Laura Pausini  (; born 16 May 1974) is an Italian singer. She rose to fame in 1993, winning the newcomer artists' section of the 43rd Sanremo Music Festival with her debut single "La solitudine", which became an Italian standard and an international hit. Her self-titled debut album was released in Italy on 23 April 1993 and later became an international success, selling two million copies worldwide. Its follow-up, Laura, was released in 1994 and confirmed her international success, selling three million copies worldwide.

Pausini has released fourteen studio albums, two international greatest hits albums and one  compilation album for the Anglophone market only, respectively. She speaks four languages: English, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese.  She mostly performs in Italian and Spanish, but has also recorded and sung songs in Portuguese, English, French, German, Latin, Chinese, Catalan, Neapolitan, Romagnol and Sicilian.

Pausini appeared as a coach on both the Mexican and Spanish versions of international reality television singing competition franchise The Voice, was a judge on the first and second series of La banda, and is likewise a judge on the Spanish version of international franchise The X Factor. In 2016, she debuted as a variety show presenter, hosting the television show Laura & Paola, with actress Paola Cortellesi.

In 2004, Allmusic's Jason Birchmeier considered Pausini's sales "an impressive feat for someone who'd never really broken into the lucrative English-language market". In 2014, FIMI certified Pausini's sales of more than 70 million records with a FIMI Icon Award, making her the fourth best-selling female artist in Latin music, and the best-selling female non-Spanish speaking Latin music artist.

Throughout her career, she has won numerous music awards in Italy and internationally.
In 2006, she won a Grammy Award, receiving the accolade for Best Latin Pop Album for the record Escucha. In 2021, she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song with "Io sì (Seen)" from the film The Life Ahead. The single also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, making it the first Italian-language song to win the award. She has been honoured as a Commander Order of Merit of the Italian Republic by President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi and as a World Ambassador of Emilia Romagna.

Life and career

Early life
The elder of two daughters, Laura Pausini was born in Faenza, in the Province of Ravenna to Fabrizio Pausini and Gianna Ballardini. She grew up in Solarolo, a small comune in the same region.[A]
Her father is a former pianist who also played as a sessionman for ABBA's Frida Lyngstad and entered a band whose members later founded the Italian pop group Pooh. After becoming a piano bar artist, he encouraged Pausini to start performing as a singer.
Her first live performance was on 16 May 1985, when she sang together with her father in a restaurant in Bologna.
Since then, her father started giving her singing lessons and she continued to perform alongside him in local piano bars. In the meanwhile, she also started singing in a church choir.

In 1987 she recorded her first demo album, produced by her father and released to promote her live shows. Titled I sogni di Laura, it consisted of eight covers and five new songs. In 1991 she participated in the Castrocaro Music Festival singing Liza Minnelli's "New York, New York", but she failed to reach the final stage of the competition. During the same year, she took part in another singing competition, Sanremo Famosi, which should have served as a selection for the newcomers' of the following Sanremo Music Festival. Despite being declared joint winner with another contestant, Pausini was not allowed to compete in the Sanremo Music Festival 1992.

1993: Career breakthrough
Thanks to her performances in local singing competitions, Pausini was noticed by Italian producer and songwriter Angelo Valsiglio, who introduced her to manager Marco Marati. Valsiglio suggested to her "La solitudine", a song he wrote with Pietro Cremonesi and Federico Cavalli. Pausini's rendition convinced Valsiglio and Marati, who wanted Pausini to audition for some major labels. During one of the auditions, she met Fabrizio Giannini of Warner Music Italy's Compagnia Generale del Disco. After impressing him with a performance of an unreleased Mia Martini song, Pausini obtained her first recording contract, becoming one of the first artists discovered by Giannini, who later launched the careers of several Italian acts, including Irene Grandi.

"La solitudine" was selected as one of the entries in the newcomer artists' section of the 43rd Sanremo Music Festival. Pausini performed it for the first time on 23 February 1993, during the first night of the contest. After being admitted to the final, held on 27 February 1993, she won the competition, receiving 7,464 votes from the juries and beating Gerardina Trovato with "Ma non ho più la mia città", who took second place with 7,209 votes.
The song also became a commercial success in Italy, and it is still one of Pausini's best-known hits.

Following the success obtained with her debut single, Pausini started working on her first professional album, Laura Pausini.
The album was recorded while Pausini was still a high school student at the "Gaetano Ballardini" Institute of Ceramics in Faenza, Italy, where she got her diploma a few months after the release of her debut studio set.
Released by CGD Records in May 1993, it sold 400,000 copies in Italy.
The album was also promoted through an Italian outdoor tour during the summer of 1993. In September 1993, Pausini received a Telegatto for Revelation of the Year.

In late 1993, the album was released in the rest of Europe, peaking at number three on the Dutch Albums Chart and reaching the top spot in Belgium. It also achieved commercial success in South America, being certified gold in Brazil and Argentina.
Worldwide sales of Pausini's debut studio album exceed two million units.
Moreover, "La solitudine" became a radio hit in Belgium and the Netherlands, it peaked at number five on the French Singles Chart and it reached the top spot of the Dutch Top 40 and of the Flemish Ultratop 50.
The album also spawned the singles "Non c'è" and "Perché non torna più".

1994–1995: Spanish-language debut and international success
In February 1994, Pausini participated for the second time in the Sanremo Music Festival, competing in the "Big Artists" section with her entry "Strani amori".
The song ranked third in the competition, behind Aleandro Baldi's "Passerà" and Giorgio Faletti's "Signor tenente", and became a hit in Italy, in the Netherlands and in Flanders. The single launched Pausini's second studio album, Laura, released in February 1994. According to CGD Records, the album sold 150,000 copies in Italy in its first week, with initial shipments of 200,000 units. It also peaked at number one on the Dutch Albums Chart and entered the charts in Belgium and Switzerland, selling three million copies worldwide and achieving gold and platinum status in Brazil and Argentina, respectively. Other singles from the album were "Gente", "Lui non sta con te" and "Lettera". During the summer of 1994, Pausini took part in the Italian itinerant TV show Festivalbar, reaching the final stage of the music competition and receiving the Premio Europa for her international success. In 1994 she was also awarded with her second Telegatto, receiving the prize for Best Female Artist. In the meanwhile, she started an Italian tour to promote her album.

During the same year, Pausini released her first Spanish-language album, Laura Pausini, a compilation of ten adapted versions of hits from her previous albums, issued by Dro Records. The record became the best-selling album of 1994 in Spain, where it was later certified diamond by the Association of Phonographic and Videographic of Spain for sales exceeding one million units. Pausini was the first non-Spanish artist to achieve this result. Following the commercial success obtained in the country, the Spanish Institute of Italian Culture awarded her a "Globo de Platino" for contributing in the spread of Italian culture in Spain.

The album was successful in Latin America too, being certified platinum by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers, the Asociación Colombiana de Productores de Fonogramas and the Chilean division of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry.
Moreover, the first four singles from the album, "La soledad", "Se fue", "Amores extraños" and "Gente", entered the top 30 on the Hot Latin Songs chart compiled by Billboard. Thanks to these results, Billboard ranked Pausini the second female revelation of 1994, after Mariah Carey. In 1995 Pausini also received the World Music Award for Best Selling Italian Recording Artist and the Lo Nuestro Award for Best New Artist of the Year.

Pausini's first record for the British market was a self-titled compilation album released in 1995, including nine Italian-language hits and an English-language version of her first single, "La solitudine (Loneliness)", whose lyrics were adapted by Tim Rice. "La solitudine (Loneliness)" was initially set to be released as a single in the United Kingdom on 19 June 1995, but it was postponed and released in September of the same year. Both the album and the single obtained a very poor commercial reception, failing to enter the charts in the United Kingdom.

1996–1997: Le cose che vivi
Following the success obtained by Pausini's debut Spanish album, her third studio set was released on 12 September 1996 both in Italian and Spanish, under the titles Le cose che vivi and Las cosas que vives, respectively.
Starting from that moment, Pausini has recorded most of her songs both in her native language and in Spanish, in a practice that, according to Allmusic's Jason Birchmeier, has "come to define her career and compound her success".
A special edition of the album was also released in Brazil, featuring three additional bonus tracks in Portuguese.

The album was preceded by the single "Incancellabile", released to Italian radio stations on 26 August 1996 and titled "Inolvidable" in its version for the Hispanic market. Other singles from the album include the title-track "Le cose che vivi", whose Spanish-language version topped the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart, "Ascolta il tuo cuore", "Seamisai" and "Dos enamorados", which was not released in its Italian-language version. The album sold 3,500,000 copies worldwide and was certified Platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, for European sales exceeding 1,000,000 units.
At the 9th Lo Nuestro Awards for Latin Music, Pausini was nominated for Pop Female Singer and Video of the Year for the Spanish-language version of "Le cose che vivi".

In December 1996, Pausini was among the artists singing for Pope John Paul II during the Natale in Vaticano concert, a Christmas show held at the Paul VI Audience Hall. During the event, she performed a cover of John Lennon's "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" and the song "Il mondo che vorrei".
In February 1997 she was also invited as a guest to the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile.
On 1 March 1997, she launched from Geneva the World Wide Tour in support of the album, giving concerts in Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, France, as well as in the United States, Canada and many other American countries, including Venezuela, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Colombia and Mexico. It was Pausini's first international tour, during which she gave concerts in indoor arenas for the first time.
In August of the same year, during the last night of the Festivalbar, she received the International Award for the success she achieved abroad.

1998–1999: La mia risposta / Mi respuesta
In 1998, Pausini released her fourth studio album, La mia risposta, together with its Spanish-language counterpart, Mi respuesta. The album, which included a song penned by Phil Collins, was dubbed by Italian music critics as a mature work, with influences from soul music, but, despite reaching the top spot of the Italian Albums Chart, it was a moderate commercial success, selling two million copies worldwide.
The lead single from the album, "Un'emergenza d'amore", was released in September 1998, and was followed by "In assenza di te" and "La mia risposta", the latter being performed during the Festivalbar in 1999.

To promote the album, Pausini began in early 1999 the La Mia Risposta World Tour '99, during which she performed in theatres throughout Europe.
On 1 June 1999, she was one of the artists performing along with Italian tenor Luciano Pavarotti in Modena during his annual "Pavarotti and Friends" concert. Pavarotti and Pausini duetted in the Italian version of the aria "Dein ist mein ganzes Herz", titled "Tu che m'hai preso il cuor", from Franz Lehár's operetta Das Land des Lächelns. The live performance was later included in the album Pavarotti & Friends for the Children of Guatemala and Kosovo.
In 1999 she also contributed the Richard Marx composition "One More Time" to the Message in a Bottle soundtrack. The track was produced by David Foster who was featured on piano.

2000–2001: Tra te e il mare / Entre tú y mil mares
In 2000, she recorded the song "The Extra Mile" for the soundtrack of the movie Pokémon 2000: The Power of One. The song was included in the album Tra te e il mare, released on 11 September 2000 and preceded by the homonymous single, written by Italian pop singer Biagio Antonacci. Other singles from the album include "Il mio sbaglio più grande", which was a top 20 hit in Italy, and "Volevo dirti che ti amo", whose Spanish-language version "Quiero decirte que te amo" peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart.
The album also features the songs "Viaggio con te", which was composed by her father and which was awarded in 2001 with an Italian Lunezia Award for Best Songwriter of the Year, and "Per vivere", written from the point of view of a homeless child Pausini met in Rio de Janeiro and dedicated to two Brazilian children sponsored by her.

Tra te e il mare received a nomination for Album of the Year at the Premio Italiano della Musica, while Pausini was nominated for Best Female Artist during the same award ceremony, as well as in the first edition of the Italian Music Awards, held in February 2001.
A Spanish-language version of the album, titled Entre tú y mil mares, was released shortly before the Italian-language edition, on 11 September 2000. At the 2001 Latin Grammy Awards, the record received two nominations for Best Female Pop Vocal Album and Best Engineered Album, while Pausini and Alfredo Cerruti were in the shortlist for Producer of the Year.

Pausini's first international greatest hits album was released in 2001, both in an Italian-language version and in a Spanish-language edition, titled The Best of Laura Pausini: E ritorno da te and Lo mejor de Laura Pausini: Volveré junto a ti, respectively. The first single, "E ritorno da te"—"Volveré junto a ti" in Spanish—was accompanied by a music video shot by Italian film director Gabriele Muccino. The album also includes the single "Una storia che vale" and features guest appearances by Brazilian singer Gilberto Gil in "Seamisai" and by Italian singer Nek, who plays bass in "Non c'è".

Supported by the 2001/2002 World Tour, which started in Miami on 19 October 2001, the greatest hits became one of Pausini's biggest commercial successes, selling 700,000 copies in Italy and 800,000 copies in France.
During the concert she gave in Milan on 2 December 2001 as part of the tour, Pausini also recorded her first live video album, titled Live 2001-2002 World Tour and released on 30 November 2002.

