trebui să fie administrat în următoarele cinci Reichskommissariate:
 Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) (Țările Baltice și Belarus, extins spre est, prin includerea unor părți din Vestul Rusiei) 1941-1944/45.
 Reichskommissariat Ukraine (RKU) (Ucraina mai puțin Galiția de Est, Transnistria română și Crimeea, și la sfârșitul lunii mai 1941 a fost extinsă spre est până la Volga); 1941-1944.
 Reichskommissariat Don-Wolga (aproximativ de la Marea de Azov la Republica Germană de la Volga, inclusiv Rostov, Voronej, și Saratov; la sfârșitul lunii mai 1941, a fost împărțită între Ucraina și Kaukasus); nu a fost înființată niciodată.
 Reichskommissariat Moskowien (RKM) (zona metropolitană Moscova și restul Rusiei Europene, mai puțin Karelia și peninsula Kola, promise a fi retrocedate Finlandei); nu s-a organizat niciodată pe deplin. Înaintarea militară germană s-a oprit în 1941/42.
 Reichskommissariat Kaukasus (RKK) (Sudul Rusiei și zona Caucaz); nu s-a organizat niciodată complet. Înaintarea militară germană s-a oprit în 1942/43.
 Reichskommissariat Turkestan (RKT) (republicile și teritoriile din Asia Centrală); nu s-a înființat.
La cererea lui Hitler, proiectul Turkestanului a fost amânat de către Rosenberg pentru viitorul imediat, ordinul fiind să se concentreze pe Europa pentru moment. Asia Centrală a fost identificată drept o viitoare țintă a , întrucât în curând armatele vor fi gata să se mute mai spre est, după consolidarea victoriei în Rusia Sovietică. Interesul manifestat pentru o parte din zonă de principalul partener al Germaniei din cadrul Axei, Imperiul Japonez, putea deveni un subiect de discuție în raport cu proiectul acesteia din urmă pentru .

Printre unitățile suplimentare care au fost în discuție la diferite momente de timp s-au numărat Reichskommissariat Don-Wolga dar, prin cea de-a doua jumătate a lunii mai 1941, numărul de unități administrative care urmau să fie stabilite în est se limitase la patru; precum și un Reichskommissariat Ural pentru centrul și sudul regiunii Ural.

Referințe

Unități administrative

Reichskommissariat


Guettarda insularis, vrsta drveta iz porodice broćevki. Endem je s meksičkog otoka Socorro u otočju Revillagigedo

Izvori

Cinchonoideae
Flora otočja Revillagigedo

Guettarda insularis


Blandt mænd og får () er en islandsk film fra 2015, instrueret af Grímur Hákonarson. Filmen havde premiere 15. maj 2015 ved Cannes Film Festival, hvor den vandt Un Certain Regard.

Medvirkende
 Sigurður Sigurjónsson som Gummi
 Theódór Júliusson som Kiddi
 Charlotte Bøving som Katrin
 Jon Benonysson som Runólfur
 Gunnar Jónsson som Grímur
 Þorleifur Einarsson som Sindri
 Sveinn Ólafur Gunnarsson som Bjarni
 Ingrid Jónsdóttir som Eygló
 Jörundur Ragnarsson som Villi
 Viktor Már Bjarnason som Finnur

Referencer

Eksterne links

Film fra 2015
Dramafilm fra Island

Blandt mænd og får


NGC 5810 est une galaxie spirale barrée située dans la constellation de la Balance. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5810 a été découverte par l'astronome américain Ormond Stone en 1886.

La classe de luminosité de NGC 5810 est II.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5810 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5810
Constellation de la Balance
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie spirale barrée
Objet céleste découvert en 1886
Objet céleste découvert par Ormond Stone

NGC 5810


Bredgar es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Swale, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Bredgar tiene una superficie de 8,76 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Bredgar tenía 622 habitantes (48,87% varones, 51,13% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 71 hab/km². El 15,59% eran menores de 16 años, el 75,56% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 8,84% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 44,24 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 18,67% estaban solteros, el 66,48% casados y el 14,86% divorciados o viudos.

El 95,82% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,61% de la población, mientras que el 2,57% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 98,07% eran blancos, el 0,48% mestizos, el 0,64% asiáticos y el 0,8% chinos. El cristianismo era profesado por el 81,19%, el hinduismo por el 0,64% y cualquier otra religión, salvo el budismo, el judaísmo, el islam y el sijismo, por el 0,48%. El 12,7% no eran religiosos y el 4,98% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

302 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 296 de ellos (98,01%) empleados y 6 (1,99%) desempleados. Había 271 hogares con residentes y 4 vacíos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent
Parroquias civiles de Kent

Bredgar


Hernesaari est une île du golfe de Finlande dans le quartier de Santahamina à Helsinki en Finlande.

Présentation
Hernesaari est une île, abritant des chalets pour le personnel de la défense, située dans la zone militaire de Santahamina, à l'est de Santahamina et au sud de Villinki.

La superficie de l'île est de 12,6 ha. L'île abrite aussi une ancienne maison de pêcheur du milieu du XIXe siècle.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Archipel d'Helsinki

Île du golfe de Finlande
Île d'Helsinki
Santahamina

Hernesaari (Santahamina)


Felodipinul sau felodipina este un medicament antihipertensiv, folosit în tratamentul hipertensiunii arteriale și a anginei pectorale stabile. Face parte din categoria blocantelor ale canalelor de calciu, din clasa dihidropiridinelor.

