Stimulus modality, also called sensory modality, is one aspect of a stimulus or what is perceived after a stimulus. For example, the temperature modality  is registered after heat or cold stimulate a receptor. Some sensory modalities include: light, sound, temperature, taste, pressure, and smell. The type and location of the sensory receptor activated by the stimulus plays the primary role in coding the sensation. All sensory modalities work together to heighten stimuli sensation when necessary.

Multimodal perception
Multimodal perception is the ability of the mammalian nervous system to combine all of the different inputs of the sensory nervous system to result in an enhanced detection or identification of a particular stimulus. Combinations of all sensory modalities are done in cases where a single sensory modality results in an ambiguous and incomplete result.

Integration of all sensory modalities occurs when multimodal neurons receive sensory information which overlaps with different modalities. Multimodal neurons are found in the superior colliculus; they respond to the versatility of various sensory inputs. The multimodal neurons lead to change of behavior and assist in analyzing behavior responses to certain stimulus. Information from two or more senses is encountered. Multimodal perception is not limited to one area of the brain: many brain regions are activated when sensory information is perceived from the environment. In fact, the hypothesis of having a centralized multisensory region is receiving continually more speculation, as several regions previously uninvestigated are now considered multimodal. The reasons behind this are currently being investigated by several research groups, but it is now understood to approach these issues from a decentralized theoretical perspective. Moreover, several labs using invertebrate model organisms will provide invaluable information to the community as these are more easily studied and are considered to have decentralized nervous systems.

Lip reading
Lip reading is a multimodal process for humans. By watching movements of lips and face, humans get conditioned and practice lip reading. Silent lip reading activates the auditory cortex.  When sounds are matched or mismatched with the movements of the lips, temporal sulcus of the left hemisphere becomes more active.

Integration effect
Multimodal perception comes into effect when a unimodal stimulus fails to produce a response. Integration effect is applied when the brain detects weak unimodal signals and combines them to create a multimodal perception for the mammal.  Integration effect is plausible when different stimuli are coincidental. This integration is depressed when multisensory information is not coincidentally presented.

Polymodality
Polymodality is the feature of a single receptor of responding to multiple modalities, such as free nerve endings which can respond to temperature, mechanical stimuli (touch, pressure, stretch) or pain (nociception).

Light modality

Description
The stimulus modality for vision is light; the human eye is able to access only a limited section of the electromagnetic spectrum, between 380 and 760 nanometres. Specific inhibitory responses that take place in the visual cortex help create a visual focus on a specific point rather than the entire surrounding.

Perception
To perceive a light stimulus, the eye must first refract the light so that it directly hits the retina. Refraction in the eye is completed through the combined efforts of the cornea, lens and iris. The transduction of light into neural activity occurs via the photoreceptor cells in the retina. When there is no light, Vitamin A in the body attaches itself to another molecule and becomes a protein. The entire structure consisting of the two molecules becomes a photopigment. When a particle of light hits the photoreceptors of the eye, the two molecules come apart from each other and a chain of chemical reactions occurs. The chemical reaction begins with the photoreceptor sending a message to a neuron called the bipolar cell through the use of an action potential, or nerve impulse. Finally, a message is sent to the ganglion cell and then finally the brain.

Adaptation
The eye is able to detect a visual stimulus when the photons (light packets) cause a photopigment molecule, primarily rhodopsin, to come apart. Rhodopsin, which is usually pink, becomes bleached in the process. At high levels of light, photopigments are broken apart faster than can be regenerated. Because a low number of photopigments have been regenerated, the eyes are not sensitive to light. When entering a dark room after being in a well lit area, the eyes require time for a good quantity of rhodopsin to regenerate. As more time passes, there is a higher chance that the photons will split an unbleached photopigment because the rate of regeneration will have surpassed the rate of bleaching. This is called adaptation.

Colour stimuli
Humans are able to see an array of colours because light in the visible spectrum is made up of different wavelengths (from 380 to 760 nm). Our ability to see in colour is due to three different cone cells in the retina, containing three different photopigments. The three cones are each specialized to best pick up a certain wavelength (420, 530 and 560 nm or roughly the colours blue, green and red). The brain is able to distinguish the wavelength and colour in the field of vision by figuring out which cone has been stimulated. The physical dimensions of colour include wavelength, intensity and purity while the related perceptual dimensions include hue, brightness and saturation.