2002–2003: From the Inside
In 2001, Pausini started working with producers such as Patrick Leonard and John Shanks on her first English-language album, From the Inside.
Released in Canada, Mexico and the United States by Atlantic Records on 5 November 2002, the album did not get the expected success, selling 50,000 copies in the U.S., according to Nielsen-Soundscan.
The album singles "Surrender" and "If That's Love" reached the top spot on the Hot Dance Club Songs Chart, but Pausini, disappointed at her English-language debut being ignored in the U.S. outside the club scene, abandoned the promotion for From the Inside due to her label promoting it as a dance album instead of a pop album as she requested.
The album was later released in Europe too, selling 800,000 copies worldwide.

In 2003 Luciano Pavarotti invited her for the second time to the "Pavarotti and Friends" concert, where they duetted again in "Tu che m'hai preso il cuor".

2004–2005: Resta in ascolto / Escucha and Grammy wins

In October 2004 Pausini released her eighth studio album, Resta in ascolto, and its Spanish-language counterpart, Escucha. Influenced by international artists including Phil Collins and Celine Dion, the recording is on the subject of a break-up and was written in 2002, during her separation from her ex-boyfriend and producer Alfredo Cerruti.

The album features the song "Mi abbandono a te", co-written by Pausini, Rick Nowels and Madonna. It also includes the Biagio Antonacci-written ballad "Vivimi", whose Spanish-language version, "Viveme", won a Billboard Latin Music Award in 2006 for Female Latin Pop Airplay Song of the Year, and the single "Benedetta passione", penned by Italian rock-star Vasco Rossi. Well received by music critics, the album is mainly focused on themes of anger, bitterness, desire for independence and interior peace, but also features a song about the Iraq War, in which Pausini sings about Ali Ismail Abbas, a boy who was severely injured in a nighttime rocket attack near Baghdad in 2003.

The album debuted at number one on the Italian Albums Chart and sold 350,000 copies in Italy. Its Spanish version later won Best Female Pop Vocal Album at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2005 and Best Latin Pop Album at the 48th Grammy Awards, making Pausini the first Italian female artist to win a Grammy Award.
In January 2005, Pausini started a new tour to promote the album. The concerts she gave at the Zénith de Paris on 22 and 23 March 2005 were filmed and released as a live album in November 2005, titled Live in Paris 05.

Pausini made a guest appearance on Michael Bublé's 2005 live album Caught in the Act, singing a duet with Bublé of Lou Rawls' hit "You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine". The duet was placed on both the audio CD, and the full concert DVD that aired on PBS as an episode of Great Performances.

At the 2006 Lo Nuestro Award, Pausini was nominated in the sections Album of the Year for Escucha, Song of the Year and Video of the Year for "Viveme" and won the award for Best Female Pop Artist.

2006–2007: Io canto

In November 2006, Pausini released the album Io canto / Yo canto, consisting of covers of Italian pop rock songs. On the album liner notes, Pausini wrote:
"here is the music I listen to when I'm at my saddest, or when I feel a moment is special, the songs I used to sing as a young girl when I first started performing, and above all those which taught me to love music, and how music can move you so deeply, regardless of its genre or style".

The album also features duets with Tiziano Ferro, Juanes and Johnny Hallyday. It debuted at number one on the Italian Albums Chart and held the top spot for 8 non-consecutive weeks. It also became the best-selling album of 2006 in Italy, selling 500,000 copies in less than two months. On 8 November 2007, the album won Best Female Pop Vocal Album at the Latin Grammy Awards.
Laura dedicated the award to the memory of Italian tenor Luciano Pavarotti. Later on during the show she sang "Vivere (Dare to Live)" alongside Italian singer Andrea Bocelli.

In Summer 2006, Pausini played a Juntos en concierto tour with Marc Anthony and Marco Antonio Solís, consisting of 20 concerts throughout the United States.

On 2 June 2007, Pausini was the first female artist to play at the San Siro Stadium in Milan, in front of a crowd of 70,000 spectators. On 30 November 2007, the concert was released on CD and DVD, under the title San Siro 2007.

2008–2010: Primavera in anticipo, Amiche per l'Abruzzo, and Laura Live

Pausini spent the first months of 2008 recording her tenth studio album, Primavera in anticipo / Primavera anticipada. The Spanish language edition of the album was released on 11 November 2008, while the Italian language edition was released in Italy on 14 November 2008.
The album was preceded by the single "Invece no" / "En cambio no", released on 24 October 2008 and promoted with an appearance in Piazza Trinità dei Monti in Rome on 14 November 2008.
The album also features the single "Primavera in anticipo (It Is My Song)" / Primavera anticipada (It Is My Song)", a duet with British singer-songwriter James Blunt. Also in late 2008, French chansonnier Charles Aznavour and Pausini recorded Aznavour's 1965 song "Paris au mois d'août" for Aznavour's Duos album, both in French as well as the Italian version "Parigi in agosto". Pausini grew up listening to Aznavour's songs, and in a January 2009 interview on France 2's Vivement Dimanche hosted by Michel Drucker, Aznavour said of Pausini, seated by his side after a live duet performance of "Paris au mois d'août", that "she knows the lyrics [to my songs] better than me." In November 2009 Primavera in anticipo went on to win Best Female Pop Vocal Album at the Latin Grammy Awards. In 2010 Pausini also won the Lo Nuestro Award for Female Artist of the Year.

On 21 June 2009, Pausini organized a mega-concert in the San Siro Stadium in Milan, raising money to support the victims of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake. The concert, named Amiche per l'Abruzzo, involved 43 Italian female singers and was later released on a DVD, which sold 250,000 copies in Italy.

In the meanwhile, on 5 March 2009, Pausini began her World Tour 2009 in Turin, which reached Europe in May 2009 and then South America and the United States in autumn 2009. The last leg of the tour took place in Italy in November 2009.
A CD of the tour, along with a DVD, was released on 27 November 2009 with the title Laura Live World Tour 09 / Laura Live Gira Mundial 09. The album also includes three new song, the singles "Con la musica alla radio" / "Con la musica en la radio", "Non sono lei" / "Ella no soy" and "Casomai" / "Menos mal".

2011–2012: Inedito

On 30 December 2010, Pausini announced her new studio album, Inedito / Inédito, released both in Italian and Spanish on 11 November 2011.
The title and the track list of the album were announced through Pausini's website on 10 September 2011. The first single from the album, "Benvenuto" / "Bienvenido", was released on 12 September 2011.
To promote the album, Pausini engaged the Inedito World Tour, starting with 11 shows in Italy in late December 2011. The tour reached Latin America in January and February 2012. The European leg of her tour visited the principle arenas of France, Switzerland, Spain, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, and concluded at the Royal Albert Hall in London.

The album also spawned the singles "Non ho mai smesso" / "Jamás abandoné", "Bastava" / "Bastaba", "Mi tengo", "Le cose che non-mi aspetto" / "Las cosas que no me espero" and "Celeste". The song "Troppo tempo" was originally chosen as the sixth and last single of the album, but when Pausini discovered her pregnancy she changed her mind to "Celeste".
The album has sold 1,000,000 copies worldwide.
On 25 June 2012, Pausini took part in the mega-concert Concerto per l'Emilia, organized to raise funds in support of the people affected by the 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes. During the show, Pausini duetted with Cesare Cremonini, performing a cover of Lucio Dalla's "L'anno che verrà".

On 27 November 2012, a special edition of Inedito, in both Italian and Spanish, was released, featuring a live DVD recorded during the 2012 Inedito World Tour. The Italian-language version and the Spanish-language version of the DVD were recorded in Bologna on 17 April 2012 and in Madrid on 20 April 2012, respectively. The CD included in the new edition of Inedito also features a live medley performed by Pausini on New Year's Eve 2012, as well as a duet with Venezuelan singer Carlos Baute on the track "Las cosas que no me espero", released as a single in Spain and the Americas.

In 2012 Pausini also recorded an Italian-language duet with Josh Groban, "E ti prometterò", included in his album All That Echoes, released in February 2013.

2013–2014: 20 – The Greatest Hits
On 26 February 2013, to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of her career, Pausini released a medley including the original versions in Italian, Spanish and English of the song which launched her career in 1993, "La solitudine". The track was launched as a limited-edition digital single, available for purchase for a week only.
On 1 June 2013 Pausini took part in the Chime for Change concert at Twickenham Stadium in London, supporting the global campaign of the same name for girls' and women's empowerment. Pausini performed the songs "Io canto" and "It's Not Goodbye".
During the same year, she appeared as a featured artist on the track "Sonríe (Smile)", included in American singer Gloria Estefan's album The Standards.

In November 2013, Pausini also released a greatest hits album, titled 20 – The Greatest Hits in Italian and 20 – Grandes éxitos in Spanish. The album was preceded by the single "Limpido"—"Limpio" in Spanish—recorded with Australian singer Kylie Minogue.
Other singles from the album include the new tracks "Se non te" and "Dove resto solo io", released for the Italian market, and the revamped versions of "Víveme" and "Se fue", featuring Alejandro Sanz and Marc Anthony, respectively.

Starting from December 2013, Pausini promoted her greatest hits album through The Greatest Hits World Tour, giving concerts in her native Italy, as well as in other European countries, in Latin America, in the United States and in Canada. The tour also included performances during the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile and the Feria del Hogar in Peru. The concert she gave in Taormina, featuring several guests, was conceived as the first Italian "one woman show", and it was broadcast by Rai Uno in May 2014.
A new version of the album was released in November 2014 for the hispanophone market. The new edition includes a duet with Thalía in "Sino a ti", a new version of "Entre tu y mil mares", featuring Melendi, and a re-recording of "Donde quedo solo yo", performed with Álex Ubago. The latter was also recorded under the title "Jo sempre hi seré", becoming Pausini's first Catalan song. This version was included in El disc de La Marató 2014, a compilation album related to the telethon organized by Catalan channel TV3, with the purpose to raise money against cardiovascular diseases.

On 13 November 2014, Pausini was the first artist to be inducted in the newly created Paseo de las Estrellas in Tijuana, Mexico.
In Autumn 2014, Pausini was one of the four coaches of the fourth season of the Mexican reality show and singing competition La Voz. Pausini also served as a coach for the third series of the Spanish version of the competition, La Voz, which debuted on Telecinco in January 2015.
During the same year, she continued her tour, which reached Australia and Russia.

2015–2016: Simili, television work, and Laura Xmas

At the 27th Lo Nuestro Awards, Pausini received a special award in recognition of her music career trajectory. After performing a medley of songs including the salsa version of "Se fué" with Marc Anthony, she stated that although she is Italian, "half of my heart beats Latino".

In August 2015, Pausini co-wrote the song "Como yo sabría", with fellow Italian singer-songwriter Virginio Simonelli. The song was recorded by Maverick Lopes, a runner-up in the third season of La Voz Spain, mentored by Pausini herself during the competition.
In September of the same year, Pausini, together with singers Alejandro Sanz and Ricky Martin, was a judge in the Univision talent show La banda, created by Simon Cowell.

Pausini's eleventh studio album, Simili, was released on 6 November 2015. The first single from the album, "Lato destro del cuore"—"Lado derecho del corazón" in Spanish—was written by Biagio Antonacci.
The album's title-track, after being released as its second single, was chosen as the opening song of the third season of Italian TV series Braccialetti rossi. The album also spawned the singles "En la puerta de al lado", "Innamorata" / "Enamorada", "Ho creduto a me" / "He creído en mi" and "200 note".
The Spanish-language version of the album, Similares, received a nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album.

In April 2016, Pausini hosted with Paola Cortellesi the variety show Laura e Paola, broadcast in Italy by Rai 1. The show included three episodes. Thanks to the show, Pausini received an award at the Premio TV 2016 as TV Personality Revelation of the Year. In June 2016, Pausini became the first Italian female artist to perform a tour in Italian stadiums. Her Pausini Stadi Tour 2016 included concerts at the San Siro Stadium in Milan, at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, and at the Stadio della Vittoria in Bari. The second and third legs of the tour consisted of shows in Latin America and Europe, respectively, and concluded in October 2016.
In late 2016, Pausini was also confirmed as a judge on the second series of La banda.

On 4 November 2016, Pausini released her first Christmas album, Laura Xmas, titled Laura Navidad in its Spanish version. The album, produced by Patrick Williams and recorded with his orchestra, was launched with a performance at Disneyland Paris.

2017–2018: Fatti sentire
In autumn 2017, Pausini returned as a coach on the sixth series of La Voz... México.
Her new studio album, Fatti sentire, will be released on 16 March 2018, both in its Italian-language version and in its Spanish-language counterpart, titled Hazte sentir. The lead single "Non è detto"—"Nadie ha dicho" in Spanish—was released on 16 January 2018. The single was performed during the final night of the 68th Sanremo Music Festival, where Pausini appeared as a special guest. "Nadie ha dicho" premiered in the United States with a performance during the Lo Nuestro Awards gala on 22 February 2018, which were co-hosted by Pausini herself.