Vezi și
Amlodipin

Referințe

Blocante ale canalelor de calciu
Esteri
Dihidropiridine

Felodipină


Passade Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Plön iline bağlı belediye. 4,32 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2015 itibarıyla yaklaşık 356 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kilometrekare başına yaklaşık 82 kişilik bir nüfus yoğunluğuna sahiptir.  Belediye Başkanlığı Annette Blöcker tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.passade.de

Kaynakça

Plön iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Passade


الحريديم هم جماعة من اليهود المتدينين ويعتبرون كالأصوليون حيث يطبقون الطقوس الدينية ويعيشون حياتهم اليومية وفق التفاصيل الدقيقة للشريعة اليهودية. ويحاول الحريديم تطبيق التوراة في إسرائيل.

أصل التسمية
اسم حريديم هي جمع لكلمة «حريدي» وتعني «التقي». وقد تكون الحريديم مأخوذة من الفعل حرد بمعنى غضب وبخل واعتزل الناس.

مميزات الحريدية
يرتدي الحريديم عادة أزياء يهود شرق أوروبا وهي المعطف الطويل الأسود والقبعة السوداء ويضيفون له الطاليت ويرسلون ذقونهم إلى صدورهم وتتدلى على آذانهم خصلات من الشعر المقصوع، وأحيانا ترتدي النساء البرقع الذي يشبه النقاب إلى حدٍّ بعيد. وهم لا يتحدثون العبرية على قدر استطاعتهم (باعتبارها لغة مقدَّسة) ويفضلون التحدث باليديشية. وتتميَّز عائلات الحريديم بزيادة عددها لأنهم لا يمارسون تحديد النسل، ولذا فأعدادهم تتزايد بالنسبة للعلمانيين الذين يحجمون عن الزواج والإنجاب. بالمقابل ليس من السهل الحصول على معلومات دقيقة عن هذه المجموعة تتعلق بأعدادهم لأنه ليس من السهل الوصول إلى تعريف خاص بهم، إضافة إلى عدم وجود مصادر خاصة تعطي إحصائيات دقيقة تتعلق بهم.
ومن مميزاتهم الدينية أنهم يتبنون التفاسير الأكثر غلواً في التراث الديني، والتشدد في أداء العبادات والطقوس الدينية، بما يدفعهم إلى الانعزال عن اليهود غير المتقيدين بحذافير التعاليم الدينية، واعتزالهم، لذلك يفترض الحريديم أن على غيرهم من اليهود الاحتذاء بهم لأنهم يلتزمون بتعاليم الكتاب المقدس.
وهم –بشكل عام- ينتظرون مجيء المسيح اليهودي المنتظر ليخلصهم من متاعب الحياة، ويقيم لهم مملكة الرب على الأرض التي ستتحد مع مملكة السماء.

معظم الذكور في المجتمع الحريدي يبقون في المدارس الدينية حتى سن 40، وبالتالي فهم لا يشاركون في القوى العاملة في المجتمع الإسرائيلي، وهو الأمر الذي يفسر عيشهم في ظل ظروف سيئة وفي حالة فقر مع الاعتماد الكبير على دعم الدولة. وبناء على الأفكار الحريدية يطلب من اليهودي الانسحاب من كل النشاطات العالمية والتفرغ للدراسات الروحية. وبالتالي فإن المشاركة في الجيش أو النشاطات الاقتصادية أو الأدب الحديث أو الرياضة أو الموسيقى أو الأفلام والتلفاز تعتبر خطيئة.

ومن بين المميزات التي تميز مجتمع الحريديم أيضاً هو أن متوسط الزيادة السكانية لدى الحريديم هو الأعلى في إسرائيل، وهو ما نتج عنه زيادة سنوية وصلت إلى 6% تقريباً عام 1996، و7.3% عام 2000، وحوالي 6% عام 2001، وحوالي 7% عام 2002، وهي نسب مرتفعة مقارنة بالمجتمع الإسرائيلي العلماني. والسبب الرئيسي لزيادة السكان الحريديم هو الزيادة الطبيعية العالية (حوالي 72% من مجمل الزيادة السنوية في عام 2001). ويصل عدد الولادات السنوية لدى الحريديم إلى 35 ألف ولادة بما يشكل 25% من مجموع ولادات إسرائيل، كما يتزوج في إسرائيل سنوياَ حوالي 5 آلاف زوج حريدي. ينجب كل زوج منهم ما بين 7 – 9 ولادات، ينتج عنها زيادة كبيرة في أعدادهم، ونسباً عالية من الزيادات السنوية مقابل معدل ولادات منخفض نسبياً للعلمانيين يتراوح بين 1-1.5 بنسبة زيادة سنوية: 1.6% فقط.

صفات الحريدية

يهودية حريدية طائفة محافظة من اليهودية الأرثوذكسية. تنقسم هذه الطائفة إلى مجتمعات مختلفة لا توجد بينها موافقة كاملة على أسلوب الحياة والعقائد الجديرة، ولكن جميعها تتميز بصفات التالية:

 التمسك بشكل تام بالهالاخاه الأرثوذكسية ومعارضة إعادة النظر في الشرائع والتقاليد اليهودية الدينية.
 تفضيل اليشيفات والتعليم الديني التقليدي على أي نوع آخر من التعليم أو التربية. ويتعلم أبناء الطائفة الحريدية العلوم العلمانية عند الحاجة فقط، من أجل إنقاذ الحياة (مثل تعليم الطب) أو من أجل كسب الرزق. أما تعليم الأدبيات، الفلسفة وغيرها، فترفض عند اليهود الحريديين.
 التحفظ من تبني تكنولوجيات جديدة مثل التلفزيون، الحاسوب، الهاتف النقال إلخ. هذه الاختراعات موجودة عند اليهود الحريديين ولكنها أقل شيوعا عندهم.
 التمسك باللباس التقليدي، وخاصة باللباس الذي كان شائعا لدى اليهود في شرقي أوروبا قبل القرن ال20.

