Santa Marta de Portuzelo Portekiz'de Viana do Castelo belediyesine bağlı olan, 6,72 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 3.809 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Viana do Castelo

Santa Marta de Portuzelo


Karacaören, Samsun ilinin Salıpazarı ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
1. Dünya Savaşı'dan önce yörede Türk köylerinin yanında Rum, Ermeni ve Gürcü halkın yaşadığı bilinmektedir.Türk ve Gürcü halkının başarılı mücadelesi sonucu Rumlar ve Ermeniler civarı terk etmek zorunda kalmıştır.Mahallede önemli bir tarihi eser bulunmamaktadır.Bu da gösteriyor ki savaştan önceki yüzyıllarda bölgede yerleşik yaşam tam olarak gelişmemişti veya yerleşk yaşam olumuş olsa bile halkın ekonomik yapısı buna elverişli değildi. (Bu bilgiler varsayımdır. Savaştan önce bölgenin durumuyla ilgili kesin bilgiler bulunmamaktadır.) Mahallenin eski adı Karaca Viran'dır.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 61 km, Salıpazarı ilçesine 11 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Salıpazarı'nın mahalleleri

Karacaören, Salıpazarı


Kamança veya kamançe (Azerice: kamança, ), Azerbaycan, İran ve Türkiye'nin Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde çalınan bir tür yaylı telli çalgıdır.

Kaynakça

Yaylı çalgılar
Azerbaycan halk müziği çalgıları
İran halk müziği çalgıları

Kamança


Le bunny hug est une danse pratiquée par les jeunes au début du  siècle. On pense qu'elle est née à San Francisco, en Californie, dans les salles de danse de la côte Barbary avec le Texas Tommy et certaines danses animales telles que le  et le pas de l'ours.

Histoire

Le bunny hug a son pic de popularité de 1901 à 1910. Cette danse a été interprétée sur la musique des grands compositeurs de ragtime américains. Le bunny hug, comme d'autres danses dites « animales », a provoqué beaucoup de tumulte dans la haute société.

Dans la culture populaire
 Une chanson sous le titre « The Bunny Hug » avec sous-titre « the Craze of the Day », composée par Harry von Tilzer avec des paroles de , est sortie en 1912.
 Le court métrage comique Vitagraph de 1913  présente des scènes du comédien John Bunny interprétant le Bunny Hug ; le film est également sorti sous le titre Bunny and the Bunny Hug.
 Un cocktail est nommé  en référence à la danse.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Nouveauté en 1911
Genre de danse
Danse aux États-Unis
Danse nommée d'après un animal

Bunny hug


බුරුමය වඩු කාර්මිකයින් විසින් ලී සිදුරු කිරීම සඳහා යොදා ගනු ලබන උපකරණයයි. තාක්ෂණික දියුණුව සමග විදුලි බලයෙන් ක්‍රියාකරන බුරුම වර්තමානයේ භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ.

බුරුමය (උපකරණය)


සූරියකන්ද සමූහ මිනී වල යනු  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඇඹිලිපිටිය මහා විද්‍යාලයයේ සිසු දරුවන් ඝාතනය කොට සමූහ වශයෙන් වල දමා තිබූ මිනී වලයි. මෙම පාසල් සිසු දරුවන් මරා දමා වල දමා තිබූයේ,  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ  දෙවන ජ.වි.පෙ. කැරැල්ල අතරතුරදී,  කැරැල්ල මැඩපැවැත්වීමේ පියවරක් ලෙසට හුවා දක්වමිනි. මෙම ස්ථානයේ සිරුරු 300කට වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් වල දමා තිබූ බවට කියැවේ. සමූහ මිනී වල සොයා ගන්නා ලද්දේ  1994 දීය. මෙම මීනී වල සම්බන්ධයෙන්   අධිකරණ වෛද්‍ය පරීක්ෂණයක් පවත්වා අනිර්දිෂ්ට (හෙළිනොකල) සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිරුරු ගොඩ ගත් බවට  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජය විසින් අවසන් වරට 1996 දී වාර්තා කොට ඇත.  දේශීය මාධ්‍ය, රානොසං කණ්ඩායම් හා  එජ රාජ්‍ය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව එක හෙලා ප්‍රකාශ කොට සිටියේ පරික්ෂණ කටයුතු සාර්ථකව සිදු නොවූ බවයි.

පසුබිම

1987 සිට 1989 දක්වා කාල සීමාවෙහිදී, උතුරු කරයෙහි දෙමළ අර්බුදය උග්‍ර අතට හැරී තිබූ කල, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ (ජ.වි.පෙ.) පක්ෂයෙහි මතවාදයෙහි හා ඉලක්කයන්හි පැහැදිලිව දිස්වූ වෙනස්කම් ඇති විය. මාක්ස්වාදී සංවිධානයක සිට, දෙමළ කැරැල්ල හා සමග කිසිම ආකාරයක සම්මුතිමය විසඳුමකට එ‌ළඹීමකට විරුද්ධ, සිංහල දේශාභිමානී සංවිධානයක් බවට එය සංක්‍රමණය විය. 1983 ජූලි දෙමළ-විරෝධී කෝලහාලයන්හි භූමිකාව පිළිබඳ ඉදිරිපත්වූ චෝදනා හේතුවෙන්, එය තහනම් කරනු ලදුව එහි නායකත්වය  පලාගොත් සැඟවී ගත්හ.

වාර්ගික අර්බුදය විසඳනු වස්, 1987 දෙවන භාගයෙහිදී  ඉන්දු-ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගිවිසුමට එළඹි  සමයෙහි, එකල පැවැති රජයට එරෙහිව මෙම කණ්ඩායමයෙහි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් උත්සන්න කරන ලදි. 1987දී ජ.වි.පෙ. අංකුරයක් ලෙස නව කණ්ඩායමක් පැන නැගුනේ, දේශප්‍රේමී ජනතා ව්‍යාපාරය (දේ.ජ.ව්‍යා.) නමිනි. 1987 අගෝස්තු  මසදී ජනාධිපති  ප්‍රේමදාස හා  අගමැති වරයා ඝාතන තැත් පිළිබඳ වගකීම දේ.ජ.ව්‍යා. විසින් භාර ගන්නා ලදි. මෙයට අමතරව, මෙම කණ්ඩායම විසින් පාලක  එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය (එ.ජ.පෙ.) ට එරෙහිව භීෂණ ව්‍යාපාරයක් දියත් කරමින්, 1987 ජූලි මස හා නොවැම්බර මස අතර කාලය තුලදී පමණක්,  පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් හැත්තෑ දෙනෙකුට වැඩි ගණනක් මරා දැමීය.

ජ.වි.පෙ. එහි බල පරාක්‍රමය අධි-තක්සේරුවකට ලක් කරගනිමින්, හොට බිම ඇණ ගත්තේ, දේ.ජ.ව්‍යා. ඔස්සේ , හමුදා සාමාජීකයන්ගේ පවුල් වල සාමාජීකයන් ඝාතනයට අණ දීමෙනි. එය වෙත හමුදාවන්හී පහළ ස්ථර දිගුකර තිබූ,  කුඩා එහෙත් වැදගත් සහයෝගීතා හස්තය මෙයින් විනාශයට පත්වූ අතර, රජය විසින් දියත් කල භීෂණ ව්‍යාපාරයෙහි යුක්තිගරුක බව හුවා දැක්වීමට මෙයින් ඉඩ සැලසිනි. ජ.වි.පෙ. ආධාරකරුවන් යැයි සැලකුණු පාසල් සිසු දරුවන් වෙත,  වධහිංසාව හා සමූහ ඝාතන ඇතුළු  විවිධාකාර ක්‍රෑරතා,  රජය විසින් පමුණුවන ලදි.

විමර්ශනය
1994දී , සමූහ මිනී වලවල් පිළිබඳව, එක්සත් ජාතීන් (එ.ජා.) සංවිධානයෙහි විමසීමකින් අනතුරුව රජය වාර්තා කලේ,   1994 සැප්තැම්බර 14 දිනදී, මහාධිකරණයෙහි අධීක්ෂණය යටතේ මිනී වලවල්  කැණ, අනිර්දිෂ්ට (හෙළිනොකල) සංඛ්‍යාවක් ඇටසැකිලි නෂ්ටාවශේෂ සොයාගැනීමට කටයුතු කල බවටයි.

යථා යෝග්‍ය හා විද්‍යාත්මක කැණීමක් සිදුකෙරෙන බව සහතික කොට, තවදුරටත් මල සිරුරු සොයා‍ගැනීම හා හඳුනාගැනීම  සඳහා  පිටිවහල් වීමටද, සූරියකන්දෙහි ඔවුන් වල දැමුවේ කුමන වාතාවරණයක් මධ්‍යයෙහිද යන්න සොයා ගැනීමටද, අධිකරණ වෛද්‍ය, විමර්ශන හා නීති ප්‍රවීණයින් කණ්ඩායමක්, අධිකරණයට සහය වූ බවද මෙම වාර්තාව තවදුරටත් දැක්වීය. 1989 දී පොලීසිය විසින් මරා දමන ලද 36 දෙනෙකුගේ සිරුරු අඩංගුව තිබිය හැකි අංකුඹුර ඇතුළු අළුතින් සොයාගත් සොහොන් පිටි පිරික්සා බැලීම ඇරඹූ බවද, රජය වාර්තා කලේය  .

පසු විපරම
දි අයිලන්ඩ් හා සන්ඩේ ටයිම්ස් ඇතුළු සංගණ්‍ය දේශීය පුවත්පත් සිය ලිපි තුලින් හුවා දක්වා සිටියේ,   පොදු ජන එක්සත් පෙරමුණු පක්ෂය 1993දී බලයට පත්වීමට පෙර, එක්සත් ජාතික  පක්ෂය (එ.ජා.ප.) පාලනයෙහිදී පෙර 18 වසර තුලදී සිදු කලා යැයි පැවසෙන, සූරියකන්ද සමූහ මිනී වල ඇතුළු  ප්‍රොක්ත දාමරික ක්‍රියා,  විමර්ශනය කරන බවට ප්‍රතිඥා දුන් නමුදු, ගත යුත්තක් ඉටු නොවූ බවය. තවත් වාර්තාවක් පෙන්වා දුන්නේ, මෙම අපරාධය සිදු කිරීම පිලිබඳ අධිචෝදනා ලබා සිටි නිලධාරින්,  කැරලිකාර දෙමල ඊලාම් විමුක්ති කොටි (දෙ.ඊ.වි.කො) සංවිධානය සමග එදිරිවාදිකම් ඇරඹුනු සැණින්,  ගෞරව බුහුමාන සහිතව නිදහස ලැබූ බවය.

විශිෂ්ඨ ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිවේදී නීලන් තිරුචෙල්වම්, කොළඹ-අයි.සී.ඊ.එස් හිදී දේශනයක් පවත්වමින් කියා සිටියේ, සතුරුකොන්දන්, නැගෙනහිර විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයය, මයිලතන්නි ආදියෙහි බොහෝ දරුවන් ද ඇතුළුව, සිවිල් ජනයා සමූලඝාතන හා අතුරුදහන්වීම් හා සූරියකන්දෙහි පාසල් සිසු දරුවන් සමූහ ඝාතනය හා වල දැමීම  පිළිබඳ සුදුසු පරික්ෂණ අඩපණ වී ඇත්තේ හදිසි රෙගුලාසි පරිහරණය කිරීම හේතුවෙන් වරදන්ට නියමාකාරයෙන් දුර්විපාක නොලැබීමේ පටිපාටියක් නිර්මිත වීම නිසා බවයි. මෙම සිද්ධීන් පිළිබඳ අපක්ෂපාතී පරීක්ෂණයක් පැවැත්විය හැකි වන පරිදි  හදිසි රෙගුලාසි සම්පූර්ණ වශයෙන් නෙහැකි නම් අඩ වශයෙන් හෝ අහෝසි කිරීම  සිදු කරන ලෙස හේ ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.