In spring 2018, Pausini also appeared as a judge on the third series of Spanish talent show Factor X, which was won by Pol Granch, one of the contestants she mentored as part of the Boys category. To promote Fatti sentire, she embarked on a worldwide tour, starting with two concerts at the Circus Maximus in Rome, which then passed throughout the United States and Latin America. In the fall, she returned to perform all throughout Italy in between September and October. The two concerts in Eboli, originally to be done in September, were rescheduled for November. She performed in Europe: Spain, France, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland.

2019–2021: LB Stadi Tour, Una. Nessuna. Centomila, Golden Globe win, and Academy Award nomination
In summer 2019, Pausini performed 11 concerts throughout Italy, along with Biagio Antonacci, as part of their collaborative show titled LB Stadi Tour. At the end of the tour, she announced a two-year break from recording music.

In 2020, she returned as a coach in the Spanish edition of La Voz.
Pausini was set to perform a concert titled "Pausini BeMe" on 5 September 2020, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of her official fan club. The concert was later cancelled, due to the Italian government's decision to prohibit all live concerts through October 2020, as part of the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy.
In February 2020, while appearing as a guest in the 70th Sanremo Music Festival, she also announced a one-night-only concert in the RCF Campovolo in Reggio Emilia, along with six other Italian female artists—Elisa, Fiorella Mannoia, Alessandra Amoroso, Emma, Gianna Nannini, and Giorgia—to help women suffering from domestic violence. Titled Una. Nessuna. Centomila, the event was later postponed to 11 June 2022 due to the pandemic.

In October 2020, Pausini released "Io sì (Seen)", which was written in collaboration with Diane Warren and Niccolò Agliardi and was created for the Netflix feature film The Life Ahead. Pausini recorded the song in five languages. The music video for the single also features the film's star Sophia Loren. Thanks to the song, Pausini won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, making "Io sì (Seen)" the first Italian-language song to win the prize, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song.

2022: Laura Pausini – Piacere di conoscerti and Eurovision Song Contest
In July 2021, Pausini announced she has been working on a film since February 2020. The film, directed by Ivan Cotroneo and set to be released on Amazon Prime Video in 2022, is based on an idea by Pausini herself, and will be titled Laura Pausini – Piacere di conoscerti. Pausini will also star in the film, thus debuting as an actress. The song "Scatola"—titled "Caja" in Spanish—was released as a single from the film's soundtrack. After performing "Scatola" during the second night of the Sanremo Music Festival 2022, Pausini was announced to be one of the presenters of the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, which was held in Turin in May, alongside Alessandro Cattelan and Mika. On 28 October 2022, Pausini was announced to be one of the four presenters of the 23rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards, which were held in Las Vegas in November, alongside Anitta, Luis Fonsi and Thalía. She was the first Italian artist to host the Latin Grammy Awards.

30 years in international music
The Warner Music record company honored Pausini at the beginning of 2023 for being the most listened to and awarded Italian singer worldwide, with almost a thousand concerts behind her.

On January 25, 2023, Pausini announced two new concerts, to celebrate her 30-year career. Two events in exceptional locations; Piazza San Marco in the Italian city of Venice on June 30 and July 1 & 2, and a month later in Seville, Spain, in the Plaza de España on July 21 & 22.
On January 28, 2023, she gave a charity concert at the Auditorium Conciliazione in Rome, with Giorgia Todrani and Fiorello, an event created by the Bambino Gesù Onlus Foundation with the sponsorship of the Italian National Olympic Committee and the collaboration of Webuild, whose proceeds were donated to support the campaign (Mi prendo cura di te) I take care of you, for the creation of the Pediatric Palliative Care Center of the Bambino Gesù Hospital.

Pausini will be honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year prior to the 24th Annual Latin Grammy Awards in Seville, Spain in November 2023, making her the first Italian to receive the honor.

The Italian artist celebrated her 30-year career in music with three concerts in the Piazza San Marco in Venice on June 30, July 1 and 2, 2023 and with two concerts in the Plaza de España, Seville on the 21st. and July 22, 2023 performing their hits and most iconic songs.

2023: Anime Parallele
Anime Parallele (Parallel Souls) is the fifteenth studio album by Pausini released worldwide on October 27, 2023.

The album contains the song titled Davanti a te, the song that Laura sang together with Paolo Carta, on their wedding day, as their first wedding vows pronounced in the form of a song.

Artistry
Pausini is described as a mezzo-soprano with a classic and powerful voice. Due to her voice, Pausini has been compared by music critics to various female artists, including Milva.

At the beginning of her career, she was considered by music critics as a teen idol mainly singing about adolescent love affairs and problems. She was also strongly criticized for her songs, described as too melancholic and trivial.
Starting from her 1998's La mia risposta / Mi respuesta, Italian music critics considered her as a more mature singer and later praised her simplicity and her voice, describing Pausini as an interpreter of her years.

Although Pausini is mainly a melodic pop singer, her musical style evolved during her career, with influences from various genres, including Latin music, soul music and rock music. In 2001, David Cazares of the South Florida Sun-Sentinel described Pausini's music as "an assortment of glossy and sentimental pop ballads backed by light rock instrumentation and synthesized strings". In 2006, The Washington Post's Achy Obejas wrote that Pausini is distinguished from other Latin pop singers by her sophistication and her European sensibilities. According to Musica e dischis Antonio Orlando, the key elements in Pausini's style are romanticism, optimism, melancholy and surrounding melodies.

Starting from her 1996's album Le cose che vivi / Las cosas que vives, Pausini has also co-written most of her songs and starting from her 1998's La mia risposta / Mi respuesta she has been involved in the production of her albums.

Personal life

Pausini left her hometown in 1995, when she moved to Milan with her partner, manager and producer Alfredo Cerruti Jr. Their relationship ended in 2002. Between 2002 and 2005 Pausini was romantically involved with her new manager, Gabriele Parisi.

In 2005, Pausini has been in a relationship with Italian guitarist, composer, music producer, and former singer Paolo Carta. At the time, the relationship was controversial as Carta was still married to his first wife, Roberta Galli, with whom he has three children. Pausini gave birth to their daughter on 8 February 2013. After 18 years together, Pausini and Carta got married on 22 March 2023.

Pausini describes herself as a Catholic woman, but expressed doubts about the Church's position on various themes, including contraception, abortion, premarital sex and gay rights. In September 2000 she explained her position during an interview to the Italian newspaper la Repubblica:

Honours
 – Commander Order of Merit of the Italian Republic: Awarded the third highest civil honour in Italy, by President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi on 6 February 2006.

Discography

Studio albums
Laura Pausini (1993)
Laura (1994)
Laura Pausini (1994)
Le cose che vivi / Las cosas que vives (1996)
La mia risposta / Mi respuesta (1998)
Tra te e il mare / Entre tú y mil mares (2000)
From the Inside (2002)
Resta in ascolto / Escucha (2004)
Io canto / Yo canto (2006)
Primavera in anticipo / Primavera anticipada (2008)
Inedito / Inédito (2011)
Simili / Similares (2015)
Laura Xmas / Laura Navidad (2016)
Fatti sentire / Hazte sentir (2018)
Anime Parellele / Almas Paralelas (2023)

Tours

Filmography
Television
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
!Year
!Series
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2009
!scope="row"|Due
|Herself
|Rai Due
|Music TV show – 1 episode as main performer and presenter, shared with Tiziano Ferro
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2014
!scope="row"|Laura Pausini 20 – My Story
|Herself
|Sky Italia
|Autobiographical documentary – 1 episode
|-
!scope="row"|Stasera Laura: ho creduto in un sogno
|Herself
|Rai Uno
|Music TV show & concert – 1 episode, main performer and presenter
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2014, 2017
!scope="row"|La Voz... México
|Herself
|Canal de las Estrellas
|Talent show – series 4 and series 6 judge and coach
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2015
!scope="row"|La Voz
|Herself
|Telecinco
|Talent show – series 3 judge and coach
|-
!scope="row"|La meraviglia di essere simili
|Herself
|Rai Uno
|Documentary – 1 episode, TV special documenting her twelfth studio album, Simili
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2015–2016
!scope="row"|La Banda
|Herself
|Univision
|Talent show – series 1 and series 2 judge
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2016
!scope="row"|Laura & Paola
|Herself
|Rai Uno
|Variety show – 3 episodes, main presenter and performer, shared with Paola Cortellesi
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2018
!scope="row"|Lo Nuestro Awards
|Herself
|Univision
|Music gala – co-host and performer
|-
!scope="row"|Factor X
|Herself
|Telecinco
|Talent show – series 3 judge
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2020
!scope="row"|La Voz
|Herself
|Antena 3
|Talent show – series 7 judge and coach
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|2022
!scope="row"|Laura Pausini – Piacere di conoscerti
|Herself/Alternative herself
|Amazon Prime Video
|
|-
!scope="row"|Eurovision Song Contest 2022
|Herself
|European Broadcasting Union
|Song contest – co-host
|-
!scope="row"|La Voz
|Herself
|Antena 3
|Talent show - series 9 judge and coach
|-
!scope="row"|Latin Grammy Awards
|Herself
|Univision, HBO Max
| Music gala – co-host
|-

Awards

|- style="background:#ddd;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| Grammy Awards'''

{{s-aft|after = Ricardo Arjona for Adentrojoint withJulieta Venegas for Limón y sal}}
|- style="background:#ddd;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| Latin Grammy Awards

|- style="background:#ddd;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| Golden Globe Awards

See also
List of best-selling Latin music artists

Notes

^ Sources indicate different locations for Pausini's birth—The Comunes of Faenza and Solarolo, Ravenna, Italy. One state source, The Presidency of the Italian Republic, cites Faenza as the location of her birth. In media interviews, however, Pausini consistently names Solarolo as her birthplace. Solarolo is located 5 miles from Faenza. EFE. "Laura Pausini: 'Hay días en que quiero matar a mi productor' ", El Mercurio [Santiago de Chile], 31 August 2000. Pausini, Laura. Interview. Las hijas, Hosts Monserrat Olivier and Yolanda Andrade, Unicable [Mexico], 27 January 2007.

References

External links

Laura Pausini at Allmusic
Laura Pausini at Artistdirect
[ Laura Pausini] at Billboard
Laura Pausini at Discogs
Laura Pausini at Musicbrainz

1974 births
Living people
20th-century Italian women singers
Italian women singer-songwriters
Italian singer-songwriters
Italian pop singers
Italian women singers
Spanish-language singers of Italy
English-language singers from Italy
French-language singers of Italy
Portuguese-language singers of Italy
People from the Province of Ravenna
Atlantic Records artists
Golden Globe Award-winning musicians
Grammy Award winners
Latin Grammy Award winners
World Music Awards winners
Latin pop singers
Italian Roman Catholics
Italian LGBT rights activists
Sanremo Music Festival winners of the newcomers section
Warner Music Latina artists
Italian women record producers
Italian mezzo-sopranos
People from Faenza
Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Women in Latin music
Pausini, Laura

Laura Pausini


Jawahir Roble (nascida em 1995, na Somália), também conhecida como Jawahir Jewels ou JJ, é uma árbitro de futebol britânica nascida na Somália. O Daily Telegraph a chamou de "a árbitra mais notável da Inglaterra". Ela mesma disse: "Quem pensaria que uma imigrante negra nascida na Somália com oito irmãos poderia arbitrar um jogo masculino na Inglaterra usando um hijab?".

Vida pregressa
Jawahir Roble nasceu na Somália e cresceu no noroeste de Londres, na Inglaterra, com seus pais e oito irmãos. Ela disse: "Sempre jogamos futebol no jardim, do lado de fora de casa, em todos os lugares". Jawahir Roble é muçulmana e usa hijab quando trabalha como árbitro.

Carreira
Em 2014, aos 19 anos, ela se tornou mais séria sobre como incentivar as meninas muçulmanas a jogar futebol. Em 2013, ela obteve uma doação de £ 300 e conseguiu envolver Ciara Allen, sua oficial de desenvolvimento de futebol feminino da FA, do condado de Middlesex. Em setembro de 2013, Allen lançou a Middlesex FA Women's League com uma nova divisão de etnia Desi para meninas. Em troca de jogos de arbitragem todas as semanas, a Middlesex FA financiou o treinamento formal de Jawahir Roble para se formar como árbitro.

Em 2017, ela foi uma das onze premiadas no Respect Awards, e arrecadou o prêmio Match Official. O prêmio de Jawahir Roble foi em reconhecimento ao seu trabalho voluntário para a instituição de caridade educacional Football Beyond Borders (FBB) e com a Middlesex FA, treinando a primeira equipe feminina da FBB, bem como por alcançar uma qualificação de arbitragem de nível seis. Ela é um FA Youth Leader.