مذاهب الحريدية
التصنيفان الرئيسيان لمجتمعات الطائفة الحريدية هما المجتمعات الحسيدية والتي تتابع أفكار الحاخام يسرائيل باعل شيم طوف (1700-1760م) والمجتمعات «اللتوانية» التي تتابع أفكار الجاؤون من فيلنيوس (الحاخام إلياهو بن شلومو زالمان 1720-1797م).

الصراع مع العلمانيين
الجذور التاريخية لهذا الصراع بدأت من مرحلة ما قبل قيام الدولة، وقد وجدت هذه الصراعات بسبب الأمر الواقع الذي بدأت دولة إسرائيل عند قيامها فيما يتعلق بترتيبات الدين وممارسة الشعائر الدينية، فالقوانين التركية والبريطانية تركت قوانين الأحوال الشخصية في يد الزعماء الدينيين لكل طائفة، وهو الأمر الذي استمر عند قيام إسرائيل، بما يتضمن أن قوانين الزواج والطلاق تخضع للقانون الديني في حين لا يوجد زواج مدني، ولا زيجات مختلطة. هذا الأمر يتضمَّن أيضاً أن يوم السبت عطلة رسمية، وأن المطاعم المدعومة من الدولة ستلتزم بالقوانين الغذائية اليهودية، وأن لجميع الآباء الحق في إرسال أبنائهم إلى المدارس العامة أو إلى المدارس الدينية، وأن طلاب الأخيرة لا يخدمون في وحدات الجيش.

من مميزات هذا الصراع أنه صراع طويل جعل كلا المجتمعين، الديني والعلماني، يسعى إلى تحصين عالمه على نحو يمكنه من العيش وفق رؤيته هو لا وفق رؤية الطرف الآخر، وهذا يعني محاولة كل طرف الوصول لمرحلة انعزال كل مجتمع عن الآخر، والتوقف عن محاولات التأثير والاستقطاب بين المجتمعين، وهو ما أوصل المجتمع الإسرائيلي في نهاية التسعينات إلى الاتجاه أكثر نحو الفصل التام بين المجتمعين، وتخصيص مناطق سكن معزولة للحريديم خاصة في القدس.
كل هذه الأمور تجعل قراءة مستقبل المجتمع الإسرائيلي وهويته بين الدين والسياسة أمراً صعباً، لأنها تجعل من إسرائيل دولة غير قادرة أن تكون دولة يهودية ضمن المفهوم الديني، ولا أن تكون دولة علمانية وفق ما تتطلبه العلمانية من مفاهيم. فالطرفان حاربا من أجل الأهداف نفسها وفق ما ترويه التوراة والتلمود والتراث اليهودي، وما يحدث هو محاولة لإدارة الصراع على شكل الدولة والهوية، ولم تشهد إسرائيل أو الحركة الصهيونية أيّة محاولة لإنهاء أو حسم الصراع الديني العلماني.

ولا شك أن هناك كمية كبيرة من العزلة الاجتماعية تتميز بها العلاقات الاجتماعية العامة في إسرائيل بين المتديّنين وغير المتديّنين، كلا الفريقين يفضل الاتصالات الاجتماعية مع أشخاص من مستويات مماثلة من التديُّن.

يعتبر الحريديم أنفسهم أقلية عددية بين اليهود، لذلك فهم يرغبون بالانسحاب من الحياة العامة من أجل الحفاظ على نقاء هذه الأقلية، وتسعى إلى بقاء مجموعتها. أما على المستوى السياسي فهم لا يريدون الحصول على الحقوق كأقلية دينية، إنما يسعون لتغيير تعريف الدين ودوره في الحياة لتطبيقه واعتماده من قبل الدولة.

المناوشات تستمر بين المعسكرين وتتصاعد بشكل دوري من الأقوال إلى الأفعال لتشمل استخدام الأسلحة والحرق وأعمال الشغب وتدمير الممتلكات العامة والعديد من الأعمال التي من شأنها الإضرار بالنظام.

نشاطهم السياسي

مراكز اليهودية الحريدية موجودة في مدينة القدس (في حارة «مئة شعاريم» مثلا وفي حارات يهودية أخرى)، في مدينة بني براك المجاورة لمدينة تل أبيب من جانبها الشرقي وفي بعض حارات مدينة نيو يورك.لم يكونوا اليهود الحريديون من مؤسسي الحركة الصهيونية والكثير منهم عارضوها بشدة في مراحلها الأولى لاعتبارها حركة علمانية تهدد الحياة اليهودية التقليدية. أما اليوم فمعظمهم يؤيدون دولة إسرائيل ويتعاونون معها، باستثناء مجتمعات معينة مثل حركة ناطوري كارتا ما زالت معارضة بشدة لمؤسسات الدولة وترفض التعاون معها. وكان أحد قادة ناطوري كارتا الحاخام موشيه هيرش وزيرا في السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية ويعمل في الشؤون اليهودية.