1996 හා 1998 දී එක්සත් ජනපද රාජ්‍ය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සටහන් කලේ, සූරියකන්ද, අංකුඹුර හා නිකවැරටිය සමූහ මිනී වලවල් පිළිබඳ විමර්ශනයන්හි, සැලකියයුතු ප්‍රගමනයක්  දැක්වීමට,  ශ්‍රී ලාංකික රජය විසින් අසමත් වී ඇති බවයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

මෙයද බලන්න
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි අනෙකුත් සංගණ්‍ය සමූහ මිනී වලවල්
චෙම්මනි සමූහ මිනී වල
මිරුසුවිල් සමූහ මිනී වල
දුරෙයිඅප්පා  ක්‍රීඩාංගන  සමූහ මිනී වල

බාහිර සබැඳි
සයිබර්ස්පේස් ග්‍රේව්යාඩ් ෆො ඩිසැපියර්ඩ් පර්සන්ස්
ශ්‍රී ලංකා පොලිටිකල් ඇන්ඩ් හියුමන් රයිට්ස් අප්ඩේට් අගෝස්තු  1996
මැනේජ්මන්ට් ඔෆ් ඩෙඩ් බොඩීස්
අපරාධ - ශ්‍රී ලංකා
මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් පැහැරහැරීම් - ශ්‍රී ලංකා
සමූහ මිනී වලවල්

සූරියකන්ද සමූහ මීනී වල


Arthur Herman Bremer (; born August 21, 1950) is an American convicted criminal who attempted to assassinate U.S. Democratic presidential candidate George Wallace on May 15, 1972, in Laurel, Maryland, which left Wallace permanently paralyzed from the waist down. Bremer was found guilty and sentenced to 63 years (53 years after an appeal) in a Maryland prison for the shooting of Wallace and three bystanders. After 35 years of incarceration, Bremer was released from prison on November 9, 2007.

Early life
Bremer was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the third of four sons to William and Sylvia Bremer. He was raised by his working-class parents on the south side of Milwaukee and lived in a dysfunctional household. Bremer stated "I would escape my ugly reality by pretending that I was living with a television family and there was no yelling at home or no one to hit me."

Bremer did not make friends in school, where he was shunned and ostracized. Despite his problems, he graduated from South Division High School in January 1969.

After graduating from high school, Bremer briefly attended Milwaukee Area Technical College, studying aerial photography, art, writing, and psychology, but dropped out after one semester.

Life before assassination plots
Bremer was employed as a busboy at the Milwaukee Athletic Club from March 1969. In 1971, Bremer was demoted to kitchen work after customers complained that he talked to himself and that "he whistled and marched in tune with music played in the dining room." Angered by his demotion, Bremer complained to the program planner for the Milwaukee Commission on Community Relations. The complaint was investigated and dismissed. Bremer quit his job at the Athletic Club on February 16, 1972.

On September 1, 1970, Bremer got a part-time job working as a janitor at Story Elementary School, which he quit after almost 18 months, on January 31, 1972.

On October 16, 1971, Bremer moved from his parents' house after an argument and moved into a three-room one-bedroom apartment near Marquette University, where he lived until May 9, 1972.

Late on the night of November 18, 1971, Bremer was arrested for carrying a concealed weapon and for parking in a no-parking zone. A court-appointed psychiatrist declared Bremer mentally ill, yet stable enough to continue to live in the community. Bremer was released after paying a $38.50 fine.

On December 8, 1971, Bremer pleaded guilty to disorderly conduct.

On January 13, 1972, Bremer went into the Casanova Gun Shop in Milwaukee, and bought a snub-nosed Charter Arms Undercover .38-caliber revolver for $90.

Plans to assassinate Richard Nixon

After a short relationship ended and he quit both of his jobs, on March 1, 1972, Bremer began his An Assassin's Diary with the words "It is my personal plan to assassinate by pistol either Richard Nixon or George Wallace. I intend to shoot one or the other while he attends a campaign rally for the Wisconsin Primary."

On April 10, Bremer traveled from Milwaukee to Ottawa, where Nixon was about to visit. Three days later, dressed in a business suit with a "Vote Republican" sticker on, wearing sunglasses and with a revolver in his pocket, Bremer went out intending to assassinate Nixon, but could not find an opportunity to do so. Security was tight, making it impossible for Bremer to get close enough to Nixon, and he also doubted whether any bullets would go through the glass of Nixon's limousine.

The three days later on April 13th, Bremer thought he saw Nixon's limousine outside of the Centre Block, but it had disappeared by the time he could retrieve his revolver from his hotel room.

Plans to assassinate George Wallace
On May 4, 1972, after a ten-day break from writing, Bremer realized it would be almost impossible to assassinate Nixon and decided that it was Wallace's "fate" to be his victim, even though his diary entries never showed the same level of interest or enthusiasm as they did with regard to assassinating Nixon. Bremer made this clear in his diary writing, "He [Wallace] certainly won't be buried with the snobs in Washington. ... I won't even rate a TV interruption in Russia or/Europe when the news breaks—they never heard of Wallace." The following day, he checked out two books from the public library in Milwaukee, both detailing the assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy by Sirhan Sirhan: Sirhan by Aziz Shihab and "R.F.K. Must Die!" by Robert Blair Kaiser.

Despite his lack of enthusiasm, early on the morning of May 9, 1972, Bremer took a car ferry to Ludington, Michigan, and visited the Wallace campaign headquarters in Silver Lake, Michigan, and offered to be a volunteer. That week, he attended a Wallace rally in Lansing and in Cadillac.

On the afternoon of May 13, Kalamazoo Police received an anonymous phone call saying a suspicious looking person had been sitting in a car near the National Guard Armory. When questioned, Bremer said he was waiting for the Wallace rally to begin and wanted to get a good seat. Bremer was photographed at the rally that evening, where he had a clear opportunity to shoot his target, but according to his diary, he did not do so because he might have shattered some glass and blinded some "stupid 15-year-olds" who stood nearby.

The following day, Bremer set off for Maryland and made his final diary entry.

Shooting
Bremer turned up in Wheaton, Maryland, for Wallace's noon appearance at Wheaton Plaza for a shopping center rally on May 15, 1972. He was dressed in dark glasses; patriotic red, white, and blue, wearing his new campaign button which said "Wallace in 1972". He strongly applauded Wallace, in contrast with many others present, who heckled and taunted the speaker. Two tomatoes were thrown at Wallace during the rally, but both missed. Based on this reception, Wallace refused to shake hands with anyone present, denying Bremer the opportunity to carry out his plan.

At a second rally at Laurel Shopping Center,  away in Laurel, Maryland, there was minor heckling, but it did not last. About 1,000 people were present; they were mostly quiet and it was generally a friendly crowd. After he had finished speaking, Wallace shook hands with some of those present, against the advice of his Secret Service guards. At approximately 4 p.m., Bremer pushed his way forward, aimed his .38 revolver at Wallace's abdomen and opened fire, emptying the weapon before he could be subdued. He hit Wallace four times. Wallace fell back and lost a pint of blood, going into a mild state of shock. One bullet lodged in his spinal cord. The other bullets hit Wallace in the abdomen and chest. Three others present were wounded unintentionally: State Trooper Captain E.C. Dothard, Wallace's personal bodyguard, who was shot in the stomach; Dora Thompson, a campaign volunteer, who was shot in the leg; and Nick Zarvos, a Secret Service agent. Zarvos was shot in the neck, and his speech was severely impaired following the shooting.

Bremer had planned to yell his carefully chosen catchphrase, "A penny for your thoughts!", as he shot Wallace. However, in the heat of the assassination attempt, he forgot to do so. A television cameraman captured footage of the shooting.

Arrest

After emptying his revolver, Bremer was wrestled to the ground and then arrested.

After searching Bremer's car, police described it as a "hotel on wheels". In it they found blankets, pillows, a blue steel 9 mm 13-shot Browning Hi-Power semi-automatic pistol, binoculars, a woman's umbrella, a tape recorder, a portable radio with police band, an electric shaver, photographic equipment, a garment bag with several changes of clothes, a toilet kit, a 1972 copy of a Writers' Yearbook, and the two books he had borrowed from the Milwaukee public library ten days earlier.

Seymour Hersh allegations

In a widely noted article, journalist Seymour Hersh claimed that secret recordings of Nixon prove that, within hours of the assassination attempt, the president and a top aide dispatched a political operative, E. Howard Hunt, who rushed to Milwaukee with plans to surreptitiously enter Bremer's apartment and plant the campaign literature of Democratic contender George McGovern. According to Hersh, Hunt aborted the operation because the FBI had sealed off Bremer's apartment prior to his arrival.

However, a 2007 analysis of the Nixon tapes by the History News Network did not turn up any evidence of the clandestine operation described by Hersh. While the tapes did show that Nixon had instructed presidential aide Charles W. Colson to anonymously spread the false rumor that there was "unmistakable evidence" that Bremer had been a "a supporter of McGovern and Kennedy", there was no apparent trace of Nixon tasking subordinates with entering Bremer's apartment to plant Democratic campaign materials.

Trial and conviction

His subsequent trial in Upper Marlboro, Maryland, was condensed to five days and was held only two and a half months after Bremer had shot Wallace, beginning on July 31, 1972. The defense argued that Bremer had schizophrenia and was legally insane at the time of the shooting, and that he had "no emotional capacity to understand anything." Arthur Marshall, for the prosecution, told the court that Bremer, while disturbed and in need of psychiatric help and treatment, knew what he was doing, had been seeking glory, and was still sorry that Wallace had not died.

Jonas Rappeport, the chief psychiatrist for the circuit court in Baltimore, who spent a total of nine hours with Bremer in June 1972 on four occasions, said Bremer had a "schizoid personality disorder with some paranoid and psychopathic features", but also stated that this didn't "substantially impair his capacity to understand the criminality of his actions."

On August 4, 1972, the jury of six men and six women took 95 minutes to reach their verdict. Bremer was sentenced to 63 years in prison for shooting Wallace and three other people. When asked if he had anything to say, Bremer replied, "Well, Mr. Marshall mentioned that he would like society to be protected from someone like me. Looking back on my life I would have liked it if society had protected me from myself. That's all I have to say at this time." The sentence was reduced to 53 years on September 28, 1972, after an appeal. On July 6, 1973, Bremer's second appeal to have the sentence reduced further was rejected.

Aftermath

Although Bremer's actions, arrest, trial and conviction attracted media and public attention, he soon faded into comparative obscurity. As he had predicted in May 1972, he did not reach the level of infamy of Lee Harvey Oswald or John Wilkes Booth, both of whom had assassinated presidents.

A 113-page portion of Bremer's diary was published in 1973 as An Assassin's Diary; it covers the period from April 4, 1972—which, incidentally, was the day on which George McGovern won the Wisconsin primary—to the day before Bremer shot Wallace, leading to his arrest.

On August 26, 1980, an earlier part of Bremer's diary, dated from March 1 to April 3, 1972, (pp. 1–148) was found where he had concealed it, heavily wrapped in a plastic suitcase at the foot of Milwaukee's 27th Street viaduct. In it, Bremer discusses his desire to kill Nixon (Wallace was clearly a secondary target) and fantasizes about killing unnamed individuals who have angered him. He also imagines opening fire at random at the corner of 3rd Street and Wisconsin Avenue downtown. The diary was eventually sold to an official of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, who donated it to UAB's Reynolds Historical Library.

Bremer's assassination attempt did not end Wallace's political career. Wallace was subsequently elected governor of Alabama twice, in 1974 and 1982. However, the result of the assassination attempt, combined with changes in Wallace's personal and general political circumstances, ended Wallace's presidential aspirations. Public concerns over Wallace's health meant he would never gain the momentum he had in the 1972 campaign. He entered the presidential election race in 1976 but withdrew early due to lack of significant support.

Wallace forgave Bremer in August 1995 and wrote to him expressing the hope that the two could get to know each other better. Bremer did not reply (since he was in jail) and Wallace died on September 13, 1998.

Sentence and release

Bremer served his sentence at the Maryland Correctional Institution (MCI-H) in Hagerstown. Bremer was placed in solitary confinement for 30 days after a fight on October 6, 1972. He was reprimanded after another fight in December 1972, and then placed in solitary again for 30 days after a third fight in February 1973. In prison, he declined to receive mental health treatment or evaluation. He worked in the prison library and was described by the chairman of the Maryland Parole Commission, David Blumberg, as "compliant and unobtrusive." He was visited multiple times by his parents before they died.

According to 1997 parole records, psychological testing indicated releasing him would be risky. He argued in his June 1996 hearing that "[s]hooting segregationist dinosaurs wasn't as bad as harming mainstream politicians." Bremer was released from prison on November 9, 2007, at the age of 57, having served 35 years of his original sentence. His probation ends in 2025.

Conditions of his release include electronic monitoring and staying away from elected officials and candidates. He must undergo a mental health evaluation and receive treatment if the state deems it necessary, and may not leave the state without written permission from the state agency that will supervise him until the end of his probation.