Ela disse: "É claro que eles estão surpresos ao ver uma garota muçulmana arbitrando! Eu também sou meio baixa, então eles ficam tipo 'ok, o que essa criança está fazendo aqui' ".

Visão
Em 2014, Roble então com 19 anos escreveu,Eu tenho um sonho de que, um dia, minhas irmãs muçulmanas praticarão esportes alegremente. Meu objetivo é envolver nos esportes jovens muçulmanas com idade entre 8 e 15 anos. Meu objetivo geral é promover o futebol como uma ferramenta para envolver as meninas e, em seguida, realizar workshops que ajudem a desenvolver habilidades de construção de equipes, aumentar a confiança e também promover um estilo de vida saudável.

Honras e reconhecimento
2017 - Prêmio Match Official, no Respect Awards, pelo seu trabalho com a Football Beyond Borders (FBB) e com a Middlesex FA.

2019 - 100 mulheres da BBC.

2023 - Nomeada Membro da Ordem do Império Britânico (MBE) nas Honras de Ano Novo por serviços prestados à associação de futebol.

Veja também

 100 Mulheres (BBC)
 Mulheres na categoria BBC 100 Mulheres

Cidadãos naturalizados do Reino Unido
Membros da Ordem do Império Britânico
Nascidos em 1995
Muçulmanos do Reino Unido
Pessoas vivas
Árbitros de futebol
Pessoas na lista BBC 100 Mulheres de 2019

Jawahir Roble


الجواودة قد تشير إلى:
  ، وهي قرية تونسية تقع بولاية بنزرت.
  ، وهي قرية تونسية تقع بولاية القيروان.
  ، وهي قرية تونسية تقع بولاية جندوبة.

الجواودة (توضيح)


Ersen, bir erkek ismi, şu anlamlara gelebilir:
 Ersen Dinleten (d. 1950), Türk müzisyen
 Ersen Gürsel (d. 1939), Türk mimar
 Ersen Martin (d. 1979), Türk eski millî futbolcu

Erkek isimleri

Ersen


46277 Jeffhall este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
46277 Jeffhall este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa în cadrul programului LONEOS. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,23 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 6,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 46001-47000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2001
Centura de asteroizi

46277 Jeffhall


Eyefear ist eine australische Progressive- und Power-Metal-Band aus Melbourne, die im Jahr 1994 gegründet wurde.

Geschichte
Die Band wurde im Sommer 1994 von Gitarrist Con Papazoglou, Bassist Rob Gorham, Schlagzeuger Zain Kimmie und Gitarrist Ken Taylor gegründet. Einige Monate später fand die Band mit Jason Smart einen passenden Sänger. Nachdem die Band einige Monate Lieder eingeprobt und Konzerte gespielt hatte, begab sie sich in die Toyland Studios, um ihr Debütalbum Edge of Existence aufzunehmen. Die Aufnahmen fanden von November 1995 bis März 1996 statt.

Im April 1997 verließ Sänger Jason Smart die Band, dem kurz darauf Gitarrist Ken Taylor folgte. Im November 1997 kam Gitarrist Anthony Porchia zur Band. Im Juni 1998 begab sich die Band für Proben ins Studio. Währenddessen kam Sänger Jimmy Georgopoulos zur Besetzung. Im Juli kam außerdem Keyboarder Shiran Manan zur Band. Zusammen arbeiteten sie an neuen Lieder, woraus die EP Dawn... A New Beginning entstand, auf dem zwei Lieder des Debütalbums enthalten waren. Zwischen August 1999 und Februar 2000 verließen Gitarrist Anthony Porchia, Sänger Jimmy Georgopoulos und Keyboarder Shiran Manan die Band. Die verbliebenen Mitglieder setzten die Proben fort. Im September 2000 kamen Keyboarder Garrett Ryan und Sänger Danny Cecati als Ersatz zur Band.

Im September 2002 nahm die Band Lieder für ein neues Album auf. Die Aufnahmen für das Album 9 Elements of Inner Vision fanden unter der Leitung von Endel Rivers in den Palm Studios statt. Im Oktober verließ Keyboarder Ryan kurzzeitig die Band, bevor er im November der Band wieder beitrat, aber ein wenig später die Besetzung wieder verließ. Im Fortlauf des Aufnahmeprozesses wurde er durch Sammy Giaccotto ersetzt. Das Album wurde im Jahr 2004 über Massacre Records veröffentlicht. Im Jahr 2007 veröffentlichte die Band das Album A World Full of Grey über Dockyard 1, dem sich im Jahr 2008 The Unseen anschloss.

Stil
Die Band spielt progressiven Power Metal, wobei das Schlagzeug sehr präzise gespielt wird und das Keyboard eine dominante Rolle hat.

Diskografie
 1996: Edge of Existence (Album, Eigenveröffentlichung)
 1999: Dawn... A New Beginning (EP, Eigenveröffentlichung)
 2003: Promo (Demo, Eigenveröffentlichung)
 2004: 9 Elements of Inner Vision (Album, Massacre Records)
 2007: A World Full of Grey (Album, Dockyard 1)
 2008: The Unseen (Album, Dockyard 1)

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Australische Band
Power-Metal-Band
Progressive-Metal-Band
Musik (Melbourne)

Eyefear


Zimirina tenuidens est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Prodidomidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de la région de Souss-Massa au Maroc. Elle se rencontre vers Oulad Teïma.

Description
Le mâle holotype mesure .

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite par Denis en 1956.

Publication originale
 Denis, 1956 : « Notes d'aranéologie marocaine.-VI. Bibliographie des araignées du Maroc et addition d'espèces nouvelles. » Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc, , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Prodidomidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique du Maroc

Zimirina tenuidens


Pedro Luna Pérez, né à Los Ángeles (Chili), le  et mort à Viña del Mar, le , est un artiste peintre chilien. Il est l'un des membres les plus emblématiques de la Generación del 13.

Biographie
Né le , Pedro Luna est le fils de Juan Pablo Altamirano et Alba Luna Pérez mais est baptisé avec le nom de sa mère.

En 1912, il se rend à Santiago pour étudier à l'École des Beaux-Arts. Il aura pour professeur divers artistes comme Juan Francisco González, José Mercedes Ortega, José Backhaus, Alberto Valenzuela Llanos, Julio Fossa Calderón, Pedro Lira et Fernando Álvarez de Sotomayor. Álvarez de Sotomayor aura une grande influence sur lui ainsi que sur d'autres élèves. En 1913, alors que Pedro Luna n'a que 17 ans, il participe à une exposition au Salon du journal chilien El Mercurio. Les exposants seront reconnu comme le premier collectif de peintres du Chili sous le nom de Generación del 13 (parfois nommé aussi Generación Sotomayor en l'honneur de leur professeur).

Il se marie en 1920 et, la même année, il est choisi par le gouvernement chilien pour partir étudier à Rome. Il y sera l'élève d'Eduardo Chicharro et voyage en Europe (Italie, France, Espagne) pendant deux ans. Il sera influencé par Manet et Cézanne. Il revient au Chili en 1922 et participe à diverses expositions dont le Salon Officiel de Santiago. Les critiques le nommeront le Van Gogh chilien.

Sa peinture est basée sur des paysages avec des thèmes de la vie courante, en particulier du peuple Mapuche. Ses œuvres regorgent de paysages ruraux, d'une vie de bohème et de thèmes costumbristas, incarnés dans des peintures à l'huile et des aquarelles.

Après avoir voyagé dans la partie sud du Chili pendant plusieurs années, il s'installe à Viña del Mar, où ses problèmes d'alcoolisme et sa situation économique précaire lui font vendre ses œuvres à très bas prix pour survivre. Il meurt d'un cancer en 1956.

Dans les années qui ont suivi sa mort, ses œuvres sont devenues largement connues au Chili et à l'étranger.

Œuvres

 , Chili :
 El baile de las enanas o cabaret de Magallanes, huile sur toile
 El castillo Yarur, huile sur toile

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes

 Generación del 13

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en octobre 1896
Naissance à Los Ángeles
Peintre chilien du XXe siècle
Décès à 60 ans
Décès en décembre 1956
Décès à Viña del Mar

Pedro Luna


Pedro Costa Morata (Águilas, Región de Murcia, 1947) es un sociólogo, político y ecologista español.

Biografía
Es el pionero en la lucha antinuclear en España iniciada en los años 70, y recibió el Premio Nacional de Medio Ambiente en 1998.
En 2017 el Ayuntamiento de Águilas (Murcia) le nombra "Hijo Predilecto" de la localidad.

Historia
Como huérfano de ferroviario, fue educado en su niñez en los Colegios de Huérfanos de Ferroviarios de León y Ávila.

Es ingeniero técnico de Telecomunicación, licenciado en Ciencias Políticas y Sociología (UCM) y licenciado en Periodismo (UCM, además de doctor en Sociología por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y profesor de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.

En 1973-74 trabajó como ingeniero comercial de instrumentación en la empresa Fischer&Porter (actualmente integrada en el grupo ABB), empresa que suministró la instrumentación electrónica de la planta de residuos radiactivos de la central nuclear de Lemóniz (Vizcaya). En el verano de 1974, siendo comercial de Fischer&Porter, en una de sus visitas a la oficina de Bilbao del proyecto C. N. de Lemoniz, pronunció una conferencia en la Librería Herriak (C/ Licenciado Pozas) contra las centrales nucleares. Ese mismo año renunció a su puesto de trabajo y promovió las protestas para evitar la construcción de una central nuclear en el paraje aguileño de cabo Cope, momento a partir del cual se va a iniciar lo que él mismo define como la "epifanía" del movimiento antinuclear español.

En 2011, encabezó la candidatura al Congreso de los Diputados en la lista de Izquierda Unida-Verdes de la Región de Murcia como independiente en las elecciones generales del 20 de noviembre.

Publicaciones
Es autor, entre otros, de obras como Nuclearizar España (1976), Hacia la destrucción ecológica de España (1985), Electromagnetismo: campos magnéticos, silenciosos, ubicuos, inquietantes (1996), Ecologíada, 100 batallas: Medio ambiente y sociedad en la España reciente (2011) o Manual crítico de cultura ambiental (Trotta, 2021).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Águilas
Ecologistas de España
Profesores de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Políticos de la Región de Murcia
Alumnos de Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Alumnos de Sociología de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Pedro Costa Morata


Jasenie este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Brezno din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.176 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Jasenie este atestată documentar din 1424.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Jasenie


Prva liga debitantski je studijski album splitske rap-reggae-dance-italo disco grupe Kuzma & Shaka Zulu. Album je objavljen 1994. godine, a objavila ga je diskografska kuća Croatia Records.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
Kuzma & Shaka Zulu
Saša Kuzmić – vokali, sintisajzer
Galileo Tajč – vokali, synth bass
Dodatni glazbenici
Dean Jerinić – gitara, bas-gitara, prateći vokali
Saša Krstulović – gitara
Marijan Kelava – gitara
Dean Dvornik – prateći vokali
Kuzma Jr. – prateći vokali
Ostalo osoblje
Joško Bajić – dizajn
Eva Silas – izvršni producent, urednik
Vojno Kundić – urednik
Siniša Škarica – glavni urednik
Zdenko Runjić – glavni urednik

Izvori

Albumi iz 1994.
Hrvatski glazbeni albumi

Prva liga (album)


بيير جاسندي  (بالفرنسية: [pjɛʁ gasɛ̃di]؛ بيير جاسند أيضًا، بطرس جاسندي؛ 22 يناير 1592 – 24 أكتوبر 1655) كان فيلسوفًا، وقسيسًا، وعالم فلك، وعالم رياضيات فرنسي. وبينما شغل منصبًا في الكنيسة في جنوب شرق فرنسا، أمضى أيضًا الكثير من الوقت في باريس، حيث كان قائد مجموعة من المثقفين ذوي التفكير الحر. كان أيضًا عالمًا رصديًا، نشر أول بيانات عن عبور عطارد عام 1631. وقد سُمَّيت الفوهة القمرية جاسندي باسمه.

كتب أعمالًا فلسفية عديدة، وتُعتبر بعض المناصب التي عمل بها مهمة، وقد وجد نهجًا بين الشكوكية والدوغماتية. يشير ريتشارد بوبكين إلى أن جاسندي كان أحد أوائل المفكرين الذين صاغوا «النظرة العلمية» الحديثة، للشكوكية الحديثة التجريبية. لقد تصادم مع معاصره ديكارت بخصوص احتمالية المعرفة المعينة. وحاول أشهر مشاريعه الفكرية توفيق الذرية الأبيقورية مع المسيحية.