الأغلبية الساحقة من اليهود الحريديين يفضل عدم الخدمة في الجيش الإسرائيلي، أما الدولة فتوافق على إعفاء أبناء الطائفة من الخدمة العسكرية، مع أن هذه السياسة تثير الجدل في المجتمع الإسرائيلي، غير انه تم إنشاء كتيبة في جيش الدفاع الإسرائيلي تحت بيرق نهال ويمسى بنهال حريدي خصصت هذه الكتيبة للمتدينين الراغبين في الخدمة العسكرية كحل وسط من الحكومة حيث تراعي هذه الكتيبة متطلبات الحياة الدينية للمتدينيين.

من ناحية أخرى الأصوليون اليهود ليسوا قدريين بمعنى أن اليهود يؤمنون بضرورة أن يكونوا عوناً لله في عملية إصلاح العالم، ولذلك فمن العناصر الأساسية في رؤيتهم للعالم اعتقادهم أن نجاح الجهود الرامية إلى تحقيق بعض الأهداف السياسية الضرورية للخلاص يتوقف على رؤية القادة اليهود وإحساسهم بمقتضيات الحياة ولاسيما الإيمان الأعمى والانضباط الروحي للشعب اليهودي ككل. ويترتب على ذلك أن كل الاتصالات السياسية بالبيئة الدولية لا تفسّر كفرص سانحة لتكيف الموارد مع الأوضاع المتغيرة، بل اختبارات لبصيرة الشعب اليهودي وقادته وشجاعتهم وقوة عزيمتهم.

أحزابهم السياسية
يمثل جمهور المتدينين الحريديم عدة أحزاب بناء على الأصول الإثنية للحريديم، فالحريديم الأشكناز تمثلهم كتلة يهودية التوراة أو يهودات هتوراه (المنبثقة من أغودات إسرائيل التاريخي وهديجل هتوراة)، والحريديم الشرقيين الحريديم الشرقيين يمثلهم حزب شاس.

وقد حققت يهودات هتوراه التي تم تأسيسها عشية انتخابات 1992، في انتخابات الكنيست عام 1992 ب4 مقاعد، وفي 1996 ب4، وفي 1999 ب5، وفي 2003 ب5، وفي 2006 ب6، وفي 2009 ب5 مقاعد. لكنها في الوقت نفسه ترفض الكتلة المشاركة بأيّة مناصب وزارية، لكنها تشارك في الحكومات الائتلافية من خلال تولّي منصب نائب وزير، أو لجنة برلمانية مهمة.
ويعود السبب في رفضها تولي حقائب وزارية إلى عدم رغبتهم بأن يكونوا شركاء في المسؤولية السياسية عن قرارات تتناقض مع مضامين الشريعة اليهودية المتشددة.

مراجع

حركات دينية يهودية
كلمات
يهودية أرثوذكسية

يهودية حريدية


David et Corine est un groupe de zouk guadeloupéen composé des frère et sœur David et Corine Denin, et actif depuis 1987 dans la scène musicale antillaise.
Leur jeune frère, Young Chang Mc, aura également une carrière musicale dans la scène dancehall et hip-hop française.

Discographie

Albums

Compilations

Singles et EP

Notes et références

Liens externes

Groupe musical guadeloupéen
Groupe musical formé en 1987

David et Corine


Zaštita životinja imala je široku podršku političkog vodstva u Trećem Reichu.

Mnogi nacistički čelnici, uključujući Adolfa Hitlera, Heinricha Himmlera i Hermanna Göringa, javno su podržavali dobrobit životinja. Zaštita okoliša, zaštita vrsta i dobrobit životinja bile su važne promidžbene teme nacionalsocijalizma.  Prvi njemački zakon o zaštiti životinja, popraćen snažnom promidžbom, bio je jedna od središnjih zakonodavnih mjera u ranim danima režima. Isti su kasnije postali podređeni ekonomskim i vojnim ciljevima.

Vidi još

 Zaštita prirode u Trećem Reichu

Izvori

Životinje
Nacizam

Zaštita životinja u Trećem Reichu


17 مرة أخرى  فيلم كوميدي من إنتاج نيو لاين سينما عام 2009 ببطولة زاك إيفرون وليزلي مان وماثيو بيري وتوماس لينون وميشيل تراشتينبرغ وسترلنغ نايت وأخرجه بور ستيرز. صدر الفيلم في الولايات المتحدة في 17 أبريل 2009 ومن المقرر أن تصدر نسخ ديفيدي وبلوراي في 11 أغسطس 2009.

القصة
في عام 1989، كان مايكل أودونيل نجمًا رياضًا ينتظر منحة دراسية كاملة للدراسة الجامعية. كان على وشك الحصول عليها قبل أن تخبره صديقته قبل المباراة أنها حامل، فقرر ترك كل شيء (بما في ذلك كرة السلة وفرصة الحصول على منحة دراسية) وتقدم لخطبتها.

بعد عشرين سنة وصلت حياة مايكل إلى نهاية مسدودة، عندما انفصلت زوجته سكارلت عنه وأجبرته على أن ينتقل إلى منزل صديقه الغني ند غولد. لم تتحسن مرتبة مايكل الوظيفية منذ مدة وابنيه أليكس وماغي لا يريدان أي علاقة معه. ذهب مايكل إلى مدرسة هايدن الثانوية ليستذكر حياته التي تركها فقابل حارس المدرسة هناك. في طريقة عودته إلى المنزل، رجع مايكل فجأة إلى سنه عندما كان يبلغ من العمر 17 عامًا.