In popular culture

In John Waters' 1974 film Female Trouble, runaway-turned-criminal Dawn Davenport when listing her reprehensible conduct claims to have "bought the gun Bremer used to shoot Wallace!"
 Bremer's diary was a primary inspiration for screenwriter Paul Schrader's character Travis Bickle, played by Robert De Niro, in Taxi Driver (1976). In turn, Taxi Driver would be one of the inspirations for John Hinckley Jr. to shoot President Ronald Reagan.
 Peter Gabriel's 1980 song "Family Snapshot" was inspired by Bremer's diary, and describes an assassination attempt (with elements from the shooting of John F. Kennedy) from the assassin's perspective.
 Bremer makes a brief appearance in the 1990 Stephen Sondheim musical Assassins.
A Penny For Your Thoughts is a short animated documentary (2018) illustrating Bremer's assassination attempt. The source material was Arthur Bremer's diary.
Actual film footage of Bremer shooting Wallace is featured briefly in the 1994 drama film Forrest Gump.
Bremer is referenced as having assassinated President Wallace in the alternative future of Stephen King's novel 11/22/63.
In John Frankenheimer's 1995 film George Wallace, Gary Sinise plays Wallace, and Scott Brantley plays Bremer.

References

External links
 "Wallace Is Shot, Legs Paralyzed; Suspect Seized at Laurel Rally", William Greider, The Washington Post, May 16, 1972
 "George Wallace's Appointment in Laurel", Time, May 29, 1972
 "Bremer case still a riddle because of Judge's haste" (abstract ), Michael Olesker, The Baltimore Sun, January 28, 1996
 "The Attempted Assassination of George Wallace", Denise Noe, Crime Magazine, September 14, 2003

 "Laurel Shopping Center + George Wallace, 40 years later"

1950 births
Living people
1972 crimes in the United States
American people convicted of attempted murder
American failed assassins
Milwaukee Area Technical College alumni
People from Milwaukee
People paroled from life sentence
People with schizoid personality disorder
Prisoners and detainees of Maryland
George Wallace

Arthur Bremer


بلدية ثامبرانا (بالإسبانية: Zambrana) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة ألافا التابعة لإقليم الباسك شمال إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية ثامبرانا 403 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية ثامبرانا

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة ألافا
بلديات ألافا

ثامبرانا


Édouard Le Bec est un médecin, chirurgien et écrivain français né le  à Nantes et mort le  à Paris.

Biographie
Édouard Marie Le Bec est le fils d'Édouard René Le Bec, un négociant nantais, et de Caroline Bergette. Distingué du 1 prix en 1872 (étudiants de 1 année) et en 1873 (2 année) de l'École de médecine de Nantes, docteur en médecine de la faculté de Paris en 1880, il devient chirurgien de l'Hôpital Saint-Joseph de Paris. Il est promu médecin-major en 1887.

Membre de la Société médicale Saint-Luc depuis sa création, il en est le directeur du comité parisien et le président du conseil national en 1904.

En 1909, lors de la fondation de la nouvelle Société des chirurgiens de Paris, il en devient vice-président du premier bureau.

Lebec est président du Bureau des constatations médicales de Lourdes de 1920 à 1923.

Publications
Lourdes et Franc-maçonnerie (1938)Preuves médicales du miracle, étude clinique [Lettre de S. Em. le cardinal Granito di Belmonte. 6e édition] (1930)Étude des quatre miracles des procès de béatification et canonisation de Sainte Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus (1927)Le Supplice de la croix, les forces naturelles inconnues et le miracle (1925)Les Deux Miracles pour la canonisation de sainte Jeanne-d'Arc (1922)Critique et contrôle médical des guérisons surnaturelles (1920)Éloge funèbre de Mgr d'Hulst, prononcé le 25 novembre 1896 (1897)La Nouvelle salle d'opérations et le service de gynécologie à l'hôpital Saint-Joseph (1892)Précis de médecine opératoire, aide (1885)De l'Extirpation du corps thyroïde (1883)La Lithotritie en une seule séance, leçon faite à "University college hospital, London", 21 novembre 1881, par Sir Henry Thompson (traduction, 1882)
Étude sur les tumeurs fibro-kystiques et les kystes de l'utérus (1880)
Les preuves médicales des guérisons miraculeuses
Voies aériennes, thorax, sein

Notes et références

Annexes

Sources
Walter Romig, The Guide to Catholic Literature. Volume 5, 1952

Liens externes

Naissance en juin 1851
Naissance à Nantes
Médecin français du XXe siècle
Médecin français du XIXe siècle
Chirurgien français
Médecin lié à Nantes
Écrivain français du XXe siècle
Chevalier de l'ordre de Saint-Grégoire-le-Grand
Étudiant de la faculté de médecine de Paris
Décès en octobre 1941
Décès dans le 7e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 90 ans

Édouard Le Bec


Blåøjet honningæder () er en fugleart, der lever på Ny Guinea.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Fugle fra Ny Guinea
Spurvefugle

Blåøjet honningæder


The Harmonic Convergence is the name given to the world's first synchronized global peace meditation, which occurred on August 16–17, 1987. This event also closely coincided with an exceptional alignment of planets in the Solar System.

Although the event had been predicted by author Tony Shearer in his book Lord of the Dawn (1971), the principal organizers of the Harmonic Convergence event were spouses José Argüelles and Lloydine Burris Argüelles via the Planet Art Network (PAN), a peace movement they founded in 1983.

According to Shearer's interpretation of Aztec cosmology, the selected date marked the end of twenty-two cycles of 52 years each, or 1,144 years in all. The twenty-two cycles were divided into thirteen "heaven" cycles, which began in AD 843 and ended in 1519, when the nine "hell" cycles began, ending 468 years later in 1987. The very beginning of the nine "hell" cycles was precisely the day that Hernán Cortés landed in Mexico, April 22, 1519 (coinciding with "1 Reed" on the Aztec/Mayan calendar, the day sacred to Mesoamerican cultural hero Quetzalcoatl). The 9 hell cycles of 52 years each ended precisely on August 16–17, 1987.  Shearer introduced the dates and the prophecy to Arguelles in 1970, and he eventually co-opted them and created the name Harmonic Convergence as the public title of the event.

The timing of the Harmonic Convergence was allegedly significant in the Maya calendar, with some consideration also given to European and Asian astrological traditions. The chosen dates have the distinction of allegedly marking a planetary alignment with the Sun, Moon and six out of eight planets being "part of the grand trine."  Though Arguelles eventually connected the timing of the Harmonic Convergence with his understanding of the significance of Maya calendrics, the dates themselves were derived not from Maya cosmology but from Tony Shearer's reconstructed Aztec prophecies. The next predicted Harmonic convergence (aligning of planets) was to occur on March 3, 2019.

Astrological alignment

According to the astrologer Neil Michelsen's "The American Ephemeris," on 24 August 1987 there was an exceptional alignment of planets in the Solar System. Eight planets were aligned in an unusual configuration called a grand trine.

The Sun, Moon and six out of eight planets formed part of the grand trine, that is, they were aligned at the apexes of an equilateral triangle when viewed from the Earth.

The Sun, Moon, Mars and Venus were in exact alignment, astrologically called a conjunction at the first degree of Virgo in Tropical Astrology. Mercury was in the  fourth degree of Virgo which most astrologers count as part of the same conjunction being within the "orb" of influence. Jupiter was in Aries, and Saturn and Uranus in Sagittarius completing the grand trine.  However some believe that this is an Earth grand trine with Sun/Moon/Mars/Venus/Mercury in the initial degrees of Virgo, Neptune at 5 degrees of Capricorn, and Jupiter in the last degree of Aries (anaretic degree), on the cusp of Taurus. Uranus, and especially Saturn are on the edge of this trine.

Controversy is associated to the claim that this occurrence was a unique event.  Grand trines, where planets are at 120 degree positions forming an equilateral triangle are not uncommon or particularly noteworthy.  Traditional astrology does not consider trines to be action points, so the notion of a special shift in world history would not be in the offing under a grand trine.  Hence, many traditional astrologers do not regard this occurrence to be of significant importance.  There is no evidence that astronomers have ever considered it significant.

Astrological interpretations

The convergence is purported to have "corresponded with a great shift in the earth's energy from warlike to peaceful." Believers of this esoteric prophecy maintain that the Harmonic Convergence ushered in a five-year period of Earth's "cleansing", where many of the planet's "false structures of separation" would collapse.

According to Argüelles, the event came at the end of these "hell" cycles and the beginning of a new age of universal peace. Adherents believed that signs indicated a "major energy shift" was about to occur, a turning point in Earth's collective karma and dharma, and that this energy was powerful enough to change the global perspective of man from one of conflict to one of co-operation. Actress and author Shirley MacLaine called it a "window of light,"  allowing access to higher realms of awareness.

According to Argüelles, the Harmonic Convergence also began the final 25-year countdown to the end of the Mayan Long Count in 2012, which would be the so-called end of history and the beginning of a new 5,125-year cycle. Evils of the modern world (war, materialism, violence, abuses, injustice, oppression, etc.) would have ended with the birth of the 6th Sun and the 5th Earth on December 21, 2012.

Power centers

An important part of the Harmonic Convergence observances was the idea of congregating at "power centers." Power centers were places, such as Mount Shasta, California,  Mount Fuji, and Mount Yamnuska where the spiritual energy was held to be particularly strong.  The belief was that if 144,000 people assembled at these power centers and meditated for peace, that the arrival of the new era would be facilitated.

See also
 Big Generator - Yes album released in 1987 including the song "Holy Lamb (Song for Harmonic Convergence)".
 2012 phenomenon
Harmonic Convergence (The Legend of Korra)
Planetary alignment
WP:FRINGE

References

 Adapted in part from the Wikinfo article Harmonic Convergence, licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.

External links
Thirty Years Ago, People Tried to Save the World By Meditating (Smithsonian, August 17, 2017)
Almanac: The Harmonic Convergence (CBS Sunday Morning, August 16, 2015)
Simulations of planetary positions on August 16, 1987 and December 21, 2012

New Age
Astrology
1987 in the United States
2012 phenomenon

Harmonic Convergence


Amazasp II. od Iberije (gruz. ამაზასპი) bio je kralj Iberije (Kartlija, sadašnja središnja i istočna Gruzija), prema srednjevjekovnim Gruzijskim kronikama, posljednji iz linije Farnavazida. Sin i nasljednik Farsmana III. pretpostavlja se da je vladao u drugoj polovici 2. stoljeća, od 185. do 189. godine.

Gruzijske kronike detaljno opisuju Amazaspovu pobjedu nad napadima Alana, te njegov uzajamni napad na alanske zemlje. Izvještava se da je njegova četverogodišnja vladavina završila u pobuni njegovih plemića koju su podržali Armenija i Alani. Amazasp je ubijen u borbi, a naslijedio ga je njegov pobunjeni nećak, Rev I.

Godine 1996. u Mcheti, drevnom glavnom gradu Iberije, otkriven je nepotpuni grčki natpis u kojem se spominje "Amazasp, veliki kralj Iberaca". Prema rekonstrukciji Tinatina Kaukhchishvilija oštećenog teksta, čini se da je Amazasp bio oženjen kćeri Vologaza, armenskog kralja. To može biti Amazasp II. ili raniji iberski kralj Amazasp I., dok bi taj Vologaz mogao biti Vologaz I. (117. – 138./140.) ili Vologaz II. (rođen oko 180. – 191.) Drugi srodni grčki natpis otkriven u Baginetiju spominje kraljicu Drakontis, koju je David Braund identificirao s kraljicom spomenutom u prvom natpisu. Ovi natpisi također iznose na vidjelo visokog dvorjanina Amazaspa, "odgojitelja" ili "udomitelja" Anagrana.

Izvori

Gruzijski vladari

Amazasp II. od Iberije


Troiandove (în ; până în 2016, Kirove, în ) este un sat în comuna Dobroslav din raionul Odesa, regiunea Odesa, Ucraina.

Troiandove, Dobroslav, Odesa, Odesa
Troiandove, Dobroslav, Odesa, Odesa
Troiandove, Dobroslav, Odesa, Odesa

Troiandove, Odesa


The Battle of Assaye was a major battle of the Second Anglo-Maratha War fought between the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company. It occurred on 23 September 1803 near Assaye in western India. An outnumbered Indian and British force, under the command of Major General Arthur Wellesley (who later became the Duke of Wellington), defeated the combined Maratha army of Daulatrao Scindia and the Bhonsle Raja of Berar. The battle was  Wellesley's first major victory and the one he later described as his finest accomplishment on the battlefield, even more so than his more famous victories in the Peninsular War, and his defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo.

From August 1803, Wellesley's army and a separate force under the command of his subordinate, Colonel James Stevenson, pursued the Maratha cavalry-based army, which had threatened to raid south into Hyderabad. After several weeks of pursuit and countermarching, Scindia reinforced the combined Maratha army with his modernized infantry and artillery as the British forces closed in on his position. Wellesley received intelligence indicating the location of the Maratha encampment on 21 September and devised a plan whereby his two armies would converge on the Maratha position three days later. Wellesley's force, however, encountered the Maratha Army, under the command of Colonel Anthony Pohlmann, a German formerly in British service,  farther south than he anticipated. Although outnumbered, Wellesley resolved to attack at once, believing that the Maratha army would soon move off. Both sides suffered heavily in the ensuing battle; Maratha artillery inflicted large numbers of casualties among Wellesley's troops, but the vast numbers of Maratha cavalry proved largely ineffective. A combination of bayonet and cavalry charges eventually forced the Maratha army to retreat, with the loss of most of their guns, but Wellesley's army was too battered and exhausted to pursue.