السيرة الشخصية

الحياة المبكرة
وُلد جاسندي في شامبريسير ديجني، في فرنسا لوالده أنتوني جاسند ووالدته فرانسواه فابري. كُلِّف خاله ثوماس فابري بتعليمه المبكر، والذي كان كاهن كنيسة شامبريسير. كان أعجوبةً شابة، وأظهر أمكانيات أكاديمية في سن مبكرة جدًا وارتاد الكوليج (المدرسة الثانوية في البلدة) في ديجني، حيث أظهر موهبةً خاصة في اللغات والرياضيات. ودخل بعد ذلك بفترة وجيزة إلى جامعة إيكس أون بروفونس، ليدرس الفلسفة على يد فيليبيرت فيساي، الكرملي. وفي الكلية الملكية في بوربون (كلية الآداب بجامعة إيكس). استدعته كلية ديجني عام 1612 ليلقي محاضرةً عن اللاهوت. وبينما كان في ديجني، سافر إلى سينسز، حيث حصل على درجات صغرى من المطران جاك مارتن. حصل على شهادة الدكتوراه في اللاهوت بعد أربع سنوات في أفينيون، واختير ليكون عالم لاهوت في مجلس الكاتدرائية في ديجني. حصل في 1 أغسطس عام 1617 على درجة الكهنوتية من المطران جاك توليتشيلا من مارسيليا. وفي نفس السنة، وبعمر الرابعة والعشرين، قَبل بمنصب رئيس قسم الفلسفة في جامعة إيكس أون بروفونس، وسلَّم منصب رئيس قسم اللاهوت لأستاذه القديم فيساي. بدا أن جاسندي كان ينسحب تدريجيًا من اللاهوت. حافظ على منصب عالم لاهوت الشريعة في ديجني، ومع ذلك، وفي سبتمبر 1619، عندما استولى الأسقف رافاييل دي بولون على أبرشية ديجني، شارك جاسندي وقام ألقى الخطاب نيابة عن المجلس.

حاضر عن فلسفة أرسطو في المقام الأول، متطابقًا إلى أقصى حد ممكن مع الطرق التقليدية، بينما تابع باهتمام كذلك اكتشافات جاليليو وكيبلر. وقد تواصل مع عالم الفلك جوزيف جوزيف غوتييه دي لا فاليت (1564-1647)، النائب الكبير لرئيس أساقفة إيكس.

القسيسية
سيطرت الرهبنة اليسوعية على جامعة إيكس عام 1623. وشغلوا جميع المناصب باليسوعيين، فكان على جاسندي أن يجد مؤسسةً أخرى. رحل وعاد إلى ديجني في 10 فبراير 1623، ثم عاد إلى إيكس ليشاهد كسوف القمر في 14 إبريل ووجود المريخ في برج القوس في 7 يونيو، وعاد من هناك إلى ديجني. سافر إلى غرونوبل نيابةً عن مجلس ديجني من أجل دعوى قضائية، وبتردد شديد، لأنه كان يعمل على مشروعه عن تناقضات أرسطو. طبع في عام 1624 أول جزء من ممارسات متناقضة ضد الأرسطيين. ظهرت نبذة عن الكتاب الثاني لاحقًا في لاهاي (1659)، ولكن جاسندي لم يؤلف الخمسة البقية أبدًا، وبدا أنه اعتقد أن مناقشات أرسطوطاليسية لفرانسيسكو باتريزي قد ترك القليل من المجال له.

أمضى بعض الوقت مع نيكولا بايرسك. وسافر جاسندي في فلاندر وهولندا عام 1628 حيث التقى بإسحاق بيكمان وفرانسوا لويلير. عاد إلى فرنسا عام 1631. أصبح مجلس الكاتدرائية في ديجني عام 1634 مشمئزًا من التصرفات المُسرفة لبروفوست بليز أوسيت وقرروا استبداله. حصلوا على توقيف من برلمان إيكس، بتاريخ 19 ديسمبر 1334، والذي ساعد على إقالته واختيار بيير جاسندي رئيسًا لمجلس الكاتدرائية.  نُصِّب جاسندي في 24 ديسمبر 1634. شغل المنصب الرئاسة حتى وفاته عام 1655.

كتب بعض الأعمال خلال هذا الوقت، تحت إصرار مارين ميرسين. شملت الأعمال بحثه عن الفلسفة الصوفية لروبرت فلود، ومقالة عن الشمس الكاذبة، وبعض الملاحظات عن عبور عطارد.

أربعينيات القرن السابع عشر
أمضى جاسندي بعض السنوات يسافر في بروفنس مع دوق أنغوليم، محافظ المنطقة. كتب خلال هذه الفترة كتابًا أدبيًا واحدًا فقط، وهو حياة عن بيريسك، الذي يبدوا أن وفاته أحزنت جاسندي للغاية عام 1637؛ طُبعت مشكل متكرر وتُرجمت إلى اللغة الإنجليزية. عاد إلى باريس عام 1641، حيث التقى بتوماس هوبز. وقد درَّس بعض حصص الفلسفة غير الرسمية، وكسب تلامذةً وأتباعًا؛ وبحسب كاتب السير الشخصية جريماريست، كان من ضمنهم موليير، وسيرانو دي برجراك (الذي تعد مشاركته في الحصص محل نقاش)، وجان هيسنولت وكلود-إيمانويل شابيل، ابن لوليير.

أشركه مرسين عام 1640 في الجدل مع رينيه ديكارت. ظهرت اعتراضاته على الافتراضات الأساسية لديكارت في طبعة عام 1641؛ وظهرتتحت عنوان المجموعة الخامسة من الاعتراضات في أعمال ديكارت. وبالرغم من أن الفضل يُنسب إلى ديكارت في اكتشاف معضلة العقل والجسد، فقد كان جاسندي هو أول من وضَّحها في رده على ازدواجية العقل والجسد لديكارت. بدا ميل جاسندي نحو المدرسة التجريبية للتنظير أكثر وضوحًا هنا مقارنةً بأي من كتاباته الأخرى. هاجم جان باتيست موران دي موتو أمبريسو أموتوري ترانزليتو (1642). وحاول مرسين عام 1643 كذلك الحصول على الدعم من السوسيني الألماني والمدافع عن التسامح الديني مارسين رور. رد رور بصورة مطولة قائلًا إنه قرأ لجاسيندي بالفعل ولكنه كان يفضل ترك العلم للعلم وليس الكنيسة.

وافق على شغل منصب رئيس قسم الرياضيات عام 1645 في كوليج دو فرانس في باريس، وألقى محاضرات لعدة سنوات بنجاح بالغ. وبالإضافة إلى كتاباته المثيرة للجدل عن الأسئلة الفيزيائية، ظهر خلال هذه الفترة أول الأعمال التي يتذكره بها مؤرخو الفلسفة. ونشر في عام 1647 أطروحةً لاقت استحسانًا بعنوان في حياة وعادات ومذاهب الكتاب الأبيقوي الثامن. وظهر تعليقه بعد سنتين على الكتاب العاشر لديوجانس اللايرتي. كان قد نشر في نفس السنة التعليق الأكثر أهميةً بعنوان فلسفة سينتاجما لأبيقور.

أجبره اعتلال صحته عام 1648 على التخلي عن محاضراته في كوليج دو فرانس. وأصبح في هذه الفترة متوافقًا مع ديكارت، بعد سنوات من البرود، من خلال وساطة سيزار ديستريس.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أساتذة كوليج دو فرانس
أشخاص من ألب البروفنس العليا
رجال دين-علماء كاثوليك
رياضياتيون فرنسيون في القرن 17
فرنسيون في القرن 17
فلاسفة العصر الحديث المبكر
فلاسفة القرن 17
فلاسفة إبيقوريون
فلاسفة فرنسيون
فلاسفة فرنسيون في القرن 17
فلاسفة كاثوليك
فلكيو القرن 17
فلكيون فرنسيون
فلكيون فرنسيون في القرن 17
كتاب باللغة اللاتينية في القرن 17
كتاب عن الدين والعلم
كتاب فرنسيون في القرن 17
منجمون فرنسيون
منجمون في القرن 17
مواليد 1592
وفيات 1655
وفيات في باريس

بيير جاسندي


Nikolaos Gyzis ( în greacă: Νικόλαος Γύζης, n. 1 martie 1842, Sklavochori, Tinos - d. 4 ianuarie 1901) a fost considerat unul dintre cei mai importanți pictori din secolul al XIX-lea. De origine greacă, el a devenit celebru pentru lucrarea Eros și pictorul, care a fost primul tablou de gen. Nikolaos Gyzis a fost cel mai important reprezentant al așa-numitei școli din Grecia, "Școala de la München".

Biografie

Nikolaos Gyzis s-a născut pe insula grecească Tinos, în localitatea Sklavochori. În anul 1850 s-a mutat cu familia la Atena, unde a urmat mai târziu cursurile Academiei de Arte Frumoase din capitala Greciei. Cursurile pe care le-a urmat, i-au desăvârșit educația artistică și plastică, ele au fost fundamentul cunoaștințelor sale naturale în pictură. În anul 1865 reușește să câștige o bursă de studii și a plecat să urmeze cursurile Academiei de Arte Frumoase din München, acolo unde va rămâne tot restul vieții. Nikolaos Gysis s-a integrat rapid în atmosfera artistică germană și a devenit în scurt timp unul dintre pictorii cei mai reprezentativi a mișcării artistice grecești, intitulată Școala de la München ("Σχολή του Μονάχου"). Opere importante

Din anul 1886, Nikolaus Gysis a îndeplinit funcția de profesor al Academiei de Arte Frumoase din München și și-a schimbat modul de abordare în pictură, trecând de la reprezentările realiste spre compoziții de factură impresionistă. Printre elevii săi s-au numărat Anna May-Rychter, Ștefan Popescu și Octav Băncilă.

La începutul anilor 1870 a revenit în Grecia pentru o perioadă de câțiva ani și pictat mai multe compoziții cu tematică greacă cum au fost Carnavalul de la Atena, Ceremonia Arravoniasmata și pictura După distrugerea Psarei. La bătrânețe abordează pictura religioasă, cea mai cunoscută lucrare a sa fiind Triumful religiei. Picturile lui Nikolaus Gyzis sunt expuse astăzi în muzee și colecíi particulare din Germania și Grecia.

În perioada anilor 1996 - 2001, pictura Școala secretă a fost reprodusă pe reversul bacnotei grecești de 200 de drahme.

Gallery

Referințe

Legături externe

 Nikolaos Gyzis's The Secret School and an Ongoing National Discourse by Antonis Danos
 National Gallery of Greece
 Gallery of Paintings by Nikolaos Gyzis

Nașteri în 1842
Decese în 1901
Pictori greci
Artiști greci

Nikolaos Gyzis


Ludvig 10. (), kaldet Ludvig den Stridbare (), (4. oktober 1289 – 5. juni 1316) var konge af Navarra fra 1305 til 1316 og konge af Frankrig fra 1314 til 1316.

Eksterne henvisninger

Konger af Frankrig
Konger af Navarra
Huset Capet

Ludvig 10. af Frankrig


Lema u matematici predstavlja poučak koji, u načelu, nema korisnost osim u dokazivanju jednog ili nekoliko većih poučaka. Obično se radi samo o pomagalu za jasnije iznošenje dokaza, te je prilagođena dokazu i teško da bi se mogla igdje drugdje upotrijebiti. Ipak, postoje "leme", kao npr. Zornova lema, koje se tako zovu jer zvuče tehnički i koriste se u drugim dokazima, ali su po opsegu primjene zapravo poučci. Dobar primjer leme je tvrdnja koja kaže da determinanta transponirane matrice nije veća od determinante originalne matrice. Kada se ova lema iskoristi na samu sebe i time dokaže teorem da je determinanta transponirane matrice jednaka determinanti originalne matrice, tvrdnja leme postaje bespotrebna, iako nam je bila nužna u dokazu tog teorema (osim ako netko ne uspije dokazati teorem na neki drugi način).

Poučci
Matematika

Lema (matematika)


Vekerd é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Hajdú-Bihar. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 135 habitantes.

Localidades de Hajdú-Bihar

Vekerd


Pero Kvesić (Zagreb, 1950.) - hrvatski novinar, književnik i scenarist

Pero Kvesić rodio se u Zagrebu 1950. godine. Od svoje 5. do 14. godine živio je s obitelji u Bjelovaru, koji je grad njegova djetinjstva. Diplomirao je filozofiju i sociologiju na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu. Za vrijeme studija bio je urednik u "Omladinskom tjedniku", "Studentskom listu" i "Tjednom listu omladine", a bio je i u ekipi koja je pokrenula omladinski klub Jabuka. Nakon dužeg boravka u SAD-u bio je glavni urednik omladinskog lista "Polet" i časopisa "Pitanja".

"Polet", tadašnje glasilo Saveza socijalističke omladine Hrvatske – nakon stanke od 1969. ponovo je počeo izlaziti 1976. s novom redakcijom i glavnim urednikom Perom Kvesićem. Redakcija je veći broj stranica "Poleta" posvetila temama koje su onda zanimale mlade: stripu, rocku, fotografiji, filmu i raznim oblicima supkulture. Recept je upalio i list se počeo prodavati u ozbiljnim tiražama, i postao od dosadnoga suhoparnoga političkog glasila doista rado čitana novinā.