طلب من ند أن يدعي أنه والده وأن يسجله في مدرسة ثانوية لأنه اعتقد أن الرجوع إلى المدرسة سيعطيه فرصة ليبدأ حياته من جديد «بشكل صحيح». في المدرسة الثانوية، اكتشف أن ابنته تواعد كابتن فريق كرة السلة ستان الذي يؤذي ابنه أليكس، فعزم (وكان يحمل الاسم «مارك») على مساعدة ابنيه فشكل صداقة مع أليكس وساعده في الدخول إلى فريق كرة السلة والوصول إلى الفتاة التي أرادها. اكتشف مارك لاحقًا أن ستان انفصل عن ماغي بعد أن رفضت الممارسة معه. ساعد سكارلت لاحقًا في تزيين حديقتها ليحظى بتقدير منها.

حاول ند التودد إلى مديرة المدرسة الثانوية جين ماسترسون، وعلى الرغم من أنه فشل في المحاولات الأولى، إلا أنه استطاع لاحقًا جذبها. عندما عادا إلى المنزل، وجدا هناك حفلًا فوضويًا خارجًا عن السيطرة أقامه «مارك» احتفالًا بتحقيق أليكس أهداف المباراة. عندما أتت سكارلت باحثة عن أليكس، اقترب منها مارك ليقبلها، لكنها ابتعدت عنه وصفعته. استنكرت ماغي وصديقاتها هذا التصرف.

في الصباح التالي، ذكّر ند مايك بأن موعد جلسة المحكمة للطلاق ستكون اليوم. وصل مارك بعد بدء الجلسة واستطاع الحصول على اذن بقراءة «رسالة» من مايكل أودونيل إلى سكارلت تذكر لقاءهما الأول. بعد أن انتهى من قراءة الرسالة ألقاها ثم التقطتها سكارلت لاحقًا لتجدها مجرد ورقة تحوي وصف قاعة المحكمة، اكتشفت أن مارك لم يكن يقرأ الأحداث من الرسالة بل كان يسترجعها من ذاكرته. لاحقًا في مباراة البطولة، كانت سكارلت بين الحضور من أجل ولدها أليكس فأشار إليها مارك بإشارة تفهمها منه، فعرفت أنها في نفس الحالة التي كانت فيها قبل عشرين سنة فغادرت الملعب فأعطى مارك الكرة لأليكس ولحقها. في هذه اللحظة، رجع مايكل إلى سنّه الحقيقي، وعاد مع سكارلت.

في النهاية، تحسن حال مايكل مع عائلته وأصبح مدرب فريق كرة السلة في المدرسة. أصبح ند سعيدًا أيضًا بسبب علاقته مع المديرة ماسترسون.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 2000
أفلام أخرجها بور ستيرس
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية عن المدرسة الثانوية
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 2000
أفلام إنتاج 2009
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام باللغة الإيطالية
أفلام بلوغ سن الرشد الأمريكية
أفلام تقع أحداثها في 1989
أفلام تقع أحداثها في سنة 2009
أفلام خيال رومانسية عقد 2000
أفلام رومانسية كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام رومانسية مراهقة عقد 2000
أفلام رياضية أمريكية
أفلام سجلها رولف كينت
أفلام فانتازيا رومانسية أمريكية
أفلام فانتازيا كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام فانتازيا كوميدية في عقد 2000
أفلام فيلاج رود شو بيكتشرز
أفلام كوميديا رومانسية في 2009
أفلام كوميدية رومانسية في عقد 2000
أفلام مدارس ثانوية عقد 2000
أفلام مراهقة رومانسية أمريكية
أفلام مراهقة فانتازيا في عقد 2000
أفلام مراهقة كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام مراهقة كوميدية في عقد 2000
أفلام مصورة في لوس أنجلوس
أفلام مصورة في لوس أنجلوس (كاليفورنيا)
أفلام موسيقية أمريكية
أفلام نيو لاين سينما
أفلام وارنر برذرز

17 مرة أخرى (فيلم)


Das Zweifamilienhaus Hessel liegt in der Retzschgasse 7 im Stadtteil Oberlößnitz der sächsischen Stadt Radebeul, direkt an der Ecke zur Weinbergstraße und gegenüber vom Retzschgut. Der Bauantrag mit einem Entwurf des Dresdner Architekten Oswin Hempel erfolgte im März 1937 durch den Bauherren Dr. med. Hessel, die Baugenehmigung erfolgte im Mai 1938. Der ausführende Radebeuler Baumeister Franz Stolle realisierte das Vorhaben, dessen Bauvollendung im Januar 1939 angezeigt wurde.

Beschreibung
Das zweigeschossige, mitsamt seiner Einfriedung unter Denkmalschutz stehende Zweifamilienhaus "im ausgeprägten Heimat[schutz]stil in Anlehnung an alte Weinberghäuser" steht auf einem Natursteinsockel und hat ein steiles, ziegelgedecktes Walmdach, das durch nur wenige Walmgauben belichtet wird.