Wellesley's victory at Assaye, preceded by the capture of Ahmednagar and followed by victories at Argaon and Gawilghur, resulted in the defeat of Scindia and Berar's armies in the Deccan. Wellesley's progress in the Deccan was matched by Lieutenant General Gerard Lake's successful campaigns in northern India and led to the British becoming the dominant power in the heartland of India.

Background

Feuding between the two dominant powers within the Maratha Empire, Yashwant Rao Holkar and Daulat Rao Scindia, led to civil war at the turn of the 19th century. The hostilities culminated in the Battle of Poona in October 1802 where Holkar defeated a combined army of Scindia and Baji Rao II – the Peshwa and nominal overlord of the Maratha Empire. Scindia retreated into his dominions to the north, but Baji Rao was driven from his territory and sought refuge with the East India Company at Bassein. He appealed to the company for assistance, offering to accept its authority if he were restored to his principality at Poona. Lord Mornington, the ambitious Governor-General of British India, seized on the opportunity to extend Company influence into the Maratha Empire which he perceived as the final obstacle to British paramountcy over the Indian subcontinent. The Treaty of Bassein was signed in December whereby the Company agreed to restore Baji Rao in return for control over his foreign affairs and a garrison of 6,000 Company troops permanently stationed in Poona. The restoration was commanded by Lord Mornington's younger brother, Major General Arthur Wellesley, who in March 1803 marched on Poona from Mysore with 15,000 Company troops and 9,000 Hyderabad allies. Wellesley entered Poona without opposition on 20 April, and Baji Rao was formally restored to his throne on 13 May.

The treaty gave offence to the other Maratha leaders, who deemed that the system of subsidiary alliances with the British was an unwarranted interference into their affairs and fatal to the independent Maratha states. The Maratha leaders refused to submit to the Peshwa's authority and tensions were raised further when Holkar raided into Hyderabad in May, claiming that the Nizam of Hyderabad (a British ally) owed him money. Mornington consequently engaged the various Maratha chieftains in negotiations. Lieutenant Colonel John Collins was sent to Scindia's camp to discuss his objections and propose a defensive alliance. However, Scindia had formed a military alliance with the Rajah of Berar with a view to bringing the Maratha leaders into a coalition against the British, and had begun to mass his forces on the Nizam's border. Wellesley, who had been given control over the company's military and political affairs in central India in June, demanded Scindia declare his intentions and withdraw his forces or face the prospect of war. After a protracted period of negotiations, Collins reported to Wellesley on 3 August that Scindia refused to give an answer and would not withdraw his troops. Wellesley's response was to declare war on Scindia and Berar "in order to secure the interests of the British government and its allies".

Prelude
The East India Company attacked the two principal Maratha forces of Scindia and the Raja of Berar from the north and the south. Of the other Maratha leaders, Holkar was hesitant to enter the war in cooperation with his rival, Scindia, and remained aloof from the hostilities, and the Gaekwad of Baroda placed himself under British protection. Operations in the north were directed by Lieutenant General Gerard Lake who entered Maratha territory from Cawnpore to face Scindia's main army which was commanded by the French mercenary Pierre Perron. A second British force, under the command of Major General Wellesley, confronted a combined army of Scindia and Berar in the Deccan. Wellesley was determined to gain the initiative through offensive action and told his senior subordinate, Colonel James Stevenson, that "a long defensive war would ruin us and will answer no purpose whatever".

The Maratha army in the Deccan was largely composed of fast-moving cavalry able to live off the land. Consequently, Wellesley planned to work in conjunction with a separate force under Colonel Stevenson to enable his slower troops to outmanoeuvre the Maratha army and force it into a position where it could not avoid a pitched battle. Stevenson was despatched from Hyderabad with an army of some 10,000 men to Jafarabad to deny Scindia and Berar the chance to raid east into the Nizam's territory. In the meantime, Wellesley moved north from his camp near the Godavari River on 8 August with some 13,500 troops and headed towards Scindia's nearest stronghold – the walled town and fort at Ahmednagar. The bulk of his forces were Company troops from Mysore: five sepoy infantry battalions of the Madras Native Infantry and three squadrons of Madras Native Cavalry. The core contingent of British Army regulars included cavalry from the 19th Light Dragoons and two battalions of Scottish infantry from the 74th and 78th Regiment of Foot. Irregular light cavalry were also provided by the company's Mysore and Maratha allies.

Wellesley reached Ahmednagar later the same day after a  march and immediately ordered an escalade assault on the town rather than enter into a time-consuming siege. The walled town, which was garrisoned by 1,000 Arab mercenaries, upwards of 60 cannon and one of Scindia's infantry battalions under the command of French officers, was captured with minimal losses after a brief action. The adjacent fort's defenders capitulated four days later once the walls were breached by British artillery. With the fortification providing a logistics base and point of support for future operations into Maratha territory, Wellesley installed a garrison and headed north towards the Nizam's city of Aurangabad. Along the way he captured Scindia's other possessions south of the Godavari and established a series of guarded bridges and ferries along the river to maintain his communication and supply lines.

Maratha reinforcements

The Marathas slipped past Stevenson and advanced on Hyderabad. After receiving reports of their movement on 30 August, Wellesley hurried east down to the Godavari to intercept. Stevenson, meanwhile, marched westwards to the Maratha city of Jalna, which he took by storm. Scindia learned of Wellesley's intentions and returned to a position north of Jalna. Unable to make a clean break from the pursuing British, he abandoned plans to raid into Hyderabad and instead assembled his infantry and artillery. The combined Maratha army was around 50,000 strong, the core of which was 10,800 well-equipped regular infantry organised into three brigades, trained and commanded by European adventurer and mercenary officers. Colonel Anthony Pohlmann, a Hanoverian and former East India Company sergeant, commanded the largest brigade with eight battalions. A further brigade with five battalions was provided by Begum Samru, and was commanded on her behalf by a Frenchman, Colonel Jean Saleur. The third brigade had four battalions and was commanded by Dutchman Major John James Dupont. In addition, the Maratha force included 10,000–20,000 of Berar's irregular infantry, some 30,000–40,000 irregular light cavalry and over 100 guns ranging in size from one to 18-pounders.

After several weeks of chasing down the Maratha army, Wellesley and Stevenson met at Budnapoor on 21 September and received intelligence that the Maratha army was at Borkardan, around  to the north. They agreed on a plan by which their two armies – moving separately along either side of a range of hills with Wellesley to the east and Stevenson to the west – would converge on Borkardan on 24 September. Wellesley's force reached Paugy on the afternoon of 22 September and departed camp before dawn. By noon, the army had marched  to Naulniah, a small town  south of Borkardan, where they intended to rest before joining Stevenson to attack the Maratha army the next day. At this point, Wellesley received further intelligence that, rather than being at Borkardan, the Maratha army was camped just  north, but their cavalry had moved off and the infantry were about to follow.

At about 13:00, Wellesley went forward with a cavalry escort to reconnoitre the Maratha position. The rest of his army followed closely behind, apart from a battalion of sepoys left at Naulniah to guard the baggage. In all, Wellesley had 4,500 troops at his disposal, plus 5,000 Mysore and Maratha horse and 17 cannon. Aware that the British were nearby, the Maratha chiefs had positioned their army in a strong defensive position along a tongue of land stretching east from Borkardan between the Kailna River and its tributary the Juah. However, Scindia and Berar did not believe Wellesley would attack with his small force and had moved away from the area in the morning. Command of their army was given to Pohlmann, who had positioned his infantry to the east of the Maratha camp in the plains around the village of Assaye on the southern bank of the Juah.

To his surprise, Wellesley found the entire combined army before him. Nevertheless, he resolved to attack at once, believing that if he waited for Stevenson, the Marathas would have the chance to slip away and force the pursuit to drag on. Wellesley was also eager to forge a reputation for himself, and despite his numerical disadvantage, he was confident that the Maratha's irregular forces would be swept aside by his disciplined troops, and only Scindia's regular infantry could be expected to stand and fight.

Battle

Initial manoeuvres
Pohlmann struck camp and deployed his infantry battalions in a line facing southwards behind the steep banks of the Kailna with his cannon arrayed directly in front. The great mass of Maratha cavalry was kept on the right flank and Berar's irregular infantry garrisoned Assaye to the rear. The only observable crossing point over the river was a small ford directly ahead of the Maratha position. Pohlmann's strategy was to funnel the British and Madras troops across the ford into the mouth of his cannon, and then on to the massed infantry and cavalry behind. Wellesley's local guides assured him that no other ford existed nearby, but he quickly discarded the option of a frontal assault as suicide. While reconnoitring he had noticed two unguarded villages, Peepulgaon and Waroor, one on each bank of the Kaitna beyond the Maratha left. On the assumption that a ford must exist between the two villages, Wellesley ordered the area to be further reconnoitred by his Chief Engineer, Captain John Johnson, who reported that there was indeed a ford at that spot. Thus Wellesley led his army east to the crossing in an attempt to launch an attack on Pohlmann's left flank.

At around 15:00, the British crossed to the northern bank of the Kaitna unopposed apart from a distant harassing fire from the Maratha cannon which was largely inaccurate but succeeded in decapitating Wellesley's dragoon orderly. Once across, Wellesley ordered his six infantry battalions to form into two lines, with his cavalry as a reserve in a third. His allied Maratha and Mysore cavalry were ordered to remain south of the Kaitna to keep in check a large body of Maratha cavalry which hovered around the British rear. Pohlmann soon recognised Wellesley's intentions and swung his infantry and guns through 90 degrees to establish a new line spread approximately  across the isthmus with their right flank on the Kaitna and the left on Assaye. Although the new position secured the Maratha flanks, it restricted Pohlmann from bringing his superior numbers into action.

The Maratha redeployment was swifter and more efficient than Wellesley had anticipated and he immediately reacted by extending his front to deny Pohlmann the opportunity to outflank him. A battalion of pickets and the 74th Highlanders, which formed the right of the first and second lines, were ordered to move obliquely to the right. This allowed the 78th to anchor the left flank and Madras infantry battalions (the 1/10th, 1/8th, 1/4th and 2/12th) to form the centre of the British line. Wellesley's intention was to force back the Marathas from their guns and then – operating by his left to avoid the heavily defended Assaye – throw them back on the Juah and complete their destruction with his cavalry.

British infantry attack

The Maratha cannonade intensified as the British redeployed. Although British artillery was brought forward to counter, it was ineffective against the mass firepower of the Maratha guns and quickly disabled through the weight of shot directed against it. British casualties mounted as the Maratha guns turned their attention to the infantry and subjected them to a barrage of canister, grape and round shot. Wellesley decided that his only option to neutralise the artillery and get his men out of the killing field was to advance directly into the mouth of the Maratha artillery. He ordered his cannon to be abandoned and gave the command for his infantry to march forward with bayonets fixed.

The Maratha cannonade punched holes in the British line, but the infantry maintained a steady pace, closing up the gaps in their ranks as they advanced. The 78th Highlanders were the first to reach the enemy in the southern sector next to the River Kailna. They paused  from the Maratha gunners and unleashed a volley of musket fire before launching into a bayonet charge. The four battalions of Madras infantry to the right of the 78th, accompanied by the Madras Pioneers, reached Pohlmann's line shortly afterwards and attacked in the same fashion. The gunners stood by their cannon but were no match for the bayonets of the British and Madras troops who swiftly pressed on towards the Maratha infantry. However, instead of meeting the charge, the Maratha right broke and fled northwards towards the Juah, causing the rest of the southern half of the line to follow. The officers of the Madras battalions temporarily lost control as the sepoys, encouraged by their success, pushed too far in pursuit. Maratha cavalry momentarily threatened to charge, but were checked by the 78th, who remained in order and re-formed to face the danger.

In the northern sector of the battlefield however, Wellesley's right flank was in turmoil. The commander of the pickets, Lieutenant Colonel William Orrock, had mistaken his orders and continued his oblique path directly towards Assaye. Major Samuel Swinton of the 74th Regiment was ordered to support the pickets and followed close behind. This created a large gap in the centre of the British line and brought the two battalions under a barrage of cannonade from the artillery around the village and the Maratha left. The two battalions began to fall back in disarray, and Pohlmann ordered his remaining infantry and cavalry forward to attack. The Marathas gave no quarter; the pickets were virtually annihilated, but the remnants of the 74th were able to form a rough square behind hastily piled bodies of dead. Realising that the destruction of his right would leave his army exposed and outflanked, Wellesley ordered a detachment of British cavalry under Colonel Patrick Maxwell, consisting of the 19th Light Dragoons and elements of the 4th and 5th Madras Native Cavalry, into action. From their position at the rear, the cavalry dashed directly towards the 74th's square, crashed into the swarming attackers and routed them. Maxwell pressed his advantage and continued his charge into the Maratha infantry and guns on the right, driving them backwards and across the Juah "with great slaughter".