U sedamdesetim godinama je redovno surađivao u magazinu "Start". U 1980-im bio je samostalni umjetnik, četiri godine bio je tajnik Društva književnika Hrvatske, pokrenuo biblioteku i časopis "Quorum".

Objavio je velik broj proznih djela među kojima su najpoznatije zbirke pripovjedaka "Uvod u Peru K." (1975.), "Mladi K." (1983.), "Uspomene urednika erotskog magazina" (2003.) i "Vrijeme rata i razonode" (2014.), te romane "Što mi rade i što im radim" (1984.), "Rent-a-car express" (2000.) i "Stjecaj okolnosti" (2002.). Objavio je i nekoliko zbirki pjesama te nekoliko romana za djecu i slikovnica.

Autor je, začetnik i kreator likova i crtane serije "Mali leteći medvjedići" zajedno s Dušanom Vukotićem, i Nevenom Petričićem.

Izvori

Hrvatski novinari
Hrvatski književnici
Scenaristi
Životopisi, Zagreb
Životopisi, Bjelovar

Pero Kvesić


Washburn University (WU) is a public university in Topeka, Kansas, United States. It offers undergraduate and graduate programs, as well as professional programs in law and business. Washburn has 550 faculty members, who teach more than 6,100 undergraduate students and nearly 800 graduate students. The university's assets include a $158 million endowment.

History
Washburn University was established at Topeka, Kansas, in February 1865 as "Lincoln College", by a charter issued by the State of Kansas and the General Association of Congregational Ministers and Churches of Kansas; the land on which the college stood was donated by abolitionist John Ritchie. The institution was renamed "Washburn College" in 1868, after Ichabod Washburn pledged $25,000 to the school. Washburn was a church deacon, abolitionist, and industrialist who lived in Worcester, Massachusetts.

 Washburn College adopted a variation of the Washbourne arms as its emblem, substituting the school colors for the tinctures of the arms. Since becoming a university, however, Washburn has abandoned use of the family arms. Instead, the university now employs a stylized "W" as the emblem of the institution. The school mascot, "The Ichabod", is still in use.

"The Ichabod" honors the namesake and early benefactor of the institution, Ichabod Washburn. "The Ichabod" existed only in name until 1938, when alumnus (and later prominent graphic artist) Bradbury Thompson (B.A., 1934) created the studious-looking, tailcoat-wearing figure the university uses today. The athletic teams are nicknamed "Ichabods", although women's teams did not use that nickname until the 2013–14 school year.

In 1913, the medical department of Washburn College closed. The medical school had become infamous on December 10, 1895, when the public discovered that some of the bodies used for anatomical study had been stolen from local cemeteries. As the news was being printed (eventually across the country), the governor, fearing riots, called out state troops to protect the school. Three of the doctors, including the dean of the school, and a student-janitor from the school were arrested, as was one man who was not a member of the school. Charges against the doctors were discharged, the janitor was convicted but had his conviction reversed on appeal, and the fifth man was convicted but later pardoned.

During World War II, Washburn Municipal University was one of 131 colleges and universities in the nation taking part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, which offered students a path to a Navy commission.

On June 8, 1966, only a few days after classes were dismissed for the summer, much of the campus was demolished by a tornado, and completely denuded of trees.  Three months before the tornado struck, the Washburn board of trustees had reinsured every building on campus for the maximum amount. A week after the tornado struck, summer classes began at Topeka West High School. By the fall of 1966, Stoffer Hall was repaired, and trailers were in place. It took years to reconstruct the campus, with students attending classes in trailers well into the early 1970s.

Formerly a municipal university, the university's primary funding was moved from city property tax to county sales tax sources in 1999, with the school retaining status as a municipal subdivision of the state. Washburn is governed by its own nine-member Board of Regents.

Leadership

Washburn University is governed by a nine-member board of regents. Three, who must be residents of the state of Kansas, are appointed by the governor. Three residents of the City of Topeka, one from each of the state senatorial districts, are appointed by the mayor. One is the mayor or a member of the governing body of the city designated by the mayor. The Shawnee County Commission appoints one member, who must be a resident of Shawnee County but not of the City of Topeka. The Kansas Board of Regents annually selects one of its members to serve on the Washburn Board. Members of the board (with the exception of the Kansas Board of Regents' appointee) serve staggered four-year terms.

Presidents
These persons have served as presidents or interim presidents of Washburn College (1869–1940), Washburn Municipal University of Topeka (1941–1952), and Washburn University (1952–present).

Law school

Formed in 1903, the Washburn School of Law was one of the first in the country to have a legal clinic where students are able to actively practice the legal profession. Today, it is in the minority of law schools to employ a full-time faculty for its law clinic. The Washburn School of Law had the highest pass rate of the Kansas bar examination of any law school in Kansas. The Washbum Law Library houses over 380,000 volumes and is the largest in the state. Notable alumni include Bob Dole, Roy Wilford Riegle, Dennis Moore, Kim Phillips, Kay McFarland, Lester Goodell, Bill Kurtis, and Fred Phelps.

Buildings
The main buildings of Washburn University are all dedicated to someone or are an important part of Washburn's history.

Athletics

The Washburn athletic teams are called the Ichabods. The university is a member of the NCAA Division II ranks, primarily competing in the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA) since the 1989–90 academic year. The Ichabods previously competed in the Central States Intercollegiate Conference (CSIC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1976–77 to 1988–89; in the Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC) from 1972–73 to 1975–76; in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (RMAC) from 1968–69 to 1971–72; in the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (CIC) from 1940–41 to 1967–68 (which they were a member on a previous stint from 1923–24 to 1932–33); as an Independent from 1933–34 to 1939–40; and in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KCAC) from 1902–03 to 1922–23.

Washburn competes in 16 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, tennis and track & field (indoor and outdoor); while women's sports include basketball, cross country, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball.

Athletic director
The current athletics director is Loren Ferré.

Nickname
The "Ichabods" nickname is named after the university's contributor Ichabod Washburn, who was also the founder of Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Prior to the 2013–14 season, the women's athletic teams were known as the "Lady Blues". On May 24, 2013, President Farley announced that all athletic teams will be known as the Ichabods for the first time in history.

Greek life
Greek Life at Washburn University has existed since 1909. Currently, the four Interfraternity Council and the three Panhellenic Council organizations are housed on or near campus.

Campus attractions
 Crane Observatory houses an 1898 Warner & Swasey refracting telescope.
 KTWU, a non-commercial, public television station authorized by the Federal Communications Commission, Washington, D.C., and licensed to Washburn University. KTWU, the first public television station in Kansas, commenced telecasting October 21, 1965.
 Mulvane Art Museum opened in 1924. The museum's permanent collection, though international in scope, emphasizes the work of artists of Kansas and the Midwest.
Walking Bods, seven steel sculptures crafted by Barrett DeBusk.

Notable alumni

References

External links

 Washburn Athletics website

Educational institutions established in 1865
Education in Shawnee County, Kansas
Public universities and colleges in Kansas
Buildings and structures in Topeka, Kansas
Tourist attractions in Topeka, Kansas
Education in Topeka, Kansas
1865 establishments in Kansas

Washburn University


Roger Rodrigues da Silva (født 7. januar 1985) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Roger Rodrigues da Silva


نهضة ماليزيا

تعد ماليزيا اليوم في طليعة الدول التي تسمى بنمور آسيا، وهي التي خرجت من أسر التخلف ودخلت في نادي الدول المتقدمة، وهي الدولة المسلمة الوحيدة بين هذه المجموعة، ويقوم اقتصادها على التنوع كما هو حال ثقافتها الفسيفسائية.

يرى الباحث أحمد دعدوش أن الفضل في هذه النهضة يعود إلى اهتمام السلطة بالمواطن قبل كل شيء، حيث أدى هذه الاهتمام إلى تبادل مشاعر الاحترام مع السلطة، إذ غالبا ما تقوم الحكومة بإشراك المواطنين في النقاش حول القضايا الاقتصادية عبر المجالس التي خصصت لذلك، ولهذا فإن المواطن الماليزي يشعر دائما بأنه هو المستهدف من عملية التنمية، وأن نهضة بلاده تقوم عليه كفرد قبل كل شيء، فعندما سأل أحد الاقتصاديين العرب عاملا ماليزيا بسيطا عن سر المعجزة التي حققتها بلاده، أجاب ببساطة: «لقد طُلب منا العمل لثمان ساعات في اليوم، فعملنا ساعتين إضافيتين كل يوم حبا للوطن»، ولا ننسى أن هذه الساعات الإضافية كانت تطوعية، وما كان هؤلاء العمال ليقدِموا على اقتطاعها من أوقات راحتهم إلا لإيمانهم بأنها ستأتي بالخير على مستقبلهم ومستقبل أبنائهم.

وحسب تقرير التنمية البشرية الصادر عن البرنامج الإنمائي للأمم المتحدة لعام 2001م لأهم 30 دولة مصدرة للتقنية العالية، جاءت ماليزيا في المرتبة التاسعة متقدمة بذلك عن كل من إيطاليا والسويد والصين. كما كانت تجربتها متميزة في مواجهة أزمة جنوب شرق آسيا الشهيرة التي شهدها العام 1997م، حيث لم تعبأ بتحذيرات الصندوق والبنك الدوليين وأخذت تعالج أزمتها من خلال أجندة وطنية فرضت من خلالها قيوداً صارمة على سياستها النقدية، معطية البنك المركزي صلاحيات واسعة لتنفيذ ما يراه لصالح مواجهة هروب النقد الأجنبي إلى الخارج، حسب مقال للباحث عبد الحافظ الصاوي.

وتشير الدكتورة «نعمت مشهور» إلى أن تبوء ماليزيا لدور بارز في قيادة العالم الإسلامي أمل يمكن أن يصبح حقيقة واقعة إذا ما استكملت الحكومة الماليزية مسئولياتها، فإلى جانب اهتمامها بنشر الدين الإسلامي والدعوة لمختلف أركانه من تشجيع على الذكر وحفظ القرآن الكريم وإقامة المساجد، وإحياء فريضة الصوم في ليالي رمضان، وتكوين مؤسسة الادخار لتيسير أداء فريضة الحج لأكبر عدد من أبناء البلاد، فإن على الدولة أن تهتم بتطبيق فريضة الزكاة، وخصوصاً مع ارتفاع مستويات الدخول الفردية وتزايد الثروات التي تجب فيها الزكاة. ذلك مع حماية الثروات الطبيعية التي وهبها الله تبارك وتعالى لماليزيا، وعدم تعرضها للإبادة والتدمير.

أما الخبير الاقتصادي في مركز صالح كامل للاقتصاد الإسلامي بجامعة الأزهر «مصطفى الدسوقي» فيرى أن تجربة ماليزيا في التنمية لها خصوصية من حيث استفادتها من الظرف التاريخي للصراع العالمي بين الاتحاد السوفيتي ـ قبل سقوطه ـ والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. حيث ساندت أميركا دول هذه المنطقة من الناحية الاقتصادية لتكون هذه نموذجاً مغرياً لدول المنطقة التي ركنت إلى الاتحاد السوفيتي السابق والكتلة الاشتراكية. ولكن لابد أن نذكر هنا أن ماليزيا طوعت هذا الاتجاه لتبني نفسها وتوجد اقتصاداً قوياً. حتى مع سيطرة اقتصاديات العولمة وجدنا أن ماليزيا شاركت فيه بقوة، ولكن من منطق المشاركة أخذاً وعطاءً وليس مجرد الحضور كما فعلت كثير من بلدان العالم النامي، وبخاصة البلدان الإسلامية.

تقليل الفقر
هناك زيادة ملحوظة في دخل الأسرة لجميع الفئات. كما يبين الجدول 1، المجموعات التي كانت أكبر زيادة في دخل الأسرة هي الملايين، ولكن ليس على حساب السباقات الأخرى. فإن الفجوة في الدخل بين الملايين والصينية قد تحسنت بشكل واضح. في عام 1970 بلغ دخل مالي إلى 44٪ من الدخل الصيني، ولكن في عام 1990 ارتفع عدد إلى 58٪. في الواقع كان معدل الزيادة في دخل مالاي أعلى أيضا من معدل للدخل الصيني.وبالمثل، فإن الفجوة في الدخل بين سكان الريف والحضر تحسنت أيضا.كان الدخل 1919rural حوالي 47٪ من الدخل في المناطق الحضرية، وارتفع هذا العدد إلى 59 في المائة في عام 1990. وكان معدل الزيادة في الدخل الريفي أسرع بمعدل من دخل سكان الحضر. كما هو مبين في الجدول، بلغ المعدل السنوي للزيادة في الدخل الريفي 8.1 في المائة بينما كان المعدل المماثل للمناطق الحضرية 6.9 في المائة. ومن ثم فإن الإحصاءات تبين بوضوح نجاح برنامج العمل الوطني من حيث القضاء على الفقر وتحقيق توزيع أكثر إنصافا للدخل حيث كان الهدف الثاني من الخطة الوطنية لإعادة الهيكلة هو إعادة هيكلة المجتمع الماليزي من خلال تصحيح الاختلال الاقتصادي بين الأعراق. كما ذكر سابقا، على الرغم من أن الملايين شكلوا غالبية السكان، إلا أن ثروة الأمة كانت في أيدي الصينيين والأجانب. فإن المؤشرات الاقتصادية للفلسطينيين من خلال مساعدتهم وتشجيعهم على الانخراط في أنشطة اقتصادية ذات إنتاجية أعلى، مثل قطاعات الأعمال والتصنيع والخدمات. وبحلول نهاية فترة الاستثمار الوطني، لوحظت تغييرات كبيرة.