Die zweiachsige Schmalseite des Wohnhauses zeigt zur Retzschgasse. Dort befindet sich der Hauseingang in einer stichbogigen Einrahmung, die anstelle eines Schlusssteins einen Putto zeigt. Darüber sind zwei hochrechteckige Treppenhausfenster als vertikales Fensterband angeordnet. Eingang und Treppenhausfenster sind durch Sandsteingewände eingefasst.

Die Längsseite des Gebäudes ist zur Weinbergstraße ausgerichtet. Die etwa mittige Fensterachse wird durch zwei übereinanderliegende Rundfenster dargestellt. Rechts davon finden sich zwei, links davon eine Achse Rechteckfenster. Auf der entgegengesetzten Gebäudesüdseite, die zum Garten zeigt, steht vor der rechten der fünf Fensterachsen ein zweigeschossiger Verandavorbau in Fachwerk mit hohem Walmdach.

Die ungegliederten Fassaden sind mit "rustikalem Nesterputz" versehen. Die Rechteckfenster werden von Klappläden eingerahmt.

Die Einfriedung des Grundstücks besteht aus einer Bruchsteinmauer.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Kulturdenkmal in Radebeul
Wohngebäude in Radebeul
Bauwerk des Heimatschutzstils in Radebeul
Erbaut in den 1930er Jahren
Historische Weinberglandschaft Radebeul
Oberlößnitz

Zweifamilienhaus Hessel


1983, Miladi takvimin Milattan sonra 1983. ve cumartesi gününden başlayan bir yılıdır.
2. binyılın 983. yılı, 20. yüzyılın 83. yılı ve 1980'ler on yılının 4. yılıdır.

Bu sayfada, 1983 yılında dünyadaki uluslararası önemi olan olaylarla, bu yılda doğan ve ölen kişiler yer alır.
Türkiye'de yaşanan olaylarla ilgili 1983'te Türkiye sayfasına bakınız.

Olaylar
 1 Ocak – ARPANET'in TCP/IP'ye geçişi resmi olarak tamamlandı (bu İnternet'in başlangıcı olarak kabul edilir)
 16 Ocak - THY'nin İstanbul - Ankara seferini yapan Afyon isimli uçağı, Esenboğa Havaalanı'na inişi sırasında piste çakıldı, 46 kişi öldü.
 24 Ocak - Kızıl Tugaylar'ın yirmi beş üyesi, 1978'de İtalyan siyasetçi Aldo Moro'yu öldürmekten ömür boyu hapis cezasına çarptırıldı.
 25 Ocak - Kızılötesi Astronomik Uydu (IRAS), uzaydan dünyanın ilk tüm gökyüzü kızılötesi araştırmasını gerçekleştirmek için Vandenberg Hava Kuvvetleri Üssü'nden fırlatıldı .
 27 Ocak - Burhan Felek'e, Fransa'nın en büyük nişanı olan 'Legion d'Honneur' nişanı verildi.
 18 Nisan - Lübnan'daki Amerika Birleşik Devletleri askeri varlığını protesto etmek amacıyla Beyrut'taki Amerika Birleşik Devletleri elçiliğine düzenlenen intihar saldırısında bombacının da aralarında bulunduğu 63 kişi öldü.
 16 Mayıs - Heavy Metal grubu Iron Maiden dördüncü albümü Piece of Mind'ı yayınladı.
 15 Temmuz - Paris'in Orly Havaalanı'nda bulunan THY bürosuna, ASALA militanlarınca bomba atıldı. 7 kişi öldü, 56 kişi yaralandı.
 25 Temmuz- Trash Metal grubu Metallica ilk albümü olan Kill'Em All'u yayınladı.
 25 Ekim - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ordusu, Vietnam Savaşı'ndan sonra düzenlediği ilk büyük askerî harekâtta, Karayipler'de bulunan Grenada'daki marksist hükûmeti devirdi.
 30 Ekim - Erzurum ve çevresinde meydana gelen 7,1 şiddetindeki yer sarsıntısında, resmi verilere göre; 1400 kişi öldü, 3000'den fazla konutta ağır hasar oluştu
 6 Kasım - 1983 Türkiye genel seçimleri yapıldı.
 15 Kasım - Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti (KKTC) bağımsızlığını ilan etti. Türkiye, KKTC'yi tanıdığını ilan etti.
 13 Aralık - I. Özal Hükümeti (- 21 Aralık 1987) TBMM'de güvenoyu aldı.
 31 Aralık - Brunei Birleşik Krallık'tan bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 Amerikalı ve Fransız araştırmacılar AIDS hastalığın nedeninin HIV olduğunu buldular.
 Fransa'nın başkenti Paris'te Parfüm Müzesi kuruldu.

Doğumlar

Ocak
 1 Ocak - Ángel Dealbert, İspanyol futbolcu
 5 Ocak - Marlon Roudette, İngiliz müzisyen
 8 Ocak - Chris Masters, Amerikalı profesyonel güreşçi
16 Ocak - Erkan Kolçak Köstendil, Türk oyuncu
 18 Ocak
 Kaan Sekban, Türk komedyen
 Brianna Lea Pruett, Amerikalı müzisyen, ressam, şair ve fotoğrafçı (ö. 2015)
 28 Ocak - Alessandro Gazzi, İtalyan futbolcu
 31 Ocak - Belçim Bilgin, oyuncu

Şubat
 17 Şubat - Abbey Brooks, Amerikan yetişkin film sektörü oyuncusu ve çıplak model
 18 Şubat - Roberta Vinci, İtalyan tenisçi