Primates are the only mammals with colour vision.

The Trichromatic theory was proposed in 1802 by Thomas Young. According to Young, the human visual system is able to create any colour through the collection of information from the three cones. The system will put together the information and systematize a new colour based on the amount of each hue that has been detected.

Subliminal visual stimuli
Some studies show that subliminal stimuli can affect attitude. In a 1992 study Krosnick, Betz, Jussim and Lynn conducted a study where participants were shown a series of slides in which different people were going through normal every day activities (i.e. going to the car, sitting in a restaurant). These slides were preceded by slides that caused either positive emotional arousal (i.e. bridal couple, a child with a Mickey Mouse doll) or negative emotional arousal (i.e. a bucket of snakes, a face on fire) for a period 13 milliseconds that participants consciously perceived as a sudden flash of light. None of the individuals were told of the subliminal images. The experiment found that during the questionnaire round, participants were more likely to assign positive personality traits to those in the pictures that were preceded by the positive subliminal images and negative personality traits to those in the pictures that were preceded by the negative subliminal images.

Tests
Some common tests that measure visual health include visual acuity tests, refraction tests, visual field tests and colour vision tests. Visual acuity tests are the most common tests and they measure the ability to bring details into focus at different distances. Usually this test is conducted by having participants read a map of letters or symbols while one eye is covered. Refraction tests measure the eye's need for glasses or corrective lenses. This test is able to detect whether a person may be nearsighted or farsighted. These conditions occur when the light rays entering the eye are unable to converge on a single spot on the retina. Both refractive errors require corrective lenses in order to cure blurriness of vision. Visual field tests detect any gaps in peripheral vision. In healthy normal vision, an individual should be able to partially perceive objects to the left or right of their field of view using both eyes at one time. The center field of vision is seen in most detail. Colour vision tests are used to measure one's ability to distinguish colours. It is used to diagnose colour blindness. This test is also used as an important step in some job screening processes as the ability to see colour in such jobs may be crucial. Examples include military work or law enforcement.

Sound modality

Description
The stimulus modality for hearing is sound. Sound is created through changes in the pressure of the air. As an object vibrates, it compresses the surrounding molecules of air as it moves towards a given point and expands the molecules as it moves away from the point. Periodicity in sound waves is measured in hertz. Humans, on average, are able to detect sounds as pitched when they contain periodic or quasi-periodic variations that fall between the range of 30 to 20000 hertz.

Perception
When there are vibrations in the air, the eardrum is stimulated. The eardrum collects these vibrations and sends them to receptor cells. The ossicles which are connected to the eardrum pass the vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. Once the vibrations reach the cochlea, the stirrup (part of the ossicles) puts pressure on the oval window. This opening allows the vibrations to move through the liquid in the cochlea where the receptive organ is able to sense it.

Pitch, loudness and timbre
There are many different qualities in sound stimuli including loudness, pitch and timbre.

The human ear is able to detect differences in pitch through the movement of auditory hair cells found on the basilar membrane. High frequency sounds will stimulate the auditory hair cells at the base of the basilar membrane while medium frequency sounds cause vibrations of auditory hair cells located at the middle of the basilar membrane. For frequencies that are lower than 200 Hz, the tip of the basilar membrane vibrates in sync with the sound waves. In turn, neurons are fired at the same rate as the vibrations. The brain is able to measure the vibrations and is then aware of any low frequency pitches.

When a louder sound is heard, more hair cells are stimulated and the intensity of firing of axons in the cochlear nerve is increased. However, because the rate of firing also defines low pitch the brain has an alternate way of encoding for loudness of low frequency sounds. The number of hair cells that are stimulated is thought to communicate loudness in low pitch frequencies.