Culmination

A number of Maratha gunners who had feigned death when the British advanced over their position re-manned their guns and began to pour cannon fire into the rear of the 74th and Madras infantry. Wellesley ordered his four sepoy battalions to re-form and ward off any threat from the Maratha infantry and cavalry while the 78th were sent back to retake the Maratha gun line. Wellesley, meanwhile, galloped back to 7th Madras Native Cavalry, which had been held back in reserve to the east, and led a cavalry charge from the opposite direction. The gunners again stood their ground but were eventually driven from their guns and this time it was ensured that all those who remained were dead.

While Wellesley was preoccupied with re-taking the gun line, Pohlmann rallied his infantry and redeployed them into a semicircle with their backs to the Juah; their right flank across the river and their left in Assaye. However, most of the Maratha cannon, which had inflicted heavy losses on Wellesley's infantry, had been captured or lay abandoned on the battlefield. Reluctant to join the fray, the Maratha cavalry lingered in the distance to the west. Most were Pindarries: loosely organised and lightly armed horsemen whose traditional role was to cut down fleeing enemy troops, harass convoy lines and carry out raids into enemy territory. They were not trained to attack well-formed infantry or heavily armed European cavalry, and did not play a further part in the battle.

With the remanned Maratha artillery silenced, Wellesley turned his attention to Pohlmann's reformed infantry. Although Maxwell had suffered heavy losses, he had rallied his cavalry and returned to the field of battle. Wellesley ordered him to charge the Maratha left flank, while the infantry moved forward as a single line to meet the centre and right. The cavalry spurred forward but were met with a volley of canister shot which struck Maxwell, killing him instantly. Their momentum lost, the cavalry did not complete their charge, but veered away from the Maratha line at the last moment. The British and Madras infantry marched on against the Maratha position. Pohlmann's men, their morale low, did not wait for the attack and instead retreated northwards across the Juah. Maratha sources claim the line marched away from the battlefield in an orderly manner on Pohlmann's orders, but British accounts claim the Maratha infantry fled in an uncontrolled panic. Berar's irregulars inside Assaye, now leaderless and having witnessed the fate of the regular infantry, abandoned the village and marched off northwards at around 18:00, followed shortly afterwards by the Maratha cavalry. Wellesley's troops were exhausted and in no condition to pursue, and the native allied cavalry which had remained on the south bank of the Kailna and had not been engaged, refused to pursue without the support of the British and Madras cavalry.

Aftermath

The East India Company and British Army casualties amounted to 428 killed, 1,138 wounded and 18 missing; a total of 1,584 – over a third of the force engaged in combat. The 74th and the picket battalion were decimated; from a strength of about 500, the 74th lost ten officers killed and seven wounded, and 124 other ranks killed and 270 wounded. The pickets lost all their officers except their commander, Lieutenant Colonel William Orrock, and had only about 75 men remaining. Of the ten officers forming the general's staff, eight were wounded or had their horses killed. Wellesley himself lost two horses; the first was shot from underneath him and the second was speared as he led the charge to re-capture the Maratha gun line.

The number of Maratha casualties is more difficult to ascertain. Despatches from British officers give a figure of 1,200 dead and many more wounded but some modern historians have estimated a total of 6,000 dead and wounded. The Marathas also surrendered seven stands of colours, large amounts of stores and ammunition and 98 cannon – most of which were later taken into service by the East India Company. Although Scindia and Berar's army was not finished as a fighting force, several of Scindia's regular infantry battalions and artillery crews had been destroyed. Their command structure had also been damaged: many of their European officers, including Colonel Pohlmann and Major Dupont, surrendered to the Company – which had offered amnesty to Europeans in the service of the Maratha armies – or deserted and sought employment with other native chieftains.

The sound of the guns at Assaye was heard by Stevenson who immediately broke up his camp  to the west in an attempt to join the battle. However, he was misled by his guide and marched first on Borkardan before he reached the battlefield on the evening of 24 September. Suspecting that his guide had intentionally led him astray, Stevenson later had him hanged. He remained with Wellesley to assist with the wounded – troops were still being carried from the battlefield four days after the engagement – until ordered to recommence the pursuit of the Maratha army on 26 September. Wellesley remained to the south while he established a hospital at Ajanta and awaited reinforcements from Poona. Two months later, he combined with Stevenson to rout Scindia and Berar's demoralised and weakened army at Argaon, and shortly afterwards stormed Berar's fortress at Gawilghur. These victories, coupled with Lieutenant General Lake's successful campaign in the north, induced the two Maratha chiefs to sue for peace.

Wellesley later told Stevenson that "I should not like to see again such a loss as I sustained on the 23rd September, even if attended by such a gain", and in later life he referred to Assaye as "the bloodiest for the numbers that I ever saw". Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Munro, the Company's district collector at Mysore, was critical of the high proportion of casualties and questioned Wellesley's decision not to wait for Stevenson. He wrote to Wellesley: "I am tempted to think that you did it with a view of sharing the glory with the smallest numbers". In response, Wellesley politely rebuffed Munro's accusations and defended his action as necessary because he had received and acted upon incorrect intelligence regarding the Maratha position. Assaye was 34-year-old Wellesley's first major success and despite his anguish over the heavy losses, it was a battle he always held in the highest estimation. After his retirement from active military service, the Duke of Wellington (as he later became known) considered Assaye the finest thing he ever did in the way of fighting even when compared to his later military career.

Lord Mornington and his Council lauded the battle as a "most brilliant and important victory", and presented each of the Madras units and British regiments involved in the engagement with a set of honorary colours. The British regiments and native units were also awarded the Assaye battle honour and most were later given permission to adopt an Assaye elephant as part of their insignia. A public monument was also erected by the East India Company at Fort William, Calcutta to commemorate the victory. The 74th Regiment of foot later became known as the Assaye regiment due to their stand at the battle and their modern-day successors, the Royal Highland Fusiliers (2 SCOTS), still celebrate the anniversary of the battle each year. Of the native infantry battalions, only the Madras Sappers survive in their original form in the Indian Army but they no longer celebrate Assaye as it has been declared a repugnant battle honour by the Government of India.

In fiction
 Bernard Cornwell's fictional character Richard Sharpe earned his battlefield promotion to officer's rank by saving Wellesley's life at the Battle of Assaye. The novel Sharpe's Triumph (HarperCollins, 1998, ) depicts the campaign and the battle in detail. Both men's memories of Assaye are mentioned several more times throughout the series as Sharpe and Wellington's careers progress.  The television adaptation differs and depicts Sharpe saving Wellesley's life from French soldiers in Spain during the later Peninsular War.

References

Bibliography

Conflicts in 1803
1803 in India
Battles of the Second Anglo-Maratha War
Battles involving the Maratha Empire
Battles involving the British East India Company
History of the Corps of Engineers (Indian Army)
History of the Madras Sappers
September 1803 events

Battle of Assaye


Bajtava este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Nové Zámky din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 403 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Bajtava este atestată documentar din 1261.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Bajtava


Lugano-vatn (ítalska: Lago di Lugano eða Ceresio) er stöðuvatn milli Ítalíu (33% vatnsins) og Sviss (63% vatnsins). Það er nefnt eftir borginni Lugano og er á milli Maggiore-vatns og Como-vatns. Mengun hefur verið vandamál í vatninu.

Stöðuvötn á Ítalíu
Stöðuvötn í Sviss

Lugano-vatn


Adrien Ranvier, né le  à Paris  et mort le  à Asnières (Seine), est un féministe et historien français, architecte de profession. Il a étudié l'implication des femmes dans la Commune de Paris de 1871 pour la Revue féministe ainsi que Jeanne Deroin, féministe et socialiste quarante-huitarde. Il a participé à quatre Congrès féministes de 1889 à 1900.

Biographie

Adrien Ranvier est le fils de Gabriel Ranvier. Son père, blanquiste, est élu de la Commune de Paris et doit s'exiler à Londres en 1871 ; son frère Henri, de dix ans son aîné, participe aussi aux évènements et est incarcéré quelques mois. Ils sont élevés à Asnières (Seine, aujourd'hui Hauts-de-Seine) par Eliska Vincent et sa sœur Florestine Mauriceau, deux militantes féministes. Adrien fait ses études à Melun.

Adrien Ranvier épouse en 1892 à Londres Marie-Louise Arnaud, fille de l'ancien élu de la Commune Antoine Arnaud. C'est là qu'il rencontre, par l'entremise de Louise Michel, Jeanne Deroin. Celle-ci lui confie des manuscrits sur la révolution de 1848 à laquelle elle avait pris part. À Londres, il étudie différents écrits sur la Commune, dont il tire plusieurs articles sur les revendications des femmes durant l'insurrection pour la Revue féministe. Ranvier participe aux Congrès féministes de 1889, 1892, 1896 et 1900.

En tant qu'architecte, il est attaché à l'Exposition universelle de 1900 de Paris comme vérificateur des travaux du Petit Palais. Il dirige ensuite des travaux en Tunisie pendant dix-huit mois avant d'être nommé inspecteur des travaux de l'Assistance publique à l'hospice de Brévannes (Seine-et-Oise, aujourd'hui Val-de-Marne). Il meurt prématurément le  à l'âge de  à Asnières. Il est inhumé dans la même commune.

Il consacre sa dernière étude à , qui est publiée à titre posthume en 1908 par le Bulletin de la Société d'histoire de la Révolution de 1848. Sa collection de lettres et d'écrits a disparu depuis.

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .
 .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en mars 1867
Naissance dans le 3e arrondissement de Paris
Architecte français du XIXe siècle
Féministe français
Historien français du XIXe siècle
Historien du XIXe siècle français
Historien de la Commune de Paris
Décès en décembre 1905
Décès dans le département de la Seine
Décès à Asnières-sur-Seine
Décès à 38 ans

Adrien Ranvier


Izvorul din satul Copceac este un monument al naturii de tip hidrologic în UTA Găgăuzia, Republica Moldova. Este amplasat în vâlceaua de la marginea satului Copceac. Ocupă o suprafață de 1,5 ha. În 1998, obiectul era administrat de Întreprinderea Agricolă "Pobeda", dar între timp a trecut în gestiunea primăriei satului Copceac.

Descriere

Izvorul este situat pe un teren îngrădit, unde funcționează o stație de pompare cu fântâni de acumulare a apei. O țeavă amplasată în aval de stație evacuează apa într-un uluc, apoi în vâlceaua din apropiere.

Clasificarea geologică a izvorului este "izvor descendent de terasă". Apa este rece, gradul de mineralizare oligomineral. După compoziția chimică, apa izvorului este hidrocarbonat-sulfat-clorurată-sodiu-calciu-magnezică (HCO3 – SO4 – Cl; Na – Ca – Mg).

Debitul izvorului este de 24 l/minut, stația de pompare direcționând 10 m³/oră consumatorilor. Apa nu are miros, este limpede, neutră (pH 7,3), dar este poluată cu nitrați (82 mg/l sau 1,6 CMA).

Statut de protecție
Deoarece este poluată cu nitrați, apa poate fi utilizată ca apă potabilă doar după înlăturarea sursei de poluare. Utilizarea în irigare este la fel nerecomandată, apa prezentând un pericol de salinizare a solului, în special cu cationi de Na+.

La circa 50 m în amonte, în teren deschis se află ruinele unei ferme de porci, separate de izvor printr-un șanț adânc și un gard de beton. Pășunatul și adăpatul animalelor sunt frecvente. La circa 150 m nord-vest de izvor sunt depozitate deșeuri menajere.

Pentru ameliorarea situației ecologice, se recomandă amenajarea unui drum de acces pentru timp nefavorabil, lichidarea gunoiștii, înverzirea terenului adiacent, amenajarea locurilor de scurgere a apei, cât și instalarea unui panou informativ.