Mart
 2 Mart - Rachel Roxxx, Amerikalı çıplak model ve porno oyuncusu
 8 Mart - Güray Zünbül, Türk yelkenci
 13 Mart - Mariano Izco, Arjantinli futbolcu
 19 Mart - Serra Karaçam, Türk sunucu
 20 Mart - Selin Demiratar, Türk oyuncu
 21 Mart - Tomislav Puljić, Hırvat futbolcu
 23 Mart :
 Hakan Kadir Balta, Türk futbolcu
 Volkan Yaman, Türk futbolcu
 25 Mart - Franz Dinda, Alman oyuncu

Nisan
 10 Nisan - Bobby Dixon, Amerikalı basketbolcu
 20 Nisan
 Miranda Kerr, Avustralyalı manken
 Alela Diane, Amerikalı şarkıcı
 24 Nisan - Xetaq Qazyumov, Azeri güreşçi
 28 Nisan - Bruna Furlan, Brezilyalı siyasetçi ve hukukçu
 29 Nisan - Semih Şentürk, Türk futbolcu

Mayıs
 2 Mayıs - Maja Poljak, Hırvat voleybolcu
 4 Mayıs - Brad Bufanda, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2017)
 5 Mayıs - Henry Cavill, İngiliz oyuncui
 7 Mayıs
 David Tsorayev, Rus futbolcu
 Brian Murphy, İrlandalı futbolcu
 11 Mayıs - Holly Valance, Avustralyalı şarkıcı, model ve aktris.
 14 Mayıs - Amber Tamblyn, Amerikalı sinema sanatçısı
 19 Mayıs - Yağmur Atacan, Türk oyuncu ve müzisyen
 20 Mayıs - Óscar Cardozo, Paraguaylı solak forvet

Haziran
 6 Haziran - Gianna Michaels, Amerikalı porno yıldızı
 8 Haziran - Kim Clijsters, Belçikalı tenisçi
 16 Haziran - Naz Elmas, Türk oyuncu
 19 Haziran - Mark Selby, İngiliz snooker oyuncusu
 21 Haziran - Ronnie Price, Amerikalı basketbolcu
 30 Haziran - Ebru Polat, Türk şarkıcı, avukat

Temmuz
 8 Temmuz
Branko Grahovac, Bosnalı eski futbolcu
Antonio Mirante, İtalyan futbolcu
Volkan Ünlü, Türk futbolcu
Takuya Miyamoto, Japon eski futbolcu
Tatsuya Kamohara, Japon eski futbolcu
Ramazan Şahin, Çeçen milli futbolcu
Akira Tokairin, Japon eski futbolcu
Kim Sung-kil, Güney Koreli eski futbolcu
 14 Temmuz - Artyom Fidler, Rus futbolcu
 19 Temmuz - İana Salenko, Ukraynalı balerin
 23 Temmuz - Aaron Peirsol, Amerikalı yüzücü

Ağustos
 4 Ağustos - David Cerrajería, İspanyol futbolcu
 6 Ağustos - Robin van Persie, Hollandalı futbolcu
 7 Ağustos - Murat Dalkılıç, Türk pop şarkıcısı ve söz yazarı
 8 Ağustos - Bade İşçil, oyuncu
 11 Ağustos - Chris Hemsworth, Avustralyalı oyuncu
 12 Ağustos - Meryem Uzerli, Türk oyuncu
 20 Ağustos - Zeynep Sevde Paksu, Türk çocuk edebiyatçısı, yazar ve yayıncı

Eylül
 1 Eylül
Deniz Evin, Türk oyuncu
Marcelo Carrusca, Arjantinli futbolcu
 7 Eylül
Mehmet Topuz, Türk futbolcu
Pops Mensah-Bonsu, İngiliz profesyonel eski futbolcu
 8 Eylül
Kate Beaton, Kanadalı çizgi roman yazarı
Elena Semikina, Kanadalı manken ve oyuncu
Sarah Stup, Amerikalı yazar ve savunucu
Diego Benaglio, İsviçreli milli futbolcu
Christian Vargas, Bolivyalı milli futbolcu
Peter Kauzer, Sloven kanocu
Shosuke Katayama, Japon futbolcu
Ryoi Fujiki, Japon eski futbolcu
 9 Eylül - Rodrigo Souto, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 15 Eylül - Georges Akieremy, Gabonlu futbolcu
 17 Eylül - Candice Boucher, Güney Afrikalı model
 26 Eylül - Ricardo Quaresma, Portekizli futbolcu
 22 Eylül - Şeref Tüfenk, Türk güreşçi
 23 Eylül - Kolera, Türk rap şarkıcısı.

Ekim
 5 Ekim - Jesse Eisenberg, Amerikalı oyuncu
 11 Ekim - Bradley James, İngiliz oyuncu
 19 Ekim - Gökhan Saki, Türk asıllı Hollandalı kick boksçu
 23 Ekim - Pierre Ibarra, Meksikalı futbolcu
 24 Ekim - Özgürcan Çevik, Türk oyuncu
 27 Ekim
Kıvanç Tatlıtuğ, Türk oyuncu
Marie Moute, Fransız oyuncu
 29 Ekim - Nurcan Taylan, Türk kadın halterci

Kasım
 8 Kasım - Sinan Güler, Türk basketbolcu
 16 Kasım - Ege Çubukçu Rap sanatçısı, söz yazarı ve yapımcı
 25 Kasım - Cássio Vargas, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 26 Kasım - Rachel Starr, Amerikalı porno oyuncusu
 30 Kasım
 Engin Apaydın, Türk rallici
 Guillaume Gouix, Fransız oyuncu