Aside from pitch and loudness, another quality that distinguishes sound stimuli is timbre. Timbre allows us to hear the difference between two instruments that are playing at the same frequency and loudness, for example. When two simple tones are put together they create a complex tone. The simple tones of an instrument are called harmonics or overtones. Timbre is created by putting the harmonics together with the fundamental frequency (a sound's basic pitch). When a complex sound is heard, it causes different parts in the basilar membrane to become simultaneously stimulated and flex. In this way, different timbres can be distinguished.

Sound stimuli and human fetuses
A number of studies have shown that a human fetus will respond to sound stimuli coming from the outside world. In a series of 214 tests conducted on 7 pregnant women, a reliable increase in fetal movement was detected in the minute directly following the application of a sound stimulus to the abdomen of the mother with a frequency of 120 per second.

Tests
Hearing tests are administered to ensure optimal function of the ear and to observe whether or not sound stimuli is entering the ear drum and reaching the brain as should be. The most common hearing tests require the spoken response to words or tones. Some hearing tests include the whispered speech test, pure tone audiometry, the tuning fork test, speech reception and word recognition tests, otoacoustic emissions (OAE) test and auditory brainstem response (ABR) test.

During a whispered speech test, the participant is asked to cover the opening of one ear with a finger. The tester will then step back 1 to 2 feet behind the participant and say a series of words in a soft whisper. The participant is then asked to repeat what is heard. If the participant is unable to distinguish the word, the tester will speak progressively louder until the participant is able to understand what is being said. The other ear is then tested.

In pure tone audiometry, an audiometer is used to play a series of tones using headphones. The participants listen to the tones which will vary in pitch and loudness. The test will play with the volume controls and the participant is asked to signal when he or she can no longer hear the tone being played. The testing is completed after listening to a range of pitches. Each ear is tested individually.

During the tuning fork test, the tester will have the tuning fork vibrate so that it makes a sound. The tuning fork is placed in a specific place around the participant and hearing is observed. In some instances, individuals will show trouble hearing in places such as behind the ear.

Speech recognition and word recognition tests measure how well an individual can hear normal day-to-day conversation. The participant is told to repeat conversation being spoken at different volumes. The spondee threshold test is a related test that detects the loudness at which the participant is able to repeat half of a list of two syllable words or spondees.

Otoacoustic emissions test (OAE) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing measures the brain's response to sounds. The OAE measures hearing of newborns by placing an emitting sound into the baby's ear through a probe. A microphone placed in the baby's ear canal will pick up the inner ear's response to sound stimulation and allows for observation. The ABR, also known as the brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) test or auditory brainstem evoked potential (ABEP) test measure the brain's response to clicking sounds sent through headphones. Electrodes on the scalp and earlobes record a graph of the response.

Taste modality

Description

Taste modality in mammals
In mammals, taste stimuli are encountered by axonless receptor cells located in taste buds on the tongue and
pharynx. Receptor cells disseminate onto different neurons and convey the message of a particular taste in a single medullar nucleus. This pheromone detection system deals with taste stimuli.  The pheromone detection system is distinct from the normal taste system, and is designed like the olfactory system.

Taste modality in flies and mammals
In insect and mammalian taste, receptor cells changes into attractive or aversive stimulus.  The number of taste receptors in a mammalian tongue and on the tongue of the fly (labellum) is same in amount.  Most of the receptors are dedicated to detect repulsive ligand.

Perception
Perceptions of taste is generated by the following sensory afferents: gustatory, olfactory, and somatosensory fibers.  Taste perception is created by combining multiple sensory inputs. Different modalities help determine perception of taste especially when attention is drawn to particular sensory characteristics which is different from taste.

Integration of taste and smell modality
Impression of both taste and smell occurs in heteromodal regions of the limbic and paralimbic brain. Taste–odor
integration occurs at earlier stages of processing. By life experience, factors such as the physiological significance of a given stimulus is perceived. Learning and affective processing are the primary functions of limbic and paralimbic brain. Taste perception is a combination of oral somatosensation and retronasal olfaction.

Pleasure of food
The sensation of taste come from oral somatosensory stimulation and with retronasal olfaction. The perceived pleasure encountered when eating and drinking is influenced by:
 sensory features, such as taste quality
 experience, such as prior exposure to taste-odor mixtures
 internal state
 cognitive context, such as information about brand

Temperature modality

Description

Temperature modality excites or elicits a symptom through cold or hot temperature. Different mammalian species have different temperature modality.