"poverty level, 1970 and 1990"

التجربة الماليزية في التنمية العلمية

ماليزيا لديها تاريخ طويل من الإصلاح التعليمي. وقبل اإلستراتيجية األخيرة لإلصالح) 2020 (، كانت هناك العديد من اإلصالحات في سياستها التعليمية وتشريعاتها التعليمية. وقد صدرت عدة تقارير ومشاريع إصلاح منذ العصر الاستعماري، مثل مشروع ششيسمن (1945-1949)، وقانون وين-وو، وتقرير العام (1954)، ورازيك (1959)، الذي أحدث إصلاح التعليم في فإن نظام التعليم الماليزي الذي أدرج في خطته الأخيرة (2020) هو أهم إصلاحات التعليم في القرن العشرين، والتي تطمح إلى إنشاء نظام تعليمي عالمي المستوى يلبي متطلبات وتطلعات الشعب الماليزي، مما يجعل التعليم قطاع إنتاجي إبداعي لكثير من جيل والوصول في ماليزيا لمجتمع المعلومات. تعد ماليزيا من أهم الدول الإسلامية في شرق اسيا والبلاد منذ عام 1970 وتعمل في مرحلة متقدمة لتحسين الوضع العام في البلاد وخاصة الاقتصاد. وقد عملت من خلال خطط خمسية متتالية لرفع مستوى معيشة المجتمع، حيث ما يقرب من 70٪ وخاصة الماليزيين الذين يمثلون غالبية سكان ماليزيا. مع العمل المتواصل، وصلت ماليزيا إلى الحلم الذي ساهم في المشكلة الاقتصادية للمجتمع من خلال توسيع قطاع الصناعة، وفتح مجالات واسعة من الاستثمار الأجنبي، وخلق المزيد من فرص العمل وتحقيق مستوى جيد من الدخل. اليوم، أصبحت ماليزيا رائدة عالميا، وقد اجتذبت العلماء والباحثين البارزين في مجال الأعمال المصرفية في العالم من خلال العمل في ماليزيا أو من خلال تقديم تجاربهم من خلال المؤتمرات وورش العمل والمحاضرات أو المشاورات للمساهمة في نهضة هذا القطاع.

مراجع

اقتصاد ماليزيا

نهضة ماليزية


An Phreatia pholidotoides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Phreatia pholidotoides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phreatia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Phreatia

Phreatia pholidotoides


The Gentleman Spot er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2013 instrueret af Jacob Daniel Mortensen efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Centralt placeret i Aarhus på M.P. Bruuns Gade ved siden af banegården ligger et parkour spot kaldet The Gentleman Spot. Gennem speaks og interviews undersøger filmen, hvilket forhold almindelige mennesker kontra parkourudøvere har til dette sted.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2013

The Gentleman Spot


Üstbiliş, en kısa tanımıyla, kişinin kendi düşünme süreçlerinin farkında olması ve bu süreçleri kontrol edebilmesi anlamına gelir. 1976 yılında çocukların ileri bellek yetenekleri konusunda yaptığı bir araştırmada ilk kez üstbellek (İngilizce: Metamemory ) terimini kullanmış ve bu kavramı literatüre kazandırmıştır. 1979 yılında çalışmalarını geliştiren Flavell, üstbilişi (İngilizce: Metacognition ) de içerecek biçimde, kuramını yeniden yapılandırmıştır. Üstbiliş, çeşitli kaynaklarda bireyin kendi bilişsel süreçlerini kontrol edebilme ve yönlendirebilme yeterliliği; bireyin problem çözmesinde planlama, izleme ve değerlendirmenin kullanıldığı yüksek düzeyde bir yönetsel süreç; bilişsel aktivitenin anlaşılması ve kontrol edilmesi; bilişi etkileyen faktörlerin anlaşılması ve küçük modeller eşliğinde bilişin izlenip kontrol edilmesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır.

Biliş ve Üstbiliş

Üstbilişin bilişten farkı, üstbilişte bilişin farkında olunması ve durumlara uygun biçimde kullanılabilmesidir. Bilişsel öğretim, durumlara özel stratejilerin kazandırılmasına ağırlık verirken; üstbiliş, öğretimi bu süreci izleme ve kontrol edebilme becerilerinin öğretimi üzerine odaklanır.

Üstbiliş ve biliş kontrolünü dörtlü bir sınıflama yaparak modellemiştir. Bunlar: Üstbilişsel bilgi, üstbilişsel deneyim, hedefler ve stratejilerdir. Modern çalışmalarda, üstbilişin iki ana başlıkta ele alındığı gözlenmektedir: Üstbilişsel bilgi ve üstbilişsel kontrol. Üstbilişin bu iki ana kolu ve alt dalları, aşağıda gösterilmiştir:

Üstbilişsel Bilgi

Üstbilişsel bilgiyi (İngilizce: Metacognitive knowledge); yordam bilgisi, bildirimsel bilgi ve her ikisi (duruma dayalı bilgi) olmak üzere üçe ayırmıştır. Üstbilişsel bilginin bu üç aşaması, aşağıda açıklanmıştır.

 Yordam bilgisi (İngilizce: Procedural knowledge ): Bir işin ya da görevin başarıyla nasıl sonuçlandırılacağını; nasıl yapılacağını bilmektir. Bir üçgenin alanının nasıl hesaplanacağını bilmek, yordam bilgisine örnek olarak verilebilir. Ancak unutulmamalıdır ki yordam bilgisi bir işi yapmayı değil, sadece işin nasıl yapılacağını bilmeyi ifade eder.
 Bildirimsel bilgi (İngilizce: Declarative knowledge ): Bildirimsel bilgi ise bireyin söz konusu işi ya da görevi kendisinin yapıp yapamayacağını bilmesini ifade eder. Bildirimsel bilgi, bireyin kendi sahip olduğu yeterlilikler hakkındaki bilgisidir. Örneğin bir matematik problemini çözmek için belirli bir stratejiyi uygulayıp uygulayamayacağını; bir üçgenin alanını hesaplayıp hesaplayamayacağını bilmek.
 Duruma dayalı bilgi (İngilizce: Conditional knowledge): Bireyin karşılaştığı bir durumda hangi bilgiyi işlevsel olarak kullanabileceğini bilmesini; diğer bir deyişle hangi durumda ne yapacağını bilmesini gerektirir. Bireyin, yordam bilgisi ve bildirimsel bilginin her ikisine birden sahip olmasını da beraberinde getirir. Yani, duruma bağlı bilgide bireyin; bir işin hem nasıl yapılacağını, hem kendisinin yapıp yapamayacağını hem de hangi durumda ne yapacağını bilmesi gerekir. Üstbilişsel bilginin bu düzeyi Flavell tarafından yordam bilgisi ve bildirimsel bilginin ikisinin birden bulunduğu bir düzey olarak adlandırılmıştır. Ancak Brown'ın, Flavell'in modellemesine katkıda bulunarak bu düzey için, duruma bağlı bilgi kavramını kullandığı görülmektedir. Brown tarafından İngilizce "conditional knowledge" olarak belirtilen bu beceri, Türkçede zamana-duruma bağlı/dayalı bilgi anlamında "duruma dayalı bilgi" ya da "durum bilgisi" olarak adlandırılabilir.

Diğer yandan Flavell, bu yapıyı daha detaylı açıklayabilmek için üstbilişsel bilgiyi etkileyen bazı değişkenler de belirlemiştir. Bunlar: Birey değişkenleri, görev değişkenleri ve strateji değişkenleri şeklinde sınıflandırılmıştır. Kendi içlerinde de alt kategorilere ayrılan bu yapı, aşağıda ayrıntılı biçimde açıklanmıştır:

 Birey değişkenleri (İngilizce: Person variables): Bireyin, insanların birer bilgi işlemci olduklarını kabul etmesi ve insan sisteminin sınırlarını bilme yeteneği anlamına gelir. Bireyler, birer "bilişsel organizma" olarak kabul edilir. Bu kategorinin altında Flavell, üç alt kategori listelemiştir: Birey içi (İngilizce: Within person), bireyler arası (İngilizce: Between person) ve bilişsel genellemeler (İngilizce: Cognitive universals).
 Birey içi: Kişilerin kendileri ile ilgili sahip oldukları bilgiyi tanımlar. Örneğin, bir kişi hatırlama açısından kendisinin başkalarından daha yetenekli olduğunu hissedebilir.
 Bireyler arası: Kişinin başkalarının becerileri hakkında sahip olduğu bilgiyi tanımlar. Örneğin, bir öğrenci sınıftaki bir arkadaşının diğer öğrencilere nazaran matematiğe daha meyilli olduğunu düşünebilir.
 Bilişsel genellemeler: Bilişsel genellemeler (ya da evrenseller) alt kategorisi, bütün insanların sahip olduğu bilişsel özellikler hakkındaki bilgidir. Bilişsel genellemeler değişkenine örnek olarak bir bireyin bütün bireylerin sahip olduğu kısa süreli belleğin sınırlı olduğunu anlaması; ya da normal bir insanın bilişsel kapasitesinin sınırlarını kestirebilmesi verilebilir.
 Görev değişkenleri (İngilizce: task variables): Bireyin, karşılaştığı durumun doğası ve belirli bir işin (görevin) gerektirdikleri hakkında sahip olduğu bilgiyi göstermektedir. Karşılaşılan durumun doğası; bilginin niteliği, niceliği ve kişinin bir bilgiyi işleme becerisi hakkında sahip olduğu bilgiyi ifade eder. Uzun ve karmaşık cümleleri hatırlamanın zor olduğunu bilmek, buna örnek verilebilir. Diğer taraftan görev değişkenleri, belirli bir işin zorluğu ya da gerektirdikleri hakkında bilgi sahibi olmayı da içerir. Bunun anlamı, bireyin her farklı görevin farklı zihinsel işlemler gerektirebileceğinin farkında olmasıdır.
 Strateji değişkenleri (İngilizce: strategy variables): Bireyin, bir problemi çözmekte ya da bir görevi yerine getirmekte kullanabileceği stratejiler hakkındaki bilgisidir. Bu değişken, örneğin bir telefon numarasını ezberlemek için kullanılan ya da başvurulan stratejilerde gözlenebilir: Bir kişi genellikle numarayı yazar, daha sonra tekrarlar ya da numarayı hatırlaması daha kolay parçalara böler.

Özetle, üstbilişsel bilgi; bir durumda bireyin kendi zihinsel kaynaklarında sahip olduğu bilgi ve inançlara, ne yapabileceğinin farkında olmasına işaret etmektedir. Üstbilişsel bilgi, bireyin kendi bilişsel yetenekleri (örneğin, belleğinin kötü olduğunu söyleyebilmesi); bilişsel stratejileri (örneğin, telefon numaralarını daha kolay hatırlamak için kendince yöntemler geliştirmesi) ve hangi durumda ne yapacağını bilme (örneğin, sınıflandırılmış bilgilerin daha kolay hatırlanabileceğini bilmesi) gibi bilgilere sahip olmasıdır. Böyle bir özbilgi, önceki deneyimlerden de etkilenerek, bireyin davranışlarında önemli bir etkiye sahip olacaktır. Ancak, üstbiliş; bireyin yukarıda açıklanan bilgilerinin yanında, bu bilgileri etkili olarak kullanmasını da gerektirir. Üstbilişsel bilgileri kullanabilme yeteneği ise, üstbilişsel kontrol olarak adlandırılır.