Aralık
 2 Aralık - Ana Lucía Domínguez, Kolombiyalı oyuncu
 9 Aralık - Neslihan Demir Darnel, Türk voleybolcu
 20 Aralık - Gia Allemand, Amerikalı televizyon yıldızı ve model (ö. 2013)
 22 Aralık - Rafael Defendi, Brezilyalı futbolcu

Ölümler
 4 Kasım - Doğan Avcıoğlu, Türk gazeteci ve yazar (d. 1926)
 8 Mayıs - John Fante, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1909)
 21 Mayıs - Eric Hoffer, Amerikalı toplum yazarı (d. 1902)
 22 Mayıs - Albert Claude, Belçikalı biyolog (d. 1899)
 25 Mayıs - I. İdris, Libya'nın ilk kralı (d. 1890)
 26 Mayıs - Necip Fazıl Kısakürek, Türk şair ve yazar (d. 1904)
 28 Mayıs - Çiğdem Talu, Türk şair ve söz yazarı (d. 1939)

1983


An Arthrostylidium ecuadorense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Emmet J. Judziewicz ngan Lynn G. Clark. An Arthrostylidium ecuadorense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arthrostylidium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arthrostylidium

Arthrostylidium ecuadorense


La 47ª edición de la Vuelta al Táchira se disputó desde el 13 hasta el 22 de enero de 2012.

Perteneció al UCI America Tour 2011-2012, siendo la octava competición del calendario ciclista internacional americano. El recorrido contó con 10 etapas y 1342 km, transitando por los estados Barinas, Mérida y Táchira.

El ganador fue el venezolano Jimmy Briceño del equipo Lotería del Táchira, quien fue escoltado en el podio por Rónald González y Manuel Medina.

Las clasificaciones secundarias fueron; Jimmy Briceño ganó la clasificación por puntos, Manuel Medina la montaña, el sprints para Arthur García, el sub 23 para Jonathan Salinas y la clasificación por equipos la ganó Lotería del Táchira.

Equipos participantes
Participaron 16 equipos conformados por entre 6 y 8 corredores, de los cuales nueve fueron venezolanos y siete extranjeros con equipos de Rusia, México, Colombia, Países Bajos y Cuba. Iniciaron la carrera 94 ciclistas de los que finalizaron 65.

Etapas

Clasificaciones finales

Clasificación general

Clasificación por puntos

Clasificación de la montaña

Clasificación Sprint

Clasificación sub 23

Clasificación por equipos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Vuelta al Táchira 2012
 Clasificación por etapas

Vuelta al Táchira
UCI America Tour 2011-2012

Vuelta al Táchira 2012


Vrbičevke (lat. Lythraceae), biljna porodica iz reda mirtolike kojoj pripada 28 rodova s preko 660 vrsta. Najvažniji rod vrbica (Lythrum) raste uglavnom u močvarnim predjelima, a u Hrvatskoj su poznate mala vrbica ili sipanska vrbica (L. hyssopifolia), obična vrbica ili purpurna vrbica (L. salicaria), tamjankolista vrbica ili četveročlana vrbica (L. thymifolia), šibljasta vrbica ili šibasta vrbica (L. virgatum), potočni pilićnjak (L. portula) i L. tribracteatum.

Rodu vrbica pripadaju jednogodišnje raslinje i trajnice, po čijem imenu i porodia dobiva ime, a dolazi po grčkom lythron (=izljev krvi), prema boji cvjetova. postali značajni rodovi su kufeja (Cuphea), korisno drvo lafenzija iz Meksika (Lafoensia), listopadno i vazdazeleno grmlje i drveće lagerstremija (Lagerstroemia), lavsonija ili hena (Lawsonia)), mogranj (Punica), orašac (Trapa) i drugi

Rodovi

 Familia Lythraceae J.St.-Hil. (674 spp.)
 Subfamilia Punicoideae (Eichl.) Luerss.
 Pemphis J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (1 sp.)
 Punica L. (2 spp.)
 Capuronia Lourteig (1 sp.)
 Galpinia N. E. Br. (1 sp.)
 Diplusodon Pohl (108 spp.)
 Physocalymma Pohl (1 sp.)
 Lourtella S. A. Graham, Baas & Tobe (1 sp.)
 Pehria Sprague (1 sp.)
 Adenaria Kunth (1 sp.)
 Koehneria S. A. Graham, Tobe & Baas (1 sp.)
 Woodfordia Salisb. (2 spp.)
 Pleurophora D. Don (7 spp.)
 Cuphea P. Browne (256 spp.)
 Lafoensia Vand. (6 spp.)
 Subfamilia Lythroideae Juss. ex Arn.
 Heimia Link & Otto (3 spp.)
 Rotala L. (68 spp.)
 Didiplis Raf. (1 sp.)
 Decodon J. F. Gmel. (1 sp.)
 Lythrum L. (34 spp.)
 Duabanga Buch.-Ham. (2 spp.)
 Lagerstroemia L. (47 spp.)
 Trapa L. (2 spp.)
 Sonneratia L. fil. (6 spp.)
 Lawsonia L. (1 sp.)
 Ginoria Jacq. (13 spp.)
 Tetrataxis Hook. fil. (1 sp.)
 Ammannia L. (106 spp.)

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Mirtolike

Vrbičevke