Perception

The cutaneous somatosensory system detects changes in temperature.  The perception begins when thermal stimuli from a homeostatic set-point excite temperature specific sensory nerves in the skin. Then with the help of sensing range, specific thermosensory fibers respond to warmth and to cold. Then specific cutaneous cold and warm receptors conduct units that exhibit a discharge at constant skin temperature.

Nerve fibers for temperature

Warm and cold sensitive nerve fibers differ in structure and function.  The cold-sensitive and warm-sensitive nerve fibers are underneath the skin surface.  Terminals of each temperature-sensitive fiber do not branch away to different organs in the body. They form a small sensitive point which are unique from neighboring fibers. Skin used by the single receptor ending of a temperature-sensitive nerve fiber is small.  There are 20 cold points per square centimeter in the lips, 4 in the finger, and less than 1 cold point per square centimeter in trunk areas.  There are 5 times as many cold sensitive points as warm sensitive points.

Pressure modality

Description
The sense of touch, or tactile perception, is what allows organisms to feel the world around them.  The environment acts as an external stimulus, and tactile perception is the act of passively exploring the world to simply sense it.  To make sense of the stimuli, an organism will undergo active exploration, or haptic perception, by moving their hands or other areas with environment-skin contact.  This will give a sense of what is being perceived, and give information about size, shape, weight, temperature, and material.  Tactile stimulation can be direct in the form of bodily contact, or indirect through the use of a tool or probe.  Direct and indirect send different types messages to the brain, but both provide information regarding roughness, hardness, stickiness, and warmth.  The use of a probe elicits a response based on the vibrations in the instrument rather than direct environmental information.  Tactual perception gives information regarding cutaneous stimuli (pressure, vibration, and temperature), kinaesthetic stimuli (limb movement), and proprioceptive stimuli (position of the body).   There are varying degrees of tactual sensitivity and thresholds, both between individuals and between different time periods in an individual's life.  It has been observed that individuals have differing levels of tactile sensitivity between each hand.  This may be due to callouses forming on the skin of the most used hand, creating a buffer between the stimulus and the receptor.  Alternately, the difference in sensitivity may be due to a difference in the cerebral functions or ability of the left and right hemisphere.  Tests have also shown that deaf children have a greater degree of tactile sensitivity than that of children with normal hearing ability, and that girls generally have a greater degree of sensitivity than that of boys.

Tactile information is often used as additional stimuli to resolve a sensory ambiguity.  For example, a surface can be seen as rough, but this inference can only be proven through touching the material.  When sensory information from each modality involved corresponds, the ambiguity is resolved.

Somatosensory information
Touch messages, in comparison to other sensory stimuli, have a large distance to travel to get to the brain.  Tactual perception is achieved through the response of mechanoreceptors in the skin that detect physical stimuli.  The response from a mechanoreceptor detecting pressure can be experienced as a touch, discomfort, or pain, and the force of pressure is measured by a pressure algometer and a dolorimeter.   Mechanoreceptors are situated in highly vascularized skin, and appear in both glabrous and hairy skin.  Each mechanoreceptor is tuned to a different sensitivity, and will fire its action potential only when there is enough energy.  The axons of these single tactile receptors will converge into a single nerve trunk, and the signal is then sent to the spinal cord where the message makes its way to the somatosensory systems in the brain.

Mechanoreceptors

There are four types of mechanoreceptors: Meissner corpuscles and merkel cell neurite complexes, located between the epidermis and dermis, and Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings, located deep within the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.  Mechanoreceptors are classified in terms of their adaptation rate and the size of their receptive field.  Specific mechanoreceptors and their functions include:

 Thermoreceptors that detect changes in skin temperature.
 Kinesthetic receptors detect our movements and the position of our limbs.
 Nociceptors that have bare nerve endings that detect tissue damage and give the sensation of pain.