Referințe

Bibliografie

Copceac, Izvorul din satul
Copceac
Găgăuzia

Izvorul din satul Copceac


est un genre éteint de dinosaures hadrosauroïdés ayant vécu durant le Maastrichtien supérieur (Crétacé supérieur) en Espagne. Il n'est connu que par un dentaire gauche presque complet (IPS-36338) collecté au début des années 1990 dans les strates de la Formation de Figuerola affleurant sur le flanc sud du synclinal d'Àger, près du village de Fontllonga dans le nord-est de l'Espagne (province de Lérida). Des études magnétostratigraphiques ont montré que cette mâchoire provenait d'un niveau géologique placé dans le magnétochron C29r, lequel correspond à la fin du Maastrichtien supérieur, il y a environ 67 à 66 millions d'années. L'espèce type et seule espèce connue, , a été décrite et nommée en 2021 par Albert Prieto-Márquez et Miguel Ángel Carrera Farias. L'analyse phylogénétique publiée par ces auteurs a identifié Fylax comme un hadrosauroïdé basal et a révélé une étroite parenté avec Tethyshadros. Daté du Maastrichtien terminal, Fylax est le plus jeune hadrosauroïdé non hadrosauridé connu à ce jour, et le troisième genre d'hadrosauroïdé basal découvert dans le Crétacé supérieur d'Europe après Telmatosaurus et Tethyshadros. Il vivait dans ce qui était à l'époque l'île Ibéro-Armoricaine, une terre émergée qui comprenait une grande partie de la France et de l'Espagne actuelle. Sa découverte montre que durant le Maastrichtien supérieur des hadrosauroïdés basaux cohabitaient sur cette île avec des formes plus dérivés, les hadrosauridés  lambéosaurinés (tels Arenysaurus, Blasisaurus, Canardia, et Pararhabdodon).

Étymologie
Les noms de genre et d'espèce viennent du Grec fýlax, « gardien », thýra, « porte » ou « portail » et kólasi, « enfer ». Le nom de l'animal, signifiant « gardien des portes de l'enfer », fait référence à l'extrême proximité temporelle de ce taxon avec l'événement d'extinction Crétacé-Paléogène

Description
Fylax n'est connu que par un dentaire gauche presque complet dont il manque la région symphysaire. La partie préservée mesure  de longueur et  de hauteur du bord dorsal du processus coronoïde au bord ventral du dentaire, perpendiculaire à la batterie dentaire. Le dentaire montre antérieurement une légère inflexion vers le bas, mais la région symphysaire n'étant pas conservée, il n'est pas certain que l'extrémité du dentaire ait été davantage courbée ventralement. La batterie dentaire contient 29 positions alvéolaires, dont 17 ont conservées leurs dents. Il y a jusqu'à trois dents de remplacement par sillon alvéolaire au point le plus profond de la batterie dentaire. La surface occlusale présente au maximum deux dents fonctionnelles, contrairement aux trois dents présentes chez les hadrosauridés. Contrairement également aux hadrosauridés, mais comme chez certains hadrosauroïdés anciens comme Sirindhorna et Penelopognathus, la batterie dentaire se termine en avant du bord postérieur du processus coronoïde.

Le dentaire de Fylax présente une combinaison unique de caractères incluant une région dorsale du processus coronoïde qui est au moins aussi large antéropostérieurement que 30% de la longueur de la batterie dentaire (un caractère également apparu chez Parasaurolophus tubicen par convergence évolutive), un processus coronoïde incliné antérieurement de moins de 80º par rapport au bord alvéolaire du dentaire, l'absence d'une crête sur la surface postéro-médiale du processus coronoïde, une surface occlusale de la batterie dentaire plate et fortement inclinée (à moins de 45° avec le processus coronoïde), et des couronnes dentaires 2,8 à 3,3 fois plus hautes que larges, sans denticules marginaux et avec deux longues crêtes principales sur la surface linguale émaillée.

Classification
Les premières analyses phylogénétiques concernant Fylax (alors surnommé l'hadrosaure de Fontllonga) l'ont successivement récupéré comme un hadrosauridé basal dépourvu des caractères identifiant les hadrosaurinés et les lambéosaurinés, ou un hadrosauroïdé basal toutefois plus dérivé que le genre Telmatosaurus de Roumanie. L'analyse conduite par Prieto-Márquez et Carrera Farias identifie également Fylax comme un hadrosauroïdé non hadrosauridé. Cependant, ces auteurs ont déterminé qu'au sein des hadrosauroïdés basaux, Fylax occupe une position dérivée et forme un clade avec son groupe frère Tethyshadros du Campanien supérieur – Maastrichtien inférieur d'Italie.

Ci-dessous une version simplifiée du cladogramme publié par Prieto-Márquez & Carrera Farias :

Paléobiogéographie
Selon Prieto-Márquez et Carrera Farias, la relation de parenté étroite entre Fylax thyrakolasus et Tethyshadros insularis indique l'existence d'un clade d'hadrosauroïdés basaux répandu dans l'archipel européen du Crétacé supérieur, de la fin du Campanien jusqu'au Maastrichtien terminal. La scission entre ces deux espèces aurait eu lieu au plus tard à la fin du Campanien. Selon Prieto-Márquez & Carrera Farias, l'origine géographique de ce clade était soit la masse continentale Pyrénéo-Provençale (destinée à devenir la partie nord de l'île Ibéro-Armoricaine au Maastrichtien) ou la plate-forme carbonatée Adriatique-Dinarique d'où provient Tethyshadros. Dans le premier scénario, Fylax serait devenu le dernier ou l'un des derniers survivants de ce clade dans l'île Ibéro-Armoricaine ; dans le second scénario, les ancêtres de Fylax se seraient dispersées de la plate-forme carbonatée Adriatique-Dinarique vers la masse continentale Pyrénéo-Provençale au plus tard à la fin du Campanien ou au début du Maastrichtien. Un scénario moins probable, mais toujours possible, est que la zone ancestrale de ce clade aurait été située en Appalachia, suggérant un événement de dispersion de cette masse continentale vers l'archipel Européen au plus tard à la fin du Campanien. En effet, l'étude de Prieto-Márquez et Carrera Farias suggère que le clade Fylax-Tethyshadros aurait des racines appalachiennes. Cette étude soutient une origine asiatique pour les hadrosauroïdés et leur dispersion ultérieure en Appalachia, d'où sont probablement originaires les Hadrosauridae. Dans ce scénario, l'archipel Européen du Crétacé supérieur aurait pu faciliter la dispersion des hadrosauroïdés non hadrosauridés de l'Asie vers l'Appalachia.

L'assemblage d'hadrosauroïdés du Maastrichtien supérieur de l'île Ibéro-Armoricaine est très différent de ceux connus dans les strates contemporaines d'Amérique du Nord et d'Asie, dominées par les hadrosaurinés dans l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord et par les lambéosaurinés dans l'est de l'Asie (Chine et Extrême-Orient russe). En revanche, les faunes Ibéro-Armoricaines (et celles de l'ensemble de l'Europe) sont constituées à la fois de formes dérivées et basales. Le caractère primitif de certains hadrosauroïdés européens pourrait s'expliquer par l'isolement géographique de groupes reliques sur l'archipel Européen du Crétacé supérieur. Ainsi, Telmatosaurus sur l'île d'Haţeg, Tethyshadros sur l'île Adriatique-Dinarique, et Fylax sur l'île Ibéro-Armoricaine, sont les derniers représentants de lignées ayant divergées avant la scission entre hadrosaurinés et lambéosaurinés. La présence de formes plus dérivées sur l'île Ibéro-Armoricaine (les lambéosaurinés Arenysaurus, Blasisaurus, Canardia, et Pararhabdodon) est probablement le résultat d'une dispersion tardive en provenance d'Asie et /ou d'Amérique du Nord.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Ornithischia
Genre de dinosaures non aviens (nom scientifique)
Taxon fossile décrit en 2021
Paléontologie en Espagne

Fylax


කැවුම් යනු වටිනා හෙළ මවුලකි. සියවස් (හෝ සහස්‍ර) ගණනක අතීතයක් ඇති මෙහි නාමයේ මුල සෙවීමේ දී, 'කන දේ කැවුම්' බව පෙනේ. අතීතයේ දී රාජ්‍ය වටිනාකමක් කැවුමට තිබී ඇති අතර වත්මනේ දී කැවුමේ වැදගත් කම වැඩි වන්නේ සිංහල අලුත් අවුරුද්දේ දීය. පෙර කල කැවුම් වර්ග 18ක් තිබී ඇත. මේ ගැන සද්ධර්ම රත්නාවලියේ ලියවී තිබේ.

රජ කාලයේ දී අලුත් අවුරුද්දට රජු බැහැ දැකීමට එන උසස් රාජ්‍ය නිලධාරියෝ ගෙනෙන තෑගිබෝග අතර කැවුමට මුල් තැනක් වූ අතර යුධ පිටියේ දී කැවුම ඖෂධයක් විය. සොල්දාදුවන්ගේ කෑමට තැනින් තැනට පහසුවෙන් කැවුම් ගෙන යා හැකි වූ අතර තුවාල නරක් වීම වැලැක්වීය.

කැවුම් වර්ග

හැඳි කැවුම් , මුං කැවුම් , උළුඳු කැවුම්, උටුපු, කොණ්ඩ කැවුම්, නාරං කැවුම්, උඳු කැවුම්, දිය කැවුම්, පැණි කැවුම්, කුඩු කැවුම්, ගෑරුප්පු කැවුම්, පනා කැවුම් ආදී 18ක් වේ.

කැවුම් පිසීම
හාල් පිටි, පැණි හා පොල්තෙල් මීට අත්‍යාවශ්‍ය වේ. හාල් පිටි හා පැණි මිශ්‍ර කොට, උණු පොල්තෙල් සහිත තාච්චියක බදිනු ලැබේ. කොණ්ඩ කැවුම් සෑදීමට (කොණ්ඩය ගැනීමට) ඉරටු කූරක් භාවිතයට ගැනේ. රන් වන් පැහැ වී බැදුනු පසු එය පිටතට ගනු ලැබේ.

සිංහල කැවිලි

කැවුම්


Nimio Juan Manuel de Anquín (Córdoba, 12 de agosto de 1896-16 de mayo de 1979) fue un filósofo tomista y político argentino, líder de la Unión Nacional Fascista.

Nació en la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina y estudió leyes en la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Una vez completados los estudios en su país viajó a Alemania para continuar estudiando junto a Ernst Cassirer. Durante su estancia en Europa desarrolló su interés por la política y, luego de leer su obra, se convirtió en un seguidor de Charles Maurras. Pronto de Anquín desarrolla sus propias ideas políticas intentando combinar el tomismo con el hegelianismo, lo que lo lleva a propugnar un estado nacional sindicalista.

Biografía
En el Colegio Nacional de Monserrat de su ciudad cursa el bachillerato. Finalizado éste comenzó a estudiar derecho y, luego, ciencias naturales en la Universidad de Córdoba, carreras en las que nunca se recibió. Derecho en aquel momento era la oferta educativa superior más afín a una orientación de tipo "humanística", lo cual se podría entender a partir de este dato la decisión de muchos jóvenes intelectuales, como es el caso de De Anquín, de estudiar estos tipos de disciplinas.

A los veinticuatro años trabajó como editorialista en el diario "Los Principios". En 1924, fundó junto al profesor Martínez Villada la revista "Arx". En 1926 obtiene una beca de dos años para estudiar en Alemania. Debido a su preocupación por los planteos epistemológicos centrales de Ernst Cassirer, se lo designó para participar de los cursos que éste, Albert Goerland y N. Sauer dictaran por aquella época en Hamburgo.

De regreso, en el año 1929, fue el fundador del Instituto Santo Tomás de Aquino en Córdoba, Argentina, y en 1930, según datos aportados por Jorge A. Linossi, ganó por oposición la cátedra de Lógica y Moral en el colegio Monserrat, comenzando a dictarla en 1931, hasta que el gobierno fruto del golpe de Estado conocido como Revolución Libertadora lo destituyó de todas sus cátedras.

En ella, Nimio de Anquín desempeñó luego, en el año 1954, el vicedecanato.

Por estos años, en asociación con Luis Guillermo Martínez Villada y otros colegas fundó un instituto que llevaba el nombre de Santo Tomás de Aquino.

En el entorno académico, se lo reconoce por su actitud siempre bien predispuesta al diálogo y preparada para cualquier tipo de disputa cuando se le brindaba la oportunidad y cuando él lo considerase necesario. Al respecto y a propósito de De Anquín, comenta esto el Prof. Daniel Vera:

Hay dos publicaciones, excepcionales, en formato de libro y que no son más que recopilaciones de artículos antes escritos y publicados por él mismo, que merecen ser destacadas: "Escritos Políticos" editados en 1972 por el Instituto Leopoldo Lugones (de Santa Fe) y Ente y Ser. Perspectivas para una filosofía del ser naciente, publicado en el 1962 por la Editorial Gredos. Después, en el 1971, la editorial de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, gracias a la mediación de su alumna y luego adjunta Judith Botti González de Achával, publicó De las dos inhabitaciones en el hombre.

Desde un punto de vista relativo, se puede decir que estas tres obras se constituyen en tres lados de un solo cuerpo o conjunto de pensamiento bien sólido y coherente por reunir sistemáticamente a sus escritos más importantes de metafísica y política, que identifican a casi toda su obra.