Üstbilişsel Kontrol

Üstbilişsel stratejiler olarak da adlandırılan üstbilişsel kontrol (İngilizce: Metacognitive control), üstbiliş süreçlerinde başı çeken zihinsel işlemlerden oluşur ve üstbilişsel bilgiyi bilişsel amaçlara ulaştırabilmek için stratejik biçimde kullanabilme yeteneği olarak açıklanabilir. Bu nedenle; üstbiliş alanında yapılan pek çok araştırma, bu stratejiler üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Çünkü, bilişi düzenleme ve kontrol edebilme yeteneği, bireylerin bilgiyi esnek ve gerektiğinde durumlara uygun biçimde kullanabilmelerine olanak sağlar. Literatür, dört üstbiliş becerisi üzerine yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bunlar:

 Tahmin (İngilizce: Prediction)
 Planlama (İngilizce: Planning)
 İzleme (İngilizce: Monitoring)
 Değerlendirme (İngilizce: Evaluation)

Birey yeni bir problemle karşılaştığında, yukarıda sözü edilen üstbiliş stratejileri, başarılı bir sonuca ulaşmada önemli rol oynar. Bu stratejiler yoluyla birey başarılı olup olamayacağını değerlendirir; görevi hangi adımlarla tamamlayacağına karar verir; işlemlerinin nasıl ilerlediğine dikkat eder ve o sırada edindiği tecrübeleri sonraki işlemlere transfer eder.

Üstbilişsel kontrol becerilerinden birisi olan tahmin, öğrenciyi öğrenme sürecinin hedefleri, sürecin ne kadar zaman alacağı ve sonuçları hakkında düşünmeye yönlendirir. Ayrıca öğrenciler karşılaştıkları durumun zorluk derecesini tahmin edebilir ve bu tahminlerine bağlı olarak beklentilerini düzenleyebilirler. Belirli bir işten önce yapılan ve tetiklenen tahminlerin bilişi etkilediğini belirtmektedir. Tahmin etme becerisi öğrencilere karşılaştıkları görevlerin ya da durumların zorluklarını önceden görebilmelerini sağlarken bununla birlikte görevin zor ya da kolay olmasına göre o görev üzerinde çalışma biçimlerini (hızlı ya da yavaş) ayarlama imkânı da verir.

Deneyimler, üstbilişsel kontrolün gelişimine ve üstbiliş stratejilerinin kullanımına katkı sağlar. Üstbiliş stratejileri, bireyin bilişsel etkinlikleri kullandığı ardışık süreçlerdir. Bu süreçler, öğrenmeyi düzenleme ve denetlemeye yardımcı olurken bilişsel etkinlikleri planlamayı ve izlemeyi de içerir. Aynı zamanda bilişsel etkinliklerin kazanımlarını kontrol etmeyi de beraberinde getirir. Örneğin, bir paragraf metni okuduktan sonra; bir öğrenci, paragrafta tartışılan kavramları kendisine sorabilir. Burada; öğrencinin bilişsel hedefi, metni anlamaktır. Eğer, öğrenci kendi sorularına cevap veremezse ya da okuduğu metni anlamadıysa, bilişsel hedefe nasıl ulaşacağına karar vermek durumunda kalacaktır. Bu durumda metne geri dönüp tekrar okumaya karar verebilir. İkinci kez okuduğunda sorularına cevap verebiliyorsa, kendine sorma stratejisini kullanarak hedefine ulaşmış olacaktır. Ayrıca bu süreç boyunca öğrenci kendine şu soruları sorabilir:

 Planlarken: "Bu konuda hangi bilgi bana yardımcı olabilir?", "İlk olarak ne yapmalıyım?", "Bunu neden okuyorum?"
 Uygularken: "Doğru ilerliyor muyum?", "Bundan sonra ne yapmalıyım?", "Neyi değiştirmeliyim?"
 Değerlendirirken: "Her şeyi doğru yaptım mı?", "Bu yaptığım işten ne öğrendim?"

Bilişsel Gelişim Bakımından Üstbiliş

Genel olarak çocuklarda üstbiliş yaşla birlikte gelişir ve bu gelişim aynı zamanda zihinsel davranışlardaki yaşa bağlı gelişme ile ilgilidir. Ancak, üstbiliş becerilerinin kazanılmasında öğretimin etkisinin, olgunlaşmanın etkisinden daha fazla olduğu belirtilmektedir. Araştırmacılar üstbilişin çocuklarda var olduğunu belirtirken; diğer yandan çocuklarda üstbiliş öğretiminin etkisi araştırılırken bilişsel gelişim düzeyinin de göz önüne alınması gerektiğini vurgulamışlardır.

Jean Piaget, bilişsel gelişim evrelerini (Piaget teorisi) açıklarken, 7-12 yaş arasını somut işlemler; 12 yaş ve sonrasını ise, soyut işlemler evresi olarak adlandırmıştır. Piaget'e göre somut işlemler evresinde çocuklar kurgulanmış problem durumlarında alternatif çözümler üretebilirken; soyut işlemler evresinde, çok yönlü, soyut ve analitik düşünebilme yeteneğine ulaşırlar. Bu evrede çocuklar bir problemi çözmek için farklı denenceler kurabilir ve bunların her birini test ederek doğru çözüme erişebilirler. Başka bir deyişle bu evrede çocuğun mantık örüntüsü ve düşünme sistematiği, bir yetişkininki kadar gelişmiş durumdadır.

Üstbiliş stratejilerinin kullanımı genel olarak üç döneme ayrılır. Bu dönemlerden birincisi, ilk beş yaşı kapsayan, stratejilerin hiç kullanılamadığı ve öğretilemediği aşamadır. Yaklaşık olarak 6-9 yaş aralığını kapsayan ikinci dönemde stratejiler kullanılabilir fakat üretilemez. Üçüncü aşama ise yaklaşık dördüncü sınıf düzeyinde oluşmaya başlar. Bu aşamada çocuk stratejiyi anlayabilir ve uygun stratejiyi kendiliğinden kullanabilir. Üstbiliş yeteneklerindeki bireysel farklılıklar ise, biyolojik sebepler ve yaşantı farklılıkları nedeniyle oluşmaktadır. Üstbilişsel düşünme gelişimini dört düzeye ayırmıştır:

 Sessiz kullanım: Birey verdiği kararları söyleyebilir, bunu düşünmeden yapar.
 Farkında olarak kullanım: Birey bilinçli olarak düşünebilir, nedenini sorgulayabilir.
 Stratejik kullanım: Birey düşüncelerini daha etkili hale getirmek için bilinçli olarak seçtiği özel stratejiler kullanabilir.
 Yansıtıcı kullanım: Daha önceki deneyimleriyle ilişkiler kurar, sürecin başında, sonunda ya da ortasında düşüncelerinin doğruluğunu sorgulayabilir.

Üstbilişin gelişimi incelenirken dikkat edilmesi gereken başlıca unsurlardan birisi, çocukların düşünme, unutma, bilme gibi bazı önemli zihinsel fiilleri hangi yaşlardan itibaren bildikleridir. Özellikle bildirimsel bilginin gelişimi için temel ön koşul, yukarıda sayılan düşünme, unutma, hatırlama, bilme gibi zihinsel fiillerin anlaşılmasıdır. Zihinsel fiiller, zihinsel durumlara dört yaştan itibaren doğru bir şekilde uygulanabilmektedir. Diğer yandan yaş ilerledikçe bu fiillerin kullanımındaki uygunluğun da doğru orantılı olarak arttığı belirtilmektedir. Çocukların okula başlamasıyla birlikte üstbiliş becerilerindeki gelişim de hızlanır. Deneysel kanıtlar, bu becerilerin okul öncesi çocuklarda var olduğunu ve ilköğretim boyunca hızla arttığını göstermektedir.

Üstbilişin Öğretimi

Üstbilişin öğretimi, bireyin kendi bilişsel süreçlerinin nasıl işlediğini anladığında; bu süreçleri denetleyebileceği ve daha nitelikli bir öğrenme için bu süreçleri yeniden düzenleyerek daha etkili kullanabileceği varsayımına dayanmaktadır. Yapılan pek çok araştırmada bu varsayımı doğrular biçimde; üstbilişin, çocukların ve yetişkinlerin eğitiminde önemli yeri bulunduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Üstbiliş, bireyin kendi zihinsel faaliyetleri üzerinde tahmin etme, plan yapma, izleme ve değerlendirme gibi yeteneklerini kapsar (Brown, 1980). Drmrod'a (1990) göre bu yeteneklere sahip olan bir öğrencinin ise aşağıdaki davranışları göstermesi beklenir:

 Kendi öğrenme sürecinin, belleğinin ve hangi öğrenme görevlerinin tamamlanması gerektiğinin farkında olması,
 Hangi öğrenme yönteminin etkili, hangilerinin etkisiz olduğunu bilmesi,
 Karşılaştığı bir görev için başarılı olacağını düşündüğü bir yaklaşım planlaması,
 Öğrenme stratejilerini etkili biçimde kullanması,
 O anki öğrenme durumunu izleyebilmesi, bilgiyi başarılı bir şekilde öğrenip öğrenmediğini bilmesi,
 Daha önce depolanmış bilginin geri çağrılması için etkili yöntemleri bilmesi.

Dış Bağlantılar
 International Association for Metacognition

Kaynakça

Açıklama
İngilizce metacognition terimine ve ilgili terimlere kullanılan Türkçe karşılıklar, Türk Dil Kurumu'nun 22.08.2005/ B.02.0.TDK.1005-430;
17.08.2006/ B.02.1.TDK.5.1005-430 sayılı önerileri doğrultusunda kullanılmıştır.

Bilişsel bilim
Eğitim psikolojisi
Eğitim teknolojisi

Üstbiliş


18649 Fabrega este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
18649 Fabrega este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Caussols, în cadrul proiectului ODAS. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,78 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 8,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 18001-19000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

18649 Fabrega


Pobuna u Vendeji je ustanak protiv republikanske vlasti u doba Francuske revolucije, koji je u pokrajini Vendeji trajao od 1793. do 1796. godine. Tu se dogodila najveća pobuna (kontrarevolucija) protiv nove republike. Radi gušenja te revolucije, republikanske snage su - prema različitim povjesničarima - pobile vjerojatno oko 170.000 stanovnika Vendeje, tj. približno petinu ukupnog stanovništva.

U Vendeji je odanost Katoličkoj crkvi - koju su jakobinske revolucionarne vlasti progonile - bila izrazita, a izgleda da u narodu nije bila raširena niti mržnja prema plemstvu, koja je u mnogim drugim dijelovima Francuske bila snažno ukorijenjena. Kada su vlasti Republike krenule 1793. godine regrutirati lokalne mladiće, mnogi su se odbili odazvati na mobilizaciju, te je nastala pobuna. Pobunjenici su razoružali relativno malobrojnu vojsku, te pobili više stotina pripadnika omrznute jakobinske vlasti, koje su do tada provodile revolucionarni teror. Za vodstvo su se obratili vendejskim plemićima, koji su ih pristali voditi. Vodstvu ustanka pridružio se i jedan broj katoličkih svećenika, koji su do tada morali ilegalno služiti katoličku misu, pod prijetnjom smrtne kazne koju im je bio namijenio zakon Republike. Svoje postrojbe su ustanici prozvali Kraljevska i katolička vojska, koja je osim slabo naoružanih i slabo uvježbanih pješaka imala oko 2.000 konjanika i nekoliko topova. Pobunjenici su uglavnom djelovali na gerilski način.

Republika je u Vendeju poslala oko 45.000 vojnika iz tek unovačenih postrojbi, koje nisu bile niti dobro organizirane, niti dobro opremljene. Prehrana republikanske vojske je također bila slaba. Ta je vojska uspjela zauzeti gradove, ali nad ruralnim područjem nisu uspijevali uspostaviti kontrolu. 19. ožujka je došlo do prvog većeg sukoba, gdje su nakon 6 sati pobunjenici razbili oko 2.000 republikanskih vojnika. Sljedeći veći poraz je vojska Republike pretrpjela već 22. ožujka, izgubivši pritom dosta oružja i oprema.

Od kolovoza 1793. Republika šalje pojačanja svojim snagama u Vendeji, a pobunjenici ni nakon dugog iščekivanja nisu dočekali pravu pomoć iz Engleske, odakle su im trebale doći uvježbane snage francuskih rojalističkih emigranata.

Nakon što su 17. listopada 1793. pretrpjeli prvi značajni poraz od republikanskih snaga, glavnina ustanika - oko 25.000 ljudi - se okupila uz obalu, kako bi poslužili kao mostobran za očekivano iskrcavanje snaga iz Velike Britanije. Snage Republike su se tu sukobile s ustanicima, nanijevši im odlučujući poraz. 23. prosinca 1793. propada zadnji pokušaj ustanika da se sukobe s većim snagama središnje vlasti, koje nakon toga masovno ubijaju zarobljene ustanike, ali i civile, pa i djecu.

Sporadični gerilski sukobi su potrajali do svibnja 1795. godine. Naposljetku se uspješnom pokazala "taktika" paljenja kuća obiteljima iz kojih su dolazili gerilci: dotadašnje masovno strijeljanje zarobljenih gerilaca u grupama od po 30-40 nije bilo dovoljno obeshrabrilo pobunu.

Povezani članci
 Francuska revolucija

Izvori

Francuska revolucija
Povijest Francuske
Francuska vojna povijest
Francusko plemstvo

Pobuna u Vendeji