Tests
A common test used to measure the sensitivity of a person to tactile stimuli is measuring their two-point touch threshold.  This is the smallest separation of two points at which two distinct points of contact can be sensed rather than one.  Different parts of the body have different degrees of tactile acuity, with extremities such as the fingers, face, and toes being the most sensitive.  When two distinct points are perceived, it means that your brain receives two different signals.  The differences of acuity for different parts of the body are the result of differences in the concentration of receptors.

Use in clinical psychology
Tactile stimulation is used in clinical psychology through the method of prompting.  Prompting is the use of a set of instructions designed to guide a participant through learning a behavior.  A physical prompt involves stimulation in the form of physically guided behavior in the appropriate situation and environment.  The physical stimulus perceived through prompting is similar to the physical stimulus that would be experienced in a real-world situation, and is makes the target behavior more likely in a real situation.

Smell modality

Sensation

The sense of smell is called olfaction.  All materials constantly shed molecules, which float into the nose or are sucked in through breathing.  Inside the nasal chambers is the neuroepithelium, a lining deep within the nostrils that contains the receptors responsible for detecting molecules that are small enough to smell.  These receptor neurons then synapse at the olfactory cranial nerve (CN I), which sends the information to the olfactory bulbs in the brain for initial processing.  The signal is then sent to the remaining olfactory cortex for more complex processing.

Odors
An olfactory sensation is called an odor.  For a molecule to trigger olfactory receptor neurons, it must have specific properties.  The molecule must be:
 volatile (able to float through the air)
 small (less than 5.8 x 10-22 grams)
 hydrophobic (repellant to water)

However, humans do not process the smell of various common molecules such as those present in the air.

Our olfactory ability can vary due to different conditions.  For example, our olfactory detection thresholds can change due to molecules with differing lengths of carbon chains.  A molecule with a longer carbon chain is easier to detect, and has a lower detection threshold.  Additionally, women generally have lower olfactory thresholds than men, and this effect is magnified during a woman's ovulatory period. People can sometimes experience a hallucination of smell, as in the case of phantosmia.

Interaction with other modalities
Olfaction interacts with other sensory modalities in significant ways.  The strongest interaction is that of olfaction with taste.  Studies have shown that an odor coupled with a taste increases the perceived intensity of the taste, and that an absence of a corresponding smell decreases the perceived intensity of a taste.  The olfactory stimulation can occur before or during the episode of taste stimulation.  The dual perception of the stimulus produces an interaction that facilitates association of the experience through an additive neural response and memorization of the stimulus.  This association can also be made between olfactory and tactile stimuli during the act of swallowing.  In each case, temporal synchrony is important.

Tests
A common psychophysical test of olfactory ability is the triangle test.  In this test, the participant is given three odors to smell.  Of these three odors, two are the same and one is different, and the participant must choose which odor is the unique one.  To test the sensitivity of olfaction, the staircase method is often used.  In this method, the odor's concentration is increased until the participant is able to sense it, and subsequently decreased until the participant reports no sensation.

See also
Autonomous sensory meridian response
Crossmodal Attention
Synesthesia (Ideasthesia)
Modality (semiotics)
Pallesthesia

References

Sensory systems
Perception

Stimulus modality


Player of the Month er en fodboldpris, der gives som anerkendelse til "den bedste spiller" i Premier League hver måned i sæsonen. Modtageren vælges af et panel, der er sammensat af ligaens sponsor og annonceres sammen med Manager of the Month prisen den første eller anden fredag i den efterfølgende måned.

Vindere

Spillere der har vundet prisen flere gange
Tabellen nedenunder viser de spillere, der har vundet Premier League Player of the Month mere end én gang.

Noter

Referencer

Player of the Month

Premier League Player of the Month


Biserica medievală din Micăsasa este un monument istoric aflat în centrul satului Micăsasa, comuna Micăsasa, județul Sibiu.

Lăcașul este folosit o parte ca biserică reformată și altă parte ca biserică romano-catolică. Mijlocul bisericii (fosta navă) se află în stare de ruină.

Descriere
În corul bisericii medievale (actuala parte catolică a edificiului) se păstrează bolta pe ogive, tabernacolul și sedilia, toate caracteristice stilului gotic.