Un testimonio que para destacar es el que se relaciona con su vastísima biblioteca; gran parte de su capital económico De Anquín se lo destinó a sus libros.

En 1936 empezó a enseñar Lógica en la facultad de filosofía de la universidad de Córdoba, de donde fue separado en 1938 por su oposición al gobierno argentino de la denominada década infame (1930-1943). En el ínterin participa de los cursos de cultura católica organizados por la Escuela de Filosofía de los Cursos de Cultura Católica, fundada en el año 1934 por Monseñor Octavio Nicolás Derisi.

Existe un aviso editorial del diario Los principios publicado el martes 18 de noviembre de 1941, en el que se informa de que la Comisión Nacional de Cultura había escogido a Nimio de Anquín "para realizar estudios sobre los orígenes de la cultura argentina, en algunos de los países que formaron parte del Virreinato del Río de la Plata". En 1947, Anquín regresó a la facultad para enseñar, además de Lógica, Metafísica; y en 1948 participó en el congreso Suárez-Balmes en Barcelona.

Durante el Congreso Internacional de Filosofía que tuvo lugar en 1949, De Anquín participó activamente y presentó dos de sus trabajos más importantes (Filosofía y Religión y Derilicti sumus in mundo, incluidos luego en la publicación de Ente y Ser. Perspectivas para una filosofía del ser naciente), y una recensión al novelista medievalista del , Martin Grabmann, en razón de su fallecimiento reciente, es decir, en el año que corría.

El 3 de febrero de 1950 la Sociedad Española de Filosofía lo reconoce como Socio de Honor. Sin embargo, la apreciación internacional más significativa para De Anquín, se la otorga un 24 de junio de ese mismo año la Universidad de Maguncia distinguiéndolo de manera extraordinaria como Doctor Honoris Causa. Dicha distinción se fundamenta específicamente en sus contribuciones sobre la compleja historia de los escritos del Stagirita y todos los aportes que se derivarían de ello en relación con los estudios aristotélicos más avanzados. A su vez, en este contexto se lo reconoció como "el más calificado conocedor de la cultura germánica" de su tiempo en Sudamérica.

El 8 de diciembre de este mismo año participa en Roma de la Proclamación del Dogma de la Santísima e Inmaculada Concepción realizada por Pío XII, lo que demuestra su particular devoción a María y que, al parecer, durante sus últimos años no ponía reparos en manifestarlo cuando se le brindaba la oportunidad.

En el año 1951 llevó adelante la fundación y dirección del Instituto de Metafísica e Historia de los Sistemas Metafísicos. Bien puede decirse, como hace Linossi, que el órgano de difusión de dicho Instituto fue la revista Arkhé, que editó su primera tirada el 5 de octubre de ese mismo año. En esa revista ha publicado muchos de sus trabajos, algunos de los cuales han sido seleccionados para formar parte de las dos publicaciones en formato libro antes mencionadas.

En 1955, con el derrocamiento del gobierno peronista, fue destituido de sus cátedras. A raíz de este acontecimiento, pasó a enseñar en la Universidad Católica de Santa Fe, gracias a la intervención y hospitalidad del Pbro. Ernesto Leyendecker quien lo apreciaba "no sólo como pensador y creador, sino como un verdadero maestro 'sembrador'". Se movió siempre dentro del nacionalismo peronista lo que le valió la persecución política de la dictadura de Pedro Eugenio Aramburu. Ese año publica Mito y política de 1956, por lo que es arrestado durante unos meses.

En 1969 recuperó sus cátedras y en las cuales enseñó hasta poco antes de su muerte.

Falleció el 16 de mayo de 1979 en el Hospital Español de su ciudad natal y a sus ochenta y dos años.

Analizando su existencia con cierta perspectiva espiritual bien podríamos concederle la paternidad de esta frase:

Actuación política

En 1929 se relacionó con el Partido Fascista Argentino y en 1934 se unió al Fascismo Argentino de Córdoba. Durante el año siguiente ascendió a líder de este grupo que cambió su nombre por Frente de Fuerzas Fascistas en 1935. A partir de 1936 varios grupos convergen en la Unión Nacional Fascista bajo el liderazgo de de Anquín.

No obstante su liderazgo del movimiento fascista debió enfrentar oposición. En 1934 fue suspendido de su cargo docente en el Colegio Nacional de Monserrat de Córdoba debido a la violencia de su agrupación. En 1936 intentó forzar a los estudiantes universitarios a firmar una carta en apoyo a Francisco Franco. Ya para 1939 la Unión Nacional Fascista había perdido toda fuerza de representatividad política.

Una vez acabado su movimiento político, de Anquín retorna a la docencia, primero en su ciudad natal y a partir de 1955 con el advenimiento de la Revolución Libertadora en la ciudad de Santa Fe. Sin embargo no abandona la actividad política que sigue desarrollando en los periódicos Sol y Luna y Nueva Política. También es importante su veta religiosa y forma parte de un grupo de intelectuales en torno a Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo. Continúa escribiendo sobre temáticas políticas hasta el final de su vida, mayormente en relación con sus dos temas preferidos: el nacionalismo militante y la crítica al sistema democrático.

Escritos

En la siguiente lista bibliográfica se mencionan algunos escritos referenciados en una ficha bibliográfica más completa realizada por el Sr. Jorge A. Linossi.

 De la disposición de los argumentos de Zenón Eléata contra el movimiento, en Signo, Año X, n.º 9, Buenos Aires, 1922, pp. 288 - 298.

 Un aspecto de la neoescolástica, nueva forma del realismo inmediato, Córdoba, Ed. Cubas-Madueño, 1926, 48 págs.

 El problema epistemológico de la filosofía actual. Contribución a su estudio. Ed. Imprenta de la Universidad de Córdoba, 1927, 71 págs.

 Nota preliminar a una filosofía de la inteligencia, en Revista de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Año XV, N.º 9-10, Nov.-Dic., 1928, págs. 172-203.

 Prólogo al libro Los aborígenes del país de Cuyo, de Monseñor Pablo CABRERA, ed. Imprenta de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 1929, págs. I1I-VI.

 El problema de la creación en San Alberto Magno, en ARX (maior), n.º 1, Córdoba, 1933, págs. 11-46.

 Acerca de un equívoco de M. Gilson, en ARX (maior), segunda serie, Año I, N.º 2, Córdoba, 1934, págs. 315-328.

 Incongruencias cartesianas y posibilidades idealistas (en la noción de substancia), en Homenaje a Descartes en el Tercer Centenario del Discurso del Método, Vol. III, Buenos Aires, 1937, págs. 295-332.

 Racismo nazi, racismo judío y linaje cristiano, en Crisol, n.º 1, Córdoba, 1 de febrero de 1939.

 Cómo se desarrolló el pensamiento de Aristóteles, en ARX (maior), n.º 3, Córdoba, 1939, pp. 11-123.

 Recensión de Der megarische und der aristotelische Möglichkeitsbergriff, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des ontologischen Modalitätsproblems (Las nomenclaturas megárica y aristotélica de la posibilidad: contribución a la historia del problema ontológico de la modalidad), de Nicolai Hartmann, en ARX, n.º 3, Córdoba, 1939, pp. 234 - 242.

 La clase media y la virtud de prudencia en Aristóteles, en Sol y Luna, n.º 4, Buenos Aires, 1940, pp. 36-49.

 Las dos concepciones del ente en Aristóteles, en Ortodoxia, n.º 1, Buenos Aires, 1942, pp. 38 - 69.

 Sobre la fortaleza y la muerte, en Sol y Luna, n.º 8, Buenos Aires, 1942, pp. 52 - 91.

 La justicia no cristiana, en Ediciones de "Afirmación cristiana", Fasc. II, 3 páginas, Buenos Aires, 1942; conferencia pronunciada el 21 de noviembre de 1942, en L.S.2. Radio Prieto, en la audición Seamos más argentinos.

 Teoría y Doctrina en la Edad Media, en Ortodoxia, n.º 4, Buenos Aires, 1943, pp. 392 - 406.

 Letra de ¡Despertad!, marcha patriótica de la provincia de Tucumán, con música de Luis Martín, Bs. As., Ed. Ricordi, 1943.

 La Universidad donde no existe el primado de la Filosofía no es Universidad, en Los Principios, ed. 23-V-1946, Córdoba.

 Respuesta, el tema sobre El régimen universitario, ed. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 1946, pp.521-526.

 La protoética aristotélica según Werner Jaeger, en Ortodoxia, n.º15, Buenos Aires, 1947, pp.5-24.

 Filosofía y Religión, en Actas del Primer Congreso Nacional de Filosofía, TomoI, ed. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, 1949, pp.197-211.

 Derelicti sumus in mundo, en Actas..., ed. cit., Tomo II, pp. 959 - 967; reimpreso, también en Sapientia, Ente y Ser, Actas (Soc. Arg. de Filos.) y El ente y la memoria.

 Martín Grabmann, en Actas..., ed. cit., Tomo I, 1949, pp. 611 - 613.

 La jerarquía de los bienes en el orden político, jurídico y económico, en Actas del Congreso Internacional de Filosofía Suárez-Balmes de Barcelona, TomoII, Madrid, 1949, pp.5-20.

 Antropología de los tres hombres históricos, ed. Inst. de Met. E-1, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 1951, pp.34 (9-43).

 La ontología sin Ser de Nicolai Hartmann, en Arqué, Vol. 1, facs. 2-3, Córdoba, 1952, pp. 247 - 267.

 Ente y Ser, en Arqué, Vol. 1, fase. 1, Córdoba, 1952, pp. 11 - 22.

 Seindes und Sein (Zusammenfassung) (De la existencia y el ser; resumen), en Arqué, Vol. 1, fase. 1, Córdoba, 1952, pp. 22 - 23.

 Corto comentario al "Wozu Dichter" de Hölderlin, ed. Del Inst. de Met., Univ. Nac. de Córdoba, 1952, 10pp.

 El misterio de la poesía «Selige Sehnsucht» de Goethe, en Norte, Año2, n.º2, Tucumán, mayo de 1952, pp.7-21.

 L'Argentine dans l'hisloire universelle (Argentina en la historia universal), en Arqué, Vol.I, Fasc.1, Córdoba, 1952, pp.1-10; publicada también en La Documentation francanise, n.º2028 del 29/11/50, París.

 Génesis interna de las tres escolásticas, en Arqué, Vol.1, Fasc.2-3, Córdoba, 1952, pp.157 - 205; ed. Inst. de Met." B-IV, 1953 (50 págs.) separata.

 Conducta Ético-Política, en Los Principios, ed. del 30-XI-1955.

 Universidad libre o del Estado, en Córdoba, ed. del 13-111-1956.

 Sobre la lógica de los estoicos, en Sapientia, Año XI, n.º 39 - 40, pp. 166 - 172, La Plata-Buenos Aires, 1956.

 ¿Es posible una Metafísica? ¿Cómo se plantea «hoy» el problema de la Metafísica?, en Giornale di Metafísica, XI, 4-6, Turín, 1956, pp. 557 - 562.

 Mito y Política, ed. Arkhe, Córdoba, 1956, 29 págs.

 El Ser, visto desde América, en Humanitas, Año III, n.º 8, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 1957, pp. 13-28.

 Acción inmanente y acción transitiva en el concepto aristotélico de naturaleza, en Aristolelismo Padovano e Filosofía Aristotélica, Vol.9, en Atti del XII Congreso Internazionale di Filosofía, Venecia, 12 al 18 de septiembre de 1958, pp.7-23. También en Humanitas, AñoVIII, N.º13, Tucumán, 1960, pp.59-70.

 Nota sobre Filosofía Medieval, en Humanitas, Rev. Fac. de Fil. y Letras, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Año IV, N° 10, Tucumán, 1958, pp. 187-202.

 La Revolución libertadora, en Mayoría, ed. del 14 de julio, Bs. As., 1958, pp. 16-17.

 La crisis del patriotismo, en Azul y Blanco, ed. 5 de mayo, Bs. As., 1959.

 Cognición, conocimiento, extrapolación, alienación y sabiduría, en revista Las Ciencias, Año XXIV, n.º 3, Madrid, 1959, pp. 641 - 666; también en Humanitas, Año VII, n.º 12, Tucumán, 1959, pp. 35 - 56.

 Heidegger, filósofo del Ser, en Estudios Teológicos y Filosóficos, Año II, N.º 2, pp. 135 - 145, Buenos Aires, 1960 (reproducido con variantes en Ente y Ser, Madrid, 1962).

 Ser, Nada y Creación en la Edad Media, en el II Congreso Internacional de Filosofía Medieval de Colonia, Alemania, 1961 (véase Ente y Ser, 1962).

 Werner Wilhelm Jaeger - 1888-1961, en Humanitas Rev. de la Fac. de Fil. y Letras, Año X, n.º 15, Tucumán, 1962, pp. 245 - 251.

 Ente y Ser. Perspectiva para una Filosofía del Ser Naciente; Madrid, Editorial Gredos, 1962, 217 págs. En este volumen aparecen los hasta entonces inéditos Introducción, 1960 (pp. 17 - 28) y Ser. Nada y Creación en la Edad Media, 1961 (pp. 153 - 202); en las pp. 11 - 16 aparece el trabajo de Arturo García Astrada titulado La Metafísica de Nimio de Anquín.

 Lugones poeta óntico, en Hostería Volante, Año XIV, N° 5. La Plata, 1963.

 Lugones y el Ser americano, en Arqué, segunda serie, Año 1, n.º 1, fasc. único, Córdoba, 1964, págs. 71-88.

 Discurso en homenaje a Leopoldo Lugones, en Los Principios, ed. del 20-II-1964, Córdoba, p.4.

 El problema de la desmitologización (Entmytologisierung des Christentums), en Arqué, segunda serie, AñoI, n.º1, fasc. único, noviembre, Córdoba, 1964, pp.5-34.

 Presencia de Santo Tomás en el pensamiento contemporáneo. La Plata, Ediciones Hostería Volante, 1964, 27 págs.

 Encaminamiento-Conciencia (Gewissen), en Arqué, segunda serie, Año II, fasc. 2, noviembre, Córdoba, 1965, págs. 144-149.

 Las cuatro instancias filosóficas del hombre actual, en Arqué, segunda serie, Año II, fasc. 1, junio, Córdoba, 1965, págs. 3-22.

 Charles de Koninck, en Arqué, segunda serie, Año II, Fasc. 1, Córdoba, 1965, pp. 129 - 131.

 Martín Buber, en Arqué, segunda serie, Año II, fasc. 1, Córdoba, 1965, pp. 131 - 133.

 Prólogo de Eidología y analogía de la justicia y la amistad, de Belisario TELLO, Córdoba, Ediciones Arkhé, 1965, págs. 3-12.

 Recensión de Die großen Dialektiker des 19. Jahrhunderts: Hegel, Kierkegaard, Marx (Los grandes dialécticos del siglo XIX: Hegel, Kierkegaard, Marx), de Robert HEISS, en Documentación Crítica Iberoamericana de Filosofía y Ciencias afines, Año II, N.º 3, abril-junio, Sevilla, 1965, págs. 251-287.

 La salvación de los fenómenos, comentario del libro de Jürgen Mittelstraß Die Rettung der Phänomene. Ursprung und Geschichte eines antiken Forschungsprinzips (La salvación de los fenómenos. Origen e historia de un antiguo principio de investigación), en Documentación Crítica Iberoamericana de Filosofía y Ciencias afines, Año II, N.º 5, fasc. 4, Sevilla, 1965, págs. 697-707.

 Nota sobre la obra de Jacob Barion Hegel und die marxistische Staatslehre (Hegel y la teoría marxista del estado), I, en Arkhé, segunda serie, Año III, fasc. único, junio-noviembre, Córdoba, 1966, pp. 143 - 153.

 Werner Jaeger y el cristianismo primitivo, en Arkhé, segunda serie, Año III, fasc. único, junio-noviembre, Córdoba, 1966, págs. 39-68.

 Prólogo de Las reformas del  en España e Hispanoamérica, de Jorge Guillermo BAS, Córdoba, Ediciones Arkhé, 1966, pp.9-13.

 Reportaje sobre Un filósofo habla del hombre argentino, en Domingo de Córdoba, ed. del 28 de agosto de 1966, pp.12-13.

 Discurso pronunciado en Retiro, Bs. As., 1966; en Jauja n.º1, Buenos Aires, 1967, pp.14-18 (recogido en Escritos Políticos, 1972).

 Diodoro de Cronos y la posibilidad, en Arqué, segunda serie, AñoV, fasc.único, Córdoba, 1968, pp.3-12.

 Los griegos y el problema de la existencia de Dios, en Mélanges à la mémoire de Charles de Koninck (Miscelánea en memoria de Ch. de Koninck), Les Presses de l'Université Laval (Publicaciones de la Universidad Laval), Canadá, 1968, pp. 23 - 37; publicado también en Revista de Humanidades, n.º 13-14, julio, pp. 21 - 43, Univ. Nac. de Córdoba, 1971; y en ed. Fac. de Filosofía y Humanidades, Univ. Nac. de Córdoba, 1972, 27 págs.

 Platón el educador, en Lugones, Rev. de la Sec. del Ministerio de Educación y Cultura de la Provincia de Córdoba, Año 1, n.º 1, julio-agosto-septiembre, Córdoba, 1968, pp. 71 - 76.

 De las dos inhabitaciones en el hombre, Colección Cuarto Centenario, Fac. de Fil. y Humanidades, Univ. Nac. de Córdoba, 1971, 62 págs.

 La Argentina en el nuevo eón del mundo, en Aquí y Ahora, n.º 24, 25 y 26, Córdoba 1970/1971, pp. 38 - 39 y 28 - 30 (recogido en su libro Escritos Políticos, Santa Fe, 1972).

 Escritos políticos (con prólogo del autor), Santa Fe, Ed. Instituto Leopoldo Lugones, 1972, 127pp.; con "Palabras de Introducción" de Máximo R. Chaparro, pp.5-6.

 La filosofía en la Argentina: lo que fue, lo que es, lo que puede llegar a ser (parte del texto leído en el Curso de Temporada de 1972, publicado en el Manual de Historia de la Filosofía de Belisario M. ORTÍZ Y BUSTOS, Ed. Univ. Nac. de Córdoba, 1977, pp. 239 - 243.

 Eticidad. Moralidad. Libertad (1973), en Acta Scientifica, Simposio argentino-alemán de Filosofía y Teología, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Vol. 6, Córdoba, 1975, págs.; el evento se realiza en 1973.

 Contribución a la descripción del acto humano libre (presentado en las "Jornadas de Vaquerías", noviembre de 1977, Actas, pp. 82 - 97), en CUYO. Anuario de Filosofía argentina y americana, Vol. 7, Tomo II, Univ. Nac. de Cuyo, Mendoza, 1990, pp. 299 - 308.

 Sobre la esperanza (1977), en CUYO. Anuario de Filosofía argentina y americana, Vol. 7, Tomo II, Univ. Nac. de Cuyo, Mendoza, 1990, págs. 309-317.

 El eclipse del Dios vivo en Tiempo de Córdoba, ed. 27-XI-1977, págs. 7-10.

 Sois jóvenes en tanto lo sois por el alma, entrevista con Estela Jiménez en Factor. Semanario de Economía, 26 de mayo, N° 480, Córdoba, 1979, pág. 12; publicado después de su muerte.

 El mito: su sentido en el "Prometeo" de Lugones (pp.21-30); Lugones y el Ser americano (pp.7-19), Lugones poeta óntico (pp.19-20); publicados en Cuadernos Leopoldo Lugones, n.º1, año1980, ed.Publicaciones del Instituto de Estudios Lugonianos, Buenos Aires, 1980; editados por la prof. Sara de la Maza.

 ¿Que es la historia? (1977), en CUYO. Anuario de Filosofía argentina y americana, Vol. 5, pp. 119 - 137, Universidad de Cuyo, Mendoza, 1988; el texto originario es una conferencia del 21 de junio de 1977.

 El ente y la memoria, Ed. Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación, Buenos Aires, 1994, 229 páginas, con prólogo de Mermes Puyau. Es el texto, sin modificaciones – excepto que las notas van al final y no al pie de página –, del libro Ente y Ser, Ed. Gredos, Madrid, 1962. También se suprime en la edición el texto de García Astrada La Metafísica de Nimio de Anquín'', presente en la edición de Gredos, y se incluye en la pág. 21 una acotada bibliografía sobre Nimio de Anquín.

Notas y referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial .

Cordobeses (capital)
Alumnado de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
Escritores de Argentina del siglo XX
Filósofos de género masculino de Argentina
Doctores honoris causa
Miembros de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Córdoba)
Fascistas de Argentina
Peronistas

Nimio de Anquín


Daisuke Fujii (født 15. oktober 1986) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Albirex Niigata, Thespa Kusatsu, V-Varen Nagasaki og Kamatamare Sanuki.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Daisuke Fujii


يمكن تعريف مصطلح أكبر شركات الطيران في العالم حسب معايير مختلفة. تعتبر  الأكبر من حيث حجم الأسطول والإيرادات والركاب المنقولين وإيرادات المسافرين. في حين خطوط دلتا الجوية هي الأكبر من حيث قيمة الأصول والقيمة السوقية، وتقود خطوط ساوث ويست الجوية السوق حيث الأرباح. مجموعة لوفتهانزا هي الأكبر من حيث عدد الموظفين، وفيديكس إكسبرس من حيث الشحن بالكيلومترات، والخطوط الجوية التركية من حيث عدد البلدان التي تسافر إليها، وخطوط يو بي إس الجوية حسب عدد الوجهات (أو الخطوط الجوية المتحدة عند استبعاد شركات الشحن).

حسب الإيرادات

لاحظ أن طيران الإمارات هي شركة مملوكة للدولة، وبالتالي فهي غير مدرجة في قائمة الشركات العامة. بلغت إيراداتها في 2014-2015 88.819 مليار درهم إماراتي (24.2 مليار دولار أمريكي)، والأرباح 4.555 مليار درهم إماراتي (1.24 مليار دولار أمريكي)، والأصول 111.362 مليار درهم إماراتي (30.34 مليار دولار أمريكي) مع 56725 موظف.

حسب عدد الركاب

حسب نقل الركاب لكل كيلومتر في الرحلات المجدولة (بالمليون)

حسب الطن لكل كيلومتر في الرحلات المجدولة (بالمليون)

حسب حجم الأسطول

حسب عدد الوجهات

 شركة شحن

حسب عدد الدول المُخدمة

حسب قيمة العلامة التجارية

المراجع

لوائح أكبر شركات الطيران

أكبر شركات الطيران في العالم


Domingo Mihovilovic Rajcevic conocido artísticamente como Domingo Tessier (Punta Arenas, 13 de agosto de 1918 - Santiago, 10 de marzo de 2014) fue un actor, director, dramaturgo y profesor de teatro chileno de origen croata. Miembro de número de la Academia Chilena de Bellas Artes desde 1984, vicepresidente del Ateneo de Santiago y director de la Sociedad de Autores de Teatro, encabezó también el Instituto Chileno Croata de Cultura y estuvo entre los fundadores del Teatro Experimental de la Universidad de Chile.

Biografía
Descendiente de croatas, nació en la ciudad austral de Punta Arenas, al igual que su hermano, el escritor Nicolás Mihovilovic Rajcevic quien obtendría el Premio Municipal de Literatura de Santiago 1979 por su novela En el último mar del mundo.

Muy joven viajó a Santiago para estudiar en la Escuela de Artes Aplicadas y Bellas Artes en la Universidad de Chile.

En 1941 participó en la fundación del Teatro Experimental de la Universidad de Chile y actuó en una de las dos primeras obras montadas por la compañía, Ligazón de Ramón del Valle Inclán, en cuyo reparto aparece con su nombre de nacimiento (Domingo Mihovilovic). Con el Teatro Experimental trabajó en más de 200 obras. Fue director subrogante (en tres ocasiones) del Instituto de Teatro de la Universidad de Chile (ITUCH).

En 1949, vivió en Londres junto a Bélgica Castro, por entonces su esposa, donde trabajó para la radio de la BBC. Años después se radicó en Guatemala, donde fundó la Escuela de Teatro de la Dirección Nacional de Bellas Artes (1957-1960).

Además de las tablas participó en algunas películas y en series y teleseries de televisión, no sólo como actor, sino también como autor, guionista y director, como es el caso de Alguien por quien vivir de 1982, en la que adaptó el guion y actuó.

Vida personal
En 1949, se casa en la ciudad de Londres, con la también actriz Bélgica Castro. La pareja adoptó un hijo, Leonardo. En el año 1962 se declararía la nulidad del matrimonio, tras llevar cinco años separados de hecho.

Posteriormente, se casa con Yvelise Alvarado, alumna suya en Guatemala, matrimonio del cual nacieron sus hijos Catalina y Domingo.

Teatro
Algunas obras en que participó, principalmente de su permanencia en el Teatro de la Universidad de Chile.

Filmografía

Cine

Televisión

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 TeatroTessier.cl Biografía de Domingo Tessier
 InstitutodeChile.cl Vida de Domingo Tessier

 Espartako.cl Biografía de Domingo Tessier

Nacidos en Punta Arenas
Fallecidos en Santiago de Chile
Actores de cine de Chile
Actores de teatro de Chile
Directores de teatro de Chile
Alumnado de la Universidad de Chile

Domingo Tessier