Note

Legături externe
 Album foto cu biserica medievală din Micăsasa, medievistica.ro. Accesat la 10 iulie 2019.
 Monumente istorice din România-Fișă și localizare de monument

Vezi și
 Goticul în Transilvania

Imagini din exterior

Monumente istorice din județul Sibiu
Biserici reformate din România
Biserici romano-catolice din România
Arhitectură gotică din România
Biserici din secolul al XIII-lea din România
Biserici din județul Sibiu
Bolte gotice pe ogivă din România
Biserici cu hramul Sfânta Treime
Ruine din România

Biserica medievală din Micăsasa


An Orleanesia amazonica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni João Barbosa Rodrigues. An Orleanesia amazonica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Orleanesia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Orleanesia

Orleanesia amazonica


Üçgöze, Doğubayazıt - Ağrı ili Doğubayazıt ilçesine bağlı köy
 Üçgöze, Şehitkamil - Gaziantep ili Şehitkamil ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Üçgöze, Yeşilyurt - Malatya ili Yeşilyurt ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Üçgöze, Haliliye - Şanlıurfa ili Haliliye ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Üçgöze


Taira Caroen Court Goldsmith (Viña del Mar, ) es una actriz y diseñadora teatral chilena. Estuvo casada con el actor Alfredo Castro, con quien tuvo una hija.

Filmografía

Cine
 Secretos (2008)

Teleseries

Series, telefilms

Enlaces externos

Actrices de cine de Chile
Actrices de televisión de Chile
Nacidos en Viña del Mar

Taira Court


Astragalus alpinus é uma espécie de planta com flor na família das leguminosas. Tem uma distribuição circumpolar, ocorrendo em todas as latitudes superiores do Hemisfério Norte.

Distribuição
É comum na Eurásia. Na América do Norte, ocorre do Alasca à Terra Nova e até o sul de Nevada e Novo México.

Descrição
Esta planta é variável na aparência. Em geral, é uma erva perene que cresce a partir de uma rede de raízes e rizomas encimada por um caudex subterrâneo. As raízes têm nódulos de fixação de nitrogênio. As hastes acima do solo têm até  de comprimento e são em sua maioria decumbentes, formando um tapete. As folhas chegam a   de comprimento e são constituídos por vários pares de folíolos, cada um com até   longo. A inflorescência é um racemo de até 30 flores cada uma com cerca de  longo.  As flores são roxas ou azuis. O fruto é uma vagem leguminosa de até   longo que contém sementes.

Ecologia
Esta planta cresce em climas subalpinos e alpinos, geralmente em áreas úmidas, como bosques e prados ao redor de córregos e lagos. Também ocorre na tundra e outras áreas frias, secas e expostas. Ocorre em barras de cascalho e seixos. Às vezes é uma espécie pioneira, colonizando terras na fase primária da sucessão ecológica, como estradas e terras nuas reviradas durante as geadas. Observou-se que rebrotava precocemente em áreas recentemente queimadas no Parque Nacional de Grand Teton. Também cresce em áreas com vegetação.  As plantas que ocorrem em condições adversas são menores do que aquelas em locais mais favoráveis.

Esta espécie de planta fornece alimento para caribus, lebres do Ártico, grandes gansos da neve, pequenas borboletas azuis e ursos pardos.

Esta espécie pode ser dividida em duas variedades, var. alpinus ocorrendo no Ártico e var. brunetianus ocorrendo no nordeste da América do Norte em latitudes mais baixas.

Referências

alpinus
Espécies descritas por Lineu
Plantas descritas em 1753

Astragalus alpinus


Earl John "Tommy" Thomson (February 15, 1895 – May 19, 1971) was a Canadian athlete, a specialist in the high hurdles. In 1920 he became the first Olympic gold medalist in 110 m hurdles from outside the United States.

Biography
Born in Birch Hills, Northwest Territories (now in Saskatchewan), Thomson moved to southern California at age 8, because the warm weather would be better for his mother. Thomson attended Long Beach Poly, where he won the 120 yard hurdles at the first CIF California State Meet in 1915. He also was second in the high jump and fourth in the discus throw. In 1916 he joined the Royal Canadian Air Force, and served there during World War I. He then went to the University of Southern California for one year and then transferred to Dartmouth College. He graduated from there in 1922.  In 1918, he had already won the AAU championships in the high hurdles, and in 1920, he set a new world record in the 110 m hurdles, running 14.4. This record would remain unbeaten until 1931, although it was equaled a number of times. He sought to represent the United States at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, but was ruled ineligible due to his Canadian citizenship. He then joined the Canadian Olympic team.

At the Olympics, Thomson won a clear victory over his American rivals. The following year, he equaled his own world record, and won the AAU, IC4A and NCAA championships. That year he also won the 220 yard low hurdles. He retired after his third AAU title, in 1922.

Later, Thomson became a track and field coach, coaching the team of the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland for 36 years.

In 1930 Thomson, along with Harold Barron and Harry Hillman, was involved in the design of a new safer hurdle, with a view to reducing the danger of bad falls and injuries.

Thomson was an inaugural inductee to Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1955. He died of cancer in Oceanside, California aged 76.

References

External links

1895 births
1971 deaths
People from Birch Hills
Olympic track and field athletes for Canada
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Canadian male hurdlers
Sportspeople from Saskatchewan
Athletes (track and field) at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
University of Southern California alumni
Canadian Air Force personnel
Track and field athletes from California
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Dartmouth College alumni
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Deaths from cancer in California
Long Beach Polytechnic High School alumni

Earl Thomson


Aleksandar Prnjat (Beograd, 29. lipnja 1965.), srbijanski filozof

Životopis

Rodio se je u Beogradu 29. lipnja 1965. godine. Diplomirao je filozofiju na Sveučilištu u Beogradu, a magistrirao i doktorirao političke znanosti na Fakultetu političkih znanosti Sveučilišta u Beogradu. Redoviti je profesor filozofije i sociologije na sveučilištu Alfa BK. Predaje predmete Etiku, Sociologiju, Političku filozofiju, Političku teoriju, Poslovnu etiku i Europu i globalnu politiku.

Znanstvena djelatnost
Aleksandar Prnjat je objavio više od 40 znanstvenih radova i tri monografije. Prorektor je za znanstveno-istraživački rad na sveučilištu Alfa BK. Urednik je časopisa  Kultura Zavoda za proučavanje kulturnog razvitka u Beograda.
Važniji radovi  obuhvaćaju:
Crkva i paternalizam-odgovor Mihailu Markoviću, Filozofija I Društvo 19 (2):253-256 (2008)
O jezičko-ekspresivnom paternalizmu: replika Mihailu Markoviću, Institut za filozofiju i društvenu teoriju, 2009.
Lični interes i moralna motivacija vernika, Kultura, 340-347.
Anti-semitic discourse as linguistic expressive paternalism, Kultura, 395-400
Zapis o crkvi, Lettre Internationale, srpsko izdanje, Književnost, 1119-1121
Apokalipsa bez otkrivenja: Svetozar Stojanović o mogućnosti samouništenja čovečanstva, Theoria 55 (4)
Koncept religijske tolerancije, Lettre Internationale, srpsko izdanje, Književnost, 1741-1745
I argumentacije: ponovo o antisemiskom diskursu i samoočiglednosti, Alfa Univ. 2012.
The concepts of secularism and laicism: A reply to Darko Tanasković, Kultura, 473-478.
Antisemitski diskurs i odbacivanje traganja za istinom, Alfa Univ. 2012.
Ђаволову истину није могуће мислити, Контуре хоризонта, 220-230
Language, Literature and Religion: Јezik, Кnjiževnost i Religija, A Prnjat, T Parezanović, Alfa Univ. 2014.
Političke institucije, politički akteri i ekonomske performanse: slučaj Srbije, L Madžar, M Kovačević, A Prnjat, Alfa Univ. 2013.
Religija i filozofija kao sredstva očišćenja duše, JUNIR godišnjak II, 128-130
Understanding of yearn-Valter Benjamin: Berlinsko detinjstvo oko hiljadudevetstote, Svetovi, Novi Sad, 1993.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Zavod za proučavanje kulturnog razvitka, Beograd

Filozofi
Sociolozi
Srbijanski znanstvenici
Životopisi, Beograd

Aleksandar Prnjat